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[INDEX  SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  25,  1896. 


THE 


ATHENJi:UM 


JOURNAL 


OF 


LITERATURE.    SCIENCE,    THE    FINE   ARTS,    MUSIC, 

AND    THE    DRAMA. 

JULY  TO  DECEMBER, 

1895. 


^A> 


5^e,.,A\ 


(\ 


LONDON! 

PRINTED  BY  JOHN  C.  FEANCIS,  BREANrS  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE,  E.G., 

BY  JOHN  a  FRANCIS. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY. 
AGENTS  FOR  SCOTLAND,  MESSRS.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  AND  MR.  JOHN  MENZIES,  EDINBURGH. 


MDCCCXCV. 


R? 

4 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENjEUM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  2b,  18V6 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  25, 1896) 


INDEX     OF     CONTENTS. 

JULY    TO    DECEMBER 
1895. 


LITERATURE. 


A.  A.  S.'s  A  Book  of  Words,  530 

Aaron's  Butterfly  Hunters  in  the  Caribbee?,  283 

Account  Books  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Bartholomew  Ex- 
change, 1596-1698,  edited  by  Freshfield,  251 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council  of  England,  Vol.  IX.,  642; 
Vol.  X.,  643 

Adolplius's  (f.)  Some  Memories  of  Paris,  643 

Ahmad's  Articles  of  the  Faith  of  Islam,  317 

Aide's  (H.)  Elizabeth's  Pretenders,  93 

Aiya's  Report  on  the  Census  of  Travancore,  160 

Alexander's  (A.)  New  Games  and  Sports,  129 

Alexander's  (E.)  Flajj  Exercises  for  Children,  129 

All  Expenses  Paid,  335 

Allen,  Rdlph.  Life  and  Time?,  by  Peach,  312 

Allen's  (G.)  The  British  Barbarians,  830  ;  The  Desire  of 
the  Eyes,  &c.,  868 

Allen's  (P.)  My  Heart's  Best  Treasure,  96 

Almanacs,  Diaries,  Calendars,  &c.,  753,  791,  833,  870 

Almy's  (P.  H.  W.)  Scintillae  Carmenis,  530 

Amicis's  La  Maestrina  degli  Operai.  66 

Amyand's  (A.)  Comrades  in  Arms,  255 

Anderson's  (G.  F.  R.)  White  Book  of  the  Muses,  530 

Anderson's  (M.)  Othello's  Occupation,  93 

Andom'8  (R.)  The  Fortune  of  a  Spendthrift,  491 

Anecdota  Maredsolana,  Vol.  III.,  Part  I.,  ed.  Morin,  898 

Anglo-Indian  Cookery  at  Home,  189 

Annual  Volumes :  Atalanta,  Young  England,  Chums, 
Little  Folks,  Chatterbox,  833 

Anstey's  (F.)  Lyra  and  Lancet,  354 

Antrobus's  (C.  L.)  Wildersmoor,  124 

Aristotle  :  Theory  of  Poetry  and  Fine  Art,  by  Butcher, 
218,  870 

Armistead's  (J.  J.)  An  Angler's  Paradis?,  95 

Armour's  Home  and  Early  Haunts  of  Stevens  m,  451 

Armstrong's  (A.)  In  a  Mule  Litter  to  the  Tomb  of  Con- 
fucius, b98 

Arnold,  Matthew,  Letters  of,  edited  by  Ru=sell,  745 

Arnold's  (Sir  E.)  The  Tenth  Muse,  151 

Arnold's  (E.  L.)  The  Story  of  Ulla,  605 

Artois's  (A.  d')  Le  Sergent  Balthazar,  188 

Atherton's  (G.)  A  Whirl  Asunder,  351;  The  Dooms- 
woman,  900 

Atkinson's  (B.)  A  Commonplace  Girl,  831 

Atkinson's  (J.)  The  Loves  of  Laili  and  Majniin,  edited 
by  Rev.  J.  A.  Atkinson,  562 

Aubrey's  (W.  H.  S.)  The  Rise  and  Growth  of  the  English 
Nation,  VoL  I.,  31 ;  Vol.  II.,  604 

Augustine  and  his  Companion:*,  by  Browne,  382 

Augustine  of  Canterbury,  by  Cult*,  31 

Aureole,  The  Impressions  of,  451 

Austin's  (A.)  In  Veronica's  Garden,  901 

Autocrat,  The,  452 

Avery's  (H.)  An  Old  Boy's  Yarns,  715 

Bdb,  The,  by  fluseyn,  translated  by  Browne,  378 

Baddeley's  (W.)  Lawn  Tennis,  32 

Badminton  Library  :  Sea  Fishing,  by  Bickerdyke,  348 

Badminton  Magazine,  The,  160 

Baker's  (G.)  The  Model  Republic,  489 

Baker's  (W.)  Latin  and  Greek  Versa  Translation^,  190 

Bale's  (J.)  The  Laboryouse  Journey  and  Serche  of  John 

Leylande,  edited  by  Copinger,  7b9 
Baptist  Handbook,  The,  901 
Barbiera's   (R.)   II  Salotto   della   Contessa   Mafifei  e  la 

Societa  Milanese  (1834-1886),  259 
Baring-Gould's    (S.)    Old    English    Fairy    Tales,    642; 

Noemi,  677 
Barlow's  (J.)  Maureen's  Pairing,  64 
Barr's  (Mrs.)  The  Flower  of  Gala  Wafer,  863 
Bateson's  (E.)  A  History  of  Northumberland,  57 
Bayley's  (E.  B.)  A  New  Zealand  Courtship,  ii'i'6 
Beatty-Kingston's  (W.)  Men,  Cities,  and  Events,  600 
Beatty-Pownall's  (S.)  Fast-Day,  &c.,  Cookery,  189 
Beaumont's  (M.)  A  Ringby  Lass,  &c.,  384 
Bedford's  (Miss  H.  L.)  His  Choice— and  Hers,  789 
Beesly's  (A.  H.)  Ballads,  anJ  other  Verse.  530 
Belin's  (A.)  Histoire  de  la  Latinite  de  Constantinople, 

edited  by  Chatel,  190 
Bell's  (L.)  The  Love  AflFairs  of  an  Old  Maid,  218 
Benedetti'e  (Count)  Studies  in  Diplomacy,  901 
Bennett's  (E.)  Bewitched,  124 
Benson's  (E.  F.)  The  Judgment  Books,  351 
Beowulf,  Tale  of,  cditel  by  Morris  and  Wyatt,  181 
Besaut's  In  Deacon's  Orders,  64  ;  Westminster,  710 
Bible.  Hieroglyphic.  282 ;  English,  385 
Bibliographica,  Parts  111, -VI.,  349 


Biblioteohe  dello  Stato,  delle  Provincie,  dei  Communi  ed 

di  allri  Enti  Morali,  790 
Bickerdyke's  (J.)  Days  of  my  Life  on  Waters  Fresh  and 

Salt,  248  ;  Sea  Pishing,  348 
Bicknell's  (A.)  Life  in  the  Tuileries,  752 
Binyon's  (L.)  Poems.  409 
'  Black  and  White  '  Parliamentary  Album,  291 
Blackie,  J.  S.,  a  Biography,  by  Stoddart,  563 
Blackmore's  (R.  D.)  Fringilla,  88,  13i) 
Blake's  (M.  M  )  Courtship  by  Command,  750 
Blanch's  (J.  T.)  My  Doubles,  605 
Blind's  (M.)  Birds  of  Passage,  121 
Bloundelle- Burton's  (J,)  A  Gentleman  Adventurer,  353 
Blunt's  (R.)  The  Carlyles'  Cbehea  Home,  716 
Boilley's  (P.)  Les  trois  Socialismes,  259 
Boldrewood's  (R.)  The  Crooked  Stick,  564 
Bonet-Maury's  (G.)  Congrfes  des  Religions  k  Chicago  en 

1893,716 
Book  of  Christmas  Verse,  edited  by  Beeching,  606 
Book  of  Nursery  Songs,  &c.,  edited  by  Baring-Gould,  832 
Booksellers'  Cataloguee,  66,  318,  354,  568 
Booth's  (C.)  Life  and  Labour  of  the  People  in  London, 

Vols.  V.  and  VI.,  354 
Boothby's  (Guy)  A  Bid  for  Fortune,  831 
Boscawen's  The  Bible  and  the  Monuments,  901 
Boswell's  (C.  S.)  The  Vita  Nuova  and  its  Author,  154 
Boulton's  (II.  M)  Josephine  Crewe,  564 
Bourne's  Handy  Assurance  Manual,  ed.  Schooling,  491 
Bower's  (M.)  Samson's  Youngest,  678 
Bowmaker'e  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,  870 
Brace,  Charles  Loring,  The  Diary  of,  222 
Brada's  Jeunes  Madames,  256;  Joug  d' Amour,  640 
Braddon's  (Sir  E.)  Thirty  Years  of  Shikar,  60 
Braddon's  (Miss)  Sons  of  Fire,  413 
Bramston's  (M.)  Too  Pair  a  Dawn,  602 
Bramwell's  Training  of  Teachers  in  America,  490 
Bi'assey's  (Lord)  Voyages  and  Travels,  1862-1894,  edited 

by  Capt.  Eardley-Wilmot,  566 
Brassington's  (W.  S.)  Historic  AVorcestershire,  153 
Bremont's  (Comtesse  de)  The  Ragged  Edge,  715 
Bretm's  (P.)  God  Forsaken,  127 
Brewery  Companies,  by  H.  S.,  291 
Bridi;es'8  (J.  A.")  Myrtle  and  Ivy,  155 
British  Association,  President's  Address,  345 
British  New  Guinea  Reports,  1892-3  and  1893-4,  157 
Brockelmann's  (K.)  Lexicon  Syriacum,  97 
Brockmau's  (J.)  Roseacre,  832 
Broglie,  Lettres  de  la  Duche sse  de,  753 
Brooks's  (N.)  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Downfall  of 

American  Slavery,  221 
Brotherton's  (M.)  Rosemary  for  Remembrance,  530 
Broughton's  (R.)  Scylla  or  Charybdis  ?  488 
Browne's  (Bishop)  Off  the  Mill,  127;  Augustine,  382 
Bryant's  (M.)  Morton  Veriest,  677 
Buddharakkhita's  Jinalawkara,    or    Embellishments  of 

Buddha,  317 
Budge's  Discourses  of  Philoxenu?,  Bishop  of  Mabbogh, 

97;  The  Book  of  the  Dead,  122 
Bugge'a  (S.)   Bidrag  til    den    asldste    Skaldedigtnings 

Historie,  65 
Bulloch's  (J.  M.)  College  Carols,  450 
Bullock's  (S.  F.)  By  Thrasna  River,  604 
Burdett's  Hospital  and  Charities  Annual,  129 
Burgess's  (J.  J.  H.)  The  Viking  Path,  126 
Burgin'a  (G.  B.)  Tuxter's  Little  Maid,  488 
Burke's  (Sir  B.)  Peerage,  Baronetage,  &c.,  901 
Burke's  (R.  U.)  A  History  of  Spain,  123 
Burkitt's  (P.  C.)  The  Rules  of  Tyconius,  897 
Burnett's  (Mrs.  H.)  Two  Little  Pilgrims'  Progress,  832 
Busby,  Richard,  Memoir  of,  'oy  Barker,  753 
Bye-Gones  relating  to  Wales,  &c.,  1893-4,  220 
C.  E.  M.'s  Ruth,  789 
Csesar:    Belli   Gallici  Libri  VII.,   Hirtii   Liber  VIII., 

edited  by  Meusel,  6il 
C-iillard's  (V.)  Report  on  Ottoman  Public  Debt,  607 
Cairnp,  John, -Life,  &c.,  by  MacEwen,  16iJ 
Calendars  :  Queen's  College,  Galway,  491  ;  Patent  Rolls, 

1292-1301,  642;    Close  Rolls,  1318-23-State  Papers 

relating   to  the   Negotiations   between   England  and 

Spain,  Vol.  VI.  Part  II.,  edited  by  Gayangos,  643; 

Papal  Letters,  Vol.  II.,  edited  by  Bliss,  894 
Camden  Mincellany,  Vol.  IX.,  158 
Campbell,  Colin,  Lord  Clyde,  by  Forbes,  213 
Campbell's  (W.  W.)  The  Dread  Voyage  :  Poems,  2.56 
Carew's(Mi83M.)  Pat,  789 
Carrell's  (F.)  An  Education,  93 
Carrington's  (E.)  Wild  and  Tame,  751 
Cassell's  New  Universal  Cookery-Book,  by  Heritage,  189 
Castle's  (E.)  The  Light  of  Scarthey,  640 


Catalogues :    The  Greek    MSS.  on    Mount    Atho?,  b 
Lambros,  Vol.  I.,  183;    Sanskrit  MSS.  in  the  India 
OflBce,  by  Windisch  and  Eggeling,  317;  Library  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  by  Dr.  Mill — Ceramics  at 
South  Kensington,  by  Weale — Catilogus  van  de  Pam- 
fletten  -  Verzimeling,    by    Knuttel — Bibliographisclie 
Lijst  der  Werken  van  de  Leidsche  Hoogleeraren,  790 
Catholic  Directory,  The,  901 
Catullus :  Catulle  et  ses  Mo Jeles,  by  Lafaye,  157 
Cauer's  (P.)  Grundfragen  der  Homerkritik,  284 
Cavan's  (Earl  of)  With  the  Yacht,  Camera,  and  Cycle  in 

the  Mediterranean,  565 
Cervantes's  Don  Quixote,  edited  by  Watts — Miguel  de 

Cervantes,  his  Life  and  Works,  by  Watts.  529 
Chambers's  (R.  W.)  The  King  in  Yellow,  715 
Chapin,  J.  H.,  Life  and  Work,  by  Weaver,  221 
Charles's  (W.)  A  Trial  and  its  Issue,  867 
Chattield-Taylor's  Two  Women  and  a  Fool,  93 
Cherbuliez's  (V.)  Apres  Fortune  Faite,  789 
Chess :    The  Chess  Mentor,  by  Lee  and   Gossip — Chess 
Novelties,  by  Bird— The  Art  of  Chess,  by  Mason — 
Chess  Sparks,  by  Ellis,  674 
Chetwode'a  (R.  D.)  The  Lord  of  Lowedale,  832 
Christian's  (S.)  Two  Mistakes,  351 
Church,  Sir  Richard,  in  Italy  and  Greece,  447 
Church's  (Rev.  A.  J.)  Stories  from  English  History,  867 
Cicero:   Murena,  ed.  Freese— Pro  T.  Annio  Mdone  al 
Judices  Oratio,  ed.  Reid — Actionis  in  Verrem  Secundae 
Lib.  v.,  ed.  Laming,  63 
Clarke's  (E.)  The  Bank  Clerk's  Secret,  832 
Clarke's   (Mrs.   H.)   High  School  Girl,  679;    Roscorla 

Farm,  789 
Clay's  (W.  G.)  The  Law  and  Practice  relating  to  Writs 

of  Summons,  95 
Cleeve's  (L.)  The  Woman  AVho  Wouldn't,  382 
Clement's  (Clara  B.)  Naples,  the  City  of  Parthen  pe,  489 
Clennell's  (E.  M.  H.)  Timothy's  Legacy,  529 
Clifford's  (Mrs.  W.  K.)  A  Flash  of  Summer,  639 
Ciouston's  (W.  A.)  Hieroglyphic  Bibles,  282 
Cobban's  (J.  M.)  The  King  of  Andaman.  678 
Coghlan's  Statistical  Survey  of  New  South  Wale?,  129 
Coleridge,  S.  T.,  Letters  of,  ed.  E.  H.  Coleridge,  29 
Coleridge's  (C.  R.)  Gertrude's  Lover,  832 
Collier  (Tim  Bobbin),  Works  of,  ed.  Fishwick,  184 
CoUingwood's  (W.  G.)  Tborstein  of  the  Mere,  126 
Colvile's  The  Land  of  the  Nile  Springs,  524 
Compton's  (H.)  A  Free  Lance  in  a  Far  Land,  353 
Compton's  (M.)  Snow  Bird,  &c.,  867 
Connal,  Sir  Michael,  Diary  of,  ed.  Gibson,  833 
Conneli's  (F.  N.)  The  House  of  the  Strange  Woman,  733 
Conte's  Espagne  et  Provence,  128 

Continental  Literature  :  Belgium,  7;  Bohemia,  8  ;  Den- 
mark, 9;    Prance,  10;    Germany,   12;    Greece,    16; 
Holland,  17;  Hungary,  19;   Italy,  20;    Norway,  21; 
Poland,  23;  Russia,  24;  Spain,  26;  Sweden,  28 
Corbett's  (Mrs.  G.)  Deb  o'  Mally's,  316 
Coufopoulos's  (D.)  Guide  to  Constantinople,  529 
Country  House,  The,  492 

Country  Month  by  Month,  ed.  Owen  and  Boulger,  316 
Courson's  (A.  de)  Fridoline,  66 
Courtbope's  (W.  J.)  A  History  of  English  Poetry,  Vol.  I. . 

119,  162, 192,  224,  260,  292,  387 
Coville's  (A.)  Les  ifctats  de  Normandie,  253 
Cowen's  Fast-Day  and  Vegetarian  Cookery,  189 
Cowper's  (F.)  Sailing  Tours,  529;  The  Hunting  of  the 

Auk,  832 
Coxwell's  (H.)  A  Knight  of  the  Air,  750 
Crackanthorpe's  (H.)  Sentimental  Studies,  &c.,  383 
Craig's  Dr.  Johnson  and  the  Fair  Sex,  827,  873 
Crampe's  (R.)  Philopatris,  190 
Crawford's  (F,  M.)  Constantinople,  827;  Casa  Braccio, 

866 
Crawford's  (R.)  Windabyne,  edited  by  Ranken,  384 
Crawfurd's  (0.)  Dialogues  of  the  Day,  354 
Creighton's  The  Early  Renaissance  in  England,  680 
Crespigny's  (R.  C.  de)  The  New  Forest,  446 
Crockett's  (S.   R.)   The   Men   of  the   Moss-Hags,  449; 

Sweetheart  Travellers,  832 
Croker's  (B.  M.)  Married  or  Single  1  830 
Crosse's  (V.)  The  Woman  Who  Didn't.  351 
Crowe's  (Sir  J.)  Reminiscences  of  Thirty-five  Years,  561 
Cumberland's  (.Major  C.  S.)  Sport  on  the  Pamirs  and 

Turkittan  Steppes,  60 
Cuningh  ime's  (Lady  F.)  A  Sin  of  the  Soul,  483 
Curry's  (E.  S.)  The  House  of  her  Prison.  96 
Curtin's  (J.)  Tales  of  the  Fairies,  &c.,  157 
Cushing's  (P.)  The  Shepherdess  of  Treva,  866 
Cutts's  (B.  L.)  Augustine  of  Canterbury,  31 
Cyclopaedia  of  Names,  edited  by  Smith,  291 


IV 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMEM  to  the  ATHEK^tlM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  25, 1896 

July  to  December  1895 


LITERATURE. 

Reviews— ccniinuerf. 

Cyon's  (E.  de)  Histoire  de  TEntente  Franco-Russe,  290 
Damon,  a  Manual   of   Greek   Inmbic   Composition,   by 

Williams  ami  Rouse,  63 
Dana's  (C.  A.)  The  Art  of  Newspaper  Making,  '22i 
Dante  :  The  Vita  Nuova,  by  Boswell,  154 
D'Arcy's  (E.)  Monochrorai-s,  159 
Davis's  (Col.  J.)  Tlie  History  of  tbe  Second  (Queen's) 

Royal  Regiment,  377 
Davis's  (R.  11.)  The  Princess  Aline,  218 
Davis's  (W.  J.)  Token  Coinage  of  Warwickshire,  384 
Dawe's  (W.  C.)  Yellow  and  Wtiite,  868 
Debenham's  (M.  H.)  The  Captain  of  Five,  751 
Debrett's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  &c.,  870 
Defne's  Of  Royall  Educacioti,  ed.  Biilbring,  255 
Desclea's  (A.)  Lettres  a  Fanfan,  ed.  Duplan,  222 
Deutsche    Zeitschrift    fiir    auslilndsches    Unterricbts- 

wedtn,  492 
Dickens's  (M.  A.)  Prisoners  of  Silence,  787 
Dickin-on's  (L.)  The  Development  of  Parliament  during 

the  Nineteenth  Century,  75'3 
Dictionaries  :    Dictionnaire  general  de  la  Langue  frfin- 

faige,  by   Hatzfeld    and    Diirmtstfter,    Vol.    I.,   253; 

Dictionary  oi  the  English  Language,    by    Stormonth, 

290;    Nuevo   Dizionario  Italiano-Tedesco  e    Teilesco- 

Italiano,   hy    Rigutini   and  Bulle,   291  ;  New  English 

Dictionary  on  Historical  Principles,  ed.  Munay  and 

Bradley,  347  ;   Concise  Dictionary  of  the  English  and 

Modern  Greek    Languages,  by  Jannaii't,  530,  607;  A 

Siamei^e-Englieh  Dictionary,  by  .viichell.  530 
Dictionary  of  National  Biugraphy,  Vols.  XL.-XLIV.,  676 
Dierrks's  (D.  G.)  Gei'cliichte  irfpanien^  von  der  friihcsttn 

Zeite-i  bis  auf  <iie  Gegenwart,  Vol.  I..  123 
Dix's  (G.)  The  Girl  from  the  Farm,  156 
Dod's  Parliamentary  Companion,  385 
Dollinger's  Addresses  on  Historical  and  Literary  Subjects, 

747 
Doudney's  (S.)  Katherine's  Keys.  679 
Dowden's  (E.)  New  Studies  in  l.iterature,  311 
Dowlitig's  (R.)  Below  Bridge,  866 
Dowson't*  (E.)  Dilemma?,  168 
Drage'8  (G.)  The  Problem  of  the  Aged  Poor,  214 
Driver's  (Rev.  S.  R.)  Commentary  on  Deuteronomy,  250 
Duckett's  Remiuiscenct  8  of  an  Octononogenarian,  285 
Dunias's  (A.)  Le  Poudre  de  Soijsons,  edited  by  Creak, 

190;  Ilka,  716 
Eastlake,  Lady,  Journals,  &c.,  ed.  C.  Eastlake,  893 
Ea^ton'B  (M.  W.)  Readings  in  Gower,  2.56 
Eastwick's  (Mrs.  E.)  The  Rubies  of  Rajmar,  93 
Edwardes's  (C.)  The  New  House-master,  714 
Edwards,  Rev.  Griffith,  Works  of,  ed.  Owen,  220 
Elizabethan  Lyrics,  selected  by  Schelling,  256 
Ellis's  (E.  J.)  The  Man  of  Seven  OflFers,  316;  Sancan  the 

Bard,  530 
Ellis's  (E.  S.)  The  Path  in  the  Ravine,  715 
Emery's  (G.  F.)  Parish  Meetings -Parish  Councils,  791 
English  Men  of   Action :    Nelson,   by  Laughton,   451 ; 

Wolfe,  by  Bradley,  893 
Escott's  Platform,  Prets,  Politics,  and  Play,  527 
Esler's  (E.  R.)  'Mid  Green  Pastures,  603 
Estaunie's  (E.)  L'Empreinte,  604 
Evans's  (E.  E.)  Confession,  640 
Everett-Green's  (E  )  A  Stepmother's  Strategy.  715;  In 

Taunton  Town,  750  ;  His  Choice— and  Hers,  789 
Evergreen,  The,  791 

Every  Girl's  Stories— Every  Child's  Stories,  751 
Fairy  Tales,  Far  and  Near,  retold  by  Q,  612 
Family  of  (Quality,  A,  125 
Favenc's  Secret  of  the  Australian  Desert,  565 
Fawcett's  (E.  D.)  Toe  Secret  of  the  Desert,  679 
Fenn's  (G.  M.)  Roy  Royland,  715 
FenncU'B  (C.)  The  Calico  Printer,  528 
Ferres's  (A.)  His  First  Kangaroo,  833 
Fifty-two  Stories  of  Life  and  Adventure  for  Girls,  edited 

by  Mile-,  679 ;  for  Boys,  714 
Finck's  (H.  T.)  Lotos-Time  in  Japan,  249 
Fishwick's  (Lieut.-Col.  H.)  History  of  Lancashire,  447 
FitzGerald,  Edward,  Letters  of,  to  Fanny  Kemble,  1871- 

1883,  edited  by  Wright,  710 
Flagy's  La  Reine  Nadcge,  188 

Flaubert,  Gustave,  Life  and  Letters  of,  by  Tarver,  128 
Forbes's  (A.)  iMemories  of  War  and  Peace,  525 
Forbes's  (G.  A.  G.)  Another  Wicked  Woman,  316 
Ford's  (I.  0.)  On  the  Threshold.  788 
Forsyth's  (J.)  The  Making  of  Mary,  156 
Fowler's  (E.  H.)  The  Young  Pretenders,  96 
Fowler's  (M.)  Notable  Aichbishops  of  Canterbury,  lljQ 
Fraser's  (.Vliss  M.)  In  Srevenson's  Samoa,  451 
Flayer's  (W.  C.)  The  Whaup?  of  Duiley,  716 
Frazer's  (J.  G.)  Passages  of  the  Biblu  chosen  for  their 

Literary  Biautyand  Interest,  191 
Freetli's  Guide  to  the  New  Death  Duty,  94 
From  Spring  to  Fall,  by  a  Sun  of  the  Marshes,  edited  by 

Owen,  317 
Fulton's  (D.)  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Patents,  Trade 

Marks,  and  Designs,  94 
Fyler's  (Col.)  The  History  of  the  60th  Regiment,  377 
Galpin's  (B.)  The  End  of  the  Run,  125 
Gam's  (F.  J.)  Perfect  Womanhood,  528 
Gardinar'd  (A.)  Civic  Life,  Part  I,,  223 
Gardner's    (Mrs,    Alan)    RiQe    and    Spear    with     the 

Rajpoots,  288 


Gardner's  (Alice)  Julian  the  Philosopher,  89 

Gaunt's  (M.)  The  Moving  Finger,  382 

Geoffrey  Austm,  Student,  678 

George's  (H.  B.)  Battles  of  English  History,  281 

Gerard's  Irish  Beauties  of  the  Last  Century,  65 

German  Classic?,  ed.  Buchheim:  Goethe's  AVahrheit  nnd 

Dichtun^,  Books  I. -IV. — Schiller's  Maria  Stuart,  287 
Giberne's  (A.)  Life-Tangle?,  832 
Gilbert's  (Dr.  G. )  Constitutional   Antiquities  of  Sparta 

and  Athens,  translated  hy  Brooks  and  Nicklin,  290 
Gilder's  (R.  W.)  Five  Books  of  Song,  314.  358 
Giles's  Short  Manual  of  Comparative  Philology,  640 
Gille's  (P.)  Lea  Mercredis  d'un  Critique,  129 
Gillman's  (A.  W.)  The  Gillmans  of  Higbgate,  901 
Gilraore's  (M.)  The  Woman  Who  Stood  Between,  716 
Ginnell's  (L.)  The  Brehon  Laws,  351 
Gianville's  (E.)  The  Golden  Rock,  714 
Glyns  The  Id>ll  of  tha  Star-Flower,  3«5 
Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World,  ed.  Brockington,  287 
Gordon's  (J.)  Popjisea,  351 

Graham's  (R  B.  C.)  ^otes  on  tbe  District  of  Menteith,  451 
Grahame's  (K.)  The  Golden  Age,  64 
Grandison,  Sir  C,  Letter<  from,  ed.  by  Saintsbury,  833 
Grands  ;^crivain8  FrHiifais  :  Guizot,  by  Bardoux,  128 
Gray's  (J.  A.)  At  the  Court  of  the  Amir,  752 
Green's  (A.  K.)  The  Doctor,  bis  Wife,  &c  ,  489 
Green's  (A.  U.)  A  Practical  Hindu-tani  Grammar,  317 
Greenstock's  (W  )  A  Primer  of  Greek  Exercises,  63 
Griffiths's  (Major  A.)  Criminals  I  Have  Known,  868 
Grignaii,  Madame  de,  Lettres  de,  by  Janet,  128 
Groome's  (b\  H.)  TwoSuff.lk  Friends,  280 
Guest's  A  Round  Trip  in  North  America,  189 
Gunter's  (A.  C.)  The  Ladies'  Juggernaut,  351 
Gurneys  of  Earlham,  by  Hare,  483 
Gurteen's  (S.  H.)  The  Arthurian  Epic,  716 
Gyp's  Le  Coeur  d'Ariane,  94;  Ces  bons  Normands  !  450 

Hafiz,  Ghazels  from  the  Divan  of,  tr.  by  McCarthy,  378 

H^.yg.rd's  (H.  R.)  Jo^n  IJaste,  602 

Handbook  of  Jamaica,  by  Musson  and  Roxburgh,  129 

Hanna's  (Col.)  India's  Scientific  Frontier,  353 

Hardy's  (A.  S.  F.)  Princess  and  Priest,  450 

Hardy's  (T.)  Jude  the  Obscure,  709 

Hardy's  ( W.  J.)  Lighthoiue^.  their  History,  &c.,  714 

Hare's  (A.  C)  The  Gurne\s,  483  ;  Biographical  Sketches, 

606;  North-Wcetern  France,  752,  872 
Harewood's  (F.)  Fortune  of  a  Spendthrift,  491 
H«rland's  (H.)  Grey  Roses,  64 

Harnack's  Souices  of  Apostolic  Canons,  tr,  Wheatiey,  289 
Harper's  (C.  G.)  The  Dover  Road,  864 
Harris's  Synopsis  of  the  New  Estate  Duty,  94 
Harrison's  (1.  H.)  Tolstoy  as  Preacher,  567 
Harte's  (Bret)  Clarence,  414 
Hartland's  (B.  S.)  The  Legend  of  Perseus,  784 
Hartmann's  (F.)  Among  the  Gnomes,  751 
Harvard  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,  Vol.  V.,  611 
Hassall's  (A.)  Lnuis  XIV.  and  the  Zenith  of  the  French 

Monarchy,  258 
Haswell's  (G.  H.)  The  Maister,  98 
Hausrath's  (Dr.  A.)  A  History  of  the  New  Testament 

Times,  trans,  hy  L.  Huxley,  289,  321 
Hayens's  (H.)  Under  the  Lone  Star,  8:^-3,  903 
Hayes's  (A.)  The  Vale  of  Arden,  &c.,  450 
Hazell's  Annual,  edited  hy  Palmer,  870,903 
Healy's  (Most  Rev.  J.)  Maynooth  College,  436 
Hearn's  (L.)  Out  of  the  East,  249 
Heber,  Bishop,  Poet  and  Chief  JMissionary  to  the  East, 

1783-1826,  by  Smith,  699 
Heber-Percy's  Visit  to  Bashan  and  Argob,  751 
Heclava's  In  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  289 
Heller's  Annotated  Edition  of  the  Code,  491 
Helpful  Hints  for  Hard  Times,  452 
Henderson's  (W.  J.)  Sea-yarns  for  Boy?,  714 
Henry's  (V.)  Precis  de  Grammaire  compareede  I'Anglais 

et  del'Allemand,530,  572 
Henty's  (G.  A.)  The  Tiger  of  Mysore — Through  Russian 

Snows— A  Knight  of  the  White  Cross — A  Woman  of 

the  Commune,  679 
Herodotus,  IV.-VI.,  edited  by  Macan,  863 
Hichens's  (R.  S.)  An  Imaginative  Man,  219 
Hierarchia  Anglicana,  edited  by  Denny  and  Lacey,  382 
Higginbotham,  George,  Memoir  of,  by  Morris,  353 
Hill's  (H.)  The  Divinations  of  Kala  Persad,  715 
Hinkson's  (H.  A.)  Golden  Lads  and  Girls,  125 
Hocking's  (J.)  All  Men  are  Liars,  382 
Hocking's  (8.  K.)  The  Heart  of  Man,  869 
Hodgkiu's  (T.)  Italy  and  her  Invalers,  120 
Holcombe's  (C.)  The  Real  Chinaman,  484 
Holdsworth's  Years  that  the  Locust  hath  Eaten,  867 
Holmes's  (B.)  To-day  iind  To-morrow,  188 
Hohhausen's  (F.)  Altisliindisohes  Elementarbuch,  64 
Homo's  (Lady)  Our  Holidays,  8'i2 
Homer:   Grundfrugen  der  Homerkritik,  by  Cauer,  284  ; 

Iliad,  edited  by  Lenf,  641 
Hood,  Sir  Samuel,  Letters  of,  edited  by  Hannay,  216 
Hope's  (A.)  The  Chronicles  of  Count  Antonio,  639 
Ilopgood's  (I.  F.)  Russian  Rambles,  127 
Hopkins's  (T.)  Lady  B  )nnie'8  Experiment,  678 
Hoppus's  (J.  i>.)  Poems,  4.)0 

Horace  :  Historical  and  Political  Odes,  ed.  Church,  iSi 
Horsburgh's  (E.  L.  S.)  Waterloo,  891 
Horsman's  (B.  E.)  The  Two  Altlua^,  832 
Ilowarth's  (M.)  Stories  of  Norway,  867 
llughes'a  Training  of  Teachers  in  America,  490 
Hulme's    F.  E.)  Natural  History  Lore  and  Legend.  257 


Hume's  (F.)  The  Masquerade  Mystery,  787 
Hungerford's  (Mrs.)  A  Tug  of  War,  165;  The  Professor's 

Experiment,  413;  Molly  Darling,  &c.,  868 
Hunt's  (V.)  A  Hard  Woman,  6(i3,  645 
Hunter's  (Sir  W.  W.)  The  Old  Missionary,  869 
Hutcheson's  (M.)  Bardossi's  Daughter,  488 
Hutchinson's  (H.)  The  New  Forest,  446 
Hutton's  (W.  H.)  King  and  Baronage  (1135-1327),  604 
Inglis's  (T)  Dr.  Quantrill's  Experiment,  450 
Ingram's  History  of  Slavery  and  Serfdom,  532 
Innes's  Britain  and  her  Rivals,  1713-1789,  31 
lota's  A  Comedy  in  Spasms,  255 
Irving's  (T.)  You  Never  Know  Your  Luck,  896 
Ivan  the  Terrible,  his  Life,  by  Peraber,  348 
Jacberns's  (Raymond)  An  Uncut  Diamond,  &c.,  863 
Jack  Westropp,  an  Autobiography,  678 
Jacobs's  (J.)  An  Inquiry  into  the  Sources  of  the  History 

of  the  Jews  in  Spain,  123 
James's  (C.  T.  C.)  Always  Wrong,  316 
Jamison's  (?.lrs.  C    V.)  Toinette's  Philip,  789 
Jenks's  (E.)  History  of  the  Australasian  Colonies,  353 
Jepson's  (K.)  Sibyl  Falcon,  528 
Jersey's  (Countess  of)  Eric,  Prince  of  Lorlonia,  642 
Jewish  Historical  Society  of  England,  Transactions,  '267 
Johnstone's  (D.  L.)  Tbe  Brotherhood  of  the  Coast,  750 
Joinville,   Jean   de,  et    les  Seigneurs  de  Joinvil'e,   by 

Delaborde,  282 
Jones's  (Kev.  H.)  Fifty  Years,  159 
Josephine,  Empress,  Historical  and  Secret  Memoirs  oF, 

by  Mile.  Le  Normand,  318 
Jowett,  Benjamin,  Master  of  Balliol,  by  Tollemache,  716 
Jusserand's  English  Essays  from  a  French  Pen,  869 
Karkaria's  (R.  P.)  Essays  in  English  History,  605 
Kathako^a,  The,  translated  by  Tawney,  98 
Keary's  (C.  F.)  Herbert  Vanlenriert,  867 
Keeling'a  (E.  d'E.)  Old  Maids  and  Young,  897 
Keightley's  (S.  R.)  The  Cavaliers,  714 
Keith's  (  L.)  For  Love  of  Prue,  787 
Kelly's  (W.  P.)  Schoolboys  Three,  680 
Kennard's  (Mrs.  E.)  Fooled  by  a  Woman,  219 
Kennedy's  (Rev.  H.  A.  A.)  New  Testament  Greek,  288 
Kennedy's  (J.)  History  of  the  Parish  of  Leyton,  606 
Kenney. Herbert's  (Col.  A.)  Common-sense  Cookery,  lt:9 
Kettle's  (R.  M.)  The  Highland  Sister's  Promise,  869 
King's  The  Scripture  Reader  of  St.  Mark's,  678 
Kingsford's  (W.)  The  History  of  Canada,  221 
Knight's  (A.  L.)  Leaves  from  a  Middy's  Log,  714 
Knight-Bruco's  (Bishop)  Memories  of  Mashonaland,  614 
Knox,   John,  a    Biography,   by    Brown,   637,   717— by 

Maccunn,  637 
Kotzebue's  (A.  von)  Die  deutschen  Kleinstildter,  edited 

by  Matthews  and  Witherby,  190 
Kovalevsky,  Sonya,  a  Biography,  tr.  by  De  Furuhjclni 

and  Bayley— by  L.  von  Cossel,  91 
Koven's  (Mrs.  R.  de)  A  Stwdust  Doll,  156 
Lafargue's  (P.)  The  Salt  of  the  Earth,  169 
Lameillere'e  (L.  de)  Le  President  Carnot  et  scs  Funeraillcs 

au  Pantheon,  291 
Lamond's  (B.)  The  Two  Dunmores,  125 
Lanny's  (K.)  Etudes  Bur  le  Second  Empire,  66 
Lane's  Thousand  and  One  Nights,  567 
Lang's  (A.)  The  Red  True  Story  Book,  714 
Langley  &  Son's  Budget  Letter  Card,  160 
La  Rochefoucauld,  Maxims  of,  edited  by  Johnstone,  899 
Larroumet's  (G.)  Etudes  de  Litterature  et  d'Art,  128 
Larsson's    (Dr.    L.)    Oidforradet  i    de   iilsta   Islanska 

Handskrifternaleksikaliekt  och  gramatiskt  ordna^,  290 
Lasco,  Jean  de,  son  Temps,  &c.,  by  Pascal,  449 
Later  Canadian  Poems,  edited  by  Wetberell,  256 
Laud,  by  Hutton,  252 

Lawrence's  (W.  R.)  The  Valley  of  Kashmir,  713 
Lean's  Royal  Navy  List,  532 
Lefranc'8  (A.)  Histoire  du  College  de  France,  123 
Le  Gallienne's  (R.)  R.  L.  Stevenson,  an  Elegy,  786 
Legh's  (C.)  How  Dick  and  Molly  went  round  the  World,  751 
Legitimist  Kalendar,  The,  ed.  Marquis  de  Ruvigny,  129 
Leigh's  (E.  St.  Jihn)  Raymond's  Folly,  532 
Leight^n's  (Mrs.)  INledijeval  Legends,  789 
Leith's  (A.  A.)  A  Plant  of  Lemon  Verbena,  459 
Leiand'a  (C.  G.)  Legends  of  Florence,  562 
Lemaitre's  (A.)  Musulmans  et  Chretiens,  716 
Lemon's  (I.)  Matthew  Furth,  t97 
Lentheric's  The  Riviera,  translated  by  West,  791 
Leprevost'e  (G.)  Entre  Rayons  et  Ombres,  291 
Le  Koux's  (11.)  Je  deviens  Colon,  291 
Library  of  Early  English  Writers,  edited  by  Ilorstman, 

Vol.  I„  255  ' 

Lightfoot'8  Notes  on  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  288 
Ligbtwood's  Treatise  on  Possession  of  Land,  352 
Lineham's  Directory  of  Science,  &c.,  491 
Linguet,  by  Cruppi,  128 
Livre  du  Pr^t'et,  translated  by  Nicole,  190 
Lodge's  Peerage  and  Baronetage,  9U1 
Lome's  (Marquis  of)  From  Shadow  to  Sunlight,  351 
Loti's  (P.)  La  Galilee,  752 
Loughran's  (E   B.)  'Neath  Austral  Skies,  266 
Louise   de    Savoie    et  Francois    I.,   by   De  Mauldo    la 

ClaviSre,  489 
Louisiana  Folk-tales,  edited  by  Forticr,  258 
Love  Letters  of  Mr.  H.  and  Miss  R.,  380 
Low's  Handbook  to  Cliarities  of  London,  833 
Lowe's  (C.)  Bismarck's  Table  Talk,  790 
Loyola,  Ignatius  von,  uud  die  Gegen-reformation,    . 

Gothein,  383 


iStrfPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^tlM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  25,  189G] 


July  to  December  1895 


INDEX    OF   CONTENTS 


Lubbock's  (Miss  G.)  Some  Poor  Relief  Questions,  567 

Lucy's  The  Log  of  the  Tantallon  Ca'»tle,  752 

Luffmann's  (C.  B.)  A  Vagabond  in  Spain,  127 

Lyeter'a  (A.)  Richard  Kennaway's  Wife,  832 

Mac's  The  Leadin'  Road  to  Donegal,  869 

McCbesney's  (D.  G.)  Kathleen  Clare,  415 

McClintock's  (M»jor  H.  S.)  Random  Stories,  331 

McCorquodale's  Railway  Dinry,  833 

Mac  D.-nald's  (G.)  Lilitb,  639 

McFall's  AVith  the  Zliob  Field  Force,  ]890,  96 

Mackay's  (K.)  The  Yellow  Wave,  679 

Mackeson's  Church  Congress  Illustrated  Handbook,  492 

Maclaren's  (Ian)  Days  of  Auld  Langsyne,  896 

M'Lean's  (A.)  Paul  Heriot's  Pictures,  605 

Macleod's  (F.)  The  Mountain  Lovers,  156 

MacMabon'8  (E.)  A  Modern  Man,  219 

Macmillan's  Primary  Series  :  Souvestre's  Le  Serf  and  Le 

Chevrier  de  Lorraine,  ed.  by  Berthon,  190 
Macquoid's  (K.)  His  Last  Card,  787 
Madec,  Le  Nabab  R-ne,  by  Barbe,  410 
Maisonneuve's  (H.)  La  Fa\ite  de  Jeanne,  489 
Maitland'8  (B.  F.)  Day-Book  of  Bethia  Hardacre,  350 
Maitland's  (P.  W.)  The  Mirror  of  Justices,  311 
Makower'B  (S.  V.)  The  Mirror  of  Music,  489 
Wallock's(W.  H."*  The  Heart  of  Life,  92 
Mal.it's  (H.)  L'lle  Deserte,  ed.  Naftel,  899 
Mann's  (K.)  There  was  once  a  Prince,  832 
Mann's  (iVl.  E.)  Susannah,  679 
Marchmont's  (A.  W.)  Sir  Jaffray's  Wife,  603 
Margaret  de  Valois,  Queen  of  Navarre,  Memoirs,  415 
Margueritte's  (P.)  Simple  Histoire,  716 
Marry at's  (F.)  At  Heait  a  Rake,  188 
Marsden's  (R.  G.)  Select  Pleas  in  the  Court  of  Admiralty, 

Vol.  I,,  249 
Marsh's  (H.)  Two  Seasons  in  Switzerland,  529 
Marsh's  (R.)  Mrs.  Musgrave— and  her  Husband,  124 
Marsh's  (T.)  The  Romance  of  a  Picture,  869 
Marshall's  (Mrs.  E.)  The  White  King's  Daughter,  96; 

The  Lady's  Manor,  679;  The  Master  of  the  Musicians, 

750  ;  By  the  North  Sea,  832 
Martin's  (L.)  L'Anglais  est-il  un  Juif!  223 
Mason's  (A.  E.  AV.)  A  Romance  of  AVastdale,  867 
Maspero'B  (G.)  The  Dawn  of  Civilization,  526 
Masson's  (F.)  Napoleon  inconnu,  223 
Masters's  (C.)  The  Shuttle  of  Fate,  831 
Mathers's  (H.)  The  Lovely  Maliticourt,  286 
Mathews's  (M.  H.)  Dr.  Gilbert's  Daughters,  679 
Maude's  (Col,  F.  C.)  Five  Yeara  in  Madagascar,  151 
Maury's  (General)  Recollections  of  a  Virginian  in  the 

American,  Indian,  and  Civil  Wars,  222 
Maxwell's  (Sir  H.)  Post  Meridiana,  790 
Maydeston,  Clement,  Tracts  of,  e<).  Wordsworth,  217,  260 
Mayer's  Englibh-French-German  Idioms,  &c.,  899 
Mayhew's  (A.)  A  Jorum  of  Punch,'  673 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  The  Voice  of  the  Charmer,  830;  Giih 

New  and  Old,  832 
Meirion'8  (E.)  Cause  and  Effect,  218 
Wellies's  (Gapt.  C.  J.)  Lion  Hunting  in  Soraaliland,  60 
Meredith's  (G.)  The  Amazing  Marriage,  748 
Metcalf  8  (W.  E.)  Nailing  the  Colours,  715 
Meyer's  Konversations  Lexikon,  Vols.  VIII.,  IX.,  385 
Michael  Daunt,  93 

Middlesex  and  Hertfordshire  Notes  and  Queries,  415 
Miln'8  (L.  J.)  Quaint  Korea,  215 
Milton's  Tractate  of  Education,  edited  by  Morris,  287; 

Sonnets,  edited  by  Verity,  899 
Mimosa's  Told  on  the  Pagoda,  256 
Mirkhond'8  The   Rauzat-us-Safa  or  Garden  of  Purity, 

translated  by  Rehatsek,  Part  II.  Vols.  I.- 1 II.,  6^2 
Mitchell's  English  Lands,  Letters,  and  Kings,  680 
Mitford's  (B.)  The  While  Shield,  565 
Mitford's  (Miss)  Country  Stories,  789 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)  Sheila's  Mystery,  96 ;  The  Carved 

Lions,  751  ;  White  Turrets,  788;  My  New  Home,  867 
Moliere's  Comedies,  edited  by  Johnstone,  899  ;  Le  Mis- 
anthrope, edited  by  Braunholtz,  900 
Mon  Journal,  901 

Monti6jor's  (F.  F.)  The  One  Who  Looked  On,  564 
Moore's  (F.  F.)  Phyllis  of  Philistia,  8'.>b 
Moore's  (G.)  Celibates,  64 
Moore'8  (M.)  Drifting,  125 
More  Fairy  Tales  from  the  Arabian  Nights,  642 
Morei-Fatio's  (A.)  £tudes  sur  I'Espagne,  529 
J^lorris's  (H.  S.)  Madonna,  and  other  Poems,  450 
Morris's  (J.)  Advance,  Japan,  249 
Morris's  (R.  H.)  Chester  in  the  Plantagcnet  and  Tudor 

Reigns,  283,  322 
Morris's  (W.  O'C.)  Memories  and  Thoughts  of  a  Life,  412 
Morrison's  (A.)  Chronicles  of  Martin  Hewitt,  869 
Morrison's  (G.  E.)  An  Australian  in  China,  380 
Morton,  John,  Archbishop   of  Canterbury,  L  f e  of,  by 

Woodhoupe,  566 
Mourey's  (G.)  Les.Brisants,  831 
Mu'alUHt,  The,  translated  by  Capt.  Johnson,  97 
Muddock's  (J.  E.)  For  Valour,  the  V.C,  65 
Mudie's  (Messrs.)  Book  Cariier,  901 
Munro's  (R.)  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Bosnia- Herzegovina 

and  Dalmatia,  900 
Murad  v..  Sultan,  by  Djemaleddin  Bey,  790 
Murphy's  (A.  G.)  One  Woman's  Wijdom,  640 
Mus'Cal  Genius,  A,  751 
My  Book  of  Wonders,  751 
My  Honey,  751 
NanteuiPe  (Madame  de)  Alain  le  BaUinler,  897 


Napoleon's  Last  Voyages,  415 

National  Rhymes  of  the  Nursery,  789 

Neal'8  (E.)  Coming  of  Age,  350 

Nesbit's  (E.)  A  Pomander  of  Verse,  828 

Newbolt's  (H.)  Mordred,  530 

New  Editions,  32.  66,  98,  129,  160,  191,  259,  291,  318, 

3S5,  451,  491,  568,  606,  64i,  680,  715,  752,  753,  791, 

833,  870,  901 
New  House  of  Commons,  from  the  '  Times,'  291 
New  Testament,  in  the  Original  Greek,  680  ;  secundum 

editionem  Sancti  Hieronymi,  edited  by    Wordsworth 

and  White,  288 
Nicholl's  (G.  F.)  Manual  of  the  Bengali  Language,  222 
Nitti's  (F.  S.)  Catholic  Socialism,  415 
Noble's  (J.  A.)  Impressions  and  Memories,  829 
Nogara's  (Dr.  B.)  II  Nome  Personale  nella  Lombardia 

durante  la  Dominazione  Romana,  641 
Nordau's  (Max)  A  Comedy  of  Sentiment,  831 
Noreen's  (A.)  Altschwedisches  Lesebuch,  65 
Normanstowe,  488 
Norris's  (W.   E.)   Billy  Bellew,  30;    The    Spectre    of 

Strathannan,  491 
North's  (E.)  A  Matter  of  Angles,  753 
Nyne's  (A.)  Wilmot's  Child,  678 
O'Connor's  (T.  P.)  Some  Old  Love  Stories,  318 
O'Grady's  (S.)  The  Chain  of  Gold,  568 
Old  English  Ballads,  edited  by  Gummere,  255,  319 
Oliphant's  (Mrs.)  Sir  Robert's  Fortune,  315 
Oliver's  (A.)  The  End  of  the  Run,  125 
On  Either  Side  of  the  Red  Sea,  by  II.  M.  B.,  C.  E.  B., 

and  T.  B.,  565 
Oppenheira's  (E.  P.)  A  Daughter  of  the  Marionis,  316 
Orczy's   (Baroness)   Old    Hungarian  Fairy  Tales,  642; 

Fairyland's  Beauty,  832 
Paine,  Thomas,  The  Writings  of,  ed.  Conway,  258 
Palmer's  (H.  P.)  Mr.  Trueman's  Secret,  30 
Parker's  (G.)  When  Valmond  came  to  Pontiac,  30;   An 

Adventurer  of  the  North,  868 
Parker's  (M.)  For  the  Sake  of  a  Friend,  751 
Parkin's  (G.  R.)  The  Great  Dominion,  189 
Parry's  (D.  H.)  Britain's  Roll  of  Glory,  833 
Parry's  (E.  A.)  Katawampus,  832 
Paston's  (G.)  A  Study  in  Prejudices,  528 
Pater's  (W.)  Miscellaneous  Studies,  ed.  Shadwell,  783 
Paterson's  (A.)  A  Son  of  the  Plains,  900 
Patmore's  (C.)  Poetry  of  Pathos  and  Delight,  edited  by 

Mrs.  Meynell,  606  ;  Rod,  Root,  and  Flower,  862 
Pemberton's  (Max)  The  Little  Huguenot,  353 
Pendleton's  (L.)  Corona  of  the  Nantahalas,  31 
Peninngton's  Recollections  of  Persons  and  Events,  159 
Pepys's  Diary,  ed.  by  Wheatley,  Vol.  VI.,  279 
Periods   of   European    History  :    Europe,    476-918,    by 

Oman— 1598-1715,  by  Wakeman,  158 
Petrel's  (F.)  Grania  Waile,  565 
Phillpotts's  (E.)  Down  Dartmoor  Way,  868 
Philo  about  the  Contemplative   Life,   ed.   Conybeare — 

Philo  and  Holy  Scripture,  ed.  Ryle,  712 
Piaget's  Etablissement  des  Jesuites  en  Fiance,  333 
Pickering's  (S.)  The  Romance  of  his  Picture,  831 
Pils,  Grenadier,  Journal  de  Marcho  du,  ed.  Cisternes,  223 
Pitt  Press  Series  :  Souvestre's  Le  Serf,  ed.  Ropes— Hack- 

lilndcr's   Der    geheime    Agent,    ed.    Milner- Carry — 

Riehl's  Die  Ganerben,  Die  Gerechtigkeit  Gottes,  ed. 

Wolstenholme,  190  ;  Milton's  Sonnets,  ed.  Verity,  899 
Plantagenet  Paul's  Life,  Some  Passages  in,  156 
Plato:    Hippias  Maior,  ed.  Smith,  287;   Republic,  ed. 

Jowett  and    Campbell— Companion  to   Republic,    by 

Bosanquet,  604 
Platts's  Grammar  of  the  Persian  Language,  222 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan  :  The  Works  of.  ed.  Stedman  and  Wood- 
berry— Complete  Poems  of,  865 
Poll  Book,  384 

Popular  British  Ballads,  collected  by  Johnson,  680 
Poradowska's  (M.)  Marylka,  789 
Portugal  et  le  Bresil,  160 
Post  Ofl&ce  London  Directory,  870 
Preparatory  Schools  Review,  191 
Prescott's  The  Apotheosis  of  Mr.  Tyrawley,  831 
Prevost's  (P.)  Rust  of  Gold,  256 
Primary  Latin  Exercises,  by  Rooper  and  Herrln;^,  63 
Public  Men  of  To-day  :  Li  Hungchang,  by  Douglaa,  129; 

StambulofF,  by  Beaman,  190 ;  The  German  Emperor 

William  II..  by  Lowe,  643 
Pyle's  (H.)  The  Garden  behind  the  Moon,  832 
Quiller-Coucb's  (M.  and  L. )  Ancient  Wellsof  Corn  wall,  185 
Quinet's  (E.)  La  France  Ideale,  716 
Racine's  Esther,  translated  by  Daril,  223 
Radford's  (D.)  Songs  and  other  Verses,  378;  Good  Night, 

789 
Radford's  (E.)  Old  and  New,  378 
Ramsay's  Cities  and  Bishoprics  of  Phrygin,  Vol.  I.,  411 
Rand's  (Rev.  E.  A.)  A  Salt- Water  Hero,  679 
RaiiEome's  (C.)  Advanced  History  of  England,  604 
Raymond's  (E.)  The  Mushroom  Cave.  7(31 
Regnaud's   (P.)   Elements  de  Grammaire  comparce  du 

Grec  et  du  Latin,  Part  I.,  530 
Report  of  Public  Works  of  New  South  Wales,  129 
Reports  and  Catalogues  of  Free  Lihraries,  415,  680 
RCville's  (J.)  Les  Originesde  rHpi.icopat,  383 
Revolution     Frangaise     en    Ilollande :     la    Republiquo 

Bdtave,  90 
Revue  des  Etudes  juives,  257 
Rhodes's  (J.  F.)  History  of  the  United  Stales,  221 
Ricard's  A  Prix  lixe  et  a  la  Carte,  256 


Richman's  (I.  B.)  Appenzell,  785 

Ridge's  Telling  Stories  from  'St.  James's  Gazette,'  383 

Rita's  A  Woman  in  It,  381 

Roberts,  P.  C,  of  Tientsin,  by  Mrs.  Bryson,  898 

Roberts's  (Lord)  The  Rise  of  Wellington,  55 

Roberts's  (M.)  The  Master  of  the  Silver  Sea,  316  ;  Tho 
Adventures  of  a  Ship's  Doctor,  384 

Roberts's  (Sir  R,  H.)  Handicapped— A  Hasty  Marriage, 
413 

Robertson's  (C.  0.)  Making  of  tho  English  Nation,  32 

Robertwn's    (C.   K.)    Spring,  Summer,   aid    Autumn 
Leaves,  450 

Robertson's  (W.  J.)  A  Century  of  French  Veree,  123 

Robin3's  (G.  M.)  To  Set  Her  Free,  564 

Robinson's  (F.  AV.)  The  Woman  in  the  Dark,  639 

Robinson's  (J.  R.)  Old  Q,  Memoir  of  AVilliam  Douglas,  32 

Rodenbach's  (G.)  La  Vocation,  125 

Roe's  (A.)  Rachet6,  31 

Roosevelt's  (T.)  The  Winning  of  the  West,  221 

Roper's  (C.)  Whispers  from  Fairylani,  642 

Ross's  (C.  M.)  Pinks  and  Cherries,  869 

Ross's  (M.)  Beggars  on  Horseback,  220 

Rossetti,  C.  G.,  Memoir  of,  by  Miss  Proctor,  680 

Round's  (J.  H.)  Feudal  England.  61 

Rowe's  (.C.)  In  Many  Queer  Streets.  160 

Roy's  (N.)  The  Horseman's  Word.  830 

Russell's  (P.  M.  M.)  A  Social  Failure,  236 

Russell's  (P.)  Fate's  Grim  Sport,  94. 164 

Russell's  (W.  C.)  Heart  of  Oak,  488 

Sackur's  (E. )  Die  Cluniacenser,  313 

Saint- Amand's  The  Revolution  of  1848,  567 

St.  Bartholomew  Exchange,  Account  Books  of,  edited  by 
Freshfield,  251 

St.  Christopher  le  Stocks.  Wills,  &c.,  of  the  Parish  of  — 
Account  Book,  1662-1685.  edited  by  FreshBeld,  251 

Saint  -  Victor's    (P.    de)    The    Court    of    Spain    under 
Charles  II.,  edited  by  Storr,  287 

Sandeman,  Col.  Sir  R. ,  his  Life  and  Work  on  our  Indian 
Frontier,  by  Thornton,  87 

Sandeman's  (P.)  Angling  Travels  in  Norway,  95 
San  Francisco,  Charter  for,  384 

Sarnia's  A  White  Umb -ella,  &c.,  383 
Sarsfield,  Patrick,  Earl  of  Lucan,  Life,  by  Todbunter,  532 
Saunders's  (F.  W.)  Stories  for  Ten- Year-Olds,  751 
Saxby'a  (Mrs.)  The  Saga  Book  of  Lunda,  715 
Scherer's  Ktudes  sur  la  Litterature  contcnporaine,  12^ 
Schiller's  Neffe  ala  Onkel,  edited  by  Dyer,  899 

'School  Board  Chronicle  '  Edition  of  ihs  Code,  491 
Schrammen's  (J.)  Legends  of  German   Heroes  of    the 

Middle  Ages,  edited  by  Leclmer,  190 
Schreiber's  Atlasof  Classical  Antiquities,  ed.  Anderson,  lyO 
Schultz's  (J.)  Les  Fiangailles  de  Gabnelle,  831 
Scotts  (M.  A.)  Elizabethan  Translations  from  Italian,  790 
Scott's  (Sir  W.)  Marmion,  edited  by  Warner,  899 
Scottish  Saints,  Lives  of,  tr.  Metcalfe,  567,  645,  717 
Scully's  (W.  C.)  Knfir  Stories,  383 
Sea  Stories  for  French  Composition,  by  Delboa,  899 
Searchfield's  (E.)  The  Secret  Cave,  833 
Secret  Memoirs  of  Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  290 
Seebohm's  (F.)  The  Tribal  System  in  Wales,  187 
Seebohm's  (H.)  Greek  Tribal  Society,  890 
Seeley's  (Sir  J.  R.)  Growth  of  British  Policy,  861 
Select    Library  of    Nicene    and   Post-Nicene    Fathers, 

Vol.  VII.;  Second  Series,  Vol.  XI..  897 
Sergeant's  Out  of  Due  Season,  528 ;  A  Deadly  Foe,  893 
Setoun'a  (G.)  Sunshine  and  Haar,  159 
Sewell'a  (E.  M.)  Outline  History  of  Italy,  899 
Shakspeare's  Twelfth  Night,  ed.  Verity— ed.  Cholmeley, 

287 
Sharp's  (E.)  At  the  Relton  Arms,  316 
Sharp's  (W.)  Ecca  Puella,  &c.,  869 
Sharpe's  London  and  the  Kingdom,  Vol.  III.,  182 
Shearman's  (T.)  Natural  Taxation,  901 
Sherard's  (R.)  Jacob  NiemanJ,  787 
Shirley,  The  Table-Talk  of,  by  Skelton,  523 
Short  German  Plays,  edited  by  E.  S.  Buchheim,  900 
Short  Notices,  66,  98,  1-29,  160,191,  224,  259,  29),  31S, 
354,  385,  415,  452,  492,  532,  568,  607,  644,  630,  753, 
791,  833,  901 
Sienkiewicz's  (H)  Sans  Dogme,  tr.  Wodzinski,  189 
Sievier's  (R.  S)  A  Generation,  528 
Silver  Fairy  Book,  642 

Singh's  (Jaswant)  Bbiishabhuahajia,  tr.  by  Griergon,  93 
Skinner's  (W.  R.)  Mining  Manual,  129 
Sladen's  (D.)  On  the  Cars  and  Off,  189 
Smeaton's  (0.)  By  Adverse  Winds,  219 
Smith's  (G.  G.  F.)  An  Unsought  Heritage,  787 
Smith's   (G.)    Hippias  Maior,  287;    Oxford   and    her 

Colleges,  753 
Smith's  (P.)  The  Youth  of  Parnassus,  &c.,  863 
Smyth's  (H.  W.)  The  Sounds  and  Inflections  of  the  Greek 

Dialects  :  Ionic,  152 
Snaith's  (J.  C.)  .Mirtrfss  Dorothy  Marvin,  897 
Social  England,  edited  by  Traill,  Vol.  III.,  88 
Somerset's  (II.  S.)  The  Land  of  the  ."Sliiskeg,  239 
Somerville's  (E.  (E.)  Beggars  on  Horseback,  220 
Sonnenschein's  Greek  Grammar,  Part  II.,  Syntax,  63 
Speight's  Niddtrdale  and  Garden  of  the  Nidi,  125 
Spender's  (II.)  At  the  Sign  of  the  Guillotine,  83'> 
Spender's  (.Mrs.  J.  K.)  The  Wooing  of  Doris,  78S 
Spielmann's  (.M.  H.)  "The  History  of  '  Punch,'  673 
Scables's    (Dr.   G.)    For  Life   and    Liberty — The   Blue 

Balloon,  679 
Stanley,  A,  P.,  Letters  and  Verses,  ed.  by  Prothero,  889 


VI 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^tJM  with  No.  3S6],  Jan.  25,  1896 

July  to  December  1895 


LITERATUEE. 

Revlew^s— conitnwerf. 

Stark  Munro  Letters,  The,  ed.  by  Conan  Doyle,  381 
State   Papers    relating  to   the   Defeat  of  the  Spanish 

Armada,  edited  by  Laushton,  216 
Statham's  (F.  R.)  The  Fiery  Furnace,  788 
Statham's  (H.  H.)  Changes  in  London  Building  Law,  352 
Statham's  (R.)  The  New  Kingdom,  606 
Steel's  (Mrs.  F.  A.)  Red  Rowans.  639 
Stephens's  'The  Runts,  whence  Came  They?  65 
Stepniak's  King  Stork  and  King  Log,  870 
Sterling's  (Lieut.-Col.  A.)  The  Story  of  the  Highland 

Brigade  in  the  Crimea,  149 
Stevenson's  (A.  S.)  Thoughts  in  a  Garden,  530 
Stewart,  Robert  and  Louisa,  by  Watson.  750 
Stewart's  (C.)  The  Quest  of  a  Heart,  788 
Stoker's  (Bram)  The  Shoulder  of  Shasta,  677 
Stokes's  Threa  Months  in  the  Forests  of  France,  751 
Storm's  (T.)  Immensee,  ed.  Beresford-Webb,  19J 
Story  of  the  Sei,  Vol.  I.,  edited  by  Q  and  others,  630 
Stracliey's  Dog  Stories  from  the  '  Spectitor,'  901 
Strain's  (E.  H.)  A  Man's  Foes,  527 
Strettell's  (A.)  Lullabies  of  Many  Lands,  291 
Swan's  (A.  S.)  A  Victory  Won,  679 
Swayiie's  (Capt.)  Seventeen  Trips  through  Somaliland,247 
Swettenham's  (F.  A.)  Malay  Sketche'i,  288 
Symons's  Distribution  of  Rain  over  British  Isles,  129 
Tadema's  (L.  A.)  The  Crucifix,  &c.,  383 
Tasma's  Not  Counting  the  Cost,  315 
Temple's  (A.)  The  Making  of  the  Empire,  680 
Tennyson's  Lancelot  and  Elaine,  edited  t)y  Rowe,  287 
Terence :    Hauton    Timorumenos,    edited    by    Gray  — 

Eunuchus,  edited  by  Fabia,  414 
Thiebault,  Memoires  du  General,  Vol.  V.,  715 
Thiers's  History  of  French  Revolution,  tr.  Shoberl,  253 
Thomas's  (Annie)  A  Lover  of  tbe  Day,  866 
Thompson's  (F.)  Sister-Songs,  67 
Thompson's  (H.)  Russian  Politics,  900 
Thomson's  (H.  C.)  The  Chitral  Campaign,  532 
Thomson's  (Rev.  P.)  Greek  Tenses  in  New  Testxraent,  289 
Thornton's  (J.  H.)  Memories  of  Seven  Campaigns,  90 
Threefcore  Years  and  Ten  :  Reminiscences  of  Mrs.  De 

Morgan,  edited  by  her  Daughter,  829 
Thudichum'e  (J.  L.  W.)  The  Spirit  of  Cookery,  189 
Tirebuck's  (W.  E.)  Mies  Grace  of  All  Souls',  528 
Todd's  (G.  E.)  Anne  of  Argyle,  866 
TomlinBon's  Denton  Hall  and  its  Associations,  126 
Toogood's   (G.   G.)    index    to  James's  Naval   Hittory, 

Edition  1886,  edited  by  BraFsey,  216 
Toomey's  Heroes  of  the  Victoria  Cross,  65 
Tottenham's  (D.  L.)  The  Unwritten  Law,  900 
Tower  (C.)  jun.'s   The    Marquis  de   Lafayette    in    the 

American  Revolution,  409 
Translations  of  French  Novels,  644 
Travels  in  Europe  atd  America,  1893,  by  the  Raja  of 

Kapurthala,  675 
Trevelyan's  (M.)  From  Snowdon  to  the  Sea,  219 
Tristram's  (H.  B.)  Rambles  in  Japan,  636 
Turgot,  Life  and  Writings  of,  edited  by  Stephens,  222 
Turner's  (E.)  The  Family  at  Misrule,  679  ;  The  Story  of 

a  Baby,  716 
Tutt's  (J.  W.)  Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys,  127 
Twenty  Stories  by  Twenty  Tellers,  715 
Tynan's  (K.)  The  Land  of  Mist  and  Mountain,  605 
Tyrrell's  (R.  Y.)  Latin  Poetry  :  Lectures,  186 
Tytler's  (S.)  Tudor  Queens  and  Princesses,  679 
Underwood's  (F.  H.)  Dr.  Gray's  Quest,  124 
Universal  Directory  of  Railway  Ofi&cials,  491 
Ussher,  Archbishop,  Life  and  Times,  by  Carr,  566 
Vailima  Lette-s.  being    Correspondence    addressed  by 

Robert  Louie  Stevenson  to  Sidney  Colvin,  635 
Valance's  (M.)  Overreached,  831 
Vandam's  French  Men  and  French  Manners,  384 
Vane's  The  Dt-sire  of  the  Moth  for  the  Star,  603 
Veitch's  (J.)  Dualism  and  Monism,  58 
Veitch's  (S.  F.  F.)  A  Modern  Crusader,  867 
Verne's  (J.)  Foundling  Mick,  714;  Captain  Antifer,  832 
Verney  Family,  Memoirs  of,  Vol,  III.,  59 
Veteran,  A,  of  1812,  221 
Vickers's  Writing  Ink,  160 
Victorian  Year- Book  for  1894, 160,  452,  607 
Virgil  :    Tlie   ^neid,  Book   I.,   edited   by  Church,  63 ; 
Virgil,  translated  by  Bryce,  157  ;  edited  by  Page,  641 
Vivian's  (H.)  Boconnoc,  640 
Vladimir's  The  China-Japan  War,  791 
Vollers's  (K.)  The  Modern  Egyptian  Dialect  of  Arabic, 

translated  by  Burkitt,  97 
Vynne's  (IS.)  A  Man  and  his  Womankind,  450 
Wagpr,  An  Original,  by  a  Vagabond,  680 
Wakeling's  (G.)  The  Oxford  Movement,  567 
Walbran's  (F.  M.)  Grayling  and  how  to  Catch  Them,  601 
Walpole's  (Horace)  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  George  the 

Third,  re-edited  by  Barker,  415 
Walton's  (E.)  Seven  Love  Songs,  kc,  450 
Ward's  (Mrs.  H.)  Story  of  Bessie  Coatrell,  62 
Warde's  (L.)  Fate's  Grim  Sport,  94 
Warr's  (G.  C.  W.)  The  Greek  Epic,  284 
Warrington's  List  of  New  House  of  Commons,  385 
Watson's  (H.  B.  M.)  At  the  First  Corner,  64 
Watson's  ( W.)  The  Father  of  the  Forest,  746 
Weare'e  (G.  E.)  Edmund  Burke's  Connexion  i 
from  1774  till  1780,  223 


I  with  Bristol, 


Webster's  (A.)  Mother  and  Daughter,  346 

Welldon's  (Rev.  J.  E.  C.)  Gerald  Eversley's  Friendship.  93 

Wells's  (H.  G.)  Select  Conversations  with  an  Uncle,  32  ; 

The  Wonderful  Visit,  565  ;   Tbe  Stolen  Bacillus,  863 
Welsh's  (J.)  A  White  Baby,  385 

Wenckstern'g  Bibliography  of  the  Japanese  Empire,  790 
Westall's  (W.)  Sons  of  Belial,  450 
Weyman's  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of  France,  413 
Wharton's  (H.  T.)  Sappho,  491 
Wheelwright's  (E.  G.)  Anthony  Graeme,  677 
Whishaw's  (F.  J.)  Romance  of  the  Woods,  900 
Whistler's  (C.  W.)  A  Thane  of  Wessex,  833 
Whitby's  (B.)  A  Matter  of  Skill,  491 
White's  (A.  M.)  Constitution  and  Government  of  Soli- 
citors, 486 
White's  (K.  0.)  The  Coming  of  Theodora,  603 
White's  (P.)  Corruption,  678 
Whitiaker's  (W.  J.)  The  Mirror  cf  Justices,  311 
Wilkie's  (T.)  The  Representation  of  Scotland,  160 
Wilkins's  (M.  E.)  The  Long  Arm,  &c.,  605 
Wilkinson's  (S.)  The  Brain  of  an  Army,  606 
Williams's  (A.  M.)  Studies  in  Folk-song,  &c.,  156 
Wilson's  (H.  W.)  Ironclads  in  Action,  900 
AVinchester  Troper,  The,  edited  by  Frere,  485 
Windsor  Peerage,  870 
AVinelow,  Anna  Green,  Diary  of,  221 
Winsor'a  (J.)  The  Struggle  in  America  between  England 

and  France,  220 
Winter's  (J.  S.)  A  Magnificent  Young  Man,  286 
Wolseley,  Admiral  W.,  Memoir  of,  by  Innes,  715 
Wolseley's  (Viscount)  Decline  and  Fall  of  Napoleon,  55 
Wood,  Anthony,  Life  of,  ed.  Clark,  Vol.  IV.,  749 
Wood's  (Sir   E.)  The   Crimea  in  1854,  and  1894,  149; 

Cavalry  in  AVaterloo  Campaign,  891 
Wood's  (F.)  A  Digest  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 

and  in  Administrations,  &c.,  94 
WcodruflF's  (C.  E.)  A  History  of  Fordwich,  605 
Woods's  (Mr?.  R.  AV.)  An  Every-Day  Life.  385 
Wordsworth's  (E.)  The  Snow  Garden,  832 
Workman's  (F.  B.  and  W.  H.)  Algerian  Memories.  613 
Wright's  (S  H.)  Recognition,  30 
Wright's  (Rev.  W.)  Palmyra  and  Zsnobia,  711 
Wyatt's  Evening  Continuation  School  Handbook,  491 
Wyndham's  (M.  W.)  The  Heretic's  Daughter,  528 
Year  of  Sport  and  Natural  History,  ed.  Crawfurd,  287 
Yellow  Book,  The,  Vol.  VI.,  129 
Yonge's  (C.  M.)  The  Carbonels,  751 
Younghusband's  The  Relief  of  Chitral,  784 
Zimmern's  Methods  of  Education  in  United  States,  490 
Zola's  (E.)  The  Ladies'  Paradise,  382 
Zwinglij  Huldreich,  seiu  Leben  und  Wirken,  by  Sttehelin, 
383 

Poetry. 
Moondial,  The,  by  Bliss  Carman,  191 

Original  Papers. 

'  A  Hard  Woman,'  645 

Alabaster  :  Elephant,  67, 131. 163 

'  Ancient  Lives  of  Scottish  Saints,'  645,  717 

Author's  Complaint,  An,  902 

Bibliographical  Conference  at  Brussels,  321 

Blackmore'8  (Mr.)  '  Fringilla,'  130 

Bodley,  321 

British  Sluseum,  New  Manuscripts  in  the,  161 

Burns-Dunlop  MSS.,  The,  647,  682 

Cambridgeshire,  Ancient  Britons  in,38'J 

Caxton's  Sarum  Pie,  260,  292 

Celtic  Element  in  French  Romance,  162,  192,  224,  260, 

292, 387 
Chaucer  Poem,  Spurious,  Authorship  of,  902 
Codex  Lindesianus,  635 
Coleridge,  571,  719 
"  Collected"  Stories,  3'<7,  419 
Copyriglit,  Canadian,  646  ;  Infringement  of,  754 
Dalhousie,  Lord,  Unpublished  Letters  of,  718 
Derring  Do  :  Derring-Do,  386 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,'  453,  493,  634,  570, 

608,  646 
Dublin,  Notes  from,  355 

Egypt :  Is  it  so  very  Old  1  100, 161,  192,  226,  260,  294 
Elephant  :  Alabaster,  67,  131,  163 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  and  the  Beggars  of  the  Sea,  455, 534, 570 
"  Eminent  Women  Series,"  The,  33 
"  Englishman,"  The,  in  Tours,  870 
Freeman,  E.  A.,  The  Life  and  Letters  of,  33 
Froude,  Mr.,  at  Sirnancas,  130 
'Gatlierina  Clouds,'  793,  834 
Gray  and  Mr.  Gosse,  453,  609,  645 
Greek  Letters,  Forms  of  Politeness  in,  67 
'  Hand  and  Soul,'  681 
Head  Masters'  Conference  of  1895,  905 
Historical     Manuscripts    Commission:     Lincoln,    533; 

House  of  Lords  Papers,  c.  1700,  569 
*  History  of  the  New  Testament  Times,'  321 
Hundred  Court,  The,  533 
Imitation,  357 
Journalists:  The  Congress  of,  226  ;  The  Institute  of,  319; 

International  Press  Congress,  419 
Junius's  First  Letter  to  Chatham,  131 
Knox,  John,  717 

Library  Ahsociation,  Annual  Meeting,  357,  389 
Lucy,  Sir  Thomas,  (37 
Malagasy  War  Literature,  416 
Mayas,  The  Language  of  the,  453 


Modern  Greek  Dictionary,  A,'  607 
Northampton  Borough  Records,  494 
Paine,  Thomas,  Exhibition,  792 
Public  Schools  in  1895,  99 

Publisher  and  Translator,  259,  294,  319,  355,  387,  420,494 
Publishing,  Coincidences  of,  163 

Publishing  Season,  225, 260, 293, 320, 355. 337, 417, 454,  494 
Rossetti's  (Miss)  Works,  132,  161 
Round,  Mr.,  on  Wirral  Pkce-Names,  631,  718,  792,  835 
Royal  Historical  Society,  Transactions,  792 
Sales,  100,  130,  872 
Secondary  Education  Commission,  603 
Smith,  Adam,  A  Letter  of,  902 
Stevenson,  R.  L.,  Posthumous  V^ritings  of,  719,  766 
"  Streen,  The  "  (or  "  Thestreen  "),  319 
'  Suicide's  Grave,  The,'  681,  754 
Surname,  A  Question  of,  260 
Sydney's  (Algernon)  Correspondence,  792 
Tennyson's  (Lord)  Letters,  571,  608 
Vaughan,  Henry,  The  Grave  of,  492,  756 
Venetian's  (A)  Cummonplaces,  871 
York,  The  Duchess  of,  Mrs.  Sheridan,  and  Lord  Erskine, 
162, 192 

Obituaries. 

Adam,  Dr.  A.  M.,  767.  Adiersparre,  K.  S.,  33.  Bonghi, 
Signor  R.,  571.  Brasch,  Dr.  M.,  421.  Braun,  Herr 
J.  W.,536.  Browne,  Archdeacon,  873.  Burke.  R.  U  , 
131.  Gates,  W.  R..  836.  Craik,  G.  (Mrs.  May),  648. 
Derenbourg,  J.,  164.  Droz,  G.,  573.  Erdmann, 
Prof.  0.,  33.  Fainell,  G.  S.,  682.  Field,  E.,  648. 
Fitzpatrick,  Dr.  W.  J.,  904.  Frothingham,  0.  B  ,  872. 
Galleoga,  A.,  873.  Geffroy,  M.,  262.  Georges,  Prof., 
295.  Gneist,  Dr.  R,,  132.  Green,  Mrs.  E.,  645. 
Heskeren,  Baron,  794.  Hertz.  Dr.  M.,  495.  Hicks, 
J.  P.,  536.  Hooppeli,  Dr.,  295.  Houghton,  H.  O., 
295.  HuKessen,  Miss  Knatchbull,  610.  Hutchinson, 
W.  R.,  132.  Jackson.  Miss  G.,  571.  Jseger,  H.,  904. 
1-ee,  Miss  J.,  683.  Leva,  Prof.  J.  de,  836.  Lumby, 
Prof.  J.  R.,  757.  Maxwell,  Bailie,  262.  Meredith, 
Mis.  C,  756.  Montaiglon,  A.  de,  323.  Montegut,  E., 
873.  Naumow,  A.,794.  Ormsby,  J.,  645.  Owen,  D., 
573.  Palmer,  Archdeacon,  673.  Passmore,  J.,  193. 
Patinot,  G  ,  132.  Phillott,  Canon,  794.  Pilling,  J.  C. 
226.  Reeve,  H.,  569.  Robert-Tornow,  Dr.  W.,  457. 
Roth,  Prof.  R.  von,  130.  Rydberg,  A.  V.,495.  Sadler, 
Prebendary,  262.  St.  Hilaire,  B.,  757.  Sala,  G.  A., 
834.  872.  Sharpe,  Dr.  J.,  836.  Shepherd,  R.  H.,  131. 
Stephens,  Prof.  G.,  224.  Stepniak  (Kravchinsky),  904. 
Stuart,  H.  W.  v.,  636.  Sybel,  H.  von,  193.  Tabley, 
Lord  de,  754.  Tauchnitz,  Baron,  262.  Tegg,  AV.,  903. 
Topffer,  Prof.J.,  391.  Troiilet,  M.,  194.  Villemarque, 
M.  do  la,  836.  AVade,  Sir  T.,  193.  AVhiston,  Rev.  Dr., 
193.  AVhite,  P.  M.,  573.  White,  J.,  357.  Zupitza, 
Prof.  J.,  70,  101 

Gossipi 

Parliamentary  Papers,  33.  102,  132.  164. 191,  228.  262,  295,  323, 
3yi,  421,  457,  536.  573,  611,  648.  6S3.  720.  757,  794,  836,  904. 
Dissolution  of  the  Palwographical  Society,  69.  Report  of 
the  Royal  Holloway  College,  102.  Association  for  Assistant 
Librarians,  1.32.  The  Ro>al  Commission  on  Secondary 
Education — Higher  Education  of  Women  in  Vienna.  164. 
The  Seaside  Home  at  Eastbourne  for  Booksellers.  193. 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  Swiss  Geschichtsforschende  Gesell- 
schatt,  420.  British  Museum :  Acquisitions,  536.  New 
Franco-Scottish  Society.  536.  The  New  Building  Fund  of 
the  London  Library.  609.  Ninth  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Scottish  Historical  Society.  610.  Prices  for  First  Editions 
of  Stevenson's  AVorks.  793.  Finsbury  Park  Free  Public 
Library.  794.    Burial  Books  in  Swanscombe  Parish,  904 


SCIENCE, 

Reviews. 

Alexander's  How  to  Nurse  in  our  Homes,  421 

Allsop's  (P.  C.)  Practical  Electric-Light  Fitting,  194 

Anthropological  Institute,  Journal,  229,  905 

Archaeologia,  905 

Astronomical  Journal,  459 

Astronomische  Nachrichten,  422,  459,  650,  685,  795,  837 

Balfour's  (0.  AY.)  The  Senile  Heart,  421 

Berlin     Geogiaphical    Society,    \''erhandlungen  —  Zeit- 

Echrift,  684 
Berliner  Astronomisches  Jahrbuch,  71 
Blake's  Annals  of  British  Geology,  1893,  228 
Bradshaw's  (J.  G.)  A  First  Step  in  Euclid,  458 
Burton's  (W.  K.)  The  Water  Supply  of  Towns,  720 
Cassell  s  Gazetteer  of  Great  Britain,  kc,  721 
Catalogue  of  1,713  Stars,  229 
Colquhoun's  (A.  R.)  The  Key  of  the  Pacific,  836 
Colson's  (C. )  Notes  on  Dock-",  &c.,  496 
Counaiflsance  des  Temjis  for  1898,  685 
Cornish's  (C.  J.)  AVild  England  of  To-day,  536 
Crania  Helvetica  Antiqua,  by  Studer  and  Bannwartb,  229 
Dean's  (B.)  Fishes  Living  and  Fossil,  904 
De  Salis's  (Mrs.)  Gardening  ;i  la  Mode  :  Vegetables — 

Fruits,  794 
Dupuis's  Elements  of  Synthetic  Solid  Geometry,  157 
E.  V.  B.'s  A  Garden  of  Pleasure,  794 
Edison,  T.  A.,  Life  and  Inventions,  by  Dickson,  133 
Edwards's  (J.)  Integral  Calculus  for  Beginners,  457 
Elger's  (T.  G.)  Tho  Moon,  358 
EUacombe's  lu  a  Gloucestershire  Garden,  794 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  26,  1896J 

July  to  December  1895 


INDEX    OF    CONTENTS 


Vll 


Emerson's  Birds,  &c.,  of  the  Norfolk  Broadland,  296 
Ethnologiscbea  Notizblatt,  906 
Ewing's  Steam  Engine  and  other  Heat  Engines,  49G 
Fief's  Carte  de  I'Etat  independant  du  Congo,  684 
Folk-lore,  905 

Fowler's  Summer  Studies  of  Birds  and  Books,  164 
Giitke's  (H.)  Heligoland  as  an  Ornithological  Observa- 
tory, translated  by  Kosenstock,  873 
Glazebrook's  (R.  T.)  Statics,  457 
Greenwich  Observations  for  1892— Results,  229 
Gundelfinger's    (S.)   Vorleaungen  aus  der   analytiechen 

Geometrie  der  Kegelschnitte,  ed.  Dingeldey,  295 
Hartig's  (R.)  Text-Book  of  the  Diseases  of  Trees,  trans- 
lated by  Somerville,  194 
Hawkins's  (C.  C.)  The  Dynamo,  194 
Hickson's  (S.  J.)  Fauna  of  the  Deep  Sea,  391 
I  nternationales  Archiv  fiir  Ethnographie,  905 
Jackson's  The  Great  Frozen  Land,  ed.  Montefiore,  323 
Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics  and  Applied  Electricity, 

edited  by  Nichols,  195 
Lineham's  Text-Book  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  495 
Littar's  (A.)  A  Monograph  of  the  Mycetozoa,  194 
Longmans'  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  ed.  Chisholm,  721 
Lydekkers  (R.)  A  Handbook  to  the  British  Mammalia — 

A  Handbook  to  the  Carnivora,  Part  I.,  165 
Maiden's  Flowering  Plants,  &c.,  of  N.  S.  Wales,  794 
Macaulay's  (F.  S.)  Geometrical  Conica,  457 
Macgeorge's  Ways  and  Works  in  India,  496 
Marshall's  (A.  M.)  Biological  Lectures  and  Addresses- 
Lectures  on  the  Darwinian  Theory,  392 
Maudsley's  (H.)  The  Pathology  of  Mind,  228 
Melbourne  Observatory,  Twenty-ninth  Report,  537 
Memorie  della  Societa  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  103, 

263,  360,  795 
Metchnikofif's  (B.)  Lectures  on  the  Comparative  Patho- 
logy of  Inflammation,  translated  by  Starling,  392 
Mittheilungen  aus  Deutschen  Schutzgebieten,  684 
Morris's  (Dr.  B.  R.)  British  Game  Birds  and  Wildfowl, 

edited  by  Tegetmeier,  296 
Murrell's  (W.)  Clinical  Lectures  on  Consumption,  421 
Ostwald's    Pbysico-Chemical  Measurements,  translated 

by  Walker,  195 
Paris  Observatory,  Rapport  Annuel  by  Tisserand,  72 
Paris  Society  of  Anthropology,  Bulletins,  649 
Petermann's  Mitteilungen,  684 
Philip's  Handy  Volume  Atlas— Philip's  Systematic  Atlas, 

by  Ravenstein,  721 
Pratt's  (H.)  Analysis  of  Astronomical  Motion,  359 
Preston's  (T.)  The  Theory  of  Heat,  648 
Prestwich's  (J.)  Collected  Papers,  228 
Price's  Measurement  of  Electrical  Resistance,  194 
Prince's  (C.  L.)  Record  of  the  Great  Frost  of  January 
and  February,  1895,  71 

Report  of  the  Scientific  Results  of  the  Voyage  of  H.M.S. 

Challenger,  70 
Robinson's  Bii'ds  of  the  Wave  and  AVoodland,  296 
Rodway's  (J.)  In  the  Guiana  Forest,  228 
Romanes's  (G.  J.)  Darwin  and  after  Darwin,  904 
Royal  Natural  History,  Vol.  III.,  ed.  Lydekker,  165 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports,  Vol.  XXIX.,  421 
Scherren's  (H.)  Popular  History  of  Animals,  904 
Shield's  Principles,  &c.,  of  Harbour  Construction,  611 
Siemens's  (W,  von)  Scientific  and  Technical  Papers,  683 
Smith's  (C.)  Geometrical  Conies,  457 
Smithsonian  Report  (Washington),  165 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Proceedings,  905 
Stanley's  Notes  on  the  Nebular  Theory,  573 
Stiibben's  Construction  of  Towns,  ed.  Buls,  103 
Sutherland's  Horses,  Asses,  Zebras,  &c..  Breeding,  164 
Taylor's  Short  Commercial  Arithmetic,  458 
Tegetmeier's  Horses,  Asse?,  Zebras,  &c..  Breeding,  164 
Ternant's  (A.  L.)  The  Telegraph,  tr.  Routledge,  194 
Theophrastus  on  Winds,  &c.,  translated  by  Wood,  683 
Thompson's  (S.  P.)  Polyphase  Electric  Currents,  64S 
Trevor- Batty e's  Ice-Bound  on  Kolguev,  102 
United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  165 
United  States  National  Museum,  Reports,  165 
Vines's  (S.  H.)  A  Student's  Text-Book  of  Botany,  262 
Wallis's  (F.)  The  Dynamo,  194 
Walrasley's  (R.  M.)  The  Electric  Current,  194 
Warming's    (Dr.)    A  Handbook   of  Systematic    Botany, 

revised  by  Knoblauch,  ed.  by  Potter,  263 
Witberby's  (H.  F.)  Forest  Birds,  296 
Yeo's  Steam  and  the  Marine  Steam  Engine,  496 
Yorke-Davies's  (N.  E.)  Health  and  Condition  in  the  Active 

and  the  Sedentary,  421 

Original  Papers. 

Anthropological  Notes,  229,  649,  905 

Astronomical  Notes,  71, 103, 134, 229, 325, 537  794. 837, 905 

Elliot,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  and  John  Elliot,  M.D.,  71 

Egyptian  Astronomy  and  Exact  Science,  324    • 

Etruscan  Antiquities  at  the  JIuseo  Civico,  576 

Geographical  Congress,  165,  195 

Geographical  Exhibition  at  the  British  Museum,  134 

Geographical  Notes,  684 

Museums'  Association,  165 

Prehistoric  Metropolis  in  Kent.  325 

Publishing  Season,  296,  324,  359.  392 

Sundial',  Primitive,  in  Upper  Egypt,  453 


Wild  Birds,  Conference  on  the  Protection  of,  71 
Wild  Donkeys  in  the  Archipelago,  421 

Societies. 

ArcJueological  Institute— 72,  684,  838 

Aristotelian— Elections,  685,  906.    Also  795 

Bibliographical — Annual  Meeting,  875.     Also  722 

British  Archceological  Association— Q?>i ,  758,  874 

Chemical— Q%^,  758 

Entomological— ElQcixoMS,  537,  574,  684,  838 

Geographical — Elections,  757,  837 

Geological— EXociiom,  34,  684,  795,  837 

Hakluyt — Annual  General  Meeting,  722 

Hellenic— QiQ 

Henry  5j'ac?«^aw— Annual  Meeting,  758 

Historical — Elections,  758 

ffw^'Menot— Elections,  722 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers— 'EAeciiona,  795.    Also  685, 

722,  875 
£i?iweaM— Elections,  34,  758,  838.     Also  722 
Mathematical — Elections,  875.     Also  722 
Meteorological— 122,  906 
Numismatic — Elections,  753.     Also  574 
Philological — 838 
Physical— U,  612,  685,  758,  875 
/Joyo^— Anniversary  Meeting,  795.   Elections,  874,    Also 

757,  837 
Royal  Institution— ElQciionB,  34,  649,  795 
Royal  Society  of  Literature— ^2,7 
Society  of  Antiquaries — 757, 795, 837,  874 
Society  of  Arts— 1^5,  875 

Society  of  Biblical  Archceology—EledionB,  79a,    Also  649 
Statistical— 722,  875 
Zoological— 795,  838,  905 

Obituaries. 

Babington,  C.  C,  133.  Baillon,E.,  134.  Brown,  F.  B.,  297. 
Brown,  Dr.  R.,  612.  Carter,  J.,  324.  Dobson,  Surgeon- 
Major,  758.  Fabritius,  Dr.  W..  196.  Hind,  Dr.  J.  R., 
905.  Huxley,  Right  Hon.  T.  H.,  33.  Kitton.  F.,  196. 
Lawson,  Prof.  G.,  722.  Longmore,  Sir  T.,  459.  Loven, 
Prof.  S.  L.,  326,  359.  MacGilliviay,  Dr.  P.  H.,  392. 
Mummery,  A.  F.,  392.  Pasteur,  Louis,  458.  Post,  Dr. 
A.  H.,  392.  Rutimeyer,  Prof.  L.,  796.  Seebohm,  H., 
794.  Taylor,  Dr.  J.  E.,  459.  Taylor,  T.,  758.  Thom- 
son, J.,  195.  Tweddell,  R.  H.,  360.  Willkomm,  Prof. 
M.,  422 

Gossip. 

Dr.  T.  J.  J.  See's  Determinations  of  the  Orbits  of  Binary 
Stars,  34.  The  Society  of  Medical  Phonograpbers,  196. 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  Swiss  Alpenklub,  .392 


FINE  ARTS. 
Reviews. 

Academy  Notes,  1895,  36 

Anderson,  Alex.,  Life  and  AVorks,  by  Burr,  298 

Anecdota  Oxoniensia :    Churches  and   Monasteries    of 

Egypt,  attributed  to  Abu-Salib,  ed.  by  Evetts,  196 
Archaeologia  ^ liana,  497 

Archaeological  Survey  Circle,  Report  for  1893,  231 
Art  Annua',  1895,  908 
Art  for  the  Nursery,  840 
Art  Journal,  1895,  908 
Art  of  our  Day,  361 

Barber's  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  United  States,  263 
Bartolommeo,    Maso    di,    Livre   de   Souvenirs    de,    by 

Yriarte,  360 
Beni  Hasan,  by  Newberry  and  Fraser,  Part  I.,  327 
Berchem's  (M.  van)  Materiaux  pour  un  Corpus  Inscrip- 

tionum  Arabicarum,  Part  I.,  232 
Bluebeard,  from  Perrault,  877 
Bonavia's  (E.)  The  Flora  of  the  Assyrian  Monuments 

and  its  Outcomeo,  104 
Book  of  Hours  of  Bona  Sforza,  Miniatures  and  Borders 

from,  edited  by  AVarner,  166 
Bradley's  (E.  T.)  Annals  of  Westminster  Abbey,  906 
Branch's  (M.  L.  B.)  The  Kanter  Girls,  877 
Bruce's  (C.)  Handbook  of  the  Roman  Wall,  ed.  Blair,  264 
Caldecott's  (R.)  Collection  of  Pictures  and  Songs — Second 

ditto,  840 ;  Painting-Book,  877 
Catalogues  :  Pictures  belonging  to  his  Grace  the  Duke 
of  Portland,  by  Murray,  134 ;  Musee  Imperial  Otto- 
man :  Monnaies  des  Khalifes,  &c.,   by  Edhem,  135  ; 
Coins  of  the  Indian  Museum,  by  Rodgers,  Part  I.,  197 ; 
Pieces  de  Verre  des  Epoques  byzantine  et  arabe  de  la 
Collection  Fouquet,  by  Casanova,  198 ;  Collection  of 
Japanese  Works  of  Art  formed  by  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  ed. 
Huish — Pictures  and  Sketches  by  O.  Mason  and  G. 
Pinwell,  exhibited  at  Birmingham,  Essay  by  Quilter, 
326;  Portraits  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxon — Museum 
and  Art  Gallery,  Birmingham,  327;   Manuscripts  in 
the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  by  James,  393 ;  Pictures  in 
ditto,  651 ;    Tableaux  et  Sculptures,  Muaee  Royal  de 
La  Haye,  651 ;  Coins  of  the  Achaean  League,  by  Clerk, 
723;  Paintings  of  Venice,  by  Karoly,  908;  Notes  on 
the  Collection  of  AV.  T.  AA'alter?,  by  Gruelle,  909 
Cbapu,  sa  Vie,  &c.,  by  Fidiere,  229 
Charterhouse,  1611-1895,  Notes  by  Smythe,  877 
Clermont-Ganneau's  ifetudes  d'Archeologie  Orientale,  328 
Correggio,  Antonio  Allegri  da,  his  Life,  &c.,  by  Ricci, 
translated  by  Simmonds,  875 


Directory  for  establishing  Science  and  Art  Schools  under 

Department  of  Science  and  Art,  170 
Dobson's  (A.)  The  Story  of  Rosina,  840 
Eerelman's  Horses  and  Dogs,  translated  by  Bell,  840 
English-Speaking  AVorld,  The,  840 
Essex  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  497 
Fabre's  (F.)  Taillevent,  illustrated  by  Roux,  460 
Fouque's  (De  la  Motte)  Undine,  840 
Freshfield   (E.)  jun.'s    The  Communion   Plate  of    the 

Churches  in  the  City  of  London,  34 
Gardner's  Architectural  History  of  Harrow  Church,  297 
Gazette  des  Beaux-Arts,  1895,  908 
Gentleman's  Magazine  Library  :  Ecclesiology,  edited  by 

Milne,  104 
Gerspach's  (B.)  Repertoire  d^taillS  des  Tapisseries  des 

Gobelins  executees  de  1662  a  1892,  393 
Gibson's  (C.  D.)  Drawings,  840 
Gray,  J.  M  ,  Memoir  and  Remains,  edited  by  Paul  and 

Macdonald,  298 
Hall's  (F.)  "  Hoick  For'ard  !  "—Amateur  Photography, 

840 
Harrison's  (J.)  The  Decoration  of  Metals,  422 
Hatton's  (R.  G.)  Figure  Drawing  and  Composition,  723 
Hooper's  Manual  of  Marks  on  Pottery,  &c.,  423 
Hope's  (AA'^.  H.  St.  John)  Corporation  Plate  and  Insignia 

of  England  and  AVales,  538,  614 
Illustrated  Handbook  of  Industrial  Art  Objects  in  the 

Museum  and  Art  Gallery,  Birmingham,  327 
Illustrated  Modern  Art  and  Literature,  361 
James  (M.  R.)  On  the  Abbey  of  S.  Edmund  at  Bury,  460 
Jewitt's  (L.)  Corporation  Plate  and  Insignii  of  England 

and  Wales,  538,  614 
Lamb's  (C.)  A  Dissertation  upon  Roast  Pig,  840 
Leighton,  Sir  F.,  an  Illustrated  Chronicle,  by  Rhys,  796, 

909 
Lethaby's  Church  of  Sancta  Sophia,  Constantinople,  103 
Lineham's  The  Street  of  Human  Habitations,  197 
Longfellow's  (H.  AV^.)  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish  — 

The  Song  of  Hiawatha,  840;  Nature  Poems  by,  877 
Magazine  of  Art,  1895.  908 

Maisey's  (General  F.  C  )  Sanchi  and  its  Remains,  197 
Mark's  (A.)  The  Sea-King's  Daughter,  &c.,  877 
Marryat's  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy,  illustrated,  796 
Marshall's  (F.  and  H.)  English  Embroidery,  686 
Masuccio's  Novellino,  877 

Maundevile,  Sir  J.,  The  Marvellous  Adventures  of,  840 
May's(Phil)Sketch-Book— Illustrated  Winter  Annual,  840 
Mayeux's  Manual  of  Decorative  Compo:iition,  translated 

by  Gonino,  724 
Michel's  (K.)  Etudes  sur  I'Histoire  de  I'Arf,  197 
Milton's  L'Allegro  and  II  Peneeroso,  840 
Mitchell's  (C.  F.)  Building  Construction,  197 
Miintz's  (E.)  Les  Collections  formees  par  les  Medicis  au 

XVI.  Siecle,  686 
New  Gallery,  1895,  36 

Nollekens  and  his  Time?,  by  Smith,  ed.  by  Gosse,  298 
Numismata  Londinensia,  Notices  by  Welch,  650 
Ohlsen's  (T.)  Durch  Sud-Amerika,  360 
Old  Dutch  and  Flemish  Masters,  877 
Osgood's  (I.)  An  Idol's  Passion,  839 
Pageant,  The,  ed.  by  Shannon  and  AVhite,  839 
Philips'  Drawing  Series,  724 

Phillips's  (AV.  C.)  Marks  on  Pottery  and  Porcelain,  423 
Pictorial  New  Zealand,  877 
Pictures  from  Punch,  Vol.  IIL,  459;  A^ol.  IV.,  636 
Pictures  of  1895,  36 

Ricks's  (G.)  Hand  and  Eye  Training,  724 
Rodgers's  Coin  Collecting  in  Northern  India,  232 
Royal  Academy  and  New  Gallery  Pictures,  1895,  36 
Royal  Academy  Pictures,  Supplement  to  the  '  Magazine 

of  Art,' 1895,361 
Ruskin's  (J.)  Studies  in  Both  Arts,  877 
Saint-Juirs's  Tavern  of  the  Three  Virtues,  839 
Salwey's  (C.  M.)  Fans  of  Japan,  685 
Sattler's  (J.)  A  Modern  Dance  of  Death.  361 
Sauvaire's  (H.)  Description  de  Damas,  Vol.  I.,  328 
Shakespeare's  Merry  AVives  of  AVindsor,  illust.  by  Crane, 
460;  A  Midsummer  Nisiht's  Dream,  illust.  by  Bell,  797 
Sindbad  the  Sailor  and  Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves, 

illustrated  by  Strang  and  Clark,  759 
Sizeranne's  La  Peinture  Anglaise  Contemporaine,  167, 362 
Smith's  (E.  AV.)  The  Moghul  Architecture  of  Fatbpur- 

Sikri,  574 
Smith's  (AV.)  Nursery  Songs  and  Rhymes,  877 
Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  illustrated  by  Crane,  459 
Spiegelberg's   Correspondances    du    Tempa    des    Rois- 

Pretres,  327 
Studio,  The,  908 

Sussex  Archaeological  Collections,  Vol.  XXXIX.,  461 
Swainson's  Church  of  Sancta  Sophia,  Constantinople,  103 
Tadema,  L.  A.,  Life  and  AVork,by  Stephens,  796.  909 
Temple's  Notes  on  Antiquities  in  Ramannadesa,  327 
Thorpe's  (M.  and  C.)  London  Church  Staves,  34 
Underhll's  (J.)  St.  John's.  Clerkenwell,  361 
Vanity  Fair  Album,  Vol.  XX. VII.,  908 
A'aughan's  (J.)  Ha'id  and  Eye  Training,  724 
Visitations  of  Churches  belunginer  to  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 

edited  by  Sparrow  Simpson,  907 
Wood-Martin's  (W.  G.)  Pagan  Ireland,  838 
Working  Diagrams  of  the  English  Series  of  Sloyd  Model?, 

by  Nelson  and  Cole,  724 
Yorkshire  Archaeological  Journal,  Parts  XLIX.-LT.,  4f;0 
Zelinda  and  the  Jlonster,  illustrated,  797 


Vlll 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT   to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  3561,  Jan.  25,  1896 

July  to  December  1895 


FINE    ARTS. 
Original  Papers. 

Arcbaeoloiical  Societiea,  The  Congress  of,  73 

Athens,  Notes  from,  105,  168,  423 

British  Archaeological  Association,  233, 265 

Buddhist  Relics  in  the  Swat  Valley,  540,  614 

Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  233,  263 

Casts  V.  Tapestries,  200,  264,  298 

Colchester,  The  Arms  of,  49S,  576,  613 

'  Corporation  Plate,'  614 

Esposizione  di  Roma,  1895-96,  014 

Excavations  at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordsliire,  613 

Gold  Room,  New,  at  British  Museum,  498 

Ireland,  Ancient  Monuments  in,  461 

Keats.  Portraits  of,  from  the  Life,  686 

Keats's  Sister,  The  Portrait  of,  798 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  576,  088 

Mussini,  Luigi,  of  Siena,  198 

New  Prints,  105, 167,  498,  878,  909 

Roman  Fortress  of  Babylon  at  Cairo,  724,  798,  841 

Royal  Archaeological  Institute,  136 

Sale?,  38,  74,  105, 138,  615, 759,  799,  841,  878 

Signature,  A  Missing,  423 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis,  Portraits  of,  323,  361 

Exhibitions. 

Agnew'a  (Messrs.)  Gallery:  Twenty  Masterpieces  of  the 
English  School,  878,  909 

Fine- Art  Society  :  31r.  E.  A.  Abbey's  Sketches— Mr.  Du 
Maurier's  Sketches  for  '  Trilby,'  651  ;  Mr.  H.  Mar- 
shall's Drawings,  688 ;  Mr.  Peppercorn's  Water-Colour 
Drawings,  878 

Graves's  (Mr.)  Gallery :  Mr.  Norbury's  Sketches  in 
Siam,  540 

Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil  Colours,  612 

McLean's  (Mr.)  Gallery  :  Oil  Paintings,  651 

New  Gallery  :  Summer  Exhibition,  135 

Obach's  (Messrs.)  Gallery  :  M.  F.  Mura'a  Drawings  in 
Charcoal,  878 

Royal  Academy  :  Summer  Exhibition,  36,  72 

Society  of  British  Artists,  651 

Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  797 

Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  539 

Obituaries. 

Absolon,  J.,  38.  Alais,  A.  C,  200.  Ancelet,  G.  A.,  200. 
Bock,  A.  von,  363.  Brock,  E.  P.  Loftus,  652.  Buck- 
nail,  B.,  909.  Clutton,  H.,  299.  Comte,  P.  C,  799, 
841.  Curzon,  P.  A.  de,  106.  Dicksee,  T.  F„  688. 
Gabriele,  Signer,  541.  Garnier,  A.,  363.  Hirst, 
Father,  540.  Howard,  Capt.  H.  R.,  362.  Leathart, 
J.,  234.  Overbeck,  Dr.  J.,  724.  Picou,  H.,  138. 
Redford,  G.,  615.  Salmon,  A.,  425.  Slocombe,  C.  P., 
461.  Solly,  N.  N.,  234.  Story,  W.W.,  499.  Tyrwhitt, 
Rev.  R.  St.  J.,  841.    Vokins,  W.,  615.  Werwee,  A., 425 

Gossip. 

American  School  of  Classical  Studies  in  Rome,  38.  National 
Gallery:  Acquisitions.  74,  10(3,  169,  .329,  363,  799.  British 
Museum  :  Acquisitions,  74, 106,267,425,  499;  The  Mitchell 
Gift,  169.  Louvre :  Acquisitions,  75,  138,  234,  841.  Forty- 
sixth  Report  of  the  Arundel  Society,  138.  Royal  Academy: 
Elections,  169.  Casts  and  Tapestries  at  South  Kensington, 
200,  264,  298.  Department  of  Science  and  Art,  Annual 
Report,  299,  328;  Supplement,  328.  Mr.  Watts's  New 
Pictures,  424.  Mr.  Hook's  New  Pictures,  461.  Tissot's 
'Life  of  Christ,'  461.  Drawings  by  Old  Masters  at  the 
Guildhall— Art  Discoveries  at  Treves,  in  Northern  Italy, 
and  at  Bleusis,  499.  Mr.  Alma  Tadema's  'A  Coign  of 
Vantaf^e,'  759.  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts's  Gift  to  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  799.  National  Portrait  Gallery  :  Acquisi- 
tion—Holbein's '  Two  Ambassadors,'  841 


MUSIC. 


Reviews. 

Berger's  First  Steps  at  the  Pianoforte,  329 

Borodin  and  Liszt,  by  Habets,  tr.  Newmarch,  267 

Dictionary  of  Musicians,  A,  107 

Elements  of  Plain  Song,  ed,  by  Briggs,  267 

English  Minstrelsie,  ed.  Baring-Gould,  Vol.  I.,  139 

Knowles's  Text-Book  of  Anglican  Service  Music,  267 

Mandoline,  Die,  501 

Mozart's  Don  Giovanni  :  a  Commentary,  by  Gounod,  267 

Pauer's  Dictionary  of  Composers  for  Pianoforte,  329 

Piltan's  (A.)  The  Human  Voice,  .329 

Front's  (E.)  Applied  Forms,  139 ;  Additional  Exercises 

to  Harmony,  436 
Riemann's  Catechifm  of  Musical  ^Esthetics,  translated 

by  Bewerunge,  426 
Rose's  (A.  S.)  Talks  with  Bandsmen,  139 
Shedlock's  (J.  S.)  The  Pianoforte  Sonati,  909 
Short  Notices,  3:i0 
Songs  of  the  North,  Vol.  If.,  299 
Streatfeild's  (R.  A.)  Masters  of  Italian  Music,  201 
Three  Choirs,  Origin  and  Progress  of  the,  107 
Wagner  by  Lo  Cumte  de  Chambrun  and  S.  Legif,  139 
Walker  s  (F.)  Letters  of  a  Buritone,  201 

Original  Papers. 

Greek  Music,  234,  2G8,  299,  330,  363,  395,  420,  843 

Music  in  1894-5,  170 

Provincial  Festivals,  The,  201 

Purcell  Celebration,  Notes  on  eome  Points  of  the,  800 


Operas,  ConcertSj  &c. 

Albani's  (Madame)  Concert,  843 

Alva's  (Madame)  Concert,  39 

Bispham's  (Mr.  D.)  Concert,  842 

Borwick  (Mr.  L.)  and  Greene's  (Mr.  P.)  Recital,  688 

Bright's  (Miss  D.)  National  Pianoforte  Recital,  616 

Cardiff  Festival,  425 

Cave's  (Miss  E.)  Concert,  879 

Clifden's  (Viscountess)  Concert,  39 

Crystal  Palace :  Concerts,  541,  576,  616,  652,  638,  725, 

761,  801,  842,  879 
Drury  Lane   Opera:    'Pidelio,'  'Der  Wildechiitz,'  38; 

'Der  Freischiitz,'  75 
English  Opera,  Covent  Garden  :  '  Tannhauser,'  541,  576 ; 

'  Lohengrin,'  641,  576,  652  ;   '  Faust,'  '  The  Valkyrie,' 

541 ;  •  Carmen,'  576 ;  '  The  Flying  Dutchman,' '  Caval- 

leria  Rusticana,'  615;  '  Pagliucci,'  652 
Gloucester  Festival,  363,  394 
Greef's  (M.  de)  Pianoforte  Recital.  107,  139,  170 
Guildhall  School  of  Music :  '  Elijah,'  842 
Hampstead  Conservatoire  :  Mendelssohn's 'Antigone,'  652 
Highbury  Philharmonic  Society  :  Gluck's  'Orpheus,'  725 
Hollander's  (J.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  75 
Kisch-Schorr's  (Madame  E.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  576 
Leeds  Festival,  462,  500,  689 
London  Academy  of  Music,  725 
London  Symphony  Concerts,  688,  725,  800,  842,  879 
Lorleberg's  (Herr  R.)  Concert,  139 
Lyceum  Theatre  :  Purcell's  '  Dido  and  .iEneas,'  725 
Lyric  Theatre  :  '  The  Bric-aBrac  Will,'  616 
Manchester  Orchestral  and  Choral  Concerts,  653,  725, 910 
Mottl's  (Herr)  Wagner  Concerts,  75,  688,  760 
Mozart  Society  :  Concert,  689 
Musical  Guild  :  Concert,  616 
Nicholl's  (Mr.  W.)  Vocal  Recital,  843 
Nikiech's  (Herr)  Concert,  38,  75 
Notcutt's  (Mr.  P.)  Concert,  542 
Pabst's  (Herr  L.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  39 
Popular  Concerts,  652,  688,  725,  760,  800,  842,  879,  9C9 
Pradeau's  (M.  G.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  616 
Promenade  Concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall,  235,268, 330, 363 
Purcell  Bicentenary  Festival,  72,5,  760 
Pyne's  (Miss  Z.)  Concert,  879 

Queen's  Hall  Choral  Society:  'Athalie,'  &c.,  638;  'Sam- 
son,' 842 
Reisen-iuer's  (Herr  A.)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  616, 688,  725, 

801,  879 
Richter  Concerts,  576,  615,  652 
Rihll's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  689 
Rosenthal's  (Herr)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  39,  615,  688,  842 
Royal  Acaciemy  of  Music  :  Concerts,  107,  140,  689,  879 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society  :  Concert,  800 
Royal  Artillery  Band  Concert,  879 
Royal   Choral    Society:    'Elijah,'    653;    'The    Golden 

Legend,'  879 
Royal  College  of  Music  :  Concerts,  39,  75, 107,  843 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden  :  'La  Traviata,' '  Petruccio,' 

'  Les  Huguenots,'  '  Faust,'  38  ;  '  Carmen,'  38,  75 ;  '  Le 

Nozze  di  Figaro,'  38;    '  Lucia  di  Lammerraoor,'  76; 

'Cavalleria  Rusticana,''  Pagliacci,' '  Tannhauser,'  107  ; 

'  La  Navarraise,'  '  Lohengrin,'  1S9 
Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  800 
Saraaate'd  (Seftor)  Concerts,  653,  801 
Sethe's  (Miss  I.)  Violin  Recitals,  801,  842 
Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  Society  :  Concert,  800 
String  Quartet  Concert,  653,  842 
Strolling  Players'  Amateur  Orchestral  Society :  Concert, 

910 
Sutro's  (The  Sisters)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  75,  577 
Thomas's  (Mr.  J.)  Harp  Concert,  75 
Thome's  (Mr.  E.  H.  and  Miss  B.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  663 
Verne's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  75 
Westminster  Orchestral  Society  :  Concert,  813 

Obituaries, 

Abel,  Herr  L.,  330.  Brambilia,  T.,  202.  Carrodus,  J.  T„ 
107.  Done,  Dr..  268.  Hall,  C.  K..  330.  Halle,  Sir  C, 
615.  Hodge,  W.,  107.  Lux,  Herr  F.,  107.  Miolan- 
Carvalho,  Maflame,  75.  Oberthiir,  Herr,  725.  Prentice, 
R.,  107.  Rockstr.),  W.  S.,  39.  Root,  Dr.  G.  P.,  235. 
Tauach,  Prof.  J.,  801.    Vanderslraeten,  E.,  761 

Gossip. 

Sunday  Concerts  at  tlie  Queen's  Hall,  75,  501.  Haydn's 
'Der  Apotheker'  at  Dresden,  76.  Tonic  Sol-fa  Associa- 
tion's Annual  Choral  Festival  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  107. 
Lowering  the  Pitch  to  the  Diapason  Normal,  107,  653.  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan's  'Ivanhoe'  at  Berlin,  843.  Christmas 
Performances,  910 


DRAMA. 

Revie'ws, 

Bapst's  (0.)  Essai  sur  I'Hiftoirc  du  Theatre,  171 
Dumas,  Alexandre,  tils  :  Theatre  complet — Theatre  des 

Autres.  331 
Filippi's  (R.)  Duologuej  and  Scenes  from  the  Novels  of 

Jane  Austen,  170 
Ford,  John,  The  Works  of,  202 
Ileinemunn's  (W.)  The  First  Step,  230 
Hollingshead's  (J.)  My  Lifetime,  108 
Labiche,  Eugene,  Theatre  choisi  de,  331 
MatthewB's  (B.)  Books  and  Playbooks,  843 


Mermaid  Series  :  Best  Plays  of  Ben  Jonson,  202 

Park's  (A.  J.)  The  Variety  Stage,  462 

Shakespeare  :  The  Plays  of,  edited  by  Flower,  202,  236  ; 
New  Variorum  Edition,  edited  by  Furness,  Vol  X.,  A 
Midmmmer  Night's  Dream,  235  ;  The  Ariel  :  Hamlet, 
Romeo  and  Juliet,  Othello,  462;  Tales  from,  by  C. 
and  M.  Lamb,  continued  by  Morri-<,  911 

Stuart's  (C.  D.)  The  Variety  Stage,  462 

Verrall's  (A.  W.)  Euripides  the  Rationalist,  910 

Original  Papers. 

Arden's  (Mary)  Arms,  202 

Behn,  Mrs.  Aphra,  396 

"  Ducdame,"  726,  801,  912 

Shakspeare  and  his  Contemporaries,  690 

Theatres. 

Adelphi  —  Thomas  and  Scott's  'The  Swordsman's 
Daughter,'  331;  Hicks  and  Edwardes's  'One  of  the 
Best,'  911 

Avenue— Mackay'a  'Qwong  Hi,'  140;  Hawtrey's  'The 
Private  Secretary.'  332;  Burnand's  '  Mrs.  Ponderbury's 
Past,'  653;  HowelU's  'A  Dangerous  Ruffian,'  801 

Comedy— Pmero'a  '  The  Benefit  of  the  Doubt.'  542 

Cowj<— Sheridan's  '  The  Rivals,'  689 

Crilerion — 'AH  Abroad,' 204 ;  Carton's  'The  Squire  of 
Dames,'  653 

Dali/s — '  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,'  40 ;  'A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,' 76;  Daly's  'Nancy  &  Co.,' 
172  ;  '  An  Artist's  Model,'  462 

Drury  La^ie— Sir  A.  Harris,  Raleigh,  and  Hamilton's 
'Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer !'  427 

Duke  of  Foil-'i— Frith's  'Her  Advocate,'  462,  726  ;  '  The 
Wrong  Address,' 502  ;  'Giddy  Galatea,'  726;  Shirley 
and  Landeck's  '  Tommy  Atkins,'  911 

Gaiety— Jeaiop'a  'Stim'l  of  Posen,' 76 ;  '  Twice  Fooled,' 
140  ;  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice,'  578 

Garrich — Meilhac's  '  Ma  Cousine,'  40 ;  Sardou  and 
Moreau's  'Madame  Sans-Gene,'  76;  Thomas's  'Ala- 
bama,' 331;  Jerome's  'The  Rise  of  Dick  Hal  ward,' 
577 ;  Barrie's  '  The  Professor's  Love  Story,'  654,  690 

Grand — Jones's  '  The  Masqueraders,'  300;  Graves's  '  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Neill,'  364 ;  Jones's  '  The  Triumph  of  the 
Philistines,' 802 

Gray's  Inn  //aiZ— Shakspeare's  'Comedy  of  Errors'  by 
the  Elizabethan  Stage  Society,  843 

Jlaymarket — Potter's  '  Trilby,'  616,  654 ;  Miscellaneous 
Entertainment,  880 

Lyceum — '  The  Corsican  Brothers,'  '  Nance  Oldfield,' 
'Journeys  End  in  Lovers  Meeting,'  108;  Closing 
Performance,  171.  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  Season  ; 
Shakspeare's  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,'  427 

Manchester  Theatre  Royal— Fotter'g  '  Trilby,'  363 

Olympic—'  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  !  '  880 

Opera  Comique  —  Warren's  '  Nannie,'  Brookfield  and 
Yardley's  'A  Model  Trilby,'  726  :  Tanner's  'Madame,' 
844 

Princess's — Shirley  and  Landeck's  '  Saved  from  the  Sea,' 
172,  204;  'Lion's  Heart,'  542;  Douglass's  'A  Dark 
Secret,'  726 

Royalty — Bourchier  and  Sutro's  '  The  Chili  Widow,'  363  ; 
Jones's  'Harmony,'  428;  Bourchier  and  Mountjoy's 
•  Mr.  versus  Mrs.,'  802 ;  Moore's '  Kitty  Clive,  Actress,' 

844 

St.  James's  —  Chambers's  '  The  Idler,'  76  ;  Esmond's 
'  Bogey,'  363;  Carton's  'Liberty  Hall,"  690;  Esmond's 
'  The  Divided  AVay,'  Godfrey's  '  The  Misogynist,'  761 

Shafieshury — Carton's '  The  Home  Secretary,'  578  ;  '  The 
Manxman,'  725 

Standard — Manchester's  '  The  Schoolgirl,'  542 

Strand — '  New  York  Divorce,'  '  A  Youngster's  Adven- 
ture,' 268  ;  'A  Man  with  a  Past,'  364;  Paulton's  '  lu 
a  Locket,'  396 ;  Paulton  and  Bradley's  '  The  Lor  1 
Mayor,'  653 ;  '  Niobe  (all  Smiles),'  690,  726,  912 

^«rre?/— Conquest  and  Miller's  '  The  Winning  Hand,'  304 

Terry's — Mackay's  'Qwong  Hi,' 40;  'The  Prude's  Pro- 
gress,' 172 ;  '  The  Strange  Adventures  of  Miss  Brown,' 
502 

Toole's — Lumley's  '  Thoroughbred,'  332 

Trafalgar  Square—' The  Passport,'  Jones's  'In  an  Attic,' 
172 

Vaudeville— Rtimlyn  and  PauU's '  Poor  Mr.  Potton,'542; 
'  The  New  Boy,'  801 

Obituaries. 

Andersen,  C,  390.  Benham,  A.,  396.  Cavendish,  Miss  A., 
501.  Dacre,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  726.  Dumas,  A..  701. 
Howard,  C,  428.  Leclercq,  C,  428.  Meritt,  P.,  76. 
Pduncefort,  Miss  G  ,  912.  Payne,  Harry,  462.  Ray- 
mond, H.,  300.  Swinbourno,  T.,  690.  Thompson, 
A.,  423 

Gossip. 

The  German  Reed  Bntertaininent  ,it  St.  George's  Hall,  10?. 
Mr.  Grundy's  'The  Greatest  of  These'  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Hull,  .'WO.  Mr.  Toole's  Farewell  Performance  at  his 
Theatre,  462.  The  Opening  of  the  Marie-Seebach-Stiftung 
at  Weimar,  578.  'The  Adelphi'  at  Westminster  School 
879.    The  Independent  Theatre,  912. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

foimial  of  (Bn^U^l)  anti  jToieign  ^literature,  ^rience,  t&e  fim  ^rtef,  i¥lueiic  mitt  tfte  Ilrama 


No.  3532. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    6,   1895. 


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"POYAL        STATISTICAL       SOCIETY. 

XV  The  HOWARD  MEDAL  (Fronze),  with  20; 

The  following  is  the  subject  of  the  Essays  in  competition  for  the 
Howard  Medal  of  189J-SC  :— 

'  School  Hygiene,  in  its  Mental.  Moral,  and  Physical  Aspects.' 

The  Essavs  to  be  sent  in  on  or  before  June  30,  18i)6. 

The  Medal  will  be  awarded  in  November. 

Further  particulars  niav  he  obtained  at  the  Offices  of  the  Society,  9, 
Adelphi-terrace,  Strand.  W  C.  London. 


B° 


R    0    F  G    H 


of 


SWANSEA. 


TRAINED  MISTRESS,  at  present  holding  posi- 
tion in  a  Glasgow  Secondary  School,  desires  APPOINTMENT  as 
HEAD  MIS  I'RESS  in  a  PUBLIC  SCHOOL  in  or  near  Liverpool.  Twelve 
years'  experience.  Excellent  testimonials  —T.,  Stanhope  House,  Brom- 
borough,  Cheshire. 

A  GENTLEMAN,  lately  returned  from  China, 
accustomed  to  travelling,  desires  a  SITUATION  as  AGENT  or 
TRA"\'ELLER  to  one'or  more  tirms.  Four  years'  residence  abroad; 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  North  China,  andwith  the  principal  Busi- 
ness Firms  and  Residents  in  the  Far  East.— A  ,  Publislters'  Circular 
Office.  St.  Dunstan  s  House,  Fetter-lane,  Fleet-street,  EC. 


AN  ART  EDUCATION,  -with  comfortable  horn 
house  pleasantly  situated,  OFFERED  by  an    ARTIST  in  t 
NOarH  of  ENGL.\ND.    Large  Studio.    Few  Students  taken  —Address 
CosLNS  W.iv,  Newcastle-on-'l'yne. 

SKETCHING  STUDENTS  TAKEN   for  the   SUMMER  HOLIDAYS 
in  SURREY. 

ANTED.   LADY,   accustomed  to  work  in  the 

Keading-Room,  to  Amplify  and  Recast  a  Local   Guide-Book 
Author  s  MS.— State  terms  and  experience,  Box  881,  Sell's,  London. 


w 


WANTED,acompetentENGLISH  JOURNALIST, 
about  25,  with  good  practical  knowledge  of  French  and  German. 
—-Address  R.  H.  D. ,  care  of  Waterlow  &  Sons,  22,  Great  Winchester- 
street,  E.C. 

WANTED,  PROOF-READER  and  ASSISTANT 
in  EDiroRIAL  DEPARTMENT  of  PUBLISHING  HOUSE 
Age  not  over  25. — Apply,  by  letter  only,  stating  experience  and  salary 
required,  Min.iger,  Edward  Arnold,  37,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 

THE     COLLEGE     for     the    BLIND    SONS    of 
GENTLEMEN,  Powyke,  near  Worcester. 
The  Governors  will  be  glad  to  receive  applications  for  the  post  of 
HEAD  MASTER,  now  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  the  Rev.  A.  J. 
Skinner,  B  A. 

Applications,  with  testimonials,  must  be  addressed  to  Dr  Ranger, 
Langbourn  Chambers.  17,  Fenchurch-street,  London,  EC  ,  Honorary 
Secretary,  and  sent  in  by  July  18. 

TOTTENHAM    URBAN    DISTRICT   COUNCIL. 

X  —LIBRARIAN  for  PUBLIC  LIBRARY— The  Public  Library 
Committee  of  the  Council  REQUIRE  the  SERVICES  of  a  YOUNG 
MAN  as  LIBRARIAN  at  their  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Applicants  must  have  had  at  least  two  years'  experience  in  a  Public 
Library,  and  will  be  required  to  devote  their  whole  time  to  the  duties. 
Age  not  to  exceed  30. 

Salary  commencing  at  the  rate  of  100!.  per  annum. 

Applications,  in  candidates'  own  handwriting,  stating  age  and  full 
particulars  of  previous  experience,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three 
recent  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  me  not  later  than  noon  on  'Thursday, 
July  18. 1895 

Dated  this  28th  day  of  June,  1895. 

EDWARD  CROAVNE,  Clerk  of  the  Committee, 

Offices,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham,  London. 


SWANSEA  INTERMEDIATE  AND  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

'The  Governing  Body  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and  Technical 

Education  Scheme  REQUIRE  the  services  of  a  HEAD  MISTRESS  to 

take  charge  of  the  GIRLS'  SCHOOL  about  to  be  established  under  the 

above  Scheme  and  the  Technical  Instruction  Act.  1889. 

'The  person  appointed  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  the  British  Possessions,  or  be  a  duly  qualified  Science  and 
Art  'Teacher  under  the  regulations  of  the  Department  of  Science  and 
Art,  or  have  such  other  qualification  or  certificate  or  other  test  of 
attainments  as  may  be  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  regulation  of  the 
Governing  Body,  and  will  be  required  to  devote  t'ne  uhole  of  her  time 
to  the  duties  of  her  office. 

'The  salary  will  be  a  fixed  stipend  of  150!  per  annum,  and  a  capitation 
payment  of  not  less  than  II  a  year  for  each  scholar  under  the  Inter- 
mediate Education  Scheme,  and  an  additional  payment  per  scholar,  to 
be  hereafter  arranged,  under  the  Technical  Instruction  Act.  For  the 
first  year,  commencing  with  the  September  Term,  a  minimum  salary  of 
3001.  is  guaranteed  'The  appointment  may  be  determined  at  any  time 
upon  giving  six  months'  written  notice,  and  will  be  made  subject  in  all 
respects  to  the  provisions  contained  in  the  said  Scheme  and  Act.  Copies 
of  the  Scheme  can  be  obtained  upon  application  to  me.  the  undersigned. 

Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  nature  of  past  employ- 
ments, to  be  addressed  to  "The  Chairman  of  the  Governing  Body,  In- 
termediate Education,  Guildhall,  Swansea,"  endorsed  "  Head  Mistress," 
and  sent  in  not  later  than  Monday,  July  15,  1895. 

Canvassing  members  of  the  Governing  Body  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification.  JNO.  THOMAS, 

Town  Clerk  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 

Guildhall,  Swansea,  June  27,  I81'3. 

BRISTOL    SCHOOL    of    SCIENCE    and     ART, 
Queen'sroad,  Bristol. 
The  Committee  are  about  to  appoint  a  HEAD  MASTER  at  a  salary  of 
2501  per  annum — Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  are  to  be 
sent  on  or  before  July  'JO  to  the  Hon.  Secretary,  D.  C.  A.  Cave,  Esq., 
Stoneleigh  House,  Clifton. 

TTNIVERSITY   COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

v^*  BANGOR. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
MISTRESS  of  METHOD  in  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT. 
Salary  120(. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Thursday,  July  25.  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars 
may  be  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  October  1. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  MA, 

Secretary  and  Registrar. 


T 


B 


0    R   O   U   G   H 


of 


SWANSEA. 


SWANSEA  INTERMEDIATE  AND  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER 
The  Governing  Body  appointed  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and 
Technical  Education  Scheme,  and  to  whom  the  Swansea  Town  Council 
have  delegated  ( 8(>  far  as  they  are  able)  the  powers  exercisable  under 
the  'Technical  Instruction  Act.  1889.  REQUIRE  the  services  of  a  HEAD 
W  AS'TER  to  take  charge  of  the  Schools  established  and  to  be  established 
for  Males  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and  'Technical  Scheme  and 
tbe  Technical  Instruction  Act,  1889 

'The  existing  School,  formerly  known  as  the  Swansea  Grammar 
School,  was  taken  over  by  the  Governing  Body  at  the  commencement 
of  the  present  year,  and  the  number  of  scholars  has  since  increased 
from  47  to  81.  The  School  is  now  utilized  solely  for  the  education  of 
Hots  between  the  ages  of  8  and  18,  but  in  exercise  of  the  powers  con- 
tained in  the  Technical  Instruction  Act,  1889,  it  is  intended  to  increase 
the  accommodation  of  the  School  so  as  toadmitof  Technical  Instruction 
being  given  to  Males  irrespective  of  age,  whereby  it  is  expected  that 
the  number  of  scholars  will  be  very  largely  augmented 

The  person  appointed  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  in  the  British  I'ossessions,  or  be  a  duly  qualified  Science 
and  Art  Teacher  under  the  regulations  of  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art  in  force  for  the  time  being,  or  have  such  other  qualification  or 
certificate  or  other  test  of  attainments  as  may  be  fixed  from  lime  to 
lime  by  regulation  of  the  Governing  Body,  and  will  oe  required  to 
devote  the  wlole  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  his  office 

'The  salary  to  be  paid  is  lOO/.  per  annum  and  a  capitation  payment  of 
2/,  per  scholar  under  the  Intermediate  Education  Scheme.'  and  an 
additional  payment  per  scholar  to  be  hereafter  arranged  under  the 
'Technical  Instruction  Act.  A  minimum  salary  of  GOUt  per  annum  will 
be  guaranteed. 
A  residence  will  be  provided  at  the  School  free  of  all  charges. 
'The  appointment  will  be  made  subject  in  all  respects  to  the  provisions 
of  the  said  Scheme  and  Act.  and  may  be  determined  at  any  time  upon 
giving  six  months'  written  notice. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  nature  of  past 
employments,  to  be  addressed  to  "The  Chairman  of  the  Governing 
Body,  Intermediate  Education.  Guildhall,  Swansea.  "  and  endorsed 
'•  Head  Master.  '  and  sent  in  not  later  than  Monday,  .luly  15  1895. 

Canvavjing  member^  of  the  Governing  Body  wiil  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification.  JNO.  THOMAS. 

Town  Clerk  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 
Guildhall,  Swansea,  June  '27, 1895. 


pITY  of  WORCESTER.— The  Victoria  Institute 

V_^  Committee  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  Worcester  intend  t» 
appoint  an  ART  MASTER  of  the  Institute  at  a  salary  of  IVOI.  per 
annum.  The  work,  of  the  Institute  will  include  Day  and  Night  Classes, 
and  the  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  give  the  whole  of  his  time 
to  his  duties. 

Applications,  stating  age.  subjects  in  which  qualified,  and  teaching 
experience,  together  with  three  testimonials  of  recent  date,  must  be 
delivered  not  later  than  the  17th  July  inst ,  addressed  to  the  SECttEXAnv, 
Victoria  Institute,  Worcester. 

EECITALS. — **  A  prince  among  elocutionists." 
"  A  highly  talented  elocutionist."— Cam6n</j7e  Chronicle.  "  In  the 
front  rank  of  living  elocutionists  '^—Peterboro'  Express.  &c. — Address 
Barnish  Barnsd\le,  Elocutionist.  Kochdale. 

QT.  GEORGE'S   TYPE-WRITING  OFFICE,  298, 

KJ  Regent-street,  W.  All  kinds  of  Type-writing  executed  promptly. 
Special  attention  to  Medical  and  Scientific  MSS.    Moderate  terms. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHENiEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HA-VTIB,  LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GAXLGNANI  LIBRARX,  224,  Rue  de  RiToU,  FarU. 

EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND.— EXHIBITION 
of  ANTIQUITIES    found  at  D^r  el  Badri  at  the  SOCIE'TY'  of 
ANTIQUARIES,  Burlington  House  from  .Tuly  8  to  20.     Lectures  by  M. 
Naville  and  Mr  Hogarth  on  the  Excavations  will  be  delivered  at  the 
Roval  Society  on  July  8  and  1'-'. 
Tickets  to  be  obtained  of  the  Secbetakv,  37,  Great  Russell-street. 

HE     MARIA    GREY    TRAINING     COLLEGE 

(late  5.  Kitzroy-street.  W. ), 
Salusbnry-road,  Brondesbury,  London.  N.'W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  PREPARATION  for  the  CAM- 
BRIDGE TEACHERS'  CER'TIFICA'TE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  ol 
'Teaching  is  offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers. 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate 
of  the  National  Froebel  Union. 

Junior  Students  are  prepsred  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations. 

Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR  BEGINS 
SEPTEMBER  18.  1895. 

Address  Pri.vcipil,  The  Maria  Grey  Training  College,  Salusbury-road, 
Brondesbury.  N.SV. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE     of    WALES, 

ABERYSTWYTH. 
TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY'  TEACHERS, 
MEN  AND  WOMEN. 
Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  Training  Syndicate. 
Lecturer  in  the  Theorv.   Practice,  and  History  of  Education- 
Prof   FOSTER  WATSON.  M  A.  (Lond  ) 
Assistant  Lecturer— Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS,  B.A   (Lond.). 
Preparation  for  (a)    Cambridge    'Teachers'    Certificate,    Theory  and 
Practice;    <b)  London  University  'Teachers'   Diploma;    (r)  College  of 
Preceptors'  Diplomas 
Composition  Fee  for  the  Session  (including  Lectures  and  Practice),  10;. 
Women    students    reside    in    the    Hall    of    Residence    for    Women 
Students.    Terms  from  .31  to  40  Guinea'*. 

Men  Students  reside  in  Registered  Lodgings  in  the  town     Some  01 
the  Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board 
and  residence  to  25/.  per  annum. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to 

T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 


T^Yl 
D 


CLERGYMAN'S 

per  l.OOO  words. 


PE-WRITING      by 

DAUGHTER  and  Assistants.— Authors'  MSS,.  1 
Type-written  Circulars,  »&c.,  by  Copying  Process.     Authors'  references. 
— Miss  SiKES,  13,  W'olverton-gardens,  Hammersmith.  W, 

To  AUTHORS.— MSS.  of  all  kinds  TYPED 
accurately  and  quickly  at  moderate  terms.  Work  by  post  receives 
immediate  attention.  Translations— .Address  Miss  Edith  Pvorr,  Surrey 
Chambers,  172,  Strand,  AV.C. 

TYPE-WRITIN  G.— Manuscript     Type-written 
with  accuracy  and  despatch.    Terms,  1.5.  per  1,000  words;  or  for 
5,000andover,9d.  per  1.000— H.  B.  Fenwick.  11,  Buxton-road,  Chingford. 

q^YPE-WR ITERS    (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 

J-  mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Yosts,  Caligraphs.  Victors.  &c  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free  — N. 
Tailor.  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  endi.  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 

T'REBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  .S,  Trebovir- 


Elementary  Clashes  for  Children 
HALF-TERM  COMMENCED  on 
forwarded  on  application. 


Principal— Mrs    W    R   COLE.    The 
'TUESDAY',  June  18.  — Prospectuses 


/"CHELTENHAM 


LADIES'     COLLEGE. 


.7 


q^H 


u- 


Applications  for  the  PE.\.KCE  SCHOLARSHIP,  value  between  27( 
and  •28(.  per  annum,  and  tenable  by  the  Jmughter  of  an  Officer  in  the 
Army  in  need  of  pecuniary  assistance,  should  bo  sent  not  later  than 
SA'TCKDAY'.  August  .'ilst.  i81>5,  to  the  SttnBiARv,  from  whom  further 
particulars  can  be  obtained. 

E    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 

grants  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

The  centres  of  Examination  are  St  Andrews,  Aberdeen,  Bedford, 
Belfast,  Birmingham.  I'.ourncmouth.  Bristol.  Cambridge,  Cardiff. 
Cheltenham,  Cork.  Dollar  l)ul)lm  Dumfries.  Edinburgh.  Glasgow. 
Hull,  Inverness,  Leeds,  Leicester  Liverpool,  I.onilon.  Loughborough, 
Manuhester,  Newcastle-on-'Tyne,  Oban,  Oxford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro. 

For  Prospectus,  &c  ,  apply  to  the  Sicatmar,  L.L.A.  Scheme,  the 
University,  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 


f]  NIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

LJ  BANGOR. 

(Incorporated  under  Royal  Charter,  and  a  Constituent  College  of  the 

University  of  Wales. ) 

Principal— H.  R.  REICHEL,  MA  ,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford 

DEPARTMENTS. 
Subjects.  I.  Arts.  Professors. 

GREEK— W.  Rhys  Roberts.  MA,  late  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Camb 
LATIN— E  V.  Arnold,  M  A  .  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College.  Cambridge. 
FRENCH  and  GERMAN— Frederic  Spencer,  M.A.  (Camb),  Phil.Doc. 

(Leipzigl. 
HISTORY— The  Principal 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE— Lecturer  W.  Lewis  Jones, 

MA.,  late  Scholar  of  Queens'  College.  Cambridge. 
PHILOSOPHY— E  Keri  Evans,  MA,  late  Clark  Fellow  of  Glasg  Univ. 
MATHEMATICS— G  B.  Mathews.  M  A..  Fellow  of  St  John's  Coll  .Camb. 
WELSH— J  Morris  Jones.  M  A  ,  late  Scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford. 
WELSH  HISTORY— Lecturer,  J.  E  Lloyd,  M.A.,  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford. 

II.  Scienre. 
PHY'SICS- Andrew  Gray,  MA.  F  R.S  E. 

CHEMISTRY— J  J  Dobbie.M  AD  Sc  .late  Clark  Fellow  of  Glasg  UniT. 
BIOLOGY'— R.  W    Phillips,  M  A    (Camb  ),  B  Sc.  (Lond.),  late  Scholar 

of  St.  John's  College.  Cambridge. 
ZOOLOGY— Philip  J  White.  MB  i  Edin  ) 
AGRICULTURE— Thomas  Winter,  MA.  (Edin),  F.G  S. 
EDUCATION— J  A  Green.  B  A 

With  Seven  Assistant  Lecturers  and  Demonstrators. 
The  NEXT  SESSION  OPENS  on  OCTOBER  1,  1895.  Inclusive 
Tuition  Fee.  10(  a  vear.  Registration  Fee,  1(  Is  Laboratory  Fees 
additional,  on  the  scale  of  1(  !.«.  per  Term  for  six  hoursaweefe.  'The 
College  Courses  qualify  for  the  Degrees  of  University  of  Wales,  and 
include  most  of  the  subjects  for  Degrees  of  London  University  in  Arts 
and  Science  Special  provision  is  made  for  Electrical  Engineering  A 
Hall  of  Residence  for  W  omen  is  now  open  At  the  Entrance  Scholar- 
ship Examination  (which  commences  in  September  in  each  year)  over 
20  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  will  be  offered  for  competition —For 
detailed  information  as  to  Courses.  Entrance  and  other  Scholarships, 
&e  .  apply  to  the  Secretary  and  Registrar, 
Bangor. 


LLOYD,  MA. 


A  DVICE   as    to    CHOICE   of    SCHOOLS.— The 

J\.  Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  (iirl.iand  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requiremenU 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Blevor,  MA,  8.  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C.  


R.    HENRY    BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 

at  .^.RT  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October 
DRAWING  forthc  PRESS.-STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence —123,  Victoria-street.  Westminster. 

THE    LECTURE    AGENCY,    Ltd.,    The   Outer 

1  Temple  Strand,  acts  as  Agent  for  all  the  Leading  LECTURERS 
and  EN  TERTAINERS  of  the  Day  List  and  Prosnectuses  sent  p.)8t  free 
to  Secretaries  of  Literary  .Societies  Philosophical  lustituiions  Me- 
chanics'Institutes.  Lecture  Committees, \  M  C  A  8,  Colleges,  schools,  Ac. 

LITERARY  MAN  CORRECTS,  PREPARES 

Composition  and  advice  to 
4,  Vicloiia-terrace.  Stioud- 


M 


A 


-Write  lor  terms  M. 


Young  Write 
green,  N. 

'HK  AUTHORS' BURKAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 

rndicate  and  Press  Agency  "  .K  Medlnm  of  rnniinanlcation 
between  Authors.  Editors,  and  l'ubll-,hers.**  Advisen  upon,  reviBes, 
and  negotiates  MSS  Interviews  by  appointment  onlT.-AddreM  tbe 
SutRinRt.  3,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


Jl 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHOES.— Literary  Property. 
— The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
iaviting  MSS  ,  or  ottering  to  place  MSS,  without  the  personal  recom- 
meadation  of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G  HRKBKRT  THKIWG,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  HoaACE  Cox,  Bream  s-buildings,  E.G. 

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FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
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T 


^O  BOOK  BUYERS  and  LIBRARIANS  of  FREE 


SECOND-H-\ND  WORKS,  oflerel  at  prices  greatly  reduced,  is  now 
ready,  and  will  be  sent  post  free  upon  application  to  W.  H.  Smith  &  Son, 
Library  Department,  186,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

SPECIAL  CATALOG DE  of  RARE  and  VALU- 
ABLE BOOKS,  including  finely  bound  Rets  of  Works  of  Standard 
Authors — Rare  and  Curious  and  Early  Printed  Bo<»ks— Travels— Topo- 
graphy— First  Editions— Drama — Sporting— finely  Illustrated  Books- 
Art^  Biography.  &c  ,  offered  at  greatly  reduced  prices — Catalogue  post 
free  on  application. — Wm.  Brough  &  Sons,  8,  Broad-street  Corner, 
Birmingham. — Libraries  Purchased. 

C CATALOGUES  just  ready,  to  be  had  post  free  on 
^  application. 

I.  MUSIC      Sacred  and  House  Music,  Theory  and  Practice,  Fif- 
teenth to  Eighteenth  Century. 
II.  SCRIPTORES  MATHEMATICI  VETERES 

III.  JAPAN   and   CHINA,  from   the   Sixteenth   to  the  Eighteenth 
Century. 

Jacques  RosENrHAi,,  Bookseller  and  Printseller, 
Munich,  Bavaria,  Germany,  Karl  Str.  10. 

/CATALOGUE    No.    33,   containing   a  choice 

'  -*  Selection  of  SECOND -HAN I)  BOOKS  in  various  Branches  of 
Literature— Historical  Works  of  Lecky,  Motley,  Lewis,  J  H.  Burton, 
Duncker.  and  others— Hamerton,  Ruskin,  Jameson,  and  others  on  Art — 
Kngiavea  Works  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds— Boydell's  Shakespeare  Gal- 
lery, :i  vols  atlas  folio— Must^e  Fi-an^'aise,  4  vols,  atlas  folio,  crimson 
morocco  extra  — Comic  England  and  Rome,  First  Editions,  cloth— 
Rogers's  Italy  and  Poems,  Pi  oofs— Scarce  Hooks  on  America,  Australia, 
India.  Africa,  and  the  Arctic  Ref^ions-Edeu's  State  of  the  Poor— lar^e 
Collection  of  Modem  Biography,  mostly  well  bound.  Natural  History, 
and  Miscellaneous.  Post  free.— Thomas  TnoaNE,  40,  Blackett-street, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

FOREIGN     BOOKS     and      PERIODICALS 
promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &    CO.    37,    SOHO-SQUARE. 

/CHOICE     ENGRAVINGS,     DRAWINGS,      and 

KJ  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKS,  includinK  Drawinfrs  by  W.  Hunt,  8. 
Prout,  J  M  W.  Turner,  and  others— Lucas's  Mezzotints  after  Constable 
-a.iid  Works  by  Professor  Ruskin.  CATALOGUE,  No  15,  now  ready, 
post  free  Sixpence.— Wm.  Ward,  2,  Church-terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

LLIS  &         BLVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 

NEW   CATALOGUE  of  CHOICE  BOOKS  and 
MANUSCRIPTS 

Now  ready  (No.  80),  post  free.  Sixpence. 
Containing  many  important  items:  Fine  specimens  of  the  Art  of 
Wood  KngravinK  at  its  earliest  period— beautiful  examples  of  Book- 
hindinf^  — lare  Books  containing  Woodcuts,  such  as  Celtes  I'rotucius, 
Utatuor  Libri  Amorum,  l.W:.';  Colunma.  llypnerotomachia  I'oliphili, 
14  !),  Amman,  Kunstbuchlin,  1.190;  Kctham,  Fasciculus  Medicina',  151:!; 
Nuremberg  Chronicle,  Hy.');  Works  by  Diirer.  &c.— Le  MusCe  Fran^ais 
et  le  .Musfe  Royal,  l.arge-l'aper  Proofs— Saxton's  Maps,  a  complete  copy 
-  1-ouith  Folio  Shakespeare— choice  Illuminated  Manuscripts — rare 
liuoks  in  Black  Letter— Early  English  Poetry,  &c. 

29.  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


E 


''rHE      RAILWAY      HANDBOOK. 

A  222  pp.  l2mo  cloth,  containing  Descriptions  and  Prices  of  Railway 
Hooks  (rum  1807  to  18'J4. 

References  to  nearly  100  Locomotives,  to  the  earliest  Steamboats, 
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onancntiiclj  novel  plan     I'ncs  are  aided. 

Kent  post  free  for  2.s  ,  rctur.iaUe  lo  all  pjic'iascrs  of  5j  worth  of 
oat-of-print  books. 

Engmanng.  June  14.  says  :-"S  >n  e  mo,t  lnt(  resting  works  are  to  be 
_."-^.]"\*    .*'  t""*  'n;>'lerate  iirices.    A  slun  sjnopsis  is  given  of 


KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH, 
TRUBNER  &  CO.,  Ltd. 


SECOND-HAND 
BOOKS. 


□y  of  these  volu 

Birmingham  :  En.  Bakkr,  14  and  10,  John  BrightrStrcet. 


Messrs.  Kegan  Paul,  Trench, 
Trubner  &  Co.,  having  very  ex- 
tensive transactions  with  Public 
Libraries,  Literary  Institutes,  and 
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ture published  in  Europe,  North 
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able prices. 

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UTMOST  DESPATCH. 


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A 


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VERY  valuable,  genuine,  stately  old  OAK 
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it.  Seen  here  or  sketches  sent. — CromweU  House,  Morton,  near 
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T 


O      MINERAL      COLLECTORS. 


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u 


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E. 


AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

are  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  stiitable  margins,  any  size  np  to 
Demy,  22  inches  by  17  Inches.  Tbls  process  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lence in 

COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS  ; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS  j 
COPIES  OF  PEN-AND-INK  SKETCHES  ; 
COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN  ; 
and  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  the  Faliieo- 
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The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  for  the  Decoration  of  the  Home  with 
permanent  Photographs  from  the  most  celebrated  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
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The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  CATALOGUE  of  184  pages  (New  Edition), 
with  illustrated  Supplement,  containing  nearly  Seventy  Miniature 
Photographs  of  notable  Autotypes.    Post  free,  Is. 

New  Pamphlet,  'Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  free  on 
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The  AUTOTYPE  PROCESS  adapted  to  Photographic  Engraving  on 
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Estimates  and  particulars  on  application. 
The  AUTOl'YPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W.C. 

T'HE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 

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London,  EC) 
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N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


M 


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Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  PDTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
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■of  the  Librarj  of  the  Kev  JOHN  EDWARD  KEMPE,  MA..  Rector 
of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  comprising  Boydell's  Shakespeare  Gallery, 

2  TOls.  morocco— Ruskin's  Stones  of  Venice— Scott's  Waverley  Novels. 
48  vols.— Cruikshank's  Loving  Ballad  ot  Lord  Bateman— Costume  of 
Turkey,  2  vols — Aiken's  Illusti-ations  to  Popular  Songs— Churches  of 
Gottland — Bunbury's  Plates  to  Shakespeare— Edinburgh  Review,  136 
vols.— First  Editions  of  Kipling.  Swinburne,  Tennyson,  Kingsley,  and 
others — Books  on  Angling— Arundel  Society  Publications— Theological 
and  other  Books,  some  in  old  morocco  bindings,  with  Arms  of  former 
Ownei-8 — Horoe  Beatn-.  printed  on  Vellum,  with  Miniatures,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  .S'^  V/LE  CLARKE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square.  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  and  Two  Following  Davs,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  H. 
S.4.VILE  CLARKE,  Esq  ,  comprising  Standard  Books  and  Works  in  all 
Branches  of  Literature,  both  English  and  Foreign. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will    SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  EARLY 
in  AUGUST,  the  valuable  THEOLOGICAL  and  CLASSICAL  LIBRARY 
of  a  well-known  COLLECrOR,  comprising  Works  of  the  leading  Eng- 
lish, German,  and  Dutch  Writers,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Walton's 
Polyglot— Migne  Studies  und  Kritikes,  1828-92— Greek  and  Latin  Fatres 
Ecclesia;,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

A  Portion  of  the  Collection  of  Engravings.  Drawings,  and 
Paintings  of  Mrs.  CRAWFORD  POCOCK,  of  Brighton. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington-street, 
Strand,  W.C, on  MONDAY.  JulvS.at  1  o'clock  precisely.a  PORTION  of 
the  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  DRAWINGS,  and  PAINTINGS 
of  Mrs.  CRAWFORD  POCOt'K,  of  Brighton,  comprising  Book  Illus 
trations.  &c.,  after  J  M.  W.  Turner,  some  fine  proofs— Plates  from  the 
Liber  Studiorum,  several  in  first  slates— Etchings  by  C  Mf^ryon,  nearly 
all  in  early  states— framed  Engravings  by  or  after  R.  Morghen,  Sir  E. 
Landseer.  O.  Morland,  F  Muller,  Earlom,  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  and  others- 
Drawings  by  W.  Blake,  H.  G.  Hine,  R.  H.  Nibbs,  J.  Ruskin,  J.  M.  W. 
'Turner,  &c. — and  a  few  Oil  Paintings. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Antiquities  of  R.  P.  GREG,  Esq.,  of  Coles, 
Buntinaford,  Herts  :  also  British  and  other  Antiquities  from 
the  Collection  of  the  Rev.  E.  DUKE. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  TUESDAY,  July  9,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ANTIQUITIES  of  R.  P. 
GREG,  Esq.,  comprising  Babylonian  Contract  'Tablets  and  Cylinder 
Seals— Antique  Gold  Ornaments— Bronze  Implements  — Egyptian  An- 
tiquities, &c. ;  also  the  COLLECTION  of  the  Rev  E.  DUKE,  in  which 
is  included  the  Collection  of  Early  British  Vases  and  other  Celtic  Re- 
mains discovered  at  Lake  by  the  iate  Rev.  E.  Duke— Two  remarkable 
Sets  of  Enamelled  Fire-Dogs— Mediaeval  Rings.  &c  ,  and  Greek  'Terra- 
Cotta  Vases— Engraved  Gems— an  interesting  Series  of  Glass  Panels 
(Verres  Eglomis('s;— a  Hat  Vtand,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  (  harles 
Dickens  — Jewellery  — Miniatures  — Silver  Plate,  &c.,  from  various 
sources. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalognes  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Books  from  the  Library  of  the  late  A.  G.  KURTZ, 
Esq.,  of  Liverpool:  a  Portion  of  the  Fine- Art  Library  of 
H.  G.  BONN,  Esq.,  who  is  leaving  his  residence;  and  a 
Selection  from  the  Library  of  R.  W.  CROSSE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wiU  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  1.3,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC  ,  on  THURSDAY,  July  11,  and  'Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  valuable  BOOKS  and 
MANUSCRIPTS,  including  Selections  from  the  Libraries  of  the  late 
A.  G  KLRTZ,  Esq  , of  Liverpool ;  of  R  W. CROSSE,  Esq.  ;  of  HENRY 
BOHN,  Esq..  and  other  Properties,  comprising  a  number  of  extra 
Illustrated  Books— a  large  numberof  Caricatures  and  Book  Illustrations 
by  Crujkshank,  Rowlandsin.  and  others— Original  Drawings  by  John 
Leech,  Kate  Greenaway  (Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin),  Eisen,  and  Cochin- 
Books  on  the  Fine  Arts  by  Ruskin  and  others— fine  Works  with 
'Turner's  Illustrations-Ackeiniann's  Illustrated  Works— First  Edilions 
of  the  Wiitings  of  Andrew  Lang,  Dickens.  Ainsworth.  'Thackeray,  &c  — 
the  Original  Manuscript  of  Southev's  Madoc— and  Works  in  General 
Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Coins  and  Medals  of  SAMUEL  SMITH, 
jun.,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  1.3,  Wellington- 
sti-eet.  Strand,  WC  ,  on  THURSDAY,  July  11,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ANGLO- 
SAXON.  ENGLISH,  and  FOREIGN  COINS,  also  a  few  MEDALS,  the 
Property  of  SAMUEL  S.MITH,  jun.,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

The  ANGLO-SAXON  COINS  include  Pennies  of  Cuthred,  King  of 
Kent,  Aniaf,  I'legmund,  Ecgbearht,  Alfred,  Eadweard  II.,  Harold  I., 
II.,  and  Harthacnut— Post  Conquest,  rare  Varieties  of  William  I  ,  II  . 
Henry  I  ,  Stephen.  Edward  V  ,  .Mary,  Elizabeth,  Charles  I  .  Ac —Isle  of 
Man  Patterns  of  1723  ;  a  fine  Series  of  Anglo-Hanoverian  Coins. 

The  FOKEIGN  COINS  include  an  important  Collection  of  Thalers 
and  Half-'Thalers  of  Brunswick,  many  verv  i-are- the  Berne  Thaler  of 
1494— Gulden  Klippe  of  Kaden,  1626— Thalers  of  Juliers,  1613;  of  Lor- 
raine, 1603;  of  Wallenstein,  163L'— Bromsethaler  of  Liibeck,  1537— un- 
dated Luneburg  Thaler  (Keimmann,  CSiJ.'ii-Half -Thaler  of  Stralsund, 
1638,  &c.— and  a  large  number  of  Coins  of  this  Century,  mostly  very  fine. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  P.  S.  C.  BREWER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC  ,  on  MONDAY,  July  15,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  of  P.  S.  C  BREWER,  Esq.,  of  Woodside,  Sevenoaks, 
comprising  Standard  Books  in  the  various  Classes  of  Literature — £di- 
tions  de  Luxe  and  limited  issues  on  Large  Paper- Fine-Art  Publica- 
tions, including  the  Works  of  Professor  Ruskin — Books  illustrated  by 
Crnikshank,  Leech,  &c  — Setof  Herbert  Spencer's  Works,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  E.  MILLARD, 
D.D.,  and  a  Selection  from  the  Library  of  Mrs.  CRAW- 
FORD POCOCK,  of  Brighton. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  WC,  on  'TUESDAY,  July  16,  at  I  o'clock  precisely, 
BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIP'TS,  comprising  a  part  of  the  LIBRARY  of 
the  late  JAMES  ELWIN  MILLARD,  D.D  .  Vicar  of  Basingstoke  and 
Hon.  Canon  of  Westminster,  consisting  of  Early  Printed  Books,  Works 
from  the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses,  &c.  A  PORTION  of  the 
LIBRARY  of  Mrs  CRAWFORD  POCOCK,  of  Brighton,  containing 
Books  illustrated  by  G.  Cruikshank,  Bewick,  and  Works  on  the  Fine 
Arts.  Also  the  LIBRAY  of  the  late  FRANK  THOMPSON,  Esq.  (of 
Harrow  Weald),  including  a  Series  of  the  Portfolio,  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers.  Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine,  Smith 
and  S  owerby's  English  Botany,  Hooker's  Floi-a  Loudinensia,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Rare  Books  relating  to  America. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C  ,  on  WEDNESDAY,  July  17,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  COLLECTION  of  BOOKS  relating  to  AMERICA,  comprising  many 
works  of  great  i-arity  relating  to  the  Dialects  of  the  Aborigines— Books 
printed  at  Mexico,  Lima,  Guatemala,  Havana,  Puebla,  Manila,  &c., 
including  Paesi  Novamente  Retrovati,  the  Editions  of  1506,  1517.  and 
1519— Eliot's  Indian  Bible— Woi'ks  by  Acuna,  Claude  d'Abbeville,  Lery, 
La  Popellini^'re.  Le  Brun,  Molina,  Montoya  Nodal,  Olmos,  Ponce  de 
Leon,  San  Alberto,  Totanes,  Yangues,  Zenteno,  &c. ;  also  a  few  Manu- 
scripts. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Important  and  valuable  Books,  the  Property  of  a  Nobleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  W  C,  on  'THURSDAY,  July  18.  at  I  o'clock  preeiselv, 
a  SELECTION  of  important  and  valuable  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a 
NOBLEMAN,  comprising  fine  Copies  of  the  Works  of  the  best  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Italian  Classic  Authors,  from  the  Presses  of  the  Early  Italian 
and  French  Printers,  in  remarkable  condition,  and  in  Bindings  by  the 
best  Ancient  and  Modern  Artists — fine  Illustrated  Editions  of  Foreign 
and  English  Writers — Galleries  and  Fine-.\rt  Books— choice  Examples 
from  the  Libraries  of  John  Grolier,  Marguerite  de  Valois,  Count  Hoym, 
Baron  de  Longpierre,  Sir  Keneira  Digby,  Queen  Elizabeth,  Thomas 
Maioii,  Mery  de  Vic,  and  others. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalognes  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on 
receipt  of  four  stamps. 

Catalogues  illustrated  with  Facsimiles  of  some  of  the  Bindings,  in 
Gold  and  Colours,  by  Griggs,  may  be  had,  price  Two  Shillings  each. 

Important  Manuscripts  on  Vellum,  the  Property  of  ALEX- 
ANDER PRINGLE.  Esq.,  of  Yair,  Selkirkshire. 

MESSRS,  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  'THURSDAY,  July  18,  THREE  important 
MANUSCRIP'TS  on  VELLUM,  the  Property  of  ALEXANDER 
PRINGLE,  Esq  ,  of  Yair,  Selkirkshire,  being— (1)  a  MS.  Latin  Bible  of 
the  Fourt.eenlh  Century,  originally  belonging  to  Sweet  Heart  Abbey,  in 
Dumfries— (2i  a  Service  Book  of  the  Thirteenth-Fourteenth  Century, 
belonging  to  the  Abbey  ot  Holyrood,  and  containing  the  History  of  that 
Abbey  —  (3)  a  Fourteenth  Century  Code.x  of  Fordun's  Chronicle  of 
Scotland. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalognes  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on 
receipt  of  four  stamps. 

TUESDA  y  NEXT. — Natural  History  Specimens. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 

his  Great  Rooms,  .38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUESDAY, 
July  9,  at  half-past  v:  o'clock  precisely,  the  further  Portion  of  a  valuable 
COLLECTION  of  NATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS,  by  order  of  the 
Executors  of  the  late  DUCHESS  of  MAN'TUA ;  also  Insects— Birds' 
Eggs— Shells— Minerals— Heads  and  Horns  of  Animals— Animal  Skins, 
cSc. 


TUESDA  Y  NEXT. 

A  most  extensive  and  valuable  Swiss  Herbarium,  contained 

in  Five  handsome  Cabinets,  with  MS.  Catalogue. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  the  above  in 
his  SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street, 
Covent-garden,  on  'TUESDAY,  July  9. 

WEDNESDA  ¥  NEXT. 

Valuable  Collection  of  British  Lepidoptera. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY, July  10.  at  halt-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  the  well-known,  valuable, 
and  extensive  COLLECTION  ot  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA,  formed  by 
F.  D.  WHEELER,  Esq.,  of  Norwich,  together  with  the  Cabinet  in  which 
it  Is  contained. 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. — Photographic  Apparatus. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King-street,  Covent-p:arden,  on  FRI- 
DAY NEXT.  July  12  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  HAND,  STUDU), 
and  other  CAMKRAS.  Lenses  in  variety,  Stands,  Shutters,  rrintinp 
Frames.  Dark  Slides.  Presses  Plates,  and  other  Photosjrahic  Apparatus 
—Sci entitle  Instruments— Kace-Olasses—'iolesoopes — Electrical  Appa- 
ratus— and  a  large  (luaulity  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


M 


EIGHTH  EDITION,  completing  50,000. 

BESIDE   THE    BONNIE    BRIER   BUSH. 

By    IAN    MACLAREN. 

Bound  in  art  liner,  gilt  top,  6s. 
Lonflon  :  HoDDER  &  Stoughton,  27,  Paternc  ster-row. 


TUESDA  Y,  July  16. 
Valuable  Collection  of  Natural  History  Specimens. 

MR.  J,  C,  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  -  street,  Covent  -  garden,  oa 
TUESDAY,  July  16.  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely  a  FURI'HElt 
PORTION  of  a  COLLECTION  of  NATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS, 
including  some  Egyptian  Curiosities,  formerly  the  Property  of  the  lato 
DUCHESS  of  MANTUA  ;  British  Coleoptera  and  other  Insects,  col- 
lected by  the  late  Prof.  ALLEN  HARKER;  Exotic  Lepidoptera— 
Minerals— Birds'  Eggs— Shells,  &c.— Cabinets.  &c. 

On  view  the  day  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Calaloirarg 
had. 

Surplus  Stock  of  Leather  Goods,  Artists'  Materials,  ^c,  of  a 

Mamifactuiing  Stationer. 

MESSRS,  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery-lane,  W  C,  on  WEDNESDAY. 
July  10,  at  1  o'clock,  the  SURPLUS  SIOCK  of  LEATHER  GOODS  and 
ARTlSr.S'  MATERIALS  of  a  MANUFACTURING  STATIONER,  in- 
cluding Writing,  Dressing,  and  Cigar  Cases  and  Purses  in  morocco, 
russia,  and  calf — Photo-Albums  and  Frames,  Blotters,  Ladies'  Com- 
panions, Hand  Bags,  Jewel  Cases,  Fans,  Inkstands,  and  other  usefnl 
and  Fancy  Articles. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Modern  Library  of 
a  Gentleman,  deceased  (by  order  of  the  Executors) ,  and  other 
Private  Collections. 

MESSRS,  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancerv-Iane.  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY, 
July  II,  atl  o'clock,  VALUABLE  MISCKLL.^.NEOUS  BOOKS,  including 
the  MODERN  LIBRARY  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  deceased  (by  order  of  the 
Executors)  and  other  Private  Collections,  comprising  Waring's  Master- 
pieces, and  Burgos,  4  vuls.—Lavater's  Physiogn(»my,  5  vols. — Dong's 
Bible,  2  vols,  morocco,  and  other  Works  by  the  same  Illustrator— about 
1L*0  vols,  of  Cassell's  Illustrated  Publications — 32  vols,  of  Watson  St 
Kaye's  Peoples  of  India— Mrs.  Jamieson's  Works,  .5  vols. — Dickens's 
Works,  Jidition  de  Luxe,  30  vols  —Shelley's  Works,  8  vols— First  Edi- 
tions of  Poems  by  Arnold,  Browning,  and  Tennyson — Library  Edilions 
of  the  Works  of  Hallam,  Gibbon,  Grote,  Merivale,  Mommsen,  and  other 
esteemed  Writers. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


EASTHAM,  NEAR  LIVERPOOL. 
By  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  Mrs.  JUST. 
ESSRS.    CORKHILL   &  JOB   will    SELL    by 

AUCTION,  at  II  a.m.  each  dav.  from  MONDAY  NEXr,  8t]i 
inst  ,  to  SA'TURDAY,  I3th  inst..  inclusive,  and  on  MONDAY.  15th  inst., 
the  entire  CONTENTS  of  ••  BANKFlELDs,  "  Eastham.  Oil  Paintings 
and  Water-Colours  by  Erskine  Nichol,  Verwfe  and  Verboeckhoven, 
'T.  Brooks,  G.  G  Kilburne.  T  Sidney  Cooper,  B  Denner,  R.  Tonge, 
C.  Pearson,  E.  Hayes,  T  L  Row  biitham,  C.  Nasmyth.  and  others— Hall- 
marked Silver— Electro-plate-  a  large  quantity  of  Household  Linen  and 
Bedding— valuable  Cloisonni'  and  old  .Satsuma  Vases  of  extra  large  size 
—Wines— Library  of  Books— Orchids  and  Greenhouse  Plants— Horses 
and  Carriages,  new  Harness,  &c. 

On  view  Saturday,  July  6.    Catalogues  from  the  ArcrioNEEss,  86  and 
86a,  Grange-road,  Birkenhhead 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James'g- 
sqnare,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On   MONDAY,  July  8,  and  Following  Day,  the 

REMAINING  PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of  OBJECTS  of  ART 
and  BRITISH  and  FOREIGN  ORDERS  of  KNIGHTHOOD  of  the 
Rev.  W.  BENTINCK  L.  HAWKINS,  deceased. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  10,  and  Following  Day, 

the  COLLECTION  of  OLD  MEZZOTINT  ENGRAVINGS,  MINIA- 
TURES, and  ENAMELS  of  the  lat«  CHARLES  FREDERICK  HUTH, 
Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,    July   10,   Bettini   v.    Royal 

Academy  of  Music— JEWELS  and  PLATE,  the  Property  of  the  late 
Madame  TREBELLI. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  11,  OBJECTS   of  ART. 

the  Property  of  Viscount  BRIDPOR'T,  Including  a  Bust,  of  Lord  Nelson 
by  J.  Flaxman.  R  A  — a  Bristol  Service  and  other  Porcelain  bearing  the 
Arms  of  Admiral  Viscount  Nelson;  a  COLLECTION  of  ORIENTAL 
and  other  OBJECTS  of  ART,  the  Property  of  Colonel  LONG;  and 
MARBLE  BUSTS,  &c  ,  of  the  late  Lord  ELLEN  BOROUGH. 

On  FRIDAY,  July  12,  OLD  ENGLISH   SILVFR 

and  SILVER-GILT  PRESENTATION  PL.VTE,  ENAMELLED  GOLD 
EOXKS,  GOLD  SWORD-HILTS.  MEDALS,  ORDERS,  and  other 
highly  inteiesting  Objects,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Admiral 
A'lscount  Nelson. 

On  SATURDAY,  July  13,  the  READE  FAMILY 

PORTRAITS,  fromShipton  Court,  Oxon  ,  and  Portrait  ot  the  C.iuntebS 
of  Mulgrave  br  T.  Gainsborough.  R  .\  ;  also  important  PICTURbS  by 
OLD  MA.STERS  and  of  the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL 

On  TUESDAY,  July  16,   PLATE  and  JEWELS 

of  the  late  Mr.  W.  J.  GOODE ;  EARLY  ENGLISH  SILVER  and 
SILVER-GILT  PLATE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLE.M.4.N. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  17,  and  Following  Day, 

the  GOODE  COLLECTION  of  OLD  SEVRES  PORCELAIN. 

On    FRIDAY,    July    19,    the    COLLECTION    of 

ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  J  GOODE. 

On   TUESDAY,  July  23,  the  COLLECTION  of 

OLD  ENGLISH  PORCELAIN  of  the  late  HY.  WEBB.  Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  the  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN  ot  the  late  JAMl'.S  PRICK,  Esq. 

On    FRIDAY,   July   26.    the    COLLECTION   of 

PORCELAIN  formed  by  .Sir  JOHN  CHANDOS  KEADE,  sixtii  UaTODCt, 
from  Shipton  Court,  Oxon.  ^ 

BLACKWOOD'S      MAGAZINE. 
No.  957.    JULY,  1895.    2.«.  6J. 
Contents. 
GLIMPSES  of  SOME  VANISHED  CELEBRITIES.    By  F.  M.  F.  Skene. 
The  KNIGHT  and  the  LADY.    By  the  Author  of '  Mona  Maclean.' 
•'The  FOUNDATIONS  of  BELIEF.' 
ILLUSION.    By  Alice  Mackay. 
A  FOREIGNER.     Chaps  30-40. 
PUBLIC    SCHOOLS    and    ARMY    COMPETITIVE    EXAMINATIO.NS. 

By  Colonel  Henry  Knolljs.  K  A. 
OUK  LAST  WAR  with  the  .MAHSUDS.    By  S.  S  Thorbum. 
MOUNTAINEERING  .MKMORIE.S.     By  H.  freston-Thonuis. 
the  TKRRITORIAL  WATERS  and  SEA  FISHERIES. 
MK.  WILLIAM  W.\TS()N'S  SERIOUS  VERSE.     By  Laurie  Magnns. 
A  UOER  PASTORAL.    By  H   A.  Brydcn. 
The  GLADSTONIAN  REVOLT  in  SCOTLAND. 

William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London. 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3532,  July  6.  '95 


SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.'S 
NEW   BOOKS. 

The  NOVEL  SERIES. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  square  16mo.  2s. 

THE  STORY  OF  BESSIE 

COSTRELL. 

By  Mrs.  HUMPHRY  WARD. 

This  Volume  is  tlie  first  of  a  Series  of  Works,  each  in  One 
Volume,  by  the  Best  Writers  of  the  dav,  English  and 
AmeriCiin,  "which  will  form  THE  NOVEL  SERIES. 

Ihe  volumes  will  be  suitable  for  the  pocket  and  the  shelf; 
they  will  be  convenient  to  handle,  being  of  the  square  16mo. 
size,  while  from  their  appearance,  as  well  as  from  their 
literary  merit,  they  will  deserve  a  place  in  the  library.  The 
volumes  will  be  bound  in  cloih,  and  will  be  uniform,  except 
in  thickness  and  in  price.    The  prices  will  be  2s.,  3s.,  and 

4-8. 

The  Second  Volume  of  the  Series,  TO  BE  PUBLISHED 
ON  JULY  16,  will  be 

LYRE    AND    LANCET. 
By  F.  Anstey. 

With   Twenty-four   Full-Page   Illustrations.      Price  •'i?. 
*-*  Other  i'olumes  iciil  be  announced  in  due  course. 


THE  REV.  J.  E.  C.  WELLDON'S  NEW 
BOOK. 
NOTICE.  —  The  FIRST  EDITION  of 
'GERALD  EVERSLEY'S 
FRIENDSHIP :  a  Study  in  Real 
Life,'  hy  ^/^e  Rev.  J.  E.  C.  WELL- 
DON,  Head  Master  of  Harrow  School, 
having  been  sold  on  the  day  of  pub- 
lication, a  SECOND  EDITION  is 
in  the  press  and  ivill  be  ready  in  a 
feiv  days. 

The  LIFE  of  Sir  JAMES  FITZ- 

JAMES    STEPHEN,    Hart.,   K.C  S.I.,   a  Judge  of   the 

High    Court    of    Justice.      By    his    Brother,    LESLIE 

STEPHEN.     With  2  Portraits.     Demy  8vo.  Ifc. 

"Among  the  half-dozen  biographies  of  the  first  order  which 

have  appeared  in  the  last  twenty  years  this  volume  deserves 

a  place.     It  is  a  real  biography  ;  a  work  of  art  as  well  as  of 

fraternal  uffectioii  ;  a  monument  which  several  loving  hands 

have  helped  to  build  up;  a  lifelike  picture  of  a  remarkable 

man,  with  his  failings  not  unnoted,  and  with  vivid  sketches 

of  some  of  his  friends."— 7i/Mes. 


The  MARTYRED   FOOL.     By 

D    CHRISTIK    MUKRAY,  Author  of  'Rainbow   Gold,' 
'  Aunt  Rachel,'  •  Joseph's  Coat,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  A  strong  and  interesting  story,  and  as  good  as  anything 
Mr.  Christie  Murray  has  yet  written." — Daily  Chronicle. 

NEW  VOLUME  OF  '  THE  DICTIONARY 
OF   NATIONAL   BIOGRAPHY.' 

From  the  Westminster  G<i:ette  — '•  The  new  volume  of  the 

great  •  Dictionary  of  National  Biography'  is  specially  notable 

as  including  Charles  Stewart  Parnell.     No  adequate  record 

of  him  has  yet  jeen  attempted.    The  article  now  before  us  is 

the  first  attempt  to  treat  the  public  life  of  the  great  Irish 

leader  with  the  proportion  and  the  impartiality  that  history 

demands.  Its  value,  both  for  purposesof  immediate  reference 

and  to  any  historians,  is  very  great.    The  article  covers  the 

whole  ground,  and  gre.ir  skill  and  judgment  are  shown  by  the 

writer  in  finding  the  middle  path  of  sobriety  and  fairness." 

Now  ready,  price  ].=is.  net  in  cloth  ;  or  in  half-morocco, 

marbled  edges,  20.?. 

Volume  XLIII    (OWENS-PASSELEWE)  of  the 

DICTIONARY    OF 
NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY. 

Edited  by  SIDNEY  LEE. 

Vol.  T.  was  published  on  Jan.  1,  188.S,  and  a  further  volume 
will  be  issued  quatt«ily  until  the  completion  of  the  work. 

NoTK— A  full  I'rosiec'us  of  the  DICTIONARY  of  NA- 
TIONAL BIOURAl'HY,  with  Specimen  Pages,  may  be  had 
ujK.u  aiJpUcation. 

I\iE\V   VOLLJfE  OF  S\)IT/f,   ELDER  Ac  CO.'S 

PiiPIJLaH  2s.  A\U  2s.  €d.  SERIES. 

Howrea.1y,  fcap.  8vo.  boards,  pictorial  cover,  2s.  ;  and 

limp  red  cloth.  2.s.  6rf. 

WITH    EDGED    TOOLS 


By 


HK.NKY  SKT(JN  MLRUIMAN,  Author  ol  'XheSlaveof 
the  Lamp,'  &c. 

London : 
SMITIJ,  ELrEIl  i  CO.   15,  Waterloo-place,  S.W. 


POPULAR   NOVELS  FOR 
SUMMER  READING. 


SIX  SHILLINGS  EA  CB. 
BY  SIR  HERBERT  MAXWELL,  BART.,  M.P. 

A  DUKE  of  BRITAIN.    A  Romance  of 

the  Fourth  Century.    Third  Edition. 


BY  MRS.  OLIPHANT. 

V7HO   WAS    LOST   and   IS  FOUND. 

Second  Edition.  

BY  R.  D.  BLACKMORE. 

The  MAID  of  SKER.    New  Edition. 


BY  F.  MARION  CRAWFORD. 

SARACINESCA.    Eighth  Edition. 

BY  SYDNEY  C.  GRIER. 

IN  FURTHEST  IND.    The  Narrative 

of  Mr.  Edward  Carlyon  of  Elleswether. 


BY  GRAHAM  TRAVERS. 

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6 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


RICHARD   BENTLEY  &  SON'S 
LIST. 


Notice.— The  TEMPLE  BAR  MAGA- 

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SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ?  Chaps.  4-6.  —  MARIA 
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DEUIDS. -THACKERAY'S  LONDON.  &c. 

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MY    LADY    NOBODY. 

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BASIL  LYNDHURST. 
LOVER  OR  FRIEND?      |      FOR  LILIAS. 
NELLIE'S  MEMORIES. 
BARBARA  HEATHCOTE'S  TRIAL. 
,      HLRIOT'S  CHOICE. 

NOT  LIKE  OTHER  GIRLS. 

ONLY  THE  GOVERNESS. 

QUEENIE'S  WHIM. 

ROBERT  ORDS  ATONEMENT. 

UNCLE  MAX.  I         WEE  WIFIE. 

WOOED  AND  MARRIED. 

MARY  ST.  JOHN. 

By  MARIE  CORELLI. 

A  ROMANCE  of  TWO  WORLDS. 
VENDETTA.  I  THELMA. 

AKDATH.  I  WORMWOOD, 

The  SOUL  of  LILITH. 

By  RHODA  BROUGHTON. 

A  BEGINNEIJ.  |  Mrs.  BLIGH. 

C()METH   UP  as  a  FLOWER. 

GOOD-BYE,  SWEETHEART! 

JOAN.  I  NANCY. 

NOT  WISELY,  but  TOO  WELL. 

RED  as  a  ROSE  is  SHE. 

SECOND  THOUGHTS. 

"  I)0CT(^1{  CUPID." 

I'.ELIXDA.  I  ALAS  ! 

By  MAARTEN  MAARTENS. 

MY  LADY  NOBODY.      |      "  GOD'S  FOOL." 

The  GREATER  GLORY. 

The  SIN  ot  JOOST  AVELINGH. 

An  Ol.n   .'MAID.S  LOVK. 

By  FLORENCE  MONTGOMERY. 


MISUNDERSTOOD. 
THROWN  TOGETHER. 


SEAFORTH. 


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of '  Dr.  Edith  Romney,'  '  The  Winning  of  May,'  &c.    3  vols. 
"  This  is  an  attractive  novel,  deserving  the  popularity  which  readers 
of  fiction  are  eager  to  accord  to  work  that  has  the  attribute  of  '  charm.' " 

Otobe. 

COMING  of  AGE.     By   EUzabeth 

NEAL,  Author  of  '  My  Brother  Basil,'  &c.    2  vols. 
"  There  is  much  that  is  clever  and  bright  In  Mrs.  Ncal's  'Coming  of 
Age.'  "—Manchester  (juardian. 

HER  DEBUT.      By  Mrs.  Herbert 

MARTIN,  Author  of '  Bonnie  Lesley/  '  Suit  and  Service, '  &c.    3  vols. 
"The  writer's  porti-ayal  of  character  is  natural  and  forceful,  while  in 
the  progress  of  the  wholesome  story  the  reader's  interest  and  pleasure 
are  equally  m&.int?iiued." —Dundee  Advertiser. 

LADY  FOLLY.    By  Louis  Vintras. 

I  vol.  crown  8vo.  65. 
"Judging  Dr.  Louis  Vintras's  qualifications  for  contributing  to  the 
high-elasaed  fictional  literature  of  the  day  by  his  brilliant  novel  '  Lady 

Folly  ' he  stands  convicted  of  being  a  subtle  and  genial  humourist, 

endowed  with  a  lively  imagination,  a  happy  turn  for  repartee  and 
epigram,  and  a  remarkable  faculty  for  divining  or  detecting  the  hidden 
springs  and  more  recondite  motives  of  human  action.  "—Z)«z7y  Telegraph. 

A  BACHELOR'S  FAMILY.     By 

HENRY  F.  BULLER,  Author  of  '  Kingsmead.'    3  vols. 
"Mr.  Buller's  handling  of  character  is  excellent.    With  one,  or  per- 
haps two  exceptions,  his  men  and  women,  his  youths  and  his  maidens, 
are  thoroughly  alive,  and  they  are  alive  in  a  very  pleasant  fashion." 

Spectator. 

NEWLY  FASHIONED.   By  Margaret 

CROSS,  Author  of  "I'hyme  and  Rue,'  'Stolen  Honey,'  &c.     2  vols. 
"  The  power  of  love  as  a  purifier  of  mental  baseness  is  the  theme 
which  the  author  developes  with  skill  and  feeling  in  her  latest  novel." 

Morning  Fost. 

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THRBE-AND-SIXPENNY  SERIES. 

Now  ready,  in  1  vol.  crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

BROTHER    GABRIEL.      By   M. 

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DONOVAN  :  a  MoJern  Englishman. 


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blems of  the  Deep  Sea— On  Some  of  the  Results  of 
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On  the  Formation  of  Coal— A  Lobster;  or,  the 
Study  of  Biology— Palaeontology  and  the  Doctrine 
of  Evolution,  &c. 

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— Capital,  the  Mother  of  Labour— Social  Diseases 
and  Worse  Remedies, 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.  London. 


: 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


SATURDAY,  JULY  6,  1895. 
CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Continental  Literature— Belgium,  7;   Bohemia, 

8;   Denmark,    9;    France,    10;    Germany,    12; 

Greece,  16 ;  Holland,  17  ;  Hungary,  19 ;  Italy, 

20  ;  Norway,  21 ;  Poland,  23  ;  Russia,  21 ;  Spain, 

26;  Sweden,  28      7—28 

Coleridge's  Letters 29 

New  Novels  (Billy  Bellew  ;  When  Valmond  came  to 

Pontiac  ;     Recognition ;     Mr.    Trueman's    Secret ; 

Corona  of  the  Nantahalas ;  Rachet6)  ..,  30—31 

Books  on  English  History  31 

Our  Library  Table— List  or  New  Books     32 

•The  Life  and  Letters  of  B.  A.  Freeman';    The 

"  Eminent  Women  Series  "    33 

Literary  Gossip        33 

Science  —  The    Right    Hon.     T.     H.     Huxley  ; 

Societies;  Gossip  a3— 34 

Fine     Arts  —  Communion    Plate     in    the    City  ; 

Library  Table;  The  Royal  Academy;  Sale; 

Gossi'P  34—38 

Music— The  Week  ;    Various   Concerts  ;    Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 38—40 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip         40 


CONTINENTAL  LITERATURE, 

July,  1894,  to  July,  1895. 


BELGIUM. 

In  Belgium  the  past  twelve  montlis  have 
not  produced  many  important  contributions 
to  literature,  strictly  so  called.  In  the 
department  of  social  science  the  harvest  has 
been  far  more  abundant. 

The  second  volume  of  the  late  Emile  de 
Laveleye's  '  Essais  et  Etudes '  is  made  up 
of  articles  which  appeared  from  1875  to 
1882  in  various  Belgian,  English,  and 
French  reviews.  English  readers  will  be 
particularly  interested  by  an  acute  and 
thoughtful  essay  on  Cliffe  Leslie  and  the 
recent  developments  of  political  economy  in 
England  (1881),  and  by  the  articles  which 
deal  with  English  interests  in  ^  Central 
Africa,  Egypt,  and  the  East.  In  '  Emile  de 
Laveleye,  sa  Yie  et  son  (Euvre,'  Count  Goblet 
d'Alviella  has  told  the  story  of  the  great 
Belgian  writer's  intellectual  development 
very  agreeably  indeed.  He  is  fully  able  to 
understand  and  appreciate  the  subject  of  his 
memoir,  and  the  book  is  evidently  written  con 
amove  throughout. 

M.  Hector  Denis,  the  leader  of  the  scien- 
tific Socialists,  who  was  returned  to  the 
Chamber  at  the  last  elections,  has  summed 
up  some  of  the  results  of  his  researches  in 
his  great  book  '  La  Depression  economique 
et  sociale  et  I'Histoire  des  Prix.'  His  col- 
league at  the  University  of  Brussels,  M.  Ad. 
Prins,  has  produced  a  work  of  remarkable 
power  in  '  L'Organisation  de  la  Liberte  et 
le  Devoir  social.' 

The  introduction  of  universal  suffrage  in 
Belgium  has  made  social  questions  all  im- 
portant. Many  writers  have  devoted  them- 
selves to  investigating  the  aspect  of  these 
questions  in  foreign  countries.  To  this 
initiative  are  due  such  books  as  '  Les  Trade- 
Unions  et  les  Associations  professionnelles 
en  Belgique,'  by  Prof.  Ernest  Dubois,  of 
Ghent ;  '  L'Impotsurle  Capital  et  le  Eevenu 
en  Prusse,'  by  M.  G.  Legrand  ;  and  '  Le 
Gouvernement  local  de  I'Angleterre,'  by  M. 
Maurice  Vauthier.  M.  Guillaume  de  Greef 
has  published  a  book  on  '  Le  Transformisme 
social,'  which  discusses  the  development 
and  degeneration  of  societies  from  the  point 
of  view  of  an  extreme  Eadical.  M.  Hubert 
Langerock's    '  Le   Socialisme   agraire '   and 


M.  Ernest  van  Elewyck's  '  Les  Salaires  et 
la  Protection '  must  not  be  passed  over 
unnoticed.  M.  Victor  Brants,  of  the  Catholic 
University  of  Louvain,  tries  to  apply  the 
experience  of  the  past  to  the  present  crisis  in 
his  interesting  volume  '  Les  Theories  econo- 
miques  aux  XIIP  et  XIV  Siecles.' 

The  arts  of  peace  and  war  are  represented 
by  two  important  works  :  '  La  Defense  des 
Etats  et  la  Fortification  a  la  fin  du  XI X*^ 
Siecle,'  by  General  Brialmont,  whose  reputa- 
tion as  an  authority  upon  military  matters 
is  European,  and  '  Les  Ofiices  internationaux 
et  leur  Avenir,'  by  M.  le  Chevalier  Ed. 
Descamps. 

In  the  department  of  ancient  history  two 
books  of  the  first  rank  have  appeared,  which 
will  be  widely  read  abroad :  the  first  is  a 
monumental  treatise  upon  '  Les  Mysteres  de 
Mithra,'  by  Prof.  Eranz  Cumont,  of  Ghent, 
and  the  second  an  '  Etude  historique  sur 
les  Corporations  professionnelles  chez  les 
Eomains,'  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  fall 
of  the  empire,  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Waltzing,  of 
Liege,  a  work  remarkable  for  freshness  of 
idea  and  novelty  of  treatment. 

Prof.  Maurice  de  Wulf,  of^  Louvain, 
has  printed  some  interesting  *  Etudes  sur 
Henri  de  Gand,'  the  doctor  sollemnis  of  the 
thirteenth  century  who  was  one  of  the 
bright  particular  stars  of  the  University 
of  Paris,  and  a  learned  *  Histoire  de  la 
Philosophie  scolastiqiie  dans  les  Pays- 
Bas,'  which  comes  down  as  far  as  the 
French  Revolution.  Dr.  0.  Laurent  has 
niade  a  study  of  '  Les  Universites  des 
Etats-Unis  et  du  Canada,'  especially  of 
their  medical  institutions. 

M.  Ch.  Woeste,  the  head  of  the  old 
Catholic  party  in  Belgium,  has  reprinted  a 
number  of  articles  on  various  questions  at 
issue  in  the  world  of  letters  as  well  as  that 
of  politics  in  his  book  '  A  travers  dix 
Annees  (1885-1894).'  M.  Ladislas  van 
Hoorebeke,  a  young  barrister  at  Ghent,  has 
endeavoured  in  '  Quatre  Ans  d' Evolution 
en  Belgique  (1890-1894)'  to  trace  the 
history  of  the  various  changes  which  have 
taken  place  in  Belgium  during  the  last  few 
years. 

Among  the  numerous  erudite  works  deal- 
ing with  our  national  history,  perhaps  the 
most  considerable  are  the  continuation  of 
the  excellent  '  Bibliotheca  Belgica  '  of  MM. 
F.  Van  der  Haeghen,  Arnold,  and  Van  den 
Berghe,  the  learned  librarians  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Ghent ;  the  eleventh  volume  of 
the  correspondence  of  Cardinal  Granvelle, 
edited  by  M.  Ch.  Piot,  the  Keeper  of  the 
Royal  Archives ;  and  an  important  work 
by  M.  L.  Gilliodts  van  Severen,  Keejier  of 
the  Archives  at  Bruges,  on  the  various  sug- 
gestions made  in  past  times,  particularly 
during  the  sixteenth  century,  for  restoring 
Bruges  to  the  rank  of  a  seaport,  which 
she  held  in  the  Middle  Ages  before 
Sluys  became  silted  up.  The  book  has  a 
special  interest  in  view  of  the  recent  vote 
of  the  Chamber  with  regard  to  the  opening 
of  a  harbour  at  Ileyst,  which  will  raise 
Bruges  once  more  to  her  ancient  position. 

Year  by  year  the  Congo  assumes  a  more 
important  place  in  Belgian  affairs.  Several 
books  relating  to  it  have  appeared  during 
the  past  twelvemonth,  but  none  of  much 
importance.  There  have  been,  however,  one 
or  two  good  volumes  of  travel.  *  A  travers 
I'Afrique  australe,'   by  M.  Jules  Leclercq,  i 


deals  chiefly  with  Cape  Colony  and  the 
Dutch  republics.  '  A  travers  I'Asie,'  by  the 
missionary  Constant  de  Deken,  and  '  Croquis 
amcricains,'  by  M.  J.  Van  den  Heuvel,  have 
also  been  successful.     M.  Paul  Saintenoy's 

*  Notes  de  Voyage  sur  Kent,  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, et  Northampton '  does  not  carry  us 
so  far  afield,  but  is  none  the  less  interesting, 
as  are  also  M.  J.  G.  Freson's  '  L'Allemagne, 
sa  Vie  et  ses  Arts,'  and  M.  H.  Hautecoeur's 
description  of  the  little  republic  of  San 
Marino. 

Discord  reigns  amongst  men  of  letters, 
and  there  is  a  good  deal  of  rather  acri- 
monious controversy  between  the  rival 
literary  magazines,  such  as  La  Jeune 
Belgique,  D  Art  moderne,  Le  Reveil, 
Le  Coq  rouge,  and  others  of  the  same 
tribe.  This  does  not  hinder  veterans  like 
M.  Camille  Lemonnier  and  M.  Edmond 
Picard  from  bringing  out  new  books  ;  and 
their  example  is  followed  by  MM.  Georges 
Eekhoud,  Maurice  Maeterlinck,  Albert 
Giraud,  Emile  Verhaeren,  Jean  Casier,  and 
others,  among  whom  is  a  recruit  to  the 
literary  world,  M.  Sander  Pierron.  While 
M.  Maeterlinck  is  translating  Emerson  and 
Novalis,  his  own  books  are  being  trans- 
lated into  several  languages  of  Europe. 
A  Polish  version  of  his  works  has  just 
been  published,  while  a  German  trans- 
lation of  some  of  M.  Eekhoud's  tales  has 
lately  appeared  at  Stuttgart.  Meanwhile 
death  has  removed  Xavier  de  Reul,  a  man 
who  always  contrived  to  keep  clear  of  literarj 
squabbles.  His  last  publication  was  a  delight- 
ful volume  of  stories,  '  Autour  d'un  Chevalet,' 
which  came  out  last  year.  M.  0.  G.  Destree 
in  '  Les  Proraphaelites  '  has  made  a  study 
of  English  painting  and  decorative  art;  and 
M.  L.  BJirwolf  has  written  a  very  complete 
monograph  on  the  late  Charles  Louis  Hans- 
sens,  one  of  the  greatest  Flemish  musicians 
of  our  time. 

There  have  been  several  important  works 
in  the  dejiartment  of  literary  criticism. 
Far  the  most  ambitious  in  scope  is 
the  '  Histoire  de  la  Litterature  latine 
jusqu'aux  Antonins,'  by  Prof.  Thomas,  of 
Ghent.  His  picture  is  firm  in  outline 
and  brilliant  in  colour.  The  Vicomte  de 
Spoelberch,  in  his  '  Lundis  d'un  Cher- 
cheur,'  supplies  a  good  deal  of  interesting 
gossip  about  George  Sand,  Balzac,  Theophile 
Gautier,  and  other  modern  French  authors. 
Besides     M.    Leonard    Willems's     learned 

*  Etude  sur  1' Ysengrinus  '  and  M.  Maurice 
Maeterlinck's  essays  on  Emerson  and  Novalis, 
I  must  mention  the  interesting  '  Histoire 
politique  et  litteraire  du  mouvement  flamand,' 
by  a  young  professor,  M.  Paul  Hamelius. 
He  has  drawn  an  impartial  sketch  of  the 
efforts  made  by  the  Flemings  in  Belgium  to 
preserve  their  language  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  French,  which  date  from  the 
revolution  of  1830.  The  subject  is  one  of 
the  burning  questions  of  the  day  in  Belgium, 
and  this  book  is  certainly  the  best  which 
has  yet  appeared  upon  it.  It  deserves  to  be 
perused  by  all  those  who  are  interested  in 
the  history  of  races  and  languages. 

Flemish  literature  continues  to  flourish 
side  by  side  with  the  French,  according  to 
the  maxim  of  the  Belgian  poet, 

N'ayons  qirun  co;ur  pour  aimer  la  patric, 

Et  deux  lyres  pour  la  chanter. 

A  number  of  monographs  dealing  with  local 
history,  by  MM.   F.   de  Potter,  L.   Mees, 


8 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6, '95 


Julius  Yuylsteke,  Edm.  Van  der  Straeten,and 
others,  testify  to  the  interest  which  is  taken 
in  the  history  of  Flanders.     The  position  of 
the   Flemish   provinces   in   the    eighteenth 
.century,    both  previous    to   and  during  the 
French  conquest,  has  been  described  by  MM. 
Aug.  Thys,  Th.  Sevens,  and  E.  PofPe.     The 
late  George  Bergmann's  '  Gedenkschriften ' 
(memoirs)  furnishes   a   striking   picture   of 
Flemish-speaking  Belgium  under  the  French 
and  Dutch  rule  up  to  the  revolution  of  1830. 
Literary  criticism  boasts  a  distinguished 
iollower   in    M.    Max   Eooses,  who   in   his 
latest     volume,     '  Letterkundige    Studien ' 
('Literary   Studies'),    discusses    the    prose 
writer  Sleeckx  and  the  poets  Prudens  van 
Duyse,  Julius   de  Geyter,  Jan   van   Beers, 
and   Helene    Swarth,    and    devotes   an   in- 
teresting-   essay   to  the  great   Finnish   epic 
the  '  Kalevala.'     M.  le  Cure  H.  Claeys  has 
called  attention  to  the  merits  of  the  prose 
of  Jan  van  Euusbroec,  the  celebrated  four- 
teenth    century    Brabantine     mystic.      M. 
Julius  Pee,  who  has  made  a  special  study 
of  the  great  Dutch  writer  Multatuli  (Douwes 
Dekker),    has    published   some   interesting 
letters  of  his  hero's  wife,  Tine,  whom  her 
husband   immortalized    in   his   masterpiece 
'  Max  Havelaar '  ( 1 860).     The  writer  of  this 
article,   in  '  Onze  historische  Liederen  van 
voor  de  Hervorming,'  has  investigated  the 
historical  Flemish   songs   dating   from   the 
period  before  the  religious  wars  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  M.  Fl.  van  Duyse  has 
added  eighteen  ancient  melodies  in  modern 
notation.      In   his     interesting   essay    '  De 
Aesthetiek    van    het    lyrisch    Drama,'    M. 
Arthur  Cornette  has  discussed  the  theory  of 
the  new  combination   of  drama  and  music 
-which   has  been  so  successfully  treated  by 
;  Peter   Benoit   in   Flanders    and   Fibich    in 
Bohemia,    upon   the   lines   of   Beethoven's 
'  Egmout,'    Weber's    'Preciosa,'    Mendels- 
sohn's '  Midsummer  Night's    Dream,'    and 
Meyerbeer's  '  Struensee.' 

Besides  numerous  plays — among  which 
'.Palma's  Dochter  '  ('  The  Daughter  of 
Palma  Yecchio '),  by  M.  Frans  Gittens, 
is  one  of  the  best  —  there  has  been  a 
goodly  crop  of  poetry.  I  need  only  men- 
tion the  thre-e  most  important  collections 
of  verso.  Mile.  Hilda  Ram  has  printed 
another  book  of  metrical  tales,  entitled 
'.Nog  eeu  Klaverken  uit's  Levens  Akker ' 
('Another  Spi'ig  of  Clover  from  the  Field 
of  Life').  M.  Emmanuel  Hiel,  one  of  the 
veterans  of  Flemish  poetry,  has  published 
'  Symphonieu  en  andere  Gezangen  '  ('Sym- 
phonies and  otlier  Songs  ') ;  and  M.  Pol  de 
Mont  has  brouglit  out  a  volume  of  varied 
contents,  'L-is,'  which  is  beautifully  illus- 
trated, and  altogether  got  up  in  a  manner 
■  new  to  the  democratic  presses  of  Flanders. 
M.  J.  L.  Haller  has  published  a  meritorious 
translation  of  some  select  idyls  from  Theo- 
critus. 

MM.  Aug.  Snieders  and  L.  van  Eukke- 
lingen,  two  of  the  most  experienced  writers 
of  Flemish  prose,  have  produced  new  works. 
M.  Van  don  I'ergh  has  written  an  historical 
novel  on  tlio  "  Boerenkryg,"  the  insurrection 
of  tlie  peasants  of  Flanders  against  the  con- 
scription of  the  first  French  Republic.  M. 
Gustaaf  Sogers  continues  his  sketches  of  life 
in  tlio  Campino  district.  M.  Cyriel  Buysse, 
in  his  novel '  Sursum  Corda,'  which  has  been 
one  of  the  chief  successes  of  the  year,  de- 
scribes the  life  of  the  upper  classes  in  the 


country.  He  draws  a  vivid  picture  of  their 
narrow-mindedness  and  prejudice,  and  of 
their  complete  subjection  to  the  influence  of 
the  Catholic  clergy.  Mile.  Virginie  Love- 
ling,  the  chief  of  modern  Flemish  prose 
writers,  has  produced  two  works  of  much 
originality  and  power  in  her  novels  '  Eene 
Idylle  '  and  '  De  Bruid  des  Heeren  '  ( '  The 
Bride  of  the  Lord  '),  which  are  at  the  same 
time  exquisitely  simple  and  profound  in 
their  psychology.  Paul  Fredericq. 


BOHEMIA. 


The  hundredth  birthday  of  Paul  Joseph 
Safafik  was  celebrated  on  the  13th  of  May. 
Safaiik,  a  man  capable  of  great  ideas 
and  profound  thought,  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  modern  Bohemia.  His  '  Slavonic 
Archaiology  '  and  '  Slavonic  Ethnology,'  in 
which  he  furnished  the  first  scientific  account 
of  the  oldest  history  of  the  Slavonic  races, 
and  his  other  writings  on  literary  history, 
arclieoology,  and  philology,  his  publication 
of  early  Slavonic  texts,  even  his  poetry,  are 
so  many  proofs  of  his  real  and  varied  genius. 
A  hundred  j-ears  is  a  considerable  space  of 
time,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  note  what  pro- 
gress our  nation  has  made  in  every  respect 
during  this  period.  And  much  of  this  advance 
is  the  result  of  Safai^-ik's  energy  and  his  in- 
defatigable labours  at  the  beginning  of  oiu- 
national  renaissance.  No  wonder  then  that 
Bohemia  honours  his  memory  with  the 
warmest  gratitude.  Several  criticisms  of  his 
works  have  been  published  in  our  scientific 
papers,  and  these  essays  form  at  the  same 
time  valuable  contributions  to  the  history 
of  our  civilization,  and  should  not  go  un- 
noticed outside  Bohemia.  It  is  not  without 
significance  that  at  the  same  time  a  national 
ethnographic  exhibition  has  been  opened  in 
Prague,  which  is  intended  to  show  to  the 
world  the  rich  and  characteristic  individuality 
of  our  race. 

Another  jubilee  (one  of  minor  importance) 
was  also  observed  this  year,  the  twenty-fifth 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  VitSzslav  Halek, 
a  poet  who  had  an  important  share  in  the 
development  of  our  recent  literature.  His 
poetry  has  been  criticized  anew,  and  the 
verdict  of  J.  S.  Machar  is  considered  by 
many  to  be  fair  and  candid,  while  others 
have  raised  a  sharp  opposition  to  his  views, 
and  maintain  that  a  poet  cannot  be  justly 
judged  unless  all  the  circumstances  of  his 
time  are  taken  into  consideration.  At  any 
rate,  the  whole  affair  shows  that  a  spirit  of 
earnest  self-criticism  is  gaining  ground 
amongst  us.  It  is  the  only  means  by 
which  we  can  gain  our  proper  place  in  the 
literature  of  the  world. 

This  by  way  of  introduction.  The  litera- 
ture of  the  past  twelvemonth  is  rich  so  far  as 
heUes-lettrcs  is  concerned.  The  two  volumes 
of  ver.so,  '  Here  Roses  ought  to  Blow  ' 
and  '  Magdalena,'  published  by  the  same 
J.  S.  Machar  whom  I  have  mentioned  above, 
are  the  most  conspicuous  productions  of  last 
year.  The  former  contains  a  series  of 
beautiful  lyrics,  passages  from  the  lives  of 
suffering  women ;  the  latter,  scenes  from  the 
romance  of  a  girl  who,  without  any  fault 
of  her  own,  had  been  thrown  into  the  gutter. 
The  character  of  Magdalena  is  not  over- 
drawn, altliough  boldly  presented.  Machar, 
who  has  long  lield  a  prominent  place  amongst 
our  poets,  is  here  completely  original ;  and 


none  of  his  brother  bards  has  been  able  as 
yet  to  grasp  as  he  does  the  moral  and  social 
problems  of  the  day.  His  poetry  is  part 
of  his  inner  life,  the  residt  of  his  warm 
sympathy  with  human  woe,  and  is  full  of 
truth  and  reality,  sometimes  interspersed 
with  sharp  satire  and  elaborate  analysis  of 
human  nature  and  character. 

Svatopluk  Cech's  '  Songs  of  a  Slave  '  is 
another  important  publication.  Within 
three  or  four  months  it  has  gone  through 
twenty-three  editions,  a  thing  unparalleled 
with  us.  Freedom  and  liberty  are  the  writer's 
themes,  and  therefore  the  interest  his  verses 
have  awakened  is  easily  explained,  con- 
sidering our  peculiar  political  circumstances. 
His  lyrics  have  an  eminently  political  ten- 
dency— the  author  has  himself  acknow- 
ledged this — and  they  have  struck  the  right 
chord.  Seldom  has  a  poet  given  utterance 
to  his  feelings  with  more  bitterness,  or 
raised  his  voice  more  passionately  against 
those  who  tread  down  all  that  is  most  sacred 
to  man  and  nations.  And  the  poet  has  been 
understood.  But  there  was  no  need  to  put 
more  into  his  words  than  he  himseK  in- 
tended, and  in  this  way  to  mar  the  sesthetic 
impression.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  therefore, 
that  these  poems  have  been  greatly  misused 
by  the  public,  whereby  the  author  himself 
has  been  injured  in  some  measure,  although 
no  doubt  his  editions  have  been  more 
numerous  in  consequence.  Jaroslav  Vrch- 
licky  has  published  several  volumes  of 
poems.  In  one  of  them,  entitled  '  Windows 
in  Storm,'  he  turns  (as  he  likes  to  do  at  the 
present  stage  of  his  career)  more  and  more 
to  his  inner  experience,  whereby  his  writings 
become  more  thoroughly  imbued  with  his 
own  individuality.  There  is  also  a  good 
deal  of  pessimism  observable  in  his  lyrics, 
although  he  does  not  allow  it  to  master  him 
completely.  Very  much  of  the  same  stamp 
are  his  '  Asters,'  and  another  little  book 
with  the  significant  title  '  Before  I  become 
Silent  for  Ever,'  which  appear  to  be  due  to 
the  influence  of  foreshadowings  of  the  ap- 
proach of  age,  relieved  only  by  the  happy 
consciousness  of  a  life's  work  well  accom- 
plished. Besides  these  another  book  by 
him  has  appeared,  '  New  Fragments  of  an 
Epic,'  a  poetical  rendering  of  the  most 
varied  motives  from  the  history  of  mankind, 
merely  a  book  of  impressions  without  any 
uniting  idea. 

Adolf  Heyduk  has  printed  a  collection  of 
'  Wanderings,'  devoted  to  impressions  of 
nature,  and  perhaps  more  descriptive  than 
poetical.  A  series  of  lyrics,  A.  Klastersky's 
'  Heart  and  Soul,'  read  very  smoothly,  and 
leave  the  impression  of  calm  satisfaction  ; 
but  there  is  too  much  commonplace  senti- 
ment and  superficiality.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  this  poet's  '  Viols  of  the  Night.' 
A  new  oesthetic  school,  the  Decadents, 
was  proudly  introduced  in  J.  Karasek's 
'  Walled-up  Windows,'  but  there  is  singularly 
little  true  feeling  in  them.  In  0.  Bfezina's 
little  book  '  Mysterious  Distances '  may  be 
found  several  pieces  of  real  poetical  beauty. 
(3ervinka's  '  Landscapes  and  Tempers  '  are 
in  some  degree  rather  crude,  and  this  may 
also  be  said  of  Cenkov's  '  Year  of  Solitude.' 
Julius  Zeyer  has  furnished  fresh  proof  of 
his  characteristic  individuality  in  four  stories 
contained  in  a  little  volume  called  'Renovated 
Pictures.'      His   subjects   are    taken    from 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


V 


the  sunny  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
worked  out  in  his  well-known  fanciful  vein, 
in  virtue  of  which  he  keeps  aloof  from  the 
realities  of  every-day  life.  Zeyer  has  also 
begun  to  publish  a  series  of  romantic  lays 
about  Charlemagne,  which  came  out  sepa- 
rately in  various  magazines ;  now  they  ap- 
pear under  the  title  of  '  Karolinska 
Epopeje.' 

The  writers  of  fiction  have  not  been  idle 
either,  being  especially  diligent  in  writing 
stories  of  family  and  country  life.     A  wel- 
come addition  to  our  literature  is  found  in 
the  second  part  of  M.  Havel's  '  Memoirs  of 
Philip     Kofinek,    Student     of    Philology,' 
which  is  fully  equal  in  acute  observation 
and   accurate    description   of    character    to 
the  first  part,  published  last  year.     A.  E. 
Muzik's    '  Euins    of    Life '    contains  some 
simple    but    touching    pictures    of   human 
misery.     K.    V.    Pais    describes    in    '  For- 
gotten   Patriots '    some    of   the   best    and 
noblest,    though   imacknowledged    workers 
in  the  national  cause.     The  same  author's 
pictures  of  highland  life,  under  the  title  of 
'  Toil,'    are  marked   by   the   warm-hearted 
feeling   which  characterizes  him.     Kloster- 
mann's  story  '  From  the  World  of  Forest 
Solitudes '    introduces    the    reader    to    the 
depths    of     the    Bohemian    Forest,    while 
another   of  his  tales,   perhaps   the   best   of 
them,  '  In  Search  of  Good  Fortune,'  treats 
of  the   life    of   Bohemians    who   reside   in 
Vienna,  which  is  to  many  of  them  a  foreign 
soil.      'In  the  Third  Courtyard,'  by  K.  M. 
Capek ;    Kukla's  new  book,  *  From  all  the 
Corners  of  Prague';  and  Hladik's  pictures, 
'  From   the    Atmosphere    of   Prague '    and 
'  Third  Love,'  all  describe   various    details 
of  life  in  Prague.      J.  Arbes  has  come  out 
with  a  new  romanetto,  '  The  Last  Days  of 
Humankind,'     and    a    social    story    called 
'  For   a    Brother    Socialist.'     M.    SimaSek 
adheres  to  his  favourite   theme  of   factory 
life  in  a  powerful  tale,    '  The  Soul   of   the 
Factory.'     J.  Svatek  proves  his  love  for  the 
historical   novel    in    '  Secrets    of   Prague '; 
Kolda  Malinsky   describes  country  life  '  In 
a  Village ';    F.   X.  Svoboda   draws  chiefly 
from  his   own  fancy  in  his  *  Stories  of  Dif- 
ferent   Frames    of    Mind';    Kun^ticka   has 
published   'Little  Idyls';    and  '  PeU-Mell,' 
by  Ig.  Herman,  is  full  of  wit  and  humour. 
Readers  of  tender  age  have  been  presented 
with   a  very  nice  collection   of  '  Historical 
Tales  of  the  Bohemian  Peojile,'  written  by 
Aug.  SedlaCek,  and  forming  the  first  number 
of  a  new  series  of  instructive  and    amusing 
reading  conducted    by  Fr.   Bi'ly.       '  Songs 
and  Stories  for  Children  '  and  '  Great  Bells 
and  Small,'  by  J.  V.  Sladek,  are  also  wel- 
come   additions    to    the     juvenile    library. 
On   the   other  hand,  the    drama  is   poorly 
represented. 

Our  savants  have  been  most  active.  Tomek's 
I  History  of  the  City  of  Prague  '  has  reached 
in  the  tenth  volume  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  I.; 
Rezek  has  finished  his  history  of  Bohemia  in 
the  reigns  of  Ferdinand  III.  and  Leopold  I. ; 
the  fourth  volume  of  Emler's  *  Regesta,'  up  to 
the  reign  of  Charles  IV.,  has  been  published  ; 
and  Palacky's  epoch-making  work  is  appear- 
ing in  a  new  edition.  An  Historical  Magazine, 
the  want  of  which  has  long  been  felt,  is  now 
being  conducted  by  Goll  and  Rezek  ;  a  nice 
pendant  to  this  is  the  newly  founded  maga- 
zine of  the  Bohemian  Geographical  Society. 


Z.  Winter  continues  his  history  of  costumes 
in  the  Bohemian  territories,  and  Zibrt  has 
written  a  '  History  of  Dancing  in  Bohemia, 
Moravia,  and  Silesia.'  Other  important 
publications  are  being  continued,  such  as 
A.  Sedlac-ek's  '  Castles  of  Bohemia,'  Jar. 
VlSek's  '  History  of  Bohemian  Literature,' 
Otto's  encyelopcedia  ('Slovni'k  nau^n  '), 
&c.  Several  valuable  works  are  being  issued 
by  the  Bohemian  Academy  of  Science,  Art, 
and  Literature,  especially  by  the  section 
for  Mathematics  and  Natural  Sciences. 
Political  questions  of  the  time  are  treated 
in  T.  G.  Masaryk's  little  book  '  The 
Bohemian  Question,'  which  is  considered  by 
some  people  a  regular  catechism  of  our 
necessities  and  duties.  It  certainly  collects 
into  a  volume  and  critically  sifts  various 
thoughts  which  have  been  expressed  by 
others  in  different  places.        Jajst  Krejci. 


DENMARK. 


It  is  a  most  curious  thing  to  notice  how 
quickly  literary  methods  and  movements 
change  nowadays.  Evolution  is  proceed- 
ing with  a  growing  rapidity  in  literature  as 
in  so  many  other  spheres  of  human  activity. 
Views  and  theories  which  seemed  new  and 
dazzling  to  the  public  only  ten  or  fifteen 
years  ago  have  already  faded  and  are  out 
of  favour  to-day.  And  yet  they  have 
scarcely  been  practically  tried ;  they  have 
not  had  time  to  imbue  the  artist's  mind  with 
their  peculiar  colour  and  tone,  simply 
because  feverish  brains  have  devised  some- 
thing new  and  striking  which  they  are  now 
eagerly  engaged  in  forcing  upon  the  army 
of  readers,  who  are  becoming  more  and  more 
confused  with  all  these  novelties. 

It  is  questionable,  however,  whether  this 
state  of  things  is  in  the  long  run  propitious 
to  art.  For  true  as  it  is  that  art  (and  I 
am  only  speaking  of  literature  as  far  as  it 
can  be  deemed  artistic)  will  now  and  then 
crave  for  excitement,  it  cannot  live  by  it. 
Great  art  in  very  many  cases  has  been 
produced  without  any  theory  whatever, 
and  theories  are  afterwards  deduced  from 
the  work  by  systematizing  brains.  For 
they  are  inborn  in  every  work  of  art ;  but 
where  naked  theories  are  discussed  with  a 
persistence  which  predominates  over  the 
interest  in  art  itself,  it  is  reasonable  to  sus- 
pect decay  and  decline. 

An  over-stimulated  nervousness  is  not 
absolutely  the  proper  frame  of  mind  for 
producing  good  and  great  work  or  for 
enjoying  it.  The  true  poet  is  always  some- 
thing of  a  recluse,  and  a  certain  freedom 
from  encumbrance  one  of  the  conditions  for 
the  production  of  real  art ;  but  the  author 
who  is  continuously  stirred  by  the  demand 
for  novelties,  and  whose  head  is  filled  with 
the  din  of  newspaper  and  magazine  dis- 
cussion and  the  inevitable  club  conversa- 
tion, is  not  likely  to  bring  forth  works  of 
lasting  literary  merit.  The  deepest  fountains 
of  art  lie  in  a  man's  own  self  and  have  often 
been  found  by  people  who  did  not  seek, 
never  by  people  who  listened  to  the  clamour 
of  the  market  and  who  acted  according  to 
the  motto  of  the  day. 

Such  considerations  make  themselves  felt 
now  and  then  when  contemplating  the  de- 
velopment of  recent  years.  We  Danes  have 
had  too  much  inquiring  into  methods,  and 
we  have  passed  a  period  in  which  there  has 
been  much  less  heed  paid  to  an  author's 


endowments  than  to  his  "  views  "  and  party, 
political  or  literary.  This  last  misconcep- 
tion at  least  seems  to  be  vanishing  as  poli- 
tical interest  diminishes. 

I  have  in  a  former  article  mentioned  that 
while  some  time  ago  verse  was  considered 
in  Denmark  a  lower  form  than  prose  and 
an   obsolete  vehicle  for  the    expression  of 
feelings,  there  has  of  late  been  a  change, 
and  several  young  men  are  cultivating  verse 
successfully ;   still  upon  the  whole  a  trans- 
formation of  the  foundations  of  our  intel- 
lectual life  is  taking  place.  In  fiction — where 
some  years  back,  in  the   golden  age  of  un- 
adulterated  realism,  ideas   and   everything 
which  had  a  touch  of  abstraction  were  ex- 
communicated —  there   is  now  a   tendency 
towards  symbolism  and  sundry  vague  forms 
of  mysticism.     Even  the  strongest  advocate 
of  unmitigated  naturalism  and  the  rancid 
truth  of  our  own  day.  Dr.  Edvard  Brandos, 
astonished  the  world  by  making  consider- 
able concessions    to    the    "new  taste"   by 
transferring  the  scene  of  one  of  his  latest 
comedies  to  a   sort    of  dreamland,  and   of 
another  to  the  ancient  days  of  the  North, 
although  his  school  had  previously  asserted 
that  historical  fiction  was  a  delusion,  and 
that  nobody  could  picture  any  other  time 
than    his    own.      Again,   the    poet  Holger 
Drachmann — although,  to  be  sure,  he  was 
never  a  professed  member  of  the  naturalist  ■ 
school — has  handled  in  '  Volund  Smed  '  a  • 
tradition  from  the  elder  Edda,  which  had 
been  better  treated,  it  seems  to  me,  in  the 
commencement   of   the    century    by   Adam 
Oehlenschlager,   the  father  of  our  modern 
literature.      For    eminent    as    Drachmann 
unquestionably    is     as     a    poet,    it    is    in 
short  lyrics  that  the  brilliancy  of  his  style 
and  imagery   is  most  perceptible,    and   he 
seldom,  if  ever,  succeeds  in  his  larger  works, 
though  they  often  comprise  marvellous  pas- 
sages.   But  what  is  especially  to  be  objected 
to  in  '  Volund  Smed ' — the  whole  style  and 
make  of   which  strongly  remind  me   of   a 
libretto — is  the    exuberant  and    somewhat 
sentimental   sensuousness    which    pervades 
the  work,  and  seems  strangely  opposed  to 
the   rigorous  chastity   that   is    one  of    the- 
principal  features  of  the  sagas  and  tradition 
from  ancient  Scandinavia. 

A  beautiful  collection  of  poems  has  been, 
published  by  Johannes  Jorgensen  under  the 
name  of   '  Bekendelse '(' Confessions').     If 
the  title  should  lead  any  one  to  expect  some- 
thing piquant  and  resembling  what  Rousseau 
and  others  have  confided  to  the  world  under 
that  title,  he  will  be  disappointed.  The  poems 
are  principally  the  work  of  a  pious  hermit, 
whose  piety  nevertheless  is  more  that  of  au 
artist  than  of  a  monk.    He  is  quite  as  ready  t;> 
perform  his  devotions  in  the  green  tabernacle 
of  the  wood  as  in  the  whitewashed  churcli. 
A  characteristic  of  this  author,  as  of  others 
of    the   younger    generation,  is    a    certain 
monotony   and    a   total   absence   of   ideas ; 
everything  is  emotional  with  them,  and  there 
is  a  tone  of  archaism  in  their  imagery.  Otto 
C.  Pons  has  related  in  '  Angelina '  a  littlf 
Italian  love    story  (scarcely   deserving  the 
name   of    story),    which    affords    him    the 
opportunity    of     depicting     in     melodious 
verso    Italian    scenery,    and    the    beautic;*- 
of  nature  as  well   as  of  art.     A  collection 
of    poems,    especially    sonnets,    under    the 
name  of  '  Ekko '   ('Echo'),  has  been  pub- 
lished by  the  writer  of  these  lines. 


10 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'*  3532,  July  6,  '95 


There  is  a  certain  decline  in  the  produc- 
tion of  novels  ;  yet  I  must  say  that  there 
neyer  •was  a  great  number  of  novel-writers 
in  our  country,  at  least  of  such  as  could 
advance  signal  claims  to  attention.  Of 
course  there  are  manufacturers  here  as 
elsewhere,  who  produce  their  family 
stories  with  the  regularity  of  a  machine  ; 
hut  a  flood  of  shilling  shockers  like  the 
English  we  are  spared.  A  good  and 
rather  lengthy  novel  has  been  published 
under  the  name  of  'Hjarl'  by  Mr.  Einar 
Christiansen,  the  editor  of  lUustreret  Tidende, 
the  best  of  our  illustrated  magazines.  The 
book  is  by  no  means  sensational,  but  recounts 
plainly  and  quietly  the  story  of  a  young 
man  from  his  boyhood  in  a  rich,  aristocratic, 
but  somewhat  monotonous  home,  his  hopes 
and  strivings  and  his  disappointments  and 
shortcomings,  telling  it  in  an  earnest  tone, 
which  moves  the  reader  without  being  in 
the  least  sentimental.  Besides,  this  book 
possesses  a  merit  which  is  not  generally 
common  among  Danish  authors — clever  study 
of  character,  which  especially  manifests  itself 
in  the  portrayal  of  a  young  Norwegian 
"  Jente,"  with  whom  thegood  Hj  arl  unhappily 
falls  in  love  when  he  visits  Norway.  This 
enchantress — an  unfathomable  mixture  of 
over-ripe  modernism  and  girlish  flippancy,  of 
womanly  inquisitiveness  and  ladjdike  self- 
assertion — is  a  lifelike  figure.  It  is  upon 
the  whole  the  forte  of  this  author  that  he  is 
able  to  paint  young  ladies  "  as  they  really 
are,"  and  almost  all  his  works  bear  witness 
to  his  ability  in  this  respect.  In  '  The 
College  Years  of  Yilhelm  Vang  '  S.  Schan- 
dorph  has  treated  a  similar  theme  in  a  very 
different  wa3^  He  dwells  especially  upon 
the  humorous  situations  for  which  his  theme 
gives  opportunity,  picturing  the  hidden 
opposition  between  inherited  culture  and 
the  modern  plutocracy. 

The  skilful  author  of  military  stories, 
P.  F.  Rist,  whom  I  have  mentioned  in  an 
earlier  article,  wrote  this  year  a  volume  of 
tales  under  the  title  of  '  Jonathan,  and 
other  Stories,'  and  has  proved  once  again 
what  a  happy  touch  he  has  in  picturing 
youthful  manliness  and  bravery. 

As  for  books  on  literature,  the  year 
has  furnished  a  crop  uncommonly  rich  in 
quality.  There  are  at  least  two  volumi- 
nous studies  of  more  than  usual  ability: 
a  monograph  on  Swedish  Romanticism  (the 
literature  of  the  first  half  of  the  present 
century),  a  beautiful  book  written  in  a 
somewhat  rough  style,  by  V.  Vedel,  and  a 
large  monograph  on  Poul  Moller,  a  Danish 
poet  of  the  same  period,  by  Vilhelm 
Andersen,  a  3'oung  and  promising  student 
of  our  literature.  That  he  overrates  his 
hero  is  a  thing  which  has  befallen  other 
people,  and  sometimes  the  very  best,  before 
him ;  and  when  the  proverb  asserts  that 
"  love  makes  blind,"  it  is  a  most  question- 
able truth,  as  the  opposite  might  as  well  be 
said. 

In  this  connexion  I  may  also  mention 
that  Karl  Larson,  a  young  tcsthete,  has 
edited  the  '  Lettres  portuguaises '  of  Sister 
Marianna.  In  an  introduction  he  states 
the  pros  and  cons  for  the  authorship  of 
the  letters,  and  ends  by  maintaining  the 
lady's  claims  to  them.  The  book  is  orna- 
mented with  illustrations  of  the  scenes 
where  her  love  affair  took  place,  and  with 
portraits  of  the  hero  and  of  the  heroine  at 


her  writing-table.  Good  as  these  illustra- 
tions are,  yet  they  to  a  certain  extent  con- 
trast with  the  book  itself,  in  which  there 
beats  a  living  heart,  whereas  the  illustra- 
tions only  serve  to  show  the  helpless  immo- 
bility of  the  century  in  the  rendering  of 
human  figures  and  faces. 

Alfred  Ipsen. 


FRANCE. 

Literary  activity  in  France  continues  to 
be  extremely  prolific ;  indeed,  the  output  be- 
comes greater  in  quantity  year  by  year,  but 
it  would  scarcely  be  true  to  say  that  during 
the  last  twelve  months  its  quality  has  been 
either  exceptionally  brilliant  or  of  particu- 
larly solid  merit.  In  some  seasons'  crops 
the  heads  of  corn  are  very  plentiful,  but  very 
light — a  great  deal  of  straw,  but  very  little 
grain.  Nevertheless,  there  have  appeared 
a  certain  number  of  books  of  sufficient 
interest  to  claim  attention,  while  no  excuse 
is  necessary  for  leaving  out  of  consideration 
the  long  tale  of  hastily  written,  and  stiU 
more  hastily  conceived,  works  of  which  the 
booksellers'  catalogues  are  full. 

The  publication  of  memoirs  is  still  the 
fashion.  Everybody's  sons  and  grandsons 
are  busy  ransacking  the  family  desks  and 
drawers  in  the  search  for  letters  and  other 
"  remains  "  of  their  forbears.  They  would 
be  better  advised  to  exercise  a  more  rigorous 
selection  and  not  to  imagine  that  the  age  of 
a  document  is  a  necessary  warrant  for  its  pub- 
lication. Publishers  must  follow  the  fashion  ; 
but  fashion  is  essentially  fickle,  and  there 
is  the  danger  of  the  public's  becoming  sur- 
feited with  reminiscences  which  possess  no 
genuine  historical  value ;  moreover,  indica- 
tions are  not  wanting  of  the  imminence  of  a 
departure  from  a  fashion  which  has  been 
flagrantly  abused. 

Amongst  historical  works  which  are 
worthy  of  the  appellation  a  place  of  honour 
must  be  assigned  to  the  '  Memoires  du  Chan- 
celier  Pasquier,'  of  which  two  new  volumes 
have  appeared.  The  last,  which  deals  with 
the  year  1830,  is  the  more  remarkable  of 
the  two,  as  containing  entirely  fresh  revela- 
tions as  to  the  part  played  by  Louis  Philippe 
during  the  Revolution  of  July  and  the  in- 
trigues of  his  sister,  Madame  Adelaide,  in 
whom  the  Duke  d' Orleans  may  be  said  to 
have  found  his  Lady  Macbeth.  The  Duke 
d'Audiffret-Pasquier,  who  is  editing  these 
memoirs  of  his  uncle,  is  apparently  unde- 
cided as  to  whether  he  shall  print  the  mate- 
rial— a  mere  collection  of  notes — which  deals 
with  subsequent  events  during  the  monarchy 
of  July.  It  is  quite  possible  that  these  notes 
are  extremely  summary  in  nature,  but  it  is 
also  highly  j^robable  that  they  are  far  from 
flattering  to  King  Louis  Philippe  and  his 
Government. 

Another  work  which  has  been  enriched 
by  the  appearance  of  two  more  volumes 
is  the  '  Memoires  du  General  Thiebaud.' 
They  are  much  loss  graphic  than  their 
predecessors,  but  still  are  well  stocked 
with  interesting  detail.  Above  all,  they 
afford  unquestionable  proof  that  disci- 
pline was  very  soon  relaxed  in  the  highest 
grades  of  the  imjierial  army.  In  Napoleon's 
presence  it  was  strictly  enforced;  but  his 
absence  was  always  the  signal  for  a  fresh  and 
vigorous  outburst  of  personal  spite  and 
jealousy. 


There  is,  besides,  a  good  deal  of  interest- 
ing information — although  most  of  it  is 
already  familiar  to  those  who  know  the  sub- 
ject— in  the  military  memoirs  of  General 
Paulin,  General  Fantin  des  Odoards,  and 
General  Roch-Godard.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  most  productive  period  is  still  that  of  the 
Revolution  and  Empire.  Special  mention 
must  be  made  of  the  memoirs  of  Marshal  de 
Castellane,  every  page  of  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  spirited  and  plain-spoken  old 
soldier  who  served  the  first  Napoleon  in  the 
field  and  the  third  at  Court. 

The  memoirs  of  Barras  have  been  rather 
a  disappointment.  His  scandalous  chatter 
offers  no  serious  revelations  ;  the  man,  save 
for  his  performances  on  the  9th  of  Thermidor, 
was  one  of  the  most  vulgar  figures  in  the 
history  of  the  Revolution,  and  his  untrust- 
worthiness  as  an  historian  is  only  equalled 
by  his  duplicity  as  a  statesman.  A 
good  deal  of  curiosity,  too,  had  been 
excited  by  the  prospect  of  the  publication 
of  the  memoirs  of  Larevelliere-Lepeaux,  but 
it  turned  out  that  the  most  interesting  parts 
had  already  been  used  by  Thiers  and 
Michelet  in  their  histories  of  the  Revolution, 
and  the  rest  was  hardly  worth  knowing. 

Contemporary  history  takes  its  full  share 
of  the  historical  publications  of  the  day, 
and  just  now  the  Second  Empire  seems  to 
be  the  favourite  field  for  research.  M.  de 
la  Gorce,  the  author  of  an  interesting  his- 
tory of  the  Republic  of  1848,  has  started 
upon  a  '  Histoire  generate  du  Second  Em- 
pii'e,'  of  which  two  volumes  have  already 
appeared.  He  is  a  conscientious  writer, 
well  up  in  his  facts  and  for  the  most  part 
judicially  impartial.  M.  Emile  Ollivier  has 
published  the  first  volume  of  '  L' Empire 
liberal,'  which  will  include  the  history  of 
his  own  ministry  and  the  war  of  1870  up 
to  the  4th  of  September.  It  is  an  apology 
for  the  ill-omened  policy  which  ciilminated 
in  such  terrible  disaster.  M.  Alfred 
Duquet  continues  his  '  Histoire  militaire  du 
Siege  de  Paris  par  les  Prussiens ' ;  he  criti- 
cizes the  part  played  by  General  Trochu 
with  a  severity  which  is  perhaps  not  wholly 
deserved,  but  his  book  is  none  the  less  the 
most  important  work  dealing  with  the  war 
of  1870  which  has  yet  been  published  in 
France.  General  Lebrun's  posthumous 
book  on  his  secret  embassy  to  Vienna  con- 
tains interesting  revelations  :  Napoleon  III. 
had  no  sooner  succeeded  in  helping  Prussia 
and  Italy  to  crush  Austria  than  it  became 
his  principal  aim  to  induce  Austria  and 
Italy  to  join  himself  against  Prussia  and 
Northern  Germany. 

Among  the  other  historical  works  of  the 
year  only  one  deserves  special  mention,  the 
Duke  de  Broglie's  book  on  the  Austrian 
alliance.  This  is  an  exceedingly  interesting 
contribution  to  the  diplomatic  history  of  the 
times  of  Louis  XV.  and  Maria  Theresa. 
Those  who  have  criticized  the  Duke  de 
Broglie's  policy  most  severely  should  be  the 
first  to  admit  that  he  is  as  successful  in 
writing  history  as  he  was  imsuccessful  in 
making  it. 

Political  publications  have  been  extremely 
numerous.  In  the  first  rank  come  the 
posthumous  works  of  J.  J.  Weiss,  especially 
the  volume  entitled  '  Combats  constitu- 
tionnels.'  This  is  a  collection  of  articles 
which,  though  merely  contributions  to  the 
journalism  of  the  moment,  are  the  work  of 


N*'  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


11 


an  historian  of  singular  sagacity  and  pene- 
tration.    M.  Spuller,  who  was  Minister  of 
Public      Instruction      when     M.     Casimir 
Perier    was    Premier,    has    collected     the 
addresses   which   he   delivered   during   his 
term  of  office,  one  of  which  is  the  famous 
discourse  on  the  '  New  Spirit.'   In  his  preface 
M.  Spuller,  with  feelings  which  his  readers 
will  readily  share,  furnishes  an  account  of 
the  part  which  he  took  in  the  formation  of 
M.   Perier's   cabinet,   and    in    the    latter's 
nomination   to   the   presidency  of   the   Re- 
public.    His  description  of  the  determined 
opposition  which  M.  Perier  offered  on  both 
occasions  to  the  projects  of  his  friends  goes  far 
to  explain  the  suddenness  of  that  statesman's 
subsequent  resignation  ;  but  the  history  of 
the  incident  has  yet  to  be  written.    M.  Rene 
Millet,  in  his  '  L'Expansion  de  la  France,' 
treats  the  question  from  a  lofty  standpoint. 
He  is  a  diplomatist  by  profession,  and  not 
only   knows    his    subject    thoroughly,    but 
discusses   it   in   a    manner   which    is   both 
luminous  and  brilliant.     M.  Robiquet  con- 
tinues  his   important  edition   of   M.    Jules 
Perry's  speeches.     The  third  volume  is  de- 
voted almost  entirely  to  the  preparation  and 
discussion  of  the  "  Lois  Scolaires."     Under 
the  title  '  Souverainete  du  Peuple  et  Gou- 
vernement'     M.    Eugene     d'Eichthal     has 
brought    out     a    courageous    work     upon 
the  conditions  necessary  to  government  by 
democracy.     The  author  is  a  Liberal  of  the 
old   school,    and   does   not   confuse   liberty 
with  licence.     He  holds  that  liberty  cannot 
exist  without  authority,  and  takes  care  not 
to  confound  administrative  decentralization, 
which  is  becoming  more  of  a  necessity  every 
day,  with  political   decentralization,  which 
is  merely  a  mask  for  federalism.     He  loves 
Democracy  so  well  that  he  is  not  afraid  to 
tell  her  frankly  that  she  is  not  infallible. 
It    requites    as    much   courage  —  perhaps 
even  more — to  tell  such  home  truths  to  the 
"Tyran   Tons,"  as  Victor   Hugo  called  it, 
as   to  the  "  Tyran   Un   Seul."     M.  Emile 
ChevaUier,  in  a  book  to  which  a  prize  has 
rightly   been    awarded    by    the    Institute, 
has   summed   up   the   history  of   the   Poor 
Law,  which  he  discusses  and  criticizes  with 
notable    acuteness.     M.   Yves   Guyot    con- 
tinues his  campaign  against  Socialism  with 
an  ardour  which  shows  no  sign  of  abate- 
ment.   His  latest  pamphlets  directed  against 
what  he  so  justly  calls  the  "Tyrannie  so- 
cialiste"   are   equally  remarkable   for  wit 
and  good  sense.      On  the  other  hand,  M. 
Clemenceau's   book  on  '  La  Melee  sociale ' 
is  nothing  but  rant  from  beginning  to  end. 
M.  Joseph  Chailley-Bert  has  made  a  col- 
lection of  the  social  laws  which  have  been 
passed  by  the  Third  Republic.     His  book 
is  a  crushing  rejoinder  to  those  who  com- 
plain of  the  egoism  of  the  society  which  has 
sprung  from  the  loins  of  the  Revolution. 

The  only  philosophical  publication  worth 
mentioning  is  the  collection  of  MM.  Beaunis 
and  Binet,  entitled  'L'Annee  philosophique.' 
The  notion  of  this  publication  is  most  praise- 
worthy, and  it  deserves  to  succeed.  The 
discussion  aroused  by  M.  Brunetiere's  article 
in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  on  the  failure 
of  science  will  not  have  been  forgotten. 
M.  Brunetiere  has  issued  this  article,  which 
is  more  moderate  in  tone  than  its  title  would 
imply,  in  a  separate  form,  and  M.  Berthelot 
has  done  the  same  with  his  reply. 

Studies  in  literary  criticism  are,  as  usual, 


exceedingly  numerous.  M.  Larroumet,  who 
was  formerly  Director  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- 
Arts,  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  con- 
nexion between  art  and  literature  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  M.  Gaston  Paris  has 
published  his  lectures  on  the  poetry  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  M.  Monod,  the  editor  of 
the  Revue  Historique,  has  united  in  one 
volume  his  studies  of  Taine,  Renan,  and 
Michelet.  He  knew  the  three  great  writers 
intimately,  and  has  told  the  story  of  their 
literary  and  philosophical  life  with  that 
serene  impartiality  which  is  his  distinguish- 
ing characteristic.  His  essay  on  Michelet  is 
particularly  successful,  and,  indeed,  possesses 
all  the  elements  of  finality.  M.  Jusserand 
continues  his  series  "Les  Grands  Ecrivains 
Frangais,"  in  which  modern  authors  try  to 
do  justice  in  two  hundred  pages  to  the 
great  writers  of  the  past.  The  latest  volumes 
have  been  M.  Paul  Stapfer's  '  Montaigne,' 
Madame  Darmesteter's  '  Froissart,'  M.  Chu- 
quet's  'Rousseau,'  M.  Lintilhac's  'Lesage,' 
M.  Bourdeau's  'La  Rochefoucauld,'  and 
M.  d'Haussonville's  '  Lacordaire.'  My  own 
contribution  to  the  series  was  a  volume 
on  Diderot.  In  the  '  Livre  du  Centenaire 
de  I'Ecole  Normale '  the  old  pupils  of  that 
institution  have  told  its  history  and  that  of 
the  principal  men  of  letters  and  politicians 
who  were  educated  within  its  walls. 

For  some  time  French  publishers  have 
made  a  speciality  of  important  illustrated 
works  upon  the  history  of  art.  It  would 
be  difficult  in  any  other  country  to  find  more 
beautiful  books  than  M.  Miintz's  '  Raphael,' 
M.  Michel's  'Rembrandt,'  or  M.  Gruyer's 
'  Salon  carre.'  To  the  firm  of  Hachette 
belongs  the  credit  of  having  produced  some 
of  the  finest  works  of  this  class,  and  their 
publications  are  as  remarkable  for  their 
moderate  price  as  for  their  exquisite  taste. 

The  most  important  of  their  undertakings, 
the  '  Histoire  de  I'Art  dans  I'Antiquite,'  by 
MM.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  has  now  reached 
its  sixth  volume,  which  brings  us  to  the  end 
of  the  Mycenasan  period.     This  volume  is 
the  longest  of  the  series,  but  it  is  perhaps 
the  most  interesting.     M.  Perrot  is  a  stylist 
as   well   as   a   savant.      He   is   occasionally 
rather  prolix,  but  his  prose  is  always  limpid 
and  elegant.     He  has  many  of  the  qualities 
which  rendered  the  writings  of  Beule  so  popu- 
lar thirty  years  ago,  and  in  addition  knows 
a  great  deal  about  many  things  of  which 
his  predecessor  was  almost  entirely  ignorant. 
So  far  as  the  illustrations  are  concerned, 
the    '  Histoire    ancienne    des    Peuples    de 
I'Orient  classique,'   by  M.    G.  Maspero,    is 
even  better  than  MM.  Perrot  and  Chipiez's 
great  history.     The  world  has  long  known 
M.    Maspero   as    a    scholar   of   remarkable 
attainments,  but  in  this  book  the  eminent 
Egyptologist    proves    himself   a   writer   of 
unusual  ability.     His  style  is  concise  and 
nervous,   and  he  seldom  indulges  in  mere 
rhetoric.     He  has  just  that  sense  of  method 
and  order  which  is  so  admirably  adapted  to 
the  subjects  of  which  he  writes,  and  is  so 
rare  among  scholars   of   his  calibre.      His 
elaborate  system  of  foot-notes  (in  which  he 
differs  from  MM.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  who 
rarely   use   them)   enables  him  to  consign 
to    the   bottom    of    the    page     everything 
which  is  simply  reference  or  criticism.     AH 
the  main  part  of  his  book  is  as  readable  as 
a  book  of  travels,  straightforward,  simple, 
and  full  of  fresh"at?tail«.     It  would  be  diffi- 


cult indeed  to  find  a  better  cicerone  than. 
M.  Maspero.  The  simple  directness  of  his 
style  often  leads  him  to  the  happiest  turns 
of  expression,  and  some  day  his  descriptions 
of  the  valley  of  the  Nile  will  take  their 
place  in  a  collection  of  "  Elegant  Extracts" 
as  examples  of  word-painting  as  felicitous 
as  it  is  sober  in  colour. 

The  third  work  of  which  mention  must  be 
made  is  M.  Miintz's  '  Histoire  de  I'Art  pen- 
dant la  Renaissance  italienne, '  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1 895.   The  first  volume  was  devoted 
to  the  pre-Raphaelites,  the  second  embraced 
the  Golden  Age,  and  the  third  treats  of  the 
close  of  the  Renaissance,  so  far  as  it  is  pos- 
sible to  speak  of   the  close    of  that  great 
process  of  evolution  of  which  the  Renais- 
sance was  merely  an  episode.     M.  Miintz  is 
completely  master  of  his  subject.     Learned 
as    he   is,   he    keeps  his    erudition    within 
bounds,  and  his  book  will  be  just  as  muck 
at  home  upon  a  drawing-room  table  as  upon 
the    shelves    of    a    library.     He    has    not 
attempted  to  correct  or  rewrite  the  stupen- 
dous work  of  Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle.      He 
adopts  the  view  of  the  historian  of  civilization 
rather  than  that  of  the  critic.     His  happy 
gift  of  reconstructing  the  artist's  environ- 
ment, and  pointing  out  the  links  which  con- 
nect him  with  the  manners  and  ideas  of  his 
period,  renders  him  an  admirable  guide  to 
the  study  of  Italy  during  the  most  brilliant 
period  of   her   history.      His   magnum  oput 
possesses  much  of  the  spirit  of  Barckhardt, 
and  deserves  at  least  as  wide  a  poj^ularity 
as  that  of  his  German  prototype  (see  Athen. 
No.  3526). 

My  brother,  M.  Salomon  Reinach,  has 
published  the  second  volume  of  his  '  De- 
scription raisonnee  du  Musee  de  Saint  Ger- 
main,' which  is  devoted  to  the  bronzes  of 
Roman  Gaul.  The  first  volume  of  M.  Col- 
lignon's  '  Histoire  de  la  Sculpture  grecque ' 
reaches  to  the  epoch  of  Phidias.  This  book 
is  full  of  information,  and  is  besides  in- 
formed with  the  completest  sympathy  for 
the  Greek  genius.  M.  Gaston  Boissier  in. 
his  '  L'Afrique  romaine '  has  collected  a 
number  of  important  essays  dealing  with, 
the  history,  geography,  civilization,  and 
art  of  the  country.  His  book  contains  the 
results  of  the  minute  and  careful  investiga- 
tions undertaken  by  various  French  archaeo- 
logists since  Leon  Renier  in  Algeria  and 
Tunis.  It  is  written  with  much  simplicity 
and  charm.  It  seems  as  if  the  author  of 
'  Ciceron  et  ses  Amis '  could  never  grow  old- 
I  must  not  forget  a  work  of  serious  aim 
by  M.  Gayet  on  Persian  art,  and  M.  Robert 
de  la  Sizeranne's  eminently  readable  essays 
upon  contemporary  English  painters. 

Travellers  seem  nowadays  to  travel  only 
for  the  purpose  of  recording  their  impres- 
sions. M.  Paul  Bourget's  American  trip 
produced  two  stout  volumes,  entitled  '  Outre- 
Mer.'  Americans  are  delighted  with  the 
book,  and  Parisians,  who  never  know  any- 
thing about  what  goes  on  outside  the  fortifi- 
cations, ought  to  learn  a  good  deal  from 
it.  M.  Pierre  Loti's  'Jerusalem'  and  '  Le 
Desert'  are  examples  of  his  poetic  and  de- 
scriptive power  as  delightful  as  anything  he 
has  ever  given  us. 

Poetry  this  year  has  been  as  abundant  as 
ever.  One  volume  was  immediately  recog- 
nized as  something  out  of  the  common,  and 
its  author,  who  is  still  very  young,  may  be 
classed  at  once  among  the  poets  of  whom  we 


12 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3532,  July  6,  '95 


have  a  right  to  be  proud.  '  Pleureuses,'  by 
]\r.  Henri  Barbusse,  is  less  a  series  of  pieces 
than  one  long-  poem  purely  subjective  in  tone, 
and  couched  in  the  form  of  a  reverie,  telling 
of  the  charm  of  mourning  and  shadows,  of 
solitude  and  sorrow.  The  young  poet's  form  is 
simple,  his  diction  is  chaste,  and  he  possesses 
a  nice  sense  of  the  means  to  an  end — qualities 
which  are  doubly  welcome  as  being  in  general 
•conspicuously  absent  from  the  works  of  the 
hierophants  of  our  new  schools  of  poetry. 
Besides  this  really  important  volume,  I  may 
mention  '  Arethuse,'  a  new  book  of  verse  by 
M.  Henri  de  Eegnier,  a  literary  grandson 
of  Andre  Chenier ;  a  complete  edition  of 
M.  Francois  Fabie's  rustic  poems ;  the  charm- 
ing 'Noels'  of  M.  Maurice  Bouchor ; 
M.  Catulle  Mendes's  rather  affected  book  of 
veise  'La  Grive  des  Vignes';  and  even 
the  new  naturalistic  scenes  by  the  song- 
writer Aristide  Bruant. 

As  for  novels,  it   seems  as  if   this  year 
there  were  more  of  them  than  ever.  Scarcely 
a  day  passes  without  a  new  one  appearing. 
But  though  the  crop  is  a  heavy  one,  when 
-  the  sheaA^es  are  made   up   there  are  more 
tares   than    wheat.     One   thing  strikes   me 
very  forcibly,  that  year  by  year  our  novel- 
ists' faculty  of  observation  becomes  whetted 
to   more  merciless   acuteness.      M.    Marcel 
Pievost  in  '  Les  Demi-Yierges '  has  drawn 
a  dark  picture  of  the  depravation  of  girls 
who  only  succeed  in  resisting  temptation  so 
far  as  is  consistent  with  bringing  un  capital 
noDivml  to  their  husbands.  In  '  L' Armature ' 
M.    Paul    Hervieu    analyzes   with    pitiless 
severity   the  connexion    between   love    and 
-money.     In    '  L' Education   de   Prince'    M. 
Maurice  Donnay  shows  us,  with  abundance 
-of  dry  humour,  the  kind  of  advice  which  a 
.man  of  the  world  gives  to  a  dethroned  prince 
who  comes  to  Paris  to  amuse  himself.     M. 
Henri  Lavedan  in  '  Marionnettes,'  M.  Alfred 
Capus   in   '  Annees    d'Aventures,'    and   the 
late  Paul  Foucher  in  '  Eechain,  Avare,'  prove 
themselves   disciples    of   the    same   school. 
M.    Leon    Daudet    in     'Les     Morticoles' 
falls  tooth  and  nail  upon  the  medical  pro- 
fession.    He  evidently  wishes  to  pose  as   a 
serene  and    incorruptible  moralist,   but   he 
mistakes  violence  for  vigour,  and  rancorous 
spite  for  -judicial  austerity. 

M.  Alphonse  Daudet's  new  novel  has  been 
'  eagerly  awaited.     A  dangerous  iUness  had 
•  kept  the  famous  novelist  for  a  long  time  in 
-an  enforced    retirement,  and  since   his  re- 
covery  he   had   published    nothing   but    a 
translation   of    the    private    journal    of    a 
young    Provencjal    peasant    of     a    poetical 
turn   of    mind,    which   he   had   discovered. 
M.   Daudet's   great  talents  are  still  unim- 
paired.    'La  petite  Paroisse '  is   certainly 
not  one  of  his  finest  books,  but  much  of  it 
is  in  his  best  vein,  and  it  contains  passages 
■of  incomi')arable  pathos. 

The  most  brilliant  work  of  the  past  year 
is  undoubtedly  M.  Anatole  France's  '  Le 
Lys  rouge.'  It  is  true  that  we  are  getting 
rather  tired  of  aristocratic  liaisons,  and  some 
passages  in  this  book  are  outrageously 
licentious.  But  it  is  a  flawlessly  beautiful 
piece  of  prose,  and  the  descriptions  of 
Florence  are  a  series  of  exquisite  pictures. 
No  one  has  ever  succeeded  in  conveying  the 
peculiar  cliarm  of  that  delightful  city  more 
•completely  tlian  M.  Franco.  He  has  besides 
published  a  volume  of  philosophical  "  cau- 
.series,"  'Le  Jardin  d'Epicure,'  and  a  book 


of  tales,  '  Le  Puits  de  Sainte-Claire,'  which 
are  subtly  tinged  with  the  poetical  scep- 
ticism of  Penan. 

I  must  mention  also  '  Myrrha,'  a  de- 
lightful tale  by  M.  Jules  Lemaitre ;  two 
interesting  psychological  studies  by  M. 
Edouard  Pod,  '  Le  Silence '  and  '  Les 
Poches  blanches,'  and  one  by  M.  Abel 
Hermant,  '  Eddy  et  Paddy '  ;  M.  Frangois 
Coppee's  melancholy  '  Contes  tout  simples'; 
M.  Ferdinand  Fabre's  pretty  village  sketches 
'  Mon  Ami  Gaffarot '  and  '  Taillevent,'  the 
latter  an  idyl  of  singular  charm  ;  M.  Andre 
Theuriet's  woodland  story  '  Paternite '  ; 
two  tales  of  the  sunny  South,  '  Domnine ' 
and  '  Les  Demoiselles  de  Lire,'  by  M.  Paul 
Arene,  the  laureate  of  Provence ;  M.  Paul 
Margueritte's  novel  '  Fors  I'Honneur';  and 
a  volume  of  tales  by  M.  Hugues  Le  Eoux, 
'  Le  Festejadou,'  which  are  graceful  if  a 
trifle  affected.  Joseph  Eeixach. 


GEEMANY. 

This  year's  literature  was  not  born  under 
auspicious  planets.  Saturn,  the  cruel  god 
who  devours  his  own  children,  is  set  down 
in  the  calendar  as  its  presiding  lord.  If 
but  a  small  part  of  the  year's  literary  off- 
spring, though,  as  usual,  excessive  in 
amount,  can  maintain  itself  on  the  stream 
of  time,  and  even  among  this  no  hidden 
Zeus  is  reserved  for  the  future,  it  must 
console  itself  with  Schiller's  Wallenstein 
by  the  reflection  that  more  than  half  the 
blame  may  be  laid  to  the  chai'ge  of  the 
"  unlucky  planets." 

German  oak  forests  grow  bare  in  winter, 
but  the  forest  of  German  poets  is  of  ever- 
green oaks.      Germans   do   not   catch   and 
devour  the  singing  birds  as  other  nations 
do  ;  they  cherish  their  native  singers,  and 
tame  the  foreign  ones.     In  Swabia,  where 
the  thrushes  and  nightingales  are  at  home 
— in  the  Harz  and  Thuringia,  whence  come 
the  canaries — the  lyrical    army,  which,   at 
any  rate  in  the  opinion  of  the  poets  them- 
selves, is   also  a  "Salvation  Army,"  arises 
afresh  every  year.    In  the  course  of  a  single 
quarter  of  a  year,  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
hundred  collections  of  lyrical  poetry  have 
seen   the    light,    besides   numerous    antho- 
logies and  selections,  among  which  0.  Braun's 
'  Cotta'scher  Musenalmanach,'  in  accordance 
with  its  old  reputation,  is  the  best,  and  next 
to  it  a  periodical  devoted  solely  to  German 
poetry,    which    is   well    edited    by   K.    E. 
Franzos,  the  able  author  of  '  Halb-Asien.' 
Among  the  former  the  most  remarkable  are 
the    new   poems  collected   under   the    title 
'  Offenbarungen,'    by   the    eloquent    lyrist 
Alberta  von  Puttkammer,  and  the  posthu- 
mous poems  of  the  once  celebrated  Viennese 
author  Betty  Paoli,  who  died  in  the  course 
of   the  year,  now    published   by  a   friend, 
which     are     distinguished     by     depth    of 
conception,  warmth  of  feeling,  and  smooth- 
ness    of     form.      The    new    collection    of 
poems     by      Hermann      von     Gilm,    who 
died    nearly  half    a   century    ago,    but    is 
still     remembered     in     his     fair     Tyrolese 
home,  is,  in  spite  of  the  wealth  of  its  con- 
tents, not  equal  in  value  to  the  first,  issued 
by  Ambros   Mayr  five   years    ago.     It   in- 
cludes   some   unrevisod   poems,    and   some 
occasional  pieces  of  little  interest  to  wider 
circles,  which  stand  in  startling  contrast  to 
the    numerous   melodious   love-poems    and 
flaming  odes  of  wrath,  t;'       lyrical  pearls 


suggestive  of  national  songs.  Kindly 
humour  and  local  colouring  are  the  key- 
notes of  the  charming  songs,  breathing 
warmth  of  feeling,  dedicated  by  Albrecht, 
Graf  Wickenburg,  author  of  'Tirolerhelden,' 
under  the  title  '  Mein  Wien,'  to  the  "fair 
blue  Danube  city."  In  Carl  Busse's  poems 
honours  hitherto  accorded  to  spring,  for 
which,  as  H.  Heine  says,  "every  counter- 
jumper  grows  enthusiastic,"  fall  to  the  lot 
of  the  hot,  ripe  summer ;  instead  of  shy, 
gentle  calf-love,  we  have  the  full  flame  of 
passion.  This  latter  trait,  common  also  to 
the  latest  school  of  poetry,  the  "Moderns," 
reappears  in  an  excessive  degree  in  the 
erotic  outpourings  of  Felix  Diirmann,  a 
powerful,  but  nervously  over -wrought 
genius,  on  which  he  has  himself  bestowed  the 
characteristic  title  '  Neurotika.'  A  further 
step  in  this  direction — up  to  the  very  fron- 
tier, or  even  beyond  it — is  taken  by  a 
disciple  of  the  former  and  a  kindred  spirit, 
Paul  Fischer,  whose  master  introduced  him 
to  the  public,  in  his  "outpourings  of 
heart  (?),"  collected  under  the  title  *  HaUu- 
cinationen,'  to  whose  vigorous  but  rough 
manner  might  be  applied  Heine's  definition 
of  love,  "  a  star  in  a  heap  of  manure." 

An  age  like  ours,  hastening  on  in  furious 
speed  towards  a  goal  which  is  rather  desired 
than   understood,   scarcely   seems    to    offer 
room    for   the    easy    breadth   of   epic    exe- 
cution,    or     for     depth      of     thought     in 
didactics.     It  is  the  more    surprising  that 
the  list  of  this  year's  books  furnishes  ex- 
amples of  both  kinds,  remarkable  both  in 
subject  and   execution.      '  Eobespierre  ' — a 
"modern  epic"  by  the  young  lady  Marie 
Eugenie  delle  Grazie,  a  native  of  Hungary, 
but  living    at   Vienna,    whose   twenty-four 
cantos  fill  two  stately  volumes — is  impres- 
sive both  in  subject  and  size  ;  the  thought- 
ful   poem    '  Faust    und    Prometheus,'    by 
Hermann  Hango,  is  remarkable  for  its  form 
and    contents.       The    French    Eevolution, 
whose  results  are  felt  even  at  the  present 
day,  may  still  be  called  "  modern"  ;  Eobes- 
pierre, the  Hamlet  of  the  Eevolution,  who 
"is  pushed"   more  than    he  "pushes,"  is 
better  suited  for  an  epic  than  a  dramatic 
hero.     The    late    Eobert    Hamerling    and 
his   predecessor  E.   Griepenkerl   attempted 
to  dramatize    him,   and  in  both  cases   the 
result  has  been  that,  in    spite  of   history, 
Eobespierre   is  overcome  in  the  drama  by 
Danton.     Even  in  the  epic    before    us  the 
preference  of  the  author  for  the  supposed 
"saviour"    of    the    down -trodden    people 
could   not  prevent  the  "dreamer"  Eobes- 
pierre from  being  cast  into  the  shade  by 
St.    Just,    conscious    of    his    purpose,    by 
Danton,  energetic  in  action,  and  by  Marat 
the   fanatic.      In    an     eloquent    prologue, 
dated    from     the    neighbourhood     of     the 
Colosseum  at  Eome,  the  author  does  honour 
to  the  originators  and  victims  of  the  historic 
ideas  of  the  Eevolution  as  successors  of  the 
martyrs  of  the  Christian  belief  and  prede- 
cessors of  the  victims  of  the  social  doctrine. 
This  tendency  is  the  key-note  of  the  historical 
philosophy,  tinged  with  modern  science  and 
historical  evolution,   in  the  light   of  which 
the  author  developes  her  conception  of  the 
French  Eevolution   in  a  series    of    varied, 
effective  pictures,  sometimes,  however,  de- 
generating   into  coarseness,  and  these  she 
expressly  lays  down  in    the  twelfth  canto, 
entitled  "  Mysteries  of  Humanity  "  ("  Mys- 


W  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


13 


terien   der  Mensclilieit").     In    the   choice 
and  execution  of  the  scenes  the  author  has 
proceeded   with    rare   and    admirable    ob- 
jectivity ;    neither   the  vices    of    the  Court 
party  nor  the  passions  of  the  populace  are 
disguised  or  palliated.     The   heroic  figure 
of   Marie    Antoinette,    whose    noble   mind 
overcomes  the  temptations  to  which  she  is 
exposed,  and  the  suffering  figure  of  the  king 
— awakening  pity  when  on  the  throne,  sym- 
pathy when  in  the  prison — are  treated  with 
the  same  justice  and  receive  the  same  promi- 
nence  as   Mirabeau,  the   self-seeking,   and 
Lafayette,  the  self- denying  popular  leader  ; 
the  Gironde,  with  its  aristocracy  of  intellect ; 
and   the  "continuous    movement"    of   the 
Jacobins,  devoting  themselves  to  the  guillo- 
tine.    Glowing    imagery  and   lifelike   pre- 
sentation   prevail.     Too    little    trouble  has 
been  bestowed  upon  the  metrical  form.    The 
author   has    chosen    neither    the    dignified 
hexameter  of  Homer  nor  the  artistic  stanza 
of  Tasso,  but    instead  she  uses  the  heroic 
metre    of    Milton.     The     desire    of    being 
"modern,"  in  the  sense    of  a  realism  and 
naturalism  which  shrinks  from  nothing,  has 
led  the  poet   into    daring    expressions  and 
descriptions  —  e.ff.,    in    dealing    with     the 
September   massacres    and   the  worship  of 
Reason — from  which  even  the  boldest  male 
pen  would  recoil.     She  has  yielded  to  the 
temptations  which  belong  to    her  subject. 
None  such  was  offered  to  the  author  of  the 
didactic  and    scientific    poem    '  Faust    und 
Prometheus.'     His  Faust  is  not  Gretchen's 
Faust,  but  his  "  grandson";  it  is  not  love- 
making,  but  investigation  of  the  universe, 
that  engages  him ;    Prometheus,   the  thief 
of  fire,  kindles  the  torch  for  him,  too,  which 
illumines  the  darkness  of  the  eternal  riddle 
of  nature  and  humanity.     Dealing  with  the 
science  of  to-day,  whose  teachings  he  renders 
in  luminous  parables  and  melodious  verses, 
the  poet,  with  commendable  outspokenness, 
declares  himself  against  the  lawlessness  that 
follows  in  its  train  as  well  as  the  gloomy 
pessimism  which  is  built  up  upon  it.     In 
eloquent  language  he  pleads  for  a  "  plan 
in  nature  "  in  opposition  to  both,  according 
to  which   "germs  of  better  worlds"   shall 
spring  from  the  dust  of  this  earth  and  its 
human  race  in  union  with  the  universe. 

In  comparison  with  works  of  such  deep 
historical  and  philosophical  meaning  as  the 
two  just  named,  the  other  narrative  poems  of 
the  3'ear — such  as  Held's '  Tannhussere  Reci- 
divus,'  marked  by  a  strongly  erotic  character, 
which  has  nothing  in  common  with  the 
genuine  '  Tannhjiuser,'  except  Yenus's  hill, 
and  is  far  from  depicting  a  St.  Elizabeth  ; 
and  Johannes  Trojan's  humorous  sketch, 
which,  though  amusing,  is  too  fragrant 
of  the  tavern,  '  Das  Wustrower  Konigs- 
schiessen  ' — are  tolerably  insignificant.  A 
young  Austrian  poet,  Hans  Falke,  who, 
like  his  compatriot  E.  Marriott,  is  an 
authority'  on  the  spiritual  life  of  his  country's 
priesthood,  has  added  to  his  half  -  comic, 
half-tragic  priestly  idyls  '  Der  Stiftsnoviz 
von  Kremsmiinster '  and  '  Pfarrer  Haber- 
mann,'  a  new  one  under  the  title  '  Fiat 
Lux,'  which  is  in  no  way  inferior  to  its  pre- 
decessoi's. 

The  day  of  iambic  tragedy  seems  to  be 
past.  Tragedy  has  made  way  for  domestic 
drama,  verse  for  prose,  though,  alas !  not 
the  prose  of  Lessing  with  its  nervous  brevity, 
but  the  prose  of  Ibsen  with  its  studied  com- 


monplace. The  dialect  which  L.  Anzen- 
gruber  and  G.  Hauptmann  employ  in  plays 
dealing  with  the  life  of  the  people  produces 
a  plastic  effect  and  ensures  a  realistic  appear- 
ance. The  purposely  flat  and  unstudied  lan- 
guage of  some  modern  plays  is  only  exceeded 
by  the  banality  of  their  action.  The  sexual 
problem  is  to  the  fore  in  them.  '  Das 
Miirchen,'  by  Arthur  Schnitzler,  treats  of 
the  same  problem  as  Fr.  Hebbel's  '  Maria 
Magdalena.'  The  fall  of  the  beloved  woman 
is  a  circumstance  which,  as  this  latter  re- 
marks, "no  man  can  condone."  Conse- 
quently the  betrayed  lover  in  Hebbel's 
"domestic  tragedy"  forsakes  his  fallen 
beloved,  and  she  puts  herself  to  death.  In 
Schnitzler's  drama  he  also  forsakes  her,  but 
not  until,  in  spite  of  her  fall,  he  has  tasted 
of  her  charms.  Hebbel's  lover  is  not 
generous,  but  he  is  just ;  Schnitzler's  lover 
is  base  and  contemptible.  The  fact  that 
the  fall  of  the  girl  is  no  "  fiction  "  does  not 
give  the  man  a  right  to  regard  her  repent- 
ance as  a  "  fiction."  The  man  who  has  sunk 
to  the  condition  of  a  "Louis"  has  no  right 
to  treat  the  fallen  woman  as  a  wench. 

The  '  Schmetterlingsschlacht,'  the  comedy 
brought  out  this  year  by  Sudermann,  the 
author  of  '  Heimat,'  who  has  risen  so  quickly 
to  fame,  is  more  suggestive  of  a  contest 
between  loathsome,  poisonous  spiders  than 
one  between  light  but  lovely  butterflies.  All 
the  characters  in  the  play,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  naively  innocent  Rosi,  who  is 
simply  addressed  as  "the  sheej)"  by  her 
own  family,  are  more  suggestive  of  creatures 
of  the  former  than  of  the  latter  kind.  The 
spiders  are  an  unconscientious  pander  of  a 
mother,  who  stretches  out  her  net  to  catch 
rich  husbands  for  her  three  daughters,  and  a 
heartless  usurer  of  a  father,  who  extends 
his  feelers  to  secure  a  poor  but  pliant  wife 
for  a  son  crushed  by  the  misery  of  his  youth. 
Only  the  youngest  daughter — who,  in  spite 
of  her  odious  surroundings,  has  remained 
pure,  the  creator  of  the  "  butterfly-battles  " 
with  which  she  adorns  dainty  silk  and 
wooden  fans,  in  order  to  procure  a  liveli- 
hood for  herself  and  her  f amil}'— has  a  trace 
of  the  butterfly  about  her.  The  mother's 
baseness  is  only  exceeded  by  the  shameless- 
ness  of  the  go-between,  who  enters  into 
intimate  relations  with  the  eldest  daughter — 
who  believes  that,  as  a  widow,  she  may  "  do 
as  she  pleases  " — and  yet  brings  her  the  pro- 
posal of  marriage  in  the  name  of  the  old 
man,  but  at  the  same  time  demands  and 
obtains  from  her,  as  compensation,  a  rendez- 
vous at  a  champagne  supper.  The  lamb-like 
nature  of  the  youngest  daughter,  who  de- 
scribes herself  by  a  stronger  name,  is  only 
excelled  by  the  shy,  yielding  disposition 
of  the  bridegroom,  who  loves  Rosi,  and  yet 
suffers  himself  meekly  to  be  betrothed  to 
the  worthless  Else.  The  fault  of  both  the 
nakedness  of  the  evil  and  the  weakness  of 
the  good  is  laid  to  the  charge  of  realism, 
which  is  supposed  to  represent  things  as 
they  are,  but  in  reality,  as  we  have  a  right 
to  assume  for  the  honour  of  the  German 
nation  and  the  city  in  which  the  author 
places  the  scene  of  his  action,  represents 
them  as  worse  than  they  are.  The  justifica- 
tion for  calling  this  play,  with  its  repellent 
subject  and  characters — which,  if  it  repre- 
sents the  truth,  affords  deep  insight  into 
moral  depths  of  society  —  a  comedy  is 
supposed  to  consist  in  the  fact  that  the  in- 


tentions of  the  bad  persons  are  frustrated  by 
the  lucky  chance  which  makes  the  man  a 
witness  of  the  shame  of  his  betrothed,  and 
happily  brings  about  the  union  of  the  good, 
in  spite  of  their  sheep-like  nature. 

The  work,  which  was  represented  for  the 
first  time  simultaneously  on  two  of  the  chief 
German  stages,  was  a  failure  in  Berlin  and 
a  success  at  Vienna.     The  author's  friends 
attribute  this  to  the  slow  and  noisy  mode  of 
representation  at  Berlin  ;  his  enemies  set  it 
down  to  the  brilliant  and  attractive  acting 
at  Vienna.     Perhaps  the  solution  of  these 
contradictions  lies  in  the  circumstance  that 
undue  prominence  was  assigned  in  the  north 
to  the  harsh  social  picture  represented  in 
this  as  in  the  author's  other  plays  '  Ehre,' 
'  Sodom's  Ende,'  '  Heimat,' — in  the  south  to 
the  fantastic  comedy  which  the  title  seems 
to  indicate.     The  social  problem  which  is  in 
fashion   nowadays    also    plays  the  leading 
part  in  Max  Nordau's  drama  '  Die  Kugel ' 
and  in  L.  Fulda's  comedy  '  Die  Kameraden,' 
and  in  both  the  result  is  the  opposite  of  that 
which  the  authors  intended.     The  hero  of 
the   former — who    strives    after   rank    and 
wealth,  is  ashamed  of  his  poor  but  honest 
mother,  and  is   burdened  at   every  step  by 
his  low  origin,  as  the  galley-slave  is  by  his 
clog — is  meant  by  the  author  to  be  a  tragic 
figure,  but  is  deservedly  merely  contemptible. 
The  heroine  of  the  latter — who  longs  for  free 
love,  and  forsakes  her  philistine  but  worthy 
husband  for  the  sake  of  a  worthless  and  in- 
constant "comrade"  chosen  of  her  free  will — 
is  meant  by  the  author  to  be  sublime,  but, 
rightly  also,  appears  merely  absurd.     The 
fact  that  the  former  proceeds  along  his  road 
to  crime,   and   is  only  saved    by  the   self- 
sacrifice  of  the  mother  whom  he  has  denied, 
while  the  latter,  proceeding  on  hers,  loses 
her  "  comrade,"  and  by  separation  helps  her 
despised  husband  to  a  better  wife,  reduces 
these  two  plays — in  spite  of  the  high  claims 
they   make    to    "  modernness,"    and    much 
against  the  authors'  will — to   the   level    of 
Iffland's    emotional    and    domestic    pieces, 
which    were   supposed   to    be   long   out    of 
date. 

Sudermann  the  dramatist  attained  but  a 
doubtful  success  with  the  performance  of 
the  'Schmetterlingsschlacht';  Sudermann 
the  novelist  has  triumphed  this  year  over 
all  his  rivals  with  his  novel  '  Es  war,' 
which  has  gone  through  seven  editions  in 
one  year.  While  the  star  of  his  most  famous 
predecessors,  Spielhagen,  Dahn,  &:c.,  is 
waning,  that  of  the  author  of  '  Sorge,'  '  Der 
Katzensteig,'  'Im  Zwielicht,'  and  '  lolantha's 
Hochzeit '  is  rapidl}-  rising.  The  idea  at 
the  basis  of  the  novel  '  Es  war '  is  tragic, 
and  a  surprising  one  for  a  modern  dramatist 
(since  these  as  a  rule  decline  to  believe  in 
"wrong  and  atonement"),  viz.,  that  every 
wrong  is  atoned  for  on  earth.  The  hero 
has  committed  adultery  with  an  attractive 
but  superficial  woman,  shot  her  husband  in 
a  duel,  and  fled  to  South  America.  That 
"was"  five  years  ago,  and,  believing  that 
he  himself  has  in  the  mean  time  become  a 
changed  man  and  hoping  that  grass  will 
have  grown  over  the  past  at  home,  he  re- 
solves to  return  to  his  neglected  estate.  But 
he  has  to  learn  by  experience  that  that 
which  "  was  "  does  not  cease  to  be,  and  that 
ho  himself  as  well  as  the  frivolous  woman, 
who  has  mean  time  become  the  wife  of  his 
best  and  most  self-denying  friend,  are  still 


14 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3532,  July  6, '95 


what  they  were.     Feeling  that  his  powers 
of  resistance  will  not  hold  out  long,  and  yet 
prevented  by  a  last  remnant  of  shame  from  be- 
traying faith  a  second  time  and  wronging  his 
most  faithful  friend,  he  persuades  his  former 
fellow  sinner  to  join  him  in  death,  and  thus 
help  to   avert    the   inevitable    catastrophe. 
But    the    shallow    woman,    who    did   not 
shrink  the  first    time  from   sacrificing  her 
honour  to  her  sensual  pleasures,  hesitates 
no  more  on  this  occasion  to  have  recourse 
to  treachery  and  lies  in  order  to  save  her 
life,  and  she  therefore  calls  on  her  husband 
for  help,  and  declares  to  him  that  his  friend 
has  attempted  to  do  her  violence  against  her 
will.    Although  the  falsehood  of  this  accusa- 
tion is  brought  to  light,  and  the  inevitable 
duel  between  the  men  is  prevented  by  an 
accident,  and  the  hero  has  an  opportunity 
of  proving  that,  in  spite  of  silence  and  want 
of  candour,  his  heart  has  remained  faithful 
to  his   friend,  whUe  the  unworthy  object  of 
their  quarrel  is  got  out  of  the  way,  still  the 
friends  are  kept  apart  by  that  which  "  was," 
and  the  author  leaves  us  to  decide  whether 
the  hero  succeeds — through  the  love  of  a 
splendid  girl  and  worthy  woman,  between 
whom  and  himseK  there  "was"  no  past, 
but  in  whose  eyes  he  "is"  everything — in 
rousing  himself  to  fresh  power  and  new 
courage,  and  whether  that  which  had  come 
between  the  old  friends  ever  lost  its  sting. 
The   contrast   between    the   guilty    couple 
and  the  guiltless — the  latter  of  whom  has 
done  no  wrong,  and  therefore  has  nothing 
to  repent  of,  while  in  the  case  of  the  former 
the  man  does  not  wish  to  repent,  and  yet 
never    escapes   from    his    repentance,    but 
the  woman  feigns  repentance,  yet  in  reality 
never  repents  at  all — is  admirably  depicted. 
A  deep  moral  tone  breathes  through   the 
whole  ;  the  descriptions  of  the  country  and 
the  people  that  appear  in  it  have  a  North 
German,    or    to    be    more    accurate    East 
Prussian  character ;  the  local  colouring  of 
the  language,   the  mode   of   thought,   the 
conduct  of   life,   are  singularly  successful. 
When  the  author  lets  go  the  reins  of  his 
satire  in  the  description  of  the  aristocratic 
provincial  society,  of  the  self-conscious  but 
hoUow  life  of  the  pastors  and  curates,  of  the 
unscrupulous  Polish  "gentleman"  (?),   he 
paints  classic  cabinet  pictures  of  a  Dutch 
character;  when  he  turns  lovingly  to   the 
contemplation  of  old-fashioned  but  honest 
domesticity,  he  produces  portraits  of  German 
domestic   and  family  life  which  appeal  to 
our  hearts.     His   personages  have  a  life- 
like   character    which    is    wanting    in     F. 
Spielhagen's    last     novel,     'Stumme     des 
EQmmels.'       Spielhagen's    fertile   field    of 
activity  was  the  novel  with  a  political  pur- 
pose ;    in  the  period  of  political  inactivity 
which  followed  on  the  excitement  of  1848 
his    noveHstic     creations     '  Problematische 
Naturen,'     'Durch      Nacht    zum     Licht,' 
*  Hammer    und    Ambos,'   '  In    Eeih'    und 
Glied,'  and  '  Allzeit  Voran,'  which  aimed  at  a 
great  future  for  the  German  nation,  exer- 
cised an  inspiring  and  cheering  effect.  When 
the  goal  was  attained  in  the  re-birth  of  the 
German  empire,  a  pause  set  in,  due  in  part 
to  a  temporary  exhaustion  of  power,  such 
as  was  perceptible  in  the  novel   'Angela,' 
in  part  to  inward  disapproval  of  the  course 
which  events  had  taken,  as  shown  in  the 
retrospective  novel  '  Der  neue  Pharao.'    His 
latest  work  possesses  neither  a  political  nor 


a  social  purpose ;  it  only  deals  with  a 
question  of  society,  and  a  tolerably  well- 
worn  one,  being  an  onslaught  on  aristocratic 
prejudices.  A  middle-class  governess,  who 
bewitches  every  one  by  her  intellectual  and 
physical  charms,  is  loved  by  a  young  noble- 
man, equally  remarkable  in  his  own  way. 
They  are  fully  worthy  of  each  other,  but 
the  hero  is  married  to  a  lady  his  equal 
in  rank,  and  the  prejudice  of  birth  stands 
in  the  way  of  a  divorce  which  would 
enable  him  to  wed  one  socially  below  him. 
Both  prefer  to  drown  themselves.  They 
become  "dumb  denizens  of  heaven,"  says 
the  author,  using  an  expression  of  Jean 
Paul's,  because  "no  god  has  given  unto  them 
to  say  what  they  suffer."  And  they  there- 
fore choose  the  everlasting  silence  as  their 
lot. 

The  "professorial  novel"  seems  to  be 
played  out;  neither  Ebers'slast,  'Cleopatra,' 
nor  Dahn's  '  Julian  der  Abtriinnige,' 
has  succeeded  in  effacing  the  memory  of 
its  predecessors.  The  death  of  Gustav 
Freytag  in  the  course  of  the  year  has  de- 
prived German  literature  of  the  man  whose 
popular  play  '  Die  Journalisten'  first  brought 
the  German  journalist  on  the  stage,  while 
his  novels  *  Soil  und  Haben '  and  '  Die 
verlorene  Handschrift'  repeatedly  intro- 
duced to  society  the  German  merchant 
and  the  German  professor.  In  his  many- 
volumed  work  *  Die  Ahnen,'  which  traces 
the  development  of  a  German  family 
through  the  whole  history  of  the  German 
nation,  from  the  times  of  the  early  migra- 
tions ("  Volkerwanderung")  to  the  present 
day,  Freytag  set  the  fashion  of  reviving 
the  historic  novel — a  domain  which  had  lain 
fallow  since  the  days  of  Wilibald  Alexis 
and  Carl  Spindler.  Rudolf  von  Gottschall 
in  his  recent  novel  '  Im  Bann  des  schwarzen 
Adlers,'  and  Hans  Hoffmann  in  '  Wider 
den  Kurfiirsten,'  which  appeared  this  year, 
follow  in  the  same  path.  Both  these  authors 
are  Prussians,  and  their  subjects  are  taken 
from  Prussian  history,  although  not,  as  was 
usually  the  case  with  the  late  W.  Alexis, 
from  the  history  of  Berlin  or  the  Brandenburg 
cradle  of  the  race,  but  from  the  history  of 
separate  provinces — East  Prussia  in  Gott- 
schall's  work,  Pomerania  in  Hoffmann's. 
Hoffmann  is  himself  a  native  of  Pome- 
rania; his  excellent  'Novellen  aus  Hinter- 
pommern '  are  veritable  pictures  in  their 
descriptions  of  life  and  people.  The 
present  novel  is  laid  in  the  time  of  the  siege 
of  Stettin,  then  a  Swedish  city,  by  the 
"Great  Elector"  (1678).  The  citizens, 
although  Swedish  subjects,  are  Branden- 
burgers  at  heart,  and  wish  to  surrender, 
but  are  prevented  by  Jiirg  Wichenhagen, 
a  young  merchant,  the  real  hero  of 
the  novel,  and  aroused  to  a  desperate 
resistance,  during  which  the  town  is  re- 
duced to  ashes  by  the  enemy's  fire.  The 
strange  thing  is  that  the  young  man,  who 
defends  the  town  so  zealously  for  the  Swedes, 
is  at  heart  anti-Swedish,  and  animated  by 
a  fervent  desire  to  become  a  Branden- 
burger.  The  contradiction  which  this  makes 
apparent  to  every  reader  appears  such  to 
the  hero  too,  but  is  resolved  in  a  fashion 
perhaps  still  stranger  by  his  young  wife, 
also  an  adherent  of  the  Brandenburg  side, 
whom  he  marries  during  the  siege,  but 
loses  again  on  the  wedding  day.  The 
citizens,  although  they  are  eager  to  become 


the  Elector's  subjects,  must  first  show 
themselves  worthy  of  this  "honour"  by 
their  coui'ageous  resistance  to  his  arms, 
during  which  their  roofs  are  burnt  over 
their  heads.  Whether  their  future  lord 
would  not  have  preferred  to  take  possession 
of  the  town  and  its  citizens  whole  and  sound, 
rather  than  reduced  to  ashes,  remains  an 
open  question. 

This  year  can  boast  of  no  performance 
opening  up  new  paths.  A.  Wilbrandt's 
new  novels  '  Die  Osterinsel '  and  '  Die 
Eothenburger '  (in  the  latter  of  which  the 
description  of  the  free  city  of  Pothenburg, 
romantically  situated  on  the  Tauber,  the 
walls  and  towers  of  which  have  come  down 
to  us  almost  intact  from  the  Middle  Ages,  is 
the  most  attractive  feature)  are  below  his 
usual  level.  In  the  domain  of  the  short  story 
Marie  von  Ebner  -  Eschenbach's  newest 
creations,  '  Die  Todtenwacht '  and  '  Das 
Schadliche,'  are  conspicuous.  The  former 
is  remarkable  for  the  situation  it  presents, 
the  night  watch  by  the  coflB.n,  during 
which  the  course  of  events  is  deve- 
loped ;  the  latter  for  the  momentous 
problem,  how  far  the  right  accorded  the 
huntsman  of  destroying  animals  which  are 
harmful  by  their  inherited  nature  may  also 
be  extended  to  man.  '  Donna  Lionarda ' 
is  the  best  among  the  latest  collection  of 
stories  by  Paul  Heyse,  who  has  at  length 
abandoned  the  drama,  and  found  his  way 
back  to  his  own  special  domain.  The  son, 
a  young  soldier,  educated  in  the  strictest 
notions  of  honour  and  morality,  discovers 
that  his  mother,  whom  he  loves  and  honours 
deeply,  cherishes  a  passion  for  an  adven- 
turer unworthy  of  her  ;  he  challenges  him 
to  a  duel,  and,  as  his  opponent  refuses  to 
fight,  pierces  him  with  his  sword.  The 
mother  dies  of  grief ;  the  murderer  ends  his 
days  in  Africa.  Another,  '  The  Girl  from 
Capri,'  is  remarkable  for  the  sober  prudence, 
quite  in  keeping  with  the  Italian  character, 
which  sets  denari  above  everything  (although 
this  trait  is  but  seldom  emphasized),  which 
makes  the  heroine  prefer  an  ugly  rich  man 
to  a  handsome  artist  whom  she  believes  to 
be  poor.  A  third,  *  Fedja,'  contrives  to 
depict  so  faithfully  a  lady  of  distinguished 
family  and  intellect,  who  is  led  by  feminine 
weakness  into  marrying  her  footman,  ten 
years  her  junior,  that  when  the  inevitable 
happens,  and  the  lackey  transformed  into 
a  husband  runs  away  with  the  housemaid, 
the  betrayed  lady  appears  neither  con- 
temptible nor  absurd.  Heyse' s  poetic  art, 
which,  like  that  of  Goethe,  depends  not  on 
the  subject,  but  on  the  treatment,  appears 
in  its  most  effective  light  in  dealing  with 
such  questionable  characters  and  actions. 
Excellent  contributions  are  Hse  Frapan's 
'  Old  Hamburg '  and  Marie  von  Bunsen's 
Berlin  stories,  two  of  which,  '  Ihr 
Mann '  and  '  Udo  in  England,'  lately  ap- 
peared in  the  Deutsche  Rundschau.  '  Claudia's 
Garten,'  by  Ernst  von  Wildenbruch,  a  story 
of  early  Christian  times,  affording  a  picture 
of  the  persecutions  of  Nero,  was  published  in 
the  same  periodical.  '  Sterben,'  a  story  by  A. 
Schnitzler,  mentioned  above  as  a  dramatist, 
is  a  "modern"  product  of  the  extreme 
realism  which  shrinks  from  ugliness  neither 
in  the  physical  nor  in  the  moral  domain. 
As  Victor  Hugo  once  described  "the  last 
days  of  a  man  condemned  to  death,"  this 
author  represents  the  last  year  of  an  incur- 


N»  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


15 


able   consumptive   with   merciless   analysis 
of  the  inevitable  physical  and  moral  suffer- 
ing.     Paul    Heyse  once  treated   a   similar 
subject  in  '  Die  Unheilbaren,'   one    of   his 
"Meraner   Novellen."      But   while    Heyse 
contrived    to    soften    the     cruel    suffering 
of     fleeting    life     by   the    consolations    of 
helpful  affection,   and  at    last  put   an   end 
to    it    by   an    unexpected   happy    solution, 
Schnitzler  strengthens  the  repugnance  which 
his  medically  accurate  story  of  disease  in- 
spires by  the  loathing  roused  involuntarily, 
in  every  one  except  the  author,  at  the  dia- 
bolical egoism  of  the  invalid,  who  tries  to 
force  his  nurse  (who,  for  some  unaccountable 
reason,  loves  him)  to  die  with  him,  because 
"  he  does  not  wish  to  die  alone."     Equally 
modern,   but   in  a  very  different   spirit,  is 
Leopold  Andrian's  'Garten  derErkenntniss,' 
which  can  scarcely  be  included  in  the  class 
of  narrative.     While  Schnitzler  seems  akin 
to  the  realistic  painters,  Andrian  seems  to 
belong  to  the  Impressionists.      One  is   all 
clearness  and  decision,  the  other  darkness 
and  uncertainty.     In    contrast  to  this  and 
similar       nebulous      intellectual     pictures 
is   the   breath    of     Highland    mist    which 
blows     through    '  Die     Martinsklause,'     a 
mediaeval  novel  of  the  cloister,  by  Ludwig 
Ganghofer,  the  trusty  painter  of  Salzburg 
Alpine   landscapes.     The   scene   is   laid  at 
the  foot  of  the  snow-covered  Wazmann,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Konigssee,  in  the  days  of 
Pope   Gregory  VII.,  the   report   of   whose 
insistence    on   the    ceHbacy    of   the    clergy 
penetrates    into    the   quiet     valley   of    the 
Eamsau,  and  reaches  the  ears   of  the  old 
pastor,   who   has   lived  for   fifty   years    in 
peaceful  wedlock   with    his    Baucis.     The 
struggle  is  the  same    as    that  depicted  in 
a   tragedy   by    E.  von    Wildenbruch    that 
appeared    a    few    years    ago,    '  Das    neue 
Gebot.'     When  he  is  to  be  torn  by  violence 
from  his  wife,  the  priest  chooses  death  in  his 
despair.     And  along  with   this  revolution, 
affecting  the  whole  Eomish  Church,  there 
occurs  a  horrible  physical  catastrophe,  the 
terrible  landslip  of  the  Wazmann,  the  traces 
of  which  may  be  seen  at  this  day,  and  which 
buried  in  its  ruins  the   stronghold  of   the 
tyrant  and  oppressor  of  the  neighbouring 
peasants,  the  wicked  Wazmann  (from  whom 
the   mountain  took  its  name),  and   turned 
him  and  his  seven  children  to  stone. 

From  romance  to  biography  the  step  is  a 
small  one  when  the  life  of  the  hero  appears 
romantic.  This  is  really  the  case  with  the 
man  of  our  own  day  who  in  the  course  of  a 
generation  rose  from  being  a  simple  country 
gentleman  of  the  Mark  to  be  the  founder  and 
major  domo  of  the  new  German  empire,  only, 
like  Wallenstein  of  old,  to  find  himself  one 
morning  covered  with  honours,  but  shorn 
of  his  power,  and  relegated  once  more  to 
his  estate. 

The  hermit  of  the  Sachsenwald  is  no 
longer  regent  of  the  German  empire;  but 
in  the  literature  of  the  year  in  which  his 
eightieth  birthday  fell  (April  1st,  1895)  he 
is  still  the  presiding  spirit.  The  prophecy 
of  his  old  poUtical  opponent,  the  celebrated 
physiologist  E.  Yirchow,  that  this  day  would 
be  passed  in  silence  by  the  German  people, 
was  not  fulfilled,  to  the  honour  of  the  latter. 
In  this  very  year  (December  9th,  1894) 
Evangelical  Germany  celebrated  the  three 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of 
a  foreigner,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  King  of  I 


Sweden,  in   the   character   of   saviour   and 
deliverer  of  Germany ;    it  would  have  been 
the  height  of  ingratitude  if  all  Germans,  no 
matter  of  what  race  or  faith,  had  not  cele- 
brated as  a  national  festival  the  eightieth 
birthday   of  the   still  living  native  author 
of    our   new   united    empire.     Streams    of 
deputations   from  all  classes    and   districts 
have     wandered     to      Friedrichsruh     since 
April    Ist ;    a    deluge   of    publications    of 
every  description    relating   to    "  the    great 
Otto  "  has  inundated  the  literature  of  the 
year.     In  the  first  place  there  is  an  exten- 
sive  biography   in  five   volumes  by   Hans 
Blum,  son  of   the  former  revolutionary  of 
St.    Paul's  Church    at    Frankfurt,    Eobert 
Blum,  who  was  court-martialled  and   shot 
after  the  Vienna   insurrection   of   1848,    in 
the   Brigittenau,    by    command    of   Prince 
Windischgratz.      Had    Bismarck   been    in 
power  then,    instead    of  the  Austrian,   the 
"  red  man  of  the  people"  would  doubtless 
have    met     with    no    better     fate.       The 
Saul  of  the  Mark,  who  was  at  that  time, 
like  his  aristocratic  compatriot  of   Vienna, 
inspired   by  a  desire  for  the  hegemony  of 
Austria  in   the   German   Union,  developed 
in   the   course   of    time  into   a   Paul,  who 
helped  to  found  the  German  empire  with 
Prussia   at  its   head ;  the   son  of  the  con- 
demned man  became  Bismarck's  panegyrist. 
Both   facts   reflect   the    change  which   has 
taken  place  in  the  course  of  the  last  half- 
century  from  unclear  fermentation  to  sober 
reality  in  political  sentiment.     An  especial 
merit  in  Blum's  biographical  presentation  is 
his    ability  in  making  the  change   in    his 
hero's  political  views  not  only  comprehen- 
sible, but  even  justifiable,  and  in   showing 
that  his  inner   convictions  really  remained 
unchanged.      In.    Bismarck's    case,    as    in 
Goethe's,  the  mother  exercized  more  influence 
on  the  son  than  the  father ;  but  if  the  poet 
inherited  from  the  Frau  Rath  his  "  cheerful 
nature  and  joy  in  telling  tales,"  the  future 
politician  seems  to  have  inherited  from  his 
mother  sober  prudence,  coolness,  and  fer- 
vent ambition. 

The  biography  presents  a  completed  pic- 
ture, because  his  own  official  and  occasional 
utterances  in  speech  and  writing  form  its 
speaking   basis.     Bismarck's  letters  to  his 
relations,  especially  to  his  much  loved  and 
clever  sister  Malwine,  long  ago  taught  us 
to  know  the  overbearing  statesman  in  the 
easy  undress  of  his  comfortable  private  life. 
The  stately  row  of  twelve  volumes  of  his 
'  Political    Speeches,'    concluded    this   year 
and  edited    by  Horst  Kohl,  and  the   new 
collection  of  his  utterances  (' Ansprachen '), 
1848-94,  published  by  H.  von  Poschinger, 
whose  descriptions  of  Bismarck's  surround- 
ings and  colleagues  are  so  weU  known,  re- 
present  him    in   fidl    dress   and    uniform. 
The  former  contains  all  the  Prince's  public 
speeches  in  the  Prussian  Parliament  (Land- 
tag) and  the  German  Eeichstag  from  the 
days  of  the  Vereinigte  Landtag  (1847)  till 
he   left    the    service    of  the    State    (1892). 
The  latter  collection  contains  all  the  speeches 
and   utterances  made  by  Bismarck,  before 
and  after  his  dismissal,  on  the  most  various 
occasions — at  the  Bundcsrath,  at  congresses, 
the  reception  of  deputations,  &c.     Among 
them  are  the  twenty  speeches  and  declara- 
tions at  the  Berlin  Congress  (June  13th — 
July  i;3th,  1878),  as  well  as  the  expressions 
(often  severe  enough)  used  on  various  occa-  I 


sions  after  his  dismissal  about  the  "new 
course  "  and  the  steering  power  of  his  suc- 
cessors. The  former  are  of  historic  value,  the 
latter  of  psychological  interest  in  revealing 
the  sensitive  irritability  of  the  grievously 
offended  Prince. 

The  two  great  Germans  most  akin  to 
Bismarck  in  their  characteristic  importance 
for  the  nation  are  Luther  and  Goethe,  and 
his  "conversations,"  like  theirs,  have  found 
a  place  in  literature.  And,  as  in  the  case  of 
Luther,  the  "  table-talk,"  with  his  debatings 
over  "  an  early  glass  and  a  long  pipe,"  was 
collected  first  by  Poschinger.  This  year 
the  same  author  has  published  a  collection, 
entitled  '  Fiirst  Bismarck,  neue  Tischge- 
spriiche  und  Interviews,'  which  reproduces 
conversations  with  visitors  and  strangers  at 
his  own  and  others'  tables  over  "  sherry  and 
cigars."  Among  the  conversations  contained 
in  it,  some  of  the  most  important  are  those 
with  the  well  -  known  historian  Motley, 
United  States  Minister  at  Vienna  in  1864, 
who  visited  Bismarck  at  Varzin  (shortly 
before  his  own  death)  in  1872. 

The  honour  of  a  special  year-book,  which 
has  hitherto  in  Germany  fallen  to  the  lot  of 
Shakspeare,  Goethe,  and  Grillparzer  alone, 
has  also  this  yearbeen  conferred  on  Bismarck. 
Horst   Kohl,    that   indefatigable   Bismarck 
writer,  sent  out  proposals  for  a  'Bismarck 
Year-Book'  on  March  20th,  1894,  and  the 
first  issue  is  now  before  us.     It  contains  a 
varied  selection  of  documents  relative  to  the 
Prince,   e.g.,  his  request  to    resign,    dated 
May  4th,  1875,  and  the  answer  sent  by  old 
King  William  I. ;  poems  addressed  to  him, 
and  essays  of  which  he  was  the  subject.    In 
time  it  may  become  a  "  Bismarck  Archiv," 
as  the  Weimar  '  Year-Book '  has  become  for 
Goethe,   and    the    lately  founded   Schiller 
Museum   in   his    native   Wurtemberg   city 
Marbach  is  destined  to  become  for  Schiller. 
Besides,  Heinrich  von  Sybel's  *  Geschichte 
der  Begriindung  des  deutschen  Eeichs  durch 
Wilhelm  I.,'  the  sixth  and  seventh  volumes 
of  which  have  been  issued  this   year,   is 
in  reality  nothing  but  a  piece  of  Bismarck's 
biography,   and  the   most  important.     His 
name  might  just  as  well  stand  on  the  title- 
page  as  the  Emperor  William's.     Its  cele- 
brated author,  Eanke's  greatest  pupil,  had 
once   opposed  the    Prussian    minister   Bis- 
marck in  the  domain  of  politics,  dxiring  the 
period  of  struggle  before  1866,  and  vigor- 
ously   resisted    his    practical    monarchical 
policy.     None  the  less  the  wise  Chancellor 
readily   gi'anted   to   his    historian,    who   is 
at  the   same  time  general  director  of   the 
Prussian  State  archives,   the    use    of    the 
Foreign    Ofiice    documents,    and     he     did 
wisely.     It  is   one   of    the  puzzles  of  the 
new  regime  that  on  Prince  Bismarck's  fall 
this   permission  was  withdrawn,  and  even 
the   Verdun    (historical)   prize,   which  was 
unanimously  conferred  on  him  by  the  jury, 
has  been  withheld.     Happily  Sybel  has  not 
allowed  himself  to  be  deterred  by  this  mis- 
hap from  finishing  his  work.     The   latest 
(seventh)  volume  extends  to  the  outbreak  of 
the    Franco-German  War,  for  which    Bis- 
marck's interpretation  of   the   "  Ems  tele- 
gram" served   as  the    spark    in    a    barrel 
of     gunpowder.       The     publication     (also 
in     the     course     of     this     year)     of     the 
'  Aufzoichnungen     aus     dera     Leben     des 
Kcinigs    Carl    von    Eumiinien '    serves    to 
justify    and     complete    in    many    respects 


16 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


Sybel's  account  of  the  historic  events  that 
preceded  the  war.     In  these  memoirs   the 
royal  consort  of  Carmen  Sylva  also  puts  in 
an    appearance    as    an    author.      Another 
member  of  a  royal  house  (no  longer  living, 
however),  Archduke  Carl  of  Austria,  appears 
among  the  writers  of  the  year.     Last  year 
a   collection,    '  Aphorismen,'    found  among 
his   posthumous    papers,   some  of  them  of 
considerable  merit,  was  issued ;  this  year  a 
selection  of  his  miKtary  writings,  remark- 
able for  their  stern  self-criticism,  has  been 
issued  by  his  sons,  the  Archdukes  Albrecht 
and   Wilhelm.     Both   have   since   followed 
their  father,  dying  very  soon  one  after  the 
other.     The  first  volume  of  the  biography 
of  the  victor  of  Aspern,  by  Heinrich  von 
Zeissberg,   will  throw  some  welcome  light 
on    the    history   of   the    Napoleonic   wars, 
which  still    stand  in    need  of  illumination 
in  several  particulars.     Among  the  exces- 
sive   number    of     historical     monographs, 
Ernst   Haffter's   life    of   the   agitator    and 
general    of   the   Grisons,    Georg   Jenatsch, 
hero  of  Conrad  Ferdinand  Meyer's  novel  of 
the  same  name,    is  the  more  entitled  to  a 
place   since  it  furnishes  a  fresh  proof  that 
the  poet's  intuition   suffices,  even   without 
the   matter   of   the  historian,   to  penetrate 
prophetically  through  the  gloom  of  history. 
In    Goethe    literature    I    may    mention 
Eichard  Meyi-'s  essays,  collected  under  the 
name    of   the   poet,   and  falsely  character- 
ized as  a  biography,  which  are  clever,  but 
aim  too  obviously  at  originality.     In  Shak- 
speare    literature,  Edwin   Bormann's  book 
entitled  '  Shakespeare  -  Geheimniss,'    in  its 
curious  handling  of  the  Shakspeare-Bacon 
controversy,    surpasses     all     its     American 
and   European    predecessors    in   grotesque 
invention.  According  to  this  author.  Bacon's 
instauratio  magna  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
one  scientific  and  written  in  prose  under  his 
own  name,  the  other  symbolic,  in  dramatic 
form,    under    the   pseudonym    Shakspeare. 
Bormann   finds    hints    of   the    solution    of 
this  riddle,  in  particular  in  the  names  of  the 
characters ;    thus   in  '  Hamlet '  the    soldier 
Erancisco  is  no  other  than  Erancis  Bacon, 
while  Horatio,  who  to  Bernardo's  question, 
"What,    is    Horatio    here?"    replies,    "A 
piece  of  him,"  desired  thereby  to  designate 
the  wisdom  (^o-ratio)  of  Bacon,  which  was 
embodied  in  him  !     In  Grillparzer  literature 
prominence   must  be    given    to   a   parallel 
between  Lope  de  Vega  and  Grillparzer,  by 
an  Italian  Earinelli,  who  writes  in  German  ; 
and   in   the   year-book   of    the    Grillparzer 
Society  to  the  careful  edition  of  the  diaries 
of  his  friend  E.  v.   Bauernfeld,   the    play- 
wright,  by  C.  Glossy,    and  the  new  series 
of  literary  lectures  and  essays  by  E.  Gnad. 

A  charming  little  book  published  by 
the  versatile  art  writer  Henry  Thode  under 
the  title  '  Der  Eing  des  Erangipani '  belongs 
in  part  to  the  domain  of  history,  in  part  to 
the  novel.  A  peasant  finds,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Pordenone,  a  ring  bearing  an 
old  German  inscription.  A  discovery  made 
accidentally  in  the  archives  of  the  Marciana 
library,  and  a  series  of  clever  combinations 
connected  therewith,  which,  by  fortunate  con- 
trivance, confirm  one  another,  have  brought 
the  author  to  the  conclusion,  which  to  him 
seems  more  than  probable,  that  this  redis- 
covered ring  is  no  other  than  that  which 
Apollonia  Lang— daughter  of  an  Augsburg 
patrician,  and  sister  of  the  celebrated  states- 


man and  favourite  of  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.,  Cardinal  Matthaus  Lang — gave  to 
her  second  husband,  the  Imperial  general 
Christopher,  Count  Erangipani,  in  1513,  when 
he  set  out  for  the  war  in  the  Eriulian  Alps, 
He  lost  it  in  the  following  year  when 
fighting  as  commandant  of  Pordenone  in 
the  battle  of  Osopo,  in  which  his  horse  was 
killed  imder  him  and  he  himself  taken 
prisoner.  AjDoUonia's  correspondence  with 
her  captive  husband  is  still  extant.  The 
portraits  of  both  have  been  discovered 
by  the  author  in  Albrecht  Diirer's 
'  Coronation  of  Mary,'  and  Schorel's  altar- 
piece  at  Obervellach  in  Carinthia,  of  which 
they  were  part  founders,  and  he  inserts 
them  in  his  book  among  other  valu- 
able illustrations.  The  series  of  deduc- 
tions which  have  led  to  his  conclusion 
must  be  studied  in  the  book  itself ;  the 
combination  of  chance  and  method  is  so 
curious  that  if  it  is  fact  the  story  could 
not  be  more  fantastic — if  it  is  fiction,  fantasy 
could  devise  nothing  more  probable.  The 
author  has  not  yet  been  able  to  make  up 
his  mind  to  open  the  ring,  which  would 
furnish  a  j)roof  of  the  truth  of  his  theory, 
from  natural  fear  of  destroying  the  beauti- 
ful and  probable  illusion. 

To   destroy    illusions    seems    to    be    the 
business  of  philosophy  ;  it  is  not  surprising, 
therefore,  that   from   the  first  it  has  been 
regarded  with   suspicion,   and  is  generally 
postponed  to  the  end.     Schopenhauer's  and 
Hartmann's     pessimism,    like    Nietzsche's 
Nihilism,  finds    its    true   vocation    in    de- 
stroying    all    illusions.      Idealism,    whose 
most   eloquent    and   purest   representative, 
Moriz  Carriere,  we  have  lost  in  the  course 
of  this  year,  considers  it  her  task,  as  he  did, 
to  prevent  the  ideal  from  becoming  a  mere 
illusion.     The  last  works  of  this  author — a 
former    disciple    of    Hegel,   and    sometime 
protege  oi  the  "child"  Bettina  von  Arnim, 
who  afterwards   helped-    to    found    J.    H. 
Eichte's  Theistic   school — appeared   in   the 
course  of  this  year,    the  last  of  a  life  ex- 
tending   over    seventy-eight    years,    under 
the  titles  '  Christus,'  '  Das  Wachsthum  der 
Energie,'     and     '  Eichte's    Geistesentwick- 
lung';  they  breathe  the  same  enthusiastic 
inspiration,  and    reveal   the    same    passion 
for   beauty,    as    his    principal    works,    the 
*  Aesthetik '  and  '  Die    Kunst    im    Zusam- 
menhang     der     Culturentwicklung.'       The 
latter     especially,     with     its      magnificent 
general  view  of   all   the   arts   and   artistic 
notions,    will     preserve    his    memory.      A 
pendant   to    this   work,    dealing   with    the 
history    of    civilization,    resembling    it    in 
fulness  of  learned  matter,   and    still    more 
in  its  conception  of  the  universe,  with  its 
human    religion    free    from    all    sectarian 
colouring,  is   Hektor  von  Arneth's  work  in 
two  volumes    '  Das   classische  Heidenthum 
und  die  christliche  Religion,'  which  has  just 
appeared.     The   '  Aesthetische   Zeitfragen  ' 
of   Johannes  Volkelt,   and    the   '  Literatur- 
und    kunstkritische    Studien '    of    Laurenz 
MiiUner,     aim     less      at      historical     and 
systematic    completeness    than     at     being 
critical    monographs    on    certain    essential 
questions.    The  former  are  chiefly  concerned 
with  combating  the  excesses  of  realism  in 
art ;  the  latter,  as  the  position  of  the  author, 
a  Catholic  priest,  would  naturally  suggest, 
deal  with  literature  and  art,  while  maintain- 
ing the  clerical  point  of  view.     Volkelt,  who 


originally  belonged  to  the  school  of  Hegel, 
has  been  led  by  the  study  of  facts  to  a 
point  of  view  differing  from  his  former 
speculative  sestheticism,  as,  among  other 
things,  his  conception  of  the  tragic  in 
GriUparzer  shows.  Milliner,  who  has  won 
himself  a  name  in  literature  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  philosophy  of  W.  Rosen- 
krantz  (a  pupil  of  Schelling's)  as  well  as  by 
his  own  presentation  of  Galilei's  specula- 
tions, is  a  rare  example  of  a  combination 
of  extensive  knowledge  and  independent 
judgment  with  religious  warmth  and 
clerical  orthodoxy.  A  contrast  to  both 
these  authors,  who  aim  at  the  essay,  is 
furnished  by  Richard  Wahle  in  a  work  dis- 
tinguished both  for  its  matter  and  its  ex- 
tent, '  Das  Ganze  der  Philosophie  und  ihr 
Ende,'  which  deals  with  the  whole,  i.e.,  the 
totality  of  philosophic  activity,  suggesting, 
with  an  irony  which  was,  perhaps,  unin- 
tentional on  the  part  of  the  author,  that 
when  all  the  depths  of  philosophy  are  once 
exhausted,  its  "  end"  will  have  come.  The 
result  of  the  keen  criticism  (sometimes  de- 
generating into  hairsplitting)  which  the 
writer  extends  to  all  branches  of  philosophy 
— in  particular  psychology  and  ethics,  and 
with  especial  severity,  and  often  propor- 
tionate success,  even  to  mathematics — is 
this  :  that  all  active  forces  and  factors  are 
unknown  to  humanity,  and  all  principles  a 
sealed  book.  In  his  own  words,  the  result 
is  an  "agnosticism"  which  is  akin  to  Mr. 
Herbert  Spencer's  "Unknown."  But  as 
long  as  there  is  an  Unknown,  there  can,  to 
quote  Lessing's  well-known  saying,  be  no 
end  of  striving  after  knowledge,  and  hence 
the  end  of  philosophy  has  not  yet  come. 
Robert  ZiMMERMA>'ir. 


GREECE. 

The  best  way  of  commencing  my  article 
is  to  begin  with  the  mention  of  the  admir- 
able treatise  on  '  Greek  Metres  '  of  Prof. 
Demetrius  Semitelos,  the  result  of  years  of 
study,  a  work  in  which  the  author  has  shown 
himself  to  be  not  only  well  acquainted  with 
the  ancient  writers  on  his  subject  and  the 
modern  literature  referring  to  them,  but 
has  enlarged  the  field  of  our  knowledge  by 
his  exact  acquaintance  with  Byzantine  melody 
and  the  Neo-Hellenic  stichology.  Another 
contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  ancient 
Greece  is  furnished  by  the  *  Philological 
Adversaria'  of  Prof.  Constantine  Contos, 
which  contain  much  material  for  exegesis  and 
emendation  of  Greek  writers,  while  the  first 
volume  of  a  '  History  of  Greek  Literature,' 
which  Prof.  G.  Mistriotis  has  brought  out, 
deals  with  Greek  poetry  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  close  of  the  Byzantine  epoch. 
The  second  volume  of  the  '  Jerusalem 
Library'  of  Dr.  Athanasius  Papadopulos 
Cerameus  affords  further  information  re- 
garding the  treasures  of  the  Patriarchal 
library  by  the  description  of  706  Greek 
manuscripts  belonging  to  it.  This  catalogue 
is  compiled  with  much  knowledge  of  the 
subject,  and  is  accompanied  by  copious 
indices  and  beautiful  facsimiles,  which  have 
been  brought  out  in  admirable  style  by  the 
Palestine  Society  of  St.  Petersburg.  The 
second  volume  of  Jerusalem  extracts 
('lepoaokviuTiKif  tnaxvoXoyia),  published 
under  the  auspices  of  the  same  society, 
contains  several  interesting  inedita  from 
the  Patriarchal  library  which  relate  to  the 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


17 


^history  of  the  Greek  Church  in  the  East, 
hut  more  especially  in  Palestine.  Prof. 
"Sp.  Lamhros  has  printed  at  the  Cambridge 
Press  the  first  volume  of  his  '  Catalogue  of 
the  Greek  Manuscripts  on  Mount  Athos.' 
It  contains  the  catalogues  of  eighteen 
libraries  and  4,120  manuscripts. 

The  historical  publications  of  the  year 
have  been  at  once  valuable  and  interesting, 
more  particularly  the  '  Studies  of  Byzantine 
History  from  the  First  to  the  Final  Conquest 
•of  Constantinople,'  by  Paul  Calligas,  a 
work  of  real  importance  both  for  the  exact 
•knowledge  shown  of  the  sources  and  for  the 
Jiew  light  thrown  on  the  subject  by  one  of 
the  best  of  our  Byzantine  scholars,  Con- 
stantino Papazis  has  written  a  highly  intel- 
ligent monograph,  containing  new  materials, 
on  '  Demetrius  Phalereus  and  Athens.' 
Paul  Carolides  has  published  the  first  two 
parts  of  his  '  History  of  the  Old  Asiatic 
Peoples,'  dealing  with  Assyria  and  Babylonia. 
■Jacob  Basilicus,  a  Samian  adventurer  who 
filled  the  princely  throne  of  Moldavia  from 
1561  to  1563  in  consequence  of  the  banish- 
ment of  Alexander  II.  (Lepusnian),  is  the 
subject  of  a  biography — the  first  that  has 
been  written  about  him — from  the  pen  of 
Epaminondas  Stamatiades ;  it  throws  con- 
siderable light  on  the  years  he  was  ruler. 
The  second  volume  of  the  '  Memoirs  of  Alex- 
ander Phangabe '  —  I  mentioned  the  first 
last  year  —  comes  down  as  far  as  1856. 
Most  engagingly,  sometimes  imaginatively 
written,  this  book  helps  to  illuminate  the 
history  of  modern  Greece,  more  especially 
of  its  civilization,  and  furnishes  much  that 
is  novel  with  regard  to  those  incidents  in 
which  the  author  himself  bore  a  part. 
George  Constantinides  has  published  a  highly 
usef 111  *  History  of  Athens  from  the  Birth 
of  Christ  to  A.D.  1821.'  The' book  appeared 
as  long  ago  as  1873  as  a  prize  essay;  but 
the  works  pubKshed  in  the  interval, 
especially  those  of  Gregorovius  and  Cam- 
buroglos,  have  enabled  the  author  to  give 
his  volume  a  new,  if  not  quite  final  shape. 
F.  Albana,  in  a  brief  but  valuable  brochure  on 
'The  Titles  of  Nobility  in  Corfu  and  the 
Feudal  System,'  furnishes  a  vivid  picture  of 
the  historj'  of  the  nobles  of  the  island.  The 
whole  history  of  the  island  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  present  day  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  a  readable  and  agreeable  compen- 
dium by  A.  Hidromenos.  From  the 
posthumous  papers  of  the  best  Corfiote 
historian,  J.  Romanes,  a  '  History  of  the 
Despots  of  Epirus '  has  been  published, 
which  bears  the  marks  of  that  exact  study 
of  the  sources  and  skilful  grouping  of  the 
facts  which  distinguished  all  the  work  of 
the  author,  who  died  prematurely. 

Manuel  Gedeon,  in  his  monograph  on 
'  Education  and  Poverty  in  the  last  Ten 
Years,'  has  printed  documents  important 
for  the  histoiy  of  school-Ufe  in  Greek  coun- 
tries, particularly  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries.  John  Mesoloras  has 
supplemented  his '  Creed  of  the  Greek  Catholic 
Church,'  which  appeared  in  1884,  with  a 
book  on  the  '  Confessions  of  Faith.'  These 
are  the  acts  of  the  Synods  of  Constantinople 
(1638),  Jassy  (1641-2),  Jerusalem  (1672), 
and  Constantinople  (1672),  against  the 
supposed  creed  of  the  Patriarch  Cyril  Lucar 
and  the  Calvinists.  The  texts  are  treated 
historically,  and  a  full  bibliography  con- 
cludes the  work. 


Of  the  archaeological  publications,  two 
are  short  and  popular,  but  useful  lists  of 
the  antiquities  in  the  museum  of  the 
Acropolis,  and  of  those  at  Olympia. 
The  first  is  the  work  of  M.  Panajotis 
Castriotis,  the  Inspector  of  Antiquities,  the 
second  of  his  colleague,  B.  Leonardos. 
Prof.  Nicolaus  Politis  has  dedicated  to  Prof. 
E.  Curtius,  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebra- 
tion of  his  seventieth  birthday,  his  '  Popu- 
lar Cosmographic  Myths,'  which  treats  of 
the  relations  of  the  theological  cosmogenic 
system  to  folk-lore,  and  particularly  con- 
trasts the  different  myths  about  the  violent 
separation  of  the  heavens  and  the  earth 
among  the  modern  Greeks,  with  those  of 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  the  other  peoples  of 
antiquity  and  the  present  day.  Many  other 
legends  are  also  handled  with  an  equally 
great  knowledge  of  the  subject.  Andreas 
Skias  has  treated  in  his  brochure,  also  dedi- 
cated to  Curtius,  '  Contributions  to  the 
Topography  of  Athens,'  various  questions 
relating  to  the  subject,  especially  to  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  Ilissus,  where  the 
author  has  carried  on  excavations.  Con- 
stantino Lambros  has  inscribed  to  Curtius 
his  tract  on  '  The  Cupping  Glasses  and 
Cuppers  of  the  Ancients,'  a  work  which 
unites  for  the  first  time  all  the  passages  ia 
classical  writers  bearing  on  the  subject. 
The  passages  have  been  interpreted  by  the 
aid  of  all  the  existing  examples  and  the 
illustrations  of  them  furnished  by  works  of 
art.  The  collection  of  the  writer  has  sup- 
plied most  of  the  examples. 

Of  belles-lettres  there  is  almost  nothing  to 
be  said.  Tales  and  poems  fiU.  the  magazines 
and  the  newspapers,  but  this  year  few  have 
appeared  in  book  form.  Argyris  Ephtaliotis, 
a  master  of  the  popular  dialect,  has  in  his 
*  Island  Stories '  produced  short  tales  bearing 
abundant  traces  of  his  talent.  The  '  First 
Fairy  Tales '  of  a  beginner,  Constantino 
Passajannis,  consist  mainly  of  legends  from 
Maina ;  they  are  likewise  in  the  popular 
idiom — in  fact,  written  in  the  dialect  of  his 
own  home — and  show  that  the  writer  will 
become  a  charming  author,  especially  when 
he  has  ceased  to  abuse  idiotism.  The  first 
place  in  the  poetical  literature  of  the  twelve 
months  belongs  to  the  tragedy  of  *  Fausta  ' 
byD.Bernardakis,  the  great  success  of  which 
on  the  stage  I  mentioned  last  year. 

Sp.  p.  Lambeos. 


HOLLAND. 

All  the  poets  of  the  elder  generation 
are  dead  and  gone,  but  they  are  living 
in  reprints.  The  younger  generation 
have  most  of  them  abandoned  poetry  alto- 
gether, and  their  works  sell  very  slowly : 
only  Pol  de  Mont,  who  earnestly  tries  to  be 
considered  the  youngest,  sings  and  carols 
without  interruption.  His  great  work  *  Iris  ' 
is  a  collection  of  splendid  songs  in  all 
moods  and  of  all  kinds.  Young  Holland 
has  published  two  books  —  one  '  De 
Gebroeders,'  by  Dr.  Frederik  van  Eden, 
and  the  other  '  Verzen,'  by  W.  Kloos.  The 
former  is  a  work  of  great  ambition,  and  as 
far  as  it  is  intended  to  be  understood  it 
gives  a  psychological  analysis  of  what 
agitates  the  human  mind  influenced  by  God 
and  Satan,  by  knowledge  and  power,  by 
virtue  and  vice.  The  author  calls  it  a 
tragedy.  The  latter  is  an  over-complete 
reprint  of  what  the  most  boisterous  of  our 


young  writers  has  printed  or  intended  to  print, 
from  imitations  of  the  Greek  poets  down  to 
songs  of  the  lowest  description,  in  which 
scarcely  any  word  is  fit  for  reproduction  in 
good  company.  A  man  who  was  designed  to 
be  an  ornament  of  our  literature  has  thrown 
away  every  blessing  labour  and  self-respect 
could  bestow.  The  most  remarkable  pub- 
lication is  a  selection  from  the  works  of  the 
"poets  of  to-day"  (' Dichters  van  onzen 
Tyd'),  by  Mr.  J.  N.  van  Hall,  who  has 
carefully  chosen  the  best  and  most  charac- 
teristic poems  of  our  youngest  poets,  with 
the  exception  of  those  of  Kloos,  who  did 
not  reply  to  the  invitation  to  contribute. 
Whoever  wishes  to  know  what  are  the 
gifts  and  talents  of  les  Jeuties  can  gratify 
his  wish  by  reading  this  charming  little 
book,  which  in  a  few  months  passed  through 
a  second  edition. 

Of  dramatic  works  only  two  are  worth 
mentioning :  '  Artiest,'  by  Marcellus  Emants, 
and  '  Anarchisten,'  by  Justus  van  Maxu'ik, 
jun.  The  former,  written  in  a  really  modern 
st3le,  is  a  complete  delineation  of  a  man 
who  believes  himself  to  be  a  genius,  and 
thinks  himself  justified  in  abstaining  from 
working  and  in  having  a  code  of  moralitj' 
of  his  own.  The  admiration  of  some  friends, 
the  patience  of  his  wife,  the  philosophy  of 
bad  company — everythingis  exceedingly  well 
delineated.  The  performance  made  a  deep 
impression  upon  me,  and  I  was  struck  by 
the  truthfulness  of  the  characters  repre- 
sented. The  latter  was  intended  to  hold 
up  to  ridicule  extravagance  in  modern  art, 
but  was  anything  rather  than  successful.  A 
happy  idea  was  lost  in  a  series  of  little  scenes 
loosely  connected  and  introducing  only  lay 
figures.  Histrionic  art  flourishes  in  Hol- 
land ;  many  of  our  actors  and  actresses 
are  excellent  performers,  but  we  live  in 
hard  times  :  theatrical  managers  are  losing 
money,  a  quarter  of  all  our  theatres  are 
either  sold  or  closed,  and  what  is  disastrous 
to  the  theatre  is  death  to  playwrights. 
The  only  successes  were  '  Madame  Sans- 
Gene '  and  '  Gismonda.' 

Dr.  W.  G.  C.  Byvanck,  the  newly 
appointed  custodian  of  the  Eoyal  Library 
in  the  Hague,  has  begun  a  series  of 
learned  and  scientific  studies  in  literary 
history,  the  first  being  devoted  to  Isaac  da 
Costa,  of  which  one  volume  has  appeared. 
Dr.  S.  A.  Naber,  professor  at  the  University 
of  Amsterdam,  has  written  a  big  volume, 
*Yier  Tydgenooten '  ('Four  Contem- 
poraries'), intended  to  describe  the  famous 
Professor  of  Greek  at  Leyden,  Dr.  Cobet ; 
the  much  admired  Professor  of  Law,  Dr. 
J.  F.  Buys;  the  well-known  critic,  C.  Busken 
Huet,  and  the  very  learnedDr.Kiehl ;  but  these 
essays  consist  rather  of  recollections,  personal 
and  even  intimate  in  their  tone,  and  are  not 
scientific  monographs.  Between  these  two 
may  be  placed  '  Menschen  en  Boeken '  ('  Men 
and  Books  '),  a  series  of  interesting  papers  in 
which  Dr.  Schaepman,  a  poet  and  eloquent 
speaker,  and  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
political  party,  gives  his  opinion  about  men 
he  has  known  and  books  he  has  read — a 
poet's  opinion  about  poets'  works.  A  whole 
series  of  little  controversial  volumes  have 
appeared  intended  to  achieve  at  last  a  well- 
founded  estimate  of  Multatuli  (Ed.  Douwes 
Dekker,  the  author  of  'Max  Havelaar'). 
The  most  valuable  contribution  consists  of 
his   first   wife's  letters  to  a  lady  in  Italy. 


18 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


The  editor  is  a  Mr.  Julius  Pee,  who  has 
become  conspicuous  by  his  careful  study  of 
Multatxili  and  of  home  and  foreign  editions 
of  Multatuli's  works.  The  first  part  has 
appeared  of  an  illustrated  history  of  litera- 
ture in  the  Netherlands  by  L)r.  Jan  ten 
Brink,  the  Leyden  professor.  It  is  splendid 
in  erery  respect,  both  for  the  reproduction 
of  old  manuscripts  and  portraits  of  literary 
men,  and  for  the  highly  interesting  and 
decidedly  trustworthy  letterpress,  as  com- 
plete in  information  as  it  is  fluent  in  style. 
I  may  add  here  that  our  literary  journal  Be 
Portefeuille,  after  an  existence  of  sixteen 
years,  has  fallen  a  victim  to  the  rapidly 
decreasing  interest  in  literature  and  the 
drama. 

The  most  important  things  to  note  about 
langiiage  and  its  study  (including  folk- 
lore) are  the  accelerated  publication  of  parts 
of  our  great  dictionary  and  a  series 
of  popular  songs,  usually  with  the  music, 
for  which  we  have  to  thank  Prof.  Paul 
Fredericq  and  Dr.  Boekenoogen.  It  is  only 
fair  to  mention  a  reprint  of  Prof,  van 
Yloten's  work  in  the  same  department.  In 
the  mean  time  Dr.  A.  "VVorp  is  earning  a  last- 
ing reputation  by  his  edition  of  Constantyn 
Huygens's  complete  poems.  As  Huygens 
holds  a  prominent  place  in  Dutch  history 
and  Dutch  literature,  as  his  knowledge  of 
courts  and  court  life  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury was  most  extensive,  and  as  his  lan- 
guage and  style  oifer  a  wide  field  for 
explanation,  Dr.  AVorp's  work,  while  it 
nominally  relates  to  one  person,  really 
illustrates  a  whole  period. 

The  only  department  in  which  uninter- 
rupted activity  is  shown  is  history.  Oud- 
Holland,  a  highly  scientific  and  artistic 
publication,  of  which  the  thirteenth  volume 
has  appeared,  contains  reproductions  of  the 
most  important  papers  to  be  found  in 
archives  and  libraries,  together  with  highly 
scientific  researches  in  history  and  art.  The 
Dutch  histoiy  which  the  late  Dr.  de  Poever 
began  is  being  continued  by  Dr.  Dozy  ; 
Dr.  Knuttel  proceeds  with  his  elaborate  study 
on  the  condition  of  the  Eoman  Catholics  in 
the  Netherlands  under  the  Eepublic,  Dr.  van 
Deventer  with  his  history  of  the  Dutch  in 
Java,  and  Messrs.  van  Arkel  and  Weiss- 
mann  with  an  illustrated  description  of  the 
antiquities  of  the  north-western  part  of  the 
kingdom.  Two  works  are  to  be  especially 
noted  :  the  reprint  of  the  valuable  historical 
studies  of  the  late  Prof.  Jorissen,  of  Amster- 
dam, and  Dr.  Jacobs's  voluminous  work 
on  the  way  of  living,  manners  and  laws, 
habits  and  costumes  of  the  native  popu- 
lation of  Atchin.  It  is  only  after  careful 
investigations  and  extensive  studies  that 
Dr.  Jacobs  has  produced  these  two  large 
volumes,  as  readable  as  any  book  can 
be ;  from  them  it  appears  that  the  Dutch 
waged  war  with  the  Atchinese  for  more 
than  twenty  years  without  having  any 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  modes  of  living 
and  thinking  of  the  enemy  they  fought. 

Indian  topics  seem  to  be  exhausted,  as  only 
a  couple  of  novels  have  api)eared  treating  of 
the  East  Indies.  Foremost  is  that  of  Mr. 
Daum,  the  woll-known  chief  ed'tor  of  a  daily 
in  Java,  who  has  written  '  Abce  Bakr,'  with 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  state  of  things 
in  Dutch  India,  especially  of  life  among  the 
Javanese.  The  author  indulges  in  unre- 
strained  reahsm.      Another   dying   species 


is  the  tale  of  country  life,  but  two  gentle- 
men in  the  province  of  Limburg  still  cul- 
tivate that  kind  of  fiction — Mr.  Seipgens 
and  Mr.  Lamberts  Hurrelbrinck — and  their 
stories,  now  collected,  are  generally  well 
received.  As  a  writer  of  tales  of  the  sea 
Mr.  AVerumens  Buning  maintains  quite 
alone  a  well-deserved  and  prominent  place. 
'  Binnen  en  buiten  Boord,'  partly  new, 
partly  reprint,  is  a  praiseworthy,  artistic 
work,  which  would  be  exceedingly  well 
received  in  England  and  in  any  seafaring 
country  if  a  translation  were  to  appear. 
The  only  novel  worth  note  framed  on  the 
old  lines  is  '  Sterk  in  Leed,'  by  Mrs. 
Zwaardemaker-Yisscher ;  it  is  couched  in 
rather  a  serious  tone,  and  somewhat  clerical 
in  conception,  or  at  least  highly  moral.  It  is, 
indeed,  a  very  good  book,  and  the  characters 
are  so  completely  and  carefully  delineated 
that  this  of  itself  stamps  her  as  belonging  to 
a  former  generation  of  novelists.  Very  near 
to  this  novel,  but  more  modern  in  tone,  stands 
the  work  of  Van  Nievelt.  Two  well-known 
female  authors  have  quite  a  department  of 
their  own  :  Miss  Louise  Stratenus  and  Miss 
Cath.  Alberdingk  Thym,  who  in  their  novels 
try  to  photograph  any  sensational  event  in 
the  life  of  European  courts  that  the  papers 
mention.  The  former  has  published 
'  Coquette  '  and  '  Slavenketenen,'  of  which 
the  scene  is  laid  in  Stockholm,  and  which 
relates  what  may  have  been  said  and 
done  when  the  Swedish  prince  made 
Ebba  Munck's  acquaintance.  The  latter 
has  written  '  Gouden  Ketenen '  and 
'Boven  den  Afgrond,'  highly  sensational 
accounts  of  Polish  prisoners,  liussian 
Nihilists,  and  life  in  Siberia.  Of  course 
such  novels  never  want  readers  ;  any  monthly 
promising  this  kind  of  stuff  is  sure  to  be 
read.  Of  some  four  dozen  novels  of  the 
old  school  and  the  modern  that  have  ap- 
peared in  the  last  twelvemonth  four  deserve 
to  be  mentioned.  Miss  Marie  Gyzen,  a 
promising  young  author,  has  published 
'  Geheiligd.'  The  heroine  tries  to  fall 
in  love  and  does  so,  merely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  writing  a  novel  with  a  plot  which 
shall  be  the  result  of  experience.  Whether 
the  author  and  the  heroine  are  one  person 
under  two  names  I  cannot  say.  The  author, 
who  uses  the  pseudonym  Van  Wald- 
richem,  is  reported  to  be  a  lady ;  if  so,  she 
succeeds  better  than  her  sex  generally  does 
in  representing  gentlemen.  The  story  of  her 
novel  '  Nelly '  for  all  that  is  rather  intricate, 
and  developes  very  slowly,  the  number  of 
persons  introduced  being  far  greater  than  is 
usual,  yet  her  characters  exhibit  a  finish  that 
really  deserves  praise.  So  does  Mrs .  Hamaker- 
Brooshoof's  work  '  De  Van  Esperens,'  not 
emotional  at  all,  but  homely  and  really 
Dutch — without  any  "foreign  taint,"  as  our 
author  says.  Somewhat  more  modern  in 
tone,  '  Om  het  Geluk,'  by  Mrs.  Knuttel- 
Fabius,  is  a  tale  of  a  charming  young  lady 
who  discovers  that  her  lover  is  courting  an 
actress ;  she  hopes  and  hopes,  but  never 
betrays  any  suspicion.  The  conclusion  is 
brought  about  in  a  rather  arbitrary  fashion  : 
the  actress  takes  poison  and  the  young 
couple  marry,  the  bride  at  last  proving  her 
charity  as  well  as  her  love,  and  more  than 
these,  her  self-abnegation  and  caj)acity  for 
forgiveness. 

The  link  between  old  and   new  is  Mrs. 
Therese  Iloven    (a   pseudonym),    who    has 


abandoned  the  East  India  novel,  and  is- 
modernizing  her  literary  taste  and  style. 
Besides  a  volume  of  her  tales  collected  from 
monthlies,  she  has  published  two  novels, 
of  limited  dimensions.  One  of  them,  *  LTit 
Vrye  Beweging'  ('  Of  her  own  Free  Will '), 
is  the  history  of  a  young  lady  who  of  her 
own  free  will  declines  marriage  ;  afterwards, 
however,  of  her  own  free  will  she  marries.  It 
is  less  the  plot  than  the  way  it  is  worked  out 
that  constitutes  the  value  of  the  work.  It  is 
inferior,  however,  to  our  author's  latest  pub- 
lication, '  Zonder  Illusie,'  in  which  a  girl  of 
seventeen  marries  a  gentleman  who,  to  her 
utter  despair,  proves  to  be  of  somewhat  loose- 
habits,  but  who  is  finally  quite  overcome  by 
the  devoted  love  of  his  charming  wife,  who- 
intentionally  shuts  her  eyes  to  any  short- 
coming of  her  husband's.  The  modern  andi 
neo-romantic  school  has  not  yet  any  woman 
among  its  representatives.  The  oldest  of 
the  school,  Marcellus  Emants,  is  a  careful 
artist  whose  '  Een  Nagelaten  Bekentenis  ^ 
('A  Confession  ')  is  too  thrilling,  and  weak 
people  will  become  horror-struck  when 
reading  a  minute  analysis  of  the  whole- 
process  of  disappointment,  mortification,  and 
vexation  of  spirit  which  makes  the  hero- 
wish  to  get  rid  of  his  wife.  The  poor  woman 
suffers  and  laments,  but  she  cannot  give  up 
her  husband,  and  as  she  positively  refuse& 
to  divorce  him,  he  at  last  poisons  her  with 
chloral !  Louis  Couperus's  book  relating  the 
impressions  made  on  his  mind  by  a  tour 
through  Italy  has  not  enjoyed  anything  like 
the  success  that  every  new  book  of  his  has  met 
with  up  till  now.  The  most  successful  author  of 
this  year  is  a  gentleman  from  Belgium,  Cyriel 
Buysse,  who  carried  the  favoui*  of  the  public 
by  storm.  '  Sursum  Cord  a '  was  read  and 
admired  at  once.  It  is  the  story  of  a  gentle- 
man who  tries  to  raise  the  level  of  civili- 
zation in  the  village  where  he  lives  ;  how- 
ever, the  only  people  that  could  assist  him  are 
simply  men  of  fashion,  and  though  admir- 
ing his  eloquence,  they  do  not  care  for  the 
fulfilment  of  his  wishes;  the  rural  population 
do  not  understand  what  he  wants,  as  they 
feel  quite  happy  as  they  are  ;  the  hero  com- 
plains of  neglect,  but  has  not  sufficient  force 
to  accomplish  alone  the  task  he  has  set 
himself.  Mr.  Buysse's  next  work,  *  Mea 
Culpa,'  was  considered  too  free  in  tone 
and  treatment ;  however,  it  was  generally 
admired,  even  by  ladies,  namely,  such 
as  can  distinguish  real  literary  art  from 
coarse  gossip.  Another  new  author, 
Prosper  van  Haamstede  (a  pseudonym), 
has  also  published  a  novel,  '  Sascha,'  that 
at  once  captivated  the  literary  public.  The 
book  is  remarkable  for  splendid  descrip- 
tions and  masterly  delineation  of  character. 
The  theme  is  once  more  free  love,  which  is 
discussed,  but  with  no  conspicuous  logic. 
There  is,  in  short,  more  force  than  proof 
in  the  writer's  assertions. 

Finally,  two  very  youthful  authors  mada 
their  appearance,  both  of  whom  may  deserve 
an  article  to  themselves  if  they  go  on  as 
they  have  begun.  The  one  is  a  very  young 
officer  who  wrote  '  Bertha,'  a  promising  little 
military  story,  even  before  he  had  passed 
his  examination  as  lieutenant  in  the  army. 
The  other  called  himself  Karl  Eidoro,  but 
soon  made  himself  known  as  J.  Morgan 
de  Groot,  a  student  at  the  Amsterdam 
University.  His  first  novel,  '  Dai,'  made 
a   stir   at    once,    thanks  to    the  freshness 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


19 


of  the  delineation  and  the  positively  new 
ideas.  His  second  work,  called  *  Bouton  de 
Rose,'  has  just  appeared,  superior  in  concep- 
tion to  its  predecessor,  more  elaborate  in  plot, 
and  more  fascinating.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  author  may  not  indulge  so  freely  in  neo- 
logisms in  *  'N  Einde,'  promised  as  a  sequel 
to  'Bouton  de  Rose,'  as  he  does  in  the 
volumes  I  have  now  before  me.  "Words 
used  in  new  meanings,  new  and  often  unin- 
telligible words,  a  style  resembling  a  tele- 
graph code  in  its  conciseness,  are  qualities 
that  may  draw  attention,  but  they  prevent 
enjoyment. 

For  prose  fiction  a  better  future  is  opening : 
the  number  of  books  is  positively  decreas- 
ing, and  so  is  the  number  of  novelists,  but 
among  these  a  greater  harvest  of  promising 
works  appeared.  May  this  be  the  dawn  of 
a  glorious  day  in  literature ! 

Taco  H.  de  Beer. 


HUNGAEY. 

In  poetry  and  fiction  the  output  of 
important  books  has  been  smaller  than  in 
the  last  few  years  ;  still  there  are  a  few 
noteworthy  publications  to  be  chronicled. 

M6r  Jokai  celebrated  his  seventieth 
birthday  in  February.  Of  the  jubilee 
edition  of  his  collected  works  in  a  hundred 
volumes,  the  first  thirty  have  seen  the  light. 
Of  Sandor  Brody's  novels  and  stories,  too,  a 
collected  edition  has  been  published  in  twelve 
volumes.  This  gifted  decadent  has  a  predi- 
lection for  treating  of  death,  and  a  still 
greater  one  for  analyzing  pathological 
subjects.  His  world  is  a  strange,  queer 
world,  and  it  mostly  contains  strange  men, 
who  are  handsome,  well  bred,  supple,  dis- 
tinguished, affected,  childishly  capricious 
— a  curious  mixture  of  man  and  woman, 
of  the  lion  and  the  tiger.  His  female 
personages  are  generally  mysterious,  weird, 
incalculable  creatures,  who  permeate  their 
atmosphere  with  their  own  mystic  in- 
fluence. The  men  coming  under  their 
sway  lose  all  sobriety  and  self-will,  and 
in  unconscious  blindness  dance  to  the 
tune  unconsciously  whistled  by  the  women. 
Brody  does  not  pay  particular  attention  to 
plots,  and  is  exceedingly  subjective ;  these 
drawbacks,  however,  do  not  prevent  him 
from  being  one  of  our  most  promising 
writers ;  and  as  the  death  last  autumn 
of  our  second-best  novelist,  Gyula  Justh, 
has  left  a  gap  on  the  "  top,"  where, 
as  is  well  known,  "  there  is  always  room," 
Brody  may  yet  fill  that  gap.  His  latest 
novelette,  recently  published,  is  entitled 
'  Schneewittchen '  (*  Hofeherke '). 

"With  his  charming  'Occidental  Tales,' 
Ferencz  Herczeg  continues  his  triumphal 
march  through  contemporary  Hungarian 
literature;  the  most  striking  part  of  the 
volume  is  *  Sirius  ' — perhaps  the  very  best 
story  Herczeg  has  written,  '  Between  Four 
Eyes '  is  the  title  of  a  collection  of  tales 
of  Istvan  Barsony's,  in  which  this  eminent 

fainter  of  nature,  whose  *  In  Forest  and  Field ' 
duly  noticed  last  year,  is  seen  at  his  best. 
After  Jokai,  he  is  our  most  prominent  de- 
scriptive writer  nowadays.  While  Barsony 
figures  as  the  poet  of  nature,  Adolf  Agai 
may  be  called  the  poet  of  culture.  Thanks 
to  his  finely  chiselled  stylo,  he  appears  to  be 
the  personification  of  distinction.  His  cul- 
ture is  not  of  the  type  which  moves  away 
from,  but  of  that  which  approaches,  nature. 


His  latest  publication,  '  On  Sea  and  Land,' 
contains  a  series  of  delightful  sketches  of 
travel  (in  England,  France,  Italy,  Austria, 
Hungary,  &c.)  in  his  best  manner,  which  is 
saying  much.  He  is  at  home  everywhere, 
although  his  cosmopolitanism  does  not  pre- 
vent him  from  remaining  a  genuine  Magyar. 
As  I  have  already  said  elsewhere,  the  feuille- 
ton  is  his  proper  field,  and  he  has  never  been 
equalled  in  this  country  as  a  feiiilletoniste . 
His  young  nephew,  Bela  Agai,  has  made  a 
successful  beginning  with  a  small  volume  of 
'  Feuilleton  Novelettes.'  Zoltan  Ambrus's 
*  The  Destruction  of  Nineveh,  and  other 
Stories,'  has  also  met  with  universal  recog- 
nition. Some  leading  critics  believe  Ambrus 
to  be  the  foremost  prose  writer  of  con- 
temporary Hungary.  His  language  is 
pure,  supple,  and  rich,  though  simple.  In 
all  his  writings  is  to  be  found  that  delicate 
irony  which  knows  the  world  very  well ;  still, 
his  land  is  not  of  this  world.  "With  no  other 
novelist,  except  Dickens,  does  the  principle 
of  love — that  love  of  mankind  which  under- 
stands and  pardons  everything  —  play  a 
greater  part  than  with  Ambrus.  His  new 
novel  '  King  Midas '  only  appeared  serially 
in  a  daily,  being  unable  to  find  its  way  into  the 
book  market,  publishers  being  afraid  of  an 
insufficient  sale  for  a  work  of  500  pages. 
Our  reading  public  are  certainly  not  fond 
of  buying  bulky  books,  even  though  their 
authors  may  be  popular  or  distinguished. 

Eobert  Tabori's  novel  '  The  Key  of  the 
Temple  '  proves  anew  that  this  fertile  writer 
of  fiction  is  a  veritable  spendthrift  in  the 
matter  of  narrative.  He  is  neither  a  psycho- 
logist, nor  a  physiognomist,  nor  a  student  of 
"problems";  he  simply  narrates,  and  he 
does  so  most  interestingly  and  thrillingly, 
attaching  the  greatest  importance  to  his  plot. 
His  latest  work  is  a  highly  readable  story 
of  religious  politics  in  the  times  of  Maria 
Theresa,  though  now  and  then  perhaps 
a  trifle  too  sensational.  In  his  volume  of 
novelettes  entitled  '  Struggles,'  Geza  Malon- 
yay  shows  signs  of  great  improvement  upon 
his  former  creations  ;  they  are  the  outcome 
of  prolonged  struggles  which  have  ended  in 
the  author  flnding  at  last  and  developing 
his  own  individuality — an  interesting,  warm- 
hearted individuality.  Tamas  Kobor's 
'  Frost '  contains  a  number  of  new  stories 
full  of  plastic  figures,  attractive  plots,  and 
deep  reflections  ;  but  while  fully  believing  in 
beauty  and  happiness,  he  is  decidedly  fond 
of  dealing  with  pathological  topics.  Geza 
Gardonyi,  another  very  young  writer,  also 
belongs  to  our  deservedly  rising  authors. 
True,  his  range  of  subjects  is  rather  limited, 
but  his  amiable  genre  is  winning  for  him  a 
steadily  increasing  circle  of  admirers.  His 
recent  peasant  story  '  The  Life  of  the 
Poholys  '  is  a  highly  captivating  anal^'sis 
of  rustic  pride,  and  full  of  good  things. 
Miksa  Markus,  usually  a  satirist  and 
mocker,  has  surprised  his  readers  by  his 
prize  novel  '  Katalin,'  which  shows  him  in 
quite  a  new  light — as  a  sunny,  childlike 
writer  speaking  to,  and  rejoicing,  the  heart. 
In  this  refreshing  production  there  is  no 
talk  of  problems,  discussions,  or  "schools"; 
here  Mdrkus  is  simply  a  pleasant  story-teller. 

One  of  our  youngest  authors,  "  Ignotus  " 
(the  pseudonym  of  Hugo  "Veigelsberg), 
already  enjoys  a  reputation  as  one  of  our 
best  writers  of  poetry  as  well  as  prose.  His 
'  Confessions '   are   a   proof   of  his   intense 


mental  life.  Ho  expresses  himself  in 
vigorous,  glowing,  and  flexible  language. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  his  new 
volume  '  "Verses,'  issued  simultaneously. 
Another  youthful  poet,  Istvan  Mora,  has 
produced  a  promising  little  volume  entitled 

*  Parterre,'  which,  however,  is  far  from 
being  without  blemishes.  The  new  *  Poems  ' 
of  the  Protestant  bishop  Gero  Szasz  are  a 
good  union  of  spiritual  pathos  with  the 
quiet  humour  of  a  philosopher.  In  Helen 
Bekassy's  new  '  Poems '  we  miss  perfect 
versification,  but  we  are  indemnified  by 
simplicity,  sweet  melancholy,  and  a  charm- 
ingly girlish  candour.  Odiin  Jakab's 
'  Prince  Argirus,'  a  "  fairy  tale  in  four 
songs,"  on  popular  lines,  has  been  awarded 
an  Academy  prize.  Lajos  Hentaller's  '  Songs 
of  the  Liberty  "War '  are  an  interesting  and 
complete  anthology  of  the  revolutionary 
poetry  of  1848-9. 

Of  the  drama  of  the  twelvemonth  there  is 
not  much  good  to  be  said.  Foremost  stands 
Antal    Varady's    historical    prize    tragedy 

*  Charitas.'  In  spite  of  sundry  psychological 
mistakes  it  is  a  work  of  importance,  and, 
although  written  in  iambics  and  in  the  old 
romantic  taste,  has  found  favour  with  our 
public.  Its  diction  is  splendid.  Another 
prize  play,  Jozsef  Bokor's  'In  "Winter,'  a 
vaudeville,  is  neither  good  nor  bad.  It  is 
pleasant  and  its  leading  idea  is  popular ;  the 
figures  are  lifelike  enough,  and  the  whole 
proves  the  author  to  be  a  close  observer  of 
the  people.  Bela  Budai's  one-act  comedy 
'  The  King  '  is  agreeable  and  harmless,  but 
without  any  distinct  merit. 

In  history  and  literary  history,  too,  the 
crop  of  noteworthy  books  is  small.  In  antici- 
pation of  the  millennial  celebration,  in  1896, 
of  the  foundation  of  Hungary,  a  grand  '  Mil- 
lennial National  History  of  Hungary'  is 
being  issued  in  many  volumes,  three  of 
which  have  already  seen  the  light.  It  is 
being  written  by  various  eminent  historians 
— Prof.  MarczaH  among  the  rest — splendidly 
got  up,  illustrated  with  thousands  of  pic- 
tures, excellently  edited  by  Sandor  Szilagyi, 
and  published  by  the  Hungarian  Athenaeum 
Society.  The  same  society  issues  a  similar 
monumental  work  by  many  writers, 
entitled  '  Illustrated  History  of  Literature,' 
and  having  a  biographical  basis.  Zsolt 
Beothy's  '  Creators  of  Hungarian  Lite- 
rature '  is  also  a  biographical  work,  and, 
besides,  supplies  a  spirited  analysis  of  the 
development  and  tendencies  of  our  national 
literature,  and  of  foreign  influences  upon  it. 

In  the  domain  of  political  economy  I 
have  to  lay  stress  on  two  important  works. 
The  second  volume  of  Prof.  FiJldes's  '  Social 
Economy  '  has  at  last  made  its  appearance. 
The  first  I  noticed  two  years  ago ;  it  was 
the  theoretical  part.  The  present  and 
last  is  the  practical  one,  as  it  deals 
with  the  departments  of  economy  bear- 
ing upon  our  daily  life.  Labour  ques- 
tions meet  witli  a  particularly  careful, 
and,  I  may  add,  important  treatment.  The 
catholicity  of  the  author's  point  of  view 
and  his  wide  range  of  knowledge  do  not 
l^revent  him  from  paying  especial  attention 
to  matters  Hungarian.  The  volume  is 
naturally  bulky ;  lest  it  should  be  even 
more  bulky,  the  introduction  of  dry 
statistics  has  boon  restricted.  Alexander 
Matlekovits's  '  History  of  the  Hungarian 
Budget  from  18(37  to  l'8'J.'3  '  Is  of  the  utmost 


20 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


value  to  the  historian,  politician,  and  finan- 
cier ;  it  shows  the  marvellous  development 
of  the  financial  resources  of  this  country 
from  the  beginning  of  its  present  political 
independence.  We  learn  from  it  that 
twenty  years  ago  the  Exchequer  had  a  de- 
ficit of  6,000,000^.,  but  as  early  as  1893  there 
was  a  surplus  of  3,600,000^.  This  new  book  of 
the  well-known  economist  is  sure  to  become 
a  standard  work.  So  probably  will  David 
Kohn's  *  History  of  the  Italian  Currency,' 
which  gained  an  Academy  prize. 

As  for  miscellaneous  publications,  want  of 
space  constrains  me  to  restrict  myself  to  men- 
tioning very  few.  The  *  Great  Pallas  Lexi- 
con,' ah'eady  noticed  last  year  and  in  1893, 
is  nearing  its  completion  ;  so  is  Abafi's  great 
'  History  of  Freemasonry  in  Hungary.'  The 
Academy  has  authorized  and  subsidized  the 
issue  of  *  Szechenyi  Istvan's  Journalistic 
Articles,'  edited  by  Antal  Zichy,  a  very  bulky 
monument  to  the  celebrated  count,  who  was 
the  founder  of  the  Academy  and  an  eminent 
prose  writer.  These  volumes  are  a  most 
valuable  and  important  contribution  to  the 
history  of  Hungarian  politics  and  culture. 
After  sis  years'  diligent  work  Bela  Toth  has 
given  to  his  nation  '  From  Mouth  to  Mouth,' 
an  extremely  useful  and  long-wished-for  col- 
lection of  so-called  "  winged  words,"  Hun- 
garian as  well  as  international,  the  result  of 
laborious  studies  and  wide  reading.  It  is 
the  first  and  only  book  of  its  kind  in  Hun- 
garian, as  well  as,  probably,  the  best  in  any 
language ;  no  wonder  our  critics  are  en- 
thusiastic over  it.  Let  me  wind  up  with 
Jozsef  Ferenczy's  *  Life  of  Ferencz  Pulszky,' 
the  amiable  Hungarian  politician  so  well 
known  in  England. 

Leopolb  Katschek. 


ITALY. 

Although  the  past  twelvemonth  will  not 
be  made  famous  by  any  important  literary 
movement,  I  think  that  I  can  take  a  more 
cheerful  view  of  its  history  than  has  been 
possible  for  many  years.  Some  of  our  best 
critics  have  agreed  that  a  new  poet  has 
arisen  among  us.  Giovanni  Pascoli,  a 
professor  at  Leghorn,  has  been  known  for 
some  time  as  an  accomplished  Latin  scholar. 
More  than  once  he  has  won  first  prizes  in  the 
competitions  instituted  by  the  Academy 
Florentiana  in  Amsterdam.  The  last  occa- 
sion was  in  the  present  year  with  a  carmen 
called  '  Myrmodon.'  His  book  of  Italian 
poems,  published  in  an  attractive  form  by 
Giusti,  has  already  reached  its  third  edition. 
It  is  called  '  Myrica?,'  a  name  suggested 
by  Virgil's  line, 

Non  omnes  arbusta  juvant  humilesque  myricae. 
The  leading  notes  of  Pascoli's  poetry  are 
chastity  and  simplicity.  Simple  in  style  it 
is  not ;  indeed,  the  diction  is  often  laboured 
and  obscure.  But  the  tone  of  thought  is 
natural  and  unaffected,  and  the  subjects  are 
for  the  most  part  drawn  from  the  poet's  own 
feelings,  or  deal  with  recollections  of  home 
and  early  affections.  I  will  transcribe  one 
poem  which,  though  the  shortest  of  aU,  is  a 
good  speciuien  of  the  author's  method  : — 

Pill  bcllo  6  il  fiore  a  cui  la  pioggia  estiva 
Lascia  una  stilla  dove  il  sol  si  frange  : 
PiCi  bello  il  bacio,  che  d'  un  raggio  avviva 
Occhio  che  piange. 

Pascoli's  style  is  singularly  free  from  vul- 
garity. Throughout  the  book  tliero  is 
nothing  that  could  offend  the  most  fasti- 


dious taste.  But  sometimes  he  is  not  easy 
to  follow.  He  is  too  fond  of  unusual 
words,  and  you  cannot  read  him  without 
frequent  and  occasionally  unavailing  recourse 
to  the  dictionary.  This  is  a  fault  which 
he  shares  with  many  modern  authors, 
some  of  your  English  writers  among 
the  number.  It  seems  as  though  the 
world  had  wearied  of  the  limpid  clear- 
ness of  the  classics.  Pascoli's  poetry  is 
melancholy  ;  indeed,  melancholy  is  the  pre- 
vailing characteristic  of  all  modern  Italian 
poetry.  A  young  man  named  Alfredo 
Baccelli,  the  son  of  our  present  Minister  of 
Public  Instruction,  has  brought  out  a  little 
book  called  '  Vittime  e  Eibelli,'  which  is  by 
no  means  without  merit.  The  victims  are 
those  who  in  the  race  of  life  have  fallen 
from  the  chariot  and  been  crushed,  while 
the  rebels  are  those  who  have  risen  against 
the  injustice  of  society.  One  would 
suppose  from  the  title  that  the  book  was 
Socialistic  in  tone — and  we  have  Socialist 
poets  enough  and  to  spare,  the  Sicilian 
Eapisardi,  for  instance  —  but  Baccelli's 
poems  can  hardly  be  classed  as  such.  He 
writes  sympathetically  about  the  victims, 
but  without  a  touch  of  bitterness ;  and  his 
picture  of  the  rebels  is  realistic  rather  than 
enthusiastic.  His  verse  has  not  the  finish 
of  Pascoli's,  but  it  is  more  likely  to  be 
popular.  The  style  is  almost  invariably 
lucid  and  flexible.  The  last  poem  I  have  to 
mention  is  Carducci's  *  Ode  to  the  City  of 
Ferrara,'  written  in  honour  of  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  death  of  Torquato  Tasso,  which 
took  place  on  April  25th,  1595.  Carducci, 
as  all  the  world  knows,  is  the  greatest 
living  Italian  poet,  and  deserves  to  be 
classed  with  the  most  famous  foreign 
writers.  But  for  some  time  past  he  has 
adopted  a  style  of  poetry,  as  regards 
thought,  metre,  and  diction,  which  has 
sensibly  diminished  the  number  of  his 
readers.  This  result  is  principally  due 
to  the  difficulty  of  understanding  his 
meaning.  Even  a  man  of  intelligence  and 
cultivation  often  finds  it  hard  to  follow  him. 
I  confess  that  this  passion  for  obscurity 
seems  to  me  opposed  to  the  true  spirit  of 
poetry.  Certainly  it  is  not  calculated  to 
increase  its  value  as  a  literary  and  social 
power.  The  *  Ode  to  Ferrara ' — a  city  in 
which  Tasso  spent  the  happiest  hours  of 
his  youth  and  the  saddest  of  his  mature  age 
— is  poljTnetric  in  structure,  that  is  to  say, 
compounded  of  various  metres,  all  derived 
from  the  Latin,  oi*,  as  we  say,  "  barbarous." 
These  metres  do  not  depend  upon  rhyme  or 
accent.  You  scan  them  by  measured  feet 
— if  you  can.  This  affectation  of  pseudo- 
classical  metre  is  my  pet  aversion,  and 
Carducci's  'Ode'  is  a  most  unfavourable 
specimen  of  its  class.  It  is  strained  in 
invention,  and  much  of  the  phraseology  is 
extravagant.  It  is  a  nuisance,  too,  to  be 
always  struggling  to  catch  the  poet's  mean- 
ing. Finally,  there  is  very  little  about 
Tasso  in  the  *  Ode '  and  a  great  deal  about 
everything  else.  So  far  as  poetry  is  con- 
cerned, the  twelve  months  ended  badly. 
Let  us  hope  that  the  next  twelve  will  open 
under  happier  auspices. 

I  have  already  touched  upon  Tasso,  but 
I  have  not  yet  done  with  him,  for  his  ter- 
ceutenavy  has  been  the  principal  literary 
oxcitomt'iit  of  the  twelve  months.  The 
Minister    of   Public  Instruction,  who   is    a 


worthy  man,  but  endowed  with  a  strong 
taste  for  magnificent  displays,  determined 
to  make  the  commemoration  of  the  poet 
a  solemn  affair.  Tasso  died  at  Rome, 
and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  S.  Onofrio. 
Accordingly  an  exhibition  of  his  manu- 
sci-ipts,  portraits,  &c. — in  short,  of  every- 
thing concerning  him  on  which  it  was 
possible  to  lay  hands — was  held  in  the 
church,  and  an  oration  in  his  honour 
was  pronounced  in  the  Capitol.  Their 
Majesties  the  King  and  Queen,  who  are  not 
in  the  habit  of  sparing  themselves,  assisted 
at  all  the  functions  which  they  could  possibly 
manage  to  attend,  but  the  really  memorable 
part  of  the  business  was  that  the  anniver- 
sary was  celebrated  by  several  important 
publications.  The  chief  of  these  is  a  book 
by  Angelo  Solerti,  a  professor  at  Bologna. 
Its  only  defect  is  that  it  is  too  voluminous. 
It  consists  of  three  large  volumes,  of  which 
the  first  contains  Tasso' s  life,  and  the  second 
a  collection  of  his  letters  not  previously 
published,  together  with  some  of  other  men 
referring  to  his  life  and  works,  and  in  an 
appendix  letters  of  various  learned  men 
about  him.  The  third  volume  consists  of 
documents,  appendices,  bibliographies,  in- 
dices, with  reproductions  of  four  medals 
and  twenty- eight  portraits.  For  several 
years  Solerti  has  made  a  special  study  of 
Tasso.  It  would  be  a  tedious  task  to  give 
even  the  names  of  the  various  works  which 
he  has  published  on  the  subject.  His 
researches  have  always  been  animated  by  a 
conscientious  and  impartial  love  of  truth. 

The  great  stumbling-block  to  biographers 
of  Tasso  is  the  difficulty  they  find  in  be- 
lieving that  so  great  a  poet  could  really 
have  been  mad  on  some  points  for  the 
whole  of  his  life.  Yet  this  is  the  most 
charitable  explanation  of  the  many  regret- 
table acts  of  his  career.  Solerti  has  avoided 
this  common  mistake,  and  although  his 
admiration  for  the  poet  must  often  have 
tempted  him  to  conceal  the  truth,  he  has 
told  it.  The  worst  of  it  is  that  the  real 
story  of  Tasso' s  life  is  far  less  romantic  than 
the  fictitious  one.  Many  of  us  would  have 
rejoiced  if  Solerti' s  researches  had  proved 
the  truth  of  the  old  legend  of  Tasso' s  love 
for  Leonora  or  Lucrezia  and  Alfonso's 
revenge.  But  there  is  no  help  for  it ; 
Leonora  and  Lucrezia  must  be  given 
up.  The  first  was  a  worthy  woman,  but 
the  gods  did  not  make  her  poetical.  Car- 
ducci describes  her  rather  felicitously  in  his 
ode  as  "  matura  vergine  senza  amore." 
Alfonso,  so  far  from  being  a  jealous  tyrant, 
was  fully  up  to  the  standard  of  his  contempo- 
raries. He  wished  Tasso  weU,  but  the  best 
he  could  do  for  him  was  to  shut  him  up  for 
seven  years  in  a  hospital.  The  poet's  impri- 
sonment certainly  did  not  cure  his  madness, 
but  it  is  doubtful  if  anything  could  have 
cured  it. 

To  prove  how  the  palate  of  some  critics 
rebels  against  these  conclusions,  it  will  be 
enough  to  mention  a  speech  made  by  a 
professor  of  the  University  of  Rome  on  the 
day  of  Tasso's  anniversary,  in  which  he 
said  that  the  real  reason  of  the  poet's  dis- 
grace and  imprisonment  was  the  fact  that 
he  was  aware  of  the  incestuous  passion  of 
Alfonso  for  his  sister,  the  Duchess  of 
Urbiuo,  and  had  betrayed  the  secret  to 
others.  Tliere  is  not  a  hint  of  all  this  in 
history,  and  it  seems  to  mo  unfair  that  a 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


21 


duke  and  a  duchess  should  be  cahimniated 
simply  because  they  were  a  duke  and  a 
duchess, 

Solerti  perseveres  in  his  critical  edition, 
as  it  is  the  fashion  to  call  it,  of  Tasso's 
minor  poetical  works.  Only  three  of  the 
promised  ten  volumes  have  so  far  appeared. 
The  first  is  principally  devoted  to  *  Einaldo,' 
Tasso's  first  published  work,  which  is 
naturally  very  juvenile  and  immature ;  the 
second  includes  '  II  Mondo  Creato,'  a  pro- 
duction of  his  old  age;  the  third  contains 
'Aminta,'  a  pastoral  drama,  which  is  in 
some  respects  the  best  thing  Tasso  ever 
wrote,  and  '  Torrismondo,'  a  tragedy  founded 
upon  a  repulsive  subject.  In  this  volume, 
too,  there  is  a  rather  sympathetic  criti- 
cism of  'Aminta'  by  Carducci.  Some 
other  critics  have  written  upon  Tasso's  play, 
among  whom  I  may  mention  Guido  Forte- 
bracci  and  Charlotte  Banti.  The  latter  has 
instituted  an  elaborate  comparison  between 
'Aminta'  and  the  'Astree'  of  Honore 
d'Urfe.  She  has  evidently  spent  a  world  of 
pains  upon  her  book — more,  indeed,  than 
the  subject  merited.  A  few  other  works  on 
Tasso  and  kindred  themes  deserve  to  be 
cited.  Vincenzo  Prinzivalli's'Torquato  Tasso 
a  Eoma '  and  '  Torquato  Tasso  nella  Vita  e 
nelle  Opere '  are  fairly  successful  pieces  of 
biography,  but  indifferently  written.  Enrico 
Proto's  'Einaldo'  possesses  more  aesthetic 
value.  Mention,  too,  may  be  made  of 
BeUoni's  'Epigoni  deUa  Grerusalemme 
Liberata,'  Eabbris's  '  Studi  Alfieriani,' 
Leynardi's  '  La  Psicologia  dell'  Arte  nella 
Divina  Commedia,'  Novati  Flamini's  '  Studi 
critici,'  Crescini's  '  Contributi  agli  Studi  sul 
Boccaccio,'  and  Martini's  '  II  Teatro.'  Croce, 
a  young  Neapolitan  writer  of  wide  reading 
and  cultivation,  has  published  a  volume  which 
has  aroused  an  unusual  amount  of  interest 
and  some  rather  acrimonious  rejoinders.  It 
deals  with  literary  criticism  in  general,  and 
with  some  recent  critical  writers  in  par- 
ticular. There  is  a  good  deal  in  the  book 
I  cannot  agree  with,  especially  the  author's 
estimate  of  Zumbini. 

But  all  this  belongs  to  the  science  of 
literature,  so  to  speak,  rather  than  to  litera- 
ture itself.  Literature  embraces  art,  poetry, 
fiction,  and  history.  I  have  already  told 
you  about  the  poetry  of  the  year.  As 
regards  fiction,  it  is  true  that  an  immense 
number  of  novels  have  been  published  in 
Italy  during  the  last  twelve  months.  But, 
as  I  have  said  in  former  years,  in  writing 
for  an  English  review  I  take  into  account 
only  those  novels  which  have  succeeded  in 
crossing  the  Alps,  or,  at  any  rate,  have  enjoyed 
a  wide  vogue  throughout  the  peninsula. 
Adhering  to  this  standard,  I  fear  that  I 
shall  only  be  able  to  quote  the  name  of  one 
novel,  '  La  Baraonda,'  by  Eovetta,  an  ex- 
ceedingly clever  picture  of  the  coulisses  of 
political  life.  The  year  has  been  scarcely 
more  fertile  in  short  stories.  I  may  men- 
tion one  volume  by  Giuseppe  Errico,  a 
Neapolitan,  entitled  '  Piccoli  Schiavi 
Bianchi,'  a  collection  of  stories  dealing  with 
the  troubles  and  sorrows  of  the  poorer 
classes.  The  first,  from  which  the  book 
takes  its  name,  gives  the  history  of  a  family 
of  artisans.  The  father  is  out  of  work,  and 
has  to  send  his  little  son  to  toil  in  a  fac- 
tory. The  boy  dies  of  consumption,  and 
the  mother  and  sister  are  left  earning  the 
merest  pittance  by  hopeless  drudgery.     The 


second  story  teUs  of  a  family  which  has 
fallen  from  easy  circumstances  to  the  lowest 
depths  of  want.  The  grandfather  literally 
dies  of  hunger  at  the  moment  when  his 
grand- daughter  has  made  up  her  mind  to 
cut  off  her  hair  and  sell  it — she  has  nothing 
else  in  the  world — in  order  to  buy  him  some 
food.  These  are  the  best  of  the  four  stories, 
and  they  are  very  sad,  but  cleverly  written. 

Gabriele  d'Annunzio  is  the  fashionable 
novelist  just  now.  He  has  passed  the 
supreme  test  for  Italy  of  French  criticism, 
but  it  must  be  owned  that  his  foreign  readers 
show  their  admiration  in  an  odd  way. 
They  never  read  his  books  in  their 
entirety.  The  translator  has  an  ingenious 
way  of  cutting  out  anything  which  he  thinks 
may  be  considered  duU ;  it  is  true  that 
D'Annunzio  has  declared  that  nothing  is 
done,  nothing  is  changed,  without  his  con- 
sent. D' Annunzio's  style  —  in  Italian  —  is 
laboured  and,  I  think,  affected.  It  certainly 
is  not  likely  to  attract  the  general  reader,  and 
I  doubt  whether  his  popularity  is  so  great 
as  is  generally  supposed.  According  to  a 
French  interviewer,  he  is  now  contemplating 
a  series  of  novels  which  wiU  be  called  "I 
Gigli.' '  He  intends  to  publish  these  exclusively 
in  French,  because  he  thinks  that  only  French 
readers  have  ever  really  understood  him. 
This  is  as  good  as  saying  that  he  does  not 
wish  these  novels  to  appear  in  his  own 
language.  Nevertheless  the  first  of  the 
series,  '  La  Vergine  alle  Eoccie,'  is  un- 
doubtedly coming  out  in  //  Co7ivito,  a  very 
dainty  periodical,  in  which  the  school 
of  "Young  Italy"  displays  its  prowess.  I 
cannot  pretend  to  criticize  it,  as  11  Convito 
is  at  present  only  in  its  third  number,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  say  how  '  La  Vergine ' 
will  turn  out.  At  any  rate,  II  Convito  is 
pleasant  enough  to  look  at,  if  not  to  read. 
All  that  paper  and  printing  can  do  to  make 
it  attractive  has  been  done. 

I  should  have  been  glad  to  be  able  to 
quote  any  historical  works  other  than  those 
dealing  merely  with  research,  but  although 
many  of  the  latter  have  appeared  during 
the  last  year,  I  do  not  think  I  can  name 
one  which  approaches  history  in  an  artistic, 
explanatory,  and  scientific  spirit. 

The  best  book  of  research  is  Carlo 
CipoUa's  '  Per  la  Storia  d'  Italia  e  de'  suoi 
Conquistatori  nel  Medio  Evo  piu  antico,' 
yet  even  this  is  a  collection  of  three  essays — 
not  one  connected  work,  as  its  name  implies. 
This  objection,  at  all  events,  cannot  be 
urged  against  '  La  Storia  generale  della 
Marina  Militare,'  by  Augusto  Vittorio 
Vecchi,  who  generally  writes  under  the 
name  of  Jack  la  Bolina.  This  book  is  en- 
riched with  maps  and  woodcuts  and  seems 
a  good  one,  but  as  to  this  Englishmen  will 
probably  be  the  best  judges. 

A  book  by  Eaffaele  Barbiera,  '  H  Salotto 
della  Contessa  Clara  Maffei,'  presents  a  strik- 
ing picture  of  a  period  which  is  interesting 
both  from  the  literary  and  political  point  of 
view.  During  her  long  life  the  Countess 
Maffei's  house  in  Milan  was  open  to  every 
one  of  any  note  in  letters  or  politics  who  was 
opposed  to  the  house  of  Austria.  She  was 
a  little  woman  of  a  charming  disposition, 
but  very  pronounced  in  her  likes  and  dis- 
likes. Her  husband,  Andrea  Maffei,  was  a 
man  who,  though  not  an  exemplary  cha- 
racter in  private  life,  is  famous  as  the  finest 
Italian  translator  of  foreign  poetry,  espe- 


cially German.  Countess  Maffei  died  in 
1886,  and  left  no  one  in  Milan  or  elsewhere 
to  fill  her  place.  Her  salon  is  now  a  thing 
of  the  past,  and  it  is  interesting  to  trace  the 
causes  which  originally  led  to  its  foundation, 
and,  after  it  was  dissolved,  prevented 
another  from  arising  in  its  place. 

I  fear  that  I  have  nothing  more  to  tell 
you  this  year.  Next  year  I  trust  that  I 
shall  be  more  fortunate.  E.  Bois'Gni. 


NOEWAY. 


Outside  Scandinavia,  Ibsen,  Bjomson, 
perhaps  Jonas  Lie,  and  in  Germany,  Kiel- 
land  and  Garborg,  are  the  only  Norwegian 
authors  generally  known.  If,  then,  the 
following  short  article  apparently  leaves 
our  two  "grand  old  men"  (Ibsen  and 
Bjomson)  somewhat  in  the  shade,  it  must 
be  taken  neither  as  a  disparagement  of 
their  genius  nor  as  an  exaggeration  of  the 
merits  of  their  younger  fellow  craftsmen, 
but  simply  as  an  endeavour  to  offer  the 
public  entirely  new  information  instead  of 
wearying  it  with  stale  repetitions. 

Ibsen  and  Bjornson  have  now  for  many 
years  been  reckoned  among  the  great  foreign 
"powers,"  as  English  people  interested  in 
literature  can  see  for  themselves.  Judging 
from  the  reviews  and  criticisms  in  a  whole 
series  of  English  periodicals,  I  may  rightly 
assume  that  the  later  productions  of  our 
two  great  authors  are  perfectly  well  known 
to  the  British  public.  '  Pa.  Guds  Veie,' 
'Mors  Hponder,'  'En  Dag,'  and  'Absalons 
Har '  have  won  for  Bjornson  hosts  of  friends 
on  the  western  side  of  the  North  Sea,  while 
'  Bygmester  Solness '  and  '  Lille  Ej'olf '  have 
set  just  as  many  pens  in  motion  in  Great 
Britain  as  in  Scandinavia.  It  would  be 
superfluous  to  add  more  about  these  books 
in  the  columns  of  the  Athenmun. 

As  to  Jonas  Lie,  it  is  only  recently  that 
this  noble  author  has  gained  an  audience 
abroad,    inasmuch   as  he  has  quite  lately 
been  translated  into  French,  while  a  couple 
of  his  books  have  just  been  introduced  into 
England,     There   is   no   doubt  that  Jonas 
Lie  well  deserves   to  be   and  will   become 
known  and  appreciated  in  those  countries, 
especially  as   he  has  so  much  in  common 
with  both   Dickens  and  Daudet.     We  en- 
counter  in   his    novels   an  atmosphere    of 
comfortable  middle-class  life,  in  which  old 
acquaintances   meet    us    as    large   as  life. 
There  is,  first  and  foremost,  materfamilias, 
the  handsome  middle-aged  dame,  full  of  prac- 
tical common  sense  and  true  womanhood,  a 
little  fussy  perhaps,  easily  disillusioned  by 
the  prosaic  experiences  of  life,  but  as  good 
as  gold  at  bottom.  By  her  side  stands  pater- 
familias, a  worthy  feUow,  if  a  trifle  domi- 
neering, who  lives  entirely  for  his  business 
and  his  family.     Then  come  the  sons  and 
daughters,    the   latter    being   the   author's 
especial  favourites — indeed,  we  can  scarcely 
help  picturing  Jonas  Lie  to  ourselves  some- 
what in  the  light  of  an  uncle  to  these  young 
damsels,    and    a    capital    uncle    too,    slyly 
but  discreetly  urging  them  to  stand  upon 
their   dignity   despite   all   the   threats   and 
admonitions  of  les  convenances.     It  therefore 
caused  some  little  surprise  when  in  his  last 
novel,    '  Niobe,'   he  seemed  to  frown  upon 
the  young  people  and   reproach   them   for 
tendencies  likely  to  offend  the  sound  sense 
and   good   heart   of   an   affectionate  uncle. 
As  a  novelist  Jonas  Lie  is  a  consummate 


22 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


story-teller.  He  lacks,  indeed,  the  majestic 
hrio  of  Bjornson.  as  well  as  Ibsen's 
bronze-like  hardness ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  has  the  power  of  seizing  and  re- 
producing the  tranquil  poetry  of  every-day 
existence.  He  is  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  daily  life  of  middle-class  people.  He 
can  work  with  the  husband  at  his  office 
and  sit  among  his  friends ;  he  can 
cook,  or  sew,  or  darn  with  the  housewife ; 
he  can  gush  and  gabble  with  the  little 
girls.  His  strongly  impressionist  pic- 
tures always  have  a  light  dash  of  humour 
and  roguish  fun  about  them.  Even  when 
he  touches  our  hearts  so  that  we  cannot 
keep  back  our  tears,  his  hand  softly  strokes 
our  hair  so  as  to  draw  forth  a  little  sym- 
pathetic spark  which  he  may  kindle  pre- 
sently into  a  smile  of  reconciliation  with 
things  as  they  are — indeed,  a  delightful 
amiability  shines  forth  from  every  page 
that  Jonas  Lie  has  written.  He  wiU  scarcely 
be  reckoned,  perhaps,  among  the  great 
writers.  His  fancy,  indeed,  is  luxuriant — 
nay,  exuberant;  but  it  never  soars  away 
on  outstretched  wings  into  purely  ideal 
regions. 

Last  year  Jonas  Lie  gave  us  not  a 
novel,  but  a  drama,  '  Lystige  Koner.' 
The  point  of  the  piece  was  that  young 
women  who  abandon  themselves  entirely 
to  gaiety  must  first  have  drained  the  bitter 
draught  of  marital  disappointment,  the  after- 
taste of  which  they  are  obliged  to  rinse 
away  with  sparkling  froth.  The  piece  was 
thoroughly  characteristic  of  its  author  ;  but 
it  left  a  rather  weak  impression,  and, 
despite  its  brilliant  repartees,  lacked,  unfor- 
tunately, the  glamour  which  the  author's 
art  of  telling  a  story  always  exercises  upon 
his  readers. 

But  the  most  peculiar  of  Jonas  Lie's  later 
productions  are  his  two  volumes  of  eventt/r, 
'  Trold,'  which  quite  recently,  under  the  title 
of  '  Weird  Tales  from  Northern  Seas,'  were 
translated  into  English.  Here  he  has  allowed 
his  fancy  free  play,  without  circumscribing 
her  too  much  within  the  limits  of  reality, 
and  for  this  very  reason  these  short,  often 
allegorical  stories  possess  a  grandiose  and 
sublime  simplicity  which  his  romances  lack 
altogether.  Several  of  these  tales  are  real 
masterpieces  ;  but  to  give  anything  like  a 
correct  impression  in  a  few  words  of  the 
infinitely  varying  art,  both  as  to  style  and 
substance,  which  makes  these  miniatures  an 
ornament  of  Norwegian  literature,  is  quite 
impossible. 

Two  years  ago,  when  Jonas  Lie  was  at 
home  on  a  short  visit  to  Norway,  and  a 
festival  was  held  in  his  honour  to  celebrate 
his  sixtieth  birthday,  an  excellent  bio- 
graphy of  him  was  brought  out  by  Arne 
Garborg.  This  remarkable  writer  has  long 
been  a  nomad  in  the  intellectual  world. 
Born  in  a  poor  cottage,  and  brought  up  as  an 
elementary  school  master,  his  alert  intelli- 
gence and  brilliant  talents  soon  attracted 
attention  in  the  press.  Since  then  he  has 
resided  for  a  time  at  Munich  and  Berlin,  and 
gained  high  favour  there  with  the  "  Young 
Germany"  party.  His  susceptibility  to  the  new 
ideas  of  "  culture  "  and  "  progress  "  speedily 
led  him  to  adopt  the  Eadical  standpoint  (he 
fought  valiantly  for  the  free-love  theory), 
and  for  some  time  after  his  return  home 
ho  was  the  standard  -  bearer  of  theo- 
retical anarchism.     Lately  he  has  battled 


fiercely  for  the  full  rights  of  Norway  in 
the  union  with  Sweden,  and  in  a  printed 
manifesto  has  pronounced  pessimism  un- 
tenable, and  declared  belief  in  life  to  be  the 
only  saving  creed.  With  a  whole  series  of 
naturalistic  novels  behind  him,  he  wrote, 
while  still  under  the  influence  of  his  decadent 
enthusiasm,  '  Treette  Msend,'  a  pessimistic 
diary,  bristling  with  aphorisms,  the  crushed 
soul  who  is  the  hero  of  the  book  finding  a 
haven  of  rest  at  last  in  his  parish  church. 
This  event  led  a  couple  of  clergymen  to 
welcome  the  lost  sheep  back  into  the  fold 
again,  and  the  public  eagerly  devoured  the 
book.  Much  less  success  fell  to  the  lot  of 
his  subsequent  book, '  Fred,'  which  describes 
the  trials  and  religious  aberrations  of  a 
pietistic  farmer ;  and  only  a  few  weeks  ago 
he  surprised  us  with  '  Haugtussa,'  a  tale  in 
verse,  in  which  he  relates  the  sad  love  story 
of  ayoung  peasant  girl  who  grows  up  amongst 
the  cattle  and  the  ling-covered  hills.  The 
girl  is  a  visionary  who  holds  converse  with 
fairies  and  other  supernatural  beings,  and 
some  parts  of  the  book  contain  so  much 
naively  gentle  poetry  that  one  is  amazed 
how  Grarborg's  morbidly  reflective  mind 
could  have  produced  it.  Unluckily, 
however,  his  polemical  temperament  has 
here  also  asserted  itself  very  unfortunately, 
introducing  a  diabolical  witches'  sabbath, 
and  indulging  in  epigrams  which  the  inno- 
cent peasant  girl  could  not  possibly  have 
uttered  herself  even  in  an  ecstasy. 

Arne  Garborg  possesses  a  peculiar  mastery 
of  language.  His  brilliant  wit  can  always  find 
brilliant  expression,  whether  he  uses  our 
literary  language,  or  the  popular  tongue  com- 
pounded of  West  Norwegian  dialects.  Really 
creative  intuition,  however,  is  scarcely  his 
strong  point ;  he  is  given  rather  to  abstrac- 
tion and  introspection.  He  therefore  ranks 
higher  as  an  essayist  and  chronicler  than 
as  a  poet. 

Norway's  foremost  dramatist,  besides 
Ibsen  and  Bjornson,  is  Gunnar  Heiberg. 
Ten  years  ago  he  made  his  debut  with  *  Tante 
Ulrikke,'  and  subsequently  attacked  Bjorn- 
son's  categorical  commandment,  "  Truth 
above  all!"  in  *  Kong  Midas.'  Both  pieces 
revealed  an  original  artist  and  a  daring 
stage-manager.  He  has  since  maintained 
his  originality  in  a  series  of  peculiar  dramas, 
'  Kunstnere,'  '  Balkonen,'  '  Gerts  Have,'  and 
'  Det  store  Lod.'  Here  we  meet  with  a 
deliberate  endeavour  to  dispense  with  all 
the  current  formulae  of  the  modern  drama. 
Ibsen's  manner  he  approves  of  least  of  all. 
Excepting  Maeterlinck  and  Hauptmann,  I 
know  of  no  other  contemporary  writer  for 
the  stage  who  so  audaciously  chooses  his 
own  course.  All  four  plays  are  evidently  the 
productions  of  a  highly  cultivated  intellect, 
with  sparkling  wit  and  a  brilliant  style. 
'  Det  store  Lod,'  Heiberg's  latest  piece,  de- 
scribes the  influence  of  money  on  an  enthu- 
siastic idealist.  It  is  conceived  with  such  epic 
breadth,  and  is  so  full  of  ingenious  conceits 
and  ever-varying  fancies,  that  one  may  be 
excused  for  insisting,  even  before  English 
readers,  on  the  author's  close  kinship  with 
the  immortal  masters  who  have  best  por- 
trayed humanity.  It  is  somewhat  strange 
that  this  author's  talents  have  not  yet  ob- 
tained full  recognition  in  his  native  land. 

A  highly  remarkable  author  is  Knut 
Hamsun.  Some  years  ago  he  was  a 
simple     navvy    both    at     home     and     in 


North  America.  All  the  more  surprising, 
therefore,  was  it  that  he  should  force  his 
way  to  the  front  as  an  author  by  means  of 
his  catching  style  and  an  amazing  readiness 
with  his  pen,  without  being  overburdened 
with  solid  acquirements.  His  style  some- 
times reminds  one  of  that  of  the  expert 
American  reporter ;  he  has  a  hankering  after 
striking  phrases,  a  weakness  for  mystifica- 
tions, and  he  loves  to  talk  with  flaming  in- 
dignation of  persons  and  tendencies  which 
have  won  prestige.  Thus  he  falls  foul  of 
Liberalism  and  empirical  science,  as  he  under- 
stands them,  and  a  few  years  ago  he  stumped 
the  country  as  a  lectm-er,  audaciously  de- 
nying Ibsen,  Bjornson,  Jonas  Lie,  and 
Maupassant  any  merit  as  psychologists.  He 
won  his  spurs  with  his  brilliant  sketch  *  Suit ' 
(lately  translated  into  French),  which  seems 
to  give  the  reader  an  actual  sensation  of 
hunger.       Next    he    published    a    sketch, 

*  Amerikas  Andsliv,'  bristling  with  massive 
exaggerations  and  boisterous  humour.  His 
romance  *  Mysterier '  is  a  by  no  means 
unsuccessful  hybrid,  something  between 
Dostoievsky's  and    Edgar    Poe's    manner. 

*  Eedaktor  Lynge '  and  *  Nyf ord '  were  car- 
tels of  defiance  hurled  at  the  press  and  the 
artist  coteries  of  Christiania.  Last  Christmas 
appeared  his  '  Pan,'  a  wonderful  book, 
notable  for  deep  and  genuinely  poetic  de- 
scriptions of  nature  and  daring  love  scenes. 
Last  month  he  surprised  us  with  a  long 
drama,  *  Ved  Eigets  Port,'  which  is,  how- 
ever, a  weak  and  rather  ordinary  produc- 
tion. 

That  intense  enthusiasm  for  nature  which 
effervesces  in  *  Pan '  is  also  to  be  met  with 
in  Thomas  P.  Krag,  whose  sketches  of 
coast  life  near  Christianssand  reveal  quite 
an  unusual  originality  in  the  delineation  of 
nature's  deeper  moods  and  the  sensations 
of  primitive  human  nature.  His  most 
considerable   books   are    '  Jon   Grajff '    and 

*  Mulm,'  together  with  the  peculiar,  but 
somewhat  imperfect  drama,  '  Kong  Aagon.' 

Folk-life  in  the  fjords  between  Stavanger 
and  Bergen  has  found  two  remarkable  por- 
tray ers.  Jens  Tvedt  handles  the  material  in 
long  and  vigorous  novels  after  the  model 
of  Zola.  Among  the  most  successful  of 
these  are  '  Hamnatjonet,'  '  Vanheppa,' 
and  '  Godmenne.'  Quite  recently  he 
has  adopted  the  symbolic  manner  in 
the  gorgeous,  though  rather  stiff  prose- 
poem  '  Velaug,'  a  hymn  of  love.  A  more 
finely  gifted  nature  is  the  peasant  boy 
Rasmus  Loland,  whose  tales  '  Skuld,'  '  Skat- 
tegravaren,'  and  *  Kor  vart  det  av  jola' 
excite  the  greatest  expectations.  Both  Tvedt 
and  Loland  write  in  the  popular  dialect, 
which  Garborg  also  prefers.  Hans  E.  Kinck, 
on  the  other  hand,  only  uses  the  local  dialect 
in  his  dialogues.  In  the  two  novels  '  Hul- 
dren '  and  '  Ungt  Folk  '  he  has,  with  unsur- 
passed intensity  and  the  merciless  delibera- 
tion of  a  true  artist,  described  a  set  of  types 
of  that  not  very  attractive  race  which  dwells 
along  the  beautiful  shores  of  the  Hardanger 
fiord.  Quite  recently  he  has  published,  under 
the  title  of  '  Flaggermus  -  vinger,'  a  series 
of  deeply  poetic  miniatures  of  the  same  land- 
scape's mysterious  influence  on  the  minds  of 
primitive  individuals.  The  masterly  style 
of  these  works  corresponds  with  their  sub- 
stance. 

Near  akin  to  Kinck  as  an  author  is 
Hans  Aanrud,  who,  in   a   series   of  small 


N''  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


23 


■sketches,  has  supplied  capital  genre  pic- 
"tures  of  peasant  life  from  the  South 
•Oudbrands  valley.  Terse  and  precise  and 
iull  of  dry  humour,  these  tales  remind 
"the  reader  not  a  little  of  Maupassant's 
Norman  novelettes.  Jacob  Hilditch,  too, 
•deals  with  the  peasant  life  in  our  eastern 
•districts  in  short  stories  of  a  humorous  cast. 
Tru  Hulda  Garborg,  in  her  lately  published 
-drama  '  Mcidre,'  has  borrowed  her  material 
irom  an  old  farmhouse ;  the  tone  of  the  piece 
is  gloomy.  Hans  Seland,  on  the  other 
hand,  tells  merry  peasant  stories,  while  the 
•sculptor  Matthias  Skeibrok,  with  quite  a 
burlesque  abandon,  repeats  the  yarns  he  has 
-leard  in  his  native  home  on  the  west  coast. 

Eosenkrantz  Johnsen  has  taken  the 
imaterial  for  his  '  Kaptein  Appenes' 
Daughter'  and  his  smaller  sketches  from 
-a  western  fishing  village.  Life  in  and 
■about  Bergen  has  found  in  Mrs.  Amalie 
fikram  an  audacious  and  able  painter. 
;She  is  a  robust  naturahst  who  does  not 
^shrink  from  even  repulsive  subjects.  In  her 
last  romance,  '  Professor  Hieronymus,'  she 
-has  described  with  great  effect  the  residence 
and  treatment  of  an  hysterical  lady  in  a 
lunatic  asylum.  Dark  pictures  of  Bergen  life 
are  also  given  by  Theodor  Madsen  in  his 
vivid  novel  *  I  Drift.'  His  '  Guds  Finger ' 
treats  of  a  sensitive  young  man's  despe- 
rate marriage  with  a  half-witted  woman. 
He  also  won  a  scenic  success  last  winter  with 
his  drama  '  Marionetter.'  In  the  novels 
we  make  the  acquaintance  of  an  honest,  sen- 
sitive soul,  who  wins  our  sympathy  by  the 
.genuine  intensity  with  which  he  feels  the 
sorrows  and  the  loneliness  of  life.  A  some- 
what similar  impression  is  produced  by 
Tetle  Visile's  drama  '  Fru  Gerda.'  It  has 
the  effect  of  a  shriek  of  despair  at  the  agony 
and  degradation  which  povertj'  and  deser- 
tion can  drive  a  poor  woman  to.  The  ener- 
getic naturalist  Gabriel  Finne  also  prefers 
;gloomy  subjects.  In  his  romance  '  Dr.  Wangs 
Born  '  he  paints  a  hideous  picture  of  a  sense- 
less father's  mistreatment  of  his  rebellious 
children.  His  smaller  tales  '  Unge  Syndere  ' 
•and  the  novel '  To  Damer '  caused  some  sen- 
^sation  by  their  daring  treatment  of  un- 
pleasant topics.  In  his  two  small  dramas, 
*  Uglen '  and  '  For  Afskeden,'  he  shows  him- 
self capable  of  a  fine  perception  of  compli- 
■cated  psychological  phenomena,  while  his 
recently  published  novel  '  Eachel '  also 
displays  a  tendency  to  regard  mankind  a 
little  less  brutally.  Joyless  themes  are  also 
favourite  ones  with  Mons  Lie  (Jonas  Lie's 
■son)  in  his  collection  of  sketches  '  Streif '  and 
the  novel  *  Eemeni,'  whose  subject  reminds 
one  somewhat  of  Dostoievsky's  '  KJrotkaia.' 
Mons  Lie  does  not  clench  his  fist  at  life's 
misery;  he  is  inclined  rather  to  silent  re- 
signation, and  his  methods  are  discreet. 

His  cousin  Bernt  Lie  takes  quite  a 
different  view  of  existence.  His  nature  is 
full  of  joy  and  dehght.  In  '  I  Eventyrland ' 
he  paints  the  gentle  love  of  a  charming  girl 
in  richly  coloured  language.  His  romance 
■*  Justus  Hjelm'  also  relates  with  a  wealth 
of  word-painting  the  story  of  how  a  noble 
young  man  won  his  attractive  bride.  Hans 
Aagard  also  has  a  men-y  mood;  and  a  pecu- 
liarly incoherent  book,  although  not  without 
talent  and  humour,  is  Ole  Bang's  '  Indfald,' 
in  which  a  pretty  love  idyl  meanders  out  of 
a  very  complicated  maze  of  flirtation  to  a 
happy  issue. 


Flirtation  is  also  the  usual  theme  of 
Hjalmar  Christensen's  novels  and  plays. 
He  loves  to  analyze  those  young  ladies  who 
are  prone  to  love-making  without  possessing 
any  real  passion.  The  tales  *  Mat  Blod ' 
and  'Bastarder,'  as  well  as  the  dramas 
'Loths  Hustru,'  'En  Seirherre,'  and  'Folkets 
Tjener,'  are  all  variants  of  this  type  of 
womanhood.  He  has  the  habit,  moreover, 
of  introducing  sharp  attacks  upon  men  with 
democratic  tendencies,  whilst  he  offers  his 
sympathies  to  weak-willed  persons  of  a 
decadent  type.  He  also  defends  his  theory 
of  life  in  his  cleverly  written  critical 
essays,  which  he  has  collected  into  a  volume 
under  the  title  of  '  Uuge  Nordmsend.' 

An  intrepid  combatant  also  is  Jacob  B. 
Bull,  whose  two  dramas  '  Uden  Ansvar ' 
and  *  Alvorsmsend '  attack  the  excesses  of  the 
naturalistic  school  with  fanatical  violence. 
It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  BuU  in  his 
martial  fury  overlooks  the  fact  that  he  him- 
self introduces  into  his  plays  things  just  as 
coarse  as  those  that  he  attacks.  Bull  has  also 
written  some  •excellent  hunting  sketches. 

Excepting  Amalie  Skram,  our  female 
authors  scarcely  need  to  be  mentioned 
from  the  point  of  view  of  oxL  The 
greatest  of  them,  Camilla  Collett,  died 
a  few  months  ago  at  the  age  of  eighty. 
The  following  tread  in  her  footsteps, 
not  without  success :  Alvilde  Prydz  has 
shown  considerable  originality  in  the  por- 
trayal of  the  advanced  woman  in  her 
shorter  stories,  but  especially  in  her  two 
long  novels  '  Mennesker '  and  '  Drum ' ; 
Helene  Dickmar,  in  her  *  Ud  i  Livet ' 
and  *  Ellen,'  has  joined  the  ranks  of 
the  champions  of  women's  rights ;  while 
Anna  Munch,  both  in  her  novels  and  plays, 
fights  for  the  same  idea.  In  her  last  pub- 
lished book,  '  To  Hustruer,'  she  shows  her- 
self to  be  a  shrewd  psychologist  and  an 
artist  full  of  feeling. 

A  few  years  ago  there  were  very  few 
among  us  who  wrote  in  verse.  Theodor 
Caspar!  composed  caustic  sonnets  against 
the  art  of  Ibsen  and  Bjornson,  and  Kristofer 
Eanders  tuned  his  lyre  to  sing  the  praises 
of  love ;  since  then  Caspari  has  printed 
many  fine  sentimental  poems,  while  Eanders 
has  laid  aside  the  lyre  and  grasped  the 
lance  to  fight  against  democracy.  Per  Sivle, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  the  Tyrta3us  of  de- 
mocracy, and  has  sung  many  manly  songs 
in  praise  of  popular  freedom.  All  three 
of  these  poets  are  distinguished  by  their 
classical  language  and  their  emphatic  sonor- 
ous tones.  Our  remaining  poets  do  not 
mingle  in  the  fray.  Their  lyrics  are  ex- 
clusively sentimental.  The  painter  Otto 
Sinding  lately  published  a  collection  of 
gloomy  poems  inspired  by  a  strange  ro- 
manticism. Passion  and  a  tempestuous 
dehght  in  life  find  an  echo  in  Nils  Collett 
Vogt's  verses.  In  rhythms  at  once  strong 
and  insinuating  he  lauds  Eros  and  the  sunny 
bhss  of  the  South.  Vilhelm  Krag  describes 
his  richly  coloiu-ed  and  endlessly  varying 
fancies  in  tender, melting  melodies.  SigbjiJrn 
Obstfelder  is  not  so  lavish  of  ornament, 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  his  feelings  are 
deeper,  and  therefore  his  expression  is 
more  individual  and  genuine.  He  is  a 
gentle  visionary  who  seems  to  have  an  ex- 
perience of  life's  mysticism  at  fii-st  hand. 
The  rhythm  in  his  tender  poetry  sweeps 
along  in  soft  billows  Hko  tremulous  breath- 


ing, and  has  the  effect  of  inspired  violin 
music.  Indeed,  Obstfelder's  art  is  so  peculiar 
that  he  is  often  unintelligible  to  the  ordinary 
public.  AU  these  young  and  highly  gifted 
poets  have  also  written  works  in  prose. 
Vogt,  while  quite  a  young  man,  published 
the  romance  '  Familiens  Sorg,'  which  abso- 
lutely quivers  with  indignation  at  a  parent's 
want  of  sympathy  for  his  son's  burning 
longing  for  life.  Krag,  besides  his  prose- 
poems  entitled  '  Nat,'  produced  a  charm- 
ing drama,  '  De  Gamles  Juleaften,'  which 
affected  the  audience  like  a  blithe  sonata ; 
and  Obstfelder  in  a  novel,  *  Liv,'  instinct 
with  tender  melancholy,  has  found  his  way 
to  those  hearts  that  had  been  closed  against 
his  peculiar  verses.  Here  too  mention  may 
be  made  of  Sven  Nilssen,  whose  prose- 
poems  '  Skygger,'  despite  abnost  inexplicable 
changes  of  tone,  testify  to  a  uniquely  vivid 
imagination  and  a  brilliant  mastery  of  style. 
Apart  from  helles-lettres,  Norway  has  not 
very  many  books  to  be  proud  of.  Quite 
recently  0.  A.  .Overland  completed  his 
voluminous  history  of  Norway  from  the 
earliest  period  down  to  1814,  a  profound 
work  written  in  a  light  and  pleasing  style. 
The  art  critic  Andreas  Aubert  lately  i)ub- 
lishedan  admirably  written  biography  of  the 
father  of  Norwegian  painting,  Johan  Chi-is- 
tian  Dahl.  Henrik  Jajger's  profound  and 
circumstantial  history  of  Norwegian  litera- 
ture is  still  in  course  of  publication.  Erik 
Lie  (another  son  of  Jonas  Lie)  has  published 
a  book  about  Balzac.  Otherwise  we  have 
little  to  show  in  the  way  of  criticism  and 
literary  history.  Chr.  CoUin's  book  '  Kuust 
og  Moral,'  though  somewhat  confused  in 
style  and  swarming  with  repetitions,  pos- 
sesses great  merit.  It  gallantly  takes  the  field 
against  the  immoralities  of  naturalism,  and 
warmly  insists  that  the  laws  of  morality 
should  be  respected  even  in  art.  As 
his  models  he  takes  George  Eliot  and 
Bjiirnson.  Collin's  philosophy  of  life 
is  a  belief  in  evolutionary  progress.  His 
opinions  have  given  rise  to  a  hot  dis- 
cussion, and  the  spokesmen  of  art  do  not 
spare  him  for  challenging  the  sovereignty 
of  art.  A  new  literary  critic  of  considerable 
power  appeared  among  the  contributors  to 
the  reviews  last  year  in  the  person  of 
Carl  Nrerup,  whose  clever  essays  deal  with 
contemporary  writers.  It  may  be  noted, 
finally,  as  a  sign  of  the  times,  that  our 
youngest  philosopher,  H.  C.  Hansen,  in  his 
excellently  written  treatise  *  Eummet  og 
Sjfelen,'  announces  his  adherence  to  pure 
HegeHanism,  which  has  not  found  a  sj)okes- 
man  among  us  for  many  years. 

Chr.  BRixcHiLLN^y. 


POLAND. 

Last  year  the  novels  of  Madame  Orzeszko 
and  B.  Prus  were  the  most  important  pro- 
duced in  the  twelvemonth  ;  this  time  '  The 
Polaniecki  Family,'  by  H.  Sienkiewicz, 
occupies  the  same  position.  The  writer  has 
embodied  many  truths  in  relation  to  life, 
and  included  many  ethical  problems,  in  his 
masterly  delineation.  A  French  translation 
of  it  is  to  api^ear  before  long  in  Paris,  and 
so  he  will  become  known  to  the  great  read- 
ing world  of  Europe.  J.  Zacharyasiewiez, 
who  has  just  celebrated  his  fortieth  year  of 
literary  work,  is  still  in  spite  of  his  years 
busy,  maintaining  his  well-merited  reputa- 
tion  by  new  efforts,  and   has   in  the  last 


24 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3532,  July  6,'95> 


twelve  months  brought  out  three  new 
volumes  :  '  Under  the  Three  Governments,' 
'  Orion  and  Chrysanthema,'  a  cutting  satire 
on  the  naturalistic  school  of  the  present 
day,  and  above  all  the  novel  '  Bread,' 
to  which  the  political  condition  in 
recent  years  of  Prussian  Poland  forms 
a  background  that  is  depicted  with 
much  skill.  In  a  similar  manner,  but 
with  a  considerable  infusion  of  satire,  the 
celebrated  T.  T.  Jez  has  in  his  romance 
'  Elizabeth '  pc-rtrayed  the  condition  of 
Galicia.  B.  Prus  has  published  nothing 
of  late  except  a  collection  of  novelettes, 
some  of  which,  however,  are  among  the 
beet  things  we  have  of  the  kind.  A  for- 
tunate combination  of  reaKstic  truth  with 
a  cheerful  optimism  imparts  to  M.  Gawale- 
wicz's  tale, '  BegunintheMoming,'apleasant 
feeling  that  does  the  reader  good ;  and 
his  novelette  '  Parting  Souls,'  a  passage 
fi'om  the  memoirs  of  a  young  medical  man 
who  has  on  his  hands  three  patients  at  the 
point  of  death,  is  notable  for  its  truly 
poetical  charm.  In  two  new  stories — '  Life 
and  Deeds  of  Monsieur  Boruch  Kaltkugel ' 
and  'The  Dark  Cot' — K.  Junosza  has 
again  portrayed  the  class  of  people  whom, 
as  I  have  remarked  in  previous  articles,  he 
knows  so  well  bow  to  delineate — the  Jewish 
proletariate  in  Poland.  A  deeper  insight 
into  the  Jewish  question,  however,  is  em- 
bodied in  a  humorous  satire.  *  The  Golden 
Chains '  is  the  first  fiction  on  a  large 
scale  of  W.  Gomulicki,  the  highly  esteemed 
lyrical  poet  and  writer  of  short  stories.  In 
it  he  extols  true  love  as  the  basis  of  married 
life  and  of  the  well-being  of  human  society. 
From  the  effective  pen  of  MUe.  M.  Eodzie- 
wicz  we  have  a  tale,  *  On  the  Path  of  the 
Swallows,'  and  several  shorter  stories,  of 
which  some  have  met  with  high  praise, 
especially  *  The  Soldier's  Stock.'  In  the 
story  of  Ostoja,  'The  Pupil,'  is  described 
in  vivid  fashion  the  fate  of  a  beautiful 
woman,  who,  separated  from  her  vicious 
husband,  endeavours  to  attain  an  indepen- 
dent position,  and  in  trying  so  to  do  en- 
counters obstacles  at  every  step.  The  subject 
of  a  romance  of  Madame  Hajota,  '  Her 
Son,'  is  the  story  of  a  married  woman 
related  in  rather  naturalistic  style.  More 
drastic,  however,  are  the  contents  of  the 
work  of  l^Iadame  Krzyzanawski,  '  For 
Others'  Faults,'  in  which  the  mother's  lover 
marries  her  daughter.  But  Madame  G. 
Zapolska  remains,  even  in  her  latest  produc- 
tions '  Janka '  and  '  Limbo,'  the  chief  re- 
presentative among  us  of  naturalistic  and 
erotic  literature.  *  The  Furthest  Limit '  of  the 
very  productive  A.  Krechowiecki  and  '  The 
Sisters  Malinowski,'  by  A.  Konar,  belong 
to  the  best  stories  that  have  appeared  lately. 
'  Cotton,'  by  W.  Kosiakiewicz,  is  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  conditions  of  life  in  a  manufac- 
turing town  that  shows  much  power  of 
observation  ;  while  the  pleasant  and  warm- 
hearted tales  of  Abgar-Soltan,  '  From  a 
Country  House,'  transport  us  into  the  life 
of  the  lesser  nobility. 

Drama  has  not  flourished  particularly 
during  the  last  twelvemonths.  No  theatrical 
piece  has  made  a  sensation  in  the  jDeriod 
named.  The  plays  that  were  best  received 
were  'Proud  Souls,'  an  adaptation  for  the 
stage  made  by  the  practised  hand  of  Z. 
Sarnecki  from  the  admirable  novel  of 
Madame  Orzeszko,  *Bene  Nati' ;  and  'The 


Woman  Cheat,'  by  K.  Zalewski,  a  pictui'e 
of  the  life  of  the  demi-monde  which  here  and 
there  reminds  one  of  French  models,  but 
owes  what  success  it  has  enjoyed  mainly  to 
the  sharp  power  of  observation  of  the  author 
and  his  skill  in  stagecraft.  Finally,  an 
historical  comedy  by  M.  Wolowski,  '  To- 
warzysz  Pancemy,'  introduced  a  highly 
popular  and  characteristic  personage,  a 
warrior  and  memoir-writer  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  M.  Pasek,  who  is  depicted 
with  much  humour  and  vivacity.  Neither 
'  The  Eich  Widow  '  of  M.  Balucki  nor  '  The 
Straggler '  of  S.  Graybner  is  among  the 
happiest  efforts  of  these  popular  writers  of 
comedy.  Instead  of  mentioning  any  more 
second-rate  plays  I  may  here  chronicle  the 
appearance  of  a  new  version  of  the  tragedies 
of  ^schylus  by  K.  Kaszewski,  which  meets 
all  artistic  and  literary  requirements. 

The  distinguished  critic  P.  Chmielowski, 
in  his  most  recent  work  '  The  Polish  Poets 
of  the  Day,'  names  as  the  youngest  fol- 
lowers of  the  muses  Z.  Przesmycki,  K. 
Tetmajer,  J.  Kasprowicz,  S.  Eossowski, 
A.  Oppman,  and  A.  Niemojewski,  to  whom 
I  may  add  L.  Eydel  and  K.  Gorski.  Of 
this  band  K.  Tetmajer  has  suddenly  come 
to  the  front  with  his  second  volume  of 
poems.  He  possesses  a  powerful  fancy  and 
integrity  of  feeling,  yet  most  of  his  poems 
express  an  inner  doubt  and  scepticism  or 
an  intoxication  of  the  senses.  A  similar 
impression  is  left  by  the  most  recent  col- 
lection of  the  lyrics  of  the  gifted  J. 
Kasprowicz,  'Love';  on  the  other  hand, 
the  verses  of  J.  Wierzbicki  are  distinguished 
by  a  healthy  view  of  the  world.  An  un- 
usual kind  of  writing  is  to  be  found  in  the 
first  three  cantos  of  '  Sobieski  before  Vienna,' 
by  Deotyma,  a  lady  belonging  to  the  later 
Eomantic  school,  who  has  used  the  great 
talents  she  undoubtedly  possesses  to  at- 
tempt to  produce  an  heroic  poem  in  the 
style  of  memoirs. 

Of  works  in  other  departments  of  litera- 
ture I  must  confine  myself  to  giving  the 
titles  of  some  noteworthy  books,  such  as 
'The  Book  of  Polish  Proverbs,'  by  S. 
Adalberg ;  a  second  series  of  '  Our  Novel- 
ists,' by  P.  Chmielowski;  'Studies  on 
Mickiewicz,  Slowacki,  and  Krasinski,'  by 
F.  Hosick ;  '  Schiller  and  Goethe :  their 
Ten  Years'  Friendship,'  by  W.  Spasowicz ; 
'Frank  and  his  Followers,'  an  account 
(founded  on  original  documents)  of  that 
adventurous  reformer  of  the  Polish  Jews, 
by  A.  Kraushar ;  '  Woman  in  Poland,'  by 
Z.  Kaczkowski ;  '  The  Tatra  Mountains  : 
a  Physico  -  Geographical  Study,'  by  A. 
Eeman  ;  and  '  England  and  the  English,' 
by  M.  E.  Trepka,  a  volume  showing  warm 
sympathy  with  a  country  which  the  author 
knows  thoroughly.  With  the  fourth  volume 
the  'Life  of  Adam  Mickiewicz,'  by  a  son  of 
the  great  poet,  has  been  completed.  It  is  a 
book  that  will  supply  abundant  materials  to 
future  biographers.    Adam  Belcikowski. 

EUSSIA. 

The  commencement  of  a  new  reign  has 
boon,  of  course,  the  most  important  fact  of 
the  last  season,  and  has  influenced  all  our 
social  life.  From  my  previous  articles 
your  readers  may  have  gathered  that 
the  now  reign  woiild  find  Eussian  society 
in  a  distinctly  excited  state.  It  is  there- 
fore   unnecessary   for   me    to    exjilain    the 


grounds  upon  which  were  founded  those- 
timid  Liberal  manifestations  which  are  better- 
known  to  you  through  the  medium  of  the 
foreign  press  than  to  us  through  that  of" 
the  Eussian.  I  need  only  say  in  this  con- 
nexion that  once  again  the  foreign  press 
has  demonstrated  how  little,  in  the  majority 
of  cases,  the  internal  condition  of  Eussia  is 
understood  in  Europe.  I  may  also  add  that, 
notwithstanding  the  rapid  alternations  of" 
hope  and  disenchantment  which  it  has  under- 
gone, Eussian  society  is  still  uncertain  as  to^ 
the  "  new  course  ";  consequently,  in  the  face- 
of  this  ignorance,  the  careful  observer  of. 
Eussian  life  has  difficulty  in  determining- 
what  direction  the  considerable  stock  of 
animation  with  which  several  circles  of^ 
Eussian  society  are  permeated  to  -  day 
may  take.  We  do  not  know  whether  we" 
are  on  the  eve  of  reforms,  of  reactionary- 
measures,  or  of  a  regime  of  no  principles. 

From  these  preliminaiy  remarks  you  can 
see  that  Eussian  thought  was  directed  rather- 
towards  practical  than  theoretical  questions 
during  the  past  year.  The  proximate  social 
difficulties  of  Eussian  life  are  so  elementary 
and  so  little  open  to  dispute  that  every  year- 
the  number  of  their  sincere  and  convinced 
opponents  grows  more  and  more  insignificant. 
Misrule  and  ignorance — these  are  the  prin- 
cipal plagues  of  contemporary  Eussia,  For- 
this  reason  the  reign  of  legality  in  all 
branches  of  life  and  a  wide  diffusion  of 
popular  education  have  become  aims  for 
which  people  of  the  most  diversified' 
opinions  are  uniting.  Serious  differences- 
arise  only  in  cases  where  the  econo- 
mical aspect  cti  the  social  programme 
comes  under  discussion.  Upon  this  question 
literary  polemics  are  concentrated,  and  its 
lively  discussion  was,  perhaps,  the  principaP 
subject  of  Eussian  publicism  during  the' 
year  that  has  passed. 

It  is  necessary  to  explain  that  the  contend- 
ing parties  were  both  equally  opposed  to  the- 
point  of  view  that  the  State  has  no  business 
to  interfere  in  economic  questions.  Even  the- 
Liberals  do  not  foUow  in  this  particular  th&- 
tradition  of  the  Liberalism  of  Western  Europe. 
The  question  is  only  in  which  of  two  op- 
posite directions  Stat©  interference  should 
move.  Ever  since  the  emancipation  of  the- 
peasants  a  great  change  has  taken  place- 
in  the  economic  life  of  Eussia.  Primi- 
tive economic  conditions  have  altered' 
with  remarkable  rapidity.  At  the  same 
time  individualism  has  become  the  oppo- 
nent more  and  more  threatening  of  the- 
primpoval  collectivism  of  Eussian  life.  The- 
question  stands,  therefore,  as  follows  r 
should  the  Government  act  in  the  same 
direction  as  the  development  of  economic- 
life,  i.  c,  assist  the  growth  of  individualism, 
or  should  it  seek  to  safeguard  the  old  col- 
lectivist  forms  of  economic  life  ?  The  im- 
portance of  this  question  explains  the  acute 
character  which  the  discussion  has  taken, 
passing  from  a  purely  critical  position  to  one- 
of  principles. 

I  do  not  know  whether  it  will  be  more- 
difficult  or  more  easy  to  understand  the 
fierceness  of  the  dispute  if  I  add  that  the 
opponents  belong  to  one  and  the  same- 
political  school.  Both  parties  recognixe- 
that  the  ideal  economic  form  is  the  coUec- 
tivist.  But  the  one  wishes  to  attain  its 
aim  by  safeguarding  the  primitive  economic- 
collectivism,  whilst  the  other  considers  its- 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


25 


downfall  inevitable  and  seeks  salvation  from 
individualist  capitalism  in  its  future  develop- 
ment. Each  of  these  groups  deduces  its 
thesis  from  an  entire  system  of  philosophy. 
The  first  values  primitive  collectivism  be- 
cause it  regards  it  as  an  inalienable  trait 
in  the  character  of  the  Russian  people ; 
and  at  present,  of  course,  it  sees  in  it 
not  the  immemorial  peculiarity  of  the 
popular  spirit,  but  a  means  of  saving 
Eussia  from  proletarianism.  The  other 
group  derives  its  deductions  from  the  teach- 
ings of  Marx  and  Engels  and  from  a  corre- 
sponding understanding  of  history,  which 
has  received  with  us  the  denomination  of 
"economic  materialism."  The  first  group 
sticks  to  its  old  name  of  "Populists,"  the 
second  has  adopted  in  recent  years  the  title 
of  "Marxites."  If  the  first  still  retains 
traces  of  the  metaphysical  absolutism  of  the 
Slavophil  doctrines,  the  latter  is  closely  con- 
nected with  the  social  indiSerentism  of  the 
eighties. 

In  my  last  article  I  spoke  of  the  inter- 
mediate position  taken  up  in  the  dispute,  in 
the  name  of  common  sense  and  healthy 
moral  feelings,  by  the  influential  circle 
of  men  on  the  staff  of  the  Ittisslco7je 
Bogatstvo  [Russian  Treasury').  In  the 
current  year  the  position  of  the  disputants 
has  been  considerably  altered.  For  the 
first  time  the  Marxites  appeared  in  print,  and 
immediately  commenced  a  determined  attack 
on  the  absolutism  of  the  Populist  doctrines 
as  well  as  on  the  eclecticism  of  the  Russ- 
hoye  Bogatstvo.  A  writer  who  concealed 
his  identity  under  the  pseudonym  of  N. 
Beltov  contrasted  in  a  witty  though  abusive 
book  ('  On  the  Question  of  the  Development 
of  the  Monistic  View  of  History :  a  Reply 
to  Messrs.  Mikhailovski,  Kareeff  &  Co.')  the 
absolutist  point  of  view  of  the  Populist 
with  the  scientific  idea  of  the  relativity  of 
social  forms  and  their  evolution  according 
to  economic  laws.  In  this  he  demonstrated 
the  weakness  and  dualistic  character  of  that 
"  subjective  method  in  sociology "  upon 
which  was  founded  the  critical  school  of 
the  Russkoye  Bogatstvo^  and  which  Prof. 
Kareeff  has  once  more  put  forward  in 
his  collection  of  '  Juridico- Philosophical 
and  Sociological  Studies '  just  published. 
Another  disciple  of  Marx,  P.  Struve,  in  his 
'  Critical  Notes  on  the  Question  of  the 
Economic  Development  of  Russia,'  has 
undertaken  even  a  bolder  task,  namely, 
to  explain  from  the  Marxite  point  of  view 
the  present  economic  position  and  future  of 
Eussia.  He  takes  up  his  parable  principally 
against  the  Populists,  whom  he  classes  with 
the  adherents  of  "  subjective  sociology." 
The  Populists  (particularly  Vorontzov) 
demonstrated  that  Russian  capitalism  de- 
prived our  agricultural  population  of  their 
home  industries,  and  thereby  weakened 
their  purchasing  power,  diminished  in 
this  manner  the  demand  for  articles  pro- 
duced for  the  homo  market,  and,  not  being 
capable  of  conquering  the  international 
market,  condemned  itself  to  certain  death. 
Struve  maintains,  on  the  contrary,  that  the 
agrictdtural  population  gains  more  than 
it  loses  by  passing  from  a  natural  to  a 
capitalist  organization,  and  that  its  loss  of 
income  from  home  industries  is  more  than 
counterbalanced  by  an  increased  production 
and  more  intensive  agriculture ;  that  in- 
creased agricultural  production  must  mean 


an  increase  in  purchasing  power  ;  and  that 
in  this  way  the  demand  in  the  home  market 
will  be  enlarged.  Capitalism,  basing  itself  on 
this,  will  consequently  develope  indefinitely, 
and  quite  independently  of  the  international 
market.  This  book  of  Sti'uve's  has  called 
forth  a  number  of  repKes,  especially  in  the 
pages  of  the  Russkoye  Bogatstvo.  Besides 
Vorontzov  and  Mikhailovski,  his  most  notable 
opponents  are  N — on  (Danielsson),  the  author 
of  '  Outlines  of  Agriculture  after  the  Re- 
form,' the  economist  Karuishev,  the  staff  of 
the  Russkoye  Bogatstvo,  Youjakov,  Krivenko, 
and  others.  With  the  exception  of  Skvort- 
zov,  the  author  of  '  Economic  Studies,'  and 
a  few  unexpected  allies  from  the  Conserva- 
tive camp  (like  Golovin),  no  writers  on 
political  economy  have  as  yet  ventured  to 
proclaim  themselves  his  adherents.  On  the 
other  hand,  Struve  has  many  partisans  among 
our  young  men,  especially  in  the  provinces. 
All  the  replies,  however,  instead  of  proving 
conclusively  the  correctness  of  the  Populist 
point  of  view  and  the  fallacy  of  that  of  the 
Marxites,  have  only  gone  to  show  that  in 
order  to  arrive  at  any  finality  in  the  dispute 
it  is  necessary  to  study  the  economics  of  con- 
temporary Eussia  more  fully  and  deeply,  and 
thoroughly  independently  of  the  doctrinaire 
tendencies  of  the  contending  parties.  The 
Marxite  view  seems  to  ignore  the  idiosyn- 
cratic peculiarities  of  Russia,  and  appears 
to  be  no  less  fallacious  than  the  Populist 
view,  which  is  inclined,  on  the  contrary',  to 
exaggerate  the  importance  of  these  pecu- 
liarities, as  may  be  gathered  anew  from 
Vorontzov' s  just  published  '  Outlines  of 
Theoretical  Political  Economy.'  The  practical 
result  of  these  discussions  has  been  that  a 
schism  has  made  some  progress  amongst 
the  antagonists  of  Marx ;  as  is  usual  in 
violent  polemics,  differences  became  more 
perceptible  amongst  the  allies.  Some  of 
these  adhered  steadily  to  the  Popu- 
lists, who  are  losing  their  intellectual 
supremacy  more  and  more,  and  are  becom- 
ing a  sharply  defined  separate  group. 
Others,  perhaps  not  always  quite  con- 
sciously, took  several  steps  in  the  direction 
of  the  Marxites.  The  result  of  this  new 
arrangement  of  parties  I  may  have  to 
discuss  next  year. 

It  is  possible  that  the  reason  which  forced 
me  to  dwell  so  fully  on  the  disputes  over 
the  economic  future  of  Russia  has  been  the 
cause  of  depriving  me  of  all  material  for 
the  discussion  of  the  state  of  Russian  philo- 
sophy during  the  current  year.  Of  course, 
specialists  have  not  allowed  their  interest 
to  languish,  but  our  general  public  divides 
its  attention  between  philosophy  and  political 
economy  in  an  inverse  proportion.  Not  so 
very  long  ago  it  was  the  tui-n  of  philosophy, 
bxit  now  this  has  been  superseded  by 
sociology.  This  is  the  reason  why  I 
trouble  you  in  this  article  with  the  disputes 
of  Marxites  and  the  Russkoye  Bogatstvo 
instead  of  speaking  of  Vladimir  Solovieff, 
who  is  now  creating  his  system  of  ethics, 
or  of  the  Moscow  Psychological  Society, 
which  has  just  celebrated  the  tenth  anni- 
versary of  its  fairly  renowned  existence. 

In  the  domain  of  belles-lettres  the  past 
year  has  produced  nothing  of  capital  im- 
portance. Of  course  Boboruikin  has  given 
us  his  annual  large  novel,  in  which  we 
recognize  his  usual  literary  skill,  and  meet 
the  characters  he  loves  so  well  and  the  care- 


fully described   stage  projjerties.     But  the 
interest  of  Boboruikin's  novels  is  not  usually 
confined  to  their  inise  en  seme,  but  is  to  be 
found  in  the  ability  with  which  he  succeeds 
in  seizing  at  the  right  time  some  social  fad 
or  tendency  of  the  moment,  and  introducing, 
it,  badly  or  well  as  the  case  may  be,  into 
his  usual  stage  effects.  Unfortunately  for  our 
novelist,  the  social  tendencies  of  the  present 
day  are  less  rapid  in  their  changes  than  are  ■ 
his  novels  in  appearing.  The  author,  having 
exhausted  the  theme  of  the  hour,  has  been, 
left,  for  a  time  at  least,  without  a  subject, 
and  has  been  compelled  to  draw  upon  his- 
imagination.      Thus    the    successful    novel 
'  On    the    Wane '    was    followed    by    the 
stillborn    'Basil    Terkin,'  —  the    more     or 
less    successful    '  Crossing    the    Top '    by 
the    absolute    failure    of    'The    Pleader,' 
for  so  he   calls   his    hero,    an    idealist   of 
the  old  school  with  modern  views,  who  is- 
equally   unsuccessful   in  defending   in    St. 
Petersburg  the  interests  of    his  peasantrj' 
and  those  of  his  heroine.    Much  interest  has- 
been  awakened  by  an  as  yet  unfinished  novel- 
by    D.   Mamin-Sibiriak,    entitled    'Bread.' 
Mamin,  who  has  shown  his  thorough  know- 
ledge of  life  on  the  Ural  territory  in  his 
'  Siberian  Tales,'  only  recently  issued,  has 
unfolded  before  us  an  entire  epos  of  local 
life  at  the  time  of  the  economic  revolution. 
Succumbing  as  it  were  to  the  influence  of 
the  publicist  polemics  of  the  year,  Mamin 
has  chosen  for  his  subject   the   break    up. 
of  the  old   customs   of  the   Ural  territory, 
which  was  drawn  by  the  emancipation  of 
the  peasantry  into  industrial  development 
and  general  feverish  speculation.  The  theme 
is  far  from  new  in  the  literature  of  Russian 
Populists,  but  has  acquired  fresh  interest  at 
this  moment  of    hot   discussions    over   the 
economic  future  of  Russia.     Another  work 
of   Mamin's,   '  Sketches  from  the   Life    of 
Pepko,'  has  also  met  with   much  success. - 
With  considerable   sympathy  and  humour 
he  has  here  portrayed  the  manners  of  the 
minor  literary  Bohemia  of  St.  Petersburg. 
A  Bohemia  of  a  different  kind  has    been 
represented   by  Garin   in    'The   Students,' 
which  is  a  continuation  of  his  '  Gymnasists ' 
and   of  his  '  Childhood  of   Tema.'      These 
family  chronicles  of  Garin  furnish  a  bold 
and  faithful  picture  of  the  abnormal  sur- 
roundings in  which  the  author's  generation 
were  educated,  and  in  which  our  cultured 
classes  are  stiU  being  brought  up  to-day. 
Korolenko  has  published  a  few  studies  this 
year  inspired  by  his  trij)  to  England  and 
America.     '  A  Free  Fight  in  the  House  '  is 
a  semi-literary  commentary  on  a  well-known 
incident  in  the  House  of  Commons,  but,  let 
me  hasten  to  add,  filled  with  admiration  for 
the  every-day  constitutional  struggles  of  the 
British  representatives.  '  Without  a  Tongue' 
is  descriptive  of  a  charming  and  touching 
incident     in    the    life    of    some    Western 
Russian  peasant  emigrants,  hopelessly  lost 
amidst  what  was  to  them  the  strange  popida- 
tion  of  New  York.     The  works  published 
this    year    by    Tchekhoff    and   Potapenko 
have     been     less     liappy.      Stanioukovitch 
has    issued    a    collection    of    '  New    Naval 
Stories.'    Count  Leo  Tolstoy's  short  '  Master 
and   Workman '    is   familiar   to    the    Eng- 
lish  public   through    the    medium    of   the 
Review  of  Reviews.     In  Russia  it  met  with 
the  success  of  which  everything  emanating 
from  the  pen  of  our  great  novelist  is  assured, 


26 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3532,  July  G,  '95 


although  its  purport  scarcely  corresponded 
with  the  direction  of  thought  of  our  young 
men.  Of  new  writers  the  best  was  Madame 
Lukhmanoff ,  who  has  produced  recollections 
of  her  schooldays  and  a  picture  of  Siberian 
life. 

The  great  awakening  of  interest  in  read- 
ing and  self-culture  in  all  classes  of  society, 
to  which  I  referred  in  my  last  article,  is 
■confirmed  this  j-ear  by  observation  and 
•facts.  Interesting  data  on  this  subject  will 
be  found  in  the  second  edition,  published 
this  year,  of  Prugavin's  book  '  On  the 
Demands  of  the  People  and  the  Duties  of 
Ihe  Intellectual  Classes  with  reference  to 
Education  and  Culture.'  It  is  also  testified 
to  by  the  energetic  activity  displayed  by  the 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  "  Committees  of 
Education."  Inquiries  conducted  by  the 
latter  committee  amongst  people  connected 
with  and  interested  in  rural  schools  have 
revealed  the  existence  everywhere  of  a 
profound  interest  in  education  amongst  the 
rural  population.  The  interest  taken  by 
the  higher  classes  of  the  reading  public  is 
brought  to  light  in  the  recently  issued  work 
by  Eubakin  entitled  'A  Study  of  the 
Eussian  Heading  Public,'  as  well  as  by  the 
great  success  attained  by  the  Moscow  Com- 
mission for  the  Organization  of  Home 
Reading,  which  has  scarcely  commenced 
work  and  has  already  issued  three  editions 
of  its  '  Programme  of  Home  Heading,'  or 
about  25,000  copies.  Besides  endeavouring 
to  give  a  direction  to  home  reading,  the 
Commission  has  made  the  first  attempt  to 
introduce  another  form  of  university  exten- 
sion by  causing  public  lectures  to  be  de- 
livered in  the  provinces  by  travelling 
lecturers.  Parallel  with  this  movement  the 
issue  of  popular  works  on  science  has  made 
great  strides,  though  these  are  as  yet  prin- 
cipally translations. 

Some  interesting  researches  have  been 
published  by  I.  Ivanoif  into  '  The  Political 
role  of  the  French  Theatre  in  connexion 
with  the  Philosophy  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  based  upon  his  study  of  the 
materials  in  the  libraries  of  Paris.  M. 
M.  Kovalevski  has  published  the  first 
instalment  of  his  great  work  on  '  The 
Origins  of  Contemporary  Democracy.'  He 
devotes  his  first  volume  to  the  question, 
"From  what  elements  was  the  doctrine  of 
the  equality  of  citizenship  and  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  people  composed,  the  carry- 
ing of  which  into  practice  fell  to  the 
lot  of  the  Constituent  Assembly"  of  the 
French  Revolution?  English  readers  will 
be  interested  probably  in  the  very  thorough 
researches  of  Manuilov  on  '  The  Irish  Land 
System.'  The  author  has  gone  into  the 
history  and  the  present  conditions  of  the 
question,  basing  his  deductions  upon  mate- 
rials in  the  British  Museum  and  in  Ireland 
itself.  I.  Yanjul  has  published  his  book 
on  '  Commercial  and  Industrial  Syndicates,' 
based  on  data  collected  by  him  in  America. 
Nor  should  I  omit  to  mention  A.  Miklashev- 
ski's  *  Money :  an  Attempt  to  study  the 
Fundamental  Postulates  of  the  Theory  of 
the  Classical  School  in  connexion  with  the 
History  of  the  Monetary  Question.' 

To  tlie  domain  of  Russian  history  and 
the  history  of  literature  I.  Jdanov,  one  of 
the  best  authorities  on  our  ancient  literature, 
has  contributed  'The  Russian  Historical 
Epos.'     The  author  has  sought  European 


parallels  and  sources,  and  has  made  re- 
searches into  the  history  of  several  world- 
wide beliefs  and  popular  historical  traditions. 
M.  Speranski  has  investigated  the  history  of 
the  apocryphal  gospels  in  Slavonic  literature, 
VengeroflE  has  issued  vol.  iv.  of  his  thorough 
'  Critico-Bibliographical  Dictionary  of  Rus- 
sian Authors  and  Men  of  Learning,'  and  has 
published  the  fifth  issue  of  a  collection  of 
the  works  of  Russian  poets  of  the  eighteenth 
century  and  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth, which  is  appearing  under  the  title  of 
*  Russian  Poetry.'  The  Moscow  Society  of 
Lovers  of  Russian  Literature  has  laid  the 
foundation  for  an  annual  publication  of  a 
collection  of  literary  and  historico-literary 
articles  by  publishing  a  '  Handsel.'  0.  H. 
Schoenrock  has  issued  vol.  iii.  of  his 
'  Materials  for  a  Biography  of  Gogol.' 
Barsukov  has  published  the  eighth  and 
ninth  volumes  of  his  biography  of  the  his- 
torian Pogodin,  which  he  has  converted  into 
a  history  of  Russian  society  of  the  period. 
Of  purely  historical  works  the  appear- 
ance of  the  first  volume  of  *  Russian  His- 
tory' (pre-Petrine  Russia),  by  Belov,  an 
old  pedagogue,  should  be  mentioned. 
Philipoff  has  published  a  '■  History  of  the 
Senate  from  1725  to  1730.'  To  the  same 
period  belongs  vol.  vii.  of  the  '  Protocols  of 
the  Supreme  Privy  Council,'  the  only  pub- 
lication this  year  by  the  Russian  Historical 
Society,  and  the  ninety-fourth  volume  of 
the  entire  series.  Ph.  Martens  has  printed 
vol.  xi.  of  his  '  Collection  of  Treaties  made 
with  Russia,'  in  which  appear  the  treaties 
with  England  of  1801-1831.  Brueckner 
has  issued  vol.  v.  of  his  collection  of  mate- 
rials for  the  Iiistory  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury and  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth, 
under  the  title  '  The  Rasumovski  Family ' ; 
and  Evarnitski  has  published  the  second 
volume  of  his  history  of  the  Zaporojski 
Cossacks.  Paul  Milyoukov. 


SPAIN, 

To  judge  from  the  number  of  valuable 
works  published  in  Spain  during  the  last 
twelvemonth,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the 
improvement  generally  recognized  of  late 
has  at  last  become  a  reality.  Although  the 
Royal  Academy  of  History  might,  perhaps, 
have  done  more  —  having  only  pubHshed 
two  volumes,  the  fifth  and  sixth,  of  Muriel's 
'  History  of  Charles  IV.  of  Bourbon,'  one 
more  of  the  '  Description  of  Portugal '  by 
Cornide,  and  another  of  '  Pleitos  de  Colon ' 
— the  deficiency,  if  there  was  one,  has  been 
more  than  compensated  by  the  twenty- 
five  volumes  already  in  print  of  its  Boletin, 
to  which  a  most  complete  index  has  lately 
been  added  by  D.  Antonio  Rodriguez  Villa. 
Containing  as  the  Boletin  does  letters  and 
reports  of  the  Academy's  corresponding 
members  in  the  Peninsula  and  abroad,  that 
publication  has  powerfully  contributed  to 
the  diffusion  of  archajological  knowledge — 
indeed,  it  may  be  said  that,  owing  to  the  im- 
pulse given  by  the  corporation,  the  taste  for 
antiquities  has  all  of  a  sudden  considerably 
increased.  Everywhere  Iberian,  Phoenician, 
Carthaginian,  and  Roman  ruins  are  visited 
or  excavated,  whilst  the  sumptuous  remains 
of  Moorish  dominion  and  the  monasteries 
and  convents  of  the  Middle  Ages  are 
investigated  and  described.  Ali'eady  two 
clubs  of  excunionisias  have  been  formed, 
one  of  them  in  this  capital  (Madrid),  the 


other  at  Barcelona,  with  the  exclusive  object 
of  visiting  and  describing  the  many  remains 
scattered  over  the  Peninsula  and  its  adjacent 
islands.  Of  these  monographs  several  have 
already  appeared  and  more  are  expected, 
which  will  furnish  an  idea  of  what  Spain, 
hitherto  insufiiciently  explored,  contains  in 
the  way  of  antiquities  and  art.  To  that 
particular  circumstance  we  owe,  perhaps, 
the  publication  of  the  following  :  '  Sepulcros 
prehistoricos  de  Ciempozuelos,'  by  Vives ; 
'  Prehistoriay  Tradiciones  de  SeviUa,'  by  Cano 
y  Cuesta ;  '  Estudios  sobre  la  epoca  Celtica 
en  Galicia,'  by  Saralegui  y  Medina  (Ferrol, 
1895);  '  Galicia  y  Asturias,'  by  La  Braiia; 
'  Cuarenta  Leguas  por  Cantabria,'  by  Perez 
Galdos,  the  celebrated  novelist ;  and  '  Viaje 
ii  Asturias  pasando  por  Leon,'  or  '  A  Journey 
to  Asturias  passing  through  Leon '  (the 
Legio  of  the  Romans),  most  of  which,  if 
not  all,  have  been  printed  in  the  collection 
entitled  "  Biblioteca  de  Viajes." 

Naturally  enough,  these  archaeological 
researches  have  had  the  effect  of  increasing 
the  taste  for  provincial  and  local  history 
which  is  deeply  rooted  among  us.  Indeed, 
I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  within  the  last 
twelvemonth  dozens  of  topographical  works 
have  poured  from  the  presses  of  this  capital, 
or  from  those  of  Barcelona,  Seville,  Valencia, 
Zaragoza,  and  other  large  towns,  not  for- 
getting Bilbao,  where  the  first  volume  of 
a  general  history  of  the  three  provinces  of 
Biscay  has  just  been  published.  True 
it  is  that  most  of  these  books  on  topo- 
graphy or  local  history  are  nothing  more 
than  reproductions  or  abstracts  of  older 
works,  occEisionaUy  with  additions,  yet 
a  few,  like  those  relating  to  Biscay,  are 
original  and  entirely  new,  such  as 
'  Prehistoria  de  la  Provincia  de  Sevilla,' 
by  Fehciano  Candau  y  Pizarro ;  *  Yaci- 
mientos  prehistoricos  de  la  Provincia  de 
Sevilla,'  by  Carlos  Caiial;  'Tarragona 
antigua  y  moderna ' ;  '  Apuntes  historicos 
sobre  la  Villa  de  Torrijos';  '  Mallorca  en 
1612  y  los  Libros  de  la  Tabla  numularia' 
(account  books  or  ledgers),  by  Sancho; 
and  'Rebelion  de  Menorca  en  1463,'  by 
M.  Bonet. 

If  from  Peninsular  history,  both  old  and 
modern,  we  pass  on  to  that  of  Spanish 
America,  it  wiU  be  found  that,  by  one  of 
those  caprices  common  in  human  nature, 
more  attention  is  now  paid  by  Spaniards 
to  their  colonies  in  the  West  Indies,  as 
South  America  was  at  first  denominated, 
than  during  three  whole  centuries  of 
pacific  possession  of  them.  Columbus's 
quatercentenary  has  passed  away,  and  yet 
most  of  the  periodical  publications,  collec- 
tions of  documents,  reviews,  and  so  forth, 
started  on  account  of  it,  go  on  still  printing 
papers  and  tracts  (nay,  works  in  three  or 
more  volumes )  exclusively  r elatin  g  to  America. 
I  need  scarcely  refer  the  reader  to  the 
columns  of  the  Athenmim  (Nos.  3427  and 
3480),  and  will  only  add  that  Father  Cappa's 
'  Estudios  criticos  acerca  de  le  Dominacion 
Espanola  en  America '  has  been  supple- 
mented by  two  more  volumes,  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth,  and  that  in  the  collection 
entitled  "  Libros  raros  quo  tratan  de 
America "  one  more,  the  eleventh,  has 
made  its  appearance,  under  the  title  of 
'  Relaciones  historicas  de  las  Misiones  de 
los  Indios  Chiquitos  ';  and  lastly  that  J. 
Coroleu,  of  Barcelona,  was  compiling,  and 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


27 


when  death  surprised  him  a  few  months  ago 
had  already  printed  two  volumes  of,  his 
*  Historia  de  la  Colonizacion,  Dominacion, 
e  Independencia  de  America.'  When  so 
much  labour  is  spent  upon  the  history  of 
colonies  now  quite  independent,  and  not  un- 
frequently  hostile  to  the  mother  country,  it 
was  not  to  be  expected  that  Cuba  and  Puerto 
Rico  should  remain  unnoticed  ;  numerous 
pamphlets  and  even  books  have,  indeed, 
been  published,  but  as  they  are  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  politics  and  administration,  and 
the  long  debated  question  of  Home  Rule 
— the  cause  of,  or  at  least  the  excuse  for, 
the  present  rebellion — I  will  abstain  from 
mentioning  them.  Not  so  those  relating  to 
the  past  history  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
of  which  I  have  three  on  my  writing  table 
just  now,  namely,  'Biblioteca  historica 
de  Filipinas '  (vol.  iv.),  '  Historia  general 
de  las  Islas  Filipinas,'  by  Montero  y  Vidal, 
and  '  Misiones  de  Filipinas,'  by  Belloc 
(Barcelona,  1895,  8vo.).  An  account  of 
the  recent  war  between  Japan  and  China, 
by  Seiior  Dupuy  de  Lome,  late  minister 
resident  of  Spain  in  the  former  country,  as 
well  as  a  series  of  lectures  under  the  title 
of  'Pericia  geografica,'  showing  the  ad- 
vantages as  well  as  the  dangers  of  coloniza- 
tion in  the  East,  may  prove  of  value  for 
those  who,  for  their  own  particular  ends,  are 
now  promoting  emigration  to  Buenos  Ayres 
and  Montevideo  in  South  America,  and  to 
Oran  and  Algiers  on  the  coast  of  Africa. 

A  few  more  works  in  this  line  might  be 
cursorily  mentioned,  such  as  '  Moros  y 
Cristianos,'  or  notes  of  a  voyage  to  Me- 
lilla,  by  Soriano  y  Eodrigo  ;  and  '  Eecuer- 
<los  de  Filipinas,'  by  L.  Comenge.  As  to 
the  Canary  Islands,  their  'General  History' 
by  Agustin  Millares  has  now  attained  the 
seventh  volume,  and  there  is  no  appear- 
ance of  its  being  the  last,  whereas  at  the 
same  time,  and  almost  conjointly  with  it, 
the  old  and  classical  one  of  Viera  y  Clavijo 
is  being  reprinted  with  additions. 

During  the  last  twelvemonth  the  labours 
of  the  Academia  Espauola  have  been  limited 
to  two  more  volumes  of  Lope  de  Vega's  works, 
edited  by  Don  Marcelino  Menendez  y  Pelayo, 
and  to  a  discourse  or  addi-ess  read  by  the 
Marquis  de  Pidal  on  the  day  of  his  recep- 
tion, both  the  Marquis's  address  and  Menen- 
dez y  Pelayo's  answer  deahng  with  the 
theme  of  the  historical  drama  cultivated  by 
Lope  de  Vega  and  other  Spanish  dramatists. 
That  certainly  is  not  too  much  for  an 
Academy  which  counts  among  its  members 
our  most  eminent  writers  in  all  branches  of 
literature.  One  reason  may  be  that  there  is 
now  a  greater  number  of  publishers  ready 
to  do  what  the  Espauola  formerly  did, 
and  perhaps  also  that  poetry,  both  lyrical 
and  dramatic,  is  visibly  on  the  wane  and 
fast  passing  away,  as  in  most  countries  of 
Europe.  Well  may  Seiior  Menendez  y  Pelayo 
pubUsh  for  the  use  of  the  public,  as  he 
is  now  doing,  selections  from  the  best  Cas- 
tiUian  poets  from  the  earliest  times  down 
to  our  day ;  the  die  is  cast,  and  unless  a 
transformation  of  some  sort  takes  place,  the 
long-winded  epic  poem  in  the  manner  of 
Dante,  Camoens,  or  Tasso — the  Horatian 
ode  in  the  style  of  Garcilasso  and  Fray  Luis 
de  Granada — are  doomed  to  disajipear  alto- 
gether. Neither  Campoamor  nor  Nunez  de 
Arce  has  done  anything  worth  mentioning 
this  year,  and  although  I  might  point  out 


dozens  of  young  bards  still  adhering  either 
to  the  semi-classical  school  of  Cienfuegos, 
Melendez  Valdes,  and  Quintana  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  pi-esent  century,  or  to  the 
romantic  of  Espronceda  and  Zorrilla,  there 
is  no  disguising  the  fact  that  lyrical  poetry 
is  decaying  among  us. 

Nor  is  dramatic  poetry,  in  my  opinion, 
less  subject  to  transformation.  Already,  as 
I  have  frequently  observed,  the  classical 
comedy  is  losing  ground  and  being  replaced 
by  short  pieces  in  one  or  two  acts,  frequently 
in  prose,  whereas  in  former  times  the  most 
insignificant  entr ernes  or  saynete  was  couched 
in  verse.  During  the  period  I  am  describing, 
only  two  regular  comedies  by  Echegaray 
have  been  acted — '  La  Monja  Descalza'  and 
'  Mancha  que  limpia ' — both  of  which,  like 
most  of  that  gifted  dramatist's  works,  have 
been  favourably  received  by  the  public. 
The  same  cannot  be  said  of  Perez  Galdos, 
whose  attempt  to  make  a  drama  out  of  his 
popular  novel  '  Torquemada  y  San  Pedro  ' 
has  proved  a  complete  failure,  whilst 
'  Teresa,'  by  Leopoldo  Alas  (Clarin),  the 
weU-known  writer  and  critic,  has  met  with 
a  similar  fate.  This,  nevertheless,  has  not 
diminished  in  the  least  the  natural  and 
almost  proverbial  taste  of  my  countrymen 
for  scenic  performances  of  all  sorts,  and 
a  sufficient  proof  of  this  is  the  great 
number  of  plays  acted  every  year  in  the 
minor  theatres  of  this  capital  and  of  the 
provinces  and  printed.  '  El  Duque  de 
Gandia,'  a  regular  drama  in  three  acts  and 
in  verse,  has  met  with  great  success  at 
Valencia,  and  I  might  easily,  were  I  allowed 
to  dispose  at  pleasure  of  the  columns  of  the 
Atlumaum,  mention  half  a  dozen  more  which 
reveal  great  dramatic  talent  on  the  part  of 
their  respective  authors.  It  is  not,  therefore, 
the  fault  of  the  writers,  much  less  that  of 
the  public,  if  dramatic  art  is  apparently 
decaying  ;  it  is  the  transformation  which  the 
stage  has  undergone  all  over  Europe  that  is 
the  cause  of  it.  The  titles  of  a  few  plays 
lately  acted  and  much  applauded  in  the 
theatres  of  Madrid  will  prove  this  :  '  El 
Nido  ageno,'  a  comedy  in  prose  by  Bus- 
tamente  ;  '  Nada,'  by  Muuez  ;  '  Miel  de  la 
Alcarria,'  a  well-known  costermongers'  cry 
in  the  streets  of  this  capital ;  '  El  Mojon 
de  San  Francisco'  and  'La  Coloma,'  by 
Gonzalez  de  Alora ;  and  '  Un  Concert  de 
Bofetadas,'  by  Ferrer  y  Codina.  These 
last  two  were  played  at  Barcelona  and 
written  in  Catalan,  which  is  nowadays 
spreading  more  than  ever  in  the  eastern 
provinces  of  the  Peninsula. 

Novel-writing  goes  on  steadily  without 
much  change.  '  Penas  Arriba,'  by  Jose 
Maria  Pereda,  has  been  well  received,  as 
well  as  Juan  Valera's  '  La  buena  Fama.'  Of 
'  Torquemada  y  San  Pedro,'  by  Galdos,  men- 
tion has  been  made.  Much  praise  is  generally 
bestowed  on  '  Cuentos,'  by  Enrique  Sepul- 
veda,  and  on  '  Cuentos  de  Levante,'  by 
Altamira,  whilst  '  Narraciones  vulgares,' 
by  Guillen  y  Sotelo  (D.  Juan),  a  promising 
young  writer,  has  been  much  commended. 

But  the  great  novelty  of  the  season  has 
been  without  dispute  '  Petratos  de  Antaiio  ' 
('Portraits  from  Olden  Times  '),  by  Father 
Coloma  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  As  in 
'  Pequenezes,'  another  book  by  the  same 
writer,  which  caused  so  much  stir  two  years 
ago,  the  aim  of  the  Jesuit  Father  has  been 
the   correction   of  the   vices   attributed    to 


the  higher  classes.  First  printed  at  San 
Sebastian,  I  believe,  and  issued  in  what 
might  be  called  a  modest  garb,  it  has  lately 
reappeared  in  all  the  glory  of  typography 
and  art,  and  entirely  at  the  expense  of  the 
Duchess  of  Villahermosa,  daughter  of  the 
last  duke  Don  Marcelino  de  Aragon,  and 
widow  of  Count  de  Guaqui.  '  Eetratos '  is 
not  a  novel  like  '  Pequenezes,'  in  which 
the  dramatis  personoi  are  all  imaginary  and 
anonymous,  though  in  a  certain  degree 
drawn  from  nature;  for  in  the  former  all 
are  historical,  and  their  con-espondence  and 
diaries  are  preserved  in  the  ducal  archives 
of  the  house  of  Ai-agon.  The  centre  por- 
trait is  Dona  Maria  Manuela  de  Pig- 
nateUi,  daughter  of  the  Count  do  Fuentes 
in  Aragon,  and  married  to  Don  Juan 
Pablo  de  Aragon,  Duke  of  Villaher- 
mosa, and  ambassador  of  Ferdinand  VI., 
King  of  Spain,  to  the  Court  of  Louis  XV. 
of  France.  Pound  that  central  portrait 
those  of  the  Duke  himself,  of  his  brother 
the  Marquis  de  Mora,  and  several  members 
of  the  Pignatelli  family  are  grouped.  If  to 
this  it  be  added  that  the  Duke  was  in  cor- 
respondence with  Galiani,  D'Alembert,  and 
other  encyclopaedists,  and  that  a  diary  kept 
by  the  Duchess  has  been  preserved,  it  is 
quite  clear  that  the  more  appropriate  title  of 
'  Eetratos  de  Antaiio,'  whatever  the  object 
of  its  compilation  may  have  been,  would 
be  '  Memoii's  of  the  Court  of  France  at  the 
End  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,'  for  such  it 
is,  save  a  few  incidents  at  Pedrola  in  Aragon, 
the  site  of  the  Duke's  estate.  That  the  book 
itself  is  a  literary  work  of  undoubted  value, 
and  deserves  the  general  applause  with 
which  it  has  met,  requires  no  confirmation 
on  my  part. 

In  bibliography  we  have  had  within 
the  last  twelvemonth  two  works  of  no 
small  importance  :  a  catalogue  of  the  library 
of  the  collegiate  church  of  Xerez  de  la 
Frontera,  lately  declared  pubUc,  and  two 
volumes  more  of  the  catalogue  of  the 
"Biblioteca  Colombina." 

As  to  works  more  or  less  connected  with 
literatui'e  and  art,  continuations  of  sei'ies, 
reprints,  and  so  forth,  they  have  been  too 
abundant  to  mention.  Yet  I  cannot  omit 
to  say  that  one  more  volume  has  been  added 
to  Prof.  Codera's  collection  of  Arabic 
authors  from  the  Escurial ;  and  that  no  fewer 
than  thi'ee  different  books  on  bull-fighting 
have  lately  been  printed,  among  others  one 
by  a  native  of  Malaga  named  Candela,  who 
prof  esses  to  be  an  adept  in  "  Tauromaquia," 
supplying  biographical  notices  of  all  the 
"  matadores,"  "  picadores,"  and  "  banderil- 
leros"  born  at  Cordoba. 

Of  the  two  collections  known  as  "  Docu- 
mentos  ineditos  para  la  Historia  de  Espaua," 
the  original  one  has  already  reached  its 
one  hundi-ed  and  tenth  volume,  namely,  the 
'  Correspondence  of  Philip  II.  with  the 
Princes  of  Germany,'  whilst  in  tlie  new 
one  with  the  same  title  the  fourth  and 
fifth  of  that  of  Zuniga  and  Eequcscus  have 
been  issued. 

Count  Casa  Valencio,  lately  appointed 
Spanish  ambassador  to  England,  a  few 
weeks  ago  published  an  interesting  volume, 
evidently  the  work  of  his  youth,  and 
containing  firstly  '  Embajada  de  Don 
Jorge  Juan  a  Marrueco.s  en  1767  '; 
secondly,  an  accoimt  of  the  war  waged 
by    Spain     against     Peru     and    Cliile    in 


28 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


1856;      and    thirdly,    a     diary    of    Ferdi- 
nand VII.  of  Sixain  in  1823. 

I  have  purposely  delayed  until  now  all 
mention  of  Cervantes  or  '  Don  Quixote,' 
because  any  literary  allusion  to  this  im- 
mortal author  generally  brings  in  its  train 
a  number  of  controversies  and  disputes. 
Barcelona,  the  second  city  in  Spain,  and  the 
second  to  adopt  the  invention  of  Fust  and 
Gutenberg,  long  did  little  for  Cervantes, 
since  it  only  produced  in  the  seventeenth 
century  one  edition — the  second  part — of 
'Don  Quixote,'  in  1617,  small  quarto,  and 
another  in  1704  ;  yet  it  has  in  the  last  forty 
or  fifty  years  published  a  greater  number 
of  illustrated  editions  than  any  other  town 
or  even  capital  of  Europe.  No  wonder 
then  that,  on  January  2nd  of  this  year,  the 
Ilustracion  Artistica,  a  Barcelona  periodical 
resembling  the  Illustrated  London  News 
or  the  Graplnc^  should  dedicate,  as  it 
has  actually  done,  its  No.  680  "a  la  in- 
mortal  memoria  de  Miguel  Cervantes  Saave- 
dra."  This  is  only  a  reproduction,  though 
considerably  corrected  and  enlarged,  of 
the  *  Iconografia  de  Cervantes '  pub- 
lished sixteen  years  ago  by  Lieut. -Col. 
Pabra,  to  accompany  his  phototypic  edition 
of  the  two  parts  as  they  were  originally 
printed  by  Juan  de  la  Cuesta  at  Madrid 
(Part  I.,  1605;  Part  II.,  1615).  Besides 
biographical  and  bibliographical  notes  by 
Juan  Valera  and  Ignacio  Duble,  the  number 
of  the  Ihistracion  Artistica  publishes  a  long 
list  of  nearly  three  hundred  different  edi- 
tions or  translations  of  '  Don  Quixote,'  in 
almost  all  the  European  languages,  collected 
by  an  enlightened  and  wealthy  citizen  of 
Barcelona,  named  Bonsoms. 

Ever  since  Cervantes's  inimitable  novel 
began  to  be  seriously  examined,  that  is  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  last  century,  his  admirers 
and  commentators,  both  here  and  abroad, 
have — combining  all  the  virtues,  qualities, 
and  accomplishments  he  attributes  to  his 
heroes — transferred  them  to  him,  and  made  of 
Cervantes  a  model  in  all  human  activities. 
He  has,  therefore,  been  hailed  as  a  "  sol- 
dado,"  "marino,"  "medico,"  "  filosofo  y 
teologo,"  and  at  last  "  vascofilo,"  or  friend 
of  the  Basques.  But  this  last  epithet,  lately 
bestowed  on  him  by  a  writer  at  Vitoria, 
the  capital  of  Alava,  requires  explanation. 
Every  one  conversant  with  '  Don  Quixote ' 
is  aware  that  in  chaps,  viii.  and  ix.  of  the 
first  part  an '  'escudero  vizcaino ' '  is  introduced, 
who  talks  ungrammatical  Castillian,  and  that 
in  two  or  three  passages  of  the  same  book, 
as  well  as  in  other  works,  there  are  jocular 
and,  perhaps,  unpleasant  remarks  about 
the  people  inhabiting  the  north-western 
part  of  the  Peninsula.  Both  Pellicer  and 
Clemencin  have  had  to  comment  on  these 
passages,  and  have  quoted  various  autho- 
rities, in  doing  which  they  seem  not  to  have 
offended  any  one,  for  nothing  was  said 
about  the  matter  until  the  discovery  at 
Seville  in  1863  of  two  papers  attributed 
with  some  reason  to  Cervantes,  though  not 
in  his  handwriting,  in  which  the  "  vizcainos" 
or  Basques  are  evidently  not  only  jeered  at, 
but  injuriously  treated;  upon  which  Don 
Aureliano  Guerra  y  Orbe,  who  was  the  first 
to  bring  them  to  light,  roused  the  ire  of 
the  Basques  by  remarks  on  the  passages 
mentioned  above  at  a  time  when  the 
•'  fueros  "  or  liberties  of  those  provinces  and 
of  Navarre  were  threatened  with  abolition. 


Such  was  the  cause  in  1881  of  'Cervantes 
vascofilo,  6  Cervantes  vindicado  de  anti- 
vizcainismo,'  by  Julian  Apraiz  y  Sainz  del 
Burgo,  a  pamphlet  which  has  just  been 
reprinted,  swollen  to  the  dimensions  of  a 
royal  octavo  of  286  pages.  The  book  is 
written  in  pure,  didactic  style ;  great  learn- 
ing in  all  matters  relating  to  Cervantes  and 
to  the  Basque  provinces  is  its  principal 
characteristic;  but  to  say  the  truth,  the 
good  -  humoured  outbursts  of  Cervantes's 
satirical  vein  did  not  deserve  half  the  trouble 
that  the  author  of  '  Cervantes  Vindicado ' 
seems  to  have  taken  in  his  desire  to  prove 
that  the  great  writer  was  the  friend,  not 
the  enemy,  of  the  Basques.    J.  E.  Riano. 

SWEDEN. 

The  past  year  has  been  very  fruitful  for 
Swedish  literature.  The  Swedish  poetical 
temperament,  strongly  influenced  by  its 
natural  environment  of  vast  and  sombre 
forests,  widely  extending  lakes,  and  foss- 
broken  streams,  is  fundamentally  lyrical. 
The  simple,  melancholy  tone  of  a  folk-song 
runs  through  all  true  Swedish  poetry.  The 
complex  relations  and  circumstances  which 
are  to  be  found  so  abundantly  in  the  centres 
of  continental  culture,  and  afford  rich 
material  for  dramas  and  romances,  do  not 
occur  with  us.  But  in  the  department  of 
lyrics  we  are  quite  at  home,  and  here  the 
past  year  has  done  much  for  us.  Well- 
known  Ij'res,  such  as  W.von  Heidenstamm's, 
G.  Eroding's,  and  0.  Levertin's,  have  pro- 
duced fresh  tones,  if  not  with  new  strings  ; 
and  anumber  of  younglyric  poets  have  raised 
their  voices,  one  or  two  with  a  sharply  de- 
fined individuality,  such,  for  instance,  as 
A.  von  Ivlinckowstrom,  who  has  borrowed 
his  subjects  from  Scandinavian  mythology, 
on  which  modern  research  has  thrown  fresh 
light. 

After  realism — whose  extravagances,  by 
the  way,  have  never  won  much  notice  among 
us — it  was  natural  that  romanticism  should 
a^ain  appear  among  us,  none  the  less  because 
this  materialistic  age  has  felt  the  need 
of  being  led  away  from  the  grey  paths  of 
every- day  life  into  another  world — the  world 
of  radiant  dreams,  the  wondrous  realm  of 
mysticism  and  fairy  tales.  A  strong  bent 
towards  romanticism  and  symbolism  is, 
therefore,  observable  in  every  direction.  So 
far  as  this  tendency  coincides  with  the 
natural  genius  of  our  authors,  nothing  but 
good  can  be  said  of  it,  for  the  forms  of  art 
are  manifold,  and  all  are  legitimate  so  far 
as  they  reflect  the  beautiful ;  but  when  our 
authors,  as  is  not  unfrequently  the  case, 
sacrifice  their  natural  genius  to  the  literary 
fashion  of  the  day  and  blindly  follow  its 
currents,  their  productions  lose  all  character, 
become  forced  and  affected,  and  are,  there- 
fore, of  little  real  value.  Even  in  the 
department  of  the  novel  romanticism  has 
asserted  itself.  P.  Hallstrom,  who  first 
made  a  name  for  himself  as  a  good  lyric 
poet  and  a  subtle  and  sympathetic  observer 
of  human  character  ("  Vildna  faglar  "),  has 
published  during  the  year  '  Purpur,'  con- 
taining sketches  in  a  subdued  romantic 
colouring  which  is  sometimes  excessive. 
More  restraint  is  shown  in  '  Osynliga 
Liinkar '  by  Solina  Lagerlof,  who  has 
freed  herself  from  the  extravagances  which 
marked  '  Gosta  Borlings  Saga.'  Now 
romances  by    G.   Nordensvan,   A.    Lundo- 


gard,  and  Anna  Wahlenberg  have  also  come 
out.  The  greatest  sensation,  however,  was 
caused  by  a  romance  anonymously  pub- 
lished, 'En  Eoman  om  Forste  Konsuln,' 
containing  unusually  elegant  and  intimate 
sketches  of  the  most  remarkable  personages 
who  lived  during  the  earlier  stage  of 
Napoleon's  career.  With  the  exception  of 
Napoleon  himself,  who  is  too  romantically 
drawn,  and  the  heroine  (the  youthful  Edmee), 
a  prettily  poetic  creature,  the  other 
numerous  personages  in  the  romance  are 
excellent  portraits.  This  romance,  which 
testifies  to  careful  study,  especially  of  the 
memoir  writers  of  the  period,  and  is 
marked  by  quite  an  extraordinary  power 
of  vivid  and  concentrated  character-sketch- 
ing, turns  out  to  have  been  composed  })y 
Fru  Mailing  [nee  Kruse),  now  married  to 
a  Dane  resident  in  Copenhagen. 

During  the  past  year  Sweden  has  kept 
several  commemorative  festivals.  There 
has  been  the  Bellman  commemoration,  for 
instance.  Carl  Michael  Bellman,,  wh0>  died 
a  century  ago,  was  the  greatest  humourist  of 
Scandinavia.  In  a  wonderfully  blended  series 
of  poems,  he  sang  of  the  joys  and  sorrows 
of  life  in  all  their  wide  range,  and  of  death 
also  with  all  its  deep  solemnity.  The  per- 
sonages sketched  by  him  have,  by  reason 
of  his  incomparable  art,  become  eternal 
types ;  they  correspond  to  as  many  chords 
as  are  to  be  found  in  human  nature  itself, 
and  are  therefore  of  universal  interest.  Thus 
Bellman  rightly  belongs  to  the  literature  of 
the  world  rather  than  to  the  literature  of  one 
particular  country.  This  commemoration  has 
given  rise  during  the  course  of  the  year  to 
a  by  no  means  insignificant  literature, 
which  has  shed  some  new  light  upon  the 
life  and  writings  of  Sweden's  most  popular 
poet.  Sweden,  moreover,  during  the  past 
year  has  contributed  a  considerable  amount 
of  literature  in  honour  of  the  memory  of  her 
greatest  king,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  one  of 
the  heroes  of  humanity.  It  is  good  for  a 
small  nation  to  have  had  such  a  page  in  her 
history — not,  indeed,  that  she  should  merely 
make  it  an  idle  boast,  but  in  order  that  it 
should,  when  necessary,  arouse  her  to  the- 
consciousness  of  what  paltry  resources  can 
do  when  accompanied  by  burning  faith.  The- 
Swedish  people,  whose  public  spirit  has  in- 
creased considerabty  during  the  last  few  years 
in  consequence  of  the  attitude  of  Sweden's 
sister  country  (Norway),  rallied  round  this 
great  memory  with  equal  humility  and  glad- 
ness. This  commemoration,  moreover,  has 
helped  to  set  forth  a  clearer  view  of  the 
importance  in  every  respect  of  keeping  aHve- 
the  spirit  of  patriotism.  The  nation  that 
would  obliterate,  or  at  any  rate  disregard, 
its  own  individuality,  thereby  forfeits  its 
right  to  exist  as  a  separate  nation.  The 
literature,  therefore,  that  is  national — that 
reflects  the  peculiar  features  of  the  national 
character  and  language,  the  peculiar  fea- 
tures of  the  land's  scenery — is  of  the  greatest 
importance  for  the  growth  of  the  national 
life,  and  more  than  that,  the  surest  guarantee 
that  it  will  continue  to  survive.  As  a  speci- 
men of  this  peculiarly  national  literature 
may  be  mentioned  that  volume  of  the  work 
by  Oscar  Fredrik  (King  Oscar  II.)  which 
contains  the  speeches  made  by  him  on 
various  occasions,  and  which  came  out 
during  this  year.  Not  without  experience^ 
in  the  poetic  art,  he  is    also   a    master  in. 


N**  8532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


29 


the  art  of  speaking — not  perliaps  Sweden's 
greatest  orator,  but  one  of  the  foremost 
she  now  has.  Their  depth  of  treatment  and 
lucidity  of  style  render  these  speeches  real 
works  of  art,  reminding  one  of  plastic 
masterpieces.  Another  great  -work  of  a 
national  character  is  the  new  editmi  de  luxe 
of  C.  Snoilsky's  '  Svenska  Bilder,'  In 
'  Varia '  V.  Kydberg  has  brought  together 
various  pieces  written  by  him  of  late  years, 
pieces'  in  which  the  author,  with  youthful 
enthusiasm,  goes  forth  to  combat  modern 
materialism.  The  Dictionary  of  the  Swedish 
Academy,  the  publication  of  which  began 
some  time  ago,  is  a  national  literary  produc- 
tion of  the  first  rank.  The  foundation  of 
this  gigantic  work,  which  will  present  in 
a  concentrated  form  the  history  of  the 
Swedish  language  and  literature,  and  wiU 
give  a  complete  picture  of  the  state  of  the 
actually  living  Swedish  tongue,  was  laid  a 
hundred  years  ago.  It  necessarily  pro- 
ceeds somewhat  slowly  on  account  of 
the  voluminous  preliminary  matter  to 
be  collected  and  dealt  with,  and  the 
labours  of  another  generation  at  least 
will  be  required  to  finish  it.  One  of  the 
most  zealous  contributors  to  this  under- 
taking, the  author  of  genxiinely  popular 
songs  in  the  Vermland  dialect,  F.  A. 
Dahlgren,  died  last  year.  The  history  of 
the  Swedish  press  has  been  meritoriously 
sketched  by  B.  Lundstedt.  Manuscript  series 
of  letters  relating  to  Gustavus  Adolphus's 
campaigns  and  small  printed  pamphlets 
were  the  forerunners  of  the  Swedish  news- 
paper. According  to  a  chancellery  decree 
of  1626,  official  accounts  from  the  seat  of 
war,  as  well  as  from  correspondents  estab- 
lished permanently  in  the  larger  towns  of 
the  Continent,  were  issued  at  regular  in- 
tervals. In  1641  appeared  the  first  Swedish 
newspaper,  Ordinari  Post  Tidender,  which 
came  out  once  a  week.  C.  Gr.  Malmstrtim 
has  issued  a  new  and  partly  rewritten 
edition  of  his  excellent  historical  sketch  of 
the  Swedish  so-called  Age  of  Freedom, 
'  Sveriges  Politiska  Historia  fran  Carl  XII.'s 
Dod till Statshviilfningen,  1772';  G.Ljungi'en 
has  published  another  part  of  his  '  Svenska 
Vitterhetens  Hiifder  efter  Gustaf  III.'s 
Diid,'  a  work  testifying  to  deep  and  ex- 
tensive research ;  and  H.  Hildebrand  a 
continuation  of  his  interesting  and  com- 
prehensive '  Kulturhistoriska  Teckning  af 
Sveriges  Medeltid.' 

The  Swedish  Authors'  Union,  which  pub- 
lished its  first  literary  calendar  at  Christ- 
mas with  contributions  from  many  of  our 
most  eminent  authors,  has  petitioned  the 
Government  for  several  necessary  modifica- 
tions of  the  legislation  referring  to  litera- 
ture, with  a  view  to  Sweden's  accession  to 
the  Berne  Convention. 

Hugo  Tigerschiold. 


LITERATURE 


Letters  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  Edited 
by  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge.  2  vols. 
(Heinemann.) 
It  is  strong  testimony  to  the  endui-ing 
interest  of  Coleridge's  personality  that  the 
260  letters  contained  in,  and  covering  nearly 
eight  hundred  pages  of,  the  two  substantial 
volumes  before  us  should  have  been  awaited 
with  curiosity  by  the  cultivated  world,  and 


are  now,  we  may  take  it,  being  attacked 
with  more  or  less  success  by  most  persons 
professing  to  be  serious  students  of  English 
literature.  That  this  is,  as  we  have  called 
it,  a  testimony  to  the  letter-writer's  per- 
sonality rather  than  to  the  qualities  of  his 
correspondence,  the  most  casual  of  dips 
into  this  collection  would  suffice  to  prove. 
Mr.  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge,  the  pious 
and  painstaking  editor  of  these  volumes, 
rather  misses  the  point,  both  of  their  merits 
and  their  defects,  in  the  apologetic  reference 
which  he  makes  to  them  in  his  introduc- 
tion. It  is  true,  as  he  says,  that  Cole- 
ridge's letters  "  lack  style,"  but  this  is  not 
because  "he  writes  to  his  friends  as  if  he  were 
talking  to  them,"  for  that  is  the  highest 
triumph  of  epistolary  style.  If  the  "  fasti- 
dious critic  who  touched  and  retouched  his 
exquisite  lyrics,  and  always  for  the  better," 
but  "  who  was  at  no  pains  to  polish  his 
letters,"  had  treated  the  letters  like  the 
lyrics,  it  is  not  at  all  probable  that  they 
would  have  benefited  by  the  treatment. 
They  would  most  likely  have  lost  one  kind 
of  attraction  without  gaining  another.  The 
criticism  to  which  they  are  mainly  obnoxious 
relates  to  their  matter,  not  their  manner. 
Coleridge,  as  his  grandson  truly  says,  was 
"not  only  a  wonderful  man,  but  lived  a 
strange  life,"  and  one  which,  as  he  tells  it, 
we  "  cannot  choose  but  hear."  StUl,  it 
would  have  been  possible  to  make  him 
tell  it  without  such  prolixity  and  undue 
profusion  of  detail  as  to  render  our  com- 
pulsory audience  of  him  more  irksome 
than  it  need  have  been.  That  we 
should  in  any  case  "  listen  like  a  three 
years'  child"  to  the  very  end  of  the  recital 
may  be  inevitable ;  but  the  wedding  guest, 
though  equally  helpless,  would  have  owed 
the  Ancient  Mariner  a  grudge  if  he  had 
told  his  story  in  prose,  and  at  the  length  of 
these  two  volumes. 

Another  question,  too,  arises.  The  letters, 
says  Mr.  E.  H.  Coleridge,  are  "intended 
rather  to  illustrate  the  story  of  the  writer's 
life  than  to  embody  his  critical  opinions  or 
to  record  the  development  of  his  philo- 
sophical and  theological  speculations."  Was 
this  an  altogether  judicious  exercise  of 
editorial  discretion  ?  The  late  lamented 
Mr.  Dykes  Campbell,  to  whom  the  world 
of  letters  is  so  deeply  indebted  for  his 
monumental  edition  of  the  *  Poetical  Works,' 
had  already  given  us — in  a  virtually  final 
form,  so  far  as  facts  are  concerned — the  story 
of  the  poet's  life.  We  are  not  aware  that 
these  letters  correct  his  work  in  any  im- 
portant particulars,  though  they  confirm  it 
in  many  which  he  was  the  first  of  Coleridge's 
biographers  to  bring  to  notice.  Except, 
therefore,  to  the  extent  to  which  they  shed 
additional  light  on  obscui-e  periods  of  this 
singular  life  which  have  only  been  partially 
illuminated  by  Mr.  Campbell,  they  are,  bio- 
graphicaUy  speaking,  superfluous.  Only 
on  the  principle  that  every  letter  written 
by  so  remarkable  a  man  deserves  publi- 
cation, because  it  was  he  who  wrote  it, 
could  one  allow  the  whole  mass  of  this 
correspondence  to  pass  unchallenged, 
and  to  that  princij^le  the  editor  is  Jiardly 
entitled  to  appeal.  A  complete  edition  of 
Coleridge's  letters  must,  he  somewhat  mys- 
teriously tells  us,  await  "  the  coming  of 
the  milder  day";  the  volumes  before  us 
admittedly  contain  only  "  a  selection  from 


some  of  the  more  important."  Being  a 
selection,  it  is,  we  think,  a  pity  that  it 
should  not  have  contained  more  of  those 
letters  of  a  "purely  literary  character"  which, 
although  they  have  not,  as  Mr.  Coleridge  re- 
minds us,  been  altogether  excluded,  are  yet  of 
comparatively  rare  occurrence  in  his  pages. 
Their  rarity  is  from  the  biographical  point 
of  view  to  be  regretted,  since  it  inevitably 
produces  the  impression  that  the  unhappy 
poet  himself,  his  ailments  and  his  wrongs, 
his  quarrels  and  his  reconciliations,  his 
lapses  and  repentances,  filled  an  even  larger 
place  in  his  life  and  thoughts  than  they 
did.  Coleridge,  in  all  conscience,  spent 
time  enough  in  meditation  on  these  sub- 
jects, and  ink  enough  in  outpourings  about 
them ;  but,  after  aU,  there  were  a  few 
matters  entirely  unconnected  with  himself 
on  which  he  thought  and  felt  deeply  and 
wrote  voluminously — poetry,  for  instance, 
and  the  drama,  and  German  philosophy ; 
and  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  he  must  have 
unbosomed  himself  on  these  subjects  to 
Wordsworth,  Lamb,  Southey,  and  others  in 
more  letters  than  have  yet  seen  the  light  of 
publication.  If  many  such  are  "  among  the 
mass  of  material  from  which  the  present 
selection"  has  been  made,  and  have  been 
passed  over  in  favour  of  others  which  have 
been  thought  more  fitted  to  illustrate  the 
now  almost  too  weU-known  "story  of  the 
writer's  life,"  their  omission  is  certainly 
matter  for  regret. 

As  regards  those  which  Mr.  Cole- 
ridge has  actually  given  us,  his  rule  of 
selection  is  theoretically  so  excellent  that 
one  hesitates  to  criticize  its  results.  The 
"sole  criterion"  which  he  has  applied, 
in  deciding  on  the  inclusion  or  exclusion 
of  a  letter  is,  he  tells  us,  contained 
in  the  two  questions  —  or  perhaps  he 
means  them  for  one  question  —  "Is  it 
readable  ?  Is  it  interesting  ? "  Well, 
readable,  in  the  sense  of  worth  reading,  a 
letter  of  Coleridge  almost  always  is,  if  only 
for  some  characteristic  touch  or  other  which 
we  should  miss  if  we  did  not  read  it.  But 
interesting  ?  That  is  not  nearly  so  in- 
variable a  predicate  of  them,  unless,  indeed, 
one  so  enlarges  the  meaning  of  the  word 
as  to  make  it  include  the  process  of  wading 
through  much  uninteresting  matter  in 
search  of,  and  supported  by  the  interest 
of  the  hunt  for,  the  characteristic  touches 
afore  -  mentioned.  Otherwise  it  must  in 
candour  be  admitted  that,  for  the  reasons 
above  stated,  too  many  of  the  letters  in 
these  volumes  are  fatiguing,  and  at  times 
distressing,  to  read.  It  becomes  painful 
after  a  while  to  follow  Coleridge  through  the 
eternal  and  self-pitying  recital  of  his  bodily 
and  spiritual  troubles.  We  tire  of  his 
impassioned  weakness,  his  liysterically  ex- 
pressed tenderness,  his  morbid  sensibilities ; 
and  listening  through  page  after  page  to 
the  too  uniformly  and  efEeminately 
querulous  strain  of  the  letters  selected  to 
illustrate  the  "  story  of  the  writer's  life,"  we 
are  apt  to  forget  that  this  puling  sentimen- 
talist had  a  mind  of  mascuUno  vigour,  and 
in  his  earlier  days  an  imagination  as  power- 
ful as  his  analytic  faculty.  To  those,  how- 
ever, who  have  not  yet  exhausted  their 
curiosity  about  Coleridge  as  a  psychological 
study,  these  volumes  will,  no  doubt,  be 
valued  for  that  very  ingredient  in  them 
which  other  readers  may  find  excessive  in 


30 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N«3532,  July6, '95 


amount.  There  is  certainly  no  denying'  that 
they  thoroughly  fulfil  the  "illustrative" 
purpose  which,  as  the  editor  has  told  us, 
they  are  mainly  intended  to  subserve.  A 
student  desirous  of  mastering  all  the  com- 
plicated story  of  Coleridge's  physical  wan- 
derings, his  moral  aberrations,  spiritual 
wrestlings,  and  intellectual  shilly-shallyings, 
his  infirmities  of  purpose  and  collapses  of 
resolve,  his  neglect  of  duty,  and  his  vehe- 
ment outbursts  of  self-reproach  thereon, 
could  construct  for  himself  a  complete  com- 
pendium of  the  facts  from  a  mere  careful 
study  of  the  excellent  index  which  the 
editor  has  appended  to  the  work.  Such 
entries  as  "Falls  in  love  with  Miss  Sarah 
Fricker,"  "  His  interest  in  Miss  Fricker 
cools  and  his  old  love  for  Mary  Evans 
revives,"  "His  love  for  Mary  Evans  proves 
hopeless,"  "Marries  Miss  Sarah  Fricker," 
are  typical  enough ;  as  also  are  such  as 
"  Eupture  with  Lloyd,"  "  Estrangement 
from  Lamb  caused  by  Lloyd,"  "Breaks 
with  Southey,"  "  Partial  reconciliation 
with  Southey,"  "  Rupture  with  Words- 
worth," "  Reconciled  with  Wordsworth," 
"  Second  rupture  with  Wordsworth  "  (three 
pages  later),  and  many  others.  On 
the  matrimonial  differences  that  separated 
Coleridge  from  his  wife  not  much  addi- 
tional light  is  thrown ;  but  not  much  was 
required.  Most  people  of  intelligence  must 
have  made  up  their  minds  long  ago  as  to 
the  twofold  and  reciprocally  obtruded  causes 
of  incompatibility,  and  have  recognized  the 
fact  that  if  the  wife  was  flighty  and  un- 
sympathetic, the  husband  answered  better 
than  any  one  to  the  Scotch  description  of 
the  man  who  is  "  gey  ill  to  live  wi'."  But 
there  is  one  passage  so  humorously  appli- 
cable to  all  conjugal  quarrels,  past,  present, 
and  to  come,  and  therefore  so  perfectly  ex- 
planatory of  this  particular  quarrel,  that  it 
deserves  quotation : — 

"Mrs.  Coleridge's  mind  has  very  little  that 
is  had  in  it  ;  it  is  an  innocent  mind  ;  but  it  is 
light  and  unimpressible,  warm  in  anger,  cold  in 
sympathy,  and  in  all  disputes  uniformly  projects 
itself  forth  to  recriminate,  instead  of  turning 
itself  inward  with  a  silent  self-questioning.  Our 
virtues  and  our  vices  are  exact  antitheses.  I  so 
attentively  watch  my  own  nature  that  my  worst 
self-delusion  is  a  complete  self-knowledge,  so 
mixed  with  intellectual  complacency  that  my 
quickness  to  see  and  readiness  to  acknowledge 
my  faults  is  too  often  frustrated  by  the  small 
pain  which  the  sight  of  them  gives  me,  and 
the  consequent  slowness  to  amend  them.  Mrs. 
C.  is  so  stung  with  the  very  first  thought  of 
being  in  the  wrong  because  she  never  endures 
to  look  at  her  own  mind  in  all  its  faulty  parts, 
but  shelters  herself  from  painful  inquiry  by 
angry  recrimination." 

There  is  no  doubt  that  this  attitude  of 
'•  silent  self- questioning  "  is  and  has  ever 
been  the  only  becoming  posture  for  the 
"other  party"  to  a  matrimonial  dispute; 
and  it  is  because  the  other  party  so  often 
prefers  "  angry  recrimination "  to  "painful 
inquiry  "  that  so  many  such  quarrels  become 
acute.  But  the  calm  confidence,  the  absolute 
freedom  from  all  misgiving,  with  which 
Coleridge  adopts  this  time-honoured  view  of 
the  matter  explains  much. 

The  letters  confirm,  or  rather,  perhaps,  the 
editor's  foot-notes  acknowledge,  the  accuracy 
of  the  conclusion  at  wliich  every  biographer 
of  Coleridge  has  arrived  on  the  subject  of 
the  opium  habit,  namely,  that  its  commence- 


ment was  of  earlier  date  than  he  himself 
was  ever  willing  to  admit.  He  would  never 
confess  to  any  indulgence  in  the  practice 
before  1802,  but  there  are  few  careful 
students  of  his  life,  or  even  competent  critics 
of  his  work,  who  can  resist  the  suspicion  that 
he  was  an  opium-eater  before,  at  any  rate, 
the  production  of  'Kubla  Khan.'  The 
letters  do  not  either  enlarge  or  correct  the 
extremely  doubtful  account  given  by  Cole- 
ridge, in  the  introduction  to  it,  of  the  birth 
of  this  extraordinary  poem ;  nor  are  the  few 
references  to '  Christabel'  other  than  tantaliz- 
ing in  their  slightness  and  brevity.  But 
the  letters  in  which  he  discusses  his  poems 
at  length — as,  for  instance,  certain  of  the 
'  Sonnets,'  the  '  Dejection '  Ode,  that  death 
dirge  of  his  earlier  and  finer  poetic  inspira- 
tion, and  the  '  Pains  of  Sleep  ' — are,  as  has 
been  said,  among  the  chief  attractions  of 
these  volumes.  With  especial  truth  may 
this  be  said  of  his  remarks  on  the  last-men- 
tioned poem,  the  comparison  of  which  in  its 
rough  draft  with  its  final  version  most 
eloquently  confirms  his  editor's  just  observa- 
tion that  he  retouched  his  exquisite  lyrics 
always  for  the  better.  For  there  is  no  single 
alteration  of  the  original  draft  of  the  '  Pains 
of  Sleep '  which  is  not  an  absolutely  indis- 
putable improvement.  Yet  one  can  recall 
revisions  of  famous  poems  by  famous  poets 
to  which  the  exact  opposite  of  this  proposi- 
tion could  be  applied  without  any  important 
deviation  from  the  truth. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


i?/%  Bellew.     By  W.  E.  Norris.     2  vols. 

(Chatto  &  Windus.) 
It  has  probably  been  said  often  before,  but 
it  is  worth  repeating,  that  Mr.  Norris  emi- 
nently possesses  the  rare  gift  of  represent- 
ing ladies  and  gentlemen  who  behave  with 
perfect  good  breeding.  If  his  ladies  and 
gentlemen  exhibit  the  defects  of  their  good 
qualities,  and  are  apt  to  be  a  trifle  dull, 
they  must  be  forgiven  in  an  age  when  un- 
conventionality  so  often  takes  the  place  of 
excitement,  and  piquancy  is  sought  in  ill- 
breeding.  On  the  other  hand,  the  adven- 
turers and  evil  characters  of  his  novels  have 
not  the  same  ring  of  sincerity  about  them. 
Mr.  Norris  seems  to  be  too  fastidious  to  be 
able  to  enter  into  the  feelings  of  cads  and 
intriguing  women,  so  that  the  harmless, 
necessary  villain  of  his  stories  is  fre- 
quently a  mere  puppet.  In  *  Billy  Bellew ' 
the  hero,  though  almost  incredibly  weak, 
is,  partly  owing  to  this  very  weakness,  a 
gentleman  every  inch  of  him,  and  is  as 
living  a  character  as  any  well-mannered, 
honest,  and  healthy-minded  Englishman 
that  you  may  meet  any  day.  The  conven- 
tional and  respectable  family  of  the  Forbeses 
is  also  admirable :  the  correct  dulness  of 
their  behaviour  simply  oozes  out  of  them, 
yet  they  are  not  boring,  as  they  are  so 
comically  admirable  in  their  frigidity ;  and 
it  is  quite  in  keeping  with  the  rest  of  them 
that  the  pretty  girl  of  the  family  should  be 
such  a  brainless  and  selfish  little  flirt.  The 
adventuress  Mrs.  Littlewood  and  her  im- 
possible husband  seem  rather  exaggerated, 
but  not  outrageously  so,  and  their  vulgarity 
acts  as  an  excellent  foil  to  Betty  Bellew' s 
stupid  and  chivalrous  honesty.  May  Mr. 
Norris  go  on  for  many  more  years  to  come 
tui-ping  out  these  sound,  wholesome  novels 


at  the  same  rapid  rate  as  he  has  been  doing' 
I  latelv! 

Wlien  Vahnond  came  to  Pontiac.     By  Gilbert 

Parker.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Paeker  has  already  done  some  strong 
work,  but  never  anything  nearly  so  good  as 
this.  All  his  previous  novels  have  shown 
inequalities  and  a  certain  hardness  of  treat- 
ment which  at  times  became  almost  brutal ; 
but  here  he  has  not  only  written  a  technic- 
ally excellent  novel,  but  one  of  quite  remark- 
able charm  and  mellowness.  All  the  cha- 
racters are  drawn  with  the  firm  grasp  that 
ensures  distinctness,  and  they  are  nearly  all 
pleasant  to  dwell  with  for  a  short  time  ; 
the  plot,  moreover,  has  the  simplicity  and 
directness  which  preserve  the  interest  un- 
flagging to  the  end.  Everything  in  the  book 
centres,  as  it  should,  on  the  meteor-like  hero 
who  in  the  few  months  that  he  dwells  at 
Pontiac  makes  the  whole  town  mad  for  him, 
raises  a  regiment  to  fight  for  his  claims  to 
the  French  throne,  and  enthralls  all  the 
women.  He  is  magnificently  drawn, 
especially  in  the  scenes  which  illustrate 
his  marvellous  power  of  overcoming 
opposition  and  touching  the  hearts  even  of 
a  hostile  crowd.  One  of  the  most  dramatic 
episodes  is  his  meeting  with  the  survivor  of 
"  La  Grande  Armee,"  followed  by  the  rapid 
mastery  over  his  incredulity.  The  scene  ends 
with  a  fine  description  of  the  old  soldier's  drum 
taps,  which  recalls  not  unworthily  Heine's 
great  character,  the  drum-major  Le  Grand. 
The  feminine  element  in  the  hero's  adven- 
tures is  not  insisted  on  disproportionately 
and  is  dealt  with  in  admirable  taste. 
Finally,  a  word  of  praise  must  be  awarded 
to  the  delightful  set  of  old  village  cronies 
who  play  no  unimportant  part  in  the  story. 


Recognition.  By  Sydney  H.  Wright.   (Digby, 

Long  &  Co.) 
To  lose  your  betrothed  through  the  weakest 
possible  machinations  of  a  jealous  brother 
and  friend,  to  lose  subsequently  both  your- 
self and  your  reason  amongst  the  aborigines 
of  Western  Australia,  is  a  hard  fate  to 
befall  any  one.  Is  it  not,  however,  harder 
still  to  be  recognized  as  a  performing 
savage  at  the  Westminster  Aquarium  after 
many  days  by  your  sorrowing  friends  and 
relations  ?  Yet  all  these  things  and  more 
befell  a  harmless  and  virtuous  young  man 
called  Ned  Staunton,  whose  only  crime  con- 
sisted in  being  a  bore  of  the  first  water. 
This  vice,  however,  he  shared  in  common 
with  his  brother  Charles  and  several  other 
people  in  the  story  called  'Recognition.' 
That  portion  of  it  relating  to  colonial  life 
in  Western  Australia  is  presumably  written 
by  one  who  knows  the  country,  and  may, 
therefore,  claim  to  be  interesting  to  the 
English  reader.  The  rest  of  it  hardly  be- 
longs to  this  end  of  the  century ;  it  revels  in 
early  Victorian  phraseology  and  an  immense 
amount  of  sentiment,  and  is  decorated  with 
"grand  old  buildings,"  "hoary  beeches," 
and  heroines  who  melt  the  hearts  of  warriors 
by  singing  "Will  he  come?"  with  much 
pathos. 

Mr.  Trueman's  Secret.      By  H.  P.  Palmer. 

(Sonnenschoin  &  Co.) 
Before  arriving  at  the  story  proper  of  the 
Rev.  John  Trueman's  experiences,  the  reader 


N**  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


31 


encountei-s  a  "note,"  a  long  secondary  title, 
a  preface,  and  a  prologue.  The  last  con- 
tains the  story  of  a  duel  fought  in  youth  by 
the  hero  before  he  developed  into  a  country 
clergyman  of  the  most  serious  description. 
His  history  ends  in  an  unfinished  chapter, 
followed  up  by  a  "  conclusion,"  in  which 
one  Editha  Thynne  refers  to  her  mysterious 
father  and  the  hero  of  the  narrative  toge- 
ther ;  the  two  departed  gentlemen  become, 
in  fact,  inextricably  entangled  in  her  final 
paragraphs.  Why  the  writer  complicated 
a  sober  story  by  the  device  of  the  Thynnes, 
whose  connexion  with  it  is  of  the  most 
remote  kind,  is  a  problem  too  difficult  for 
the  reader  to  solve.  The  tale,  divested  of 
unnecessary  appurtenances,  is  plain,  solemn, 
and  not  particularly  interesting.  The  style 
of  the  "  Prologue  "  suggests  an  earlier  cen- 
tiiry ;  but  no  sooner  has  Mr.  Trueman 
assumed  his  white  tie  than  it  is  obvious 
that  he  belongs  to  the  Victorian  era.  The 
heroine  of  his  second  love  affair  is  a  most 
serious  and  earnest  girl,  "who  though  so 
young  had  framed  an  ideal  of  duty  from 
which  she  never  swerved."  This  alarming 
lady  included  early  rising  amongst  her  un- 
alterable principles,  and  was  a  most  suitable 
match  for  the  worthy  clergyman  who  be- 
lieved himself  to  have  killed  his  fellow  man. 
The  solution  of  his  perplexities  must  be 
sought  in  the  book  by  those  who  are  in- 
terested in  his  fortunes. 


Corona  of  the  Nantahalas.  By  Louis  Pendle- 
ton. (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
There  is  a  certain  romantic  prettiness  in  the 
picture  of  this  foundling  maiden  living  her 
solitary  life  with  a  deaf-mute  in  the  North 
Carolina  Mountains,  and  peopling  all  the 
streams  and  woods  and  peaks  with  nymphs 
and  dryads,  muses  and  ancient  gods.  But 
there  the  charm  of  the  story  ends.  Corona's 
love  affairs  with  Summerfield  and  Darnell 
are  not  made  sufficiently  vivid  to  interest, 
and  the  author's  device  for  extinguishing 
her  love  for  the  former  is  very  clumsy,  while 
the  generally  good  style  is  occasionally 
marred  by  the  introduction  of  melodramatic 
talk,  as  in  the  chapter  ending:  "'Thus 
perish  the  memory  of  that  beautiful  wicked 
one,'  was  her  thought." 

RacheU.     Par  Art  Eoe.     (Paris,   Calmann 

Levy.) 
*  Eachetk  '  is  one  of  the  best  retreats  from 
Moscow  ever  produced,  followed  by  the  in- 
evitable love  story  between  the  hero  (who  is 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  the  passage 
of  the  Beresina)  and  a  Russian  girl. 


BOOKS   ON   ENGLISH   HISTORY. 

Tlie  Rise  and  Groivth  of  the  English  Nation. 
By  W.  H.  S.  Aubrey,  LL.D.— Vol.  I.  To  1309. 
(Stock.) — Dr.  Aubrey  has  plainly  taken  a  good 
deal  of  trouble  with  this  book  ;  but  though  he 
has  accumulated  a  great  many  miscellaneous 
facts,  we  cannot  regard  the  result  as  completely 
satisfactory.  There  is  an  amateurishness  about 
his  methods  and  results  that  gives  constant 
shocks  to  the  scholar,  and  both  numerous  mis- 
takes of  detail  and  more  important  misconcep- 
tions of  general  principles  tend  still  further  to 
weaken  our  confidence  in  him.  Moreover,  Dr. 
Aubrey  writes  in  a  one-sided  narrow  spirit. 
He  takes  up  a  rather  lofty  tone  of  contempt 
towards  all  persons  and  things  that  he  dislikes, 
and  often  despises  what  he  cannot  be  said  to 
understand  perfectly.      Despite   his  wide   mis- 


cellaneous reading,  his  facts  are  by  no  means  all 
up  to  date,  and  his  style  is  much  impaired 
by  its  dryness  and  curious  discursiveness.  He 
jumps  so  quickly  from  one  point  to  another 
that  his  quaint  sub  -  title,  that  tells  us  he 
treats  of  his  subject  "with  special  reference  to 
epochs  and  crises,"  has  perhaps  more  meaning 
than  he  intended.  Nevertheless  some  readers 
may  find  useful  Dr.  Aubrey's  collections  of  facts, 
especially  those  on  the  social  development  of  the 
country.  But  we  hope  they  will  not  follow  Dr. 
Aubrey  in  believing  that  the  first  inhabitants 
of  Britain  were  Celts ;  that  Surrey  was  ever  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  the  South  Saxons  ;  that  the 
most  usual  historical  divisions  of  the  English 
language  are  "Anglo-Saxon,"  "Semi-Saxon," 
"Early  English,"  and  "Modern  English"; 
that  there  was  an  "  Archbishop  Theodore  of 
Canterbury  "  who  died  in  1161  ;  that  Giraldus 
Cambrensis  "refused  two  Welsh  bishoprics"; 
that  Richard  I.  was  "stigmatized  by  the  French 
as  Le  Noir  Faineant";  that  Louis  of  France, 
who  invaded  England  to  help  the  barons  against 
John,  was  properly  styled  "Dauphin  ";  that  the 
regent  William  Marshall  "married  a  daughter 
of  John  ";  that  Gloucester  possessed  a  cathedral 
when  Henry  III.  was  crowned  there  ;  and  that 
Edward  I.  was  "aptly  styled  by  Sir  J.  R. 
Seeley  the  greatest  of  the  Plantagenets. "  Dr. 
Aubrey  patronizes  the  Middle  Ages  too  much  to 
understand  them.  It  is  a  concession  to  admit 
that  "what  are  called  the  Dark  Ages  were  not 
without  gleams  of  light";  and  the  horrors  of 
medifeval  priestcraft  are  luridly  depicted,  with 
a  fine  modern  disregard  of  historical  conditions. 
But  we  have  said  enough  to  give  an  idea  of  the 
character  of  the  book. 

Angiistine  of  Canterbury.  By  Edward  L. 
Cutts,  D.D.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — It  was  a  mis- 
take to  put  the  life  of  St.  Augustine  of  Canter- 
bury into  the  series  of  "  Leaders  of  Religion." 
The  worthy  monk  who,  after  he  had  overcome 
his  early  fears,  endeavoured  to  carry  out  to  the 
best  of  his  ability  the  instructions  of  the  great 
Pope  who  sent  him  to  Britain,  was  in  no  sense 
a  real  leader  of  men,  and  even  if  he  were,  there 
is  not  enough  material  to  write  his  biography  at 
sufiicient  length  to  fill  a  book.  The  real  heroes 
of  the  conversion  of  the  English  to  the  Roman 
faith  were,  besides  Pope  Gregory,  Wilfred  of 
Ripon  and  Theodore  of  Tarsus,  and  either 
of  these  would  have  more  profitably  occupied 
the  place  which  Dr.  Cutts  gives  to  the  first  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  But  it  is  only  fair  to  Dr. 
Cutts  to  say  that  he  does  not  limit  himself  to  a 
simple  biography  of  St.  Augustine,  notwithstand- 
ing that  the  title  and  series  would  suggest  this  to 
be  the  only  possible  course.  Though  the  book  is 
padded  out  with  mild  moralizings  and  would-be 
picturesque  accounts  of  what  might  have  hap- 
pened, though  every  letter  given  by  Bede  is 
mercilessly  translated.  Dr.  Cutts  cannot  keep 
his  hero  alive  for  more  than  150  pages,  and  so 
ekes  out  the  other  fifty  pages  by  supplying 
some  account  of  the  work  of  Augustine's  suc- 
cessors up  to  the  accession  of  Theodore,  with 
whom  he  unaccountably  stops.  The  ground 
thus  covered  is  so  well  worn  and  Bede  is  so 
easily  accessible  that  it  is  hard  for  any  man 
to  go  far  wrong  in  writing  such  a  book  as 
this.  Dr.  Cutts,  then,  is  as  a  rule  fairly  accu- 
rate, and  his  narrative,  despite  its  excessive 
dilution,  is  moderately  readable.  That  Dr. 
Cutts  is  not  free  from  modern  Anglican  bias  is 
suggested  by  his  tendency  to  avoid  awarding  any 
great  credit  to  the  Roman  Church  for  its  mis- 
sionary enterprise  and  by  his  invariably  calling 
Gregory  I.  Bishop  of  Rome,  and  not  Pope.  That 
he  is  not  a  particularly  learned  .scholar  is  clear  by 
his  making  a  mistake  almost  as  often  as  he  has  a 
chance.  He  thinks  that  Aix-les-Bains  once  had 
a  bishop.  He  repeats  on  p.  85  an  absurd  "tra- 
dition," which  he  says  "seems  to  point"  to 
something  quite  unprovable.  He  believes  that 
England  was  during  his  period  divided  into 
"eight  independent  kingdoms,"  and  Wales  into 
four,  one  of  which  was  "Menevia."     On  p.  127 


he  tells  us  that  the  battle  of  Chester  "drove  a 
wedge  of  Mercia  between  Wales  and  Cumbria," 
while,  according  to  his  statement  on  p.  144,  the 
same  event  led  to  "the  intrusion  of  the  West 
Saxon  territory  between  Wales  and  Cumbria."  It 
is  no  surprise  after  this  to  read  that  "  the  North- 
umbrians made  a  great  movement  westward  and 
conquered  Bath,  Gloucester,  and  Cirencester  " ; 
or  that  "Ethelred"  was  the  king  of  North- 
unibria  who  ordered  the  massacre  of  the  monks 
of  Bangor.  Neither  is  it  wonderful  that  a  rather 
confused  account  of  the  story  of  how  "Rhun, 
son  of  Urien,"  converted  the  Northumbrians  is- 
told  on  the  authority  of  one  "Professor  Ray." 
A  writer  so  ignorant  or  so  careless  as  to  let 
things  like  this  pass  may  congratulate  himself 
that  he  has  the  safe  guidance  of  Bede  to  prevent 
him  from  straying  into  more  frequent  error.  If 
the  multiplication  of  little  books  be  an  evil,  most 
assuredly  it  is  a  bad  thing  to  add  to  the  already 
extensive  popular  literature  dealing  with  the 
conversion  of  the  English  a  book  which  has  sO' 
little  reason  for  its  existence  as  this  indiflferent 
and  misnamed  book  of  Dr.  Cutts's. 

Britain  and  her  Rivals  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, 1713-1789.  By  Arthur  D.  Innes,  M.A. 
(Innes  &Co.) — It  was  a  happy  idea  of  Mr.  Innes 
to  work  out  in  a  single  comely  volume  of  reason- 
able size  some  of  the  detailed  results  of  the  broad 
generalizations  with  which  the  late  Prof.  Seeley 
and  Capt.  Mahan  have  within  recent  years  illu- 
minated the  dreary  details  of  English  eighteenth 
century  history.  Title  and  preface  combine  to 
suggest  that  Mr.  Innes's  object  is  to  depict,  with 
enough  detail  to  satisfy  the  ordinary  cultivated 
reader,  the  history  of  British  foreign  policy  during 
the  period  when,  besides  holding  a  great  place  as 
the  chief  vindicator  of  the  European  balance, 
England  built  up  a  mighty  colonial  empire  and 
acquired  for  herself  a  commercial  and  maritime 
supremacy  that  survived  even  the  revolt  of  the 
thirteen  American  colonies.  So  far  as  Mr. 
Innes  has  confined  himself  to  this  programme 
he  has  attained  no  small  measure  of  success. 
Mr.  Innes  writes  most  pleasantly  and  agreeably, 
and  possesses  the  gift  of  selecting  the  right  sort  of 
details  to  illustrate  the  points  which  he  wishes 
to  emphasize.  The  book,  it  is  true,  bears  no- 
signs  of  deeper  learning  than  can  be  culled 
from  the  ordinary  standard  histories  of 
England  of  the  period,  but  for  three-fourths 
of  Mr.  Innes's  task  his  equipment  is  fairly 
adequate.  In  fact,  so  far  as  the  commercial, 
colonial,  and  Indian  sides  of  the  question  go,  he 
tells,  with  quite  reasonable  accuracy  and  no 
small  vigour,  all  that  the  ordinary  public  is 
likely  to  want.  In  an  age  where  the  general 
reader  is  only  too  likely  to  fall  between  the 
Scylla  of  the  vast  general  history  too  long  to  be 
read,  and  the  Charybdis  of  the  jejune  text-book 
that  inspires  repulsion  to  all  who  are  not  spurred 
on  to  study  by  a  desire  to  get  through  some 
examination,  we  should  be  glad  to  see  more 
books  of  this  type  produced.  Unluckily,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Innes  has  not  always  strictly  limited 
himself  to  his  immediate  object.  He  tells  us  so 
nmch  of  the  internal  and  ministerial  history  of 
England  that  some  parts  of  his  book  get  a  little 
too  much  like  the  text-book.  This  weak  point 
is  made  worse  by  the  fact  that  he  has  not  always 
proved  himself  particularly  happy  in  arranging 
his  materials.  If  the  "Survey  of  the  Whig  Supre- 
macy," which  occupies  book  iii.,  had  been  largely 
cut  down,  and  the  rest  put  as  an  introduction 
to  the  volume,  there  would  have  been  no  need 
to  have  such  a  chapter  as  chapter  v.  of  book  iii., 
the  facts  of  whicli  have  been  also  mentioned  in 
another  form  in  book  ii.,  and  the  structure  of 
the  whole  work  would  have  been  much  clearer. 
And  of  the  j)arts  of  the  book  that  strictly  bear 
upon  Mr.  Innes's  task  the  excellence  of  the 
colonial,  maritime,  and  Indian  portions  is  a 
little  discounted  by  the  comparative  inadequacy 
of  the  part  dealing  with  general  European 
politics.  There  is  little  evidence  that  Mr.  Innes 
has  approached  our  relations  with  Europe  from 
any  but   the   purely  British  side.     And  he  who 


32 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  G,  '95 


wishes  to  write  of  our  European  relations  in  the 
eighteenth  century  must  do  something  more 
than  peruse  Mr.  Lecky  carefully,  if  he  would 
fulfil  his  task  adequately.  Had  Mr.  Innes 
read  even  the  French  and  German  texk-books, 
he  would  not  have  told  us  that  the  Spain  of 
the  Bourbon  kings  "deteriorated  instead  of  ad- 
vancing," and  that  Prussia  in  the  Austrian  Suc- 
cession War  made  a  ' '  bid  for  rank  as  a  first-class 
power";  or  have  ignored  the  many  sufficient 
reasons,  from  the  Barrier  Treaty  and  the  dis- 
solution of  the  Ostend  Company  down  to  the 
diplomacy  of  Robinson  and  the  forced  conces- 
sions to  Prussia  and  Savoy,  which  made  Maria 
Theresa  eager  to  break  with  England  and  ally 
herself  with  France.  And  some  of  the  not  very 
numerous  slips  in  detail  suggest  a  similar  unfami- 
liarity  with  foreign  spelling,  such  as  "Czeslau" 
for  Czaslau,  "  Niepperg  "  for  Neipperg,  "  Louis- 
berg  "  for  Louisbourg,  "  Guastella  "  for  Guas- 
talla,  and  the  like.  These  things  are,  however, 
so  unimportant  that  we  should  have  set  them 
down  to  the  printer,  were  not  so  many  of  them 
repeated  in  the  index.  But  despite  such  little 
limitations  as  these,  Mr.  Innes's  book  is  a  good 
and  a  timely  one,  and  we  should  be  glad  to  know 
that  it  is  being  widely  read.  It  is  exceedingly 
well  got  up. 

Tlie  Oxford  Manuals  of  English  History. — The 
Making  of  the  English  Nation.  By  C.  G. 
Robertson,  B.A.  (Blackie  &  Son.) — This  little 
book  is  one  of  a  projected  series  of  six  small 
shilling  manuals  of  English  history,  undertaken 
by  some  known  and  some  unknown  teachers  of 
history  at  Oxford,  under  the  general  editorship  of 
Mr.  C.  W.  C.  Oman.  Despite  the  large  number 
of  school-books  on  English  history  already  in 
circulation,  we  have  not  yet  got  the  ideal  book 
for  teaching  history  for  schools,  so  that  no 
apology  is  needed  in  bringing  out  this  new 
series,  though  the  plea  that  it  aims  at  combining 
the  merits  of  a  "  good  general  history  "  with  the 
merits  of  the  "epoch"  does  not  seem  to  us  to 
be  a  very  strong  one.  Mr.  Robertson  has  done 
his  work  carefully  and  judiciously,  has  generally 
followed  good  authorities,  and  makes  but  few 
mistakes.  He  should  not,  however,  have  de- 
scribed on  p.  14  the  organization  of  Britain  as 
a  "  diocese  "  in  terms  that  suggest  that  it  is  true 
of  the  whole  period  of  Roman  rule  in  the  island, 
and  not  simply  of  the  period  beginning  with 
Diocletian  ;  nor  should  he  have  talked  of  the 
"  Saxon  style  "  of  architecture  on  p.  V7  as  if  it 
were  not  "round  arched."  He  writes  vigor- 
ously enough,  though  we  think  that  his  style  is 
occasionally  rather  too  ambitious,  and  some  of 
his  sentences  rather  too  elaborate  and  some  of 
his  words  too  long  for  the  average  schoolboy. 
The  book  is  very  likely,  however,  to  prove  quite 
a  useful  school-book,  and  its  cheapness,  reason- 
able size,  clear  print,  and  excellent  maps 
should  all  help  to  give  it  popularity.  We  note 
that  Mr.  Robertson  believes  in  some  sorb  of 
palisade  at  the  battle  of  Hastings.  This  volume 
carries  on  the  history  of  England  from  B.C.  55 
to  A.n.  1135. 

For  his  new  work,  Old  Q:  a  Memoir  of  Wil- 
liam Donglas,  Fourth  Duke  of  Queensherry 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  Mr.  J.  R.  Robinson 
has  selected  rather  a  hackneyed  subject.  The 
"volume  contains,  it  is  true,  some  curious  details 
of  the  Duke's  long  connexion  with  the  turf, 
and  a  few  anecdotes  not  generally  known  ; 
but  these  latter  are  unimportant.  Mr.  Robin- 
son constantly  speaks  of  "Old  Q"  as  the  last 
Duke  of  Queensherry,  though  we  read  in  a 
rather  curiously  worded  foot-note  (p.  156) : 
"This  title  [dukedom  of  Queensherry]  Is  per- 
petuated thnjugh  the  female  line  by  the  Buc- 
deuch  family,  who  do  not,  however,  possess  the 
then  'concrete'  possessions  of  Queensherry." 
■*'01d  Q"  was  no  more  the  last  Duke  of 
<Jueensberry  than  he  was  the  last  English 
duke.  Another  mistake  which  repeatedly 
occurs  in  this  volume  is  in  the  name  of  "  la 
Zimperini,"   which    is    always  given    here   as 


"Zamparini."  Sometimes  Mr.  Robinson  is  a 
little  out  in  his  chronology.  On  p.  75  we 
read:  "The  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Queens- 
berry  now  [1760]  found  themselves  in  high 
favour,  on  the  accession  of  George  III.,  to 
whom  they  had  transferred  their  allegiance, 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  over  the  Gay  affair." 
The  "Gay  affair  "refers,  we  presume,  to  the  Lord 
Chamberlain's  refusal  to  license  the  perform- 
ance of  '  Polly  '  in  December,  1728,  more  than 
nine  years  before  the  birth  of  the  prince  after- 
wards George  III.  But  few  of  those  who  read 
the  memoir  of  "  Old  Q  "  will  trouble  themselves 
much  about  accuracy  of  dates,  which  they  wisely 
leave  to  be  determined  by  historians  and 
reviewers. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

To  the  "Oval"  series  of  handbooks  on 
pastimes,  Mr.  Wilfrid  Baddeley,  the  champion 
player  for  1891  and  1892,  has  contributed  a 
very  complete  treatise  on  Laion  Tennis  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons).  Mr.  Baddeley's  aim  being 
essentially  practical,  the  historical  and  anti- 
quarian side  of  the  game  is  treated  in  a  very 
cursory  fashion,  no  mention  being  even  made 
of  the  kinship  of  lawn  to  court  tennis.  But  in 
all  that  relates  to  the  game  as  it  is  actually 
played  it  would  be  ditiicult  to  have  a  more 
thoroughgoing  guide  than  Mr.  Baddeley.  Thus 
separate  chaptei-s  are  devoted  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  prize  meetings,  the  making  of  hard 
and  the  laying  of  grass  courts,  training,  and  a 
host  of  other  cognate  subjects.  With  regard  to 
ladies'  play  Mr.  Baddeley's  attitude  is  most 
sympathetic.  He  observes,  however,  that  "if 
a  lady  intends  to  play  lawn  tennis,  the  first 
thing  she  must  make  up  her  mind  to  do  is  to 
run  about,  and  not  merely  take  those  balls  that 

come   straight    to   her Unless   a   lady  does 

run,  and  run  her  best,  she  will  never  become 
a  good  player."  From  the  sage  remarks  on 
"  Demeanour  in  Court" — the  phrase  has  quite 
a  legal  sound — we  quote  the  following  :  "A 
constant  flow  of  language,  whether  good,  bad, 
or  indifferent,  coming  from  one  partner  is 
enough  to  put  the  other  partner  completely  off 
his  game."  The  book  is  excellently  illustrated 
with  several  instantaneous  photographs  of  ser- 
vice, in  two  positions,  forehand  and  backhand 
drives,  and  the  correct  way  of  holding  the 
racquet. 

Even  %vhen  the  Select  Co7iversaHons  with  an 
Uncle,  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  (Lane),  appeared 
singly  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  they  seemed 
sufficiently  dreary,  but  collected  in  a  book  they 
are  portentously  foolish.  The  whole  thing  is 
merely  an  elaborate  statement  of  the  most 
commonplace  ideas  in  stilted  phraseology  ;  one 
is  only  thankful  at  the  intervals  when  the 
author  is  not  mildly  humorous.  The  book  has 
a  very  nice  cover. 

A  POCKET  edition  of  Hypatia  (Macmillan),  a 
neat  little  volume  of  nearly  five  hundred  pages 
of  a  small  but  clear  type,  testifies  to  the  con- 
tinued vitality  of  Kingsley's  romance.  Another 
work  which  has  secured  more  than  a  fleeting 
popularity  is  Sir  John  Seeley's  Ecce  Homo 
(Macmillan),  of  which  a  pretty  reprint,  in  the 
"  Eversley  Series,"  is  before  us. — Jan  of  the 
Windmill  and  Lob-Lic-by-the-Firc  have  been 
issued  as  parts  of  the  new  reissue  of  Mrs. 
E wing's  tales  by  the  S.P.C.K.— Miss  Hickey 
thinks  more  highly  than  we  can  profess  to  do 
of  the  Livingstone  in  Africa  of  the  late  Mr. 
Roden  Noel,  of  which  Messrs.  Ward  &  Downey 
have  brought  out  a  new  edition,  a  thin  quarto, 
with  a  preface  by  Miss  Hickey,  and  some  illus- 
trations, which  we  do  not  much  like,  by  Mr. 
Hume  Nisbet. — TJic  Lyric  Poems  of  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley  is  a  dainty  little  volume,  edited  by  Mr. 
Rhys  and  published  by  Messrs.  Dent. — Cupiil's 
Posies,  a  little  collection  dating  from  the  seven- 
teenth century,  has  been  privately  reprinted  by 
Mr.  Humphreys,  of  Piccadilly.  It  is  a  tasteful 
production  of  the  Chiswick  Press. 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

T%eology. 

Earthly  Footsteps  of  tlie  Man  of  Galilee,  by  Bishop  J.  H. 
Vincent  and  others.  Vol.  2.  ob.  4to.  8/6  net. 

Meyer's  (P.  B.)  Christ  in  Isaiah, cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Fine  Art  and  Archeology . 

Burns's  (G.  J.)  Glossary  of  Technical  Terms  used  in  Archi- 
tecture, cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

St.  John's,  Clerkenwell,  with  Historical  Notes  and  Letter- 
press by  J.  Underbill,  folio,  44/ 

Poetry  and  the  Drama, 

Gale's  (N.)  A  Country  Muse,  2nd  Series,  Limited  Ed.  15/  net. 

Kobinson's  (C.  Newton)  The  Viol  of  Love.  Poems,  5/  net. 

Shelley's  (Percy  Bysshe)  Lyric  Poems,  edited  bj-  B.  Rhys, 
18mo.  2/6  net. 

Stuart  (C.  D.)  and  Park's  (A.  J.)The  Variety  Stage,  a  History 
of  the  Musie-Halls,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Political  Econonu/. 
Brooks's  (G.)  Industry  and  Property,  a  Plea  for  Truth  and 

Honesty  in  Economics,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Drage'fi  CG.)  The  Problem  of  the  Aged  Poor,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Armour's  (M.)  The  Home  and  Early  Haunts  of  E.  L.  Steven- 
son, 12mo.  2/  swd 
Crosskey,   Henry  William,   his  Life  and  Work,  by  B.   A. 

Armstrong,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Maybe w's  (A.)  A  Jorum  of  Punch,  being  the  Early  History 

of  the  London  Charivari,  er.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Public  Men    of   To-day :   Li    Hungchang,  by  Prof.  E.  K. 

Douglas,  or.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Stubbs's  (F.  W.)  History  of  the  Organization,  &c.,  of  the 

Bengal  Artillery,  Vol.  3,  8vo.  25/  cl. 
Wood's  (General  Sir  E.)  The  Crimea  in  1854  and  1894,  \<oj  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bickerdyke's  (J.)  The  Best  Cruise  on  the  Broads,  2/6  cl. 
Gardner's  (Mrs.  A.)  Rifle  and  Spear  with  the  Rajpoots,  21/ 
Morley's  (G.)  Sketelies  of  Leafy  Warwickshire,  4to.  7/6  cl. 
Times  Atlas.  The,  folio,  20/ net. 
Wilson-Camiichael's  (A.)  From  Sunrise  Land,  Letters  from 

Japan,  4to.  3/6  bds. 

Science. 
Coe's  (C.  C.)  Nature  versus  Natural  Selection,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Cornish's  (C.  J.)  Wild  England  of  To-day  and  the  Wild 

Life  in  It,  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Fitzmauriee's  (M.)  Plate  Girder  Railway  Bridges,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Hansen  (Dr.   G.   A.)  and  Looft's  (Dr.   C.)  Leprosy  in  its 

Clinical  and  Pathological  Aspects,  8vo.  10/6  net. 
Hulme's  (F.  K.)  Natural  History  Lore  and  Legend,  7/6  net. 
Maude's  (Col.  P.  C.)  Five  Years  in  Madagascar,  with  Notes 

on  the  Military  Situation,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Reagan's  (H.  C.)  Electrical  Engineer's  and  Student's  Chart 

and  Handbook  of  the  Brush  Arc  Light  System,  4/6  cL 
Robinson    (H.   M.)    and    Cribb's    (C.    H.)    The    Law    and 

Chemistry  of  Food  and  Drugs,  cr.  8vo.  8/  cl. 
Thompson's  (W.  T.)  Scholarship  Algebra,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Balzac's  (De)  Novels,  edited  by  G.   Saintsbury  :  Vol.  2,  The 

Chouans,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net. 
Betham-Bdwards's  (M.)  Brother  Gabriel,  or  on  the  Banks 

of  the  Loire,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Cadell's  (Mrs.  H.  M.)  Worthy,  a  Study  of  Friendship,  3/6  cl. 
Christian's  (S.)  Two  Mistakes,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Dawson's  (F.)  A  Sensational  Trance,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Drama,  The,  of  Life,  or  the  Evolution  of  Man,  cr.  Svo.  2/6 
Eliot's  (George)  Works,  Standard  Edition :  Felix  Holt.  Vol.  2, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Felkin's  (H.    M.  and   E  )    An  Introduction    to    Herbart's 

Science  and  Practice  of  Education,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  cl. 
Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World.  Select  Letters,  edited  by 

W.  A.  Brockington,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Graham's  (P.  A.)  Country  Pastimes  for  Boys,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hardy's  (T.)  Wessex  Novels :  A  Pair    of   Blue   Eyes,  with 

Etching  by  H.  M.  Raeburn,  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Lafargue's  (P.)  The  Salt  of  the  Earth,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Leibbrand's  (C.  H.)  Tbis  Age  of  Ours,  containing  the  Book 

of  Problems  and  the  Book  of  Socialism,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Macalpine's  (A.)  A  Man'.s  Conscience,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Oss's  (T.  F.  Van)  Stock  Exchange  Values,  1885-1895,  l.'V  net. 
Peacock's  (T.  L.)  Maid  Marian  and  Crotchet  Castle,  3/6  cl. 
Pirkis's  (C.  L.)  The  Experiences  of  Loveday  Brooke,  Lady 

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Russell's  (W.  C.)  Is  He  the  Man  »  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Turgenev's  (Ivan  8.)  Spring  Floods,  trans,  by  E.  Richter.  3/6 
Welldon's  (Rev.  J.  E.  C.)  Gerald  Bversley's  Friendship,  a 

Study  in  Real  Life,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOBBIQN. 

Theology, 
Baumgarten  (M.) :  Lucius  Annreus  Seneca  u.  das  Christen- 

tlium,  6ni. 
FaugCre  (P.) :  CEuvres  de  Blaise  Pascal,  Les  Provinciales, 

Vol.  2,  71r.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology.  ■ 

Attischen  Grabreliefs,  Die,  Part  7,  60m. 
Landsperg  (Abbesse   H.  de) :    Hortus    Deliciarum,  Rcpr.i- 

duction      heliographique,      Textc     explicatif     par    G. 

Keller,  Part  7,  l.'rni. 
Schreiber  (W.  L.) :  Manuel  de  I'Amateur  de  la  Qrayuresur 

Bois  et  Bur  Metal  au  XV.  Siocle,  Vol.  7,  12m. 

Philasophy, 
Philosophische  Studien,  hreg.  v.  W.  Wundt,  Vol.  11,  Part  2, 
4m. 

History  and  Biography, 
D'Haucour  (L.) ;  Gouvernenients  et  Miuisteres  de  la  Illme 

Republique  (1870-1893).  6fr. 
Kleinpaul  (R.):  Das  Mittelalter.  Parts  19  to  23,  5m. 
Krebs  et   Moris  :    Campiignes   dans    les   Alpes    peudant  la 

Revolution,  18fr. 
Texte  (J.):  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  3fr.  50. 

Science, 
BaiUon  (H.) :  Histoire  des  Plantt-s,  Vol.  13,  30fr. 
Handbuch      der    chemischen     Technologie,     hrsg.    v.    O. 
Dammer,  Vol.  2,  20m. 


N''3532,  July  6, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


Jahrbuch  der   organischen  Cheniie,  hrsg.  v.   G.  Miuunni, 

Vol.  1,  1893,  18m. 
Jahres-Bericht  derLeistungender  chemischen  Technologie, 

hrsg.  V.  F.  Fischer,  Vol.  40,  l'4m. 

General  Literature. 
Allais  (A.) :  Deux  et  deux  font  cinq,  3fr.  50. 
Brada  :  Jeunes  Madames,  3fr.  £0. 
Brunet  (L.) :  Fran$ais  toujours,  Sfc.  .iO. 
D'Artois  (A.)  :  Le  Sargent  Baltliazar,  3fr.  50. 
Flagy  :  La  Reine  Nadfege,  3fr.  50. 
Heinemann  (K.) :  Goethe,  Vol.  1,  3m. 
Labruy6re  (G.  de) :  Chantereine,  3t'r.  50. 
Marni  (J.) :  Comment  elles  se  donnent,  3fr.  50. 
Mont^gut  (M.) :  Dernier  Cri.  3fr.  50. 
Saussine  (H.) :  Le  Prisme,  3fr.  50. 


'  THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  E.  A.  FREEMAN.' 
I  CANNOT  wonder  that  the  Dean  of  Winchester 
is  anxious  to  close  this  correspondence  now  that 
he  finds  himself  unable  to  make  good  his  definite 
statement,  and  yet  cannot  bring  himself  to  with- 
draw it. 

Called  upon  to  justify  his  a=;pertion  that  I 
had  made  in  a  single  article  "slips  almost  as 
numerous  as  those  which  "  I  have  '"  detected  in 
a  whole  volume  of  Freeman's  history,"  he  now 
produces  as  his  proof  three  "  errors  "  : — 

1.  That  I  am  guilty  of  "mistranslating"  a 
passage  in  Wace,  of  which,  my  principal 
opponent  has  complained,  I  have  never 
"ventured  to  translate  a  single  line."*  The 
Dean  makes  this  statement  well  knowing  that 
he  cannot  escape  from  Mr.  Freeman's  latest  and 
explicit  words,  which,  beyond  the  possibility  of 
question,  similarly  interpret  the  passage,!  and 
to  which  I  have  throughout  appealed. 

2.  That  I  have  "misunderstood"  a  passage 
in  William  of  Malmesbury,  which  I  have  under- 
stood precisely  as  Mr.  Freeman  himself  did. 
The  Dean  bases  this  statement  on  his  own  flat 
contradiction  of  Mr.  Freeman's  view  !| 

3.  He  challenges  my  original  statement  that 
the  "open  down"  on  which  the  battle  was 
fought  could  not  "provide  the  timber  for  a 
barricade  about  a  mile  in  length.  "§  And  yet 
he  is  driven  to  confess  that  "  the  actual  site  of 
the  battle  must  have  been  an  open  space "  ! 
Such  are  the  "errors  " to  which  the  Dean,  when 
brought  to  bay,  is  reduced. 

As  to  the  charge  of  "suppression,"  so  in- 
dignantly renewed— namely,  that  I  did  not 
quote  the  views  of  those  who  had  written  before 
Mr.  Freeman  —  I  could  not,  and  cannot,  see 
that  when  discussing  Mr.  Freeman's  narrative 
and  those  original  authorities  on  which  I  pre- 
sumed it  to  be  based,  I  was  in  any  way  bound 
to  discuss  the  views  of  other  writers  with  whom 
I  was  not  concerned.  And  to  this  opinion  I 
adhere. 

As  the  whole  controversy  is  summed  up  in 
my  recently  published  '  Feudal  England,'  I  need 
not  further  encroach  upon  your  space,  save  to 
observe  that  the  Dean  has  promptly  justified  its 
statement  that  "  my  '  attack  '  on  Mr.  Freeman's 
work  cannot  here  be  impugned  by  any  straight- 
forward means,"  and  fulfilled  my  forecast  that 
"the  impotent  wrath  aroused  by  its  success 
will  lead,  no  doubt,  to  other  attempts  equally 
unscrupulous  and  equally  futile." 

J.  H.  Round. 


Hiterarn  Gossip. 

many  memoirs   of  the  late 


THE  "EMINENT  V?OME.V  SERIES." 
I  HAVE  to  disclaim  all  responsibility  for  the 
volume  on  'Queen  Victoria,'  recently  issued  as 
an  addition  to  the  "  Eminent  Women  Series." 
It  has  been  published  by  Messrs.  W.  H.  Allen 
&  Co.  without  reference  to  me,  and  without 
regard  to  my  rights  over  the  series.  These 
publishers  are  also  reis^,uing  back  volumes  of 
the  series,  without  my  name  as  editor ;  it 
should,  therefore,  be  understood  that  I  am  in  no 
way  responsible  for  any  omissions  or  alterations 
they  may  make.  John  H.  Ingram. 

*  English  Historical  Review,  ix.  40. 
t  '  Feudal  England,'  pp.  346-7. 

I   See   English  Historical  Review,   ix.   230 ;   and   '  Feudal 
England,'  p.  .356. 
J  See  on  this  point  '  Feudal  England,'  p.  342. 


In  the  many  memoirs  of  the  late  Prof. 
Huxley  which  have  appeared  in  the  daily 
papers,  we  have  not  seen  it  stated  that  he 
at  one  time  edited  the  Reader.  This  was 
not  for  long,  but  during  the  time  (some- 
where about  1864)  that  the  paper  was 
under  his  control,  each  number  opened 
with  a  lively  little  article — what  now  would 
be  called  a  leaderette  —  signed  with  his 
initials. 

The  attack  of  influenza  which  has  caused 
us  to  mourn  the  death  of  Mr.  Huxley  might 
have,  perhaps,  proved  insignificant  had  it 
been  taken  in  time;  but,  when  it  came  on,  the 
Professor  was  engaged  on  a  second  critique 
of  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour's  book,  and,  in  spite  of 
remonstrances,  he  declined  to  take  to  his 
bed  till  he  had  finished  his  article. 

A  MEETING  of  Durham  graduates  and 
others,  held  at  Durham  last  Saturda}^ 
passed  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  a  com- 
mittee, selected  by  the  University  Board 
of  Studies,  "should  inspect  and  examine 
scholars  of  the  various  secondary  and  higher 
grade  schools,"  and  grant  certificates  which 
in  certain  cases  should  excuse  students  from 
the  matriculation  test.  A  proposal  of  this 
kind  made  direct  to  the  governing  body  of 
a  university  sounds  somewhat  refreshing. 
As  the  Society  of  Arts  and  the  City  and 
Guilds  Institute  have  recently,  we  believe, 
agreed  over  the  formation  of  a  similar  com- 
mittee in  London,  it  must  be  supposed  that 
the  inspection  and  examination  of  State- 
aided  scholars  is  regarded  as  an  open  career 
in  England.  So  far  as  secondary  schools, 
in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  are  con- 
cerned, one  would  have  supposed  that  the 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  College  of  Pre- 
ceptors' examinations  were  already  adequate 
to  the  need. 

The  Report  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Library  states  that  Prof.  Browne's  catalogue 
of  the  Persian  manuscripts  will  be  pub- 
lished shortly.  Mr.  Sayle  has  begun  a 
catalogue  of  the  English  books  in  the 
library  printed  before  1641.  The  great 
acquisition  of  the  year  has  been  the  library 
bequeathed  by  Mr.  Sandars.  It  contains 
17  MS.  Hora)  and  58  printed  ones  ;  11  MS. 
Missals  and  40  printed  ones;  117  books 
printed  in  the  fifteenth  century  ;  72  books 
printed  on  vellum ;  300  English  books 
printed  before  1600;  the  first  three  folio 
Shakspeares,  &c. 

The  vacant  Chair  of  Humanity  at  Edin- 
burgh has  attracted  the  following  candidates 
from  Oxford  :  Mr.  A.  G.  Clark  of  Queen's, 
Mr.  Godley  of  Magdalen,  Mr.  Hardie  of 
Balliol,  Mr.  Lindsay  of  Jesus,  and  Mr.  Owen 
of  Christchurch.  The  only  Cambridge  can- 
didate we  hear  of  is  Mr.  Dimsdale  of  King's. 
Besides,  Mr.  F.  H.  Rawlins  of  Eton,  Prof. 
Conway  of  University  College,  Cardiff,  Prof. 
Sandford  of  Queen's  College,  Galway,  and 
Prof.  Sonnenschein  of  the  Mason  College, 
Birmingham,  are  said  to  have  sent  in  their 
names." 

The  celebration  of  the  centenary  of 
Maynooth  College  has  been  signalized  by 
the  establishment  of  a  Maynooth  Union, 
intended  to  facilitate  the  association  and 
co-oj)eration  of  old  students  of  the  College. 

In  the  forthcoming  number  of  the  English 
Historical  Review  the  Rev.  Nicholas  Pocock 


writes  on  '  The  Condition  of  Morals  and  Re- 
ligious Belief  in  the  Reign  of  Edward  VI.'; 
Mr.  E.  Armstrong  on  '  The  Constable 
Lesdiguieres  ';  Mr.  D.  W.  Rannie  on  '  Crom- 
well's Major  -  Generals  '  ;  and  Mr.  J.  R. 
Tanner  on  the  late  Sir  John  Seeley.  Among 
the  other  contents  is  an  elaborate  discussion 
of  'The  Paschal  Canon  attributed  to  Ana- 
tolius  of  Laodicea,'  by  Mr.  A.  Anscombe. 

Dr.  Buchheim  requests  to  be  allowed 
to  state  that  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
separate  issue  of  a  portion  of  his  '  Materials 
for  German  Prose  Composition,'  published 
by  Messrs.  Bell  under  the  title  of  '  First 
Book  of  German  Composition,'  which  we 
noticed  a  fortnight  ago,  and  that  the  voca- 
bulary to  the  same  has  not  been  compiled 
by  him. 

The  well-known  Swedish  author  Karin 
Sofie  Adlersparre  died  at  Strom,  near 
Siidertelge,  on  the  27th  of  June,  aged 
seventy-two.  Her  maiden  name  was  Leijon- 
hufvud,  and  she  signed  her  first  books 
"S.  L— d"  or  "  Esselde."  •  She  was, 
perhaps,  the  most  active  of  those  who  have 
endeavoured  in  Sweden  to  enlarge  the 
sphere  of  feminine  energy. 

Prof.  Oscap,  Erdmann  died  at  Kiel  on 
June  13th.  His  researches  were  specially 
devoted  to  the  German  syntax.  He  was 
co-editor  with  Prof.  Gering  of  the  Zeit- 
schrift  fur  Deutsche  Philologie. — The  learned 
Orientalist,  Prof.  R.  von  Roth,  of  Tubingen, 
the  joint  author  with  Bohtlingk  of  the  great 
Sanskrit  dictionary  in  seven  volumes,  died 
on  the  23rd  ult.  at  that  town,  in  his  seventy- 
fifth  year,  after  having  been  connected  with 
the  University  for  half  a  century. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  general 
interest  this  week  is  the  Annual  Statement 
of  the  Trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  with 
Foreign  Countries  and  British  Possessions 
for  the  year  1894  (3s.  10^.). 


SCIENCE 


the   right   HON.    T.    H.    HVXLEY. 

The  daily  papers  have  given  full  details  of 
the   parentage,    education,    and   career   of    the 
Right    Hon.    T.    H.    Huxley,    who    died    last 
Saturday  at  his  house,   Hodeslea,   Eastbourne. 
To  estimate  Huxley  aright  we  must  not  look  at 
him  purely  as  a  scientific  zoologist,  nor  even  as 
a  man  of  science  who  has   made  himself  known 
to    the   public    by   his    clear    and    fascinating 
expositions  of  some  of  the  results  of  scientific 
inquiry.      He  has    been   pronounced    both   by 
friends  and  enemies  a  theologian  with  an  anti- 
theological  purpose.     And  it  is,  perhaps,  in  this 
inaccurate   designation   that   we    may  tind  the 
truest  appreciation  of  his  character  and  work. 
He  was   a  great  teacher,  dealing  by  deliberate 
choice    with   the   most  serious  subjects   which 
can   occupy   human   thought— the   whence  and 
whither  of  mankind,   the  limitations  of  know- 
ledge, the  sanctions  of  conduct.     He  resembled 
a  theologian  in  the    subject-matter   which    he 
chose    to  discuss,  and    in    the  earnestness   and 
sense  of  responsibility  which  characterized  his 
Ion"  series  of  publislied  essays.     But  it  cannot 
be  shown  that  dogmatism — which  is  admittedly 
and  necessarily  a  leading  characteristic  of  the 
orthodox  theologian — forms  a  defect  in  Huxley's 
method,  or  was  otherwise  than  remote  from  hijB 
character.     His  treatment  of   historical,  philo- 
sophical,   ethical,     and     educational     subjects 
brought    him    into    controversy    with    clerical 
champions  from  time  to  time — and  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  gladly  sought  such  encounters — 


34 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3532,  July  6,  '95 


for  it  was,  as  he  himself  said,  the  most  abiding 
desire  of  his  life  to  render  it  easier  for  the 
generations  of  men  who  followed  him  to  think 
freely  and  truly  upon  subjects  which  he  had 
found  it  difficult  to  approach  on  account  of 
established  prejudice  and  orthodox  prohibition. 
No  one  who  has  watched  the  war  which  for 
five  -  and  -  twenty  years  Huxley  waged  almost 
single-handed  with  orthodoxy,  no  one  who  can 
appreciate  the  terms  of  peace  which  he  as 
armed  conqueror  imposed  upon  the  vanquished 
foe,  will  under- estimate  the  value  of  his  ser- 
vices to  the  world,  and  especially  to  the  Eng- 
lish-speaking race.  Huxley  was  what  is  called 
a  "man  of  science,"  but  he  valued  science  not 
for  its  discoveries  alone — he  valued  it  still  more 
for  its  method,  and  for  the  direction  and 
freedom  given  by  it  to  human  thought. 

As  a  zoologist  and  comparative  anatomist 
Huxley's  work  has  been  continuous  from  his 
student  days,  abundant,  and  of  the  highest 
quality.  Yet  it  is  not  exaggeration  to  say  that 
just  as  there  are  some  professed  workers  in 
science  who  indulge  in  the  discussion  of  public 
aflfairs  or  other  matters  as  a  secondary  or 
love  study,  so  Huxley  must  rightly  be  regarded 
as  in  his  main  work  a  publicist,  an  educator, 
teacher,  innovator  in  the  great  fields  of  philo- 
sophic and  religious  thought  common  to  all 
educated  men,  and  only  as  accidentally  a 
zoologist,  though  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
and  original  of  his  day. 

That  over  and  above  this  he  was  a  consum- 
mate literary  artist,  trained  by  study  of  the  best 
writers  of  Western  Europe,  has  been  long 
recognized.  Few  men  have  developed  so  dis- 
tinctive a  style,  one  so  full  of  grace  and  charm 
whilst  emphatic  and  absolutely  free  from 
ambiguity. 

Some  of  those  who  know  Huxley's  technical 
zoological   works    are    unacquainted    with    his 
more  general   writings  and  apt  to   undervalue 
them,  or  even  to  regret  that   he   should   have 
employed  time  and  energy  in  their  production. 
Others,  whoknowonly  his  philosophic  and  critical 
essays,  are  anxious  to  know   what  is  the  real 
weight  and  value  of  his  contributions  to  special 
science.     The  permanent  value  of   his  general 
essays  is  a  question  for  posterity  :  their  literary 
skill,  their  stimulating  influence,  their  enormous 
educational  value  in  our  own  times,  we  of  to- 
day  can  appreciate.      Of    his   contributions  to 
zoological  science  it  is  easier  to  speak  definitely. 
They   range  over    every  rank    of    the    animal 
kingdom,  and  include  almost  every  variety  of 
biological  sub-science.     In  the  early  days  after 
his  return  from  the  voyage  of  the  Rattlesnake, 
Huxley  touched  in  turn  on  nearly  every  group 
of  the  animal  kingdom  and  published  something 
which    remains.       Thalassicolla    and    Dysteria 
among    Protozoa,    the    oceanic   Hydrozoa,    the 
budding  of  Protula  (a  chsetopod),  the  cysts  of 
Echinococcus,  the  suctorial  apparatus  of  Scorpio, 
the  anus  of  brachiopods,  the  morphology  of  the 
cephalousMollusca,  and  the  extinct  eurypterines, 
all  in  turn  were  treated  of  and  illuminated  by 
him.      But  his  largest  work   has   been   among 
both  fossil  and  recent  Vertebrata  :  recent  and 
fossil    fishes,    palaeozoic    amphibia,    the    fossil 
reptiles  allied    to    birds,   and   various    extinct 
mammalia,    have   been    handled    by  him   with 
brilliant     results.       The   suggestion    that    the 
ectoderm    and     endoderm    of    the     Ccelentera 
correspond   to    the    two    primary    germ-layers 
of  the  Vertebrata   is  due  to   him  ;   whilst  the 
theory  of  the  vertebrate  skull  and  that  of  the 
close  relationship   of   birds   and   reptiles   have 
been  most   importantly  influenced   by  his  dis- 
coveries and  arguments.     The    distribution  of 
animals  in  space  and  time  has  also  been  dis- 
cussed by  him  in  essays  which   have   had  per- 
manent    influence.      The     actual     number    of 
separate    anatomical    memoirs     published     by 
Huxley  is  not  quite  so  large  as  that  standing  to 
the  name  of  Owen,  l)ut  it  is  most  certainly  the 
fact   that   they   liave   had  and  retain  a   larger 
permanent  influence  than  those  of  his  eminent 


rival.  One  of  the  last  scientific  writings  of  | 
Huxley  was  the  generous  and  fair-minded  sketch 
of  Sir  Richard  Owen's  anatomical  labours  which 
he  contributed,  at  the  request  of  Owen's 
grandson,  to  the  memoir  of  that  distinguished 
man. 

A  few  brief  lines  such  as  these  must  neces- 
sarily give  only  the  most  imperfect  and  frag- 
mentary account  of  Huxley's  work  and  position. 
To  the  present  writer  it  seems  impossible  not 
to  regard  him  as  one  of  the  very  greatest  minds 
of  this  century  —  a  permanent  glory  of  the 
English  race. E.  R.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 

Geological.— J^wne  19.— Dr.  H.  Woodward.  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Messrs.  F.  Corner,  C.  O.  West, 
and  C.  H.  C.  Woodhouse  were  elected  Fellows  ; 
Prof.  W.  Dames,  Berlin,  was  elected  a  Foreign 
Member ;  and  Dr.  P.  Groth,  Munich,  a  Foreign 
Correspondent  of  the  Society. — The  following  com- 
munications were  read  :  '  On  the  Occurrence  of 
Radiolaria  in  Chalk,'  by  Messrs.  W.  Hill  and  A.  J. 
Jukes-Browne, — '  The  Crush-Conglomerates  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,'  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Lamplugh,  with  an 
appendix  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Watts,  communicated  by 
permission  of  the  Director-General  of  the  Geological 
Survey,—'  The  Chalky  Clay  of  the  Fenland  and  its 
Borders  :  its  Constitution,  Origin,  Distribution,  and 
Age,'  by  Sir  H.  H.  Howorth,— and '  On  the  Occurrence 
of  Spirorbis  Limestone  and  Thin  Coals  in  the  so- 
called  Permian  Kocks  of  Wyre  Forest,  with  Con- 
siderations as  to  the  Systematic  Position  of  the 
Permians  of  Salopian  Type,'  by  Mr.  T.  C.  Cantrill, 
communicated  by  Mr.  W.  Gibson. — This  was  the 
last  meeting  of  the  session. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.— e/wwe  20.— Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  President,  in  the  chair. — Chancellor  Fer- 
guson communicated  a  note  on  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  Elizabethan  inscription  formerly 
on  the  old  messhouse  of  Carlisle  Castle.  — 
Prof.  T.  McK.  Hughes  exhibited  and  read  a  paper 
on  a  set  of  wooden  waxed  tablets,  apparently 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  found  at  Cambridge. 
The  writing,  though  visible  in  places,  has  not 
yet  been  deciphered. —  Mi\  C.  H.  Read  read  a 
paper  descriptive  of  the  further  exploration  of  a 
Saxon  cemetery  on  High  Down,  Sussex.  Among 
the  many  interesting  objects  in  bronze,  iron,  and 
especially  glass  found,  was  a  glass  vessel  with  an 
inscription  round  the  neck  in  Greek  characters, 
apparently  equivalent  to  the  Latin  inscription  Utere 
felix  or  feliciter. — Mr.  V.  Horsley  commented  on  a 
skeleton  removed  from  one  of  the  graves,  which 
belonged  to  a  type  quite  diiferent  from  that  usually 
found  in  Anglo-Saxon  cemeteries. 


Royal  Institution.— J?^^?/  1.— Sir  J.  Crichton- 
Browce  in  the  chair. — The  following  were  elected 
Members  :  Messrs.  S.  Crompton,  W.  D.  Cronin,  and 
A.  F.  M.  Spalding,  Lady  Evans,  and  Miss  S.  Rose- 
Innes. 

Physical.— J?/Me  28.— Dr.  Gladstone,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair. — Mr.  Bowden  read  a  note  '  On  an  Electro- 
magnetic Effect.'— Mr.  Rhodes  read  a  paper  '  On  the 
Armature  Reaction  in  a  Single- Phase  Alternating- 
Current  Machine.'— Mr.  S.  Bidwell  read  a  paper '  On 
the  Electrical  Properties  of  Selenium.' — The  Society 
adjourned  till  the  autumn. 


The  new  and  thoroughly  revised  edition  of 
Mr.  W.  Robinson's  well  -  known  work  '  The 
English  Flower  Garden,'  which  has  been  so 
long  awaited,  will  be  published  by  Mr.  Murray 
about  the  middle  of  this  month. 

Mb.  W.  F.  Stanley,  F.R.A.S.,  F.G.S.,  has  in 
the  press  a  work  on  the  nebular  theory,  in  which 
its  history  is  treated  in  much  detail,  and  many 
original  suggestions  are  offered  with  regard  to 
the  probable  manner  of  evolution  of  stellar 
systems,  and  especially  of  our  own  solar  and 
planetary  system. 

Dr.  T.  J.  J.  See,  of  Chicago,  has  recently 
made  several  highly  interesting  determinations 
of  the  orbits  of  binary  stars  from  all  available 
observations.  Those  which  have  the  shortest 
periods  of  all  are  k  Pegasi  and  8  Equulei,  which 
were  discovered  to  be  binary  systems  by  Prof. 
Burnham  and  M.  Otto  Struve  respectively.  The 
period  of  the  former  Dr.  See  finds  to  amount  to 
11'42  years  ;  that  of  the  latter  to  11"45  years. 
The  star  known  as  2  3062  was  noticed  as  double 
by  Sir  W.  Herschel  in  1782  ;  but  that  it  is  really 
a  binary  with  somewhat  rapid  orbital  motion 
was  first  proved  by  the  observations  of  W. 
Struve,  which  commenced  in  1823.  The  result 
of  Dr.  See's  investigation  is  that  the  period 
amounts  to  104  61  years.  The  system  has  a 
considerable  proper  motion  in  space,  so  that  it 
is  probable  that  it  has  a  sensible  parallax,  though 
this  has  not  yet  been  determined.  It  is  situated 
in  the  constellation  Cassiopeia. 


Linnean.— e7?me20.— Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  G.  Massee  was  elected  a  Fellow. — 
Mr.  F.  Enock  exhibited  and  made   some  remarks 
upon  a  living  specimen  of  an  aquatic  hymenopterous 
insect,  Polynema  waten*, Lubbock. — Messrs.  E.  Baker 
and  C.  Reid  exhibited  some    rare  plants  from  the 
limestone  hills,    co.    Kerry,    including  Pingtdcula 
grandiflura,  Lam.,  contrasted  with  P.  vulgaris,  and 
Saxifi'aga  geum,  contrasted  with  S.  vmirosa,  with 
a  view  of  determining  their  value  as  subspecies  or 
geographical  races. — Mr.  Carruthers  exhibited  some 
feathers  of  a  cuckoo  taken  at  Whitchurch,  Shrop- 
shire, on  the  23rd  of  May  last,  amongst  which  were 
some  moulted  feathers  which  were  held  connected 
with  the  new  feathers  which  had  replaced  them  by 
means  of  the  barbed  seed  capsules  of  a  subtropical 
grass,  Cenchrus  echinatus. — On  behalf  of  Mr.  S.  Loat 
there  was  exhibited  a  cuckoo's  egg  taken  from  the 
nest  of  a  hedge  sparrow,  together  with  five  white 
eggs  of  that  species,  an  abnormality  not  often  met 
with.     An    examination  of  these  eggs  under  the 
microscope  showed  that,  in  regard  to  the  texture  or 
grain  of  the   shell,  they  agreed  with  eggs  of  the 
hedge  sparrow,  and  not  with  those  of  the  robin,  of 
which  white  varieties  are  not  so  rare.— Mr.  G.  West 
then  gave  the  substance  of  a  paper  on  some  North 
American  Desmidieaj,  describing  the  characters  of 
several  new  species  with  the  aid  of  specially  pre- 
pared lantern  slides.— Mr.  A.  Vaughan  Jennings  gave 
a  detailed  account  of  the  structure  of  the  isopod 
genus  Ourozeuktes,  upon  which  a  most  instructive 
criticism  was  offered  by  the  Rev.  T.  R.  Stebbing, 
who  was  present  as  a  visitor  ;  some  further  remarks 
being  offered  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Sladen.— Mr.  F.  N.  Wil- 
liams coinmunicatf'd  the  salient  points  in  a  critical 
l)aper  which  he  had  prepared  entitled 'A  Revision 
of  the  Genus  Silene.'— On  behalf  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Waite, 
Prof.  Howes  gave  an  abstract  of  a  well-illustrated 
paper  '  On  the  Egg  Cases  of  Port  Jackson  Sharks,' 
and  exhibited  several   spirit   specimens  in  further 
elucidation  of  the  subject.— This  meeting  terminated 
the  session. 


FINE    ARTS 

Tlie   Communion  Plate  of  the  Churches  in  the 
City   of  London.     By   Edwin.   Freshfield, 
jun.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Citizen,  Vintner,  and 
Scrivener.     (Printed  privately.) 
London    Church   Staves,   with  some   Notes  on 
their  Surroundings.  By  Mary  and  Charlotte 
Thorpe.  With  a  Preface  by  Edwin  Fresh- 
field,  jun.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.     (Stock.) 
It  is  a  pity  that  Mr.  Freshfield's  book  has 
been   "printed  privately":  firstly,  because 
it  treats  of  a  subject  that  is  of  interest  to  a 
number  of  people  who  will  wish  to  possess 
copies ;  and  secondly,  because  some  excellent 
doctrine,  which  is  set  forth  at  the  beginning, 
will  not  be  so  widely  read  as  it  would  have 
been  had  the  book  been  generally  accessible. 
Mr.  Freshfield's  work  consists  mainly  of 
a  descriptive   inventory  of   the  communion 
plate  of  the  churches  in  the  City  of  London, 
but  this  is    prefaced   by  two   introductory 
chapters  of  importance. 

The  first  chapter,  which  has  only  partial 
reference  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  book, 
is  a  clear  and  temperately  written  statement 
of  the  origin  and  history  of  the  Union  of 
Benefices  Act  of  1 860 ;  of  the  manner  in 
which,  under  it,  the  City  churches  may  be 
preserved  or  destroyed  ;  and  of  the  effect  of 
its  working  on  the  church  plate.  By  the 
aid  of  a  typical  case  Mr.  Freshfiold  shows 
how  a  single  church  may  eventually  serve 
for  as  many  as  seven  united  parishes,  the 


N**  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


35 


other  churches  of  which  have  been  pulled 
down.  The  communion  plate  of  a  destroyed 
church  unfortunately  does  not  necessarily 
pass  on  to  the  church  with  which  the  union 
is  effected,  unless  the  parishioners  so  will, 
but  is  at  the  disposal  of  the  bishop  and  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  to  present  to 
another  church.  In  this  case  the  historical 
associations  of  the  plate  cease  to  be  of 
interest,  and  it  is  in  danger  of  being 
exchanged  or  melted  down  for  modern  stuff, 
a  fate  that  has  already  befallen  several 
interesting  pieces.  Should  the  parishioners, 
on  the  other  hand,  decide  to  keep  their 
plate,  the  church  of  several  united  parishes 
may  become  possessed  of  more  than  it  can 
want  or  use.  But  it  is  better  that  this 
should  be  so  than  that  the  plate  be  alienated 
or  destroyed,  and  not  unlikely  the  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  an  increased  population 
in  the  City  will  cause  it  to  again  be  brought 
into  use.  As  Mr.  Freshfield  points  out, 
"there  is  no  ground  for  assuming  that  the 
City  will  not  be  again  a  residential  quarter 
of  London  ;  rather  the  reverse.  Little  by 
little  the  trade  of  the  port  has  moved  down 
the  river,  and  the  traders  have  followed 
suit,  as  the  rows  of  empty  wharves  and 
warehouses  in  Thames  Street  testify."  The 
conversion  of  these  warehouses  into  artisans' 
dwellings  is  quite  within  the  range  of  pos- 
sibility, and  the  churches  that  have  now 
been  left  in  the  City  will  then  be  sufficient 
for  only  a  fraction  of  those  who  may  want 
to  use  them.  Mr.  Freshfield  accordingly 
appeals  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  City 
churches  to  make  a  determined  stand  against 
Bishop  Jackson's  Union  of  Benefices  Act 
(I860)  Amendment  Act  of  1883,  which 
Bishop  Temple  has  declared  his  intention 
of  reintroducing  at  an  early  opportunity. 
As  it  is  proposed  under  this  to  substitute 
a  practically  packed  commission  for  the 
direct  voice  and  vote  of  the  parishioners,  by 
which  the  churches  may  still  be  preserved, 
it  is  as  well  for  Churchmen  to  be  on  their 
guard. 

Mr.  Freshfield' s  second  introductory  chapter 
treats  of  the  general  history  and  character- 
istics of  the  plate  in  the  City  churches. 
Although  the  number  of  pieces  is  very 
large,  there  being  approximately  175 
chalices  and  communion  cups,  237  patens 
and  paten  covers,  137  flagons,  and  210  basins 
or  almsdishes,  besides  other  vessels,  only 
five  pieces  of  pre-E.eformation  plate  have 
survived  throughout  the  City.  These  are 
a  paten  {circa  1500)  at  St.  Magnus' ;  a  basin 
(1518-9)  at  St.  Mary  Woolnoth ;  another 
(1524-5)  at  St.  Magnus',  from  St.  Michael's, 
Crooked  Lane;  a  secular  cup  (1545-6)  at 
St.  Margaret  Pattens  ;  and  a  mazer  {circa 
1530)  with  EHzabethan  foot  at  St.  GHes's, 
Cripplegate.  It  looks,  therefore,  as  if  the 
conversion  of  such  plate  as  was  spared 
when  the  City  churches  were  sacrilegiously 
despoiled  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  was 
carried  out  with  more  than  usual  thorough- 
ness, for  it  is  rare  in  such  a  large  collection 
to  find  so  few  mediteval  pieces.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  City  churches  have  pre- 
served the  exceptional  number  of  seven  cups 
and  two  patens  made  during  the  short  reign 
of  Edward  VI. — a  class  of  plate  of  which 
even  fewer  specimens  have  survived,  owing 
to  the  changes  in  Mary's  reign,  than  of  those 
of  the  mediaeval  period. 
Of  the  plate  made  during  the  reign  of 


Elizabeth,  there  were  once,  no  doubt, 
many  more  pieces  than  the  twenty-seven 
communion  cups  and  thirty-three  patens 
now  remaining.  The  disappearance  of 
other  examples  need  not  necessarily  be 
ascribed  to  the  Great  Fire,  for,  as  Mr.  Fresh- 
field points  out,  "  the  church  plate  escaped 
wholesale  destruction,  probably  because  the 
progress  of  the  fire  was  slow,  and  there 
was  time  to  save  it."  The  loss  is  more  likely 
due  to  the  refashioning  or  exchange  of  the 
older  vessels  for  new,  a  practice  which  the 
parish  account  books  show  to  have  been  by 
no  means  uncommon. 

By  far  the  larger  proportion  of  existing 
City  church  plate  was  made  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  the  number  of  cups  and 
patens  of  James  I.'s  reign  being  as 
numerous  as  those  of  the  Ehzabethan 
period,  while  those  of  Charles  I.'s  time  are 
even  greater  in  number.  We  now  meet, 
for  practically  the  first  time,  with  flagons, 
of  which  only  one  Elizabethan  pair  exists, 
whereas  there  are  thirty- one  temp.  James  I. 
and  forty- four  teynp.  Charles  I.  A  very  few 
pieces  (sixteen  in  all)  were  made  during  the 
Commonwealth. 

From  the  comparatively  small  number  of 
later  seventeenth  century  pieces,  it  seems 
that  most  of  the  churches  then  possessed 
sufficient  plate  for  their  needs,  and  that  what 
they  had  escaped  the  Great  Fire.  It  is  also 
quite  clear  that  there  could  have  been  but 
little  robbery  or  loss  during  the  Great 
Eebellion.  During  the  eighteenth  century 
a  fair  amount  of  plate  was  made,  and  there 
was  an  increasing  tendency  to  make  the 
pieces  in  pairs,  or  to  add  copies  of  older 
vessels.  It  was  at  this  time,  probably,  that 
many  old  pieces  were  refashioned  to  match 
new  gifts.  "Of  modern  stuff  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,"  Mr.  Freshfield  says, 

"  there  is,  luckily,  not  much  ;  five  sets  [includ- 
ing that  of  St.  Paul's]  of  plate  have  been  made 
to  replace  that  which  was  stolen,  and  as  many 
sets  and  a  few  odd  pieces  are  the  result  of 
parochial  vandalism,  of  which  there  has  been, 
on  the  whole,  very  little." 

It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  City 
churches  possess  amongst  them  a  remark- 
ably good  collection  of  plate ;  in  fact, 
as  Mr.  Freshfield's  excellent  lists  show, 
there  is  hardly  a  year  from  1548  downwards 
that  is  not  represented  by  some  piece  or 
other.  This  has  enabled  Mr.  Freshfield  to 
draw  up  a  useful  series  of  types,  especially 
in  the  case  of  cups,  of  which  he  shows  there 
are  nine  varieties  to  be  found  in  the  City. 
Of  the  flagons,  the  tall  tankard  pattern 
seems  to  have  been  the  favourite  one,  there 
being  only  three  "  round-bellied  "  exam- 
ples out  of  a  total  of  nearly  one  hundred 
and  forty. 

Several  of  the  basins  or  almsdishes  are 
very  fine  pieces  of  plate,  and  not  improb- 
ably served  originally  as  rose-water  basins. 
The  mediaval  exami)le  from  St.  Michael's, 
Crooked  Lane,  made  in  1524-5,  has  a 
suspiciously  secular  appearance,  though 
the  engraved  figure  of  St.  Michael  in  the 
print  seems  to  show  it  was  made  for  the 
church.  Unlike  the  majority  of  the  church 
plate,  which  is  of  silver  or  silver- gilt,  many 
of  the  almsdishes,  Mr.  Freshfield  says,  are 
made  of  pewter.  Some  of  them  are  hand- 
some examples,  with  central  bosses  decorated 
with  the  royal  arms  and  other  devices  in 
enamel.      A  few    instances    of    enamelled 


decoration  occur  amongst  the  other  classes 
of  i^late,  as,  for  example,  a  paten  cover  at 
St.  Mary  Aldermary,  made  in  1609,  which 
has  a  beautiful  representation  of  the  royal 
arms  of  the  Tudor  sovereigns,  evidently 
part  of  an  older  piece. 

Besides  the  classes  already  mentioned, 
nearly  every  church  is  possessed  of  a  spoon, 
for  use  as  a  strainer,  or  removing  flies,  &c., 
from  the  chalice.  These  spoons  are  all 
of  the  ordinary  domestic  types,  the  oldest 
being  seal-headed  and  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  The  later  examples  have  per- 
forated bowls. 

In  so  large  and  varied  a  collection  it  is 
only  natural  that  there  should  be  found  a 
number  of  articles  of  miscellaneous  cha- 
racter and  secular  origin.  Of  these  Mr. 
Freshfield  enumerates  "a  snuff-box,  two 
mazers,  four  beakers,  a  posset  cup,  an 
oyster  knife  and  fork  (the  church  to  which 
they  belong  is  appropriately  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Billingsgate),  a  dozen  tea- 
spoons, two  sugar  tongs,  a  pepper  pot,  and 
a  muffineer."  With  these  should  be  in- 
cluded "  two  fonts  for  private  baptism,  and 
one  baptismal  shell,  six  sets  of  small  com- 
munion plate  for  private  use,  two  censers, 
two  processional  crosses,  a  pulpit  hour-glass, 
a  few  badges,  and  a  large  and  very  interest- 
ing collection  of  beadles'  staves  and  wands." 
Of  the  last  -  named  objects  the  City 
churches  possess  a  most  extensive  series, 
there  being  as  many  as  sixty  staves  and 
eleven  wands,  of  which  the  earliest  was 
made  in  1677.  Mr.  Freshfield  divides  the 
staves  into  two  classes  :  those  with  plain 
pear-shaped  knobs,  and  those  surmounted 
by  statuettes,  models,  and  other  devices. 
To  the  latter  class  belong  foui'-fifths  of  the 
whole,  and  very  curious  some  of  them  are. 
About  a  score  have  statuettes  or  figures  of 
saints,  often  of  silver,  while  three  have 
models  of  Cripplegate,  Aldersgate,  and 
Ludgate  respectively. 

In  the  same  absurd  way  that  many  of 
our  bishops  have  their  crosiers  borne  before 
them  like  maces,  so  it  has  lately  become 
the  practice  for  these  beadles'  staves  to  be 
carried  about  the  churches  as  if  they  were 
processional  crosses.  But  as  Mr.  Freshfield 
points  out,  "  they  were  intended  for  the  use 
of  the  beadle  as  his  badge  of  office  when 
walking  about  the  parish  officially,  or  stand- 
ing before  and  after  service  at  the  church 
door."  We  are,  however,  inclined  to  agree 
with  Mr.  Freshfield  that  "it  is,  perhaps, 
better  they  should  be  misused "  by  being 
carried  about  in  processions  "  than  either 
not  used  at  all,  or  be  thrown  on  one  side 
and  forgotten,  as  they  were  till  recently, 
for  comparatively  few  of  the  parishes  now 
have  beadles  to  use  them." 

There  are  several  other  points  in  the  intro- 
ductory chapters  worthy  of  notice,  but  we 
must  say  a  few  words  about  the  inventories 
that  form  the  bulk  of  the  book.  These  are 
arranged  alphabetically  according  to  the 
dedication  of  the  church,  and  supply  the 
measurements,  weights,  hall-marks,  and  a 
brief  description  of  every  article  of  plate. 
In  a  large  number  of  cases  the  description 
is  illustrated  by  a  small  "process  block" 
from  a  photograph  of  a  group  of  vessels, 
but  these  are  too  small  and  indistinct  to  give 
more  than  a  general  idea  as  to  the  form  and 
relative  sizes.  The  descriptions  might,  in 
many    cases,    have     been    amplified    with 


36 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3532,  July  6,  '95 


advantage,  and  supplemented  by  extracts 
from  the  churchwardens'  accounts  and  minute 
books  ;  but  perhaps  the  author  considered 
these  as  beyond  the  limits  of  a  mere  in- 
ventory. It  is  evident  from  Mr.  Fresh- 
field's  Lists  that  many  of  the  churches 
possess  extremely  fine  and  interesting  sets 
of  plate,  particularly  St.  Botolph's,  Aldgate, 
St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate,  St.  Stephen's,  Wal- 
brook,  St.  Magnus',  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  and 
St.  Olave's,  Hart  Street.  The  possession  of 
a  large  number  of  pieces  by  one  church  is 
often  due,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out,  to 
the  accretion  round  an  originally  small  set 
of  the  plate  from  destroyed  churches  whose 
parishes  have  been  united.  Thus  we  find 
at  one  church  five  such  sets,  and  at  another 
four,  while  those  that  have  plate  composed 
of  two  sets  are  quite  common. 

Finally,  Mr.  Freshfield  furnishes  chrono- 
logical tables  of  each  of  the  classes  of  plate, 
with  facsimiles  of  the  makers'  marks  and 
names  of  the  donors,  while  a  further  table 
contains  these  last  in  alphabetical  order. 
Perhaps  for  this  reason  the  author  thought 
it  unnecessary  to  conclude  with  a  full  index 
of  names  of  persons  and  places,  but  he  has 
nevertheless  committed  an  unpardonable 
crime,  and  its  absence  is  the  one  great  fault 
in  his  otherwise  excellent  book. 

For  the  fifteen  plates  that  illustrate  it  we 
have,  except  in  one  case,  nothing  but  praise. 
In  the  copy  before  us  they  vary  somewhat 
in  brilliancy,  but  the  eight  that  represent 
the  beadles'  staves  are  very  good,  as  are 
those  showing  the  St.  Magnus'  mediteval 
almsdish  and  the  fine  Augsburg  cup  at 
St.  Michael  Bassishaw.  The  one  poor 
plate  is  that  presenting  the  mediaeval  paten 
at  St.  Magnus',  the  oldest  piece  in  the  City, 
which  through  the  fault  of  the  photo- 
grapher is  blurred  and  out  of  focus. 

The  little  work  by  the  Misses  Thorpe  on 
the  London  church  staves  covers  ground 
somewhat  different  from  Mr.  Freshfield's 
description  of  the  like  objects,  their 
"hunting  ground"  extending  beyond  the 
boundaries  of  the  City  as  well  as  within  it. 
The  book,  moreover,  consists  of  a  number 
of  chapters  touching  on  all  kinds  of  sub- 
jects, and  forming  a  gossiping  itinerary,  by 
which  we  reach  in  turn  the  staves  described. 
These  number  thirty-three,  in  the  chrono- 
logical list  given  at  the  beginning,  and 
range  in  date  from  about  1685  to  1834,  the 
majority  being  posterior  to  the  middle  of 
the  last  century.  The  descriptions  are 
more  popular  than  scientific,  and  in  only  a 
few  cases  is  anything  said  about  the  hall- 
marks, for  most  of  the  staves  illustrated 
have  silver  heads.  The  full-page  drawings 
which  are  interspersed  throughout  the  book 
are  poor  and  crude,  and  serve  to  emphasize 
the  prevailing  ugliness  and  coarse  detail  of 
the  staves  themselves.  The  little  head  and 
tail  pieces,  on  the  other  hand,  which  repre- 
sent various  bits  of  carving  and  ironwork, 
&c.,  come  out  much  better.  Mr.  Freshfield 
contributes  a  brief  preface ;  and  a  fairly 
good  index  is  appended. 


tures  at  the  New  Gallery.  Some  of  the  finer 
statues  might  advantageou.sly  have  been  copied 
on  a  much  larger  scale. — Uoyal  Academy  and 
New  Gallery  Pictures,  1895.  ('  Black  and  White  ' 
Ofhce.) — While  the  cuts  in  this  publication  are 
larger  than  those  of  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus's 
books,  they  are  not,  as  a  whole,  quite  so  clear  ; 
still  some  of  them  are  excellent,  and  most  of 
them  are  sufficient.  The  book  itself  enjoys  the 
unique  distinction  of  containing  no  fewer  than 
sixty-five  transcripts  of  pictures  which  have 
been  rejected  by  the  Selecting  Committee  of 
the  Academy,  that  is  to  say,  this  august  body  has 
failed  to  bring  itself  into  line  with  the  experts 
who,  for  the  purposes  of  this  book,  selected 
pictures  to  be  photographed.  The  paintings 
were  refused  at  the  Academy,  but  it  was  too  late, 
we  suppose,  to  turn  them  out  of  the  Black  and 
IVhite  oftice.  The  result  is  grotesque.  Many 
of  the  cuts  are  excellent,  while  a  large  portion 
of  them  are  far  from  being  so.  As  to  our  estab- 
lishing a  court  of  appeal  from  the  Academy's 
committee  in  this  matter,  not  only  is  that  out 
of  the  question,  but  it  is  right  to  say  that  there 
is  not  evidence  enough  in  these  cuts  to  prove 
that  we  have  not  been  mercifully  delivered  from 
the  sight  of  most  of  the  rejected  pictures. 

Pictures  of  1895.  ('Art  Journal '  Oflice.) — Its 
flaring  orange  cover  and  a  foolish  design  in 
black  upon  it  are  the  sole  sins  against  good 
taste  of  which  this  publication  need  plead 
guilty.  Almost  all  the  cuts  are  extremely  good 
and  well  printed.  In  fact,  as  is  often  the  case, 
not  a  few  of  the  plates,  being  innocent  of  colour 
and  light,  are  a  great  deal  more  charming  than 
the  pictures  themselves.  This  is  a  book  we 
can  safely  praise. 


THE   ROYAL   ACADEMY. 


Academy  Notes,  1895.  (Chatto  &  Windua.) 
— The  Nev)  Gallery,  1895.  (Same  publishers.) 
— There  is  much  improvement  in  the  manner  in 
which  the  pictures  at  these  galleries  have  been 
reproduced.  Some  of  the  cuts  are  very  good 
indeed,  and  not  one  of  them  is  bad  ;  but  it 
is  a  pity  more  justice  is  not  done  to  the  sculp- 


(Fifth  Notice.) 
Among  the  most  charming  and  brilliant  land- 
scapes of  the  year  are  Mr.  E.  A.  Waterlow's. 
None  of  them  is  superior  to  A  Sussex  Home- 
stead (No.  47),  placed  on  a  bank  above  a  river, 
and  effectively  grouped  with  some  pines  so  as 
to  form  one  of  the  best  of  the  painter's  com- 
positions ;  and  in  the  matter  of  composition  his 
success  is  remarkable.  Its  value  is  enhanced 
in  this  case  by  the  arrangement  of  some  huge 
clouds  that  seem  to  advance  slowly  in  the  almost 
still  air.  A  pool  in  front,  masses  of  rushes 
and  seedling  thistles,  aid  the  coloration  and 
grouping  of  the  work.  Golden  Autumn  (167) 
is  an  equally  pleasing  landscape,  though  for  very 
different  reasons  ;  in  the  foreground  a  glow- 
ing atmosphere,  a  wide  and  many  -  coloured 
stream,  a  line  of  verdant  downs  and  some  chalk 
pits  gleaming  in  the  sun,  and  their  reflections 
shimmering  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  are 
features  so  admirably  treated,  so  soft,  homo- 
geneous, and  harmonious,  as  to  present  the  true 
poetry  of  repose.  Green  Pastures  (588)  is  a 
beautiful  idyl  of  another  sort,  a  picture  of  ashes 
and  lush  verdure  growing  near  a  calm,  silvery 
stream,  which  here  widens  into  a  pool  that  bor- 
rows its  glowing  lustre  from  the  descending  sun, 
and  marks  the  end  of  a  peaceful  day.  The  Water- 
mill  (595),  though  not  quite  so  excellent  or 
subtly  toned,  is  delightful  because  of  the  breadth 
and  simplicity  with  which  the  view  of  a  stream 
flowing  between  old  buildings  is  represented. 
A  sober  light  prevails. — Mr.  W.  G.  Daffarn's 
landscape  (59)  of  morning  "  just  as  the  sun  was 
rising  "  over  a  woody  valley  possesses  a  good 
deal  of  pleasing  colour. — In  Mr.  J.  Eraser's 
Gibraltar  from  the  Mediterranean  (74)  the 
atmosphere  is  excellent  and  the  sea  well 
modelled,  despite  some  paintiness. 

Mr.  H.  W.  B.  Davis  maintains  his  reputation 
in  April,  Forenoon  in  tJie  Condette  Duncs{7(i),  com- 
bining, in  fine  harmonies  of  tone  and  with  more 
warmth  of  colour  than  is  usual  with  him,  cattle 
in  a  sandy  and  rushy  waste,  clumps  of  spindling 
trees  admirably  painted  and  drawn,  the  keep- 
ing of  which  is  at  once  true  and  tender,  and  a 
charmingly  soft  atmosphere  laden  with  vapour. 


Indeed,  this  work  is  a  masterpiece  in  its  way,  and 
manifests  great  improvement  in  the  qualities  we 
have  named.  In  that  respect  Mr.  Davis  has  never 
before  been  so  fortunate.  The  Close  of  Day 
(263),  excellent  as  it  is,  is  less  striking  ;  while 
In  Ajjril  (308),  horses  and  sheep  in  a  sunlit 
meadow,  although  it  is  exquisitely  sincere 
and  true  to  nature,  is  not  quite  so  firmly 
touched,  nor  so  clearly  painted  as  it  might 
be.  —  Gifts  of  the  Mellowed  Year  (82)  dis- 
plays all  M.  Fantin-Latour's  knowledge  of 
nature,  his  exquisite  sense  of  local  colour, 
and  feeling  for  the  grouping  of  masses  of 
colour  and  tone,  thus  by  the  simplest  means 
illustrating  chiaroscuro  at  its  best  in  art.  The 
drawing  jyer  se  is  first  rate,  although  the  handling 
is  thinner  than  usual,  and  the  grapes  in  the 
foreground  are  below  the  painter's  mark.  A 
Noseqay  (624)  is  a  capital  piece  by  the  same 
accomplished  and  resourceful  artist  ;  still  it  has 
some  of  the  shortcomings,  too,  of  his  other 
picture.— T/ie  Thorn  (87),  by  Mr.  A.  Parsons, 
which  is  a  little  deficient  in  expansiveness, 
reproduces  much  of  the  splendour  of  nature 
in  its  masses  of  spring  verdure  and  its  blos- 
soming trees  ;  but  the  foreground  is  not  with- 
out crudeness,  and  it  is  more  heavily  touched 
than  becomes  the  artist,  who  contributes  only 
this  work. — Mr.  E.  Parton  is  exceptionally 
happy  in  The  Coming  Night  (92),  an  autumnal 
evening  eflfect  treated  in  a  highly  idyllic  way. 
On  the  contrary,  Sunshine  and  Shadow  (120), 
though  it  is  more  effective,  is  not  so  pathetic 
or  restful. 

In  four  pictures,  to  which  we  have  already 
briefly  alluded,  we  have  the  last  of  Mr.  Henry 
Moore.  Only  a  master  such  as  he  could  ex- 
press so  much  in  so  small  a  space  as  he  has 
needed  for  3Ioonlight,  Midnight  (148).  The 
whole  panorama  excels  in  brilliance,  wealth  of 
colour,  and  harmony,  and  although  little  more 
than  a  sketch,  it  is  a  noble  piece.  Of  Glen 
Orchy,  Storm  coming  on  (201),  we  have  previously 
written.  Fine  as  it  is,  it  is  less  so  than  the 
small  sea  piece,  and  seems  to  betray  a  failing 
hand.  Cherbourg  (226)  has  also  been  already 
commended  to  our  readers.  The  Traeth  Mawr 
(or  Great  Marsh),  No.  642,  is  a  fine  and  impres- 
sive panorama  of  clouds,  the  rippling  sea  and 
shadow-like  land  treated  with  a  rare  sense  of 
their  grandeur,  fine  colour,  and  expansiveness  ; 
while  Moonlight,  Twilight  (683),  is  a  compre- 
hensive picture  replete  with  knowledge. 

The  land  and  sea  pieces  of  Mr.  Brett  are  not 
often  poetic.  It  is,  therefore,  with  the  greater 
pleasure  that  we  recognize  the  poetry  of  The 
Outlook  from  my  Native  Cliffs  (232).  In  it  Mr. 
Brett  indulges  his  taste  for  painting  an  almost 
level,  far-extending  sea  of  the  intensest  azure 
and  silver  in  broad  sunlight,  and  dashed  with 
purplish  reflections  from  the  overhanging  clouds. 
To  treat  these  elements  of  nature  with  success 
and  that  breadth  and  splendour  of  light  which 
they  require  implies  singular  skill,  an  exquisite 
sense  of  the  gradations  of  the  light  and  air,  and 
a  touch  of  a  most  choice  kind.  Indeed,  Mr. 
Brett's  fine  work  is  one  of  the  most  adequate 
representations  of  daylight  in  this  exhibition. 
The  Isles  of  the  Sirens  (409)  is  another  fine 
cliff  view,  and  depicts  the  bluest  of  blue  seas, 
wild  rocky  masses  flushed  by  the  low  sun, 
and  the  lofty  sails  of  Italian  fishing  boats  that 
are  already  half  lost  in  twilight  shadows.  It  is 
not  quite  so  firmly  and  delicately  touched  as 
No.  232,  but,  though  not  so  pure  in  colour,  it 
is  even  more  brilliant.  "  T/ie  Sear,  the  Yellow 
Leaf"  (498),  for  Mr.  Brett  a  new  subject, 
depicts  twilight  growing  dimmer  upon  a  sod- 
den moorland,  and  is  quite  as  poetical  as  his 
pictures  already  named.  But  the  sky  ought 
not  to  be  so  painty.  '■'■  Prohabhj  some  Rain" 
(504)  seems  to  be  more  meteorological  than 
artistic,  and  shows  the  artist  painting  prose 
again,  as  is  his  wont.  —  Mr.  Colin  Hunter 
never  by  any  chance  becomes  poetical,  although 
the  titles  of  such  pictures  as  Good  Night  to 
Skye   (154)  seem  to  indicate  that  at  least  he 


N«  3532,  July  6, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


37 


means  to  be  sentimental.     How  can  he  possibly 
paint  the  sea  and  sky  glowing  in  the  twilight, 
or  draw    mountain    ridges    such    as    these    in 
a  manner  which,  in  Mr.   Ruskin's  6ery  youth, 
would  have  evoked  his  most  majestic  diatribes 
and  storms  of  expostulatory  eloquence  ?     There 
is  not  the  least  spark  of  poetry,  but  a  good  deal 
of    paint   and   crude   draughtsmanship,  in  Mr. 
Hunter's   Tanning  the  Herring  Nets  (385)  and 
Salmon  Fishing  on  the  Dee  (529),  pictures  which 
condemn  tliemselves. — Mr.  P.   Graham's  "  The 
Sea  will  ebb  and  flow  "  (189),  a  fanciful  and  in- 
applicable title,  is  one   of    his    best    pictures, 
representing  the  breaking  of  waves  upon  rocks 
where  colonies  of  mussels  supply  that  patch  of 
black  which  is  dear  to   painters  of  the  sea,  its 
white  crests  and  overhanging  grey  clouds.   More 
lirmly   and   solidly    painted    than    usual,     this 
noteworthy    production    is  in    direct    contrast 
to     the     coarse     and     opaque      painting     and 
clumsy  drawing  of  Mr.    Hunter,  whose   waves 
lack    the    lucidity    and    manifold    tints    which 
would  seem  indispensable  in  marine  painting, 
however  incompetent  and  unambitious  an  artist 
may  be.     There  is  in  this  example  more  lumi- 
nosity and  a  firmer  touch  than  is  usually  found 
in  Mr.  Graham's  works.     On  the  other  hand, 
the  motive,  and  even  the  effect  and  coloration 
at  large,  of  No.  189  are  threadbare  and  trivial. 
—The  Wrecked  (187)  of  Mr.  M.    Hale  depicts 
successfully  the  dying   fires   of  a  lurid  sunset 
lighting  the  clouds    that  seem  to  sink  upon  a 
shallow   sea   and    level  sandy  shore  ;   and   the 
Bathers    (246)    of    Mr.    D.    Robinson,    though 
painty  to  excess,  represents  with  considerable 
skill  the  movements  of  the  great  waves  which 
break  upon  the  sands  and  the  forward  movement 
of  the  films  of  water  which  precede  them.     This 
work   is  commendable  as  a  picture  of   light. — 
Naturalism  of  equal  merit  characterizes  Mr.  G. 
Foster's  fresh  and  original  picture  of  The  Azure 
Mead  (259).— Mr.  C.  E.   Johnson  will  sustain 
his  reputation  as  a  good  if  prosaic  painter  by 
Windsor  Castle  from  the  Forest  (320).— There  is 
nothing  new  in  Mr.  G.  H.  Boughton's  Sunrise 
after  Sharp  Frost  (344)  ;  his  pleasing  feeling  for 
colour,  but  also  his  mannerisms,  the  excessive 
paintiness  of  his  pictures,  and  their  lack  of  airi- 
ness and  finish,  are  conspicuous  in  this  example. 
—On  the  contrary,  Mr.  Charles  Collins's  Black- 
thorn Winter  (351)  is  decidedly  tender,  rich  in 
colour,  true  and  good,   except   the  sky,  which 
is  mechanical.— Mr.  W.   H.   Wilson's   view   of 
A   deep   blue  stream  crossing  a  sandy  shore  in 
brilliant  sunlight,  called  On  the  Riviera  (383), 


in  the  Forest,  Guisachan  (515),  the  leading 
element  of  which  is  a  ruined  pine  standing 
alone  upon  a  height  while  the  valley  at  its 
feet  darkens.  Broad  and  luminous,  the  pic- 
ture is  an  excellent  representation  of  a  clear, 
nacreous,  and  bright  sky  just  a  moment  after 
sundown,  while  the  golden  lustre  turns  to  pale 
green  the  firmament  of  the  purest  blue.  Glen 
Affaric  (196)  justifies  its  motto  from  Burns, 

Th'  incessant  roar  of  heatUong-tumbling  floods, 

because   a   pale   gleam   of  sunlight  reveals  the 
intense  brownness  of  the  thundering  waters,  and 
is  most  brilliant  upon  their  white  crests.     The 
gloom  of  the  glen  below  our  feet,  the  grey  drift 
and  the  slanting  rain,  the  gigantic   fir  a  recent 
gale  has  levelled,  at  the  same  time  laying  bare 
the  rock  where  it  had  been  anchored,  the  still- 
standing  pines  that  strain  in  the  blast,  and  the 
deer   that,    daunted    by    the    uproar,    timidly 
approach    in    the   mist,    are   all    characteristic 
features  of  the  scene,  and  they  are  thoroughly 
done  justice  to.     In  the  Rhone  Valley  (734)  is 
flooded  with  pure   sunlight.     In    the    front   of 
the  picture  is  placed  a  white  and    dusty  road 
where  some  goats  approach  us  from  a  village, 
the  buildings  of  which  indicate  the  proximity 
of  Italy.     At  once  soft,  firm,  deep-toned,  and 
brilliant    in   colour,    this    is     a    capital     Mac- 
Whirter    of    the    better    sort.      Not    unkindly 
to    their    colleague,    the   Academicians    placed 
Beauty  and  the  Beast  (833)  in  the  comparatively 
ignominious  Gallery  XI.,  where  his  earlier  and 
less  fortunate  mood  is  fairly  represented  by  a 
picture  of  a  shattered  and  dead  oak  in  contrast 
with  a  slender  and  graceful  silver  birch.     The 
title  is  bad,  and  the  picture  reminds  us  of  various 
sentimentalities   and    specimens    of    chic    that 
belong   to   the  painter's   callow   days. — Out   of 
Sight  of  the  Works  of  Man  (531)  is  the  name  of 
Mr.  F.  Whitehead's  broad  and  expressive  moor- 
land landscape,  distinguished  by  its  lengthen- 
ing  shadows  and   a   gleaming  pool  in  front. — 
Really  grave,   grand,  full    of    colour,  and    ad- 
mirable  for    its    noble    pathos    is   Mr.   M.    R. 
Corbet's   Mountain,    Field,    and    Flood    (563), 
in   which   the  foreground  is  a  swamp  crowded 
with   rushes  until   they  give   place  to  a   steel- 
coloured  stream  ;   beyond  that   is  a  full    river 
whose  further  banks  are  clothed  in  dark  pines  ; 
above  these,    and   at    a  still   greater   distance, 
arises  a  lofty  barrier  of  dark  blue  hills,  along 
whose  sides  cloud-shadows  slowly  creep  and  are 
followed  by  clinging  vapours  that  obscure  the 
mountain   tops.       More  hills  on  our  right  are 


has  a    good    atmosphere,    is    crisply    painted,   \  flushed   by   the  sunlight  which,  in   the  nearer 


and  deserves  praise  for  brilliance  and  natural 
colour.  — If 7(eH  the  Tide  is  Out  (399),  by  Mr. 
J,  Aumonier,  is  noticeable  for  bright  and  har- 
monious colours,  a  truthful  sky  and  atmo- 
sphere. The  late  afternoon  sun  flushes  the 
6cene  with  golden  light,  and  imparts  to  it 
a  great  charm.  Similar  qualities  are  to  be 
found  in  this  painter's  Vcdley  of  the  Arun  (579), 
another  bright  and  pure  landscape. — A  simple 
and  sincere  motive,  energy,  freshness,  natural 
colours,  and  abundance  of  light  distinguish  Mr. 
R.  W.  Webster's  Breaking  Wave  (423),  a  good 
shore  piece.  Mr.  Webster  is  a  painter  from 
Manchester  who  in  a  few  years  has  won  an 
excellent  reputation. 

Mr.  J.  Farquharson  has  seldom  afi"orded  us 
much  occasion  for  praising  his  snow  pieces,  but 
TF7ie?i  Snow  the  Pasture  Sheets  (450)  is  an  ac- 
complished and  well-modelled  view  of  a  snow- 
clad  upland  with  sheep  whose  intensely  blue 
shadows  would  delight  Turner,  who  discovered 
that  peculiarity  of  nature  in  sunlit  snow,  and 
painted  it  more  delicately  and  truly  than  any 
other  man  has  done.  A  less  excellent  snow  piece 
by  Mr.  Farquliarson  is  No.  873  in  Gallery  XI. 
— Gloomy  twilight  on  a  calm  stream  and  half- 
mysterious  woodland  has  aflbrded  Mr.  R.  Noble 
a  capital  opportunity  for  painting  with  sympathy 
and  considerable  skill  No.  500,  which  he  calls 
An  East  Lothian  River ;  and  Mr.  MacWhirter 
was  fortunate  in  choosing  for  his  subject  Evening 


foreground,  adds  gold  to  the  golden  foliage 
of  the  tamarisks  and  reddens  the  stems  that 
crowd  together  there.  This  capital  piece  is 
the  finest  specimen  of  eclectic  landscape  paint- 
ing at  the  Academy,  and,  as  such,  appeals  to 
the  cultured  tastes  of  all  observers.— Poia^o 
Harvest  in  the  Dales  (561),  by  Mrs.  (Edith) 
Corbet,  demands  and  will  reward  the  attention 
and  admiration  of  lovers  of  colour  and  students 
of  composition. 

In  After  the  Gale,  taking  to  the  Boats  (593), 
Mr.  T.  Somerscales  most  unwisely  repeats  him- 
self, although  he  confirms  the  criticism  which  cre- 
dited him  with  the  rare  gift  of  knowing  how  to 
make  a  picture.  Here  we  have  again,  although 
the  incident  to  be  illustrated  is  new,  the  dark, 
weltering,  indigo  -  coloured  ocean,  the  white- 
.sailed  ship,  and  the  placid,  even-tinted,  rather 
flat  and  empty  .sky  :  an  excellent  instance,  truth- 
ful in  its  way,  but  not  so  fresh  as  it  was  three 
years  ago. — Finally,  we  recommend  the  reader 
to  look  at  Miss  C.  M.  Wood's  Fish  (658)  ;  Mr. 
C.  I'Anson's  Midsummer  Day  on  tlie  Tay  (664)  ; 
Mr.  A.  Priestman's  Hickling  Broad  (712)  ;  Mr. 
W.  Boodle's  A  Fleece-fringed  Wilderness  (717) ; 
Mr.  H.  Musgrave's  Homeward  Bound  (736)  ; 
Madame  H.  Ronner's  A  Skirmish  (740)  of 
kittens  ;  Mr.  W.  H.  Bartlett's  Little  Goose-Girl 
(746)  ;  Mr.  J.  G.  H.  Spindler's  On  Ben  Vrackie 
(748)  ;  Mr.  A.  Meade's  End  of  the  Day  (766)  ; 
Mr.  T.  C.  S.  Benham's  tine  and  truthful  Islands 


of  Skye  (802)  ■  Mr.  F.  Hall's  The  Shepherd  {%b8)  ; 
and  Mr.  T.  Hardman's  Drawing  Cover  (876). 

THE    WATER-COLOUR    ROOM. 

The  varied  contents  of  this  room  are  not  to 
be  compared  with  the  collections  of  last  year 
and  the  year  before,  when  we  were  able  to 
say  that  the  gallery  of  the  "Old  Society" 
was  not  more  interesting  nor  meritorious. 
Running  comments  are  all  we  can  afford  for 
this  occasion,  beginning  with  the  beginning. 
Mr.  G.  Cockram's  '■'Soft  flattering  tvoos  the 
Sea "  (888)  is  well  drawn,  but,  besides  being 
rather  hot  in  its  half-tints,  greatly  lacks  grey 
tones  and  cooler  tints.— The  Playing  Pigs  (891) 
of  Mr.  G.  Fidler,  a  pretty  group  of  children  at 
play  on  vividly  painted  grass,  possesses  much 
spirit  and  pretty  colour. — The  Antiquities  (894) 
of  Mr.  J.  Hay,  a  pile  of  capitally  painted  volumes, 
is  bold  and  large  in  style. — Mr.  S.  B.  Carlill  sends 
Young  Turkeys  (899),  luminous,  deftly  painted, 
and  harmonious.  —  Miss  L.  A.  Pas.singham's 
life-size,  half-length  Portrait  of  a  Lady  (900), 
in  broadly  painted  black  and  red,  is  bold, 
simple,  and  animated,  but  unfinished  and  rather 
flat.— The  Rescue  (903)  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Ingram,  a 
sea  piece,  is  most  cleverly  delineated  and  good 
in  general,  but  the  dull  and  flat  sky  and  woolly 
clouds  need  modelling  and  a  firmer  touch. — The 
Moon  and  I  (906),  a  damsel  in  white  standing 
on  the  seashore  at  the  time  that  is  "between 
the  sun  and  moon,"  is  a  clever  and  spirited 
sketch  by  Miss  H.  H.  Hatton.— The  Cherries 
and  Ap2)les  (916)  of  Mr.  A.  Dudley  is  painted 
at  full  size  in  a  massive  and  rather  hard,  yet 
highly  artistic  manner.  The  emphatic,  though 
heavy  handling  bespeaks  the  artist.  —  Ac7-oss 
the  Common  (917),  by  Mr.  W.  Sleath,  is  de- 
cidedly pretty,  natural,  and  bright.  — The  Spinners 
and  Weavers  (926)  of  Mr.  F.  Goodall,  Arabs 
at  work  in  front  of  their  tents,  is  a  capital  ex- 
ample of  his  facility  and  skill  in  dealing  with 
light,  and  exhibits  a  happy,  though  artificial 
composition. 

To   Mr.    W.    L.    Wyllie's     Union    Liner    ss. 
Norman  leaving  Southampton     (933)  we  have 
already    given    a    few    words.       Warm    praise 
is    due    to    the    drawing    of    the    huge   white 
hull,    its   multifarious    rigging  in    perfect   per- 
spective, and  the  clever  groups  of  neatly  drawn 
spectators  who  watch  the   steamship    and   her 
fussy  black   tug  slowly  gliding  seawards. — Tlie 
Village  Fiddler  (938)  of  Mr.  L.  Rivers,  a  study 
of  twilight  in  which    capital  figures  are  intro- 
duced, is  well  drawn  and  painted. — Mr.  P.  Buck- 
man's  naked  girl  looking  at  her  reflection  in  a 
pool  (952)  is  academically  rather  than  learnedly 
drawn  and  modelled.     The  figure  is,  as  a  whole, 
delicate   and    tasteful,    although   its  carnations 
imperfectly  represent  the  roses  of  nature   and 
the   lucid   quality   of   the  human   skin,  and   it 
is  difficult  to  account  for  the  absence  of  green 
reflections   of    the    surrounding   verdure    upon 
the  limbs  and    body. — No.  949   is   Mr.    R.   T. 
Waite's  delicate  and   "old-fashioned"  drawing 
Shoreham    from    the    Downs,     a    good     pano- 
rama  of   the   land   and   sea. — Mr.  J.  Knight's 
mountain  landscape  "  When  Evening  Sliades  pre- 
vail "  (957)  is  hot  and  heavy,  and  as  woolly  as 
most  of  his    pieces    are  ;    but  Mr.    Sigmund's 
Month  of  Mag  (964),  boys  fi.shing  in  a  brook,  is 
fresh  and  bright,  though  it  lacks  force  of  tone 
and  colour.— ^!nV^?fc?('  (971),  by  M.  L.  L^vy   a 
quasi-Japanese  picture,   with  an  Albert  Diirer 
background  (!),   is  one  of  the  most  whimsical 
productions  of  the  year,  well  drawn  and  har- 
monious in  colour  and  tone,  as  well  as  proof 
positive  that  M.  Klmopfl'  has  at  least  one  fol- 
lower.— Mr.    A.    W.    Rimington    has    painted 
Santiago     de     Compostella     (973)     charmingly, 
especially   the  pearly   reflection  on    tlie  archi- 
tecture.—  Wheti  the  If ''ork  is  Done  (1001)  comes 
from  Mr.  C.  A.  Smith,  a  capital  cottage  interior, 
broadly  and  modestly  depicted.     The  figures  of 
children  are  spirited. 

Though   rather    woolly,  there    are    energetic 
wave  drawing   and  modelling,  and  true  colour 


38 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


and  light,  in  Mr.  R.  Smith's  Breakers  at  Towan 
Bead  {IQQ^).— Motherless  (1014),  by  Mr.  H.  S. 
Hopwood,  is  a  strongly  and  broadly  painted 
cottage  interior,  where  a  father,  boy,  and  baby 
are  supping  in  the  ruddy  glare  of  the  firelight. 
Powerful,  fresh,  and  vigorous,  it  is  marked  by 
style,  character,  and  a  purpose,  and  it  would  have 
been  still  better  if  more  research  had  enabled 
the  painter  to  differentiate  the  local  colours  as 
well  as  the  diverse  textures  of  his  picture  as 
they  were  affected  by  the  firelight. — Mr.  W.  L. 
Wyllie's  Bound  for  the  Rio  Grande  (1020)  depicts, 
with  all  the  force,  abundance  of  colour,  and 
fine  drawing  we  expect  in  his  works — especially 
those  which  immortalize  the  golden  bronze  and 
glittering  silver  of  the  Thames  just  before 
sundown — a  huge  barque  outward  bound  amid 
all  the  lurid  splendours  of  the  time  and  scene. 
— No.  1019  is  Mr.  R.  Hume's  capital,  broad, 
and  simple  picture  of  a  moor  In  the  Land  of 
Maccjregor,  with  an  ancient  bridge,  grey  water, 
and  grey  twilight.— Mr.  A.  E.  Brockbank  in 
Eeturning  from  Sandioich  Toion  (1023),  an 
evening  effect,  is  unfortunate  in  repeating 
some  of  the  fallacies  and  affectations  of 
Mr.  North's  later  productions. — Mr.  BuUeid's 
beautiful  and  refined  drawing  of  a  captive  in 
Greece,  which  he  calls  An  Alien  (1024),  depicts, 
with  characteristic  grace  and  skill,  a  fair  damsel 
sitting  in  a  marble  vestibule,  and  is  exquisitely 
painted  and  drawn ;  but,  like  most  of  his  works, 
it  is  deficient  in  animation,  and  beyond  its 
technical  charms,  which  are  many,  lacks  emo- 
tion, character,  and  a  motive. — No.  1041,  en- 
titled Misfjivings,  is  Mr.  W.  B.  Richmond's  un- 
usually powerful  and  thoroughly  accomplished 
life-size,  half-length  figure  of  a  lovely  and  ardent 
dark  brunette,  looking  dreamily  over  her  beau- 
tiful shoulder. — The  Winter  Afternoon  (1047)  of 
Mr.  F.  G.  Mart  is  a  carefully  painted  interior 
with  ill-drawn  figures. — The  Portrait  (1058),  by 
Mr.  H.  Nye,  is  fresh  and  sincere.  The  flesh,  too, 
is  firmly  painted.  —No.  1068  is  Mr.  W.  Eden's 
good,  although  somewhat  weak  landscape  of 
Where  the  Pdvulet  joins  the  Sea. — Miss  K.  E. 
Hill's  My  Portrait  (1071)  deserves  such  praises 
as  we  have  offered  to  No.  1058,  by  Mr.  Nye. — 
No.  1082,  Mr.  E.  C.  Clifford's  Ohjets  d'Art, 
still  life  and  a  girl  in  blue,  is  strongly  painted 
and  possesses  some  character. — Last  of  all  the 
drawings  let  us  commend  Miss  S.  E.  Sanford's 
"/Sii  Nomen  Domini  Benedictum"  (1095),  a 
group  of  old  volumes,  with  illuminations  on  an 
opened  page  that  are  delightfully  painted, 
although  the  page  itself  is  out  of  perspective. 

MINIATURES. 

Even  in  Ross's  and  Thorburn's  days  the 
miniatures  in  the  Academy  were  not  more 
beautiful  than  now,  nor  so  numerous.  We 
may  mention  in  proof  of  this  Mr.  J.  Farren's 
Portrait  of  a  Lady  (1111)  ;  the  same,  by 
Miss  H.  Horwitz  (1113)  ;  Mrs.  J.  Colman 
(1120),  by  Miss  E.  Maas  ;  3Irs.  E.  F.  Harvey 
(1125),  by  Miss  B.  M.  Hewitt ;  Cliildren  of  Mr. 
and  Lady  E.  Alexander  (1136),  by  Miss  M.  E. 
Hobson  ;  A  Friend  of  Mine  (1140)  and  a  child 
(1150),  by  Miss  C.  Nowlan  ;  Lady  H.  Vincent 
(1156),  by  Miss  M.  P.  de  Merbitz ;  'Evelyn  (1163), 
by  Miss  F.  Way  ;  Qwcn  (1170),  by  Miss  E.  R. 
Keller  ;  Mrs.  J.  Smart  (1203),  by  Mr.  E.  H.  D. 
Lloyd  ;  Mrs.  B.  Fox  (1219),  by  Miss  B.  C. 
Smallfield  ;  Countess  Oriola  (1220),  by  Mr. 
W.  T.  S.  Barber  ;  Marjorie  (1226),  by  Mr.  E. 
Taylerj  and  1805  (1236),  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Andrews. 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


SALE. 

Messrs,  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  29th  ult.  the  following,  from  various  col- 
lections. Drawings  :  Birket  Foster,  A  Bit  of 
the  Thames,  52i. ;  The  Unruly  Donkey,  113^. 
S.  Read,  Interior  of  Milan  Cathedral,  501. 
T.  M.  Richardson,  The  Hospice,  Pass  of  the 
Simplon,  97J.;  Val  di  Noto,  near  Scordia, 
Sicily,  991.  Tapiro,  Entrance  to  the  Governor's 
Palace,  Tangiers,  with  wandering  Arab 
musicians,    601.     Pictures  :    A.    Solomon,    Le 


Malade  Imaginaire,  141L  R.  Beavis,  Military 
Train  crossing  the  Sands  to  Elizabeth  Castle, 
Jersey,  1311.  D.  Cox,  The  Hayfield,  472L ; 
Changing  Pasture,  3041.  W.  D.  Sadler,  The 
Middleman,  110^.  J.  Linnell,  A  Coming 
Storm,  609L  Sir  F.  Leighton,  Greek  Girls 
playing  at  Ball,  7351.  Prof.  L.  C.  MuUer,  An 
Arab  Home,  2622.  Corot,  Biarritz,  4:621.;  The 
Entrance  to  Arras,  3361.  ;  Les  Saules,  6301. ; 
Judith  Meditating,  1681.  G.  Courbet,  A  Lady 
with  a  Parrot,  1682.  Daubigny,  The  Plage  at 
Villerville,  evening  effect,  3151.  N.  Diaz,  A 
Bulgarian  Woman  and  Children,  1892.;  Fon- 
tainebleau,  Gorges  de  Franchard,  2832.;  The 
Rival,  1732.  J.  Dupre',  A  Landscape,  with 
mountains  in  the  distance,  2412.  C.  Jacque,  A 
Farm  Scene,  with  peasants  and  sheep,  1892. 
J.  F.  Millet,  Winter,  a  woman  carrying  faggots 
on  the  outskirts  of  a  wood,  1,1552.  T.  Rous- 
seau, Li  the  Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  3572. ;  A 
Meadow,  1472.  A.  Schreyer,  A  Russian  Con- 
trabandist, 2522.  C.  Troyon,  A  Haycart  and 
Horses,  8402.  Ziem,  The  Piazzetta,  Venice, 
1152. 


Mr.  a.  Gilbert  having  completed  the 
memorial  of  the  late  Frank  Holl  whicli  a 
committee  and  numerous  and  distinguished 
subscribers  have  caused  to  be  erected  in  St. 
Paul's,  it  has  been  set  up  in  the  place  selected 
for  it  by  the  authorities. 

Mr.  John  Absolon,  who  died  last  week,  was 
born  in  Lambeth,  May  6th,  1815,  and  went  to 
school  there.  Having  displayed  some  artistic 
leanings,  he  determined  to  become  a  painter, 
copied  a  few  oil  pictures,  obtained  some  lessons 
from  an  Italian  teacher,  and,  later,  studied 
drawing  in  the  British  Museum,  having  among 
his  companions  there  A.  Elmore  and  Mr. 
Wehnert,  to  whose  influence  may,  perhaps,  be 
ascribed  some  of  the  peculiar  characteristics  of 
Mr.  Absolon's  taste.  He  began  his  career  in 
1832,  by  exhibiting  at  Suffolk  Street  No.  674, 
'A  Study  from  Nature.'  Producing  for  the 
most  part  miniatures,  he  was  for  some  years 
frequently  employed  in  painting  figures  and 
other  parts  of  scenes  at  Drury  Lane  and  Covent 
Garden  Theatres,  his  chiefs  being  the  well-known 
Grieve  family.  At  twenty-one  he  married,  and 
in  1839  became  a  member  of  the  New  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  to  whose  exhibi- 
tions he  was  a  very  frequent  and  easily  recogniz- 
able contributor,  as  he  continued  to  be  when 
the  Society  became  the  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours.  Absolon  ofliciated  as  treasurer 
to  the  body,  a  post  he  held  during  a  very  long 
period.  According  to  Mr.  Graves,  Absolon's 
contributions  to  these  societies  were  not  fewer 
than  six  hundred  and  sixty.  Besides,  he 
sent  works  to  the  Academy,  the  British 
Institution,  and  the  British  Artists'  Galleries. 
Many  of  his  drawings  have  been  engraved  and 
otherwise  reproduced  in  black  and  white  and 
also  in  colours,  and  at  one  time  some  of  them 
were  exceedingly  popular,  especially  with  young 
ladies  and  gentlemen. 

In  our  notice  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Moore 
instead  of  '  Britannia's  Realm  '  (the  name  of  a 
picture  by  Mr.  Brett)  we  should  have  written 
'  The  Newhaven  Packet,'  and  in  the  sixth  line 
from  the  end  of  the  article,  instead  of  "  Edith  " 
we  should  have  written  Agnes. 

The  movement  for  the  establishment  of  an 
American  School  in  Rome,  similar  in  its  main 
purposes  to  the  American  School  of  Classical 
Studies  at  Athens,  has  met  with  success,  says 
the  New  York  Nation.  A  managing  committee 
has  been  organized,  and  an  appeal  for  financial 
support  brought  prompt  and  generous  sub- 
scriptions, so  that  the  committee  at  its  first 
meeting,  held  in  New  York  in  May,  was  enabled 
to  make  arrangements  for  opening  the  school  in 
the  autumn  of  the  present  year.  Prof.  W.  G. 
Hale  will  go  out  as  Director,  and  Prof.  A.  L. 


Frothingham  as  Associate  Director,  for  the 
academic  year  1895-96.  The  object  of  the 
school  is  "to  promote  the  study  of  such  sub- 
jects as  Latin  literature,  as  bearing  on  customs 
and  institutions  ;  inscriptions  in  Latin  and  in 
the  Italic  dialects  ;  Latin  paleeography ;  the 
topography  and  antiquities  of  Rome  itself  ;  the 
archc-eology  of  ancient  Italy,  and  of  the  early 
Christian,  Medieval,  and  Renaissance  periods." 
The  school  will  probably  occupy  rooms  adjoin- 
ing those  of  the  American  School  of  Architec- 
ture, recently  established  in  the  Casino  dell' 
Aurora  of  the  Villa  Ludovisi  on  the  Pincian 
Hill. 

SiGNOR  CoRRADO  Ricci,  who  was  appointed 
two  years  ago  to  the  Directorship  of  the  Public 
Gallery  at  Parma,  has  completed  a  new  life  of 
Correggio,  the  master  to  whom  his  researches 
and  his  enthusiasm  have  been  especially  devoted. 
The  work  was  specially  undertaken  for  Mr. 
Heinemann,  who  will  publish  it  in  an  illus- 
trated volume  in  the  coming  autumn.  The 
translation  of  the  text  has  been  undertaken  by 
Miss  Madge  Symonds,  the  author  of  '  Days  spent 
on  a  Doge's  Farm,'  and  arrangements  have  been 
made  for  the  simultaneous  publication  of  a 
German  version  of  the  work. 

On  June  22nd  a  number  of  Swiss  scholars  met 
at  Olten  to  take  counsel  on  the  formation  of  a 
Society  for  the  Exploration  of  the  Roman 
Antiquities  in  Switzerland.  A  commission  of 
five  menibers  was  elected  to  draw  up  the  statutes, 
which  will  be  laid  before  a  general  meeting  at 
Baden  in  the  autumn. 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

Royal  Opera,  Covknt  Gabden.— '  LaTraviata';  'Petruc- 
cio  ■;  •  Les  Huguenots ';  '  Faust ';  '  Carmen ';  •  Le  Nozze  di 
Figaro.' 

Drury  Lane  Opera.—'  Fidelio';  '  Der  Wildscbutz  ' 

Queen's  Hall.— Herr  Nikisch's  Concert. 

The  ordeal  of  appearing  almost  imme- 
diately after  Madame  Patti  in  Verdi's  '  La 
Traviata '  was  somewhat  severe,  but  Madame 
Sembrichi  passed  it  with  success,  at  any  rate  as 
a  vocalist,  when  she  reappeared  on  Thursday 
last  week,  after  several  years'  absence.  Her 
voice  has  lost  little  or  nothing  of  its  beau- 
tiful quality,  and  her  high  notes  above  the 
staff  are  as  brilliant  as  ever.  Of  a  new 
tenor,  Signer  Maugiere,  who  essayed  the 
r6ie  of  Alfredo,  not  much  can  be  said  at 
present. 

The  prize  offered  by  Madame  Fanny 
Moody  and  Mr.  Charles  Manners  for  a  one- 
act  opera  without  chorus  was  awarded  by 
the  judges  to  the  score  of  a  composer  who 
proved  to  be  Mr.  Alick  Maclean,  son  of  Dr. 
Maclean,  who  preceded  Sir  Joseph  Barnby 
as  music  master  at  Eton  College.  The 
libretto  of  'Petruccio'  is  from  the  pen  of 
the  young  musician's  sister,  who  has  written 
under  the  name  of  Sheridan  Eoss.  It  is 
one  of  those  short,  sharp,  tragic  stories  of 
love  and  vendetta  of  which  the  public  seem 
to  be  so  fond  at  the  present  time,  the  scene 
being  laid  on  a  little  island  in  the  GiLlf  of 
Mexico.  There  is  a  prologue,  in  which  the 
principal  male  character  is  seen  by  the 
moonlight,  wan  and  aged,  pondering  upon 
his  past  life,  and  the  death  of  his  young 
wife  whom  he  deeply  adored.  The  tragedy 
is  then  presented  as  the  subject-matter  of 
the  opera.  Mr.  Maclean's  music  was  evi- 
dently written  under  the  influence  of  Mas- 
cagni.  It  is  far  more  in  the  style  of  modern 
Italian  art  than  in  that  of  either  England 
or  Scotland,  but  there  is  an  occasional  sug- 
gestion of  French  music  as  exemplified  by 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


39 


Gounod  and  Massenet.  It  has  been  well 
said  that  the  young  aspirant  is  not  to  blame 
for  imitating  composers  older  than  himself, 
for  nearly  all  the  great  masters  did  the 
same  thing  in  their  early  efforts,  and  as  Mr. 
Maclean  is  only  twenty-three  years  of  age, 
he  has  plenty  of  time  before  him  in  which  to 
dev elope  individuality  of  style.  The  little 
opera  was  rendered,  as  to  the  principal 
parts,  by  the  prize-givers,  Madame  Fanny 
Moody  and  Mr.  Charles  IVIanners,  together 
with  Miss  Edith  Miller  and  Mr.  John  Child. 

On  Saturday  was  heard  what  might  have 
been  one  of  the  finest  performances  of  '  Les 
Huguenots '  for  many  years  if  only  more  time 
could  have  been  devoted  to  rehearsal.  But 
evidently  the  fatigues  of  the  season  are 
teUing  on  Sir  Augustus  Harris's  forces,  for 
there  was  some  roughness  in  the  orchestra 
and  much  slovenliness  in  the  chorus,  although 
most  of  the  principal  parts  were  admirably 
interpreted,  the  best  being  the  Marguerite  of 
Madame  Melba,  the  Urbano  of  Signorina 
Giulia  Eavogli,  the  Valentine  of  Madame 
Albani,  De  Nevers  by  Signer  Ancona,  and 
Marcel  by  M.  Plangon.  Signer  Tamagno  as 
Eaoid  was  rather  disappointing.  Of  course 
the  velvety  tones  of  M.  Jean  de  Eeszke 
were  not  expected,  and  the  Italian  tenor 
was  sufficiently  powerful  in  the  scenes 
where  the  expression  of  angry  feeling  is 
required  ;  but  where  tenderness  was  needed 
it  was  not  forthcoming  to  a  desirable  extent. 

The  performance  of  '  Faust '  on  Monday 
served  for  the  reappearance  of  Madame 
Emma  Eames.  This  excellent  artist  is  not 
quite  sufficiently  juvenile  in  appearance  for 
the  part  of  Marguerite,  but  her  voice  has 
lost  nothing  of  its  sweetness,  and  the  em- 
bodiment, if  not  powerful,  was  in  all  respects 
acceptable.  '  Carmen,'  on  Tuesday,  was 
given  under  conditions  not  altogether 
favourable.  Madame  BeEincioni's  voice  in 
the  part  of  the  gipsy  was  rather  thin  and 
hard,  and  she  accentuated  the  innate  vulgar 
propensities  of  Merimee's  heroine  to  an 
unpleasant  degree.  Miss  Florence  Mon- 
teith  was  fairly  agreeable  as  Michaela,  and 
Signer  Yignas  was  quite  in  his  element 
as  Don  Jose. 

Mozart  is  not  a  composer  to  be  trifled 
with,  and  a  strong  cast  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary if  justice  is  to  be  done  to  '  Le  Nozze 
di  Figaro.'  The  requisite  conditions  were, 
on  the  whole,  secured  on  Wednesday ; 
Madame  Eames  as  the  melancholy  Countess, 
Miss  Marie  Engle  as  Cherubino,  and 
Madame  Sembrich  as  Susanna  were  all 
equal  to  reasonable  requirements,  and  the 
rdle  of  Almaviva  was,  of  course,  safe  in  the 
hands  of  M.  Maurel.  The  smaller  male 
parts  were  competently  filled,  and  Mr. 
Eandegger  had  the  orchestra  fairly  well  in 
hand. 

It  was  understood  that  the  operatic  per- 
formances of  the  Saxe  -  Coburg  -  Gotha 
troupe  would  be  limited  to  light  works  ;  but 
this  definition  cannot  apply  to  Beethoven's 
'  Fidelio,'  which  has  been  given  twice,  the 
first  time  last  Saturday  afternoon.  The 
ensemble  was  admirable,  and  individuallj' 
Fraulein  Schiirnack  as  Leonora,  being 
physically  well  suited  to  the  part  and 
vocally  pleasant  if  not  powerful,  and  Herr 
Gunther,  a  fine  manly  Rocco,  may  be  singled 
out  for  special  praise.  If  not  a  specially 
impressive,  it  was,  on  the  whole,  an  enjoy- 
able performance. 


We  cannot  find  any  record  of  a  perform- 
ance in  England  of  Lortzing's  comic  opera 
'  Der  Wildschiitz  '  previous  to  that  at  Drury 
Lane  on  Wednesday,  the  composer  being 
principally  known  in  this  country  by  his 
'  Czar  und  Zimmermann.'  '  Der  Wildschiitz ' 
was  produced  in  Leipzig  as  far  back  as 
1842,  and  the  music  might  pass  for  that  of 
Donizetti  in  his  lighter  mood,  and  there- 
fore sounds  rather  old-fashioned.  But  the 
melodies  are  pretty,  and  if  the  plot,  founded 
on  Kotzebue's  '  Eehbock,'  is  silly,  it  is,  at 
any  rate,  amusing.  The  performance  by 
the  Saxe  -  Coburg  -  Gotha  Company  was, 
of  course,  perfectly  smooth. 

Before  proceeding  to  notice  briefly 
Herr  Nikisch's  concert  last  Saturday,  it 
may  be  as  well  to  state  that  the  conductor 
stopped  the  performance  of  Tschaikowsky's 
Symphony  in  e  minor.  No.  5,  not  on 
accoxint  of  any  display  of  vulgarity  on  the 
part  of  a  section  of  the  audience  in  the 
upper  circle,  but  because  of  the  noise 
created  by  men  who  were  attending  to  the 
exterior  of  the  building.  It  is  only  just  to 
those  who  patronize  high-class  concerts  to 
make  this  correction.  The  symphony  already 
mentioned  is  only  less  beautiful  than  the 
'  Pathetique,'  No.  6.  The  oj)ening  move- 
ment seemed  a  little  involved  on  a  first 
hearing,  but  the  other  sections  are  in  the 
Russian  composer's  finest  and  most  original 
manner,  Slavonic  in  general  character  and 
fuU  of  picturesque  melody.  M.  Paderewski 
played  his  spirited  '  Polish  Fantasia '  for 
piano  and  orchestra  with  as  much  effect  as 
usual ;  and  the  programme  included  Beet- 
hoven's Overture  '  Leonora,'  No.  3,  and 
Wagner's  to  '  Die  Meistersinger.'  The 
orchestral  playing  generally  was  full  of 
spirit  and  energy. 


VARIOUS   CONCERTS. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  orchestral 
concert  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music  on  the 
26th  ult.,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Villiers 
Stanford,  when  a  clever  Dance  Suite  in  five 
movements,  by  William  Hurlstone  (scholar),  was 
introduced,  and  a  spirited  performance  secured 
of  Schumann's  Symphony  in  b  flat,  No.  1.  Miss 
Miriam  Timothy  (Erard  Exhibitioner)  deserves 
praise  for  her  execution  in  a  Concertstiick  for 
harp  and  orchestra  by  Wilms. 

A  concert,  which  in  its  way  was  interesting, 
took  place  at  the  Queen's  Hall  last  Saturday 
evening,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Countess  of 
Radnor,  in  aid  of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Children.  There  was  a  ladies' 
choir  of  over  seventy  voices,  and  a  ladies' 
string  orchestra  of  similar  proportions,  both 
being  fully  equal  to  their  duties,  judged 
from  a  high  standpoint.  Nothing  in  the 
programme  calls  for  special  remark,  as  no 
important  work  was  included,  but  Lady 
Radnor's  forces  may  be  warmly  complimented, 
their  efforts  in  minor  vocal  and  instrumental 
items  being  alike  worthy  of  praise,  a  tribute  of 
a  similar  nature  being  due  to  the  Countess  of 
Radnor,  who  conducted  with  marked  ability 
from  first  to  last. 

A  miscellaneous  concert  of  the  old-fashioned 
type,  with  operatic  artists,  took  place  at  the 
Queen's  Hall  on  Monday  afternoon  ;  but, 
although  Signer  Tamagno  was  announced  to 
make  his  only  appearance  this  season  in  a  con- 
cert-room, the  audience  was  lamentably  small, 
further  proof  being  thereby  afforded  that  enter- 
tainments of  this  nature  are  no  longer  attractive 
except  under  special  circumstances.  The  power- 
ful Italian  tenor  sang  with  good  effect  the 
romanza    "  Cielo   e    Mar"     from     Ponchielli's 


'Gioconda,'  an  aria  '  Charitas  '  by  Gnaga,  and 
joined  Mile.  Rosina  Isidor  in  the  duet  "  Sento 
me  forza  indomita "  from  Gomez's  opera  '  I 
Guarany,'  which  never  made  its  way  in  this 
country.  Madame  Borgani-Tornaghi  and  Signor 
G.  Maggi  were  agreeable  in  their  respective 
efforts.  Judgment  may  be  deferred  upon 
Chevalier  Palmieri's  ability  as  a  pianist  until 
he  has  been  heard  in  something  of  a  higher 
class  than  a  fantasia  in  the  bygone  Thalberg 
style  on  Verdi's  'Otello.' 

Herr  Louis  Pabst,  who  gave  a  pianoforte 
recital  at  Broad  wood  Hall  on  Monday  after- 
noon, may  be  described  as  a  player  of  moderate 
calibre,  giving  with  fairly  good  technique  and 
style  Beethoven's  Variations,  Op.  34,  and 
various  items  by  Chopin  and  Schumann,  as 
well  as  several  songs  and  pieces  from  his  own 
pen,  the  vocalist  being  Miss  Fillunger. 

The  Viscountess  Clifden  gave  a  morning  con- 
cert on  Tuesday  at  Stafford  House,  with  the 
object  of  introducing  herself  as  a  professional 
musician.  She  appears  to  be  a  tolerably  com- 
petent pianist,  and,  of  course,  she  may  prove 
an  excellent  teacher,  but  her  programme  did 
not  contain  any  works  of  magnitude.  The 
concert-giver  was  assisted  by  Mrs.  Buncombe, 
Miss  Clara  Butt,  M.  Nachez,  Herr  Hugo  Heinz, 
and  the  Meister  Glee  Singers. 

Madame  Alva's  operatic  concert  on  Tuesday 
afternoon  at  St.  James's  Hall  suffered  in  some 
degree  from  unpunctuality,  for  the  audience 
was  kept  waiting  many  minutes  beyond  the 
time  appointed.  The  concert-giver,  who  is  not 
a  stranger  to  London,  is  a  capable  vocalist,  and 
was  heard  to  advantage  in  airs  by  Donizetti, 
Wagner,  and  other  composers.  Mile.  Marie 
Dubois,  Mile.  Olitzka,  Mr.  Henry  Piercy,  and 
Mr.  Alexander  Bevan  took  effective  part  in  the 
concert. 

Herr  Rosenthal's  second  pianoforte  recital 
at  St.  James's  Hall,  on  Wednesday  evening, 
served  to  display  again  his  phenomenal  execu- 
tive powers  and  also  his  defects.  Beethoven's 
sonata  'Les  Adieux,'  &c.,  was  coldly  rendered, 
and  there  was  little  tenderness  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  items  by  Chopin.  On  the  other 
hand,  extraordinary  manipulation  was  shown 
in  some  sections  of  Schumann's  '  Carnaval '  and 
in  pieces  by  Scarlatti,  Henselt,  and  Bach. 


We  regret  to  learn  that  all  hope  of  the  MM. 
de  Reszke  appearing  at  Covent  Garden  this 
season  must  be  abandoned.  The  waters  of 
Carlsbad  did  not  benefit  M.  Jean  de  Reszke, 
and  he  has  returned  to  his  home  in  Poland. 

We  have  to  record  the  death  of  Mr.  William 
Smyth  Rockstro,  which  took  place  on  Tuesday. 
The  deceased  musician  busied  himself  principally 
with  antiquarian  art,  and  if  his  own  writings  are 
properly  understood  he  felt  little  symi^athy  with 
the  masters  of  the  present  century,  though  he 
edited  a  series  of  operas  in  pianoforte  score 
which  were  published  many  years  ago  by  Messrs. 
Boosey  &  Co.  In  his  early  years  he  was  an  able 
pianist,  but  of  late  he  devoted  himself  mainly 
to  theory  and  research,  writing  many  articles 
for  Sir  George  Grove's  'Dictionary,'  of  much 
learning,  whatever  difference  of  opinion  there 
may  be  as  to  the  value  of  the  opinions  expressed. 
Mr.  Rockstro  took  deep  interest  in  the  Musical 
Exhibition  at  the  Albert  Hall  in  1885,  and  con- 
ducted concerts  of  old  English  and  foreign  music. 
It  is  not  likely  that  his  compositions  will  sur- 
vive ;  but  he  will  be  remembered  as  an  earnest 
worker  and  a  man  of  the  utmost  amiability  of 
character. 

'  Ala  WON  fy  Ngwlad  '  ('The  Lays  of  my 
Land  ')  is  the  title  of  a  collection  of  five  hundred 
old  Welsh  airs  about  to  be  published  in  two 
folio  volumes.  The  airs  have  been  collected  by 
Mr.  Nicholas  Bennett,  a  name  well  known  in 
Welsh  literary  circles,  and  arranged  for  the 
pianoforte  or  harp  by  Mr.    D.    Emlyn  Evans. 


40 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


The   work   will  be  illustrated   by  about  half  a 
dozen  portraits  of  Welsh  minstrels. 


TUES. 

Wed. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Organ  Recital  and  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall 
The  Sisters  Sutro's  Pianofoite  Recital.  3.  St  James's  Hall. 
MatinOe  in  Aid  ol  the  Wimbledon  Art  College  for  Ladies,  3, 

Steinway  Hall 
Messrs  W.  H,  Wing  and  W  Alcock's  Coneert,  5.  Uueen's  Hall. 
Koyal  Opera.  Oovent  Garden,  8  30.  '  Lucia  di  Lammermoor.' 
Mr.  Jules  Holliinder's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Queen  s  Hall. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  8.30,  '  Harold  ' 
National  Society  of  French  Teachers'  Concert,  2  30,  Queen's 

Hall 
Mr.  Wilhelm  Ganz's  Concert,  3,  No.  7,  Chesterfield  Gardens, 

Mayfair. 
Mr.  A   Faylis's  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Koyal  College  of  Music  Chamber  Concert,  7. 15. 
Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden,  8.  '  Carmen.' 
;.  Mr  Edwin  Holland  s  Conceit,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Operatic  Class  Performance  of  '  Cavalleria,'  8,  Royal  Academy 

of  Music. 
Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden,  8,  '  Le  Nozze  di  Figaro.' 
Madame  Cellini's  Concert,  9,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Elocution  Class  Performance  of  'Pygmalion  and   Galatea,' 8, 

Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Mr.  Daniel  Mayer's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall 
M.  de  Greef's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.  St  James's  Hall. 
Mr.  Oscar  Reringer's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Tonic  Sol-fa  Association  Festival,  Crystal  Palace. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Garrick. — '  Ma  Cousine,'  Comedie  en  Trois  Actes.  Par 
Henri  Meilhac. 

Daly's. — 'The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona.'  Played  in 
Four  Acts. 

In  the  preface  whicli  lie  contributed  to 
tlie  '  Annates  du  Theatre  et  de  la  Musique ' 
of     MM.     Edouard      Noel     and     Edmond 
Stoullig    for    the    year     1889,    M.    Henri 
Meilhac  gave  an    account    of  the  amateur 
performances  in  clubs  [cercles)  which  have 
developed  into  one  of  the  most  fashionable 
of  Parisian  amusements.      In  these  repre- 
sentations, differing  in  some  respects  from 
those  constituting  the  "comedie  telle  qu'on 
la   joue   dans   le  monde,"  the  members  of 
the     cercle     taking     part     in     the     pieces 
chosen     are     supported     by     professional 
actresses.       While     thus       engaged,      M. 
Meilhac  hit  upon  the  plot  of  '  Ma  Cousine,' 
a   three-act  comedy  produced    on    October 
27th,  1890,  at  the  Varietes.     Of  the  three 
principal  characters  in  'Ma  Cousine,'  one, 
M.    Champcourtier,    is   the    author   of   the 
play    '  Le    Piston    d'Hortense,'    while    the 
other  two — Eaoul   d'Arney    la    Hutte   and 
MUe.  Eiquette — are  its  exponents.     A  com- 
plication equally  Gallic  in   conception  and 
execution  is  devised.     Eaoul  is  in  love  with 
Madame  Champcourtier,  with  whom,  as  his 
wife  knows,  he  has    an    assignation.      La 
Eiquette  is,  on  the  wrong  side  the  blanket, 
the  cousin  of  the  Baroness  d'Arney  la  Hutte, 
and  undertakes    to  prevent   the    imminent 
and    dreaded    infidelity.       This    task    she 
accomplishes  by  exercising  her  full  seduc- 
tions on  Eaoul,  making  him  in  love    with 
her  and  then  handing  him  back  to  his  wife. 
More    mirthful     than     edifying     are     the 
methods   employed,  first  of  all  to  melt  the 
nowise  reluctant  baron,  and  then  to  freeze 
him  when  hottest  in  the  chase.     The  latter 
feat  La  Eiquette  accomplishes  by  inventing 
for  herself  a  parentage  which   makes  her 
the  half-sister  of  her  lover.     To  carry  off 
proceedings    of    this    nature    one    of    two 
methods  is  necessary  :  either  the  bland  un- 
consciousness of  evil  of  which  Signora  Duse 
furnishes  the    latest  and    most   illustrious 
example,   or  the  frank   acceptance    of    the 
worst  that  can  be  credited  or  surmised — a 
system     illustrated     by    a     dozen     French 
actresses  between   Madame    Schneider  and 
Madame  Chaumont.     It  is  scarcely  neces- 
sary to  say  that  Madame  Eojano  ranks  with 
the  artists  last  named,  and  does  not  fail  to 
souligner,  or  to    charge    avec   des  intentions, 


whatever  point  in  a  witty  and  sarcastic  play 
M.  Meilhac  has  failed  fully  to  accentuate. 

It  is,  of   course,  impossible  to   overlook 
or  minimize  the  importance  of  the  fantastic 
and  unreal  element  in  Shakspeare's  serious 
comedies.     AVhatever  the  country  in  which 
the  action  passes — Verona,   Arden,  lUyria, 
Eousillon,  Belmont,  or  Prospero's  Island — 
it  is  fairyland,  the  creatures  with  which  it 
is  populated  are  drawn  from  the  tales  of 
romance  rather  than  from  any  trustworthy 
historic  source,  and  the  motives  of  human 
conduct  are  such  as   are    only  conceivable 
when  the  characters-are  placed  on  enchanted 
ground.     One  feels  strongly  this  influence 
in  seeing,  practically  for  the  first  time,  a 
performance    of    '  The    Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona.'     The  fact  that    the  heroine,  like 
the  Nut-Brown  Maid,  cuts  her  "skirts  an 
inch  aboon  her  knee,"  and  follows  her  lover 
after  the  fashion  of  Viola  or  Bellario,  or  a 
score  other  heroines  of  the  Tudor  drama, 
shows  how  near  Tudor  times  were  to  those 
of  Italian  romance.    The  world,  moreover,  in 
which,  as  in  'The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,' 
a  lover,  moved  by  the  penitence  of  a  traitorous 
and  defeated  rival,  abandons  in  a  moment 
the  idol  of  his  soul,  for  whose  sake  he  has 
run  innumerable  perils,  is  precisely  analo- 
gous  to  that  in  which  a  father  leaves  his 
daughter's  hand  and  fortune  to  the  luckiest 
guesser  or  the  most  ingenious  diviner  of  a 
puzzle,  or  that  in  which  a  ruling  monarch 
enters  permanently  a  convent,  as  he  would 
enter  for  purposes   of   food  or  shelter  the 
castle    of    one    of     his    vassals.      Making 
allowance    for    this    unworldliness    in   the 
action,  which  it   shares  with  all   pieces  of 
its  class,  '  The  Two   Gentlemen  of  Verona  ' 
constitutes  not  only  a  delightful  and  poetical 
spectacle,    but   an   acceptable   acting   play. 
Mr.  Daly  has,  it  is   true,  in  fitting  it  to  the 
modern  American  stage,  hacked  and  hewn 
it    with    superfluous    and    unholy   energy. 
Against  reducing  it  into  four  acts  nothing 
whatever  needs  be  said.     Launce's  uncon- 
ventional  allusions   to   the   proceedings  of 
his    dog,    and     his    unnecessarily    precise 
definition  of  the  canine  delinquency  of  the 
punishment  for  which  he  was  the  vicarious 
recipient,  may  savour  too  much  of  Eabelais 
for  the  nice  palates  of  to-day.     Mr.  Daly, 
however — imder  the  counsel,  it  may  be  sup- 
posed,   of  Mr.  William  Winter,  or  at  least 
with  that  gentleman's  approval — has  gone 
further,    and     has     cut     out     very    many 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  inofi'ensive  lines 
in  the  play.     Some  speeches,  moreover,  he 
has  divided  and  disarranged,  chiefly,  as  it 
seems,  for  the  sake  of  change,  as  no  gain 
to  interest  or  sequence  is    the  result.     He 
has  introduced,  so  far  as  we  are  able  to  see, 
no   fresh  matter,  except  an  epilogue  from 
'  King  Henry  VIII.,'  to  be  spoken  by  Miss 
Eehan,  which,  as  it  is  outside  the  frame- 
work of  the  i^iece,  is  "no  hanging  matter." 
In  regard  to  the  other  changes  he  has  gone 
counter  to  the  spirit  of  the  latest  and  best 
school  of  criticism,  that  when  a  meaning  is 
obtainable  alteration  is  to  be  blamed.     Miss 
Eehan's  performance  as  Julia  had  all  her 
well-known  petulant  witchery,  and  rose  in 
the  later  acts    to   tenderness    and   passion. 
The  female  characters   were   -well   played  ; 
the  male  characters  (with  the  exception  of 
Mr.  Lewis,  excellent  as  Launce)  did  not  rise 
above  mediocrity,  and  in  some  cases  did  not 
reach  that  modest  level. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  have  been  in  London 
for  more  than  a  fortnight.  We  hear,  however, 
nothing  of  any  reappearance  here. 

Mr.  Coghlan  has  been  engaged  for  Mercutio 
in  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  forthcoming  revival 
at  the  Lyceum  of  'Romeo  and  Juliet.'  This 
choice  of  an  actor  long  missed  from  London 
seems  the  best  that  could  easily  be  made. 

The  Princess's  Theatre  will  reopen  on 
August  5th  with  cheap  prices  and  frequent 
change  of  bill,  being  thus  converted  into  a 
species  of  suburban  house.  '  Saved  from  the 
Sea  '  will,  it  is  stated,  be  the  opening  piece. 

A  MISCELLANEOUS  programme  was  given  on 
Tuesday  afternoon  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  for 
the  benefit  of  Mr.  H.  Loraine.  Mr.  Courtney's 
'Kit  Marlowe,'  played  by  Mr.  Alexander,  and 
scenes  from  'Romeo  and  Juliet,'  'Richelieu,' 
'  The  Case  of  Rebellious  Susan,' and  '  The  Pass- 
port,' were  included  in  the  programme. 

In  'Alabama,'  by  Mr.  Augustus  Thomas, 
with  which  the  Garrick  Theatre  will  reopen  in 
September,  Mr.  Willard  and  Miss  Marion 
Terry  will  play  the  principal  parts.  Miss  Agnes 
Miller,  a  pleasing  actress,  for  some  years  missed 
from  London,  will  assume  a  youthful  part  in 
which  she  made  a  hit  in  America. 

At  length  better  news  has  been  heard  of  Mr. 
Toole,  who  is  regaining  the  use  of  his  legs,  and 
hopes  before  long  to  resume  acting. 

'  Heimat,' otherwise  'Magda,'  which  in  the 
course  of  a  few  days  has  been  seen  in  London 
in  French,  Italian,  and  German,  is  also  before 
long  to  be  given  in  English.  Mr.  George 
Alexander  has  secured  the  acting  rights  of  the 
piece.  Who  is  to  be  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre 
the  heroine  is  not  yet  announced. 

Mr.  Edoxjin  has  set  the  "Heathen  Chinee" 
in  a  new  framework,  announced  as  a  farcical 
comedy  by  Fenton  Mackay,  and  entitled 
'  Qwong  Hi.'  The  piece  so  styled  has  been 
seen  at  an  afternoon  entertainment  at  Terry's 
Theatre.  It  is,  however,  little  more  than  a 
species  of  variety  show.  Mr.  Edouin's  per- 
formance remains  highly  comic,  and  has  been 
varied  in  some  respects  ;  Miss  May  Edouin 
also  shows  herself  a  capable  singer  and  dancer. 
Nothing  in  the  representation  has  a  claim  to  be 
considered  as  dramatic. 

'The  Egotist,'  a  drama  by  Miss  A.  Ramsay 
and  Mr.  Rudolph  de  Cordova,  has  been  accepted 
by  Mr.  Beerbohm  Tree  for  the  Haymarket. 

'Whom  the  Gods  love  die  Young,'  a  one- 
act  play  by  Miss  Alicia  Ramsay,  has  been  pur- 
chased by  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell. 

Wolfgang  Kirchbach,  the  editor  of  the 
Dresden  Magazin  fur  Litteratur  des  In-  nnd 
AuslMules,  has  finished  a  five-act  drama,  entitled 
'Gordon  Pascha,' which  is  to  be  played  next 
season  at  the  Dresden  Residenz-Theater.  The 
part  of  General  Gordon  will  be  taken  by  Mat- 
kowsky.  The  dramatist,  who  is  well  known  as  a 
poet  and  critic,  is  a  son  of  the  historical  painter 
Ernst  Kirchbach,  and  was  born  in  London, 
but  he  was  taken  to  Dresden  when  a  little 
child. 


To  C0RRESP0NnEXT.s.— W.  L.  Q.— R.  T.  F.— H.  S.  K.— 
W.  J.  B.— L.  H.  S.— E.  AI.  J.— J.  J.  T.— received. 

J.  H.  B. — You  should  send  such  a  question  to  A'otes  and 
Queries. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Errata.— Ho.  35.S1,  p.  831,  col.  3,  1.  10  from  foot,  for 
"Brenner"  read  Brenva;  1.  9  from  foot,  for  "Pykhban'' 
read  Dikhtau. 


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


For  Twelve  Months 15 

For  Six  Months        7 

For  all  Countries  within  the  Postal  Cnion. 

For  Twelve  Months 18 

For  Six  Months       9 


N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


41 


GASSELL    &     COMPANY'S    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 


MR.  FRANK  STOCKTON'S 
NEW  NOVEL. 


THE    ADVENTURES 


OP 


CAPTAIN    HORN. 


"In  'The  Adventures  of  Captain  Horn 'Mr.  Frank 
Stockton  has  prepared  for  his  many  admirers  a 
great  surprise  and  a  surpassing  treat.  A 
surprise  inasmuch  as  he  has  here  laid  aside  liis  cus- 
tomary mood  and  has  given  us,  instead  of  some  un- 
substantial piece  of  droller}^  afine  stalwart  romance, 
throbbing  with  life,  and  rich  in  adventurous  deeds  ; 
a  treat  inasmuch  as  his  choice  of  a  subject  has  been 
attended  by  the  most  conspicuous  success.  Enviable, 
in  truth,  is  the  lot  of  the  reader  who  shall  embark 
in  imagination  upon  these  enchanting  pages,  and 
follow,  step  by  step,  with  ever-growing  interest  and 
almost  breathless  excitement,  the  strange  adven- 
tijres  of  Captain  Philip  Horn,  most  intrepid  of  trea- 
sure-seekers and  most  daring  of  navigators.  For 
let  it  be  under>tood  at  once  that  it  is  no  common- 
place tale  of  obvious  impossibilities,  told  in  the 
mock-heroic  style,  and  disfigured  with  the  stucco 
M-namentation  dear  to  inferior  novelists.  The  chief 
merit,  as  it  is  the  chief  charm,  of  'The  Adventures 
of  Captain  Horn '  lies  in  its  absolute  simplicity. 
In  achieving  this  Mr.  Stockton  has  touched  the 
high-water  mark  of  romantic  fiction,  and  has  shown 
his  power  to  grasp  the  immortal  magic  of  Defoe 
and  of  Stevenson.  Capturing  their  secret,  he  has 
made  of  it  such  excellent  use  that  no  person  reading 
this  delightful  story  can — at  least  whilst  its  glamour 
is  upon  him — refuse  to  believe  in  the  sober  truth  of 

every  incident  recorded  in  its  pages We  have 

purposely  abstained  from  indicating  more  precisely 
the  verj'  ingenious  plot  of  this  delightful  tale,  whose 
complications  are  kept  up  with  astonishing  skill 
and  variety.  Let  our  readers  procure  for  them- 
selves '  The  Adventures  of  Captain  Horn,'  and  they 
■will  find  a  feast,  both  intellectual  and  emotional, 
within  its  fascinating  pages." — Speaker. 

"  Mr,  Stockton's  new  story  will  take  you  back  to 
the  days  when  you  first  read  '  Robinson  Crusoe,' 
'The   Swiss    Family    Robiuson,'    'Monte     Cristo,' 

'Treasure  Island.' As  an  adventure  story  it  is 

•capital." — Booltman. 


NOTICE.  —  ^  SECOND  EDITION 
of  '  The  ADVENTURES  of  CAPTAIN 
HORN'  has  been  called  for  ivithin  a 
few  days  of  publication.     Price  6s. 


THE   CENTURY 
SCIENCE     SERIES. 

EDITED    BY 

SIR    HENRY    ROSCOE, 
D.C.L.  F.R.-S.  M.P. 

The  following  are  the  First  Volumes 
of  the  Series : — 

JOHN  DALTON  and  the 
RISE  of  MODERN  CHEMISTRY. 

By  Sir  HENRY  E.  ROSCOE,  F.R.S. 
35.  U. 

"  At  once  a  biography  and  a  chapter  in 
the  history  of  modern  science.  Sir  Henry 
Roscoe  has  drawn  a  vivid  portrait  of  a  very 
remarkable  personality,  and  has  devoted 
his  rare  powers  of  scientific  exposition  to 
a  very  instructive  appreciation  of  Dalton's 
place  in  the  history  of  science." — Times. 

"  We  have  read  through  this  little  book 
from  beginning  to  end  with  a  great  deal 
of  pleasure." — Nature. 


MAJOR     KENNELL, 

F.R.S.,  and  the  RISE  of  ENG- 
LISH GEOGRAPHY.  By  CLE- 
MENTS R.  MARKHAM,  C.B.F.R.S., 

President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
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42 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3532,  July  6, '95 


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The  BODLEY  HEAD,  Vigo-street,  London,  W. 


N''  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


43 


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SECOND    THOUSAND. 


JAPANESE 
MAEEIAdE. 

MR.  DOUGLAS  SLADEN'S  NOVEL  OF  THE 
LIFE  OF  THE  ENGLISH  IN  JAPAN. 


Westminster  Gazette. — "Mr. Douglas  Sladen's  first 
novel  is  a  distinct  success.  To  begin  with,  he  has 
managed  to  capture  a  real  live  heroine,  as  charm- 
ing and  convincing  a  pretty  girl  as  we  have  met 
with  for  years.  Her  flesh  and  blood  reality  is  quite 
undeniable.  She  imposes  herself  upon  one  from 
the  very  first,  she  is  winning  and  genuine,  and  as 
fresh  as  a  daisy.  Then,  again,  Mr.  Sladen  has 
been  exceptionally  fortunate  in  his  mise  en  scene. 
Certainly  the  story  as  a  whole  succeeds  in  interest- 
ing and  amusing  the  most  jaded  reader ;  it  con- 
tains some  intensely  dramatic  scenes  .  . .  .It  is  whole- 
some, healthful,  breezy,  and  airy.  Its  Japanesquery 
is  delightful."— G.  A. 

St.  James's  Budget.  —  ' '  Nothing  escapes  his 
observation,  with  the  consequence  that  readers 
have  a  series  of  perfect  copies  of  Japan  and  the 
Japanese." 

Spectator. — "  A  bright  and  spirited  story,  full  of 
colour  and  incident,  and  its  author,  Mr.  Douglas 
Sladen,  writes  well,  with  an  enthusiasm  which  is 
catching." 

Saturday  Review. — "As  a  whole,  the  book  is 
well  done  ;  Philip's  fight  with  the  two  Samurai  is 
stirring  to  the  last  degree,  and  we  have  found  the 
story  fresh  in  effect,  and  interesting  to  the  very 
end." 

Graphic. — "He    also    puts    himself     at    great 

advantage   by  laying  his  scene  in   Japan The 

various  pictures,  both  social  and  descriptive,  lose 
none  of  their  distinctive  fascination  in  his  hands." 

Illvstrated  London  News. — "This  time  it  is  the 
woes  of  the  deceased  wife's  sister  which  are 
brought  before  us  in  a  narrative  that  is  invariably 
picturesque,  and,  especially  as  to  the  latter  half  of 
the  volume,  is  of  considerable  humour  and  pathos." 
Gilbert  Burgess. 

World, — "The  principal  scenes  are  laid  in  the 
land  of  the  lily  and  the  chrysanthemum,  and  the 
interest  is  enhanced  by  the  practically  novel  back- 
ground, while  additional  piquancy  is  added  by  the 
touch  of  realism  that  is  very  perceptible  in  Mr. 
Sladen's  pages." 

Vanity  Fair. — "This  is  quite  a  clever  book, 
written  by  a  man  who  knows  the  Japanese,  Japan, 

and    the   English    colony    there And    in    this 

Japanese  section  there  is  a  good  deal  of  pleasant 
comedy The  Siamese  Consul  is  first  rate." 

Literary  World. —  "Bryn,  a  girl  beautiful  ex- 
ceedingly, only  a  little  past  twenty  years  of  age — 
'  sweet  and  twenty  '  indeed  ! — loving  Philip  purely, 
and  purely  loved  by  him  in  return,  living  alone 
with  a  young  widower.  The  moment  when  Bryn 
proves  her  love  is  a  most  exciting  one,  and  shows 
that  Mr.  Sladen  is  a  master  of  vivid  recital." 

Norman  Galk. 

Daily  Telegraph. —  "Mr.  Douglas  Sladen  in  'A 
Japanese  Marriage '  has  succeeded  in  three  things — 
in  telling  an  interesting  story ;  in  drawing  a 
picture  of  the  English  and  native  life  in  Japan, 
with  the  details  which  show  that  he  knows  of 
what  he  speaks ;  and  in  presenting,  at  any  rate 
so  far  as  his  heroine  is  concerned,  a  strong  case  for 
legalizing  marriage  with  a  deceased  wife's  sister." 


London  :  WALTER  SCOTT,  Limited, 
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44 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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The  ROMAN  THEKMiE  of  FIESOLE.     By  Leader  Scott.    Illustrated. 
CHURCHYAKD    GAMES    in  WALES-FIVES  or  HANDBALL.      By 

Elias  Owen,  MA.  PSA.    Illustrated. 
DISCOVERY  of  an  ANCIENT  BURIAL-PLACE  and  a  SYMBOL-BEAR- 
ING SLAB  at  EASTERTON  of   ROSEISLE     By  Hugh  W.  Young, 

F.S  A.  (Scot.).    Illustrated. 
ILLUSTRATED   NOTES  :— 

Two  Golden  Obiects  from  South  America. 

Astragals,  or  Dibbs  :  a  Curious  Survival. 

Tattooed  Face  of  the  late  .Maori  King  Tawhaio  of  New  Zealand. 

Fibula^  Worn  in  Pairs  with  C^hain  Attachment. 

Implement  from  the  Calf-Hole,   Skyrethorns,  Upper  Wharfedale, 
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CHANGES  in  AVERAGE  WAGES  (NOMINAL  and  REAL)  in  the 
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SUBJECT  -  INDEX    to    the    JOURNAL    of    the 
ROYAL  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY.     Vols.  XXVIII.-LVII.,  1865-94. 


R 


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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS    WEEK'S  yUJIBER  contains— 

NOTES  .—Cromwell's  Soldiers'  Bible— Lady  Katherine  Grey— Massinger 
— Pronunciation  of  Sea — "  Does  your  mother  know  you're  out'?" — 
Dick 'Turpi n's  Black  Bess— '  Investment  "—Barras— Sir  P.  Pett  and 
Emmanuel  College — '  Taming  of  a  Shrew  ' — Constitution  Hill— R. 
Onslow— Tray— Fire  caused  by  Water— Keble  and  the  '  Christian 
Year'— Mrs.  Bloomer— Louis  XVII. 

QUERIES: -Rock  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— Partridge— "  Gallett  "—Cro- 
martie  Earldom— Sir  J,  Marriott— Jewish  Funeral  Custom — Latin 
Proverb— Sir  A.  Paschall— Lord  Byron  and  lanthe— St  Domingo  — 
"'I'utum  te  sistam  " — "  Cadowes  " — Buddhism — W,  .Shore— De  Ayls- 
bury— Recipe- Bachope— "  Cold  Pig  "— "  Cantankerous  "  —  Arthur's 
Coffee-House- Song  Wanted— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Dispensations  for  Polygamy  —  Barnard  — Day's  Psalter- 
Translations  of  the  New  'Testament— Iturbide— Ploughing  Oxen- 
Collect  for  Fourth  Suncla.v  after  Easter— Bull-Roarer— Oil  Painting- 
Flag  to  Summon  to  Church— Sibyl— Church  Registers— "  They  were 
each  of  them  —"Dimpsy  "—Author  Wanted— ■Trepanning—"Poeta 
nascitur  non  fit  "— D;.vd(.n  and  Greek— Hooper  and  Pepin— Pro- 
nunciation of  I'lace-iianies  -Thornton— Yeoman— False  Rhymes— 
"  Blot '"—"  Barth  "—Miss  .Manning  —  Family  of  Dove— '  Notts  and 
Derbyshire  Notes  and  Queries ' — Victoria  County — .\ldermen  of  Aid- 
gate— Iconoclasm  of  John  Shakspeare— Relics  Restored— Children's 
Copes— Mrs.  Garrick— Stanley  :  Veie— Fi'ankum's  Night— "  Lapsus 
Pluma'  "-David—'  Young  Lochinvar  —Hogarth  s  '  Sleeping  Congre- 
gation '—Ancient  Mason  Marks— Vanishing  London. 

NO'TES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  Vol.  XLIII. 
— •  English  Writers,"  Vol.  XI.— Boyle's  '  History  of  Hedon.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NU3IBER  contains— 

NOTES:— 'The  Beggar's  Opera  —Bibliography  of  Coleridge  — Early 
Courtenays  in  England — Miltou  and  Aiiosto— A  Mysterious  Field— 
'  Flowers  of  the  Forest  —  "  Jockteleg  "—Rev.  E  Marten— Vice-Chan- 
cellor  Bacon. 

QUERIES  :  — D'Avenant  and  Cromwell— Lincolnshire  Gentry,  1745— Syd- 
ney Papers— Heraldic— Clans  of  Innsbruck— Fenton—"  Filliwilly  "— 
A  Dumb  Bell— Uev  J  Waiton— Arioj-to- '  Chinoiserie  "— Kant  on 
'Truthfulness— R  Reynolds— Bishop  ilateman's  Family— Shakspeare 
—A.  Norman— "Lokto"—Vanbrugh :  Mrs.  Rogers;  Mrs.  Cross: 
Mrs  Verbruggcn 

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46 


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JohD  C.  Francis,  KoUsand  Querits  Office,  Bream'g-bnildiogs,  Cbancery- 
lane,  £.C. 

In  2  vols,  crown  Svo.  with  2  Portraits,  2is, 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature,'' — SpectatoY. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury, 

"  The  book  is,  In  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

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which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  inclicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  bo  of  incalculable  service." 

lioolisellcr. 

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notes  of  the  literature  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner. 


London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

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A  SONG  of  the  SEA :  My  Lady  of  Dreams,  and  other  Poems. 

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and  for  the  right  things.     His  new  book  is  as  healthful  as  it  is  eloquent."— (?Zo6e. 

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THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  SEASON. 
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Napoleon.    By  GILBERT  PARKER.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 

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times,  level  with  our  own  feelings.  Not  here  can  we  complain  of  lack  of  inevitableness  or  homogeneity.  The  cha- 
racter of  Valmond  is  drawn  unerringly ;  his  career,  brief  as  it  is,  is  placed  before  us  as  convincingly  as  history  itself.  The 
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N°  3532,  July  6,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


47 


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48 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N"  3532,  July  6,  '95 


CHATTO    &    ^™DIJS;S_^  NOVELS,  &c. 

The  ^P^^r^  7(97?  says:—" 'THE  CONVICT  SHIP'  IS  A  STORY  WHICH  ONLY  ONE  LIVING  MAN  COULD  HAVE  WRITTEN" 

The  CONVICT  SHIP.     By  W.  Clark  Russell.    3  vols.  15s.  net:  and  at 

all  Libraries. 

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into  repetition — it  is  as  vigorous  and  fresh  as  '  The  Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor.'" — Spectator. 

"  Mr.  Clark  Russell  has  not  surpassed  his  recent  novel,  '  Tlie  Convict  Ship,'  if,  indeed,  he  has  equalled  it.  A  very  fine,  grim,  forcible  plot  is  worked 
out  with  remarkable  skill ;  the  situations  are  of  striking  originality." — World. 

"There  is  no  writer,  not  forgetting  Marryat,  who  has  such  close  companionship  with  the  sea Remembering  that  Clark  Russell  now  ranks  as  a 

veteran  novelist,  it  is  pleasant  to  bear  testimony  to  the  fact  that  he  seems  to  have  saved  his  best  wine  to  the  last.  '  The  Convict  Ship  '  is,  take  it  from  stem  to 
stern,  the  best  work  he  has  yet  turned  out." — Fundi. 

"In  his  present  fine  work  Mr.  Russell  portrays  the  exciting  incidents  leading  up  to  and  following  a  mutiny  in  a  cargo  of  convicts.  Interwoven  with 
this  plot  runs  a  sweet  and  touching  love  story,  while  it  needs  scarcely  be  added  that  the  maritime  local  colouring  comes  from  a  master  hand."— Peo;^Ze. 

"'The  Convict  Ship '  is  full  of  vigour.     The  atmosphere  of  the  sea is  admirably  conveyed ;  and  so  vivid  are  the  scenes,  that  both  the  home  at 

Stepney,  in  which  the  story  begins,  and  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  vessel  are  as  familiar  to  us  as  if  we  had  seen  them  with  our  own  eyes."— Standard. 

"  Once  more  Mr.  Clark  Russell  has  waved  his  enchanter's  wand,  and  conjured  up  from  the  vasty  deep  a  company  of  lifelike  phantoms,  who  play  their 
parts  in  a  sensational  ocean  drama  with  startling  realism." — Daily  Telegraph. 

BILLY  BELLEW.    By  W.  E.  Norris,  Author  of  '  The  Rogue.'    2  vols. 

lOs.  net ;  and  at  all  Libraries. 

"Mr.  Norris  describes  real  life Every  one  will  enjoy  the  story,  and  good  judges  will  regard  it  as  a  representation  of  life  and  character  quite  worthy 

of  Mr.  Norris  at  his  best." — t^cotsman. 

'•  A  finely  finished  piece  of  work A  choice  sample  of  the  writer's  light,  quiet,  natural  humour  and  gift  of  ^QiixFaixxre:'— World. 

"A  most  admirable  novel,  written  throughout  with  that  excellent  finish,  careful  observation,  and  eye  for  the  type  which  are  Mr.  Morris's  special  merits. 

This  IS  a  book  which  gives  real  refreshment,  and  holds  the  reader  by  a  certain  distinction  of  style  and  manner  which  is  not  common  in  modern  fiction." 

^_____ Westminster  Gazette. 

RIFLE    AND     SPEAR     WITH    THE    RAJPOOTS: 

Being  the  Narrative  of  a  Winter's  Travel  and  Sport  in  Northern  India. 

By  Mrs.  ALAN  GARDNER. 

With  numerous  Illustrations  by  the  Author  and  F.  H.  Townsend.     Demy  4to.  half  bound,  21s. 


BEYOND  the  DREAMS  of  AVARICE.    By  Sir  Walter  Besant, 

Author  of  ■  All  Sorts  and  Coadittons  of  Mea.'    Crown  8vo.  cloth  extra,  Gs. 
"A  striking  example  of  the  power  which  Mr.  Besant  possesses,  beyond  any  other  of  our  novelists,  of 
investing  a  subject  with  romance  while  keeping  it  strictly  to  reality  and  proportion.    'Ihe  action  of  this 
engrossing  story  of  immense  wealth, .,  .is  quite  real  and  circumstantial.    Every  person  inti-odueed  is  living 

and  full  ot  character But  it  is  a  romance  nevertheless The  picture  of  Lucian's  mind is  one  of  the 

boldest  and  best  things  that  Mi'.  Besant  has  ever  done."—  Jf'urld. 

IN  DEACON'S  ORDERS,  &C.     By  Sir  Walter   Besant,   Author 

of '  Children  of  Gibeon.'  &c     With  a  Frontispiece  by  A.  Forestier.    Crown  8vo.  cloth  extra,  G«. 
"  '  In  Deacon's  Orders '  contains  one  story  of  singular  power.    It  is  the  story  which  gives  the  title  to  the 
volume    Some  of  our  younger  writers  would  have  piiblished  this  slioi't  story,  if  they  had  been  able  to  write  it, 
ic  a  volump  liy  itself,  and  it  would  have  made  their  reputation, . .  .It  is  a  remarkably  powerful  study  of  a  type 
of  man  which  unquestionably  exists." — Heirhu, 

CHRISTIE  JOHNSTONE:  and  PEG  WOFFINGTON.     A 

New  Edition,  in  1  vol  ,  of  CHARLES    KEADE'S  Two  Novels,  set  in  new  type  and  handsomely  bound. 
Crown  8vn.  cloth,  3s.  Gd. 


IS    HE    the    MAN  ?     By  W.  Clark  Russell,  Author  of  'The  Phantom 

Death.' &c.    A  New  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  Gd. 

TALES  of  the  CALIPH.     By  H.  N.  Crellin,  Author  of  '  Romances 

of  the  Old  Seraglio.'    A  New  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  25. 
"  The  nine  stories  in  this  winsome  volume  will  delight  every  one,  old  and  young  alike,  into  whose  bands 
it  may  happen  to  fall     The  tales  are  as  good  as  the  best  things  in  the  '  Arabian  Nights ' ;  and  the  brevity  of 
the  book  is  its  only  fault  -not  a  common  one." — Christian  Leader 

The  ADVENTURES  of  JONES.    By  Hayden  Carruth.    With 

17  Iliustrations.    Fcap  8vo.  cloth,  2s 
"Jones  is  no  common  liar.      There  is  in  his  mendacious  efl'jrts  an.  ingenuity,  an  originality,  and  a  courage 

that,  taken  together,  almost  amount  to  genius He  has  all  Munchausen's  ingenuity,  with  none  of  his  brag. 

Mr.  C'arruth's  book  is  a  work  of  genius— of  a  kind  "Scot <7na7t. 

SIR  HENRY  IRVING  :  a  Record  of  Over  Twenty  Years  at  the  Lyceum. 

By  PERCY  FITZGERALD.     New  Edition,  Revised,  with  an  Additional  Cliapter,  Portrait,  and  Auto- 
graph.   Crown  8vo.  Is.  ;  cloth,  Is  6d. [Sliortly. 


NEW  'J HREE-ANB-SIXPENNY  NOVELS. 


By  MARY  ANDERSON. 

OTHELLO'S  OCCUPATION. 

By  E.  LEPELLBTIER. 

MADAME    SANS-GENE.      Founded   on   the   Play  by  Sardou   and 

MOKEAU.    Translated  by  J  A.  J  I)E  VILLIERS. 
"This  admirable  historical  novel  is  excellent  reading,  and  full  of  brightness  and  'go'    We  have  plenty  of 
stirring  scenes  and  hairbreadth  escapes,  some  highly  humorous  situations  too,  while  love  of  the  romantic  kind 
is  duly  repre?ent>iU. . . .'  Madame  Sans-Gene  '  may  be  pronounced  a  complete  success."— G/^/.'^I/oic  Hera'd, 

By  C.  J.  CUTCLIFFE  HYNB. 

HONOUR  of  THIEVES. 

"  'A  rattling  good  -tory  '  would  be  a  boy's  verdict  on  closing  'Honour  of  Thieves. '  The  book  is  written 
with  infinite  spirit  and  go,' and  the  adventures  of  the  500,000/.  are  truly  exciting.  There  is  real  humour  in 
Captain  Kettle  s  poetical  efforts,  and  if,  as  Mr.  Cutclifte  Hyne  admits  in  his  somewhat  cynical  Preface,  his 
.characters  a  o,  with  one  exception,  '  mostly  bad,'  their  procei'dings  make  very  amusing  reading  " 

Pull  Hall  Gazette. 
By  HARRY  LINDSAY. 


RHODA  ROBERTS :   a  Welsh  Mming  Story. 


"Rhola  Roberts,  and  her  father  Seth  Roberts,  are  fine  characters,  and  of  a  type  of  which  Wales  and 
Monmouthshire  may  well  be  proud. . .  .The  plot  is  an  extremely  fascinating  and  exciting  one." 

"  A  thrilling  narrative  "—Leeds  Meicniy.  I'o/tty/mol  Free  Press. 


By  D.  CHRISTIE  MURRAY. 

MOUNT  DESPAIR. 


With  a  Frontispiece. 


"  Mr  Christie  Murray  is  among  the  writers  who  are  irresistible      His  new  stories  are  stirring  beyond  the 

dreams  of  those  who  have  never  read  him The  style  is  brisk  and  straightforward,  and  the  matter  manly 

and  strong." — Morning  Leader. 


By  SARAH  TYTLER. 

The  MACDONALD  LASS. 


With  a  Portrait. 


"  Miss  Tytler's  latest  work  is  a  thorouehly  capable  specimen  of  the  modern  historical  no'veX."— World. 

"All  the  nobility  and  purity,  the  heroism  and  chivalry,  of  the  saviour  of  Prince  Charlie  are  described  with 
a  losing  tenderness  and  withal  a  touching  pathos  that  make  this  book  one  of  Miss  'rytler's  best.  Few  historical 
novels  are  more  correct  in  the  picture  they  give  of  Scotland  at  the  period  in  question.  ...For  beauty  of  style, 
skill  in  characterization,  vivid  pictures  of  the  period  and  of  the  country,  the  novel  before  us  will  rank  with 
any  produced  this  season." — Liberal. 

By  ALLEN  UPWARD. 

The  PRINCE  of  BALKISTAN. 

"  In  '  The  Queen  against  Owen  '  the  young  author,  who  named  himself  with  a  sort  of  forecast  of  what  he 
knew  was  in  him,  made  a  sudden,  startling,  and  indelible  mark  as  a  novel-writer.  We  wanted  to  hear  from 
him  again  His  course,  as  his  pseudonym  predicted,  was  upward.  Well,  he  has  justified  in  his  second 
ettbrt  the  famous  promise  of  his  hrst.  '  rhe  Prince  of  Kalkistan  '  already  stands  forth  from  a  crowd  of  ambi- 
tious competitors  as  the  story  of  the  season,  and  more  also  "—Fun. 


The  GOLDEN  BUTTERFLY.     By  Sir  Walter  Besant  and  James  Rice.     Popular  Edition,  set  in  new  type,  medium  8vo.  Qd.  ;  cloth. 

Is.     Also  a  New  LIBKAKY  EDITION,  set  in  new  type,  crown  8v'o,  printed  on  laid  paper,  figured  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

The  MOONSTONE.     By  Wilkie  Collins.     Popular  Edition,  set  in  new  type,  medium  8vo.  6c^. ;  cloth,  1^. 

The  KING  in  YELLOW.     By  Robert  W.  Chambers.     Long  fcap.  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  2s  6  /.  iskortiy. 


The  SCALLYWAG.    By  Grant  Allen. 
IVAN   GREET'S  MASTERPIECE.     By 

GUAM'  ALLEN 

The  REBEL  QUEEN.  By  Sir  Walter  Be.sant. 
The  RED  SULTAN.    By  Maclaren  Cobban. 
DARK  DEEDS.    By  Dick  Donovan. 
WITNESS  to  the  DEED.     By  G.  Manville 

ROPES  of  SAND.    By  R.  E.  Francillon. 
A    DOG    and   his    SHADOW.      By   R.    E. 

FKANCILLON. 


J\EW  TWO-SHILLING  NOVELS. 
A  FAIR  COLONIST.    By  Ernest  Glanville. 
A  WAIF  of  the  PLAINS.    By  Bret  Harte. 
A  WARD  of  the  GOLDEN   GATE.    By  Bret 

HAKfE 

The  DAYS  of  his  VANITY.     By  Sydney 

GKUNIJV 

LADY   VERNER'S    FLIGHT.     By  Mr.. 

HUNGERFOUU. 

The  DICTATOR.     By  Justin  McCarthy. 
RED  DIAMONDS.     By  Justin  McCarthy. 
TIME'S    REVENGES.     By    D.    Christie 


A  WASTED  CRIME.    By  D.  Cheistib  Murray. 
A  TRYING  PATIENT.    By  James  Payn. 
OUTLAW    and   LAWMAKER.     By    Mrs. 

C-VMI'liKLL  PliABD 

SCENES  from  the  SHOW.    By  George  R.  Sims. 
TO  HIS  OWN  MASTER.    By  Alan  St.  Aubyn. 
QUITTANCE  in  FULL.    By  T.  W.  Speight. 
The    £1,000,000    BANK-NOTE.     By    Mark 

TWAIN 

The    QUEEN    against    OWEN.     By   Allen 

Ul'WAltU 


London:   CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  W. 


Editorial  Communications  should   be   addressed   to   "The   Editor "  — Advertisements  and   Business    Letters   t'>   "The   Publisher " —at  the   OfHce,   Brcam'sbuihlinjfs,  C'liancery-lane,   E.G. 

Printed  by  Joim  C.  Fiii.Ncis,  Athemrum  Press,  Bream 's-buildinKS,  Chanoery-Ianc,  E.G.  ;  and  Published  by  the  said  John  C    Fiunh.s  at  Bream's  buildinys,  Chaiicciy  lane,  E.G. 

Agents  for  Scotlanii,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  EdinbucKh.— Saturday,  July  8,  1895. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  Cngli^ft  mti  jToreigii  2CiUrature,  ^rienre,  tin  fint  9ivt^,  Mn^it  anlr  tl^e  ©rama* 


No.  3533. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    13,   1895. 


PBICB 
THREEPENCB 

BBQISTBHBD  AS  A  NBWSPAPBB 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   of    PAINTERS    in   WATER 
COLOURS,  Sa,  Pall  Mall  Ea3t— SUMMER  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN  from  10  tlU  6.— Admission  Is.    Will  CLOSU  A.ugu9t  3. 

GEOllGE  L.  KIDGE,  Secretary. 

GUILDHALL      LOAN      EXHIBITION. 
Open  Daily  10  to  7  ;  Sundays,  3  to  7.    Admission  free. 
EXHIBITION  CLOSES  JULY  21. 

W ESSEX."— THOMAS  HARDY'S  COUNTRY. 
—Messrs  DICKINSON  &  FOSTER,  lU,  New  Bond-street, 
have  on  view  lor  One  Month  an  important  Collection  of  Illustrations  of 
DORSET  PAST  and  PRESENT,  including  many  valuable  Loans  and 
Works  by  Professor  Herkomcr,  K  A.,  Alfred  Parsons,  Yeend  Kins. 
C  J  Barraud,  Sir  Charles  D'Oyly,  D.  Fox-Pitt,  and  others,  and  upwards 
of  Seventy  Original  Pictures  painted  expressly  lor  this  Exhibition  by 
F.  Whitehead,  T.  Rowe,  and  A.  H.  Fisher. 

LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  of  the  UNITED 
KINGDOM. 
President— The  MAKQUESS  ol  DUFFERIN  and  AVA,  K.P.  G.C.B. 

20,  Hanover-square.  W. 
The  EIGHTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  ASSOCI.\TION 
will  be  held  in  CARDIFF  from  SEPTEMBER  10  to  U  inclusive.  Papers 
will  be  read  on  various  Subjects  relating  to  Library  Legislation,  Library 
Management,  and  Bibliography.  Tlie  Council  will  be  glad  to  receive 
oflers  of  Paoers,  intimation  of  which  should  be  forwarded  at  once  to  1 
the  Hon  Secretary.  MSS  must  be  submitted  to  the  Council  for 
approval  not  later  than  August  31. 

J.  Y.  W.  MACALISTER,  Hon.  Sec. 

OXFORD  MAN,  Barrister  -  at  -  Law,  requires 
LITERARY  'WORK,  Book  Reviewing,  position  as  Librarian, 
Secretary,  &c.,  or  would  undertake  Musical  or  Dramatic  Criticism. — 
Write  OxoNUN,  East  Park  House,  Southampton. 

WP.  SEARL,  late  Overseer -Printer  of  the 
•  V'eekly  Dispatch  and  the  Beferee.  is  seeking  another  ENGAGE- 
MENT as  MANAGER  or  PKINTER.  Undeniable  references.— Address 
28,  Tremlett-grove,  Upper  HoUoway. 

-COMFORTABLE  HOME  in  a  FRENCH 

CLERGYMAN'S  FAMILY  OFFERED  to 
BOARDERS  by  the  Week  or  Month  as  desired.  Every  facility  for 
acquiring  or  perfecting  oneself  in  the  French  Language  ;  Lessons  given 
if  required. — Address  Mad-ime  Lalot,  152,  Boule\-ard  P^reire. 

TOTTENHAM  URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL. 
—LIBRARIAN  for  PUBLIC  LIBRARY —The  Public  Library 
Committee  of  the  Council  REQUIRE  the  SERVICES  of  a  YOUNG 
MAN  as  LIBRARI.VN  at  their  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 

Applicants  must  have  had  at  least  two  years'  experience  in  a  Public 
Library,  and  will  he  required  to  devote  their  whole  time  to  the  duties. 
Age  not  to  exceed  30. 

Salary  commencing  at  the  rate  of  100/.  per  annum. 

Applications,  in  Candidates'  own  handwriting,  stating  age  and  full 
particulars  of  previous  experience,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three 
recent  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  me  not  later  than  noon  on  Thursday, 
July  18,  1895 

Dated  this  28th  day  of  June,  1893. 

EDWARD  CROWNE,  Clerk  of  the  Committee, 

Offices,  712,  High-road,  Tottenham,  London. 


B' 


T 


ART, 


IRISTOL   SCHOOL    of    SCIENCE    and 

Queen's- road,  Bristol. 

The  Committee  are  about  to  appoint  a  HEAD  MASTER  at  a  salary  of 

250r  per  annum — Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  are  to  be 

sent  on  or  before  July  20  to  the  Hon.  Secretary,  D.  C.  A.  Cave,  Esq., 

Stoneleigh  House,  Clifton. 

HE     COLLEGE     for     the    BLIND    SONS    of 

GENTLEMEN,  Powyke,  near  Worcester. 

The  Governors  will  be  glad  to  receive  applications  for  the  poet  ol 
HEAD  MASTER,  now  vacant  by  the  resig^nation  ol  the  Kev.  A.  J. 
Skinner,  B  A. 

Applications,  with  testimonials,  must  be  addressed  to  Dr.  R^-nger, 
Langbourn  Chambers,  17.  Fenchurch-street,  London,  E.C.,  Honoitiry 
Secretary,  and  sent  in  by  July  18. 


riNIVERSITY   COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

*J  BANGOR. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSIST.\NT  LECTURER  and 
MISTRESS  of  METHOD  In  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMKNT. 
Salary  120/. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Thursday,  July  25,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars 
may  be  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  October  1. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A., 

Secretary  and  Registrar. 


B« 


ROUGH 


of 


SWANSEA. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES.  BEAULIBU-SUR-MER,  BLLRRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE.  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRAKS,  224,  Rue  do  RiTOU,  Parts. 


M' 


R.    HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 

at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October 
DRAWING  for  the  PRESS.— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.- 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


T 


O    LECTU-RE    SOCIETIES,    INSTITUTIONS, 


&c— Mr. 


A 


PARIS. 
PROTESTANT 


M 


ASON  COLLEGE,  BIRMINGHAM. 

PHYSICS  DEPARTMENT. 
Pro!essor-J.  H.  POYNTING,  S«.D.  F.R.S. 


SWANSEA  INTERMEDIATE  AND  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 
The  Governing  Body  appointed  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and 
Technical  Education  Scheme,  and  to  whom  the  Swansea  Town  Council 
have  delegated  (so  far  as  they  are  able)  the  powers  exercisable  under 
the  Technical  Instruction  Act.  1889.  REQUIRE  the  services  of  a  HEAD 
MASTER  to  take  charge  of  the  Schools  established  and  to  be  established 
for  Males  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and  Technical  Scheme  and 
the  Technical  Instruction  Act,  1889. 

The  existing  School,  formerly  known  as  the  Swansea  Grammar 
School,  was  taken  over  by  the  Governing  Body  at  the  commencement 
of  the  present  year,  and  the  number  of  scholars  has  since  increased 
from  47  to  81.  The  School  is  now  utilized  solely  for  the  education  of 
Boys  between  the  ages  of  8  and  18,  but  in  exercise  of  the  powers  con- 
tained in  the  Technical  Instruction  Act,  1889,  it  is  intended  to  increase 
the  accommodation  of  the  School  so  as  to  admitof  Technical  Instruction 
being  given  to  Males  irrespective  of  age,  whereby  it  is  expected  that 
the  number  of  scholars  will  be  very  largely  augmented. 

The  person  appointed  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  in  the  British  Possessions,  or  be  a  duly  qualified  Science 
and  Art  Teacher  under  the  regulations  of  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art  in  force  for  the  time  being,  or  have  such  other  qualification  or 
certificate  or  other  test  of  attainments  as  may  be  fixed  from  time  to 
time  by  regulation  of  the  Governing  Body,  and  will  be  required  to 
devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  his  office. 

The  salary  to  be  paid  is  400;  per  annum  and  a  capitation  payment  of 
21.  per  scholar  under  the  Intermediate  Education  Scheme,  and  an 
additional  payment  per  scholar  to  be  hereafter  arranged  under  the 
Technical  Instruction  Act.  A  minimum  salary  of  600/.  per  annum  will 
be  guaranteed. 
A  residence  will  be  provided  at  the  School  free  of  all  charges. 
The  appointment  will  be  made  subject  in  all  respects  to  the  provisions 
of  the  said  Scheme  and  Act,  and  may  be  determined  at  any  time  upon 
giving  six  months'  written  notice. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  nature  of  past 
employments,  to  be  addressed  to  "The  Chairman  of  the  Governing 
Body,  Intermediate  Education.  Guildhall,  Swansea,  "  and  endorsed 
"  Head  Master,"  and  sent  in  not  later  than  Monday,  July  15,  1895. 

Canvassing  members  of  the  Governing  Body  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification.  JNO.  THO.MAS, 

Town  Cleik  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 
Guildhall,  Swansea,  June  27, 1895. 


can  ACCEPT  ENGAGEMENTS  for  his  attractive  and  highly  successful 
popular  SCIENCE  LECTURES,  Illustrated  by  novel  and  elaborate 
experiments— For  Prospectus  and  terms  apply  to  E.  Bbcce,  Esq  ,  19, 
Campden  House-road,  Kensington,  London,  W. 

LITERARY  MAN  CORRECTS,  PREPARES 

MSS  for  PRESS,  gives  Lessons  in  Composition  and  advice  to 
Young  Writers —AVrite  for  terms  M.  A.,  4,  Victoria-terrace,  Strond- 
green,  N. 

GOVERNESSES  for  PRIVATE  FAMILIES.— 
Miss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

TUDOR  HALL  SCHOOL,  Forest -hill,  S.E.— 
Advanced  Modern  Education  for  Girls —Principal  and  Head 
Mistress— Mrs.  HAMILTON,  Girton,  Cambridge.  Professors— Seeley, 
FRS,  H  E.  Maiden,  M  A  .  G.  Garcia,  RAM  ,Emil  Reich,  Dr.  Jur., 
MM.  Larpent  and  Pradeau,  Herren  Loman  and  Gottheimer,  &c.  Large 
Gymnasium,  Tennis,  Swimming,  Riding —Prospectus  on  application. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and  DEMONSTRATOR. 
The  Council  invite  applications,  on  or  before  August  31.  1895.  for  the 
above  appointment,  vacant  in  consequence  of  the  election  of  Mr  John 
Burke,  B.A.  Dub.,  to  a  Berkeley  Fellowship  in  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. 
The  duties  of  the  appointment  will  commence  on  October  1, 1895 
Particulars  of  the  stipend,  conditions,  and  duties  will  be  forwarded 
on  application  to  the  undtrsigned.  to  whom  all  applications  for  the 
appointment  should  be  sent.  GEORGE  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

VERDIN  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS, 
WINSFORD,  CHESHIRE. 

These  Schools  will  be  OPENED  on  AUGUST  8  by  the  DUKE  and 
DUCHESS  of  WESTMINSTER.  Shortly  after  that  date  the  Governors 
propose  to  open  the  buildings  in  the  daytime  as  an  Intermediate  School, 
and  in  the  evening  the  Schools  will  be  conducted  under  the  Science  and 
Art  Department  and  Union  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Institutes.  The 
Governors  require  a  HE.\D  MASTER,  qualified  to  teach  Practical  and 
Theoretical  Chemistry,  -Mathematics,  Physics,  English,  and  Latin.  A 
trained  Master  will  be  preferred.  The  Governors  have  in  view  an  in- 
tention to  make  the  School  an  organized  Science  School  under  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  The  salary  oflered  is  175/.  per  annum, 
with  a  Capitation  Grant  of  1/.  for  each  Day  Student  remaining  one  full 
year,  estimated  at  about  Sixty  Students.  Applications  to  state  age  of 
applicant,  to  be  accompanied  by  not  more  than  four  testimonials,  and 
to  be  sent  in  to  me  not  later  than  6  o'clock  on  Friday  evening,  July  20 
1895,    Canvassingof  Governors  will  be  an  absolute  disqualification. 

^       ,.   .      ......  •I^'O   H.  COOKE,  Hon.  Sec. 

Church-street,  TS  insford,  Cheshire,  July  8, 1895. 

ORTHAMPTON     INSTITUTE,     CLERKEN- 

WELL. 

The  Governing  Body  of  the  NORTHAMPTON  INSTITUTE  arc  pre- 
pared to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  a  PRINCII'.\L 
He  will  be  directly  responsible  for  the  organization  and  development 
of  the  Educational  Work  of  the  Institute,  and  will  be  expected  himself 
to  Lecture  in  one  Department  He  will  also  have  the  general  direction 
of  the  whole  of  the  work  of  the  Institute,  including  the  Social  and 
Recreative  Department,  except  that  he  will  have  no  responsibility  in 
connexion  with  the  keeping  of  accounts.  The  stipend  has  been  fixed 
at  600/  per  annum. 

The  duties  and  remuneration  in  connexion  with  the  appointment 
will  commence  im  January  1.  1896,  but  the  Governing  Body  will  require 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  advice  of  the  Principal  with  reference  to  the 
completion  of  the  Institute  and  the  appointment  of  Teachers  and 
Lecturers  as  from  October  I  next. 

Application  must  be  made  on  forms  which  can  be  obtained  from  the 
undersigned  (from  whom  further  information  respecting  the  duties  of 
the  office  can  be  obtained),  and  must  be  received  at  this  office  not  later 
than  10  V  M.  on  the  morning  of  Septemberll  next  Canvassing  members 
01  the  Governing  Body  will  be  deemed  a  disqualification. 

J    J    LAMBERT,  Clerk  (pro  Urn). 
8,  Dowpitc-hill,  Cannon-street,  E.C.  July  9, 1895. 


N' 


E 


O    R    0    U   G    H 


of 


SWANSEA. 


SWANSEA  INTERMEDIATE  AND  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 

APPOINT.MENT  OF  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

The  Governing  Body  under  the  Swansea  Intermediate  and  Technical 

Education  Scheme  KEUUIRE  the  services  of  a  HEAD  MISTRESS  to 

take  charge  of  the  GIRLS'  SCHOOL  about  to  be  established  under  the 

above  Scheme  and  the  I'echnical  Instruction  Act,  1889. 

The  person  appointed  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  the  Ilritlsh  Possessions,  or  be  a  duly  qualified  Science  and 
Art 'leacher  under  the  regulations  of  the  Department  of  Science  and 
Art,  or  have  such  other  qualification  or  certificate  or  other  test  of 
attainments  as  may  be  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  regulation  of  the 
Governing  Body,  and  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  her  time 
to  the  duties  of  her  office. 

The  salary  will  be  a  fixed  stipend  of  150/.  per  annum,  and  a  capitation 
payment  of  not  less  than  1/  a  year  for  each  scholar  under  the  Inter- 
mediate Education  Scheme,  and  an  additional  payment  per  scholar,  to 
be  hereafter  arranged,  under  the  Technical  Instruction  Act  For  the 
first  year,  commencing  with  the  September  Term,  a  minimum  salary  of 
yw/  is  guaranteed  '1  he  appointment  may  be  determined  at  any  time 
upon  giving  six  months'  written  notice,  and  will  be  made  subject  in  all 
respects  to  the  provisions  contained  in  the  said  Scheme  and  Act.  Copies 
of  the  Scheme  can  be  obtained  upon  application  to  me,  the  undersigned. 
-Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  nature  of  past  employ- 
ments, to  be  addressed  to  "The  Chairman  of  the  Governing  Body,  In- 
termediate Education.  Guildhall,  Swansea."  endorsed  "  Head  Mistress," 
and  sent  in  not  later  than  Monday,  July  15.  1S95. 

Canvassing  members  of  the  Governing  Body  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification.  JNO.  THOMAS, 

Town  Clerk  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 
Guildhall,  Swansea,  June  27, 1895. 


T  ONDON    WEEKLY    JOURNAL    for    SALE.— 

-1^  Owing  to  exceptional  circumstances  the  above  can  be  acquired 
for  moderate  sum.  Splendid  opportunity  for  literary  man.— X.  Y.  Z. 
881,  Sell's,  Fleet-street,  E.C. 


ryo    AUTHORS    and    Others.— TYPE-WRITING 

JL     done  at  Is.  per  1,000  words. — Address  TvrE-wniTtii,  care  of  Pym, 


Bar  Chambers,  Scarborough. 


''FFPE-WRITING.— Is.  per  1,000  words.     Carbon 

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i  mendons  bargains  In  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
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Tvii.oR.  Manager.  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery -lane 
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c 


HELTENHAM      LADIES'     COLLEGE. 


Applications  for  the  PEARCE  SCHOLARSHIP,  value  between  27/. 
and  28/.  per  annum,  and  tenable  by  the  Dauirhter  of  an  Officer  in  the 
Army  in  need  of  pecuniary  assistance,  should  be  sent  not  later  than 
SA  TURDAY,  August  31st,  1895,  to  the  StcBi-riRY,  from  whom  further 
particulars  can  be  obtained. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,    LONDON. 


u 


ENGINEERING  AND  ARCHIl'ECTURE  DEPARTMENT. 
Assisted  by  Technical  Education  Board  of  London  County  Council 
and  by  the  Carpenters'  Company. 
SESSION  1895-6. 
The  COURSE  of  INSTRUCTION  in   MECH.ANIC.AL,  CIVIL,  ELEC- 
TRICAL   ENGINEERING,    and    ARCHITECfURE    COMMENCE   on 
OCTOBER  Ist.     They  are  arranged  to  cover  periods  of  two  and  three 

Particulars  of  the  Courses  of  Entrance  Scholarships,  of  the  Matricnla- 

tion  Examination,  and  of  the  Fees,  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary. 

Professors. 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING— T.  Hudson  Beare,  M.I.C.E. 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING-J.  A.  Fleming,  F.R.S. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING— L.  F.  Vernon  Harcourt,  M.I.C.E. 

ARCHITECTURE— T.  Roger  Smith,  F.R.I. B.A. 

PHYSICS- G.  Carey  Foster,  F.R.S. 

CHEMISTRY— AV.  Ramsay,  F.H  S. 

APPLIED  MATHE.MATICS-K.  Pearson,  MA. 

ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY'— T.  G.  Bonney,  F.R.S. 

MATHEMATICS— M.  J.  M.  Hill,  F.R.S. 

The  New  Wing  of  the  College,  opened  by  H.R  H.  the  Duke  of  Con- 
naught  in  May,  1893,  contains  spacious  Mechanical  and  Electrical  En- 
gineering Laboratories,  Workshops,  Drawing  Office,  Museum,  and 
Lecture  I'heatres.  . 

The  Laboratories  are  fitted  with  all  the  best  appliances  for  practical 
work  and  for  research  work  of  the  most  advanced  character. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  I'utors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad.— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevoe,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS,  or  oflenng  to  place  MSS,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experien^ec  of  the  adrertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.  By  order,  G  HERBERT  IHRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.  „  ,  ^  ,  .  „  .  .  _„_,.,. 
N  B  —The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  U  pobUshed  monthly, 
price  M.,  by  Hokace  Cox,  Bream  8-bnildlng»,  B.C. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
Interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Twenty-flve  year* 
oractical  experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing. 
Consultation  fr«e  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  OD 
application  to  Mr.  A.  M    Buaonw,  Anthor»-  Agent.  1.  Paternoster-row. 


I^HE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 

J.  Syndicate  and  Frets  Agency.  "A  Medium  of  Communication 
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and  negotiates  .MSS  Interviews  by  appointment  only.-Address  the 
8EcHrr»Rt.  .'5.  Victoria-street.  Westminster. 

C1  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Uon-conit,  Fleet-street,  E.G. 


50 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3533,  July  13/95 


R     ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising   Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR-STREET,  CHAKING  CROSS,  S.W., 
Insert  AdTertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 

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PRINTING  and  PUBLISHING.— To  AUTHORS. 
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8,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


C«t«l0gtte0. 

FOREIGN    BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 
promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &   CO.    37,    SOHO-SGUARE. 

JS,  E    A    S    T    E     S,        Bookseller, 

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pOLLECTORS  of  FIRST  EDITIONS  of  Word.s- 

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Lancaster,  for  his  NEW  CATALOGUE  of  OLD  BOOKS,  which  includes 

many  rarities. 


E 


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Libraries  Catalogued,  Arranged,  Valued,  or  Purchased. 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

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CHOICE      BOOKS      FOR       SALE 


C 


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Antiquities,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Gloster,  Hereford,  Lichfield,  Peter- 
borough, Salisbury,  Wells,  Winchester,  Worcester,  York,  U  vols.  4to. 
plates,  a  few  spotted,  63s  —Camden  :  Britannia,  ed.  Gough,  4  vols.  1806, 
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tions, including  the  Works  of  Professor  Ruskin— Books  illustrated  by 
Cruikshank,  Leech,  &c.— Set  of  Herbert  Spencers  AVorks,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  E.  MILLARD, 
D.D.,  and  a  Selection  from  the  Library  of  Mrs.  CRAW- 
FORD POCOCK,  of  Brighton. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  TUESDAY,  July  16,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  a  part  of  the  LIBRARY  of 
the  late  JAMES  ELWIN  MILLARD,  D.D  ,  Vicar  of  Basingstoke  and 
Hon  Canon  of  Westminster,  consisting  of  Early  Printed  Books,  AVorks 
from  the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses,  &c.  A  PORTION  of  the 
LIBRARY  of  Mrs.  CRAWFORD  POCOCK.  of  Brighton,  containing 
Books  illustrated  by  G.  Cruikshank,  Bewick,  and  Works  on  the  Fine 
Arts.  Also  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  FRANK  THOMP.SON,  Esq.  (of 
Harrow  Weald),  including  a  Series  of  the  Portfolio,  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers.  Cuitis's  Botanical  Magazine,  Smith 
and  Sowerby's  English  Botany,  Hooker's  Flora  Londinensis,  &c. 
May  be  viewed.    Otalogues  may  be  had. 


Rare  Books  relating  to  Amertca. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  WEDNESDAY',  July  17,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  COLLECTION  of  BOOKS  relating  to  AMERICA,  comprising  many 
works  of  great  rarity  relating  to  the  Dialects  of  the  Aborigines— Books 
printed  at  Mexico,  Lima,  Guatemala,  Havana,  Puebla,  Manila,  &c., 
including  Paesi  Novamente  Retrovati,  the  Editions  of  1508,  1517.  and 
1519— Eliot  s  Indian  Bible— Works  by  Acuua,  Claude  d'Abbeville,  Lery, 
La  Popellinic^re  Le  Brun,  Molina,  Montoya  Nodal,  Olmos,  Ponce  de 
Leon,  San  Alberto,  Totanes,  Yangues,  Zenteno,  &c. ;  also  a  few  Manu- 
scripts. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Iinportant  and  valuable  Books,  the  Property  of  a  Nobleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  WC,  on  THURSDAY,  July  18,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  SELECTION  of  important  and  valuable  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a 
NOBLEMAN,  comprising  fine  Copies  of  the  Works  of  the  best  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Italian  Classic  Authors,  from  the  Presses  of  the  Early  Italian 
and  French  Printers,  in  remarkable  condition,  and  in  Bindings  by  the 
best  Ancient  and  Modern  Artists— fine  Illustrated  Editions  of  Foreign 
and  English  Writers— Galleries  and  Fine-.\rt  Bsoks- choice  Examples 
from  the  Libraries  of  John  Grolier,  Marguerite  de  Valois,  Count  Hoym, 
Baron  de  Longpierrc.  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  (^ueen  Elizabeth,  Thomas 
Maioli,  Mery  de  Vic,  and  others. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on 
receipt  of  four  stamps. 

Catalogues  illustrated  with  Facsimiles  of  some  of  the  Bindings,  in 
Gold  and  Colours,  by  Griggs,  may  be  had,  price  Two  Shillings  each. 


Important  Manuscripts  on  Vellum,  the  Property  of  ALEX- 
ANDER PRINGLE,  Esq.,  of  Yair,  Selkirkshire. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  July  18,  THREE  important 
MANUSCRIP'IS  on  VELLUM,  the  Property  of  ALEXANDER 
PRINGLE,  Esq  ,  of  Yair,  Selkirkshire,  being— (1)  a  MS.  Latin  Bible  of 
tbe  Fourteenth  Century,  originally  belonging  to  Sweet  Heart  Abbey,  in 
Dumlries— (2)  a  Service  Book  of  the  Thirteenth-Fourteenth  Century, 
belonging  to  the  Abbey  of  Holyrood,  and  containing  the  History  of  that 
Abbey  — (3;  a  Fourteenth  Century  Codex  of  Fordun's  Chronicle  of 
Scotland. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on 
receipt  of  four  stamps. 


M 


The  Collection  of  Egyptian,  Greek,  Roman,  and  British 
Antiquities  of  J.  W.  TR/ST,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  July  19.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ANTIQUITIES  of  JOHN  W. 
TRIST,  Esq.  F  S.A.,  &c  ,  comprising  early  Terra-Cotta  Vases  from 
Cyprus  and  Rhodes— Arabaic  Black-Figured  Pottery,  Vases,  &c.,ofthe 
finest  period— late  Vases  from  Apulia  and  Southern  Italy— Babylonian 
Contract  Tablets  and  Cylinder  Seals— Egyptian  Antiquities— Greek  and 
Roman  Glass,  plain  and  coloured— Greek  and  Etruscan  Bronzes — 
Romano-British  Urns,  &c— Pottery  from  Pciu  and  Mexico— and  a  lew 
pieces  of  Glazed  Ware,  &c.,  found  in  London. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  G.  A.  SALA,  Esq.,  the  well-known  Author  and 
Journalist. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGB 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  AVellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  July  22,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS 
SALA,  Esq  ,  the  well-known  Author  and  Journalist,  consisting  of 
Modern  Books  by  Standard  and  Popular  Authors  —  History  and  Bio- 
graphy—Poetry— the  Drama— Voyages  and  Travels — Fiction  —  Biblio- 
graphy—Modern French  Literature,  many  presentation  copies  of 
various  works— the  exceedingly  rare  First  Edition  of  Mrs.  Glasse's 
Cookery,  and  works  in  nearly  every  Class  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  bad  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  four  stamps. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  SAVILE  CLARKE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  H. 
S.WILE  CLARKE,  Esq  ,  comprising  Blackwood  s  Magazine,  102  vols. 
— Punch,  65  vols.  — Ma^zine  of  Art,  10  vols. — Davis  and  Thurman's- 
Crania  Depicta— Maclagan's  Hill  Forts — Hamerton's  Graphic  Arts — 
Pyne's  Royal  Residences,  3  vols  — Ackermann's  ('xford,  (Cambridge, 
and  History  of  the  Colleges— Scott's  Border  Antiquities— .1'  Beckett'* 
Comie  England- Scott's  Waverley  Novels,  48  vols— Yarrell's  Birds  and 
Fishes— Finden's  Byron  Illustrations— Bible,  with  Speaker's  Comment- 
ary, 10  vols  —Books  relating  to  Scotland— and  Works  in  all  Branches  of 
Literature,  both  English  and  Foreign. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C.  EARLY 
in  AUGUST,  the  valuable  THEOLOGICAL  and  CLASSICAL  LIBRARY' 
of  a  well-known  COLLECTOR,  comprising  Works  of  the  le,iding  Eng- 
lish, German,  and  Dutch  Writers,  amongstwhich  will  be  found  Walton's 
Polyglot— Migne  Studies  und  Kritikes,  1828-92— Greek  and  Latin  Patrcs 
Ecclesia",  &c. 

CTatalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Select  Modern  Library  of 
the  late  J.  VERNON  WHI TAKER,  Esq.,  Editor  of  •  The 
Bookseller,'  by  order  of  the  Executors. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancervlane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
July  17,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS,  including  Roylc's  Botany  of  the  Himalayas.  2  vols,  folio— 
Dugdale  on  Embanking-Newcastlc's  Horsemanship— Chalmers's  Cale- 
donia, 7  vols.  4to.— Century  Dictionary,  6  vols —Buskin's  Prsterita,  &c  , 
4  vols.  Large  Paper- Yriarte's  Florence— Grant's  Tartans  of  the  Clans — 
King's  International  Scientific  Series,  63  vols.  —  Triibner's  Oriental 
Series  and  Philosophical  Library,  21  vols.— Gmelin's  Chemistry,  17  vols. 
—Clinical  and  Pathological  Society's  Transactions— Parker's  Glossary  oS 
Architecture,  3  vols  — Lingard's  England,  12  vols.  —  Boulger's  China, 
3  vols  —Wilkinson's  Egyptians,  3  vols  —Lane's  Arabian  Nights.  Svols  — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  by  Hill.  8  vols -Pepys's  Diary,  5. vols. -Cambridge 
Shakespeare  9  vols.— Ben  Jonson's  Works,  9  vols.— Moli6re's  AVorks, 
6  vols.— Bell's  Aldine  Poets,  50  vols —Miss  Yonge's  Works,  24  vols — 
George  Eliot's  AVorks,  Original  Editions,  22  vols  — C.  Kingsley's  Works, 
12  vols  — Featherman's  Races  of  Mankind,  4  vols  — Jukes's  Voyage  of 
the  Fly  and  others  on  Australia  and  New  Zealand— Military  Biographies 
—Voyages  and  Tra  els -Books  on  Sporting— The  Theatre,  22  vols.— 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  124  vols —Quarterly  Review,  128  vols.,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  I  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  July  15,  JEWELS,  the  Property 

of  a  LADY ;  and  a  COLLECTION  of  LACE,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  16,  PLATE  and  JEWELS 

of   the  late  Mr.   AV.    J.    GOODEi    EARLY  ENGLISH    SILVER    and 
SILVER-GILT  PLATE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  17,  and  Following  Day, 

the  GOODE  COLLECTION  of  OLD  SEVRES  PORCELAIN. 

On    FRIDAY,   July   19,   the    COLLECTION   of 

ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  Of  ARF  of  the  late  Mr.  AV.  J.  GOODE. 

On   SATURDAY,    July   20,  PICTURES    of   the 

late  COLERIDGE  J.  KENNARD,  Esq. 

On   MONDAY,  July   22,  MODERN   ENGRAV- 
INGS, the  Property  of  a  GEN  TLEMAN. 

On  MONDAY,  July  22,  OBJECTS  of  ART  and 

VERTU  of  the  SIXTEENTH,  SEVENTEENTH,  and  EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

On   TUESDAY,  Julv  23,  the  COLLECTION  of 

OLD  ENGLISH  PORCELAIN  of  the  late  HENRY  WEBB,  Esq. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  23,  ETCHINGS   and   EN- 

GRAA'INGS  by  the  Old  Masters,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  the  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN  of  the  late  J  AMES  PRICE,  Esq. 

On     THURSDAY,    July    25,    OLD    ENGLISH 

SILVER  PLATE  of  the  late  G.  E.  WICKSTED,  Esq  ;   SILVER  and 
PLATED  ARTICLES  of  the  late  Capt.  M,  THOMAS,  K.N.,  deceased. 

On    FRIDAY,   July   26,   tlie   COLLECTION   of 

PORCELAIN  formed  by  Sir  JOHN  CHANDOS  READE,  sixth  Baronet, 
from  Shipton  Court,  Oxon. 

On  FRIDAY,  July  26,  PICTURES,  DRAWINGS, 

and  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  late  Mrs.  HARRISON,  the  lateT.  MAGUIRE, 
Esq  ,  and  others. 

On     MONDAY,    July     29,    PORCELAIN     and 

OliJECrS  of  ART  of  the  late  JOHN  CLARK,  Esq  ;  and  PORCELAIN, 
SCULPTURE,  &c  ,  of  AVILLIAM  ANGERSTEIN,  Esq. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  30,  CHOICE  WINES  from 

several  PRIVATE  I'KI.LAIIS. 

On   TUESDAY,   July  30,  OLD  ENGLISH  and 

FOREIGN  SILA'EU,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 


N»  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


51 


TUESDA  Y  NEXT. 

Valuable  Collection  of  Natural  History  Specimens. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  -  street,  Covent  -  garden,  on 
TUESDAY,  July  16.  at  half-past  12  oelock  preciselv,  a  Fl'KTHEU 
PORTION  of  aCOLLECriON  of  NATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS, 
including  some  Egyptian  Curiosities,  formerly  the  Property  of  the  late 
DUCHESS  of  MANTUA ;  British  Coleoptera  and  other  Insects,  col- 
lected by  the  late  Prof.  ALLEN  HARKER;  Exotic  Lepidoptera— 
Minerals— Birds'  Eggs— Shells,  &c.— Cabinets,  &c. 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

Photographic  and  Scientific  Apparatus. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King-street,  Covent-gai-den.  on  FRI- 
DAY NEXT,  July  19,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  MICROSCOPES, 
Objectives,  and  Objects— Telescopes— Opera-Glasses,  &c— Cameras  and 
liCnses— Stands,  Shutters,  and  other  Photograhic  Apparatus — Electrical 
Instruments— Jewellery— Furniture- Hooks  — Plated  Goods  — a  small 
Stock  of  Carpets  from  a  manufacturer— iind  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


The  valuable  Library  of  the  late  Mr.  JAMES  HANSON, 
for  many  years  Chairman  of  the  Bradford  School  Board. 

BRITISH  GALLERY.  BUrOGE-STREET, 
BRADFORD,   YORKSHIRE. 

MESSRS.  T.  S.  BEST  &  HARRIS  respectfully 
beg  to  give  notice  that  they  have  received  instructions  from  the 
Executors  to  remove  from  the  Residence,  for  convenience  for  Sale,  and 
SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  and  THURSD-^Y, 
July  23.  24,  and  2.i.  1895.  in  their  Gallery,  the  valuable  LIBRARY,  com- 
prising about  12.000  Volumes,  including  the  best  Editions  of  Works  on 
Philosophy,  Metaphysics,  Psychology,  Logic,  Ethics,  Political  Economy, 
Constitutional  Law  and  History,  Literature,  Ancient  and  Modern  His- 
tory, and  Biography. 

Catalogues  will  be  ready  on  Tuesday,  July  16,  and  may  be  had  on 
application  (or  by  post  for  two  stamps)  at  the  Auctioneers'  OtHces,  the 
British  Gallery,  Bridge-street,  Bradford. 

On  view  Monday,  July  22. 

The  Sale  to  commence  each  day  at  U  o'clock. 


THE  PREMIER  ATLAS  IN  THIS  COUNTRY, 

THE  ROYAL  ATLAS  of  MODERN  GEOGRAPHY, 
containing  57  Maps,  fully  revised  to  date,  and  complete  Indexes. 
Price  6^  6s.  half  bound  morocco  or  russia. 
Full  details  in  Catalogue  of  Atlases,  Maps,  Globes,  &c. ,  sent  post  free 
to  any  address. 

W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston, 

5,  White  Hart-street,  Warwick-lane,  London,  EC. ;  and 

Edina  Works,  Easter-road,  Edinburgh. 

SECOND  EDITION  now  ready,  cloth,  5s. 

PAROCHIAL   ASSESSMENT   RULES,  with 
Notes  of  Decided  Cases  on  the  Law  of  Rating  bv  H  P.  CLEAVER, 
F.  ROHRWEGER,  and  W.  J.  SPARROW,  B  A.  LL.D. 

In  this  Edition,  in  addition  to  the  work  being  generally  Revised,  a 
Chapter  has  been  added  on  the  Rating  of  Mines,  and  another  dealing 
with  the  steps  to  be  taken  by  way  of  Appeal  to  Special  or  Quarter 
Sessions  from  the  decision  of  the  Assessment  Committee. 

London  :  Hadden,  liest  &  Co.  West  Harding-street,  E.C. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE 
RIGHT  HON.  W.  E.  GLADSTONE. 

NOTES  and  QUERIES  for  December  10th  and 
24th,  1892,  and  JANUARY  7th  and  21st,  1893,  contains  a  BIBLIO- 
GRAPHY of  MR.  GLADSTONE. 

Price  of  the  Four  Numbers,  Is.  id. ;  or  free  by  post,  Is.  6<J. 
John  C.  Francis,  Notes  and  Queries  Othce,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery- 
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QPINOZA.  —  TRACTATUS  de  INTELLECTUS 

yj    EMEND.\TIONE.     Translated,  with  Preface  and  Notes,   by  W. 
HALE  WHITE.    3s.  Gd.  net. 

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A    DICTIONARY  of  ARTISTS    who  have   EX- 

f\     HIBITED    WORKS  in   the    PRINCIPAL    LONDON    EXHIBI- 
TIONS from  1760  to  1893. 

Compiled  by  ALGERNON    GRAVES,  F.S.A. 

London  :  Henry  Graves  &  Co.  6,  Pall  Mall. 

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THE      CONTEMPORARY      REVIEW. 


CoiiUnts  for  JULY. 
TEN  YEARS'  POSTAL  PROGRESS :   an  Imperial  Plan.    By  J.  Hen- 

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The  BEST  ROUTE  to  UGANDA.    By  G.  F.  Scott  Elliot. 
The  HIGH  CHURCH  DOCTRINE  of  MARRIAGE  and  DIVORCE.    By 

George  Serrell,  LL  D. 
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ENGLISH  INFLUENCE  in  RUSSIA.    By  P.  Boborykine. 
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1 


ON  TUESDAY  NEXT. 

^HE    ENGLISH    HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

Edited  by  S.  R.  GARDINER,  M.A.  LL.D. 
No.  39,  JULY,  1895,  royal  8vo.  price  5s. 
Articles. 
The    CONDITION    of    MORALS    and    RELIGIOUS    BELIEF    in 

REIGN  of  EDWARD  VI.    By  the  Rev.  Nicholas  Pocock. 
The  CONSTABLE  LESDIGUIRES.    By  D.  Armstrong. 
CROMWELL'S  MAJOR-GENERALS.    By  David  Watson  Rannie. 
JOHN  ROBERT  SEELEY.    By  T.  R.  Tanner. 
Xotes  and  Boniments — 3.  Reviews  of  Books.  ~i.  Periodical  Notice. — 5. 

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COLERIDGE  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

THE   BIBLIOGRAPHY  of  COLERIDGE  is  now 
completed  in  NOTES  and  QUF.RIES. 
'The  Numbers  containing   the    BIBLIOGRAPHY,    MAY  11th,   2oth, 
JUNE  8th.  22nd,  and  29th,  price  id.  each,  by  post  i^d.,  can  be  had  of 

John  C.  Francis,  Xotes  and  QueriesOBice,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery- 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    BENJAMIN     DISRAELI, 
EARL  OF  BEACONSFIELD,  1820  to  1892. 

NOTES  and  QUERIES  for  April  29th,  May  13th, 
27th,  JUNE  10th,  24th,  and  JULY  8th,  189.3,  contains  a  BIBLIO- 
GRAPHY of  the  EARL  of  BEACONSFIELD.    This  includes  KEYS  to 
'VIVIAN  GREY,'  'CONINGSBY,'  '  LO'THAIR,' and  •  ENDYMION.' 
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OPEN-AIR  STUDIES :  an  Introduction  to  Geology  Out-of-Doors. 

By    GRENVILLE     A.     J.     COLE,     M.R.T.A.    F.G.S., 

Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Roj'al  College  of  Science  for  Ireland. 
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52 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3533,  July  13, '95 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S 
NEW    LIST. 


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CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited,  London. 


N''3533,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


53 


lYIESSRS.LONGIYIANS&CO.'SLIST. 


CABINET  EDITION,  crown  8vo.  Gs. 

ENGLISH  SEAMEN  in  the  SIX- 

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N«  3533,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


55 


SATURDAY,  JULY  13,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Napoleon  and  Wellington         55 

A  History  of  Northumberland           57 

Mr.  F.  Thompson's  New  Poems 57 

Prof.  Veitch's  Posthumous  Essays     5S 

The  Memoirs  of  the  Verney  Family 59 

Books  on  Sport          60 

Feudal  England        61 

The  Story  of  Bessie  Costrell (,2 

Classical  School-Books      6.3 

Short  Stories 64 

Scandinavian  Philology 64 

Minor  Biographies 65 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      66 

Forms  of  Politeness  in  Greek  Letters  ;  Elephant 

— Alabaster  ;  Sir  Thomas  Lucy     67 

Literary  Gossip        69 

Science— The  Challenger  Expedition  ;  The  Con- 
ference on  the  Protection  of  Wild  Birds  ; 
Sir  John  Elliot,  M.D.,  and  John  Elliot,  M.D.; 
Astronomical  Notes;  Societies;  Gossip  70—72 

Fink  Arts  —The  Eoyal  Academy  ;  The  Congress 
of  Arch.eological   Societies;    Sales;   Gosstp 

72-74 
Music— The   Week  ;    Various   Concerts  ;   Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 75—76 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip         76 


LITERATURE 


The  Decline  and  Fall  of  Napoleon.     By  Pield- 
Marshal  Viscount  Wolseley,  K.P.  (Samp- 
son Low  &  Co.) 
The  Rise  of  JFellington.     By  Field-Marshal 

Lord  Eoberts,  V.C.  (Same  publishers.) 
The  authors  of  both  these  works — repub- 
lished from  the  Pall  Mall  Magazine — have 
proved  themselves  able  generals  in  the  field, 
and  are  therefore  fully  competent  to  appre- 
ciate the  difficulties  of  a  great  commander. 
What  they  say  consequently  carries  with  it 
more  weight  than  the  verdicts  of  ordinary 
critics,  however  skilful  as  writers  they  may 
be.  Lord  Wolseley,  at  any  rate,  enjoys  the 
advantage  of  considerable  practice  in  lite- 
rary composition,  and  although  Lord  Eoberts 
cannot  be  called  a  stylist,  the  two  books  may 
with  propriety  be  bracketed,  for  not  only 
were  Napoleon  and  Wellington  the  rival 
soldiers  of  their  day,  but  they  were  opposed 
to  each  other  in  the  last  tragic  act  of  that 
historical  drama  called  the  Great  War. 

For  Napoleon  as  a  creator  and  leader  of 
armies  Lord  Wolseley  cherishes  an  unlimited 
admiration,  indeed  heconsiders  him,  from  an 
intellectualpointof view, unrivalled;  butfrom 
the  moral  point  of  view  Lord  Wolseley  is 
most  severe  upon  his  hero.  -That,  notwith- 
standing that  he  was  an  intellectual  giant 
and  an  admitted  master  of  the  art  of  war, 
Napoleon  made,  even  in  his  strategy  and 
tactics,  some  serious  mistakes.  Lord  Wol- 
seley admits.  But  apart  from  his  errors, 
and  also  setting  aside  the  fact  that  his 
opponents  had  been  to  a  great  extent  edu- 
cated by  him,  there  is  no  doubt  that  Napoleon 
was  not  in  1815  the  same  man  that  he  had 
been  at  Marengo,  Austerhtz,  and  Jena.  Yet 
at  Waterloo  he  was  only  forty- five.  Lord 
Wolseley  says  : — 

"  Throughout  his  active  Hfe  he  always  worked 
at  very  high  pressure,  and  so  overstrained  the 
machinery  of  liis  mind  and  body  that  both 
deteriorated  with  more  than  ordinary  rapidity. 

The  most  abstemious  of  young  officers  had 

become  in  1812  the  pampered  ruler  of  a  court 
Oriental  in  its  luxury,  and  had  already,  at  the 
age  of  forty-four,  impaired  liis  general  health  by 
indulgence  in  its  dissipations." 
Hard  work,  both  physical  and  mental,  had 
no  doubt  t-nded  to  age  the  great  soldier,  but 
we  do  not  believe  that  he  indulged  in  luxury 


or  in  dissipation,  or  suffered  from  either, 
and  Duroc  took  care  that  the  luxury  of 
his  court  should  be  by  no  means  Oriental. 
The  hasty  manner  in  which  Napoleon  swal- 
lowed his  meals  and  his  preoccupation  during 
them,  although,  no  doubt,  injurious  to  his 
digestion,  at  least  showed  that  he  was  no 
gourmand  ;  in  fact,  it  was  to  the  constant 
brain  work  and  what  Lord  Wolseley 
calls  a  "  mysterious  malady "  that  the 
deterioration  was  mainly  due.  Of  the 
precise  nature  of  that  malady  conflicting 
accounts  have  been  given.  It  was  to  the 
Emperor's  interest  and  to  that  of  those 
around  him  to  be  silent  on  the  subject ;  but 
whether  it  had  any  connexion  with  the 
cancer  in  the  stomach,  from  which  his  father 
died,  and  which  eventually  caused  his  own 
death,  is  a  question  which,  so  far  as  we  know, 
medical  science  has  not  yet  answered,  per- 
haps has  not  even  considered. 

"On  three  critical  occasions,  at  least,  he  was 
affected  by  it  during  the  four  years  of  his  life 
with  which  I  propose  to  deal  in  these  pages.  It 
usually  followed  upon  periods  of  enormous 
mental  and  physical  exertion  and  generally 
during  great  exposure." 

Lord  Wolseley  seems  to  think  that  this 
malady   did    not   affect    him   before    1812, 
a  year  which  marked  the  beginning  of  his 
decline.     Yet  it  is  generally  believed  that 
Napoleon     had    a    fit,    somewhat    in   the 
nature  of  an  epileptic  fit,  at  Strasbourg  at 
the  outset  of  the  campaign  of  1805.     How- 
ever that  may  be,  on  the  war  of  1812  Lord 
Wolseley    writes    an    interesting   and    in- 
structive   essay.      Napoleon     thought     out 
the  scheme   and  the   preparations    for   his 
gigantic    enterprise   with  the   utmost    care 
and   ability,    yet  never   was   failure    more 
complete,  nor  more  disastrous.  The  extreme 
cold   was   no   doubt   responsible  for  many 
sufferings,  much  demoralization,  and  terrible 
losses.     The  cold,  however,  was  rather  later 
than   usual  in  coming,  and   the  discipline 
and  numerical  strength    of   the  army  had 
been  greatly  diminished  before  the  retreat 
commenced.      Not  one   cause,    but  several, 
produced  the  crushing  calamity.    Napoleon's 
usual  strategy,  which  he  had  found  success- 
ful in  Italy  and  Germany,  was  not  applicable 
to  a  barbarous  country  which  had  no  nerve 
centres  to  be  paralj'zed  by  a  single  blow. 
Failure  in  punctual  and  skilful  obedience  on 
the  part  of   his  lieutenants,   especially  the 
incapacity   of   Jerome,    counted    for   some- 
thing, while  the  long  marches  and  the  want 
of  local  supplies  produced  much  straggling, 
sickness,   and  mortality  among  the  young 
troops  of  many  nationalities  who  constituted 
a  considerable  portion  of  his  army.    As  cold 
towards  the  end,  so  excessive  rain  at  the 
beginning  of  the  campaign  wrought  dread- 
ful    havoc.       "  Even     before    he    reached 
Wilna  he  had  been  compelled  by  want  of 
horses  to  leave  behind   100  guns  and  500 
waggons,"    while    his    cavalry    had    been 
largely  reduced  by  two  causes,  viz.,  heavy 
rain  and  apparently  want  of  care  on  Murat's 
part   in    husbanding    the   strength   of   the 
horses.     In  the  retreat  the  absence  of  any 
means  for  roughing  the  horseshoes  produced 
ill  effects  of  a  serious  nature.    Still  the  chief 
cause  of  the  calamities  which  ensued  was 
Napoleon's  delays  at  different  stages  of  the 
campaign.     To  these  Lord  Wolseley  calls 
attention,   and  explains  them   by  the   fact 
that  Napoleon  misread  the  Tsar's  character. 


"This  is  a  curious  fact  ;  for  Napoleon  knew 
him  well  and  had  numerous  opportunities  for 
gauging  his  ability,  temperament,  aims,  and 
what  were  the  strongest  forces  that  worked 
within  him  to  influence  his  actions.  But 
although  I  believe  Napoleon  to  have  been  by 
far  the  greatest  of  all  great  men,  he  has  always 
struck  me  as  having  been  a  bad  judge  of 
character." 

There  was  a  good  deal  of  the  Greek  of  the 
Lower  Empire  in  Alexander's  character,  and 
Napoleon  discerned  that  fact ;  yet  possibly 
he  was  a  bad  judge  of  character  because  he 
was  absolutely  without  sympathy.  Before 
quitting  the  subject  of  the  campaign  of  1812 
we  would  observe  that  there  is  some  reason 
to  believe  that  he  suffered  at  Borodino 
from  some  illness — whether  indigestion,  as 
some  say,  or  the  mysterious  malady,  we  do 
not  pretend  to  determine.  It  seems  certain 
that  if  he  had  allowed  the  Imperial  Guard 
to  attack  in  support  of  Ney,  he  would  have 
crushed  the  enemy  instead  of  merely  defeat- 
ing him.  It  is  scarcely,  however,  necessary 
to  seek  to  explain  this  unfortunate  mistake 
by  the  hypothesis  of  illness.  The  Emperor's 
own  reason,  given  on  the  spot,  was  at  all 
events  plausible.  When  pressed  to  strike  a 
decisive  blow  with  the  Guard,  he  said,  "  If  I 
do,  what  shall  I  have  to  fight  another  battle 
with?"  The  argument  was  specious,  but 
unsound,  for  had  he  inflicted  a  crushing 
defeat  on  the  Russians  at  Borodino  there 
would  have  been  probably  no  need  for 
another  great  battle. 

It  is  with  regret  that  we  must  hurry 
over  the  valuable  chapter  which  deals  with 
the  campaign  of  1813.  We  must  content 
ourselves  with  drawing  attention  to  the 
capitulation  of  Culm.  The  battle  of  Dresden 
had  been  a  signal  success  for  the  French, 
and  Vandamme  having  taken  up  a  position 
on  the  single  road  to  which  the  Allies  were 
confined,  the  destruction  of  the  latter  seemed 
to  be  inevitable.  To  ensure  that  destruction 
it  was  necessary,  however,  that  the  retreating 
foe  should  not  only  be  checked  in  front,  but 
pressed  from  the  rear.  At  first  the  pursuit 
was  carried  on  with  energy  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Napoleon  himself. 

"He  suddenly  relinquished  his  personal 
direction  of  the  pursuit  and  went  back  to 
Dresden.  That  it  was  illness  or  physical 
prostration  which  caused  him  to  do  so  there 
can  be,  I  think,  no  doubt.  The  man  who 
hitherto  throughout  this  campaign  had  been  on 
horseback  at  daybreak  each  morning  when  there 
was  fighting  to  be  expected  was  not  likely  to 
have  abandoned  this  pursuit — upon  which  his 
very  existence  as  Emperor  depended — had  he 
been  strong  enough,  bodily  and  mentally,  to 
have  continued  it.  But  at  this  critical  moment 
he  seems  to  have  suddenly  become  an  altered 
man.  We  know  that  he  was  exposed  during 
the  battle  to  the  drenching  rain  wliich  fell  that 
day  and  this  may  have  brought  on  an  attack  of 
that  mysterious  malady  to  which  I  referred  in 
the  previous  chapter.  This  is  borne  out  by  the 
fact  that  there  is  a  sudden  and  unmistakable 
change  in  the  tone  and  spirit  of  the  letters  he 
wrote  after  his  return  to  Dresden  from  those 
he  had  previously  written.  At  first  his  orders 
for  the  pursuit  are  clear,  vigorous,  and  cha- 
racteristic. Suddenly  the  Marshals  are  left 
without  instructions  and  the  pursuit  is  relaxed 
in  consequence.  The  Allies,  no  longer  harassed 
or  pressed  in  rear,  had  time  thus  allowed  them 
to  realise  that  with  their  overwhelming  numbers 
they  could  easily  brush  Vandamme  from  their 
path.  This  they  did  at  Kulm  on  August  30th, 
his  cavalry  and  about  ten  thousand  foot  alone 
escaping  to  rejoin  Napoleon." 


56 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3533,  July  13, '95 


Napoleon's  personal  ascendency  was  never 
more  conspicuous  than  in  1 8 1 4 ,  and  his  defence 
of  France  was  a  splendid  instance  of  in- 
domitable resolution  and  marvellous  strate- 
gical ability.    Lord  Wolseley  says  of  it : — 

"In  the  actual  theatre  of  war  Napoleon's 
strategy  for  the  first  three  months  of  this  year 
is  beyond  all  praise.  But  as  a  campaign,  as  a 
great  episode  in  tliis  three  years'  war,  it  was 
based  upon  a  thoroughly  unsound  military 
policy." 

Lord  Wolseley,  like  every  one  else  who 
has  written  on  the  subject,  remarks  that 
Napoleon  ought  to  have  replaced  the 
King  of  Spain  on  his  throne,  and  have 
withdrawn  Suchet's  victorious  troops  from 
the  Peninsula,  instructing  Soiilt  to  maintain 
a  purely  defensive  and  delaying  attitude. 

It  remains  to  say  a  few  words  upon  the 
views  entertained  regarding  the  Waterloo 
campaign  by  the  authors  whose  works  we 
are  reviewing.  Regarding  Napoleon's  won- 
derful energy  and  skill  in  organizing  a 
field  army  there  can  be  no  difference  of 
opinion.  We  take  exception,  however,  to 
Lord  Wolseley's  remarks  as  to  the  result, 
when  he  says,  "  As  far  as  its  numbers  went. 
Napoleon  had  never  commanded  a  finer 
body  of  well-trained  and  well-seasoned 
soldiers."  As  individuals  the  men  were, 
for  the  most  part,  admirably  trained,  but 
their  discipline  was  far  from  trustworthy  ; 
and  tactical  units  as  well  as  the  larger 
bodies  having  been  hastily  brought  together, 
there  was  a  want  of  cohesion  and  mutual 
confidence,  the  officers  and  men  being  in 
most  cases  new  to  each  other;  and  even  at 
the  opening  of  the  Hundred  Days  the 
troops  showed  a  strong  tendency  to  insubor- 
dination. 

On  the  other  hand  it  has  been  too  readily 
assumed  that  the  British  portion  of  the  army 
was  composed  of  raw  soldiers.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  battalions 
like  the  14th,  the  non-commissioned  officers 
and  officers,  and  also  many  of  the  men,  had 
seen  more  or  less  active  service,  as  wo  could 
prove  did  space  admit.  The  Hanoverians, 
Brunswickers,  and  German  Legion  were,  as 
a  rule,  good  troops,  the  chief  exception  being 
the  Cumberland  Hussars  of  the  Hanoverian 
contingent.  The  Dutch  and  Belgians,  for 
the  most  part,  did  not  behave  well ;  but  a 
glance  at  their  casualty  return  will  show 
ihat  they  were  not  all  either  cowards  or 
false  to  their  military  oath.  The  British 
and  German  cavalry  may  "  have  compared 
unfavourably  "  with  the  cavalry  of  Napoleon 
in  some  respects,  but  for  all  that  they  were 
usually  successful  in  their  contests  with  even 
the  flower  of  the  French  horsemen.  As  Lord 
Roberts  points  out,  the  staff  were  appointed 
without  reference  to  Wellington — in  spite, 
indeed,  of  his  remonstances — and  the  event 
showed  that  many  of  the  staff  officers  were 
inexperienced  and  inefficient.  Wo  must 
protest,  however,  against  the  slur  cast  by 
Lord  Wolseley  on  the  "subordinate  general 
officers,"  by  which  term,  we  presume,  he 
means  the  generals  of  division  and  brigade. 
x\mong  tlie  former  Picton,  Cooke,  and 
Alten  deserve  honourable  mention — among 
the  latter  Byng,  Maitland,  Pack,  Adam, 
Yivian,  and  Vandeleur. 

That  both  Wellington  and  Napoleon 
committed  mistakes  is  undeniable.  Lord 
Wolseley,  however,  maintains  that  Napo- 
leon's plan  was  admirable,  and  would  pro- 


bably have  been  successful  had  he  been  well 
seconded  by  his  lieutenants  and  properly 
served  by  his  staff,  and  had  he  himseli  not 
been  the  victim  of  "  the  mysterious  malady." 
With  respect  to  the  latter, 
"Napoleon  was  far  from  well  at  this  time. 
When  he  returned  from  the  front  to  Charleroi 
on  the  evening  of  the  15th  he  was  overwhelmed 
witli  fatigue  and  threw  himself  on  his  bed  ex- 
hausted. On  the  following  morning,  when 
every  moment  of  daylight  was  of  the  utmost 
consequence,  we  have  it  on  good  authority  that 
he  was  prostrated  with  languor  and  unable  to 
attend  to  any  business.  It  was  daylight  on 
June  16th  shortly  after  3  a.m.,  but  yet  no  move- 
ment in  advance  was  made  until  near  11  a.m. 
Between  seven  and  eight  hours  were  thus  lost 
to  Napoleon  during  which  Blucher  was  enabled 
to  perfect  his  arrangements  for  the  coming 
battle  at  Ligny.  The  two  French  wings  were 
each  waiting  for  the  other  to  move. " 

Again,  on  the  evening  of  the  16th  Napo- 
leon was  so  exhausted  that  he  went  to  bed 
as  soon  as  the  battle  was  over,  and 
could  not  be  roused  the  next  morning  when 
it  was  essential  that  he  should  give  orders 
and  every  moment  was  of  value.  But 
here  again  we  need  not  have  recourse  to 
"  the  mysterious  malady  "  for  an  explana- 
tion. As  Mr.  Ropes  says,  from  3.30  a.m. 
June  12th,  when  he  left  Paris,  to  11  p.m. 
on  the  16th,  at  which  hour,  the  battle  of 
Ligny  being  over,  he  went  to  bed,  "  he  had 
been  subjected  to  a  tremendous  strain."  On 
the  18th  of  June  his  conduct  was  equally 
lethargic,  and,  as  Lord  Wolseley  asserts, 
from  the  same  cause  : — 

"  I  believe  it  was  not  so  much  the  deep  con- 
dition of  the  country  after  the  heavy  rain  as  a 
recurrence  of  this  fatal  malady  on  the  morning 
of  Waterloo,  added  of  course  to  the  fact  that  he 
did  not  expect  Blucher's  arrival  on  the  field  of 
battle  that  day,  Avhich  caused  him  to  begin  the 
action  so  late  and  so  purposelessly  to  throw 
away  hours  which  might  have  been  employed 
in  destroying  Wellington  before  the  Prussians 
could  arrive.  We  know  that  during  the  progress 
of  the  battle  itself  he  remained  seated  for  hours 
motionless  at  a  table  placed  for  him  in  the  open, 
often  asleep  with  his  head  resting  upon  his 
arms  ;  that  also  when  flying  beaten  from  the 
field  he  suffered  so  much  from  drowsiness  it  was 
with  difficulty  his  attendants  prevented  him 
from  tumbling  from  his  horse.  During  the 
progress  of  the  battle  he  was  little  on  horseback, 
for  riding  caused  him  pain.  He  was  thus 
debarred  from  seeing  for  himself  much  of  the 
Prussian  advance  upon  Planchenoit,  and  con- 
sequently did  not  fully  realise  what  the  dangers 
of  his  position  were  as  early  as  he  should  have 
done  had  he  been  able  to  ride  rapidly  from 
point  to  point  upon  the  field  of  battle  to  obtain 
information  for  himself.  Indeed,  it  is  to  this 
cause  only  we  can  attribute  the  fact  that  he  began 
this  battle  without  having  himself  previously 
reconnoitred  or  examined  Wellington's  position, 
relying  on  General  Haxo's  report  upon  it." 
According  to  Mr.  Ropes,  the  Emperor  rode 
out  at  1  A.M.  on  the  18th  to  the  pickets, 
two  miles  from  his  headquarters,  rode  or 
walked  along  the  line,  and  was  near  the 
wood  of  Hougomont  at  2.30  a.m.  About 
8  A.M.  he  rode  to  the  front  again,  and,  dis- 
mounting, approached  the  English  army  to 
see  if  it  were  retiring.  Not  much  sign  of 
failing  physical  vigour  in  all  this  ! 

Lord  Wolseley's  incidental  criticism  on 
Wellington  wo  cannot  altogether  coincide 
with ;  but  to  go  into  the  whole  question  of 
the  Duke's  plans,  strategy,  and  tactics 
would  need  more  space  than  wo  can  afford. 
Whether  his   dispositions   on    tho   14th  of 


June  were  judicious  or  not  is  a  matter  fairly 
debatable.  That  he  did  not  receive  earlier 
information  of  the  advance  of  the  French 
must  be  ascribed  partly  to  the  screen  of 
fortresses  under  cover  of  which  Napoleon 
was  rapidly  and  skilfully  assembling  his 
forces,  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  Prussians 
did  not  give  him  prompt  information,  partly 
because — according  to  Sir  William  Napier 
— General  Domberg,  commanding  a  brigade 
of  cavalry,  was  deceived  or  neglectful. 

Lord  Roberts's  monograph  is  a  narrative 
rather  than  a  critical  essay.  It  tells  little  or 
nothing  that  is  new,  and  it  is  not  in  every 
respect  accurate.  For  example.  Lord  Roberts 
asserts  that  the  Imperial  Guard,  receiving 
a  counter  attack  from  Maitland's  Guards 
and  the  52nd,  "halted  and  wavered.  At 
that  moment  they  were  charged  by  two 
brigades  of  British  cavalry,  and  after  a 
brief  struggle  driven  back  in  disorder."  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  two  charges  of  Mait- 
land and  the  fire  of  Colborne,  supported  by 
the  other  regiments  of  his  brigade,  caused  the 
Imperial  Guard  to  retreat  before  the  cavalry 
advanced.  Lord  Roberts's  estimate  of 
Wellington's  character  is  not,  to  our  mind, 
quite  in  accordance  with  facts.  Quoting  the 
late  Mr.  Gleig,  he  says  : — 

"  Mr.  Gleig  informs  us  that  the  Duke,  after 
his  return  to  England  in  1818,  associated  but 
little  with  his  old  companions  in  arms.  He 
says  :  '  We  have  reason  to  believe  that  neither 
Lord  Hill,  nor  Lord  Raglan,  nor  Sir  George 
Murray,  ever  visited  the  Duke  at  Strathfield- 
saye  ;  nor  could  they  or  others  of  similar  stand- 
ing, such  as  Lord  Anglesey,  Sir  Edward  Paget 
and  Sir  James  Kempt,  be  reckoned  among  the 
habitues  of  his  hospitable  gatherings  in  Apsley 
House.  The  circle  in  which  he  chiefly  moved 
was  that  of  fashionable  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
who  pressed  themselves  upon  hitn,  and  were 
flattered,  as  indeed  they  had  much  reason  to 
be,  with  the  notice  which  he  took  of  them,  and 
by  his  presence  at  their  parties." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  though  proud  and  re- 
served, Wellington  entertained  deep  feel- 
ings of  attachment  towards  some  persons. 
Lord  Hill,  for  instance,  suffered  some  years 
after  Waterloo  a  serious  financial  disaster. 
On  hearing  of  it  the  Duke  wrote  a  most 
delicate  and  generous  letter  to  him  offering 
him  monetary  assistance.  Lord  Raglan 
could  have  told  of  his  friendship ;  the  late 
Georgiana,  Lady  de  Ros,  has  written  of  it ; 
and  many  secret  acts  of  charity  did  he 
perform  towards  old  officers  or  soldiers  and 
their  families.  His  letters,  too,  to  the  rela- 
tions of  those  who  were  killed  or  wounded 
under  his  command  prove  that  he  had  a 
feeling  heart.  Lord  Roberts,  however — 
without,  we  will  presume  to  say,  having 
fully  acquainted  himself  with  or  adequately 
weighed  circumstances  —  has  formed  the 
opinion  that  he  was  reserved  and  unsym- 
pathetic. Regarding  his  army  in  the  light  of 
a  fighting  machine,  the  Duke  when  peace 
came,  according  to  Lord  Roberts,  cared  little 
for  its  interests,  did  little  to  promote  its 
welfare.  Lord  Roberts's  general  conclusion 
is  that  "he  has  been  somewhat  overrated 
as  a  man  and  greatly  underrated  as  a  com- 
mander." Comparing  Napoleon  with  Wel- 
lington, he  observes : — 

"The  place  I  should  be  inclined  to  assign 
to  Wellington  as  a  general  would  be  one  in  the 
very  first  rank — equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that 
given  to  Napoleon.  In  estimating  tho  com- 
parative merits  of  these   illustrious  rivals,  it 


N°3533,  July  13, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


57 


may  be  conceded  that  the  schemes  of  the 
French  Emperor  were  more  comprehensive, 
his  genius  more  dazzling,  and  his  imagination 
more  vivid  than  Wellington's.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  latter  excelled  in  that  coolness  of 
judgment  which  Napoleon  himself  described  as 
'the  foremost  quality  in  a  general.'  It  must 
also  be  remembered  that,  as  soon  as  Napoleon 
had  attained  supreme  power  in  France,  the 
whole  resources  of  that  country  and  of  a  great 
part  of  the  Continent  were  at  his  disposal.  He 
could  raise  enormous  armies,  incur  vast  ex- 
penditure, and  sacrifice  large  numbers  of  troops 
in  carrying  out  his  plans.  Moreover,  he  was 
absolutely  unfettered  in  his  selection  of  the 
best  qualified  officers  for  commands  and  staff 
appointments.  Developing  a  system  of  tactics 
■which  proved  extremely  efiective  against  his 
Continental  enemies,  and  until  his  last  cam- 
paign only  opposed  by  second-rate  generals, 
Napoleon  gained  victories  so  decisive  and  over- 
whelming that  for  a  time  he  was  believed  to  be 
invincible.  His  presence  on  the  field  of  battle 
was  regarded  as  equivalent  to  a  force  of  forty 
thousand  men." 

When  speaking  of  "  second-rate  generals" 
Lord  Roberts  has  evidently  forgotten  the 
Archduke  Charles,  and  he  is  obviously  un- 
aware that  it  was  Wellington  who  con- 
sidered his  great  opponent's  presence  in  the 
field  as  equivalent  to  a  body  of  forty  thou- 
sand men. 


-4  History  of  Korthumherland.  By  Edward 
Bateson,  B.A.  Vol.  II.  (Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  Eeid  &  Co.) 
The  second  volume  of  the  new  '  History  of 
Northumberland'  deserves  a  most  cordial 
greeting.  It  is  somewhat  larger  than  its 
predecessor,  covering  five  parishes  instead 
of  two ;  and  although  there  is  no  place  in 
it  of  such  historical  importance  as  Bam- 
burgh,  still  the  interest  of  the  reader  is  well 
sustained  from  the  first  page  to  the  last. 

The  most  striking  building  described  in 
this  volume  is  the  ancient  castlo  of  Dunstan- 
bui'gh.  It  crowns  a  position  which  nature 
and  art  have  done  their  best  to  decorate. 
No  road  leads  up  to  it ;  the  visitor  climbs  the 
steep  and  finds  himself  in  an  awful  solitude  ; 
up  the  face  of  the  crag  on  which  he  stands 
comes  the  sound  of  the  sea  at  its  foot,  and 
he  knows  as  if  by  instinct,  as  he  gazes  upon 
the  huge  towers  and  grey  masses  of  shattered 
stonework  before  him,  that  great  and  daring 
men  must  have  clothed  the  cliff  with  those 
mighty  walls.  Bamburgh  speaks  to  him  of 
Saxon  kings  and  nobles  ;  the  voices  of  Dun- 
stanburgh  are  those  of  the  old  English 
barons,  and  when  the  tourist  learns  that  this 
was  the  home  of  Simon  de  Montfort  and 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  the  real  dignity  of  the 
place  uplifts  him.  AVhen  Montfort  fell  on  the 
field  of  Evesham  in  12G5,  one  of  his  feet  was 
brought  into  Northumberland  and  encased 
in  a  silver  shoe,  and  crowds  of  his  retainers 
flocked  to  Alnwick  Abbey  to  behold  it. 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  too  great  a  man  to 
be  prudent,  fell  by  the  hand  of  the  exe- 
cutioner in  1322,  and  the  North  was  flooded 
by  a  wave  of  popular  veneration  which  kejit 
his  memory  alive.  Lunstanburgh  was  hence- 
forward an  appanage  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, until  James  I.  passed  it  over  to  alien 
hands  with  far  too  much  of  tlie  inheritance 
of  the  royal  house  of  England. 

The  parish  church  of  Embleton  hard  by 
was  given  by  Edmund,  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
in  1274,  to  swell  the  endowments  of  Merton, 
then  the  new  college  at  Oxford,  and  in  the 


muniments  of  that  noble  foundation  much 
of  the  early  history  of  Embleton  is  to  be 
found.  The  rectors  and  vicars  were  generally 
fellows  of  the  college  and  persons  of  dis- 
tinction. We  find  among  them  Louis  de 
Sabaudia,  or  Savoy  (not  Salveya),  a  kins- 
man of  Henry  III.;  AVilliam  de  Hamilton, 
Dean  of  York  and  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer ;  as  well  as  Peter  de  Dene,  a  stout  Lan- 
castrian partisan,  about  whom  Thorn,  the 
chronicler  of  Canterbury,  tells  a  very  remark- 
able story.  The  parish  church  is  an  un- 
usually fine  one  for  the  district,  and  is 
described  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

The  early  history  of  the  neighbouring 
parish  of  EUingham  is  peculiarly  interesting. 
The  barony  was  held  in  siiccession  by  the 
three  great  houses  of  Grenville,  Gaugy,  and 
Clifford.  Several  of  their  seals  are  given, 
which  are  striking  examples  of  the  sigillary 
art.  On  the  charter  of  Ralph  de  Gaugy, 
written  in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century, 
there  is  an  unusual  feature  :  the  mark  of  the 
grantor  in  the  form  of  a  cross  in  the  place 
now  usually  occupied  by  the  signature  and 
seal.  These  and  the  other  illustrations, 
which  are  exceedingly  well  done,  are  a 
pattern  of  what  the  plates  in  a  couuty 
history  ought  to  be. 

The  parish  of  Howick  brings  the  reader 
face  to  face  with  Charles,  Earl  Grey,  in  his 
ancestral  home.  Those  who  are  familiar  with 
the  pedigree  of  his  ancient  house  which  is 
printed  in  the  '  History  of  North  Durham  ' 
will  be  aware  not  only  of  the  extensive 
ramifications  of  the  family,  but  of  its  great 
antiquity.  For  many  a  long  century  it  was 
chiefly  engaged  in  Border  warfare  and  legis- 
lation, sometimes  sinking  almost  into  seclu- 
sion, but  more  frequently  in  the  front  rank  ; 
one  member  wielding  the  pen  of  the  chroni- 
cler, others  conspicuous  for  their  prowess  in 
the  field  and  the  high  ecclesiastical  dignities 
which  they  held.  The  greatest  pei-son  in 
this  great  house  was  unquestionably  Charles, 
Earl  Grey.  We  see  him  in  this  volume  at 
home,  almost  as  a  chieftain  at  the  head  of 
his  clan,  and  among  his  cousins  we  are 
proud  to  observe  Sir  George  Grey  of  Fallodon, 
Home  Secretary  for  twenty  j'ears,  and  his 
grandson  Sir  Edward  Grey,  the  late  Under- 
Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs. 

Another  remarkable  place  described  in 
this  volume  is  the  little  seaport  of  Alnmouth, 
which  is  evidently  the  Adtwifyrdi,  the  village 
with  two  fords  (which  still  exist),  at  which 
St.  Cuthbert  was  chosen  Bishop  of  Hexham 
in  684.  Some  pieces  of  a  finely  wrought 
cross  inscribed  with  Roman  and  Runic 
letters  have  been  discovered  here,  and  are 
now  in  the  ^Museum  at  Alnwick.  A  church 
dedicated  to  St.  Waleric,  a  Frenchman,  was 
pulled  down  during  the  last  century. 

Any  one  curious  in  ancient  tenures, 
manorial  customs,  and  measures  of  land 
will  find  a  rich  harvest  in  the  account  of  the 
parishes  of  Long  Houghton  and  Lesbiiry. 
The  information  on  these  heads  is  so  exten- 
sive that  a  little  curtailment  would  have 
been  an  advantage.  We  are  much  pleased 
also  with  the  pedigrees,  which  do  much 
credit  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Hodgson's  constructive 
ability.  It  is  not  every  one  in  these  days 
who  has  the  gift  of  building  up  pedigrees 
as  they  ought  to  be,  and  too  few  acknow- 
ledge their  value  when  they  are  set  before 
them. 

It     is     a    inty    that    the    committee    is 


losing  the  most  valuable  services  of  Mr. 
Bateson,  who  has  done  so  much  excellent 
work.  "  Uno  avulso  non  deficit  alter."  We 
hope  to  be  soon  able  to  append  the  epithet 
"aureus"  to  the  quotation.  We  wish  every 
success  to  the  continuation  and  ultimate 
completion  of  this  county  history.  It  is 
said  that  Hexham  and  its  shire  will  consti- 
tute the  next  volume.  Where  is  there  a 
])lace  in  Northumberland,  excepting  perhaps 
Holy  Island,  with  such  annals  ?  Where  is 
there  such  scenery  as  that  which  surrounds 
the  capital  of  Tynedalo?  Still  we  must  not 
forget  that  the  history  of  Alnwick  remains 
unwritten.  When  may  we  hope  to  see  a 
really  graphic  description  of  that  home  of 
Northern  chivalry '?  The  noble  owner  of  the 
castle  is  proud  of  the  long  story  of  his 
ancestors,  and  will  take  care  that  the  annals 
of  the  Percies  and  their  home  shall  form 
a  conspicuous  part  of  this  history  of 
Northumberland . 


Sinter- Songs :  an  Offering  to  Two  Sisters.     Bj 
Francis  Thompson.     (Lane.) 

In  our  review  of  Mr.  Francis  Thompson's 
first  volume  of  poems,  more  than  a  year 
ago,  we  pointed  out  some  of  the  sources  of 
the  so-called  originality  of  all  that  highly 
coloured  verse — Crashaw,  Shelley,  Donne, 
Marvell,  Mr.  Patmore,  Rossetti — and  we 
expressed  a  doubt  whether  a  writer  who 
could  allow  himself  to  be  so  singularly  influ- 
enced by  such  singularly  different  writers 
could  be  really,  in  the  full  sense  of  the  term, 
a  new  poet.  The  book  before  us  confirms 
our  doubt.  Mr.  Thompson  is  careful  to 
inform  his  readers  that  "  this  poem,  though 
new  in  the  sense  of  being  now  for  the  first 
time  printed,  w"as  written  some  four  years 
ago,  about  the  same  date  as  the  '  Hound  of 
Heaven'  in  my  former  volume."  Still,  as  he 
takes  the  responsibility  of  printing  it,  and 
of  issuing  it  by  itself,  it  may  reasonably  be 
assumed  that  he  has  written  nothing  since 
which  he  considers  to  be  of  higher  quality. 
The  book  consists  of  one  long  and  obscure 
rhapsody  in  two  parts.  Why  it  should  ever 
begin,  or  end,  or  be  thus  divided,  is  not 
obvious,  nor,  indeed,  is  the  separate  signifi- 
cance of  most  of  the  separate  pages.  It 
begins  in  a  lilt  of  this  kind  : — 

The  leaves  dance,  the  leaves  sirg, 
The  leaves  dance  in  the  breath  of  the  Spring, 
I  bid  them  dance, 
I  bid  them  sing, 
For  the  limpid  glance 
Of  my  ladyling  ; 
For  the  gift  to  the  Spring  of  a  dewier  spring, 
For  God's  good  grace  of  this  ladyling  ! 

But  the  rhythm  soon  becomes  graver,  the 
lines  charged  with  a  more  heavily  conso- 
nanted  burden  of  sound,  as,  for  instance,  in 
the  opening  of  the  second  part :  — 

And  now,  thou  elder  nursling  of  the  ne&t, 
Ere  all  the  intertangled  west 
Be  one  magnificence 
Of  multitudinous  blossoms  that  o'er-run 
The  flaming  brazen  bowl  o'  the  burnished  sun 

Which  they  do  flower  from, 
How  shall  I  'stablish  thy  memorial .' 

"I  who  can  scarcely  speak  my  fellows' 
speech,"  the  writer  adds,  with  more  imme- 
diate and  far-reaching  truth  than  he  intends. 
Mr.  Thompson  wilfully  refuses  to  speak 
his  fellows'  speech,  in  order  to  speak  a 
polysyllabic  speech,  made  up  out  of  aU  the 
periods  of  the  Englisli  language — a  speech. 


58 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3533,  July  13, '95 


•wliicli  no  one,  certainly,  has  employed  in 
just  such  a  manner  before,  but  which,  all 
the  same,  does  not  become  really  individual. 
It  remains,  rather,  a  patchwork  garb, 
flaming  in  all  the  colours,  tricked  out  with 
barbaric  jewels,  and,  for  all  its  emphatic 
splendour,  suggesting  the  second  -  hand 
dealer's. 

In  such  a  poem  as  '  The  Hound  of 
Heaven,'  in  Mr.  Thompson's  former  volume, 
there  was  a  certain  substratum  of  fine  mean- 
ing, not  obscured,  or  at  all  events  not  con- 
cealed, by  a  cloud  of  stormy  words.  But 
here  we  find  no  sulficing  undercurrent  of 
thought,  passion,  or  reverie — nothing  but 
fine  fragments,  splendid  lines,  glowing 
images.  And  of  such  fragments,  however 
brilliant  in  themselves,  no  fine  poetry  can 
consist.  Mr.  Thompson  declares  of  himself 
and  his  verse,  with  a  really  fervid  sense  of 
his  own  ardour  : — 

And  are  its  plumes  a  burning  bright  array  ? 

They  burn  for  an  unincarnated  eye. 

A  bubble,  charioteered  by  the  inward  breath 
Which,  ardorous  for  its  own  invisible  lure, 

Urges  me  glittering  to  aerial  death, 

I  am  rapt  towards  that  bodiless  paramour; 

Blindly  the  uncomprehended  tyranny 
Obeying  of  my  heart's  impetuous  might. 

Scarcely  could  a  single  line  express  more 
concisely  and  more  significantly  the  truth 
about  Mr.  Thompson  than  one  of  these 
lines.  "Urges  me  glittering  to  aerial 
death  ":  how  true  that  is  in  its  confession 
of  that  fatal  vagueness  of  aim,  showiness 
of  equipment,  and  the  toppling  disaster  of 
it  all !  Mr.  Thompson  has  miscalculated 
his  strength  of  flight.  He  is  for  ever  strain- 
ing after  the  heights,  and  there  are  moments 
when  he  seems  to  have  reached  them.  But 
it  is  only  that  he  has  dazzled  and  confused 
our  sight  by  the  trick  of  some  unfamiliar 
magic.  And  his  magic,  for  the  most  part, 
is  a  magic  of  words.  Those  suggestions  of 
a  rare  poetic  vision,  which,  from  the  first, 
seemed  nebulous  rather  than  illuminated, 
have  become  little  more  than  verbal  sophis- 
tries. To  have  transposed  a  phrase  until  it 
becomes 

To  Naiad  it  through  the  unfrothing  air 
satisfies  him  as  though  it  had  been  a  vision 
or  an  invention.     The  frigid  conceit  of 

The  blushes  on  existence's  pale  face 
satisfies  him  as  though  it  were  an  imagi- 
native conoeption.     And  such  combinations 
of  words  as 

The  very  hues 

Which  their  conflagrant  elements  effuse 

satisfy  him.  as  being  effects  of  appropriate 
poetic  novelty.  The  '  Poems,'  with  all  their 
faults,  had  suggestions  of  finer  possibili- 
ties. In  '  Sister  -  Songs  '  none  of  these 
possibilities  is  realized.  At  the  most  it  is  a 
sort  of  fantastic  world  of  waters  (shall  we 
3ay,  at  Mr.  Thompson's  suggestion  ?)  where, 

like  the  phantasms  of  a  poet  pale, 

'J'iie  exquisite  marvels  sail : 
Clarified  silver;  greens  and  azures  frail 
As  if  the  colours  sighed  themselves  away, 
And  blent  in  supersubtile  interplay 

As  if  they  swooned  into  each  other's  arms  ; 

Repured  vermilion, 

Like  car-tips  'gainst  the  sun ; 
And  beings  that,  under  night's  swart  pinion, 
Make  every  wave  upon  the  harbour-bars 

A  beaten  yolk  of  stars. 
But  where  day's    glance    turns  baffled   from   the 
deeps, 

Die  out  those  lovely  swarms  ; 
And  in  the  immense  profound  no  creature  glides  or 
creeps. 


Dualism  and  Monism,  and  other  Essays.     By 
John  Yeitch.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

The  late  Prof.  Yeitch,  who  for  many  years 
filled  the  Chair  of  Logic  and  Rhetoric  at 
Glasgow,  was  a  writer  and  teacher  of  mani- 
fold activity  and  distinction.  One  of  the 
more  notable  of  Sir  "William  Hamilton's 
pupils,  he  was  afterwards  his  assistant  and 
the  heir  of  his  opinions ;  with  Mansel's 
help  he  produced  an  edition  of  his 
lectures  in  four  volumes,  and  to  this  he 
finally  added  a  memoir  on  a  large  scale,  a 
monograph  in  the  "Philosophical  Classics 
for  English  Readers, "  and  two  lectures  giving 
a  summary  account  of  the  man  and  his  philo- 
sophy. He  also  wrote  a  life  of  Dugald 
Stewart.  His  other  philosophical  efforts 
include  translations  from  Descartes,  a 
treatise  on  Lucretius,  and  a  system  of 
logic.  In  spite  of  the  old  rivalry  between 
philosophers  and  poets,  he  was  in  some 
degree  a  poet  as  well  as  a  philosopher.  His 
enthusiasm  was  attested  by  two  works  on 
'  The  Historj'  and  Poetry  of  the  Scottish 
Border '  and  '  The  Feeling  for  Nature  in 
Scottish  Poetry,'  and  he  himself  ventured 
on  the  publication  of  two  or  three  volumes 
of  verse.  This  is  a  good  record  for  any  one 
whose  lot  it  was  to  spend  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  in  tlie  practical  work  of  instruc- 
tion. It  is  clear  that  he  was  in  no  way 
negligent  of  his  duties,  as  is  sometimes  the 
case  with  professors  who  are  also  men  of 
letters,  and  that  he  exercised  a  kindly  and 
beneficial  influence  upon  the  character  of 
those  who  were  committed  to  his  care. 

The  present  is  the  second  series  of  his 
miscellaneous  essays.  It  is  edited  by  Dr. 
Wenley,  formerly  his  assistant,  who  con- 
tributes an  agreeable  introduction  on  his 
friend's  position  in  philosophy,  interspersed 
with  some  interesting  personal  reminiscences. 
No  one  who  was  intimate  with  Prof.  Veitch 
could  be  unaware  that  he  was  a  very  strong 
advocate  of  the  claims  of  philosophical  study 
as  an  indispensable  branch  of  genei-al  educa- 
tion ;  and  he  was  proud  of  the  fact  that 
in  the  country  of  his  birth  and  training  the 
most  important  place  was  assigned  to  it. 
He  used  to  boast,  we  are  told,  that  in  the 
curriculum  for  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 
in  the  Scotch  universities,  it  constituted  a 
proportion  of  requirement  such  as  was  not 
to  be  found  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  or 
Dublin.  Accordingly,  he  was  jealous  of 
any  reform  of  the  Scotch  university  system 
which  should  ignore  or  discourage  philo- 
sophical study,  or  under- estimate  its  his- 
torical and  actual  place  in  the  discipline 
there  provided.  His  editor  indulges  in  the 
pathetic  reflection  that  the  changes  which 
are  now  on  foot  cannot  trouble  him ;  that 
he  was,  so  to  speak,  felix  oj)portunitat6 
mortis.  For  in  recent  years  it  was  not  only 
in  regard  to  the  place  which  philosophical 
study  ought  to  hold,  but  also  in  regard  to 
the  kind  of  philosophy  which  ought  to  pre- 
vail, that  he  found  himself  at  variance  with 
most  of  his  contemporaries.  Ho  was 
naturally  an  acute  critic,  and  his  faculties 
were  sharpened  in  the  endeavour  to 
combat  the  errors,  or  what  seemed  to  him 
to  be  the  errors,  of  modern  idealism.  Dr. 
AVenley  believes  that  the  uncompromising 
character  of  his  attack  has  made  him  appear 
harsh  and  dogmatic  to  the  younger  genera- 
tion, and  that  a  personal  acquaintance  with 


the  critic  would  have  removed  this  impres- 
sion. But  Prof.  Veitch,  if  we  may  judge 
by  the  acumen  which  these  essays  display, 
was  hardly  the  man  to  abate  in  personal 
intercourse  the  rigour  of  the  conclusions  to 
which  his  criticisms  obviously  led.  It  is 
idle  to  assert,  with  Dr.  Wenley,  that  he  did 
not  see  idealism  from  the  inside,  and  never 
had  any  desire  thus  to  view  it ;  for  that  is 
no  more  than  saying  that  he  was  unable  to 
perceive  its  virtues  or  unwilling  to  admit 
them. 

That  he  had  a  very  distinct  perception 
of  the  errors  of  some  modern  idealists  is 
evident  from  the  exhaustive  criticism  con- 
tained in  the  first  of  these  essays,  where  he 
examines  the  contentions  of  Prof.  Lionel 
Dauriac  in  his  '  Croyance  et  Eealite,'  pub- 
lished some  six  years  ago.  In  Prof.  Veitch' s 
words.  Prof.  Dauriac  is  one  of  those  writers 
who  suppose  that  "  mere  relations,  or  a 
collective  sum  of  relations  in  something 
regarded  as  the  individual  consciousness," 
are  convertible  with  reality ;  that  what  is 
real  is  not  either  mind  or  matter,  subject 
or  object,  consciousness  or  extension,  but 
the  relation  between  them.  In  such  a 
view  as  this,  reality  is  only  a  logical 
idea,  posited  in  order  to  explain  two 
aspects  of  experience,  either  of  which 
is  not  resolvable  into  the  other.  Prof. 
Veitch' s  criticism  of  this  view  is  often  ab- 
struse, and  sometimes  extremely  discursive  ; 
and  the  chief  argument  against  the  accept- 
ance of  the  view  which  he  attacks  might  be 
summarized  in  the  question.  If  reality  con- 
sists solely  in  relations,  between  what  are 
these  relations  ?  How,  in  short,  can  the 
terms  of  a  relation  be  less  real  than  the 
relation  itself?  Green,  as  we  know,  at- 
tempted to  answer  this  question  by  de- 
scribing relation  as  the  work  of  universal 
self-conscious  spirit  or  intelligence,  which  was 
itself  none  other  than  a  mere  "  principle  of 
unity."  Prof.  Veitch  went  further,  and 
boldly  embraced  the  dualism  of  which 
Green  and  his  followers  are  so  much  afraid. 
"  In  plain  words,  a  dualism  real  as  an  order 
of  things,  and  real  as  an  order  of  per- 
ceptions, yet  with  a  community  of  consti- 
tution and  law,  is,"  he  declared,  "the  only 
adequate  solution  of  the  problem  of  expe- 
rience and  of  the  world."  When  he  con- 
ceives the  ordered  course  of  things  as  "  in- 
carnate with  the  thoughts  of  the  Divine," 
it  is  language  which  may  be  distinguished 
from  that  which  Green  employs,  but  the 
difference  of  view  is  hardly  fundamental ; 
and  as  Dr.  Wenley  remarks,  for  some  minds 
the  disciple  and  the  opponent  contributed  to 
a  common  result. 

If  Prof.  Veitch's  opinion  of  modern  idealism 
seemed  to  its  adherents  to  be  wanting  in 
sympathy  or  intelligence,  his  criticism  of 
Hegel  was  probably  attributed  to  positive 
hostility ;  nor  can  it  be  denied  that  the 
second  essay  in  this  volume,  that  on  '  His- 
tory, and  the  History  of  Philosophy,'  is  a 
very  trenchant  attack  on  one  of  the  most 
cherished  of  the  Hegelian  doctrines.  Dr. 
Wenley  tells  us  that  this  essay  was  origin- 
ally intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to 
a  liistory  of  Greek  philosophy,  to  be  written 
with  special  reference  to  the  theory  that  the 
history  of  philosophy  is  a  record  of  "pro- 
gress by  antagonism";  and  as  the  opening 
chapter  presented  signs  of  having  been 
revised,  he  prints  it  as  he  found  it.     The 


N"  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


59 


hardest  tiling,  observes  Prof.  Veitch,   that 
has  been  said  against  Hegel  is  that  in  his 
theory  the    historical    development    of    the 
idea   is   almost  always   dilferent  from   the 
logical ;  that,  in  fact,  chronology  contradicts 
the  logic,  inasmuch  as  in  logic  the  process 
is  from  abstract  to  concrete,  and  in  history 
just  the  reverse.     The  criticism  is,  perhaps, 
hardlj'   fair ;    for   it   is    of   the   essence   of 
Hegel's  theory  that  the  idea,  in  external- 
izing or  alienating  itself,  passes  from  the 
abstract  to  the  concrete,  and  in  returning 
again  to  itself  in  spirit  reverses  the  process. 
But  when  Prof.  Yeitch  proceeds  to  ask  how 
the  spirit  can  "posit  itself  out  of  itself,  and 
find  itself  submitted    to  the   condition   of 
time,"  and  what  intelligible  meaning  can 
be  attached  to  these  words,  if  they  are  any- 
thing  beyond   the    mere    expression    of   a 
logical  formula,  he  raises  a  question  which 
goes   to   the  root   of  the  whole   Hegelian 
philosophy.     "  How,  if  the  in-itself-moment 
be    not    already   in   time,    can    its    simple 
correlate  or    development   pass    into   time, 
or  need   any  time   to    pass   into  ?    When 
these    questions    are     answered    fairly,    or 
even  apprehended,  we    shall    consider  the 
hypothetical   statement    that   '  as  it   posits 
itself  out  of  itself,  it  finds  itself  submitted 
to  the  condition  of  time.'     This  is  a  very 
fair  specimen  of   the   constantly   recurring 
Hegelian  fallacy  of  hypothesis  converted  into 
assertion."     And  he  tells  us,  in  exceedingly 
plain  terms,  that  the  Hegelian  reasoning  is 
as  bad  a  school  as  it  is  possible  to  find  as 
a  preparation    for    ordinary  and    straight- 
forward   thinking.     It    is    unquestionably 
true,  as  Prof.  Veitch  contends,  that  Hegel 
could  speak  of  the  history  of  philosophy  as 
an  organic  development  only  by  disregard- 
ing the  movements  of  thought  that  did  not 
fit  into  it,  and  calling  them  accidental ;  and 
it  is  quite  possible,  as  he  maintains,  to  con- 
ceive that  all  things  are  working  to  an  end 
without  having  recourse  to  the  misleading 
notion  that  the  intellectual  or  moral  life  of 
mankind    presents    any    analogy   with  the 
organic  development  of  a  plant  or  a  body. 

The  final  essay  on  '  The  Theism  of  Words- 
worth '  does  not  contain  any  particularly 
striking  or  original  observations  on  the  poet's 
religious  views,  but  it  is  interesting  from 
the  light  which  it  throws  on  those  of  its 
author.  It  is  plain  that  Prof.  Veitch  may 
be  described  as  a  philosopher  who  proceeded 
by  simple  intuition.  He  declares  that 
Wordsworth  gave  us  no  theory  of  the  mode 
in  which  we  come  into  touch  with  an 
Eternal  Spirit,  of  the  connexion  between  the 
infinite  and  the  finite,  although  the  central 
thought  of  his  poetry  is  the  assurance  that 
such  a  Spirit  surrounds  and  sustains  us.  In 
attempting  no  explanation  he  was,  says 
Prof.  Veitch,  eminently  right.  "I  know 
no  theory  of  the  relation  of  the  infinite  to 
the  finite  which  is  not  merely  a  wandering 
in  cloudland." 


Memoirs   of  the    Verney    Family   during    the 
Commonwealth,  1G50   to   1660.     Compiled 
from  Letters,  and  illustrated  by  Portraits, 
at   Claydon   House.       By   Margaret    M. 
Verney.     Vol.  III.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 
The  third  volume  of  the  *  Memoirs  of  the 
Verney  Family '  is  as  interesting  as  its  pre- 
decessors, but  the  pleasure  it  gives  is  of  a 
different  kind  ;   perhaps  it  would  bo  bettor 


to  say  that  it  appeals  to  another  and  graver 
class  of  readers.     There  is  instruction  to  be 
gathered  on  every  page,   but  there   is  not 
much   that   is   amusing.      The   times  were 
serious.     The  king  was  dead,  the  Eoyalists 
were  crushed,  and  the  old-fashioned  adhe- 
rents of  the  Parliament,  who  had  begun  the 
war,  were  in  a  plight  little  better  than  those 
against  whom  they  had  fought  at  Edgehill. 
Sir   Ralph   Verney   is    the   hero    of    the 
present  volume,  and  a  very  good  hero  he 
makes.     He    is    quite    as    noble    as   those 
creatures  of  the  imagination  whom  we  have 
met  with  in  the  novels  describing  the  period 
of  the  Civil  War  which,  following  the  lead 
of  '  Woodstock,'  were  once  so  common,  but 
are  now  for   the  most   part   forgotten,  and 
besides    he   is   far    more   interesting.      Sir 
Ralph  was   in  exile  at  Blois.     There  were 
two  causes  why  he  should  expatriate  him- 
self for    a    time.      As    a  secluded  member 
it   might  have  been   hardly  safe    for    him 
to  remain  at  home,  but  there  was  another 
and    far    more     painful     reason     for     his 
dwelling  abroad.     His  wife,  whom  he  loved 
tenderly,  was  very  ill,  dying  as  it  proved, 
and  he  took  her  over  sea  for  change  of  air. 
All    was   of  no  avail,    and  when  she   was 
gone,  the  light  departed   from   the   brave, 
strong  man's  life.     As  we  follow  him  page 
after   page   we  see    that    a    deep    sense   of 
religion,   duty,   and   family  obligation  still 
ruled  him,  but  he  could  never  more  be  as 
he  had  been  :   "As  long  as  Mary  lived  the 
loss   of  friends    and   fortune,    the    rending 
asunder  of  political  ties,  left  his  real  inner 
life  untouched.     Absolutely  devoted  to  him, 
her  common  sense,  her  piety,  had  made  his 
wife  the  best  of  counsellors  and  the  most 
charming  of  companions."      Now  that  she 
was  dead  he  seems  for  a  time  to  have  sunk 
beneath  the  blow,  but  in  one  of  his  tender 
conscience  and  strength  of  will  this  could  not 
last  long.     We  soon   find  him  discharging 
those  duties  which  he  felt  to  be  incumbent 
upon    him,    but   the    spirit    in    which    they 
were  fulfilled  was  not  the  same  as  it  had 
been  when  Mary  was  by  his  side. 

He  had  hi.s  full  share  of  trouble.  Loyal 
as  he  was  to  his  country,  he  suffered  much, 
both  in  his  estate  and  in  personal  feeling, 
from  not  being  able  to  go  with  the  times. 
We  find  him,  along  with  several  of  his 
neighbours,  under  arrest,  and  confined  in 
St.  James's  Palace.  We  do  not  believe  for 
a  moment  that  he  had  been  plotting  against 
the  Commonwealth.  The  times  were  highly 
dangerous,  and  it  was  notorious  that  his 
sympathies  were  not  with  those  in  power. 
After  this  came  decimation.  It  is  not  made 
quite  clear  to  us  what  were  the  precise 
grounds  on  which  this  heavy  fine  was  in- 
flicted ;  he  had  certainly  never  been  in  arms 
for  the  king.  His  petition  to  Cromwell  was  of 
no  avail.  The  Protector  could  not  personally 
examine  into  each  case  of  real  or  supposed 
hardship,  so  the  petition  was  sent  back  for 
the  decision  of  the  Conmuttee — men  before 
whom  Sir  Ralph  pleaded  his  own  cause 
without  avail. 

Sir  Ralph's  affectionate  nature  was,  we 
fear,  sorely  tried  by  his  eldest  son  Edmund. 
His  boyhood  was  spent  abroad,  which,  though 
a  necessity  in  his  case,  seems  not  to  have 
been  by  any  means  the  best  training  for  one 
who  had  to  take  a  place  in  English  county 
society.  There  is  much  said  about  him, 
but  we  do  not  gather  any  very  clear  notion 


of   his   character.     There  is   no   reason    to 
think  him  vicious,  but  we  fear  he  was  not 
a  little  stupid.     This  may,  however,   be  a 
misconception  founded  on  the  judgment  of 
elderly  people,  which  is  proverbially  exact- 
ing regarding  the  young.     Dr.  Creighton,  a 
Royalist  exile,  who,  after   the  Restoration, 
became  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  was  for 
some  time  his  tutor.     In  1 G 54  they  are  at  the 
Hague,  from  which  place  the  Doctor  writes, 
in  answer  to  the  father's  inquiries,  accusing 
the  lad  of  idleness  and  too  great  fondness 
for  society.     We  do  not  hear  that  the  com- 
jiany  which  he  kept  was  evil,  but  then  it 
was,  the  Doctor  thought,  a  great  waste  of 
time.     "  I  could  not  accuse  him,"  he  adds, 
"  of  sins  of  commission,  no  tobacconist,  no 
swearer  or  driinkard,  that  I  could  ever  fynde, 
but  for  omissions  I  am  displeased."     There 
were,  no  doubt,  many  excuses  for  the  poor 
boy,  one  of  which  was  that  he  suffered  from 
a  disease  of  the  spine.     It  is  not  possible  to 
make  out  its   exact  nature,  but  it  seems  to 
have   been  of  a    character   which  required 
jirompt    attention,    for    he    was    taken    to 
Utrecht   to   be  under  the  care  of  Skatt  or 
Schott — a  person  who  had  a  gi-eat  reputation 
in  cases  of  this  kind,  young  people  visiting 
him  from  "further  then  the  uttmost  parts 
of  Shettland  or  the  Orcades,  even  from  Swed- 
land,  Denmark,  Holsteyne,  &c."    We  cannot 
gather  what  tlie  treatment  consisted  in  be- 
yond the  fact  that  the  poor  boy  was  enclosed 
in  some  sort  of  an  iron  framework  which  is 
spoken  of  as  harness.     It   was   something 
which  fitted  tightly  in  the  back  and  front, 
lined    with    soft    leather.     Skatt    used    to 
fasten  this  harness  himself  on  his  patient, 
and  it  was  so  adjusted  that  the  patient  coidd 
neither  take  it  off  nor  relieve  undue  pressure. 
Once  a  week  only  was  this  terrible  armour 
removed  for  a  short  time.    The  patient  seems 
to  have  thoroughly  recovered  after  a  long 
period  of  torture. 

When  Edmund  returned  to  England  the 
relations  between  father  and  son  were  by 
no  means  cordial.     The  disputes,  like  most 
family  quarrels,  arose  mainly,  though  not 
entirely,     from    money    matters.      So     far 
as   we   can  see  by  the  dim  light  that  the 
extracts   from    family  letters   here    printed 
afford  us,  the  fault  was  not  on  the  father's 
side.     The  young  man  knew  himself  to  be 
the  heir  of  a  fine  estate.      He  could    not 
realize  that  there  was  a  large  amount   of 
debt  upon  it,  and  that  his  father  was  suffer- 
ing   heavily   fi'om   the    recent   decimation. 
Matters   came   to    a   climax   on    Christmas 
Day,  1656,  when  he  wrote  to  his  father  a 
letter  which  Sir  Ralph  declared  to  be  "as 
false  as  insolent";    no  permanent  breach, 
however,  seems  to    have  occurred,  for   we 
find   his  father  time    after  time   trying  to 
arrange  a  good  match  for  him.      Ho  was 
deeply  in  love  with  one  young   lady   who 
could  not  be  induced  to  marry  him. 

The  volume  abounds  vritli  touches  illus- 
trative of  seventeenth  century  life.  Tho 
poor  law  then,  as  now,  was  at  times  oppres- 
sive. In  1655  Sir  Ralph  writes  to  his 
agent  informing  him  that  the  parson  of 
Wasing,  one  of  liis  parishes,  had  "  brought 
in  an  outsider."  This  was  a  dire  offence, 
for  there  was  no  union-rating  in  those  days. 
Sir  Ralph  was  prepared  for  strong  measures. 
Ho  instructs  the  agent  to  complain  to  the 
Justices  of  tho  Peace.  Ho  is  to  take  the 
overseers  of  the  poor  with  him, 


CO 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3533,  July  13, '95 


"and  let  them  tax  the  parson  at  5  shillings  a 
weeke  (over  and  above  what  he  should  other- 
wise bee  taxed  to  the  poore)  &  get  the  Justices 
to  confirme  theire  taxe  &  then  let  it  be  weekly 
levied  by  distresse  (if  the  Parson  refuse  to  pay 
j.t)  &  let  this  five  shillings  a  weeke  be  kept  for 
raysing  of  a  Stock  to  discharge  the  Parish  of  all 
charges  that  may  happen  to  them,  by  reason  of 

this  Inmate  or  his  Wife  or  Children For  if 

the  Parson  will  bring  needless  burthens  on  the 
Towne,  the  Towne  shall  make  his  Purse  smart 
for  it  all  the  wayes  they  can." 
This  seems  to  us  a  despotic  act.  Perhaps  if 
vre  knew  all  the  circumstances  we  might  see 
that  Sir  Ealph  had  justification  for  his 
anger.  To  admit  into  a  parish  outsiders, 
*■'  foreigners  "  as  they  were  often  called — 
persons  who  had  no  rights  in  the  commons 
or  the  open  fields — was  to  ensure  a  race  of 
paupers  growing  up  which  would  be  a 
burden  to  every  industrious  inhabitant  of 
the  village.  Long  before  the  first  poor  law 
was  passed,  we  find  the  manor  courts 
heavily  fining  persons  for  similar  offences. 


BOOKS    ox   SrORT. 

Sport  on  the  Pamirs  and  Turlcistan   Steppes. 
By  Major   C.   S.    Cumberland.      (Black- 
wood «&:  Sons.) 
Lion  Hunting  in  Somaliland.     By  Capt.  C.  J. 
Melliss,   of  the   9th   Bo. I.     (Chapman   & 
Hall.) 
Thirty    Years    of    Shikar.      By  Sir    Edward 
Braddon,  K.C.M.G.   (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Of  these  contributions  to  the  literature  o^ 
sport  the  first  two  treat  of  various   kinds  of 
shooting  and  hunting   which  may  now  be 
had,  whilst  the  third  tells  what  its  author  can 
call  to  mind  of  a  distant  past  without  much 
aid  from  written  record.      Major  Cumber- 
land's book  unquestionably  appeals  to  the 
largest  section  of  the  i)ublic,  for  in  addition 
io    the    mere    description    of   incidents    of 
the  chase  it  possesses   much    geographical 
interest,   and  moreover   the    region  of   the 
Pamirs  and   Chinese    Turkistan   possess   a 
S2:)ecial   significance    and   importance  when 
considered    as  affecting,   or    as    they    may 
affect,  our  relations  with  Pussia.     It  is  true 
that  the  author  docs  not  in  any  way  deal 
with  diplomatic  or  political    questions,  nor 
does   he  even  allude   to    the   fact   that   he 
traversed  much  of  the  country  "  where  three 
empires  meet"  ;  nevertheless  those  who  are 
concerned  with  such  matters  will  find  food 
for  reflection  in  his  plain  tales  of  the  country, 
the   people,   and  the    climate    as  he  found 
them. 

Geographically,    the     interest    in     those 
regions   can    scarcely  be  exceeded  in    any 
part  of  the  world.    From  Marco  Polo's  time 
till  now  their  investigation  has   proved  of 
singular   attraction    to     distinguished    tra- 
vellers, and  Major  Cumberland,  when  wan- 
dering about  them  in   searcli  of   Oris  2^oli, 
enjoyed theadvantageof  the  company,  during 
the  greater  part  of  his  time,  of  Capt.  Bower, 
of    the    Indian     Intelligence     Department, 
whose  journey    through    Thibet    to    China 
stamped  liim  at  once  as  a  traveller  of  endur- 
ance   and   resolution,   and    tlirough    wlioso 
exertions  Ualgleish's  murderer  was  captured 
at  Samarkhand  ;  and  also  of  meeting  occa- 
eionally  Major  P.   Vounghusband,  the  ex- 
plorer  of    the   Mustagh    passes,  a    distin- 
guished contributor   to   our    knowledge    of 
those  remote  parts,  who  is  now  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Cliitral,  and  whose  letters  to 


the  Times  on  that  country  have  deservedly 
tatracted  attention. 

But  after  all  the  book  is  mainl}'  devoted 
to  sport,  and  as  such  it  may  be  recommended 
to  sportsmen  past  or  present :  to  the  former 
as  a  modest  description  of  expeditions  which 
will  remind  them  of  old  days,  and  to  the 
latter  as  conveying  much  useful  information 
respecting  the  country  traversed,  its  game, 
and  the  difficulties  encountered.  The  map, 
too,  cannot  fail  to  be  useful  to  those  who 
may  follow  the  author's  route.  It  is  one  of 
the  best  we  have  seen  of  that  part  of  the 
world,  and  its  excellence  is,  we  believe, 
partly  due  to  Capt.  Bower's  work.  Major 
Cumberland's  ambition  was  primarily  to 
secure  good  heads  of  Oris  poli,  and  after 
that  to  get  specimens  of  the  Turkistan  stag 
and  other  varieties  of  animals  peculiar  to  the 
countr3\  Ho  seems  to  have  enjoyed  a  fair 
measure  of  success,  which  he  has  described 
with  moderation ;  and  he  very  wisely  has 
not  hesitated  to  tell  of  his  failures,  for  the 
sufficient  reason  that  "if  record  only  of 
good  sport  were  given  the  trials  of  the  chase 
would  be  entirely  overlooked,  and  a  wrong 
impression  conveyed." 

As  opportunity  occurred,  he  put  his  rod 
together  and  had  a  try  at  the  river,  catching 
fish  which  were  probably  of  the  carp  family, 
but  which  are  not  described  minutely  enough 
for  precise  recognition.  Near  Taghdumbash 
he  found  snipe,  and  between  Yarkhand  and 
Aksu  he  met  with  pheasants, — 

"the  cock  exactly  like  the  English  pheasant, 
without  the  ring  neck,  but  a  slightly  pied  wing, 
which  did  not  show  much  until  the  bird  was  in 
hand.  The  hen  was  marked  the  same  as  her 
English  sister,  but  slighter  in  colour,  which 
gave  her  a  washed-out  appearance." 

The  remark  about  the  ring  round  tlie  cock 
pheasant's  neck  is  curious,  for  in  this 
country,  when  a  bird  without  the  ring  is 
shot,  it  is  said  to  be  of  the  old  English 
breed  ;  whilst  those  with  the  white  ring  are 
called  Chinese.  The  hospitality  of  the 
Wakhis  is  praised,  whilst  the  curiosity  of 
the  Chinese  and  other  objectionable  traits 
in  their  behaviour  are  blamed  ;  of  the  latter 
people  it  is  said  that,  with  the  exception  of 
officials,  the  Chinese  population  of  Turkistan 
are  criminals  who  prefer  to  serve  there  to 
going  to  prison  in  China. 

In  case  this  book  should  reach  a  second 
edition  it  may  be  well  to  point  out  that 
there  are  many  misprints  or  errors  in  native 
names  or  words,  some  of  which  should  not 
have  escaped  notice  when  proofs  were  read. 
Thus  "  Crushnai  "  (p.  14)  should  be  Krish- 
nai ;  "  toshkarna "  (p.  24  and  elsewhere) 
should  be  tosha  khana ;  "mundas  "  (p.  44,  &c.) 
should,  we  believe,  be  namdas ;  "  Chimdra 
Baga "  (p .  59 )  should  be  Chandra  Bhacja ; ' '  Par- 
garrna "  (p.  70)  should  be  Tagharma ;  and 
there  are  other  similar  though  not  very 
important  mistakes.  On  p.  100,  when  dis- 
appointment is  recorded,  the  author's  natural 
inclination  was  to  shg  his  empty  rifle 
after  the  animals,  not  to  "  shie  "  it.  These  are 
small  matters,  but  thej'  somewhat  disfigure 
a  work  of  considerable  merit,  which  Messrs. 
Blackwood  have  turned  out  in  an  attractive 
form. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  the  Pamirs  to  Somali- 
land — a  change  from  cold  scarcely  to  be 
borne  and  mountains  of  great  height  to  the 
comparatively  hot,  flat,  and  rainless  tract 
of  Africa  called    the    Kaud,  situated  some 


marches  from  Berbera  towards  the  interior. 
Here  Capt.  Melliss  tells  us  that  "  not  long 
ago,"  whatever  that  may  mean,  he  went  to 
hunt  lions.  It  is  a  mistake  not  to  give  pre- 
cise dates,  for  the  want  of  them  will  pre- 
vent a  comparison  of  the  state  of  the  country, 
the  quantity  of  game,  and  other  conditions, 
with  those  which  may  hereafter  prevail. 
The  author  seems  to  have  had  much  success, 
the  secret  of  which  lay  rather  in  a  determina- 
tion to  come  to  close  quarters  with  his  game 
than  in  any  remarkable  shooting  at  long 
range.  He  seems  to  have  treated  both  the 
pig  and  the  king  of  beasts  with  a  familiarity 
akin  to  contempt,  and  to  have  been  justified 
in  the  result.  He  walked  to  lions  at  bay 
within  a  fair  range  for  a  hare,  and  speared 
a  slightly  wounded  boar  (whose  charge  he 
received  on  foot)  with  such  effect  that  it  was 
at  one  end  of  the  spear  meditating  further 
operations,  and  the  sportsman  was  at  the 
other,  "lost  in  admiration  of  his  big  tushes 
and  general  appearance,  and  wondering  how 
I  was  to  win  against  such  an  ugly-looking 
customer."  Then  the  struggle  recommenced, 
the  stout  shaft  of  the  spear  bending  in  a 
most  unpleasant  manner  till  the  opportunity 
occurred  when  it  was  withdrawn  and  buried 
in  his  vitals. 

The  measuring  tape  was  generally  absent 
when  lions  were  killed,  which  is  to  be  re- 
gretted, for  no  dimensions  of  skins  after  they 
have  been  pegged  out  are  admissible  as 
records.  With  one  sentiment  expressed  by 
Capt.  Melliss  we  are  in  complete  agreement, 
namely,  that  he  prefers  to  take  his  sport 
alone  ;  it  is  better  to  be  so  when  the  danger 
is  great,  for  attention  is  undistracted,  and 
there  is  the  collateral  advantage  in  case  of 
failureof  being  withoiit  inconvenient  witness. 
I  The  illustrations  of  this  volume  deserve 
praise,  and  the  type  is  large  and  distinct. 

Sir  Edward  Braddon's  reminiscences  are 
naturally  different  from  the  records  of  sport 
of  the  present  day.  He  has  yielded  (after 
the  manner  of  many  authors,  if  their  pre- 
faces may  be  trusted)  to  the  pressing  solici- 
tations of  friends,  and  has  supplied  373  pages, 
many  of  which  are  pleasantly  written.  At 
an  early  period  he  thus  describes  his  quali- 
fications as  a  sportsman  : — 

"  I  had  a  tolerable  stud  of  five  or  six  horses, 
a  cast-iron  constitution,  and  a  passionate  love 
for  field  sports,  compared  with  which  my  attach- 
ment to  business  was  distinctly  platonic.  Wher- 
ever pig-sticking  was  to  be  had,  in  Kishnaghur, 
Berhainpore,  or  Burdwan,  I  rode  with  the  hunt. 
Wherever  there  was  a  snipe  jheel,  I  paid  it 
frequent  attention.  Quail  and  jungle  fowl  were 
not  neglected,  but  I  got  no  forwarder  with  big 
game  other  than  boars." 


Soon,  however,  this  defect  was  remedied, 
and  his  book  details  the  destruction  of  the 
usual  beasts  of  field  and  forest.  Ordinarily 
his  style  is  agreeable  enough ;  but  it  is 
occasionally  marred  by  what  seems  an  en- 
deavour to  bo  playful,  which  takes  the  form 
of  substituting  "what  time"  for  tchen  and 
other  mannerisms  which  might  with  advan- 
tage be  avoided.  There  are  also  digressions 
concerning  the  writer's  ideas  of  government, 
with  many  of  which  we  agree,  but  which  are 
hardly  in  place  in  a  book  on  sport,  and  wo 
think  tlio  author  is  mistaken  in  believing 
that  no  Indians  besides  Parsees  can  play 
cricket.  That  game  is  becoming  popular 
with  many  natives,  and  Mr.  K.  S.  Eanjit- 
sinhji,    who   is    good   enough   to   play   for 


N°  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


61 


Sussex  and  for  the  Grentlemen  of  England, 
has  shown  to  what  excellence  our  Indian 
feUow  subjects  can  attain. 

Sir  Edward  is  right  in  maintaining  that 
elephants  are  vastly  over-estimated,  and  he 
might  with  equal  reason  extend  his  criticism 
to  horses.  The  vaunted  sense  and  courage 
of  both  are  apt  to  disappear  when  most 
wanted  before  the  snarl  of  a  terrier  or  the 
sudden  and  terrible  appearance  of  a  cock 
sparrow,  or  even  of  a  piece  of  j)aper  flutter- 
ing on  the  ground. 

In  his  chapter  on  station  life  in  Oudh  the 
author  seems  to  think  that  the  local  whist 
play  was  quite  of  a  superior  order  to  that 
obtaining  in  the  best  London  clubs,  and 
also  that  Col.  Drayson  (as  he  then  was)  was 
an  Indian  production.  Such  hallucinations 
are  not  uncommon  amongst  Anglo-Indians, 
and  they  cannot  hurt  anybody  beyond  their 
possessors.  The  last  chapter  on  Tasmania 
has  considerable  interest,  and  the  country 
must  in  many  ways  be  attractive  to  a  settler. 
The  greater  part  of  the  book  appeared  re- 
cently in  Blackwood' s  Magazine,  from  which 
it  has  been  tastefully  reproduced. 

In  these  and  in  many  other  sporting  books 
far  too  little  information  is  supplied  concern- 
ing the  weapons  used,  the  charges  of  powder, 
and  the  weight  and  form  of  bullet.  Such 
matters  are  of  great  importance  to  sports- 
men who  have  not  much  experience  of  their 
own.  Major  Cumberland  at  the  beginning 
of  his  book  mentions  a  '500  Henry  Express 
as  quite  the  best  weapon  for  mountain 
shooting,  but  towards  the  end  he  refers  to 
his  double  '500 ;  both  are  heavy  weapons 
for  fine  shooting  at  long  range,  and  it  may 
be  questioned  whether  a  '450  made  with  a 
rather  heavier  bullet  than  that  of  Henry's 
Express  would  not  be  all  round  a  preferable 
weapon.  No  doubt  one  man  will  shoot 
better  with  a  powerful  rifle,  whilst  another 
will  make  better  practice  with  a  lighter  one, 
personal  qualities  accounting  for  this ;  but 
it  may  be  said  almost  without  qualification 
that  heavy  charges  of  powder  are  anta- 
gonistic to  fine  shooting  save  at  close  range. 
Thus  Capt.  Melliss  used  a  Magnum  Express 
by  Tolley,  loaded  with  six  drams  of  powder 
and  a  solid  lead  bullet ;  and  this  he  terms  a 
trusty  little  weapon !  The  weight  of  the 
bullet  is  not  stated  :  if  it  was  considerable, 
the  recoil  must  have  been  great ;  and  under 
any  circumstances  the  concussion  from  firing 
so  large  a  charge  of  powder  is  unpleasant. 
Sir  Edward  Braddon's  weapons  are  neces- 
sarily more  antiquated  ;  he  prefers  a  smooth- 
bore for  tigers,  and  we  believe  that  for 
snap  shooting  at  close  range,  as  most 
jungle  shooting  must  be,  the  smooth-bore, 
or  the  modern  modification  of  it  known  under 
various  names,  Paradox,  &c.,  cannot  easily 
be  surpassed. 


Feudal  England :  Historical  Studies  on  the 
Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Centuries.  By  J.  H. 
Hound.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 
Some  of  Mr.  Round's  admirers  may  at 
times  have  wished  that  he  would  take  a 
long  breath,  and  tell  some  continuous  tale 
from  beginning  to  end  in  the  approved 
narrative  fashion  of  the  typical  historian. 
This  would  enable  them  to  justify  in  the 
eyes  of  the  general  reader  their  belief  that 
few  mea  living  have  done  better  service  in 
the    cause     of   English    history   than   that 


which  Mr.  Round  has  done.  But  a  man 
must  work  in  his  own  waj'  :  "  unicuique 
proprium  dat  natura  munus."  We  doubt 
whether  Mr.  Round  has  it  in  him  to  become 
a  popular  narrator.  The  telling  of  a  con- 
tinuous tale,  the  story  of  a  nation  or  of  an 
age,  involves  of  necessity  the  repetition  of 
much  that  other  people  have  already  said. 
But  repetition,  even  an  improved  and 
corrected  repetition,  possesses  no  attraction 
for  Mr.  Round.  He  is  an  explorer,  a  dis- 
coverer. Where  others  may  see  a  story 
to  be  told,  he  sees  a  problem  to  be  solved. 
He  takes  up  problem  after  problem,  solves 
or  does  his  best  towards  solving  it,  and  then 
puts  it  aside.  The  books  in  which  he  binds 
together  the  results  of  his  labours  are, 
therefore,  not  books  that  can  be  recom- 
mended to  those  who  must  have  plot  and 
incident  and  the  unities — who  loathe  the 
excursus,  and  leave  the  appendix  uncut. 
But  every  line  that  he  writes,  or  rather 
every  line  that  he  writes  while  he  is  content 
to  be  himself  and  to  work  in  his  own  way, 
makes  its  mark  on  the  minds  of  those  who 
are  in  search,  not  of  enjoyment,  but  of 
knowledge — not  of  relaxation,  but  of  bracing 
debate. 

The  first  third  of  this  new  book  is  de- 
voted to  the  Domesday  records,  and  at  once 
we  can  say  that  it  puts  the  discussion  of 
those  records  upon  a  new  footing.  Some 
years  ago  Mr.  Round  saved  a  volume  of 
'  Domesday  Studies '  from  oblivion  by  a 
masterly  paper.  We  then  thought  that  he 
held  in  his  hand  the  clue  which  would  lead 
him  through  many  of  the  convolutions  of 
the  intricate  maze.  Therefore,  though  we 
have  been  anxiously  expecting  a  second 
instalment  of  his  work,  we  have  in  some 
measure  been  able  to  guess  what  he  would 
say  and  prepare  ourselves  for  the  disclosure. 
Had  it  been  otherwise,  we  might  have  been 
accused  of  precipitation  if  within  a  few 
weeks  after  the  publication  of  this  book  we 
had  declared  our  adhesion  to  theories  which 
are  based  upon  elaborate  calculations.  But, 
owing  to  hints  that  Mr.  Round  has  given  in 
the  '  Domesday  Studies '  and  elsewhere, 
some  of  these  calculations  are  not  new  to 
us.  And  so  we  can  say  at  once  that  the 
figures  are  correct  and  that  they  inevitably 
suggest  the  inferences  that  Mr.  Round  has 
drawn  from  them.  Much  is  new,  sur- 
prisingly new,  in  what  he  now  tells  us,  and 
he  would  be  the  first  to  urge  that  all  his 
computations  should  be  checked ;  still  we 
feel  that  we  are  on  safe  ground. 

We  shall  not  endeavour  to  state  all,  or 
indeed  any,  of  Mr.  Round's  discoveries.  For 
one  thing,  they  could  not  be  stated  fairly  in 
a  short  space.  For  another  thing,  we  can 
assume  that  every  one  who  has  any  care  for 
the  true,  the  intimate  history  of  mediaeval 
England  will  at  once  get  this  book.  What 
in  our  eyes  is  the  main  discovery,  namely, 
that  of  the  first  broad  principle  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  taxation,  is  just  one  of  those  delight- 
fully simple  solutions  of  a  complex  problem 
which  begin  to  convince  so  soon  as  they 
have  ceased  to  dazzle.  It  should  have  been 
guessed  long  ago  by  every  one  who  knows 
the  history  of  our  modern  land  tax.  A  long 
step  forward  has  now  been  made.  Much 
good  fruit  Mr.  Round  himself  has  already 
gathered  ;  but  the  best  trait  in  his  method 
and  his  results  is  their  hopefulness.  Wo 
cannot  tell  whither  they  will  lead  us,  but  it 


will  be  deep  into  the  recesses  of  Anglo-Saxon 
history.  At  last  we  have  a  science  of  Domes- 
day Book  which  will  grow  as  other  sciences 
grow.  With  the  formation  of  that  science 
Mr.  Round's  name  will  be  inseparably  con- 
nected. He  is  as  far  in  advance  of  Mr. 
Eyton  as  Mr.  Eyton  was  of  his  prede- 
cessors. 

The  rest  of  '  Feudal  England '  consists 
pai'tly  of  papers  that  have  been  printed  in 
magazines,  partly  of  some  new  and  brief 
discussions  of  special  points  in  the  history 
of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries.  We 
can  read  once  more  the  essay  on  Knight's 
Service  which  is  already  classical ;  we  can 
assure  ourselves,  if  we  require  assurance, 
that  Henry  II.  and  Becket  quarrelled,  not 
about  the  danegeld,  but  about  the  sheriff's 
scot ;  we  can  see  some  genealogical  bubbles 
prettily  pricked  ;  we  can  read  some  precious 
"fines"  which  have  escaped  the  eyes  of 
legal  historians  ;  and  we  can,  if  we  will, 
fight  over  again  the  second  battle  of 
Hastings.  For  our  own  part  we  cannot  but 
feel  sorry  that  Mr.  Round  ever  flung  him- 
self into  that  combat.  It  was  not  one  in  which 
his  special  powers  were  likely  to  be  seen  at 
their  best.  Had  he  said  merely  that  neither 
about  the  details  of  the  battle  of  Hastings 
nor  about  the  details  of  any  other  mediaeval 
battle  have  we  anything  that  is  approxi- 
mately worthy  of  being  called  evidence,  he 
would  have  stood  on  safe  ground,  and  would 
never  have  been  involved  in  this  wordy 
warfare.  Those  who  know  what  history 
means,  those  who  know  what  evidence 
means,  will  be  quite  content  to  leave  that 
palisade  to  the  discretion  of  Sir  Augustus 
Harris  when  he  puts  Mr.  Cowen's  opera  on 
the  stage.  A  palisade  was  just  one  of  Mr. 
Freeman's  "  properties  " — tasteful,  perhaps, 
or  tasteless,  but  neither  right  nor  wrong  to 
any  one  who  knows  what  evidence  means. 
We  are  not  altogether  sorry  that  Mr.  Round 
has  republished  his  share  of  the  controversy, 
nor  shall  we  be  altogether  sorry  if  Mr. 
Archer  does  the  like.  These  passionate 
arguments  may  bring  discredit  on  battle 
pieces  and  similar  works  of  fancy,  and  that 
will  be  something  gained  ;  but  they  are  also 
likely  to  distract  attention  from  the  really 
important  part  of  Mr.  Round's  work. 

Mr.  Round  has  a  mission.  Too  often,  it 
may  be,  he  allows  himself  to  see  that  mission 
in  an  exceedingly  concrete  form.  Mr.  Free- 
man is  constantly  before  his  eyes,  and  Mr. 
Freeman  is  to  be  confuted  and  exposed. 
This  conception  of  his  duty  sometimes  pro- 
duces sentences  which  we  do  not  condemn, 
but  cannot  admire.  We  do  not,  for  example, 
think  that  an  index  is  the  best  place  for 
the  denunciation  of  our  enemy's  books, 
though  herein  we  differ  from  popes  and 
sacred  congregations.  Still  the  quarrel  is 
not  really  a  personal  quarrel.  Mr.  Round 
sees  in  Mr.  Freeman  a  dominant  power, 
the  head  of  a  school,  the  illustrious  man 
who  did  more  tlian  any  other  man  of  his 
day  towards  giving  to  the  whole  study  of 
early  English  history  its  prevailing  tone. 
And  now  there  must  be  reaction  ;  the  pen- 
dulum must  swing  backwards,  and  a  one- 
sidedness  must  perhaps  be  complemented 
by  an  equal  and  opposite  other-sidedness. 
Two  or  three  words  about  this  opposition 
must  be  said,  for  Iktr.  Round  in  his  turn  is 
beginning  to  be  a  representative  man,  and 
may  soon  be  the  head  of  a  school. 


62 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3533,  July  13, '95 


With  one  of  the  tendencies  manifested  in 
his  work  we  cordially  sympathize.  In  some 
sort  he  is  the  champion  of  the  French 
against  the  English.  What  he  combats  is 
"  the  tendency  to  exalt  the  English  and 
depreciate  the  Norman  element  in  our 
constitutional  development."  It  was  high 
time  that  in  this  case  the  pendulum 
should  swing  even  to  the  other  extreme. 
It  was  high  time  that  the  opinion,  very 
generally  held  upon  the  Continent,  that 
English  law  is  in  the  main  the  offspring  of 
Frankish  law  should  be  made  known  to 
Englishmen.  Spiritually  William  the  Con- 
queror and  Henry  II.  are  as  truly  the 
descendants  of  Charlemagne  as  they  are 
the  descendants  of  Alfred.  Nay,  more, 
the  English  kingship  of  Normans  and 
Angevins  is  a  truer  continuation  of  the 
Frankish  kingship  than  any  that  the  main- 
land of  Europe  can  show.  All  this  has  to 
be  said,  and  it  must  be  said  repeatedly  and 
in  strong  language  before  English  students 
wiU  be  content  to  leave  the  Anglo-Saxons 
alone  for  a  little  while,  and  to  study  their 
other  forefathers  the  Franks  in  Gaul.  Mr. 
Freeman's  ludicrously  inadequate  treatment 
of  English  feudalism,  with  its  employment 
of  Eanulf  Flambard  as  a  god  out  of  the 
machine,  deserves  all  that  Mr.  Round  can 
say  against  it,  and  is  a  standing  warning  to 
every  one  who  would  "  exalt  the  English 
and  depreciate  the  Norman  element  in  our 
constitutional  development."  But  when 
dealing  with  a  legal  or  constitutional 
problem,  Mr.  Freeman  was  at  his  worst. 
To  speak  plainly  and  use  a  term  of  which 
he  was  fond,  his  mind  was  "  unlaw." 

With  a  little  sympath}',  but  with  more 
regret,  we  read  two  or  three  pages,  rhetorical 
pages,  in  which  Mr.  Hound  encounters  Mr. 
Freeman's  all  -  pervading  Whiggery  with 
what  we  fear  we  must  call  his  own  Toryism. 
Mr.  Freeman's  Whiggery  or  Liberalism  is, 
we  allow,  thrust  upon  the  reader  in  many  an 
inappropriate  place.  His  extensive,  if  not 
unrivalled  knowledge  of  the  political — or 
rather  of  the  party-political — history  of  all 
times  had  for  its  irritating  counterpart  an 
inability  to  see  the  deep  differences  between 
the  ages.  The  unity  of  history  was  too 
often  for  him  the  repetition  of  a  single 
theme.  Hence  full  many  a  comparison 
which  those  who  look  below  the  surface 
know  to  be  inept.  But  if  anything  would 
be  as  bad  as  a  Whiggish  history  of  the 
"English"  people  before  the  fight  at 
"  Senlac,"  it  would  be  a  Tory  history  of 
the  "Anglo-Saxons"  before  the  battle  of 
Hastings.  Two  falsehoods  will  not  make 
a  truth,  and  if  Mr.  Eound  sins  he  will  sin 
against  the  light,  for  he  knows  (whether 
Mr.  Freeman  knew  it  or  no)  that  to  drag 
our  modern  politics  into  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury is  a  sin,  and  he  knows  that  the  con- 
quering duke  was  not  "  a  saviour  of  society." 
We  speak  in  earnest,  for  much  depends  on 
the  choice  that  he  makes.  We  hope  that  ho 
will  leave  "  the  lesson  of  the  Norman  Con- 
quest," and  all  other  lessons  with  their 
attendant  perorations,  to  men  of  a  different 
mould.  Let  him  bo,  as  he  can  be,  the 
explorer,  the  discoverer,  the  impartial  man 
of  science,  and  his  name  will  hereafter  stand 
very  high  in  the  roll  of  English  historians. 

A  third  cause  of  which  he  may  be  regarded 
as  the  champion  is  that  of  the  charter 
against  the  chronicle.     His  practice  in  this 


matter  is  admirable,  and  therefore  we  are 
sorry  to  see  him  quoting  as  "felicitous" 
some  words  which  to  our  thinking  should 
never  have  been  written :  "  Dans  les 
chartes,  au  contraire,  tout  est  authentique, 
certain,  precis,  indubitable."  This  is  plain 
nonsense.  In  the  first  place,  your  would-be 
charter  may  but  too  easily  be  a  bad  copy, 
a  tinkered  copy,  a  wicked  forgery. 
But,  granted  that  it  is  authentic,  it  still 
may  be  a  mass  of  blunders  or  a  mass 
of  lies.  People  do  blunder  and  people 
do  lie  in  their  legal  documents,  and 
that  pretty  freely.  But  we  force  an  open 
door.  Mr.  Hound  has  accepted  as  a  charter 
coming  from  the  Conqueror  a  document 
which  speaks  of  Harold  as  having  been 
king.  We  are  sure  that  he  did  not  pass 
judgment  in  favour  of  that  document, 
which  is  still  giving  us  some  qualms, 
until  in  his  own  mind  he  had  argued 
against  its  authenticity.  However,  as 
already  said,  his  practice  is  admirable,  and 
the  stress  that  he  lays  on  "diplomatic" 
evidence  deserves  the  warmest  praise.  If 
we  could  dispose  of  his  time,  we  would  set 
him  to  edit  the  charters  (and,  by  way  of 
beginning,  the  roj'al  charters)  of  the  Norman 
time.  This  work  ought  to  be  done,  and  it 
ought  to  be  done  as  a  national  enterprise, 
and  no  one,  at  least  no  Englishman,  could 
do  it  better  than  Mr.  Round.  Our  chronicles 
have  been  edited,  some  well,  some  badly. 
The  day  for  the  charters  has  come,  and  with 
the  day  the  man. 

We  have  been  speaking  rather  of  some 
general  tendencies  of  Mr.  Round's  work 
than  of  the  book  that  lies  before  us.  It 
contains  some  of  the  most  important  con- 
tributions that  have  been  made  of  late  years 
to  the  earlier  chapters  of  English  history. 
Unless  we  are  much  mistaken,  it  proves  its 
author  to  be  the  highest  living  authority  on 
the  meaning  of  Domesday  Book.  All  this 
should  be  said  of  it,  and  perhaps  something 
more.  But  our  thoughts  will  turn  to  the 
future.  There  is  achievement  here,  but 
there  is  promise  also,  and  yet  there  are 
rocks  ahead.  Mr.  Round  should  under- 
stand that  the  time  when  it  was  necessar}' 
for  him  to  strive  and  cry  and  to  slash  at 
Mr.  Freeman's  palisades  and  shield  walls 
in  order  that  he  might  obtain  a  hearing 
has  gone  by.  His  right  to  speak  is  estab- 
lished and  we  are  listening. 


The    Story    of   Bessie     Costrell.       By    Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  'Bessie  Costrell' 
forms,  we  see  from  an  advertisement,  the 
first  of  a  novel  series,  a  novel "  Novel  Series," 
published  by  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder.  In 
view  of  the  high  position  of  the  writer  it  is 
quite  natural  that  she  should  have  been 
asked  to  bless  this  new  venture  ;  but  in  view 
of  the  special  character  of  Mrs.  Humphry 
AVard's  genius — or  ivgenium,  let  us  say — it 
was  almost  inevitable  that  such  a  work  as 
this,  written  (as  we  imagine  it  has  been) 
more  or  less  to  order,  should  be  only  par- 
tially successful.  And  we  must  remark  by 
the  way  that  the  name  "Novel  Series"  is 
hardly  appropriate  to  a  set  of  books,  some 
of  which  will  contain  only  some  twenty- 
five  or  thirty  thousand  words  apiece  ;  unless, 
indeed,  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  hold  that 
"novel"  is   the  translation  of  the  French 


nouvelle  and  not  of  romatt.  It  is  the  extreme 
shortness  of  the  story  which  has  more  than 
anything  else  hampered  Mrs.  Ward  in  her 
treatment  of  the  theme  she  has  chosen.  It 
is  a  story  of  peasant  life.  We  are  among  the 
same  class  of  people  as  those  who  are  drawn 
in  such  a  masterly  way  in  '  Marcella' — among 
rustics,  we  should  judge,  taken  from  almost 
the  same  part  of  England.  And  the  village 
tragedy  of  Bessie  Costrell  and  her  husband 
is  as  great  as  that  of  the  two  Hurds  in  the 
longer  story.  But  it  is  very  far  from  being 
as  greatly  treated.  For  one  thing,  the 
writer  does  not  seem  to  have  grasped  what 
are  the  special  obligations  imposed  upon  a 
short  story — a  confe.  The  first  of  these  i& 
focus.  In  a  hundred  and  forty  widely 
printed  pages  you  must  not  attempt  to  follow 
two  or  three  people  through  several  phases 
of  their  career.  There  ought  even  to  be  a 
certain  unity  of  time.  Let  us  call  in  as 
witnesses  two  examples  which  differ  vastly 
in  aim  and  character,  but  are  alike  in 
the  excellence  of  their  construction  :  Mau- 
passant's incomparable  '  Boule  de  Suif '  (by 
far  the  best  short  story  he  ever  wrote)  and 
Tolstoy's  lately  published  '  Master  and 
Man.'  How  concentrated  they  both  are  I 
Mrs.  Ward's  tale  is  absolutely  without 
concentration.  The  excellent  descriptions 
with  which  it  opens  of  John  Bolderfield's 
walk,  and  then  of  the  death  of  Eliza,  are 
rendered  nugatory  by  the  removal  of  the 
centre  of  interest  altogether  away  from  John. 
We  ought  at  least  to  have  had  some  more 
graphic  and  convincing  picture  of  the  effect 
produced  upon  him  by  the  loss  of  his  hoard 
— not  the  immediate  effect  only,  but  the  per- 
manent one.  Isaac,  though  a  good  many 
words  are  spent  in  talking  about  him^ 
remains  as  shadowy  at  the  end  as  he  was 
at  the  beginning.  We  are  left  then  with 
Bessie  as  the  really  important  study  in  the 
book.  Undoubtedly  hers  is  a  true  and 
effective  portrait,  but  it  hardly  rises  to  the 
height  of  being  powerful.  Partly  through 
a  weakness  of  technique,  Mrs.  AVard  has 
left  her  far  less  convincing  than  she  might 
easily  have  been  made.  If  the  author  had 
spent  a  little  pains  in  showing  the  social 
side  of  Bessie  Costrell' s  nature  and  her 
relations  with  her  husband  before  she 
began  to  steal  old  John's  money,  she  would 
have  been  much  more  interesting.  She 
appears  first  as  an  attractive  figure  of  which 
you  get  no  more  than  a  glimpse,  the  next 
moment  as  a  thief  and  almost  a  drunkard 
without  any  adequate  pressure  of  tempta- 
tion. In  truth,  if  Mrs.  Ward  had  assigned 
her  a  lover — as  a  French  novelist  would  have 
done  without  fail — Bessie's  conduct  would 
have  been  more  explicable.  But  perhaps 
the  exigencies  of  the  "Novel  Series"  pre- 
cluded this  complication.  The  most  power- 
ful passage  in  the  book  is  Bessie's  lasi 
appeal  to  her  husband  : — 

"'Isaac,  I'd  ha' put  it  back,'  she  said  im- 
ploring. '  I  wor  goin'  in  to  Bedford  to  see  Mr. 
Grimstoue — 'ee  'd  ha'  managed  it  for  me.  I  'd  » 
worked  extra — I  could  ha'  done  it — if  it  'adn'fc 
been  for  Timothy.  If  you  '11  'elp — an'  you  'd 
oughten,  for  yer  are  my  'usband,  whativer  yer 
may  say— we  could  pay  John  back — someday. 
Yo'  can  go  to  'im,  an'  to  Watson,  an'  say  as 
we  '11  pay  it  back — yo'  conld,  Isaac.  I  can  take 
ter  the  plattin'  again,  an'  I  can  go  an'  work  for 
Mrs.  Drew — she  asked  me  again  lasst  week. 
Mary  Anne  'uU  see  to  the  childer.  Yo'  go  to 
John,    Isaac,  to-morrer — an'— an'— to   Watson. 


N°  3533,  July  13,  *95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


63 


All  they  wants  is  the  money  back.  Yer  couldn't 
— yer  couldn't — see  me  took  to  prison,  Isaac'  " 

Indeed,  all  the  final  scenes  of  Bessie's  life 
are  affecting  in  a  liigli  degree.  They  are 
enough  to  show  that  Mrs.  Ward's  hand  has 
not  forgotten  its  cunning,  even  though  it 
moves  a  little  awkwardly  in  a  different 
medium,  subject  to  new  conditions.  AVe 
have  noticed,  by  the  way,  one  or  two  mis- 
prints— "  cousin"  for  comM  on  p.  73,  a  you 
left  out — "  so  now  know  "  (p.  122) — which, 
in  what  may  be  called  a  sample  volume,  are 
regrettable.  To  speak  of  a  hat  "lying 
about  the  floor"  is  an  odd  locution. 


CLASSICAL  SCHOOL-EOOKS. 

of    Cicero.     Edited 


The    Murena    of    Cicero.     Edited  by  J.    H 
Freese.     (Macmillan    &  Co.) — Mr.  Freese   has 
produced  an  edition  which  is  good  of  its  kind  ; 
but  the  kind  is    far  too  common  in  England. 
His  book  is,  and  professes  to  be,  nothing  but 
a  compilation.     In  Germany  most  of  the  edi- 
tions of  classical  texts  which  are  in  use  in  the 
schools  are  the  work  of  eminent  scholars,  who 
have   studied  their  subject    deeply,  and    have 
earned   the   right   to   be    heard  concerning  it. 
But  in  our   country  editions   are    being    con- 
tinually multiplied  which  do  not  present,  nor 
do  they  even  pretend  to  present,  a  single  in- 
dependent suggestion  of  any  value  for  the  eluci- 
dation  of  difficulties   in   the   authors  who  are 
handled.      There  is  much  evil  in  this  state  of 
things,  but  we  will  not  stop  to  discuss  it.     Mr. 
Freese's  work  has  been  well  done  from  his  own 
point  of  view.     His  general  scholarship  protects 
him  from  grave  errors,  and  his  notes  are  written 
with  clearness  and  succinctness.     He  draws  his 
information  from   few   sources,   but  these    are 
good.      However,    as   might   be   expected,    the 
opinions  of  others  are  sometimes  accepted  when 
a  little  criticism  and  investigation  would  have 
shown  them  to  be  unsafe  ;   and  dubious  views 
are  sometimes  put  forward    as    certain.      The 
oration  for  Murena  contains  a  good  many  diffi- 
cult legal  and    constitutional    formula.       The 
notes    on    these    occasionally  betray  imperfect 
grasp,  and  here  and  there  may  mislead.   Among 
minor  matters  there  are  many  which  need  re- 
consideration.    Of  these  we  can  notice  only  a 
very  few.     §  7,  coiiquestio  as  a  rhetorical  term 
does  not  necessarily  mean   "  an  appeal  to  the 
feelings";  see  Cicero's  '  Orator,'  §  135.     Nor  is 
the  general  sense  of  "  complaint "  confined  to 
the    three     passages     quoted  ;     compare    '  Ad 
QuintuniFratrem,'  1,  1,  7,  §  22.     §  9,  the  word 
neglectio    is  isolated  in    good  Latin   literature, 
and  the  corrupt  MSS.  of  this  speech  are  not 
trustworthy  authorities  for  its   use  by  Cicero. 
Most  likely  the  writer  of  the  archetype  misread 
a    common     contraction    for     neglvjentia,    i.e., 
neglia,  with  a  horizontal  line  across  the  upper 
•part  of  the  I ;  the  contraction  iorneglectio  would 
be  nearly  the  same.     ^   15,   two  secessions  of 
the  plebeians,  that  of  494  B.C.  and  that  of  449, 
seem  to  be  confused  in  the  notes.     §  18,  the 
statement  as  to  the  election  of  the  quiestors, 
viz.,  that  "the    candidate   who   first  got    the 
votes  of  eighteen  out  of  the  thirty-five  tribes 
was  declared  duly  elected  before  the  others," 
cannot  be  exactly  correct.     It  is  not  to  be  sup- 
posed that  a  candidate  who  obtained  the  votes 
of  all  the  tribes  (a  thing   not    unknown)   was 
placed  below  one  who  received  the  suffrages  of 
eighteen  only.  The  widespread  opinion  that  in  the 
Comitianonoticewas  taken  of  the  votesof  centuries 
ortribes  beyond  those  required  fora  bare  majority 
can  be  easily  shown  to  be  unsound.     In  §  35  of 
this  speech  Cicero  says  that  the  ■popMhis  deter- 
mined the  order  of  election,  a  statement  which 
he   would    hardly   have   made   had    the    order 
actually  been  settled  by  the  chapter  of  accidents 
in  the  manner  presumed  by  the  note.     It  may 
be  added  that  Lilybfeum  cannot  have  been  one 
of    the    Italicce     provinci(e    assigned     to     the 


quoestors.  §  20,  qnamgnarn  with  the  present 
subjunctive  should  be  described  not  as  "ex- 
ceedingly rare  "  in  Cicero,  but  as  non-existent. 
§  22,  the  notion  that  praxlarus  used  ironically 
precedes  its  noun  is  inexact  ;  see  e.g.  'Philipp.' 
5,  §  12.  §  25,  ediscendis  is  assuredly  ablative, 
not  dative.  §  28,  the  note  on  tarn  anquste  goes 
rather  far  astray.  §  31,  the  brother  of  Scipio 
Africanus  called  himseli  Asiagenus,  not  "Asia- 
ticus."  ^  34,  the  passive  arhitrari  in  the  text  of 
Cicero  may  safely  be  pronounced  erroneous. 
In  '  Verr.'  2,  5,  §  106,  quoted  by  Mr.  Freese, 
the  Vatican  palimpsest  has  piUaretur,  not  "  arbi- 
traretur. "  ^  40,  the  idea  that  the  TrpoeSpt'a  of 
the  equites  at  the  ludi  fell  into  abeyance  in  the 
time  of  Augustus,  and  was  revived  by  Domitian, 
seems  to  be  quite  baseless.  J^  42,  the  words 
scriba  damnatus  surely  refer  to  no  particular 
case,  but  have  a  general  application.  Scribes 
were  not  of  necessity  libertini.  §  57,  the  note 
on  Hon  qneam  implies  that  Cicero  avoided 
nequeam,  as  he  certainly  did  avoid  nequeo. 
This  is  not  the  case.  But  it  is  curious  that 
the  verb  nequeo  occurs  only  once  in  the 
speeches.  §  58,  "  cadere  in  iudicio "  is  far 
from  being  identical  in  meaning  with  "cadere 
causa."  §  71,  snffragari  means  to  canvass,  not 
to  vote.  If  the  reading  "  ut  suflragentur  "  be 
correct,  ut  must  be  concessive,  and  the  sense 
"  even  if  they  canvass  "  fits  in  well  enough  with 
the  context. 

Pitt  Press  Series. — M.  Tulli  Ciceronis  pro  T. 
Annio  Milone  ad  Judices  Oratio.  Edited  for 
Schools  and  Colleges  by  James  S.  Reid,  Litt.D. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.)  —  The  renewal 
of  Dr.  Reid's  editing  of  Cicero  will  be  welcome 
to  all  Latin  scholars,  while  boys  will  find  the 
speech  more  interesting  than  those  which  Dr. 
Reid  has  previously  published.  In  Appen- 
dix A  the  text  of  Asconius's  comment  on 
Cicero's  speech  is  given,  then  comes  Dr. 
Reid's  admirable  analysis  of  the  speech,  and 
lastly,  his  critical  notes  on  the  text,  which 
are,  of  course,  scholarly  and  judicious.  We 
cannot,  however,  accept  the  insertion  of 
veremur  between  "rumorem"and  "fabulam," 
§  42,  as  convincing.  Particularly  valuable  are 
the  notes  on  dediti  fuimus,  §  4,  and  exiturus... 
fuisset,  §  48  ;  but  the  whole  commentary  dis- 
plays the  touch  of  a  master. 

M.  T.  Ciceronis  Actionis  in  Verrem  Secundct 
Lib.  V.  Edited  by  W.  Cecil  Laming,  M.A. 
(Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.) — So  far  as  it  goes 
Mr.  Laming's  work  is  well  done,  but  he  gives 
no  analysis  of  the  book,  no  apparatus  criticus, 
no  index,  while  little  or  no  attention  is  paid 
to  rhetorical  points.  The  volume  is  therefore 
probably  meant  for  lower  forms. 

The  JEneid  of  Pitblius  Vergilius  Maro. 
Book  L  Edited  by  Alfred  J.  Church,  M.A. 
(Blackie  &  Son.) — Pains  worthy  of  a  more 
ambitious  work  have  been  spent  by  Mr.  Church 
on  this  book  for  beginners,  and  he  fully  appre- 
ciates the  difficulties  which  Virgil  presents  even 
to  the  mature  scholar.  The  vocabulary  is  care- 
fully compiled  ;  though  as  et  and  ve  are  given, 
que  should  not  have  been  omitted. 

Primary  Latin  Exercises.  Specially  adapted 
to  the  '  Revised  Latin  Primer '  by  E.  P. 
Rooper,  M.A.,  and  Francis  Herring,  M.A. 
(Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.)  —  This  exercise 
book  contains  material  for  at  least  two  hundred 
lessons  in  translation  from  English  into  Latin. 
The  editors  have  taken  pains  to  illustrate  idiom 
as  well  as  formal  grammar.  The  work  has  been 
tested  by  use  in  Blundell's  School,  Tiverton  ; 
so  that  it  needs  no  further  recommendation. 
A  few  marks  of  quantity  are  absent  from  the 
vocabulary,  but  the  revision  has  generally  been 
effectual. 

Horace :  the  Historical  and  Political  Odes. 
With  Introduction  and  Notes  by  A.  J.  Church, 
M.A.  (Blackie  &  Son.) — In  this  little  volume 
Prof.  Church  has  selected  from  the  Odes  and 
Epodes  of  Horace  those  which  have  a  distinctly 
historical   bearing,   and  has  arranged  them   in 


what  is  believed  to  be  their  chronological  order. 
The  idea  is  good,  and  might  profitably  be  fol- 
lowed out  by  any  teacher  for  himself  ;  but 
whether  it  is  necessary  to  require  schoolboys  to 
get  a  special  edition  for  the  purpose  is  less 
clear.  Most  boys  have  to  possess  a  complete 
Horace  at  some  time  or  other  in  their  school 
life  ;  and  there  is  a  distinct  disadvantage  in 
accustoming  them  to  an  incomplete  text  and  an 
unfamiliar  arrangement.  However,  if  a  teacher 
thinks  otherwise,  he  \yill  find  this  edition  useful 
and  nicely  printed.  The  notes  are  mainly 
based  on  Orelli,  Page,  and  Wickham,  and  Prof. 
Church's  name  is  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  the 
work  of  selection  and  arrangement  has  been 
done  with  care  and  judgment.  There  is  a 
curious  slip  on  the  first  page  of  the  notes, 
leonibus  being  rendered  "bears";  and  we  do 
not  know  by  what  system  of  measures  three 
bushels  can  equal  thirty  gallons  (p.  130).  The 
disaster  of  Carrhte  happened  in  B.C.  53,  not  55 
(p.  110).  Until  recently  there  was  no  satis- 
factory history  of  the  reign  of  Augustus  for 
schoolboys  ;  but  Prof.  Bury  has  now  supplied 
this  want,  and  Horace  may  very  profitably  be 
read,  either  in  Prof.  Church's  edition  or  on 
similar  lines  in  an  ordinary  edition,  in  connexion 
with  the  history  of  his  period. 

Parallel  Grammar  Series. — A  Greek  Grammar 
for  Schools,  based  on  the  Princi2)les  and  Require- 
inents  of  the  Grammatical  Society.  By  E.  A. 
Sonnenschein,  M.A.  Part  II.  Syntax.  (Son- 
nenschein  &  Co. )— Prof .  Sonnenschein's  arrange- 
ment is  straightforward  and  sensible,  while  his 
statements  are  lucid,  but  we  are  not  favourably 
impressed  with  some  of  his  innovations  in 
terminology.  For  instance,  it  is  needless  and 
hardly  correct  to  call  a  noun  in  apposition  an 
"adjective-equivalent."  When  a,  i,  and  v  are 
long  the  quantity  is  marked  throughout  the 
work.  The  examples,  which  are  so  important 
in  syntax,  are  well  selected,  but  no  references 
are  supplied.  It  is  a  mistake  to  say  that  the  dative 
of  place  with  Itti  is  synonymous  with  the  geni- 
tive of  place  with  ert  (compare  the  use  of  viro)  ; 
and  it  is  time  to  give  up  writing  about  the 
"omission"  of  ay.  We  doubt  whether  the 
time  has  yet  come  for  airing  in  a  school-book 
the  view  that  dependent  clauses  introduced 
by  ws,  ofos,  ocro?,  are  dependent  exclamations, 
as  it  is  simpler  to  regard  many  such  clauses  as 
relative.  Prof.  Sonnenschein  is  on  safer  ground 
when  he  protests  against  classifying  general, 
temporal,  and  relative  under  conditional  con- 
structions. On  the  whole,  our  editor's  system 
and  method  constitute  an  advance  in  the  right 
direction.  We  may  remind  our  readers  that 
the  "Parallel  Grammars"  base  their  treatment 
"on  a  certain  scheme  of  sentence  analysis," 
and  are  designed  to  form  "an  organic  whole." 

Damon:  a  Manual  of  Greek  Iambic  Composi- 
tion. By  J.  Herbert  Williams,  M.A.,  and 
W.  H.  D.  Rouse,  M.A.  (Rivington,  Percival 
&  Co.) — In  this  useful  little  work  the  common 
forms  of  Greek  iambics  are  analyzed  according 
to  the  length  and  scansion  of  separate  words,  so 
that  a  royal  road  to  the  construction  of  iambics 
is  prepared  for  the  happy  versifier.  On  p.  44 
the  €7r'-  of  iirt<TTp(D4)C)VTa  in  a  table  of  typical 
words  has  slipped  down  two  lines.  In  addition 
to  ordinary  instruction  our  editors  supply  what 
used  to  be  called  "tips,"  which  were  either 
worked  out  for  oneself  or  imbibed  from  fellow 
pupils. 

A  Primer  of  Greek  Exercises.  By  W.  Green- 
stock,  B.A.  (Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.)— We 
are  in  doubt  as  to  whether  i)  KaAi)  Kopi]  cVti 
(fnXij  TO)  vavry  (p.  2!))  is  merely  an  exercise  in 
words  or  is  intended  to  convey  (a)  a  general 
or  (b)  a  particular  averment  ;  while  an  ancient 
Greek's  views  on  up-to-date  football — Thucy- 
dides  revenant,  we  presume — are  interesting 
(pp.  217-223).  Dr.  Percival  (late  of  Rugby) 
recommends  the  book  as  a  companion  to 
Abbott  and  Mansfield's  'Greek  Primer,'  and 
we  are  disposed  to  agree  with  him. 


64 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3533,  July  13, '95 


SHORT   STORIES. 

Sir  Walter  Besant  takesaratherlesscheerful 
view  of  life  than  usual  in  his  volume  of  short 
stories,  In  Deacon's  Orders  (Chatto  &  Windus), 
all  of  which  have  already  appeared  in  vai-ious 
periodicals.  That  from  which  the  collection 
takes  its  title  is  the  memoir  of  a  clerical  black 
sheep,  while  in  two  of  the  shorter  sketches, 
')nirahile  diciu  !  appear  portraits  of  young  women 
consumed  with  monstrous  and  mercenary  callous- 
ness. It  cannot  be  said  that  in  thus  doing 
violence  to  his  optimistic  instincts  Sir  Walter 
appears  to  such  advantage  as  in  the  delineation 
of  delectable  damsels  and  stalwart,  straightfor- 
ward swains.  Of  these  there  is,  happily,  no  lack 
in  the  present  volume,  which  serves  to  show, 
however,  not  for  the  first  time,  that  a  writer  of 
excellent  novels  may  be  unable  to  achieve  real 
distinction  within  the  limits  of  the  short  story. 

Al  the  First  Corner,  and  other  Stories.      By 
H.  B.  Marriott  Watson.      "Keynotes  Series." 
(Lane.)^Mr.   Marriott   Watson   contributes   to 
the   "Keynotes   Series"  a  new  volume,  which 
may  be  described  as  a  clever  but  cold-blooded 
presentment  of  a  selection  of  morbid  and,  for 
the  most  part,  unsavoury  themes.     His  book  is, 
in  short,  a   product   of   that  one-sided  realism 
which   can   scarcely  bring   itself   to   admit   the 
possibility  of  a  man  being  brave  or  a  woman 
chaste.    Rossiter,  the  hero  of  the  opening  story, 
*At  the  First  Corner,'  is  both  a  coward  and  a 
snob.      He  has  induced  Millicent  to  live  with 
him  as  his  mistress  by  inventing  "the  fiction 
of   an   estranged    wife,"   whose   existence    puts 
marriage  out  of  the  question  ;   and  when  Milli- 
cent informs  him  that  she  is  about  to  become  a 
mother  he  is  obliged  to  avow  the  cruel  lie  that 
has   at   once   complicated   and   corrupted   their 
relations.     Like  the  "new  woman"  that  she  is, 
however,  Millicent,  who  longs  to  be  "free  to  go 
anywhere,  be  any  one,  do  anything,"  rejects  the 
proffered  wedding  ring,  and  the  sordid  tragedy 
concludes  without  a  spark  of  love  or  a  ray  of 
hope  for  the  two  miserable  actors.     The  same 
may  be  said  of  'The  House  of  Shame,'  in  which 
an  unfaithful  husband,  by  the  crude  confession 
of  his  disgrace,  causes  the  death  of  a  helpless, 
innocent  wife.     And  as  for   'The  Edge  of  the 
Precipice,'  surely  no  more  callous  piece  of  cyni- 
cism was  ever  penned  than  the  story  of  Betty 
Yerinder's  midnight  adventures.    In  his  sketches 
of  low  life,  such  as  'Mr.  Atkinson,'  the  author 
perhaps  shows  to  more  advantage.      They  are 
undoubtedly   closely   studied,    though   with   an 
erident  bias  towards  tlie  brutal,  which  is  espe- 
cially apparent  in  the  death  scene  called  '  In  the 
Basement.'     For  the  rest,  'The  Portrait  in  the 
Inn,'  preposterous  as  is  its  plot,  contains  some 
excellent  touches  ;  and   the   little   bushranging 
melodrama,    'The   Last    of    Blackbeard,'   with 
which  the  book  concludes,  is  written  with  vigour 
and  grip.      We   cannot   say  so  much   for  '  An 
Ordeal  of  Three,'  which  strikes  us  as  being  a 
feeble  piece  of  decadent  erotics. 

Maureen's   Fairing,    and   other   Stories.      By 
Jane   Barlow.       With   Illustrations   by   Bertha 
Newcombe.     (Dent  &  Co.)— This  little  volume, 
so  charming  in  appearance,  is  one  of  the  most 
disappointing  that  we  have  ever  read  ;  for  the 
stories  are  not  only  poor,  disjointed,  and  with- 
out grip  on  the  reality  of  things,  but  they  are  so 
like  a  false  and  feeble  echo  of  Miss  Barlow's 
earlier  work  as  to  reveal  many  falsities  even  in 
the  best  that  slie  has  done.    No  admirer  of  Miss 
Barlow's  delightful  '  Irish  Idylls  '  should  look  at 
these  stories  ;   to  do  so  is  to  break  the  mirror 
of  enchantment  and  to  lose  the  power  of  being 
convinced  by  Miss  Barlow's  presentment  of  life. 
A  thousand   j)ities   that  these   tales  were   ever 
published  !     Miss  Barlow  must  write  something 
very  strong  and  true  to  atone  for  the  injury  that 
she  has  done  herself.     Above  all,  let  her  avoid 
the  winsome  liar,  the  perverse  peasant,  and  other 
favourite   effects   which   she   no   longer  studies 
from  the  life,  and  whicli  she  has  idealized  and 
sophisticated  till  all  semblance  to  human  nature 


has  gone  out  of  them.     Miss  Barlow,  like  every 
other  artist,  sees  life  through  the  medium  of 
her   own   temperament,  and,   like   every  other 
artist,   she  must  constantly  correct   her   vision 
of  the  world  by  comparison  with  life.     Either 
from    carelessness     or     from    the    fatal    sense 
that  human  nature  is  not  what  it  ought  to  be, 
she  has  ceased  to  do  this,  with  the  result  that 
she   now   depicts    beings   who   are   not   merely 
eccentric  or  abnormal,  but  lifeless.      The  bran 
has  run  out  of   her   dolls,   and  they  fall   limp 
instead  of  standing.     Surely  Miss  Barlow  is  not 
herself  pleased  with  this  collection  ;   she  cannot 
delude  herself  into  the  belief  that  it  docs  justice 
to  her  talent.    She  cannot  be  so  unjust  to  her  own 
insight  into  humanity  as  to  suppose  that  she  can 
do  no  better  than  this.    She  must  be  aware  that 
these  stories  are  immeasurably  inferior  to  those 
with  which  she  won  her  reputation.  Probably  her 
knowledge  of  the  Irish  poor  is  neither  intimate 
nor  deep,  and  the  admirable  volumes  of  'Bogland 
Studies  '  and  '  Irish  Idylls  '  exhausted  it.     But 
the  world  is  wide,  and  Miss  Barlow's  success 
was  due  to  her  treatment,  and  not  at  all  to  her 
subject,  which  is  in  itself  unpopular  and  stale. 
She  has  but  to  write  as  well  of  any  other  social 
grade  to  succeed  as    brilliantly.     Only  let  her 
beware  of  careless  drawing  of  the  classes  well 
known  to  readers,  lest  she  shake  their  faith  in 
the  classes  they  do  not  know.      '  A  Formidable 
Rival,'  'Mac's  Luncheon,'  and  'An  Escape'  are 
no  better  than  the  other  tales  in  this  depressing 
volume,  which  is  pretty  inside  and  out,  but  with 
the  feeble,  affected  prettiness  that  can  only  be 
described  as  genteel.      And  the  genteel  is  not 
a   fashionable   development  of   bad  art  at  this 
moment.      To  some  extent  Miss   Bertha  New- 
combe is  under  the  same  condemnation  as  Miss 
Barlow.      Her  illustrations  are   far   below  her 
high-water  mark  ;  but  there  are  different  kinds, 
as  there  are  different  degrees,  of   wrongdoing, 
and  Miss  Newcombe's  want  of  success  is  merely 
a  case  of  adverse  fortune  of  war.     She  was  not 
happily   inspired    by    her    subject,    hence    her 
drawings  are  uninteresting  ;   but  except  in  the 
matter  of  the  hands  her  figures  are  well  enough, 
and  they  are  simple.    Many  sins  may  be  charged 
to  the  engraver,  but  he  can  hardly  be  responsible 
for  producing  hands  which  in  every  instance  are 
considerably  larger  than  feet  ought  to  be,  and 
this  though  the  Irish  are  one  of  the  smallest- 
handed  peoples  in  Europe. 

Celibates.    By  George  Moore.    (Walter  Scott.) 
—  Of  these  three  stories  by  Mr.  George  Moore 
there  is  only  one  which  appears  to   us  to  be 
distinctly  good,  and  even  that  one  is  marred  by 
a    diversion    of   interest.      John    Norton,    the 
second  study,  is  a  strong  and  convincing  sketch 
of  a  man  possessed  by  the  mal  du  siecle,  a  feeble 
inability  to  make  up  his  mind  to  anything,  who 
when  he  finally  has  proposed  marriage  is  over- 
come by  the  sense  of  his  own   audacity,   and 
begins   immediately   to   consider  a   method   of 
escape.    His  ineffectual  yearnings  for  a  monastic 
life,   his   ridiculous  attempts   to  turn  a  Tudor 
house  into  a  Gothic  retreat,  and  his  indecision 
about  his  life's  work  are  all  admirably  set  forth. 
But  the  violent  tragedy  which  solves  for  him 
the  difficulty  about  his  marriage  seems  to  us  an 
artistic  mistake,   and  for  two  reasons  :    in  the 
first  place,  it  renders  less   obvious   the   man's 
indecision,   on  which  all  the  light   in  a   short 
story  like  this  should  be  focussed,   as  that  is 
obviously  the  point  of  the  story  ;  and  secondly, 
it   is  in  itself   so  striking  that   it   diverts   the 
attention  entirely  for  the  time  to  the  unfortu- 
nate Kitty  Hare.     Judged  by  itself,  it  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly dramatic  and  well-told  episode,  and 
Mr.  Moore  treats  so  sad  a  subject  in  as  delicate 
and  at  the  same  time  as  forcible  a  way  as  possible. 
But  the  other  two  stories  are  unpleasant  and 
uninteresting.        Mr.     Moore    fails    in    giving 
the   impression,    we   will    not  say   of    a    lady, 
because  he  does   not  often  attempt   that,   but 
even     of     a     person    witli    the    veneer     of    a 
lady.     There  is  a  certain  sordidness  in  the  talk, 
the  action,  and  even  down  to  the  description  of 


the  dress  of  his  women,  which  immediately 
ensures  their  recognition  as  belonging  to  a  type 
which  has  never  risen  above  the  intrigues  of  a 
small  haberdashery  establishment.  Now  Mil- 
dred Lawson,  though  meant  to  be  vulgar-minded, 
is  also  meant,  unless  we  are  doing  Mr.  Moore 
a  grave  injustice,  to  have  at  least  the  outward 
semblance  of  a  lady.  But  take  this  description 
of  her  attire,  for  example  : — 

"  Although  quietly  she  was  always  beautifully 
dressed.  Simple  though  they  appeared  to  be,  her 
black  crepe  cle  chine  skirts  told  of  large  sums  of 
money  spent  in  fashiouable  millinery  establishments, 
and  her  large  hats  profusely  trimmed  with  ostrich 
feathers,  wliich  suited  her  so  well,  contrasted 
strangely  with  the  poor  head-gear  of  the  other  girls  ,' 
and  when  the  weather  grew  warmer  she  appeared  in 
a  charming  shot  silk  grey  and  pink,  and  a  black 
straw  hat  lightly  trimmed  with  red  flowers." 

It  is  difficult  to  point  out  exactly  where  the 
vulgarity  lies — perhaps  it  is  in  the  epithets  ;  but 
anyhow  the  whole  passage  is  full  of  vul- 
garity, and  so  is  the  whole  character  of  the 
woman  whose  dreary  attempts  at  inveigling  mea 
are  here  chronicled.  Moreover,  neither  in  this 
story  nor  in  the  last  is  the  heroine  presented 
with  sufficient  reality  to  awaken  interest  in  the 
loveless  tragedy  of  her  life.  It  may  be  well 
to  warn  the  patrons  of  circulating  libraries  that 
the  book  is  not  "jJour  les  jeunes  filles." 

Grey  Roses.  By  Henry  Harland.  (Lane.) — 
In  some  of  these  stories  Mr.  Harland  appears 
to  have  attained  more  grip  of  the  art  of  the  short 
story  than  in  his  previous  volume.  '  A  Respon- 
sibility '  is  the  best  of  them  ;  here  the  trifling 
incident  which  serves  to  illuminate  a  man's 
whole  character  is  well  brought  out,  and  not  dA 
too  great  length.  '  A  Broken  Looking  -  Glass ' 
has  a  good  deal  of  pathos  in  it,  but  it  suffers 
from  the  inevitable  comparison  which  suggests 
itself  with  Maupassant's  wonderful  little  story 
'  Un  Suicide,'  which  is  practically  on  the  same 
subject.  Maupassant  does  not  make  the  mistake 
into  which  Mr.  Harland  falls,  of  explaining  the 
details  of  the  man's  recollections  ;  he  reads  a 
few  old  letters— that  is  all— and  it  is  quite 
enough  ;  it  is  far  more  effective  than  the  con- 
crete love  affair  described  bj'  the  English 
writer.  In  all  these  stories  Mr.  Harland  has 
the  tendency  to  say  too  much  ;  where  he  says 
least,  as  in  those  mentioned  and  in  '  When  I 
am  King,'  he  is  at  his  best.  At  any  rate,  the 
volume  shows  promise,  and  by  more  attention 
to  concentration  of  effect  Mr.  Harland  might 
become  a  really  effective  writer  of  shorfe 
stories. 

Tlie  Golden  Age.  By  Kenneth  Grahame. 
(Lane.)— Contrary  to  the  expectations  raised  by 
an  exceedingly  silly  prefatory  note,  there  is 
some  decidedly  amusing  stuff  in  this  book.  lb 
describes  some  of  the  every-day  adventures  of 
a  delightful  family  of  children  in  a  way  which 
makes  their  merriment  contagious.  Perhaps 
at  times  the  remarks  of  the  children  and  the 
incidents  are  a  little  too  obviously  elaborated 
by  an  older  hand  ;  but  on  the  whole  the  vivid- 
ness of  the  childish  irresponsibility  is  well  sus- 
tained. The  beauty  of  the  stories  lies  in  the 
fact  that  the  incidents  are  not  startling  and 
novel,  but  just  the  sort  of  adventures  that 
might  occur  to  any  properly  naughty  family  of 
country  boys  and  girls.  The  most  amusing 
stories  are  'The  Burglars'  and  'The  Blue 
Room  ' ;  but  the  whole  book  is  excellent. 


SCANDINAVIAN   rHILOLOGY. 

AUislandisches  Flementarhnch.  Von  F.  Holt- 
hausen.  (Weimar,  Felber.)— In  his  brief  preface 
Prof.  Holthausen  modestly  disclaiuis  any  credit 
for  originality  in  the  compilation  of  this  most 
useful  little  primer.  It  is,  as  he  says,  in  the 
main  an  abridgment  of  the  grammatical  works 
of  such  well-known  Scandinavian  philologists 
as  Noreen,  Wimmer,  and  Nygaard,  arranged 
(very  attractively,  we  may  add)  for  the 
use  of  beginners.  The  book  has  the  great 
merit,     moreover,     of     being     the     only     one 


N°  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


65 


of  its  kind  existing  in  Germany  —  at  any 
rate,  we  have  never  met  with  anything  there 
that  at  all  corresponds  with  the  '  Icelandic 
Primer '  for  which  students  of  Norse  here  have 
so  much  cause  to  be  grateful  to  Mr.  Sweet. 
Prof.  Holthausen  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
simplicity  and  directness  of  his  method,  and  we 
are  glad  to  learn  that  he  already  has  in  course 
of  preparation  another  manual,  based  on  Falk's 
'  Oldnorsk  Loesebog,'  intended  for  more 
advanced  students. 

AUschiredisches  Lesebuch.  Von  Adolf  Noreen. 
(Halle,  Niemeyer.) — This  admirable  little  book 
is  principally  intended  for  the  use  of  students 
in  German  academies  and  colleges.  It  consists 
of  a  most  careful  selection  from  MS.  sources  of 
old  and  middle  Swedish  texts,  chronologically 
arranged,  and  covering,  roughly  speaking,  the 
■whole  period  between  1281  and  1523,  or  nearly 
250  years.  The  book  is  provided  with  a  brief 
but  lucid  critical  examination  of  the  various 
documents  used,  a  few  remarks  on  the  more 
difficult  passages  occurring  therein,  and  an 
ample  glossary,  compiled  from  the  well-known 
dictionaries  of  Schlyter  and  Soderwall.  It 
serves,  moreover,  as  a  supplement  to  Prof. 
Noreen's  '  Altschwedische  Grammatik,'  and  is 
in  every  w^ay  a  scholarly  production. 

Bidrag  til  den  cddste  SiMldediqtninqs  Historie. 
Af  Sophus  Bugge.     (Christiania,  Archehaug.) — 
This,  Prof.  Bugge's  latest   contribution  to  the 
study  of  Norse  archjeology  and  philology,  con- 
tains  two   essays,    the   first   dealing   with    the 
authenticity  of  the  verses  of  Bragi  the  Old,  and 
the  second  being  an   inquiry  inlo  the  author- 
ship of  the  '  Ynglingatal.'     The  traditional  and 
still  dominant  view  as  to  the  verses  attributed 
to  Bragi  is   that  they  were    composed  in   the 
first  half  of  the  ninth  century  by  a  native  of 
Western  Norway,    and   are    consequently    not 
only  the  oldest  Norse  verses  extant,  but  one  of 
the  oldest  monuments  of  the  Norse  language, 
and  this  view  has  quite  recently  been  most  ably 
defended  by  the  eminent  Icelandic  scholar  and  his- 
torian Dr.  Finnur  Jdnsson.     As  to  the  question 
of  the  age  and  authorship  of  the  'Ynglingatal, '  it 
has  been,  and  is  still,  generally  accepted  as  an 
indisputable  historical    fact  that    the    poem  in 
question   was   composed   by   Harold   Fairhair's 
skald    Tjodolv   of    Hvin    at   the   beginning    of 
the    ninth    century.     Prof.    Bugge,    who,    like 
Prof.    Jessen,    belongs    to    the    ultra-sceptical 
school,  does  not  accept  the  traditional  view  in 
either  case.    He  holds  that  the  verses  attributed 
to  Bragi  and  the  '  Ynglingatal '  cannot  possibly 
have  been  composed  before  the  second  half  of 
the   tenth   century  ;    that   both   of   them   were 
written  in  Britain,  the  former  by  an  Icelander 
who  had  come  within  Irish  influences,  and  the 
latter  by  a  native  of  South- Western  Norway; 
and  that  the  very  few  historical  references  con- 
tained therein  refer  rather  to  some  of  the  petty 
Norse  kings  settled  in  our  islands  than  to  the 
much  earlier    roving    Vikings,  as  has  hitherto 
been  commonly  supposed.     Our  space  will  not 
permit  us  to  follow  Prof.  Bugge  throughout  his 
interesting  arguments,  which  are  based  for  the 
most  part  on  such  internal  evidence  as  gram- 
matical forms  can  supply.     We  may  hazard  the 
remark,  however,  that  where  everything  is  so 
doubtful,  the   purely  philological  method  here 
employed  seems  to  fall  lamentably  short.     The 
building  up  of  elaborate  historical  hypotheses 
on  such   slender    foundations    as    the  possible 
meanings  of  semi-corrupt  half  strophes  or  the 
ingenious  interpretations  of  single  obscure  words 
of  very  doubtful  origin    is    a    process    rather 
stimulating  than   convincing,   and   there   is  no 
doubt  that  Dr.  Finnur  Jonsson  and  other  adver- 
saries will  liave  another  word  or  two  to  say  on 
the  subject.   But,  on  the  other  hand,  everything 
that  Prof.   Bugge  writes  concerning  a  subject 
which  he  has  made  peculiarly  his  own  carries 
great  weight  with  it,   and   whether  they  agree 
with  his  views  or  not,  no  Northern  scholar  can 
afford  to  ignore  them. 


The  Runes,  whence    Came    They  ?     By   Prof. 
Dr.   George    Stephens.     (London,   Williams   & 
Norgate ;    Copenhagen,    H.     H.     Lynge.) — We 
should   be  the   last  to   speak  of   Prof.   George 
Stephens's  contributions  to  the  study  of  runes 
with  anything  but  respect.     He  is  the  Nestor  of 
this  branch  of  palaeography  ;  and  his  large  and 
costly  '  Old  Norse  Runic  Monuments  '  contains 
the  fullest  collection  of  documents  for  this  study 
which   has    yet    been    made.     It    will    always 
remain  an   important   and    imposing    book    of 
reference.     Unfortunately  Prof.    Stephens   has 
not    remained     abreast     of     modern    scientific 
archfeology.      Since  he  first  began   the   publi- 
cation   of   his    monuments  and  his  more  than 
arbitrary    method    of    interpretation,    he    has 
learnt    nothing    and    forgotten    nothing.     The 
evolutionary  theories  which  have  transformed 
every  branch  of  scientific  study  leave  him  un- 
touched.    Having  first  made  up  his  mind  that 
runes  originated — as   mysteriously,   one    might 
fancy,   as  the    Edda  represents  them    to  have 
done — in  what  he  calls  Scando-Anglia,  he  will 
not   hear    any    talk    of    their   being  imported 
through   Germany   to   the  North.      What  tliis 
Scando-Anglia   is    he    has   never    properly  ex- 
plained.    It  suggests  an  adherence  to  a  theory 
analogous  to    Mr.    Du  Chaillu's    fantastic    one 
which  imagined  a  Viking  Age  unknown  to  his- 
tory, which  extended  vaguely  from  the  first  men- 
tion of  the  Angli  down  to  the  end  of  the  Saga 
period,  during  all  which  time  the  English  and 
the  Scandinavians  were  to  be  reckoned  a  single 
nationality.  The  book  before  us  has  no  meaning 
by  itself.     The  title  suggests  that  it  is  an  argu- 
ment against  the  theories  adopted  by  all  modern 
pahtographers  that  the  runes  are  descended  from 
one   or  other  of  the  IMediterranean  alphabets, 
either  from  one  of  the  Greek  alphabets  (Taylor) 
or  one  of  the  Latin  (Wimmer).     But  the  book  or 
pamphlet  itself  is  only  a  sort  of  index  to  the 
'Old  Norse   Runic   Monuments.'     We  say  "a 
sort  of  "  because    it    consists  chiefly  of  trans- 
lations without  the  texts  from  which  they  are 
taken  —  and     therefore    to     the    archeeologist 
of    no  value  whatever — and   there   are  a  good 
many  documents  referred  to  (not  given)  which 
are  not  in    Mr.   Stephens's  large  work.     It  is 
important  chiefly  as  showing   that  the   author 
persists  in  assigning  to  certain  letters  a  different 
phonetic  value  from  that  which  most  scholars 
have    agreed    to    assign    them,    and    that    he 
adheres   to    many   translations   which,  in    our 
judgment,  cannot  be  accepted. 


MINOR   BIOGKAPHIES. 


Heroes  of  the  Victoria  Cross.  ByT.  E.  Toomey, 
late  Colour-Sergeant.     (Newnes. ) — For  Valour, 
tlie  V.C.     Compiled  and  edited  from  the  State 
Papers  by  J.  E.  Muddock.    (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
— Some  thirty  years  ago  there  was  published 
a  work  entitled  '  Our  Soldiers  and  the  Victoria 
Cross.'     Written    for    boys,    it   included   some 
general   chapters   on   our  army,    but   its   main 
purpose  was  to  give  some  account  of  the  heroic 
deeds   for  which  the  famous   bronze  cross  had 
been  awarded.     This  the  bo:ik  did  with  much 
force  and  vividness,  for  although  only  ten  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  coveted   decoration    had 
been  instituted,  its  annals  were  stirring  enough. 
The  illustrations  in  the  book  were  drawn  chiefly 
from  the  well-known  series  of  pictures  by  tlie 
Chevalier  L.  W.  Desanges.     The  annals  of  tlie 
Victoria  Cross   are   much    fuller   now,   and   we 
could  have  wished  that  both  Mr.   Toomey  and 
Mr.  Muddock  liad  followed  the  example  of  the 
earlier  publication,  alike  in  the  method  of  nar- 
ration  and    in    the    illustrations.     Their  works 
would  have  been  of  greater   bulk,   but  at  the 
same  time  more  worthy  of  the  subject ;  and  a 
"Golden  Book  of  Valour"  merited  special  care 
and  pains.     But  even  .as  these  two  books  stand, 
tliey  are  to  be   welcomed,  tending  as  they   do 
to    strengthen    the    pulse    of    patriotism   in   a 
commercial  age.     Mr.  Toomey 's  volume  is  very 
compact.     A  brief  but  spirited  introduction  is 


followed  by  the  royal  warrants  respecting  the 
Victoria  Cross,  a  short  account  of  the  inaugural 
ceremony  on  June  26th,   1857,   and  a  chrono- 
logical roll  of  the  heroes,  411    in  number,   to 
whom    the   cross   had   been   awarded   down   to 
1893.      Two   hundred   and   twenty-eight   cases 
are   then   tersely  described  in  as  many  pages, 
a    portrait    being   supplied    in    each    instance. 
The     book     also     contains     some     interesting 
tables,   showing   how  the  decoration   has  been 
distributed  over  the   various   branches   of   the 
service.      The     whole    forms     a    capital    com- 
pendium of   the  history  of  the  Victoria  Cross, 
and  should  be   placed  in   the   hands   of   every 
schoolboy.  —  Mr.     Muddock's    work    is    fuller, 
and    is    said    to    be     "  compiled     and    edited 
from  the  State   Papers."     This  last   term  is  a 
misnomer  when   applied,   as   seems   to   be   the 
case   here,    to  printed  Gazettes.     But  that  by 
the  way.  Mr.  Muddock  deals  with  303  cases  out 
of   the   roll    of    411    heroes,    and   he    does    so 
in  the  style  characteristic  of  him.     But  surely 
a  brave    action  can   be    "told   in    simple,  un- 
garnished    language,"  and   yet    too    tersely   to 
do  it  adequate  justice.      The  space  that  might 
well  have   been  added  to  that  in  which  these 
deeds  of  heroism  are  recorded,  has  been  taken 
up  with  accounts  of  the  Crimean  AVar,  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  and  the  Zulu  War  ;   and  this  to  the 
extent   of    100   pages   out    of    a   total   of  320. 
Whilst  doing  this,   Mr.   Muddock  has  omitted 
two  out  of  the  three  royal  warrants  respecting 
the  Victoria  Cross,  and  the  warrant  of  institu- 
tion is  merely  summarized.     What  Mr.   Mud- 
dock has  told  of  the  brave  deeds  he  brings  before 
us    is    so  thrilling  that   we  wish  he  had  com- 
pleted his  several  narratives.      Tiie  illustrations 
in  his  book  are  very  few.     He  had  plenty  of 
material  to  draw  upon,  not  only  in  the  Desanges 
gallery,    but    in   the   details   given    in   various 
works,  awaiting   only  the  artist's  pencil.     Mr. 
Muddock's  work  has  clearly  been  hurried  through 
the  press,  or  we  should  not  have  such  errors  as 
"  Worowzoff  "  for  Woronzoff  (p.  37)  ;  "  Outran  " 
(p.   66);  "Patria"  for  Patna  (p.  114);  "  Fer- 
nighees  "  and  "  crenulated  "  (p.  123)  ;  "  Futteh- 
pore   Sikra "    for   Futtehpore   Sikri   (p.    147)  ; 
"  Doogan  "  and  "  Doogen  "  (p.  179) ;  '*  Seikhs  " 
for    Sikhs    (p.    190);    "  Kaptee  "    for    Raptee 
(p.     191)  ;    "  Nawatgunge  "    for    Nawabgunge 
(p.  191);  and  "Bihoor"  for   Bithoor  (p.  223). 
Nor  could  we  at  first  recognize  our  old  friend 
Genghis   or    Zenghis    Khan   in    the    "  Gheius 
Khan  "  of  p.  200. 

Some    Celebrated   Irish   Beauties   of    the   Last 
Century.       By    Frances    Gerard.      Illustrated. 
(Ward  &  Downey. )^Miss  Gerard  has  not  been 
happily  inspired  in  her  title  ;    but,  indeed,  the 
saying  that  a  title  is  the  infallible  index  to  the 
literary  value  of  a  book  is  here  justified,   for 
literary  merit  is  not  the  strong  point  of  a  volume 
which  contains  se\eral  romantic  and  interesting 
passages.     The  title  and  subject  both  savour  of 
book-making  ;  but,  in  truth,  the  book  has  been 
written   with   enthusiasm,    and    Miss    Gerard's 
keen  interest  in  the  fortune  and  romance  of  the 
Gunnings,  Miss  Ambrose,  Dolly  Munroe,  Anne 
Luttrell,  the  Coghlans,  and  Miss  Farren  com- 
municates itself  to  the  reader.     We  may,  per- 
haps, have  skipped  a  little  of  the  Irisli  history, 
and  passed  too  quickly  over  the  occasional  pro- 
tests  against   the   manners  and   morals   of   the 
ladies  vvitli  whom  Miss  Gerard  finds  herself  in 
company  ;  but  the  autlior  does  not  feel  it  neces- 
sary to  whitewash  the  characters  of  her  beauties, 
and  sets  them  before  us  frail,  frivolous,  or  calcu- 
lating,  and   usually  lovable,    as    they  were   by 
nature.    Much  credit  is  due  to  her  for  preserving 
notonlytheirfauIts,but  their  charm;  and  despite 
the  illustrations,  we  are  never  disposed  to  doubt 
either  their  beauty  or  their   witchery.      Every 
one  who  has  essayed  to  convey  in  writing  the 
charm  of  a  woman  will  realize  that  this  achieve- 
ment of  Miss  Gerard's  is  no  small  success. 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3533,  July  13, '95 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Prima  facie  one  would  have  said  that  '  Happy 
Thoughts'  ofiered  a  most  unpromising  subject 
for  the  translator  into  a  foreign  tongue.  Mr. 
Burnand  is  a  kind  of  Theophrastus  ;  in  acute- 
ness  of  observation,  we  have  often  thought, 
very  little  inferior  to  the  original.  But  instead 
of  formulating  "characters,"  he  prefers  to  give 
the  results  of  character  in  a  concrete  form,  that 
is,  as  they  manifest  themselves  in  the  conduct 
of  individuals,  and  more  especially  in  that  of 
the  imaginary  hero  of  the  adventures  recorded 
in  the  book.  This  is,  of  course,  a  subtler  form 
of  delineation  than  the  mere  statement  that  the 
shameless  man  or  the  magnanimous  man  will 
do  this  or  that  ;  and  in  order  to  appreciate  the 
humour  of  it,  the  reader  needs  to  have  some 
familiarity  with  the  types  depicted,  and  with 
the  surroundings  in  which  they  are  placed.  In 
the  present  case  these  are  for  the  most  part 
so  essentially  English  that,  although  the  well- 
known  story  may  be  read  with  amusement  in 
the  version  which  M.  Aur^lien  de  Courson 
entitles  Fridoline  (Paris,  Sauvaitre),  it  is  not 
easy  to  tell  how  far  this  may  be  due  to  old 
acquaintance  with  the  classical  work.  So  far 
as  the  spirit  of  the  rendering  goes,  there  is 
little  to  choose  between  the  original  and  the 
version.  Take  the  scene  where  the  unlucky 
hero,  having  overshot  his  station,  has  to  take  a 
ticket  from  the  point  to  which  he  has  been 
carried,  and  attempts  to  open  conversation 
with  the  over-worked  station-master  : — 

"  La  complaisance  la  plus  vulgaire  me  commande 
de  I'avertir  qu'on  lui  telegraphie  quelque  chose. 

" 'Pardon,  monsieur,  vous  ne  remarquez  pas ' 

"En  un  instant  mon  gratte-papier  est  au  guichet, 
6a  plume  derri^re  I'oreille  : 

" '  Premiere,  eh  ?  Pour  oil  ? ' 

"  Je  ne  puis  m'empecher  de  rSpondre  : 

" '  Chopford,  mais ' 

"  Pan,  pan,  les  machines  'k  timbrer  ont  fonctionne 
comme  par  enchantement,  un  nouveau  billet  pour 

Chopford  a  vu   la  jour.    Cela  m'en  fait  trois 

J'essaj-e  de  protester,  et  j'ajoute  : 

" '  Je  ne  sais  si  vous  avez  remarque  que  les 
aiguilles  de  votre  tel6graphe ' 

" '  Si  vous  voulez  faire  le  loustic,  adressez-vous 
ailleurs,'  grommelle  le  utati on-master. 

" Je  vais  lui  demander  quelle  distance  il  ya 

de  Chopford  a  Furze  Lodge Je  m'approche  du 

bureau. 

" '  Pardon,  pourriez  -  vous  m'accorder  une  se- 
conde ' 

"  L'homme  aux  additions  se  precipite  vers  le 
guichet : 

"  '  Une  seconde  ?  J'avais  entendu  une  premiere...' 

"Pan,  pan;  pan,  pan:  il  a  deja  perfore.  timbre, 
estampille  un  nouveau  billet  pour  Chopford." 

The  rendering  of  the  catch-phrase  of  the  book 
by  "  Ingenieuse  pens^e"  does  not  strike  us  as 
"happy."  It  is  too  cumbrous;  and — unless, 
indeed,  it  was  necessary  to  retain  the  word 
"thought" — we  should  have  said  that  "Bonne 
idde  "  or  "Bien  trouve  "  would  have  conveyed 
the  sense  better.  On  the  whole,  however, 
barring  this  and  a  few  perhaps  insurmount- 
able difficulties  ("en  train  de  m'^touffer  avec 
un  muffin "  is  not  precisely  equivalent  to 
"  flustered  by  a  muffin  "),  M.  de  Courson  seems 
to  have  succeeded  very  well  ;  but  we  should  be 
extremely  curious  to  hear  how  it  strikes  a 
Frenchman.  A  little  note  near  the  end  of  the 
book,  in  reference  to  an  allusion  in  the  text  to 
freemasonry,  has  an  odd  tone  of  solemnity  amid 
its  surroundings. 

J^tudes  sur  le  Second  Empire  is  an  admirable 
volume  by  M.  Etienne  Lamy,  published  by 
Calmann  L^vy.  The  essays  on  the  foreign 
policy  of  the  Empire,  and  on  the  war  of  1870 
and  fall  of  Napoleon  III.,  are  inferior  to  the 
first  essay,  which  is  on  the  relations  of  the 
Empire  to  the  working  class.  The  political 
essays  would  have  been  better  if  the  author 
had  waited  for  the  appearance  of  the  book  by 
General  Lebrun  on  his  mission  to  Vienna,  lately 
reviewed  by  us.  The  essay  on  the  relations 
with  the  working  class  is  extraordinarily  in- 
teresting   reading,    and   gives    a   philosophical 


and  a  truthful  account  of  the  foundation  of  the 
International. 

La  Maestrina  degli  Operai,  by  Edmondo  de 
Amicis  (Milan,  Treves  Brothers),  though  it 
deals  indirectly  with  the  theme  of  Socialism  in 
the  working  classes,  to  which  he  has  of  late 
become  a  convert,  is  nothing  but  a  slight  and 
much  spun-out  tale  of  the  reverent  love  excited 
in  a  noted  malefactor  by  the  young,  gentle  girl 
whose  duty  it  was  to  teach  the  night  school  for 
meii  and  boys  in  a  suburb  of  Turin.  The  story 
of  her  trepidations  in  dealing  with  these  rough 
men,  some  of  them  among  the  worst  characters 
of  the  district,  and  notably  so  the  man  whom 
she  subjugates,  is  prettily  told  and  Avith  true 
psychic  insight.  Less  happy  is  the  description 
of  the  mental  evolution  of  the  malefactor,  which 
is  rather  presented  to  us  from  outside  than  from 
within.  De  Amicis's  style  is,  as  ever,  flowing, 
easy,  and  eminently  readable. 

The  Antiquary  is  the  last  addition  to  the 
delightful  edition  of  the  "  Waverley  Novels  " 
Messrs.  Constable  are  issuing,  by  far  the 
choicest  to  be  had  at  the  price. 

The  number  of  reprints  of  popular  novels  on 
our  table  is  quite  remarkable.  Messrs.  Black- 
wood have  sent  us  Felix  Holt,  the  latest  instal- 
ment of  their  standard  edition  of  the  novels  of 
George  Eliot,  a  charming  reprint. — In  their 
handsome  reissue  of  Henry  Kingsley's  novels 
Messrs.  Ward  &  Lock  have  included  Old 
Margaret,  and  other  Stories. — A  Fair  of  Blue 
Eyes  has  appeared  in  the  tasteful  edition  of 
Mr.  Hardy's  romances  which  Messrs.  Osgood, 
Mcllvaine  &  Co.  are  publishing. 

We  have  received  the  catalogues  of  Messrs. 
Bamber  &  Co.  (books,  autographs,  and  paintings), 
Messrs.  Bull  &  Auvache  (three  good  catalogues), 
Mr.  Cooper,  Mr.  Daniel],  Messrs.  Dulau  (a  cata- 
logue of  botanical  books,  and  one  of  palaeontology), 
Mr.  Edwards,  Messrs.  Ellis  &  Elvey  (valuable), 
Messrs.  George  &  Son,  Messrs.  Gowans  &  Son, 
Mr.  Higham  (two  theological  catalogues),  Mr. 
Hollings  (good),  Messrs.  Jackson  &  Son,  Mr. 
Jeffery,  Messrs.  Maggs  (portraits),  Messrs. 
Maurice  &  Co.  (two  catalogues),  Mr.  May,  Mr. 
Menken,  Messrs.  Myers  &  Co.,  Mr.  Nutt  (inter- 
esting), Messrs.  Rimell  &  Son  (two  catalogues), 
Messrs.  Sawyer  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Sotheran  &  Co. 
(autographs),  and  Mr.  Spencer.  We  have  also  on 
our  table  the  catalogues  of  Mr.  Lowe  of  Bir- 
mingham, Messrs.  Bright  &  Son  (two  catalogues) 
and  Mr.  Commin  of  Bournemouth,  Messrs. 
Brear  &  Co.  of  Bradford,  Messrs.  George's  Sons 
of  Bristol  (two  catalogues),  Messrs.  Macmillan 
&  Bowes  of  Cambridge,  Mr.  Baxendine,  Mr. 
Brown,  Mr.  Cameron,  Mr.  Clay  (two  catalogues), 
Messrs.  Douglas  &  Foulis,  Mr.  Grant,  and  Mr. 
Johnston  (two  catalogues)  of  Edinburgh,  Mr. 
Miles  and  Mr.  Symington  (two  catalogues)  of 
Leeds,  Mr.  Murphy  and  Messrs.  Young  &  Sons 
of  Liverpool,  Messrs.  Pitcher  &  Co.  of  Man- 
chester (two  catalogues),  Messrs.  Browne  & 
Browne  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (two  cata- 
logues), Messrs.  Taylor  &  Son  of  Northampton, 
Mr.  Blackwell  (three  good  catalogues)  and 
Messrs.  Parker  &  Co.  (theological  catalogue)  of 
Oxford,  Messrs.  Hiscoke  &  Son  and  Mr.  Ward 
(drawings)  of  Richmond,  Surrey,  and  Messrs. 
Hitchman  &  Co.  of  York. 

We  have  on  our  table  Three  Men  of  Letters, 
by  M.  C.  Tyler  (Putnam),—^  Royal  and 
Christian  Soul,  by  Monseigneur  d'Hulst,  trans- 
lated by  D.  O.  H.  Blair,  M.A.  (Washbourne), 
— Heine  in  Art  and  Letters,  translated,  with  a 
Prefatory  Note,  by  Elizabeth  A.  Sharp  (Scott), 
— The  Female  Offender,  by  Prof.  C.  Lombroso 
and  W.  Ferrero,  with  an  Introduction  by  W.  D. 
Morrison  (Fisher  Unwin), — The  Marlborough 
Series  of  French  Classics:  Le  Bourgeois  Gentil- 
homme,  by  Moliere,  with  English  Notes  by  A. 
Dudevant  (Marlborough), — Pitt  Press  Series: 
English  Grammar  for  Beginners,  by  A.  S. 
West,  M.A.  (Cambridge,  University  Press), — 
The  Beginner's  Greek  Composition,  by  W.  C. 
Collar  and  M.  G.  Daniell  (Boston,  U.S.,  Ginn), 


— A  Card  of  Common  Regular  and  Irregular  Greek 
Verbs,  with  Paradeigms  and  Notes  by  G.  H, 
Nail  and  A.  G.  Grenfell  (Longmans),  —  The 
Pronunciation  of  the  Greek  Aspirates,  by  Eliza- 
beth A.  S,  Dawes  (Nutt),— Ccesar,  Gallic  War, 
Book  IV.,  edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 
by  J.  F.  Davis  (Hachette), — The  Beginnings  of 
the  English  Romantic  Movement,  by  W.  L.  Phelps 
(Boston,  U.S.,  Ginn), — Progress  in  Language 
with  Special  Reference  to  English,  by  ().  Jespersen 
(Sonnenschein), — BelVs  English  Classics:  John- 
son's Life  of  Dryden,  edited  by  F.  Ryland 
(Bell), — Macmillan's  Series  of  Foreign  School 
Classics:  Les  Trois  Mousquetaires,  by  A. 
Dumas,  abridged  with  Notes  by  J.  H.  T. 
Goodwin  (Macmillan),  —  Matter,  Force,  and 
Spirit  (Putnam), — Electric  Light  for  Country 
Houses,  by  .J.  H.  Knight  (Lockwood), — The 
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of  Canada,  by  W.  C.  Cornwell  (Putnam), — 
Marine  Insurance,  by  W.  Gow  (Macmillan), — 
The  First  of  the  English,  by  A.  C.  Gunter  (Rout- 
ledge), — His  Egyptian  Wife,  by  H.  Hill  (Digby 
&  Long),  —  Off  the  Track,  by  J.  Aanrooy 
(Walker  Brothers), — Master  and  Man,  by  Count 
Leo  Tolstoi,  translated  by  A.  H.  Beaman 
(Chapman  &  Hall), — A  Torquay  Marriage,  by 
G.  R.  Vicars  and  Edith  Vicars  (Tower  Pub- 
lishing Company), — Of  a  Fool  and  his  Folly, 
and  other  Tales,  by  W.  North  and  M.  Howe 
(Digby  &  Long), — Good  Reading  about  Many 
Books,  mostly  by  their  Authors  (Fisher  Unwin), 
— The  Wind  in  the  Clearing,  and  other  Poems, 
by  R.  C.  Rogers  (Putnam), — Lohengrin  Fifty 
Years  After,  by  One  of  the  Folk  (Nutt),— 27ie 
Suicide  at  Sea,  and  other  Poems,  by  E.  C.  H. 
(Bliss),— TAe  Art  of  Poetry,  edited  by  A.  S. 
Cook  (Boston,  U.S.,  Ginn), — The  Inspiration  and 
A  ccuracy  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  by  J.  Urquhart 
(Marshall  Brothers),  —  Progressive  Revelation ; 
or.  Through  Nature  to  God,  by  E.  M.  Caillard 
(Murray), — Introduction  to  the  Book  of  Isaiah, 
by  the  Rev.  T.  K.  Cheyne,  D.D.  (Black),— and 
Charlie,  by  F.  Vand^rem  (Paris,  Ollendorff). 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Lakeman's  (Rev.  G.)  The  Stone  cut  out  without  Hands,  an 
Argument,  12nio.  2/6  cl. 

Law. 
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Barclay's  (E.)  Stonehenge  and  its  Earthworks,  4to.  15/  el.  i  ■ 
Conway's  (Sir  W.  M.)  The  Alps  from  End  to  End,  Edition  de 
Luxe,  royal  8vo.  84/  net. 

Poetry. 
Findlater's  (M.  W.)  Sonnets  and  Songs,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  swd. 
Mills's  (E.  J.)  My  Only  Child.  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Radford's  (D.)  Songs  and  other  Verses,  12mo.  2/6  net. 

Philosophy. 
Van  Oordt's  (J.  W.  G.)  Plato  and  the  Times  he  Lived  In, 

8vo.  8/6  net. 

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Jenks's  (E.)  History  of  the  Australasian  Colonies,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Fiske  (J.)  and  others' The  Presidents  of  the  United  States, 

1789-1894,  8vo.  12/6 
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translated  into  English,  2  vols.  8vo.  21/  net. 
Pennington's  (A.  R.)  Recollections  of  Persons  and  Events, 

cr.  8vo.  4/  cl. 
Rhodes's  (J.  F.)  History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  3,  12/  cl. 
Sharpe's   (R.  R.)    London   and   the   Kingdom,  a  History, 

Vol.  3,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

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Trevor-Battye's  (A.)  Ice-bound  on  Kolguev,  a  Chapter  in 

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Philology. 
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and  Annotated,  18mo.  2/  net. 
Giles's   (P.)  Short  Manual  of  Comparative  Philology  far 

Classical  Students,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

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Cayley's  (A.)  Collected  Mathematical  Papers,  Vol.  8,  25/  cl. 
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8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Fur  andFeather  Series  :  The  Pheasant,  Natural  History,  by 

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Kiely's  (J.  V.)  Civil  Service  Mensuration,  12mo.  2/  swd. 
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Whetbani's  (W.  C.  D.)  Solution  and  Electrolysis,  cr.  8vo. 

7/6  cl.    (Cambridge  Natural  Science  Manuals.) 


N''  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


67 


General  Literature. 
Anstey's  (F.)  Lyre  and  Lancet,  a  Story  in  Scenes,  12mo.  3/ 
Conney's  (Mrs.)  Gold  for  Dross,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  el. 
Doyle's  (A.   Conan)   The   Kefugees,  a    Tale  of    Two  Con- 
tinents, cr.  8vo.  3, 6  cl.     (Silver  Library.) 
Fraser's  (Mrs.  A.)  A  Modern  Bridegroom,  12mo.  2/  bds. 
Gissing's  (G^.)  In  the  Year  of  Jubilee,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Jones's  (Prof.  P.)  The  Pobratim,  a  Slav  Novel,  8vo.  6/  net. 
Kennard's  (Mrs.  E.)  Fooled  by  a  Woman,  a  Novel,  6/  cl. 
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FOREIGN, 

Theoloffj/, 
Disputationen  Martin  Luthers  in  d.  J.  1535-1545,  hrsg.  v. 

P.  Drews,  Part  1,  12m. 
Patrologia  Syriaca,  accurante  B.  Graffin,  Part  1,  31fr. 

Fine  Art. 
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Geography  and  Travel. 
Crue  (F.  de) :  Notes  de  Voyage,  3fr. 

Philology. 
Brandl  (A.),  Martin  (B.),  Schmidt  (E.)  :  Quellen  zur  Sprach- 
u.  Culturgeschichte  der  germanischen  Volker,  Parts  75 
and  76,  11m. 
Hirt  (H.) :  Der  indogermanische  Akzent,  9m. 

Science. 
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der  Mykologie,  Section  11,  Part  2, 16m. 
Ladenburg  (A.) :  Handworterbuch  der  Chemie,  Vol.  13,  18m. 
Morgan   (J.   de) :    Mission    scientifique  en   Perse,  Vol.   3 : 

Geologie,  Part  2,  lofr. 
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2efr. 
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21m. 

General  Literature, 
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Lanson  (G.)  :  Hommes  et  Livres,  3fr.  50. 
Hozane  (J.) :  Maldonne,  3fr.  50. 
Sardou  (V.) :  La  Maison  de  Bobespierre,  2fr.  50. 


FOBMS   OF  POLITENESS   IN   GREEK   LETTERS. 

It  was  my  good  fortune  to  point  out  some 
time  ago  that  the  Roman  formula  of  politeness 
in  corre.spondence,  SVBEEQV,  was  not  a  native 
growth,  but  was  borrowed  directly  from  Hellen- 
istic letters  of  the  third  century  B.C.,  or  even 
earlier.  The  many  letters  found  among  the 
Petrie  Papyri  make  that  quite  plain.  It  was 
long  since  noticed  by  Letronne  that  a 
superior  put  his  own  name  first,  while  the 
inferior  would  not,  viz.,  "King  Ptolemy  to 
Cleomenes,  greeting,"  where  the  answer  would 
be,  "To  King  Ptolemy  Cleomenes,  greeting." 
We  can  thus  tell  at  once  from  the  opening  of  a 
letter  the  relative  position  of  the  correspondents. 
I  have  since  found  by  analysis  another  proof. 
The  two  words  used  at  the  end  for  good-bye 
are  eppuxro  and  eun'^^ft.  I  find  that  the  former 
is  only  used  to  an  inferior  or  an  intimate  (son 
writing  to  his  father),  while  th«  latter  is  always 
used  to  superiors  and  in  formal  correspondence. 
Moreover,  the  latter  occurs  in  the  plural 
{evTV)(UTi),  the  former  never,  unless  it  be  in 
the  opening  formula,  "If  you  are  well,  we 
thank  the  gods  ;  we  also  are  well."  But  as  a 
final  word  I  have  never  found  eppuxraTe. 

I  find  that  this  test  corresponds  accurately 
with  that  already  cited.  If  the  dative  (the 
addressee)  comes  first,  the  letter  ends  with 
(VTvx^i- ',  if  the  writer  puts  his  own  name  first, 
he  ends  with  'ipptocro.  Thus,  in  the  case  of 
mutilated  fragments,  we  have  now  a  clear  test, 
both  at  the  opening  and  the  close,  of  the  relative 
positions  of  the  correspondents,  and  we  have 
also  a  much  more  accurate  insight  into  the  con- 
ventional laws  of  Greek  politeness.  "Your 
obedient  servant "  corresponds  to  evTvyei ; 
"  Yours  sincerely  "  to  eppuxro.  I  shall  be  glad  to 
learn  what  exceptions  there  are  to  this  law,  now 
stated,  I  think,  for  the  first  time.  I  have  found 
some  forty  illustrations  of  it  in  the  Petrie,  the 
Brit.  Mus.,  and  the  Turin  papyri.  The  only 
apparent  exception  is  a  fragment  printed  in  the 
B.M.  texts  (1894),  p.  43.       J.  P.  Mahaffy. 


ELEPHANT:   ALABASTER. 

St.  Enogat-Dinard,  June,  1895. 

Sir  Georgk  Birdwood'.s  history  of  the 
evolution  of  the  elephantine  idea  is  extremely 
interesting,  but  his  "brief  review  "  can  scarcely  | 


be  regarded  as  a  satisfactory  answer  to  Dr. 
Gust's  question.  There  can  be  hardly  any 
doubt  that  the  ultimate  origin  of  the  Greek 
eketfias  is  the  Semitic  aleph,  but  an  important 
link  in  the  chain  of  evidence  is  wanting,  and 
until  this  is  supplied  Sir  G.  Birdwood  goes  too 
far  in  saying  that  the  facts  illustrating  the 
etymology  of  the  word  elephant  are  conclusive. 
The  question  is.  If  the  Greeks  at  first  sight 
thought  an  elephant  resembled  an  ox,  why  did 
they  go  to  the  Phoenician  language  for  a  word 
to  express  that  idea  ?  In  the  case  of  another 
African  pachyderm,  which  in  their  eyes  resem- 
bled a  river-horse,  they  found  no  difficulty  in 
expressing  the  idea  by  a  compound  word  in 
their  own  language.  A  similar  course  was  fol- 
lowed in  the  case  of  another  thick-skinned 
Eastern  creature,  which  carried  a  horn  on  its 
nose.  How  was  it  then  that  the  Greeks  had 
recourse  to  an  Oriental  word  to  express  the 
idea  of  an  animal  which  roughly  resembled  an 
ox,  instead  of  employing  some  compound  of 
bans  ?  The  only  answer  can  be  that  the  idea 
must  have  first  occurred  to  the  Semitic  race 
which  was  originally  brought  in  contact  with 
the  elephant,  and  that  the  Greeks,  to  whom 
the  knowledge  of  the  beast  was  first  conveyed 
through  the  Phoenicians,  merely  annexed  the 
word  without  connoting  anything  specially 
bovine  with  it.  The  missing  link  would  be 
discovered  if  this  assumption  could  be  cor- 
roborated by  evidence. 

Sir  G.  Birdwood's  derivation  of  e6nr  from  the 
Sanskrit  ibha  is  plausible,  but  does  not  account 
for  an  apparently  radical  r  in  ehrir.  The  African 
elephant  certainly  extended  its  range  "  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  up  the  coast  of  Eastern 
Africa,  into  Abyssinia."  It  abounded  in  the 
country  between  the  Red  Sea  and  the  river 
Atbara  when  I  was  in  those  parts  thirty  years 
ago,  and,  unless  shot  off  by  the  Italians,  will 
probably  be  found  in  large  herds  on  the  lower 
Abyssinian  plateaux  at  the  present  time.  I 
have  reasons  for  placing  its  intelligence  on  a 
higher  level  than  is  generally  supposed. 

Mr.  C.  A,  Ward  says.  "Ivory  in  India  is 
murfil,*  which  means  elephant's  tooth."  During 
a  long  residence  in  India,  I  never  heard  ivory 
called  by  any  other  name  than  lidthl-ddnt, 
which  also  means  elephant's  tooth.  F'd  is  the 
Arabic  word  for  an  elephant,  and  has  been 
borrowed  by  the  Persians,  but  is  never  used  in 
India,  except  in  such  a  term  as  fU-khdna,  which 
is  employed  for  the  elephant  department  in  a 
raja's  establishment.  The  words  f'd  and  aleph 
or  alif  have  no  connexion  whatever,  and  Mr. 
Ward's  attempt  to  derive  aleph  from  Jil,  by 
taking  the  latter  word  "  backwards,"  is  opposed 
to  all  the  canons  of  Semitic  etymology. 

A  very  old  word  in  Abyssinia  for  an  elephant 
is  zihfin.f  Dillmann  aflbrds  no  clue  to  the  origin 
of  this  word,  and  as  I  puzzled  over  it  for  a  long 
time  when  working  up  my  ^■Ethiopic  and 
Amharic  vocabularies,  I  should  be  grateful  for 
any  light  upon  it.  It  was  probably  an  old 
African  word  which  was  found  and  borrowed  by 
the  Semites  when  they  colonized  Abyssinia. 
W.  F.  Prideacx. 


Your  correspondent  Sir  George  Birdwood 
must  have  made  a  slip  of  the  pen  when  he 
speaks  of  the  word  velibadn.  as  Old  Saxon.  I 
think  he  must  have  meant  to  say  Old  Slavonic. 
It  may  be  interesting  in  this  connexion  for  me 
to  point  out  that  besides  olfcud  (camel)  the 
Anglo-Saxon  has  a  name  for  the  elephant  itself, 
which  appears  in  the  oldest  stage  of  the  lan- 
guage as  elpend,  in  the  compound  elpend-ban 
(ivory).  In  the  later  language  this  was  cor- 
rupted to  elpen-ban,  and  the  termination  -en 
associated  with  the  common  adjective  ending  -en. 


*  The  word  murfil  is  not  to  be  found  in  Dr.  Fallon's  dic- 
tionary, which  comprises  both  the  literary  and  colloquial 
speech  of  Hindustan.  I  should  be  glad  to  learn  on  what 
authority  Mr.  Ward  says  it  means  ivory  in  India. 

t  "  Zhan  "  or  "  jan  "  (French^),  which  is  used  in  the  regal 
invocation  "  jun-hoi,"  is  also  said  to  mean  elephant. 


which  has  descended  to  Modern  English  in  such 
words  as  cjolden. 

The  consequence  was  that  a  new  word  in  the 
sense  of  elephant  was  evolved  in  the  mono- 
syllable tip,  which  is  found  instead  of  the  full 
form  elpend  in  later  Anglo-Saxon. 

James  Platt,  jun. 


SIR     THOMAS     LUCY. 

In  spite  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy's  old  family  and 
wide  possessions,  he  is  chiefly  remembered 
to-day  as  forming  part  of  the  contemporary 
background  of  Shakspeare's  life.  Sir  Thomas 
was  the  great  man  of  his  neighbourhood,  and 
represented  a  long  line  of  distinguished  an- 
cestors. His  grandmother  was  a  daughter  of 
the  noted  Richard  Empson ;  his  mother  a 
daughter  of  Richard  Fermor,  of  London.  The 
family  was  known  to  be  careful  in  seeking  well- 
endowed  partners  for  life. 

Sir  Thomas  was  born  on  the  24th  of  April, 
1532,*  in  the  week  made  memorable  by  Shak- 
speare's dates.  His  biography  states  that  he 
was  educated  by  John  Foxe  the  martyrologist, 
and  that  he  imbibed  his  Puritan  tendencies 
at  this  early  period  of  his  career.  But  the 
duration  of  Foxe's  stay  at  Charlecote  could  nob 
have  been  very  long,  as  he  left  Oxford  in 
July,  1545,  and  left  Charlecote  for  London  in 
February,  1540/7,  after  he  had  married  a 
dependent  of  the  Lucys.  The  enjoyment  of 
his  visit  which  Foxe  warmly  expressed  may 
have  arisen  from  this  fact  as  well  as  from 
spiritual  communion  with  Sir  William  Lucy 
and  his  heir  apparent  Thomas.  The  latter, 
during  part  of  this  period,  might  also  have  been 
absorbed  in  domestic  arrangements  in  another 
home  than  Charlecote,  for  on  the  1st  day  of 
August,  1546,*  his  father  drew  up  his  marriage 
settlement.  Thomas  married  Joyce,  the  only 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Thomas  Acton,  of  Sutton 
Park,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire,  when  he  was 
little  more  than  fourteen  years  of  age  !  His 
bride  was  twelve,  as  she  states  on  her  father's 
tombstone  in  Tenbury  Church  (this  would 
make  the  date  of  her  birth  1534,  and  does  not 
agree  with  the  tombstone  set  up  to  her  by  her 
husband  in  1595,  where  she  is  said  to  be  sixty- 
three  years  of  age) : — 

"  Here  lieth  Thomas  Acton,  of  Sutton,  Esquire, 
who  at  the  age  of  seventy  years  departed  this  life, 
Jan.  2nd,  1546,  and  Mary  his  wife,  daughter  to  Sir 
Thomas  Laycon,  of  Will}',  Knight,  being  of  the  age 
of  fifty-eight  years,  deceased  April  28th,  15G4,  having 
issue  in  their  llfetj'me  two  sons,  Launcelot  and 
Gabriel,  who  dyed  before  them  in  their  infancy,  and 
Joyce,  their  only  daughter  and  heyre,  being  then  of 
the  age  of  twelve  yeeres,  was  espoused  to  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  of  Charlecot,  Knight,  which  Dame  Joyce,  in 
dutiful  remembrance  of  these  her  loving  parents, 
bathe  erected  this  monument,  1581.    T.  A.  M.  A." 

Her  own  statement  is  supported  by  the 
Inquis.  P.M.,  1551,  where  she  is  said  to  be 
over  sixteen  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  her 
father-in-law's  death.  Marriage  at  such  tender 
years  is,  at  least  in  this  case,  brought  within 
the  range  of  Shakspeare's  knowledge. 

Sir  William  Lucy's  will  is  dated  June  23rd, 
5  Ed.  VI.  He  premises  it  by  stating  that  his 
father  had  made  such  arrangements  for  paying 
his  debts  as  prevented  him  from  paying  his 
own,  or  advancing  his  children  in  marriage. 
He  therefore  starts  on  a  different  basis  (per- 
mitted by  the  Statute  of  Devizes),  .so  .as  to  be 
able  to  pay  his  debts  and  provide  for  his  ten 
children  at  the  same  time.  He  leaves  a  ring  to 
each  daughter;  and  to  his  "daughter-in-lawe 
Joyce  Lucy  hi.s  ringe  with  the  safere."  The 
farm  of  Bishop  Hampton  with  the  stock  was 
set  aside  "to  fynde,  kepe,  and  bringe  up  my 
said  naturallt  daughters  in  all  nece.ssarie  charges 
and  expence  till  they  be  married."  If  this  were 
not  sufficient,  the  executors  might  levy  money 
on  the  inheritance  ;  and  when  the  daughters 
married  the  farm  was  to  go  to  Thomas.  Among 
the  legacies    to    his    servants,   he  bequeaths  a 

*  Inquis.  P.M.  Sir  William  Lucy.  5  Bd.  VI. 

t  The  meaning  is  contrary  to  our  present  use  of  the  word 


68 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SSSS,  July  13, '95 


small  annuity  to  his  "  naturall  sister  Mrs. 
Radigon."  To  his  son  Richard  he  bequeaths 
Cherbrook,  in  Leicestershire  ;  to  his  son  Wil- 
liam the  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Hugford  Mid- 
dleton,  in  Salop  ;  the  other  moiety  to  Timothy  ; 
to  Edward  his  manor  of  Wotton  Howe,  in  Bed- 
ford. The  executors  from  his  death  to  receive  the 
rents  of  these  for  his  sons  and  to  educate  them. 
If  Thomas  died  without  heir,  the  son  who  suc- 
ceeded was  not  to  touch  these  three  manors, 
which  were  to  be  divided  among  the  juniors 
"so  that  none  of  them  therebye  with  his  said 
certen  legacie  of  land  shall  liave  above  351.  by 
yere,"  but  that  the  overplus  should  go  to  the 
heir.  Two  parts  of  his  manors  to  be  divided, 
"as  well  those  that  come  unto  me  by  the 
death  of  iny  brother  Edmund  as  of  all  other.  " 
The  executors  to  hold  the  rents  of  the  heir 
until  they  shall  have  secured  enough  money  for 
the  daughters'  portions.  To  Elizabeth  400 
marks,  to  Marie,  Jane,  Martha,  and  Joyce  340 
marks.  If  one  die  before  marriage,  her  share 
to  be  divided  among  her  sisters,  so  that  there 
be  not  more  than  500  marks  to  each. 

The  interest  to  us  lies  in  the  proportion  of  a 
"  younger  brother's  revenue,"  and  a  daughter's 
dowry  at  this  time,  in  relation  to  the  inherit- 
ance of  Thomas  and  Robert  Arden,  the  younger 
sons  of  Walter  Arden,  of  Park  Hall.  The 
Inquisition  P.M.  of  Sir  William's  property  was 
taken  at  Warwick,  September  23rd,  5  Ed.  VI. 
He  died  possessed  of  Charlecote,  Cheryton, 
Shrewley,  and  Hunscot  in  Warwickshire,  &c., 
with  the  advowson  to  the  church  of  Cheryton  and 
that  of  Charlecote  ;  seven  acres  formerly  belong- 
ing to  the  priory  at  Thellesford,  called  Thelles- 
ford  Grove  ;  a  virgate  of  land  in  Charlecote, 
formerly  belonging  to  the  same  priory  ;  four 
acres  of  land  at  Hatton  in  co.  Warwick,  formerly 
of  the  priory  of  St.  Sepulchre  in  Warwick.  In 
Charlecote  were  "7Messuag,  500  acre  terre^ 
100  acre  prati,  300  acre  pastur,  10  acre  bosci, 
et  40  acre  juniper  et  bruer."  "Ac  de  in 
Cheryton  12  messuag,  600  acre  terre,  100  acre 
prati,  300  acre  pastur,  100  acre  bosci,  et  60  acre 
juniper  et  bruer."  "Ac  de  et  in  6  messuag, 
300  acre  terre,  100  acre  prati,  100  acre  pastur, 
40  acre  bosci,  et  20  acre  juniper  et  bruer  in 
Shrawelly,"  in  same  county.  "  1  messuag,  300 
acre  terre,  quinquaginta  acre  prati,  200  acre 
pastur,  10  acre  bosci,  et  40  acre  juniper  et 
bruer,  in  Hunscot,  Warwickshire."  "1  mes- 
suag, quinquaginta  acre  terre,  10  acre  prati, 
50  acre  pastur,  et  1  acre  bosci  in  Hampton 
Episcopi,"  in  Warwickshire.  Also  from  10  to 
20  acres  of  land  in  Burford,  30  acres  in  Welles- 
borne  ;  the  manor  and  lands  commonly  called 
Appley  Norton,  and  Hugford  in  county  Salop, 
&c.  His  father-in-law,  Richard  Termor ;  his 
brother-in-law  Richard  Fenys  ;  his  brother-in- 
law  Richard  Tracie  ;  and  his  especial  friend 
Thomas  Murrowe,  were  appointed  executors. 
The  absence  of  a  deer-park  is  noticeable. 

As  by  a  deed,  35  Hen.  VIII.,  it  had  been  agreed 
that  Henry  Holbrooke  and  his  wife  Margaret 
should  have  an  annuity  from  Charlecote  of  40L 
a  year,  with  power  to  distrain  if  unpaid,  Thomas 
must  have  entered  on  his  inheritance  somewhat 
burdened  by  his  father's  debts  and  his  sisters' 
portions.  But  he  had  his  wife's  properties  to 
live  on.  To  these  he  added  grants  by  successive 
sovereigns,  Sherborne  and  Kingsford  being 
granted  on  April  22nd,  7  Ed.  VI.  (see  Dugdale). 
Lucy's  Puritanism  was  of  the  type  of  that  of 
the  Vicar  of  Bray,  and  he  throve  also  in  Queen 
Mary's  reign.  He  is  said  to  have  had  the  gift 
of  Hampton  Lucy  then  ;  but  a  note  in  the 
Egerton  MS.  606,  f.  27,  would  imply  that  it 
was  paid  for  : — 

"  8th  May,  ]."w7,  Rated  for  Thomas  Lucy,  Esq.  The 
clere  yerely  value  of  the  premises  are  34/.  l.^.v.  .3i</., 
which,  rated  at  twenty  -  seven  yeres'  i)urcliase, 
amounteth  to  VM.  \2s.  \U^cl.  Adde  thereto 
T>\1.  6s.  Sd.  for  one  yere's  purcJiase  of  tlie  advowson 
of  ye  parsonage  of  Hampton  Kpisc,  and  so  the  hole 
is  QS'M.  V.)g.  ^d..  to  be  i)aid  in  hand  before  ye 
24  May,  l.w?.  The  tenure  in  chefe  by  Knyghte 
Service  for  ye  manors  aforesaid  and  for  ye  rente  of 


20.?.  abovesaid  in  socage.  The  purchaser  to  be 
bounde  for  ye  woodes.  The  Lede  and  ye  belies  to 
be  excepted.  William  Petre,  Fraunce  Englefield, 
E.  Waldegrave,  Jo.  Baker." 

With  expenses  this  purchase  would  run  to  1,000L 
Is  there  any  associated  idea  between  rumours 
regarding  this  sum  and  the  "  thousand  pounds  " 
the  tuft-hunting  Justice  Shallow  lent  Falstatf 
for  his  advancement  ('  2  Hen.  IV.')  ? 

Sir  Thomas  cheerfully  changed  his  religion 
for  the  fifth  and  last  time  at  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  elected  sheriff  of  the  county, 
and,  having  probably  by  this  time  cleared  off  his 
liabilities  and  increased  his  inheritance,  was  able 
to  rebuild  Charlecote,  as  it  now  stands,  in  the 
design  of  a  royal  E.  His  wife's  mother  died  in 
1564,  a  few  days  after  Shakspeare  was  born,  and 
her  dowry  would  be  added  to  the  Sutton  pro- 
perty again.  Knighted  in  1565,  he  was  one  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Musters,  as  well  as  justice 
of  the  peace  for  Warwickshire,  and  was  elected 
knight  of  the  shire  for  the  Parliament  of  1571. 
"  Mr.  Fox  had  been  lately  working  on  the  sub- 
ject of  abuses  in  religion,  and  there  was  to  be 
a  book  printed  and  offered  to  the  House.  A 
committee  was  appointed  to  consider  redress  of 
defections  in  these  matters,"  among  whom  was 
Sir  Thomas  Lucy  (see  Sir  Simon  D'Ewes's 
'Journal').  A  conference  touching  the  Bill 
against  Priests  disguising  themselves  in  Serving- 
man's  Apparel  was  also  joined  and  strengthened 
by  Sir  Thomas.  The  Pope  had  been  very  fallible 
in  the  ill-judged  Bull  of  1570,  as  he  thereby 
lost  many  adherents  and  brought  suffering  and 
loss  on  many  others. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  authentic 
notice  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy's  presence  at  the 
Kenilworth  festivities  of  1575,  or  any  sugges- 
tion as  to  whether  or  not  he  wore  the  Earl  of 
Leicester's  livery  on  that  occasion.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  discover  this  in  relation  to  the 
story  of  the  unfortunate  Edward  Arden,  of  Park 
Hall.  Camden,  Dugdale,  and  others  trace  the 
beginning  of  his  fall  to  the  wrath  of  Leicester, 
because  he  scorned  to  wear  his  livery  on  that 
occasion,  "  though  many  of  his  rank  in  the  shire 
were  proud  to  do  so. "  It  would  be  difficult  to  find 
another  with  a  pedigree  equal  to  Arden's.  But 
in  the  matter  of  fortune  his  family  seems  to 
have  been  hardly  equal  to  Lucy's.  Among 
uncalendared  papers  temp.  Hen.  VIII.  (1544) 
we  find  "The  names  of  the  noblemen  and  the 
soldiers  furnished  by  them  ":  "  Warwickshire — 
John  Gryvelle,  31  fotemen  ;  Thomas  Arden,  16; 
Sir  William  Lucy,  20." 

The  Parliament  of  1.581,  in  order  to  keep  her 
Majesty's  subjects  in  due  obedience,  had  decreed 
new  penalties  for  the  exercise  of  the  Romish 
religion  and  added  new  terrors  to  the  preaching 
thereof.  New  powers  were  given  to  the  justices 
of  the  peace  in  regard  to  recusants.  The  whole 
country  was  astir  in  the  matter  of  religion,  and 
men  in  power  were  absorbed  in  Papist- 
catching,  while  young  Shakspeare  courted  and 
won  the  fair  Anne  Hathaway,  of  Shottery. 

At  this  period  we  find  Lucy  ranged  among 
the  enthusiastic  supporters  of  the  government 
represented  by  Leicester,  and  Edward  Arden 
in  disgrace,  not  only  for  his  religion,  but  because 
he  had  spoken  too  freely  his  opinion  of  Leicestei*'s 
character.  That  Shakspeare's  mother  sprang 
from  the  younger  branch  of  the  Arden  family  I 
think  it  is  not  difficult  to  prove,  and  therefore 
we  may  believe  that  his  home  was  stirred  even 
more  than  others  when  (some  months  after  the 
christening  of  his  firstborn  Susanna),  at  the  end 
of  October,  1583,  the  news  spread  like  wildfire 
that  John  Somerville,  of  Edreston,  was  an-ested 
for  treason,  and  that  his  father-in-law,  Edward 
Arden,  of  Park  Hall,  was  charged  along  with 
him.  I  hope  later  to  be  allowed  to  tell  this 
story  more  fully.  But  the  relation  of  Sir 
Tliomas  Lucy  to  the  case  has  never  been  brought 
forward.  He  was  not  sheriff  of  the  county  in 
1.583,  but  justice  of  the  peace,  and  he  exercised 
his  ofiice  sternly — more  so  than  necessary,  it  may 
bethought.  John  Somerville,  who  seemed  to  have 


been  mentally  deranged,  suffering  at  least  from 
insomnia,  took  it  into  his  head  that  if  he  killed 
Elizabeth  everything  would  work  right,  and  he 
hurried  off  to  London  alone,  announcing  his 
mission  by  the  way.  He  was  arrested,  dragged 
to  the  Tower,  examined  there,  and  Edward 
Arden,  his  father-in-law,  and  his  wife  (a  Throck- 
morton), Somerville's  wife  and  sisters,  and  the 
priest  Hall  were  sent  for.  The  Earl  of  Leicester 
had  his  opportunity  at  last,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy  was  not  slow  to  help  him.  He  offered 
hospitality  to  Thomas  Wilkes,  Clerk  of  the 
Council,  sent  up  to  sift  the  case.  It  was  from 
Charlecote  Wilkes  wrote  to  Walsingham  and  to 
the  Council  on  November  7th,  stating  how  he 
and  Sir  Thomas  had  searched  Park  Hall  and 
the  houses  of  the  other  Catholic  gentry,  how 
they  had  found  little,  but  seized  suspected 
books,  examined  servants,  and  sent  up  Arden 
bound.  It  was  from  Charlecote  he  recorded  his 
"  Simple  conceipte  "  of  the  affair  : — 

"  I  perceive  that  there  wilbe  alleadged  in  Somer- 
ville's excuse  to  save  him  from  the  danger  of  the 
law,  that  he  hath  been  sithence  midsommer  affected 
with  a  frantic  humour." 

He  added  that  they  had  found  so  little  evidence 
that  it  would  be  well  to  make  their  prisoners 
speak  (a  euphemism  for  torture)  ;  and  that  he 
was  exceedingly  anxious  to  be  allowed  to  leave 
Charlecote  and  return  to  London  (Dom.  Ser, 
State  Papers  Eliz.,  163,  55). 

It  was  Sir  Thomas  Lucy's  own  servant  that 
carried  Edward  Arden  to  London  : — 

"  To  William  Man,  servaunte  to  Sir  Thomas  Lucy, 
upon  a  warrant  signed  as  aforesaid,  dated  at  St. 
Jeames,  viii"»>  Novembre,  1583,  for  the  chardges 
of  himself  and  two  others  with  iiij  horses  in  bring- 
ing a  prisoner  from  Park  Hall,  xx^^^  miles  beyond 
Warwicke,  to  the  Courte  at  St.  Jeames,  and  for 
returning  back  againe,  xinl.  vis.  \ind."  (Acco.  Treas. 
Chamber). 

"  To  Thomas  Paynter,  servante  to  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  for  bringing  letters,"  &c.,  iiijL  xs.  "To 
Henrie  Rogers,  Gent.,"  who  had  been  employed 
in  Warwickshire  in  searching  houses,  was  given 
60s.  "To  Edward  Wingate,  Clerk  of  the 
Checque  of  her  Ma  Guard,  and  Henrie 
Lanam,  one  of  the  Yeomen  of  her  Maiesties 
Chamber,"  for  bringing  up  Hugh  Hall,  the 
priest,  \il.  xiiis.  iiijfZ. 

"To  Henrie  Rogers  for  bringing  a  prisoner" 
from  Edreston,  twelve  miles  beyond  Warwick 
(probably  Mrs.  Somerville,  i.  e. ,  Margaret  Arden), 
lOL  is  allowed  ;  to  John  Browne  for  carrying 
letters  to  Mr.  Wilkes  at  Charlecote,  U. ;  and  to 
Mr.  Wilkes  himself,  for  fifteen  days  in  Warwick- 
shire, 301.  is  allowed  (Treas.  of  the  Chamber, 
1583). 

Sir  Thomas  Lucy,*  along  with  Sir  Fulke 
Greville,  George  Digby,  Edward  Egliamby, 
Anthony  Shuckborough,  and  the  special  com- 
mission, was  on  the  bench  of  justices  at 
Warwick  when  on  December  2nd  they  indicted 
for  treason  four  men  and  two  women  with  this 
"phrenzied  youth."  Among  the  jury  are  the 
names  of  John  and  Richard  Fulwood  of  Tam- 
worth,  Thomas  Astly  of  Woolby,  John  Ensor 
of  Wilmcote,  Benedict  Shuckborough  of  Cub- 
bington.*  The  list  of  the  men  proposed  and  of 
those  selected  for  the  other  jury  are  also  given, 
and  among  the  latter  are  Sir  Walter  Aston, 
George  Pudsey,  Timothy  Lucy,*  John  Bretton. 
The  prisoners  were  examined  in  the  Tower, 
and  four  of  them  found  guilty  at  Guildhall.* 
The  priest  and  Mrs.  Arden  were  pardoned  after- 
wards ;  Somerville  hanged  himself  in  his  cell  ; 
and  Edward  Arden  suffered  the  full  penalty  of 
high  treason,  December  20th,  1583.  With  this 
trial  in  our  mind,  a  new  meaning  is  given  to 
the  various  bottles  of  wine  drunk  by  the 
justices  and  the  sheriff  and  Mr.  Rogers  of 
Stratford-on-Avon,  which  are  recorded  in  the 
chamberlain's  accounts  at  this  time,  and  a  new 
significance  added  to  the  name  of  "John 
Shakespeare,"  at  some  unrecorded  date  before 
1592,  being  sent  up  to  the  Council  in  a  list  of 

*  '  13ag!i  lie  Secretis,'  I'oueli  xlv. 


N-'SSSS,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


69 


suspected   recusants    that   was    signed    by    Sir 
Thomas  Lucy. 

The  Christmas  of  1583  must  have  been  clouded 
to  many  in  Warwickshire  by  this  trial,   but  it 
brought  honour  to  Sir  Thomas.      Among   the 
"young  gentlemen  willing  to  serve  in  arms" 
were    entered    "Young    Lucie"  and    "Young 
Greville  "  (S.  P.  D.  S.  Eliz.,  165,  46).  Sir  Thomas 
was  returned  as  knight  of  the  shire  to  the  Par- 
liament of  1584,  as  a  persona  grata  to  the  Court, 
and  there  was  a  private  Bill  that  session  as  to 
"  the  assurance  of  certain  lands  to  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy    and    others."      He    interested    himself 
further  "against    the    Jesuits    and  Seminarie 
priests,"  distinguished  himself    by  imi^eaching 
Dr.  Parry,  the  solitary  member  who  had  courage 
to   speak   against    the    Bill,    and    presenting  a 
petition  for  the  liberty  of  certain  godly  preachers. 
The  Bill  for  Preservation  of  Grain  and  Game 
was  upon  its  second  reading  "  committed  to  Sir 
Thomas   Lucy,"  but  it  seems    "to  have  been 
discontinued   with   divers   others   of    no   great 
moment"  (see  Sir  Simon  D'Ewes's   'Journal,' 
p.    343,   ct  seq.).      It   does   not  appear   in   the 
printed  statutes  of  the  session.    Between  March 
29t.h,   1585,  and    September    14th,     1586,   this 
Parliament  was  prorogued  six  times  and  then 
dissolved,  so  the  presence  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy 
at  Stratford  cannot  be  certified  till  the  latter  date 
to  make  Shakspeare's  deer-stealing  story  feasible. 
I  think  it  perfectly  likely  that  William  Shak- 
speare  was  an  adept  in  this  "pretty  service" 
(see  Sir  Phil.  Sidney's  '  May  Lady  '),   but  I  do 
not  believe  that  any  litigation  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy's  drove  him  then  to  London.     I  think  a 
more  careful  study  of  the  lives  of  the  two  men 
will  show  that  the    gossip  has  been  imported 
into  them  from  the  play  rather  than  that  the 
play  was    based   upon   their   lives.      The   case 
must  be  held  at  least  as  not  proven.  Sir  Thomas 
could    hardly  be    represented    by   the    Justice 
Shallow  of  Gloucester,  lean,  miserly,  ill  attended, 
boasting  of  a  wild  youth,  in  order  to  become 
more  akin  to  Sir  John  Falstaff,  who  is  described 
as  being  above  him  in  rank  as  well  as  in  favour 
with  the  prince.      Shallow   says  he   was   "Sir 
Dagonet "  in    Arthur's    show,    the  emblem   of 
folly  and  cowardice.     FalstafF  at   once  saw  he 
could  squeeze  him,  and  on  tine  promises  bor- 
rowed l,000i.  of  him  ;  but  Shallow  was  landed 
in  prison  along  with  Falstaff's  other  wild  asso- 
ciates ('  2  Hen.  IV.').  When  '  The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor  '  was  written  to  continue  the  popular 
story  of  Falstaff,  Shallow  is  brought  on  again, 
angry  with  his   fallen    debtor  that  he   should 
still  so  far   presume  upon  his    intimacy  as  to 
"  have  beaten  his  men,  killed  his  deer,  broken 
open     his     lodge,     and     kissed     his     keeper's 
daughter,"  the  latter  item  of  which  indictment 
Falstaff  would  not  confess.     But  Shallow's  hot 
wrath  is  assuaged  by  the  prospect  of   a  good 
marriage    settlement  for   a  relative,  in  rivalry 
with  Mr.  Fenton,  whom  Mr.  Page  considers  too 
high-born  for  his  daughter. 

The  real  allusion  in  regard  to  Shakspeare  in 
this  play  lies  not  in  the  deer-stealing,  but  in  the 
heraldry.  There  he  has  a  gird  at  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  who  is  said  to  have  opposed  the  granting 
of  arms  to  Shakspeare's  father.  Was  aT"  fish  " 
in  itself  any  honourable  bearing,  even  if  the 
coat  be  old  ?  Difficulty  has  been  made  regarding 
the  meaning  of  "salt  fish."  I  fancy  it  is  one 
of  the  examples  of  mistakes  in  language  by 
which  Shakspeare  loved  to  show  the  ignorance 
of  his  characters.  The  luces  were  "haur."  in 
the  Lucys'  coat ;  Justice  Shallow  makes  them 
"salt."  —  a  double  error.  The  quartering  by 
matrimony  is  also  dragged  in  by  Slender,  who 
was  not  applying  for  one  of  Shallow's  daughters 
at  the  time.  Shallow,  indeed,  from  his  interest 
in  his  relatives,  seems  to  have  had  no  family. 

It  may  be  worth  noting  that  a  manuscript  list 
of  "gentlemen  of  account  living  in  London, 
Nov.  28th,  1595,"  includes  Edward  Greville,  of 
Warwick,  in  Bread  Street  Ward,  and  "Sir 
Thomas  Lucy,  of  co.  Gloucester,  Knight,  in 
Tower   Ward"    (Lansdowne    MS.     78,    f.    67). 


This,  of  course,  signified  his  son,  knighted  in 
1593,  who,  true  to  the  family  tradition,  had 
married  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Rowland 
Arnold,  of  Kingsholm  and  Upleaden,  co. 
Gloucester,  15  Elizabeth.  He  had  another 
heiress  for  his  second  wife.  The  manor  of 
Risington  (Wick),  co.  Gloucester,  once  be- 
longed to  the  Lucys.  Sir  Thomas  died  seized 
of  it,  3  Hen.  V.,  and  William  Lucy,  6  Ed.  IV. 
(Rudder's  'Gloucestershire').  To  work  out  the 
pros  and  cons  of  this  question  of  Justice  Shallow 
and  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  and  to  weld  oj^inions 
with  facts,  would  take  more  space  than  is  now 
at  my  disposal.  The  relation  between  the 
character  of  Joyce  Acton  as  described  by  her 
husband  on  her  tombstone  in  1595,*  and  the 
view  of  it  held  by  her  son-in-law  Sir  Edward 
Aston,  of  Tixall,  with  some  passages  in  '  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  might  also  lead  to 
hypotheses.  We  must  be  content  at  present 
with  noting  facts,  especially  those  that  have 
not  previously  received  attention. 

Charlotte  Carmichael  Stores. 


ILt'teravD  Caossfp. 

The  affiliation  of  the  principal  colleges  in. 
Great  Britain  is  proceeding  at  a  rapid  rate. 
The  AVelsh  colleges,  with  one  exception,  are 
now  part  and  parcel  of  the  Welsh  Uni- 
versity. Mason  College  aspires  to  form 
the  nucleus  of  a  new  Midland  imiversit}'. 
"We  recently  mentioned  the  developments 
in  progress  at  Liverpool.  Dundee  has  been 
partially  consoled  for  the  difficulty  with  St. 
Andrews  by  spontaneous  offers  from  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow  ;  whilst  it  was  only  the 
direct  intervention  of  the  Vatican  which 
prevented  the  affiliation  to  St.  Andrews  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  College  of  Blairs. 

The  Town  Trustees  of  Sheffield  have 
voted  a  sum  of  10,000/.  towards  the  endow- 
ment of  Firth  College,  with  aview  to  enabling 
the  authorities  to  affiliate  it  to  Victoria  Uni- 
versity. The  actual  endowment  of  the  Col- 
lege is  23,000/.,  in  addition  to  its  income 
of  1,200/.  from  the  State  and  800/.  from  the 
Corporation.  It  is  understood  that  a  total 
of  50,000/.  would  be  sufficient,  but  no  more 
than  sufficient,  for  the  purpose  of  affiliation. 
A  further  sum  of  5,000/.  has  been  condition- 
ally promised  by  Sir  Henry  Stephenson,  and 
a  public  appeal  is  contemplated  for  the  re- 
maining 12,000/. 

The  phenomenal  activity  of  Wales,  in  all 
matters  relating  to  education,  has  been 
further  illustratedby  a  protest  which  has  been 
addressed  to  Cambridge  by  the  Governors 
of  the  Carmarthen  Intermediate  Schools. 
The  governors,  having  appointed  a  scholar 
of  Girton  as  head  mistress  of  one  of  their 
schools,  have  placed  on  record  "that  the 
withholding  of  degrees  from  women  on  the 
mere  ground  of  sex  is  not  only  an  injustice 
to  individuals,  but  unfair  to  the  educational 
institutions  over  which  they  may  be  called 
upon  to  preside"!  They  therefore  ask  the 
University  to  remedy  this  grievance. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Palseographical 
Society  held  on  July  1st,  Mr.  E.  A.  Bond, 
C.B.,  President,  in  the  chair,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  Society  should  be  dissolved.  Estab- 
lished in  1873  by  Mr.  Bond  and  Sir  E.  M. 
Thompson  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
materials  for  tlio  study  of  pahDOgrajihy,  it 
has  now  issued  upwards  of  550  facsimiles 
of  manuscripts  and  inscriptions,  and  its 
object     has,    therefore,    been     successfully 

•  See  Dugdale's  '  Warwickshire.'  ' 


achieved.  Out  of  the  balance  of  40/.  it  was 
resolved  to  print  for  the  members,  in  a 
handy  form,  classified  lists  of  all  the  plates  ; 
and,  in  order  that  incomplete  sets  may  be 
made  up,  the  remaining  stock  is  to  be  kept 
for  four  years,  the  honorary  treasurer,  Mr. 
G.  F.  Warner,  being  moreover  empowered 
to  sell  either  complete  sets  or  separate  parts 
at  subscription  price,  and  to  give  away 
superfluous  parts  to  libraries  and  institu- 
tions. If  the  Society  should  be  resuscitated, 
or  another  of  kindred  aims  should  be 
established,  before  July  1st,  1899,  any  funds 
in  hand  are  to  be  transferred  to  it ;  other- 
wise further  provision  is  made  for  their 
disposal. 

PRor.  Margolioutk  proposes  to  print  an 
edition  of  Makrizi's  '  History  of  Egypt,'  in 
Arabic,  extending  from  1181  to  1440  a.d., 
according  to  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
the  British  Museum,  and  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationale.  AVe  hope  that  an  English  trans- 
lation may  follow  the  Arabic  text. 

The  Edinburgh  BibKograjihical   Society 
proposes    to    issue    a    series    of    facsimiles 
illustrative     of     the     history     of     Scottish 
printing  from   its  commencement  to  1640. 
They  will  be  reproduced  by  the   collotype 
process,  and   of   the    size  of  the   originals. 
The  editorial  committee  who  superintend  the 
work  are  Messrs.  E.  Gordon  Duff,  T.  Graves 
Law,    J.    P.   Edmond,    AV.    Cowan,   H.    G. 
Aldis,  and  the  Secretary.     The  series  will 
consist  of    five    or   six   parts,  each   section 
being  complete  in  itself  and  treating  of   a 
weU-defined   period   or   group   of   printers, 
and  containing  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  fac- 
similes, with  brief  descriptive  notices.     The 
size  will   be   that  of   Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Edmond's    '  Annals    of    Scottish    Printing ' 
(demy   quarto),    to    which    the    series   will 
naturally  form  an  illustrative   supplement. 
The  first  part  (1507-1520  ?)  will  include  two 
facsimiles  of  Androw  Myllar's  '  Garlandia,' 
and  two  of  his  '  Expositio  Sequentiarum ' ; 
one  of  Violette's  '  Expositio  Sequentiarum,' 
and  two  of  his  Sarum  Missal ;    five  speci- 
mens   of    Chepman    and    Myllar's    work ; 
four  of  the  Aberdeen  Breviary  of  Chepman  ; 
a  page  of  a  Donatus  in  Aberdeen  University 
Library  ;  and  two  pages  of  the  '  Compassio 
B.V.M.'  of   John  Story.      The  descriptions 
will   be  written   by  Mr.   E.   Gordon   Duff. 
The  second  part  (1530  ?-l  581)  will  include 
examples  of  the  work  of  Thomas  Davidson, 
Jolin  Scot,  and  Lekprevik ;    and  specimens 
of  the  later  printers  in  their  chronological 
order  will  follow. 

The  Society  desires  if  possible  to  discover 
the  whereabouts  of  the  imique  fragments  of 
'  The  Acts  and  Deeds  of  Sir  WiUiam  Wal- 
lace' (1508?)  and  'The  Buko  of  the  Howlat' 
(1520  ?)  which  were  unearthed  by  Dr.  David 
Laing,  whose  description  of  them  is  quoted 
in  Dickson  and  Edmond's  '  xVnnals  of  Scot- 
tish Printing.' 

Mrs.  Moxtague  Crackaxthorpe  is  said 
to  be  the  author  of  '  Milly's  Story  (The  New 
Moon),'  a  reply  to  Eaimond's  '  New  Moon.' 
The  Waterton  collection  of  works  on  the 
'  De  Imitatione  Christi '  has  been  bought  by 
Dr.  Copinger,  of  Manchester.  It  consists  of 
six  MSS.  and  over  two  hundred  and  fifty 
printed  editions  (in  various  languages')  of 
this  celebrated  devotional  work,  including 
the  editio  2'rince2)s,  the  first  edition  with  a 
date,  and  several  other  of  the  earliest  Latin 


70 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SSSS,  July  13, '95 


editions,  the  first  Italian  edition,  the  first 
German  editions,  and  early  Dutch,  Flemish, 
and  English  editions. 

Mrs.  Bryant  has  been  appointed  head 
mistress  of  the  North  London  Collegiate 
School  for  Girls. 

Caxon  Sparrow  Simpsox  will  issue  imme- 
diately, through  Mr.  Elliot  Stock,  an  English 
translation  of  the  '  Tragico  -  Comoedia  de 
Santo  Vedasto,'  from  the  MS.  in  the  library 
at  Arras,  with  an  extended  introduction. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Dr.  Zupitza, 
Professor  of  English  at  Berlin,  and  well 
known  by  his  contributions  to  early  English 
phUology.  We  may  say  something  more 
about  him  next  week. 

Some  time  ago  we  referred  to  Biirger's 
statue  at  AVolmerswende,  and  now  we  hear 
that  another  monument  has  been  erected 
to  his  memory  at  Gottingen,  with  the  uni- 
versity' of  which  he  was  connected. 

It  is  not  long  ago  that  we  announced 
that  the  distinguished  jurist  Prof.  Gneist 
■was  able  to  discharge  his  duties  as  professor 
at  the  University  of  Berlin,  in  spite  of  his 
being  in  his  seventy-ninth  year.  We  regret 
now  to  hear  that,  acting  on  medical  advice, 
he  recently  gave  up  his  Lehrthdtiglceit.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  satisfactory  to  learn 
that  the  eminent  Orientalist  Prof.  Stickel 
still  continues  his  activity  at  the  University 
of  Jena,  though  in  his  ninety-first  year. 

SCIENCE 


Report  of  the  Scientific  Results  of  the  Voyage 
of  H.M.S.  Challenger. — Beep-Sea  Deposits. 
By  John  Murray,  LL.D.,  and  the  Rev. 
A.  E.  Eenard. — Summary  of  the  Scientific 
Results.    By  John  Murray,  LL.D.    2  vols. 
(H.M.  Stationery  Office.) 
The  three  volumes  before  us  form  the  con- 
cluding parts  of  the  splendid  series  of  fifty 
volumes  in  which,  in  less  than  twenty  years 
after  the  return  of  the  Challenger  from  her 
three   years'    trip,    the    immense    mass    of 
material    collected    by   the   naturalists    on 
board  has   been  reported  on    and    utilized 
for  the  records  of  science. 

At  verji  small  cost  to  the  Government,  and 
with  a  completeness  and  promptitude  never 
before  seen  in  connexion  with  any  such 
expedition.  Dr.  John  Murray  has  carried 
through  his  task.  It  is  probably  not 
generally  known  that  other  exploring  ex- 
peditions have  in  past  times  been  dis- 
patched by  the  British  and  by  the  French 
Government,  and  have  returned  with  rich 
materials  which  have  been  left  neglected 
and  unstudied  in  the  hands  of  their  col- 
lectors. No  such  mistake  was  allowed  to 
occur  in  connexion  with  the  Challenger's 
collections.  Every  specimen  has  been 
examined,  and  reports  obtained  from  the 
most  competent  authorities,  whether  British 
or  of  other  nationality,  upon  every  group 
in  the  enormous  series  brought  home.  The 
reports  have  been  published  in  admirable 
style,  and  the  collections,  sorted  and  labelled, 
arc  now  deposited  in  the  British  Museum 
for  future  reference.  There  is  only  one  set 
of  volumes  on  marine  zoology  which  can  com- 
pare with  the  Challenger  reports,  and  there 
is  only  one  man  who  for  energy  and  high 
administrative  service  to  biological  science 
can  compare  with  Dr.  John  Murray.     The 


volumes  are  those  of  the  '  Fauna  and  Flora 
of  the  Gulf  of  Naples,'  and  the  man  is  Dr. 
Anton  Dohrn,  the  projector  and  director  of 
those  publications  and  of  the  Naples  marine 
laboratory. 

In  the  three  volumes  of  the  Challenger 
reports  mentioned  at  the  head  of  this  article 
Dr.  John  Murray  appears  in  another  cha- 
racter. He  is  not  merely  the  organizer  and 
director  of  zoological  work,  but  the  author 
of  some  of  the  most  important  observations 
and  most  interesting  speculations  which 
have  come  out  of  the  Challenger  expedi- 
tion. 

Dr.  Murray  from  the  first  has  been 
anxious  that  the  general  problems  of 
oceanography  and  geology  which  occupied 
the  attention  of  the  late  Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter 
and  of  the  late  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  should 
not  be  lost  sight  of.  It  was  in  order  to  test 
certain  hypotheses  as  to  ocean  currents  and 
as  to  the  formation  of  deposits  by  the  sea 
that  Carpenter  originally  asked  the  Govern- 
ment to  send  out  the  Challenger  expedi- 
tion. It  was  to  look  into  these  matters  that 
Wyville  Thomson  undertook  the  leadership 
of  the  naturalist  staff,  and  had  not  ill  health, 
resulting  in  his  death,  prevented  him  from 
active  work  soon  after  the  return  of  the 
expedition,  it  would  have  been  Wyville 
Thomson's  special  task  to  deal  with  the 
evidence  accumulated  by  the  Challenger 
work  bearing  on  these  great  questions.  Dr. 
John  Murray  has  worthily  filled  the  place 
of  his  former  chief,  and  dealt  with  some  of 
the  large  problems  of  geology  and  physical 
geography  in  a  philosophic  spirit  and  with 
a  knowledge  of  details  and  of  new  facts 
which  no  one  hitherto  has  been  able  to  bring 
to  bear  on  these  topics. 

In  the  volume  on  '  Deep-Sea  Deposits '  the 
reader  finds  first  of  all  an  account  of  the  various 
methods  of  obtaining  such  deposits  from  the 
great  depths  of  the  ocean  and  of  the  modes 
of  examining  and  describing  them  ;  then  the 
specimens  of  deep-sea  deposits  collected  by 
the  Challenger  are  described — their  chemical 
nature  shown  and  their  probable  source  of 
origin.  Recent  marine  formations  of  a 
nature  similar  to  these  are  then  described ; 
the  materials  of  organic  origin  in  deep-sea 
deposits  are  discussed  and  illustrated ;  and 
mineral  substances  of  terrestrial  and  extra- 
terrestrial origin  in  the  same  deposits  are 
recognized  and  assigned  their  importance. 
A  most  striking  chapter  is  that  on  chemical 
deposits  formed  in  situ  on  the  floor  of  the 
ocean.  The  whole  subject  is  one  of  ex- 
treme importance  for  the  geologist — the 
chemistry  of  the  ocean,  its  action  upon  all 
kinds  of  material,  the  part  played  by 
Protozoa,  and  above  all  by  Bacteria,  in  the 
general  chemical  activity  of  the  sea,  come 
into  consideration.  A  modern  '  Chemistry 
of  Geology '  has  yet  to  be  written ;  and 
this  volume  furnishes  a  sketch  or  sug- 
gestion of  what  such  a  treatise  might  be, 
whilst  recording  data  of  special  value  for 
further  discussion. 

The  two  volumes  in  which  the  summary 
of  the  scientific  results  of  the  whole  set  of 
reports  is  furnished  by  Dr.  Murray  con- 
tain an  interesting  historical  account  by 
him  of  the  progress  of  human  knowledge  as 
to  the  ocean  from  the  days  of  Herodotus  to 
the  period  following  the  return  of  the  Clial- 
lenger.  The  account  is  illustrated  by  repro- 
ductions of  ancient  maps.     The  history  of 


deep-sea  sounding  from  the  earliest  times, 
as  well  as  of  all  that  relates  to  ocean  explora- 
tion, can  here  be  read  in  full  detail,  with 
abundant  references  to  original  authorities. 
The  voyages  of  Columbus,  Magellan,  Cook, 
and  all  other  historic  explorers  up  to  our 
own  day  are  summarized,  and  their  import- 
ance clearly  explained  by  maps. 

This  is  followed  by  a  most  remarkable 
and  interesting  piece  of  work,  which  takes 
up  the  bulk  of  the  two  volumes  and  is 
tlie  result  of  great  labour  and  trouble. 
Every  station  at  which  observations  by 
dredging,  sounding,  &c.,  were  made  during 
the  voyage  is  cited  in  turn.  There  are  three 
hundred  and  fifty-four  of  these  "  stations." 
Dr.  Murray  has  made  it  his  business  to  join 
in  this  final  summary  the  beginning  and  the 
end,  so  to  speak,  of  the  observations  relating 
to  each  station.  In  reference  to  each  station 
the  note-book  kept  on  board  is  quoted  ;  the 
private  note-books  of  Suhm  and  Moselej'- 
also  are  made  contributory  ;  and  a  list  of  the 
species  of  each  group  taken  at  such  station 
is  given,  with  a  note  as  to  the  volume  of  the 
Challenger  reports  in  which  the  species  then 
and  there  taken  may  be  found  described 
in  detail.  The  general  result  as  to  new 
species  and  new  genera  and  where  else  the 
particular  forms  noted  were  taken  is  also 
set  forth.  The  stations  are  indicated  on 
maps  accompanying  the  summary ;  and 
(together  with  the  biological  results)  observa- 
tions as  to  temperature,  current,  nature  of 
bottom,  and  other  such  facts  are  stated  in 
the  case  of  each  station.  The  value  of  this 
bringing  together  of  results  is  undeniably 
great.  We  have  an  accurate  account  of  a 
vast  line  drawn  through  the  ocean  beds  of 
the  world  which  must  furnish  the  basis  for 
a  large  amount  of  generalization  and  specu- 
lation hereafter. 

At  the  end  of  this  and  other  summarizing 
of  results  Dr.  Murray  places  a  remarkable 
chapter  entitled  "  General  Observations  on 
the  Distribution  of  Marine  Organisms."  He 
has  elsewhere  advanced  the  view  that  it  is 
only  since  mesozoic  times  that  the  polar 
regions  of  the  earth  have  acquired  their 
frigid  climate,  and  has  independently  re- 
suscitated a  forgotten  suggestion  of  a  French 
cosmographer  to  the  effect  that  the  greater 
size  of  the  sun's  disc  in  mesozoic  times  would 
have  ensured  a  warm  polar  temperature  and 
an  absence  of  the  present  ice- cap.  We  may 
here  quote  two  paragraphs  showing  the 
tendency  of  Dr.  Murray's  extremely  interest- 
ing speculations,  which  command  respect  on 
account  of  the  exceptional  knowledge  of 
fact  and  long  observation  of  their  author. 
Dr.  Murray  says  :— 

"  It  must  be  admitted  that  those  who  ex- 
pected to  find  in  the  deep  sea  remnants  of  faunas 
which  fiourished  in  very  remote  geological 
periods  havebeen  much  disappointed.  Heliopora, 
the  King  Crabs,  Lingulas,  Trigonias,  Amphioxus, 
Sturgeons,  Port  Jackson  Sharks,  Ceratodus, 
Lepidosiren,  Protopterus,  and  other  shore  and 
fresh-water  forms,  probably  represent  older 
faunas  than  anything  to  be  found  at  present  in 
the  deep  sea.  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  was  of  the 
opinion  that,  from  the  Silurian  period  to  the 
present  clay,  there  had  been  as  now  a  continuous 
deep  ocean  with  a  bottom  temperature  oscillat- 
ing about  the  freezing  point,  and  that  there  had 
always  been  an  abyssal  fauna.  I  am  rather  in- 
clined to  think  that  in  Paljeozoic  times  the  ocean 
basins  were  not  so  deep  as  at  the  present  time, 
that  the  ocean  then  had  throughout  a  nearly 
uniform  high  temperature,  and    that   life  was 


N°  3533,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


71 


then  either  absent  or  represented  only  by 
Bacteria  and  other  low  forms  in  great  depths, 
as  appears  to  be  the  case  at  present  in  the 
Black  Sea.  As  in  the  Black  Sea  now,  so  also 
was  there  in  all  likelihood  in  Palaeozoic  times 
insufficient  oxygen  in  deep  water  to  support  a 
deep-sea  fauna.  From  many  considerations  one 
is  led  to  suggest  that  cooling  at  the  poles  com- 
menced in  early  mesozoic  times,  that  cold  water, 
descending  then  in  polar  areas,  slowly  filled  the 
greater  depths,  and  by  carrying  down  a  more 
abundant  supply  of  oxygen,  life  in  water  deeper 
than  the  mud-line  became  possible  ;  subse- 
quently migrations  gradually  took  place  from 
the  mud-line  into  deep  regions  of  the  ocean 
basins." 

Further  on  again  h.e  writes  : — 
"  If  down  to  the  close  of  Palaeozoic  times  the 
ocean  had  throughout  a  nearly  uniform  high 
temperature,  the  deposits  then  formed  in  deep 
water  would  certainly  be  different,  for  reasons 
indicated  above,  from  what  we  now  find  in  the 
abysmal  regions.  It  is  most  probable  that  the 
ocean  basins  were  not  so  deep  in  these  early 
ages,  and  numerous  islands  probably  existed  in 
them,  with  rocks  similar  to  those  that  now  make 
up  the  bulk  of  continental  land.  Possibly  these 
former  land-masses  now  form  the  submerged 
bases  of  the  groups  of  oceanic  islands  wholly 
consisting,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  of  erupted 
rocks.  In  the  gradual  evolution  of  the  surface- 
features  of  the  planet,  continental  land  appears, 
on  the  whole,  to  have  become  more  compact, 
more  circumscribed  and  higher,  while  the  ocean 
basins  have  become  more  shut  off  from  each 
«ther  and  deeper.  Continental  land  has  been 
far  from  permanent,  but  there  are  many  reasons 
for  believing  that  the  areas  on  the  surface  of 
the  planet,  within  which  the  present  continents 
are  situated,  are  areas  within  which  continents 
have  been  torn  down  and  built  up  again  since 
the  dawn  of  geological  history,  whilst  similar 
revolutions  have  not  taken  place  in  abysmal  or 
pelagic  areas  of  the  Ocean  Basins  to  anything 
like  the  same  extent,  and  not  at  all  during  any 
of  the  later  geological  periods." 

Such  conclusions  as  these  are  the  finest 
and  furthest  results  of  the  great  work  of 
the  Challenger  expedition.  It  was  to 
advance  knowledge  in  this  direction  that  the 
Challenger  expedition  was  originally  planned, 
and  Dr.  John  Murray  has  been  fully  equal 
to  the  task  of  drawing  the  large  inferences 
which  the  huge  mass  of  detailed  observa- 
tion warrants.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
Dr.  Murray  may  now  devote  his  well- 
earned  leisure  to  the  preparation  of  a  com- 
prehensive text-book  of  oceanography  which 
may  establish  this  most  fascinating  branch 
of  scientific  study  on  definite  lines,  and  be- 
come the  starting-point  for  all  future  spe- 
culation and  exploration  in  this  field. 

An  excellent  account  of  the  rare  cepha- 
lopod  Spirilla,  based  upon  a  specimen  brought 
home  by  the  Challenger  and  upon  some 
recently  obtained  from  other  sources,  is 
included  in  the  volume  containing  Dr. 
Murray's  "Summary."  It  is  the  work  of 
Dr.  Pelseneer,  of  Ghent,  who  took  over 
the  notes  and  drawings  made  by  the  lamented 
Prof.  Huxley  when  that  eminent  naturalist 
found  his  health  unfortunately  not  such  as 
to  allow  him  to  complete  the  investigation 
which  he  had  commenced  of  this  peculiarly 
interesting  creature. 


only  in  time  to  append    his  signature   on  the 
29th.       The    representatives    of    this    country 
were  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  Bart.,  M.P.,   Mr. 
Howard      Saunders,     and     Mr.     F.      Dundas 
Harford,  of    the    British    Embassy    in    Paris. 
M.  Gadaud,  the  Minister  of  Agriculture,  having 
welcomed      the     delegates,     M.     M^line,     the 
Protectionist  Deputy,  was  elected  to  the  chair, 
and    submitted   a  draft  convention  which    had 
been  prepared  by  M.  Tisserand,  the  Director  of 
Agriculture.  On  the  second  day  some  differences 
of  opinion   arose  between    Germany,    Austria- 
Hungary,   Italy,    and,    to    some    extent.  Great 
Britain,  on    the    one    side,    and    France  with 
the     minor     countries     on     the     other  ;      but 
the    questions    were    referred     to    a    sub-com- 
mittee,   composed    of    one    delegate    for    each 
country.     This  met  early  on  the  following  day, 
under  the  conciliatory  presidency   of   M.    Tis- 
serand,   when    an   examination    ensued  of  the 
French  lists  of  birds  supposed  to  be  useful  to 
agriculture  on  the  one  hand,  or  noxious  on  the 
other — a  criticism  not  devoid  of  amusing  inci- 
dents.    These  lists  underwent  very  important 
modifications,  and  the  results  of   the   scrutiny 
were     practically    adopted    on     the     following 
days   at    the    meetings    of   all    the    delegates. 
The  net  conclusion  was  the  adoption  of  suitable 
legislation  for  the  protection  of   insectivorous 
birds   by   France  and  other  countries,  and  an 
expression    of     general    sympathy     with     the 
scheme  on  the  part  of  those  which,  like  Great 
Britain,    had  for    a    long  time    taken  effective 
steps  in  that  direction.     The  Conference  closed 
in  the  most  amicable  manner  on  the  29th  ult. 


THE   CONFERENCE   ON    THE    PROTECTION 
OF    WILD    BIRDS. 

At  an  International  Conference  opened  at 
Paris  on  June  25th,  nearly  all  the  countries  of 
Europe  were  represented,  including  Luxemburg 
and  Monaco  ;  the  delegate  for  Russia  arriving  I 


SIR  JOHN  ELLIOT,  M.D.,  AND  JOHN  ELLIOT,  M.D. 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
In  Dr.  Munk's  '  Roll  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians '  there  is  a  biographical  notice  of  Sir 
John  Elliot,  and  the  following  list  of  his  works 
is  given  :  — 

Philosophical  Observations  on  the  Senses  of  Vision 
and  Hearing.    1780. 

Essays  on  Physiological  Subjects.    1780. 

Address  to  the  Public  on  a  Subject  of  the  Utmost 
Importance  to  Health.    1780. 

Collection  of  the  Works  of  Dr.  Fothergill.    1781. 

Medical  Pocket  Book.    1781. 

Account  of  the  Principal  Mineral  Waters  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.     1781. 

Elements  of  the  Branches  of  Natural  Philosophy 
connected  with  Medicine.    1782. 

The  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  '  also 
has  a  notice  of  Sir  John  Elliot,  and  the  same 
books  are  attributed  to  him  as  in  Dr.  Munk's 
'  Roll. '  In  the  article  in  the  '  Dictionary  '  an 
estimate  of  Sir  John's  medical  reputation  is 
deduced  from  the  scanty  store  of  knowledge  in 
the  '  Medical  Pocket  Book,'  which  he  says  he 
drew  up  for  his  own  use.  This  will  probably 
require  modification,  as  the  book  is  not  by  Sir 
John  Elliot,  but  by  John  Elliot,  an  apothecary, 
who  was  the  author  of  the  whole  of  the  books 
attributed  to  Sir  John. 

The  John  Elliot  who  really  wrote  all  the  books 
named  above  was  born  in  December,  1747,  at 
Chard,  where  his  father  was  a  clothier.  He  was 
educated  under  Mr.  Hare,  of  Crewkerne,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
Bevett,  apothecary  in  Spitalfields  ;  then  he  went 
as  assistant  to  Mr.  Chandler  in  Cheapside,  and 
at  the  age  of  thirty  started  an  apothecary's  shop 
in  Carnaby  Market.  He  then  moved  to  Great 
Marlborough  Street,  and,  having  obtained  a 
degree  in  medicine,  opened  a  house  in  Newman 
Street  ;  the  latter  was  wholly  confined  "  to  the 
exhibition  of  his  fever  remedy,  and  to  such 
patients  as  chuse  to  have  his  advise  in  other 
cases,  where  their  own  apothecary  attends."* 
Elliot  appears  to  have  been  in  love  with  Miss 
Boydell,  a  niece  of  Aid.  Boydell,  and  as  she 
and  her  uncle  were  walking  in  company  with 
Mr.  G.  Nicol,  bookseller  in  the  Strand,  up 
Princes  Street,  Leicester  Fields,  Elliot  fired  a  i 
pistol  at  the  lady ;   he  was   at  once  arrested. 


but  on  his  trial  was  acquitted  of  the  charge  of 
attempt  at  murder,  as  there  was  no  evidence 
that  the  pistol  was  loaded.  Insanity  was  also 
set  up  as  a  defence,  and  Dr.  Simmons  (to  whom 
he  dedicated  two  of  his  books)  and  Mr.  O'Don- 
nel  (who  had  purchased  the  ai^othecary's  busi- 
ness in  Carnaby  Market)  were  called  as 
witnesses.  Directly  after  his  first  trial  he  was 
re-arrested  on  the  charge  of  assault,  and  died 
in  Newgate  on  July  22nd,  1787,  his  biographer 
says  "  of  a  broken  heart,"  but  the  general  belief 
was  that  he  starved  himself  to  death.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  books  named  above,  Elliot  commu- 
nicated a  paper  to  the  Royal  Society,  entitled 
'  Observations  on  Affinities  of  Substances  in 
Spirit  of  Wine.'  This  is  printed  in  Fhil.  Trans. 
vol.  Ixxvi.  p.  155.  In  a  biography  of  Elliot, 
entitled  '  A  Narrative  of  the  Life  and  Death  of 

John  Elliot,  M.D.,  containing  an  account of 

his  unhappy  passion  for  Miss  Mary  Boydell,' 
it  is  stated  that  he  Avas  the  author  of  the 
'  Medical  Almanack '  (this,  no  doubt,  is  the 
'  Medical  Pocket  Book '),  '  Elements  of 
the  Branches  of  Natural  Philosophy,'  and 
'  Experiments  and  Observations  on  Light  and 
Colour.' 

In  the  collection  of  Fothergill's  works  the 
'  Philosophical  Observations  '  and  the  '  Elements 
of  the  Branches  of  Natural  Philosophy '  are 
advertised  as  "  by  the  same  author."  In  the 
'Address  to  the  Public  '  he  also  prints  extracts 
from  the  'Philosophical  Observations.'  It  so 
happens  that  in  all  his  books  he  gives  his 
address  at  the  end  of  the  preface  ;  these 
addresses  agree  with  those  given  above,  being 
either  Carnaby  Market,  Newman  Street,  or 
Great  Marlborough  Street.  In  the  '  Address 
to  the  Public  '  it  is  stated  that  copies  "  may 
be  had  of  the  Author,  No.  7,  the  East  side  of 
Carnaby  Market." 

The  Medical  Register  confirms  these  places 
of  residence,  and  also  shows  that  at  that  time 
Sir  John  Elliot  was  living  in  Cecil  Street.  The 
title-page  of  the  '  Philosophical  Observations ' 
first  drew  my  attention  to  the  error  of  ascribing 
these  books  to  Sir  John  Elliot,  as  the  author 
is  described  as  J.  Elliott  (sic).  Apothecary  :  it 
seemed  almost  impossible  that  a  man  who  was 
a  baronet,  an  M.D.,  and  a  licentiate  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  should  so  describe  himself. 
Dr.  Simmons  stated  in  his  evidence  that  he  had 
for  some  years  looked  upon  Elliot  as  out  of  his 
mind,  and  in  support  of  this  opinion  he  read  to 
the  Court  extracts  from  a  letter  on  the  light 
of  the  celestial  bodies  which  Elliot  had  asked 
Simmons  to  communicate  to  the  Royal  Society 
for  him.  James  Blake  Bailey. 


European  Magazine,  vol.  li.,  1782,  p.  45. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Prof.  F.  Tietjen, 
for  many  years  past  Director  of  the  Rechen- 
institut  of  the  Berlin  Observatory  and  editor 
of  the  Berliner  Astronomisches  Jahrbuch ;  also 
on  Monday  last  of  Prof.  G.  F.  W.  Sporer,  of  the 
Potsdam  Observatory,  whose  name  is  so  well 
known  amongst  astronomers  for  his  careful  and 
systematic  observations  of  solar  spots. 

Mr.  C.  Leeson  Prince,  F.R.A.S.,  of  Crow- 
borough,  sends  us  a  Record  of  the  Great  Frost 
of  Januanj  and  February,  lS9o,  contrasted  ivith 
some  Observations  of  other  Severe  Frosts,  which 
gives  very  interesting  details  of  the  temperature 
of  every  winter  since  1816,  those  for  more  than 
fifty  years  being  from  Mr.  Prince's  own  records, 
made  first  at  Uck  field  and  afterwards  at  Crow- 
borough.  It  appears  that  the  frost  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  year  was  the  most  pro- 
tracted since  that  of  1814. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  that  the  building  of 
the  Yerkes  Observatory  is  rapidly  approaching 
completion,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  40-inch 
refractor  may  be  ready  for  use  by  September  or 
October  next.  The  observatory  is  located  near 
Lake  Geneva,  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  at  an 
elevation  of  180  feet  above  tiie  lake,  and  is  dis- 
tant about  75  miles  from  Chicago.  Tiie  great 
dome  to  contain  the  large  telescope  is  90  feet  in 


72 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3533,  July  13, '95 


diameter  ;  as  the  length  of  the  tube  of  that 
instrument  is  62  feet,  this  will  give  ample  space 
for  a  solar  spectroscope  9  feet  long  and  a  dew- 
cap  of  about  equal  length.  The  width  of  the 
shutter- opening  is  12  feet.  There  are  two 
smaller  domes,  one  of  which  will  contain  the 
12-inch  telescope  now  at  the  Kenwood  Observa- 
tory, and  the  other  a  16-inch  telescope.  For 
meridian  work  a  transit  instrument  will  for  the 
present  suiBce  ;  but  it  is  intended  ultimately  to 
obtain  a  meridian  circle  of  large  aperture. 

The  Rapport  Annuel  sur  I'Etat  de  I'Ohserva- 
toire  de  Faris  for  the  year  1894  was  presented 
to  the  Council  by  M.  Tisserand,  the  Director, 
on  the  2nd  of  March  last,  and  has  since  been 
circulated.  The  meteorological  conditions,  he 
tells  us,  have  been  exceptionally  bad,  which 
has,  of  course,  liad  an  effect  on  the  number  of 
observations,  though  not  so  great  as  might  have 
been  anticipated.  The  publication  of  the  great 
catalogue  of  stars,  commenced  by  the  late 
Admiral  Mouchez,  and  intended  to  contain  the 
results  of  all  the  meridian  observations  (em- 
bracing about  350,000  objects),  is  being  pushed 
on.  The  whole  will  fill  eight  quarto  volumes,  of 
which  two  appeared  in  1887,  two  more  in  1891 ; 
it  is  hoped  that  the  fifth  and  sixth  will  be  pub- 
lished about  the  end  of  this  year,  and  the  two 
final  volumes  in  1899.  The  Paris  section  of  the 
great  photographic  survey  of  the  stellar  heavens 
has  Vjeen  proceeded  with  vigorously  ;  and  M. 
Lojwy  has  obtained  a  number  of  beautiful  lunar 
photographs  with  the  equatorial  coude,  which  it 
is  proposed  to  continue  till  the  whole  surface 
of  our  satellite  has  been  depicted.  With  the 
meridian  instruments  the  sun,  the  moon,  the 
large  planets,  and  fundamental  stars  have  been 
regularly  observed,  whilst  the  equatorials  of  the 
eastern  and  western  towers  have  been  employed 
on  comets,  a  considerable  number  of  small 
planets,  and  casual  phenomena ;  nebulre  and 
double  stars  have  also  been  observed  (though 
the  weather  was  not,  on  the  whole,  favourable  to 
that  class  of  observations),  and  a  study  has  also 
been  made  of  the  physical  appearance  of  Mars 
at  its  favourable  opposition  in  1894.  M.  Des- 
landres  has,  as  before,  been  in  charge  of  the  spec- 
troscopic department,  and  seems  to  have  devoted 
his  principal  attention  to  the  solar  phenomena. 
The  meteorological  observations  ha ve  been  carri  ed 
on  with  accustomed  regularity  ;  and  the  report 
closes  with  an  account  of  some  improvements 
which  have  been  effected  in  the  buildings  and 
arrangements. 


will  be  appointed  before  the  beginning  of  next 
session.  The  salary  will  be  400L,  with  a  share 
of  the  fees. 

The  International  Congress  of  Physiologists 
will  take  place  from  September  9th  to  13th  at 
Berne.  An  exhibition  of  physiological  appa- 
ratus will  be  connected  with  the  Congress. 


SOCIETIES. 

AECH.?iOLOGiCAL  INSTITUTE.  —  JwZy  3.— Chan- 
cellor Ferguson  in  the  chair.— Mr.  E.  Peacock 
exhibited  two  small  medieval  seals.  One,  of  brass, 
found  some  years  ago  at  Messingham,  Lincolnshire, 
bears  two  heads  between  a  tree  with  the  legend 
LOVE  ME  AND  I  THEE.  The  other,  of  silver,  found 
near  Louth  Park  Abbey,  Lincolnshire,  bears  a 
kneeling  figure  with  a  lion  statant  and  other 
devices.  The  legend  reads  s.  willi.  de  ...apton  : 
the  first  letter  of  the  surname  is  effaced. — The 
Chairman  exhibited  two  curious  padlocks  now  pre- 
served in  the  Carlisle  Museum.  They  are  cylin- 
drical in  shape,  and  fasten  with  a  spring  catch. 
Similar  locks  have  been  found  with  Roman 
remains  in  this  county,  and  the  shape  has  con- 
tinued in  use  nearly  all  over  the  world.— Mr.  Somers 
Clarke  read  an  interesting  pai)er  '  On  Phihc,  the 
Nubian  Valley,  and  the  Motiified  Keservoir,'  in 
which  he  treated  of  the  probable  effect  of  the 
scheme  on  the  buildings  in  Phil;e  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood.—Prof.  B.  Lewis  read  a  paper  '  On  the 
Antiquities  of  Aries,'  in  which  he  compared  the 
monuments  with  tbose  at  Nimes,  especially  indi- 
cating the  points  of  resemblance  and  difference. 
The  amphitheatre  at  Aries,  the  largest  Roman 
building  in  France,  was  occupied  by  the  inhabitants 
as  a  fortress  and  as  a  dwelling-place  when  Nar- 
bonese  Gaul  was  ravaged  by  the  Saracens.  A  photo- 
graph of  an  old  engraving  was  exhibited  showing 
the  8tructure  under  these  conditions. 


FINE    ARTS 


A  CiiAiR  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  University 
College,  Dundee,  is  to  be  formed,  and  a  professor 


THE   ROYAL  ACADEMY. 

(Sixth  and  Concluding  Notice.) 

ETCHINGS,    DRAWINGS,    AND    ENGRAVINGS. 

We  may  mention  briefly  a  few  of  the  best  of 
these,  such  as  Baiting  the  Hook  (No.  1278),  after 
Mr.  Yeend  King,  the  work  of  Mr.  A.  Gravier, 
clear,  neat,  and  bright. — Mr.  P.  Mallet  does  jus- 
tice in  No.  1284  to  Mr.  E.  Parton's  sympathetic 
landscape,  A  Joyous  Sninmer,  as  well  as  In 
the  Derwent  Valley  (1308)  ;  while  Mr.  J.  Full- 
wood,  in  his  original  etching  of  The  Tliames 
(1286),  deserves  praise  for  his  light  and  firm 
touches. — Mr.  J.  Dobie  has  rendered  Mr.  J.  W. 
Waterhouse's  Ophelia  (1288)  with  spirit  and 
veracity.  —  A  Fastoml  (1293)  is  an  adequate 
reproduction  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Nooth  after  M.  C. 
Sainton. — That  masterly  etcher  Mr.W.  L.  Wyllie 
does  justice  to  himself  in  A  Southerly  (rale, 
Brighton  (1296). — Mr.  A.  Evershed  is  happy  in 
etching  from  nature  in  a  light  and  brilliant  way, 
but  he  never  succeeded  better  than  in  Bosham, 
from  the  East  (1300).  —  Mr.  M.  Campbell's 
Betnrn  of  Fishing  Smacks  (1301)  is  true  to  nature. 
— Excellent  draughtsmanship  is  to  be  found 
in  Mr.  A.  F.  Hughes's  Sisters  (1333)  ;  and 
Mr.  N.  I.  Redmayne  was  fortunate  in 
doing  all  but  justice  to  Agnes,  Daughter 
of  H.  Moore  (1339).— The  style  of  Mr.  M.  R. 
Corbet's  pencil  study  of  A  Fomegrnnate 
(1353)  affirms  him  to  be  an  accomplished 
draughtsman  ;  while  The  Viking's  Raid  (1366), 
by  Mr.  S.  Berkeley,  has  a  fresh  and  energetic 
design.— T/ie  End  of  the  Chapter  (1380),  by  Mr. 
W.  C.  Cooke,  is  a  good  design  excellently  ren- 
dered.^— No  apter  or  more  skilful  reproduction 
is  to  be  found  liere  than  Daphne  (1399),  a 
large  and  poetic  head  by  Mr.  N.  Hirst,  after 
Mr.  Herkomer's  fine  drawing  lately  at  the  Old 
Society's  gallery  ;  and  Miss  G.  Dale  has  had 
an  opportunity  of  displaying  her  accomplish- 
ments in  transcribing  Mr.  P.  H.  Calderon's 
charming  Olivia  (1407).  Besides  these  there 
are  excellent  works  by  Messrs.  A.  J.  Turrell, 
C.  J.  Watson,  H.  Macbeth-Raeburn,  G.  W. 
Eve,  W.  B.  Richmond,  N.  H.  J.  Westlake, 
W.  F.  Calderon,  and  D.  A.  Wehrschmidt. 

sculptures. 
On  the  whole,  the  statues  and  bas-reliefs  are 
rather  above  the  average  in  merit  as  well  as  in 
ambition.  The  first  to  command  attention  is 
Mr.  H.  C.  Fehr's  Hypnus  bestowing  Sleep  upon 
the  Earth  (1612),  a  full-size  nude  statue.  The 
hands  are  upraised  and  the  vast  wings  are  ex- 
tended, as  if  Sleep  had  just  alighted  upon  the 
earth.  The  design  as  well  as  the  treatment 
are  rather  academic,  yet  both  possess  the  sort 
of  grandeur  and  vigour  desirable  in  poetic 
sculpture;  above  all,  Mr.  Fehr's  work  illustrates 
an  idea  without  being  affected. — Mr.  J.  White- 
head's bust  of  Archbishop  Knox  (1615)  is  soundly 
carved,  but  lacks  character  and  animation. — 
Mr.  H.  Thornycroft's  statue  of  Earl  Granville 
(1617),  destined  for  the  House  of  Lords,  is 
an  admirable  addition  to  the  statues  at  West- 
minster, for  it  gives  the  statesman  to  the  life, 
suave,  smiling,  and  yet  energetic  and  resolute. 
The  rendering  of  his  face,  demeanour,  and  atti- 
tude is  perfect,  and  yet  by  no  means  merely 
realistic  or  devoid  of  dignity.  In  this  case 
modern  evening  dress  has  lent  itself  to  a  fine 
and  broad  treatment  in  marble.  There  is  by 
Mr.  Thornycroft  a  first-rate,  learned,  and  firm 
bust  of  James  Chance,  Esq.  (1618).  His  recum- 
bent statue    in  bronze  of   T/ie   late  Bishop  of 


Carlisle  (1699)  we  have  already  described  at 
some  length,  and  therefore  we  need  not  now 
do  more  than  praise  highly  its  fine  style,  and 
that  breadth  of  treatment  which,  while  com- 
prehending a  multitude  of  details  and  highly 
finished,  is  simplicity  itself.  The  artist's  still 
more  accomplished  life-size  figure  of  a  damsel 
dancing  in  passionate  exuberance  of  vitality, 
which  he  aptly  calls  The  Joy  of  Life  (1701),  we 
have  also  described.  It  is  a  concrete  idea,  ex- 
pressed with  extraordinary  skill,  singular  sym- 
pathy, and  astonishing  power.  In  fact,  it  is  far 
superior  to  anything  the  sculptor  has  hithertopro- 
duced,  being  at  once  more  vivacious  and  beautiful. 
The  design  has  been  carried  out  to  perfection,  so 
that  the  very  draperies  seem  to  be  vitalized  and 
to  share  the  delight  of  the  wearer.  The  research 
which hasimparted  so  much  value  to  thedraperies 
is  so  exacting  that,  from  the  creases  in  the 
girl's  stockings  to  the  rebounding  of  the  folds 
in  a  sort  of  mantle  which  she  wears,  and  which 
springs  up  as  she  stamps  upon  the  earth,  there 
is  not  a  line  nor  a  curve  which  is  not  true  to 
nature  and  does  not  obey  the  laws  of  swift 
motion.  Such  care,  and  the  skill  which  does 
justice  to  it,  have  obtained  their  reward  in  the 
completeness  and  irresistible  attractiveness  of  the 
statue.  The  face,  which  is  natural  and  comely, 
has  beauty  of  its  own,  but  does  not  aim  at 
anything  beyond  what  the  nature  of  the  sub- 
ject calls  for  ;  to  have  made  it  of  a  nobler 
type  would  have  been  an  error  of  judgment 
Mr.  Thornycroft  is  incapable  of  when  he  in- 
tended to  represent  not  a  goddess  nor  a  great 
lady,  but  a  girl  who  rejoices  in  every  limb 
because  she  is  alive. 

Mr.  T.  Brock's  Miss  Maple  (1621)  is  a  good 
and  graceful  bust,  executed  with  unusual  de- 
licacy. His  Sir  R.  Oiven  (1622),  intended  for 
the  Natural  History  Museum,  represents  Sir 
Richard  in  extreme  old  age,  holding  a  bone,  and 
discoursing  on  it.  Owen  seems  less  tall  than  he 
was,  and  neither  the  face  nor  the  attitude  of  the 
statue  does  justice  to  the  extraoi'dinary  keenness 
and  energy  of  the  man,  although  the  figure  does 
not  lack  a  certain  quaintness  and  extreme  in- 
dividuality which  even  the  most  superficial 
observer  remarked  in  Owen.  That,  in  a  prosaic 
way,  and  yet  without  anything  like  dulness, 
this  figure  is  a  good  likeness  of  the  anatomist, 
is  to  Mr.  Brock's  credit,  but  we  had  hoped  for 
a  subtler  and  more  sympathetic  reading  of  a 
theme  at  once  difficult  and  noble. — Mr.  Onslow 
Ford  is  an  artist  of  the  higher  strain.  His  capital 
bust  of  J.  Lever,  Esq.  (1626),  possesses  a  great 
deal  of  character  and  vitality,  while  it  is  tho- 
roughly refined  instyle  and  finish.  Briton  Riviere, 
Esq.  (1645),  is  an  admirable  likeness,  a  worthy 
record  of  a  distinguished  painter.  JV.  Q. 
Orchardson,  Escf  (1643),  is  equally  good, 
although  the  subject  was  not  so  favourable  to 
the  sculptor.  No.  1679  is  a  capital  portrait  of 
the  landscapist  AI.  Ridley  Corbet,  Esq.  Mr. 
Ford's  masterpiece  this  year  is  the  life-size 
nude  statue  in  bronze  of  the  nymph  Echo 
(1702),  standing  with  both  arms  upraised,  her 
head  thrown  back ;  her  expression  is  dream-like 
and  languorous,  as  if,  when  half-swooning,  she 
had  heard 

The  horns  of  Elf-land  faintly  blowing 
in  the  extreme  distance.  The  grace  and  spon- 
taneity of  the  design  are  worthy  of  the  occasion, 
and  they  are  in  keeping  witli  the  somewhat 
attenuated  girl-like  form  of  the  virgin  ever 
followed,  never  found,  but  not  unseen  by  the 
artist,  to  whom  the  nymph  has  vouchsafed  to 
reveal  herself  thus  unclad  and  fair,  and  whose 
art  has  modelled  her  in  this  lovely  fashion. 
The  statue  claims  a  place  in  our  memory  not 
less  lasting  than  that  of  which  Mr.  Thornycroft's 
more  modern  nymph  is  assured. 

Mr.  O.  E.  Whiting  exhibits  a  vigorous  bas- 
relief,  showing,  with  exceptional  spirit  and 
in  an  original  way,  how  St.  George  slays  the 
l»ra(/oH  (1632).— Mr.  Fehr's  bust  of  Meditation 
(1634)  is  sympathetic  and  accomplished. — Mr. 
P.  11.    Montford's    statuette    of   a  young  girl 


N^SSSi,  July  13, '95 


.  ^1  E     A  T  E  E  N 


73 


walking  with  an  elan  which  is  most  natural  is 
spirited,  well  modelled,  and  aptly  named  Life's 
Springtime  (1636). — Solid,  good,  and  sincere  is 
Mr.  Armstead's  A.  Mordan,  Esq.  (1641),  a  bust 
in  bronze,  the  Academician's  sole  contribution. 
— Animated,  possessed  of  much  character,  and 
modelled  in  a  nervous  sort  of  way,  is   Mr.  C. 
Dressier 's  bust  of  Sir  J.  D' Urberville  (1646). — 
Mr.   R.  L.    Clark's  relief  in  marble  of  Psyche, 
Cupid,     and    Furtuna    (1665),    conceived    and 
modelled     in     a     quasi -classic     taste,     is    de- 
cidedly   charming.  —  Mr.     R.    MuUins's     Bo\j 
with     a     Top     (1675),    a     capital     and      suit- 
able   design,    is    modest,    fresh,    and    good. — 
We   hoped    for   something    more    considerable 
than   General   Lord    Eoherts    (1680)    from    the 
skUful   hands   of   Mr.   H.  Bates.— Mr.  W.  G. 
John's     bust     of    Canon    Thompson    (1683)    is 
excellent,    but    not    so    important   as    all    his 
work    here  ought    to    be ;    otherwise    it    is    a 
good     specimen     in    the     Italian    Renaissance 
taste   and  style  of   execution. — Very  nice   and 
pretty  is  Miss  A.  Dabis's  Sweet  Seventeen  (1685), 
although  its  subject  was  likely  to    be  far  too 
sweet.  —  Mr.    Montford's    group   of  A  Mother 
and  Child  (1697),  a  peasant  matron  opening  her 
bosom  and  laughing  in  pride  and  joy,  while  her 
sturdy  boy  roars  for  his  food,  is  most  solid  and 
lifelike,  and  it  is  as  superior  in  its  execution  as 
in  its  design  to  M.  Dalou's  much   overpraised 
and  rather  coarse  terra-cotta  group  of  a  similar 
subject   which   was  here  some  years  ago,   and 
it    is   also   better   than    M.    Rodin's   common- 
place  version   (which  is  popular   because  it  is 
commonplace)  of  a  like  theme.    Vigorous,  spon- 
taneous, and    sincere,     Mr.  Montford's   group 
has  all  the  modernity  of  the  French  sculptors' 
works,  is  much  more  spontaneous  and  vigorous 
than  either  of    them,    and    is    free   from    that 
wilful    commonness   which    sets    grace    at    de- 
fiance.— Mr.  A.  C.  Lucchesi's  Destiny  (1698),  a 
life-size  statue,  would  be  more  telling  if  its  type 
were  finer  ;  she  is  erect  and   binds  about  her 
naked   waist   a   girdle   of  thorns. — The   Bather 
(1700)   gave  Mr.   H.   A.  Pegram  opportunities 
for  modelling  a  nude  figure  in  a  masculine  way 
and  illustrating  his  taste  for  allegory  by  showing 
how  the  wicked  siren  trammels  a  foot  of  the 
strong  swimmer. — Mr.  W.  G.  John's  statue  of 
A  Boy  at  Play  (1711)  is  elaborate,  naturalistic, 
and  finished  to  the  life.     The  design  is  full  of 
energy  and  sympathy  for  the  chosen   subject. 
Still  it  seems  a  pity  so  much  learning  and  taste 
have  been  expended  where  the  chosen  type  of 
nature  is  so  low,  and  even  the  face  is  ignoble. 

ARCHITECTURE. 

We  have  left  ourselves  but  little  space  for 
the  contents  of  the  Architectural  Room.  Let 
us,  therefore,  summarily  mention  as  note- 
worthy Mr.  F.  B.  Cooper's  SketcJi,  Desictn 
for  a  Town  House  (1409) ;  Mr.  E.  Newton's 
HoxLse  (1411)  and  St.  Swithin's  Church  (1414)  ; 
Mr.  G.  Aitchison's  Neuj  Picture  Gallery  at  Sir 
F.  Leighton's  (1418);  Mr.  B.  Champneys's  iVeiu 
Beredos  (1419)  and  Proposed  West  Front,  Man- 
chester Cathedral  (1455) ;  Mr.  T.  E.  Collcutt's 
Lecture  Hall  (1430);  Mr.  W.  L.  Griffiths's 
Design  for  a  Wesleyan  Chapel  (1436)  ;  Messrs. 
Paley,  Austin  &  Paley's  Chapel  (1461)  ;  Mr.  N. 
Shaw's  All  Sai7its\  Swanscombe  (1467) ;  Messrs. 
Brewill  &  Baily's  Sundial  (1490)  ;  Mr.  F.  H. 
Tulloch's  Design  for  New  Municipal  Buildings 
(1493)  ;  Mr.  J.  M.  Brydon's  Chateau  de  Buillon 
(1574)  ;  and  various  examples  from  the  hands 
of  Sir  A.  W.  Blomfield,  and  Messrs.  A.  M. 
Poynter,  T.  W.  Cutler,  E.  Goldie,  R.  P.  Spiers, 
Aston  Webb,  W.  D.  Caroe,  G.  0.  Horsley,  L. 
Stokes,  T.  G.  Jackson,  E.  George  &  Peto,  and 
F.  W.  Bedford.  Some  of  the  leading  architects 
of  the  day  do  not  contribute  to  this  exhibition, 
while  some  who  do  contribute  have  not  sent 
their  best  works.  The  same  remark,  with  which 
we  conclude  these  notices  of  the  Aoademy, 
applies  to  some  of  the  painters. 


THE   CONGRESS   OF   ARCH^OLOGICAL   SOCIETIES. 

The  seventh  Congress  of  Ai-chaeological 
Societies  in  union  with  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries was  held  at  Burlington  House  on  Thui's- 
day,  the  4th  inst.,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir 
A.  VVollaston  Franks.  About  forty  representa- 
tives of  twenty-two  societies  attended,  including 
Sir  John  Evans  and  Mr.  C.  D.  E.  Fortnum 
(Society  of  Antiquaries)  ;  Messrs.  Emanuel 
Green,  J.  Hilton,  and  Lyell  (Royal  Archajo- 
logical  Institute);  Rev.  J.  Cave  -  Browne  and 
Messrs.  R.  D.  Lloyd  and  G.  Patrick  (British 
Archaeological  Association)  ;  Messrs.  J.  Romilly 
Allen  and  Edw.  Owen  (Royal  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  Ireland) ;  Messrs.  W.  Minet  and  R. 
Hovenden  (Huguenot  Society)  ;  Rev.  J.  M. 
Guilding  and  Mr.  Ravenscroft  (Berks)  ;  Mr.  W. 
Wright  Wilson  (Birmingham  and  Midland  In- 
stitute) ;  Revs.  W.  Bazeley,  S.  E.  Bartleet,  and 
J.  M.  Hall  (Bristol  and  Gloucestershire  Archaeo- 
logical Society);  Messrs.  John  Parker  and  A.  H. 
Cocks  (Bucks)  ;  Chancellor  Ferguson  and  Mr. 
E.  T.  "Tyson  (Cumberland  and  Westmorland)  ; 
Mr.  J.  Horace  Round  (Essex) ;  Rev.  G.  W. 
Minns  (Hants  Field  Club)  ;  Mr.  Alex.  Brooke 
(Lancashire  and  Cheshire)  ;  Mr.  B.  A.  Smith 
(Leicestershire)  ;  Mr.  E.  W.  Brabrook  (London 
and  Middlesex)  ;  Mr.  J.  Rutland  (Maidenhead 
and  Taplow  Field  Club);  Rev.  W.  Creeny 
(Norfolk  and  Norwich  Archaeological  Society)  ; 
Mr.  Percy  Manning  (Oxford  Architectural 
Society)  ;  Mr.  W.  Page  (St.  Albans  Arclii- 
tectural  Society)  ;  Messrs.  Mill  Stephenson  and 
Ralph  Nevill  (Surrey)  ;  Alderman  Farncombe 
and  Mr.  J.  Sawyer  (Sussex)  ;  Rev.  F.  J.  Eld 
and  Mr.  Ernest  Day  (Worcestershire) ;  Mr.  W. 
Paley Baildon  (Yorkshire  Archaeological  Society); 
and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  honorary 
secretary. 

The  report  of  the  Standing  Committee  and 
the  auditor's  statement  of  accounts  were  read 
and  adopted,  showing  that  the  Congress  is  in  a 
satisfactory  condition  financially. 

Mr.  Hope  having  expressed  a  wish  to  be 
relieved  of  the  office  of  honorary  secretary, 
which  he  has  held  since  1892,  by  reason  of  his 
inability  to  perform,  in  conjunction  with  his 
other  duties,  the  work  attaching  to  the  success- 
ful carrying  on  of  the  Congress,  a  vote  of  thanks 
was  passed  to  Mr.  Hope  for  his  services,  and 
Mr.  Ralph  Nevill  was  appointed  honorary 
secretary  in  his  stead. 

The  first  topic  for  discussion  was  the  '  Better 
Preservation  of  Municipal  and  County  Records.' 
Sir  John  Evans,  in  introducing  the  subject, 
spoke  of  the  many  documents  of  interest  which 
were  in  the  care  of  town  clerks  and  clerks  of  the 
peace,  and  suggested  the  issue  of  a  memorandum 
pointing  out  the  value  of  these  records,  and 
asking  how  they  were  being  taken  care  of  and 
if  they  had  been  or  were  about  to  be  calendared. 
Some  of  the  County  Councils  he  believed  were 
taking  the  proper  steps  for  the  custody  of  their 
records,  and  in  his  own  county  the  Herts  County 
Council  had  appointed  a  small  committee  and 
made  a  grant  towards  a  preliminary  inquiry  as 
to  the  nature  and  extent  of  their  documents. 
The  Rev.  W.  Creeny  mentioned  that  at  Norwich 
the  whole  of  the  valuable  series  of  city  records 
had  been  moved  from  the  Guildhall  to  a  fire- 
proof room  in  the  keep  of  the  Castle,  where 
they  had  been  admirably  arranged,  as  a  work 
of  love,  by  the  Rev.  W.  Hudson.  Chancellor 
Ferguson  pointed  out  that  a  number  of 
municipal  records  had  already  been  reported 
on  and  calendared  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission.  He  also 
suggested  that,  inasmuch  as  so  few  people 
were  able  to  read  the  old  records,  an  expert 
clerk  should  be  engaged  who  would  be  capable 
of  rendering  assistance  in  the  arrangement  and 
deciphering  of  the  documents.  He  was  strongly 
opposed  to  any  plan  whicli  would  transfer 
municipal  records  to  tlie  custody  of  the  County 
Council,  who  had  absolutely  no  concern  with 
them.  Mr.  Ernest  Day  spoke  of  the  advisability 


of  co-operating  with  the  Municipal  Corporations 
Association  and  other  like  bodies,  and  Mr. 
John  Parker  drew  attention  to  the  large  number 
of  interesting  documents  in  the  hands  of  charity 
trustees.  Mr.  Hope  recounted  his  experiences 
of  the  manner  in  which  municipal  documents 
are  treated  in  various  places,  and  pointed  out 
that  the  muniments  of  a  considerable  number 
of  extinct  and  dormant  corporations  were  now 
in  the  hands  of  trustees.  Ultimately  a  resolu- 
tion was  carried,  based  on  the  suggestions  made 
by  Sir  John  Evans. 

The  next  subject  was  that  of  '  County 
Bibliographies.'  This  was  brought  up  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Bazeley,  who  appropriately  illustrated 
it  by  the  production  of  the  proof-sheets  of  an 
admirable  and  exhaustive  '  Bibliography  of 
Gloucestershire,'  compiled  by  himself  and  Mr. 
Hyett.  Mr.  Ernest  Day  mentioned  the  com- 
pilation of  a  similar  work  for  Worcestershire, 
and  Chancellor  Ferguson  described  the  Jackson 
Collection  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
works  recently  given  to  the  Carlisle  Museum, 
the  catalogue  of  which,  when  completed,  would 
practically  form  a  bibliography  of  those  counties 
and  of  Lancashire  north  of  the  Sands.  Mr. 
Green  spoke  of  the  scanty  encouragement  held 
out  to  compilers  of  county  bibliographies,  but 
Mr.  Bazeley  said  this  was  not  his  experience, 
inasmuch  as  the  greater  part  of  the  issue  of  his 
Gloucestershire  work  had  already  been  taken  up 
by  subscribers.  Some  further  discussion  took 
place  as  to  certain  details,  such  as  the  definition 
of  a  native  of  a  county,  the  extent  to  which 
sermons  should  be  included,  &c. 

The  third  subject,  that  of  the  '  Treatment  of 
Monumental  Remains,'  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  St.  John  Hope.  He  especially  called 
attention  to  the  growing  practice  of  removing 
monumental  brasses  from  their  matrices  and 
fastening  them  on  the  walls  of  a  church,  where 
the  action  of  thelime  upon  the  metal  speedily  cor- 
roded and  destroyed  the  surface.  The  fine  brass 
at  Warwick  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Warwick,  and 
his  countess,  with  its  almost  unique  pounced 
decoration,  was  a  sad  case  in  point,  and  other 
examples  could  be  seen  at  Norwich  and  else- 
where. If  a  brass,  owing  to  constant  danger  of 
destruction,  must  be  moved,  he  contended  the 
slab  should  be  moved  too,  a  record  of  its 
removal  being  placed  on  its  site.  As  regards 
the  treatment  of  palimpsest  brasses,  Mr.  Hope 
described  the  various  ways  of  showing  both 
sides,  and  pointed  out  certain  disadvantages 
accompanying  that  in  which  the  brass  was 
hinged  at  one  side.  In  a  particular  case  which 
had  recently  been  entrusted  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  to  supervise,  a  palimpsest  brass  of 
many  pieces,  it  was  decided  to  refix  the  originals 
in  their  slab  and  to  place  in  the  church  electro- 
type facsimiles  of  the  palimpsest  reverses, 
from  which  rubbings  could  be  made  as 
readily  as  from  the  brass  itself.  Mr.  Hope 
also  spoke  of  the  inadvisability  of  constantly 
washing  alabaster  tombs  and  effigies.  Although 
the  cleaning  of  them  was  no  doubt  desirable  at 
times,  it  must  be  done  cautiously,  (1)  to  avoid 
risk  of  destroying  the  traces  of  the  painting  with 
which  they  invariably  had  been  decorated,  and 
(2)  on  account  of  the  slight  solubility  of  the 
alabaster  in  water,  whereby  the  surface  was 
gradually  destroyed.  For  this  reason  no  alabaster 
monument  should  ever  be  left  out  of  doors, 
since  it  would  then  inevitably  perish.  Mr. 
Nevill  quoted  a  case  in  point,  where  certain 
alabaster  figures  in  an  unroofed  cliapel  at  Hart- 
ing,  Sussex,  wore  almost  dissolved  away  by  the 
mere  action  of  the  rain.  After  some  remarks 
and  suggestions  by  I\Ir.  Day,  Mr.  Ravenscroft, 
and  otliers,  it  was  resolved  that  the  county 
archieological  societies  be  requested  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  authorities  to  any  case  of  im- 
proper or  careless  treatment  of  sepulchral 
monuments,  and  to  suggest  measures  for  their 
proper  preservation. 

'  The  Present   State   of   the  Ancient  Monu- 
ments Act '  was  the  subject  of  a  communication 


74 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3533,  July  13,  '95 


from  Mr.  George  Payne,  who  was  unfortunately 
unable  to  be  present.  In  a  letter  addressed  to 
the  President,  Mr.  Payne  pointed  out  that  the 
Act  had  now  practically  become  a  dead  letter, 
since  the  Government  had  positively  refused, 
even  when  they  were  offered  to  them,  to  place 
any  more  monuments  under  the  Act.  Several 
speakers  suggested  the  desirability  of  extending 
the  Act  to  other  than  prehistoric  monuments, 
and  ultimately  a  resolution  to  the  effect  was 
agreed  to.  It  was  pointed  out  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Bazeley  that  the  inclusion  of  a  monument  under 
the  Act  was  not  always  an  unmixed  blessing,  as 
a  case  had  come  under  his  notice  where  a  stone 
was  now  treated  with  far  less  respect  by  the 
public  than  when  it  was  in  private  hands.  He 
thought  a  reward  of,  say,  21.  should  be  offered 
in  all  cases  of  damage,  to  induce  the  police  and 
others  to  act  against  offenders. 

Mr.  Hope  brought  forward  a  suggestion  of 
the  Sussex  Archaeological  Society  that  some 
common  action  should  be  taken  by  neighbour- 
ing societies  in  arranging  their  excursions  and 
annual  meetings,  so  as  to  avoid  the  clashing 
of  events  which  sometimes  occurred.  Several 
methods  were  suggested  by  various  speakers, 
but  the  general  opinion  seemed  to  be  that  the 
difficulty  of  arranging  dates  long  beforehand 
was,  for  local  reasons,  very  great.  It  was,  how- 
ever, finally  agreed  that  the  Royal  Archaeological 
Institute  and  the  British  Archpsological  Asso- 
ciation should  be  asked  to  notify  as  soon  as 
possible  the  dates  of  their  annual  congresses, 
which  could  then  be  communicated  to  the  local 
societies. 

The  last  subject  on  the  agenda,  the  cata- 
loguing of  family  portraits,  was  introduced  by 
Mr,  Gomme,  but  subsequently  withdrawn  until 
the  next  Congress. 

After  a  useful  and  practical  discussion 
the  Congress  adjourned  until  next  year. 
In  the  evening,  however,  many  of  the 
members  again  met  at  the  annual  dinner  at 
the  Holborn  Restaurant,  and  were  afterwards 
received  by  the  President  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  at  Burlington  House,  to  meet  the 
Fellows  of  the  Society  at  a  conversazione. 
Besides  a  number  of  splendid  gold  ornaments 
and  jewels  exhibited  by  Sir  A.  W.  Franks, 
there  were  on  view  for  the  first  time  the  inter- 
esting remains  found  by  the  Egypt  Exploration 
Fund  at  Deir  el-Bahari  during  the  excavations 
carried  out  there  under  the  direction  of  M. 
Naville. 


Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold 
from  the  2nd  to  the  5th  inst.  the  following, 
from  various  collections.  Miniatures  :  Madame 
de  Stael,  by  Isabey,  31L  An  Italian  Landscape, 
511.  Madame  Roland,  311.  The  Virgin  and 
A  Saint,  in  landscapes,  681.  A  Female  Head, 
31^.  A  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  52/..  Mrs.  Siddons, 
by  Cosway,  107/.  Portraits  of  Boucher  and  his 
Wife,  and  Van  Loo  and  his  Wife,  78/.  Portrait 
of  a  Daughter  of  Louis  XV.,  36/.  Portrait  of 
a  Lady,  42/.  La  Toilette,  52/.  Venus  and 
Cupid,  with  nymphs,  31/.  A  Shepherd  and 
Shepherdess,  in  a  landscape,  81/.  Madame 
Recamier,  by  Isabey,  155/.  A  Lady,  signed 
J.  S.,  173/.  Portrait  of  Voltaire,  by  Petitot, 
33/.  A  Lady,  by  Le  Tellier,  31)/.  A  Lady, 
110/.  A  Lady,  by  Le  Tellier,  43/.  A  Lady, 
81/,  Enamels  :  Anne  of  Austria,  by  Petitot, 
38/.  Portrait  of  a  Gentleman,  by  Petitot,  44/. 
Portrait  of  Moliere,  by  Petitot,  57/.  Madame 
de  la  Valliere,  05/.  Duchesse  de  Guise,  33/. 
Portrait  of  a  Youth,  ascribed  to  C.  F.  Zincke, 
42/.  A  Pair  of  Old  French  Cut  Silk  and 
Needlework  Panels,  45/.  Drawings :  H.  D. 
Van  Blarenberghe,  A  River  Scene,  99/.  G. 
Chambers,  The  Battle  of  Trafalgar,  94/.  Pater, 
Nymphs  Bathing,  50/.  Pictures  :  I'.  Nasmyth, 
A  Landscape,  173/.  Boucher,  Spring  and 
Summer  (a  pair),  1,30/.  M.  Drolling,  An 
Interior,  173/.  F.  Guardi,  St.  Mark's  Sciuare, 
Venice,  330/.      J.   V.   Platzcr,   The   School  of 


Painting  and  The  School  of  Sculpture  (a  pair), 
215/.  Van  Loo,  The  Domino,  126/.  Wouwerman, 
Travelling  Peasants,  halting  at  a  well,  141/. 

The  same  auctioneers   sold   on  the   6th  and 
8th  inst.  the  following,  from  the  Huth   Collec- 
tion.    Drawings  :  W.  Collins,  A  Wooded  Land- 
scape,   63/.     .J.   Constable,  A  Landscape,   with 
windmill  and  cottages,  110/. ;  A  Landscape,  with 
a  cottage,  86/. ;  Dedham  Church,  84/. ;  A  Land- 
scape, with  castle  and  church  on  a  hill,    50/. ; 
An  Old  Cottage,  with  an  angler  and  dog  at  a 
pool,  183/.     D.  Cox,  A  Marsh,  with  anglers  and 
cows,   52/. ;   Gossips  on   the  Bridge,   64/. ;    Old 
Welsh  Cottages,   with  cows  in  a  yard,  53/. ;  A 
Welsh  Landscape,  58/.     Copley  Fielding,  Dover 
Castle,  89/.     Birket  Foster,  A  Landscape,  with 
a  cottage  and  children,  105/.;  A  Hayfield,  with 
children  romping,   105/. ;  A  Heath  Scene,  with 
windmill,  50/.;  A  Surrey  Lane,  58/.;  Primrose 
Gatherers,  126/.     AV.  Hunt,  Interior  of  a  Shed, 
215/.;  Plums  and  Peaches,  78/.;  Birds'  Nests, 
136/. ;  Purple  Grapes,  Apple,  and  Filbert,  58/. ; 
Black    Grapes   and    Pear,    157/.;    The   Turnip 
Lantern,    162/. ;    A  Pineapple,    Black    Grapes, 
and  Pomegranate,   147/. ;  Apricots  and  Plums, 
65/. ;    Black    and    White    Grapes,    Greengage, 
and  Haws,  50/.;  Purple  Grapes,   Peaches,   and 
Currants,  63/. ;  Head  of  a  Negro  Boy,  54/.     Sir 
E.  Landseer,  The  Mothers,  94/.     J.  F.   Lewis, 
The  Coftee-Bearer,  89/.     J.   Linnell,   A  Surrey 
Landscape,  with  peasants  and  slieep  on  a  road, 
58/. ;  A  Landscape,  with  mill,  boat,  and  figures, 
56/. ;    A   Landscape,  with  a    cottage,   127/. ;    A 
River  Scene,  with  cows  watering,  73/.     G.  Mor- 
land.   Carting  Sand,  56/.;  Town,  63/.;  Country, 
52/.     J.  M.  W.  Turner,  The  Bass  Rock,  110/. ; 
Stoneyhurst,  157/. ;  Portsmouth  Harbour,  252/. ; 
London  from  the  Battersea  Fields,  367/. ;  Lake 
Lugano,     68/. ;     Ehrenbreitstein,     68/. ;     Shak- 
speare's   Cliff,   54/.     P.    De  Wint,   A  View    in 
Sussex,  harvest  time,  420/.  D.  Roberts,  Rotter- 
dam,  94/.     F.   Goodall,   The  Postboy,  55/.     J. 
Holland,  The   Piazzetta    at  Venice,   70/.     Pic- 
tures :      W.      Collins,      Morning,      Boulogne, 
315/.     J.    Constable,     Stratford    Mill    on    the 
Stour,     8,925/.      W.     Etty,     Love's    Angling, 
267/,     W.  P.  Frith,  Don  Quixote   dining  with 
the    Duke    and    Duchess,   252/.      J.   Holland, 
Venice,   with   the   Dogana,   525/.  ;    The  Piazza 
Signori,    Verona,    157/.  ;    The    Mouth    of    the 
Bisagno,  Genoa,  126/. ;  A  Grand  View  of  Venice, 
effect  of  rainbow,  283/.  F.  R.  Lee,  The  Avenue, 
Fosbury,   Crediton,  Devon,   294/.     J.   Linnell, 
A  River  Scene,  with  fisherman,  &c.,  567/.;  The 
Woodman's  Dinner  Hour,  546/. ;  The  Cornfield, 
reaping,  577/.  ;  A  River  Scene,   with  a  broken 
tree,  231/.     G.  Morland,  The  Visit  to  the  Child 
at    Nurse,     1,102/.  ;    Partridge    Shooting    and 
Pheasant  Shooting  (a  pair),  504/.  ;  The  Stage- 
Coachman,  105/. ;  The  Weary  Sportsman,  126/. ; 
Nutting,  a  lady  and  two  children,  204/.  ;    The 
Cottage  Door,  a  woman  carrying  pails,   147/.  ; 
A  Cottage  Door,  with  a  peasant  kneeling  and 
tying  his  shoe,  745/.;    Setters  in  Covert,  110/. 
J.  Phillip,  Dona  Dolores  de  Seville,  262/.     T. 
Webster,    The    Cherry-Seller,    210/.      Sir    D. 
Wilkie,   The   Errand   Boy,   850/.  ;    Lady   Mary 
Fitzgerald,   daughter    of    John,  Lord   Harvey, 
283/.      R.     Wilson,    A   Winding    River,     with 
buildings  and  figures,  982/. 


Mr.  LEFJivRE's  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
Mr.  Dendy  Sadler  will  be  closed  on  Saturday, 
the  27tli  inst. — The  Grafton  Gallery  will  remain 
open  until  September,  if  not  later. — The  exhi- 
bition in  the  gallery  of  the  Fine-Art  Society  of 
drawings  by  Mr.  P.  May  closes  to-day  (Satur- 
day) ;  the  collected  works  of  Mr.  B.  Barber  in 
the  same  gallery  will  continue  on  view  a  short 
time  longer,  and  be  succeeded  by  a  small  body 
of  drawings  and  pictures  by  G.  J.  Pin  well. — 
The  Art  (Jallcry  at  Guildhall  is  to  be  closed  on 
Sunday,  the  2lHt  inst.,  at  7  r.M.^Tlio  Royal 
Academy  exhibition  will  close  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  August,  at  7.30. 


A  COLLECTION  of  mediiBval  French  woodwork 
and  ironwork,  purcliased  for  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  and  the  Art  Museums  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Dublin,  will  be  on  view  at  the  first- 
named  place  on  and  after  Monday  next. 

Among  the  pictures  and  drawings  which,  as 
we  have  already  stated,  Mr.  W.  Gale  exhibits 
at  No.  25,  Old  Bond  Street,  the  most  interesting 
are  of  the  class  of  Orchids.  Among  the 
drawings  of  Eastern  and  other  subjects  we 
admire  '  The  Staubbach  Fall '  (42)  ;  '  Near 
Wengen  '  (53),  a  good  snow  piece  ;  '  The  Story- 
Teller  '  (55),  which  comprises  a  capital  group 
of  listening  girls  ;  '  The  Staubbach  Fall '  (58)  ; 
'  The  Sheykh's  Daughter'  (60),  with  a  charming 
face  ;  '  In  the  Wood  '  (70)  ;  and  '  Interior  of 
Shop  at  Nazareth  '  (78),  a  first-rate  representa- 
tion of  light  within  a  large  room. 

Besides  the  pictures  we  have  already  men- 
tioned as  on  view  in  Mr.  Graves's  gallery, 
6,  Pall  Mall,  the  visitor  will  do  well  to  see  the 
vigorous  and  telling  painting  of  '  The  Guards  at 
Inkerman,'  which  represents  the  heroic  saving 
of  their  colours  by  the  Guards  on  November  5th, 
1854.  It  is  a  capital  work  by  Mr.  R.  Gibb,  and 
comprises  nearly  life-size  figures,  which  are  ably 
and  boldly  drawn,  with  a  sense  of  style  which  is 
not  too  frequent  in  this  country,  and  much 
broad  and  effective  painting.  Another  large 
picture  hangs  in  the  same  gallery,  the  work  of 
Mr.  T.  M.  Hemy,  depicting  '  The  Fight  between 
H.M.S.  Shannon  and  the  U.S.  Ship  Chesapeake 
off  Boston  Harbour.'  The  moment  selected  is 
when  the  English  boarders  rushed  over  the 
bulwarks  of  their  enemy  while  a  British  sailor 
tried  to  lash  the  ships  together,  and  a  desultory 
fusillade  was  maintained  by  both  the  crews. 
There  is  much  respectable  work  in  this  ambitious 
example,  and  the  artist  has  done  his  best  with  a 
difficult  and  rather  unpaintable  theme. 

On  a  screen  in  Room  VII.  of  the  National 
Gallery,  and  numbered  1436,  is  now  hung  a 
small  picture  by  Vittore  Pisano  (1380-1451-2  ?). 
This  work  was  bought  from  the  Earl  of  Ashburn- 
ham,  who  exhibited  it  at  the  New  Gallery  in 
1894  as  'The  Vision  of  St.  Hubert.'  It  is 
now  entitled  'The  Vision  of  St.  Eustace, 'and  is 
an  interesting  and  extremely  highly  finished 
example,  not  altogether  dissimilar  to  '  The 
Knight,  Death,  and  the  Devil '  of  Albert  Diirer. 

That  the  British  Museum  is  to  acquire  by 
purchase  that  famous  gathering  of  drawings  and 
prints  which  is  known  as  the  Malcolm  Collec- 
tion, and  which,  as  our  readers  know,  has  for 
some  time  past  been  a  loan  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Prints  and  Drawings,  is  a  subject 
for  sincere  congratulation  to  all  concerned. 
Most  of  all  is  the  nation  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  thus  securing  this  noble  series 
of  examples,  many  of  the  leading  instances  of 
which  we  mentioned  soon  after  they  became 
a  loan,  which,  as  we  then  hinted,  all 
English  students  hoped  would  never  depart 
from  Bloomsbury.  Those  hopes  are  now 
realized.  Col.  Malcolm  has  most  generously 
accepted  25,000/.  for  a  collection  which  would 
probably  realize  under  the  hammer,  apart  from 
other  considerations,  at  least  40,000/.  or 
45,000/.  Besides  adding  examples  of  excep- 
tional excellence  to  the  national  collection, 
including  instances  by  masters  of  drawing  and 
engraving  till  now  unrepresented,  the  Mal- 
colm Collection  will  enable  the  Keeper 
of  the  Prints  to  improve  tlie  general  level 
of  the  artistic  schools  represented  in  his  de- 
partment, by  adding  finer  impressions  of  many 
prints  and  improving  the  sequences  of  the 
states  of  various  engravings — se(j[uences  which, 
till  now,  wore  more  or  less  incomplete.  The 
Treasury  has  not,  in  tliis  instance  at  least, 
repeated  that  incomprehensible  blunder  which 
deprived  the  country  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence's 
cabinet  of  drawings. 

A    VERY   large   ])icture  by    the  late    Sir    G. 
Ilayter,    representing    '  The    Trial    of    Queen 


N»  3533,  July  13,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


75 


Caroline,'  and  valuable  because  it  contains  a 
large  number  of  portraits  of  Avorthies  concerned 
in  that  proceeding,  is  to  find  a  place  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery. 

The  Louvre  has  recently  become  enriched  by 
a  valuable  Greek  inscription  from  the  neighbour- 
hood  of  Djerach,  in  Syria,  containing  portions 
of  an  ancient  law  concerning  the  maintenance  of 
vineyards  and  their  protection  against  thieves. 
The  region  beyond  the  Jordan  was  from  all 
antiquity  and  up  to  the  times  of  the  Arabian 
geographers  famous  for  the  abundance  of  its 
grapes. 

The  French  Archaeological  School  will  take 
advantage  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Olympian 
games,  which  are  to  be  held  at  Athens  at  the 
end  of  April  and  the  beginning  of  March,  1896, 
to  celebrate  its  jubilee.  The  Institute  was 
actually  founded  in  1847,  but  the  director, 
M.  HomoUe,  thinks  it  best  to  celebrate  the 
anniversary  at  a  time  when  numbers  of 
foreigners  and  tourists  will  be  in  Athens. 
With  this  jubilee  will  be  combined  a  sort  of 
ArchiBological  Congress. 

The  Foia  diecesana,  the  official  paper  of  the 
bishopric  of  Caransebes,  in  Southern  Hungary, 
declares  that  an  architect  and  archiieologist,  M. 
Adrian  Diaconu,  has  discovered  in  the  ruins  of 
Bersovia  traces  of  the  use  of  movable  types  by 
the  fourth  legion  Flavia  Felix  quartered  there. 
We  should  fancy  he  is  mistaken. 

At  Sovana,  in  Italy,  an  Etrusco-Roman  build- 
ing of  the  third  century  B.C.  has  been  discovered, 
which,  from  its  rectangular  form  and  walls  of 
large  square  blocks  of  stone  without  mortar,  as 
well  as  pieces  of  columns  in  tufo  found  there,  is 
thought  to  have  been  a  temple.  Several  of  the 
objects  recovered  seem  to  have  been  votive 
offerings.  A  portion  of  the  Etruscan  walls  of 
the  city  was  also  laid  bare. 

Dr.  G.  Patroni  has  discovered  in  the  museum 
at  Naples  a  vase  bearing  a  hitherto  unobserved 
Messapian  inscription  in  three  words.  As  we 
know  next  to  nothing  of  the  origin  and  language 
of  this  people,  these  three  clearly  inscribed 
words  are  a  valuable  addition  to  its  vocabulary. 
They  are  painted  by  the  artist  in  the  same 
colour  as  the  ornamentation,  which  resembles 
that  of  vases  from  one  of  the  non-Grecian  pro- 
vinces of  Asia  Minor,  and  is  of  a  very  archaic 
style. 

The  Athenian  Archpeological  Society,  after 
repairing  the  damage  done  to  the  Parthenon, 
will  begin  excavating  the  lower  slopes  of  the 
Acropolis  adjoining  the  actual  city,  the  site 
occupied  by  the  most  ancient  portions  of  classical 
Athens. 

At  Constantinople  Father  Scheil  has  dis- 
covered in  the  Archaeological  Museum  a  basalt 
stele  bearing  a  most  important  inscription  in 
six  columns  relative  to  King  Nabonid,  who 
reigned  in  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century  b.c, 
recording  amongst  other  historical  events  the 
destruction  of  Nineveh,  hitherto  found  on  no 
monument. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall. -Herr  Felix  Mottl's  Concert.  Herr 
Nikisch's  Concert. 

BoYAL  Opera,  Covkst  Garden. —  *  Lucia  di  Lainmer- 
inoor';  '  Carmen.' 

Drury  Lan-k  Opera.— 'Der  Freiscbiitz.' 

_  As  Wagner's  sacred  music  drama  '  Par- 
sifal' can  only  be  performed  on  the  stage 
at  Bayreuth,  tlie  announcement  that  per- 
mission had  been  accorded  for  the  rendering 
of  the  entire  third  act  on  the  concert  platform 
naturally  awakened  interest,  and  amateurs 
thronged  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Thursday  last 
week.  Herr  Mottl's  orchestra  was  almost 
above  criticism,  and  there  was  an  efficient 


chorus.  Of  the  principal  vocalists,  Mr. 
David  Bispham  and  Mr.  Pluuket  Greene 
were  more  agreeable  than  M.  Van  Dyck, 
who  seemed  rather  out  of  voice.  Wagner 
was  also  represented  by  a  section  of  the  third 
act  of  '  Die  Meistersinger '  and  Walther's 
song  "Am  stillen  Heerd."  Weber's  Over- 
ture to  '  Euryanthe,'  finely  interpreted, 
completed  the  programme. 

Herr  Nikisch  gave  his  fourth  and  last 
orchestral  concert  for  the  present  last  Satur- 
day afternoon,  and  brought  his  first  season 
in  London  to  an  extremely  successful  con- 
clusion. Indeed,  a  finer  performance  of 
Brahms's  Symphony  in  d,  which  headed  the 
programme,  could  not  be  desired.  Though 
he  conducts  very  quietly,  the  orchestra  fol- 
lows Herr  Nikisch  implicitly,  and  the  result 
was  a  perfect  ensemble.  Beethoven's  Violin 
Concerto  came  next,  the  executant  of  the 
solo  part  being  M.  Achille  Eivarde,  who,  it 
may  be  borne  in  mind,  won  much  praise  for 
his  brilliant  rendering  of  Bach's  Chaconne 
at  a  Bach  Choir  concert  in  May  last  year. 
He  displayed  equal  executive  ability  in  the 
concerto,  playing  throughout  with  pure  tone 
and  intonation.  From  Wagner  were  selected 
the  Prelude  to  '  Lohengrin,'  the  Prelude 
and  "Liebestod"  from  'Tristan  imd  Isolde,' 
and  the  "  Kaiser  Marsch,"  all  rendered  with 
the  utmost  expression.  Thus  ended  the 
most  remarkable  season  of  orchestral  con- 
certs in  London  within  living  memory.  We 
trust  that  Herren  Eichter,  Levi,  Mottl,  and 
Nikisch  will  revisit  this  country  at  their 
earliest  convenience. 

Though  Donizetti's  '  Lucia  di  Lammer- 
moor'  may  be  regarded  as  a  faded  opera, 
pure  vocalization  retains  its  charm,  and 
Madame  Melba's  singing  on  Monday  even- 
ing did  not  fall  short  of  perfection.  The 
mad  scene  is  ridiculous,  regarded  from  any 
standpoint ;  but  the  exquisite  singing  of  the 
prima  donna  gave  it  a  charm  which  was  irre- 
sistible. Signor  Vignas  was  acceptable  as 
Edgardo. 

One  of  the  best  performances  of  '  Carmen  ' 
ever  given  in  London  took  place  on  Wednes- 
day, with  Madame  Calve  as  the  heroine, 
Madame  Melba  as  Michaela,  and  M.  Alvarez 
as  Don  Jose.  The  vocal  method  of  both  the 
female  artists  was  so  adinirable  that  it  was 
impossible  to  award  the  palm  to  either,  and 
M.  Alvarez  was  equally  praiseworthy  in 
voice  and  acting  as  the  infatuated  dra- 
goon ;  M.  Albers  was  commendable  as  the 
Toreador ;  the  chorus  sang  with  surprising 
freshness  ;  and,  speaking  generally,  it  was 
one  of  the  most  successful  nights  of  the 
season. 

The  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  company  may 
not  be  strong  individually,  but  they  cer- 
tainly understand  Weber's  '  Der  Freischiitz ' 
better  than  the  Italian  or  English  per- 
formers by  whom  the  work  has  generally 
been  rendered  in  this  country,  and  the 
score  was  given  last  Saturday  evening  as 
nearly  as  possible  in  accordance  with  the 
composer's  intentions.  Balfe's  recitatives 
were,  of  course,  not  used,  and  the  last  act 
was  given  in  its  pristine  form,  one  of  the 
numbers  usually  omitted,  but  now  restored, 
being  Aennchen's  second  air,  "  Triibe 
Augen." 

VARIOUS   CONCERTS. 

The  third  and  last  of  Miss  Mathilde  Verne's 
pianoforte  recitals,  which  had  been   postponed 


for  several  weeks,  was  given  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  Thursday  last  week.  The  programme 
of  the  young  artist,  who  has  greatly  im- 
proved since  she  first  came  to  London,  included 
Beethoven's  Thirty-two  Variations  in  c  minor  ; 
Cliopin's  Allegro  de  Concert  in  a  ;  and  smaller 
items  by  Schumann,  Brahms,  Grieg,  D'Albert, 
Godfrey  Pringle,  and  Liszt. 

The  sisters  Sutro,  who  gave  a  pianoforte 
recital  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Monday  afternoon, 
are  ensernble  artists,  the  programme  consisting 
of  duets  for  two  pianos.  It  included  Bach's 
Concerto  in  c.  No.  2  ;  Brahms's  Variations  on 
a  Theme  by  Haydn,  Op.  56  ;  Liszt's  '  Les 
Preludes,'  and  minor  pieces.  The  young  execu- 
tants played  together  with  much  skill  and  perfect 
accord. 

Mr.  John  Thomas  gave  his  annual  harp  con- 
cert at  St.  James's  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon. 
There  were  twenty-two  lady  harpists,  and  the 
orchestra  presented  a  pretty  appearance.  Some 
original  compositions  by  Mr.  John  Thomas 
were  given;  but  the  programme  does  not  require 
criticism.  Among  the  artists  who  assisted  were 
Miss  Eleanor  Rees,  Mr.  Dyved  Lewis,  Mr. 
Hirwen  Jones,  Miss  Clara  Eissler,  and  M. 
Holmann. 

The  last  of  the  Sunday  concerts  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  for  the  present  will  take  place  to-morrow, 
but  they  will  be  resumed  in  the  autumn. 
Several  oratorio  performances  will  be  given, 
with  Mr.  Randegger  as  conductor.  The  pro- 
menade concerts  will  commence  on  August  10th. 

A  pianoforte  recital  was  given  by  Mr.  Jules 
Hollander  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Tuesday 
afternoon.  The  young  player  showed  con- 
siderable executive  facility  and  intelligence  in 
Grieg's  suite  '  Aus  Holberg's  Zeit,'  and  items 
by  Schumann,  Chopin,  and  Liszt.  Miss  Jeanne 
Levine  gave  a  refined  interpretation  of  a  Violin 
Capriccio  by  Gade. 

'The  concert  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music  on 
Wednesday  evening  opened  with  a  new  Quintet 
in  F  sharp  minor  for  clarinet  and  strings,  by 
S.  Coleridge  Taylor.  It  is  a  remarkably  clever 
work,  in  classical  form,  but  with  much  rhythmic 
variety.  The  promise  evinced  by  Mr.  Coleridge 
Taylor  in  previous  efforts  is  more  tlian  sustained 
in  this  quintet.  The  principal  part  was  very 
well  played  by  Mr.  George  Anderson.  Schu- 
mann's Quartet  in  f,  Op.  41,  No.  2,  was  per- 
formed in  a  highly  creditable  manner,  and  vocal 
and  instrumental  solos  were  well  given  by  pupils 
of  the  College. 


Miss  Dora  Bright  purposes  giving  a  series 
of  National  Pianoforte  Recitals,  embracing  all 
the  European  countries  that  have  produced 
important  compositions  for  the  instrument  since 
its  invention.  The  first  four  are  fixed  for 
October  next,  and  there  will  be  altogether  nine 
recitals.  Vocal  music  appropriate  to  each 
recital  will  be  given  by  Mr.  David  Bispliam. 
Tliis  scheme  should  be  instructive  and  in- 
teresting. 

The  newly  founded  Goring  Thomas  Scholar- 
ship for  lyrical  composition  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music  will  be  competed  for  on 
September  25th  next,  and  will  be  awarded  to 
the  composer  of  the  best  operatic  or  dramatic 
musical  work  for  the  stage.  The  successful 
candidate  will  be  entitled  to  three  years'  educa- 
tion at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  to  a 
fourth  if  he  or  she  evinces  exceptional  talent  or 
promise. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Madame  Miolan- 
Carvalho,  the  once  esteemed  operatic  vocalist. 
Slie  was  born  in  1827,  and  educated  at  the 
Paris  Conservatoire,  where  she  carried  off  the 
first  prize  in  singing.  She  created  the  part  of 
Dinorah  at  Covent  Garden  in  1859,  and  she  was 
tlie  first  Marguerite  in  Gounod's  '  Faust '  at 
the  same  tlieatre  in  1803.  If  memory  serves, 
her  last  appearance  here  was  in  1872.  Chorley 
wrote  concerning   her:    "I   had  watched   the 


76 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  353:3,  July  13,  '95 


progress  of  this  exquisitely  finished  artist  with 
great  interest,  finding  in  her  performances  a 
sensibility  r<arely  combined  with  such  measure- 
less execution  as  hers."  Madame  Miolan- 
Carvalho  made  her  final  appearance  on  the 
operatic  stage  in  Paris,  June  9th,  1885. 

The  gifted  baritone  Herr  Gura  has  received 
notice  from  the  authorities  of  the  Munich 
Hoftheater  that  his  services  will  not  be  required 
after  the  present  year,  on  the  pretext  that  he 
is  no  longer  in  his  first  youth.  But  he  feels 
that  his  vocal  powers  are  not  yet  exhausted, 
and  he  intends  to  devote  himself  mainly  to  the 
concert  platform. 

Humperpinck's  MarcJienopcr  '  Hansel  und 
Gretel,'  which  has  been  translated  into  French 
by  M.  Catulle  Mendes,  is  expected  to  be  per- 
formed at  Paris  during  the  next  winter  season. 

Haydn's  opera  '  Der  Apotheker  '  was  per- 
formed on  June  23rd  at  Dresden.  The  perform- 
ance, which  was  the  first  that  ever  took  place  in 
Germany,  is  said  to  have  been  highly  successful. 
The  musical  writer  Dr.  Hirschfeld,  of  Vienna, 
shortened  and  arranged  the  opera  with  great 
skill. 


SUK. 
MON. 


Wed. 

THras, 

Fr:. 

Sat. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Organ  Recital  and  Concert.  3  30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  Artillery  Band  Concert.  3  30,  Albert  Hall. 
Mile   C'arlotta  Desvignes's  Concert,  3  30,  No.  3,  Upper  Berkeley 

Street,  Fortnian  Square 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  8.  '  Tannhiiuser.' 
Mr.  Holland's  Academy  of  Music  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Signor  Gennaro  Fabozzi  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3  30,   bteinway 

Hall. 
Concert  in  aid  of  St  Anthony's  Church,  Stepney,  3.30,  Queen's 

Gate  Hall,  South  Kensington. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  8  30.  '  Lucia  di  Lammermoor.' 
Nazareth  House  Concert.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  College  of  Music  Orchestral  Concert,  7.45. 
Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

M.  Marix  Loevensohn's  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden 

Herr  Richard  Lorleberg's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden 

M.  de  Greef's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Garrick. — Revival  of  '  Madame  Sans-Gene,'  Comedy  in 
Four  Acts.    By  Victorien  Sardou  and  Kmile  Moreau. 
Daly's. — '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.' 

The  revival  of  'Madame  Sans-Gene,' 
given  this  time  at  the  Grarrick  Theatre, 
has  furnished  the  playgoer  during  the  pre- 
sent week  with  an  opportunity  of  reviving 
pleasant  memories  and  witnessing  the  finest 
and  most  hilarious  comedy  acting  the  stage 
can  exhibit.  Such  change  as  has  been  made 
is — as  is,  alas !  customary  in  the  case  of 
almost  all  theatrical  art — for  the  worse. 
What  was  before  extravagant  becomes  now 
— the  word  must  be  risked — outrageous. 
The  manner  in  which  the  limbs  of  the 
duchess  become  entangled  in  the  convolu- 
tions of  her  skirts  is  purely  farcical,  and 
her  attempts  to  extricate  herself  suggested 
at  one  point,  at  least,  dreams  of  Callipygian 
radiance.  So  accustomed  are  we  to  de- 
terioration of  this  kind  that  the  task  of 
bewailing  it  becomes  monotonous.  In  this 
case,  however,  the  regret  is  the  greater 
inasmuch  as  parts  of  the  performance 
remain  delightful.  The  comedy  of 
Madame  Et'jane  at  its  best  is  exquisite.  It 
has  not  the  fragrance  of  which  Signora 
Duse  and  Miss  Terry  have  almost  a  mono- 
poly, nor  has  it  the  opulence  of  the  comedy 
of  Miss  Rehan,  but  it  has  a  buxom  witchery 
all  its  own.  In  the  present  case,  moreover, 
her  performance  is  in  the  highest  sense 
interpretation.  The  character  shown  is  the 
veritable  Madame  Sans-Gene — not  of  his- 
tory, which  shows  us  a  very  different 
personage,  but  of  MM.  Sardou  and  Moreau. 
M.  Duquesne  repeats  his  capable  per- 
sonation of  Napoleon,  and    M.  Cando   his 


vigorous  and  convincing  presentation  of 
Le  Marechal  Lefebvre.  The  general  cast 
has  praiseworthy  ensemble,  and  the  spectacle 
retains  its  old  features  of  fidelity  and  bril- 
liancy. The  remarkable  success  obtained  by 
this  comedy  is  attributable  to  a  great  extent 
to  the  fact  that  it  is  better  mounted  and 
played  than  most  of  the  foreign  novelties 
with  which  it  comes  into  competition. 

In  dealing  with  one  comedy  after  another 
of  Shakspeare,  the  same  spirit  seems  to 
animate  Mr.  Daly — the  desire,  namely,  to 
give  the  play,  so  far  as  is  possible,  the 
character  and  surroundings  of  a  masque. 
Against  this  we  have  no  desire  to  protest. 
The  atmosphere  of  most  of  the  plays  is 
that  of  a  masque,  and  in  some  cases,  notably 
in  *  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,'  the 
environment  is  that  also.  Enthusiasts, 
sticklers  for  the  past,  and  the  like  overflow 
with  censure,  and  Mr.  Daly  has  received 
more  than  one  rap  over  the  knuckles  from 
the  general  public.  These  things  affect  us 
not.  Exactly  the  same  sort  of  censure  that 
is  lavished  upon  Mr.  Daly's  barges  laden 
with  odalisques,  his  marble  palaces,  and  his 
operatic  accessories,  was  bestowed  upon  the 
furniture  of  Charles  Kean  and  the  proces- 
sions of  Chatterton.  So  long  as  the  effect 
is  pretty — and  in  this  case  it  is  undeniably 
so — we  are  disposed  to  pardon  such  matters 
as  triviality.  In  Mr.  Daly's  rendering 
*  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream '  can  be 
seen  with  pleasure.  More,  since  the  play 
is  as  undramatic  as  it  can  well  be,  is 
scarcely  to  be  hoped.  What,  however, 
we  less  easily  forgive  Mr.  Daly  is  his 
dealing  with  the  text.  This  is  conducted  in 
a  spirit  of  prudery  that  has  not  before  been 
rivalled.  Nothing  like  it  has  been  known 
in  this  country,  and  we  would  gladly  banish 
it  back  to  the  land  which  gave  it  birth. 
Some  strong  passages  of  Saxon  English  in 
the  tragedies  have  alarmed  English  prudery, 
for  we  are  cursed  with  such  a  possession. 
Compared  with  Transatlantic  scjueamishness, 
English  squeamishness  is  "as  moonlight 
unto  sunlight  and  as  water  unto  wine." 
Across  the  Atlantic  it  appears  that  the 
"  finger  is  ever  on  the  lips."  Puck's  account 
of  his  vagaries  is  sadly  clipped  and  cur- 
tailed.    He  may  no  longer 

■  a  fat  and  bean-fed  horse  beguile, 

Neighing  in  likeness  of  a  filly  foal ; 

and  he  must  slip  from  beneath  when  "  the 
wisest  aunt,  telling  the  saddest  tale,"  mis- 
takes him  for  a  three-foot  stool.  Now  it  is 
time  it  was  known  that  Shakspeare  is  a 
founder  as  well  as  a  glory  of  our  tongue, 
and  we  will  not  have  his  language  mangled 
and  curtailed  at  the  bidding  of  any  critic, 
manager,  editor,  or  actor.  "  A  nice  man," 
Swift  is  reported  to  have  said,  is  a  man  with 
nasty  ideas,  and  the  mam  who  can  read 
indelicacy  into  the  speech  of  Titania  con- 
cerning the  mother  of  her  changeling  boy 
will  regard  young  love  as  blasphemy,  and 
maternity  itself  as  pollution.  AVhero  it  is 
not  regard  for  decorum  that  counsels  omis- 
sion, the  reason  for  omission  is  not  seldom 
inexplicable.  Miss  Rehan  assigns  Helena 
many  beautiful  and  most  womanly  cha- 
racteristics. She  disappointed  us  in  the 
one  passage  in  which  an  opportunity  for 
the  display  of  intensity  is  afforded — when, 
Demetrius  having  half  threatened  to  do  her 
mischief  in  the  wood,  she  breaks  out  in  the 
ecstasy  of  true  passion  : — 


Ay,  in  the  temple,  in  the  town,  the  field, 
You  do  me  mischief. 

Her  performance  has,  however,  remarkable 
gifts.  Mr.  James  Lewis's  Bottom  is  an 
effective  and  unconventional  rendering. 


With  the  departure  of  the  various  foreign 
companies — French,  Italian,  and  German  (we 
regard  Daly's  company  as  domesticated)  —  the 
last  of  which  takes  to-night  its  leave,  the  London 
theatrical  season  is  practically  over.  Mr.  Daly 
may  have  some  surprise  in  store,  though  that 
supposition  has  been  negatived.  Such  other 
experiments  as  are  meditated  belong  to  the 
short  intercalary  period  that  separates  the 
sestival  season  from  the  autumnal. 

Mr.  Paul  Meritt  has  not  long  survived  his 
old  collaborator  and  ally  Henry  Pettitt,  having 
died  on  Sunday  last.  His  earliest  experiments 
in  dramatic  literature,  beginning  apparently 
about  1871,  were  made  at  the  Grecian  Theatre, 
chiefiy  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  George  Con- 
quest. At  this  house  he  preceded  Pettitt,  who 
seems,  indeed,  to  have  supplanted  him.  At  the 
Duke's  Theatre  he  produced,  March  16th,  1876, 
'A  Tale  of  a  Tub,'  a  farce  written  in  conjunc- 
tion with  H.  Girnot  ;  on  July  2nd,  1877,  gave 
'  Stolen  Kisses,'  a  three-act  drama,  at  the  Globe  ; 
and  on  August  11th,  1877,  gave  'The  Golden 
Plough,'  also  a  three-act  drama,  to  the  Adelphi. 
During  his  long  association  with  Pettitt  he 
supplied  many  plays  (chiefly  spectacular  or  sen- 
sational melodrama)  to  Drury  Lane,  the  Adelphi, 
and  other  houses.  Of  these  the  best  known  is 
'The  World,'  which  obtained  a  remarkable 
success. 

Upon  its  revival  at  the  St.  James's  '  The 
Idler '  of  Mr.  Haddon  Chambers  strengthened 
the  estimate  previously  formed  concerning  it, 
that  it  is  from  the  theatrical  standpoint  an 
excellent  piece  of  work.  It  is  conventional  in 
conception,  and  to  a  certain  extent  in  treatment 
also,  is  melodramatic  in  basis,  and  sacrifices 
much  to  produce  what  is  called  a  good  curtain. 
Acted  as  it  was  with  Mr.  Alexander,  Mr, 
Mason,  Mr.  Waring,  and  Lady  Monckton  in 
their  original  parts,  it  obtained  an  eminently 
favourable  reception.  Miss  Millard  by  a  credit- 
able display  of  tenderness  and  power  as  the 
heroine  strengthened  the  reputation  she  has 
already  established. 

'  Sam'l  of  Posen  '  is  the  title  of  a  so-called 
comedy-drama  in  four  acts  by  Mr.  George  H. 
Jessop,  which,  after  having  been  seen  in  most 
American  towns,  has  been  given  for  a  solitary 
occasion  at  an  afternoon  representation  at  the 
Gaiety.  Mr.  M.  B.  Curtis  plays  in  it  a  Polish 
Jew,  who,  travelling  in  precious  stones,  finds 
means  to  be  everybody's  friend.  The  character 
might  be  amusing  if  its  language  were  more 
intelligible.  The  best  chance  of  the  piece 
would  be  with  an  East-End  public,  accustomed 
to  the  mysteries  of  Yiddish  pronunciation  and 
speech. 

'A  Question  of  Conscience,'  announced  as 
"a  psychological  problem  in  one  act,"  by  Mr. 
R.  Stuart  Cumberland,  has,  it  is  said,  been 
accepted  by  Mr.  Alexander  for  the  St.  James's 
Theatre. 

The  New  York  Shakespeare  Society  will  begin 
during  the  present  summer  the  printing  of  a 
five-text  '  Hamlet  '—texts  paralleled  on  the 
general  plan  of  the  "  Bankside  Shakespeare." 
The  work  will  be  folio. 


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N°  3533,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


77 


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78 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3533,  July  13,  '95 


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Xzauiiner. —"Tnll  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  the  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

Oraphic.—"'S\e  may  fairly  say  that  Dr.  Bennett  has  taken  up  the 
mantle  of  Dibdin." 

Scotsman.— "Dr.   Bennett's  heart  is  thoroughly  in  his  work All 

spirited  and  vigorous.  There  is  a  healthy,  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
them  which  ought  to  make  them  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
and  pleasure  they  are  designed." 

Noncontormi.^t. — "These  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  ring." 

Chatto  &  'Windus,  Piccadilly. 

NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS   WEEK'S  KUIUBER  conUiiiiS— 

NOTES :— Portraits  of  Sir  T.  Browne— Shakspaariana-Old  Joke— C. 
Hatchett— French  Law— Joe  Miller— Curious  Coincidence  — Jewish 
Cemetery— Inscription— Prof.  Blackie  on  Sir  AV.  Scott— Shakspeare's 
Indebtedness. 

QUERIES  :— Crespigny  Inscription— Highgate  in  last  Century— Pages 
of  the  Bedchamber— "Fine-axed"— Parish  Charities— Paschal  Can- 
dles—Scottish Proverb— G.  G.  Johnson— Arms— Chittinch— Cornish 
Custom— Vestment  Brasses— "Clyst"  — Italian  Love-Songs  — Ring 
Inscription  —  A.  Upton  —  G.Charles  —  Jesse  Window  —  Reference 
■Wanted— Sir  T.  More— Capt.  Wood— Gavel— Blunts  '  Dictionary  of 
Theology  '—Charles  de  Tavarez— British  Names—"  Solomongundy  " 
— Kendall  Family — Valse — Simon  de  Montfort's  Bones. 

REPLIES:— Churches  of  St.  Botolph—'Hermsprong'—Hamoaze— Vic- 
toria Cross— " Playing  the  wag  "—Mason's  'History  of  Norfolk'— 
"Roll  waggon"— Dip — rhe  Harp,  Iifland— Barbarossa— Sir H  Her- 
bert— "  Running  the  gantlope  "— Pankhurst  Family— Quarterstaff— 
Knox  Families— Keys  to  Thackeray's  Novels — "  Wrong  end  of  the 
stick  " — Hilda — Tusculum  University  —  "  Links  "  —  Miss  Wilkins's 
Books— "  Chinoiserie  "—Mrs.  Garrick— Sir  S.  Evance— "Does  your 
mother  know  you  re  out'?  "—Cadowe—"  Still  and  on  "—John  Listen 
— Foundation  Sacrifice  —  New  Bronze  Coins  —  Heron's  plumes— 
Barons  O'Neill— "Artists'  Ghosts—"  Ha-ha  "—Lilac— Cock-fighting. 

NOTES  en  BOOKS  :  — Simpson's  'Carmina  A'edastina'— 'Ex-Libris 
Journal  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

EAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES :— Cromwell's  Soldiers'  Bible— Lady  Katherine  Grey— Massinger 
— Pronunciation  of  Sea — " Does  your  mother  know  you're  out'.'" — 
Dick  Turpin's  Black  Bess — "Investment" — liarras — Sir  P.  Pett  and 
Emmanuel  College—'  Taming  of  a  Shrew  '—Constitution  Hill— R. 
Onslow— Tiay— Fire  caused  by  Water— Kebie  and  the  '  Christian 
Year' — Mrs.  Bloomer — Louis  XVII. 

QUERIES  :-RoeU  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— Partridge— "  Gallett "— Cro- 
martie  Earldom — Sir  J.  Marriott— Jewish  Funeral  Custom — Latin 
Proverb— Sir  A.  Paschall- Lord  Byron  and  lanthe— St.  Domingo— 
"Tutum  te  eistam" — "  Cadowes  "— Buddhism— W.  Shore- De  Ayls- 
bury— Recipe— Bachope—" Cold  Pig  '— "Cantankerous"- Arthur's 
Cofl'ee-House- Song  Wanted— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES :— Dispensations  for  Polygamy  — Barnard  — Day's  Psalter- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament— Iturbide— Ploughing  Oxen- 
Collect  for  Fourth  Sunday  after  Easter— Bull-Roarer— oil  Painting- 
Flag  to  Summon  to  Church— Sibyl— Church  Registers— "They  were 
each  of  them"—"  Dimpsy"— Author  Wanted— Trepanning-'Poeta 
nascitur  non  fit"- Dryden  and  Greek— Hooper  and  Pepin— Pro- 
nunciation of  Place-names  -rhornton— Yeoman— False  Rhymes— 
"  Blot  "—"  Barth  "—Miss  Manning  — Family  of  Dove— '  Notts  and 
Derbyshire  Notes  and  Queries'— Victoria  County— Aldermen  o(  ."Vld- 
gate— Iconoclasm  of  John  Shakspeare- Relics  Restored— Children's 
Copes— Mrs.  Garrick- Stanley  :  Vere— Frankum's  Night— "Lapsus 
Plumae  "—David— '  Young  Lochinvar'— Hogarth's  '  Sleeping  Congre- 
gation '—Ancient  Mason  Marks— Vanishing  London, 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  Vol.  XLIII. 
— ■  English  Writers,'  Vol.  XL— Boyle's  '  History  of  Hedon.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

ConUnts,  JUNE  29. 

NOTES:— 'The  Beggar's  Opera'  — Bibliography  of  Coleridge  — Early 
Courtenays  in  England— Milton  and  Ariosto- A  Mysterious  Field— 
■  Flowers  of  the  Forest '— "  Jocktelcg  "—Rev.  E  Marten— Vice-Chan- 
ccllor  Bacon. 
QUERIES  :— D'Avcnant  and  Cromwell- Lincolnshire  Gentry,  174.5— Syd- 
ney Papers— Heraldic— Clans  of  Innsbruck-  J'cnton— "Filliwilly  "— 
A  Dumb  Bell— Rev.  J.  Waiton— Ariosto— '  Chinoiserie" — Kant  on 
'Truthfulness- R.  Reynolds— Bishop  Bateinan's  Family — Shakspeare 
— A.  Norman — "  Lokto  " — Vanbrugh  :  Mrs.  Rogers;  Mrs.  Cross: 
Mrs.  Verbruggen. 

REPLIES :— Origin  of  Heraldry  in  England— The  Royal  Anne- 
Anglican  Endowments— Wilson  in  Leicestershire- Burial  Custom- 
Charles  I.  at  Little  Gidding— R,  Humble— Easter  Sepulchres- 
Lyons  Bible  of  l.'iau— Latin  .Motto-Mrs  Oldflcld— Giant  Skeleton— 
"  Horkey  "—Patron  Saints— Le  Despencer  — Vegetarian  Monks— 
Paraphernalia- Marriages  in  May— "  Constitution  "—Needlework 
Samplers— Saunders — Date  of  the  Equinox— Chum— Mrs.  M,  White- 
way— Spinning-wheel—French  Map  of  North  America— That  So— 
'Sjiani.Hii  Chant'  — Voltaire— Ustleet ;  Furiiival— .Mendip  Hills- 
Heart  Burial— Weever-jiarons  O'Neill- Schism  among  the  Wes- 
Icjans-' Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable '—R.  H.  Home— Soli- 
Lunar  Cycles— Leather  Drinking  Jacks— Heraldic— T.  Harley,  Lord 
Major— Child  Marriages— Room  where  Family  takes  in  Lodgers. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS;-' Plutarch's  Lives,'  Vols  I.  and  II  — Neilson's 
•  Repentcnce  Tower '— '  Scots  Lore '— '  Dickens's  Dictionaries.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  2i.s. 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHENiEUM.' 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


Price  id,  each  ;  by  post,  il^d.  each. 

Published  by  JoilN  C.   FRANCIS, 
Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


"  No  other  fifty  years  of  English  literature  contain 
60  much  to  interest  an  English  vG&d&r."— Freeman. 

"  A  fascinating  page  of  literary  history." 

Illustrated  London  News. 

"  We  have  put  before  us  a  valuable  collection  of 
materials  for  the  future  history  of  the  Victorian 
era  of  English  literature." — Standard, 

"A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years." — JScho. 

"  Rich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afford  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation." — Leeds  Mercury. 

"  This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

Publishers^  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"  The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury. 

"The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

VVe  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

Liverpool  Mercury. 

"No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  indicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  bo  of  incalculable  service." 

Dooliseller. 

"  Our  survey  has  been  unavoidably  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  aiiequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  the  jieriod  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Exaviiner, 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington-street,  W., 
Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Qiteen. 


"  That   delightful  repository  of    forgotten   lore, 
Notes  and  Queries." 

Edinburgh  Review,  October,  1880. 

"  Thatuseful  resuscitant  of  dead  knowledge,  yclept 
Notes  and  Quebies,  the  antiquaries'  newspaper." 
Quarterly  Review, 


"  When  found,  make  a  note  of."— Captain  Cuttle. 


Every  SATURDAY,  24  Pages,  Price  id.,  of  all 

Booksellers, 

NOTES    AND    QUERIES: 

A  Medium  of  Intercommunication  for  Literary 
Men,  Artists,  Antiquaries,  Genealogists,  &c. 

CONTAINING  EVEBY  WEEK  AMUSING  ABTICLES 
ON  SOME  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  SUBJECTS  : 

ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH 
HISTORY. 

Illustrated  by  Original  Communications  and 
Inedited  Documents. 


BIOGRAPHY. 

Including  unpublished  Correspondence  of 
eminent  Men,  and  unrecorded  Facts  connected 
with  them. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

More  especially  of  English  Authors,  with 
Notices  of  rare  and  unknown  Editions  of  their 
Works,  and  Notes  on  Authorship  of  Anonymous 
Books. 

POPULAR    ANTIQUITIES     and    FOLK- 
LORE. 

Preserving  the  fast-fading  Relics  of  the  old 
Mythologies. 

BALLADS  and  OLD  POETRY, 

With  Historical  and  Philological  Illustrations. 

POPULAR  and  PROVERBIAL  SAYINGS, 

Their  Origin,  Meaning,  and  Application. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Including  Local  Dialects,  Archaisms,  and  Notes 
on  our  Old  Poets. 

GENEALOGY  AND  HERALDRY. 

Including  Histories  of  Old  Families,  completion 
of  Pedigrees,  &c. 

MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES,  QUERIES, 
and  REPLIES. 

On  points  of  Ecclesiastical  Histort,  Topo- 
graphy, Fine  Arts,  Natural  History,  Mis- 
cellaneous Antiquities,  Numismatics. 
Photography,  &c. 


Published  by  John  C.  Francis, 
Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

And  may  be  had,  by  order,  of  all  Booksellers  and 
Newsvendors. 


N°  3533,  July  13, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


79 


45,  Albemakle-street,  W. 

NOTICE.  —  OSGOOD,   McILVAINE   d    CO.  beg 

leave  to  announce  that  the  Edition  de  Luxe  of  '  TRILBY,''  by 
GEORGE  DU  MAURIER,  limited  to  250  copies,  is  all  sold. 
The  Forty-third  Thousand  of  the  6s.  Illustrated  Edition  of  '  Trilby^ 
is  now  ready. 

July  10,  1895. 

TWO     NEW     BOOKS. 


SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

A  SONG  of  the  SEA :  My  Lady  of  Dreams,  and  other  Poems. 

By  EEIC  MACKAY,  Author  of  '  The  Love  Letters  of  a  Vioh'nist.'    Fcap.  8vo.  gilt  top,  5*. 

"  Everywhere  Mr.  Mackay  displays  himself  the  master  of  a  style  marked  by  all  the  characteristics  of  the  best  rhetoric. 
He  has  a  keen  sense  of  rhythm  and  of  general  balance  ;  his  verse  is  excellently  sonorous,  and  would  lend  itself  admirably 

to  elocutionary  art Its  main  merit  is  its  '  long  resounding  march  and  energy  divine.'    Mr.  Mackay  is  full  of  enthusiasm, 

and  for  the  right  things.    His  new  book  is  as  healthful  as  it  is  eloquent."— Ciofie. 

"  Throughout  the  book  the  poetic  workmanship  is  fine." — Scotsman. 


THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  SEASON 
"  A  BEAUTIFUL  STORY." 

WHEN  VALMOND  CAME  to  PONTIAC :  the  Story  of  a  Lost 

Napoleon.    By  GILBERT  PARKER.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  There  is  an  artistry  in  all  his  work  on  which  we  set  high  store,  but  we  do  not  know  where  it  is  more  beautifully  in 
evidence  than  in  this,  his  last.  Here  we  find  romance— real,  breathing,  living  romance,  but  it  runs  flush  with  our  own 
times,  level  with  our  own  feelings.  Not  here  can  we  complain  of  lack  of  inevitableness  or  homogeneity.  The  cha- 
racter of  Valmond  is  drawn  unerringly ;  his  career,  brief  as  it  is,  is  placed  before  us  as  convincingly  as  history  itself.  The 
book  must  be  read,  we  may  say  re-read,  for  any  one  thoroughly  to  appreciate  Mr.  Parker's  delicate  touch  and  innate 
sympathy  with  humanity." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"This  book  as  a  whole  is  admirably  written,  wrought  and  polished  to  a  high  degree  of  literary  perfection  without 
losing  any  of  its  spirit  and  verve." — ^Vestminster  Gazette. 

"  We  have  nothing  but  praise  for  this  beautiful  story." — Glasgow  Herald. 

"Subtle  in  conception  and  in  handling,  with  a  tine  blending  of  romantic  and  idyllic  sentiment,  a  delicate  touch  in 
character-drawing,  and  an  excellent  style  in  narrative,  Mr.  Parker's  new  romance  discovers  that  fitness  of  treatment  to 
subject  which  was  wanting  in  some  of  its  predecessors." — Healm. 

"A  book  of  infinite  variety  of  character,  marked  byline  sympathy  with  humanity,  and  sustained  strength  in  the 
handling  of  its  situations  and  developments." — Sheffield  I'elegraph. 

"'When  Valmond  Came  to  Pontiac '  belongs  to  a  very  delightful  genre,  in  which  the  charms  of  a  fine  and  simple 
realism  are  combined  with  the  charms  of  pure  romance.  The  motive  of  the  story  is  frankly  impossible,  yet  Mr.  Parker's 
treatment  is  everywhere  convincing,  but  its  convincingness  is  that  of  a  fairy  tale,  the  threads  of  which  are  cunningly 
wrought  into  a  fabric  of  familiar  flesh  and  blood.  This  is  the  sort  of  feat  which  could  never  be  performed  successfully  with 
deliberation  and  set  purpose  ;  it  can  be  done  by  the  sure  leap  of  instinct  or  not  at  all,  and  Mr,  Parker's  instinct  is  his  art. 
Mr.  Parker's  temerity  is  justitied  by  a  wonderful  success." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  The  most  successful  of  all  Mr.  Parker's  romances." — Scotsman. 

Methuen  &  Co.  36,  Essex-street,  W.C. 

Now  ready,  NEW  and  CHEAPER  EDITION,  cloth,  2s.  Gd. 
AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 

A      MAN'S     CONSCIENCE. 

By  AVERY   MACALPINE, 

Author  of  '  Teresa  Itasca,'  '  Broken  Wings,'  '  Joel  Marsh,'  &c. 

"The  studies  of  character  are  cleverly  consistent  throughout,  and  Mr.  Macalpine,  with  his  genial  analysis  of  the  feel- 
ings, can  be  pathetic  as  well  as  humorous The  story  is  powerfully  worked  out." — Times. 

"  An  extremely  interesting  and  well-written  story." — Scotsman. 

"  A  decidedly  pleasant  novel." — Graphic. 

"  The  book  creates  an  agreeable  impression  from  the  outset  by  the  grace  and  finish  of  the  literary  workmanship 

Its  charm  consists  in  the  treatment  and  in  the  happy  blending  of  romanticism  and  realism  in  the  conception  and  delinea- 
tion of  the  personages." — Scottish  Leader. 

"  Tender,  touching,  beautiful,  and  true,  are  the  adjectives  one  feels  prompted  to  apply  to  Mr.  Avery  Macalpine's  new 
novel,  '  A  Man's  Conscience.'  Every  person  in  the  book  stands  out  clear,  lifelike,  robust.  Worthy  of  the  art  which  numbers 
among  its  exponents  three  such  men  as  Meredith,  Hardy,  and  Walter  Besant." — "  T,  P,"  in  the  Sunday  Sun. 

"  A  very  graceful  story." — Morning  Post. 

"  The  story  is  well  constructed  and  full  of  life." — World. 

"  Extremely  well  written." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Will  be  read  with  enjoyment." — Sunday  Times, 


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this  excellent  introduction  to  the  lacts  ol  astronomy  to  be  brought  up 
to  date." — Gttardian. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspnr-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.'W. 

Third  Edition,  price  Sixpence,  cloth, 

REMARKABLE    COMETS:    a   Brief  Survey  of 
the  most  Interesting  Facts  in  the  History  ol  Cometary  Astronomy. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.H  AS. 


Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 

£3,500,000 

HAVE  BEEN  PAID  BY  THE 

AILWAY    PASSENGERS'   ASSURANCE    CO. 

(Established  1&19J 


R 


.^S  COMPENS-ITIOX   TOR 

RAILWAY  ACCIDENTS, 

EMPLOYERS'      LIABILITY, 

ACCIDENTS     OF     ALL     KINDS. 

61,  CORNHILL,  LONDON.  A.  VIAN,  Secretary. 

EPPS'S  COCOAINE, 

COCOA-NIB  EXTRACT.  (TEA-LIKE) 
The  choicest  roasted  nibs  (broken-np  beans)  of  the  natural  Cocoa,  on 
being  subjected  to  powerful  hydraulic  pressure,  give  forth  their  excess 
of  oil,  leaving  lor  use  a  finely  flavoured  powder—"  COCO.\INE,  '  a  pro- 
duct which,  when  prepared  with  boiling  water,  has  the  consistence  ol 
tea,  of  which  it  is  now  beneficially  taking  the  place  with  many.  Its 
active  principle,  being  a  gentle  nerve-stimulant,  supplies  the  needed 
energy  without  unduly  exciting  the  svstem.  Sold  only  in  Packets  and 
Tins:  labelled  "JAMES  El'l'S  &  CO.  (Ltd  ),  Homaopathic  Chemists, 
London." 

"PPPS'S  COCOAINE. 

BEWARE  OF  STRONG  SOAPS  FOR 
THE    COMPLEXION, 


V 


AND  ALWAYS  USE 
N  O  L 


id.,  Gd.,  8d.,  IQd.,  and  2s.  6d,  per  Tablet. 


D 


I  N  N  E  F  O  R  D'S       MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STO.MACH,  HBARTBUKN, 

BSADACUE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
Asd  Suteit  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constittitions, 

Children,  uid  UtlanU. 

DINNKFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


80 THE    ATHEN^UM N°  3533,  July  13,^95 

BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 


Each  Work  can  be  had  separately,  price  SIX  SHILLINGS^ 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS'  AND  RAILWAY  STATIONS. 


THE  NEW  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  SERIES. 


MY  LADY  NOBODY.    By  Maarten  Maartens.      |  SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS.  By  Rhoda  Broughton. 

[In  the  press. 

By  Marie  Corelli. — A  Romance  of  Two  Worlds — Tlielma — Ardath — Vendetta !— Wormwood — The  Soul  of 
Lilith. 

By  Rosa  N.  Carey. — Nellie's  Memories — Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial — Heriot's  Choice — Mary  St.  John — Not 
Like  Other  Girls — Only  the  Governess — Queenie's  Whim — Robert  Ord's  Atonement — Uncle  Max — 
Wee  Wifie — Wooed  and  Married — For  Lilias — Lover  or  Friend  ? — Basil  Lyndhurst. 

By  Rhoda  Broughton. — A  Beginner — Mrs.  Bligh — Cometh  up  as  a  Flower — Good-bye,  Sweetheart ! — Joan 
— Nancy — Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well — Red  as  a  Rose  is  She — Second  Thoughts — Belinda — Alas ! — 
<' Doctor  Cupid." 

By  Maarten  Maartens. — The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh — An  Old  Maid's  Love — ''  God's  Fool" — The  Greater 
Glory — My  Lady  Nobody. 

By  Jessie  Fothergill. — The  ''First  Violin" — Aldyth — Probation — Borderland — Kith  and  Kin — From 
Moor  Isles. 

By  Mary  Cholmondeley. — Sir  Charles  Danvers — Diana  Tempest. 

By  Anthony  TroUope.— The  Three  Clerks. 

By  Mary  Linskill. — Between  the  Heather  and  the  Northern  Sea — The  Haven  under  the  Hill — In  Exchange 
for  a  Soul — Cleveden — Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 

By  W.  E.  Norris. — A  Bachelor's  Blunder — Major  and  Minor — Miss  Shafto — The  Rogue. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Chfford.— Aunt  Anne. 

By  Helen  Mathers.— Comin'  Thro'  the  Rye. 

By  Florence  Montgomery. — Misunderstood — Thrown  Together — Seaforth. 

By  J.  Sheridan  Le  Fanu. — Uncle  Silas — In  a  Glass  Darkly — The  House  by  the  Churchyard. 

By  Mrs.  Annie  Edwardes. — Ought  We  to  Visit  Her  ? — Leah :  a  Woman  of  Fashion — A  Girton  Girl — 
Susan  Fielding. 

By  Hawley  Smart. — Breezie  Langton. 

By  Mrs.  Alexander.— The  Wooing  o't — Her  Dearest  Foe— Which  Shall  It  Be  ? 

By  Marcus  Clarke. — For  the  Term  of  his  Natural  Life. 

By  Lady  G.  Fullerton. — Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 

By  Mrs.  Notley. — Olive  Varcoe. 

By  Mrs.  Riddell. — George  Geith  of  Fen  Court — Berna  Boyle. 

By  Baroness  Tautphoeus.— The  Initials— Quits. 

By  Mrs.  Augustus  Craven.— A  Sister's  Story. 

By  E.  Werner. — Fickle  Fortune — Success :  and  How  He  Won  It. 

By  Jane  Austen. — Emma — Lady  Susan  and  the  Watsons — Mansfield  Park — Northanger  Abbey  and 
Persuasion — Pride  and  Prejudice — Sense  and  Sensibility. 

RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

Editorial  Communications  should  be   addressed  to  "The  Kditor'  — Advertisements  and  Ilusincss   Letters  to  "The   I'ublisher "  — at  the  Oftlce,   liream's-buildlnprs,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

Printed  by  John  C.  Fbamcis,  Athenxam  Press,  Bream  s-bulldlngs,  Chanccry-lano,  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  the  said  John  C.  rai.Niis  at  liream's-buildlngs,  Chancory-lane,  E.C. 

Agents  lor  Scotland,  Messrs.  liell  &  liradluto  and  Mr.  John  Menzles,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  July  Vi,  18U5. 


1 
I 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

foumal  of  Cnglisff)  antr  fovmn  iCiterature,  ^titmt,  tf;e  fim  9ivt^<,  Mn^it  anlr  tl^e  ©ramSe 


No.  3534. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    20,   1895. 


PBIOH 
THREEPENCB 

HEQISTBBBD  AS  A  HBWSPAPBB 


G 


UILDHALL      LOAN      EXHIBITION. 

Open  Daily  10  to  7  ;  Sundays,  3  to  7.    Admission  free. 
EXHIBITION  CLOSES  JULY  21. 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   of    PAINTEES    in   WATER 
COLOURS.  Si,  Pall  Mall  East —SUMMER  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN  from  10  till  6.— Admission  Is.    Will  CLOSE  August  3. 

GEORGE  L.  RIUGE,  Secretary. 

LEEDS      MUSICAL       FESTIVAL, 
OCTOBER  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  1895. 

FIRST    SEAT    PL.\.NS    ONLY    will    be    OPEN    from    SATURDAY, 
July  20,  at  the  Festival  Office,  close  to  the  Town  Hall 

SERIAL  TICKET,  admitting  to  all  the  Eight  Concerts   ..      £6    0    0 

SERIAL  TICKET,  admitting  to  Seven  Concerts,  exclud- 
ing Saturday  Night        550 

FIRST  SEATS  (MORNING)         110 

FIRST  SEATS  (EVENING)  0  15    0 

The  ONLY  GALLERY  SEATS  lelt  are  for  Saturday  Evening. 

All  Tickets  are  separate,  and  transferable  for  each  Concert. 

Applications  must  be  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  full  value 
of  the  Tickets  required. 

Programmes  on  application.  FRED.  R.  SPAKK,  Hon.  Sec. 

Festival  Office,  42,  Great  George-street,  Leeds. 

LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  of  the  UNITED 
KINGDOM. 
President— The  MAEQUESS  of  DUFFERIN  and  AVA,  K.P.  G.C.B. 
The  EIGHTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  ASSOCIATION 
will  be  held  in  CARDIFF  from  SEPTEMBER  10  to  14  inclusive.  Papers 
vrill  be  read  on  various  Subjects  relating  to  Library  Legislation,  Library 
Management,  and  Bibliography.  The  Council  will  be  glad  to  receive 
offers  of  Papers,  intimation  of  which  should  be  forwarded  at  once  to 
the  Hon.  Secretary.  MSS.  must  be  submitted  to  the  Council  lor 
approyal  not  later  than  August  15. 

J.  Y.  W.  MACALI8TER,  Hon.  Sec. 
20,  Hanover-square,  W. 

OXFORD  MAN,  Barrister  -  at  -  Law,  requires 
LITERARY  ^VORK,  Book  Reviewing,  position  as  Librarian, 
Secretary,  &c.,  or  would  undertake  Musical  or  Dramatic  Criticisnv — 
Write  Oxonian,  East  Park  House,  Southampton. 


w. 


p.    SEARL,    late   Overseer  -  Printer  of   the 

Weelcly  VUpntch  and  the  'Referee,  is  seeking  another  ENGAGE- 
MENT as  MANAGER  or  PHINTER.  Undeniable  references— Address 
28,  Tremlett^grove,  Upper  Holloway. 

ARTIST  (Exhibitor),  pupil  of  Benjamin  Constant, 
C.  Bouguereau,  and  J.  P.  Laurens,  wants  position  as  ART 
MASTER  or  ASSISTANT.  Portrait,  Animal,  Landscape,  and  Porcelain 
Painting.— B.  H.,  2,  Despenser-gardens,  Cardiff. 

A  DUTCH  GENTLEMAN,  thorough  French, 
German,  and  a  fair  English  Scholar,  Mathematics,  Physics, 
Chemistry,  &c.,  desires  position  as  TUTOR  in  a  respectable  family. 
Nominal  salary  only  required,  with  Board,  &c.  London  preferred  — 
Apply  W.  H  ,  care  of  Francis  &  Co  ,  13,  Bream's-buildings,  London,  EC. 

ARTIST  and  WIFE  can  RECEIVE  SEVERAL 
AMATEURS  requiring  assistance  in  Sketching  into  their  delight- 
ful COUNTRY  HOUSE.  Picturesque  grounds  and  neighbourhood. 
Many  advantages.  Inclusive  terms,  Five  Guineas  Weekly.— Address 
liiNDscvPE,  Willing's,  Piccadilly. 

LADIES  and  GENTLEMEN  wishing  to  combine 
Recreation  with  the  acquisition  of  COLLOQUIAL  GEKMAN  will 
find  a  quiet  and  refined  Home  and  the  best  opportunity  for  I'uition  (if 
required)  in  GODESBEKG,  near  Bonn-on-the-Rhine  MoJerate  terms. 
English  comforts,  excellent  table,  Tennis  Court.  References  in  England. 
— Address  Fiuilein  Brandt,  Pension  Brandt,  Godesberg,  near  Bonn-on- 
thc-Rhine. 

COLLEGE  of  PRECEPTORS.— The  Council  of 
the  COLLEGE  of  PRECEPTORS  are  about  to  appoint  addition;il 
EXAMINERS  in  the  following  subjects :— (I)  GEOGRAPHY;  (2) 
SCRIFrURE  HISTORY.  Candidates  must  be  Graduates  in  Honours, 
with  considerable  experience  as  Schoolmasters. 

Applications,  stating  age,  experience.  &c  ,  and  accompanied  by 
testimonials,  should  be  addressed  to  the  Dean  of  ihe  College  Blooms- 
bnry-square,  W.C  ,  not  later  than  September  15 

C.  K.  HODGSON,  B.A.,  Secretary. 

"JJNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     DUNDEE. 

HARRIS  CH.AIR  OF  PHYSICS. 

The  Council  of  this  College  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR to  occupy  the  above  Chair,  which  has  been  newly  instituted 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  Harris  Bequest.  The  salary  has  been  fixed  at 
4U0/.  per  annum,  with  a  share  of  the  fees. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
October  IS 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty  copies  of  testimonials,  should  be 
sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Wednesday,  August  21 
R.  N.  KERR,  Secretary. 

NIVERSITY   COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

BANGOR. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
MISTRESS  of  METHOD  in  the  DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT 
Salary  120(. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Thursday,  July  25,  by  the  undersigned,  from  w  horn  further  particulars 
may  be  obtained.    Duties  will  commence  on  October  1 

JOHN  EDWAJfD  LLOYD,  MA, 
Secretary  and  Registrar. 

NIVERSITY    COLLEGE   of   SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


F 


ESTINIOG  COUNTY  SCHOOL. 


u 


u 


APPOINTMENT    OF    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    AND 
DEMONSTRATOR  IN  ENGINEERING. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONS IRATOR  in  ENGINEEKING  in  the  above  College 

Candidates  ehould  state  their  age,  and  send  70  copies  of  application 
and  testimonials,  on  or  before  August  31.  isys,  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  particulars  of  the  duties  and  salary  may  be  obtained. 
...        ..    ^„        J.  A  JENKINS,  li.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
IniTersityCoUcge,  Cardiff,  July  15, 1895. 


SCIENCE  MASTER  REQUIRED  for  the  above  School.  Strong 
Physics  essential.  Preference  given  to  one  who  could  teach  Me- 
chanical Drawing,  Engineering,  and  Geology.  Master  will  be  expected 
to  take  a  share  of  the  ordinary  Form  Work. 

Duties  to  commence  about  September  16.  Salary  ISO; ,  with  prospect 
of  increase. 

Applications,  with  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  before 
July  31.  R.  O.  JONES,  Solicitor,  Blaenau,  Festiniog, 

Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


N 


OKTHAMPTON     INSTITUTE, 

■WELL. 


CLERKEN- 


The  Governing  Body  of  the  NORTHAMPTON  INSTITUTE  are  pre- 
pared to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  a  PRINCIPAL. 
He  will  be  directly  responsible  for  the  organization  and  development 
of  the  Educational  Work  of  the  Institute,  and  will  be  expected  himself 
to  Lecture  in  one  Department,  He  will  also  have  the  general  direction 
of  the  whole  of  the  work  of  the  Institute,  including  the  Social  and 
Recreative  Department,  except  that  he  will  have  no  responsibility  in 
connexion  with  the  keeping  of  accounts.  The  stipend  has  been  fixed 
at  600/  per  annum. 

The  duties  and  remuneration  in  connexion  with  the  appointment 
will  commence  on  January  1,  1896,  but  the  Governing  Body  will  require 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  advice  of  the  Principal  with  reference  to  the 
completion  of  the  Institute  and  the  appointment  of  Teachers  ana 
Lecturers  as  from  October  1  next. 

Application  must  be  made  on  forms  which  can  ba  obtained  from  the 
undersigned  Cfrom  whom  further  information  respecting  the  duties  of 
the  office  can  be  obtained),  and  mu.st  be  received  at  this  office  not  later 
than  10  a  m.  on  the  morning  of  September  14  next  Canvassing  members 
of  the  Governing  Body  will  be  deemed  a  disqualification. 

J.  J    LAMBERT,  Clerk  (pro  tern). 

8,  Dowgate-hill,  Cannon-street,  E.C.  July  9, 1895. 

SEMI -RELIGIOUS  STORIES  of  about  21,000 
words  WANTED  for  a  CHURCH  PAPER.  MUST  be  adapted  for 
publication  in  serial  form  of  about  3,500  words  each.  Also  similar  Short 
Stories  from  1,500,  and  not  exceeding  3,000  words.  Quote  for  first  serial 
rights.    MSS.  returned.— EDiToa,  328,  Strand,  W.C. 


7^0  AUTHORS.— An  interesting  SERIAL  STORY, 

-L  suitable  for  a  Religious  Journal,  is  REQUIRED.  Sixteen  to 
Eighteen  Chapters  of  l,5(-)0  words  each.  Good  terms.  Send  Synopsis 
and  Opening  Chapters,  with  price.  All  rejected  MSS.  returned  promptly. 
—Skinner,  30,  Dorville-crescent,  Ravenscourt  Park,  W. 

TYPE -WRITING.  —Manuscript    Type-written 
with  accuracy  and  despatch.    Terms,  1.?.  per  1,000  words;  or  for 
5,000 and  over,  M.  per  1.000.— H.  B.  Fenw  ick,  11,  Buxton-road,  Chingford. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Miss  LEOLINE  HARTLEY, 
Instructor,  from  People's  Palace,  Battersea.  "Woolwich  Poly- 
technics, COPIES  any  MSS  ,  DOCUMENTS,  &c.  Duplicate  copies  clear 
as  type.  Specimens  free.— 422,  Mansion  House  Chambers,  and  33,  Strand. 

TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
views.  Literary  Articles,  &c  ,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Id.  per  folio.  Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies. — Address  Miss  E.  Tig.vr, 
23,  Maitland  Park-villas,  Haverstock-hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 

fl^YPE-WRITERS    (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 

JL  mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Yosts,  Caligraphs,  Victors,  &g.  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free.  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free. — N. 
Taylor,  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  end).  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 

MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October. 
DRAWING  forthe  PRESS.— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.- 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

TUDOR  HALL  SCHOOL,  Forest -hill,  S.E.— 
Advanced  Modern  Education  for  Girls.— Principal  and  Head 
Mistress— Mrs.  HAMILTON,  Girton.  Cambridge.  Professors— Seeley, 
ER.S.,  H  E.  Maiden,  MA.  G.  Garcia,  R.AM.,Emil  Keich,  Dr.  Jur., 
MM.  Larpent  and  Pradeau,  Herren  Loraan  and  Gottheimer,  &c.  Large 
Gymnasium,  Tennis,  Swimming,  Riding.— Prospectus  on  application. 

ryUE     MARIA    GREY    TRAINING     COLLEGE 

J-  (late  5,  Fit/roy-street,  W. ), 

Salusbury-road,  Brondesbury,  London,  N.W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  PREPARATION  for  the  CAM- 
BRIDGE TEACHERS'  CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Teaching  is  offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers. 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate 
of  the  National  Froebel  Union. 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations. 

Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR  BEGINS 
SEPTE.MBER  18.  1895. 

Address  PniNcir*!.,  The  Maria  Grey  Training  College,  Salnsbury-road, 
Brondesbury,  N.  W. 

OWENS  COLLEGE,  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
MANCHESTER. 
PROSPECTUSES  for  the  Session  1895-6  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation :— 

1.  DEPARTMENT   of   ARTS,    SCIENCE,  and  LAW ;   and   DEP.UIT- 

MENT  for  WOMEN. 

2.  DEPARTMENT  of  MEDICINE. 

3.  DEPAKTMENT  of  the  EVENING  CLASSES. 

Special  Prospectuses  can  also  be  obtained  of — 
4    DEPARTMENT  of  ENGINEERING. 
5.  DEI'ART.MENT  of  LAW. 
0.  DEP.UITMENT  of  PUBLIC  HE.VLTH. 

7.  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

8.  PHARMACEUTICAL  DEPART.MENT i  and 

9.  A  LIST  of  FELLOWSHIPS,  SCHOLARSHIPS,  EXHIBITIONS,  and 

PRIZES. 
Apply  to  Mk.  CuR.Nisii,  10.  St.  Ann's  square,  Manchester;  or  at  the 
College. 

HENRY  W.M.  HOLDER,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAU  LIEU-SUR-MER,  BLARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE, 
MONACO, NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINATION 
for  FILLING  UP  about  TWENTY-TWO  VACANCIES  on  the 
FOUNDATION  will  be  held  on  the  10th  SEPTEMBER  NEXT.— For  in- 
formation apply  to  the  Blrsah,  St.  Paul's  School,  We.st  Kensington. 

SANDHURST,  WOOLWICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

kj  TUTORS. —Messrs.  G.\BBITAS,  THRING  &  CO  ,  who  have  for 
many  years  past  kept  an  accurate  record  of  the  most  successful  Tutors, 
are  prepared,  on  receipt  of  detailed  particulars,  to  supply,  free  of 
char){e,  Prospectus  and  full  information  to  Parents,  Guardians,  or 
Candidates  requiring  advice  as  to  preparation  for  the  above  Examina- 
tions.— 36,  Sackville-street,  London,  W. 

A  DVICE   as    to    CHOICE   of    SCHOOLS.— The 

XjL  Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boye  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevok,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  Tlie 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
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Just  issued,  post  free.  No.  13,  oblong  16mo.  56  pages,  on  antique  paper, 

FRANK  HOLLINGS'S  CATALOGUE  of  CHOICE 
BOOKS,  comprising  "  Edinburgh  "  Stevenson,  20  vols.  19/.  ;  De- 
cameron, Japanese  vellum,  2  vols,  illustrated,  8/  18,i  ;  Amelia,  first 
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and  earliest  .Mechanical  Carriages,  &c. 

The  only  Bil)liogniphy  of  the  subject  published.  In  It  the  lantcst 
Collection  in  the  world  of  Early  Itailway  Books  now  on  sale  Is  described 
on  an  entirely  novel  plan.    Prices  arc  added. 

Sent  post  free  for  2s.,  returnable  to  all  purchasers  of  5s.  worth  of 
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found  listed'  at  quite  moderate  prices.  A  short  synopsis  Is  given  ol 
many  of  these  volumes." 

BlrmiDgham :  £o.  Bauk,  11  and  16,  John  Bright-street. 


82 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  *95 


KENT,  Lancashire,  Lincolnshire,  Norfolk,  North- 
umberland, Nottinghamshire,  Oxfordshire.  .Somersetshire.  Sut- 
folli,  Surrey,  Warwickshire,  Wiltshire,  Worcestershire,  Yorkshire, 
Sussex.  Topographical  Hooks  referring  to  the  above  Counties,  with  a 
large  Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Hooks,  in  No  113  CATALOGUE,  free 
on  application  to  W.  J.  Smith,  41,  North-street,  Brighton. 

CHOICE  ENGRAVINGS,  DRAWINGS,  and 
ILLVSTRATED  BOOKS,  including  Drawings  by  W  Hunt,  S. 
Prout,  J.  M  W.  Turner,  and  others— Lucas's  Mezzotints  after  Constable 
—and  Works  by  Trofessor  Ruskin.  CATALOGUE.  No  15.  now  ready, 
post  free  Sixpence.— Wm.  W-ihd,  2,  Church-terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


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London,  EC.) 
Contains    hairless   paper,   over   which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    55.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 


F 


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promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
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largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
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SALE.— Oflers  to  Dexter,  at  Horncastle's,  61,  Cheapslde,  EC. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA  BRITANNICA,  the  NINTH 
and  LAST  EDITION,  Edited  by  T.  S.  BAVNES  and  W.  ROBERT- 
SON SMITH,  assisted  by  1,145  Contributors,  COMPLETE,  with  the 
INDEX,  25  vols.  4to.  publishers' cloth,  new,  151.  15s.  (pub.  371.),  carefully 
packed  in  a  case  and  sent  carriage  paid  for  cash  with  order. — Thom.is 
Simmons,  Bookseller,  5,  Soho-street  (Oxford-street),  London,  W. 

;£8  8s,  will  be  paid  for  a  clean  and  complete  copy 

"^^  of  DAVID  JOHNSTON'S  Translation  of  DANTE'S  INFERNO, 
PXJRGATORIO,  and  PARADISO  (Bath,  Chronicle  Office,  18C7-8). 

■C2  2s.  will  be  paid  for  a  good  copy  of  Volume  IV. 

•^^  of  CAYLEY'S  Translation  of  DANTE'S  DIVINE  COMEDY  (Lon- 
don, Longmans,  1855). 

Address  Willaed  Fiske,  Lungo  il  Mugnone,  3a,  Florence,  Italy. 

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§^\ta  bs  Ruction 

The  Library  of  G.  A,  SALA,  Esq.,  the  well-known  Author  and 
Journalist. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY',  July  22,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  GEORGE  AUGUSrUS 
SAL.'V,  Esq,,  the  well-known  Author  and  Journalist,  consisting  of 
Modern  Books  by  Standard  and  Popular  Authors  —  History  and  Bio- 
graphy—Poetry— the  Drama— Voyages  and  'Travels  —  Fiction  —  Biblio- 
graphy—Modern French  Literature,  many  presentation  copies  of 
various  works— the  exceedingly  rare  First  Edition  of  Mrs.  Glasse's 
Cookery,  and  works  in  nearly  every  Class  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Final  Portion  of  the  Collection  of  Coijis  of  the  late 
HENRY  WEBB,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  July  25,  and  Two  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  FINAL  POKTION  of  the  valuable  COLLEC- 
'TION  of  COINS  formed  by  the  late  HENRY  WEBB,  Esq  ,  comprising 
fine  and  rare  Pennies  of  Alfred  the  Great,  Edward  the  Elder,  £thelstan, 
and  others  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Series— Henry  VI.,  York  Light  Half- 
Groat — Henry  VII.,  Shilling— Elizabeth,  Portcullis  Pieces— Charles  I., 
Briot's  Pattern  Crown  — rare  Half -Crowns  of  uncertain  mintages- 
various  Siege  Pieces,  including  an  extremely  interesting  Piece  of  Bees- 
ton  Castle  for  Two  Shillings,  impressed  in  the  Bowl  of  a  Spoon  of  the 
period— Cromwell's  "Dutch"  Crown— rare  Silver  Patterns  and  Proofs 
of  Charles  II.,  &c  ,  to  Victoria— Gold  Proofs  of  the  Copper  Coinage  of 
George  III— various  rare  Pieces  in  the  Anglo-Gallic  (Gold),  Scottish, 
and  Irish  Series— Colonial  Coins— and  a  tine  Selection  of  the  Copper 
Coinage  from  Charles  II.  to  Her  Present  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  &c.— 
Coin  Cabinets  and  Numismatic  Books, 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Engravings  and  Drawings,  including  the  Collection  of  the  late 
CHARLES  ELLIS  BIRD,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  FRIDAY,  July  26,  and  'Two  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS,  comprising  a 
Collection  of  Engravings  in  Volumes,  Early  Mezzotints  by  Vaillant  and 
others— the  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  late  CHARLES  ELLIS 
BIRD,  Esq,  including  Proofs  of  Houbraken's  Portraits,  Mezzotints  by 
Earlom,  &c— another  Series  of  Proofs  of  Houbraken's  Portraits,  the 
Property  of  a  GENTLEM.AN— Fancy  Subjects  by  Bartolozzi,  Morland, 
Wheatley,  and  others— Framed  Engravings,  including  the  Property  of 
the  late  Mrs.  H.  J.  HOLLINGDALE,  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  D.  Cox, 
and  others,  a  few  Oil  Paintings,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  H.  SA  VILE  CLARKE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  and  'Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  K. 
S.^VILE  CLAKKB,  Esq.  (by  order  of  the  Executrix),  and  other  Private 
Properties,  comprising  Ackermann's  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  History  of 
the  Colleges— Blackwood  s  Magazine,  102  vols.— Yarrell's  Birds  and 
Fishes— Pyne's  Royal  Residences— Scott's  Waverley  Novels,  48  vols  — 
A'  Beckett's  Comic  England— Punch,  65  vols.— Hamerton's  Graphic  Arts 
— Maclagan's  Hill  Forts— Davis  and  'Thurman's  Crania  Britannica— 
Magazine  of  Art,  10  vols.— Finden's  Byron  Illustrations— Scott's  Border 
Antiquities— Bible,  with  Commentary  by  Cook,  10  vols  — Bridges's 
Poems,  First  Edition,  blue  morocco,  by  Zaehnsdorf— Grifflths's  Chelten- 
ham, Large  Paper— Ormerod's  Cheshire,  by  Helsby— Works  relating  to 
Scotland,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  U  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


MESSRS.    PUTTICK     &     SIMPSON'S    NEXT 
SALE  of  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  wUl  take  place  on  TUES- 
DAY, July  30. 


Theological  Books. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  August  12,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  THEOLOGICAL  and  CLASSICAL 
LIBRARY  of  a  well-known  COLLECTOR,  comprising  Works  of  the 
leading  English,  German,  and  Dutch  Writers,  amongst  which  will  be 
found  Walton's  Polyglot— Migne,  Studies  und  Kritikes,  1828-92— Smith's 
Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities— Christian  Biography  — Orotes 
Greece,  12  vols  —Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  10  vols.- Lodge's  Portraits, 
complete  in  parts,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


The  valuable  Library  of  the  late  Mr.  JAMES  HANSON, 

for  many  years  Chairman  of  the  Bradford  School  Board. 

BRITISH  GALLERY,  BRIDGE-STREET, 

BRADFORD,  YORKSHIRE. 

MESSRS.  T.  S.  BEST  &  HARRIS  respectfully 
beg  to  give  notice  that  they  have  received  instructions  from  the 
Eiecntors  to  remove  from  the  Residence,  for  convenience  for  Sale,  and 
SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  and  'THURSDAY, 
July  23,  21,  and  25.  181)5.  in  their  Gallery,  the  valuable  LIBRARY,  com- 
prising about  12,000  Volumes,  including  the  best  Editions  of  Works  on 
Philosophy,  Metai>hyslc8,  Psycholoijy,  Logic,  Ethics,  Political  Economy, 
Constitutional  Law  and  History,  Literature,  Ancient  and  Modern  His- 
tory, and  Biography. 

Catalogues  are  now  rcaily.  and  may  be  had  on  application  (or  by  post 
for  two  stamps)  at  the  Auctioneers'  Olllccs,  the  British  Gallery,  Bridge- 
street,  Bradford. 

On  view  Monday,  July  22. 

The  Sale  to  commence  each  day  at  II  o'clock. 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

Miscellaneous  and  Photographic  Apparatus,  <Sc. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  FRI- 
DAY NEX'T,  July  26,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  CAMERAS  and 
LENSES— Opera  and  Race  Glasses  by  well-known  Makers— Telescopes- 
Microscopes— Objectives— Bicycles— and  Miscellaneous  I'roperty. 


Miscellaneous  and  Modern  Books. —  Three  Days'  Sale. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
July  24,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS  of  ALL  CLASSES,  comprising  32  Bryce,  Collier  &  Schmitz's 
Atlas  (pub.  3/.  3s  )— Hogarth's  Works— Illustrated  News.  75  vols.— 
Earwaker's  Cheshire,  2  vols— Skelton's  Oxfordshire  — The  Vernon 
Gallery,  4  vols.— Napier's  Peninsular  War,  6  vols.  8vo. — Rose's  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,  12  vols. — Chalmers's  Shakespeare,  10  vols.  Large 
Paper— Johnson's  Poets,  by  Chalmers,  21  vols  —The  Theatre,  iQ  vols. — 
Collier's  Annals  of  the  Stage,  3  vols  — Apperley's  Life  of  John  Mytton — 
AVhyte  and  Rice's  History  of  the  'Turf,  4  vols  — Orton's  Turf  Annals— 
Bruce's  American  Stud  Book.  3  vols. — English  Stud  Book,  19  vols  — 
Smith's  Standard  Library,  19  vols.— Byron's  Poems,  17  vols— New 
Monthly  Magazine,  70  vols  —Temple  Bar,  70  vols— Statistical  Journal. 
28  vols.— Library  of  the  Fathers,  39  vols. — Library  of  Anglo-Oatholic 
Theology,  88  vols— about90  Reams  of  Gummed  Demy,  Coloured  Boards, 
&c.  'To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Booms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely : — 

On    MONDAY,  July   22,  MODERN    ENGRAV- 
INGS, the  Property  of  a  GEN'l'LEMAN. 

On  MONDAY,  July  22,  OBJECTS  of  ART  and 

VERTU  Of  the  SIXTEENTH,  SEVENTEENTH,  and  EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  23,  ETCHINGS   and   EN- 

GRA VINOS  by  the  Old  Masters,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

On   TUESDAY,  July  23,  the  COLLECTION  of 

OLD  ENGLISH  PORCELAIN  of  the  late  HENRY  WEBB,  Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  24,  the  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN  of  the  late  JAMES  PRICE,  Esq. 

On     THURSDAY,    July    25,    OLD    ENGLISH 

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PORCELAIN  formed  by  Sir  JOHN  CHANDOS  READE,  sixth  Baronet, 
from  Shipton  Court,  Oxon. 

On  FRIDAY,  July  26,  PICTURES,  DRAWINGS, 

and  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  late  Mrs.  HABRISON,  the  lateT.  MAGUIRE, 
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(£DITI0N  DK  LUXE.) 
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By  J.  J.  TYLOR,  F.S.A.,  Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. 
"A  sumptuous  volume. "—i)«i(!/  Kews. 

To  be  obtained  from  Mr.  Qnaritch,  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.,  or  the 
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THE  PREMIER  ATLAS  IN  THIS  COUNTRY. 

THE  ROYAL  ATLAS  of  MODERN  GEOGRAPHY, 
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Full  details  in  Catalogue  of  Atlases,  Maps,  Globes,  &c. ,  sent  post  free 
to  any  address. 

W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston, 

5,  White  Hart-street,  Warwick-lane,  London,  E.G. ;  and 

Edina  Works,  Easter-road,  Edinburgh. 


w. 


C.       BENNETT'S      POEMS. 


The  GOLDEN  LIBRAIIY— Square  16mo.  cloth,  2s. 

CONTRIBUTIONS   to   a  BALLAD  HISTORY  of 

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Fall  of  Harald  Hardrada,' '  Old  Benbow,'  ■  Marston  Moor,'  and  '  Corporal 
John,'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough,  which  is 
a  specially  good  ballad.  '  Queen  Eleanor's  Vengeance '  is  a  vividly  told 
story.  Coming  to  more  modern  times,  "The  Deeds  of  Wellington,' 
'Inkermann,'  and  '  Balaklava '  arc  excellently  well  said  and  sung.  As  a 
book  of  ballads,  inteiesting  to  all  who  have  British  blood  in  their  veins. 
Dr.  Bennett's  contribution  will  be  welcome.  Dr.  Bennett's  ballads  will 
leave  a  strong  impression  on  the  memory  of  those  who  read  them." 

The  GOLDEN  LIBRARY.— Square  16mo.  cloth,  2s. 

SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

Morning  Post  —"Spirited,  melodious,  and  vigorously  graphic." 

Daily  Sews.—"  Very  spirited." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  Really  admirable." 

Morning  Adt^rtiser.— "Sure  of  a  wide  popularity." 

John  Bull.—"  Very  successful." 

2:ira»im«)-.— "Full  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  ol 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  tliu  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

Ora;)/iic  — "  We  may  fairly  say  that  Dr.  Bennett  has  taken  up  the 
mantle  of  Dlbdin." 

Scotsman —"  Vr.   Bennett's  heart  is  thoroughly  In  his  work All 

spirited  and  vigorous.  'There  is  a  healthy,  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
them  which  ought  to  make  them  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
and  pleasure  they  are  designed." 

Nonconformist— "ThKse  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  ring." 

Chatto  &  Windus,  Piccadilly. 


N"  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


83 


THE  SUPERB  SUMMER  NUMBER 

OF  THE 

PALL  MALL  MAGAZINE, 

NOW  READY, 

is  a  store  of  literary  and  artistic  wealth,  and  forms  an  issue  seldom 
oft'ered  to  the  public.     It  strengthens  and  solidities  the  indisputable 

f position  the  Magazine  already  holds  as  the  finest  of  all  British  month- 
ies.  Its  varied  and  attractive  contents  unquestionably  make  it  one  of 
the  most  charming  specimens  of  magazine  production  ever  presented 
to  the  public.  The  brilliant  success  of  the  Summer  and  Christmas 
Numbers  in  1894,  both  of  which  went  out  of  print  within  a  few  days  of 
publication,  will,  it  is  believed,  attend  the  present  issue. 

The  August  (Summer)  Number  Is  complete  in  itself;  no  serial  story 
appearing  in  the  issue. 

228  pages,  profusely  illustrated, 

and  with  TWO  COLOURED  PLATES. 

Price  BIGHTEENPBNCE. 

Contents. 

GIACOMELLI.    Frontispiece. 

A  Facsimile  Reproduction  of  a  Water-Colonr  Sketch,  '  In  Praise 
of  Summer.' 

"A  SON  of  the  MARSHES" 'WHEN  LEAVES  are  GREEN. '■ 

With  Reproductions  of  Water-Colour  Drawings. 

AUGUST  F.  JACCACI The  PALACE  of  FONTAINEBLEAU. 

Illustrated  by  Lois  Luigi  and  the  Author. 
EGBERT  S.  HICHENS,  Author  of  'The  Green  Carnation.' 

A  RE-INCARNATION. 
Illustrated  by  S.  A.  Vedder. 

JOHN  DAVIDSON A  HIGHWAY  PIMPERNEL. 

Illustrated  by  Anthony  Fox. 

Mrs.  PARR FOLLIES  of  FASHION  :  CONCERNING  DANCING. 

Illustrated  from  Old  Prints. 
The  Hon.  WILLIAM  WALDORF  ASTOR. ..  .MONSIEUR  de  NlJRON. 

Illustrated  by  Mucha. 
A  JAPANESE  ARTIST. . .  .SOCIAL  SOUVENIRS.    \l.  At  the  Seaside. 

Coloured  Plate. 
NORMAN  PEARSON. 

A  REFLECTION  on  the  HABITS  and  TASTES  of  FISHES. 
Illustrated  by  P.  Woodroffe. 

P.  WOODROFFE  IMPRESSIONS.    V.     "Fireworks." 

H.  C.  MARILLIER   CLIFFORD'S  ALLEGORY. 

Illustrated  by  J.  Smith. 
S.  R.  CROCKETT,  Author  of 'The  Stickit  Minister.' 

LOVE  AMONG  the  BEECH  LEAVES. 
Illustrated  by  J.  S.  Crompton. 

GRANT  ALLEN EVOLUTION  in  ITALIAN  ART. 

No.  IV.     '  The  Madonna  and  Child. 
Illustrated  with  Engravings  by  E.  Donner  and  M.  Stainforth. 
MRS.  BANCROFT,  the  accomplished  Actress. 

COX  and  BOX  in  the  ENGADINE. 
Illustrated  by  L.  Baumer. 

The  MARCHIONESS  of  CARM.ARTHEN    SERENATA. 

B.  MACKENNAL    SUMMER  (Allegorical  Design). 

I.  ZANGWILL WITHOUT  PREJUDICE. 

Illustrated  by  Ernest  Goodwin. 

The  HUMOURS  of  the  MONTH. 

TITLE   and   INDEX   to   VOL.    VI. 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


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and  morality  as  those  terms  are  commonly  understood  in  the 
Western  world." 

MANUALS  FOR  STUDENTS.— New  Volume. 

A  SHORT  MANUAL  of  COMPARA- 
TIVE PHILOLOGY  for  CLASSICAL  STUDENTS.  By 
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HYPATIA;  or,  New  Foes  with  an 

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MAID    MARIAN    and    CROTCHET 

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NOTES     AND      QUERIES. 

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84 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


DOWNEY  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


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95 


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Will  be  published  on  Wednesday,  tlie  24th  July,  1895. 
Contents. 

1.  The  ARMADA. 

2.  LATTER-DAY  PAGANS. 

3.  LONDONERS  at  HOME. 

4.  The  PASSING  of  the  MONK. 

5.  ANCIENT  ROSE-GROWERS. 

6.  The  FRIENDLY  SOCIETY  SYSTEM. 


7.  PARODIES. 

8.  TISCHENDORF'S  GREEK  TESTAMENT. 

9.  The  EVIL  EYE. 

10.  ISLAM. 

11.  OLD  AGE  PENSIONS. 


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86 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3534,  July20,'95 


RICHARD 


BENTLEY 
LIST. 


&  SON'S 


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Academy, 

NINETTE.    By  the  Author  of  '  Vera,' '  Blue 

Roses,' &c. 
"  '  Ninette '  is  evidently  based  on  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
French  rural  districts,  Is  e.vcellently  written,  and  cannot  fail  to  please." 

Scotsman. 

A  CROOKED  PATH.     By  Mrs.  Alexander. 

"  '  A  Crooked  Path '  is,  to  say  the  least,  as  good  a  norel  as  the  best  of 
the  many  good  novels  which  Mrs.  Alexander  has  written."— G^r/^Vi/c. 

ONE  REASON  WHY.    By  Beatrice  Whitby. 

"Every  page  of  'One  Reason  Why'  shows  the  mark  of  a  fresh, 
vigorous  mind.  The  style  is  ^ood — in  some  parts  excellent.  It  is  clear, 
expressive,  and  often  rhythmic."— S'cois?«a/i. 

MAHME    NOUSIE.     By  G.  ManvlUe  Fenn. 

"Mr.  Manville  Fenn  has  the  gift  of  not  only  seeing  truth,  but  of 
drawing  it  picturesquely.  His  portrait  of  Malime  Nousie  is  faithful  as 
well  as  tOMKhing."— Saturday  Reiiew. 

The  IDES  of  MARCH.     By  G.  M.  Robins. 

"  '  The  Ides  of  March  '  is  a  capital  book."— Xiterary  World. 

PART  of  the  PROPERTY.     By  Beatrice 

■\VHITBY. 
"  It  is  refreshing  to  read  a  novel  in  which  there  is  not  a  trace  of  slip- 
shod work."— S^JCffa^or. 

CASPAR  BROOKE'S  DAUGHTER.  By 

ADELINE  SERGEANT. 
"'Caspar  Brooke's  Daughter'  is  as  good  as  other  stories  from  the 
same  hand— perhaps  'aeXXei."—Athenmim. 

JANET.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

"'.Janet'  is  one  of  tlie  ablest  of  the  author's  recent  novels ;  perhaps 
the  ablest  book  of  the  kind  that  she  has  produced  since  the  Carlingtord 
series." — Manche&ter  Eiaminer. 

A  RAINBOW  at  NIGHT.     By  the  Author  of 

'  Mistress  Beatrice  Cope.' 
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manner,  '  A  Rainbow  at  Night,'  when  once  commenced,  will  not  readily 
be  laid  aside." — lilorning  Post. 

IN   the   SUNTIME   of  HER  YOUTH.    By 

BEATRICE  AVHITBY. 
"A  sense  of  fairness  pervades  the  bonk  which  is  rarely  found  in  the 
work  of  a  lady.    There  is  interest  in  it  from  first  to  last,  and  its  pathos 
iS  relieved  by  touches  of  true  humour." — lUnstraied  London  News. 

MISS  BOUVERIE.    By  Mrs.  Molesworth. 

"  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  this  is  one  of  the  prettiest  stories 
M'hich  lias  appeared  for  years."— il/onj//ij/  Po^t. 

FROM  HARVEST  to  HAYTIME.     By  the 

Author  of  '  Two  English  Girls.' 
'"rhe    accomplished  author  of  'Two  English  Girls'  has  produced 
another  novel  of  considerable  merit." — Scotsman. 

The  WINNING  of  MAY.    By  the  Author  of 

'  Dr.  Edith  Romney.' 
"  The  book  has  this  merit— the  first  merit  of  a  novel— that  the  reader 
is  interested  in  the  people  rather  than  the  plot,  and  that  he  watches  the 
development  of  character  rather  than  that  of  e\ent."—I,Uerar!/  World. 

SIR  ANTHONY.    By  Adeline  Sergeant. 


THUNDERBOLT.    By  the  Rev.  J.  Middleton 

MACDONALD. 
"'Thunderbolt'  is  an  Australian  rival  of  Claude  Duval,  and  Mr  Mac- 
donald  records  his  daring  feats  witli  unflagging  verve." — Moniimj  VoU. 

MARY    FENWICK'S    DAUGHTER.      By 

BEATRICE  WHITBY. 
"Tills  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  novels  we  have  read  for  a  long 
Ume.'-~}lhirkund  White. 

ROBERT    CARROLL.     By  the    Author   of 

'  Mistress  Beatrice  ('ope.' 
"  '  Robert  Carroll,'  though  by  no  means  a  noteworthy  novel,  has  a 
winning  tciiderncss  and  it  is  certainly  ^^  orthy  of  tlie  pen  that  w  rote  the 
story  of  '  Mi-sliess  licaUicc  Cope.' "— i'/<ci7f(/o/-- 

The    HUSBAND    of    ONE    WIFE.      By 

the  Author  of '  Some  Married  Fellows.' 
"Mrs.  Venn's  novels  are  books  to  which  wc  can  confidently  look 
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N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


87 


SATURDAY,  JULY  20,  1S95. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Sir  Robert  Sande.man         87 

Mr.  Blackmore's  Verse      88 

Social  England          88 

Julian  the  Apostate          89 

The  French  Revolution  is  Holland 90 

sonya  kovalevsky     91 

New  Novels  (The  Heart  of  Life ;  Michael  Daunt ; 
Elizabeth's  Pretenders ;  Gerald  Eversley's 
Friendship  ;  Othello's  Occupation  ;  The  Rubies  of 
Rajmar ;  Two  Women  and  a  Fool ;  An  Education  ; 
Fate's  Grim  Sport ;  Le  Cceur  d'Ariane)         ...  1(2—94 

Law-Books          94 

The  Literature  of  Angling       95 

Books  for  the  Young         96 

Military  Literature          96 

Oriental  Literature          97 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      98 

The  Public  Schools  in  1895 ;   Is  Egypt  so  very 

Old  ?  Sale  ;  Prof,  J.  Zupitza        99—101 

Literary  Gossip        101 

Science— IcE-BouND  on  Kolguev;   Library  Table; 

Astronomical  Notes  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip       102—103 
Fine   Arts  —  The    Church     of    Sancta    Sophia  ; 
Library   Table;    Notes    from   Athens;    New 

Prints  ;  Sales  ;  Gossi'P 103—106 

Music— The   Week  ;   New  Publications  ;   Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 107 

Drama— Hollingshead's  My  Lifetime  ;  Gossip  ...  108 


LITERATURE 


Colonel  Sir  Robert  Sandeman :  his  Life  and 
Work  on  our  Indian  Frontier.  By  Thomas 
HenryThomton,  C.S.I.,  D.C.L.  (Murray.) 
DtmiNG  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  a  great 
change  has  taken  place  in  the  frontier 
policy  of  the  Government  of  India,  partly 
because  circumstances  are  different  from 
what  they  were  then,  and  partly  because 
the  aversion  to  advance  which  characterized 
the  administration  of  Lord  Lawrence,  and 
was  esteemed  the  highest  wisdom  by  his 
school,  is  dying  out.  That  dread  may  reason- 
ably have  originated  in  the  misfortunes 
which  befell  us  in  1841-42,  when  an  ill- 
ad'vised  forward  policy,  or  a  policy  of  inter- 
ference in  the  affairs  of  Afghanistan, 
resulted  in  failure,  in  financial  difficulties, 
and  in  the  humiliation  of  defeat — a  dis- 
honour but  imperfectly  redeemed  by  sub- 
sequent victories,  and  by  Lord  EUen- 
borough's  skilful  management  of  the  with- 
drawal of  our  forces.  Hence  many  able 
men  who  were  then  beginning  their  careers 
were  so  profoundly  impressed  by  our  errors 
and  their  results,  that  they  seemed  unable 
for  the  rest  of  their  lives  to  shake  off  a 
nervous  apprehension  of  anything  like  ex- 
pansion, or  of  a  policy  which  extended 
British  influence  and  responsibilities  beyond 
the  frontier  acquired  when  the  Punjab  was 
annexed.  In  support  of  this  inaction  Lord 
Lawrence  brought  to  bear  a  strong  financial 
instinct,  which  seemed  sometimes  to  out- 
weigh other  considerations  ;  if  a  question  of 
annexing  a  piece  of  country  arose,  the 
ans\yer  turned  not  on  military  or  political 
considerations,  but  on  whether  the  revenue 
from  the  land  would  pay  for  its  adminis- 
tration and  leave  a  surplus.  The  result  was 
what  has  been  called  a  policy  of  masterly 
inactivity,  but  was  in  reality  no  policy  at 
all  beyond  that  with  which  a  burnt  child 
is  credited  in  respect  to  fire.  The  Punjab 
ofiicers,  however,  were  not  all  dominated 
by  Lawrence's  strong  personality,  and  for- 
tunately, at  various  important  moments, 
men  like  Herbert  Edwardes  and  Jolin 
Nicholson  were  found  who  could  on  occasion, 
to  the  public  advantage,  oppose  the  policy  of 
inaction.  Still  on  the  whole  it  prevailed ; 
and  whilst  Eussian  ofiicers  were  exploring 


in  every  direction  and  collecting  valuable 
information,  British  officers  were  forbidden 
to  move  a  step  beyond  the  frontier,  the 
result  being  that  they  were  deplorably 
ignorant  even  of  the  tribes  in  their  imme- 
diate neighbourhood.  But  the  rapidity  and 
certainty  of  Russia's  advance  have  shown 
that  acquaintance  with  the  country  between 
the  great  powers  must  be  gained  in  order 
that  wherever  necessary  the  frontier  may  be 
rectified,  and  that,  should  occasion  arise,  we 
may  know  by  what  routes  an  army  could 
move  and  be  supplied.  Various  steps,  some 
wise,  some  the  reverse,  have  been  taken  to 
obtain  the  requisite  knowledge,  and  the 
influence  over  the  tribes  which  we  desire  to 
possess  ;  and  the  chief  interest  of  the  volume 
before  us  lies  in  Mr.  Thornton's  description 
of  the  methods  adopted  for  these  ends  by 
Sir  Eobert  Sandeman  on  that  part  of  the 
frontier  which  was  under  his  charge. 

His  career  deserved  record,  though  the 
exceptional  position  claimed  for  him  by 
part  of  the  Anglo-Indian  press  cannot  be 
admitted,  for  he  was  neither  a  great  soldier 
nor  a  great  statesman  ;  but  he  did  his  work 
in  his  own  way  remarkably  well,  without 
compromising  the  Government  which  he 
served. 

Robert  Groves  Sandeman  was  born  at 
Perth  in  1835,  a  member  of  a  family  one  of 
which  founded  a  quaint  religious  sect,  and 
another,  better  known,  identified  the  name 
with  much  that  is  excellent  in  port  wine. 
He  received  a  scanty  education  at  Perth 
Academy  and  at  St.  Andrews  University, 
and  in  1856  was  sent  as  a  cadet  of  infantry 
to  India,  where  he  served  creditably  in  the 
Mutiny,  being  soon  appointed  to  Probyn's 
Horse,  and  afterwards  selected  to  carry 
despatches  to  Sir  John  Lawrence,  in  whose 
eyes  he  found  favour,  and  who  offered  him 
an  appointment  in  the  Punjab  Commission. 
It  was  accepted,  and  thus  the  first  step  of 
importance  in  his  career  was  taken. 

Sandeman  brought  neither  high  education 
nor  legal  knowledge  to  the  performance  of 
his  new  duties,  but  he  "  had  plenty  of  good 
sense,  patience,  bonhomie,  and  dash."  In  other 
words,  he  was  a  Scotchman,  positive  and 
pertinacious,  allowing  himself  much  licence 
in  gaining  his  ends ;  yet,  guided  by  a  full 
measure  of  sagacity  and  caution,  he  managed 
to  steer,  if  not  clear  of  danger,  yet  so  as  to 
avoid  shipwreck.  In  1866  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  Dera  Ghazi  IQian,  a  miserable 
district  occasionally  enlivened  by  inroads  of 
barbarians  from  beyond  the  border.  Here 
he  applied  himself  to  obtain  influence  with 
the  tribes  and  to  learn  their  feelings  and 
prejudices.  Soon  a  serious  raid  occurred, 
and  Sandeman  distinguished  himself  in 
helping  to  defeat  the  freebooters.  He  took 
two  hundred  prisoners,  whom  he  kept  till 
the  people  promised  to  plunder  his  district 
no  more  ;  and  then  he  gave  service  to  tribal 
horsemen,  by  whose  means  he  kept  com- 
munication open  with  the  chiefs. 

Before  long  he  formed  decided  views  of 
frontier  management,  which  clashed  with 
those  of  the  Commissioner  of  Sind,  a  senior 
officer,  who  had  charge  of  the  relations  of 
the  Baluch  tribes  on  his  frontier,  and  who 
was  under  the  orders  of  the  Government  of 
Bombay.  The  j'ounger  man  preferred 
democratic  measures,  the  older  supported 
i  those  aristocratic  ways  which  had  hitherto 
,  prevailed ;    but  the  former  found   an   ally 


in  the  Sind  camp,  with  whom  he  worked 
in  favour  of  his  own  methods.  Eventually 
Lord  Mayo  desired  the  late  Sir  Henry 
Durand  to  hold  a  conference  with  the  view 
of  establishing  uniformity  bot^yeen  the 
Bombay  and  Punjab  system  of  dealing  with 
frontier  affairs.  Durand  unfortunately 
was  killed  on  his  way  to  obey  orders,  and 
the  conference  was  held  by  his  successor. 
The  Baluch  tribes  were  placed  under  the 
control  of  Sind,  and  Sandeman,  who  was 
an  officer  of  the  Punjab  Government,  was, 
as  regarded  them,  put  under  the  orders  of 
the  Political  Superintendent  of  the  Sind 
frontier !  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  an 
arrangement  more  likely  to  lead  to  trouble 
between  a  junior,  who  interpreted  "  subordi- 
nation "  by  a  dictionary  of  his  own,  and 
his  senior.  Yet,  apparently,  this  measure 
became  the  second  main  step  for  Sandeman 
up  the  ladder  of  success.  The  oppor- 
tunity soon  came :  a  rising  occurred,  and 
views  respecting  it  differed — one  describing 
it  as  a  people  rightly  struggling  to  be  free, 
the  other  as  a  riot  indiscreetly  encouraged 
by  our  officers.  Then  followed  the  natural 
result  of  a  man  having  two  masters — one 
was  adroitly  played  against  the  other.  The 
Punjab  Government  supported  Sandeman, 
and  the  Government  of  India  seems  to  have 
adopted  its  view.  Other  similar  differ- 
ences occurred  with  similar  results,  and 
ultimately  the  conduct  of  Khelat  affairs  was 
transferred  to  Sandeman' s  benevolent  senior 
in  the  Punjab.  The  victory  was  gained ; 
and  although  after  this  time  Sandeman's 
career  was  occasionally  in  peril,  yet  by  a 
mixture  of  audacity  tempered  with  great 
caution  his  ultimate  success  was  assured. 
He  was  made  C.S.I,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Delhi  assemblage,  and  was  gazetted  Agent 
for  Baluchistan. 

Henceforward  relieved  from  the  struggle, 
his  course  was  clear,  and  he  devoted  himself 
heart  and  soul  to  his  work.  His  beneficent 
influence  was  gradually  extended  to  the 
furthest  limits  of  Baluchistan ;  one  tribe  was 
reconciled  with  another,  and  all  with  their 
lord  paramount  the  Khan  of  Khelat.  During 
the  Afghan  War  (1878-80)  ho  supplied  the 
army  in  Pishin  and  the  Bolan  Pass  with 
provisions  and  protected  its  communications. 
But  most  important  of  all  he  lent  a  powerful 
hand  towards  overthrowing  the  close  border 
system  or  policy  we  have  already  referred 
to,  which  even  if  suited  to  former  times  was 
antiquated  and  incompatible  with  present 
needs. 

"  After  the  war  he  was  instrumental  in  adding 
to  the  Empire  a  new  province,  of  much  strategic 
importance,  commanding  the  passes  into  South 
Afghanistan  and  access  to  three  trade-routes 
between  Persia,  Kandahar,  and  British  India  ; 
a  province  he  administered  with  inaulence  and 
success,  and  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  Patan 
races  which  inhabit  it  ;  maintaining  peace  and 
order ;  dispensing  justice  promptly,  with  as 
little  interference  as  possible  with  native  usages; 
associating  chiefs  and  tribesmen  with  us  in  the 
work  of  government  ;  improving  communica- 
tions, promoting  trade,  providing  medical  aid 
for  the  people,  developing  irrigation,  preserving 
forests." 

His  system  of  administration  was  patriarchal; 
he  disliked  lawyers  and  would  have  none  of 
them  in  his  courts  ;  but  doubtless  they  will 
soon  appear  with  other  advantages  of  civili- 
zation. .(Ui'eady  there  are  signs  of  the  de- 
parture of  the  old  order :    "  The  Political 


88 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


Agent  is  now  designated  Deputy-Commis- 
sioner or  District  Officer,  and  the  number  of 
courts  of  justice  has  been  gradually  in- 
creased from  seventeen  to  twenty-five."  A 
trained  civil  servant,  entitled  Revenue  Com- 
missioner, and  a  code  of  laws  have  been 
introduced,  and  no  doubt  before  long  all  the 
accompaniments  of  civilian  rule  will  follow. 
Meanwhile  Sandeman's  work  was  good,  and 
we  may  hope  that  it  will  survive.  During 
his  administration  many  distinguished  per- 
sons arrived  at  Quetta  and  enjoyed  his 
hospitality.  In  addition  to  officials  such  as 
Lieutenant-Grovernors,  Governor  -  Generals, 
and  Commanders-in-Chief,  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Connaught,  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Manchester,  Mr.  Childers,  Sir  Charles 
Dilke,  the  Hon.  George  Curzon,  and  others, 
have  visited  this  most  western  cantonment 
of  the  Indian  army,  and  at  least  two  of 
those  mentioned  have  considered  on  the  spot 
problems  connected  with  the  defence  of  our 
frontier  and  with  the  wellbeiug  of  Greater 
Britain. 

Sandeman  died  in  harness  on  January  29th, 
1892,  at  the  small  state  of  Lus  Beyla,  where 
he  had  gone  to  meet  the  chiefs  of  Makran, 
and  to  devise  means,  as  little  distasteful  to 
them  as  possible,  for  the  government  of  that 
country.  He  was  buried  there,  and  over 
his  tomb  a  dome  was  erected  by  the  ruler 
■who  owed  his  position  to  the  Agent's  good 
offices. 

In  many  respects,  which  need  not  be 
enumerated,  Mr.  Thornton  is  speciallj'  quali- 
fied for  the  work  he  has  undertaken,  and 
the  labour  has  been  one  of  love,  performed 
with  the  care  and  fidelity  for  which  he  is 
distinguished.  The  volume,  however,  is  not 
biography  pure  and  simple,  or  much  less 
space  would  have  sufficed :  it  contains  a 
careful  analysis  of  the  old  and  new  systems 
of  policy  on  the  frontier ;  a  brief  history  of 
Khelat  and  the  Baluch  confederacy  ;  a  geo- 
graphical account  of  Baluchistan ;  together 
with  statistics  which,  if  they  somewhat 
interfere  with  its  biographical  interest, 
will  unquestionably  prove  a  mine  of  in- 
formation to  officers  employed  on  that  fron- 
tier, and  which,  indeed,  form  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  book.  The  illustrations 
deserve  praise,  and  the  map  is  sufficient ; 
there  is  likewise  an  index.  Printers'  errors 
are  few,  and  the  work  is  altogether  well 
done. 


Fringilla  :  some  Tales  in  Verse.     By  Eichard 

Doddridge  Blackmore.  (Mathews.) 
Some  of  our  contemporaries  apj)ear  to  have 
Ijeen  privileged  to  got  a  glance  at  Mr. 
Blackmore's  volume  of  poems  before  it  was 
issued  to  the  press  at  large,  for  in  the  copy 
which  is  in  our  hands  we  find  at  the  end  a 
quotation  from  one  of  these  contemporaries 
concerning  the  very  book.  "This  volume 
of  poems,"  the  writer  says,  "  with  its  fan- 
tastic title,  is  one  of  the  literary  events  of 
the  liourT  What  a  comment !  and  how 
ap[)li cable  to  a  largo  body  of  the  poetry 
published  by  the  two  firms  (once  united) 
wliifli  have  made  themselves  the  chief  ex- 
ponents of  the  Now  Poetry  and  the  Now 
Jllustration!  Mr.  Blackmore,  though  he  is 
an  old  liand  in  literature  and  not  a  new 
(mo  in  poetry  (for  we  believe  he  published 
a  volume  of  verso  as  many  as  forty  years 
»^o— and  then  there  was  a  translation  of 


the  Georgics  or  part  of  them),  has  now  as  a 
versifier  thrown  in  his  lot  with  the  other 
ephemeridcc ;  and  it  cannot,  we  fear,  be  pro- 
phesied that  if  they  perish,  he  is  destined 
to  survive.  There  is,  in  truth,  no  reason 
why  the  author  of  '  Lorna  Doone '  should 
be  a  poet.  That  book  has  now  been 
so  long  before  the  world,  and  has  taken 
such  an  assured  place  in  public  esteem, 
that  it  is,  in  a  sense,  raised  beyond  criticism. 
But  with  all  its  merits  we  should  say  that 
the  thing  which  it  most  conspicuously  lacks 
is  the  sort  of  distinction  which  belongs  to 
an  author  who  has  a  poet's  mind.  Comjiare 
it  for  a  moment  to  Mr.  George  Meredith's 
lately  publislied  '  Tale  of  Chloe,'  or  to  any- 
thing of  Louis  Stevenson's,  and  you  feel  the 
difference  at  once.  And  what  is  said  of 
'  Lorna  Doone '  applies  to  all  Mr.  Black- 
more's tales. 

However,  we  will  let  the  reader  judge  for 
himself.  The  volume  consists  of  two  short 
lyrics,  'To  my  Pen'  and  'To  Fame,'  which 
introduce  and  close  it ;  of  three  stories  in 
verse — '  Lita  of  the  Nile,'  '  Kadisha  ;  or,  the 
First  Jealousy,'  and  '  Mount  Arafa  ;  or,  the 
First  Parting'  (of  Adam  and  Eve  both 
these  "firsts");  then  of  two  eclogues,  as 
it  would  be  fair  to  call  them — '  The  WeU 
of  St.  John '  and  *  Pausias  and  Glycera.' 
A  quasi-humorous  narrative,  '  Buscome  ;  or, 
a  Michaelmas  Goose,'  makes  up  the  tale. 
Let  us  take  the  opening  verses  of  Part  I.  of 
'  Mount  Arafa.'     It  is  Adam  who  speaks  : — 

Ye  mountains  that  forbid  the  day, 
Ye  glens,  that  are  the  steps  of  night, 

How  long  amidst  you  must  1  stray, 
Deserted,  banished  from  God's  sight, 
And  cast  away  ? 

Ye  trees  and  flowers  the  Lord  hath  made, 
Ye  beasts  to  my  good-will  committed — ■ 

Although  your  trust  hath  been  betrayed — • 
How  long  ago  ye  would  have  pitied 
Your  old  comrade. 

Oh,  nature,  noblest  when  alone, 
Albeit  I  love  your  outward  part : 
The  nature  that  enthrals  my  heart 

Must  be  more  like  my  own. 

"  Ye  glens,  that  are  the  steps  of  night,"  is 
good.  But  what  are  we  to  say  of  "  Your 
old  comrade";  or,  indeed,  of  the  whole  of 
the  second  stanza  ?  The  third  is  but  nega- 
tively commonplace,  not  positively  bad. 

In   the   preceding    poem    '  Kadisha,'    an 
Eastern  legend  of  Eve's  first  jealousy,  there 
is  a  good  verse,  or  fairly  good  : — 
When  rivulets  were  loth  to  creep, 

Except  unto  the  pillow  moss, 
And  distant  lake,  encurtained  deep. 
Was  but  a  silver  thread  across 
The  eyes  of  sleep. 

Then  our  author  goes  on  thus  : — 

When  nightingales,  in  the  sycamore, 

Sang  low  and  soft,  as  an  echo  dreaming. 
And  slept  the  moon  upon  heaven's  shore — 
The  tidal  shore  of  heaven,  beaming 
With  lazuled  ore. 

"With  lazuled  ore"!  It  sends  a  shiver 
down  one's  back.  And  then  the  scansion, 
"as  'n  echo  dreaming"  and  "upon  hea- 
ven's shore."  Yet  we  have  honestly  gone 
in  search  of  the  good  verses  in  the  volume. 
If  we  had  followed  the  usual  fashion  of 
critics  and  tried  to  collect  the  bad  ones  only, 
for  one  thing  we  miglit  liavo  chosen  at 
random  an^'whero  in  '  Lita  of  the  Nile.'  Is 
it  a  description  of  the  lord  of  Egypt  ? — 

'Tis  Sesostris,  lord  of  nations, 
Victor  of  three  continents, 

Visiting  the  celebrations, 
Friesta  and  pomps  and  regiments. 


Or  an  aside  of  the  author's — 

Hath  not  earth,  our  sweet  stepmother, 

Very  different  scene  hard  by, 
Tossing  one,  and  trampling  other, 

Some  to  laugh  and  some  to  sigh  1 

Or  again,  later  on — 

Blare  of  trumpet  fills  the  valley  : 
Slowly  and  majestically, 
Swingeth  wide  in  solemn  state 
JiOrd  Amen-Ra's  temple  gate. 

The  last  line  with  its  accentuation  Amen-Ea 

is  outdone  a  little  earlier — 

Where  the  fame  of  Hathor  lowereth, 
And  the  black  Myrike  emboweth. 

Quid plura?  Jeffrey's  "This  wiU  never  do" 
is  the  only  possible  criticism.  Not  even  the 
modest  couplet  which  the  author  puts  upon 
his  title-page  —  whence  taken  we  do  not 
know — 

Quorsam  hcec  ?  Non  potui  qualem  Philomela,  quere- 
lara  ; 
Sed  fringilla  velut  papitabunda  vagor, 

can  disarm  a  just  criticism. 

As  for  the  illustrations,  they  seem  to  us 
— Mr.  Fairfax  Muckley's  and  Sir  James 
Linton's  alike — upon  a  par  with  the  verses. 


Social  England.  By  Various  Writers.  Edited 
by  H.  D.  Traill,  D.C.L.— Vol.  III.  From 
the  Accession  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  Death 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.     (Cassell  &  Co.) 

The  third  volume  of  this  remarkable  ex- 
periment in  CO  -  operative  bookmaking, 
although  by  no  means  free  from  faults  of 
execution  and  necessarily  hampered  by  the 
encycloj^fedic  method  of  treatment,  marks, 
on  the  whole,  an  important  advance  over  its 
two  predecessors,  and  deserves  to  be  wel- 
comed as  a  decidedly  useful  book.  The 
editing  still  leaves  a  good  deal  to  seek  ;  but 
it  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  that  Dr. 
Traill  has  at  last  weeded  out  nearly  all  his 
weaker  contributors,  and  has  set  himself  to 
work  in  earnest  to  get  rid  of  those  extra- 
ordinary redundancies  and  contradictions 
which  were  the  really  weak  spot  of  the 
volumes  dealing  with  the  Middle  Ages. 
He  may  now  be  congratulated  on  having 
secured  a  band  of  contributors  who  are 
extremely  well  qualified  for  their  task, 
and  who,  even  when  loaded  with  the 
shackles  of  the  system,  are  able  to  produce 
really  sound  and  scholarly  results.  For  even- 
ness and  uniformity  of  method  and  result 
this  volume  is,  on  the  whole,  extremely 
praiseworthy  ;  though  there  is  still  one  con- 
tributor whose  work  is  not  up  to  the  level  of 
therest.  But  we  dislike  the  unnecessary  short- 
ness of  the  articles.  Why,  for  example,  was 
it  incumbent  upon  Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  HassaU 
to  continue  ringing  the  changes  on  the 
commonplaces  regarding  the  period,  in  the 
first  few  pages  of  the  book,  when  a  single 
article  from  either  of  these  competent 
writers  would  have  given  a  much  more 
effective  birdseyo  view  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  ?  Moreover,  what  was  the 
need  to  have  three  short  sketches  of  More 
and  '  Utopia,'  to  the  exclusion  of  any  one  full 
account?  Mr.  Mullinger  discourses,  on 
p.  91,  on  "Sir  Thomas  More's  influence," 
making,  by-tho-by,  the  curious  statement 
that,  because  '  Utopia '  was  not  published 
in  Euglisli  till  1551,  it  belongs  to  the 
literary  influences  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.,  as  if  literary  men  of  Henry 
VIII.'s  time  could  not  road  Latin.     Besides 


N"  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


89 


Mr.     Saintsbuiy,     a     new     recruit     -whose 
numerous    and    important   articles   deserve 
a   hearty   welcome,    writes   nearly   a    page 
on  'Utopia'  on  p.  104.     Nevertheless  Mr. 
Symes    devotes     two     pages     (pp.    122-3) 
to    "'Utopia'    and    the    Social   Problem." 
And    though    all    these     three     gentlemen 
doubtless     approach      More's     book     from 
different     points    of    view,    still    they   all 
feel    it    their   duty  to   tell    the  reader   the 
same   elementary   truths    about    it.     Later 
in  the  book  there  is  unnecessary  repetition 
when  Mr.  Clowes  and  Mr.  Beazley  are  writing 
on  the  North-East  Passage.     And  the  weak 
articles   on   manners    and    customs    supply 
details  about  arms  and  armour  much  better 
explained    elsewhere    by   Mr.    Oman    and 
Mr.    Clowes.     Yet    these    faults    are    im- 
measurably less  glaring  than  in  the  previous 
volumes.     Another  point  where  the  editing, 
though  improved,  leaves  something  to  desire 
is  with  regard  to  the  omissions.     There  is 
next   to   nothing  on    the  constitution   after 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.     Wales  does  not 
appear    in    the  index,    or,     in     any     real 
degree,  in  the  text.     There  seems  to  be  no 
account  of  Henry  VIII. 's  union   of  Wales 
and   England.     The  beginnings  of   Welsh 
Puritanism — or,  more   accurately,   of  Puri- 
tanism in  Wales — the  history  of  the  Welsh 
Bible,  and  the  national  and  religious  move- 
ments in  that  country  under  Elizabeth  are 
quite  ignored.     And  every  reader  must  be 
struck  with  the  curious  fact  that,  though 
earlier    volumes     contained    almost    unne- 
cessarily learned  articles  on  the  mediteval 
stages  of  the  English  tongue,  no  attempt  is 
made  to  supplement  Mr.  Saintsbury's  excel- 
lent articles  on   Elizabethan   literature   by 
giving  a  summary  account  of  the  English 
tongue    in    the    age    of     Shakspeare    and 
Bacon.      The    sections    on    "  Authorities  " 
are   needlessly   defective,   vague,    and   un- 
even.    The  rather  catchpenny  titles  of  the 
chapters    look   as   if   they   had   been   bor- 
rowed from  the  syllabus  of  one  of  the  more 
florid  sort  of  university  extension  lecturers. 
The  index  is  unnecessarily  meagre,  though 
accurate  and  useful  as  far  as  it  goes.     Yet 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  for  example,  were 
worth  indexing  under  those  names  as  well 
as  under  "  University  ";  and  such  entries  as 
"Duke  of  Norfolk  and  the  Yorkshire  rising," 
and  almost    immediately    afterwards    "  his 
conspiracy,"  are    likely   to  lead   the   more 
careless  into  believing  that  the  same  duke 
who  put  down  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  also 
conspired   against  Elizabeth.     In  no  cases 
does  the  index,  so  far  as  we  have  observed, 
distinguish  between  different  bearers  of  the 
same  title.     None  of  the  headings  "  Jesuit," 
"Counter  Eeformation,"   "Catholic   Eeac- 
tion,"  "CathoUc,"  and  "  Eoman  Catholic" 
appears  in  the  index    to  a   history  of  the 
period   of    the   Reformation.     Y"et,  despite 
the  carelessness   still  sometimes    shown  in 
the  more    laborious   sides   of   the   editorial 
work,  the  book  contains  a  remarkable  col- 
lection of  authentic  and  well-chosen  facts, 
illustrating  nearly  every  side  of  our  national 
life,  and  its  merits  far  outweigh  its  defects. 
The  high  level  of  competence  of  the  writers, 
the  many-sidedness  of  the  jiresentation,  the 
general   accuracy,  the   large  proportion  of 
bright  and  readable  articles,  are  all  worthy 
of  great  praise. 

There  is  the  less  need  to  single  out  the 
contributions  of  many   of    the   writers  for  ; 


praise  since  the  reader  is  still  more  struck 
by  the  good  average  attained  than  by  any 
of  the  individual  pieces  of  work,  competent 
though  these  generally  are.  But  if  any  series 
of  articles  may  be  said  to  have  succeeded 
to  the  pre-eminent  position  occupied  by  the 
contributions  of  Prof.  Maitland  in  earlier 
volumes,  we  think  we  should  accord  that 
place  to  Mr.  Saintsbury's  excellent  sum- 
maries of  Elizabethan  literature. 


Julian  the  Philosopher  and  the  Last  Struggle 
of  Paganisvi  against  C'hristianitg.  By  Alice 
Gardner.  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations." 
(Putnam's  Sons.) 

Tins  monograph  is  the  result  of  a  thorough 
and  painstaking  study  of  the  sources,  and 
especially  of  that  which  Miss  Gardner 
rightly  recognizes  as  the  most  instructive 
for  her  subject,  the  works  of  Julian  himself . 
As  the  hero  of  a  lost  cause,  and  as  a  man 
of  very  remarkable  personality,  Julian  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  interesting — though  very 
far  from  being  the  most  important — of  the 
great  historical  figures  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury ;  and  he  is  a  good  subject  for  treat- 
ment in  a  monograph  of  this  size  and  scope. 
In  addition  to  her  sj^ecial  knowledge  of  the 
literature  bearing  on  the  Apostate,  IVEiss 
Gardner  possesses  a  grasp  of  the  general 
history  of  the  times;  and  she  writes  em- 
phatically and  clearly,  but  without  par- 
tiality or  prejudice.  Perhaps  she  has  not 
beenquite  just  to  the  ability  of  Constantius  ; 
and  perhaps  she  has  failed  to  realize,  or  at 
least  to  raise  into  due  prominence,  the  dif- 
ference between  the  "  Hellenism"  of  Julian 
and  the  spirit  of  the  Hellenes  of  the  age  of 
Aristophanes  or  Plato.  But  the  "religion 
and  philosophy"  of  Julian  are  set  out  with 
correctness  and  skill ;  and  the  connected 
problems,  such  as  the  inner  kinship  between 
some  of  his  ideas  and  Christian  teaching  as 
contrasted  with  his  hatred  of  the  Christian 
faith,  are  handled  with  great  insight.  Miss 
Gardner  has  properly  given  a  sketch  of 
Julian's  controversial  work  against  the 
Christians  as  it  has  been  restored  by 
Neumann.  Indeed,  one  of  the  most  admir- 
able features  of  her  book  is  the  constant 
prominence  of  Julian's  writings.  We  also 
observe  with  satisfaction  that  to  the  end  of 
each  chapter  short  notes  are  appended,  in 
which  references  to  the  authorities  are 
given.  If  this  practice  had  been  uniformly 
adopted  in  the  "Stories"  and  "Heroes  of 
the  Nations,"  those  volumes  would  have 
gained  much  in  value. 

Miss  Gardner's  work  is  too  good  to  be 
dismissed  without  some  criticism  of  details. 
We  may  say  that  in  the  lirst  place  insuffi- 
cient care  was  devoted  to  the  correction  of 
errors  in  passing  the  book  through  the 
press.  Sucli  a  short  work  should  appear 
almost  without  misprints.  (Instances  :  p.  32, 
"  Mesopotomia";  p.  47,  "Zoraras";  p.  71, 
the  titles  of  two  French  works  of  M.  Petit 
Juleville  [.s/'c]  are  incorrect;  p. 3 1 8,  "Osroocne"; 
p.  341,  "Eehimema";  p.  26G,  "Eoman," 
for  remain;  p.  274,  "Magentius";  ib., 
"  Julius  Augustus.")  Of  the  Greek  quota- 
tions which  appear  at  the  heads  of  chapters, 
only  six  out  of  thirteen  are  quite  correctly 
printed  ;  in  the  six  lines  on  p.  73  we  count 
eleven  mistakes.     P.  309,  we  meet  Xpto-ro?. 

]>ut  there  are  also  negligences  of  other 
kinds.     Thus  "Arelatum"  occurs  on  p.  42 


(but  the  right  form  Arelate  on  p.  81).  On 
p.  30  we  read  that  the  dynasty  of  the  Sassa- 
nids  was  "founded  219  a.d."  The  received 
date  is  22G  a.d.  P.  9,  we  are  told  that  of 
the  dioceses  there  were  "  seven  in  the 
eastern  and  five  in  the  western  portion  of 
the  Empire,  each  under  the  rule  of  a  Vicar, 
except  such  as  came  under  the  direct  autho- 
rity of  the  Prcetorian  Prefects,  of  whom  we 
find  two  under  Diocletian,  four  under  Con- 
stantino." How  does  Miss  Gardner  tell 
her  Jfve  in  the  western  portion  of  the 
Empire  ?  Even  at  the  end  of  the  third  cen- 
tmy  there  were  seven,  as  we  know  from 
the  list  of  Verona,  namely,  D.  Pannoniarum, 
D.  Britanniarum,  D.  Galliarum,  D.  Vien- 
nensis,  D.  Hispaniarum,  D.  Africte,  D. 
Italia?.  P.  342,  we  find  the  solecism  (of 
which  Gibbon  too  was  guilty)  "  Gregory  of 
Nazianzen."  On  p.  317  Julian  is  said  to 
have  lodged  at  Litarbre.  This  name  occurs 
in  a  letter  of  Julian  in  the  genitive, 
AiTupfSiDv.  The  accent  should  have  in- 
formed Miss  Gardner  that  the  name  is  not 
Litarba3.  P.  329,  we  find  "  Hucumbra," 
but  "  Huembra "  appears  on  the  map, 
p.  316.  "  Arsacius,  high-priest  at  Galatia," 
is  curious. 

But  the  inaccuracy  of  some  of  the  trans- 
lations from  Julian's  letters  is  a  much 
graver  blemish  than  such  a  series  of  slips. 

(1)  Pp.  37,  38  :  hero  a  part  of  Julian's  de- 
scription of  the  Bithynian  estate  is  rendered 
with  much  taste,  but  o-raSioi'j  is  not 
"stadia,"     and    o-/xtAa/co9    is   not    "sand." 

(2)  Pp.  87-89  (from  the  letter  to  the 
Athenians):  "Yet  human  reason,  its  eyes 
fixed  on  the  immediate  present,  can  but 
attain  2>(i'^sahle  fortune  and  avoid  errors  for 
a  short  space."  The  italicized  words  intro- 
duce an  alien  idea.  The  Greek  is  //.oVov 
ayaTT/yrws  av  tv-^ol  kol  yuoyts  Tov  7rpo9  okiyov 
dva.napr-)jTov,  and  the  meaning,  "  would 
achieve  at  best,  and  that  hardly,  the  avoid- 
ance of  error  for  a  little."     Again,  ds  ala- 

XP(^^    KC-''    TTpOVTTTOV    ejxISaXilV    iaVTOV    KLvSvvov 

is  not  "  to  rush  headlong  into  an  unseemly 
course  of  present  peril,"  but  to  rush  tcitk 
one's  eyes  open  into  such  peril,  tu  k~\  aol 
TrpuTTeiv  cos  dv  evSe^^ryrat  is  not  "  in  all 
things  concerning  yourself  doing  what  you 
find  possible,"  but  "  in  all  things  which  rest 
with  you  doing  as  the  case  may  admit"; 
€7rt  croi  is  not  wepl  (rod.  And  KCKTijadai  /xi^oet/ 
is  not  the  equivalent  of  "  seeking  not  your 
own  gain."  The  flavour  of  Kal  ovk  i-trpe-eis 
tfjj  on  dv  eO'eAwyt  y^p/jwacrOai  crot  is  com- 
pletely lost  by  misrendering,  "  and  not  bo 
ready  to  accomplish  whatever  their  will 
might  demand  of  you."  We  doubt  whether 
Miss  Gardner  has  caught  the  exact  meaning 
of  the  words  in  which  the  Emperor  describes 
the  limitations  of  human  deliberation  : — 

"  Wherefore  no  man  takes  thought  for  the 
things  which  are  to  come  thirty  years  hence 
nor  yet  for  those  which  arc  already  past,  Aa 
to  tlie  future,  deliberation  is  supertiuous,  for 
the  past  it  is  unavailing." 
We  will  not  quarrel  with  her  for  accepting 
Hertlein's  conjcctui'O  rpiaKou-Tov  (for  rpia- 
KocrtocTToV),  though  we  regard  it  as  unne- 
cessary. But  we  object  to  her  translation 
of  the  last  words,  to  piv  yap  TTfpiTTov,  to  Se 
dovvaroi',  which  really  mean,  "  As  to  the 
past,  deliberation  is  superfluous ;  for  the 
(distant)  future  it  is  impossible":  dSvvarov 
does  not  mean  "  unavailing."  Once  more: 
"But  the  Divine  Eeason  stretches  far,  nay. 


90 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


it  comprehends  all  things,"  does  not  repro- 
duce the  image  which  Julian  has  chosen  to 
use  {(SXeTTovcra),  but  substitutes  another 
("stretches").  (3)  P.  225  (extract  from 
letter  52)  :  vre  have  failed  to  discover  how 
Miss  Gardner  elicits  the  following  from  the 
original :  "So  far  is  it  from  us  to  desire  or 
dream  that  any  of  the  impious  should  ever 
desire  or  dream  of  sharing  in  our  holy 
sacrifices"  (ovrd)  iroppw  rvy^dvoinv  Tov  Tiva 
rwv  SvcrcrefSiov  iOeXrjcrat  Trore  1]  Siavoy^O'^jvai 
Twv  Tra/)'  ■))jiuv  evaywv  /xeTacr^eiv  dvaiOiv). 

All  these  minor  inaccuracies  can  easily  be 
amended  in  a  future  edition  of  a  work  which 
in  essential  matters  is  excellent.  The  style 
is  clear  and  ajipropriate. 


Xa  Revolution  Francaise  en  Sollande  :   la  lie 

puhlique  Batave.  (Hachette  &  Cie.) 
Thajs'ks  to  the  anonymous  author  of  this 
instructive  yet  dry  volume,  the  use  he  has 
made  of  innumerable  Dutch  authorities, 
and  his  researches  amongst  the  archives  of 
the  Netherlands,  the  reader  possesses,  for 
the  first  time,  a  full  and  lucid  record  of  the 
constitutional  history  of  Holland  from  Piche- 
gi'u's  invasion  in  1795  tiU  the  accession  of 
King  Louis  in  1806.  The  story  redounds  in 
no  way  to  the  credit  of  the  Dutch  character. 
Devoid  of  the  earnestness,  and  unaccom- 
panied by  the  talent,  which  marked  the 
French  Eevolution,  the  development  of 
the  Batavian  Republic  out  of  the  old 
federal  republic  of  the  United  Provinces 
reads  like  a  wretched  travesty  : — 

"  Nous  voyons  tour  a  tour  se  succeder  une  Con- 
rention  Nationale,  un  Directoire,  et  puis,  apres 
une  forme  oligarchiquedegouvernement  qui  inter- 
rompt  un  instant  la  serie,  un  veritable  Consulat 
au  profit  de  Schimmelpenninck,  et  qui  ne  fait, 
lui  aussi,  que  pr^ceder  et  preparer  la  monarchie." 

Por  the  rest,  the  manner  in  which  the 
Dutch  "patriots,"  exiled  by  William  V.  in 
1787,  played  into  the  hands  of  Prance,  and 
the  humiliation  they  brought  upon  their 
country  by  their  endeavour,  through  foreign 
aid,  to  avenge  themselves  upon  the  house  of 
Orange,  show  what  would  have  been  Ire- 
land's fate  had  success  crowned  the  parallel 
proceedings  of  Lord  Edward  PitzGrerald  in 
179G-98. 

WiUiam  V.,  when  restored  to  power, 
ruled  under  the  protection  of  England 
and  Prussia  ;  but,  of  the  thousands  of 
Dutchmen  whom  he  had  banished,  many 
had  found  shelter  in  France,  and  these 
exiles,  when  the  Eevolution  broke  out 
in  the  country  of  their  adoption,  did  their 
utmost  to  make  it  the  engine  of  their 
animosity  against  the  Stadtholder,  egging 
on  the  Convention,  sending  a  Batavian  con- 
tingent of  two  thousand  exiles,  commanded 
by  Daendels,  to  reinforce  Dumouriez,  and 
imploring  that  leader  to  carry  his  victorious 
arms  from  Belgium  into  Holland.  To  our 
author's  idea  that,  after  Dumourioz's  failure 
in  '93,  France  would  have  left  the  Netlier- 
lands  in  peace  had  not  the  States  chosen 
boldly  to  ally  themselves  with  England  and 
Prussia,  wo  prefer  the  opinion  expressed  in 
the  extraf;t  we  are  given  from  William  V.'s 
own  address  to  the  States  General : — 

"Nous  avons  affaire  h.  un  ennemi  qui  se  sort 
de  moyens  inconnus  jusqu'^  present  ot  qui 
compte  pour  rien  la  perte  dc  scs  colonies,  de 
son  commerce,  de  ragriculture  ct  de  tout  le 
bien-etre  national,  pourvu  qu'eu  forgant  toutes 


les  ressources  de  son  pays  il  puisse  mettre 
d'autres  nations  dans  le  meme  etat  d'epuise- 
ment. " 

Hitherto  the  discontent  of  the  revolu- 
tionary part}' resident  in  Holland,  restrained 
by  the  common  sense  of  the  States  General, 
had  effervesced  in  clubs  and  propagandist 
societies.  But  upon  Pichegru's  successes 
in  '94,  the  patriots  at  home,  caballing 
with  those  who  accompanied  the  invaders, 
rapidly  increased  in  numbers,  and  super- 
seded the  adherents  of  William  V.  in  the 
regencies  or  local  administrations.  Their 
folly  is  exemplified  in  Gogol's  appeal  to 
their  republican  allies  to  establish  in 
Holland  a  constitution  on  the  French  model 
by  aid  of  a  revolutionary  tribunal  and  a 
guillotine.  But  this  was  mere  vapouring, 
for  throughout  the  comedy  it  was  evident 
that  the  Dutch  agitators  could  do  nothing 
without  France,  and  had  besides  no  appetite 
for  excesses.  Hence  Semonville,  writing  in 
1801,  declared,  "  L'homme  le  plus  turbulent 
d'ici  depuis  la  Revolution  aurait  pu  etre  en 
France  durant  la  notre  un  des  membres  du 
parti  modere."  In  fact,  the  patriots'  one 
policy  consisted  in  organizing  the  successive 
submissions  to  their  ally  which  their  pusil- 
lanimity and  treason  rendered  inevitable. 
Nor  can  it  be  denied  that  they  performed 
their  part  well.  Most  courteous,  for  instance, 
was  the  manner  in  which  Admiral  Kins- 
bergen  surrendered  his  ice-bound  fleet  to 
a  handful  of  cavalry,  celebrating  the  event 
by  a  dinner  to  his  captor. 

"Point  ou  peu  de  noblesse  a  renverser, 
point  de  clerg^  riche  et  puissant,  partout  des 
habitudes  rdpublicaines,  un  long  exercice  de  la 
liberte  de  la  presse  qui  n'avait  ete  que  momen- 
tan^ment  enchain^e  par  la  tyrannic  stathou- 
d^rienne,  des  vestiges  encore  bien  marques  de 
la  frugalite  et  de  reconomie  antiques,  sources 
des  grandes  fortunes  du  pays,  I'usage  des 
assemblies  publiques  et  de  la  discussion  des 
affaires," — 

these  were  the  abuses  the  French  came 
to  reform ;  the  description  is  by  their 
minister,  Noel  the  grammarian. 

After  the  enforced  abdication  of  the 
Stadtholder,  there  devolved  on  the  patriots 
the  formation  of  a  government  capable  of 
negotiating  with  their  liberators.  Thus 
began  the  mania  for  constitution-making. 
Hitherto  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety 
had  thought,  to  use  its  own  words,  "  qu'il 
devait  laisser  dans  I'incertitude  le  titre  en 
vertu  duquel  on  avait  agi  jusqu'a  present 
en  Hollande  ;  est-ce  en  conquerant  ou  comme 
allie,  ou  I'un  et  I'autre  a  la  fois?"  But 
now  the  question  had  to  be  solved.  In  vain 
did  the  Dutch  plenipotentiaries  sent  to  the 
Convention  claim  that  their  country  should 
be  regarded  by  the  French  as  an  equal  and 
friendly  power ;  in  vain  did  they  argue  that 
the  war  had  been  waged  not  against  the 
Dutch,  but  only  against  the  Stadtholder ; 
in  vain  did  they  remind  the  champions  of 
freedom  that 

"  la   R^publique   francaise    a    declare    ne   pas 

vouloir  s'agrandir  par  des  conquetes Quels 

(jue  soient  les  droits  du  vainqueur  pour  des 
indemnit^s  dc  guerre,  ils  ne  peuvent  pas  utre 
etendus  au  point  de  conqutirir  des  peuples 
entiers  contro  leur  grd.  Cette  pretention  serait 
surtout  contraire  au  principe  de  la  souverainete' 
du  peuple,  proclaraee  solennellement  au  nom  de 
la  nation  franqaise. " 

For  necessity  knows  no  law,  and  now  in  tho 
spring   of   1795   the   Committee  of   Public 


Safety   is,  as   it  avows,    "in  dire   need   of 

money the    public    treasury    is    dry 

yesterday  we  could  scarcely  get  out  of  it 
150,000  francs "  required  to  enable  the 
army  of  the  Rhine  to  cross  that  river. 
Moreover,  in  Holland  40,000  French  soldiers 
are  in  hospital  (an  almost  incredible  state- 
ment), leaving  an  effective  force  of  60,000 
to  keep  in  check  25,000  or  35,000  Dutch 
troops,  and  to  resist  that  possible  reaction- 
ary movement  which  is  ever  the  dread  of 
the  liberators.  "  Remember  Capua  and  the 
Sicilian  Vespers  "  is  the  warning  they  send 
their  commissioners.  Force  is  to  be  dis- 
played, and,  if  necessary,  used.  The  Dutch 
can  be  given  no  further  time  for  dalliance. 
They  must  pay  the  hundred  million  florins 
within  three  months,  cede  the  temtory 
demanded,  and  reinforce  the  French  navy 
with  the  ships  required ;  they  must  feed 
and  clothe  their  tatterdemalion  allies  ;  they 
must,  and  for  several  years  will  have  to, 
maintain  a  French  army  of  occupation 
25,000  strong  to  keep  them  in  the  way  they 
should  go.  The  Dutch  quickly  consent  to 
pay  the  price  demanded  for  the  recognition 
of  their  independence,  and  on  the  22nd  of 
June,  '95,  when  their  plenipotentiaries  take 
their  flag  to  be  hung  in  the  hall  of  the 
French  Convention  as  a  pledge  of  fraternity, 
Louvet  receives  them  with  the  words  : — 

"  Republicains  bataves  1  la  Convention 
nationale  vous  promet  surety  et  reparation, 
liberte  pleine  et  pleine  independance.  La  Con- 
vention nationale  vous  le  promet,  et  I'Europe 
sait  si  les  arme'es  fran9aises  tiennent  les  pro- 
messes  de  la  Convention." 

For  many  years  the  faith  of  the  Dutch 
in  these  promises  never  failed.  They  found 
themselves  despoiled  of  wealth  and  terri- 
tory by  their  ally ;  they  saw  WiUiam  V. 
dispose  of  their  colonial  possessions  on  pre- 
text of  placing  them  under  British  pro- 
tection ;  they  watched  the  decay  of  their 
commerce;  and  in  October,  1797,  they 
witnessed  the  capture  of  their  fleet  by 
Duncan.  Yet  in  February,  1798,  the 
Batavian  assured  the  French  Directory : 
"  Nos  vaisseaux,  nos  equipages,  nos  tresors 
sont  a  vous.  Disposez-en,  menez  les 
Bataves  a  la  gloire,  punissez  les  fiers 
Anglais,  et  rendez  la  paix  au  monde." 
However,  when  the  opportunity  for  exe- 
cuting this  programme  was  offered  by  the 
Anglo-Russian  expedition  against  Holland 
in  1799,  the  double-dealing,  vacillation, 
and  pusillanimity  of  the  Dutch  were  with, 
difficulty  counterbalanced  by  the  vigour 
of  the  French  general  Brune,  who  became 
to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  military 
dictator. 

By  1800  the  cost  of  French  protection 
had  nearly  trebled  the  taxation,  whilst 
Semonville  reported : — 

"  Batave  tombe  comme  les  feuilles  d'automne, 
et  p^rira  dans  nos  mains  si  la  paix  que  le 
Premier  Consul  presse  de  tous  ses  veux  ne  la 
rappolle  promptement  i\  I'existence  commer- 
ciale." 

But  the  Peace  of  Amiens  was  only  a  tem- 
porary benefit,  and  when  in  1803  war  broke 
out  again,  Holland  awoke  from  her  enchant- 
ment, showing  by  her  collusion  with  Eng- 
land her  desire  to  evade  the  old  treaty 
which  bound  her  to  join  cause  with  France. 
But  Talleyrand  sharply  called  her  to  order 
with  the  threat  that  "  she  was  only  exposing 
herself  to  a  second  conquest,  the  Fii-st  Consul 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


91 


being  resolved  to  do  anything  rather  than 
allow  the  Dutch  to  fail  in  their  engage- 
ments or  in  their  honour."  Fresh  exac- 
tions punished  their  temerity,  teaching 
them,  to  use  our  author's  words,  that  "  when 
Napoleon  spoke  of  concert  between  the  two 
Governments,  he  meant  complete  and  con- 
tinuous subordination  to  all  his  wishes." 
By  1804  the  Dutch  budget  showed  a  deficit 
of  about  40,000,000  florins,  though  in  eight 
years  615,000,000  florins  had  been  extracted 
from  a  population  of  under  two  miUions. 
When  at  last,  as  said  a  Dutch  official,  the 
hand  of  Providence  intervened,  and  sent 
them  by  the  hand  of  Napoleon  a  king  to 
be  the  preservation  of  their  country,  the 
Batavians  had  to  provide  him  with  a  royal 
domain,  with  an  income  of  500,000  florins, 
and  with  a  civil  list  of  1,500,000  florins. 

Amongst  some  curious  expenses,  our  author 
finds  that  after  the  Treaty  of  Amiens  the 
Dutch  paid  100,000  francs  to  Joseph  Bona- 
parte and  50,000  to  the  English  and  to  the 
Spanish  plenipotentiaries.  Our  representa- 
tive was  Lord  CornwaUis. 

Space  forbids  us  to  do  more  than  glance 
at  some  of  the  kaleidoscopic  changes  of 
government  and  coups  (VUat  with  which  the 
Dutch  were  encouraged  by  the  French  to 
amuse  themselves,  and  which  our  author 
records  in  elaborate  detail.  The  list  begins 
in  January,  1795,  with  the  Assembly  of 
the  provisional  representatives  of  the 
people,  in  which  Paulus  and  Schimmel- 
penninck,  supported  by  the  French,  figured 
as  the  champions  of  order  and  the  re- 
specters of  religion  and  of  property,  re- 
straining the  extreme  party,  who  in  their 
adixlation  of  their  conquerors  would  have 
abolished  every  vestige  of  the  old  govern- 
ment. There  followed,  in  1796,  the  Conven- 
tion, where  during  eighteen  months  raged 
together  the  Orangists  and  three  factions  of 
patriots.  When  it  succumbed,  by  reason  of 
the  people's  rejection  of  the  constitution 
framed  by  the  moderates,  great  was  the 
indignation  of  the  French  Eepublic  : — 

"  Elle  ne  soufiriraif:  pas  qu'un  pays  qu'elle  a 
appel^  a  la  liberte  fut  plus  longtemps  la  proie 
de  I'anarchie,  et  que  s'il  le  fallait,  elle  ressaisirait 
les  droits  qu'elle  tenait  de  la  conquete  pour  le 
forcer  k  etre  heureux," 

Forthwith  the  French  minister  Noel  was 
superseded  by  Delacroix.  With  Joubert's 
troops  to  support  him  and  aided  by  Daen- 
dels,  he  combined  with  the  extreme  radicals, 
effecting  on  the  22nd  of  January,  '98,  the 
Dutch  parody  of  the  18th  Fructidor,  and 
establishing  an  imitation  of  the  French 
Directory.  That  Daendels's  counter-revolu- 
tion the  following  June  should  likewise 
have  been  executed  under  French  patron- 
age was  only  in  the  natural  sequence  of 
things,  as  also  that  that  ambitious  and  im- 
pecunious intriguer  should  presently  scheme 
against  the  Directory  which  was  the  work 
of  his  own  hand.  The  mihtarism  of  Brune 
already  alluded  to  was  after  the  18th 
Brumair-e  succeeded  by  that  of  General 
Augereau,  whose  extortionate  requisitions 
drove  the  Batavian  Directory  to  pray  the 
First  Consul  to  recall  the  tyrant,  who  more- 
over,^ wrote  they,  "parait  ne  pas  avoir 
des  idees  exactes  de  la  deference  due  au 
gouvernement  d'un  pays  libre  et  aUio  dans 
lequel  il  est  appele  u  exercer  ses  fonctions 
et  a  la  solde  duquel  il  se  trouve."  Bona- 
parte's reply  was  to  the  effect  that  as  Augo-  , 


reau  had  kept  his  army  from  indiscriminately 
pillaging  the  Batavians,  they  might  in 
common  gratitude  allow  him  personally  to 
loot  them. 

Contradictory  indeed  was,  as  our  writer 
observes,  the  attitude  of  a  government  at 
once  feeble  and  proud,  which  in  the  same 
breath  comj^lained  of  the  French  army,  and 
begged  for  its  j^rotection  against  foes  within 
and  without.  Its  end  was  characteristic. 
Napoleon  desired  to  effect  some  centralizing 
and  conciliatory  reforms.  SemonviUe  re- 
ported, "La  Batavie  se  donnera  la  con- 
stitution que  vous  voudrez."  But  Napoleon 
insisted  it  should  appear  as  the  spontaneous 
work  of  the  people.  Therefore  a  coup  cVctat 
was  authorized  and  executed.  The  one 
stubborn  opponent  thereto  dined  later  in 
the  day  with  Augereau  and  the  three  authors 
of  the  movement.  The  new  constitution, 
the  Staatsbewind,  was  then  accepted  by  the 
public  voice ;  that  is,  the  total  number  of 
electors  was  416,419  ;  of  these,  52,219  voted 
against,  and  only  16,771  for  the  UQ^f  regime  ; 
but  as  the  abstentions  were  counted  as 
assents  the  minority  was  converted  into 
an  overwhelming  majority.  In  subsequent 
appeals  to  the  plebiscite  this  mode  of 
reckoning  was  observed  as  most  convenient 
to  the  ruling  power. 

By  the  end  of  1804  Napoleon  was  giving 
public  utterance  to  his  wish  for  that  reunion 
of  Holland  with  the  Empire  which,  as  he 
said,  "  would  complete  our  commercial 
system."  The  financial  condition  of  the 
Dutch  had  become  desperate.  The  Govern- 
ment, knowing  itself  already  condemned, 
rebelled  against  Napoleon's  exactions,  and 
enjoined  the  people  to  pay  no  further  heed 
to  the  fiscal  commands  of  the  French  autho- 
rities. The  legislative  body,  moreover, 
rejected  the  budget  providing  for  a  new 
gratuitous  gift  of  40,000,000  florins.  Ee- 
tractation  or  war  was  the  choice  given  them 
by  the  emperor. 

Schimmelpenninck  would  have  lis  believe 
that  in  the  temporary  compromise  which 
followed,  in  his  acceptance  of  the  office  of 
Grand  Pensioner,  and  in  his  conversion 
into  a  Napoleonic  catspaw  consisted  "  tous 
les  efforts  possibles  pour  conserver  un  simu- 
lacre  d' existence  nationale,  afin  de  pouvoir 
attendre  la  chance  de  circonstances  plus 
heureuses."  But  his  fault,  whether  credulity 
or  ambition,  was  sufficiently  punished  when, 
on  pretext  of  his  ill  health,  he  was  forced 
to  resign  the  supreme  power  and  to  see 
Holland  become  a  fief  of  the  Empire,  with 
the  reluctant  Louis  Bonaparte  for  its  ruler. 


Sonya    Kovalevshy :   a    Biograplnj,    hij   Anna 
Carlotta  Lefficr,  Duchess  of  Cajanello ;  and 
Sisters  Rajevshj,   being   an  Account  of  her 
Life,    hj   Sonya    Kovalevslcy.      Translated 
by   A.   de  Furuhjelm    and   A.  M.    Clive 
Bayley.     With  a  Biographical    Note  by 
Lily  Wolff sohn.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Sonia     Kovalevslcy:     Biography     and    Auto- 
biography, ^T.      Translated   into   English 
by  Louise  von  Cossel.     (Scott.) 
The  story  of  the  life  of  Sophia  Kovalevsky 
has  now  found  two  translators,  and  we  are 
sure  that  it  will  be  welcomed  by  the  English 
reading  public.     Slie  had  ah-eady  earned  a 
considerable  reputation  among  us, which  had 


In  the  present  volumes  a  Swedish  lady,  her 
intimate  friend,  who  has  since  followed  her 
to  the  grave,  tells  the  picturesque  tale  of  her 
labours.     Further  details  of  her  early  youth 
are  supplied  in  the  autobiographical  sketch 
which  Madame  Kovalevsky  wrote  under  the 
title  of  'The  Sisters  Rajevsky,'  and  caused 
to  be  published  in  the  Swedish  language. 
And  a  strange  picture  of  liussian  life  she 
gives.      The    reader    gains    a     clear    idea 
of    her    father,    a    retired    military    man, 
enforcing   something   of    the   rigorous  dis- 
cipline   of    his     profession,    but    fond    of 
Sonya      (the     playful     form      of     Sophia) 
and   her    sister.      We   hear    of    no    other 
children,  and  the  mother  is  hardly  mentioned 
at  all.      These  madcap    daughters   were  a 
source  of  perplexity  to  the  good  old  mar- 
tinet.     When    he     heard    that    his    elder 
daughter,  Anyuta,  had  written  a  novel,  and 
put  herself  in  communication  with  the  famous 
Dostoyevsky,  he  VFashorrified.  What  a  revolu- 
tion in  the  family  that  his  child  should  be  a 
mere  writer  of  tales,  and,  worse   than   all, 
receive   money   for   her    productions !     The 
whole  story  reminds  us  of  the  angry  sur- 
prise of  the  mother  of  Tourguenief  when  she 
foimd  that  her  son  had  written  a  novel,  and 
that  he  was  proud  to  have  been  favourably 
criticized.     A  Tourguenief  to  write  a  book, 
and    who    would     dare    to    subject    it    to 
criticism  ?     In  the  same  sjyirit  the  favourite 
Potemkin  actually  caned  the  man  who  dared 
to  applaud  him  when  he  was  playing  at  a 
court  concert.     But  the  gallant  old  general 
Ej'ukovsky  was  obliged  to  endure  all  this 
perversity  of  his  daughters  and  to  acquiesce 
in  their  strange  marriages.     He  must  have 
felt  as  if  he  had  survived  into  another  world, 
for  verily  these  sisters  were  girls  of  true 
Bohemian  habits,  and  did  not  trouble  them- 
selves about  conventionalities. 

The  reader  who  takes  up  either  of  these 
translations  will  find  it  difficult  to  put  it  down 
again.     There  is   an  absolute  piquancy  in 
the  adventures  of  Sonya  Kovalevsky,  who 
was   one    of   the   most   original   of   human 
beings.     But  in  the  whirl  and  excitement  of 
her  life  she  seems  hardly  to  have  known 
happiness.  In  the  midst  of  her  triumphs  the 
feminine  side  of  her  character  showed  itself 
unmistakably.     She  would  have  renounced 
her  intellectual  triumphs  to  have  had  the 
love   which  others  have  found  amidst  the 
most  humdrum  accessories  of  life.     She  waa 
strangely   childlike,    and    ignorant   of    the 
ordinary  ways  of  mortals — careless  of  money 
and  easily  victimized.     To  the  last,  we  are 
told,  she  never  knew  her  way  thoroughly 
about    the    streets    of    Stockholm.      Mile, 
Leffler  supplies  an  interesting  sketch  of  her 
friend's   personal    appearance  —  the  large, 
expressive  eyes,  that  seemed  to  change  in 
colour,  and  the  head  almost  too  big  for  the 
small  and  fragile  body.     We  are  glad  to 
get    the    good    portrait    in    Mr.    Unwin's 
edition,  but   the   smaller   work,   issued   by 
Mr.  Walter  Scott,  here  bears  off  the  palm. 
It  has  several  likenesses,  one  of  them  seem- 
ing to  realize  her  more  to  us  than  the  others, 
recalling  an  excellent  portrait  which  appeared 
some  time  ago  in  the  Ilusskaya  Starina.     It 
is  easy  to  understand  how  she  exercised  a 
fascination  upon  all  those  with  whom  she 
came  into  contact. 

Iler   little   autobiographical    sketch  cer- 
tainly shows  great  power  of  writing.     She 


been  inci'eascd  by  the  adjudication  of  a  prize     j  — ..  -  „ i.  - —  ^    . 

to  her  by  the  French  Academy  of  Science,  I  gives  a  most  vivid  picture  of  the  old  chateau 


92 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


of  her  father,  surrounded  by  the  forests, 
amid  which  the  terrified  children  often  used 
to  hear  the  howling  of  wolves.  This  pro- 
duction has  pleased  us  much  more  than  the 
fantastic  tale,  entitled  '  Yera  Barantzova,' 
reviewed  a  short  time  ago  iu  the  columns 
of  the  Athenoium.  Here  the  heroine  marries 
a  young  Jewish  Nihilist,  with  whom  she  has 
had  an  hour's  acquaintance,  that  she  may 
accompany  him  to  Siberia  and  soothe  his 
exile  ! 

The  sketches  contained  in  these  two 
volumes  are  in  all  cases  translated  from 
the  Swedish.  Sonya  Kovalevsky  does  not 
appear  to  have  succeeded  ia  mastering  that 
language,  and,  unless  we  are  mistaken,  the 
tale  of  her  early  life  was  translated  by  a 
friend  from  her  Russian  manuscript.  It  is 
pathetic  to  find  her  saying  that  to  live  in 
a  country  where  you  are  always  obliged  to 
talk  in  a  foreign  language  is  like  wearing 
a  mask.  She  seems  to  have  felt  how  much 
our  native  language  means ;  for  in  it 
alone  can  our  best  thoughts  be  expressed. 
For  Stockholm  itself  she  seems  to  have 
entertained  no  particular  liking.  She  found 
it  small,  not  to  say  provincial,  and  would 
have  rather  chosen  one  of  the  large  capitals 
of  Europe.  Moreover,  the  university  in  which 
she  was  a  professor  had  no  antiquity  to 
boast  of.  It  had  been  but  recently  founded. 
She  longed  to  be  made  a  member  of  the 
Russian  Academy  of  Sciences ;  and  if  she 
had  lived  this  distinction  would  probably 
have  come  to  her.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
of  this  when  we  remember  the  triumphs  of 
the  Princess  Dashkoff  last  century.  But  it 
was  not  to  be :  a  cold  caught  from  want  of 
care  seized  her  amid  the  snows  of  a  Swedish 
winter  in  February,  1891,  and  she  died 
after  a  short  illness.  It  is  sad  to  think  that 
a  woman  who  craved  so  much  for  human  sym- 
pathy should  have  expired  (by  an  accidental 
circumstance)  alone  and  without  the  cheering 
faces  of  relatives  and  friends  around  her. 
Her  husband  had  some  years  before  com- 
mitted suicide  in  consequence  of  pecuniary 
embarrassments. 

It  remains  to  saj'  a  few  words  concerning 
the  merits  of  the  rival   translations.     The 
large    volume    published    by    Mr.    Fishea 
Unwin   is   somewhat   fuller;    the   style    of 
the  smaller  translation  issued  by  Mr.  Scott 
appears    more    condensed,    and   some   pas- 
sages here  and  there   have   been   omitted. 
Neither  of  them  is  particularly  accurate  in 
the  orthography  of  Eussian  names,  but  the 
smaller   edition   is    the    greater   sinner    in 
this   respect.     We  might   cite  as  examples 
"Tamboj"    for    Tambov,   "  Bolinski "    for 
Belinski,    "Polka"   for  Polkan,  &c.     This 
might  have  been   easily  obviated   if  some 
person  acquainted  with  the    Eussian    lan- 
guage    had     looked    through    tlie    proof- 
sheets.     The  verses  on  p.  102  in  the  larger 
work,  translated   from  a   piece  written   by 
Sonya  in  Swedish,  are  doggerel,  and  nothing 
else;    but    the    book    has    the    additional 
attraction  of  a  short  account  of  the  life  of 
Mile.  Lcffler,  Sonya's  friend  and  biographer. 
She  was  the  sister  of  an  eminent  Swedish 
professor,    Mittag-Leffler,    who    last    year 
received  an  honorary  degree  at   Oxford  at 
the  time  of  the  visit  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation.    Mile.  Lefflor  afterwards  married  a 
Neapolitan  professor,   who  was  also    L)uca 
di  Caj  auoUo  ;  and  slio  followed  her  illustrious 
friend  to  the  grave  in  October,  18U2.     As  a 


novelist  she  enjoyed  a  considerable  reputa- 
tion among  her  own  countrymen.  A  notice  of 
her  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Gosse  appeared  in 
the  Atlienmim  of  the  following  November  5th. 
Unfortunately,  owing  to  the  Swedish  lan- 
guage being  so  little  studied  among  us,  her 
name  has  hardly  penetrated  to  England. 
It  will  now  be  for  ever  linked  in  our  minds 
with  that  of  the  remarkable  woman  who, 
after  having  achieved  such  a  unique 
position  among  her  contemporaries,  was 
doomed  to  furnish  another  proof  that  those 
whom  the  gods  love  die  young — as  the 
ancients  used  to  say. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The   Heart  of  Life.     By   W.    H.   Mallock. 

3  vols.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 
The  outside  appearance  alone  of  Mr.  Mal- 
lock's  latest  novel  impresses  upon  one  that 
the   author   is   something   of   a   personage. 
There  is  a  certain  solemnity  in  the  claren- 
don type — which   has   in   the   present  case 
this    further    characteristic,    that    all    the 
italics    look     as     if   they    ought    to    have 
been  marked  "wrong  fount" — forbidding 
us  to  treat  the  book  as  a  thing  ephemeral,  or, 
indeed,  as  mere  fiction ;  and  then  there  are 
the  three  volumes.      For    nowadays    pub- 
lishers declare  that  it  is  impossible  to  issue 
a  book  in  three  volumes  with  hope  of  profit 
unless  the  writer  be  somewhat  out  of  the 
common.     We  have  before  now  indicated  in 
what  way  Mr.  Mallock  has  raised  himself  to 
be  a  personage  in  the  eyes  of  his  admirers, 
by  dedicating  very  considerable  abilities  to 
the  service  of  a  particular  set  of  political  and 
politico-religious  opinions.     We    spare  the 
reader   a   too   familiar  quotation   and   Mr. 
Mallock  the  invidiousness  of  a  comparison 
with    Burke,    and   devote  ourselves  to  the 
humble  task  of  appreciating,  from  the  purely 
literary  standpoint  (even  in  the  midst  of  a 
General  Election),  this  last  work  from  the 
champion  of  the  Primrose  Dames.   Eeginald 
Pole  is  a  man  who  at  the  opening  of  '  The 
Heart   of    Life '    has   already    ' '  lived    and 
loved."     After  beginning   life   in   more   or 
less   the   traditional  stormy  youth  fashion, 
he   took    to   political    economy    and   social 
questions.    (Do  not  all  Mr.  Mallock's  heroes 
do   this — more   or   less  ?)      In   the   course 
of   some    investigations   into    trade    condi- 
tions  on   the   Continent   he   made  the   ac- 
quaintance   of    a    young    wife     who    had 
been  deserted  by  her  husband  and  almost 
left  to   starve    in   a   remote  town  of    Ger- 
many.      A    friendship     between    the    two 
developed   into   a    passion  —  one   of    those 
pure  -  minded     adulteries     of     which     Mr. 
Mallock     propounded     the    secret    in     '  A 
Human  Document.'     This  is  the  condition 
in  which  we    find   Eeginald   when,  at   the 
beginning  of  the  story,  he  comes  to  attend 
the  obsequies  of  an  old  aunt  who  has  left 
all  her  property  to  his  mother  and  himself. 
It  need  not  bo  added  that,  though  "  with- 
out   distinct    precedence,''     Pole    is    of    a 
distinguished   family,  and  himself    of    not 
less   distinguished  person   and    ability,   for 
of  such  are  all  Mr.  Mallock's  heroes ;  and 
they     are     all    essentially    alike.       Albeit 
—  presumably    to     please     the     Primrose 
Dames — much    is    said    about     the    great 
political    career   opening  before   Eeginald, 
such    interests    play   no   real   jiart   in   the 
drama.     There  comes  u]ion  the  scene  a  very 


charming  Countess  Shimna  O'Keefe,  of  an 
Irish- Austrian  family.  She  is  one  of  those 
beings  nicely  compounded  of  spirit  and  flesh 
with  whom  our  author  loves  to  dwell,  but 
in  whose  career — to  descend  from  the  fineness 
of  the  author's  perceptions  to  the  vulgar  lan- 
guage of  the  people — the  betting  is  on  the 
flesh  ;  we  hear  much  of  the  daintiness  of  her 
dress  and  the  subtle  perfumes  which  she 
uses ;  we  also  hear  somewhat  of  her  love 
for  SheUey  and  Keats,  and  how  she  recites 
these  poets — as  Irish-Austrians  are  wont 
to  do — with  a  charm  all  her  own.  The 
essential  part  of  the  plot  is  the  way  in 
which  Eeginald  hovers  between  the  old — 
the  older — love  and  the  new.  All  his  real 
devotion  is  to  Pansy  Marston,  the  former  ; 
but  Pansy's  husband  has  now  succeeded  to 
a  baronetcy,  she  has  become  reconciled  to 
him,  and,  while  she  does  not  wish  entirely 
to  give  up  Eeginald,  she  is  determined  to 
live  respectably  and  bury  aU  memory  of 
her  passion.  Then,  when  she  is  blowing 
cold,  comes  Countess  O'Keefe  and  blows 
warm — allows  Eeginald  to  kiss  her  "many 
times,"  as  Hilda  allowed  the  Master 
Builder.  There  is  a  third  woman,  an  Ethel 
De  Souza,  who  represents  pure  friendship, 
and  who  is  determined  never  to  marry 
because  she  is,  as  we  are  allowed  to  see 
pretty  clearly,  also  in  love  with  Pole,  and 
because  he  asks  her  to  marry  him  when  he 
has  grown  weary  of  being  torn  in  two  by 
Shimna  and  Pansy.  There  is  a  good  supply  of 
minor  characters,  often  very  cleverly  touched 
off,  though  always  tending  to  the  fantastic 
and  the  caricature;  and  some  very  clever 
and  vivid  scenes.  All  the  opening  part  of 
the  book  is  excellent :  the  first  appearance 
of  the  three  clerical  types ;  and  then  the 
entry  on  to  the  stage  of  Countess  Shimna. 
The  introduction  of  the  Duke  of  Dulverton, 
too,  is  delightful : — 

"  '  I  have  listened,'  he  said  to  the  Canon,  who 
sat  next  him,  '  with  great  attention  to  your 
sermons  in  the  Chapel  Royal.'  The  Canon 
bowed.  'I  have  invariably  agreed,' continued 
the  Duke,  '  with  the  beginning  of  every  one  of 
your  sentences.'  The  Canon  bowed  again  with 
a  puzzled  and  yet  a  gratified  expression.  '  Would 
you  like  me  to  tell  you  why  I  didn't  agree  with 
the  rest?'  'If  you  please,'  said  the  Canon, 
gravely.  'Because,'  said  the  Duke,  laying  his 
hand  on  the  Canon's  arm,  '  because  I  could  not 
hear  it.'  And  he  stopped,  and  glanced  round 
the  table.  'Augusta,' he  continued  presently, 
mouthing  out  the  name  in  a  tone  which  sug- 
gested the  beginning  of  a  speech  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  'have  you  heard  any  more  of  that 
defaulting  bailiff  of  Miss  Pole's  ? '" 
Going  on  writing — perhaps  this  is  specially 
the  temptation  in  a  story  published  serially 
— seems  to  have  the  same  effect  on  Mr. 
Mallock  that  too  long  a  run  has  upon  an 
actor  :  he  exaggerates  his  characters  more 
and  more  till,  like  Canon  Bulmer,  they 
become  farcical.  Lord  Wargrave  is  always 
so.  The  principal  characters  again  are 
pure  creations  of  fancy,  and,  indeed,  recur 
with  but  slight  variations  throughout  all 
Mr.  Mallock's  stories.  In  truth,  the  last 
word  concerning  this  charming  and  often 
brilliant  writer  is  likely  to  be  that  though 
he  is  admirable  at  a  sketch  or  a  suggestion, 
among  the  writers  of  fiction  of  to-day  he  is 
hardly  to  bo  seriously  counted. 


N^  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


93 


Michael  Baxmt.  By  the  Author  of  '  Dr.  Edith 

Eomney.'  3  vols.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
Michael  Daunt  was  an  artist.  Besides 
good  gifts  of  mind  and  body,  he  had  that 
doubtful  blessing,  the  "artistic  tempera- 
ment." This  quality  included  in  his  case, 
as  it  is  not  infrequently  supposed  to  do, 
a  plentiful  impulsiveness,  a  sensuous  appre- 
ciation of  female  beauty,  and  a  complete 
indifference  to  matters  of  domestic  economy. 
iSuch  being  his  endowments,  he  is,  by  the 
law  of  contrast,  naturally  mated  with  a 
peculiarly  faithful,  refined,  and  somewhat 
conventional  wife,  whose  education,  in  the 
limited,  rather  sombre  sphere  of  the  lesser 
county  gentry,  has  led  her  to  place  much 
stress  on  order,  and  to  be  a  little  alarmed 
at  and  distrustful  of  the  unusual  in  life  or 
tliought.  Yet  Agnes  shows  very  nobly  the 
fervid  constancy  of  attachment  to  which 
certain  undemonstrative  women,  especially 
in  her  class,  are  prone,  and  is  a  pleasanter 
character  than  her  more  showy  husband. 
The  story  might  have  gained  by  compression 
— passages  here  and  there  are  more  or  less 
verbose — but  the  reader  would  not  willingly 
have  missed  the  glimpse  of  rural  convention- 
ality as  exemplified  by  the  Raymonds  and 
Harcourts,  the  cheerful  personality  of  Gavin 
(though  he  does  misquote  a  line  of  Praed), 
nor  even  the  less  original  figure  of  the  senior 
Mainwaring,  the  scene  in  which  that  modern 
Skimpole  warns  his  son  of  the  dangers  of 
hasty  and  unendowed  marriage  being  un- 
doubtedly amusing.  The  book  is  mainly 
interesting  as  a  matrimonial  parable ;  but 
it  has  merits  of  execution  somewhat  above 
the  average. 

ElizaheWs  Pretenders.     By  Hamilton  Aide. 

(Chapman  &  Hall.) 
The  lightness  and  dexterity  of  touch  which 
have  marked  Mr.  Hamilton  Aide's  most 
successful  ventures  are  conspicuously  dis- 
played in  his  new  novel.  Elizabeth  is  a 
most  engaging  specimen  of  the  strong- 
minded  heroine.  Her  sudden  disillusion- 
ment, her  flight,  and  her  sojourn  in  Paris 
are  treated  with  unfailing  discretion,  while 
nothing  could  be  better  than  the  contrast 
between  her  various  "  pretenders."  The 
lion-hunting,  fortune-seeking  colonel,  the 
ambitious  young  politician,  the  decadent 
poet,  and  the  American  artist  are  all  excel- 
lent in  their  way.  Mr.  Aide's  dialogue  is 
full  of  point  and  a  humour  which  is  none 
the  less  genuine  for  its  gentleness,  while 
the  relations  between  Alaric  Baring  and  his 
devoted  sister  are  drawn  with  an  unforced 
and  convincing  pathos.  Altogether  this  is 
an  uncommonly  attractive  novel,  in  which 
the  strong  situations  are  handled  with 
notable  reticence,  and  the  lighter  episodes 
are  carried  through  with  the  grace  and 
elegance  of  an  accomplished  man  of  the 
world. 

Gerald  Evcrsletfs  FricndsJiip.  By  the  Pev. 
J.  E.  C.  Weildon.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
This  story,  partly  of  public-school  life,  will 
excite  some  public  curiosity,  for  it  is  the 
work  of  the  head  master  of  Harrow.  One 
impression  it  will  make  is  the  competence 
of  the  accomplished  author  as  a  wise  inter- 
preter of  the  feelings  and  prejudices  of 
English  youth.  He  disclaims  the  part  of  a 
chronicler  of  boj'ish  annals,  such  as  the  in- 


imitable Tom  Brown,  and  the  mere  daily  life 
of  school  is  only  incidentally  touched  upon. 
There  would  seem  at  the  present  day  to  be 
much  softening  of  manners  among  our  young 
barbarians.  By  dating  his  story  some  thirty 
years  back  Mr.  Weildon  has  been  able  to 
obtain  a  little  local  colour  in  the  shape  of  the 
"fag-spotting"  and  the  "trying  of  voices." 
It  is  into  a  livelier  and  a  rougher  school 
world  than  the  present  that  he  projects  his 
pair  of  academicians — the  nervous,  sensi- 
tive, much-reflecting  Gerald,  from  a  solitary 
rectory  where  he  has  had  a  saintly  but 
anxious  father  for  his  sole  companion,  and 
Harry  Venniker,  bold,  generous,  and  gifted 
in  all  physical  capacities,  the  son  of  a  peer, 
and  the  hero  of  a  preparatory  school.  It 
is  with  Gerald's  life  after  he  has  left 
school  that  Mr.  Weildon  begirds  himself  to 
grapple  in  a  solemn  spirit.  The  day  comes, 
as  it  does  for  many  a  youth,  when  the  revolt 
against  religion  places  the  young  conscience 
in  antagonism  with  the  principles  instilled 
by  parental  care,  and  "not  peace,  but  a 
sword,"  is  the  outcome  of  the  religious 
training  so  sedulously  impressed  in  child- 
hood. The  higher  the  moral  tone  on  each 
side  the  more  bitter  the  conflict.  It  is  be- 
yond our  province  to  scrutinize  the  precise 
method  of  our  writer  in  dealing  with  this 
sorrow  ;  enough  that  it  is  handled  with  full 
appreciation. 

"There  is  no   mistake  in   religion   so   great 

as  that    of   being   too  logical The   growing 

humanity  of  life — a  humanity  which  is  the  one 
clear  compensating  gain  for  many  defaults — 
rises  in  protest  against  the  severities  of  religious 

history  or  religious  doctrine It  is  when  the 

moral  sense  is  shocked  that  the  intellect  sharpens 
its  sword  in  the  cause  of  unbelief." 
These  phrases  partly  indicate  the  point  of 
view.  Eventually  Gerald  is  reconciled  to 
faith,  in  what  is  perhaps  the  best  possible 
way,  through  the  concrete  love  of  a  gracious 
lady.  Of  the  plot  of  the  book  there  is  little 
to  say.  It  is  simple  to  a  fault  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  professional  novelist.  Yet 
the  catastrophe  is  powerfully  set  forth  ;  and 
though  essentially  didactic,  the  story  has  a 
good  deal  of  humanity  about  it. 


Of  helloes    Occupation.      By  Mary   Anderson. 

(Chatto  &  Windus.) 
The  story  of  Othello's  past  before  his  fateful 
meeting  with  Brabantio's  gentle  daughter 
forms  the  ingenious  (may  one  not  also  say 
ingenuous  ?)  theme  of  Miss  Anderson's 
romance.  It  appears  the  Moor  must  have 
suppressed  a  good  deal  in  the  tale  where- 
with he  beguiled  the  heart  of  Desdemona ; 
but  Shakspeare's  omissions  are  now  fully 
supplied.  It  is  true  the  reader  will  seek  in 
vain  for  further  information  concerning  the 
Anthropophagi ;  but  a  new  light  is  shed 
upon  various  "distressful  strokes"  that  his 
youth  suffered  by  the  revelation  of  the 
existence  of  one  Marisa,  a  Hebrew  damsel, 
who  was  afterwards  ungratefully  discarded 
in  favour  of  Desdemona.  This  damsel 
lavished  treasures  of  devotion  upon  her 
father's  sturdy  slave,  for  Othello  had 
been  captured  by  the  wretch  Ben  Houssa, 
and  sold  to  the  Jewish  usurer  in  Tunis. 
Poor  Marisa  suffered  more  disastrous 
chances  than  did  her  Moor  himself,  and 
perhaps,  after  all,  slie  might  as  well 
have  remained  with  her  cruel  husband  as 
have   suflorod   the   pangs   which    Othello's 


inconstancy  subsequently  cost  her.  The 
story  is  told  with  some  spirit,  however,  and 
if  a  natural  prejudice  exists  in  the  reader's 
mind  about  meeting  old  acquaintances  under 
such  new  aspects,  it  should  not  be  allowed  to 
deprive  Miss  Anderson  of  such  credit  as  is 
due  to  her  for  a  bold  and  not  altogether  un- 
successful venture. 


The  Ruhics   of  Rajmar.      By  Mrs.   Egerton 

Eastwick.  (Newnes.) 
To  the  long  series  of  romances  in  which 
the  plot  hinges  upon  the  possession  of  a 
set  of  historic  jewels,  Mrs.  Eastwick's  story 
is  the  latest  addition.  The  reader  is  pre- 
pared for  mischief  and  mystery  from  the 
very  outset,  for  what  but  ill  could  result 
from  the  marriage  of  a  country  vicar's 
daughter  with  an  Indian  prince,  in  spite  of 
his  ability  in  the  rendering  of  Signer  Tito 
Mattel's  love  -  songs  in  a  "rich,  full 
baritone  "  ?  However,  it  should  be  pre- 
mised that  the  vicar  had  in  his  "  excursive 
studies  "  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Sanski-it, 
and  "  had  engrafted  Esoteric  Buddhism  on 
to  the  vagueness  of  his  original  creed." 
Given  such  a  vicar  and  so  accomplished 
a  prince  —  to  say  nothing  of  his 
rubies  —  and  the  consequences  as  nar- 
rated in  the  volume  before  us  become 
comparatively  plausible  if  not  wholly  con- 
vincing. 'The  Rubies  of  Rajmar'  is  not  a 
book  which  lends  itself  to  verification  by 
the  test  of  every-day  experience.  It  is  a 
fairly  successful,  but  rather  tortuous  attempt 
to  reconstruct  or  articulate  an  Oriental 
family  skeleton,  which  has  emigrated  to 
England  and  accompanied  its  proprietor 
into  smart  London  society.  The  task  of 
solving  the  mystery  falls  chiefly  to  the  share 
of  the  prince's  English  sister-in-law,  a  rather 
inconsistent  young  woman,  whose  exertions 
render  her  liable  to  a  good  deal  of  miscon- 
struction. The  tale  is  not  without  interest, 
and  the  sense  of  mystery  is  fairl}'  well  sus- 
tained. But  it  never  really  thrills  the 
reader,  while  the  denoument  is  decidedly 
disappointing.  We  expected  far  worse 
things  of  Rajmar  than  the  very  modest 
amount  of  villainy  which  finally  stands  to 
his  discredit. 

Two  Women  and  a  Fool.  By  H.  C.  Chat- 
field-Taylor.  (Routledge  &  Sons.) 
The  fool  is  such  a  fool  that  one  wonders 
at  and  regrets  his  final  deliverance  from 
the  unprincipled  young  woman  who  keeps 
him  dangling  after  her  tights  through 
most  of  the  book.  He  is  a  lugubrious 
fellow  who  entertains  constant  projects 
for  reforming  himself,  of  which  he  talks 
much,  but  acts  little  thereon.  There  are 
such  people  in  the  world  —  many  — and 
they  have  an  interesting  side,  but  it  is 
rather  in  the  emphasis  on  their  better 
natures  that  the  pathetic  clement  is  to  be 
found ;  when  they  are  simply  represented 
as  dull  and  weak  sensualists,  as  this  fool  is, 
the  irritation  they  create  overmasters  the 
interest.  This  is  not  the  work  of  a  stupid 
man,  and  there  are  one  or  two  clever  sayings 
in  it ;  but  it  is  vulgar,  and  smacks  too  much 
of  the  dressing-room  of  a  burlesque  theatre. 


An  Education.   By  Erederic  Carrell.    (Scott.) 

Margaret  Lawrence  was   the   only  child 
of  a  philosopher  who  brought  her  up  to 


94 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3534,  July  20,  '95 


take  nothing  in  heaven  or  earth  for  granted. 
She  was  good  and  beautiful,  but  she  re- 
garded no  question  as  settled,  and  in  con- 
sequence the  reader  may  find  her  sometimes 
tedious.  Not  only  the  scheme  of  the  universe, 
but  all  first  princij)les,  exercised  her  mind 
continually;  and  although  she  fell  in  love 
with  a  pilot's  son  and  married  him,  she 
was  unable  to  do  so  without  a  great  many 
preliminary  mental  reflections  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  natural  functions  of  woman,  life, 
death,  child-bearing,  and  the  old  puzzles 
about  nature's  infatuated  craze  for  extrava- 
gant reproduction.  But  Margaret  Lawrence 
is  a  nice  human  creature  in  her  leisure 
moments,  and  the  picture  of  her  life  of 
devotion  to  her  father  is  a  pretty  one — 
prettier  decidedly  than  her  self-conscious 
and  analytical  manner  of  falling  in  love 
and  marrying.  She  certainly  deserved  a 
longer  spell  of  happiness  than  she  was 
allowed,  and  it  is  hard  that  she  should  so 
soon  be  left  with  only  a  baby  and  general 
aphorisms  for  her  consolations. 

Fateh  Grim  Sport.  By  Lyneworth  Warde 
and  Percy  Russell.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 
CoLL^lBORATIO^^  in  fiction  is  apt  to  be  a 
dangerous  experiment ;  but  even  that  con- 
sideration does  not  sufiiciently  excuse  the 
many  deficiencies,  both  of  substance  and 
form,  in  '  Fate's  Grim  Sport.'  A  more  un- 
interesting or  disagreeable  set  of  people 
than  are  gathered  together  in  these  pages 
it  would  be  hard  to  find,  and  we  congratu- 
late the  joint  authors  upon  their  brilliant 
idea  of  removing  some  of  the  less  refined  to 
the  freer  atmosphere  of  a  colony.  As  the 
title  indicates,  it  is  a  story  of  horrible  mis- 
understanding, due  rather,  however,  to  the 
weak  credulity  of  one  gentleman  and  the 
deliberate  folly  of  another  than  to  any 
"grim  sport"  of  a  fate  which  authors  of 
this  class  are  too  ready  to  hold  responsible 
for  their  plots.  The  heroine  is  a  nice,  whole- 
some girl,  whose  sensational,  if  timely  end 
is  scarcely  consistent  with  the  previous 
notion  we  have  received  of  her  character. 
As  for  her  journalist  husband,  we  fail 
entirely  to  arrive  at  any  grasp  of  his  true 
self.  It  is  not  clear  in  the  end  whether 
he  is  aware  that  the  lady's-maid  has  helped 
to  maintain  him  upon  the  profit  of  her  lace 
work,  and  that  upon  her  accession  to  wealth 
and  social  position  in  the  colony  she  has 
endowed  him  with  sufficient  means  to  marry 
her  friend  and  rival.  The  whole  situation, 
indeed,  with  regard  to  Ardara  O'Birne  is 
strained  and  improbable.  Even  a  girl  of 
Eose's  kindness  would  have  found  it  difficult 
to  place  herself  upon  such  intimate  terms 
with  her  friend's  maid,  whatever  the  mutual 
respect  and  liking.  Col.  and  Mrs.  Wolfe 
and  Lady  Rathmelton  are  too  disagreeable 
to  dwell  upon.  We  would  rather  not  believe 
in  such  cold-hearted  treachery  and  lack  of 
natural  feeling.  The  old  drunkard  Lord 
Seaport  and  the  "Sheep  King"  leave,  per- 
haps, the  most  pleasant  impression  behind 
them ;  but  neither  of  them  is  indispensable 
to  the  story. 

Le     Cceur    iVAriane.       Par    Gyp.      (Paris, 

Calmann  Levy.) 
'Le  CcEuii  u'Akiane'  is  not  "one  of  Gyp's 
best,"  neither  is  it  one  of  her   least  good. 
Ariano  is  a  now  creation  and  is  well  drawn — 
ayoung  girl  who  is  not,  perhaps,  quite  so  good 


as  she  seems,  and  who  carries  off  the  richest 
future  duke  in  France — also  an  admirably 
drawn  new  character.  None  of  the  old 
favourites  appears,  except  Gyp's  best  man  of 
all,  who  looks  in  for  a  page.  The  children, 
unfortunately,  who  play  a  large  part  in  the 
book,  especially  Ariane's  two  little  brothers, 
are  exactly  like  others  of  Gyp's  children  in 
previous  books,  which  is  perhaps  unavoid- 
able, but  a  drawback. 


LAW-BOOKS. 


A  Guide  to  the  Neui  Death  Duty,  with  an 
Introduction  and  an  Appendix  containing  the 
Act  and  the  Forms  issued  for  Use  under  It.  By 
Evelyn  Freeth.  (Stevens  &  Sons.) — A  Synopsis 
of  the  New  Estate  Duty  (Finance  Act,' 1894), 
v;ith  a  General  Summary  of  the  Act,  List  of 
Forms,  etc.  By  E.  Harris,  of  the  Legacy  Duty 
Office,  Somerset  House.  (Clowes  &  Sons.) — 
The  new  Finance  Act,  which  occupied  so 
much  of  the  attention  of  Parliament  in  1894, 
forms  the  subject  of  both  these  books.  Mr. 
Freeth  states  that  the  part  of  the  Act  which 
relates  to  the  death  duties,  including  the  new 
estate  duty,  "is  not  capable  of  being  readily 
understood  from  a  perusal  of  the  Act";  there- 
fore he  (Mr.  Freeth)  has  "  done  his  best  "  to 
make  his  small  work  now  under  notice  "a 
really  useful,  convenient,  and  practical  guide 
to  the  subject."  We  are  sorry  to  have  to 
express  our  opinion,  bearing  in  mind  the 
avowed  intention,  that  Mr.  Freeth's  "best "  does 
not  seem  to  amount  to  very  much.  "  The  main 
principle  of  the  Act,"  he  says,  "is  that  all  the 
property  passing  upon  the  death  of  a  person 
dying  after  the  1st  of  August,  1894,  is  to  be 
regarded  as  one  estate."  The  commencement 
of  this  sentence  raises  a  hope  which  is  rudely 
crushed  by  its  concluding  words  ;  what,  the 
reader  naturally  asks,  is  "  one  estate,"  and  how, 
in  dealing  with  all  the  property  as  "  one  estate," 
does  the  Act  differ  from  other  Acts  in  force 
before  it  ?  The  author  does  not  proceed  to 
explain  these  things,  but  promptly  starts  away 
to  a  subordinate  branch  of  the  subject.  It  is 
only  on  prowling  vaguely  about  the  book  that 
we  casually  hit  upon  sec.  1  of  this  highly  obscure 
Act,  and  find  it  clearly  enough  laid  down  that 
real  and  personal  property  alike  are  to  pay  estate 
duty,  and  that  neither  of  them  is  to  pay  probate 
duty  ;  in  other  words,  real  and  personal  property 
must  pay  estate  duty  together,  instead  of  the  latter 
paying  probate  duty,  from  which  the  former 
has  always  been  exempt.  This  must  justly  be 
called  the  main  principle  of  the  Act,  and  this 
is,  no  doubt,  what  Mr.  Freeth  means  ;  but  as 
he  goes  on  at  once  to  treat  of  the  Act  in  its 
relation  to  executors  and  administrators,  who 
have  nothing  to  do  with  real  property,  the 
reader  cannot  be  expected  to  recognize  the 
assimilation  of  real  and  personal  property  as 
the  salient  point  of  the  new  legislation.  The 
want  of  adaptation  to  a  less  learned  reader's 
requirements  which  is  thus  shown  will  be  found, 
we  think,  generally  to  pervade  the  book.— Mr. 
Harris's  little  work  is  arranged  in  a  rather 
peculiar  manner  :  the  body  of  the  book  consists 
of  portions  of  tlie  Act,  arranged  under  various 
headings,and  not  in  the  natural  order  of  sections, 
in  a  left-hand  column,  while  a  few  short  ex- 
positions or  descriptive  words  are  somewhat 
capriciously  scattered  about  in  a  smaller  column 
on  the  right.  The  arbitrary  arrangement  renders 
it  most  difficult  to  find  any  particular  point  that 
is  required,  and  the  difficulty  is  enhanced  by 
the  circumstance  that  the  index,  instead  of  being 
"  copious,"  as  alleged  on  the  title-page,  is  about 
the  most  meagre  affair  that  we  have  ever  seen 
out  of  a  Roman  law-book.  Each  of  these  books 
professes  to  contain  a  reprint  of  the  Act  itself 
after  the  body  of  tlie  work  :  our  readers  are,  of 
course,  aware  that  this  is  usual  in  works  which 
treat  specifically  of  an  Act  or  Acts.  Mr.  Freeth 
gives  the  Act  in  full  according  to  custom  ;  Mr. 


Harris  rather  unaccountably  gives  only  twenty- 
four  sections  out  of  forty-two,  though  his  title- 
page  distinctly  promises  us  "  the  Finance  Act, 
1894,"  as  a  whole. 

A  Digest  (Aljjhahetically  Arranged)  of  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  and  in  (1)  Administra- 
tions, (i^)  Executorships,  (3)  Trusteeships  Respec- 
tively. By  Fred. Wood.  (HoraceCox.) — Mr.  Wood 
tells  us  in  his  preface  that  his  arrangement  is 
"  classified  "  and  "  unique,"  and  we  quite  agree 
Avith  him.  Unfortunately  the  classification  and 
uniqueness  are  carried  to  such  extraordinary 
lengths  that,  as  far  as  we  can  see,  it  is  impossible 
for  the  reader  to  find  out  anything  that  he 
wants  to  know.  There  is  no  general  index  at 
the  end,  as  in  other  law-books,  and  the  only 
substitute  for  it  is  a  most  meagre  "table  of 
contents "  near  the  beginning.  This  table, 
instead  of  enumerating  the  subjects  and 
divisions  of  subjects  in  the  order  of  pagina- 
tion, as  is  usual  in  law-books,  is  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order,  so  as  to  be  of  the  nature  of 
an  index  ;  but  it  occupies  only  seven  pages,  so 
that  it  is  altogether  inadequate,  the  whole  book, 
exclusive  of  preliminary  matter,  extending  to 
nearly  five  hundred.  Almost  every  page  of  the 
work  bristles  with  figures  which  are  apparently 
intended  for  references  to  other  parts,  but  there 
is  nothing,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  ascer- 
tain, to  show  what  those  references  mean.  At 
p.  452,  for  instance,  we  are  told  that  a  certain 
Act  has  been  repealed  "  to  the  extent  specified 
on  p.  343,  No.  7,  col.  6";  but  on  referring  to 
p.  343  we  find  no  No.  7,  no  col.  6,  and  no 
allusion  to  the  Act  in  question.  So,  at  p.  466, 
we  find  the  words  "Profits  made  by  a  quasi- 
trustee  : — illustrative  case  thereon,  11,"  but 
there  is  no  such  illustrative  case  at  p.  11  of  the 
book  ;  and  if  the  number  refers  to  a  certain 
"Table  A,"  as  the  author  seems  to  say 
in  an  earlier  page,  we  are  still  left  in  the 
dark,  as  "Table  A"  comprises  four  sets  of 
numbered  cases,  two  of  which  sets  contain  a 
case  numbered  11.  And  what,  in  the  name 
of  all  that  is  mysterious,  are  we  to  make  of  the 

reference  "  Receipt vide  App.  T  (D),  par.  16, 

sub-pars  1  to  6  incl."?  We  see  at  a  glance 
that  the  whole  work,  with  the  exception  of  the 
preliminary  matter  paged  with  Roman  numerals, 
consists  of  appendices,  headed  more  or  less 
alphabetically  (though  some  letters  are  omitted, 
C  has  dropped  down  below  T,  and  P  comes 
twice  over,  first  between  N  and  R,  and  after- 
wards just  at  the  end  of  the  book)  ;  but  no 
appendix  is  headed  T  (D),  the  existing  Appen- 
dix T  has  no  subdivision  (D),  and  a  subdivision 
(TD),  which  really  does  happen  to  exist,  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  subject  of  the 
reference,  and  contains  no  "par.  16"  in 
which  we  may  seek  for  "sub-pars  1  to  6." 
Some  mention  is  made  of  an  "Explanatory 
Key  "  to  references  given  by  figures,  but  not 
even  the  remotest  hint  is  given  of  the  locality 
of  such  "key."  The  only  reasonable  sup- 
position that  we  can  hit  upon  to  account  for 
the  chaotic  state  of  the  book  is  that  Mr.  Wood 
has  collected  a  large  quantity  of  materials,  and 
half  conceived  a  vast  system  of  reference,  but 
that,  growing  tired  of  the  work,  or  too  much 
occupied  to  finish  it  properly,  he  has  put  it  all 
together  anyhow,  or  allowed  somebody  who  knew 
nothing  about  the  book  or  its  intended  method 
to  put  it  together  for  him.  This  liypothesis 
is  strengthened  by  the  two  facts  that  the  book 
is  described  here  and  there  as  a  second  edition, 
though  the  title-page  clearly  sliows  it  not  to  be 
so,  and  that  a  "  Preface  to  the  Second  Edition  " 
of  something  (apparently  of  an  earlier  work 
more  or  less  reproduced  in  the  work  under 
notice)  actually  appears  at  p.  266,  more  than 
half  way  through  the  book. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Patents,  Trade  Marks, 
ami  Designs,  with  a  Digest  of  Colonial  and 
Foreign  Patent  Laws.  By  David  Fulton, 
A.M.I.C.E.  (Jordan  &  Sons.) — We  have  seldom 
seen  a  treatise  more  judiciously  arranged,  or 
more  copiously  supplied  with  information  for 


W  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


95 


the   real    and    practical    use   of    students    and 
practitioners    of  special  branches  of  law,  than 
Mr.  Fulton's  work  now  before  us.     Not  only 
are  the  three  subjects   kept   perfectly  distinct 
in  Parts  I.,  II.,  and  III.  respectively,  but  there 
is  a  separate  index  to  each   of  these   parts — a 
plan  which  must  save  much  time  and  trouble  to 
those  who   desire    to   "look  up"  a   particular 
point.     There  is  also  an  alphabetical  index  (in- 
cluded in  the  table  of  contents)  of  the  various 
countries,   &c.,  treated  in  Part  IV.  ("Foreign 
and  Colonial  Patents  "),  so  tliat  the  reader  can 
lay  his  finger  on  the  portion   relating   to  any 
country  or  colony  (about  one  hundred  in  all  are 
included)  at  any  moment.     Mr.  Fulton's  most 
remarkable  feat,  however,  is  perhaps  the  con- 
struction of  what  he  describes  as  "  The  Patents, 
Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Acts,  1883  to  1888 
(Consolidated)."     By  a  skilful  use  of  different 
types,  on  a  system  clearly  explained  at  the  head, 
he  contrives  to  put  before  the  reader  the  whole 
of  the  four  Acts  passed  in  1883,  1885,  1886,  and 
1888,  showing  exactly  what  parts  of   the  first 
three   Acts    are    repealed    and    what   are    left 
standing,   and    thus    enabling    him   to    under- 
stand what  is   the   present    law  and   by  what 
changes  from  time  to  time  it  has  arrived  at  its 
existing  state.     Another  special  and  very  help- 
ful,  if  less  remarkable   feature   is  the   "Table 
of  Cases,"  which  not  only  gives,  in  the  case  of 
each  decision,  the  page  or  pages  of  the  book  in 
which  it  is    cited  (the   usual    course),  but  has 
two  additional  columns,  one  giving  the  reference 
to  the  reports  in  which  it  is  found,  the  other 
a  brief  description  of  the  point  or  points  de- 
cided.    Of  the  three  subjects  which  Mr.  Fulton 
includes  in  his  book,  that  of  trade  marks  is, 
perliaps,  the  most  interesting  in  its  incidents 
to  the  general  public.     The  first  decided  case, 
Mr.  Fulton  tells  us,  was  Southern  v.  How,  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  which  established  the 
principle  that  even  at  common  law  there  may 
be  protection  for  a  distinctive    mark  which  a 
manufacturer    has    been    accustomed    to    use. 
Some  doubt,   however,    was    afterwards  enter- 
tained   lest   this    protection   should   savour   of 
monopoly  ;    but   this   idea  was  ultimately  dis- 
pelled, and  trade  marks,   as  we  all  know,  are 
now  protected  by  statute  ;  there  is,  therefore, 
no  doubt  in  these  days  as  to  the  general  prin- 
ciple, and  the  business  of  the  courts  is  simply 
to  decide  whether  there  is  a  trade  mark,  and, 
if  there  is,   whether    it   really  belongs  to  the 
plaintiff   A,    and     has     really     been     pirated 
by   the  defendant  B.      In   contentions   of  this 
kind   B   is  sometimes   much    surprised   at  the 
searching  sagacity  of  the  Court,  which  has  often 
shown    remarkable  astuteness   in   baffling    the 
efforts  of  those  who  try  to  found  a  fortune  on 
the  skill  and   reputation   of  another.     All  Her 
Majesty's  subjects,  said  the  Lord  Justice  Knight 
Bruce,  are  at  liberty  to  sell  sauces  and  pickles, 
and  not  the  less  so  that  their  fathers  have  sold 
sauces  and  pickles  before  them  ;  all  Her  Majesty's 
subjects  are  at  liberty  to  use  their  own  names, 
and  not  the  less,  &c. ;  yet  it  is  certain  that  if 
the   paternal   Burgess    had   long   sold   a   sauce 
specially  labelled    "Burgess's  sauce,"   and  the 
son  produced  and  sold  a  similarly  labelled  sauce 
in  such   manner   as  to   deceive  the   public,  he 
would  promptly  be  forbidden  to  use  his   own 
name  for  the  selling  of  sauce  in  that  manner. 
On  the  same  principle   two  men  really  named 
Day  and  Martin  have  been  restrained  from  sell- 
ing blacking  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  people 
believe   that   it   was   the   manufacture    of   the 
*'Day   &   Martin"   of    world-wide   celebrity. 
We  could  wish  that  Mr.  Fulton  had  given  more 
detailed   accounts  of   these   and   similar   cases, 
which  are  only  described  sufficiently  to  be  sug- 
gestive  rather    than    directly    serviceable.     It 
would  also  have  been  better  if  he  had  given  refer- 
ences to   decided   cases  for  all  the  interesting 
points  that  he  mentions,  e.g.,  that  "  Tovril  " 
has  been  held  to  be  a  forbidden  imitation  of 
*'  Bovril,"  "  Steinberg  "of   "  Steinway,"  a  bee- 
hive of  a  similarly  shaped  bell,  a  sprig  of  grape- 


vine of  a  sprig  of  hop-vine,  and  a  unicorn's 
head  of  a  horse's  head.  In  a  future  edition 
these  defects  of  an  otherwise  very  complete 
book  could  easily  be  remedied. 

The  Law  and  Practice  relatinrj   to   Writs  of 
Snmmons.       By    Walter     Gorst     Clay,     M.A. 
(Clowes  &  Sons.) — In  a  short  preface  Mr.  Clay 
explains  his  reasons  for  considering  that  there 
is  room  for  a  work  relating  to  writs  of  summons 
on  the  already  crowded  shelves  of  those  who 
study   legal    subjects.     It    might    perhaps    be 
assumed  by  the  uninitiated  that,  as  a  result  of 
the  numerous  law  reforms  of  late  years,  there 
would  now  be  just  one  form  of  writ,  of  which 
the  preparation  could  admit  of  no  sort  of  doubt 
or  difficulty.     But   such  an  assumption  would 
clearly  be  erroneous,  as  indeed  are  most  assump- 
tions of  outsiders  on  the  wayward  flittings  of 
the  law.     Mr.  Clay  shows  that  a  writ  consists 
ordinarily  of  thirteen  parts  (although,  accord- 
ing   to    his    view,   only  three    are    really  con- 
stituent parts) ;  that  there  are  ten  difl'erent  forms 
prescribed  by  Rules  of  Court  ;  and  that,  as  re- 
gards four  of  these  forms,  there  are  differences 
of  which  "  no  explanation  can  be  offered. "   When 
it  is  added  that  nearly  five  hundred  decisions, 
about   twenty   Acts   of   Parliament,    and   more 
than    a    hundred    Rules    of     Court    are    cited 
or    referred    to    in    the   course   of    this    little 
treatise,     there     can     remain     no     reasonable 
doubt  as  to  the  raison d'etre  of  the  book,  though 
it  may  be  that  many  persons  will  question  the 
efficacy  of  modern  Acts  which  were  intended  to 
simplify  the  law  !     If  so  much  confusion  and 
uncertainty  exist  as  to  the  commencement  of 
the  legal  struggle,  the  mere  match  which  is  to 
light  the  train,  what  can  we  expect  but  hope- 
less chaos  when  the  mine  catches  fire  and  the 
litigation  is  in  full  explosive  action  ?     Mr.  Clay 
has  fallen  into  the  mistake  of  thinking  a  defini- 
tion   of   his    subject-matter    unnecessary,  and 
commences  his  little  treatise  with  a  statement 
as  to  the  modern  origin  of  the  existing  form 
of  a  writ  of  summons,  without  pausing  for  a 
moment  to  tell  his  readers  what  a  writ  of  sum- 
mons is.      In    this,   and  in  his  use   of  certain 
abbreviations  (such  as  "  A. P.,"  "T.L.R.,"  and 
"  P.R.R.")  which  might  as  well  have  been  in- 
terpreted in    a   "  Table,"  he   makes  too   little 
allowance  for  the  possible  ignorance  of  laymen 
who  may  consult  his  book.     It  is  a  book,  how- 
ever, which  is  sure  to  be  useful,  though  its  use- 
fulness would  be  much  increased  by  a  substan- 
tial enlargement  of  the  index. 


THE   LITERATURE   OF   ANGLING. 

In  Analing   Travels    in    Norway,  by  Fraser 
Sandeman    (Chapman    &     Hall),    the     author 
pleasantly  records  his  not  very  extensive  know- 
ledge of  Scandinavian  waters  for  the  benefit  of 
other  anglers  who  know  less.     To  such  it  may 
be  recommended,  for  intending  visitors  will  not 
be   misled   by    well-meaning,  but    exaggerated 
encomiums  on  the  country,  the  people,  or  the 
sport ;    they   will,   on  the  contrary,  be  warned 
not  to  expect  too  much,  and  therefore  may  be 
saved  from  disappointment.      Mr.  Sandeman's 
experience    does    not   go   far   enough    back  to 
enable  him  to  realize  what  Norway  was  to  a 
salmon  fisher.     In  the  old  days  rents  were  low 
whilst  rivers  swarmed  with  splendid  fish  ;  now, 
from  many  causes,  the  reverse  is  true.  Formerly 
the  peoi)Ie  exhibited  most  strongly  their  attrac- 
tive qualities — simplicity,  kindness,  and  hospi- 
tality were  common  ;   and   though  these  traits 
are  by  no  means  extinct,   they  are    now  con- 
siderably modified,  and  often  obscured  by  what 
we    may   call   a   well  -  developed     and     strong 
financial  instinct.    The  older  visitors — we  write 
of  the  fishermen — were  select,  and   a  stranger 
found  it  no  easy  matter  to  enter  the  fraternity. 
They  for  tlio  most  part  went  year  after  year  to 
the  same  water,  learned  to  speak  the  language 
after   a  fashion,   and  were  on  the  best    terms 
with  the  Norwegians.     In  places,  as  elsewhere, 
very  rich  men  spoiled  the  market  for   others, 


some  by  paying  three  or  four  times  the  current 
rates  for  all  manner  of  things,  whilst  others  cared 
nothing  for  a  fish  the  moment  it  was  landed, 
and  made  it  over  as  if  it  were  worthless  to  the 
peasant  proprietors  of  the  bank,  with  the  result 
that  these  gentry  promptly  assumed  the  right 
to  every  fish  caught.  This  was,  of  course,  of  no 
importance  when  the  Englishman  did  not  want 
the  fish,  but  was  naturally  intolerable  to  men 
who  did,  or  who,  if  they  gave  away  what  they 
did  not  require,  as  was  usual,  expected 
acknowledgment  of  the  gift.  In  other  places, 
however,  sensible  treatment  produced  the  hap- 
piest results,  and  mutual  good  feeling  flourished 
between  peasants  and  sportsmen.  In  old 
days  the  peasant  proprietors  of  the  lower 
waters  had  no  temptation  to  destroy  angling  by 
excessive  netting,  for  they  wanted  no  salmon 
beyond  what  they  could  use  as  food  ;  now  the 
use  of  ice  in  packing  and  facilities  of  trans- 
port have  opened  the  markets  of  England,  and 
not  one  fish  which  can  be  prevented  passes 
upwards.  Hence  it  is  clear  that  an  intending 
lessee  requires  his  wits  about  him,  and  he  may 
profit  by  a  study  of  Mr.  Sandeman's  pages. 
The  remarks  on  tackle  are  sensible.  What  has 
to  be  borne  in  mind  is  that  the  rivers  in  Norway 
are  generally  very  much  larger  than  those  at 
home,  and  their  slope  and  velocity  enormously 
greater  ;  hence  a  grilse  of  4  to  6  ft.  weight  may 
easily  exert  a  strain  equal  to  that  of  a  50  ft. 
salmon  here,  and  consequently  tackle  must  be 
very  much  stronger.  The  volume,  well  illus- 
trated and  attractively  printed  and  bound, 
deserves  a  place  in  the  sportsman's  library. 

A  subject  of  great  interest  and  of  consider- 
able  commercial   value   is  dealt  with   and   ex- 
plained under  the  somewhat  misleading  title  of 
An  A'ncjler's  Paradise,  and  How  to  Obtain  It,  by 
J.   J.   Armistead  ('The  Angler'  Oftice).     The 
angler's  paradise,  as  we  have  always  believed, 
is  the  river  or  loch  wherein  he  makes  wonderful 
captures,    and   whereof   he   relates    still    more 
marvellous  stories  ;  whereas  the  volume  before 
us  deals  with  the  production  rather  than  with 
the  destruction  of  fish.     It  is  stiff"  reading,  and 
possesses  slender  charm  from  a  literary  point  of 
view  ;  but  these  defects  are  amply  compensated 
for  by  its  undoubted  value  as  a  record  of  what 
has  been  done  in   the  way  of  fish  culture,  as 
suggesting  what  may  be  done  with  water  now 
idle  and  unproductive,  and  as  a  manual  or  guide 
for  those  who  may  attempt  fish  farming.     Now 
no  one  widely  acquainted  with  our  rivers  and 
lakes  will  deny  the  need   for  some    measures 
whereby  the  very  serious   falling   ofl'    in  their 
yield  of  fish  and  sport  may  be  repaired  ;  and 
all  interested  (and  there  are  many  besides  the 
angler)  will  welcome  and   encourage    artificial 
breeding  as  an  obvious  means  of  improvement. 
By  itself  it  cannot  succeed  in  curing  the  existing 
evil,  which,    however,    it    may    in    a    measure 
alleviate.     And  the  reason  is  that  rivers  once 
teeming  with  trout  of  fine  size  and  condition, 
but  now  of  small  value  for  fishing,  have  been 
ruined,  not  by  poaching  nor  by  the  increased 
number  of  fishermen,   but  by  the  wanton  and 
destructive  action  of  men  who  have  interfered, 
not  wisely,  but  too  well,  with  the  provisions  of 
nature.  In  the  first  place,  the  upper  proprietors, 
tempted  with  a  prospect  of  increased  rents  for 
sheep-grazing,   obtained  chiefly  at   the  cost  of 
the   tenants  of    their   grouse   moors,    cut    and 
drained  the  unfortunate  bog  in  which  rain  was 
arrested   and   retained    for    a    time,   and  from 
which  a  gradual  but  bountiful  supply  oozed  its 
way  to  the  river,  with  the  result  that  a  hea\-y 
rainfall    was    immediately    discharged    into    a 
channel   unsuited   to    the    extraordinary   flood 
thus  artificially   created.      The  flood   naturally 
did  much  damage  ;  it  brought  down  shingle  and 
debris  of   all  sorts,    whicli   filled  up    the  deep 
pools,   the   shallows  and   sides    being    scoured 
away,  to  the  destruction  of  spawning  beds  and 
of  the  stores  of  food   whereon  the  fishes  fed. 
This  was  followed  by  a  fall  as  rapid  as  the  rise; 
but  the  pools  having  disappeared,  the  fish  had 


96 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3534,  July  20, '95 


no  shelter,  and  had  either  to  move  down  stream 
or  to  become  a  prey  to  their  natural  enemies. 
They  did  both,  no  doubt;  but  the  result  has  been 
in  many  instances  the  practical  destruction  of 
miles  of  fine  fishing  water,  and  no  amount  of 
artificial  breeding  will  benefit  such  places.     The 
other  chief  causes  of  deterioration  are  the  erection 
and  maintenance  of  dams  or  weirs  so  high  that 
fish  cannot    ordinarily   ascend    them,  and    the 
pollution    of    the    water   by  the    discharge    of 
refuse.  If  sufficient  Acts  of  Parliament  exist  by 
which  the  latter  may  be  controlled,  they  are  not, 
for  one  reason  or  another,  enforced,  and  noble 
rivers  are  gradually  being  reduced  to  the  posi- 
tion and  status  of  common  sewers.     In  both  of 
these  cases  the  remedy  lies  clearly  far  beyond, 
and  must    precede,    any   advantage    from   fish 
culture  ;  but  there  are,  no  doubt,  many  streams 
not  so  destroyed,   in  which,    under  a  sensible 
system,  fish  might  be  profitably  farmed.     The 
volume  under  consideration  does  good  service 
in  calling  attention  to  this,  and  in  pointing  out, 
what  is  of  the  highest  importance,  that  unless 
proper  provision  for  their  food  is  made   it   is 
useless  to  stock  such  waters  with  fish.     Hitherto 
it  has  been  a    common    experience   that  after 
stocking  a  fresh  river  or  lake,  the  results  have 
proved  eminently  satisfactory  for  a  few  years, 
and  then  there  has  been  a  gradually  increasing 
deterioration.     It  is  just  the  same  with  land  ; 
when  first  cultivated  the  yield  is  enormous,  but 
that  is  not  maintained  unless  what  is  taken  out 
of  the  soil  is  returned  to  it.     So  in  water  culti- 
vation the  plants  congenial  to  the  insects   on 
which  fish  live  must  be  preserved,  the  weeds 
noxious  to  the  young  fry  or  which  harbour  their 
enemies  must  be  destroyed,    various  sorts    of 
shellfish  and  crustaceans  and  the   larvre  of  flies 
must  be  introduced,  and  thus  the  balance    of 
food  and  its  consumption  must  be  maintained. 
That  this  can  be  done  to  undoubted  profit  and 
how  to  do  it  are  both  evident  from  a  careful 
study  of  Mr.   Armistead's  book,  and  probably 
few  persons  are  better  qualified  than  the  author 
to  convey  practical  instruction  on  the  subject. 
Many  other  matters  which  space  forbids  us  to 
consider  are  touched  on.    Trout,  like  sheep,  are 
the  better  for  dipping  ;  the  mysterious,  but  very 
deadly  disease  Sapi'olegnia  ferax  has  been  care- 
fully observed  ;  and  that  which  will  prove  the 
strongest    support   of    artificial    breeding  —  its 
return  as  an  investment — is  thus  alluded  to  : — 

"  Of  the  success  of  trout  culture  there  can  be  do 
dispute,  and  I  maintain  that  what  can  be  done  with 
trout  may  be  done  on  a  far  greater  and  more  profit- 
able scale  with  salmon There  is,  however,  this 

difference,  that  trout  being  retainable  in  fresh- 
water ponds  can  be  successfully  cultivated  by  the 
individual,  whereas  salmon  must  be  allowed  to  go 

to  sea Of  one  point  I  have  no   doubt— that  no 

investment  would  pay  a  much  better  dividend  if 
properly  managed." 

The  volume  is  well  turned  out  and  may  safely 
be  recommended  to  all  interested  in  the  subject, 
and  specially  to  those  who  can  command  a 
stream  whose  waters  are  now  unproductive. 


The  Wliite  Khuj's  Daughter,  by  Emma  Mar- 
shall (Seeley  &  Co.),  challenges  comparison 
with  some  of  the  best  of  Mrs.  Marshall's  many 
good  historical  stories.  The  luckless  princess, 
whose  sad  history  Mrs.  Marshall  tells  us  with 
so  much  pathetic  grace,  is  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Charles  I.,  whom  men  sometimes  call  the 
"White  King,"  for  "he  was  arrayed  in  a  fine 
white  satin  robe  when  crowned  king,"  and  the 
snow  covered  him  with  glistening  white  when 
he  was  borne,  feet  foremost,  into  the  chapel  at 
Windsor  for  his  burying.  Princess  Elizabeth 
was  a  gracious  and  charming  child,  a  noble 
example  of  fortitude  and  endurance,  and  the 
chronicle  of  her  short  and  sorrowful  life  is 
altogether  worthy  of  study. 

The  Young  Pretenders.  By  Edith  Henrietta 
Fowler.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — The  title  of  Miss 
Fowler's  book  would  lead  us  to  expect  a 
Jacobite  romance ;  but  titles  are  sometimes 
misleading.  The  "  young  pretenders  "  are  very 
modern  children  ;  they  live  in  London,  tem- 
pered by  the  country,  and  they  are  burdened 
with  parents  who  are  absent  and  guardians 
who  are  unsympathetic.  Towards  the  end  of 
the  book  "Father-and-Mother-in-Inja "  come 
back,  and  poor  impulsive  little  Babs  begins  to 
live  again  the  happy  child-life  which  belongs  to 
her  of  right.  It  is  a  pretty  and  attractive  little 
story,  and  has  the  good  fortune  to  be  illustrated 
by  Mr.  Philip  Burne-Jones. 

The  House  of  her  Prison,  by  E.  S.  Curry 
(Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge),  is 
a  depressing  little  tale  of  tenement  life  in  the 
wilds  of  London.  The  unhappy  prisoner  is 
tempted  by  the  demon  drink,  and  goes  through 
much  pain  and  trouble  before  her  redemption. 
But  all  comes  right  in  the  end,  though  not  in 
the  tenement  building. 

My  Heart's  Best  Treasure,  by  Phoebe  Allen 
(same  publishers),  is  a  pretty  story  of  a  doll's 
house,  sure  to  be  popular  among  the  nursery 
folk. 


BOOKS    FOli   THE    YOUNG. 

Mrs.  Molesworth's  stories,  like  many  other 
good  things,  vary  in  merit,  and  we  must  confess 
that  Sheila's  Mystery  (Macmillan  &  Co.)  is  not  so 
attractive  to  us  as  many  of  her  predecessors. 
Sheila  is  one  of  tliose  unhappy  beings  who  are 
afflicted  with  a  morbid  introspective  mind  ; 
griefs  and  grievances  meet  her  at  every  turn  ; 
finally,  by  listening,  she  becomes  convinced  that 
she  is  concerned  in  a  sad  and  secret  family 
mystery,  and  that  she  is  not  herself  at  all,  but 
somebody  else.  This  discovery  so  weighs  upon 
her  spirits  that  she  runs  away,  and  then  there  is 
a  pretty  coil.  In  the  end  tlie  mystery— for  there 
really  is  a  mystery— is  unravelled,  and  Sheila, 
whohas  quite  misunderstood  the  tags  of  discourse 
she  overheard,  isreinstated,  and  becomes  another 
and  a  better  girl.  So  all  ends  well  ;  but  the 
story  of  the  twisted  workings  of  the  jealous  and 
unhealthy  little  mind  is  not  good  reading. 


MILITARY   LITERATURE. 


Whilst  it  is  in  many  respects  desirable  that 
officers  should  be  encouraged  to  take  notes  of 
the   various   operations   which    they   see   when 
employed   on   military  expeditions,    and   after- 
wards to  embody  them  in  a  report  or  even  in 
the  form  of  a  book,  it  is  at  the  same  time  im- 
portant that  their  work  should  be  prepared  on 
some  definite  plan,  in  order  that  the  main  facts 
be  not  overlooked  or  obscured  by  detail  which 
has   merely   a   temporary  interest.      The  daily 
routine  of  marching,  in  which  some  company  or 
regiment  formed  the  advance,  other  regiments 
the    main   body,    and  certain  troops   furnished 
the  rear  guard,  is,  no  doubt,  at  the  moment  of 
supreme  interest  to  those  concerned,   but  this 
information  is  of  little  value  when  the  expe- 
dition  is   over ;     whereas   the    nature    of    the 
country  traversed,  its  inhabitants,  its  capability 
of  yielding  supplies  for  an  army,  and  the  expe- 
rience gained   when  marching   through   it,  are 
subjects  of  permanent  interest  as  long  as  there 
is  a  chance  of  a  repetition  of  the  march  by  our 
troops,  or  the  possibility  of  invasion  by  others. 
The   absence   of   system,  whereby  undue   pre- 
ponderance  is    given    to    routine    detail    over 
matters  of  permanent  importance,  is  noticeable 
inCapt.  Crawford  McFall's  in  many  respects  ex- 
cellent description  of  operations  entitled  With 
the  Zhob  Field  Force,  1890  (Heinemann),  and  is  to 
be  regretted  ;  for  the  country  of  the  Zhob  Valley 
and  its  neighl)ourhood  is  an  important  part  of 
India's    frontier,    opposite    to    Kandahar    and 
Ghazni,  wlience  roads  proceed  which  eventually 
meet   the    roads    and   railways  of   the  Punjab. 
The    same     defect      is     evident     also    in     the 
matter     of    illustrations,     for     although    there 
are   ninety   sketches    by  the    author   (many   of 
more  than  usual  merit),  there  is  no  ma{)  and 
there  is  no  index.     Capt.  McFall  has,  however, 
taken   pains  to  inform  himself  of  the  reasons 
why  the  command  of  the  Zhob  Valley  is  neces- 


sary for  British  interests,  and  he  has  printed  a 
brief  summary  of  former  expeditions.  He  states 
that  ' '  the  earliest  officer  to  traverse  the  district 
seems  to  have  been  Lieut.  Broadfoot,  who  in 
1839  joined  a  caravan  of  Pawindahs  at  Ghazni 
and  entered  India  by  this  road."  But  it  seems 
doubtful  whether  he  has  read  Lieut.  Broad- 
foot's  report,  which  was  long  treated  as  confi- 
dential, and  was,  therefore,  inaccessible  save  to 
a  few  privileged  oflicers.  The  document  has 
been  published  in  the  supplementary  papers  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  (vol.  i.  part  iii.,. 
1885),  and  though  in  course  of  time,  as  our 
knowledge  extends,  it  may  be  superseded,  it  has 
been  and  is  still  for  many  localities  our  only 
source  of  information,  and  has  so  far  proved  to 
be  remarkably  accurate.  The  expedition  de- 
scribed by  Capt.  McFall  is  that  which  took  place 
in  1890  under  Major-General  Sir  George  White, 
now  Commander-in-Chief  in  India,  accompanied 
by  the  late  Sir  Robert  Sandeman,  who  recom- 
mended it  rather  as  an  exhibition  of  our  power 
in  the  interests  of  peace  than  as  a  punitive 
measure.  It  was  fairly  successful,  though  how 
long  its  good  effects  may  remain  it  would  be  pre- 
mature to  prophesy.  How  the  troops  marched 
over  1,800  miles  of  rough  and  in  places  all  bub 
waterless  country,  and  how  they  fared,  is  agree- 
ably told  in  this  volume  ;  whilst  the  sketches  of 
the  Takht  Sulaiman  and  of  other  hills,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  natives,  are  always  of  interest, 
and  sometimes  reach  considerable  artistic  ex- 
cellence. 

A  serviceable  and  comprehensive  account  of 
a  creditable  service  of  thirty-five  years  in  the 
Indian  Medical  Department  is  furnished  in 
Memories  of  Seven  Ca.mpaigns,  by  Deputy-Sur- 
geon-General J.  H.  Thornton,  C.B.  (Constable 
&  Co.).  The  period  of  service  commenced  in 
1856  and  ended  in  1891,  and  therefore  included 
several  events  of  historical  importance.  Of  wars 
there  were  the  Mutiny  of  1857-58  ;  the  Chinese 
war,  1860 ;  the  Khasia  and  Jaintia  rising,  a 
protest  against  income  tax,  1862-63  ;  Bhutan, 
1864-65  ;  Egypt,  1882  ;  Suakin,  1885  ;  and  ex- 
peditions to  the  Black  Mountain  in  Hazara, 
1888  and  1890  ;  in  all  of  which  Dr.  Thornton 
took  part,  first  as  a  junior  and  latterly  as  prin- 
cipal medical  officer.  His  experience,  therefore, 
was  considerable,  and  his  hospital  arrangements, 
specially  those  on  board  the  P.  and  O.  steamship 
Hydaspes,  and  afterwards  on  board  the  Czare- 
vitch, attracted  the  attention  and  called  forth 
the  compliments  of  Lord  Wolseley,  and  were 
rewarded  in  due  course  by  mention  in  despatches 
and  by  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  In  addition  to 
experience  in  the  field  he  had,  as  is  usual,  civiJ 
employment,  including  the  charge  of  dispen- 
saries, gaols,  civil  stations,  and  some  private 
practice.  He  also  acquired  an  insight  into  the 
ways  of  civil  administration.  Thus  when  he  was 
in  Arrah  in  1874  there  was  some  irregularity  in 
the  rainfall,  accompanied  by  scarcity  and  distress 
in  the  northern  parts  of  Behar  and  positive 
famine  in  parts  of  Tirlioot  and  Churaparun,  and 
an  officer  of  exalted  rank  was  deputed  to  super- 
intend the  famine  campaign  and  prevent  disasters 
such  as  had  previously  occurred. 

"Unhappily  an  exaggerated  estimate  of  the  situa- 
tion was  formed,  a  lavish  and  unnecessary  outlay 
took  place,  and  a  prodigious  waste  of  money  re- 
sulted. In  my  district  there  never  was  any  distress 
at  all.  Yet  we  were  constrained  to  do  something, 
as  otherwise  we  should  have  been  regarded  as  care- 
less and  inelTicient.  So  we  collected  a  lot  of  beggars 
(plenty  of  whom  are  always  to  be  found  in  every 
district  in  India)  and  fed  them  for  several  montha 
as  a  famine  relief  measure." 

The  officers  seem  to  have  been  wise  in  their 
generation,  and  doubtless  in  the  fulness  of  time 
they  reaped  their  reward.  Dr.  Thornton  also 
noticed  on  return  from  furlough  in  1878  that 
the  Sone  canal  works  were  in  full  operation, 
with  the  result  that  the  climate,  which  had  been 
hot,  but  healthy,  "became  humid  and  insalu- 
brious"; and  he  has  a  word  to  say  on  the  sub- 
ject of  opium,  being  convinced,  as  the  result  of 
long  observation,  that  the  use  of  it. 


N*'  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


97 


"instead     of    being    injurious is    harmless 

unless  carried  to  excess.  Even  when  used  im- 
moderately the  injury  to  heallh  is  far  less  grave 
than  that  caused  by  the  excessive  use  of  alcoholic 

drinks There  is  therefore  no   valid  reason    for 

interference  with  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
opium  in  India,  notwithstanding  the  outcry  that 
has  been  raised  against  it  by  certain  well-meaning, 
but  ill-informed  and  prejudiced  persons  in  this 
country." 

The  author's  descriptions  of  roads  and  scenery 
are  characterized  by  fidelity  ;  he  has  an  artistic 
eye,  which  has  been  transmitted,  we  imagine, 
to  the  illustrators  of  the  volume,  whose  work 
throughout  is  excellent.  His  last  appointment 
was  to  the  medical  superintendence  of  the 
Punjab  frontier,  and  he  was  thus  brought  in 
contact  with  many  interesting  persons,  and 
beheld  scenery  which  either  for  grandeur  and 
beauty,  or  in  other  parts  for  utter  desolation, 
would  be  hard  to  equal.  It  is  pleasant  to  find 
that  he  is,  after  long  and  varied  experience, 
well  pleased  with  the  Indian  Medical  Service, 
whose  advantages  are 

"superior  to  the  inducements  held  out  by  any  other 
medical  service  in  any  part  of  the  world,  and  they 
will  doubtless  continue  to  attract  many  clever  young 

men It  is  true,  indeed,  that  here  as  elsewhere 

wealth  and  distinction  are  onlj'  gained  by  a  few 
fortunate  individuals,  but  every  member  of  the 
Indian  Medical  Service  who  does  his  duty  and  keeps 
his  health  is  assured  of  a  comfortable  competence 
while  in  the  Service  and  an  adequate  pension  on 
retirement." 

The  volume  is  clearly  printed,  well  bound,  and 
profusely  illustrated. 


ORIENTAL   LITERATURE. 


We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  learned  Keeper 
of  the  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  antiquities  in  the 
British  Museum  has  not  abandoned,  in  spite  of 
heavy  official  work,  his  love  for  Syriac.  After 
having  edited  and  ably  translated  the  '  Book  of 
the  Bee '  (1886),  the  '  History  of  Alexander ' 
by  Pseudo  -  Callisthenes  (1889),  noticed  in  the 
Athenceum,  and  the  '  Book  of  Governors  :  the 
Historia  Monastica  of  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Marga' 
(1893),  he  took  in  hand  a  work  most  interesting 
for  ecclesiastical  history  as  wellasfor  Syriac  philo- 
logy, viz.,  The  Discourses  of  Philvxenus,  Bishop 
ofMabbogh,  2  vols.  (Asher),  who  wrote  the  purest 
Syriac,  and  was  for  his  time  (he  flourished  in 
the  sixth  century)  one  of  the  best  exponents 
as  regards  subtle  theology  in  tlie  East.  He 
employs  few  Greek  words,  and  his  style  is  cha- 
racterized by  interesting  and  unusual  gram- 
matical constructions.  Dr.  Budge  has  made, 
indeed,  the  best  choice  in  publishing  the  dis- 
courses of  Philoxenus,  and  in  this  he  has  the 
approval  of  the  leading  Syriac  scholars  on  the 
Continent.  His  excellent  and  critical  edition  is 
founded  upon  eight  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum, 
of  which  he  supplies  a  description  in  his  preface. 
There  are,  indeed,  not  too  many  errata,  which 
are  given  at  the  end  of  the  preface  to  the  second 
volume.  An  excellent  addition  to  Syriac  palago- 
graphy  will  be  found  in  a  reproduction  of  four 
plates  of  the  four  typical  MSS.  lie  used.  He 
was  also  right  to  make  his  translation  as  literal 
as  possible,  adding  necessary  additions  in 
brackets,  which  will  be  gratifying  to  Syriac 
scholars  as  well  as  to  theologians  who  are  not 
acquainted  with  Syriac.  Philoxenus,  as  may 
be  expected,  often  quotes  Biblical  passages, 
which  agree  mostly  with  the  version  of  the 
Peshitta,  although  lie  probably  quoted  from 
memory.  Dr.  Budge's  chapter  on  the  com- 
parison of  Scriptural  quotations  in  the  discourses 
with  the  Pesliitta  and  other  versions  is  of  great 
use  for  the  history  of  the  translation  of  the 
Bible  in  the  East.  The  chapter  on  the  life  of 
Philoxenus  is  exhaustive  as  far  as  MSS.  have 
reached  us,  for  little  as  yet  has  been  published 
on  the  life  of  our  author.  Next  comes  a  chapter 
on  the  creed  of  Philoxenus,  who  was  a  monophy- 
site.  The  most  important  chapter  for  Syriac 
literature  is  the  description  of  the  works  of 
Philoxenus  which  are  preserved  in  MSS.  in 
London    (British    Museum),    in    the    National 


Library  of  Paris,  in  the  Vatican  Library,  and 
in  the  Bodleian.  Among  these  is  the  literal 
translation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament, 
which  was  completed  about  508  a.d.  It  was 
finished  with  the  assistance  of  the  Chorepis- 
copus  Polycarp,  and  was  well  received  by  the 
Jacobite  Church.  Philoxenus  wrote  also  a 
commentary  on  the  New  Testament,  of 
which  fragments  exist  in  MSS.  Besides  these 
important  translations  and  commentaries.  Dr. 
Budge  enumerates  seventy -eight  theological 
treatises,  most  of  them  discourses,  letters,  and 
controversial  monographs  against  the  Nestorians. 
Many  of  them  were  translated  into  Arabic,  and 
some  of  his  prayers  and  hymns  into  Arabic  and 
Ethiopic.  Thus  Dr.  Budge's  text  will  be  wel- 
come to  Oriental  scholars,  and  the  translation  to 
theologians  who  are  interested  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  two  great  branches  of  Christianity, 
viz.,  the  .Jacobites  and  the  Nestorians.  Scholars 
will  be  grateful  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Litera- 
ture, under  whose  auspices  this  important  work 
has  appeared. 

The  well-printed  little  volume  lately  issued 
by  the  Cambridge  University  Press  under  the 
title  of  The  Modern  Egyptian  Dialect  of  Arabic 
is  a  timely  translation,  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Burkitt, 
of  the  German  grammar  of  Dr.  K.  Vollers,  and 
is  worthy  of  high  commendation  from  its  simple 
and  unafi"ected  mode  of  handling  a  somewhat 
complex  subject.  Few  but  those  who  have 
actually  experienced  the  difliculty  of  using  pure, 
classical  book  Arabic  as  a  means  of  colloquial 
intercourse  with  a  people  speaking  only  some 
distinct  vulgar  dialect  of  that  tongue  can 
realize  the  helplessness  in  this  respect  of  one 
who  has  passed  at  Bombay  as  an  interpreter, 
when  surrounded  by  a  talkative  crowd  in  a 
Masfcat  or  Cairo  bazar.  Before  he  can  un- 
derstand, and  make  himself  understood  by, 
such  living  surroundings,  he  will  have  to  un- 
learn many  carefully  acquired  words  and  ex- 
pressions, throw  grammatical  rules  to  the  winds, 
and  plunge  into  apparent  patois.  For  Cairo 
practice  Vollers  would  be  to  him  a  true  boon, 
as  his  previous  book  knowledge  would  greatly 
facilitate  his  apprehension  of  the  teaching  put 
before  him.  It  would  be  well,  indeed,  to  have 
in  much  the  same  form  as  this  Egyptian 
grammar  an  exposition  of  each  of  the  ten 
dialects  named  in  its  introduction,  though 
we  are  not  sure  that  the  total  number 
might  not  be  reduced  by  one  or  two.  In 
any  case  Egypt  supplies  a  most  welcome 
instalment,  for  which  Dr.  Vollers  merits  the 
warm  acknowledgments  of  English  residents, 
who  have  not  found  full  practical  benefit  in 
Seidel  or  previous  publications.  Twenty  years 
ago  Ya'/iub  Naklila  broke  ground  at  Cairo  in  the 
preparation  of  a  grammar  of  '  Vulgar  Conversa- 
tional Arabic,'  and  later  writers  have  further 
elaborated  the  theme  ;  but  we  have  now, 
perhaps,  attained  so  complete  a  knowledge  of 
these  things  as  regards  Egypt,  that  the  work 
under  present  notice  might  serve  as  a  model  for 
instruction  in  other  dialects  of  the  language  of 
Muhammadanism.  Several  of  those  who  avail 
themselves  of  the  volume  will,  doubtless,  find 
one  of  its  chief  attractions  in  the  extract 
from  a  modern  Arabic  version  of  Moliere's 
'Tartuff'e,'  in  alexandrian  metre.  If  the  stu- 
dent can  be  coached  up  to  the  correct  appre- 
ciation of  this  performance  by  study  of  the 
peculiarities  of  dialect  which  it  exemplifies,  he 
will  not  have  read  Burkitt's  '  Vollers  '  in  vain. 
As  a  translation  it  exhibits  ultra  freedom, 
tliough,  possibly,  not  more  than  Fitzgerald's 
'  Uniar  Khaiyam.'  If  the  whole  comedy  be 
rendered  in  the  spirit  of  the  extract,  the  trans- 
lator, Muhammad  Bey  Usman  .Jalal,  may  be 
congratulated  on  a  remarkable  literary  achieve- 
ment. The  devout  Muslim,  at  the  appointed 
hour  of  prayer  in  the  masjid,  could  scarcely 
have  been  contemplated  by  Moliere  when  he 
put  into  the  mouth  of  Cl^ante  his  condemna- 
tion of 


Ces  gens  qui,  par  une  &me  a  I'interet  soumise. 
Font  de  devotion  metier  et  marcbandise, 
Et  veulent  acheter  credit  et  dignites 
A  prix  de  faux  clins  d'yeux  et  d'^Ians  affectes; 

and  yet  his  Egyptian  expounder  has  caught  ths 
spirit  of  his  words  in  a  modern  Arabic  render- 
ing, tlie  easy  flow  of  which  seems  to  savour  of 
responsive  sympathy,  as  if  he  knew  his  man. 

Capt.  F.  E.  Johnson's  new  translation  of  the 
31u\dlakdt ;  or,  Seven  Poems  suspended  in  the 
Temple  of  Mecca  (Luza.c  &  Co.),  maybe  held  a 
gratifying,  if  not  very  emphatic  sign  of  the  yet 
unquenched  ardour  of  our  English  Arabists  in 
a  most  interesting  field.  Each  of  the  famous 
compositions,  bearing,  respectively,  the  names 
of  '  Imra-ul-/tais,'  '  5arafa,' 'Zuhair,'  'Labid,' 
"Amru,'  ' 'Antara,'  and  'Hdrith,'  is  here  re- 
produced with  a  line-by-line  translation  into 
English,  and  running  commentary.  The  student 
might  do  well,  in  analyzing  the  contents  of  the 
volume  under  notice,  to  compare  with  them 
Sir  William  Jones's  version  of  the  same  writings. 
In  so  doing  he  would  be  struck  with  the  differ- 
ences of  transliteration  exhibited,  and  the  fact 
that  while  the  number  of  verses  in  the  two- 
translations  of  '  Hdrith  '  exactly  agree,  the 
lines  themselves  are  for  the  greater  part  dis- 
cordant in  meaning  and  matter.  Should  he 
chance  to  possess  Mr.  Clouston's  volume  of 
'  Arabian  Poetry  for  English  Readers, 'he  would 
find  in  its  pages  the  whole  '  Mu'allaA:d.t '  as 
rendered  by  Jones,  together  with  other  excel- 
lent pabulum.  But,  above  all,  let  him  give  his 
attention  to  Mr.  C.  J.  Lyall's  able  and  appre- 
ciative rendering  of  'Zuhair,'  published  some 
sixteen  years  ago  in  the  Bengal  Asiatic 
Society's  Journal.  Some  of  its  valuable 
annotations,  if  repeated  with  acknowledg- 
ment, would  have  added  to  the  usefulness  of 
Capt.  Johnson's  volume,  especially  in  the 
instance  of  "  Ahmar  of  the  tribe  of  'Ad,"  re- 
ferred to  in  verse  32,  where  the  more  recent 
annotator  makes  little  more  than  allusion  to  a 
question  of  identity  carefully  sifted  by  Mr. 
Lyall.  But  it  is  only  fair  to  note  the  author's 
intention  expressed  in  the  preface,  that  the 
present  publication  should  be  "nothing  more 
than  an  aid  to  the  student."  We  must  not 
omit  mention  of  an  introduction  by  *'  Shaikh 
Faizullahbhai,  Esq.,  B.A.  of  Bombay,"  de- 
scribed as  a  "really  first-class  Arabic  scholar." 
Save  that  it  is  needlessly  ornate  and  has  a 
flavour  of  Indian  English,  it  is  a  useful  and 
creditable  paper,  and  may  serve  to  supplement 
previous  expositions  of  the  "  suspended  poems  " 
that  have  appeared  in  our  own  language.  The 
writer  should  warn  his  printer,  however,  not 
to  persist  in  spelling  ^^ cannons  of  criticism" 
as  though  they  were  destructive  field  -  pieces 
(pp.  ix,  x).  As  to  English  versions  of  the 
'Mu'allafcat'  other  than  those  above  named, 
Dr.  Carlyle  and  Prof.  Palmer  deserve  notice  for 
interesting,  though  fragmentary  contributions. 
But  Mr.  Lyall  has,  perhaps,  achieved  more  real 
progress  ;  and  the  character  of  his  work  is  such 
that  its  continuance  may  well  be  desired  by 
Orientalists  who  are  anxious  to  promote  the 
intelligent  study  of  Arabic  in  England. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  first  two  /as- 
cicnli  of  Dr.  K.  Brockelmann's  Lexicon  Syria- 
cnm  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark  ;  Berlin, 
Reuter  &  Reichard),  and  we  are  happy  to  con- 
gratulate him  on  the  accomplishment  of 
his  difficult  task.  We  repeat  that  the  author 
has  neglected  the  idiomatic  part  of  the  lan- 
guage, which  is  more  important  in  a  concise 
dictionary  than  the  detailed  indication  of  the 
sources.  In  many  cases  forms  of  nouns  and 
conjugations  of  verbs  are  omitted.  This  will, 
we  ho[)e,  be  mended  in  a  second  edition  of  this 
useful  work,  which  we  are  certain  will  sooji 
appear.  That  our  author  was  somehow  hasty 
in  publishing  this  work  c;in  be  seen  from  the 
list  of  (iddendu  and  corri'jenda  at  the  end,  which 
extends  over  no  fewer  than  twelve  pages.  The 
index  Latino  -  Syriacus  will  bo  welcome  to 
students  from  whom  translations  from  a  modern 


98 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'^Sdai,  July  20, '95 


Language  are  required  in  examination  for  the 
Semitic  school.  Dr.  Brockelmann  acknow- 
ledges the  help  of  many  eminent  Semitic 
scholars,  such  as  Prof.  Noldeke,  of  Strasbourg, 
Wellhausen,  of  Gottingen,  and  M.  Duval,  of 
Paris — help  which  guarantees  the  character  of 
the  work.  Dr.  Brockelmann's  dictionary  will 
be  the  guide  for  students  of  Syriac  until  that  of 
Miss  Payne-Smith  apj^ears,  which  will  have  the 
advantage  of  being  in  English. 

The  numerous  compositions  in  Sanskrit 
literature  which  treat  of  rhetoric  and  poetics, 
and  are  comprised  under  the  technical  class 
term  "  alankaracjastra, "  have  supplied  the 
model  and  substratum  to  similar  works  in  some 
of  the  Indian  vernaculars,  more  especially 
Bengali  and  Hindi,  Tamil  and  Canarese.  Some 
of  the  Sanskrit  manuals  have  long  been  acces- 
sible in  good  text  editions,  while  the  bulk, 
fully  described  (so  far  as  this  country  is  con- 
cerned) in  Aufrecht's  and  Eggeling's  catalogues, 
are  still  available  in  manuscript  only.  It  is 
unfortunate,  however,  that  the  one  English 
translation  that  has  been  made  of  any  of  those 
manuals,  that  of  the  Sahityadarpa?ia,  should 
long  have  been  out  of  print,  so  that  it  is  not 
easy  for  the  student  of  general  literature  as  a 
science  to  instruct  himself  on  those  details 
unless  he  is  sufficiently  well  versed  in  Sanskrit. 
Under  these  circumstances,  Dr.  G.  A.  Grierson, 
CLE.,  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service,  who  is  a 
perfect  master  of  Hindi  in  all  its  dialectical 
varieties  and  of  its  rich  poetical  literature,  both 
written  and  unwritten,  has  added  one  more  to 
his  many  literary  services  by  bringing  out  in 
five  successive  numbers  of  the  Indian  Antiqtiary 
the  text  and  translation  of  an  original  Hindi 
handbook  of  rhetoric,  entitled  Bhdshd- 
bhfishana,  the  author  of  which,  Jaswant  Singh, 
died  in  1815.  This  work  is  substantially  based 
on  the  Sahityadarpana,  the  terminology  of 
which  it  has  retained,  but  proceeds  on  inde- 
pendent lines.  While,  in  the  opinion  of  Dr. 
Grierson,  it  is  a  miracle  of  compactness,  its 
language  is  remarkably  simple  and  its  style 
pleasing.  It  has  also  been  illustrated  by  a 
number  of  commentaries,  of  which  the  trans- 
lator in  his  notes  has  made  excellent  use.  A 
full  alphabetical  index  of  technical  terms 
enhances  the  practical  value  of  the  work,  and 
the  issue,  as  a  separate  publication  (Luzac  & 
Co.),  of  the  five  articles  of  which  it  originally 
consisted,  will  bring  it  within  easy  reach  of  a 
larger  number  of  students  than  in  the  recesses 
of  the  Indian  Antiqiiary. 

The  Kathdkoga ;  or,  Treasury  of  Stories. 
Translated  from  Sanskrit  Manuscripts  by 
C.  H.  Tawney.  (Oriental  Translation  Fund, 
New  Series,  II.) — Ever  since  Buddhism  has 
come  to  be  studied  by  Western  scholars 
it  has  been  recognized  that  it  has  largely 
made  use  of  apologues,  fables,  stories,  and 
novelettes  to  inculcate  its  teachings,  both 
moral  and  doctrinal— a  mode  of  instruction 
fitting  in  well  with  the  dogma  of  metempsy- 
chosis with  which  the  whole  of  that  religion  is 
quickened,  and  specially  calculated  to  reach  the 
masses.  The  Jataka  Book,  the  Avadanagataka, 
and  the  Jatakamala  are  the  best  -  known  col- 
lections of  such  stories.  It  has  been  different 
with  Jainism,  its  sister  religion  both  in  point 
of  origin  and  tendency.  Its  voluminous  sacred 
literature,  couched  partly  in  Prakrit,  partly  in 
a  mixed  or  slipshod  sort  of  Sanskrit,  has  but  at 
a  comparatively  recent  date  been  reached  in  the 
organized  search  for  Sanskrit  manuscripts  ;  and 
we  owe  it  in  the  first  place  to  the  indefatigable 
labours  of  Weber  and  Biihler  that  its  contents 
have  been  revealed  to  us,  while  a  band  of 
younger  scholars  —  Jacobi,  Klatt,  Leumann, 
Hoernle,  Bendall,  Pavolini,  Count  Pulle'  — 
have  been  zealously  at  work  making  abstracts 
of  those  books,  and  establishing  the  history  of 
Jain  religious  literature  on  a  solid  basis.  We 
know  now  that  tlie  teachers  of  the  .Jains  (who 
are  still  represented  in  various  parts  of  India  by 
higl)ly  respectable  communities)  resorted  to  that 


popular  method  of  inculcating  their  tenets  to 
a  far  greater  extent  than  those  of  the  Buddhists, 
the  most  famous  of  their  story-books,  besides 
the  one  at  the  head  of  this  notice,  being  the 
Samyaktvakanmudikathanaka,  the  Upadeqamala, 
the  Upadegaratnamala,  and  the  Kathjvratnakara. 
Individual  tales  from  these  and  other  collections 
have  appeared  in  Europe  at  various  times.  But 
the  Kathako9a  is  the  first  complete  work  of 
which  a  translation  has  been  presented  to  us  ; 
and  from  it  we  can  judge  of  the  general  cha- 
racter of  the  class  of  Jain  literature  to  which  it 
belongs.  As  compared  with  the  Jataka  Book, 
it  lacks  the  primitive  freshness  and  simplicity 
which  are  among  the  peculiar  charms  of  the 
latter,  while  it  reveals  a  more  civilized  state  of 
society,  especially  with  regard  to  the  honour 
and  appreciation  in  which  women  are  held. 
This  is  certainly  one  of  the  grounds  on  which 
we  would  assign  to  this  work,  at  least  in  its 
present  form,  a  later  origin  than  is  attributed 
to  the  Jataka  Book.  The  translator — who  has 
already  earned  our  hearty  thanks  by  his  elegant 
renderings  of  the  Kathasaritsagara,  that  store- 
house of  Indian  novelettes,  and  of  other  master- 
pieces of  classical  Sanskrit,  and  who  has  shown 
himself  completely  at  home  in  the  folk  -  lore 
literature  of  all  countries — not  only  affords  here 
a  faithful  reflex  of  the  original  work,  but  adds 
also  references  to  similar  stories  in  whatever 
country  they  may  be  found.  This  volume,  the 
value  of  which  is  much  enhanced  by  Prof. 
Leumann's  critical  and  explanatory  notes,  ap- 
pears appropriately  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society  as  one  of  the  publications 
of  the  new  series  of  the  Oriental  Translation 
Fund,  to  which  it  is  decidedly  an  important 
accession. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Maister :  a  Century  of  Tyneside  Life,  by 
Geo.  H.  Haswell  (Scott),  is  an  exceedingly  in- 
teresting account  of  "the  life  and  work  and 
times  of  Thomas  Haswell — who  for  close  on 
fifty  years  was  Master  of  the  Royal  Jubilee 
Schools  at  North  Shields— and  of  a  notable 
essay  in  the  education  of  the  people."  Local 
history  has  a  great  fascination,  and  this  book  of 
'  The  Maister  '  is  an  excellent  bit  of  local  history 
— a  little  too  lengthy,  perhaps,  but  full  of  in- 
terest, especially  for  those  who  know  the 
"  wooden  dolly,"  and  the  other  weird  sights  of 
the  "narrow  street"  of  that  "town  where  no 
town  should  be."  North  Shields  has  a  curious 
history.  When  Mr.  Haswell  began  his  noble 
work,  and  for  many  years  afterwards,  the 
ancient  town  was  shut  oflf  as  it  were  from  the 
adjoining  country,  but  open,  by  reason  of  her 
great  waterway,  to  all  the  ports  of  the  earth, 
far  and  near.  And  the  Shields  folk  were  a 
strange  race — "unruly  sons,"  many  thousands 
of  whom  learned  of  "the  Maister"  and  then 
went  out  to  do  the  work  of  the  world,  and  to 
do  it  all  the  better  for  the  influence  of  that 
high-minded  and  upright  teacher.  '  The  Maister  ' 
is  a  book  which  ought  to  be  read. 

It  is  difficult  to  understand  why  any  one 
should  have  thought  it  worth  while  to  reprint 
any  translation  of  Thomas  Taylor's.  Taylor 
was  an  indifferent  Greek  scholar  and  a  puzzle- 
headed  thinker,  by  no  means  to  be  relied  on  as 
a  guide  in  the  study  of  any  ancient  work.  How- 
ever, Mr.  Dobell  and  Messrs.  Reeves  &  Turner 
have  deemed  it  expedient  to  publish  in  a 
handsome  octavo  lamhlichim  ojt  the  Mysteries  of 
the  Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  and  Assyrians,  trans- 
lated by  Thomas  Taylor. — A  much  more  trust- 
worthy guide  for  any  one  who  wishes  to  gain 
some  understanding  of  Alexandrian  speculations 
is  Dr.  Biggs's  excellent  little  manual  Neu- 
inlatonism,  which  forms  a  volume  of  the  series 
styled  "  Chief  Ancient  Philosophies,"  which  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  is 
bringing  out. 

Maid  Marian  and  Crotchet  Castle  form  the 
most    recent    volume    of    Messrs.  Macmillan's 


pleasant    collection    of   "Illustrated    Standard 
Novels.     An  extremely  interesting  introduction 
by  Mr.  George  Saintsbury  adds  to  the  value  of 
the  book,  and  Mr.  Townsend's  illustrations  are 
vigorous  and  amusing. — Messrs.  Downey  &  Co. 
send  us  the  first  two  volumes  of  their  "Irish       J 
Novelists'  Library,"  O'Donnel,  by  Lady  Morgan,       ■ 
and  Ormond,  by  Miss  Edgeworth.     This  series 
deserves  to  succeed. — We  have  received  a  new 
edition  of  an  old  novel  of  Mr.  Clark  Russell's, 
Is  He  the  Man?  (Chatto  &  Windus.)— Messrs. 
Hurst    &    Blackett    have     reprinted     Brother 
Gabriel,    by   Miss    Betham-Edwards,    who    has       M 
revised  the  tale. — Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.       ^ 
have  reissued    A   Man's  Conscience,  by  Avery 
Macalpine,  in  one  volume. — The  Medlicotts,  one 
of  Curtis  Yorke's  novels,  has  been  brought  out 
in   their  three-and-sixpenny  series  by  Messrs. 
Jarrold. 

Two  more  volumes  of  the  reprint  of  "Eng- 
lish Men  of  Letters"  have  reached  us  from 
Messrs.  Macmillan.  The  first  contains  Hume, 
by  the  late  Mr.  Huxley  ;  Locke,  by  Mr.  Fowler  ; 
and  Burke,  by  Mr.  John  Morley  :  the  second 
contains  Defoe,  by  the  late  Prof.  Minto  ;  Sterne, 
by  Dr.  Traill ;  and  Hatcthorne,  by  Mr.  H. 
James. 

We  have  on  our  table  Macaulay's  Essatjs  on 
Pitt  and  Chatham,  edited  with  Notes  by  A. 
Hillard  (Rivington), — Philosophy  of  Mind,  by 
G.  T.  Ladd  (Longmans),  —A  Handbook  of 
Tactics,  by  Capt.  W.  H.  James  (Gale  &  Polden), 
— The  Mysteries  of  Marseilles,  by  E.  Zola,  trans- 
lated by  E.  Vizetelly  (Hutchinson), — Sperry 
Stories  (Gay  &  Bird), — Oossip  of  the  Caribbees, 
by  W.  R.  H.  Trowbridge  (Fisher  Unwin), — 
The  Origin  of  the  Canon  of  the  Old  Testament, 
by  Dr.  G.  Wildeboer,  translated  by  B.  W. 
Bacon,  D.D.  (Luzac), — An  Order  of  Service  for 
Children,  with  Music,  compiled  by  Canon 
Bouverie  (Novello),  —  Morality  and  Religion, 
by  the  Rev.  J.  Kidd  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 
C\a.Tk),  —  Mission  Heroes  (S.P.C.K.),  —  TAe 
Messiah  of  the  Gosp)els,  by  C.  A.  Briggs,  D.D. 
(Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark),— Myr^e  Street 
Pulpit,  Sermons,  by  the  Rev.  J.  Thomas, 
Vol.  III.  (Allenson), — History  of  Religion,  by 
A.  Menzies,  D.D.  (Murray), — The  Jewish  Race 
in  Ancient  and  Roman  History,  by  A.  Rendu, 
LL.D.,  translated  by  T.  Crook  (Burns  &  Gates), 
—  L' £:ducation,  by  F.  Picavet  (Paris,  Chailley), 
— Histoire  de  le  Langue  allemande,  by  H.  Lich- 
tenberger  (Paris,  Laisney), — Confessions  d'une 
Fille  de  (rente  Ans,  by  Marie  Anne  de  Bovet 
(Paris,  Lemerre), — Les  Lendemains,  by  Madame 
E.  Caro  (Paris,  L^vy), — Les  Enseignements  de 
Gambetta  (Paris,  Chamuel), — and  Madame  et 
Monsieur,  by  J.  Berr  de  Turique  (Paris,  L^vy). 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

T^eology, 
Boscawen's  (W.  St.  C.)  Tlie  Bible  and  the  Monuments,  5/  cl. 
Dimock's  (Rev.  N.)  Dangerous  Deceits,  an  Examination  of 

the  Teaching  of  our  Article  31,  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Milne's  (J.  R.)  Doctrine  and  Practice  of  the  Eucharist,  3/6 
Twelve  Simple  Addresses  to  a  Communicants'  Class,  !bjr 
E.  M.  H.,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Madge's  (8.)  Moulton  Church  and  its  Bells,  8vo.  7/6  net. 
Spielmann's  (M.  H.)  The  History  of  '  Puncli '  and  its  Times, 
Edition  de  Luxe,  4to.  42/  cl. 

Poetry. 
Quill's  (A.  W.)  Poems,  Vol.  1,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 
Seaman's  (O.)  Tillers  of  the  Sand,  being  a  Fitful  Record  of 
the  Rosebery  Administration,  12ino.  3/6  cl. 
History  and  Biography, 
Bates's  (C.  J.)  History  of  Northumberland,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Qroome's  (F.  H.)  Two  Suffolk  Friends,  roy.  16mo.  5/  cl. 
Hewison's  (J.  K.)  The  Isle  of  Bute  in  tlie  Olden  Time,  Vol.  2, 

4to.  15/  net. 
Staveley's  (Rev.  R.)  Traces  of  Past  and  Present,  Episcopal, 
Clerical,  Lay,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 

Geographv  and  Travel. 
Cosgrave  (B.  M.)  and  Si  r«n{, way's  (L.  R.)  Dictionary  of 
Dublin,  or.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Library  of  Early  English   Writers :  Richard  Rolle  of  Ilam- 

pole,  edited  by  C.  Horslman,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Luciani  Somnium  et  Piscator,   literally  translated  by  W. 
Armour,  12mo.  2/  swd. 

Science. 
Qillies's  (H.  C.)  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Counter-Irrita- 
tion, 8vo.  0/  net. 


N«  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


99 


Kennedy's  (R.)  Photographic  and  Optical    Electric  Lamps, 

8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Langley's  (B.  M.)  A  Treatise  on  Computation,  cr.  8vo.  3  /  cl. 
Lindsay's  (B.)  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Zoology,  6/  cl. 
Massee's  (&.)  British  Fungus  Flora,  a  Classified  Text-Book 

of  Mycology,  Vol.  4,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Pendlebury's  (C.)  Elementary  Trigonometry,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Quain's   Elements  of  Anatomy,  edited   by   E.  A.  Schiifer, 

Vol.  3,  Part  2,  royal  8vo.  9/  cl. 
Robinson's  (W.)  The  English  Flower  Garden,  ith  Edition, 

royal  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Tilden's   (W.  A.)   Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Chemical 

Philosophy,  or.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 

Andreae's  (P.)  Stanhopi;  of  Chester,  a  Mystery,  12mo.  2/ bds. 

Austen's  (Jane>  Charades,  &c.,  written  a  Hundred  Years 
Ago,  8vo.  3/cl. 

Bateson's  (M.)  Professional  Women  upon  their  Professions,  5/ 

Cameron's  (Mrs.  L.)  A  Soul  Astray,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Chancellor's  (E.  B.)  Literary  Types,  being  Essays  in  Criti- 
cism, cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl 

Coldstream's  (J.  P.)  The  Institutions  of  Austria,  12mo.  2/  cl. 

Crocker's  (U.  H.)  The  Cause  of  Hard  Times,  12mo.  3/  cl. 

Glyn's  (Hon.  C.)  The  Idyll  of  the  Star  Flower,  an  Allegory 
of  Life,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Gunter's  (A.  C.)  The  Ladies'  Juggernaut,  a  Novel,  2/  bds. 

Holmes's  (E.)  To-day  and  To-morrow,  3  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 

Lome's  (Marquis  of)  From  Shadow  to  Sunlight,  12mo.  2/ 

Marryat's  (F.)  At  Heart  a  Kake,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Nordau's  (Max)  Conventional  Lies  of  our  Civilization, 
8vo.  17/  net. 

Sievier's  (R.  S.)  A  Generation,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Wines's  (F.  W.)  Punishment  and  Reformation,  an  Historical 
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Woods's  (M.  L.)  The  Vagabonds,  cheap  edition,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 

Yellow  Book,  Vol.  6,  roy.  16mo.  5/  net. 

FOBEIQN. 

TTieology. 
KnOpfler  (A.) :  Lehrbuch  der  Kirchengeschichte,  9m. 

Law. 
Amira  (K.  v.)  -.  Nordgermanisches  Obligationenrecht,  Vol.  2, 
Part  2,  18m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Archaologisch-epigraphische  Mitteilungen  aus  Oesterreich- 
Ungarn,  hrsg.  v.   O.  Benndorf  u.  E.  Bormann,  18  Jahr., 
Part  1,  7  m. 
Blocb  (L.) :  Griechischer  Wandschmuck,  2m.  50. 
Lampe  (L.)  :  Signatures  et  Monogrammes  des  Peintres  de 
toutes  les  Ecoles,  Parts  1-3,  7fr.  50. 
Poetry. 
Firdosi's  Konigsbuch,  iibers.  v.  F.  Riickert,  aus  dem  Nachlass 

hrsg.  V.  B.  A.  Bayer,  Vol.  3,  8m. 
Goethe- Jahrbuch,  hrsg.  v.  L.  Geiger,  Vol.  16,  10m. 

Philosophy. 
Gomperz  (T.)  :  Griechische  Denker,  Part  4,  2m. 

History  and  Biography . 
Cyon  (B.  de) :  Histoire  de  I'Eutente  franco-russe  (1886-94), 

7fr.  50. 
D'H^zecques  (Comte)  :  Souvenirs  d'un  Page  de  la  Cour  de 

Louis  XVI.,  3fr.  50. 
Martin  (L.) :  Le  Mar^chal  Canrobert,  3fr.  50. 
Mouillard  (L.) :    Reflexions   et  Souvenirs  du  Chevalier  de 

Kay,  4fr. 
Overmann  (A.) :  Grafln  Mathilde  v.  Tuscien,  ihreBesitzgn., 

Geschichte  ihresGutes  von  Ul.5-1230,  6m. 
Vogelstein  (H.)  u.   Rieger  (P.):  Geschichte  der  Juden  in 

Horn,  Vol.  2,  1420-1870,  7m. 

Philology. 
Gerber  (A.)  et  Greet  (A.) :    Lexicon    Taciteum,  Part  12, 

3m.  60. 

Science. 
Bauer  (M.):  Edelsteinkunde,  Part  1,  2m.  50. 
Cochin  (D.) :  Le  Monde  exterieur,  7fr.  .50. 
Jahn  (H.)  :  Grundriss  der  Elektrochemie,  8m.  40. 
Letourneau    (C.) :     La     Guerre   dans    les    diverses    Races 

bumaines,  9fr. 
Noorden  (C.  v.)  :  Die  Zuckerkrankheit  u.  ihre  Behandlung, 

5m. 

General  Literature. 
Champsaur  (F.) :  Marquisette,  3fr.  50. 
Erckmann  (E.) :  Alsaciens  et  Vosgiens  d'autrefois,  3fr. 
Eschstruth  (N.  v.)  :  Johannisfeuer.  5m. 
Journal  (Le)  de  la  belle  MeuniOre,  3fr.  50. 
Lemonnier  (C.) :  La  Faute  de  Madame  Charvet,  3fr.  50. 
Matthey  (A.) :  Jean  la  FlCme,  3fr.  50. 
Maygrier  (R.) :  Le  dernier  Boheme,  3fr.  50. 
Midland  d'Humiac  (L.)  :  Miss  Hecordinette,  3fr.  50. 
Th6otoky  (Comte  C  )  :  Viede  Montagne.  3fr.  50. 
Valdagne  (P.)  :  Variations  sur  le  mCine  Air,  3fr.  50. 
Villey  (B.) :  Le  Socialisme  contemporain,  4fr. 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  IN  1895. 
OxE  change  of  the  first  importance,  involving 
several  others,  has  occurred  during  the  past 
year  in  the  ranks  of  head  masters.  Dr. 
Percival,  after  his  great  creative  work  at 
Clifton,  became  for  a  few  years  President  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  then,  eager  for  more 
active  work,  he  succeeded  the  present  Dean  of 
Wells  as  head  master  of  Rugby  ;  and  thence  he 
has  passed  to  the  episcopal  bench  as  Bishop  of 
Hereford.  We  are  accustomed  in  England  to 
this  depletion  of  the  educational  ranks.  Among 
living  men,  the  name  of  Percival  must  now  be 
added  to  those  of  Benson,  Temple,  and  Ridding 
as  "lost  leaders"  of  the  educational  profession. 
More  strenuous  and  successful  energy  than  Dr. 
Percival's  in  the  sphere  which  he  has  now  left 


this   generation    has    not    seen  ;    he    has  had, 
perhaps,  equals,  but  not  superiors. 

To  the  vacancy  thus  created  in  the  chair  of 
Arnold,  Dr.  James,  formerly  head  master  of 
Rossall,  and  lately  of  Cheltenham  College,  has 
succeeded.  The  call  of  Rugby  has  been  heard 
where  that  of  Clifton  could  not  quite  prevail. 

Mr.  Laftan,  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  succeeds 
Dr.  James  at  Cheltenham.  At  Brighton 
College,  Mr.  Titherington,  of  Radley,  succeeds 
Mr.  Chambers  ;  Mr.  Bayfield  passes  from 
Brecon  to  Eastbourne.  In  the  ranks  of 
assistant  masters  we  note  with  sorrow  the 
deaths  of  Mr.  Hale  and  Mr.  Dalton,  of  Eton  ; 
Rugby  mourns  the  loss  of  the  veteran  Mr. 
Bowden-Smith  ;  one  of  the  best-loved  and 
ablest  of  teachers  has  been  lost  to  Clifton  in 
Mr.  E.  N.  P.  Moor.  Many  besides  Marl- 
burians  have  heard  with  sympathy  and  kindly 
good  wishes  of  the  approaching  retirement  of 
Mr.  Thompson,  in  the  fourth  decade  of  his 
career  as  a  teacher. 

It  cannot  be  denied,  we  think,  that  each 
successive  vacancy  in  prominent  head-master- 
ships is  exhibiting  the  painful  paucity  of  men 
qualified  to  succeed  to  those  posts.  Twenty 
years  ago  the  question  used  to  be.  What  able 
assistant  master  will  get  the  vacancy  1  Now 
every  one  asks,  What  head  master  will  be  trans- 
lated to  another  school  ?  Is  A  too  old  ?  Is  B 
too  much  wedded  to  his  present  local  sphere  ? 
Is  C  amenable  to  the  attractions  of  a  larger 
school  ?  In  a  word,  the  clerical  restriction, 
whether  imposed  by  law  or  surviving  through 
usage  and  timidity,  is  so  operating  as  to  put 
some  of  our  best  head  masters  too  much  on 
promotion.  That  this  state  of  things  is  un- 
desirable we  entertain  no  doubt  at  all.  A 
vigorous,  but  highly  prejudiced  pen  never  loses 
an  opportunity  of  treating  the  present  condition 
of  things  as  a  lay  grievance,  arising  from  a 
clerical  intrigue.  How  the  intrigue  is  conducted, 
and  by  what  unsuspected  and  Machiavellian 
arts  of  the  clerical  minority  among  masters,  no 
suggestion  has  ever  been  made  ;  the  whole 
theory  must  be  pronounced  one  of  those  night- 
mares of  irritation  which  an  impasse  is  apt  to 
produce  in  able  and  vehement  minds.  But 
the  situation  is  certainly  unsatisfactory,  for 
several  reasons.  It  is  not  desirable  that  head- 
masterships  should  be  a  kind  of  ladder,  with  a 
few  able  clerics  climbing  from  one  rung  to 
another,  devoting  their  best  years,  in  sections, 
to  this  and  that  place  of  public-school  education. 
This  tends  to  re-establish  that  limited  hierarchy 
of  public  schools  which  seemed,  till  lately, 
in  a  fair  way  to  be  disestablished.  The 
greatest  head  master  is  he  who  can  resolutely 
say  to  himself,  '^■rrapTav  eAa;^€S,  Tai;Tai/  Kotr/ztt  : 
who  remembers  how  Arnold,  with  all  his  Wyke- 
hamical  feeling,  "certainly  did  not  desire  to 
change  houses  with  Moberly."  It  is  hard  upon 
our  best  men  that,  owing  to  the  paucity  of 
clerically  qualified  candidates,  they  should  be 
subjected  to  pressure,  which  may  well  seem 
irresistible,  to  subdivide  their  careers.  The 
impression,  so  delicately  expressed  Vjy  Anthony 
Trollope's  bishop,  that  "  we  are  sometimes 
translated,"  is  held  to  have  worked  badly  in  the 
episcopal  sphere  ;  we  doubt  its  being  harmless 
in  the  educational.  And  on  the  schools  them- 
selves the  suspicion  that  the  better  your  head 
master  is,  the  more  likely  he  is  to  be  a  transitory 
phenomenon,  will  work  badly  in  the  future, 
unless,  of  two  changes,  one  or  the  other  should 
supervene.  Either  the  clerical  restriction  must 
be  less  widely  enforced,  or  the  supply  of  clerical 
aspirants  must  be  increased.  It  is  difficult  to 
express  the  dilemma  without  seeming  to  imply 
that  the  lay  masters  have  a  grievance.  But,  in 
our  point  of  view,  it  is  not  the  lay  masters  who 
have  a  grievance,  it  is  the  schools  themselves. 

The  stress  of  politics,  we  suppose,  has  de- 
layed the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Secondary 
Education.  The  delay  is  unfortunate,  though 
probably  inevitable.  Holding  as  we  do  tliat 
the  Commission  in  several  aspects,  and  especially 


in  relation  to  the  public  schools,  was  somewhat 
weakly  constituted,  we  think,  nevertheless,  that 
a  survey  of  the  general  situation  by  a  person 
like  Mr.  Bryce  is  bound  to  be  of  great  interest. 
No  one  now,  we  presume,  expects  an  immediate 
and  general  "fiat"  to  result  from  the  Com- 
mission ;  but  on  a  subject  where,  in  the  past, 
the  main  evil  has  been  muddle  rather  than 
want  of  energy,  such  a  report  may  well  con- 
tribute some  guidance  for  the  future,  by  which 
the  public  schools  may  profit  if  they  will.  The 
day  for  a  stolid  optimism  on  their  part  is  fast 
waning. 

On  one  subject— the  place  of  English  litera- 
ture in   the  curriculum  of   public  schools — we 
have  had,  during  the  past  year,  a  report  by  the 
committee   of   the   Head  Masters'  Conference. 
Recently,    of    course,    the    subject    has    been 
vigorously   forced   upon    the   universities,    and 
less    directly    upon     the     schools.      That    the 
question  will    go   to    .sleep    again   is  not    pro- 
bable, nor  is  it  desirable  that  it  should  do  so. 
The  actual  rejjort,  though  it  contains  much  that 
is   undeniable,    and   is   not   devoid    of    shrewd 
suggestions,   is    not,   in    our  opinion,  adequate 
to  the  occasion,  nor  sufficiently  inclined  to  trace 
the  existing  defects  to  their  true  source.     The 
committee    seem   to   have  narrowed   their  in- 
vestigation to  a  consideration  of  difficulties  and 
the  suggestion  of   stopgaps.      Given  that   for 
most  boys  classics,   mathematics,  science,   and 
modern  languages   fill  up    pretty  soundly  the 
available  hours,  how  can  the  study  of  English 
be  best  inserted  as  a  Trdpepyov  1     It  is  an  in- 
teresting conundrum,  but  it  will  never  be  solved 
on  those  terms.     We  need  to  consider  whether 
classics  or  modern  subjects  will  ever  have  their 
full  educational  eff"ect  unless  English  has,  from 
the  beginning,  a  larger  share  in  the  curriculum, 
or,  at  all  events,  in  the  life,  of  a  public  school. 
To  learn  literature  in  a  difficult  form,  without  a 
due  substratum  of  it  in  its  easiest  shape,  is  like 
striving   to  acquire  the  art  of  reading  without 
pictures  or  oral  teaching  ;  that  is  to  say,  it  is 
not  impossible,  but  it  is  dull  and  laborious.  We 
do  not  suppose  that  the  committee  really  think 
that  all  teaching  of  English  is  so  much   time 
subtracted  from   other  studies,   but   they   cer- 
tainly talk  as  if  they  were  under  that  illusion. 
They  are  impressed  with  the  undoubted  fact  that 
boys'  homes  differ  immensely  in  "atmosphere  " 
and  general  cultivation  ;  but  they  do   not,   in 
their  report  at  all  events,  remind  either  them- 
selves or  their  colleagues  that  for  three-quarters 
of  five  or   six  years   the   boys   of  a  boarding- 
school   are   at   home  with  them,   the   masters. 
Are  these  conditions  under  which  we  have  any 
right  to  cast  on  the  homes  the  blame  for  boys' 
comparative    illiteracy  ?     We   will   venture    to 
say  that  not  one  home  in  five   hundred  is  so 
full   of    bad   sporting    literature,    mere   slangy 
tastes,  and  vulgar  misuse  of  the  mind    as  an 
ordinary  public  school.     Doubtless  there   is  a 
set-off"  against  this  defect — things  are  learnt  at 
a  public  school  which  no  purely  home  education 
will  give,   nor    can   a   large  youthful   republic 
be  governed  and  directed  as  a  family  may  be. 
But  still,  after  all    charitable  allowances  have 
been  made  for  ourselves,   we  shall  do  well  to 
consider    if  criticism    as  well    as    charity  may 
not  fitly  begin  at  home.     There  is  weakness  as 
well  as  amiability  in  the  remark  of  the  com- 
mittee   that    the   general    impression    is    that 
"  there  is  time  for  reading  if  there  is  inclina- 
tion."    This  concession  to    an  "if,"  and  this 
idea  that  an  inclination  must  be  automatic,  are 
the  foibles  of  public-school  life  on  the  magis- 
terial side.     When  masters  are  sure  that  they 
read  adet^uately  themselves,  and  that  they  never 
lean  to  the  cheap  and  popular  tendency  to  mere 
sporting    talk    and   vulgarized   professionalism 
about  games,  then  it  will  be  high  time  to  com- 
plain of  the  homes.     But  it  is  fatal  to  be  laying 
the  standing  defects  of  public  schools   at  any 
door  but  their  own. 

Signs  are  not  wanting  that  the  next  collision 
between   public    or,  at    any  rate,  journalistic 


100 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3534,  July  20, '95 


opinion   and    the    schools    will   be    on   moral 
rather  than  on  intellectual  grounds.    The  retro- 
spect of  two  or  three  decades  will  recall  several 
such   crises.     The  Public  Schools   Commission 
threw  a  memorable  light  on  their  intellectual 
limitations  and  fossilized    methods  of  instruc- 
tion.    The   system  of  prefectorial  government 
subsequently  received    more    than    one  severe 
shake.     More  recently  a  good  deal  of  pressure 
has  been  put  upon  the    authorities    for  more 
methodical  and  dogmatic  religious  instruction. 
All  these    attacks   were  met    first  of    all  with 
the   irrefragable    arguments    of  Dr.  Pangloss  ; 
all    eventually     produced    certain     effects    and 
contributed  in  some  degree  to  the  better  order- 
ing of   the   household.     No  reasonable  public- 
school  man  would  now  wish  to  undo  the  results 
of  attacks  which  at  the  time  of  their  occurrence 
he  may  have  bitterly  resented.     If  recent  on- 
slaughts on  the  moral  standard  of  the  schools 
should  develope  into  a  prolonged  crusade,  we 
have  little  doubt  that  history  will  repeat  itself, 
and  that   the   effect  in  the  long  run    will    be 
good.     It  must  never  be  forgotten  that  a  public 
school  is  inevitably,  to  some  extent,  a  mutual 
admiration  society  ;  and  the  danger  of  all  such 
societies  is  that  they  become  a  law  to  themselves, 
and  grow  tolerant  of   "  the  ways  of  the  place  " 
to  a  perilous    degree.      It    is  as  true  of  such 
societies  as  it  is  of  individuals,  that  a  limitless 
self-admiration  may   lower   them   to  the    very 
depths  of  debasement.     But  these  dangers  will 
only  be  increased  by  the  preposterous  allegation 
that   public  schools   are   administered    on    the 
principle  of  gross  connivance.     In  what  holes 
and  corners  such  connivance  may  live  a  furtive 
life  it  is  impossible  to  say  ;   but  that  it  is  any- 
where  practised  as  a  system  is  an  illusion  of 
minds    whose  way   to    the   highest    good    lies 
through  exaggerated  suspicions  of  the  infinitely 
base.     We  do  not  believe  that  the  moral  evils 
of    public  schools  are  treated   as   a   rule   with 
timidity,  though  for    many    reasons    they  are 
often  treated  in  silence.     The  truth  is  that  the 
"policing"  of  a  large  community   without  re- 
sorting either  to  espionage  or  to  the  laws  of  the 
land,   while  those  laws  can  always  be  invoked 
against  those  who  make  a  slip  even  in  the  most 
righteous  cause,  is  a  very  delicate  and  difficult 
business.     When  once  this  is  realized  by   the 
critic  it  will  be  easier  for  the  criticized  to  make 
common  cause  with  him. 


IS  EGYPT   80    VERY   OLD? 

3.3,  Avondale  Square,  S.E. 
An  investigation  of  the  numbers  on  which  the 
modern  schemes  of  the  chronology  of  ancient 
Egypt  are  based — originally  taken  up  as  an 
arithmetical  pastime,  but  afterwards  pursued  in 
a  most  earnest  spirit — has  now  led  me  to  such 
important  conclusions  that  I  feel  justified  in 
making  public  a  statement  of  their  most  un- 
expected result.  I  started  as  a  believer  in  the 
long  chronology  as  it  is  held  in  the  main  by  so 
many  learned  Egyptologists  of  the  present  time 
— by  Flinders  Petrie,  Maspero,  and  Sayce,  for 
instance  (I  mention  only  the  few  names  most 
familiar  to  English  readers)— but  have  found 
myself  driven  back  from  one  entrencliment 
after  another  to  as  short  a  chronology  as  any 
one  hitherto  i)roposed  ;  it  does  not  far  difi^er  in 
its  starting-point  from  that  which  fifty  years  ago 
was  accepted  by  Wilkinson,  tStuart  Lane,  llaw- 
linson,  &c.  In  no  respect,  however,  do  their 
schemes,  either  in  their  main  hypotheses  or  in 
their  details,  coincide  with  that  of  which  I  now 
olFer  a  compendious  statement. 

The  key  to  the  whole  difficulty  is,  I  believe, 
to  be  found  in  Manetho's  statement  that  the 
sum  total  of  the  years  of  his  dynasties  is  3,r)65. 
The  actual  total  of  his  regnal  years  is  some  two 
thousand  years  in  excess  of  this,  and  this  actual 
total  is  the  sole  basis  for  the  long  chronology 
now  generally  received.  I  am  not  aware  of  any 
successful  explanati<Hi  of  Manetho's  own  total 
having  been  proposed.     If,   however,  we  note 


one  remarkable  fact,  it  can  be  obtained  without 
much  difficulty.  The  dynasties  in  Manetho's 
list  fall  into  two  divisions,  in  one  of  which  the 
names  and  regnal  years  are  given  for  each  king 
in  detail,  in  the  other  no  names,  no  regnal 
years,  but  only  the  total  numbers  of  years  and 
kings  for  each  dynasty.  If  we  take  the  numbers 
for  the  first  class  only,  we  get  214  years  for  the 
demigods,  1,510  for  his  first  volume,  916  for  his 
second,  733  for  his  third — in  all  3,373  years  ; 
182  years  short  of  Manetho's  total.  However, 
it  is  not  only  known  that  in  the  third  volume 
there  are  years  omitted,  but  most  fortunately 
totals  for  each  volume  have  reached  us  on  the 
same  authority  as  the  numbers  themselves. 
The  total  for  the  third  volume  is  given  as  1,050 
years,  which  is  exactly  182  years  in  excess  of 
the  868  in  the  detailed  lists  for  both  divisions. 
Assuming  then  that  the  total  is  right  (and  the 
chances  of  error  are  always  incalculably  less  for 
a  single  total  than  for  a  large  number  of  'details), 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  Manetho's  list  at 
some  earlier  time  had  915  years  in  place  of  the 
733  mentioned  above,  and  that  we  have  here  an 
exact  solution  of  the  riddle  of  the  3,555  years 
which  has  so  long  been  vainly  attempted. 

I  dare  not  ask  for  space  to  explain  the  cor- 
ruption ;  it  must  suffice  here  to  say  that  I  have 
explained  it.  I  must  rather  pass  on  to  the 
immediate  result  that  Dynasties  VII. -XL, 
XIII.-XIV.,  XVI.-XVIL,  XX.  (ten  in  all), 
were  regarded  by  Manetho  as  contemporary 
with  the  other  dynasties,  so  that  the  succession 
of  Dynasties  VI.  and  XII.  would  be  immediate, 
and  that  of  XII.  and  XVIII.  only  separated 
by  the  invasion  of  the  Shepherd  Kings.  This 
would  exactly  agree  with  the  natural  conclusion 
formed  by  any  student  who  approached  the 
subject  from  an  artistic  point  of  view,  for  of 
Dynasties  VII. -X.,  which  succeeded  VI.,  we 
have  no  remains  worth  mentioning,  and  all  the 
modern  historians  describe  their  times  as  a 
sleep  of  Egypt,  during  which  the  monuments 
were  dumb  ;  the  art  of  Dynasty  XL,  which 
preceded  XII.,  is  for  the  earlier  reigns  infantile, 
and  that  of  XIII.  quite  consistent  with  its  being 
contemporary  with  XII.  Of  Dynasty  XIV.  we 
know  absolutely  nothing,  and  XVI.  I  believe 
to  be  merely  a  duplicate  reckoning  of  the 
Shepherd  Kings  down  to  the  time  of  their 
second  expulsion  along  with  the  lepers  whom 
Manetho  identified  with  the  Hebrews.  This 
arrangement  brings  the  Pyramid  builders  into 
one  consecutive  series,  which  is  certainly  more 
satisfactory  than  the  hypothesis  that  this 
practice  prevailed  for  five  hundred  years,  then 
went  out  of  fashion  for  half  a  millennium,  and 
was  then  again  continued  for  three  centuries. 

Thus  far  I  have  treated  only  of  Manetho  and 
the  bringing  down  of  his  date  for  Menes  from 
somewhere  between  4000  B.C.  and  6000  b.c.  to  a 
definite  date,  according  to  that  author,  of  3673b. c. ; 
but  on  examining  the  only  other  authorities  who 
give  any  numerical  system,  I  was  surprised  to 
find  that  the  Egyptian  chronicler,  the  Turin 
Papyrus,  and  Eratosthenes,  all,  with  one  slight 
exception,  concur  in  assigning  a  duration  of 
1,110  years  to  the  period  from  the  accession  of 
Menes  to  the  expulsion  of  the  Hyksos  shepherds. 
As  the  Turin  Papyrus  is  always  cited  in  favour 
of  the  long  chronology,  this  result  was  simply 
astounding.  Previously  to  giving  the  figures, 
I  may  mention  that  the  exception  referred  to 
is  the  omission  by  Eratosthenes  of  two  Sed 
periods,  or  sixty  years,  between  Dynasties  V. 
and  VL ;  this  would  exactly  agree  with  his 
having  left  out  the  first  four  kings  of  Dynasty 
VI.  The  omission  may  be  from  subsecjuent 
corruption,  or  may  have  been  originally  inten- 
tional. If  the  latter,  it  is  curious  that  Eratos- 
thenes's  date  for  the  Great  Pyramid  would 
exactly  coincide  with  that  of  the  late  Prof. 
Piazzi  Smyth  ;  but  it  is  far  more  likely  that 
four  lines  have  dropped  out  of  his  list.  Now 
for  the  numbers.  Eratosthenes  gives  443  years 
(Dynasties  I.-IV.  2)  +  58  (IV.  3,  4)  -f  68  (V. 
5-7)  +  [00]  -f  107  (VI.)  -f  374  (VII.-X),  in 


all  1,110  ;  the  chronicler  has  443  years  (I.-IV. 
2)  +  190  (V.)  +  103  (VI.  5-8)  -f  348  (VIL- 
X.)  +  26  for  Aahmes  and  one  year  of  his 
successor  (XVIII. ),  in  all  1,110  ;  the  Turin 
Papyrus  states  755  years  for  I.-VIL,  and  355 
for  VIII.-X.,  again  1,110.  This  exact  agree- 
ment implies  an  almost  certainty  of  accuracy  in 
the  total,  while  the  diflerence  in  the  lines  of 
descent  assigned  by  the  different  authorities 
shows  that  their  work  is  not  copied,  and  their 
evidence  is  independent.  The  possibility  of 
such  variants  in  order,  of  course,  requires 
coregnancies  of  many  kings  and  overlapping  of 
some  dynasties,  all  of  which  I  have  traced  in 
detail,  and  found  to  be  exactly  consistent. 

We  are  now  brought  face  to  face  with  the 
problem.  Which  method  is  the  true  one  ?  the 
end-to-end  method  of  Manetho,  which  gives  the 
epoch  of  Menes  as  3673  B.C.,  or  the  overlap 
method  of  the  three  authorities,  which  gives 
this  epoch  as  2665  B.C.?  Fortunately,  there 
are  sundry  checks — the  Sed  intervals  of  thirty 
years,  the  season  at  which  Una's  boat  was 
stranded  under  Memphis,  the  succession  of  kings 
in  the  Westcar  and  Prisse  Papyri,  the  400 
years  in  the  Ramessean  inscription,  &c. — which 
enable  me  to  say  that  in  no  instance  do  the 
numbers  of  Manetho  bear  the  tests,  while  in 
no  single  case  do  the  other  numbers  fail  to  do 
so.  Necessarily  all  detail  of  this  kind  must 
wait  till  I  can  arrange  to  publish  my  book  on 
the  subject.  But  the  book  is  written,  and  any 
matter  therein  on  either  Egyptian  or  Babylonian 
chronology  is  at  the  service  of  any  investigator 
who  may  require  it. 

I  will  close  this  summary  with  a  table  of  the 
dates  B.C.  of  all  the  dynastic  epochs  from  I.  to 
XVII.  I  need  go  no  further,  as  the  date  thus 
obtained  for  Amenhotep  I.  (XVIII.  2),  viz., 
1556  B.C.,  coincides  with  that  obtained  by  Mahler 
on  astronomical  grounds,  and  any  subsequent 
difficulties  can  only  involve  matters  of  detail : — 

B.c  B.C. 

2bU 

2314 

2261 
—2152 

2092 
VIII.  1929    XII. 

1839    XVII. 

1740    XVIII. 
—1555 

These  dates  are  calculated  exactly  from  the 
Egyptian  authorities  and  Eratosthenes,  reckon- 
ing from  the  epoch  of  Alexander  as  332  B.C., 
excepting  that  of  XIII. ,  which  is  conjectural, 
but,  I  trust,  on  a  safe  ground. 

F.  G.  Fleay. 


B.C.  1 
2665,  II. 
—2449   III. 
IIV. 
2222 
—20.32' VI. 
VII 
XV.,  XVI.  1740    IX. 
iX. 
—1456 


V. 


1929 
1732 

1  1.581 

2  1.556 


XI.     2176 


XIV.  1740 
—1655 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold 
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5  vols.,  bound  by  Padeloup,  1757,  53L  Gold- 
smith, Life  by  Prior,  with  extra  illustrations, 
1837,  37/.  10s.  Granger,  Biographical  History 
of  England,  14  vols.,  1804-6,  201.  10s.  A 
volume  containing  the  original  drawings  by 
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to  Lucretius,  1754,  GOl.  The  original  drawings 
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tions, 1884,  231.  Pennant,  Account  of  London, 
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N"  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


101 


PROF.  J.   ZUPITZA. 

Cambridge. 
The  study  of  English  in  Germany  has 
suffered  a  severe  loss  by  the  decease  of  Prof. 
Julius  Zupitza,  who  died  quite  unexpectedly  on 
July  6th  of  apoplexy  of  the  brain,  when  only 
fifty-one  years  old.  His  loss  will  be  keenly  felt, 
not  only  by  his  numerous  German  friends  and 
pupils,  but  he  will  be  greatly  mourned  in  this 
country  too,  for  the  proper  appreciation  of 
whose  language  and  literature  he  for  over  twenty 
years  worked  with  admirable  success.  He  was 
familiar  with  English  life  and  thought,  well 
read  in  the  old  and  modern  English  classics, 
and  a  well-known  figure  at  Cambridge,  Oxford, 
and  the  British  Museum. 

Prof.  Zupitza  was  born  on  January  4th,  1844, 
at  Kerpen,  an  estate  near  Oberglogau  in  Upper 
Silesia.  He  was  the  son  of  a  landed  proprietor 
and  a  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
but  he  was  throughout  a  man  of  broad  and 
liberal  views.  He  received  a  classical  education 
and  studied  Germanic  philology  in  its  widest 
sense  at  the  universities  of  Breslau  and  Berlin. 
His  chief  teachers  were  H.  Riickert  and  K. 
Miillenhoff.  In  1865  he  obtained  tlie  degree  of 
Ph.D.  at  Berlin,  the  subject  of  his  dissertation 
being  a  Middle  High  German  popular  epic 
('  Prolegomena  ad  Alberti  de  Kemenaten 
Eckium ').  In  1866  he  became  master  at  the 
gymnasium  at  Oppeln,  which  he  left  in  1867 
for  a  similar  post  at  Breslau.  In  1869  he  was 
recognized  by  the  University  as  a  Privatdocent 
of  Germanic  philology.  In  1872  he  was  appointed 
Professor  Extraordinarius  of  the  North  Ger- 
manic Languages  at  the  University  of  Vienna  ; 
in  1875  he  became  Professor  Ordinarius  ;  in 
1876  he  was  appointed  Professor  Ordinarius  of 
English  Language  and  Literature  at  Berlin, 
which  post  he  held  up  to  his  death.  In  1893 
the  University  of  Cambridge  conferred  an  hono- 
rary degree  of  Litt.D.  on  him  in  recognition 
of  the  eminent  services  rendered  by  him  to  the 
study  of  English.  He  was  first  Vice-President 
of  the  German  Shakspeare  Society,  President 
of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of  Berlin, 
and  of  late  he  was  the  chief  editor  of  the  Archie 
fiir  neuere  SjnacJien. 

Dr.  Zupitza  was  distinguished  both  as  a  scholar 
and  as  a   teacher.     He   himself  prepared  with 
thoroughness  and  skill  numerous  critical  editions 
of  old  and  middle  English  texts  from  the  ori- 
ginal  manuscripts.     He   started   the    excellent 
series  of  older  English  texts  called  "Englische 
Denkmiiler    in     kritischen    Ausgaben,"   edited 
'Beowulf  (unfinished)  and  the   'Romance   of 
Guy  of  Warwick  '  for  the  Early  English  Text 
Society,  and  produced  an  excellent  edition  of  the 
romance  of '  Athelston  '  in  Englische  Studien  and 
of  the  poems  of  the  Franciscan  J.  Ryman  in  the 
Archiv.     He  re-edited  C.   F.   Koch's  historical 
English    grammar,    contributed    many   learned 
articles   to    various    scientific   periodicals,    and 
wrote  a  vast  number   of   valuable   reviews   for 
German   and  English   magazines.     He   was  no 
less  successful  as  a  teacher,  and  was  the  founder 
of  a  school.     Not  a  few  excellent  scholars  owe 
their  training  to  him,  and  many  professors  and 
teachers   in   (iermany,    England,  and   America 
pride  themselves  on  being  his  pupils.     He  was 
a    highly  gifted,    enthusiastic,    yet   methodical 
teacher,    lucid   in  exposition,    painstaking,    ex- 
tremely kind,  encouraging,    and    helpfuL     He 
had  the  highest  conceptions  of  the  aims  of  uni- 
versity teaching  and  study  ;  his  instruction  was 
eminently   effective,  yet   he   never   stooped   to 
using  merely  utilitarian  methods  of  instruction. 
He  always  insisted  on  the  absolute  necessity  of 
a  truly  scientific  study  of  the  English  language 
and  literature  in  their  historical  develo])ment, 
but  he  no  less  insisted  on  his  students  gaining 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  present  state  of  the 
language  and  of   the  masterpieces    of   modern 
literature,  and    he  would    urge  them    to    make 
themselves     familiar    with     Englisli     life     and 
manners,  if  possible,  by  visits  to  this  country. 
He  was  a  true  friend,  an  ever  ready  adviser  and 


helper,  and  one  who  made  every  pupil  feel  that 
he  really  cared  for  him  and  wished  to  help  him. 
The  loss  of  this  great  scholar  and  unselfish  man 
will  be  felt  with  unusual  keenness  on  either 
side  of  the  Channel,  and  no  less  in  America. 

Karl  Breul. 


Uittrarg  Gossip. 

Mr.  Murray  is  going  to  print,  under  the 
title  of  '  The  Unpublished  Works  of  Edward 
Gibbon,'  the  seven  autobiographies  out  of 
which  the  autobiography  familiar  to  every 
educated  reader  was  constructed,  as  Mr. 
Harrison  explained  at  the  time  of  the 
Gibboncommemoration;  his  journals,  written 
mainly  in  French,  from  1762  to  1764;  his 
correspondence  with  his  distinguished  con- 
temporaries, his  own  relations,  and  with 
the  family  of  the  first  Lord  Sheffield.  Mr. 
Murray  has  acquired  the  copyright  of  these 
most  interesting  relics  of  a  great  man.  The 
j)resent  Earl  of  Sheffield  will  contribute  a 
preface. 

The  fable  as  a  form  of  literary  art 
possessed  a  great  attraction  for  Louis 
Stevenson,  and  he  was  accustomed  also  to 
try  his  hand  occasionally  on  the  composition 
of  fables  in  the  conventional  brief  and 
concentrated  form.  By  the  winter  of  1887- 
1888  he  had  enough  of  these  by  him,  to- 
gether with  a  few  others  running  to  greater 
length  and  conceived  in  a  more  mystic  vein, 
to  form  a  book,  and  such  a  book  he 
promised  to  Messrs.  Longman  on  the 
occasion  of  a  visit  paid  him  in  New  York 
by  the  editor  of  Longman's  Magazine  in  the 
spring  of  1888.  During  his  residence  in 
Samoa,  although  he  composed  one  or  two 
fables  during  this  period,  he  seems  to  have 
given  little  thought  to  the  proposed  volume. 
It  has  been  handed  by  the  author's  repre- 
sentatives to  Messrs.  Longman  for  publi- 
cation in  their  magazine,  and  the  first 
instalment,  containing  twenty  fables,  will 
appear  in  the  August  number,  the  second 
in  the  issue  for  September. 

Capt.  Youxghxjsband  is  going  to  publish 
with  Mr.  Murray  his  travels  in  Central  Asia 
under  the  title  '  In  the  Heart  of  a  Con- 
tinent.' It  will  record  the  writer's  travels 
in  Manchuria,  across  the  Gobi  desert,  in 
the  Himalaj-as  and  the  Hindu  Kush,  the 
Pamirs  and  Chitral.  Mr.  Murray  also 
promises  '  Lights  and  Shades  of  Indian 
Hill  Life  in  the  Afghan  and  Hindu  High- 
lands, a  Contrast,'  by  Mr.  St.  J.  Gore,  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  who  visited  the 
Ivulu  Valley  in  the  Himalayas  in  circum- 
stances which  afforded  him  exceptional 
advantages  for  studying  the  native  life 
and  customs.  He  was  also  permitted  to 
accompany  the  military  expedition  of  the 
Indian  Government  which  took  over  the 
Kuram  Valley  on  the  Afghan  frontier  of 
the  Punjab.  The  contrast  afforded  by  the 
peaceful  Himalayan  mountaineers  and  the 
warlike  clans  of  the  Afghan  border  im- 
pressed the  writer  greatly.  His  account  of 
them  is  illustrated  by  photographs  taken 
by  him  with  the  special  purpose  of  illus- 
trating his  narrative. 

Mr.  Murray  proposes  to  print  *  The 
Journal  of  a  Spy  in  Paris,'  from  January 
to  July,  1794.  The  writer,  Eaoul  Hesdin, 
was  trained  as  a  wood-engraver  in  France, 
and  had  visited  North  America,  and  pos- 
sibly also  Germany.     He  returned  to  Paris 


late  in  the  year  1793,  and  while  in  the  pay 
of  the  British  Government  he  obtained  em- 
ployment, apparently,  as  an  engraver  under 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  a  room 
in  the  Tuileries,  near  to  that  in  which  the 
Committee  itself  sat.  He  knew  Fouche, 
and  had  dealings  with  the  Dantonists. 

The  interest  aroused  by  the  publication 
of  the  life  of  Dean  Stanley,  and  the  frequent 
requests  for  more  of  his  letters,  have  led 
Mr.  Prothero  to  put  together  a  selection  from 
his  unpublished  letters,  written  throughout 
his  whole  life,  to  the  members  of  his  family, 
the  late  Master  of  Balliol,  Mrs.  Arnold, 
Mrs.  Drummond,  Dr.  Vaughan,  Sir  George 
Grove,  and  many  other  personal  friends. 
By  permission  of  Her  Majesty  several  of  the 
Dean's  letters  to  the  Queen  are  included  in 
the  volume,  which  will  also  contain  selections 
from  his  poems,  hymns,  and  occasional 
verses.  Mr.  Murray  is  publishing  this 
complement  of  the  biography  he  issued  in 
1894. 

In  the  preface  to  the  eighth  edition  of  the 
*  Eeign  of  Law  '  the  Duke  of  Argyll  wrote  : 
"As  regards  the  intention  I  had  at  one 
time  entertained  of  adding  a  chapter  on  '  Law 
in  Christian  Theology,'  further  reflection  has 
only  confirmed  me  in  the  feeling  that  this  is 
a  subject  which  cannot  be  adequately  dealt  with 
in  such  a  form." 

This  has  led  the  Duke  to  write  a  monograph 
on  *  Law  in  Christian  Theology,'  which  will 
form  the  continuation  and  conclusion  of  the 
series  commenced  with  the  '  Eeign  of  Law  ' 
and  '  Unity  in  Nature,'  and  will  be  brought 
out  by  Mr.  Murray. 

A  VOLUME  by  Miss  A.  E.  Eidley  on  Miss 
Buss  and  her  educational  work  is  announced 
by  Messrs.  Longman. 

The  College  of  Preceptors  wiU  open  a 
department  in  October  next  for  the  training 
of  teachers  in  secondary  schools.  We 
announced  three  weeks  ago  that  King's 
College,  London,  is  moving  in  the  same 
direction.  Up  to  the  present  there  have 
been  few  indications  of  zeal  for  special 
training  on  the  part  of  young  teachers  in 
secondary  schools  for  boys,  and  it  remains 
to  be  seen  whether  the  provision  of  new 
facilities  for  such  training  wiU  stimulate 
the  demand  for  it. 

The  Aberdeen  University  Court  has 
taken  preliminary  steps  towards  the  founda- 
tion of  a  Chair  of  History,  in  the  absence 
of  which  it  is  felt  that  the  University  can- 
not hold  a  satisfactory  examination  for  a  de- 
gree in  English.  Simultaneously  the  Council 
of  Dundee  University  College  have  resolved 
to  appropriate  14,000/.  out  of  the  30,000/. 
bequeathed  by  Miss  Han-is  to  the  endow- 
ment of  a  separate  Chair  of  Pliysics.  Prof. 
Steggall  has  hitherto  been  compelled  _  to 
lecture  both  in  mathematics  and  in  physics, 
and  the  discrimination  of  the  two  subjects 
will  remove  one  of  tlie  admitted  drawbacks 
under  which  Dundee  has  laboured. 

Westminster  School  has  been  more  than 
usually  successful  at  the  universities  this 
year,  winning  at  Cambridge  the  Senior 
Chancellor's  IMedal  and  a  First  Class  in  each 
part  of  the  Classical  Tripos,  and  a  First  in 
tlie  second  part  of  the  Mathematical,  besides 
the  George  Long  Prize  for  Eoman  Law 
and  the  Tyson  Medal  for  Astronomy ;  and 
at  Oxford  the  Junior  Matliematical  Scholar- 
ship and  two  First  Classes  in  Mathematics, 


102 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3534,  July  20,  '95 


besides  gaining  open  scholarships  for  mathe- 
matics at  Magdalen  and  Pembroke. 

The  Consul-General  of  the  United  States 
in  Switzerland,  Mr.  I.  B.  Eichman,  is  going 
to  publish,  through  Messrs.  Longman,  a 
monograph  on '  Appenzell :  Pure  Democracy 
and  Pastoral  Life  in  Inner  Ehoden.' 

*  "When  Greek  meets  Greek  '  is  the  title 
of  Mr.  Joseph  Hatton's  new  novel,  which 
wiU  be  published  serially,  commencing  in 
the  People  for  England  and  Leslie's  Weehhj 
for  America  on  August  4th.  It  is  a  story  of 
the  French  Eevolution. 

Mr.  HEI^'ElrA^'N  has  in  contemplation  a 
series  of  short  histories  of  ancient  and 
modern  literatures  of  the  world,  to  be  edited 
by  Mr.  Gosse.  The  editor  idmself  is  to 
ujidertake  the  volume  on  English  literature, 
and  he  has  secured  the  co-operation  of  com- 
petent writers. 

The  Eeport  of  the  Eoyal  HoUoway  Col- 
lege shows  a  slight  decrease  in  the  roll 
of  students,  owing  to  the  number  who  left 
the  College  last  July.  Otherwise  the  College 
seems  to  be  prospering.  The  governing 
body  has  been  enlarged,  but  whether  this 
will  be  for  the  advantage  of  the  College 
may  be  doubted. 

The  next  volume  of  Mr.  Elliot  Stock's 
"Popular  County  History  Series"  will  be 
the  '  History  of  Northumberland,'  by  Mr. 
Cadwallader  Bates. 

The  publication  of  the  collected  works  of 
Comenius  is  planned  by  the  society  bearing 
his  name.  In  accordance  with  the  sugges- 
tion of  Staatsarchivar  Dr.  L.  Keller,  the 
editor  of  the  Monatshefte  der  Comenius- 
Gesellschaft,  the  beginning  is  to  be  made 
with  the  work  '  Die  pansophische  Schule,' 
which  the  great  educationist  wrote  in  Hun- 
gary, where  he  stayed  from  1750  to  1754. 
The  well-known  Comenius  scholar  Prof.  Eug. 
Pappenheim,  of  Berlin,  and  Prof.  Holilfeld, 
of  Dresden,  have  been  invited  to  report  on 
the  plan  of  the  grand  undertaking. 

Mr.  Peter  Terry,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Newsvendors'  Benevolent  Institution, 
and  well  known  as  a  newsagent  till  he 
retired  from  the  firm  of  Terry  &  Co.  a  few 
years  back,  will  celebrate  his  ninetieth  birth- 
day next  Tuesday.  Mr.  Terry's  many  friends 
will  be  pleased  to  hear  he  is  in  excellent 
health  and  spirits. 

A  PORTION  of  Mr.  Augustus  Sala's  library 
will  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  next  week. 
It  includes  a  copy  of  the  first  edition  of 
Mrs.  Glasse's  '  Cookery.'  The  same  auc- 
tioners  sold  some  fine  bindings  on  Thursday 
last.  A  handsome  catalogue  with  illustra- 
tions of  them  was  issued. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Statement  exhibiting  the  Moral  and 
Material  Progress  and  Condition  of  India 
during  the  Years  1893-4  (Is.  2d.)  ;  Accounts 
of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland  for  the 
Year  ended  March  31st,  1895  (Id.) ;  llotum 
showing  the  Number  of  Experiments  per- 
formed on  Living  Animals  in  1894  {-id.) ; 
and  Reports  on  Education  for  the  Southern 
and  AVestern  Divisions  of  Scotland  (Jid. 
each). 


SCIENCE 


Ice-Boiind  on  Kolguev :  a    Chapter  in  the  JEx- 
floratioyi  of  Arctic    Europe,    to    which    is 
added  a  Record  of  the  Natural  History  of  the 
Island.    By  Aubyn  Trevor-Battye,  F.L.S. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 
In  the  summer  of  1894  the  newspapers  had 
a  great  deal  to  say  about  a  young  naturalist 
and  "  a  professor  "  who  had  been  cast  away 
on  an  Arctic  island,  and  were  in  imminent 
peril  of  dying  from  cold  and  hunger.     The 
story  in  various  degrees   of    exaggeration 
gave  rise  to  correspondence  and  appeals  more 
creditable  to  the  writers'  kindliness  than  to 
their  knowledge  of  geography.     For,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  Mr.  Trevor-Battye  and  his 
bird- stuff er  Thomas  Hyland  were  never  in 
any  greater  danger  than  that  arising  from 
the  possibility  of  being  compelled  to  winter 
in   the  far  north.     Kolguev,    as   the  Nor- 
wegian  sailors  wrecked   there   some  years 
ago  will  gratefully  remember,  is  inhabited 
by    hospitable     Samoyedi    and    herds    of 
reindeer,  is  dotted  with  lakes  fuU  of  fish, 
and  in  summer  swarms  with  all  manner  of 
toothsome   wildfowl.     Its  shores   are  piled 
with  Siberian  driftwood.     Russian  traders 
also  visit  it  from  the  mainland  fifty  miles 
distant,  and  it  was  with  one  of  these  that 
Mr,  Trevor-Battye  and  his  companion  re- 
tnrned  by  way  of  the  Peschora  Valley  and 
Archangel,  after  passing  nearly  three  months 
on  the  island  in — take  it  all  in  all — very 
pleasant    circumstances   to   naturalists   not 
afraid    of    "  roughing    it."      Mr.    Trevor- 
Battye  and  Mr.  Merwyn  Powys  chartered 
the    yacht    Saxon   with    the    intention    of 
examining  Kolguev.    This  large  island  near 
the  entrance  to  the  White  Sea  is  familiar, 
on    the    chart   at  least,   to  all  navigators 
making  for   Novai    Semla    and    eastward. 
But  with  the  exception  of  a  hurried  explora- 
tion by  Dr.  Ruprecht,  mainly  for  botanical 
purposes,    it  was  little   known    to  science. 
Mr.  Trevor-Battye  was  intent  on  ornitho- 
logy, and  Mr.  Powys   on   sport.      A  brief 
glance,  however,  revealed  little  prospect  of 
Kolguev   affording  much   of  the  latter,    so 
the  yacht  steamed  to  Novai  Semla,  arrang- 
ing to  pick  up  Messrs.  Batty e  and  Hyland 
on    its    return   a   few    weeks    later.     Un- 
fortunately,   however,     the     ice     did     not 
fall  in  with  this  plan  ;  but  a  notice  having 
been  found  intimating  that  the  naturalists 
were  safe  with   the   Samoyedi,  and  would 
have  an  opportunity   of   returning   with   a 
Russian  trader,   the  Saxon   left  for    lower 
latitudes.     Accordingly,  instead  of  passing 
a  month  on  the  island  as  he  had  originally 
intended,  Mr.  Battye  had  an  enforced  oppor- 
tunity of  rambling  about  from  the  22nd  of 
June  to  tlie  13th  of  September,  and  of  pick- 
ing up  the  miscellaneous  information  which 
is  embodied  in  this  interesting  volume.    The 
provisions  taken  with  them  being  exhausted, 
the  naturalists  had  also  an    experience  of 
the  Samoyed  life,  similar  to  that  Mr.  Jack- 
son obtained  the  year  before  by  a  voluntary 
residence,  much  later  in  the  season,  on  the 
even  more  inhospitable  Waigatz. 

Their  stay  on  Kolguev  was  without  any 
remarkable  incident.  For  the  Samoyedi — 
nominally  members  of  the  Greek  Church, 
actually  Shamanists — were  as  kind  as  the 
Hyperboreans  ever  are,  and  if  their  food  was 
not  luxurious,  an  Arctic  appetite  does  not  re- 


quire delicacies  to  tempt  it.  Still,  Mr.  Trevor- 
Battye's  good   luck   could  not  have    been 
anticipated,  and  the   courage   with  which, 
in  the  interests  of  science,  he  and  his  com- 
panions took  their  chance  of  worse  fortune 
deserves,  as  it  has  received,  the  admiration 
of  all  capable  of  appreciating  what  might 
have  been  their  fate  had  the  Samoyedi  not 
been  met  with   or  Alexander   Samarokoff, 
the  Russian  trader,  intermitted  his  annual 
visit  to  Kolguev.     The  scientific  gains  from 
the  expedition  were,  however,  not  more  than 
might  have  been  expected.   The  island  from 
its  proximity  to  the  mainland  is,  of  course, 
essentially  of  the  continental  type.     Indeed, 
to  aU  intents  and  purposes  Kolguev  is  a 
mere     detached    fragment    of    the    tihidra 
which    stretches    along    so    much    of    the 
northern  shores  of  Europe  and  Asia.     No 
rocks    in     situ     could     be    detected,     and 
everything   points   to  its  being,  as  is   the 
tundra,  a  comparatively  recent  elevation  of 
the  Arctic  sea  bottom,  without  having  at  any 
time  been  an  integral  portion  of  the  main- 
land.    The  sea  in  the  vicinity  is  so  rapidly 
shoaling,  owing  to  the  secular  rise  in  ques- 
tion, that  to  the  north  of  Novai  Semla  the 
low  Gulf  Stream  Islands,  on  which  tropical 
fruits    have     drifted,    occupy     a     position 
where,  little   over  two   centuries   ago,   the 
Dutch  took   soundings.      The    appearance 
of  Kolguev  bears  out   this    theory   of   its 
origin.      It  lies   in   so    shallow  a    portion 
of  the  Polar  Basin  that  two  miles   distant 
from    the    coast    a    depth    of    from    four 
to  five  fathoms  only  is  reached,  while  the 
greatest   depth  in  the  strait  between   the 
Waskina  river  mouth  and  Cape  Sviatoi  is 
twenty- six  fathoms.     In  no  place  does  the 
surface  of  the  island  rise  to  over  a  hundred 
feet.   Sand  and  clay  are  the  only  formations 
visible.     Part  of  the  island  is  covered  by 
peat,    or   displays    bare  ridges  intersected 
by  gullies   and    enclosing   small  lakes  and 
swamps ;     the     remaining     portion,     more 
especially  to  the  south,  is  a  dreary  level  of 
grass,  bog,  and  peat  down  to  the  edge  of 
the  ice- encumbered  sea.     As  might  have 
been    presaged,    Kolguev    is,    so    far     as 
animal  and  plant  life  is   concerned,  iden- 
tical   with    the   mainland.      Perhaps    the 
Peschora   delta,   with   which  Messrs.   See- 
bohm  and  Harvie-Brown  have  familiarized 
us,    would   be,   were    the   mosquitoes   less 
venomous,  a  more  inviting  hunting  ground 
for  the  ornithologist.     In  the  list  of  birds 
collected  we   do    not    recognize    any  new 
species  or  any  strange  to  the  opposite  coast, 
though  among  the  flocks  around  them  the 
young  naturalists  were   enabled  to   make 
many  of  the  novel   observations   scattered 
among  the  diary  jottings  from  which  the 
present  volume  is  compiled. 

The  flora  seems  rather  more  abundant  than 
might  have  been  expected,  and  in  some  re- 
spects is  of  a  sub- Arctic  rather  than  of  a  true 
Polar  character.  Thus  we  miss  many  Spitz- 
bergcn  and  Greenland  species,  and  we  find 
several  not  in  the  typical  Northern  lists. 
Indeed,  if  in  some  respects  Mr.  Battyo's  cata- 
logue (which  also  embodies  Dr.  Ruprecht's) 
is  fairly  representative,  the  ocean  between 
Europe  and  the  western  part  of  the  Arctic 
regions  forms  a  marked  division  between 
two  sections  of  a  flora  usually  considered 
singularly  homogeneous.  The  mammalia 
of  Kolguev  are  also  peculiarly  sparse  if^  all 
essentially  Ai-ctic.  The  lemming  and  ermine, 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


103 


which   are    found    on    the  more   northern 
portions  of   Greenland   and   the   European 
mainland,  though  not   in   Spitzbergen,  are 
absent.     So  is   the  white  Polar  hare,  seen 
almost  everywhere  within  the  Arctic  circle. 
But    the    wah'us,   the    ice    bear,    and    the 
Arctic   fox  are   permanent   residents.     The 
wolf    {Canis  lupus?),  not    found   in   either 
Spitzbergen   or   Greenland,    crosses  on  the 
winter  ice  from  the  mainland.     So  does  the 
red  fox,   which  is  decidedly  not  an  Arctic 
mammal ;  but  if  it  is  doubtful  whether  the 
wild  reindeer  follow  its  example,  the  tame 
species  abound.     At   one  time,  before  the 
l^lague    decimated    them,    there    were    no 
fewer  than  25,000  reindeer  on  Kolguev,  most 
of   them   owned  by  Russians.     At  present 
the   Samoyedi   and   the    Muscovite  traders 
possess  over  2,700,  valued  at  a  pound  apiece. 
But  the  most  pleasing  features  of  the  zoo- 
geography of  the  island  which  Mr.  Trevor- 
Battye  has  annexed  to  the  domain  of  science 
are    the    birds   which   select    it    for   their 
summer  quarters.      Nests   and  eggs   cover 
places    as    thickly   as    they   do   the    Duck 
Islands  in  Baffin's  Bay ;  and  brent  geese  are 
so  numerous   that  in   one  sweep  of  a  net 
3,300  were  caught.    The  Samoyedi,  accord- 
ingly, live  in  rough  plenty.     At  the  time 
Mr.   Battye   left   there   were    fifty-nine   of 
these  people  on  the  island,  most  of  them  de- 
scendants of  early  emigrants  from  the  main- 
land.    The  English  guests  speak  highly  of 
the   good   nature   and   intelligence   of    the 
Arctic   Mongols.      Yet  it   appears   that   in 
both  respects  they  are  inferior  to  the  less 
favourably  situated  Eskimo,    who,  though 
living  under   the   same    conditions,  are  in 
habits,  language,  origin,  faith,  and  features 
altogether  different  from  the  northern  nomads 
of  the  old  world.     The  Eskimo  are  strictly 
confined  to  America  and  Greenland,  Eink's 
theory    contending   for   their    origin    from 
some  Alaskan  river  tribe,  the  few  on  the 
Asiatic  shore  of  Bering  Strait  being  colonists 
from  the  opposite  coast.     The  reindeer   is 
unknown  among  the  Eskimo  as  a  domestic 
animal,  and    the    Eurasian   Hyperboreans 
seldom  use  the  dog  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
In  like  manner  the    musk   ox,   though   a 
native  of  Europe  in  the  glacial   period,  is 
now  confined  to  America.     Nor  except  on 
the  shores  of  Bering  Strait  do  we  find  any 
notable  traces  of  the  woolly  elephant  in  the 
new  world.     It  is  equally  remarkable  that 
the  remains  of  this  animal,  which  litter  the 
country  to  the  eastward,  are  entirely  absent 
from  the  region  Mr.  Trevor-Battye  describes, 
though  they  are,  to  use  Baron  Toll's  lan- 
guage,    "fabidously    numerous"    on    the 
New  Siberian  Islands. 

A  word  ^  of  praise  is  due  to  the  maps 
accompanying  the  volume  and  to  the 
illustrations  by  which  the  text  is  eluci- 
dated. Though  the  author  complains  of 
his  space  being  too  short  for  all  he 
wished  to  say,  critics  less  j)artial  might 
suggest  the  improvement  of  the  narrative 
by  greater  compression.  Some  of  the  diary 
entries  might  be  omitted  in  favour  of  those 
natural  history  jottings  for  which  the  book 
will  be  deservedly  consulted.  The  rewriting 
of  several  chapters  might  also  impart  to 
them  greater  literary  grace,  and  an  intel- 
lectual perspective  in  which  they  are  often 
lacking,  without  in  any  way  spoiling  the 
simjilicity  of  a  picturesque  tale  told  with 
commendable  modesty. 


The  well-known  burgomaster  of  Brussels, 
M.  Buls,  publishes,  through  M.  Lyon-Claesen 
of  his  town,  a  translation  of  a  report  to  the 
Engineers'  Congress  of  the  Chicago  Exhibition 
on  the  Construction  of  Towns.  The  German 
writer  is  the  highest  authority  upon  the 
aesthetic  principles  which  should  guide  the 
constructors  of  new  cities  and  of  parts  of  cities, 
and  has  been  consulted  by  the  Town  Councils 
of  Vienna,  Dresden,  and  many  other  towns  of 
Germany  and  Austria.  M.  Buls,  whose  artistic 
feeling  has  been  of  as  much  value  to  his 
country  as  have  his  practical  powers  of 
administration,  has  done  well  to  call  attention, 
in  this  beautifully  printed  and  produced 
pamphlet,  to  the  leading  lines  of  M.  Stiibben's 
work,  and  possibly  may  find  readers  for  the 
big  books  on  the  same  subject  published  by  the 
same  author  at  Darmstadt. 


ASTRONOMICAL  NOTES. 


A  NEBULOUS-LOOKING  object  was  discovered 
by  Prof.  Swift  on  June  30th,  and  noticed  to  be 
missing  on  July  4th.  It  was  in  the  constellation 
Cetus,  very  near  its  boundary  with  Pisces,  not 
far  from  the  place  which  would  be  occupied  by 
the  comet  discovered  by  Prof.  Barnard  in  1884, 
and  found  to  be  elliptic,  with  a  period  of  about 
5i  years.  That  comet,  of  which  this  object  may 
be  a  return,  should  now,  according  to  Dr.  Ber- 
berich's  search-ephemeris,  be  in  the  constellation 
Aries. 

We  have  received  the  numbers  of  the  Memorie 
delta  Societd  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani  for 
April  and  May.  The  April  number  contains 
Prof.  Mascari's  account  of  his  observations  of 
the  solar  protuberances  at  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory, Catania,  during  the  year  1894,  and  a 
note  by  the  editor.  Prof.  Tacchini,  on  the 
total  eclipse  of  the  moon  on  March  11th  last, 
as  observed  at  Rome.  The  principal  paper  in 
the  May  number  is  by  Prof.  Tacchini,  on  the 
distribution  in  heliographical  latitude  of  the 
solar  spots,  faculpo,  and  protuberances,  observed 
at  Rome  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  present 
year.  Both  the  spots  and  faculfe,  but  particu- 
larly the  latter,  were  more  numerous  in  the 
southern  than  in  the  northern  hemisphere  of 
the  sun  ;  but  the  protuberances  were  slightly 
more  numerous  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
All  indications  show  that  the  maximum  of  these 
phenomena  is  passed,  and  in  the  Astronomer 
Royal's  report  it  is  mentioned  that  the  Green- 
wich observations  give  evidence  of  a  decline  this 
year,  both  in  the  number  of  the  spots  and  the 
extent  of  the  spotted  area. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Thi-hs.  Victoria  Institute,  4J.— Annual  Meeting 


The  Council  of  the  Royal  Society  has  pretty 
well  made  up  its  mind  to  publish  its  Proceedings 
in  royal  octavo  form  after  the  close  of  the  pre- 
sent year. 

A  GEOGRAPHICAL  exhibition  is  getting  ready 
at  the  British  Museum  in  connexion  with  the 
Geographical  Congress. 


FINE    ARTS 

The  Church  of  Sancta  Sophia,  Constantinople : 
a  Study  of  Byzantine  Building.     By  W.  E. 
Lethaby  and  Harold  Swainson.      (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 
The  authors  of  this  important  contribution 
to  the  history  of   Byzantine  art  combined 
between    them    a   variety  of   qualifications 
which  are  not  often  found  together — com- 
petent knowledge  of   the   art  of   building, 
familiarity  with  the  Greek  language,  wide 
acquaintance  with  both  the  general  and  the 


special  literature  bearing  on  their  subject, 
and  considerable  literary  talent.  It  is  deeply 
to  be  regretted  that  this  felicitous  co-opera- 
tion cannot  be  repeated,  owing  to  the  un- 
fortunate death  of  Mr.  Swainson  since  the 
appearance  of  this  work. 

The  enthusiasm  of  the  authors  for  their 
subject  is  expressed  in  the  first  sentence  of 
the  preface  in  the  bold  statement,  "  Sancta 
Sophia  is  the  most  interesting  building  on 
the  world's   surface."     The  general  reader 
who  comes  to  their  work,  expecting  to  gain 
from  it  a  clear  picture  of  what  the  wonderful 
building  looked,  or  looks,  like,  both  inside 
and  outside,  will  be  disappointed  at  finding 
no  illustrations,   except   ground  plans    and 
longitudinal  sections — in  fact,  the  skeleton. 
We   do    not    intend    this    as    a   criticism, 
but  as  an  explanation  of  the    intention  of 
the   work,    which    is    not    designed   as    an 
introduction    to    the    subject,   but    assumes 
some  previous  knowledge.     Thus  technical 
words  are  not  always  explained  when  they 
first  occur.     Solea,  for  example,  is  met  on 
p.  61,  «&;c.,  before  we  are  told  what  it  is  on 
p.  78  (this  reference,  by  the  way,  ought  not 
to    be    omitted    in    the    index).     And,    in 
general,  much  of  the  book  is  very  "  hard 
reading  ";  it  is  a  serious  contribution  to  the 
subject,  not  a  mere  popular  summary  of  the 
researches  of  others.     At  the  same  time  it 
is  very  complete.     The  history  is  dealt  with, 
as  well  as  the  architecture  ;  an  account  is 
given  of  the  treasures,  with  a  translation  of 
the  valuable  description  of  Anthony,  Arch- 
bishop of  Novgorod  ;  a  chapter  on  the  pre- 
cincts of  the  church  is  extended  to  include 
an  account  of  the  adjacent  buildings  ;   and 
such  things  as  mortar  and  cement  are  not 
forgotten. 

Some  of  the  original  suggestions  made  by 
the  authors  deserve  careful  attention.  Having 
given  an  account  of  the  pre-Justinianean 
St.  Sophia,  which,  according  to  the  plan  of 
older  churches,  had  its  entrance  at  the 
eastern  and  its  apse  at  the  western  end — 
St.  Agatha  at  Eavenna  (417  a.d.)  seems  to 
be  the  earliest  example  of  the  reverse 
arrangement — they  observe  (p.  19) : — 

' '  In  applying  the  plan  of  a  church  of  mean 
size  so  that  the  doors  should  face  eastwards,  we 
are  at  once  struck  by  finding  that  the  western 
hemicycle  of  the  present  church  would  lie  about 
the  apse  ;  and  we  cannot  but  suggest  that  in 
this  we  may  have  the  very  raison  d'etre  of  the 
remarliable  plan  of  the  present  church,  which 
it  would  seem  might  be  properly  classed  with 
those  churches  which  have  apses  at  both  ends, 
like  the  early  basilica  at  Orleansville  near 
Tunis  ;  the  MS.  plan  of  S.  Gall  is  the  best- 
known  example  ;  our  own  early  church  at 
Canterbury  was  another  instance,  the  result  of 
adding  to  a  church  with  a  western  apse  ;  France 
furnishes  Besanijon  and  Nevers,  and  Germany 
numerous  examples." 

We  should  think  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  explanation  of  the  plan  of  the 
later  church  is  correct.  The  further  sug- 
gestion, in  connexion  with  the  older  church, 
that  a  circular  brick  building  at  the  north- 
east angle  (of  the  present  edifice)  was  its 
baptistery  is  noticeable,  but  not  so  certain. 
The  most  striking  and  ingenious  conjec- 
ture in  the  book  concerns  the  constructive 
changes  which  were  made  when  Justinian, 
at  the  end  of  his  reign,  rebuilt  the  dome. 
Wo  are  told  by  Agathias  that  the  arches 
which  sustained  the  dome  on  the  north  and 
south  sides   were   altered,    and   the  dome 


104 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'  3534,  July  20,  '95 


raised  in  height.  Choisy,  from  a  careful 
examination,  on  the  outside,  of  the  square 
base  of  the  dome,  made  the  important  dis- 
covery that  the  shape  "was  not  originally 
square,  but  that  the  angles  had  been  in- 
creased, the  additions  resting  on  the  piers 
and  lateral  arches.  Agathias  states  that 
the  part  of  the  building  "  which  was  on 
the  curve"  was  brought  towards  the  inside: 
"  And  they  made  the  arches  wider  to  be  in 
harmony  with  the  others,  thus  making  the 
equilateral  symmetry  more  perfect.  They 
thus  reduced  the  vast  space  and  formed 
an  oblong  design."  This  passage  puzzled 
Salzenberg,  who — as  any  one  would  at  first 
sight — took  the  arches  referred  to  for  the 
arches  of  100  ft.  span,  on  the  north  and  the 
south,  on  which  the  dome  appears  to  stand. 
But  Messrs.  Lethaby  and  Swainson  with 
great  plausibility  refer  the  words  of 
Agathias  to  arches  of  72  ft.  span  which  pass 
between  the  pairs  of  piers  on  the  north  and 
south  sides,  and  were  filled  up  on  the  inside 
by  a  wall  so  that  they  became  invisible. 
The  filling  wall  "  was  formerly  on  the 
exterior,  and  thus  left  an  upper  gallery 
twelve  feet  wide  and  seventy-two  feet  long, 
open  to  the  interior." 

Many  students  who  are  not  so  sure  of 
their  Greek  as  the  authors  will  be  very 
grateful  for  the  translations  of  the  poem  of 
Paul  the  Silentiary  and  the  description  of 
the  "Anonjmaus  of  Banduri."  The  prose 
rendering  of  Paul's  hexameters  deserves  the 
highest  commendation.  Having  compared 
it  with  the  original,  we  can  testify  to  its 
accuracy,  and  an  extract  will  show  that  it 
is  poetical,  and  brings  out  the  virtues  of  the 
Greek.  We  may  take  the  description  of 
the  marbles : — 

"Yet  who,  even  in  the  measures  of  Homer, 
shall  sing  the  marble  pastures  gathered  on  the 
lofty  walls  and  spreading  pavement  of  the 
mighty  church  ?  These  the  iron  with  its  metal 
tooth  has  gnawed — the  fresh  green  from  Cary- 
stus,  and  many  -  coloured  marble  from  the 
Phrygian  range,  in  which  a  rosy  blush  mingles 
with  white,  or  it  shines  bright  with  flowers  of 
deep  red  and  silver.  There  is  a  wealth  of 
porphyry  too,  powdered  with  bright  stars,  that 
has  once  laden  the  river  boat  on  the  broad 
Nile.  You  would  see  an  emerald  green  from 
Sparta,  and  the  glittering  marble  with  wavy 
veins,  which  the  tool  has  worked  in  the  deep 
bosom  of  the  lassian  hills,  showing  slanting 
streaks  blood-red  and  livid  white.  From  the 
Lydian  creek  came  the  bright  stone  mingled 
with  streaks  of  red.  Stone,  too,  there  is  that  the 
Lybian  [sic]  sun,  warming  with  his  golden  light, 
has  nurtured  in  the  deep-bosomed  clefts  of  the 
hills  of  the  Moors,  of  crocus  colour  glittering 
like  gold  ;  and  the  product  of  the  Celtic  crags, 
a  wealth  of  crystals,  like  milk  poured  here 
and  there  on  a  flesh  of  glittering  black.  There 
is  the  precious  onyx  as  if  gold  were  shining 
through  it  :  and  the  marble  that  the  land  of 
Atrax  yields,  not  from  some  upland  glen,  but 
from  the  level  plains  ;  in  parts  fresh  green  as 
the  sea  or  emerald  stone,  or  again  like  blue 
cornflowers  in  grass,  with  here  and  there  a  drift 
of  fallen  snow — a  sweet  mingled  contrast  on  the 
dark  shining  surface." 

Paul  is  really  worthy  of  his  interpreters  ; 
some  parts  of  his  poem  aro  good  enough  to 
have  inspired  Rusk  in.  In  another  chapter 
there  is  a  most  useful  account  of  these 
marbles.  The  statement  that  the  Atracian 
orThossalian  marble  is  also  called  Molossian, 
"  from  the  province  in  Thossaly  wlicre  it 
was  found,"  requires  some  explanation. 


The  article  on  "Byzantine  Capitals"  is 
extremely  interesting.  The  authors  suggest 
a  classification,  and  distinguish  seven  types, 
as  follows  :  (1)  the  Impost  Capital,  of  which 
the  best-known  examples,  richly  sculptured, 
are  at  San  Vitale,  and  which  includes  the 
Lily  Capital  of  Mr.  Euskin  ;  (2)  the  Melon  ; 
(3)  the  Bowl  —  the  great  capitals  of  St. 
Sophia  are  of  this  type  ;  (4)  the  Byzantine 
Ionic ;  (5)  the  Bird  and  Basket ;  (6)  the 
Byzantine  Corinthian — basket-form  capitals 
in  which  the  acanthus  leaves  are  set  upright 
on  the  stem  of  the  shaft;  (7)  the  Wind- 
blown Acanthus  (the  name  is  Mr.  Euskin's), 
inwhich  the  leaves,  turning  over,  bend  round 
the  capital.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  authors  are  right  in  insisting  on  the 
"  shop  production  "  of  capitals,  inlaid  slabs, 
&c.,  at  Constantinople.  The  capitals  we 
admire  at  Ravenna  and  Parenzo  were  not 
manufactured  in  those  cities,  but  were  ob- 
tained ready  wrought  from  the  centre  of 
the  empire.  This  is  proved  by  the  cir- 
cumstance that  the  resemblances  are  not 
general,  but  particular  and  exact.  The 
anticipation  is  expressed  that  a  careful 
examination  of  the  capitals  at  Ravenna  and 
other  such  Byzantine  centres  will  show  that 
they  are  mainly  of  Proconnesian  marble, 
the  common  stone  of  Constantinople. 

On  Byzantine  topography  the  authors 
are  up  to  date.  They  know  Mordtmann's 
*  Esquisse  Topographique,'  and  they  know 
of  the  work  of  Bieliaiev.  They  have  also 
shown  circumspection  in  regard  to  the 
researches  of  Dr.  Paspates.  They  have  not 
fallen  into  his  blunders  about  theAugusteum, 
and  their  estimate  of  his  work  (see  p.  173) 
agrees  with  that  which  we  developed  at 
some  length  in  our  review  of  Mr.  Metcalfe's 
translation  of  '  The  Great  Palace.' 

One  is  always  vexed  to  see  misprints  in 
works  so  handsomely  brought  out  as  this. 
We  have  noticed  :  p.  22,  '  Geschichte  der 
Byzantinischer  Litteratur ' ;  p.  135,  "  Syl- 
l&goeum'^  {ior  Sylloffeum);  p.  160,"Zonoras"; 
p.  283,  o-ete  TraAtr  is  restored  ai'ecrrvyo-ete  TrdXi.v 
(presumably  for  dvao-rv'ycreu). 


The  Flora  of  the  Assyrian  Monuments  and  its 
Outcomes.  By  E.  Bonavia,  M.D.  (Constable  & 
Co.) — In  the  interesting  work  before  us  Dr. 
Bonavia  gives  us  the  results  of  the  studies  of 
Assyrian  bas-reliefs  and  other  remains  of  the 
great  Mesopotamian  civilization  which  he  made 
with  a  view  of  identifying  the  trees  and  jilants 
depicted  thereon  ;  these  researches  led  him  a 
step  further,  and  as  a  result  we  have  chapters 
on  the  evil  eye  and  the  trident,  and  a  number 
of  interesting  speculations  upon  the  origin  and 
meaning  of  certain  symbols  in  use  among 
the  Babylonians,  Assyrians,  and  neighbouring 
nations.  The  book  is  full  of  charm  for  those 
who,  like  Mr.  Goodyear  and  Mr.  O'Neill,  have 
mastered  the  whole  range  of  what  may  be  termed 
the  "  literature  of  symbols,"  and  its  interest  is 
great  for  all  who  can  rise  above  the  dry  dust  of 
the  interpretation  of  the  letter  of  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions,  and  can  see  in  them  something 
more  than  the  mere  material  for  grammars  and 
lexicons  ;  but  the  author  arrives  at  immy  con- 
clusions which  seem  to  us  to  require  a  little 
more  proof  before  they  will  be  generally 
accepted.  After  a  brief  introduction,  hi  which 
Dr.  Bonavia  explains  his  standpoint  with 
reference  to  the  study  of  symbols,  &c.,  he 
goes  on  to  treat  of  the  date  -  palm,  vine, 
pomegranate,  fig,  banana,  melon,  pine,  reed, 
lily,  and  two  doubtful  plants  ;  in  the 
following  chapter  he  discusses  the  sacred 
trees     of     the     Assyrians,     in     one     instance 


arriving  at  a  different  conclusion  from  that  of 
Lenormant,  Mr.  Goodyear,  and  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor. 
In  the  section  on  cone-fruit  Dr.  Bonavia  tells 
us  that  the  Christian  Church  has  inherited  "the 
notion  of  holy  water  with  many  other  Assyrian 
notions,"  and  of  the  scene  in  which  the  winged 
disc  above  a  palm  tree  is  depicted  he  gives  a 
new  explanation  ;  it  seems  to  us,  however,  that 
Dr.  Tyler's  arguments  are  not  yet  explained 
away.  In  the  chapter  on  the  lotus  many  of 
Mr.  Goodyear's  opinions  aro  refuted,  but 
although  the  author  of  the  '  Grammar  of  the 
Lotus  '  may  be  wrong  on  some  points,  it  is  not 
by  any  means  certain  that  all  Dr.  Bonavia's 
views  are  right  ;  and  we  think  that  he  does 
harm  to  his  own  work  when  he  suggests  that 
"the  dove  with  spread  wings  of  Christian 
artists,  representing  the  Holy  Ghost,  was  bor- 
rowed from  the  winged  disc  of  the  Assyrians." 
Of  the  evil  eye  and  the  charms  by  which  its 
power  was  broken  Dr.  Bonavia  has  little  new 
to  say,  and  in  his  remarks  on  the  trident  we  can 
find  no  mention  of  Mr.  H.  B.  Walters's  learned 
paper  on  '  Poseidon's  Trident '  {Journal  of  Hel- 
lenic Studies,  vol.  xiii.);  and  that  Mr.  O'Neill's 
'  Night  of  the  Gods,'  a  masterpiece  of  research 
on  symbols,  should  have  been  overlooked  by 
him  is  difiicult  to  understand.  Dr.  Bonavia 
believes  that  when  Moses  returned  from  con- 
versing with  the  Deity  he  had  horns  upon  his 
head,  but  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  this  meaning 
can  be  obtained  from  the  words  ViS  "liy  pp, 
"  the  skin  of  his  face  shone."  Dr.  Bonavia's 
book  is  pleasantly  written,  well  printed  and 
illustrated,  and  will  no  doubt  be  interesting  to 
many  readers. 

The  Gentleman's  Magazine  Library.  Edited 
by  George  Laurence  Gomme,  F.S.A. — Eccle- 
siology.  Edited  by  F.  A.  Milne,  M.  A.  (Stock.) 
— The  ecciesiological  volume  of  Mr.  Gomme's 
series  contains  a  great  deal  of  interesting 
matter,  and  it  is  nothing  against  it  that  some 
of  the  controversies  which  it  records  are  out  of 
date,  and  some  of  the  opinions  expressed  with 
confidence  are  not  held  now  by  the  best- 
informed  antiquaries.  In  the  controversies 
good  evidence  is  sometimes  quoted,  even  when 
it  has  not  been  understood  aright,  and  the 
opinions  testify  to  the  extreme  difficulty  of 
removing  an  error  when  it  has  once  been 
admitted  into  the  body  of  information  which  is 
the  common  stock  of  the  sciolists.  A  good 
example  of  this  is  the  explanation  of  the  "low 
side  window  "  as  a  confessional,  and  the  per- 
sistent quotation  of  a  passage  in  a  letter  from 
Thomas  Bedyll  to  Cromwell  in  support  of  it. 
Now  the  use  of  the  thing  as  a  confessional  is 
unlikely  in  any  case,  and  in  many  impossible  ; 
and  as  an  ecciesiological  feature  it  belongs 
chiefly  to  parish  churches,  where  its  date  is 
seldom,  if  ever,  later  than  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  last  fact  should  raise 
the  suspicion  that  the  use  of  the  thing, 
whatever  it  may  have  been,  began  to  be 
given  up  about  that  time.  And  Bedyll's  letter 
refers  to  something  which  may  not  have  be- 
longed to  a  church  at  all,  and  if  it  did,  it  was 
to  that  of  a  monastic  house  not  founded  until 
the  fifteenth  century  and  belonging  to  an  order 
whose  customs  were  j)eculiar  to  itself.  We  are 
rather  surprised  that  Mr.  Gomme  should  repeat 
the  old  tale  in  his  preface.  The  Gentleman's 
Alagazine  was  not  the  organ  of  the  ecclesiolo- 
gists,  but  it  was  used  as  a  medium  of  communi- 
cation by  some  of  those  who  first  made  our  old 
churches  the  subject  of  intelligent  study,  and 
a  collection  from  their  contributions  could  not 
fail  to  have  in  it  much  worth  reading.  But  we 
are  disappointed  with  the  book.  The  selection 
might  have  been  better  made  ;  the  printing  is 
often  at  fault ;  and  above  all  the  woodcuts,  which 
are  often  of  more  value  than  the  text,  and  the 
blocks  of  which  most  likely  exist  somewhere, 
are  (emitted,  and  the  book  is  made  absurd  by 
frequent  references  to  plans  and  figures  which 
are  not  in  it. 


N«  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


105 


NOTES   FKOM  ATHENS. 

The  great  care  that  has  of  late  been  bestowed, 
as  I  have  mentioned  in  previous  letters,  upon 
the    Parthenon   has  not    absorbed    the   whole 
of  the  activity  of   Greek  archseologists,  as  the 
manifold  excavations,  discoveries,  and   reports 
recently  issued  have  shown.     It  will  be  enough 
to  mention  two   sets  of  excavations — those   at 
Delphi    by  the   French   under  the  direction  of 
M.  Homolle,  and  those  of  Dr.  Dorpfeld  at  the 
western  foot  of  the  Acropolis — in  order  to  make 
clear  the  vigour  of  archajological  action  in  Greece. 
The   results    of   the    former   have    become   so 
thoroughly  known  through  official  reports  and 
frequent  announcements  that  there  is  no  neces- 
sity to  dwell  upon  them.     Suffice  it  to  say  that 
the  last  excavations  of  Dr.  Dorpfeld  are  inferior 
in  interest  to  his  former  researches,  which  led  to 
the  discovery  of  the  cistern  declared    by   Dr. 
Dorpfeld  to  be  the  Enneacrunus,  and  the  remains 
of  the  temple  of  Dionysus  iv  Xijivais.     On  the 
other  hand,  the  excavations  of   the  French  at 
Delphi  were  well  rewarded ;  and  at  the  same  time 
the  School  carried  on  the  work  at  Delos.     The 
communication    made   by  M.   Homolle   to   the 
French   Archaeological   Institute   in    April  was 
ample   proof    of   this.     In   the    last    campaign 
the    principal    aim  was    to    lay  bare  the   part 
of  the    town    adjacent  to    the  harbour,   as  we 
possess  in    this  quarter  a   Greek  Pompeii,    so 
to  say,  covered  with  a  huge  layer  of  earth,  the 
removal  of   which  is  destined    to   enlarge  our 
knowledge  of  the  domestic  life  of  the  Greeks  as 
well  as  to  yield  objects  of  art.     A  considerable 
portion  of  the  ground  adjoining  the  harbour  has 
been  turned  up,  and  commercial  warehouses  and 
private  dwellings  have  come  to  light,  so  that  we 
can  not  only  draw  up  the  plan  of  a  Greek  house, 
for  a  knowledge  of  which  we  have  hitherto  been 
pretty  well    dependent  on  Vitruvius,   but    we 
have   also    gained    possession    of    real   artistic 
treasures.       The    dwellings    at    Delos    are    in 
other  respects  well   preserved,   and  they  were 
not  merely  decorated  with  wall  paintings   and 
mosaic  pavements,  but  also  contained  works  of 
sculpture,    some  of  which  were  statues  of  the 
owners  of  the  buildings,  while  some  were  ideal 
works  or  copies  of  famous  masterpieces.  The  best 
of  the  pieces  of  sculpture  discovered  up  to  the 
present  time  are  a  marble  figure  of  a  woman  of 
the  Roman  period,  in  the  1  est  state  of  preserva- 
tion,  and  a  beautiful    replica    of    the    Diadu- 
menus  of  Polycletus.     The  finds  hitherto  made 
encourage    the    hope   that  further  excavations 
may  lay  bare  all  the  buildings  lying  round  the 
temple  as  well  as  the  lower    city,  which  was 
still  a  flourishing  place  in  Roman  days.     Occu- 
pied   with    the    explorations    at    Delphi,    the 
French   cannot,    for   the    time   being,    proceed 
more  vigorously  at  Delos  ;  only  after  the  close 
of  their  excavations  at  Delphi  will  they  be  able 
to  work  systematically,  and  bring  to  the  island 
the  machinery  now  in  use  at  Delphi. 

With  the  excavations  on  the  side  of  the 
Acropolis,  which  Dr.  Dorpfeld  began  primarily 
with  a  view  to  the  determination  of  the 
Enneacrunus,  the  newer  excavations  at  the 
theatre  of  Dionysus  are  connected,  where 
he  had  previously  dug  with  a  view  to 
ascertain  the  position  of  the  aqueduct  and 
its  branches.  They  have  contributed  in  no 
small  degree  to  throw  light  on  the  history 
of  the  construction  of  the  theatre  ;  for  it  has 
been  proved  that  the  floor  of  the  ixirodi  was 
upon  the  same  level  as  the  ancient  orchestra, 
and  from  certain  indications  it  is  possible  to 
reconstruct  the  constructions  of  the  time  of  the 
orator  Lycurgus.  The  stylobate  of  the  pro- 
scenium, which  was  built  after  the  age  of  Alex- 
ander, has  been  brought  to  light.  Before  this 
time  the  proscenium  was  movable,  and  not 
stationary  as  since  the  Alexandrian  epoch.  Be- 
hind this  proscenium,  however,  are  visible  the 
foundations  of  the  stage  of  the  theatre  built  by 
Lycurgus,  the  front  of  which  Dr.  Dorpfeld  thinks 
was  adorned  with    eighteen  columns,  and  the 


height  of  which  was  four  metres.  Even  the 
front  view  of  the  parascenium  was  decorated  on 
each  side  with  six  columns.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
theatre  was  discovered,  in  the  foundations  of  the 
Phsedrus  stair,  a  marble  torso ;  and  on  the  eastern 
parascenium,  under  the  surface  of  the  Roman 
constructions,  was  unearthed  an  inscription  in 
which  occurred  the  names  of  two  artists  hitherto 
unknown.  Beneath  the  orchestra  underground 
passages  were  met  with,  which  the  newspapers 
hastened  to  identify  with  the  Charonic  steps  men- 
tioned by  Julius  Pollux.  Dr.  Dorpfeld,  however, 
has  shown  that  this  idea  is  untenable.  It  is  also 
an  interesting  feature  that  these  passages  lead 
directly  to  the  centre  of  the  orchestra,  which 
Dr.  Dorpfeld,  it  is  well  known,  has  for  some 
years  past  maintained,  formed  in  the  golden  age 
of  Attic  tragedy  tlie  stage.  Now  Charonic  steps 
were  not  required,  in  the  theatre  of  Dionysus  in 
ancient  time,  for  the  appearance  on  the  stage  of 
personages  who  came  from  the  lower  regions, 
because  originally  the  ground  on  the  southern 
half  of  the  orchestra  was  lower  than  the  northern, 
since  the  rock  sloped  away. 

The  Archcieological  Society  has  determined 
on  laying  bare  the  whole  of  the  ground 
round  about  the  foot  of  the  Acropolis.  For 
this  end  it  is  necessary  to  declare  that 
the  pieces  of  land  belonging  to  private 
owners  are  required  for  archasological  pur- 
poses, and  a  committee  has  been  formed  — 
including,  besides  the  Inspector  -  General  of 
Antiquities,  the  University  professors  N.  Politis 
and  Spyr.  Lambros — which  will  see  to  the  legal 
acquisition  of  these  plots  of  ground.  The  com- 
plete plan  would  involve  the  removal  of  the 
whole  of  the  poor  quarter  inhabited  by  immi- 
grants from  the  island  of  Anaphe,  the  so-called 
Anaphiotika,  to  the  north-east  of  the  Acropolis  ; 
but  as  new  homes  must  be  provided  for  the 
immigrants,  the  full  realization  of  the  project 
is  doubtful. 

The  ArchiBological  Society  also  thinks  of 
enclosing  with  an  iron  railing  the  theatre 
of  Dionysus  and  the  Odjeum  of  Herod es 
Atticus.  It  is  also  proposed  to  remove  the 
most  interesting  of  the  monuments  from  the 
Ceramicus  to  the  Central  Museum  for  the  sake 
of  security.  I  hope,  however,  that  this  project, 
which  would  altogether  deprive  of  all  character 
the  beautiful  and,  in  its  way,  unique  public 
cemetery  of  ancient  Athens,  will  not  be  carried 
out.  It  would  be  quite  easy  to  enclose  the 
whole  spot  with  an  iron  railing,  and  to  protect 
the  most  important  memorials  by  covering  them 
with  glass  and  wire. 

Another  archaeological  relic  of  the  ancient 
city  is  to  be  in  a  measure  restored  to  its  original 
splendour  on  the  occasion  of  the  international 
athletic  games  to  be  held  in  Athens  next  spring, 
which  are  to  revive  the  name  of  the  Olympic 
Games — I  mean  the  Panathenaic  Stadium  on 
the  Ilissus.  The  archaeologists  and  architects 
appointed  to  consider  the  matter  have  proposed 
to  the  committee  of  the  games,  of  which  the 
Crown  Prince  Constantino  is  president,  to  renew 
portions  of  the  Stadium,  especially  the  marble 
parapet,  only  a  portion  of  which,  that  at  the 
sphendone,  is  at  present  completely  preserved. 
It  consists  of  two  mortarless  layers  of  marble 
placed  upon  the  high  edge.  The  lower  of  them 
is  0"50  metre  high  and  0"33  metre  broad.  The 
upper  is  1'14  metre  high  and  0'33  metre  thick. 
The  reparation  of  this  parapet  round  the  whole 
circle  of  the  Stadium,  as  well  as  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  tlie  marble  wainscoting,  0"10  metre 
thick,  which  went  round  the  racecourse,  so  that 
between  it  and  the  parapet  a  corridor  remained 
2 '82  metres  broad,  by  which  the  spectators  could 
reach  their  seats,  are,  in  accordance  with  the 
plans  of  the  special  commission,  those  works 
which  it  is  desirable  to  carry  out  in  order  to 
restore  to  the  Stadium,  atleast  in  these  points,  its 
ancient  form.  As,  however,  a  large  part  of  the 
160,000  drachmae  which  is  to  be  spent  would  be 
absorbed  by  these  renewals,  there  was  a  feeling 
of  recoil  from  the  expense,  when  the  munificence 


of  one  of  the  rich  Greeks  of  Alexandria  came 
to  the  rescue.  George  Awerof  has  presented 
the  committee  with  a  sum  of  500,000  drachmee, 
on  the  condition  that  it  is  entirely  spent  on  the 
ornamentation  of  the  Stadium.  The  gift  of  this 
new  Herodeswill  make  it  possible  not  merely  to 
complete  the  restorations  1  have  mentioned,  but 
also  to  rebuild  in  marble  a  large  portion  of  the  row 
of  seats  ;  but  as  there  is  little  time  left  between 
now  and  next  spring,  that  project  will  be  ad- 
journed to  a  later  time.  This  partial  restoration 
of  the  Stadium  has  made  the  Governmentanxious 
to  sequestrate  all  the  private  plots  of  land  within 
the  circumference  of  the  Stadium  as  archaeological 
ground.  For  a  great  part  of  the  Stadium  this  is 
unnecessary,  as  the  King  bought  at  least  half  of 
the  ground  in  1870,  when  Ernest  Ziller  made 
excavations  in  the  Stadium.  The  committee  I 
have  mentioned  above  has  taken  in  hand  the 
question  of  the  purchase  of  the  rest, 

Spyr.  Lambros. 


new  prints. 

To  Mr.  Lefevre  we  are  indebted  for  an 
artist's  proof  of  a  new  plate  engraved  in  a  mixed 
style  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Pratt,  after  a  fine  picture  by 
Mile.  R.  Bonheur,  entitled  'On  Guard.'  It 
represents  three  stalwart  lion-cubs  grouped  in 
the  foreground  of  a  forest.  One  of  them  is  still 
lying  fast  asleep,  while  the  others  have  been 
suddenly  aroused,  and  look  to  the  front  as  if 
expecting  an  intruder.  The  father  lion,  who 
has  been  left  at  home  with  the  cubs,  is  seen 
behind,  half  watchful  and  half  dozing,  but  still 
guarding  his  family.  The  design  and  vigorous 
character  of  the  work  are  as  good  as  anything  of 
the  sort  Mdlle.  Bonheur  has  produced.  The 
expressions  of  the  cubs  are  characteristic  and 
varied  ;  the  draughtsmanship  could  hardly  be 
better  ;  and  as  for  Mr.  Pratt's  share  in  the  plate, 
the  painter's  high  compliments  and  thanks  for 
what  he  has  done  must  be  as  gratifying  as  they 
are  well  deserved. 

With  praiseworthy  sympathy,  care,  and  skill 
Mr.  Schiitte  has  mezzotinted  for  Mr.  Mendoza 
G.  Morland's  picture  called  'The  Reckoning,' 
which  is  now  at  South  Kensington,  and  shows 
an  old  farmer  in  a  stable,  searching  his  pocket 
for  money  to  pay  for  his  entertainment  ;  behind 
him  stands  his  old  white  horse,  saddled  and 
bridled  as  if  for  departure.  Though  slightly 
sooty  in  some  parts,  as  mezzotints  are  apt  to 
be,  this  plate  is  quite  equal  to  the  best  of  the 
old  prints  after  Morland,  and  much  better  than 
the  average  of  that  numerous  category.  It  is 
faithful  to  its  original,  well  drawn  and  solid, 
carefully  modelled,  and  reproduces  the  peculiar 
handling  of  the  paintei',  as  it  is  marked  in  this, 
one  of  his  best  pictures. — We  do  not  know  who 
published  the  small  and  excellent  etching,  by 
Mr.  E.  Stamp,  after  F.  Walker's  '  Rainy  Day  at 
Cookham,'  one  of  his  capital  works,  of  which  a 
very  acceptable  impression  is  before  us. 


Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold 
on  the  9th,  10th,  and  11th  inst.  the  following, 
from  the  Huth  Collection.  Drawings  :  J.  Hol- 
land, Santa  Maria  della  Salute,  Venice,  220L 
D.  Roberts,  St.  Pierre,  Caen,  56^  Miniatures  : 
James  I.,  by  N.  Hilliard,  86L  Anne  of  Den- 
mark, by  N.  Hilliard,  94^.  Robert  Devereux, 
Earl  of  Essex,  by  I.  Oliver,  94Z.  George 
Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  by  I.  Oliver, 
173Z.  Edward,  Earl  of  Dorset,  by  J.  Hoskins,  IGO/. 
John  Churchill,  Duke  of  Marlborough,  byZincke, 
52L  Lord  Chesterfield,  by  Zincke,  90Z.  Joseph 
Addison,  by  Zincke,  lOOL  I\Irs.  Fitzherbert, 
by  R.  Cosway,  105^  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in 
orange-coloured  dress,  by  J.  Smart,  IVtl.  Por- 
trait of  a  Lady,  in  white  dress,  162?.  Por- 
trait of  George  IV.,  when  Prince  Regent, 
by  Cosway,  loll.  ;  the  same,  in  lilac- 
coloured  dress,  54Z.  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in 
white  dress  and  white  scarf,  58L  Portrait  of  a 
Lady,  in  white  dress,  with  gold  neck  chain,  6.j/. 
Margaret  Caroline,  daughter  of  the  first  Man^uis 


106 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


of  Stafford,   by  R.   Cosway,  451.     Portrait  of  a 
Lady,  in  lilac-coloured  dress  and  large  hat,  by 
F.    Dumont,    901.      Engravings  :    Young    Wal- 
tonians,  after  J.  Constable,  by  D.  Lucas,  261.  ; 
the  same,   281.      The  Milk-Girl,  and  the  com- 
panion, after  F.  Wheatley,  43L      Interior  of  a 
Cottage  and  The  Little  Cottagers,  after  T.  Gains- 
borough,  by  C.   Turner,  49?.     Peg  Woffington 
as  Mrs.  Ford,  after  Haytley,  by  S.  Cousins,  49?. 
Sir  Francis  and  Charles  Baring,  and  Mr.  Wall, 
after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  by  J.  Ward,  28?.     Master 
Lambton,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  by  S.  Cousins, 
45?.      Miss  Farren,   Countess   of   Derby,    after 
Sir  T.  Lawrence,   by  Bartolozzi,  28?.      After  .). 
Hoppner  :  Lady  Charlotte  Duncombe  and  Vis- 
countess  Andover,    by   C.   Wilkin,   25?,  ;   Mrs. 
Arbuthnot,    by   S.   W.    Reynolds,    37?.  ;    Lady 
Louisa  Manners,  by  C.   Turner,   26?.  ;    Phoebe 
Hoppner,   by  J.   R.   Smith,  51?.  ;    Eliza,   Mrs. 
Hoppner,  by  J.  Young,  38?,  ;   Lady  Charlotte 
Greville,  by  J.  Young,  36?.  ;  Lady  Anne  Lamb- 
ton  and  Family,  by  J.  Young,  325?.  ;  Mrs.  Orby 
Hunter,   by  J.  Young,   105?.  ;    Countess  Chol- 
mondeley  and  her  Son,    by    C,    Turner,    90?.  ; 
Lady      Mildmay,     by     W,    Say,      73?.  ;    Lady 
Heathcote,  by  J.  Ward,  44?,  ;  The  Duchess  of 
Bedford,  by  S,  W.  Reynolds,  57?, ;  Sir  Thomas 
Frankland's    Daughters,    by    W,    Ward,    399?. 
After  G,  Romney  :  Miss  Sneyd  as  Serena,  by 
J.  R,  Smith,  43?. ;  Lady  Hamilton  (Nature),  by 
H.   Meyer,   210?.  ;  Miss  Cumberland,  by  J.  R. 
Smith,  85?.;  Miss  Anne  Parr,  by  J,  Dean,  37?,; 
Mrs,    Robinson,    by   J,   R.   Smith,  29?.  ;    Miss 
Benedetta  Ramus,  by  W,  Dickinson,  ,33?. ;  Mrs. 
Davenport,   by  J.  Jones,  75?. ;  The  Hon.  Mrs. 
Beresford,  by  J,  Jones,  101?, ;  Mrs.  Stables  and 
her  Daughters,  by  J.  R.   Smith,  106?.      After 
Sir  J.  Reynolds  :  Lady  Smythe  and  Children, 
by  F.  Bartolozzi,  31?. ;  Jane,  Countess  of  Har- 
rington, and  her  Children,    by   F,   Bartolozzi, 
26?,  ;  Mrs.   Robinson,  by  W.   Dickinson,   27?.; 
Lady  Caroline  Price,  by  J.  Jones,  56?.  ;  Miss 
Theophila  Palmer,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  42?.;  Miss 
Kemble,  by  J,  Jones,  71?.  ;  Mrs.  Bunbury,  by 
J,  Watson,  27?.  ;  Miss  Sarah  Campbell,  by  V, 
Green,  27?. ;  Lady  O'Brien,  by  J.  Dixon,  32/.  ; 
The  Hon.  Mrs.  Stanhope,  by  J.  R,  Smith,  58?, ; 
Mrs.  Crewe  as  St,   Genevieve,   by  T,  Watson, 
47?.  ;  Mrs,   Bouverie   and  Mrs.    Crewe,    by  J. 
Marchi,   25?,  ;  Mrs.  Pelham  feeding  Chickens, 
by  W.  Dickinson,  115?. ;  Elizabeth,  Countess  of 
Derby,  by  W,  Dickinson,  46?. ;  Lady  Elizabeth 
Keppel,   by  E.  Fisher,   38?,  ;  Mrs,  Musters  as 
Hebe,  by  C,  H,   Hodges,   42?,  ;  Lady  Caroline 
Montagu,  by  J,  R,  Smith,  81?,;  The  Strawberry 
Girl,  by  T,  Watson,  78?, 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  13th  inst, 
the  following,  from  various  collections.  Pic- 
tures :  Angelica  Kauffman,  Sir  John  Reade, 
fifth  Baronet,  147?.;  Nymphs  and  Sleeping 
Cupid,  and  the  companion,  120?,  G,  Romney, 
Lady  Reade,  wife  of  Sir  John  Reade,  fifth 
Baronet,  1,081?.;  Sir  John  Reade,  fifth  Baronet, 
535?.;  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Beresford,  1,732?.  Sir 
W.  Beechey,  Miss  Reade,  sister  to  Sir  J. 
Chandos  Reade,  194?. ;  Sir  John  Reade,  fifth 
Baronet,  in  blue  velvet  court  dress,  336?. ;  Lady 
Reade,  daughter  of  Sir  Hungerford  Hoskyns, 
246?,  F,  Boucher,  Cupids  sporting  near  Foun- 
tains, 1,071?.;  The  Fortune-Teller,  A  Shep- 
herdess with  Sheep,  Two  Shepherdesses,  and 
Apollo  and  Nymphs  (four  pictures),  336?,  Cana- 
letto,  Interior  of  St,  Mark's,  Venice,  325?. ; 
Scala  dei  Giganti,  472?. ;  A  View  of  Venice, 
looking  towards  St.  Mark's  Quay,  283?. ;  View 
of  Westminster,  from  the  Thames,  294?. ;  A 
Composition  of  Architecture,  220?.;  The  Rialto, 
178?.;  View  of  a  Church  and  Buildings  in 
Venice,  and  View  of  the  Church  of  San  Giorgio 
Maggiore,  252?. ;  A  View  on  the  Grand  Canal, 
Venice,  and  the  companion,  525?.  Rembrandt, 
A  Lady,  in  rich  black  and  gold  dress,  162?.; 
A  Young  Gentleman,  represented  in  a  three- 
quarter  view,  1,155?.  J.  Ruysdael,  A  Woody 
River  Scene,  witli  a  cottage,  131?.;  A  Sea  View, 
the  entrance  to  the  Y,  4,410?.  D,  Teniers, 
Interior    of    a    Kitchen,    110?.;    The    Village 


Surgeon,      189?,      J,    Hoppner,     Portrait     of 
Admiral  Viscount  Nelson,  the  battle  of  Copen- 
hagen in  the  background,  2,677?.;  Portrait  of 
Maria  Pelham    Carleton,   1,102/,     Sir  J,    Rey- 
nolds,     Samuel      Hood,      Admiral      Viscount 
Hood,     546?. ;     Portrait    of    Mrs.     Turner,   of 
Clint,      236?.;      Portrait      of     Capt.      Winter, 
standing   by   his   horse,    761?.     W.    Hoare   (of 
Bath),  Portrait  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham,  168?. 
Claude,    A    River    Scene,    with    Mercury    and 
Admetus,  273?.     T,  Gainsborough,  Anne  Eliza- 
beth,  Lady  Mulgrave,   3,675?.  ;    A  Landscape, 
with   a  windmill,  147?.     G,  Morland,  A  Storm, 
630?,     W,  Van  de  Velde,  A  View  on  the  River 
Y,  850?,     M.  Hobbema,  A  View  on  a  Canal  in 
Winter,   1,522?.     A.   Watteau,   Les  Plaisirs  du 
Bal,   1,102?,     F,   Snyders,   Wolves  attacking  a 
Horse,  131?,  Murillo,  The  Holy  Family,  4,200?. 
J.  Weenix,  A  Dead  Hare,  Two  Partridges,  and 
other    Birds,    714?.     M.    de    Hondekoeter,    A 
Landscape,     with     domestic     poultry,     315?,  ; 
Domestic  Poultry  and  Ducks,    115?,     G,  Dou, 
St.   Jerome,   among   some    Gothic  ruins,   252?, 
J.  Both,  A  Ruined  Tower,  136?.     G.  Terburg, 
Portrait  of  Seilora  Alcida  Van  Wassenaar,  199?. 
Van  Balen  and  Breughel,   Pomona  presenting 
Fruits  to  Flora,  294?^     P.  Codde,  An  Interior 
of    an  Apartment,   430?,     P.   Wouwermans,   A 
Landscape,  with  a  peasant  and  a  horse,  262?. 
F.   Hals,  Head  of  a  Man,  wearing  a  red   cap, 
430?,     G,  Van  Honthorst,  The  Infanta  Isabella 
Clara  Eugenia,  231?,     N,  Lancret,  Blind  Man's 
Buff  and  The  Game  of  Forfeits  (the  companion), 
399?.  ;    Le  Dejeuner  dans  le   Foret,   178?.     F, 
Lippi,  The  Madonna  and  Child  and  St.  John, 
with  an  angel,  525?,     H,  Van  der  Goes,  The 
Stem  of  Jesse,  040?,    Sir  T,  Lawrence,  Portrait 
of    John  Philip  Kemble,   273?.  ;    Lady  Owen, 
daughter  of  Rev.  J.  Lewes  Phillips,  997?.     W, 
Hogarth,  Judith,  wife    of   Commodore   Jinks, 
100?.      Sir     H.    Raeburn,    Portrait     of     Col. 
MacDonald,  220?.     N.  Pocock,  A  Fight  between 
Le  Vengeur  and  Achille  and  the  English  Ship 
Brunswick,  168?.    P.  Nasmyth,  A  View,  looking 
over   the    Weald    of    Sussex,    231?,     Drawing : 
Rosalba,  A  Lady  with  a  Parrot,  152?, 

The  amazing,  though  not  unprecedented 
price  obtained  for  Gainsborough's  portrait  of 
Lady  Mulgrave,  which  came  from  Mulgrave 
Castle,  is  the  most  salient  thing  in  the  above 
list ;  but  the  sum  realized  for  Hoppner's  portrait 
of  Nelson  was  more  than  any  one  could  expect 
would  be  given  for  a  work  by  that  artist.  It  is 
certainly  not  his  masterpiece,  and  good  speci- 
mens of  his  art  have  often  been  sold  for  less 
than  a  quarter  of  2,677?,  That  nearly  40,000 
guineas  was  realized  for  122  lots  is,  we  think, 
far  more  extraordinary  than  any  other  fact  of 
this  sale. 


The  Print  Room  of  the  British  Museum 
secured  at  the  Angiolini  sale  in  Stuttgart  some 
important  purchases,  which  are  now  accessible 
by  collectors.  Of  these,  the  following  are,  for 
various  reasons,  the  most  interesting  :  By  D, 
Kellerthaler,  impressions  from  highly  elaborate 
and  delicately  modelled  plates  of  quasi-classical 
subjects,  beautifully  engraved  in  stipple  and  in 
reverse  ;  a  set  of  Virtues  and  Vices  by  L.  Van 
Essen,  oh.  1554 ;  by  C,  Metsys,  c.  1550,  a 
sequence  of  designs  illustrating  incidents  in  the 
life  of  John  the  Baptist  ;  by  I,  Van  Meckenen, 
eleven  examples  of  the  famous  set  of  figures  of 
the  Apostles,  being  more  brilliant  and  earlier 
impressions  than  those  already  in  the  Museum  ; 
and  an  impression  from  a  woodblock,  being  a 
bust  portrait  in  full  face  of  Franz  Burchard,  the 
distinguished  reforming  statesman  of  Saxony, 
inscribed  with  the  date  1559  and  as  pub- 
lished in  London,  It  appears  to  be  the  earliest 
woodcut  of  its  kind  known  to  have  been  pro- 
duced in  this  country;  its  execution  suggests  the 
hand  of  a  Flemish  draughtsman  and  engraver, 
A  sheet  of  four  studies,  or  sketches,  in  outlines, 
made  doubtless  from  the  models  designed  by 


L.  da  Vinci  for  the  equestrian  monument  of 
Francesco  Sforza  or  Gian  Trivulzio,  which 
was  not  executed  on  the  large  scale  originally 
intended,  should  also  be  studied.  Four  distinct 
motives  are  represented  in  these  extremely 
spirited  instances,  which  appear  to  be  due  to 
a  highly  accomplished  pupil  of  the  master. 
The  figures  of  the  horses  and  their  riders  are 
almost  excellent  enough  to  be  Leonardo's  own  ; 
but  the  incorrect  perspective  of  the  pedestals  on 
which  they  are  placed  seems  to  dispose  of  the 
work's  claim  to  be  by  him.  They  were  drawn 
lightly  and  deftly  upon  metal,  and  the  im- 
pressions in  question  are  supposed  to  be  unique. 
The  Museum  has  long  possessed  two  studies  of 
horses'  heads  said  to  have  been  intended  for 
this  monument.  Besides  the  above  Mr.  Colvin 
obtained  at  the  same  sale  a  unique  impression, 
dated  1461,  of  a  block  engraved  in  the  centre 
with  a  capital  design  of  the  '  Resurrection  of 
Christ,'  which  is  surrounded  by  the  Paschal 
tables,  such  as  were  used  for  finding  the  date 
of  Easter.  In  the  spandrels  outside  the  tables 
are  figures  of  the  Evangelists.  A  very  fine  im- 
pression of  an  extremely  early  woodcut  by 
Hans  Baldung  Griin,  representing  an  owl 
perched  upon  a  human  skull  which  rests 
upon  an  altar  tomb  placed  amid  a  group  of 
ruins  of  Roman  architecture  ;  an  undescribed 
impression  of  a  mezzotinted  bust  portrait  of 
Titian  in  profile  to  our  left,  signed  with  the 
monogram  "P.R."  for  Prince  Rupert,  and 
dated  1657  ;  and  a  very  rare  impression  of  a 
small  plate  by  J.  Duvet  (the  "Master  of  the 
Unicorn "),  representing  Christ  driving  the 
money-changers  from  the  Temple,  are  also 
valuable  additions  to  the  treasures  of  the  Print 
Room, 

Regarding  further  additions  to  the  National 
Gallery,  we  may  state  that  in  Room  XX,, 
and  numbered  1456,  is  now  hanging  J.  S, 
Cotman's  'A  Galliot  in  a  Gale,'  which  shows 
a  gleam  of  pale  sunlight  falling  upon  the  sea 
through  a  rift  in  the  storm  clouds  that  nearly 
cover  the  firmament,  A  strong  breeze  drives  the 
waves  along,  while  the  craft,  her  mainsail  being 
full,  sails  steadily  from  the  spectator,  A  town 
and  some  rising  land  are  seen  on  our  right. 
This  work  was  lately  bought  at  Christie's.  In 
Room  XIX.,  No,  1460,  islbbotson's  'Smugglers 
on  the  Irish  Coast,'  a  rocky  scene,  in  which  a 
numerous  body  of  well-dressed  men  and  some 
women,  with  horses,  carts,  and  donkeys,  are 
busy  securing  the  goods  which  the  retreating 
tide  has  left  upon  the  shore.  The  early-risen 
sun  reveals  in  the  misty  air  the  rocky  back- 
ground and  the  same  foreshore,  on  which  lie 
several  casks  and  jugs.  The  whole  is  well 
grouped  and  animated,  and  besides  exhibits 
a  pleasing  scheme  of  colour,  '  A  Portrait 
Group,'  by  G.  Van  den  Eeckhout,  in  Room 
XI,,  No,  1459,  comprises  four  life-size,  full- 
length  portraits  of  men  seated  round  a  table, 
on  which  lie  an  open  book  and  a  document 
with  seal.  On  our  left,  in  front,  is  a  small, 
light-brown  terrier.  The  heads  and  hands  are 
remarkably  well  drawn  and  solid. 

The  New  Gallery  will  be  closed  on  the  10th 
prox,,  and  on  the  3rd  prox,  the  Exhibition  of 
the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  will  be 
closed. 

The  Congress  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association  will  meet  at  Stoke-upon-Trent  on 
the  12th  of  August  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Duke  of  Sutherland,  We  regret  to  hear  that 
the  well-known  secretary  of  the  Association, 
Mr.  L.  Brock,  is  still  very  ill. 

French  journals  record  the  death,  in  his 
seventy- fifth  year,  of  the  distinguished  land- 
scape painter  M,  Paul  Alfred  de  Curzon,  a 
I^upil  of  Drolling  and  Cabat,  who  was  born 
near  Poitiers,  and  made  his  dclnd  in  the  Salon 
of  1843,  and  in  1849  gained  the  highest  dis- 
tinction a  landscape  painter  can  obtain  in  the 
i:cole  des  Beaux- Arts.  Travelling  into  Italy, 
he  remained  in  that  country  two  years,  after- 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


107 


■wards  visiting  Greece  and  working  in  the 
Morea  in  the  company  of  Charles  Garnier  and 
M.  Edmond  About ;  later,  he  encountered 
Th^ophile  Gautier,  and  with  him  returned  to 
France,  Among  his  numerous  works  are  '  Les 
Ondines,'  'Les  Parques  de  Bdranger,'  'Dante 
et  Virgile  sur  le  Rivage  du  Purgatoire, '  '  Vue 
d'Ostie,'  'Le  Tasse  a  Sorrente,'  '  Reve  dans  les 
Ruines  de  Pomp^i,'  '  Les  Bords  du  Clain  h 
Poitiers,'  'Triptyque,'  'Graziella,'  'Campagne 
et  Golfe  d'Athenes,'  '  Cueillette  des  Olives  k 
Capri,'  'Les  Fortifications  de  Paris,' and  '  Le 
Bois  de  Boulogne.'  He  worked  likewise  in 
lithography,  etching,  and  pastels,  and  thus 
produced  'La  Serenade,'  'Les  Baigneuses,'  and 
'  Le  Tonnelier  de  Nuremberg.'  His  style 
reminds  the  student  of  the  semi-classicisms  of 
Gleyre,  and  his  landscapes  are  not  unlike  those 
of  Benouville  and  Cabat,  according  to  La 
Chronique  des  Arts. 

Dr.  Orsi  has  just  carried  out  some  excava- 
tions in  the  Siculan  necropolis  of  Pantalica,  near 
Syracuse,  and  has  found  in  the  tombs  many 
objects  of  the  second  Siculan  period,  consisting 
of  vases,  knives,  bronze  daggers  and  fibulae,  of 
an  altogether  primitive  character.  Some  tombs 
belong  to  the  third  period,  and  have  yielded 
vases  and  bronzes  like  those  of  Tremenzano  and 
Finocchito. 

At  Florence,  in  the  works  going  on  in  the 
central  quarter,  considerable  Roman  remains 
have  been  found  of  very  large  buildings.  In 
Via  della  Nave  were  found  traces  of  an  ancient 
urban  Roman  road,  and  along  it  remains  of  a 
building  with  a  portico,  of  which  pieces  of  the 
columns  and  other  architectural  fragments  were 
recovered.  In  another  place,  near  the  Palazzo 
Medici,  a  burial-place  was  brought  to  light,  con- 
sisting of  tombs  covered  with  stone  slabs,  each 
tomb  separated  from  the  other  by  a  low  wall. 
The  ruins  discovered  in  the  Piazza  del  Duomo 
belong  to  a  large  Roman  building,  within  which 
is  a  vast  hall,  having  its  walls  covered  in  part 
with  marble  slabs  and  in  part  with  enamel 
{smalto). 


MUSIC 


must  have  felt  that  "Wagner's  maltreatment 
of  his  finest  overture  in  the  Paris  edition 
was  an  error  of  judgment.  Madame  Adini 
was  a  very  robust  Venus,  and  her  voice  is  not 
pleasant  in  quality,  but  her  impersonation 
showed  intelligence,  and  Madame  Eames 
was  charmingly  fresh  and  virginal  as  Eliza- 
beth. The  titular  part  could  scarcely  have 
been  better  impersonated,  either  in  voice  or 
acting,  than  it  was  by  M.  Alvarez  ;  and  M. 
Planqon  was  imposing  as  the  Landgraf. 
An  apology  was  made  for  M.  Maurel,  and 
it  was  needed,  for  his  voice  was  certainly 
out  of  order,  though  he  should  be  praised 
for  sustaining  his  part,  as  Sir  Augustus 
Harris  was  thereby  saved  what  might  have 
been  serious  inconvenience.  The  principal 
performers  sang  in  French,  but,  so  far  as 
we  could  hear,  the  chorus  in  Italian.  This 
would  not  have  mattered  very  much  if  the 
choristers  knew  their  music,  but  they  did  not 
— at  least  not  perfectly — cacophony  reign- 
ing supreme  in  iYie  finale  to  the  second  act. 
In  the  mise  en  scene  "Wagner's  directions 
were  obeyed  to  a  greater  extent  than  on 
previous  occasions. 


THE  "WEEK. 

Royal  Opera,  Cotent  Garden.—'  Cavalleria  Rusticana' 
and  '  Pagliacci ';  '  Tannhiiuser.' 

The  performance  of  the  oft-repeated  works 
of  Mascagni  and  Leoncavallo  on  Friday 
last  week  derived  some  interest  from  the 
first  ajipearances  this  season  of  MUe. 
Zelie  de  Lussan  as  Nedda  and  Madame 
Calve  as  Santuzza.  Both  artists  sang 
superbly  and  acted  most  effectively.  In  the 
first-named  opera  Mr.  David  Bispham  was 
admirable  as  Alfio,  not  over- accentuating 
the  brutality  of  the  vulgar  carrier.  The 
other  parts  were  mainly,  if  not  entirely,  as 
before. 

The  rendering  of  '  Tannhiiuser '  on  Monday 
was  somewhat  singular  in  more  than  one 
respect ;  but  on  the  whole  it  was  the  most 
commendable  that  we  have  had  of  an  opera 
that  has  suffered  grievous  ill-treatment  for 
many  years  in  London.  The  version  written 
for  Paris  in  1861,  a  time  when  AVagner's 
genius  was  at  its  zenith,  and  now  generally 
adopted  in  Germany,  had  not  been  heard 
at  Covent  Garden  until  the  j^rescnt  occasion, 
although  the  new  Venusberg  music  has  been 
given,  with  and  withoutthe  vocal  parts,  at  the 
Eichter  Concerts.  As  we  have  said,  the  pro- 
cedure on  Monday  was  unusual,  for  the 
first  form  of  the  overture  was  used  in  its 
entirety,  and  then  came  the  new  Venusberg 
scene  slightly  curtailed.  AVe  do  not  dis- 
approve of  this  arrangement,  because  many 


NEW   PUBLICATIONS. 


Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Meetings  of  the 
Three  Choirs.  (Gloucester,  Chance  &  Bland.) — 
This  record  was  commenced  by  the  Rev.  Daniel 
Lysons,  carried  on  to  1864  by  John  Arnott 
(organist  of  Gloucester  Cathedral),  and  has  been 
continued  to  1894  by  Messrs.  C.  Lee  Williams 
(present  organist)  and  H.  Godwin  Chance. 
It  is,  of  course,  not  entirely  a  new  work,  but 
it  has  been  well  brought  up  to  date  by  the 
present  editors,  who  have  fulfilled  their  task 
with  taste  and  discretion,  not  claiming  more  than 
is  due  (which  is  very  much)  for  the  Festival  of 
the  Three  Choirs,  which  commenced  in  very 
modest  fashion  early  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
gradually  progressed  in  musical  significance,  and 
has  for  many  years  been  regarded  as  an  enjoy- 
able musical  gathering  and  one  of  artistic  value. 
The  principal  features  of  every  meeting  from 
1724  to  last  year  are  noted,  and  the  volume  may 
be  regarded  as  an  important  contribution  to  the 
musical  history  of  this  country. 

We  have  also  received  a  ' '  new  and  enlarged 
edition  "  of  A  Dictionary  of  Musicians  (Robert 
Cocks  &  Co.).  This  is  only  a  pamphlet  of  eighty 
pages  with  bare  facts  and  dates.  So  far  as  we 
have  tested  it,  the  information  supplied  is  cor- 
rect, but  the  proportions  are  scarcely  fair.  As 
examples,  twenty  lines  are  allotted  to  Rouget 
de  L'Isle  and  eleven  to  Mozart,  seven  to  Emilio 
Pizzi  and  three  to  Dr.  Hubert  Parry.  In  the 
next  edition  inconsistencies  of  this  nature  should 
be  avoided. 


The  midsummer  terminal  performance  of  the 
operatic  class  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music 
took  place  on  Thursday  last  week,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  G.  H.  Betjemann.  The  pro- 
gramme consisted  of  the  first  portion  of  the 
second  act  of  Wagner's  'Flying  Dutchman,' 
terminating  with  the  entrance  of  Erik,  and 
'  Cavalleria  Rusticana. '  By  far  the  largest  mea- 
sure of  promise  was  displayed  by  Miss  Katie 
Thomas,  who  was  vocally  and  histrionically 
powerful  as  Santuzza  ;  and  words  of  encourage- 
ment may  be  bestowed  on  Miss  Annie  Morrison 
as  Nedda,  Mr.  Gwilym  Richards  as  Turiddu, 
and  Mr.  Albert  Henning  as  Alfio. 

The  Tonic  Sol-fa  Association's  annual  choral 
festival  at  the  Crystal  Palace  passed  ofT  success- 
fully last  Saturday.  There  were  concerts  of 
5,000  juvenile  executants  and  3,000  adults  on 
the  Handel  orchestra,  tlie  latter  programme 
containing  the  whole  of  the  first  part  of  Men- 


delssohn's 'St.  Paul,'  which  was,  on  the  whole, 
very  creditably  rendered  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Leonard  C.  Venables,  and  with  capable 
soloists,  namely.  Miss  Margaret  Hoare,  Miss 
Edith  Leslie,  Mr.  Henry  Beaumont,  and  Mr. 
John  Morley.  The  system  of  musical  teaching 
which,  if  not  invented,  was  at  any  rate  perfected 
by  the  late  John  Curwen,  continues  to  bear  rich 
fruit. 

M.  de  Greef  gave  the  first  of  three  pianoforte 
recitals  at  St.  James's  Hall  last  Saturday  after- 
noon. The  Belgian  executant  possesses  a  refined 
style  and  technique,  which  proved  more  effective 
in  pieces  by  Handel,  Bach,  Scarlatti,  and  Chopin 
than  in  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  c  sharp  minor, 
Op.  27,  No.  2,  and  Mendelssohn's  'Variations 
Sdrieuses.' 

The  last  concert  of  the  season  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Music  was  given  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford. 
The  programme  was  orchestral,  and  consisted 
wholly  of  nineteenth-century  music,  the  items 
for  orchestra  alone  being  Dvorak's  Variations  on 
an  Original  Theme,  Op.  78  ;  M.  Saint-Saens's 
gruesome  but  clever  '  Danse  Macabre  ';  and  Sir 
Alexander  Mackenzie's  jovial  nautical  overture 
'Britannia.'  The  playing  of  the  young  people 
was  really  admirable,  and  might  have  passed  for 
that  of  a  company  of  experienced  professional 
executants.  Equally  praiseworthy  was  the 
rendering  of  Mendelssohn's  Violin  Concerto  by 
Miss  Ruth  Howell.  This  young  lady  has  talent 
above  the  average.  The  Royal  College  will 
reopen  on  September  26th. 

M.  Alfred  Bruneau  is  at  work  on  another 
opera  based  on  a  subject  furnished  by  M.  Zola. 
The  second  act  is  said  to  be  already  finished. 

Determined  eflforts  are  again  being  made  to 
lower  our  pitch  to  the  diapason  normal.  Mr. 
Robert  Newman  writes  that  it  will  be  used  at 
his  forthcoming  series  of  promenade  concerts  in 
the  Queen's  Hall,  and  it  is  also  said  that  the 
Philharmonic  Society  will  adopt  it  next  year. 
We  sincerely  trust  that  these  laudable  intentions 
may  be  carried  out,  and  that  at  last  insular  pre- 
judice will  give  way  to  common  sense. 

Very  great  regret  has  found  utterance  at  the 
painfully  sudden  death  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Carrodus, 
the  esteemed  violinist  and  leader  of  the  Covent 
Garden  and  many  other  orchestras.  He  was  in 
his  place  at  the  opera  on  Friday  night  last  week, 
but  was  taken  ill  shortly  afterwards,  and  died 
at  eight  o'clock  on  Saturday  morning,  from  rup- 
ture of  the  oesophagus,  owing,  in  all  probability, 
to  a  violent  attack  of  dyspepsia.  John  Toplady 
Carrodus  was  born  in  January,  1836,  at  Braith- 
waite,  in  Yorkshire,  and  studied  his  art  under 
Molique,  whose  elegant,  refined  style  he  fully 
succeeded  in  gaining.  Complaints  were  some- 
times made  that  his  method  was  cold  and  un- 
impassioned,  but  there  were  no  two  opinions 
as  to  the  purity  of  his  tone  and  the  correctness 
of  his  intonation.  A  large  number  of  ntusicians 
attended  his  funeral  at  Highgate  on  Wednesday. 
The  deaths  are  also  announced  of  Mr.  Ridley 
Prentice,  an  esteemed  teacher  at  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music  and  elsewhere,  and  a  musician 
of  some  literary  attainments  ;  and  of  Mr.  W, 
Hodge,  assistant  organist  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
and  organist  to  the  Royal  Choral  Society  at  the 
Albert  Hall. 

Herr  Friedrich  Lrx,  the  composer  of  the 
operas  'Der  Schmied  von  Ruhia  '  and  '  Kathchen 
von  Heilbronn,'  and  of  a  number  of  other 
musical  pieces,  died  last  week  at  Mayence,  where 
he  was  connected,  in  the  capacity  of  kapell- 
meister, with  the  Stadttheater  since  1851,  He 
was  born  at  Ruhla,  in  Thuringia,  in  1820. 


Tiitns 

Fm. 

Sit. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Roval  Opera,  Covent  Garden.  8,  '  Carmen  ' 
Koval  .\failemy  Students'  Concert,  S,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Ko'val  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Uoyal  Academy  I'rlzc  Distribution,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Rojal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 
Uoval  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

M.  de  Greets  Pianoforte  Uecital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Uoyal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


108 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


DRAMA 


My  Lifetime.  By  John  Hollingsliead.  2  vols. 

(Sampson  Low  «&  Co.) 
The  two  parts  into  which  the  recollections 
of  Mr.  Hollingshead  are  divided  are  of  dif- 
ferent character  and  unequal  interest  and 
value.     The  earlier  and,  it  will  be  generally 
thought,    more   stimulating   portion   has    a 
quasi- antiquarian  flavour,  and  furnishes  vivid 
pictures  of  a  period,    memories  concerning 
which  are  rapidly  failing ;  the  later  consists  of 
a  history  (more  elaborate  than  is  generally 
supplied  in  the  case  of  similar  institutions)  of 
the  Gaiety  Theatre,  and  of  particulars  (often 
somewhat  sketchy)  of  the  personages  with 
whom  the  writer's  management  of  the  house 
threw  him  into  more  or  less  close  associa- 
tion.    It  may  be  that  the  names  mentioned 
in  the    second   portion — we  are  excluding, 
of    course,    those    of    Mr.   Hollingshead's 
principal  actors.  Miss   Neilson,   Sir  Henry 
Irving,  the  Wigans,  Miss  Farren,   Phelps, 
Mr.    Toole,    &c. — will   some   time   ring    in 
London's   ear.     At    present  knowledge    of 
Mr.   Lawson,  of    Mr.  O'Hagan,  and  other 
champions  of  finance  is  confined  to  a  small 
circle,  and  interest  in  them  to  a  circle  still 
smaller.      The     earlier    volume,    with    its 
frank    revelation  of    the   writer's    obscure 
origin,    brings   us,    on    the    contrary,    into 
association  with  veritable  lights   of  litera- 
ture, and  we  are  barely  embarked  on  its  pages 
before  we  see  ourselves  sailing  in  the  wake 
of  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb.     A  great- aunt 
of    Mr.    Hollingshead     helped    in    taking 
charge   of  Mary   Lamb    at   one   time,   and 
particulars,  some  of   them  new  to  us,   are 
supplied.     A  glimpse  is  given  of  a  trip  to 
Paris  soon  after  the  peace  with  Napoleon, 
the  participants  in  which  were  the  aunt  in 
question ;    Miss  Kelly,  of  Royalty   Theatre 
fame;  "Old  Charles  Kenney,"  the  drama- 
tist,   and    his    wife    ("a   French    lady"); 
Howard  Payne,  the  playwright  who  wrote 
'  Clari,  the  Maid  of  Milan,'  and  consequently 
the  English  words  of  '  Home,  Sweet  Home '; 
and  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb.     Not  wholly 
exact  or   trustworthy  is    the    information, 
since  "  old  Charles  Kenney,  the  dramatist," 
happens  to  be  James  Kenney,  the  dramatist, 
the  father  of  Charles  Lamb  Kenney.     Mrs. 
Kenney,  vaguely   announced   as   a  French 
lady,     was    Louisa,     daughter    of    Louis 
Sebastian   Mercier,   the  famous    dramatist, 
the  historian  of  Paris,  the  author  of  '  Le 
Deserteur,'   and    the  associate  of    Ectif  de 
la  Bretonne.     She  was  also  the  widow  of 
Thomas  Holcroft,   the  dramatist.     Of    this 
interesting     jaunt     some     particulars     are 
given ;  wo  should  be  thankful  for  more.     It 
is  pleasant  to  think  of  Lamb  looking  over 
old  books  on  the  ciiiain,  and  to  imagine  Talma, 
then  at  the  height  of  his  reputation,  incurring 
obloquy    and    something    akin   to    danger 
from  the  mob  in  smuggling  into  the  Theatre 
Frangais  a  party  of  Englishmen,  then,    as 
often  since,  anything  rather  than  popular 
with  the  Parisian. 

Ground  so  far  as  we  know  practically  un- 
occupied is  taken  up  when  Mr.  Hollings- 
head depicts  the  "  penny  gaffs,"  the  saloon 
theatres,  and  other  institutions  arranged  to 
avoid  the  monopoly  of  the  patent  theatres, 
and  supply  the  public  with  cheap  drama, 
into  which,  in  his  character  of  a  species 
of  infant  peripatetic  philosopher,   the  lad 


used  to  find  his  way ;  and  he  appears 
at  an  age  when  most  boys  are  bird's- 
nesting  to  have  been  at  an  unlicensed  place 
of  entertainment,  part  of  an  audience,  all 
of  whom  were  raided  and  carried  off  to 
the  police  court  except  himself,  who,  on 
account  of  his  years,  had  his  ears  boxed  and 
was  sent  home  to  bed.  The  Grecian  Saloon 
is  honoured  with  a  special  notice.  This 
includes  an  account  of  "Bravo"  House, 
its  proprietor,  who  is  said  to  have  been 
"  a  man  of  much  taste  and  discernment." 
That  Eobson's  meteoric  career  began  at 
the  Grecian  is  known.  What  is  not  known 
is  that  Mr.  Sims  Peeves  was  singing  there 
in  1839  as  a  Mr.  Johnson.  Among  other 
actors,  most  of  them  now  dead  and  forgotten, 
who  were  seen  there,  are  mentioned  "  Miss 
TunstaU — next  to  Mrs.  Waylett,  the  most 
charming  ballad  singer  of  her  time — a  comic 
singer  and  actor  named  Howell,  with  the 
voice  of  Adam  Leffler  and  the  humour  of 
John  Peeve ;  Miss  Smith,  who  afterwards 
became  the  well-known  Mrs.  Raymond  of 
the  Strand  Theatre,"  together  with  Harry 
Boleno ;  Flexmore,  who  took  at  Her  Majesty's 
the  place  of  M.  Petipa;  the  Leclercq  family ; 
Milano,  the  ballet  master ;  Miss  Harriet 
Coveney,  who  died  but  the  other  day ;  and 
innumerable  others.  Among  these  we 
recall  Mrs.  Raymond,  who  will  have  no 
biography — probably  has  left  materials  for 
none — but  who  was  for  many  years  the 
funniest  actress  on  the  stage,  a  true  low 
comedian,  a  sort  of  female  Listen.  The 
self-conscious  manner  in  which  she  told  a 
story  or  spoke,  maintaining  always  the 
deprecating  attitude  of  one  who  knew  she 
was  shortly  bound  to  say  something  im- 
proper and  shock  her  public,  and  never 
quite  knew  whether  to  join  uproariously  in 
laughter  or  to  efface  herself,  needs  for  its 
full  description  the  pen  of  Elia.  Mr. 
Blakeley  is  the  possessor  in  these  days  of 
a  somewhat  similar  method.  A  well-known 
specialty  of  Mr.  Hollingshead  is  to  adopt  a 
sort  of  "nothing  is  sacred  to  a  sapper"  air, 
and  strive  heartily  to  shock  his  public,  as 
when  he  mentions  having  introduced  into 
Ober-Ammergau  at  the  period  of  the  Passion 
Play  the  game  of  "  shove-halfpenny." 

Mr.  Hollingshead  chronicles  that  his  aunt. 
Miss  Sarah  James,  destroyed,  "  on  a  mis- 
taken question  of  principle,"  the  letters  she 
received  from  Lamb.  One  acrostic  by  Lamb 
upon  the  lady  is  printed,  and  is  not  only 
better  than  acrostics  in  general,  but  a  respect- 
able product  of  Lamb's  not  always  pro- 
pitious muse.  Throughout  the  book  Mr. 
Hollingshead  shows  himself  what  he  is 
known  to  be :  hard-headed,  uncompromis- 
ing, assertive,  outspoken.  Much  that  he 
says  concerning  his  early  struggles  and  his 
association  with  Dickens  is  of  value  as  well 
as  interest,  and  his  entire  work  —  though 
portions  of  it,  such  as  his  managerial  ad- 
dresses, &c.,  are  curious  specimens  of  book- 
making — may  bo  read  with  pleasure.  His 
information  is  not  always  exact  or  up  to 
date.  He  says  thus:  "  Ilarapstead  had  its 
donkeys  which  were  tolerated  up  to  a  very  few 
years  ago."  They  are  tolerated  to  this  day. 
He  gives  twice — no  doubt  by  a  misprint — 
"Ensdcn"  as  the  name  of  a  poet  laureate 
instead  of  Eusden  ;  sjieaks  of  Genestf,  a 
curious  mistake  for  one  who,  as  a  theatrical 
critic,  must  have  been  familiar  with  the 
'Account  of  the  English  Stage ';  converts  into 


an  Irishman  the  well-known  0.  Smith  by 
speaking  of  him  as  0' Smith;  refers  to  the 
Hon.  Monckton  Milnes,  M.P.;  and  so  forth. 
With  authority,  whatever  its  source,  he  deals 
severely;  he  is  "ribald"  concerning  the 
censure,  and  reiterative  concerning  what 
he  calls  "  Lord  Aberdare's  and  the  Liberal 
Government's  slap  you  and  put  you  to  bed 
measure  —  the  infamous  Half-past  Twelve 
o'clock  Act." 


The  combined  influences  of  sunshine  and 
politics  have  been  too  much  for  the  theatres, 
which  have  shut  with  a  celerity  suggestive  of 
collapse.  The  St.  James's  closed  last  week 
much  earlier  than  had  been  anticipated.  The 
Avenue  followed  suit  last  Saturday,  and  the 
Haymarket  season  ends  to-night.  With  the 
exception  of  those  at  three  or  four  houses,  the 
theatrical  entertainments  are  of  the  kind  gener- 
ally supposed  to  be  independent  of  the  weather. 

At  the  Lyceum  'The  Corsican  Brothers,' 
prefaced  on  certain  days  by  '  Nance  Oldfield ' 
and  on  others  by  '  Journeys  End  in  Lovers 
Meeting,'  has  been  performed  during  the  week, 
'  Macbeth  '  will  be  played  on  Monday  next  and 
during  the  week,  the  closing  night  (Saturday 
next)  being  occupied  with  'Nance  Oldfield,'  'A 
Story  of  Waterloo,'  and  the  church  scene  from 
'Much  Ado  about  Nothing.' 

Mr.  Zangwill's  new  comedy  being  not  yet 
ready,  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  will  open  the 
Royalty  on  September  7th  with  an  adaptation 
of  '  Monsieur  le  Directeur,'  by  MM.  Bisson 
and  Carr^,  the  latest  novelty  at  the  Paris  Vaude- 
ville. The  adaptation  is  by  Mr.  Bourchier  and 
Mr.  Alfred  Sutro. 

In  a  valedictory  address  at  the  closing  of  the 
St.  James's,  Mr.  Alexander  announced  as  in 
preparation  new  plays  by  Mr.  Carton,  Mr, 
Haddon  Chambers,  Mr,  Godfrey,  and  Mr. 
Pinero, 

The  part  of  Fddora  has  continued  during  the 
week  in  the  hands  of  Mrs.  Beerbohm  Tree, 
who,  it  is  said,  will  be  the  heroine  of  '  Trilby,' 
when  the  play  founded  on  Mr.  Du  Maurier's 
novel  is  produced  at  the  Haymarket. 

In  consequence  of  Thursday  being  fixed  by 
Her  Majesty  for  the  purpose  of  bestowing  the 
accolade  on  Sir  Henry  Irving,  the  presentation 
by  Mr.  Bancroft  of  the  actors'  testimonial  to 
that  actor  took  place  on  Friday  at  the  Lyceum, 
instead  of  Thursday,  as  at  first  intended. 

Mr.  John  Hare,  whose  health  of  late  has 
not  been  too  satisfactory,  is  taking  the  waters 
at  Aix. 

The  German  Reed  entertainment  recom- 
menced at  St.  George's  Hall  on  Monday  night, 
with  Mr.  H.  D.  Reed  as  manager,  and  Mr.  W. 
German  Reed  as  pianist.  The  entertainment 
was  principally  musical,  but  included  a  come- 
dietta by  Mr.  Chance  Newton. 

A  MISCELLANEOUS  entertainment  at  the 
Comedy  on  Thursday  included  a  performance 
of  'She  Stoops  to  Conquer,'  with  Mrs.  Bernard 
Beere  as  Miss  Hardcastle,  Mr.  H.  Kemble  as 
Ilardcastle,  Mr.  Righton  as  Tony  Lumpkin, 
and  Mr.  Dods  worth  as  Gregory.  Scenes  from 
'  As  You  Like  It '  were  also  given ;  as  was 
'Sixes  and  Sevens,'  described  as  a  "misunder- 
standing," by  Mr.  E.  H.  Whitniore,  played  by 
Mr.  A.  Bourchier  and  Miss  Violet  Vanbrugh. 


To  COHKESPONDENTS.— M.  H.— J.  M.— W.  J.  S.— A.  B. 
received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Terms  of  Subscription  bv  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


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N''  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


109 


AECHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


"AN   ARCTIC   ADVENTURE." 

ICE-BOUND 
ON  KOLGUEY. 


BY 

AUBYN    TREVOR -BATTYE, 

r.L.S.  F.Z.S.,  &c. 

With  numerous  Illustrations  and 
Drawings,  and  3  Maps. 

Large  demy  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top. 

ONE  GUINEA  NET. 

''  The  story  is  told  in  a  delight- 
fully simple  and  spontaneous  man- 
ner  Mr.  Trevor-Battye's  simple 

and  unaffected  narrative  enables  us 
to  learn  a  good  deal." — Times. 

''  One  of  the  most  attractive  and 
readable  of  recent  books  of  Arctic 
travel." — Westminster  Gazette. 

I  "A  capital  book,  as  fresh  as 
|the  flowers  and  birds  and  simple 
[people  it  describes.  The  book  is 
charmingly  and  originally  illus- 
trated  The  book  is  as  attrac- 
tive to  read  as  this  Arctic  adven- 
ture was  risky  and  original  to 
execute." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  A  volume  as  enjoyable  for  its 
manner  as  it  is  interesting  for  its 
matter." — Glasgow  Herald. 

*'  From  beginning  to  end  the 
story  of  this  adventure  is  outside 
the  common  lines.  It  is  a  tale  of 
success  of  an  odd  kind." 

S'pectator. 


THE  ALPS  EEOM 
END  TO  END. 


BY 


SIR   WILLIAM  MARTIN  CONWAY. 

With    100    Illustrations   hy 
A.  D.  McCormicJc. 

Large  demy  8vo.  21 5.  net. 

First  Edition  is  exhausted, 
A  Second  ready  shortly, 

"  A  high  place  among  these  books  of 
climbing  which  appeal  to  many  who  can- 
not climb,  as  well  as  to  all  who  can,  will 
be  taken  by  the  very  pleasant  volume 
'  The  Alps  from  End  to  End.'  "—Times. 

"  There  is,  perhaps,  not  another  living 
Alpinist — unless  we  except  Mr.  Coolidge, 
who  contributes  a  valuable  jprecis  of  the 
topography — -who  could  have  combined 
the    requisite   knowledge    with   physical 

capability  for   the   task Sir   William 

Conway's  book  is  as  vivid  as  it  is  charm- 
ing."— Standard. 

"  As  pleasant  a  possession  as  any  record 
that  this  thrilling  sport  has  inspired  in  its 
devotees." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Written  in  the  true  spirit  of  the 
Alpine  climber.  The  book  contains  a 
hundred  full -page  illustrations  by  that 
admirable  pourtrayer  of  rock  and  ice 
scenery  Mr.  A.  D.  McCormick." 

Scotsm^an. 

"  There  was  room  for  a  book  which 
should  tell  intending  travellers  with  only 
a  limited  holiday  how  to  traverse  the 
'  Alps  from  End  to  End.'  This  want  is 
supplied  by  Sir  William's  new  and  beau- 
tifully illustrated  work." — Daily  News. 

"  Mr.  INIcCormick's  illustrations  are,  in- 
deed, so  vivid  that  many  will  be  temj)ted 
to  follow  '  The  Alps  from  End  to  End.' " 

Standard. 

"  There  seems  every  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  publication  of  Sir  William's 
fascinating  story  in  this  handsome  form 
may,  as  he  hopes,  induce  others  to  follow 
our  example  and  set  forth  to  see  the 
whole  Alpine  region." — Glasgoiv  Herald. 

"  The  amount  of  variety  Mr.  McCor- 
mick can  secure  in  a  series  of  pictures, 
whose  component  parts  are  sky,  snow, 
rock,  and  ice,  must  be  seen  to  be 
believed."— i)ai7^  Chronicle. 


''An    exquisite   reprint A 

venture    which    deserves,    and   will 
assuredly  command  success^ 

Black  and  White. 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS'. 

CONSTABLE'S  REPRINT 

OF  THE  AUTHOR'S  FAVOURITE 
EDITION  OF  THE 

WAVERLEY 

DfOYELS. 

With   Re-Engravings   of  all   the 
Original  Plates  and  Vignettes. 

Fcaj).  8vo.  cloth,  paper  label  title, 
Is.  6d.  net  per  Volume. 

Also  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  25.  net  per 

Volume ;  and  half -leather,  gilt, 

25.  Qd.  net  per  Volume. 


"  The  excellence  of  the  print,  and  the 
convenient  size  of  the  volumes,  and  the 
association  of  this  edition  with  Sir  "Walter 
Scott  himself,  should  combine  with  so 
moderate  a  price  to  secure  for  this  reprint 
a  popularity  as  great  as  that  which  the 
original  edition  long  and  justly  enjoyed." 

Times. 

"  A  delightful  reprint  of  the  charming 
edition  of  the  Waverley  Novels,  that  in 
forty-eight  vols.,  known  as  the  '  Author's 
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nettes are  reissued,  and  the  volumes  are 
exceedingly  light — a  great  merit.  The 
price  is  lower  than  that  of  many  inferior 
editions." — Athenoium. 

NOW  READY. 

WAVERLEY.    2  vols. 
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"  After  many  disappointments  we  now 
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been  the  best  model." 

A.  T.  (J.  C.  in  the  Speaker. 


ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  14,  Parliament-street,  Westminster. 


110 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 

NEW    BOOKS. 

♦ 

A  USEFUL  AND  HANDY  WORK  FOR  THE  GENERAL 
ELECTION. 

THE     CRUSADE 

AGAINST 
THE  CONSTITUTION: 

An  Historical  Vindication  of  the  House  of  Lords. 

By  Sir  WILLIAM  CHARLEY,  Q.C.  D.C.L. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  7s.  6rf. 
"  It  deals  with  the  great  question  of  the  House  of  Lords 
in  a  very  comprehensive  manner." — Morning  Post. 

INDUSTRY 

AND  PROPERTY : 

A  Plea  for  Truth  and  Honesty  in  Economics,  and  for 
Liberty  and  Justice  in  Social  Reform. 

By  GEORGE  BROOKS. 

Crown    8vo.    limp    cloth,    3s.    6d. 

THIS  AGE  OF  OURS. 

coyTXisisG 
'THE  BOOK   OP   PROBLEMS'   AND   'THE  BOOK   ON 

SOCIALISM.' 

By  Dr.  CHARLES  LEIBBRAND. 

*^*  Some  interesting  letters  to  the  Author  from  Mr.  Her- 
bert Spencer,  Mr.  W.  H.  Lecky,  Professor  Froude,  the  Duke 
of  Argyll,  and  others,  are  published  in  the  work. 
Demy  8vo.  cloth,  .350  pp.  6s. 

"  In  the  words  of  Mr.  Lecky,  '  This  Age  of  Ours,'  which  is 
so  opportunely  published, '  contains  much  truth  and  good 
sense,'  and  it  will  be  a  distinct  advantage  to  the  party  of 
order  and  progress,  as  opposed  to  that  of  revolution  and 
•disruption,  if  it  is  extensively  read  before  the  General 
Election." — Manchester  Evening  Mail. 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS', 

LORD  JOHN  RUSSELL. 

By  STUART  J.  REID. 

With  Photogravure  Portrait  of  Lord  John,  reproduced  from 
a  Crayon  Drawing  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts,  R.A. 
Crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 
The  Realm  says  : — "  Mr.  Reid  has  been  able  to  invest  the 
career  and  personality  of  'Finality  John'   with  a  certain 
dramatic  quality.    He  has  done  this  by  making  his  bio- 
graphy history,  and  his  history  biography.    The  result  is  a 
book  of  attractive  interest.    Primarily  it  is  a  literary  picture 
of  a  man  ;  secondarily  it  is  a  sketch  of  the  times  in  which  he 
lived.    Its  workmanship  is  conspicuously  able." 

EIGHTEEN  YEAKS  MANAGEK  OF  THE 

GAIETY  THEATRE. 

JOHN   HOLLINGSHEAD'S   MEMOIRS. 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY  OF 

MY      LIFETIME. 

By  JOHN  HOLLINGSHEAD. 

2  vols,  with  Portrait,  crown  8vo.  21s. 
"  Mr.  John  Hollingshead  has  a  good  story — an  abundance 
of  good  stories — to  tell.  The  two  volumes  are  packed  with 
amusing  -jossip  and  interesting  literary  and  theatrical  recol- 
lections, which  the  author  has  accumulated  during  his  long 
and  varied  career ;  and  I  make  no  doubt  that  they  will  be  as 
widely  read  as  they  deserve  to  he."— Truth. 

"OLD    Q":    a  Memoir  of  William 

Douglas,  Fourth  Duke  of  Queensberry,  one  of  the 
"Fathers  of  the  Turf."  By  JOHN  ROBERT  ROBIN- 
SON, Author  of  '  The  Princely  Chandos,'  &c.  Illus- 
trated. Crown  8vo.  7s.  6rf.  EDITION  DE  LUXE, 
royal  8vo.  limited  to  12.5  copies,  printed  on  hand-made 
paper,  the  Plates  Coloured  by  hand,  (JNE  GUINEA  net. 
"  A  most  interesting  memoir  of  this  remarkable  man." — 

Truth.    "  Written  in  a  bright,  racy  style  that  cannot  fail  to 

amuse." — Vanity  Fair. 


THE 

ST.  DUNSTAN'S 


LIBRARY. 


A  Series  of  interesting,  bright  Stories,  in  uniform,  quaint, 
and  pretty  binding,  light  blue  tops,  extra  cloth,  about  200 
pages  each,  printed  at  the  Chiswick  Press.  Price  3s,  6d. 
each. 

TWO  NEW  VOLUMES. 

TWO  MISTAKES.    "World- 

LINOS  "  and  "  UNMAHKIKD."    By  SYDNEY  CHRIS- 
TIAN, Author  of  '  Siinili.' 

The  LOVE  AFFAIRS  of  an  OLD 

MAID.    By  LILIAN  BELL,  Author  of  '  A  Little  Sister 
to  the  Wilderness.' 


London : 

SAMPSON  LOW,  MAKSTON  &  COMPANY,  Ltd. 

St.  Dunstan'a  House,  Fetter-lane,  E.C. 


"  Learned,  Chatty,  Useful." — Athenaum, 

"That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  'Notes  and  Queries.'" 

Edinburgh  Review, 

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Subscription,   10«.  M.  for  Six  Months ;   20s.  &d.  for  Twelve  Months,  including  postage. 

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The  Sixth  Series  of  Notes  and  Queries,  complete  in  12  vols,  price  lOs.  Qd.  each  Volume,  con- 
tains, in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies,  Articles  of  Interest  on  the  folio  wing 
Subjects : — 


English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History. 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Executions  of  1745 — The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot" — Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs — Hereward  le  Wake — Hiding- 
Places  of  Charles  H.— Where  did  Edward  II.  die?— 
Battle  between  Armies  of  Suetonius  and  Boadicea  — 
William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne— '  The  Green 
Bag" — Confidential  Letters  to  James  II.  about  Ireland — 
Anne  Boleyn's  Heart — Hubert  de  Burgh — Henry  Martin 
the  Regicide — Lord  Hussey  and  the  Lincolnshire  Re- 
bellion. 

Biography. 

Luis  de  Camoens  —  Thomas  Bell  —  Cromwell — William 
Penn — Nell  Gwynne— Coleridge — Curll  the  Bookseller — 
Sir  John  Cheke — Gibson,  Bishop  of  London — Thorpe  the 
Architect— Sir  Richard  Whittington— Charles  Wolfe. 

Bibliography  and  Literary  History. 

Shakspeariana — Chap-Book  Notes — "Adeste  Pideles" — 
"The  Land  of  the  Leal" — John  Gilpin — 'Reynard  the 
Fox' — "Lead,  kindly  Light" — Rabelais— London  Pub- 
lishers of  18th  Century— The  Welsh  Testament  — The 
Libraries  of  Balliol,  All  Souls',  Brasenose,  and  Queen's 
Colleges,  Oxford — Key  to  'Endymion' — Early  Roman 
Catholic  Magazines — Stuart  Literature — The  Libraries  of 
Eton,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge — "DameEuropa" 
Bibliography  —  Unpublished  Letters  of  Dr.  Johnson — 
"Rock  of  Ages" — '  Eikon  Basilike  Deutera' — William 
of  Tyre— Bibliography  of  Skating-'  The  Book  '—Notes 
on  the'Eeligio  Medici' — Authorship  of  the  'Imitatio' 
— Tristram  Shandy— Critical  Notes  of  Charles  Lamb. 

Popular  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore. 

Slavonic  Mythology  —  Folk-lore  of  Leprosy  —  Lycan- 
thropy— North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage — West  Indian  Superstitions — "  Milky  Way  " — 
Folk-lore  of  Birds— Feather  Superstition— Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

The  Drama  in  Ireland—'  Tom  Jones '  on  the  French 
Stage—'  Auld  Robin  Gray  '  — '  Harpings  of  Lena ' — 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery '  of  B.  Panta- 
leon — Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory' — "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border  " — Swift's  Verses  on  his  own  Death — 
Tennyson's  '  Palace  of  Art  '—Ballad  of  •  William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  —  Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  *  Ode  to  Mont  Blanc '  —  Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley — '  Cross  Purposes ' — Tennyson's  '  Dream 
of  Fair  Women ' — '  Logic  o'  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings. 

"To  rule  the  roast "—" Licked  into  shape" — "Bosh" 
— Joining  the  majority — Up  to  snuff — "  To  the  bitter 
end" — Conspicuous  by  his  absence  —  Play  old  Goose- 
berry—  "The  grey  mare  is  tlie  better  horse" — Bred 
and  born  —  Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  off  with  a 
shilling — Tin=money — Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tennis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets— American  Spelling- Snob— 
Jolly— Boycotting— Argosy— Jennet— Bedford  —  Maiden 
in  Place-names— Deck  of  Cards— Masher — Belfry — Brag 
—Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef-eater— 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes— Courtesy  Titles— Rolls  of  Arms 
—Book-plates— Earldom  of  Mar— Arms  of  the  Bee  of 
York— Fitzhardinges  of  Berkeley— Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde— The  Violet  in  Heraldry— Arms  of  Vasco  da 
Gama— Seal  of  the  Templars— Earldom  of  Suffolk. 
Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape— The  'Hours'  of  Raphael— 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  —  Early  Gillrays — 
Retzsch's  Outlines— Portraits  of  Byron— Velasquez  and 
his  Works— Tassie's  Medallions— Copley's  'Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Hatters. 

The  Revised  Version— Pulpits— The  Episcopal  Wig— 
Vestments— Temporal  Power  of  Bishops— Easter  Sepul- 
chres—Canonization—The Basilican  Rite— The  Scottish 
Office — Tulchan  Bishops — Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"—  The  "Month's  Mind"  —  Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy — Libraries  in  Churches- 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens- 
Franciscans  in  Scotland- Bishops  of  Dunkeld— Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets— The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles— Metrical  Psalms — Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Satirae  ' — Roman  Arithmetic— The  Alastor  of 
Augustus — "Acervus  Mercurii" — "  Vescus"  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175 — Oppian — Juvenal's  Satire  ii. — Transliteration  of 
Iliad  i. — Aristophanes'  '  Ranse ' — Bimplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus— Tablet  of  Cebes— Imitative  Verse — "  Felix  quern 
faciunt,"  &c. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo — "  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments— Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle— Middle 
Temple  Lane — Ormond-street  Chapel — Roman  Villa  at 
Bandown — Ashburnham  House — Carew  Castle — Rushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh — Walton  House. 

miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names— Election  Colours— Buried  Alive— O.  K. 
— Ladies'  Clubs— Zoedone— Berkeley-square  Mystery- 
Wife  Selling— The  Telephone— Scrutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears— Jingo— The  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
— Tobacco  in  England — Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients— Names  of  American  States— Carucate-Femalo 
Soldiers  and  Sailors — Mistletoe — Giants — Jewesses  and 
Wigs — Memories  of  Trafalgar — Green  Eyes — Beavimon- 
tague— Secret  Chambers  in  Ancient  Houses— The  Bona- 
parte-Patterson Marriage— Ace  of  Spades — Wig  Curlers- 
Female  Churchwardens — The  Opal— House  of  Keys- 
Church  Registers  —  Arm-in-arm  —  E.  O.  —  Napoleon- 
Legacy  to  Cantillon. 


rublishcd  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


N°  3534,  July  20,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


111 


In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  24*. 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM.' 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


"  No  other  fifty  years  of  English  literature  contain 
80  much  to  interest  an  English  reader."— i^wewaw. 

"  A  fascinating  page  of  literary  history." 

Illustrated  London  News. 

"We  have  put  before  us  a  valuable  collection  of 
materials  for  the  future  history  of  the  Victorian 
era  of  English  literature." — Standard. 

"A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years." — Echo. 

"  Kich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afford  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation." — Leeds  Mercury. 

"  This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

JPublishers'  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the   development   of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr, 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury, 

"  The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
clironicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  dailv  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

Liverpool  Mercury. 

"  No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  indicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  be  of  incalculable  service." 

Bookseller. 

"Our  survey  has  been  unavoidably  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner, 


London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington- street,  VV., 
Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  I/er  Majesty  the  Queen. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS   WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains-- 

NOTES :— "  Swan  Inn,"  Watford— Lincoln's  Inn  Fields— neficient  Lines 
in  English  Verse— The  Death  Microbe— Eye-stones— Prince  Charles 
Edward—'  The  Shaving  ol  Shagpat  '-Death  of  Hampden— Scott's 
Urst  Love. 

QUEMES  :— Early  Scottish  Printing- Owen  O'Neil— Pagan  Historian  : 
Arabian  King— Mrs.  Pitt,  Actress— Gilbert— The  Kosary— Pinke 
Family— Saying  attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley— Charles  s  Kestoration 
—Termination  "-argh,"  "-ergh"— DD.  Cambridge— I)e  Vere  :  De 
Aton — Shakspeare  Forgeries— "Nullum  sine  venia,"  &c — B.  Fon- 
tenelle— Arms  of  Boothby  —  "Nepos"  and  "Sororius"  —  French 
Family  — King's  Evil  — Gordon— "  Princely  Meditations  "—Child's 
Poem— T.  Chapman. 

KEPLIES  :— Lord  Mordaunt— Chum— Deputy  Philazer :  Clerk  of  the 
Outlawries — Record  Keeping— Fenton  —  "  Left-handedness  " — Per- 
forated Stones— "The  Man  in  the  Moon"— Driving  "Pickaxe'  — 
"  Spit" — Easter  Sepulchres— Supererogatory  Truthfulness — Soldier's 
Bible—"  Tutum  te  sistam  "— Iturbide- '  Young  Lochinvar  '—Rhyme 
to  "  Hecatomb  "-Brown  Baronetcy- Bull-roarer— Cromartie  Earl- 
dom—Notts and  Derbyshire  'Notes  and  Queries  '—Church  Registers 
— Constitution  Hill — Soli-Lunar  Cycles — Captain-Lieutenant— Joan 
of  Arc— Lewin  Family — 'roby — "  Gavel"— Lord  Byron  and  lanthe— 
Reference  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :—' Variorum  Shakespeare,'  Vol.  X.— Stormonth's 
■  English  Dictionary  —Owen's  'Works  of  the  Rev.  Griffith  Edwards' 
— W  hateley's  '  Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES :— Portraits  of  Sir  T.  Browne— Shakspaariana  — Old  Joke— C. 
Hatchett — French  Law— Joe  Miller— Curious  Coincidence  — Jewish 
Cemetery— Inscription— Prof.  Blackie  on  Sir  W.  Scott— Shakspeare's 
Indebtedness. 

QUERIES  : — Crespigny  Inscription— Hlghgate  in  last  Century— Pages 
of  the  Bedchamber— "  Fine-axed  "—Parish  Charities— Paschal  Can- 
dles—Scottish Proverb— G.  G.  Johnson— Arms— ChilHnch- Cornish 
Custom— Vestment  Brasses— "Clyst"  — Italian  Love-Songs  — Ring 
Inscription  — A.  Upton  — G.  Charles  — Jesse  Window  — Reference 
■Wanted— Sir  T.  More— Capt.  Wood— Gavel— Blunts  ■  Dictionary  of 
Theology  '—Charles  de  Tavarez— British  Names—"  Solomon-gundy  " 
—Kendall  Family— Valse— Simon  de  Montfort's  Bones. 

REPLIES:— Churches  of  St.  Botolph—'Hernisprong'—Hamoaze— Vic- 
toria Cross — "Flaying  the  wag" — Mason's  "History  of  Norfolk' — 
"Roll  waggon" — Dip — The  Harp,  Ireland— Barbarossa— Sir  H  Her- 
bert—" Running  the  gantlope  "— Pankhurst  Family— Quarterstaff— 
Knox  Families — Keys  to  Thackeray's  Novels — "  Wrong  end  of  the 
stick  "—Hilda— Tusculum  University  —  "  Links  "  —  Miss  Wilkins's 
Books— " Chinoiserie  " — Mrs. Garrick— Sir  8.  Evance — "Does  your 
mother  know  yon  re  out  ?  "— Cadowe— "  Still  and  on  " — John  Liston 
— Foundation  Sacrifice  —  New  Bronze  Coins  —  Heron's  flumes- 
Barons  O'Neill— "Artists'  Ghosts — "  Ha-ha  "— Lilac- Cock-fighting. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :  — Simpson's  'Carmina  Vedastina '— '  Ex-Libris 
Journal  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  JULY  6. 


NOTES :— Cromwell's  Soldiers'  Bible— Lady  Katherine  Grey- Massineer 
—Pronunciation  of  Sea— "  Does  your  mother  know  you're  out.'  — 
Dick  Turpin's  Black  liess — "Investment" — Barras — Sir  P.  Pett  and 
Emmanuel  College—'  Taming  of  a  Shrew  ' — Constitution  Hill- R. 
Onslow— 'rray— Fire  caused  by  Water— Keble  and  the  'Christian 
Year'— Mrs.  Bloomer— Louis  X\1I. 

QUERIES  :— Rock  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— Partridge— "  Gallett "— Cro- 
martie  Earldom— Sir  J.  Marriott— Jewish  Funeral  Custom— Latin 
Proverb — Sir  A.  Paschall— Lord  Byron  and  lanthe— St.  Domingo — 
"Tutum  te  sietam  "—"  Cadowes  "—Buddhism— W  Shore— De  Ayls- 
bury— Recipe— Bachope — "Cold  Pig  " — "Cantankerous"  —  Arthur's 
Coffee-House — Song  Wanted— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES :— Dispensations  for  Polygamy  — Barnard  — Day's  Psalter- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament— Iturbide — Ploughing  Oxen — 
Collect  for  Fourth  Sunday  after  Easter— Bull-Roarer— Oil  Painting- 
Flag  to  Summon  to  Church — Sibyl — Church  Registers — "They  were 
each  of  Ihem  " — "  Dimpsy  " — Author  Wanted — Trepanning — "  Poeta 
nascitur  non  fit " — Dryden  and  Greek— Hooper  and  Pepin— Pro- 
nunciation of  Place-names  -Thornton— Y'eoman— False  Rhymes— 
"  Blot  "—"  Barth  "—Miss  Manning  — Family  of  Dove— '  Notts  and 
Derbyshire  Notes  and  Queries ' — Victoria  County — Aldermen  of  Aid- 
gate— Iconoclasm  of  John  Shakspeare— RelicsRcstored— Children's 
Copes— Mrs.  Garrick— Stanley  :  Vere— Frankums  Night— "  Lapsus 
Pluma;"— David — '  Young  Lochinvar' — Hogarth's  '  Sleeping  Congre- 
gation'—Ancient  Mason  Marks— Vanishing  London. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—' Dictionary  of  National  Biography,'  Vol.  XLIII. 
— •  English  Writers,'  Vol.  XI.— Boyle's  '  History  of  Hedon.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


ConUnts,  JUNE  29. 

NOTES:— 'The  Beggar's  Opera'— Bibliography  of  Coleridge- Early 
Courtenays  in  England— Milton  and  Ariosto— A  Mysterious  Field- 
'  Flowers  of  the  Forest '— "  Jockteleg  "—Rev.  E.  Marten— Vice-Chan- 
cellor  Bacon. 

QUERIES :— D'Avenant  and  Cromwell— Lincolnshire  Gentry,  IT'lS- Syd- 
ney Papers— Heraldic— Clans  of  Innsbruck— Fenton—"  Filliwilly  "— 
A  Dumb  Bell— Rev.  J.  Warton— Ariosto— ■  Chinoiserie"— Kant  on 
Truthfulness- R.  Reynolds— Bishop  Bateman's  Family— Shakspeare 
—A.  Norman— "  Lokto"—Vanbrugh ;  Mrs.  Rogers:  Mre.  Cross: 
Mrs.  Verbrnggen. 

REPLIES :— Origin  of  Heraldry  in  England— The  Royal  Anne- 
Anglican  Endowments— Wilson  in  Leicestershire— Burial  Custom- 
Charles  I.  at  Little  Gldding— R.  Humble— Easter  .Sepulchres — 
Lyons  Bible  of  IMU— Latin  Motto— Mrs  Oldfleld— Giant  Skeleton— 
"  Horkey  "—Patron  Saints— Le  Despcncer  — Vegetarian  Monks- 
Paraphernalia— Marriages  in  May — ""  Constitution  "'—Needlework 
Samplers— Saunders— Date  of  the  Equinox— Chum— Mrs.  M.  White- 
way— Spinning-wheel— French  Map  of  North  America— That  =  So— 
'Spanish  Chant '  —  Voltaire  — UsHeet :  Furnival— Mendip  Hills- 
Heart  Burial— Weever—itarons  O'Neill— Schism  among  the  Wes- 
leyans—' Dictionary  of  Phraee  and  Fable  —R.  H.  Home- Soli- 
Lunar  Cycles— Leather  Drinking  Jacks— Heraldic— T  Harley,  Lord 
Major—Child  Marriages— Room  where  Family  takes  in  Lodgers. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :—' Plutarch's  Lives,'  Vols.  I.  and  II  — Neilson's 
•  Repentence  Tower '— '  Scots  Lore '— '  Dickens's  Dictionaries.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Price  id,  each  ;  by  post,  i^d.  each. 


Published  by  John  C.  Francis, 
Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


J.    M.    DENT    &    CO.'S 
IRIS  LIBRARY. 

MISS  JANE  BARLOW'S  NEW  BOOK. 

MAUREEN'S 

FAIRING. 

Square  fcap,  8vo.  limp  cloth,  gilt  top,  2s.  Qd.  net. 

Spectator. — "  Six  of  these  eight  stories  are  charming,  with 
all  the  charm  of  Miss  Barlow's  subtle  humourand  fine  insight 
into  Irish  character.  Nothing  can  be  more  perfect  in  its 
way  than  the  humour  of  those  two  stories  ('  Mac's  Luncheon' 
anil  '  A  Formidable  Rival ').  The  first  story,  '  Maureen's. 
Fairing,'  is  exquisite.  The  most  perfect  of  all  these  charm- 
ing tales  is  that  which  she  calls  '  Stopped  by  Signal.'  A 
more  characteristic  tale  of  Irish  life  more  admirably  told 
could  hardly  be  imagined.  And  it  has  all  the  charm  of  the 
kindly,  capricious  Irish  spirit  in  it,  without  the  dismal  set- 
ting of  miserable  and  oppressive  poverty.  The  story  is  a 
perfect  gem." 

Glasffoiv  Herald.—"  Miss  Barlow  is  particularly  successful, 
and  almost  good  enough  to  be  called  an  Irish  Miss  Wilkins." 

Scotsman.—"  The  author  has  not  done  any  better  even  in 
the  '  Irish  Idylls,'  in  connexion  with  which  her  name  is  so 
favourably  known." 

Manchester  Guardian. — "  Miss  Jane  Barlow's  charming 
talent  shows  no  sign  of  falling  off.  Indeed,  it  is  doubtful  if 
she  has  ever  done  a  more  finished,  delicate  bit  of  work  than 

the  sketch  called  'Stopped  by  Signal.' Miss  Barlow  may 

be  congratulated  on  this  volume,  which,  in  spite  of  her  suc- 
cess and  all  the  temptations  to  hasty  writing  it  must  involve, 
fully  maintains  lier  former  high  standard  of  careful  work- 
manship and  literary  distinction." 

Literary  World. — "Five  of  the  tales  are  deserving  of  the 
superlatives  of  praise.  If  readers  are  in  search  of  work  that 
does  not  aim  at  a  vogue  by  using  the  catchpenny  sexual 
question  in  its  worst  guise,  but  which  is  an  interpretation 
of  the  daily  life  of  Irish  peasants,  love,  laughter,  tears, 
poverty,  youth,  and  age,  let  them  with  confidence  go  for 
their  delight  to  Miss  Barlow." 

Bookman. — "  The  best  in  this  volume  raises  still  higher  our 
gratefulness  for  the  beauty  of  Miss  Barlow's  imagination." 

Dublin  Evening  Herald. — "  Three  or  four  of  them  stand 
side  by  side  with  the  best  in  '  Irish  Idylls,'  and  the  less  ad- 
mirable are  still  admirable.  One,  '  A  Year  and  a  Day,'  is  a 
masterpiece." 

St.  James's  Gazette. — "  No  writer  is  more  skilful  in  blending 
tears  and  sunshine,  and  it  is  enough  to  say  that  these  little 
sketches  are  worthy  of  Miss  Barlow's  reputation." 

ALDINE  HOUSE,  E.C. 

New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  price  Two  Shillings, 

pELESTIAL    MOTIONS:    a    Handy    Book    of 

V^*  Astronomy.  Eighth  Edition.  With  3  Plates.  By  W.  T.  LYNN, 
B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Coekspnr-street,  Charing  Cross,  8.W. 

Third  Edition,  price  Sixpence,  eloth, 

REMARKABLE   COMETS:    a  Brief  Survey  of 
the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  ot  Cometary  Astronomy. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Coekspnr-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 


COLERIDGE  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

THE  BIBLIOGRAPHY  of  COLERIDGE  is  now 
completed  in  NOTES  and  QUERIES. 
The  Numbers  containing   the    BIBLIOGRAPHY,    MAY  Ilth,  25th, 
JUNE  8th,  22nd,  and  2ath,  price  4<f.  each,  by  post  4^  ,  can  be  had  of 

John  C.  Francis,  Notts  and  QiK/ies Office,  Bream 's-buildings.  Chancery- 
lane,  E.C. 


LLBN'S      SOLID      LEATHER 

PORTMANTEAUS, 
ALLEN'S  VICTORIA  DRESSING  BAG. 
ALLEN'S  STRONG  DRESS  BASKETS. 
ALLEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 

37,  West  Strand,  London.    Discount  10  per  cent. 


EPPS'S  COCOAINE, 

COCOA-NIB  EXTRACT.  (TE.\.-LIKE  ) 
The  choicest  roasted  nibs  (broken-up  beans)  of  the  natural  Cocoa,  on 
being  subjected  to  powerful  hydraulic  pressure,  give  forth  their  excess 
of  oil,  leaving  for  use  a  finely  flavoured  powder—"  COCOAINE,  "  a  pro- 
duct which,  when  prepared  with  boiling  water,  has  the  consistence  of 
tea.  of  which  it  is  now  beneficiallv  uking  the  place  with  many.  Its 
active  principle,  being  a  gentle  nerve-stimulant,  supplies  the  needed 
energv  without  undulv  exciting  the  svstem.  Sold  only  in  Pactets  and 
Tins. 'labelled  "JAMES  EPPS&  CO.  (Ltd),  Homa'opathic  Chemists, 
London." 


E 


P    P    S'S 


COCOAINE. 


M 


ILLIONS       OF      ROSES 


ARE  REQVIEED 


FOR  THE  SCEST   IN 


rr  o 


ILET      VI  NOLI  A      SOAP. 


D 


I  N  N  E  F  O  R  D'S       MAGNESIA. 

The  beet  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  8roM.\CH,  HRARTBUHN, 

HBADACHB,  GOUT, 

and  INDIOESnON, 
And  S&feit  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitntions, 

Children,  and  Infant*. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


12 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3534,  July  20,  '95 


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THE   ATHEN^UM 

fotimal  of  (Bnc^li^i)  anti  jfciitign  ^Literature,  ^nenre,  ti)t  fim  9ivt^,  Mn^it  antr  t&e  Brama^ 


No.  3535. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    27,   1895. 


FBIOB 
THKEEPENCB 

BBGISTBBBD  A3  A  NBWSFAPBB 


ROYAL  ACADEMY  of  ARTS— LAST  WEEK.— 
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LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  of  the  UNITED 
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The  EIGHTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  ASSOCIATION 
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J.  Y.  W.  MACALISTER,  Hon.  Sec. 
20,  Hanover-square,  W. 

SIXTH     INTERNATIONAL     GEOGRAPHICAL 
CONGRESS. 
Honorary  President— H.RH.  The  DUKE  of  YORK,  K.G.  K.T  ,  &c. 

President^CLEMENTS  R.  MARKHAM,  C  B.  F.R  S. 
The  Congress  meets  in  the  Rooms  of  the  IMPERIAL  INSTITUTE 
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J    SCOIT  KEt,ITE 


ESTINIOG  COUNTY  SCHOOL. 


SCIENCE  MASTER  REQUIRED  for  the  above  School.  Strong 
Physics  essential.  Pi-eference  given  to  one  who  could  teach  Me- 
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Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

NIVERSITY    COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


1,  Savile-row,  W. 


J    SCOIT  KEt,TIE  IseerPtarieo 

HUGH  ROBERT  MILL / °^*'^^'*"*'- 


R 


DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

OYAL    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE,    IRELAND. 


u 


APPOINTMENT    OF    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    AND 
DEMONSTRATOR  IN  ENGINEERING. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONSTRATOR,  in  ENGINEEKING  in  the  above  College. 

Candidates  should  state  their  age,  and  send  70  copies  of  application 
and  testimonials,  on  or  before  August  31, 1895,  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  particulars  of  the  dutres  and  salary  may  be  obtained. 

J.  A   JENKINS.  B.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  15, 1895. 

MUNICIPAL  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL, 
ACCRINGTON. 

WANTED,  for  the  ORGANIZED  SCIENCE  DAY  SCHOOL,  a  HEAD 
MISTRESS.  Must  be  able  to  teach  Household  Management,  some 
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Salary  120*. 

Also,  an  ASSISTANT  in  the  ART  SCHOOL,  who  must  be  under 
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work  (including  Geometrical  Drawing)  and  assist  in  the  Day  Classes. 
Salary  50/.  with  time  and  facilities  for  study. — Applications,  with 
statement  of  qualifications  and  testimonials,  to  the  undersigned,  not 
later  than  Tuesday,  August  6.  JOHN  RHODES,  .Secretary. 


WANTED,  by  an  old-established  London  News- 
paper, with  large  circulation  and  profits,  a  LITERARY  EDITOR. 
Salary  -'!»/.  per  annum.  Would  be  required  to  invest  1,500(.  Reason 
for  this,  and  fullest  investigation,  to  a  suitable  applicant — Inquiries. 
in  first  instance,  by  letter,  to  A.  F.  H  ,  11,  Montpelier-row,  Blackhealh, 
S.B. 

I  ATE  NEWNHAM  STUDENT,  Double  First  in 
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and  Collating  Manuscripts  — M  E   B  ,  3,  Endsleigh-gardens,  N  W. 

IIBRARIAN.— A  GENTLEMAN,  with  twenty- 
-i  five  years'  experience.  seeVis  the  M.\N.A.GEMENT  of  a  First-Class 
LIBRARY  or  HooK  DEPART.MENr.  Unexceptionable  references 
from  present  employers— -\.  A.  Muunrs,  91,  Meldon  terrace,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne. 

DRAWING     and     PAINTING.— VISITING 
M.iSTERSHIP  WANTED     Highly  recommended  by  an  R.A — 
K.  C,  Mayfield,  Ravensbourne  Park.  Catford.  S  E. 

PRACTICAL    BOOKBINDER    or  HANDY  MAN 
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references  —G.  W  ,  3,  Belitha-villas,  Barnsbury.  N. 

PHYSIOGNOMY  CORRESPONDENCE  CON- 
I'UCTRD  in  ANY  PAPER  upon  verv  moderate  terms  —For  par- 
ticulars apply  R,  D.  S  ,  care  of  Mr.  Dawe,  Newsagent,  41,  Baker-street, 
Portroan-square. 


s 


APPOINTMENT  VACANT. 

DEMONSTRATOR  in  BOTANY.  GEOLOGY,  and  PALEONTOLOGY. 
Full  time  to  be  criven  to  College  duties. 

For  all  particulars  apply  to  SLLanrvBT,  R.  C.  Sc.  L,  Stephen's  Green, 
Dublin. 

pOLLEGE    of    PRECEPTORS— The  Council    of 

^  '  the  COLLEGE  of  I'ltlXP.rroRS  are  about  to  appoint  additional 
EXAMINERS  in  the  following  sabjects  — (1)  GKOrJRAPHY;  (2) 
SCRIFFIRE  HISTORY  Candidates  must  be  Graduaa-s  in  Honours, 
with  considerable  experience  as  Schoolmasters. 

Applications,  stating  age.  experience.  «c  ,  and  accompanied  by 
testimonials,  shoul  1  be  addressed  to  the  Dkjn  of  hie  Cotr  r.<,E,  Blooms- 
borj-square,  'W.C  ,  not  later  than  Seotember  l.'i 

C.  R.  HODGSON,  B  A,  Secretary. 

ITNIYERSITY      COLLEGE,     DUNDEE. 

HARRIS  CHAIR  OF  PHYSICS. 

The  Council  of  this  College  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR to  occupy  the  above  Charr.  which  has  heen  novly  instituted 
1)7  ihe  Trustees  of  the  Harris  Bequest  Ihe  salary  has  been  fixed  at 
4001  per  annum,  with  a  share  of  the  (ees. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
October  l.x 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty  copies  of  tcstimiwials,  should  be 
aent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  WedneBdar,  August  21 

R.  N.  KBttK,  Secretary. 


P       I        E       R  '  S 


SCHOOL. 


The  Governors  of  SPIER'S  SCHOOL.  BEITH,  AYRSHIRE,  N  B  ,  are 
prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  HEAD-MASTERSHIP,  under 
the  Scheme  prepared  by  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  under  the  Edu- 
cational Endowments  (Scotland!  Act,  I8?2.  The  NEXT  SESSION  of  the 
SCHOOL  BEGINS  on  MONDAY.  September  2.  The  minimum  salary  is 
400/  per  annum,  with  a  commodious  house,  suitable  for  about  twelve 
boarders  Applicants  must  be  Graduates  of  an  English  or  Scottish 
University.  Twelve  printed  copies  of  testimonials  must  be  lodged  on 
August  5  next  with  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors.  Mr.  W.vr.Ti:R  Wir.Li^M- 
ftON,  Solicitor,  Beith,  who  will  forward  Copies  of  the  Scheme  and  give 
any  further  information  Personal  or  other  canvass  of  any  of  the 
governing  body  will  be  a  disqualification. 

R.  W.  COCHRAN  PATRICK,  Chairman  of  Governors. 

Beith,  July  1",  1893. 

HOME  STUDENTS'  LITERARY  READING 
SOCIETY. 
MISS  LOUISA  DEEWRY  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  any  Students,  in 
Town  or  Country,  who  would  like  to  join  a  Society  for  Home  Study, 
receiving  Lists  of  Books  on  various  subjects  for  study  and  reference, 
and  having  the  opportunity  of  communicating,  by  letter  or  personally, 
with  her,  of  getting  Papers  corrected,  and  questions  answered  ;  also  of 
attending  the  Meetings  of  the  Society  for  the  survey  of  work  done,  the 
reading  of  Papers,  the  discussion  of  special  subjects,  and  general  talk. 
143,  King  Henry's-road,  London,  N.W. 

'in'PE-WRITING.- Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 

JL  Coventry  (Certificated  Typistj.— Authors'  MSS.  accurately  and 
quickly  Typed.     Usual  terms. 

''ryPE-WRITING.— Miss   LEOLINE   HARTLEY, 

JL  Instructor,  from  People's  Palace,  Battersea,  Worilwich  Poly- 
technics, COPIES  any  MSS  ,  HOCUMENTS,  &c.  Duplicate  copies  clear 
as  type.  Specimens  free.— 422,  Mansion  House  Chambers,  and  33,  Strand, 

TO  AUTHORS.— MSS.  of  all  kinds  TYPED 
accurately  and  qcicUly  at  moderate  terms,  ^\ork  by  post  receives 
immediate  attention.  I'ransiations— Address  Miss  Edith  Pvoit,  Surrey 
Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 


rriYPE-WRITING      by      CLERGYMAN'S 

X  DAUGHTER  and  Assistants.— Authors'  MSS  .  Is.  per  1.000  words. 
Type-written  Circulars,  &c.,  by  Copying  Process  Authors'  references. 
— Miss  SiKKs.  13.  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith,  W, 


n^YPE- WRITING. —Authors'  MS.  Typed  and  Pre- 

JL  pared  for  Publication.  Typing.  Id.  per  folio  Large  quantities  at 
considerably  lower  rates.  Dramatic  work  a  speciality. — Faucit  Dabli- 
wjN.  22.  Wellington-street,  W.C. 


'1'»YPE-WRITERS    (SECON  D-HAND).— Tre- 

i  mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Yo^ts,  Caligraphs.  Victors,  &c.  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  ternrs.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  lUJ  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  or.ler".  Catalogue  free.— N. 
Twr-oa.  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Kxcliange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  end),  London.    Telephone  No.  6690 


FRANCE.— The     ATHENiEUM     can    bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 

France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEACLIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOONE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HA'VRB,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NAMTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SALNT  RAPHAEL,  T0UR8, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  RiyoU,  Paria. 

TUDOR  HALL  SCHOOL,  Forest- hill,  S.E.— 
Advanced  Modern  Education  for  Girls —Principal  and  Head 
Mistress— Mrs.  HAMILTON,  Girton,  Cambridge.  Professors— Seeley, 
FRS,  H.  E.  Maiden,  M  A  ,  G.  Garcia,  RAM  ,  Eniil  Reich,  Dr.  Jur, 
MM.  Larpent  and  Pradeau,  Herren  Lonian  and  (jottheimer,  &c.  Largo 
Gymnasium,  Tennis,  Swimming,  Riding —Prospectus  on  application. 

OWENS  COLLEGE,  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
MANCHESTER. 
PROSPECTUSES  for  the  Session  1895-6  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation : — 

1.  DEPARTMENT    of   ARTS,    SCIENCE,  and  LAW;    and    DEPART- 

MENT for  WOMEN. 

2.  DEPARTMENT  of  MEDICINE. 

3.  DEPARTMENT  of  the  EVENING  CLASSES. 

Special  Prospectuses  can  also  be  obtained  of — 
4    DEP.ARTMENT  ot  ENGINEERING. 

5.  DEPARTMENT  of  LAW 

6.  DEPARTMEN'r  of  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

7.  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

8.  PHARMACEUTICAL  DEPARTMENT;  and 

9.  A  LIST  of  FELLOWSHIPS,  .SCHOLARSHIPS,  EXHIBITIONS,  and 

PRIZES. 
Apply  to  Ma.  Cuknish,  16,  St.  Ann's-square,  Manchester ;  or  at  the 
CoUege. 

HENRY  WM.  HOLDER,  M.A.,  Registrar 


MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLKGES  recommence  in  October 
DRA  WING  forthe  PRESS. —STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence —123.  \'ictoria-street.  Westminster. 


HOME  -  SCHOOL.  —  SEASIDE  -  COUNTRY.— 
Within  few  miles  of  Brighton.  Health  with  mental  progress 
closely  studied.  Three  to  Six  Bnys.  Most  satisfactory  recomnicndaiion. 
Prospectuses  -Miss  Vhikill.  Telscombe.  Lewes,  Sussex. 

PARIS  —Mile.  BARDOL,  Rue  Morge  97,  under- 
takes the  CHAROI-;  of  GIULS  wi-hing  to  ATTEND  CLASSES  at 
the  fiORBONNK  or  elsewhere  Lists  of  Lectures  and  Classes  in  all 
subjects  supplied,  and  all  necessary  arranKciiienta  made  (including  a 
suiliable  escort  I.    'Terms  from  Ml  per  month. 

For  particulars  apply  to  Mile  H.^rixji.  as  above.  Reference  permitt*.'d 
to  the  Rev,  Canon  fiee.  D.l)..  The  Cloisters.  Windsor  Castle ,  Sir  John 
Evans,  K  C  B  ,  Nash  Mills,  Hemel  Hempst^-ad  ;  Miss  .strong  Head  Mis- 
tress ol  the  Church  of  England  High  School,  6,  Upper  Bakcr-Btreet, 
London ;  and  others. 


u 


NIVERSITY    COLLEGE,     BRISTOL. 

The  SESSION  1895-96  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  3rd.  The  College 
supplies  for  persons  of  either  sex,  above  the  ordinary  school  age,  the 
means  of  continuing  their  studies  in  Science,  Languages,  History, 
Literature,  and  Theory  of  Music.  Laboratories  are  open  for  practical 
instruction  in 

CHEMISTRY,  GEOLOGY, 

PHYSICS,  ZOOLOGY, 

ENGINEERING,  BOTANY. 

The  ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT  includes  Civil,  Mechanical. 
Electrical,  and  Mining  Engineering,  Surveying,  and  Architectural 
Work  ;  and  special  arrangements  for  Practical  Work  have  been  made 
with  various  Engineers  in  and  near  Bristol.  Facilities  are  ottered  in 
the  way  of  College  Scholarships,  Engineering  Works'  Scholarships,  and 
special  arrangements  for  entrance  into  professional  life.  There  «ill 
be  about  'Twenty  "V'acancies  in  October, — Applications,  with  references, 
should  be  made  as  early  as  possible  to  the  SEcRjnARv,  from  whom  Pro- 
spectus and  particulars  of  residence  in  Clifton  may  be  obtained. 

Medical  Education  is  provided  by  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  the 
College. 
CALENDAR,  containing  full  information,  price  Is.  (by  post,  Is  3</.). 
JAMES  RAFTER,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY   COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 
and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
1895. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Department  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools. 

Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  to.getbcr 
w  th  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  ofl'ered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Registbvii. 


ABERDARE  HALL. 

This  Hall  ot  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super 
intendence  of  Miss  HURLBATT  (Somerville  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.  A,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 1895. 


A  SSISTANT      SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Mi.s.s 

Ix.  LOUISA  BKOUGH  can  recommend  University  Graduates,  Trarncd 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers.  Foreign  Teachers.  Krndergarten 
Mistresses.  &c  -Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Channg  Cross,  W.C.  

A  DVICE   as    to    CHOICE   of    SCHOOLS.— The 

XV  Scholastic  Association  'a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gm- 
duatesi  gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  nithout  charite.  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  ot  Schools  ifor  Boys  or  OirN)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  homo  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bubvob,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

SANDHURST,  WOOLWICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

kj  TUTORS  —Messrs  GABHITAS.  THKINO  &  CO  ,  who  have  lor 
iiianv  vears  past  kept  an  accurate  record  ol  the  most  snccessful  Tutors, 
are  prepared,  on  receipt  of  dcuiled  particulars,  to  supply,  free  of 
charge  Prospectus  and  full  inlorniaHon  lo  I'arents,  Guardians,  or 
Candidates  requiring  advice  as  to  prcparalioa  lor  the  above  Examina- 
tions -38,  Sackville  street,  London,  W. 

ri^O  NOBLEMEN  and  GENTLEMEN.— The 

J_  Advertiser  who  is  compiling  a  History  of  the  Stage,  is  desirous 
ol  Pl'uCHASINO  any  AUTOGKAI'H  LLlTKRJi  and  CORKESPOND- 
1-NCE  of  Mrs  Siddonj*,  Mrs.  Jonlan,  J,  1*  Kcnibie.  and  Kdniund  Kean, 
or'  anv  scarce  Portraits  or  Engravings  ol  them  ,  also  early  l'la<  bills  oi 
the  London  and  Provincial  Theatres  fiom  1770  to  1812  ia  which  ttaeir 
names  appear 

Apply  to  Mr.  Bi-vxE,  7,  Magdalt-vUUs,  Cliftonville,  Margate. 


114 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3535,  July  27,  '95 


1""HE  AUTHOKS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
Syndicate  and  Press  Agency.  "A  Medium  of  Commanication 
between  Authors,  Editors,  and  Publishers."  Advises  upon,  revjees, 
snd  negotiates  MSB.  Interyiews  by  appointmeot  only.— Address  the 
Secretakt,  S,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
— The  Public  is  nrerently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS  .  or  offering  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
■dvice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G   HEKBEKT  XHRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B  — The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cos,  Bream 's-buildings,  E.G. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authois  capably  represcuted.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Kiiok  Producing.  Consultation 
free.— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M  BcRcHES,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
probate  or  Purchase,  InvestigaUons,  and  Audit  ot  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12 and  13.  Red  Lion-court.  Fleet-street,  EC. 

R     ANDERSON    k    CO.,     Advertising    Agents, 
•        1«,  COCKSPUB^STKBET,  CHAKING  CROSS,  S.W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines.  &c  ,  at  the  lowest 
possible   prices      Special  terms  to  Institutions,  Schools,  Publishers, 
llannfacturers.  &c..  on  application. 


PRINTING  and  PUBLISHING.— To  AUTHORS. 
—Special  attention  given  to  the  above.  Estimates  free.  Accounts 
verified  by  Chartered  Accountant. — Address  Maj^ager,  Roxburgh^  Press, 
8,  Victoria-street.  "Westminster. 


(Eatftlnouea. 
IS  &  E    L    V    E    Y, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books 

Libraries  Catalogued,  Arranged,  Valued,  or  Purchased. 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


E 


L     L 


FOREIGN     BOOKS     and      PERIODICALS 
promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &   CO.    37,    SOHO-SQUAilE. 

JS.  E    A     S     T     E     S,        Bookseller, 

a  121,  Knatchbnll-ioad,  Camberwell,  S.E. 

Special  Business— finding  Books  wanted  (Ancient  or  Modern). 
Book-plates  (E.x-Librisj  bought  in  auy  quantity. 

/CATALOGUE,    No.   2,   of  ETHNOGRAPHICAL 

\y  SPECIMENS,  European  and  Eastern  Arms  and  Armour,  profusely 
illustrated,  will  be  ready  middle  of  next  week,  price  Is— W,  D. 
"Weustek,  Oxford  House,  Bicester,  Oxon. 

pHOICE     ENGRAVINGS,     DRAWINGS,      and 

V7  ILLUSrRATED  BOOKS,  including  Drawings  by  W.  Hunt,  S. 
Prout.  J.  M  W.  T"nrner,  and  others— Lucas's  Me/zotints  after  Constable 
— and  Works  by  Professor  Ruskin.  CAfALOGUE,  No  16,  now  ready, 
post  free  Sixpence— 'Wm,  Ward,  2,  Church-terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


KENT,  Lancashire,  Lincolnshire,  Norfolk,  North- 
umberland, Nottinghamshire,  Oxfordshire,  Somersetshire,  Suf- 
folk. Surrey,  Warwickshire,  Wiltshire,  Worcestershire,  "Vorkshire, 
Sussex.  Topographical  Books  referring  to  the  above  Countie*i,  with  a 
large  Coll<'cti(m  of  Mi-cellaneous  Books,  in  No  113  CATALOGUE,  free 
on  application  to  W,  J.  S.mii  h,  41,  North-street,  Brighton. 

ALL  OUT-OF-PRINT  BOOKS  speedily  pro- 
cured  Acknowledged  the  most  expert  Bookfinder  extant  Please 
state  wants  to  Baker's  Great  Bookshop,  Birmingham.— Books  Bought, 
Lent,  or  Exchanged. 

TOWER  and  SCAFFOLD,  bv  H  Schutz  Wilson, 
published  by  Kegan  Paul.    COPY  WANTED.    Must  be  clean  and 
in  perfect  condition. 

Apply,  by  letter  only,  stating  lowest  price,  to  N.  N.,  care  ol  Messrs. 
R.  r.  While  &  Son,  .33,  Fleet-Blreet,  London,  E.C. 

"PICTURE     REPARATION     or    CLEANING 


studio.  41,  George-street,  Portman-square.  W. 

''rHE    AUTOTYPE    COMPANY,    LONDON, 

-I-  invite  all  interested  in  line  Art  to  Inspect  the  important  Col- 
lection of  Permaneat  Autotype  l;eproductions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Art,  exhibited  in  their 

FINE-ART    GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXEORD-STREET. 


SPLENDID  COPIES  Of  the  OLD  MASTERS  from  all  the  Celebrated 
Galleries  of  Europe. 

KEPRODUCTIONS  of  MODERN  PAINTINGS  from  the  Luxembourg, 
the  Salon,  Royal  Academy,  &c. 
he  ART  of  BART0L<;ZZ1.    One  Hundred  Designs. 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS.  Two  Hundred  and  Thirty-four  Examples 
of  this  Master,  fiom  ICare  Prints  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALFRED  STEVENS  and  his  WORK.  Crown  fiilio,  20  in.  by  15  in. 
Half-bound  morocco.  Fifty-seven  Full-Page  Illustrations.  Memoir 
and  Critical  Descriptions  by  HUGH  8TA.NN  US.  Price  Six  Guineas. 
A  few  Copies  of  this  important  Work  for  Disposal. 

ALHERT  DCRER.  Ninety-three  Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile 
from  Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Descriptive  Text  by 
SIDNEY  COLVIN,  MA.  The  volume  is  imperial  folio,  half- 
morocco.  Plates  llnea  guarded.  Price  Six  Ooineas.  Edition 
ICO  Copies. 


Fampblet,  'Autotype  a  I'ecoratlve  and  Educ-atlooal  Art,'  pott  free. 


Offices  and  line- Art  Cai:ery—7<,  NEW  0,\F0RD-8TREET,  W.C. 
The  Works- EALING  DENE,  MIDDLESEX. 


JVJUD 


lE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  which  has  been  considerably 
increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French, 
German,  Spanish,  and  Italian  for  Circulation  and  Sale. 

A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  the 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  will  be  sent  to  any 
address  postage  free  on  application. 


CA  TALOG  UE  of  FOBEIGN  B  0  OKS  for  1895, 
Is.  6d.  each. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY  (Limited), 

30-34,  New  Oxford-street; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.G., 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


'rHE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 

X.       (The  LEA-DENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  LeadenhaU-street, 
London.  EC.) 
Contains   hairless   paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.     Sixpence  each.    5«.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

THE     LADIES'    RESIDENTIAL    CHAMBERS, 
Limited,  York-street  Chambers,  Bryanston-sqaare,  W. 
A    FEW    SEIS    of   ROOMS    VACANT      Kents  from    3i.    a   month. 
General  Dining-Koom.— Apply  to  the  Secretarv. 

'PUNBRIDGE  WELLS.— FURNISHED  APART- 

A  MENTS. — A  few  minutes  from  S  E.  Station,  and  15  minutes  from 
L.  and  Brighton  South  aspect,  pleasant  position.  Near  to  the  Common 
and  Pantiles.— R.  G..  18,  Claremont-road. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  Colonel 
WALLACE,  of  Clontarf,  Dublin:  the  Library  of  the  late 
JAMES  SIAIE,  Esq.;  Books  and  AJiscellmeous  Articles 
belonging  to  the  late  CHHISTINA  G.  HO.SfiETT/ ;  the 
Library  of  the  late  GEHMAN  REED,  Esq. ;  and  other 
Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C,  on  TUESD.W,  July  .30,  and  Four  Following 
Days,  at  I  n  clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  M.^NUSCRIPTS,  including  the 
Library  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  WALLACE,  of  Clon^Jirf,  co.  Dublin, 
consisting  of  History — Biography — the  Drama— Poetry — Bibliography — 
Editions  of  Walton  and  Cotton's  Angler— Catalogues  of  Modern  Book 
Sales,  &c.,  in  Handsome  Bindings,  the  LIBKAH'i'  of  the  late  JAMES 
SIME,  Esq.,  containing  Works  on  I'hilosophy,  Social  Science,  Archceo- 
logy.  Travels,  Architecture,  and  the  Fine  Arts;  BOOKS  and  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS ARTICLES  belonging  to  the  late  CHRISTINA  G.  ROS- 
SE'TTI,  the  Property  of  Miss  HARFORD,  comprising  Modern  Standard 
Books;  the  LIBRARY  of  a  Deceased  DIVINE,  consisting  of  Modern 
Theological  Liteiature.  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  THOMAS  STUART 
KENNEDY,  Esq  ,  of  Meanwood,  Leeds,  and  Park  Hill.  Wetherby.  con- 
sisting of  Books  of  'Travels.  Alpine  Climbing,  Sporting,  Farming,  Archi- 
tecture, and  the  Fine  Arts;  and  other  Properties,  containing  Books  in 
nearly  every  Class  of  Literature ;  also  a  Pi  inted  Officium  on  Vellum— 
a  Manuscript  of  Coleridge's  Osorio— the  Original  Autogiaph  Manuscript 
of  Tears  in  Solitude— Autograph  Letters  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  other 
Autographs— Roxburghe  Club  Publications,  &c.  ;  also  the  LIBRARY  of 
the  late  GERMAN  REED,  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  dajs  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had;  11  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  four  stamps. 

Musical  Instruments. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 

AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester -square,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  July  30,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MUSICAL 
INSTRUMENTS,  comprising  Grand  and  Cottage  Pianofortes  by  Broad- 
wood,  Collard,  Bord,  Kirkman,  Erard,  Gebauhr,  &c  —Harps  by  Erard- 
Violins.  Violas,  and  Violoncellos-Bows,  Cases  and  Fittings — and  a  lew 
Lots  of  Modern  Sheet  Music. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 


M 


Engravings,  Pictures,  Coins,  Curios,  China,  and  Antique 
Furniture. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square.  WC,  on 
THURSDAY',  August  1.  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  pastl  o'clock 
precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  Portfolio), 
including  Subjects  of  the  Early  English  Schools— Mezzotint  Portraits  of 
celebrated  Actors  and  Actresses  oi  the  English  Stage,  Statesmen,  and 
others— WaU^r-Colour  Drawings  and  Pictures  ;  also  Coins,  Curios,  China, 
and  a  lew  Lots  of  Antique  Furnituie,  the  Properties  of  the  late  Mrs, 
GERMAN  REED  and  others. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  ol  two  stamps. 


J heo logical  unl  Classical  Books. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W  C. ,  on 
MONDAY,  August  11',  and  Following  Itey,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock 
prtcioely,  the  THEOLOGICAL  and  CLASSICAL  LIBRARY  of  a  wall- 
known  COLLECTOR,  comprising  Works  of  the  le.iding  English,  Ger- 
man, and  Dutch  Writers,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Walton's  Poly- 
glot—Migne,  Studies  und  Kritikes,  1828-92— Greek  and  Latin  Patres 
Ecclesia' — 'Tracts  by  Jacob  lUihnie- Clinton's  Fasti  Romani  et  Hellenici. 
4  vols  — Encyclopiidia  Britanniea.  Eighth  Edition  —  Burton's  Arabian 
Nights— Scott's  Waverley  Novels,  25  vols  ,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  a  M athemntical  Library  and  a 
iklection  fi  om  a  A'oblernan's  Library. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  ll.'j.  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
July  31,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS  and 
MATHEMATICAL  BOOKS,  including  Bentley's  Works,  by  Dyce,  3  vols. 
— Siniib's  (Gibbon's  Rome,  8  vols  —Long's  Rome.  5  vols  —Alison  s 
Europe,  2.'i  vols —Watts's  Chemistry,  W  vols— Chemical  Society's  Journal, 
1876  to  18ii:i-Asiatic  Society  of  Japan,  17  vols.  — I'axton's  Magazine  of 
Botany,  li  vols  —the  Writings  of  Gunter,  Hutton,  Looniis,  'Todhunter, 
lie  Morgan,  Sang,  Bain,  Le«es,  H.  Spencer.  J  S  Mill,  Hamilton,  Reid, 
and  other  English  and  Foieign  Authors— Horsfteld  s  Sussex,  2  vols — 
Horder  Edition  of  the  Waverley  Novels,  23  vols  ,  also  a  SELECTION 
of  SCIENTIFIC  WORKS  (cliiclly  Foreign;  from  a  NOBLE.MAN'S 
LIBItARY. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  July  31. 
Birds'  Eggs,  Skins,  Insects,  Cabinets,  Curios  from  New  Guinea. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  Ivingstreet.  Covent-garden,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY' NEXT  July  31,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  COLLECTION  of 
BIRDS'  EGGS  formed  by  J.  A.  PRUEN,  Esq  ;  also  afine  COLLECTION 
ol  CURIOS  from  NEW  GUINEA— Bird  Skins— Insects— Cabinets  and 
Shelves,  &e. 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT,  August  2. 

Valuable  Lathe  by  Holtzapjfel,  Tools,  Miscellaneous 
Property,  l<,c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  .•'8.  King-street,  Covent-sarden,  on  FRI- 
DAY NEXT,  August  2  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely.  Valuable 
LATHE  by  HOLTZAPFFEL.  with  an  Expensive  Lot  of  Chucks  and 
Tools— Cameras  and  Lenses— Opera  and  Race  Glasses  — 'Telescopes- 
Microscopes— Bicycles— and  various  Photographic  and  Miscellaneous 
Property. 


MESSRS,  CHRISTIE,  HANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King-street,  St,  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : — 

On  MONDAY,  July  29,  OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the 

late  JOHN  CLARK,   Esq  ;    and  PORCELAIN,  SCULPTURE,  &c  ,   of 
AMLLIAM  ANGERSTEIN,  Esq.,  and  the  late  HENRY  DOETSCH,Esq. 

On     TUESDAY,    July     30,    OLD     ENGLISH 

SILVER,  the  PHELIPS  HEIRLOOMS, 

On  TUESDAY,  July  30,  CHOICE  WINES,  the 

Property  of  Captain  F,  L,  PHILP,  and  from  other  sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  31.  the    LIBRARY   of 

the  late  HY    DOETSCH.  Esq.  and 'PART  ol  the  LIBRARY    of  Sir 
JOHN  CHANDOS  READE,  sixth  Baronet. 

On  THURSDAY,  August  1,  OLD  FLEMISH  and 

FRENCH    'TAPESTRY,  ARTISTIC  COSTUMES  of  R.  BEAVIS,  Esq.. 
R\V  S  .  PORCELAIN  and  DECORATIVE  OBJECTS,  &c. 


GRAND  HOTEL,  COLMORE-ROW,  BIRMINGHAM. 

MESSRS.  JAMES  and  LISTER  LEA  &  SONS 
have  received  instructions  from  the  Trustees  to  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  the  Hotel  as  above,  on 'THURSDAY,  ,\ugust  1.  atl  o'clock 
p.M  to  the  minute,  a  small  but  unique  COLLE  VTION  of  THIRTEEN 
PICTURES  formed  by  the  late  WALTER  LYNDON,  Esq  ,  of  The 
Henbur>s,  King's  Heath,  Birmingham,  comprising  Carnarvon  Castle: 
Early  Morning,  44 in,  by  29  in —Hay  of  Naples,  48 in  by  36 in  ,  and  Three 
other  Examples  by  the  late  William  Miiller  — 'Two  important  Land- 
scapes by  'T.  Cieswick,  R,A  — Three  exceptional  Landscapes  and 
Cattle,  by  T.  Sidney  Cooper,  R,A  ,  of  his  best  peiiol,  dated  1862-3 — 
Hide  and  Seek,  by  P.  F.  Poole,  R.,^.— Waiting  for  an  Answer,  by  J.  C. 
Horsley,  R.A.— and  Sherwood  Forest,  by  Henry  Dawson. 

May  be  viewed  on  Wednesday,  July  31,  from  10 o'clock  .v  m.  to 4  o'clock 
r.M  .  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  (Catalogues  had  ol  the  Auctiomjeus,  19. 
Cannon-street,  Birmingham.    'Tel  phone  705. 

No.  G,  GREENFIELD-CRESCENT,  EDGB ASTON. 

The  Estate  of  the  late  Dr.  ANTHONY. 

Important  Sale  of  excellent  HOUSEHOLD  FURNITURE,   including 

several  Pieces  of  fine  old  Oak.  Marqueterie.  &c. — a  valuable  Library 

of  Books,  comprising  upwards  of  3.000  Volumes,  including  several 

First  Editions  by  well-known  Authors— Works  on  .Architecture,  Art. 

Natural  History.  Botany.  &c  — Dugdale's  Warwickshire— Duncumb's 

Herefordshire— i^rayley's  Devonshire  and  Cornwall— the  Abbotsford 

Edition  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Works— and  numerous  Works  in  Poetry 

and   Prose— costly   Microscopes.   'Telescopes,    and   Two  tine   Photo 

Lenses— China  and  other  Ornaments— and  Miscellaneous  Effects. 

TO  BE  SOLD  BY  AUCTION  BY 

MESSRS.  CHESSHIRE,  GIBSON,  FOWLER 
&  WHARTON  (by  direction  of  the  Executrix  of  the  late  Dr. 
ANTHONY),  on  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  the  3Uth  and  31st  July 
inst ,  upon  tlie  Premises  as  above,  commencing  each  morning  at 
11  o'clock. 

Further  particulars  in  Catalogues,  to  be  obtained  of  Messrs.  CorrREtL 
&  Son,  Solicitors,  25,  Waterloo  street,  or  ol  the  Autioneebs,  98,  New- 
street,  Birmingham. 


Now  ready,  price  21.  2s. 

PA      H      E      R      I.  (£;dition   de  Luxe.) 

Forming  First  Volume  of 
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By  J.  J.  TYLOR,  F.S.A.,  Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. 

"A  sumptuous  volume." — Daily  Keu-s. 

"A  splendid  example  of  what  is  being  done  by  English  scholars  as 
well  as  by  British  administrators  in  F.gfpt."—'Jimes. 

To  be  obtained  from  Mr.  Quaritcli,  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co  ,  or  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund. 

JUST  PUBLISHED. 

1)UDYARD    KIPLING'S    DEPARTMENTAL 

XV  DITTIES,  and  other  Verses  The  Eighth  Edition,  containing  a 
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various  Newspapers.  The  Medical  Treatment  by  Captain  M  H  HAYES, 
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A 


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I  AYS  of  IND.  By  Aliph  Cheem.  Comical, 
J  Satirical,  and  Descriptive  Poems  illustrative  of  Anglo-Indian 
Life.  Ninth  Edition.  With  70  lUustiations.  Cloth  elegant  gilt  edges. 
lOs.  lid. 

W.  Thacker  &  Co.,  87.  Newgate-street.  London. 
Thackcr,  Spiuk  &  Co.,  Calcutta. 


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BLACKWOOD'S      MAGAZINE.  I 
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MORAL  TACTICS.    By  Major-General  W  E.  Montague.  C.Ii. 
SOME  GERMAN  NOVELS. 

CHAMOIS-HUNTING  in  the  HIGH  ALPS.     By  Hugh  E.  M  Slutfield. 
AKIADNE  in  NAXOS.    By  Alice  Mackay. 
An  INDICTMENT  of  PARLIAMENTS.    By  Helen  Zimmern. 
A  FOREIGNER.    Chaps.  11-4G. 

A  POOR  RELATION  of  the  ALBATROSS.    By  T.  Digby  Pigott,  C.B, 
MY  MAID  of  HONOUR     By  H  Fielding. 
REMINISCENCES  of  a  POULTRY-YARD. 
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BRITAIN  in  the  BOX. 

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THE  PREMIER  ATLAS  IN  THIS  COUNTRY, 

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HouHhold  Tf'orJs  says :— "  We  would  recommend  every  mother  to  hang 
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LIBRARY     OF 


By  W.  T.  LYNN,  BA.,  F  R.A  S. 

1.  BIBLE     CHRONOLOGY    and   DICTIONARY; 

or,  the  Principal  Events  recorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  arranged 
under  their  probable  respective  dates,  with  a  Dictionary  giving 
an  account  of  the  places  named,  an  Appendix  on  English  Trans- 
lations ol  the  Bible,  and  Six  Maps. 

2.  BRIEF    LESSONS    on    the    PARABLES    and 

MIR.\CLES  of  OUR  LORD  The  First  Part  contains  short  expo- 
sitions of  the  Parables,  arranged  according  to  Date  .  in  the  Second, 
the  Miracles  are  treated  under  the  heads  of  the  Regions  in  which 
they  were  wrought.    With  Two  Illusti^ations. 

3.  EMINENT     SCRIPTURE    CHARACTERS: 

a  Series  of  Biographical  Studies  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
Illustrated  by  Six  Views  of  Biblical  Scenes,  which  will,  it  is  hoped, 
be  found  useful  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  study  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures. 

Published  by  George  Stoneumn,  39,  "Warwiek-Iane,  Patemoster-row,  E.C. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE 
RIGHT  HON.  W.  E.  GLADSTONE. 

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Price  of  the  Four  Numbers,  Is.  id. ;  or  free  by  post,  1».  M. 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    BENJAMIN     DISRAELI, 
EARL  OF  BEACONSFIELD,  1820  to  1892. 

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STEPHENS,  B.D.,  Dean  of  Winchester.    'With  Portraits. 

In  2  vols. 
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that  was  passing  in  the  literary  and  political  world  of  his 
time,  coupled  with  a  lively  and  playful  vein  of  comriient, 
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Crown  8vo.  5s.  net. 

SOCIAL  EVOLUTION.  By  Benjamin 

KIDD.  New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  (Eleventh  Thou- 
sand.) Revised,  with  a  new  Preface. 
SPECTATOR  (March  3rd,  1894). -"  We  do  not  oftea 
devote  a  leader  to  a  book,  but  we  have  an  impression  that 
Mr.  Benjamin  Kidd's  lx)ok,  '  Social  Evolution,'  may  have 
wide  political  as  well  as  social  effects.  At  all  events,  it 
marks  a  turning  point  in  the  social  controversy  which  is 
raging  all  around  us,  shaking  parties,  preoccupying  the 
press,  and  developing  a  new  series  of  phenomena  in  politics, 
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HOLDENHURST      HALL. 

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OPEN-AIR  STUDIES :  an  Introduction  to  Geology  Out-of-Doors. 

By    G RENVILLE     A.     J.     COLE,    M.R.LA.    F.G.S., 

Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Boyal  College  of  Science  for  Ireland. 
With  Full-Page  Illustrations  from  Photographs. 

General  Contents:  The  Materials  of  the  Earth— A  Mountain  Hollow — Down  the  'Valley — Along  the  Shore — Across  the 
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London  :   Charles  Geiffin  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Exeter-street,  Strand. 

BIEDS      OF      PASSAGE: 

SONGS    OF    THE    ORIENT    AND    OCCIDENT. 
By    MATHILDE      BLIND, 

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Crown  Svo.  cloth  extra,  6s.  net. 

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"  These  poems  have  grace,  delicacy,  even  charm We  can  recall  few  English  poems  which  render  the  curious,  indeed 

unique,  impression  of  the  Orient  as  it  is  rendered  in  some  of  Miss  Blind's  verses." — JJai/i/  Chronicle. 

"  Miss  Blind's  poetical  talent  has  reached  a  fine  maturity  in  iier  Few  pnems.     She  has  a  breadth  and  variety  of  view 
uncommon  in  a  poetess,  and  a  wholesome  en.joymerit  of  the  goods  of  life." — Speatier. 

"A  richly  endowed  poetic  nature  is  here  seen  at  its  very  best.     It  marks  a  distinct  advance  on  all  her  past  work,  and 
it  is  so  good  that  in  our  judgment  it  places  her  quite  in  the  front  rank  of  living  ly  rical  poets." — Daily  News. 

Chatto  &  WiNDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  London. 

NOTICE. 

NOTES     AND      QUERIES. 

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N"  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


117 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S   ANNOUNCEMENTS. 


Mr.  HEINEMANN  begs  to  announce  that  he  is  about  to  issue  a  Series  of  Short 
Histories  of  the  Ancient  and  jNlodern  Literatures  of  the  World.  Each  volume  will 
be  the  work  of  a  writer  distinguished  not  only  for  his  special  knowledge,  but  for 
literary  skill  and  charm  of  style.  Each  will  treat  an  entire  literature,  and  will  aim 
at  giving  a  uniform  impression  of  its  development,  history,  and  character,  and  of  its 
relation  to  previous  and  to  contemporary  work.  These  volumes  will  contain  about 
350  octavo  pages. 

In  producing  these  Short  Histories  of  Literature  the  aim  of  the  publisher  and 
editor  will  be  to  mark  a  slight  reaction  against  a  recent  tendency  in  literary  criticism. 
Without  expressing  any  feeling  but  that  of  respect  for  the  men  who  with  infinite 
industry  and  the  exercise  of  untiring  research  have  added  to  our  exact  knowledge 
of  the  more  curious  and  obscure  parts  of  the  subject,  or  for  those  who  have  sought 
to  combine  its  study  more  and  more  with  that  of  language,  Mr.  Heinemann  be- 
lieves that  the  moment  has  come  when  we  are  in  danger  of  obscuring  the  central 
features  of  literature,  and  the  beauty  of  the  greatest  writing  in  each  country,  by  an 
exaggerated  attention  to  points  which  are  rather  scientific  than  literary. 

In  these  Short  Histories  full  attention  will  be  paid  to  the  latest  discoveries 
and  to  the  most  abstruse  theories  of  the  philological  students  of  literature,  but 
care  will  be  taken  not  to  exaggerate  the  archaic  branches  of  the  theme.  Literature 
will  be  interpreted  as  the  most  perfect  utterance  of  the  ripest  thought  by  the 
finest  minds,  and  to  the  classics  of  each  country  rather  than  to  its  oddities  and 
rather  than  to  its  obsolete  features  will  particular  attention  be  directed.  The 
origins  of  each  literature  will  be  indicated  accurately  and  in  accordance  with  the 
latest  lights,  but  these  will  not  be  dealt  upon  to  the  prejudice  of  what  is  really,  and 
not  merely  relatively,  brilliant. 

These  Short  Histories  of  Literature  will,  it  is  supposed,  prove  serviceable  in 
advanced  classes  and  for  college  use.  But  that  is  not  their  primary  object.  Each 
will,  it  is  hoped,  be  in  itself  a  contribution  to  literature.  Nothing  is  further  from 
the  wish  of  the  publisher  or  of  the  editor  than  to  provide  mere  text-books  for  pur- 
poses of  cramming.  The  composition  of  these  volumes  is  being  entrusted  to  authors 
of  eminence,  who  are  accustomed  to  write  for  the  general  public,  and  who  are 
solicitous  about  the  form  as  well  as  the  matter  of  what  they  publish.  Each  volume, 
it  is  desired,  will  form  a  critical  and  historical  resume  of  a  single  literature,  so  com- 
posed as  to  present  at  once  an  accurate  survey  for  scholars  and  delightful  entertain- 
ment for  the  ordinary  reader.  If  these  books  find  a  welcome  from  the  public,  it  is 
proposed  to  extend  their  scope  to  all  the  recognized  literatures  of  the  world. 

The  Editorship  of  the  Series  has  been  entrusted  to 

Mr.  EDMUND  GOSSE,  Hon.  M.A.  of  Trinity  Coll.,  Camb. 

The  folloiving  volumes  are  projected,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  ivill  be  the 

first  to  appear : — 

FRENCH   LITERATURE.     By  Edward  Dowden,  D.C.L.  LL.D., 

Professor  of  English  Literature  at  the  University  of  Dublin. 

ANCIENT  GREEK.     By  Gilbert  G.  A.  Murray,  MA.,  Professor 

of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Glasgow. 

ENGLISH.     By  the  Editor. 

ITALIAN.     By  Richard  Garnett,  C.B.  LL.D.,  Keeper  of  Printed 

Books  in  the  British  Museum. 

MODERN  SCANDINAVIAN.    By  Dr.  Georg  Brandes,  of  Copen- 

hagen. 

JAPANESE.    By  Basil  Hall  Chamberlain,  Professor  of  Philology 

in  the  University  of  Tokio, 


CONVENTIONAL  LIES  OF  OUR 

CIVILIZATION.  By  MAX  NORDAU,  Author 
of  'Degeneration,'  The  Authorized  English 
Translation.  Demy  8vo.  17s.  net.  Second 
Edition. 
Times  {First 'Notice). — "This  is  neither  a  vulgar 
nor  a  scandalous  book,  and  it  well  deserves  to  have 

its  objects  and  its  value  impartially  examined 

There  is  no  doubt  of  the  model  which  Dr.  Nordau 
has,  consciously  or  unconsciously,  followed.  His 
volume  is  undoubtedly  one  which  Rousseau  might 
have  written  if  he  had  lived  a  century  later." 

Times  (Second  Notice). — "  The  author  of  '  De- 
generation '  has  become  known  all  over  the  world 
as  a  trenchant  critic  of  the  foibles  and  follies  of  the 
time.  In  'Conventional  Lies  of  our  Civilization' 
he  goes  deeper,  and  frames  an  indictment  against 
the  whole  of  our  modern  social  order — religious, 
political,  economic,  domestic." 

DEGENERATION.   By  Max  Nordau. 

Sixth  English  Edition.  Demy  8vo.  17s.  net. 
Saturday  Review. — "  We  read  the  600  pages  with- 
out finding  one  dull,  sometimes  in  reluctant  agree- 
ment, sometimes  with  amused  content,  sometimes 
with  angry  indignation.  There  is,  and  always  will 
be,  a  foolish  claque  applauding  each  new  eccen- 
tricity, unable  to  distinguish,  among  the  sensations 
of  the  hour,  the  inspiration  of  genius.  For  these 
Max  Nordau  may  serve  as  an  excellent  tonic,  and 
so  be  justified  of  the  reputation  this  English  render- 
ing will  certainly  bring  him." 

THE     LETTERS     OF    SAMUEL 

TAYLOR  COLERIDGE.     Edited  by  ERNEST 

HARTLEY  COLERIDGE.     With  16  Portraits 

and  Illustrations.     In  2  vols,  demy  8vo.  32s. 

Guardian. — "  Coleridge's  letters  tell  us  more  fully 

the  story  of  a  great  genius  struggling  against  the 

consequences  of  his  own  weakness,  and  resulting  in 

a  life  not,  indeed,  without  splendid,  if  imperfect 

fruits,  but  maimed  and  blighted.     Moreover,  they 

throw  light  upon  a  period  of  forty  years,  during 

which  Coleridge  was  in  continual  touch  with  the 

most  distinguished  poets  and  men  of  letters  of  his 

day,  and  they  are  an  important  contribution  to  the 

records  of  one  of  the  most  important  revivals  in  our 

literary  history." 

THE  LOVE  LETTERS  OF  MR.  H. 

AND   MISS   R.,  1775-1779.    Edited  by  GIL- 
BERT BURGESS.     Small  crown  8vo.  gilt,  5s. 
Daily  Telegraph. — "  The  letters  are  undeniably 
interesting  ;  they  are  full  of  genuine  fire,  and  paint 
a  most  curious  picture  of  the  ways  and  manners  of 
high  life  at  the  end  of  the  last  century." 

THE  LAND  OF  THE  MUSKEG.    By 

H.   SOMERS    SOMERSET.     With  a  Preface 
by  A.  HUNGERFORD   POLLEN.     With  110 
Illustrations  from    Sketches  by  A.   H.  Pollen 
and  Instantaneous  Photographs,  and  4  Maps. 
Demy  8vo.  cloth,  14s.  net. 
Times. —  "  Mr.  Somerset  may  be  credited,  not  only 
with  having  made  an  interesting  journey  of  adven- 
ture, but  with  having  written  a  capital  account  of  it." 

ACTUAL  AFRICA;  or,  the  Coming 

Continent.       A    Tour    of     Exploration.       By 

FRANK  VINCENT,  Author  of  'The  Land  of 

the  White  Elephant,'  &c.     With  Map  and  over 

100  New  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo.  24s. 

Mb.  H.  M.   Stanley   writes:— "It   is  really  a 

wonderful  book.    It  is  not  only  a  book  of  reference 

upon  almost   any  subject  connected  with  Africa, 

but  most  admirably  illustrated.     The  pictures  are  a 

credit  to  your  skill." 

WITH  THE  ZHOB  FIELD  FORCE, 

1890.      By   Captam    CRAWFORD    McFALL, 
K.O.Y.L.I.     Demy  Svo.   with   90   Illustrations 
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Morning  Post. — "  Written  with  soldierly  frank- 
ness  and   accuracy,  and  illustrated  by   a  number 
of  sketches  which  prove  Captain  McFall  to  be  a 
draughtsman  of  some  deftness  and  humour," 


London:  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 


118 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'^SasS,  July  27, '95 


RICHARD 


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THE  TEMPLE  BAR  MAGAZINE. 

Contents  for  AUGUST,  1895. 

1.  SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ;-•    Chaps.  7-S>. 

2.  LE  HOI  EST  MORT. 

3    The  PASSING  of  PHILIP  II. 

4.  MEXICAN  HOSPITALITY. 

5.  LETTERS    of    EDWARD    FITZGERALD    to    FANNY 

KEMBLE,  1871-18S3. 
R.  The  KING  of  FOULA. 

7.  SLIGHT  RECOLLECTIONS  of  THREE  GHBAT  MEN. 
8    A  RUSSIAN  WRITER. 
9.  ROSE  AYLMER'S  GRAVE. 

10.  CRANFORD  SOUVENIRS. 

11.  CABS  FATHER. 


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SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  &  CO.  London. 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


119 


SATURDAY,  JULY  ^,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Coubthope's  History  of  English  Poetry    119 

The  Lombards  in  Italy     120 

Miss  Blind's  New  Poems 121 

The  Papyrus  OF  Ani 122 

Recent  Works  on  Spanish  History     123 

The  College  de  France 123 

New  Novels  (Wildersmoor ;  Bewitcbed ;  Mrs.  Mus- 
grave — and  her  Husband ;  Dr.  Gray's  Quest ;  A 
Family  of  Quality  ;  The  Two  Dunmores  ;  Drifting; 
Golden  Lads  and  Girls  ;  The  End  of  the  Kun  ;  La 

Vocation)       124—125 

Local  History ~.    125 

Tales  of  Scandinavia         126 

Books  of  Travel        127 

French  Literature 128 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      129—130 

Mr.   Blackmore's    'Fringilla';    Mr.    Froude    at 

Simancas  ;   Prof,  von  Roth  ;  Sales  ;  Elephant 

—Alabaster  ;    Mr.  Herne  Shepherd  ;  Junius's 

First   Letter  to    Chatham;    Mr.    R.    Ulick 

Burke  130—131 

Literary  Gossip        132 

Science— The  Life  of  Edison;  Prof.  Babington; 
The  Geographical  Exhibition  at  the  British 
Museum;    M.  Ernest   Baiixon;   Astronomical 

NOTF.S 133—1.34 

Fine  Arts  —  Catalogues  ;  The  New  Gallery  ; 
The     Royal    Arch.«ological     Institute     at 

Scarborough  ;  Sales  ;  GossI'P  134—133 

Music— The  Week;  New  Publications;  Gossip  138—139 
Drama— Gossip 140 


LITERATURE 


A  Histonj   of  English  Poetry.      By  W.  J. 
Courthope,    M.A.     Vol.    I.     (Macmillan 
&Co.) 
There  cannot  "be  any  question  that  if  Mr. 
Courthope' 8  other  volumes — there  are  to  be 
four  more — keep  up  the  high  standard  of 
various  learning  and  comprehensive  intel- 
ligence reached  in  the  volume  now  before 
us,  he  will  have    produced  a  work   really 
memorable   which   will    take    its   place   in 
the  front  rank   of   works  of   the   kind,  if, 
indeed,  it  has  not  the  front  rank  all  to  itself. 
At   present   certainly  it  has   no  rival,   and 
seems  likely  to  have  none,  for  the  hand- 
books of  English   literature    form  for  the 
most  part  but  a  sorry  collection.     Earely, 
indeed,   do  we  perceive  any  signs  of  com- 
petence —  of   competent  information   or   of 
competent  discernment.     We  easily  detect 
that  they  talk  of  books  that  have  not  been 
read,  or  if  read  not  understood,  that  they 
have  not  at  all  the  felicity  of  knowing  "  the 
causes  of  things,"  that  they  have  no  breadth 
of  view  and  no  mastery  of  their  subject.     It 
is   quite    curious   how   sadly    lacking    our 
libraries    are    in    this   department.      It  is 
significant  that  Warton   should  hold,   and 
under  the   circumstances   deserve  to  hold, 
the  position  stiU  accorded  him.     No  doubt 
the  formidable  nature  of  the  task  must  be 
well  remembered,  and  every  day,  with  the 
accessibility  of  fresh  material,  it  grows  more 
and  more  formidable.     It  may  be  said  that 
fools  have  rushed  in  where  angels  fear  to 
tread.     But  such  a  domain  ought  not  to  be 
abandoned   to  fools,   nor  to   be    neglected 
because  of  any  superstition   as   to  angelic 
diffidence.      A  properly    equipped   student 
may  do  much  for  it  and  in  it.     He  may 
visit  it  without  sacrilege,  and  perform  ex- 
cellent service  by  his  exploration  and  his 
report.    Now,  without  maintaining  that  Mr. 
Courthope   is   perfect,   we  may   confidently 
describe    him  as  a  well- equipped   student. 
He  has  read  widely  and  carefully,  and  what 
is  more— what  is  rare — he  has  assimilated 
his  reading  so  that  it  is  not  a  rudis  indigcsta- 
qice  moles.     He  has  thought  hard  and  reso- 
lutely, being  determined  not  to  be  a  mere 
fact-monger,  a  mere  registrar  of  names  and 
dates,  a  mere  repeater  of  other  men's  verdicts 


and  other  men's  ignorances.  "We  may  or 
may  not  always  agree  with  him  ;  he  falls 
now  and  then  into  inaccuracies  of  detail ; 
in  our  opinion  some  of  his  general  con- 
ceptions need  careful  reconsideration  ;  but 
whatever  occasional  objections  may  be 
reasonably  urged,  Mr.  Courthope  is  always 
interesting  and  suggestive,  is  always 
worthy  of  respectful  attention.  "We  may 
not  prefer  to  err  with  him,  but  yet  even  to 
observe  his  errors  is  not  lost  time.  It  is 
profitable  to  listen  to  him,  whether  we  take 
him  to  be  right  or  take  him  to  be  wrong. 
And  when  to  all  this  hearty  commendation 
we  add  that  he  is  an  excellent  writer — that 
he  says  what  he  has  to  say  in  a  lucid  and 
scholarly  and  often  piquant  style,  which 
makes  the  perusal  of  his  pages  a  genuine 
pleasure — we  trust  that  all  serious  students 
of  English  literature  will  hasten  to  possess 
themselves  of  such  an  admirable  contribu- 
tion to  their  special  pursuit. 

Having  spoken  so  warmly  of  the  merits 
of  Mr.  Courthope's  first  volume,  we  may  the 
more  safely  proceed  to  dwell  on  what  cer- 
tainly are,  and  what  seem  to  us,  some  of  its 
defects.  The  chief  of  these  is  that  Mr.  Court- 
hope's  history  of  EngKsh  literature  does 
not  properly  begin  at  the  beginning.  It 
begins  rather  in  the  middle.  It  begins 
with  Chaucer.  And  all  our  old  literature  is 
surveyed  only  in  a  rapid  retrospect,  and,  it 
must  be  confessed,  most  inadequately  so  sur- 
veyed. In  this  matter  Mr.  Courthope  shows 
himself  not  up  to  date  in  the  scholarship  of 
his  subject.  It  was  all  very  well  for  Dryden 
and  for  Pope  and  others  of  their  times  and 
the  time  that  followed  theirs  to  point  to 
Chaucer  as  "the  father  of  English  litera- 
ture ";  they  knew  not,  and  could  not  know, 
any  better  ;  but  it  is  a  sin  against  the  light 
that  has  since  shone  out  to  reiterate  that 
old  blunder  born  of  pure  ignorance  in  ages 
whoUy  dark  as  to  our  older  life  and  its 
voices.  We  fondly  hoped  this  blunder  was 
now  obsolete  ;  certainly  it  is  obsolescent. 
Perhaps  the  unfortunate  term  Anglo-Saxon 
has  something  to  answer  for  in  this  respect. 
Of  that  term  there  is  a  growing  impatience 
amongst  English  scholars  ;  it  is  repudiated 
with  great  disgust  in  Germany.  The  proper 
term  is  Old  English ;  and  that  term  is 
coming  more  and  more  into  general  accept- 
ance and  use.  Its  prevalence,  we  trust. 
may  make  everybody,  even  "the  man  in 
the  street,"  realize  that  English  literature 
begins  some  six  or  seven  centuries  before 
that  supreme  master  of  Middle  English,  or, 
to  speak  less  exactly,  of  Modern  English, 
Geoffrey  Chaucer,  arose. 

Mr.  Courthope  very  excellently  announces 
that  in  his  history  he  has  looked 

"  for  the  unity  of  the  subject  precisely  where 
the  political  historian  looks  for  it,  namely,  in 
the  life  of  the  nation  as  a  whole.  ]\ly  aim  has 
been  to  treat  poetry  as  an  expression  of  the 
imagination,  not  simply  of  the  individual  poet, 
but  of  the  English  people,  to  use  the  facts  of 
political  and  social  history  as  keys  to  the  poet's 
meaning,  and  to  make  poetry  clothe  with  life 
and  character  the  dry  record  of  external  facts." 

An  admirable  programme ;  but  it  is  most 
unsatisfactorily  executed  by  placing  his 
formal  starting  -  point  quite  late  in  tJie 
national  development. 

Let  us  make  our  meaning  quite  clear : 
we  are  not  thinking  of  the  philological 
interest  of  our  oldest  poetry,  we  are  think- 


ing wholly  and  solely  of  its  literary  interest. 
To  be  sure,  no  one  will  master  its  literary 
interest  who  does  not  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  language  of  it ;  and  there  are 
several  indications  throughout  his  volume 
that  Mr.  Courthope  is  not  quite  at  home 
in  Old  and  in  Middle  English.  That 
Messrs.  Jusserand,  Ten  Brink,  and  Stop- 
ford  Brooke,  not  to  mention  other  scholars 
in  this  country  and  abroad  of  high  distinc- 
tion, are  on  the  right  side  in  recognizing 
the  high  literary  value  of  what  is  called 
Anglo-Saxon  literature,  and  that  it  is  with 
'Beowulf'  and  Ctedmon  any  sound  history  of 
English  literature  should  begin,  are  state- 
ments that  probably  no  one  in  a  few  years 
will  dream  of  disputing.  And  it  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  Mr.  Courthope  should  be 
behindhand  in  this  matter. 

From  the  first  ages  to  the  last  there  is  a 
wonderful  continuity  in  English  life.  We 
never  read  any  account  of  the  death  of 
Nelson  without  being  reminded  of  the  death 
of  Beowulf.  Here  are  some  of  Beowulf's 
dying  words : — 

I  awaited  at  home 
The  appointed  time,  kept  mine  own  well, 
Sought  not  Lostilities,  nur  for  mjself  swore 
Many  oaths  falsely  ;  I  for  all  that, 
With  deadly  wounds  s'u-lt,  non  joy  may  have.* 

"His  articulation,"  writes  Southey  of  the 
expiring  hero  of  Trafalgar,  "  now  became 
difficult ;  but  he  was  distinctly  heard  to  say : 
'  Thank  God,  I  have  done  my  duty.'  " 

Strangely  like  these  "  verba  novissima"; 
and  such  divine  parallelisms  might  easily 
be  multiplied.  Alter  et  idem  —  such,  in  a 
very  true  sense,  is  the  nineteenth  century 
Englishman  as  compared  with  his  ancestor 
of  the  ninth.  And  this  identity  amidst 
superficial  diversities  indissolubly  connects 
our  earliest  poetry  with  our  latest.  What 
God  has  so  joined  together,  certainly  no 
enlightened  critic  should  put  asunder ;  and 
there  are  many  signs  that  for  the  future  all 
critics  wiU  acknowledge  that  "  irrupta 
copula,"  and  not  try  to  sever  the  unsever- 
able. 

In  his  introductory  chapter  Mr.  Court- 
hope  describes  himself  as  "  one  who  seeks 
to  trace  methodically  the  development  of  the 
art  of  English  poetrj'."  This,  too,  is  a 
worthy  design,  but  it  is  not  satisfactorily 
carried  out  by  formally  ignoring  all  our 
pre- Chaucerian  specimens  of  metre  and 
style.  Here,  too,  there  is  a  completer  con- 
tinuity than  Mr.  Courthope  perceives  or 
admits. 

What  must  some  day  be  done  is  what 
Mr.  Courthope  has  largely  left  undone,  or 
imperfectly  done,  viz.,  a  thorough  scrutiny 
must  be  undertaken  of  the  relation  of 
Modern  English  poetry  to  Old  English 
poetry  in  respect  of  metre  and  art.  To  treat 
them  as  unrelated — to  speak  as  if  every- 
thing started  de  novo  in  the  later  Middle  Ages 
— is,  we  are  convinced,  a  complete  mistake, 
at  variance  both  with  what  one  might  ex- 
pect to  be  the  case  and  Avith  what  one  finds 
to  be  the  case.  The  Old  English  traditions 
did  not  so  wholly  perish  after  the  Norman 
Conquest  as  is  often  assumed.  There  are 
many  proofs  that  they  flourished  orally  ; 
there  are  many  proofs  that  they  survived 

•  Ic  one  arde  b.id 
inajl-gesceafta,  heoUl  miu  (e!a, 
ne  sohte  searo-DiSas,  ne  me  swor  fela 
oCa  on  unrihf.     Ic  )';em  ealles  ma?g, 
feorh-bennum  seoc,  gefean  Labbau. 


120 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N" 


3535,  July  27,  '95 


in  literature  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and 
have  left  tlieir  mark  on  subsequent  literary 
forms.  Mr.  Courthope  -writes  sometimes 
as  if  the  habit  of  alliteration  died  out  in  the 
early  Middle  Ages  ;  he  speaks  more  than 
once  of  Langland  reviving  it.  In  fact, 
Langland  wrote  in  the  manner  of  his  school 
and  of  his  side  of  the  country.  There  was 
a  large  and  important  succession  of  "West 
Midland  poets,  with  whom  the  native 
metrical  form  continued  in  favour.  And 
much  might  be  said,  if  our  time  permitted, 
of  the  great  pojiularity  of  alliteration  with 
certain  modern  poets  from  Spenser  down  to 
Tennyson. 

We  have  said  that  Mr.  Courthope  does 
deal  with  our  earlier  poetry,  but  only  in  a 
rapid  and  insufficient  retrospect.  Yet  even 
he  cannot  but  recognize  many  links  in  the 
chain  that  fastens  together  the  old  and  the 
new.  He  sees  instances  of  Ctcdmonic  in- 
fluence in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries.  He  makes  some  shrewd  re- 
marks on  Layamon  and  how  he  recalls  the 
primitive  period: — 

"In  many  passages  of  the  '  Brut '  the  spirit 
of  the  old  Scop  seems  to  revive  [had  it  ever 
died  ?],  and  to  produce  eflects  resembling  those 
found  in  Cjedmon's  'Paraphrase.' 

"  Layamon,  who  was  stirred  thus  deeply  by 
the  genius  of  the  ancient  Saxon  poetry,  natur- 
ally sought  to  mould  his  matter  in  the  tradi- 
tional forms  of  song." 

If  only  Mr.  Courthope  had  commenced 
at  the  commencement,  and  thoroughly 
investigated  the  period  that  intervenes 
between  the  Old  English  —  the  so-called 
Anglo-Saxon— poetry  and  Chaucer,  we  are 
certain  that  his  ability  and  acuteness  would 
have  confessed  that  there  is  no  real  solution 
of  continuity,  that  the  old  writers,  one  after 
another,  stretch  out  their  hands  to  their 
predecessors  : — 

Et  quasi  cursores,  vital  lampada  tradunt. 

The  most  unworthy  thing  in  Mr.  Court- 
hope's  volume  is  his  treatment  of  '  Beowulf,' 
which  is  beyond  controversy  a  most  noble 
poem,  and  ought  to  be  esteemed  one  of  the 
great  glories  of  English  literature,  and,  in- 
deed, is  so  esteemed  by  "them  that  know." 
To  be  sure,  he  calls  it  "an  admirable  speci- 
men" of  the  art  of  the  Scopas,  But  he  con- 
cludes his  outline  of  it  by  these  wholly  and 
hopelessly  inadequate  remarks  : — 

"The  interest  attaching  to  this  famous  poem 
arises  in  part  from  its  antiquity,  but  still  more 
from  the  protracted  dispute  about  the  nature 
and  origin  of  the  composition  between  the 
critics  of  the  school  of  Wolf  on  the  one  hand 
and  those  who  maintain  the  theory  of  a  single 
authorship  on  the  other." 

Tliose  are  the  interests  of  one  of  the  most 
splendid  monuments  of  a  Teutonic  language 
— without  exception  the  most  splendid  monu- 
ment of  the  old  Teutonic  race  !  Did  ever  a 
capable  critic  so  give  himself  away  ? 

There  are  many  other  points  in  Mr.  Court- 
hope's  volume  we  should  like  to  have  dis- 
cussed, had  time  and  space  permitted — to 
have  discussed  with  all  friendliness ;  for 
on  the  whole  our  spirit  towards  it  is 
thoroughly  friendly.  Indeed,  it  is  only 
because  we  tliiuk  so  very  highly  of  it  that 
wo  have  cared  to  find  fault — only  because 
we  deem  it  so  very  good  that  we  have 
suggested  ways,  or  at  least  a  way,  in  which 
it  might  bo  better. 


Italy  and  her  Invaders. — Vol.  V.  Book  VI. 

The  Lombard  Invasion,  553-600.— Vol.  VI. 

Book   VII.    The  Lombard  Kingdom,  600- 

llik'     By  Thomas   Hodgkin.      (Oxford, 

Clarendon  Press.) 
These  two  latest  volumes  of  Mr.  Hodgkin' s 
work  may  be  said  to  be  a  more  important 
addition  to  our  historical  library  than  any 
of  those  which  preceded  them,  for  they  have 
excellently  supplied  a  notorious  want.  We 
had  trustworthy  and  fairly  full  histories  to 
turn  to  for  the  Goths  and  Vandals,  but  on 
the  Lombards  we  have  hitherto  had  nothing 
but  dry  summaries,  monographs  on  special 
reigns,  and  treatises  on  isolated  points. 
Perhaps  the  difficulties  inherent  in  the  sub- 
ject explain  this  circumstance ;  our  debt  to 
Mr.  Hodgkin  for  overcoming  them  success- 
fully is  all  the  greater.  He  has  had  to  deal 
here  with  more  rebellious  and  less  interest- 
ing material  than  in  his  former  volumes, 
and  in  some  passages  of  this  period  it  taxes 
all  his  skill  to  keep  his  j)age  from  being 
dull.  These  volumes  show  the  patient 
scholarship,  the  diligence  in  research,  the 
critical  acquaintance  with  the  latest  modern 
studies,  and  the  sure  historical  grasp  which 
readers  of  '  Italy  and  her  Invaders '  expect ; 
and,  we  must  add,  they  exhibit  the  same 
readiness  to  go  forth  on  interesting  digres- 
sions and  the  same  love  of  picturesque 
description,  which  in  the  earlier  instalments 
of  this  history  pleased  some,  and  displeased 
others,  of  his  readers.  Such  a  paragraph, 
for  example,  as  the  following  will  be 
variously  admired  and  deprecated.  It  is 
of  the  daughter  of  King  Agilulf — who  had 
been  a  captive  at  Ravenna  and  was  restored 
to  her  father  on  the  conclusion  of  peace 
(605  A.D.) — that  Mr.  Hodgkin  is  speaking  : 

"She  died  in  child-bed  almost  immediately 
after  her  return  from  Ravenna.  Would  that 
we  knew  more  of  this  strange  and  pathetic  little 
incident  in  the  meagre  annals  of  the  time  !  The 
princess,  whose  very  name  is  hidden  from  us, 
dwelt  probably  for  two  years  and  a  half  with 
her  husband  and  children  in  captivity  at 
Ravenna.  How  gladly  would  we  hear  some- 
thing of  the  effect  which  the  imperial  and  eccle- 
siastical splendours  of  the  city  by  the  Ronco 
produced  on  the  daughter  of  the  Thuringians  ; 
of  her  relations  with  the  two  Exarchs  who 
successively  ruled  there  ;  of  the  terms  of  her 
captivity,  whether  easy  or  severe  ;  of  the 
Exarch's  announcement  to  her  that  she  was 
free  ;  of  the  scene  of  her  restoration  to  her 
father's  arms  and  of  his  emotions  when  he  heard 
that  a  mightier  than  the  Exarch  had  carried  her 
off  into  the  captivity  from  which  there  is  no 
returning  !  " 

Those  who  are  studious  of  "objectivity" 
would  prefer  to  see  such  a  paragraph 
omitted ;  but  even  they  must  allow  that  an 
historian  of  such  a  high  order  as  Mr. 
Hodgkin  has  a  right  occasionally  to  indulge 
his  fancy  in  calling  up  scenes  which  are  not 
recorded. 

The  dim  history  of  the  "Langobardic 
foreworld  "  is  dealt  with  at  great  length. 
The  account  of  Paulus  being  largely  legen- 
dary, the  historian  has  to  determine  what 
facts  may  be  discerned  in  the  saga.  Mr. 
Hodgkin  would  accept  Winnili  as  an  early 
name  of  the  Langobardi,  and  is  inclined  to 
believe  that  their  first  home  was  in  the  south 
of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula.  Thence 
they  migrated  to  Scoringa — the  Bardengau, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe — and  then  to 
Mauringa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  same 


river.  He  declines  to  follow  Paulus  and  his 
German  interpreters  further,  and  we  are 
disposed  to  wonder  whether  he  was  wise  in 
following  them  quite  so  far.  But  he  does 
weU  to  insist  on  the  fact  that  in  the  reign 
of  Marcus  Aurelius,  c.  166  a.d.,  the  Lango- 
bardi invaded  Pannonia.  This  affords  a 
chronological  point  for  their  southward  ad- 
vance from  the  regions  of  the  Lower  Elbe  ; 
but  we  have  no  data  for  deciding  on  the 
conjecture  that  this  movement  was  connected 
with  the  similar  southward  movement  of  the 
Goths.  As  to  the  question  whether  the 
Langobardi  belonged  to  the  Low  or  to  the 
High  German  branch  of  the  Teutonic  family, 
Mr.  Hodgkin' s  view  that  they  were  of  Low 
German  stock,  but  that  their  language  was 
modified  by  contact  with  the  Suevic  con- 
federation, deserves  the  most  respectful 
attention. 

The  chapters  on  the  legislation  of  Rothari 
and  Liutprand  will  be  found  among  the 
most  interesting  in  vol.  vi.  The  tariff  of 
compensations  for  bodily  injuries  to  a  free 
person  in  the  earlier  code  is  extremely 
curious.  A  blow  with  the  fist  was  atoned 
for  by  a  payment  of  three  solidi  (about 
\l.  16s.) ;  a  blow  with  the  palm  of  the  hand 
cost  double  that  sum.  If  a  man's  front  tooth 
were  knocked  out,  he  could  claim  16  solidi 
from  his  assailant.  A  blow  on  the  chest 
was  assessed  at  20  solidi,  a  rib  pierced  at  8. 
The  fines  for  cutting  off  a  man's  forefinger, 
middle,  third,  and  fourth  fingers  were, 
respectively,  17,  6,  8,  and  (curiously)  16 
solidi.  No  distinction  seems  to  have  been 
drawn  between  the  right  hand  and  the  left. 
According  to  older  laws  all  these  rates  had 
been  lower.  Rothari  increased  them  in 
order  that,  as  he  states,  "the/«?'<fff,  which 
is  enmity,  may  be  postponed  after  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  above-mentioned  composition." 
The  great  difficulty  in  Rothari's  code  is  the 
omission  of  a  table  of  the  gradations  of 
guidrigild,  that  is,  the  price  or  blood-money 
at  which  a  man  was  valued  according  to 
his  rank.  The  variety  of  the  guidrigild  is 
shown  by  the  constantly  recurring  phrases 
secundum  nohilitatem  suam  and  sicut  appre- 
ciatus  fuerit.  Mr.  Hodgkin  rightly  rejects 
the  theory  of  Troya  that  the  amounts  of 
the  guidrigild  are  intentionally  concealed, 
being  kept  as  State  secrets  by  the  Lom- 
bards, not  to  be  disclosed  to  the  Roman 
subjects.  It  is  hard  to  believe  that  what 
must  have  been  a  matter  of  ordinary  know- 
ledge to  all  the  Lombards  could  have  been 
kept  hidden  for  any  length  of  time.  Such 
a  tariff  of  values  was  comparatively  limited, 
nor  could  it  be  compared  to  a  system  of 
legal  forms  which  a  ruling  class,  like  the 
old  Roman  Patriciate,  might  successfully 
reserve  till  some  Flavins  arose.  It  is  much 
more  probable  that  the  tariff,  as  Mr. 
Hodgkin  suggests,  "  was  never  inserted  in 
the  Code  because  it  was  so  well  known  to 
all  men  that  its  rehearsal  seemed  unneces- 
sar3^"  King  Liutprand,  who,  seventy 
years  later,  began  a  course  of  active  legisla- 
tion, supplies  part  of  the  general  outline  of 
the  missing  table  of  guidrigilds.  A  private 
soldier  in  the  Lombard  army,  we  learn,  was 
valued  at  150  sohdi,  an  officer  at  300  solidi. 
"As  for  our  gasindii,  or  retainers,  let  him 
who  is  lowest  in  that  rank  bo  paid  for, 
when  slain,  at  the  rate  of  200  solidi,  and 
those  of  higher  rank,  according  to  the 
dignity  of  their  post,  in  an  ascending  scale 


i 


N«  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


4 


121 


up  to  300  solidi."  This  law,  it  is  to  be 
observed,  applies  only  to  manslaugliter. 
Liutprand  changed  the  law  of  murder,  and 
this  is  one  of  his  most  remarkable  innova- 
tions, not  so  much  because  a  heavier  penalty 
is  laid  on  that  crime  as  because  the 
change  is  democratic.  According  to  his 
reform,  the  whole  property  of  the  murderer 
was  confiscated,  whatever  might  be  the 
rank  of  the  freeman  whom  he  slew.  At  the 
same  time  the  guidrigild,  losing  its  applica- 
tion to  murder,  was  put  to  a  new  use,  as  a 
penalty  for  other  crimes.  A  man  who  com- 
mitted forgery,  for  instance,  or  who  without 
knowledge  of  the  law  drew  up  a  legal 
instrument,  or  who  gave  one  man  the  bride 
betrothed  to  another,  had  to  pay  the  amount 
of  his  own  guidrigild. 

Some  laws  are  dictated  by  trivial  incidents 
— almost  too  trivial,  one  might  think,  to  set 
before  a  king.  Thus  "  a  certain  perverse 
man,  while  a  woman  was  bathing  in  a  river, 
took  away  all  the  clothes  which  she  had  for 
the  covering  of  her  body ;  wherefore,  as  she 
could  not  remain  in  the  river  for  ever  [a  quaint 
touch],  she  was  obliged  to  walk  home 
naked."  The  king  decided  that  the  hateful 
man  should  pay  his  own  guidrigild,  on  the 
ground  that  if  he  had  been  caught  by  a 
male  relative  of  the  woman,  there  would 
have  been  a  breach  of  the  peace,  and  one 
would  probably  have  killed  the  other. 

One  of  the  most  important  and  difficult 
parts  of  Mr.  Hodgkin's  work  was  the  study 
of  the  letters  of  Pope  Gregory  the  Great. 
A  satisfactory  study  of  these  precious  docu- 
ments, which  cast  so  much  light  on  the 
history  of  Western  Europe  at  a  most  in- 
teresting period,  demands  a  preliminary 
investigation  of  the  bighly  complicated  ques- 
tion of  their  transmission.  The  relations 
between  the  Hadrianic  Register  with  its 
two  volumes,  the  "Two  Hundred  Letters," 
and  the  Collectio  Pauli,  as  traced  out  by 
Ewald  in  his  famous  article  in  the  Neues 
Archiv,  have  to  be  thoroughly  mastered.  Mr. 
Hodgkin's  summary  analysis  of  Ewald's  re- 
sults will  certainly  afford  considerable  assist- 
ance to  any  student  intending  to  grapple 
with  the  letters.  His  judgment  of  Gregory, 
for  whom  he  asks  some  indulgence  on  the 
ground  that  during  his  public  life  "he  was 
almost  incessantly  tortured  by  disease,"  is 
interesting.  Mr.  Hodgkin,  Hke  all  other 
impartial  historians,  cannot  get  over  the 
Pope's  epistles  to  Phocas  on  the  downfall 
of  the  Emperor  Maurice ;  and  he  admits 
that  such  letters  could  not  be  written  by  a 
Churchman  "of  deep  spiritual  discernment, 
thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  his 
master."  And  therefore  we  had  better 
judge  him  not  as  a  saint,  but  as  a  Roman  ; 
"  and  thus  considered,  his  generosity,  his 
justice,  his  courage  entitle  him  to  a  high 
place  among  the  noblest  names  of  his 
imperial  race." 

It  is  worth  while  calling  attention  to  Mr. 
Hodgkin's  treatment  of  the  remarkable  letters 
which  are  supposed  to  have  been  addressed 
b}'  another  Pope  Gregory  to  the  Emperor 
Leo  the  Isaurian.  The  insolent  tone  of  these 
documents  (first  published  by  Baronius,  and 
then  appended  to  the  Acts  of  the  Sixth 
General  Council)  contrasts  signally  Avith 
the  respectful  manner  of  Gregor}-  the  Great 
when  he  addresses  remonstrances  to  Maurice. 
Mr.  Hodgkin,  on  grounds  of  internal  evi- 
dence chiefly — the  external  being  indecisive 


— condemns  the  letters  as  forgeries,  as 
Duchesne  and  others  had  already  done, 
and  defends  the  fame  of  Gregory  II.  against 
the  ascription  to  that  Pope  of  what  he 
describes  as  "a  coarse  and  scurrilous 
tirade."  "We  cannot  enter  into  the  argu- 
ments here,  but  Mr.  Hodgkin  has  certainly 
made  out  a  strong  case. 

The  notices  of  authorities  are  always 
admirable.  "We  should  like  it  to  be  ex- 
plained why  the  life  of  Gregory  I.  by 
Paulus  is  "  valuable,  but  too  brief  "  (v.  279). 
In  what  sense  is  it  valuable  ?  Eor  Gre- 
gorovius  describes  it  as  "merely  a  com- 
pilation from  the  '  Ecclesiastical  History '  of 
Bede  and  Gregory's  own  works."  Does  it 
contain  any  facts  not  to  be  found  in  these 
sources  ? 

In  a  passage  in  Marius  Aventicensis  the 
author  explains  clusas  as  "  passes  "  (v.  219). 
The  meaning  would  suit  well,  but  we  should 
like  Mr.  Hodgkin  to  have  given  us  a 
parallel ;  and  in  the  mean  time  it  may  be 
suggested  that  clusas  is  an  error  for  clusuras. 
In  V.  136  we  think  that  Mr.  Hodgkin  would 
have  done  more  wisely  if  he  had  rejected 
the  explanation  of  the  strange  word  fetilce, 
which  occurs  in  an  anecdote  of  Paulus,  as 
connected  with  fmteo,  A  Gepid  prince 
taunts  the  Lombards  with  sarcasms  "  de- 
rived from  the  white  gaiters  which  they 
wore  wrapped  round  the  leg  below  the 
calf."     The  Latin  is  : — 

"  Asserens  eos  quia  a  suris  inferius  candidis 
utebantur  fasceolis,  equabus  quibus  crura  tenus 
pedes  albi  sunt  similes  esse,  dicens,  Fetilse  sunt 
equse  quas  similatis." 

Mr.  Hodgkin  renders  the  insult  "Ye  are 
like  stinking  white-legged  mares."  But  if 
so,  why  not  fetidcs,  which  is  found  in  some 
MSS.?  There  is  no  probability  that  the 
form  fetilus  was  ever  used  for  fetidus  in  the 
mouth  of  either  rhetorician  or  peasant ; 
and  we  expect,  as  Mr.  Hodgkin's  rendering 
implies,  a  reference  to  the  legs.  If  we 
observe  that  the  words  depending  on 
asserens  are  an  interpretation  of  the  actual 
phrase  used  by  the  Gepid,  which  is  intro- 
duced by  dicens,  we  are  led  to  conclude  that 
fetilcc  may  be  a  Teutonic  word,  connected 
with  Scandinavian  fet,  and  our  "  fet-lock," 
"fetter,"  "foot." 

In  vi.  154  intarta,  which  occurs  in  the 
'  Liber  PontificaHs,'  is  queried  by  Mr. 
Hodgkin.  Surely  it  is  a  Latin  corruption 
of  dyrdpTi]^,  "a  rebel";  intartizare  is  the 
verb.  On  p.  280  he  is  puzzled  by  a  tax 
named  diac/rapJia.  ^lay  not  this  be  a  Greek 
rendering  of  descriptio,  a  name  for  the 
senatorial  tax  which  was  also  called /b/Z/.s  ? 


Birds  of  Passage  :  Songs  of  the  Orient  and 
Occident.  By  Mathilda  Blind.  (Chatto 
&  Wiudus.) 
The  poetry  of  Miss  Blind,  careless  and  un- 
finished as  it  not  infrequently  is,  possesses 
the  unusual  merit  of  being  sincerely  felt,  of 
being  the  almost  unconscious  outcome  of  an 
eager  poetic  nature.  It  is  unusual,  too,  in 
being  at  once  thoughtful,  concerned  with 
large  issues,  and  passionate,  concerned  with 
individual  experience.  Few  women  who 
have  attempted  the  art  of  verse  have 
brought  with  them  to  the  undertaking  so 
wide  a  culture,  so  varied  an  experience,  so 
many  keen  interests,  or  have  had  so  rich 
and  exceptional  a  nature  to  express.     More 


than  most  women  Miss  Blind  Itas  lived  her 
own  life,  has  followed  the  dictates  of  her  own 
individuality ;  now  singing  of  the  '  Ascent 
of  Man,'  now  of  the  crofters,  becoming  a 
biographer  for  the  sake  of  Madame  Roland, 
a  translator  for  the  sake  of  Marie  Bash- 
kirtseff,  a  novelist  in  order  to  invent  a  new 
form  for  experiences  and  emotions  which 
could  scarcely  have  been  rendered  in  any 
other  way.  Now,  in  her  present  book,  she  has 
endeavoured  to  combine  the  ecstasy  of  the 
poet  with  the  enthusiasm  of  the  traveller, 
and  to  bring  before  English  readers,  for  the 
first  time  in  English  verse,  the  mystery,  the 
charm,  the  colour  of  the  East.  The  twenty 
poems  about  Egypt,  the  "  Songs  of  the 
Orient,"  only  fill,  it  is  true,  the  first  half 
of  the  book,  and  among  the  "Songs  of  the 
Occident"  there  are  several  delightful  lyrics  ; 
but  it  is  certainly  for  the  Eastern  poems 
that  most  readers  will  turn  to  these  pages. 
And  they  will  find,  not,  indeed,  a  study  or  a 
picture,  not  a  delicate  series  of  impressions, 
but  a  vision,  intensely  personal  and  in- 
tensely sympathetic,  of  an  entirely  poetic 
East.  The  gods  and  kings  of  Egypt  are 
almost  more  acutely  realized,  with  a  more 
present  and  intimate  interest,  than  the 
"dying  dragoman"  or  the  "beautiful 
Beeshareen  boy."  From  one  of  the  finest 
of  these  poems  (fine  in  a  sort  of  impassioned 
poetic  rhetoric),  'The  Tombs  of  the  Kings,' 
we  may  quote  some  lines  typical  of  an 
attitude  of  mind  which  is  not  exactly  that 
of  Fromentin  or  of  M.  Pierre  Loti : — 
Where  is  Memphis  ?     Like  a  Mirage  ruelted  into 

empty  air  : 
But  these  royal  gems  yet   sparkle  richly  on  their 

raven  hair. 

Where  is  Thebes  in  all  her  glory,  with  her  gates  of 

beaten  gold  ? 
Where  Syene,  or  that  marvel,  Heliopolis  of  old  ? 

Where  is  Edf  a  ?  Where  Abydos  ?  Where  those 
pillared  towns  of  jore 

Whose  auroral  temples  glittered  by  the  Nile's  thick- 
peopled  shore  ? 

Gone   as   evanescent    cloudlands,    Alplike   in    the 

afterglow ; 
But   these  Kings    hold   fast   their  bodies  of  four 

thousand  years  ago. 

Scaled  up  in  their  Mausoleums,  in  the  bowels  of  the 

hills, 
There    they  hide    from    dissolution    and    Death's 

swiftly  grinding  mills. 

Scattering  fire,  Urreus  serpents  guard  the  Tombs' 

tremendous  gate ; 
While  Thoth  holds  the  trembling  balance,  weighs 

the  heart  and  seals  its  fate. 
And  a    multitude  of  mummies   in  the  swaddling 

clothes  of  death, 
Ferried    o'er    the    sullen   river,    on    and   on    still 

hasteneth. 
And  around  them  and  above  them,  blazoned  on  the 

rocky  walls, 
Crowned  with  stars,  enlaced  by  serpents,  in  divine 

processionals, 
Ibis-headed,  jackal-featured,  vulture-hooded,  pass 

on  high, 
Gods  on  gods  through  Time's  perspective  — pilgrims 

of  Eternity. 
But  the  Egypt  of  to-day  also,  if  so  strange 
a  survival  may  in  any  due  sense  be  called 
contemporary,  finds  eloquent  expression 
throughout  these  poems.  'The  Moon  of 
Ramadan'  is  perhaps  the  most  entirely 
successful,  the  most  impressive,  of  a  series 
of  singularly  impressive  pieces.  It  is 
written  entirely  in  that  chanting  measure  in 
which  Miss  Blind  is  at  her  best,  without 
such  attempts  at  a  kind  of  realism  as  those 
which  she  is  fond  of  making,  not  always 


122 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3535,  July  27, '95 


with  success.     In  '  The  Beautiful  Beeslia- 
reen  Boy,'  for  instance,  "we  read  : — 

Ah  !  just  like  other  ware, 

For  a  lump  sum  or  so 
Shipped  to  the  World's  great  Fair — 

The  big  Chicago  Show  ! 
With  mythic  beasts  and  things, 
Beetles  and  bulls  with  wings, 
And  imitation  Sphinx, 

Kanged  row  on  curious  row  1 

This  sort  of  momentary  modernism,  in  the 
midst  of  a  jioem  mainly  written  in  a  more 
elevated  tone,  has  rarel}',  if  ever,  been  quite 
successfully  done.  Eossetti  has  perhaps  come 
nearest  to  success,  in,  however,  what  is 
scarcely  one  of  his  finest  poems,  '  The  Burden 
of  Nineveh'  ;  btit  even  there  the  lines  about 
the  "school-foundations"  and  the  "zealous 
tract"  are  amusing  rather  than  anything 
else.  At  times  Miss  Blind  falls  into  the  oppo- 
site error  of  overstrained  rhetoric  ;  her  exu- 
berant fancy  hurries  her  into  all  kinds  of 
extravagances  ;  and  her  verse  is  marred  by 
frequent  blemishes  of  form,  so  that  she  will 
rhyme  "oases"  with  "roses,"  and  tolerate 
a  word  like  "instantaneously"  in  a  passage 
of  really  poetic  eloquence.  But,  coming 
refreshingly  into  the  midst  of  a  mass  of 
verse-writing  which  is  accomplished,  elegant, 
fuU  of  excellent  negations,  here,  for  once, 
is  verse  wliicli  is  at  all  events  alive.  It 
has  the  genuine  poetic  impulse,  it  has  the 
genuine  note  of  personal  sincerity.  And 
at  times,  in  addition  to  those  qualities  of 
fervour,  speed,  and  largeness  which  we 
have  noted,  it  has  a  brief  and  pathetic  sim- 
plicity, as  in  the  touching  poem  called 
'  Rest,'  which  comes  at  the  end  of  a  volume 
containing  so  much  that  is  fine,  in  so  dif- 
ferent an  order  of  fineness  : — 

We  are  so  tired,  my  heart  and  I, 
Of  all  things  here  beneath  the  sky 
One  only  thing  would  please  us  best — 
Endless,  unfathomable  rest. 

We  are  so  tired  ;  we  ask  no  more 
Than  just  to  slip  out  by  life's  door; 
And  leave  behind  the  noisy  rout 
And  everlasting  turn  about. 

Once  it  seemed  well  to  run  on  too 
With  her  importunate,  fevered  crew, 
And  si.atch  amid  the  frantic  strife 
Some  morsel  from  the  board  of  life. 

But  we  are  tired.     At  Life's  crude  hands 
We  ask  no  gift  she  understands; 
But  kneel  to  him  she  hatei  to  crave 
The  absolution  of  the  grave. 


The  Book  of  the  Lead:  the  Papyrus  of  Ani. 

Second  Edition.    By  E.  A.  Wallis  Budge, 

Litt.D.     2  vols.     (Published  by  Order  of 

the  Trustees.) 
TnEKE  was  no  country  within  the  horizon 
of  the  nations  of  classical  antiquity  which 
excited  more  interest  and  curiosity,  not 
unmixed  with  a  certain  awe,  than  did 
Egypt;  and  of  all  that  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  saw  and  heard  there,  nothing 
seems  to  have  impressed  them  more  pro- 
foundly than  the  Egyptian  religion,  with 
its  gloomy  temples,  white-robed  priests,  and 
strange  animal  deities.  They  never  aban- 
doned the  conviction  that  so  much  mystery, 
such  bewildering  antiquity,  must  be  the 
accompaniments  of  a  pltilosophy  profound 
enough  to  solve  the  problems  of  their  own 
past  history  and  explain  the  obscurities  of 
their  religion. 

Only  since  the  recovery  of  the  key  to  the 
ancient  language  has  it  become  possible  to 


place  the  wisdom  of  the  Egyjotians  in  its 
true  light  and  to  value  it  as  it  merits. 
Sceptics  appeared,  indeed,  here  and  there 
already  among  the  classical  writers,  who  did 
not  hesitate  to  laugh  at  such  gods  and  such 
mysteries ;  but  they  were  comparatively 
rare,  and,  in  one  form  or  another,  men 
persisted,  even  up  till  the  last  century,  in 
regarding  the  dead  language  of  Egypt  as 
the  portal  to  untold  treasures  of  wisdom. 
Champollion's  discovery  was  to  lead  to  a 
very  different  estimate.  The  more  time 
that  has  since  then  been  devoted  to  the 
study  of  the  Egyptian  religion,  the  more 
clear  has  it  become  that  we  have  but  very 
little  to  hope  from  such  wisdom  as  its 
sacred  books  can  offer.  From  year  to  year 
we  may  expect  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  those  students  who,  convinced  that  we 
can  never  now  arrive  more  than  halfway 
towards  a  comprehension  of  the  religious 
beliefs  and  doctrines  of  Egypt,  prefer  to 
tui-n  their  attention  to  other  and  less  barren 
branches  of  the  subject. 

This  gradual  abandonment  of  the  religion 
as  a  field  for  study  is  due  to  the  recognition 
of  two  facts  :  firstly,  that  the  available  data 
are  exceedingly  limited,  for  the  religious 
documents  which  have  been  preserved, 
though  very  numerous,  are,  for  the  most 
part,  but  multiplications  of  a  small  number 
of  independent  texts ;  and  secondly,  that 
those  texts  which  have  come  down  to  us  are 
in  a  hopelessly  corrupt  condition.  Of  such 
documents  the  '  Book  of  the  Dead '  is  the 
most  generally  known,  owing  to  its  having 
been  the  indispensable  accompaniment  of, 
at  any  rate,  all  burials  of  the  better  class — 
and  it  is,  after  all,  only  such  that  have  sur- 
vived— during  those  periods  from  which 
the  largest  number  of  tombs  have  been 
preserved. 

As  in  almost  every  branch  of  the  science 
which  he  created,  so  here  Champollion  was 
able,  before  the  close  of  his  short  career,  to 
arrive  at  some  correct  conclusions.  Those 
who,  among  his  predecessors,  had  noticed 
the  constant  presence  in  or  beside  the 
coffins  of  a  roll  of  papyrus,  had  not  un- 
naturally concluded  that  those  closely 
written  texts  described  the  past  career  of  the 
deceased.  Champollion  showed  that  a  mere 
comparison  of  the  vignettes  with  which  the 
text  was  interspersed  would,  however,  prove 
their  uniformity,  and  he  concluded  that  the 
famous  Turin  papyrus  and  its  numberless 
duplicates  were  sacred  books  dealing  not 
with  the  past,  but  with  some  future  life.  One 
error  into  which  he  fell  was  maintained  for 
long  afterwards  by  eminent  scholars ;  in 
terming  the  work  he  had  identified  a  ritual, 
Champollion  mistook  its  true  character  and 
purport.  Not  even  when  Lepsius,  in  his 
"  epoch-making  "  edition  of  the  Turin  text, 
had  shown  that  the  '  Book  of  the  Dead,'  as 
he  renamed  it,  was  for  the  use  of  the  de- 
ceased person  himself,  and  not  for  the  cele- 
brants of  the  funeral  rites,  was  the  designa- 
tion "  Rituel  funeraire  "  finally  abandoned. 
Not  tliat  we  are  without  examples  of  the 
real  ritual  books.  Those  great  texts,  for 
instance,  of  still  comparatively  recent  dis- 
covery, which  are  now,  owing  to  their 
philological  importance,  occupying  so  much 
attention — the  texts  of  the  fifth  and  sixth 
dynasty  pyramids — contain  a  large  admix- 
ture of  purely  liturgical  matter,  and  one  of 
the  undertakings  most  lately  initiated  is  the 


task  of  tracing  the  steps  by  which  these  older 
compilations,  combining  as  they  did  the 
incantations  for  the  use  of  the  dead  man 
himself  and  the  ritual  for  the  funeral  priests, 
became  in  time  separated  into  two  distinct 
groups,  one  of  which  is  most  prominently 
represented  by  the  '  Book  of  the  Dead  '  as 
we  have  it  fi-om  the  eighteenth  dynasty  down 
to  the  base  epochs. 

Lepsius,  when  he  published  his  '  Todten- 
buch'  fifty  years  since,  hoped  to  see  its  exten- 
sive texts,  of  which  variants  could  be  gathered 
from  an  unparalleled  series  of  duplicates  in  all 
the  museums  of  Europe,  become  the  common 
field  for  "  the  philological  investigation  of 
the  language."  Time,  however,  was  to 
prove  that  this  very  circumstance  which 
seemed  to  promise  so  much — this  quantity 
of  variant  texts — could  be  but  a  cause  for 
bewilderment  and  discouragement.  Before 
Lepsius  died  M.  NaviUe  had  undertaken 
his  great  edition  of  the  variants  from  the 
eighteenth  dynasty  to  the  twentieth ;  and 
inexhaustible  as  is  the  wealth  this  work 
contains,  its  main  result  has  been  negative 
— the  demonstration  that  the  text  of  the 
'  Book  of  the  Dead,'  even  from  the  period 
when  we  might  have  expected  the  best  of 
it,  is  in  an  ii-retrievably  corrupt  condition ; 
that  even  during  the  age  of  most  general 
and  enthusiastic  orthodoxy,  the  religious 
book  which  had  the  greatest  popularity  had 
become  already  but  partially  comprehensible 
to  those  who  used  it. 

The  splendid  papyrus  of  which  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  have  this 
year  issued  a  new  edition  was  discovered 
too  late,  unfortunately,  to  be  made  use  of  in 
M.  NaviUe's  work.  Yet,  whatever  be  the 
relations  of  its  texts  to  those  of  the 
other  MSS.  of  the  same  epoch — the  latter 
years,  probably,  of  the  eighteenth  dynasty — 
the  vignettes  which  illustrate  them  are  so 
numerous  and  of  such  admirable  execution, 
that  the  '  Papyrus  of  Ani '  must  take  a  high 
position  even  among  the  Books  of  the 
Dead  of  the  best  Theban  period,  and  it  is 
not  to  be  wondered  at  that  within  five  years 
of  its  first  publication  there  should  be  a 
demand  for  a  new  edition  of  the  excellent 
facsimile.  This  second  edition  appears, 
however,  no  longer  in  the  original  form. 
Instead  of  a  single  volume,  we  now  have 
two,  one  containing  the  reissue  of  the 
facsimile,  the  other  devoted  to  a  very  ela- 
borate and  exhaustive  introduction — some 
530  pages  in  aU — prepared  by  Dr.  Budge, 
and  consisting  of  a  transUteration  and 
literal  translation  of  aU  the  chapters  con- 
tained in  the  MS.,  preceded  by  eight  sections 
dealing  with  the  main  aspects  of  the  Osirian 
legend,  and  setting  forth  with  a  great  amount 
of  learning  the  latest  views  upon  a  variety 
of  mythological  questions.  Dr.  Budge 
further  supplies  some  highly  instructive 
details  as  to  the  material  features  of  this  MS. 
in  particular,  its  palaeography  and  the  eccen- 
tricities of  the  scribes — for  there  was  more 
than  one — who  wrote  and  illustrated  it. 
The  volume  closes  with  a  very  comprehen- 
sive bibHography,  which  should  prove 
useful  to  aU  who  have  the  courage  to  com- 
mence minute  studies  in  this  somewhat 
discouraging  field. 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


128 


A  Sisiory  of  Spain  from  the  Earliest  Times  to 
the  Death  of  Ferdinand  the   Catholic.     By 
R.   Ulick   iBurke.     2    vols.     (Longmans 
&Co.) 
An  Inquiry  into  the  Sources  of  the  History  of 
the   Jews  in  Spain.     By  Joseph  Jacobs. 
(Nutt.) 
Geschichte  Spaniens  von  der  frilhesten  Zeiten 
his  auf  die  Gegenwart.  Von  D.  G.  Diercks. 
Vol.  I.     (Berlin,  Cronbacli.) 
The  lamented  Mr.  Burke,   already   known 
to  those  who  take  an   interest  in  Spanish 
literature    by    his    pleasant    collection    of 
*  Sancho  Panza's  Proverbs,'  brought  to  his 
self-imposed  task  an  enthusiasm  which  was 
hearty  and  genuine ;    he  had  read  widely, 
perhaps  a   trifle   indiscriminately ;   he  had 
evidently  not  spared  himself  in  seeking  for 
information,  and  if  he  had  engaged  in  no 
original  researches,   and  had  exhumed   no 
manuscripts,   he  followed  the  best  printed 
authorities;  andintreating  of  mediaeval  Spain 
he  enjoyed  the  advantage  of  Dozy's  guidance, 
and  made  use  of  the  "Coleccion  de  Docu- 
mentos    ineditos"    and   of    the    Calendars 
issued  by  the  Record  Office.     His  narrative 
is  consequently  a  considerable  advance  on 
Dunham's,    the   only   work    of   importance 
hitherto    accessible      to     English     readers 
who    desired   to  know    something   of    the 
history  of  Spain.     The  sketches  of  consti- 
tutional history  are  useful,  but  they  might 
have  been  carried  further  ;   and  besides,  he 
added  chapters  on  a  variety  of  subjects  not 
always  considered   essential  to  a  history — 
on  architecture,  music,  commerce,  the  univer- 
sities, literature,  and  bull-fights.     Perhaps 
the  last  might  have  been  dispensed  with, 
but  at  any  rate  it  showed  the  author's  laud- 
able anxiety  to  make  his  volumes  interest- 
ing. In  addition  to  aU  this,  Mr.  Burke  proved 
himself  at  once  zealous  and  impartial.     He 
did  full  justice  to  the  virtues  and  civiliza- 
tion of  the  Arab  conquerors  of  Spain  ;  and 
his  estimates  of  their  Spanish  opponents  are 
also  perspicacious  and  sensible.     He  paints, 
indeed,  Peter  the  Cruel  in  colours  so  very 
black  that  perhaps  they   are   slightly   too 
black;  but  he  is  far  more  just  than  Mr. 
Swift  to  James  I.  of  Aragon.     The  best  of 
his  sketches  of  character  is  that  of  Isabella. 
It  is  so  true  and  so  full  of  penetration  that 
it  is  a  real  contribution  to  history,  and  it  is 
by  far  the  most  thoughtfid  piece  of  writing 
in  the  volumes. 

"To  speak  of  Isabella  as  she  is  generally 
spoken  of  in  history  is  an  absurdity  almost  self- 
evident.  Her  dealings  with  her  brother,  her 
choice  of  a  husband,  her  usurpation  of  her  niece's 
crown,  and  her  personal  activity  and  vigour  in 
the  prosecution  of  a  successful  war  for  the  main- 
tenance of  her  personal  authority — these  are  not 
the  works  of  a  timid  girl  thinking  only  of  the 
precepts  of  religion  and  the  practice  of  good 
works.  Far  from  being  intimidated  by  this 
aristocratic  demonstration  as  regards  her  new 
constabulary,  she  returned  a  haughty  answer  to 
the  protest,  and  took  steps  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  force  that  had  already  proved  so 
efficient,  upon  a  more  permanent  footing  than 
before.  Nor  was  it  until  the  end  of  the  century 
— when,  according  to  Peter  Martyr,  Spain  was 
the  most  orderly  country  in  Europe — that  the 
Hermandad  was  reorganized  and  reduced  to  the 
modest  proportions  of  a  simple  police.  As  such 
it  still  exists  in  modern  Spain,  where  the  Gnardia 
CivU,  the  direct  descendants  of  the  Holy  Brother- 
hood of  Castile,  is  to-day  one  of  the  most 
respected  and  respectable  institutions  in  the 
country,   and  is  perhaps  the   most  admirable 


national  police  force  in  Europe.    But  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  did  not  leave  to  others,  not  even 
to  the  Holy  Brotherhood,  the  task  of  restoring 
public  order  and  public  confidence  in  Castile. 
They  visited  every  part  of  the  queen's  dominions 
themselves,  and   brought  home  to  every  local 
magnate,  in  city  or  in  castle,  the  fact  that  the 
royal  power  was,  and  would  remain  supreme. 
Isabella  was  a  lady,  she  was  a  queen,  and,  above 
all,  she  was  an  autocrat.     Gracious  and  gentle 
in  her  manner,  she  brooked  no  opposition  from 
prince  or  peer  ;  and  she  soon  made  it  known 
and   felt  throughout   Spain  that,  although  she 
was  the  daughter  of  John  II.  and  the  sister  of 
Henry  IV.,  her  will  was  law  in  Castile.     Beauti- 
ful, virtuous,  discreet,  with  that  highest  expres- 
sion of  proud  dignity  that  is  seen  in  a  peculiar 
simplicity  of  manner,  with  a  hard  heart  and  a 
fair  countenance,  an  inflexible  will,  and  a  mild 
manner — something  of   a   formalist,  more  of  a 
bigot — Isabella  united   much  that  was  charac- 
teristic of  old  Castile  with  not  a  little  that  was 
characteristic  of  new  Spain.  And  if  her  boldness 
was  inherited  from   the   Cid,   her   bigotry  Avas 
bequeathed  to  Philip  II.     No  man  can  read  the 
history  of  the  times  without  being  struck  by  the 
enormous  personal   influence   of   Isabella.     An 
accomplished  horsewoman,   a  tireless  traveller, 
indefatigable   in   her   attention   to   business   of 
State,  the  queen  with  her  Court  moved  about 
from  place  to  place,  swift  to  punish  crime  and  to 
encourage  virtue,  boldly  composing  the  differ- 
ences and  compelling  the  submission  of   rival 
nobles,  frowning  upon  the  laxity  of  the  clergy, 
denouncing  the  heresy  of  the  people,  and  laying 
a  heavy  hand  upon  enemies  of  every  degree  and 
evildoers  of  every  class.     In  Andalusia  the  un- 
accustomed  and    unexpected    presence   of   the 
sovereigns  was  everywhere  productive  of  peace 
and  order.     Even  in  the  remotest  districts  of 
Gallicia,  the  royal  power  was  felt.     Over  fifty 
fortresses,  the  strongholds  of  knightly  robbers, 
were  razed  to  the  ground,  and  fifteen  hundred 
noble  highwaymen  were  forced  to  fly  the  king- 
dom." 


Having  dwelt  on  the  merits  of  the  book,  a 
critic  need  feel  less  hesitation  in  saying  that 
it  required  a  good  deal  of  revision,  which 
unfortunately  we  cannot  now  hope  for.    Mr. 
Burke's  printers    did   not   serve  him   well, 
and   his  pages    are    defaced    by  too  many 
literals.      Especially  is    this  the  case  with 
dates,  which  seem  to  have  been  printed  any- 
how, without  regard  to  the  text.  One  would 
think  that  the  most  negligent  of  printers' 
readers  would  have  seen  that  Almanzor  could 
hardly  have  married  a  Christian  princess  a 
hundred  years  after  his  own  death.      There 
are   some   errors,  however,  that  cannot  be 
laid  to  the  charge  of  the  compositor  :  when 
Charles    VIII.    of    France    is    represented 
as   making   treaties    "with   England,  with 
France,  and  with  the  Empire,"  we  suspect 
the  author's  hand  slipped.     Still  there  is  no 
need  to  multiply  instances  of  carelessness  of 
this  sort,  which  mostly  correct  themselves 
and  are  unimportant,  although  after  calling 
Michael    Scot   an   Englishman   Mr.    Burke 
could  hardly  have  ventured  within  sight  of 
the  Eildon   Hills.     What   is   more    serious 
is    that    he    was    apt    to   make    sweeping 
assertions  which  need  to   be    a  good  deal 
limited  before  they  can  be  accepted  as  cor- 
rect.    For   instance,   to   say,   in  talking   of 
scientific  progress,  "  Islam  had  no  priesthood 
and  no  prejudices,"  is  to  make  a  statement 
that  Mr.  Burke  himself  refuted  in  previous 
passages  of  his  history.   Of  really  important 
mistakes  we  have  noticed  but  few. 

Mr.  Jacobs  has  furnished  one  more  proof 
of  his  unusual  rapidity  of  perception  and 
capacity  for  traversing  a  large  field  of  in- 


quiry in  a  brief  space.  Dispatched  by  Mr. 
Mocatta  to  Spain  in  1S88  to  investigate  the 
existing  manuscript  materials  for  the  history 
of  the  Jews  in  Spain,  he,  in  the  course  of  a 
few  weeks  (twenty- eight  working  days,  he 
says),  made  lists  of  some  2,. 500  documents 
in  Alcala,  Barcelona,  Madrid,  Pamplona, 
Toledo,  and  other  places,  and  has  printed 
in  his  volume  a  brief  calendar  of  some  1,800 
of  them.  It  must  be  acknowledged  that  few 
scholars  —  even  German  scholars  —  could 
have  achieved  so  much  in  so  short  a  time. 
Of  course  work  done  so  rapidly  is  not  im- 
peccable ;  and  we  find  Mr.  Jacobs  placing 
a  secular  priest  among  the  "members  of 
religious  orders,"  and  mistaking  for  a  per- 
mit to  the  Jews  to  eschew  Christian  sermons 
altogether,  an  ordinance  which  provides 
that  the  Jews,  instead  of  going  to  church 
to  hear  sermons,  should  arrange  with  the 
Franciscans  for  their  preaching  in  the 
synagogues;  but  little  oversights  of  this 
kind  do  not  affect  the  great  value  of  Mr. 
Jacobs's  calendar  of  documents.  The  elabo- 
rate bibliography  he  has  added,  his  ample 
"  index  nominxim,"  and  his  lists  of  Hispano- 
Jewish  writers,  and  of  the  authorities  for 
the  history  of  the  Spanish  Jews,  enhance 
considerably  the  value  of  his  volume. 

Dr.  Diercks,  the  author  of  '  Die  Araber  im 
Mittelalter,'  has  set  himself  to  perform  for 
the  German  public  much  the  same  task  as 
Mr.  Burke ;   and  the  way  in  which  he  has 
accomplished   it   marks   the    difference  be- 
tween the  reading  public  in  Germany  and  in 
this  country.     Like  Mr.  Burke,  Dr.  Diercks 
does  not  profess  original  research,  but  aims 
at  meeting   the    wants    of  the    "  grossen 
Kreisen  der  Gebildeten."     As  he  has  appa- 
rently allowed  himself  only  some  two  hundred 
pages  or  so  more  than  Mr.  Burke,  and  yet 
proposes  to  bring  his  narrative  down  to  the 
present  day,  he  is  naturally  obliged  to  be 
more    succinct ;    but    perhaps   that   is   not 
the    only    reason    why    we    find    in     Dr. 
Diercks's    pages    no    information    regard- 
ing   the    institutions,     literature,    art,     or 
customs     of     the    nations    that    have    in- 
habited Spain.     What  the  German  reader 
likes    is    a    clear,   connected    narrative   of 
events,  and  that  Dr.  Diercks  supplies.    He 
indulges   in   no    digressions ;    he    does   not 
adduce  a  single  authority  for  any  statement 
he   gives ;  but  as  a  mere  narrative  of  the 
rise  and  fall  of  kingdoms  and  dynasties,  of 
battles  and  sieges,  it  is  to  be  preferred  to 
Mr.  Burke's.     It  is  less  sketchy,  better  knit 
together,  and  more  readily  understood  ;  but, 
at  the  same  time,  it  is  decidedly  dry  reading, 
although  for  a  German  Dr.  Diercks  does  not 
write  amiss.     He  ought  certainly  to  have 
supplied   some    genealogical    and    chrono- 
logical tables,  and,  in  the  absence  of  those 
necessary  aids,  his  history  is  more  difficult 
to  follow  than  it  need  be. 


Histoire  du  ColUge  de  France  depuis  ses  Ori- 
gines  jusqu'd  la  Fin  du  Premier  Empire. 
Par  Abel  Lefranc.  (Hachette  &  Cie.) 
An  apology  is  due  to  our  readers,  as  well 
as  to  M.  Lefranc,  for  the  tardiness  of  this 
notice  of  a  book  which  all  students  of  the 
history  of  academical  institutions  must  wel- 
come and  value.  The  College  de  France 
claims  attention  not  only  through  the  dis- 
tinction of  its  professoriate,  past  and  pre- 
sent, but  also  through  the  continuity  of  its 


124 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


history  ;  the  existing  institution,  in  fact,  is 
the  ultimate  fulfilment  of  the  idea  which 
inspired  its  original  creators,  the  educational 
reformers  and  humanists  of  France  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  M.  Lefranc  has  done 
well  in  dealing  in  considerable  detail  with 
the  antecedents  of  the  College,  and  the  first 
half-century  of  its  existence — the  heroic  age, 
as  one  may  call  it,  of  French  learning ;  and 
a  careful  study  of  the  correspondence  of 
Budseus  and  Erasmus  and  other  contem- 
porary evidence  has  enabled  him  to  throw 
a  flood  of  new  light  on  the  circum- 
stances of  its  creation.  When  Francis  I. 
was  at  length  moved  to  do  something  for 
the  new  learning  in  France,  the  practical 
alternatives  before  him  were  either  a  College 
of  the  Three  Languages  like  that  at  Louvain, 
or  a  Greek  College  such  as  Leo  X.  had 
established  on  the  Quirinal.  Neither  alter- 
native was  to  be  realized  in  France.  A 
scheme  for  a  College  of  the  Three  Languages 
fell  through,  mainly  owing  to  the  reluctance 
of  Erasmus  to  settle  in  Paris  and  undertake 
the  direction  of  the  proposed  school ;  the 
experiment  of  a  Grreek  College,  which  was 
provisionally  tried  at  Milan,  then  in  French 
hands,  was  likewise  a  failure  in  spite  of  all 
the  efforts  of  Lascaris  to  make  it  a  success. 
The  College  de  France  originated  in  some- 
thing on  a  far  less  ambitious  scale,  though 
with  large  possibilities  of  future  expansion, 
in  the  appointment  in  1530  of  a  few  "  King's 
Readers,"  paid  out  of  the  royal  purse  to 
lecture  in  Paris  to  all  comers  on  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  mathematics  —  a  subject  very 
intimately  connected  with  Greek  at  this 
moment,  when  advance  in  mathematical 
studies  meant  a  return  to  Greek  mathematics. 
Before  long  other  subjects  also — e.g.,  Latin, 
Arabic,  ancient  philosophy,  and  even  medi- 
cine— came  to  be  represented  by  Readers ; 
the  result  being  that  by  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century  Paris  had  become  pos- 
sessed of  a  most  distinguished  body  of 
university  teachers,  apart  from  the  existing 
university  and  the  teaching  staff  of  the 
twenty  colleges  that  constituted  it. 

The  anomalies  of  this  dual  system,  which 
is  not  without  its  parallel  even  in  these 
days  in  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  were  so 
strongly  felt  by  Ramus  that  he  in  1562 
addressed  a  long  and  carefully  considered 
letter  to  the  king  to  impress  on  him  the 
need  of  a  thorough  reform  of  the  University 
of  Paris  as  it  then  was,  arguing  on  behalf 
of  a  university  or  professorial  system  of 
education  for  all  the  higher  and  more  pro- 
gressive subjects  of  study,  and  criticizing  the 
fetite  cuUnyc  of  the  colleges  in  much  the 
same  way  as  in  our  own  century  Sir  W. 
Hamilton  and  Mark  Pattisou  criticized  our 
English  universities.  The  appointment  of 
these  king's  readers,  or  professors  as  they 
soon  came  to  be  called,  was  at  first  a  purely 
personal  matter:  the  king  appointed  them 
not  so  much  with  a  view  to  a  complete  pro- 
fessoriate as  with  a  view  to  securing  for 
Paris  tlie  presence  and  services  of  some 
distinguished  scholar  or  savant.  The  con- 
sequence of  this  was  that  there  were  at 
times  several  professors  of  Greek  or  Hebrew. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  readers,  once  ap- 
pointed, seem  to  have  liad  a  good  deal  of 
liberty,  since  we  find  Postel  lecturing  on 
Greek,  Arabic,  and  Hebrew  as  well  as  on 
mathematics.  The  king's  readers,  though 
standing   apart   from   the  college  teachers. 


and  bound  together  among  themselves  by 
a  certain  esprit  de  corps,  were  for  a  long 
time  without  any  corporate  existence  or 
local  habitation.  They  seem  to  have  lec- 
tured where  they  could — in  any  college  that 
was  willing  to  open  its  doors  and  place  a 
hall  at  their  disposal.  It  was  not  until 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century 
that  they  were  formally  incorporated  and 
installed  in  a  college  of  their  own — the 
College  Royal,  renamed  at  the  Revolution 
the  College  de  France.  This  recognition 
of  them  came,  perhaps,  too  late ;  for  it 
must  be  admitted  that  during  the  century 
after  this  the  institution  hardly  maintained 
the  intellectual  pre-eminence  which  it  had 
enjoyed  in  the  days  of  Ramus,  though  we 
still  find  such  names  as  Gassendi,  Baluze, 
Du  Pin,  and  D'Herbelot  in  the  list  of  the 
king's  professors. 

The  latter  years  of  the  Ancien  Regime, 
however,  mark  the  beginnings  of  a  notable 
revival,  new  chairs  being  created  to  enable 
the  College  to  respond  to  the  demands  of 
new  studies  and  interests ;  and  it  is  clear 
that  its  professors  were  now  once  more  in 
sympathy  with  the  forward  movements  of 
the  age,  just  as  they  had  been  in  the  days 
of  Henri  11.  The  Revolution,  accordingly, 
left  the  College  de  France  undisturbed 
when  it  made  short  work  of  other  academical 
institutions  in  France ;  and  we  are  told  that 
even  during  the  Terror  its  lectures  went  on 
as  usual  without  serious  interruption.  But 
it  was  reserved  for  the  Directory  and  Napo- 
leon to  put  the  College  on  a  new  footing, 
and  assure  it  that  large  and  liberal  support 
from  the  State  which  has  made  the  College 
de  France  what  it  is,  and  given  it  its  almost 
unique  position  among  the  learned  insti- 
tutions of  Europe.  Anj'  one  who  reads  in 
M.  Lefranc's  pages  the  long  and  illustrious 
roll  of  professors  since  1800 — which  begins 
with  Cuvier  and  Biot,  and  includes  in  the 
first  fifty  years  of  the  century  such  names 
as  Yilloison,  Silvestre  de  Sacy,  Delambre, 
Abel  Remusat,  Lacroix,  Ampere,  Bois- 
sonade,  Majendie,  Champollion,  J.  B.  Say, 
Letronne,  Eugene  Burnouf,  Elie  de  Beau- 
mont, Stanislas  Julien,  Jouffroy,  Michelet, 
and  Quinet — will  see  for  himself  what  the 
College  de  France  since  its  reconstruction 
by  Napoleon  has  been  able  to  do  for  the 
advancement  of  science  and  learning  in  our 
modern  world. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


vols. 


Wildersmoor.     By  C.  L.  Antrobus 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
Though  '  Wildersmoor '  opens  with  a  very 
hackneyed  gambit — a  mysterious  murder  on 
a  moor — it  is  raised  above  the  level  of  the 
average  novel  by  the  literary  quality  of  the 
author's  style,  and  the  excellence  of  his  de- 
scriptive passages.  The  "  sombre  genius  of 
the  moor" — to  borrow  the  writer's  own  phrase 
— is  brought  home  by  many  happy  touches, 
and  the  Lancashire  dialect  is  handled  with 
considerable  effect.  The  rustic  characters, 
again,  are  well  drawn,  notably  "  Blind 
John  "  the  messenger,  and  the  sinister,  witch- 
like Granny  Darlow.  Mr.  Antrobus,  how- 
ever, is  far  less  convincing  in  his  portraiture 
of  gentle  life,  and  the  dialogue,  though  un- 
questionably clever,  bristles  with  evidences 
of  the  author's  encyclopa;dic  culture.  The 
contrast  between  the  suave  parson  and  his 


restless,  talkative  wife  is  amusingly  illus- 
trated ;  but  there  is  quite  too  much  of  the 
essay  club  atmosphere  in  the  conversation 
generally.  Where  the  author  most  con- 
spicuously fails,  however,  is  in  his  en- 
deavour to  render  his  hero's  action 
plausible.  Quentin  Fleming's  acquies- 
cence in  the  tremendous  sacrifice  of  his 
friend  Ulj'ett  is  entirely  unwarranted  by 
the  former's  antecedents.  '  Wildersmoor,' 
in  short,  is  an  ingenious  but  unsatisfying 
story. 

Bewitched:  a  Love  Story.   By  Emily  Bennett. 

2  vols.  (Bentley  &  Son.) 
'  Bewitched  '  is  saved  from  being  a  failure 
by  the  simplicity  of  its  author.  She  puts 
her  name  on  the  title-page,  writes  what  pur- 
ports to  be  the  autobiography  of  a  man,  and 
gets  all  her  emphasis  by  a  combination  of 
naughty  little  masculine  invectives  and 
italics  on  every  page.  Her  hero  is  forty 
years  old,  but  he  is  petted  by  his  friends 
as  if  he  were  a  woman,  and  very  often  acts 
as  one.  He  is  good  and  emotional ;  his 
lady-love  is  good  and  strong ;  and  his  love 
at  first  sight  makes  him  quail  and  faint  like 
a  hero  of  mediaeval  romance.  A  profound 
mystery  keeps  them  apart  for  a  time ;  the 
bewitched  lover  holds  the  key  to  it  in  his 
hands,  but  would  never  have  unlocked  it 
without  the  assistance  of  a  clever  woman. 
Maxwell  Tute,  in  short,  is  a  girl's  hero,  and 
the  mystery  that  surrounds  Suzanne  Wild- 
wood  is  decidedly  artificial ;  but  the  love 
story  of  these  two  young  people  is  pleasant 
and  readable  enough  in  its  simple  way. 


Mrs.  Musgrave — and  her  Husband.  By  Richard 
Marsh.  "  Pioneer  Series."  (Heinemann.) 
Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  motive 
of  Mr.  Richard  Marsh's  story,  there  is  no 
gainsaying  its  curious  fascination.  Here- 
ditary homicidal  mania  is  not  a  promising 
field  for  romance,  and  yet  it  has  furnished 
the  author  of  '  Mrs.  Musgrave — and  her 
Husband'  with  the  materials  for  a  closelj' 
knit  and,  if  not  convincing,  at  least  ex- 
tremely plausible  modern  tragedy.  For  not 
only  is  the  idea  new,  but  it  is  shorn  of  a 
good  deal  of  its  repulsiveness  by  the  artistic 
discretion  of  the  author.  The  position  of 
the  husband  is  piteous  in  the  extreme ;  nor 
is  it  easy  to  withhold  a  measure  of  com- 
passionate sympathy  from  the  woman,  so 
heavily  weighted  at  the  start  of  "life's 
handicap."  The  lurid  episode  of  Mus- 
grave's  railway  journey  with  his  pursuer 
is  quite  a  masterpiece  of  narrative  as  well 
as  of  characterization.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  Mr.  Marsh  may  one  day  challenge 
attention  by  work  of  a  less  painful  cha- 
racter ;  for  with  all  its  merits,  this  is  one 
of  the  books  better  left  unwritten. 


Br.    Gray's   Quest.     By  F.  H.   Underwood. 

(Gay  &  Bird.) 
The  interest  of  Dr.  Underwood's  post- 
humous story  is  somewhat  fitful,  and  it 
involves  a  good  deal  of  effort  on  the  reader's 
part  to  make  his  way  through  the  tortuous 
preliminaries  of  the  opening  chapters.  Once 
the  main  motive  of  the  plot  is  disclosed,  the 
story  marches  to  its  dhioxnnent  more  agree- 
ably and  coherently.  But  the  author  has 
crowded  his  canvas  with  far  too  many 
irrelevant  figures.     His  virtuous  characters 


N"  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


125 


are  almost  superhuman  in  their  unselfish- 
ness, and  the  sympathy  which  it  is  Dr. 
Underwood's  obvious  aim  to  excite  for  his 
hero — the  victim  of  a  miscarriage  of  justice 
— is  impaired  by  that  hero's  effusive  sen- 
timentality. The  pictui-es  of  village  life  in 
Massachusetts  and  the  strange  workings  of 
the  Nonconformist  conscience  in  ' '  Little 
Canaan  "  are  manifestly  founded  on  close 
personal  observation,  and  afford  a  striking 
illustration  of  the  union  of  the  canting  and 
the  commercial  spirit. 


A  Family  of  Qualiti/.  By  the  Author  of 
'  On  Heather  Hills.'  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
The  principal  drawback  to  this  story  is  the 
sense  of  anachronism  and  unreality  about 
the  principal  characters.  Lady  Eger ton,  who 
shudders  as  if  a  sans-culotte  had  touched  her 
when  a  retired  tradesman  bequeaths  60,000/. 
to  her  son,  is  merely  a  "freak  "  at  the  pre- 
sent day  ;  and  her  son  Basil,  delicate-handed, 
languid,  and  physically  unenterprising,  is 
still  less  a  typical  aristocrat.  The  sons  of 
our  higher  classes  are,  as  a  ride,  muscular 
enough.  Some  slighter  indications  make  one 
think  that  the  writer  has  but  an  academic 
knowledge  of  social  life  in  this  country. 
Schoolmasters  in  England  are  not  "rectors  " 
of  "academies"  —  at  least  where  their 
schools  are  endowed ;  and  an  English  soli- 
citor would  not  use  the  Scotch  word  "  sub- 
jects" in  describing  property  devised  by 
a  will.  A  duke  is  a  kind  of  fowl  on  which 
considerable  latitude  of  conjecture  may 
fairly  take  the  place  of  observation ;  but 
the  known  habits  of  the  species,  we  venture 
to  say,  wotdd  not  lead  to  such  a  farcical 
outbreak  of  wounded  vanity  as  that  of  the 
Duke  of  Sangbleu  when  he  walls  up  the 
window  of  the  Dissenting  minister.  In  spite 
of  these  deductions,  we  can  praise  the  por- 
traj'al  of  the  chivalrous,  though  blundering 
gentleman  Clarence  Egerton,  the  heir  (who 
resembles  his  father  much  more  than  that 
outraged  parent  would  acknowledge),  and 
the  companion  portrait  of  the  gracious 
philosopher,  scholar,  and  woman  to  whom 
the  strange  document  left  by  Wilkins,  the 
grocer,  introduces  a  kindred,  though  a 
simjjler  spirit  in  the  man  she  chooses  for 
her  lord.  The  love-making  between  Ursula 
and  Clarence  is  excellent. 


The    Two   Dunmores.      By   Blake   Lamond. 

(Eemington  &  Co.) 
This  is  said  to  be  a  sporting  love  story. 
Incidentally  we  learn  the  writer's  views 
upon  the  way  to  purchase  hunters,  to  cure 
jibbers,  to  specidate  on  the  Stock  Exchange  ; 
while  the  marriage  law,  free  trade,  and 
privateering  come  under  his  review  in  their 
turns.  The  title  is  rather  a  misnomer,  for, 
though  there  are  but  two  Dunmores,  with 
their  wives  and  children,  in  the  field,  their 
pedigree  is  traced  in  several  chapters  of 
retrospect,  with  all  the  lateral  branches  of 
the  family  tree.  The  result  is  a  certain 
amount  of  mental  strain,  which  is  not 
relieved  by  matters  so  difficult  for  accept- 
ance as  that  one  scion  was  "named  Gerald, 
after  his,  father,  who  had  shortly  before  left 
Harton  school,  and  was  then  about  nineteen 
years  of  age . "  The  characteristics  of  the  narra- 
tive— we  cannot  call  it  a  story — are  a  matter- 
of-fact  prolixity,  an  honest  desire  to  give 
good  measure,  and  commonsensical  morality 


of  a  good  old-fashioned  type.  "Black 
Jones,"  with  his  cowboy  boots  and  re- 
volver, cuts  a  very  ludicrous  and  melo- 
dramatic figure  in  so  much  respectable  com- 
pany. But  no  doubt  the  author  felt  it 
absolutely  necessary  to  relieve  the  flow  of 
commonplace  by  some  startling  expedient. 


Drifting.       By   Marston   Moore.       (Digby, 

Long  &  Co.) 
A  CERTAIN  amount  of  amateurishness  may 
be  condoned  in  a  first  attempt ;  but  it  were 
a  sin  to  encourage  the  lady  who  has  perpe- 
trated the  extremely  desiiltory  compilation 
before  us  to  persevere  in  her  literary  efforts. 
We  can  believe  that   the  printer's   reader 
should  share  the  blame  of  the  distressingly 
bad  punctuation    and   the   numerous   mis- 
spellings   which     deface     the    book;     but 
"  Fortman    &    Mason,"     "the     kind     god 
Thanates,"  and  the  rest  are  too  much  of  a 
piece  with  the  general  carelessness  of  the 
author  to  allow  this  as  a  complete  excuse. 
A  large  part   of   the    story  relates   to   the 
childish    doings    of    a    very    commonplace 
family,  who  are  on  terms  of  more  or  less 
veiled  hostility  with  an  irritable  and  tyran- 
nical   father.      Mr.    Brandon — the    Home 
Euler,   as  he   is  called  by  his  affectionate 
offspring — is  a  monster  of  parental  folly  and 
injustice,  too  farcical  for  any  sort  of  proba- 
bility.     This    nursery    nonsense    has    but 
little  relation  to  the  fortunes  of  the  heroine, 
who,  being  less  commonplace  than  her  sisters, 
does  not  at  once  subside  into   domesticity 
with  a  wealthy  and  adoring  husband,  but, 
after  inspiring   an  honest  fellow   with   an 
attachment  which  she  cannot  return,  becomes 
the   victim   of   a   misplaced   passion   for   a 
married  man  of  about  twice  her  age.     The 
conduct  of  Eoy  Douglas  in  doing  all  he  can 
to  win  her  affections  would  in  the  circum- 
stances be  extremely  base,  were  it  not  that, 
like  most  of   the   masculine   actors   in   the 
piece,  he  is  an  absolutely  boneless  puppet, 
at  the  mercy  of  any  specimen  of  "pantherish" 
grace  (there  are  several  panthers)  who  takes 
him  in  hand.     How  a  grown-up  man  could 
be  so  flouted  and  hoodwinked  as  Eoy  is  by 
his  precious  wife,  or  as  Charlie  Brandon  by 
the   same   lady,  who   nearly  forces   her   to 
marry  him  by  inventing  an  odious  charge, 
is  past  all  understanding.      But   consider- 
ations of  probability  are  irrelevant  in  such 
a  story  as  this. 


Golden  Lads  and  Girls.     By  H.  A.  Hinkson. 

(Downey  &  Co.) 
A  CERTAix  lack  of  experience  and  of 
ripeness  of  thought  and  touch  is  felt  in 
'  Golden  Lads  and  Girls.'  The  humorous 
element,  of  which  there  is  a  good  deal, 
is  somewhat  hackneyed,  and  not  par- 
ticularly amusing.  But  there  is  a  hearty, 
healthy  tone  about  it  all  that  is  pleasing, 
though  the  writing  is  neither  impressive 
nor  elegant.  The  outlook  is  a  little  belated, 
and  the  interest  attenuated  in  a  good  many 
places.  It  is  a  story  of  Irish  university 
and  county  life  held  together  by  many  and 
various  characters.  It  does  not  strike  one 
as  notably  Irish,  yet  there  are  undertones 
of  national  feeling  struck  now  and  again. 


The   End  of  the   Run.     By  B.  Galpin   and 

Austin  Oliver.  (Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
It  is  not  for  us  to  decide  whether  errors 
of  grammar,  spelling,  and  punctuation  in 
this  remarkable  book  are  more  to  the 
discredit  of  the  printer's  reader  or  of  the 
two  neophytes  who  have  laid  their  heads 
together  to  produce  it.  "Pity  me.  Miss 
Chadows,"  says  the  poet  Ethelbert  Jones ; 
"  I  've  just  been  dancing  with  a  Miss  Blogg, 
ivhom,  I  had  been  told,  among  other  enor- 
mities, scraped  miserably  on  the  fiddle." 
The  plot  is  as  commonplace  as  the  dialogue. 
A  married  woman,  who  has  accepted  a 
wealthy  and  prosaic  husband  rather  at  the 
instigation  of  her  friends,  meets  and  falls 
in  love  with  a  dashing  lancer,  called  variously 
Capt.  or  Col.  Hulbert.  The  pair  keep  on 
the  hither  side  of  the  law,  and  their  virtue 
is  rewarded  by  an  opportune  railway  accident 
which  kills  the  blameless  Ai-thur.  A  certain 
horsiness  gives  the  work  whatever  merit 
may  be  found  in  it. 


La      Vocation.      Par    Georges    Eodenbach. 

(Paris,  OUendorff.) 
'  La  Vocation  '  is  a  very  excellent  novel,  and 
it  is  most  beautifully  illustrated.  The  story 
is  that  of  a  pious  boy — brought  up  at  Bruges 
by  a  widowed  mother — who  forms  the  inten- 
tion of  becoming  a  monk,  and  then  breaks 
down.  His  mother,  in  despair  at  seeing  him 
leave  her  for  a  monastery,  throws  him  in  the 
way  of  forming  a  pure  affection,  and  this 
fails,  after  an  episode  prettily  told.  He  then 
falls  under  the  influence  of  a  woman  of  a 
different  kind,  and  ends  by  thinking  him- 
self unfit  for  his  vocation  and  remaining 
with  his  mother. 


local  history. 


Nidderdale  and  the   Garden  of  the  Nidd :  a 
Yorkshire  Bhinelaiid.     Being   a   Complete  Ac- 
count,   Historical,  Scientific,  and    Descriptive, 
of  the  Beautiful  Valley  of  the  Kidd.     By  Harry 
Speight.     (Stock.) — Mr.    Speight's  compilation 
will  interest  widely  different  classes.     Tourists 
will  find  it  to  be  by  far  the   best   account  of 
Nidderdale    that   they  can  take  with   them  in 
their  wanderings,  and    all    Yorkshiremen  who 
wish  to  add  to  their  knowledge  of  the  history 
of  one    of    the  most  beautiful   parts   of   their 
county    will,    unle.ss  we    are    much   mistaken, 
discover  many  things  which  are  new  to  them. 
We    are,    however,    bound    to    say    that    the 
author    has    not    done  his  work  justice.     The 
title-page  raises  an  unfair   and  quite  needless 
prejudice  against  his  work.     To  every  one  who 
knows  anything  of  Nidderdale  and  the  charming 
river  from  which  the   valley   takes   its   name, 
the   giving  it   the   de&ignation   of   a  Yorkshire 
Rhineland  will  seem  a  feeble  jest  or  a  grotesque 
absurdity,  only  fit  to  make  its  appearance  'in 
the  advertisements  of  some  fashionable  hotel. 
All  rivers,  from  the  Amazon  down  to  the  tiniest 
beck  which  tlows  into  Toes  or  Tjnie,  have  things 
in  common,  and  it  is  by  no  means  impossible 
to  find  points  of  similarity  between  the  men 
and  objects  which  occupy,  or    have  occupied, 
their  banks,  so  it  is  not  impossible  to  suggest 
points  of  likeness  between  the  Rhine  and  the 
Nidd  ;  but  it   may  be  doubted   whether   there 
are   any  two  rivers  in  Europe,  outside  Russia 
and    Scandinavia,  which   have   fewer  things  in 
common.     The  Rhine  has  been  a  great  factor 
in    politics   for    hard    upon    twenty   centuries, 
perhaps  for  a  far  longer  period,  but  Mr.  Speight 
must  forgive  us  for  telling  him  that  the  Nidd 
has  never   been  particularly  prominent   in  the 
world's  history.     The  lands  through  which  flow 
the   Rhine  and   the   Nidd   are  interesting  and 


126 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3535,  July  27,  »95 


beautiful,  but  their  manner  is  so  different  that  it 
is  impossible  to  make  any  rational  comparison 
between   them.      To  speak,    too,    of  his   book 
being  "a  complete  account,  historical,  scientific, 
and  descriptive,"  of  the  territory  to  which  it 
relates  is  a  great  lapse  from  good  taste.      In 
this  imperfect  world  there  are  very  few  books 
for  which    completeness   can  be  claimed,  and 
assuredly  Mr.    Speight's    '  Nidderdale '   is    not 
one  of  the  number,  although  in  many  respects 
useful  and  interesting.      Mr.    Speight    is    not 
an   antiquary   or    an    historian    in    any   sense 
in  which  we  should  feel  ourselves  justified  in 
using  those  terms,  but  he  is  an  enthusiast  with 
regard  to  the  district   he   has    undertaken    to 
describe,  and  has  collected  from  various  sources 
and  from  oral  tradition    many  useful    things. 
They  are  not,  perhaps,  arranged  in  all  cases  in 
the  most  satisfactory  manner,   but  this    is    of 
small  account,  as  he  has  supplied  his  readers 
with  an  excellent    index.      We    imagine    that 
many  people  will  on  opening  the    book  turn 
instinctively  to  what   is  said  of  Harrogate,  as 
it  is  the  point  from  which  most  outsiders  have 
first  made  acquaintance  with  the  valley  of  the 
Nidd.      Mr.  Speight's  account  of  this  notable 
inland  watering-place  is  well  done,  although  he 
does  call  it  the  "Yorkshire  Kissingen."     He 
never  descends  into  guide-book  frivolities,  but 
at  the  same  time  does  not  fail  to  speak  of  most 
of  those  things  in  the  neighbourhood  which  are 
worthy  of  notice.  Unlike  Bath,  whose  hot  wells 
were  known  to  the  Romans,  and  Buxton,  which 
was  of  repute  as  a  holy  well  dedicated  to  St. 
Anne  before  the  Reformation,  Harrogate  is  of 
comparatively  modem  repute.  "The  author  quotes 
a  writer  who  flourished  in  the  early  years  of  this 
century  for  the  statement,  which  we  believe  to  be 
correct,  that  though  these  mineral  waters  were 
known  in  the  reign   of  Elizabeth,  it  was  not 
until  late  in  the  Stuart  time  that  they  became 
of   much  repute.      The    first  inn,    called    the 
Queen's  Head,  was  built  there  in  1687.     Before 
that  time  those  who  went  to  drink  the  waters 
lodged   in   the  farmhouses  and  cottages  round 
about.     This    must   have  been  found  very  in- 
convenient,   as    the    lodgings    were    far    from 
luxurious  abodes  for  ailing  people.     Before  the 
year   1700  the  repute  of    these    springs    had 
become  so  far  established  that  Harrogate  could 
boast  of  three  good  inns,  and  its  fame  went  on 
increasing  almost  year  by  year  until  railways 
made   far-distant    travel  easy.     Whether  they 
have  benefited  or  injured  this  celebrated  York- 
shire spa  is,  we  believe,  still  matter  of  contro- 
versy. That  the  number  of  visitors  has  increased 
of  late  years  does  not  admit  of  doubt,  but  the 
successors  of  the   more  wealthy  visitors  who 
used  to  crowd  there  in  the  reign  of  George  III. 
now  for  the  most  part  make    their    way    to 
Germany  or  France.     Though  Mr.   Speight  is 
by  no  means  a  profound  ecclesiologist,  he  does 
not,  so  far  as  we  have  observed,  make  tslunders, 
and  has  drawn    attention   to  some  things  the 
memory  of  which  it  is  well  to  have  preserved. 
For  example,    there  was    an  old,    and,  as   we 
imagine,   somewhat   rude  church   at    the   little 
village  of  Nidd  dedicated  to  St.  Margaret.     Mr. 
Speight    thinks  that   the  original  church  was 
destroyed  by  the  Scots  in  their  incursion  during 
the  reign   of  Edward  II.,  and  that  the  little 
structure  of  which  he  gives  a  sketch  was  built 
to  supply  its  place.     This  is  probably  true,  but 
we  shall  never  know,  for  some  time  ago  it  was 
swept    away    to    make    room    for    something 
which    is   described    as    a    "handsome    struc- 
ture."    One  thing  relating  to  the  old   build- 
ing   is    especially    curious    as     showing    how 
customary    practices    will    linger    when    their 
meaning  has  been  lost.     "At  the  entrance  of 
the  church,"  the  writer  says,  "  was  an  ancient 
holy-water  stoup,  a    relic   of   pre-Reformation 
days,   which   continued    in  use  by  several  old 
natives  even  down  to  1866,  when  it  was  removed 
with  the  church.  The  receptacle  commonly  held 
water,  but  was  sometimes  dry,  yet  these  con- 
servative folk  always  dipped   their  fingers  in 


upon  entering  the  sacred  edifice,  as  their  fore- 
fathers had  done  in  the  old  Roman  Catholic 
times."  Under  Kirk  Hammerton  Mr.  Speight 
records  something  which  we  trust  will  be  repro- 
bated by  all  who  desire  that  local  history 
should  not  be  corrupted.  There  is  in  the  church 
an  old  table  which  the  author  thinks  may  be  as 
old  as  the  sixteenth  century.  During  the  restora- 
tion of  1891  this  table  was  turned  into  an  altar 
and  five  crosses  were  incised  upon  it,  in  imitation 
of  the  crosses  on  the  stone  altar  slabs  which 
marked  the  points  touched  by  the  bishop  when 
they  were  dedicated.  As  the  post-Reformation 
communion  tables  were  not  consecrated  no  such 
marks  are  found  upon  them.  If  the  fact  that 
these  marks  are  spurious  should  be  forgotten, 
future  antiquaries  will  certainly  be  misled. 
The  history  of  electioneering  contests  has  yet 
to  be  written.  Mr.  Speight  supplies  some  facts 
regarding  the  great  Yorkshire  contest  of  1807, 
when  some  two  hundred  thousand  pounds  is 
said  to  have  been  spent  by  the  candidates. 
Anything  seems  credible  of  those  days  when 
party  feeling  was  fully  roused.  The  author 
gives  in  extenso  the  bill  of  one  publican,  which 
amounts  to  over  two  thousand  three  hundred 
pounds. 

Denton  Hall  and  its  Associations.  By  W.  W. 
Tomlinson.  (Scott.) — It  was  well  worth  while 
to  write  an  account  of  Denton  Hall  and  to  illus- 
trate it  with  a  variety  of  plates  and  cuts,  for 
it  is  one  of  the  few  examples  of  Jacobean  archi- 
tecture in  Northumberland,  and  retains  most 
of  its  original  features.  The  Border  houses  of 
any  size  were  almost  all  strong  castles  or  towers 
up  to  the  time  of  the  Union,  and  Denton  Hall, 
built  by  Anthony  Errington  in  1622,  was  about 
the  first  house  in  the  county  that  was  built  after 
a  more  peaceful  fashion.  The  early  history  of 
Denton  is  given  in  a  condensed  form,  and  full 
particulars  are  recorded  of  the  Erringtons,  the 
Rogers,  and  the  Montagus,  who  were  the  suc- 
cessive owners  of  the  Hall.  Towards  the  end 
of  last  century  Denton  Hall  was  one  of  the 
seats  of  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Montagu,  that 
"Queen  of  the  Blue-Stockings."  Doran's  'A 
Lady  of  the  Last  Century  '  and  '  Miss  Carter's 
Letters  to  Mrs.  Montagu '  are  laid  under  heavy 
contribution  by  Mr.  "Tomlinson.  Several  out- 
of-the-way  and  unusual  incidents  are  set  forth 
in  these  pages.  Denton,  for  instance,  in  the 
time  of  Elizabeth  was  celebrated  for  its  breed 
of  sleuth  or  blood  hounds,  which  were  used  for 
tracking  criminals.  The  town  chamber  of  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  was  broken  open  in  the  autumn 
of  1596.  A  man  was  sent  to  Chester-le-Street 
for  a  bitch  and  her  owner,  whilst  another  dog 
from  Denton  was  engaged  to  assist  her.  The 
town  paid  for  these  services  in  following  "the 
scent  and  trod  of  those  who  broke  the  town 
chamber  door,"  20s.  for  the  bitch  and  2s.  to  the 
owner,  10s.  for  the  Denton  dog,  in  addition  to 
12d.  for  horse  hire  in  going  to  Denton  to  fetch 
the  dog.  The  Denton  dog  was  also  sent  for  the 
previous  year  for  a  like  purpose.  The  story  of 
a  benevolent  ghost,  who  rejoiced  in  the  name 
of  "Silky,"  is  well  told,  and  there  is  some 
interesting  matter  as  to  early  coal-getting  in 
the  appendix.  The  book  is  a  pleasant  remi- 
niscence of  a  North-Country  house  pertaining 
to  the  less  wealthy  class  of  country  gentle- 
men ;  it  will  be  valued  by  those  who  know  the 
district,  but  has  no  special  merit  to  commend 
it  to  others. 


TALES   OF   SCANDINAVIA. 


The  Viking  Path :  a  Tale  of  the  White  Christ. 
By  J.  J.  Haldane  Burgess.  (Blackwood  & 
Sons.) — This  book  is  something  similar  to  Mr. 
Du  Chaillu's  '  Ivar  the  Viking,'  already  re- 
viewed in  these  columns,  but  much  better 
written,  if  less  pretentious.  As  the  sub-title 
suggests,  the  main  interest  of  the  story  turns 
upon  the  conflict  between  Christianity  and  the 
old  faith  in  the  gods  of  Asgard  which  agitated 
the  North  towards  the  end  of  the  tenth  century. 


The  period  chosen  is  stirring  and  picturesque  ; 
the  bulk  of  the  book  is  taken  up  with  the  feuds 
and  forays  of  rival  Jarls,  so  that  there  is  no 
lack  of  incident  ;  while  great  care  has  evidently 
been  taken  to  get  up  the  subject  thoroughly 
and  give  it  the  proper  local  colouring.  And  yet 
for  all  this  the  story  is  desperately  dull.  Mr. 
Burgess  has  done  his  very  best  for  his  Vikings, 
but  they  neither  interest  nor  convince  us.  What 
is  wanting  is  a  spark  of  that  rare  gift  of  intuition 
(the  historical  imagination,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called)  which  alone  can  resuscitate  bygone  ages 
and  compel  the  past  to  give  up  again  its  long 
buried  secrets.  Now  the  heroes  and  heroines 
of  '  The  Viking  Path  '  are  not  real,  living,  con- 
crete personages  at  all,  but  conventional  lay 
figures,  shadowy  elusive  abstractions,  absolutely 
embarrassing  by  reason  of  their  multitude,  and 
as  like  one  another  as  bullets  cast  from  the  same 
mould.  Moreover,  the  vein  of  religious  sentiment 
that  runs  through  the  book  belongs  rather  to  the 
nineteenth  than  to  the  tenth  century.  It  is 
difficult  to  believe  that  the  essentially  Christian 
virtues  of  meekness  and  longsuffering,  as  here 
represented,  could,  at  least  in  the  first  instance, 
have  won  over  the  hearts  of  these  haughty 
and  bloodthirsty  freebooters  to  the  new  faith. 
The  old  chroniclers  held  that  thaumaturgy  had 
more  to  do  with  it  than  either  argument  or 
example,  and  a  literary  artist — like  Meinhold 
or  Jdkai,  for  instance — would  instinctively  have 
seized  upon  this  idea  and  used  it  with  telling 
effect.  But  if  neither  a  convincing  nor  yet 
an  enthralling  book,  '  The  Viking  Path '  is  at 
least  instructive,  and  conveys  in  a  pleasant 
form  the  result  of  much  patient  study  of  the 
whole  Viking  period.  There  are  so  very  few 
blunders  in  these  pages  that  it  seems  almost 
hypercritical  to  point  out  such  obvious  mis- 
prints as  "  Leki "  for  Loki,  and  "Hela"  for 
Hel.  The  description  of  the  nithing-posts  on 
p.  93  is,  however,  very  inadequate,  omitting  to 
mention  that  hazel-stakes,  as  possessing  peculiar 
magic  properties,  were  generally  employed  for 
the  purpose,  which  stakes  were  usually  sur- 
mounted by  deterrent  horses'  skulls ;  and  surely 
the  expression  "to  go  on  holmgang"  is  tauto- 
logical, leggja  holmgdngu  (to  lay,  i.  e. ,  to  fix 
a  holmgang)  being  the  usual  technical  term 
in  Icelandic  for  that  legal  form  of  duel. 

Tlwrstein  of  the  Mere :  a  Saga  of  the  Northmen 
in  Lakeland.  By  W.  G.  Colling  wood.  (Arnold.) 
— This  is  also  a  story  of  the  Vikings,  or  rather 
of  their  descendants,  who  are  supposed  to  have 
settled  among  the  fells  of  Westmoreland ;  but  it 
has  signally  succeeded  where  Mr.  Burgess's  book 
has  failed,  for  it  is  interesting,  vivid,  and  con- 
vincing. Yet  here  we  have  nothing  of  the 
ambitious  and  elaborate  machinery  without 
which  '  The  Viking  Path  '  could  scarcely  be 
kept  going.  Great  contemporary  events  are, 
indeed,  briefly  hinted  at,  but  they  are  not 
dragged  into  the  narrative.  We  hear  of 
Athelstan's  crushing  victory  at  Brunanburg ; 
we  even  catch  momentary  glimpses  of  that 
great  monarch  himself  and  his  successor 
Edmund  ;  but  the  author,  while  adroitly  using 
the  chief  events  of  tenth  century  politics  as  so 
many  turning  -  points  for  his  story,  wisely 
refrains  from  entangling  himself  therein.  '  Thor- 
stein  of  the  Mere '  is  the  simple  story  of  the 
simple  loves  of  a  brave  and  honourable  young 
Norseman  and  a  semi-savage,  but  high-minded 
Irish  lass— a  story  not  without  stirring  incidents, 
but  mainly  a  study  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
three  hostile  races,  Norse,  Erse,  and  Saxon, 
who  in  those  early  days  disputed  with  each 
other  for  the  possession  of  the  Lake  Dis- 
trict. The  hero  Thorstein  ;  his  pious  pagan 
mother  Unna  ;  his  true  love  "the  wild  wood- 
goddess  "  Raineach  ;  her  rival,  the  blithe  and 
bonny,  but  heartless  and  self-seeking  Asdis,  who 
"always  lighted  on  her  feet  wherever  she  fell," 
and  a  few  months  after  losing  her  first  husband 
"  was  purring  at  another  fireside  with  the  cream 
of  the  milk  to  lap  "—are  real  living  creations, 
whose  fortunes  deeply  affect  us.     Amongst  the 


N''  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


127 


other  charms  of  this  delightful  book  are  its  fine 
descriptions  of  scenery,  especially  mountain 
scenery.  We  know  of  no  other  work  in  prose 
in  which  the  beautiful  English  Lake  District  is 
described  with  such  poetical  appreciation.  The 
author's  style  is  singularly  simple  and  pregnant, 
as  befits  his  story,  and  evidently  owes  much  to 
an  intelligent  study  of  some  of  the  best  of  the 
Icelandic  Sagas.  It  is,  therefore,  all  the  more 
regrettable  to  find  occasionally  embedded  in  the 
purest  of  English  such  uglinesses  as  "he  was 
jolly  enough  "  or  "she  was  a  right  good  sort"  ! 
Still  such  leeks  among  the  lilies  are  but  few  and 
far  between,  and  altogether  this  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  and  most  fascinating  stories  that  it 
has  been  our  good  fortune  to  meet  with  for  some 
time. 

Gcd  Forsaken.  By  Frederic  Breton.  (Hut- 
chinson &  Co.)— The  author  of  '  A  Heroine  in 
Homespun '  exhibits  in  the  present  more  am- 
bitious story  much  of  the  insight  into  local 
character,  whether  as  regards  man  or  his  scenic 
environments,  which  raised  the  former  work  out 
of  the  general  groove.  In  that  case  we  half 
believed  him  to  be  a  Hebridean  ;  to-day  he 
appears  before  us  in  the  character  of  a  Norse- 
man. The  scenery  of  the  Fortundal,  and  the 
speech  and  ways  of  thought  of  the  Scandinavian 
peasants — the  mother  and  cousin  of  the  musician 
Nielsen — are  etched,  as  it  were,  clearly  and 
incisively.  We  should  say  the  writer  might  be 
equally  at  home  in  Wales,  where  he  lays  a  por- 
tion of  his  story,  but  for  the  fact  that  either  he 
or  the  stonemason  has  bungled  the  inscription 
on  the  headstone  which  plays  so  much  part 
in  it ; — 

Hebb  Dbuw  heb  Dhim ;  Duw  a  digon. 

Here  Dli,  of  course,  should  be  Dd,  the  soft  6 
ot  Welsh  aspiration.  "Without  God,  with 
nothing,"  is,  in  fact,  the  refrain  which  a  con- 
science from  which  she  cannot  escape  dins  into 
the  ears  of  the  poor  Ibsenitish  woman,  the 
heroine  of  the  strange  elopement  to  Norway. 
It  is  when  in  company  with  the  materialist  pro- 
fessor whom  she  afterwards  marries  that  she 
makes  acquaintance  with  the  meaning  of  the 
proverb.  Calvin  Mortimer,  a  high-minded 
and  duty-loving  follower  of  the  dry  light  of 
science,  has  parted  with  all  supernaturalisra. 
Unhappily  he  is  as  completely  defective  on  the 
imaginative  side  as  Christina,  who  under  his 
direction  learns  to  burn  what  she  formerly 
adored,  is  excessive  in  her  possession  of  such 
■qualities.  "  Life  is  difficult  for  you  I  Will  you 
let  me  be  your  guide  1  "  is  his  highly  decorous  way 
of  proposing  marriage  to  a  young  lady  with  high- 
strung  emotions.  Respect  for  the  polite  utili- 
tarian who  has  condescended  to  share  his  life 
with  her,  in  spite  of  the  disparity  of  some 
twenty  years,  does  not  in  the  end  avail  to  keep 
Christina  in  the  path  of  duty.  She  is  charmed 
with  the  idea  that  marriage  is  the  beginning  of 
a  woman's  existence,  and  soon  betters  the 
instruction  she  receives  : — 

"  It  is  so  illogical  to  say  that  this  being  the  only 
life  we  are  sure  of,  and  there  being  no  absolute 
standard  of  right  and  wrong,  except  the  expediency 
of  the  social  state,  the  people  have  a  right  to 
freedom  and  happiness,  but  the  individual  person 
has  not." 

When  to  her,  thus  meditating,  there  enters  a 
divine  musician  with  an  inspired  face  which 
neutralizes  his  slight  deformity,  a  child  of  nature 
from  the  land  of  trolls  and  sky-scapes — one 
who  can  lighten  her  heart  with  "the  cheerful 
optimism  of  Corelli,"  and  flatter  by  adoring  her 
as  the  inspiring  genius  of  his  own  sonata. — it  is 
clear  that  there  is  nothing  to  bar  her  entrance 
on  that  primrose  path  that  always  ends  so  sadly. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  originality  in  the  way 
^  "hich  the  unconventional  wife  announces  in 
perso.  ^Q  |.j^g  unbelieving  husband  her  purpose 
^t  *^°i™'''''ting  adultery  ;  and  much  pathos  in 
the  Strang.       j^jjgj,  ^^  ^.j^^  ^^^^  meeting  of  these 

*'^^'-     1    r    *^ini?  of  the  hard  man  of  system 
his  dark  anu,  ^_,„  ,  _._    .,  „  , — ■   „  jfo  .,  „ 


in 
im 


,  .'      1    j^'onely  hours,  the  bracing  of  the 
pulsive,  out  n-.  unwomanly  affections  of  the 


repentant  wife  by  the  satisfaction  of  a  duty  ful- 
filled. Durv  a  digon  is  the  end  of  it,  or  is  meant 
to  be  ;  but  the  end  is  not  visibly  fulfilled  in  the 
tragic  catastrophe.  This  is  a  powerful  novel, 
and  in  dialogue  and  action  the  characters — like 
the  journalist  Hartly  Passover,  the  old  priest, 
and  others — bring  themselves  into  relief  after 
an  original  and  forcible  fashion. 


BOOKS   OF   TRAVEL. 


Off  the  Mill :  some  Occasional  Papers.  By 
G.  F.  Browne,  Bishop  of  Stepney.  (Smith, 
Elder  «&  Co.) — Most  of  the  occasional  papers 
put  together  in  this  volume  deal  with  the 
Alps  and  Swiss  holidays.  The  first  three 
carry  us  back  to  those  ancient  times  when 
ladies  climbed  in  crinolines,  when  pensions  at 
3h  francs  a  day  were  still  not  uncommon,  and 
wlien  initial  letters  were  as  frequent  in  Alpine 
literature  as  in  problems  of  Euclid.  Very 
simple  and  domestic  are  these  records  of  picnics 
in  the  Jura  and  ascents  of  snowy  summits. 
Tea  is  drunk  all  through  them,  and  it  seems  as 
much  in  keeping  with  the  gentle  flow  of  the 
narrative  as  does  the  Bouvier  so  often  men- 
tioned in  Mr.  Mummery's  '  Climbs  '  with  what 
is  styled  "  the  Alpine  book  of  the  season."  We 
find  ourselves  once  again  in  the  good  old 
days  when  an  innkeeper  at  Chamonix 
could  charge  70  francs  for  provisions  for  two 
travellers  for  Mont  Blanc,  when  the  Chamonix 
reglement  was  still  in  full  force,  and  the  only 
sign  of  the  approaching  revolt  was  the  demon 
Englishman  (since  better  known  as  a  provincial 
mayor)  who  was  seen  by  astonished  guides 
stalking  alone  to  the  summit  of  Mont  Blanc. 
When  we  meet  him  in  these  pages  we  recognize 
Mr.  Mummery's  spiritual  progenitor.  The 
chapters  that  mainly  give  this  volume  a  claim  to 
existence  are  the  two  relating  to  the  history  of 
the  Engadine.  This  branch  of  research  has 
not  been  suificiently  worked  in  our  country, 
though  in  Mr.  Coolidge  we  have  one  of  the 
most  learned  authorities  on  it.  Our  author 
is  full  of  curious  information.  He  proves,  at 
least  to  our  thinking,  that  the  true  derivation 
of  Pontresina  is  from  Ad  Pontem  Rhseticum 
through  the  form  Pont  Raschin.  W^e  seem  to 
come  near  it  in  Via  Rasica,  the  name  of  the 
street  at  Tirano  leading  to  the  Bernina  Pass. 
Pons  Saracenus  must  be  set  down  as  one  of 
the  ingenious  perversions  of  medifeval  scribe.s. 
The  corruption  of  the  manners  of  the  Engadine 
is  not,  it  seems,  wholly  due  to  the  bathers  of 
St.  Moritz  or  to  the  Alpine  Club:  "The  first 
mention  we  find  of  an  Engadine  family  is  due 
to  dishonesty."  In  May,  1244,  the  Bishop  of  1 
Coire  had  to  dismiss  from  office  Tobias  of  Pon- 
tresina for  some  misdemeanour.  Three  hundred 
years  later  Sebastian  Miinster,  Professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Basel,  called  the  Engadiners  gens 
rapax  etfurtis  dedita,  or  in  the  German  edition, 
"greater  thieves  than  the  gipsies."  Miinster 
prudently  died  before  the  aggrieved  Engadiners 
had  time  to  bring  an  action  for  libel  against 
him,  but  his  townsmen  apologized  handsomely. 
Interesting  also  is  the  evidence  adduced  for  the 
probable  existence  of  lakes  now  vanished  below 
St.  Moritz,  and  their  effect  on  the  lines  of  local 
traffic.  In  another  chapter  the  Bishop  of  Stepney 
returns  to  the  "ice  caves,"  those  curious  freaks 
of  nature  on  which  he  once  published  a  volume 
of  some  scientific  interest. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt's  Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys 
(Sonnenschein  &  Co.)  is  a  mixture  of  senti- 
ment and  science. 

"A  priceless  gem  of  natural  beauty,  set  in 
emerald  verdure  of  rarest  greenery,  surrounded  by 
snowwhite  wreaths  of  exquisite  purity,  is  Cour- 
mayeur— the  larger  heart.  It  is  a  quaint,  beautiful 
old  village,  a  haven  of  peace  and  rest  with  its 
strange  old  houses  and  grand  hotels,"  &c. 
The  style,  it  will  be  seen,  is  not  unlike  that  of  a 
schoolgirl's  letter,  and  the  etymology,  we  need 
hardly  say,  is  entirely  fanciful.  With  pages  of 
description  of  this  class  are  mingled  other  pages 
which   abound   in   detailed  accounts  of    "the 


abdomen  of  a  male  Apollo "  and  suchlike 
matters,  more  suitable,  perhaps,  for  a  technical 
magazine  than  a  popular  volume.  Mr.  Tutt 
has,  however,  one  main  qualification  of  a 
traveller  :  he  is  not  immersed  in  his  specialism. 
He  has  eyes  for  things  great  as  well  as  small, 
for  the  structure  of  mountains  and  glaciers  as 
well  as  of  flowers  and  butterflies.  The  young 
reader  with  a  taste  for  natural  history  may 
well  put  up  with  a  good  deal  of  mild  moralizing 
and  fine  writing  for  the  sake  of  the  curious 
information  scattered  up  and  down  the  volume. 
Mr.  Tutt  is  the  reverse  of  the  modern  tourist, 
who  either  hurries  by  or  carries  his  "shop" 
with  him,  and  wastes  his  holiday  in  a  congress. 
He  himself  has  appreciated,  and  he  may  help 
others  to  appreciate,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
districts  in  the  Alps. 

Russian  Rambles.  By  Isabel  F.  Hapgood. 
(Longmans  &  Co.)— There  is  a  delightful,  un- 
sophisticated air  of  self-consciousness  about 
'Russian  Rambles,'  which  has  been  written  by 
an  American  lady  who  knows  Russian  and  who 
takes  herself  very  seriously.  The  book  is  a  sort 
of  protest  against  the  barbaric  theory  of  Russian 
life.  The  author  seems  to  have  been  surprised 
to  find  that  Russia  is  a  country  in  which  life 
is  not  intolerable,  but  in  many  respects  more 
agreeable  than  in  up-to-date  New  York,  and  so 
she  chivalrously  takes  up  the  cudgels  for  this 
much  maligned  land.  Her  experiences  would 
have  been  more  entertaining  to  read  had  the 
author  not  possessed  the  fatal  gift  of  humour. 
American  humour  and  a  somewhat  discursive 
style  are  fatiguing.  But  she  is  a  keen  observer, 
and  has  managed  to  view  things  as  they  are, 
albeit  through  rose-coloured  spectacles.  We 
should  not  recommend  anybody  intending  to 
travel  in  the  land  of  the  Tsar  to  take  her  disre- 
spectful treatment  of  her  passport  too  literally. 
There  is,  however,  much  that  is  very  true  and 
interesting  in  these  rambles,  which  give  the 
general  reader  a  fairly  accurate  photographic 
picture  of  the  prosaic  daily  life  of  Russia.  The 
book  is  too  trivial  to  deserve  the  elaborate  index 
with  which  it  is  furnished  ;  it  is  nevertheless 
well  worth  reading,  and  contains  many  valuable 
hints  for  the  tourist.  There  is  too  much  about 
Count  Tolstoy  and  the  author's  arguments  with 
him,  in  which,  of  course,  she  always  came  off 
victorious  ;  but  there  are  capital  chapters  on 
St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  Blieff,  and  the  Volga, 
including  the  fair  of  Nijni  Novgorod.  Miss  Hap- 
good has  an  eye  for  the  homely  things  of  life, 
which  often  escape  the  ordinary  traveller,  and 
is  thus  able  to  present  vividly  the  every-day 
circumstances  of  the  humdrum  workaday  world 
of  Russia.  She  has  done  this  pleasantly  and 
brightly. 

Mr.  C.  B.  Luffmann  took  it  into  his  head  to 
walk  through  Spain  in  July  and  August  in  the 
guise  of  a  tramp.     He  received  much  kindness 
and  hospitality  on  his  journey  ;  but  he  naturally 
suffered  from  heat  and  dust  and  vermin,  nor 
does   he   seem   to   have   gained  much  by  thus 
voluntarily  exposing  himself  to  hardships.     At 
any  rate,  it  would  require  greater  literary  skill 
than  Mr.  Luffmann  possesses  to  make  the  narra- 
tive of  such  a  journey  interesting,  and  A  Vaga- 
bond in  Spain  (Murray)  is  rather  dry  reading, 
comparing  but  ill  with  such  a  book  as  '  Travels 
with  a  Donkey  in  the  Cevenncs  '  or  the  immortal 
work  of  Borrow.     The  best  thing  in  the  volume 
is  the  account  of  the  cave  of  Montesinos.     Mr. 
Luffmann  appears  to  have  known  something  of 
Spanish,  but  the  number  of  mistakes  to  be  found 
in  his  pages  is  so  great  that  the  proofs  have  too 
evidently   been   carelessly  corrected.      Indeed, 
some  of  the  errors  (like  "  batane  "  iorbatan,  and 
"todos  elmundo")  must  be   the  author's,  and 
can  hardly  be  put  down  to  the  printer.     The 
oddest  blunder  seems  to  have  been  that  of  the 
British  Consul  who  furnished  Mr.  Luffmann  with 
a  recommendation,  as  he  appears  to  have  assumed 
the  prerogative  of  the  Crown  and  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility made  Lord  Rosebery  a  marquis. 


128 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


The  title  of  M.  Conte's  volume,  Espagne  et 
Provence  (Paris,  Calmanii  Le'vy),  is  rather  a 
misnomer.  M.  Conte  begins  his  volume  with 
a  few  notes  on  Provence  ;  about  Spain  there 
are  not  ten  pages,  most  of  them  devoted  to 
Barcelona  :  the  real  subject  of  the  book  is  the 
Balearic  Islands.  M.  Conte  has  not  much  to 
say,  but  he  possesses  the  art  of  saying  that 
little  well. 


FRENCH   LITERATURE. 


Had  the  late  Mr.  O'Shaughnessy  lived  he 
might  not  improbably  have  produced  something 
like  Mr.  W.  J.  Robertson's^  Century  of  French 
Verse  (Innes);  and  even  as  it  is  his  are  the  only 
translations  of  recent  French  poetry  in  quantity 
which  excel  Mr.  Robertson's  in  merit.  The 
subjects  extend  from  Andr^  Ch^nier  to  M.  Jean 
Moreas  ;  and  Mr.  Robertson,  whose  volume  is 
not  a  small  one  and  is  very  handsomely  printed, 
has  interspersed  a  considerable  amount  of  bio- 
graphical and  critical  matter  in  the  way  of  intro- 
duction and  illustration  to  each  poet  selected. 
But  the  translations  are  the  principal  thing, 
and  they  are  executed  in  a  style  by  no  means 
vulgar.  The  most  serious  criticism  we  have  to 
make  on  them  (it  would  be  obviously  rather 
futile  to  enter  into  detail)  is  that  the  French 
characteristic  has  almost  entirely  disappeared 
with  the  language,  and  that  to  some  extent  this 
charge  may  be  extended  to  the  characteristics  of 
the  different  poets  themselves.  Mr.  Robertson's 
verse  is  for  the  most  part  really  good  verse, 
though  he  is  rather  free  in  his  vocabulary,  coin- 
ing words  like  "braiden,"  "penumber,"  and 
so  forth,  and  sometimes  letting  rhymes  like 
"  erases  "  and  "  faces  "  stand  in  the  place  where 
they  should  not.  He  cleaves  to  the  sense  with 
remarkable  fidelity  at  times,  and  with  a  decent 
constancy  always.  But  his  book  reads,  on  the 
whole,  rather  like  a  volume  on  surprisingly 
various  themes  by  a  single  English  poet  than 
like  a  true  anthology.  Only  in  poets  like 
Leconte  de  Lisle,  and  perhaps  Baudelaire, 
where  the  whole  cast  of  thought  is  too  cha- 
racteristic ever  to  "evaporate  in  decanting," 
does  one  seem  to  recognize  the  original.  As  a 
rule,  LamarLine  and  Hugo,  Banville  and  Gla- 
tigny,  of  whom  in  French  hardly  a  line  could  be 
mistaken,  seem  to  use  a  sort  of  common  lan- 
guage. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Tarver,  in  the  preface  to  his  Life 
and  Letters  ofGnstave  Z'YaKfeerf  (Constable  &  Co.), 
says  that  he  first  became  interested  in  his 
author  from  the  letters  rather  than  from  the 
works.  We  shall  not  add  the  words  of  Wander- 
ing Willie,  "  whilk  was  the  waur  preparation  "; 
but  we  think  the  truth  of  the  statement  is 
pretty  obvious.  Neither  the  analyses  nor  the 
criticisms  of  the  novels  which  Mr.  Tarver 
supplies  are  the  happiest  part  of  his  book, 
and  he  might  have  done  more  wisely  to 
confine  himself,  as  he  tells  his  readers  was 
his  original  intention,  to  the  letters  only.  The 
volume,  however,  is  one  which  in  no  way 
deserves  harsh  treatment.  Considering  the 
great  demand  which  there  seems  to  be  now  for 
translations  of  French  books,  especially  of  a  bio- 
graphical kind,  it  is  rather  surprising  that  this 
extremely  interesting  correspondence  has  not 
been  Englished  before.  Probably  the  volume 
of  it  and  the  occasional  vigour  of  Flaubert's 
language  stood  in  the  way.  Mr.  Tarver's 
selection  avoids  both  difficulties  at  the  cost 
of  a  little,  but  not  too  much,  of  the  interest. 
But  the  matter  above  referred  to  would 
have  been  better  replaced  with  more  letters. 
In  the  preface  Mr.  Tarver  complains  of  the 
untranslatableness  of  bourgeois  and  bete.  The 
latter  is,  indeed,  something  of  a  crux,  and  we 
do  not  think  Mr.  Tarver's  "inane  "  (which  he 
thmks  comes  nearest)  even  so  good  as  stupid. 
But  bourgeois,  at  least  in  Flaubert's  mouth,  is 
so  nearly  equivalent  to  "  Philistine  "  that  there 
IS  not  much  need  to  look  further  for  an  English 
representative. 


Nothing  has  been  more  noteworthy  in  M. 
Jusserand's  conduct  of  the  series  of  "Les  Grands 
Ecriyains  Franfais"  (Hachette  &  Co.)  than  the 
felicity  of  his  selection  of  writers  to  treat  the 
various  subjects  ;  and  his  hand  has  been  happy 
again  in  choosing  M.  Bardoux  for  Guizot.  The 
biographer's  numerous  studies  in  that  peculiar 
society  of  the  late  Revolution  and  the  Empire 
amidst  which  Guizot  grew  up,  and  which  deter- 
mined to  a  great  extent  both  his  literary  and  his 
political  tone,  did  not  more  fit  M.  Bardoux  for 
the  task  than  his  evident  sympathy  with  his 
subject  in  other  ways.  Perhaps  sympathy  with 
Guizot  from  any  side  has  not  been  extremely 
common  of  late  years,  and  it  was  time  to  do  him 
justice.  That  M.  Bardoux  has  done  him  no 
more  than  justice  we  shall  not  aflirm.  In 
purely  literary  matters  he  is  fair  enough,  admit- 
ting that  Guizot  was  an  orator  first  of  all,  and 
that  in  literature  proper  his  grasp,  range, 
stimulating  power,  were  above  his  thought  and 
his  expression.  He  slips  over  the  excessively 
awkward  matter  of  the  Spanish  marriages,  with- 
out, indeed,  saying  anything  that  is  not  true, 
but  with  such  large  omissions  of  what  is  true 
that  the  unwary  will,  we  fear,  be  woefully 
deceived.  And  though  this  is  the  only  important 
suppressio  veri  with  which  he  can  be  charged, 
thoroughly  cool  judges  will,  perhaps,  think  that 
he  has  allowed  Guizot's  strangely  attractive 
career  (which  only  needed  an  earlier  death  to 
make  it  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  century), 
his  moral  worth  in  private,  his  family  affections 
and  misfortunes,  his  industry,  dignity,  and  so 
forth,  a  little  to  obscure  the  fundamental  truth 
that  he  was  altogether  the  wrong  man  in  the 
wrong  place — a  changeling  from  the  lecture-room 
foisted  into  the  council  chamber.  Not,  indeed, 
that  M.  Bardoux  ignores  the  fallacy  as  well  as 
the  failure  of  Guizot's  attempt  to  place  all  power 
in  the  middle  classes.  Indeed,  with  the  slight 
exceptions  named,  he  is  everywhere  informing 
as  well  as  interesting  ;  he  has  planned  and 
adjusted  his  treatment  of  a  large  subject  very 
well  in  a  small  space,  and  he  has  written,  as  he 
generally  does,  in  a  style  of  equal  merit  and 
attraction. 

__  It  would  have  been  a  pity  if  M.  Scherer's 
Etudes  sur  la  Littcrature  contempor-aine  (Paris, 
Calmann  Levy),  the  tenth  and  concluding  volume 
of  which,  with  a  general  table  of  contents  to  the 
whole,  has  just  been  published,  had  remained 
unfinished.  For  though  his  criticism,  even  at 
its  best,  was  by  no  means  faultless,  and  though 
very  considerable  allowances  had  occasionally  to 
be  made  for  prejudice,  it  was  certainly,  when 
at  its  best,  not  inferior  to  that  of  any  of  his 
contemporaries  in  information  and  acuteness, 
and  was  superior  to  most  of  them  in  vigour  and 
logical  force.  This  volume,  like  its  predecessors, 
is  made  up  of  matter  composed  some  of  it 
quite  recently,  some  of  it  very  far  back  ;  but 
the  greater  part  dates,  of  course,  from  the  last 
years  of  M.  Scherer's  life.  It  was  no  secret 
(his  friend  and  biographer  M.  Greard  admits  it 
very  freely)  that  his  estimates  did  not  become 
milder  or  mellower  in  these  years;  and  perhajis 
Englishmen  who  fell  under  his  lash  for  what 
he  thought  presumption  in  their  judgments 
of  things  French  may  be  consoled  by  remem- 
bering that  they  shared  the  condemnation  with 
Goethe  and  Heine.  But  severity  was  at  no 
time  absent  from  M.  Scherer's  judgments,  and 
acumen  was  nearly  at  all  times  present  in  them. 
If  we  find,  for  instance,  here  that  the  Hugo  of 
the  '  L^gende  des  Siecles  '  produces  "  un  effet 
qui  voudrait  etre  terrible  et  qui  n'est  que 
burlesque,"  we  shall  find,  written  as  far  back 
as  18GG,  a  critique  of  M.  Renan's  '  Les  Ai)6tres,' 
which  sets  out  the  attractions  and  the  dangers 
of  that  author's  method  with  an  impartiality 
which  no  orthodox  writer  could  claim,  and 
with  a  convincingness  which  no  writer,  orthodox 
or  unorthodox,  could  excel.  And  if  we  find 
in  'Le  Moyen  Age  et  la  Theocratic'  that  M. 
Scherer,  as  we  should  expect,  was  too  tho- 
roughly out  of  sympathy  with  mcdi;eval  thought 


to  judge  it  fairly,  or  that  Herr  Janssen  "  is  not 
an  historian "  because  he  does  not  take  the 
same  view  of  history  as  M.  Scherer,  we  shall 
find  in  the  article  on  the  Due  d'Aumale's 
'Condd'  an  excellent  exposition,  in  that  on 
Green's  '  Short  History  '  much  good  knowledge 
and  shrewd  judgment,  in  that  on  M.  Rod's 
'  Sens  de  la  Vie  '  a  result  of  sympathy  which 
is  as  near  enthusiasm  as  M.  Scherer  often  went, 
and  almost  everywhere  proofs  of  wide  reading, 
connected  thought,  and  masculine  intelligence. 

The  hero  of  M.  Jean  Cruppi's  Lingttet : 
tin  Avocat  Journaliste  au  XVIlIeme  Siecle 
(Hachette)  is  probably  best  known  to  most 
people  by  his  appearance  in  the  collections  of 
memoirs  relating  to  the  Bastille,  and  M.  Cruppi 
is  no  doubt  right  in  hinting  that  even  those 
who  know  something  more  of  him  do  not  know 
very  much  more.  It  will  not  be  his  fault,  how- 
ever, if — especially  supposing  that  this  book, 
which  stops  at  Linguet's  disbarment,  is  com- 
pleted— anybody  is  ignorant  hereafter.  Linguet 
was  one  of  those  Mother  Carey's  chickens  who 
are  the  harbingers  of  civil  jars,  though  their 
intention  is  usually  of  a  private  rather  than  a 
public  kind.  In  his  participation  in  the  La 
Barre  affair,  in  his  dealings  with  the  Duke 
d'Aiguillon,  and  above  all  in  the  affair  of  the 
disbarring,  he  showed  himself  a  kind  of  French 
Prynne  or  Lilburne,  with,  of  course,  the  very 
numerous  and  very  necessary  mutanda  duly 
subjected  to  mutation.  Of  all  this  M.  Cruppi 
gives  an  account  which  is  decidedly  interesting, 
and  must  rest  upon  a  great  deal  of  patient  in- 
vestigation of  obscure  books  and  documents.  It 
is  also  lively  enough  in  style,  though  a  severe 
judge  may,  perhaps,  say  that  the  liveliness  is 
obtained  at  the  cost  of  a  rather  non-natural 
manner  and  of  some  loss  of  clear,  straightforward 
presentation. 

M.  Gustave  Larroumet  is  never  to  be 
neglected,  and  his  third  series  of  iJtudes  de 
Litteratnre  et  d'Art  (Hachette)  is  no  more 
negligible  than  its  predecessors.  Perhaps  the 
most  interesting  chapter  is  '  Chez  Victor  Hugo,' 
an  account  of  that  famous  mansion,  rather 
piratically  called  Hauteville  House,  which  is  a 
good  deal  more  accurate  than  some  others.  Ths 
rest  range  from  Palissy  and  Watteau  to  M. 
Anatole  France  and  M.  Marcel  Pre'vost  in  point 
of  subject.  In  point  of  treatment  they  all  offer 
the  same  characteristics,  and  these  are  dis- 
tinctly valuable  ones.  We  shall  not  say  that  M. 
Larroumet  is  free  from  that  amiable  tendency 
to  say,  "  Well  done,  our  side  !  "  which  some 
equally  amiable  persons  seem  to  think  they  have 
discovered  as  a  new  British  vice,  and  which  is 
in  truth  as  old  as  literature,  and  rather  eminently 
characteristic  of  French  critics.  But  it  is  always 
tempered  in  him  by  a  wide  knowledge  both  of 
literature  and  of  art,  and  by  a  sound  critical 
conscience  which  seldom  fails  to  pull  his  sleeve 
at  the  necessary  moments.  From  some  con- 
siderable experience,  we  can  say  that  if  a  man 
is  studying  a  subject,  and  omits  to  consult  M. 
Larroumet's  handling  thereof,  he  will  probably 
miss  some  valuable  information,  and  certainly 
miss  a  point  of  view  which  deserves  to  be  taken 
into  account.  And  we  have  not  so  many  critics 
of  whom  as  much  can  be  said. 

"The  prettiest  girl  in  France,"  as  her  ador- 
ing mother  used  to  call  Madame  de  Grignan, 
has  paid  for  that  adoration  the  usual  penalty  of 
spoilt  children,  having  been  generally  disliked 
by  her  mother's  best  friends.  Even  in  M.  Paul 
Janet,  whose  Lettres  de  Aladame  de  Grignan 
(the  fruit  of  a  holiday  re-reading  of  Madame  de 
S^vign^)  have  just  been  issued  by  M.  L^vy,  she 
has  not  found  a  quite  thoroughgoing  champion. 
He  has  rather  set  himself  to  disengage  her 
utterances  from  the  correspondence,  and  r^* 
them  together  in  a  pleasant  setting  of  cay^**^* 
than  to  any  task  of  rehabilitation  ;  and  v"  *^'""0*' 
he  has  chosen  the  better  part,  th-rS".  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  no  one  can  ever  dr  ""';  ^P^^  o* 
thing  without  taking  a  side.  T*^,-  ff„„  f.  "''^^ 
Madame  de  Grignan  was  rath^  ^  distmguished 


N»  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


129 


than  a  delightful  person.  To  judge  from  the 
portraits,  even  her  beauty,  though  more  regular 
than  her  mother's,  must  have  had  infinitely  less 
charm  ;  it  is  impossible  to  clear  her  from  the 
charge  of  heartless  and  insolent  selfishness  ;  and 
she  was  deeply  tainted  with  a  fault  of  the  French 
aristocracy  which  has  borne  less  of  the  blame 
of  the  Revolution  than  it  deserves — the  fault  of 
incurring,  with  a  perfectly  Roman  recklessness, 
debts  which  could  only  be  paid  by  burdening 
the  nation  generally.  But  she  was  clever,  she 
had  a  strong  will,  she  played  her  part  of  great 
lady  with  distinction,  and  she  "gave  herself  the 
trouble  to  be  born  "  of  an  altogether  fascinating 
mother.  All  which  advantages  the  veteran 
philosopher  has  disposed  to  the  best  advantage 
in  this  pleasant  book. 

M.  Philippe  Gille's  Les  Mcrcredis  d\m 
Critique  (Paris,  Calmann  L^vy)  is  perhaps  the 
most  forcibly  formulated  challenge,  on  a  question 
which  may  be  fairly  said  to  be  one  of  the  day, 
that  we  have  yet  seen.  It  is  simply  a  collection 
of  very  brief  newspaper  articles  flung  into  a  book 
with  so  little  care  that  M.  Paul  Stapfer,  who 
should  be  fairly  well  known,  appears  throughout 
the  article  on  him  as  "Staffer."  The  articles, 
or  (for  they  hardly  have  even  the  dignity  of 
articles)  the  critical  notes,  are  very  fair  of  their 
kind.  But  they  have  absolutely  no  independent 
livableness  ;  much  of  them  is  mere  quotation 
of  the  kind  that  a  man  marks  in  a  newspaper 
office  with  a  blue  pencil  on  the  book  given  to 
him,  ties  together  with  a  few  hasty  observations, 
and  puts  in  the  copy  basket.  Now  the  question 
is,  "Is  this  literature?"  We  are  inclined  to 
answer,  "No." 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  second  volume   of  the   series    "Public 
Men   of   To-day,"   edited   by  Mr.    Jeyes — that 
which  follows  Mr.  Stephen  Wheeler's  interesting 
volume  on   the  Ameer- — is  Li   Uungchaiig,   by 
Prof.    Robert    K.    Douglas    (Bliss,    Sands    & 
Foster).     We  had  our  doubts  when  the  series 
was   first   announced   as    to   the   possibility   of 
making  up  lives  of  such  men  as   the  two  who 
have  been  the  subjects  of  these  first  two  ventures ; 
but  we  frankly  admit  that  Mr.  Jeyes  and  those 
who  write  for  him  have  done  as  much  as  was 
possible  in  the  nature  of  things  to  overcome  the 
difficulties.     The  life  of  Li  Hungchang  is  not  by 
any  means  an  apology  for  that  official.     Written 
apparently  without  communication  with  him  or 
his  immediate  friends,  it  states  the  facts  of  his 
life  as  they  may  be  gathered   from  our  Blue- 
books  and  from  the  opinions  of  the  Europeans 
who  have  served  China  or  lived  in  the  Treaty 
ports ;    but  Prof.  Douglas   has  evidently  tried 
hard   to   obtain   an   impartial  view  upon   facts 
drawn  entirely  from  one  side,  and  seems  to  us 
to  present  a  fair  picture  of,  for  example,  the 
disputes  between  Gordon  and  Li  Hungchang — 
disputes  which  marked  the  whole  career  of  the 
Ever  Victorious  Army.     The  only  fault  which 
it  would  occur  to  us  to  find  with  Prof.  Douglas 
is  that  he  brings  his  hero  to  the  front  a  little 
soon,  and  makes  him  figure  as   the  chief  man 
of  China  at  a  time  when  that  position  was  occu- 
pied by  a  considerable  statesman  in  the  person 
of  Prince  Kung.     The  most  noteworthy  events 
in  the  time  which  is  covered  by  the  career  of 
Li  Hungchang  are  the  building  up  of  the  fabric 
of   the  empire  under   Prince  Kung   (and   ulti- 
mately Sir  Robert  Hart),  with  the  enlightened 
assistance  of   Mr.   Anson   Burlingame  and   Sir 
Frederick  Bruce  ;  and  the  action  of  Li,  who  has 
been  all  his  life,  nominally  at  least,  an  official 
of  provinces,  not  residing  at  Pekin,   has  been 
rather  an  abnormal  than  a  normal  feature  of  the 
later  development  of  the  Chinese  empire.     It 
was  no  doubt  natural  that  Prof.  Douglas  should 
pass  somewhat  lightly  over  the  collapse  of  Li 
Hungchang's   military  system  under  the  stress 
of  the  Japanese  attack.     We  have  noticed  only 
one  slight  error.     Prof.  Douglas  says  that  when 
a  Russian  negotiator  came  to  London  to  discuss 


the  Khiva  question  it  was  with  some  difficulty 
that  the  then  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs  could  find  the  district  in  dispute  on  the 
Foreign  Office  maps.  We  imagine  that  the 
reference  is  to  the  district  on  the  Upper  Oxus 
in  dispute  between  the  Afghans  and  the  other 
Khanates — not  Khiva. 

Two  books  reach  us  together  from  Messrs. 
Philip  &  Son,  one  of  which  is  by  Mr.  A.  Alex- 
ander, and  one  by  Mr.  E.  Alexander,  both,  we 
believe,  of  Liverpool.  Themore  important  work  is 
entitled  Nav  Games  and  Sports,  and  is  a  useful 
illustrated  volume  by  the  former  gentleman, 
with  an  introductory  letter  by  Lord  Charles 
Beresford,  to  whom  the  book  is  dedicated.  The 
games  described  are  almost  entirely  new,  and 
seem  excellently  thought  out.  The  other  volume, 
by  Mr.  E.  Alexander,  contains  musical  Flag 
Exercises  for  children. 

Some  of  our  readers  may  have  seen  in  recent 
years   the   remarkable  display   of  wreaths,   not 
witnessed  until  1893,  since  the  statue  was  put 
up  or  re-erected,  round  the  Charles  I.   monu- 
ment   at    Charing    Cross.      There   reaches    us 
from  Messrs.  Henry  &  Co.  a  beautifully  printed 
second  issue  of  The  Legitimist   Kalendar    (for 
1895),  edited  by  the  Marquis  de  Ruvigny.     We 
do  not   have  to  go  far  to  find    its   principles. 
Before   the   title-page   is   a   pretty   portrait   of 
"The  King  and  Queen  of  Spain,  France,  and 
Navarre,"  but  the  likenesses    are  not    of    the 
young  King  and  of  the  Queen  of  Spain,  nor  of 
any  of  the  better-known  persons  who  wish  to  be 
King  of  France  or  of  the  French,  or  Emperor 
of  the  French.      The  gentleman  and  lady  are 
those  commonly  known  as  Don  Carlos  and  his 
wife.     The  '  Kalendar  '  is  not  quite  consistent, 
for  under  1891  it  speaks  of  a  Bill   to   remove 
religious  disabilities,  excepting  those  attached 
to  "the  Royal  family";  but  we  fear   that  the 
royal  family  alluded  to  in  the  Bill  is  that   of 
Queen  Victoria,  and  '  The  Legitimist  Kalendar  ' 
hardly   treats   those    who   form   it   as  royal  at 
all,  except  by  their  connexion  with  the  Crown 
of  Hanover,  of  which,  of  course,  it  treats  the 
Queen's   cousin   as   the   legitimate   king.     The 
'Kalendar'  notes  under  "30  January,   1892," 
that   an   atteuipt   to    lay   a    wreath    from    the 
Jacobite  League  before  the  statue  of  Charles  I. 
at  Charing  Cross  was  "stopped  by  the  police." 
It    appears     that    at    the    end    of     1892    the 
League    applied     for    leave    to    decorate     the 
statue,    and    that    in    January,    1893,    "after 
much  correspondence,  the  Government  refused 
the  required  permission."     This    refusal  was, 
of  course,  the  refusal  of  Mr.   Gladstone.      On 
January  30th,   1893,   the  Jacobite  League  did 
decorate  the  statue  with  wreaths,  "  the  Govern- 
ment having  given  way  at  the  last  moment." 
We   wonder  whether  Mr.    Gladstone  called    a 
Cabinet  upon  the  question,  and  what  were  the 
views  expressed  by  the  various  members.     The 
list  of  the  "Christian  rulers  of  the  world  "  "  de 
jure  "  is  most  curious.     In  many  cases  the  kings 
given  have  now  no  actual  connexion  with  the 
countries  which  they  are  set  down  as  ruling  ; 
but   they   are   generally  kings    in    some   other 
places.     The  tables  of  descents  are  interesting, 
and  there  are  a  few  odds  and  ends  of  Jacobite 
history  which  are  not  uninstructive.     It  is  just 
possible  that  the  volume  may  one  day  obtain  a 
success  of  curiosity,  and  be  sought  after  by  col- 
lectors of  odd    books.     The    pages   which   are 
devoted    to    the    "Royal   House   of   England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,"  of  course,  do  not  con- 
tain the  names  familiar  to  us  ;    but  we  have  a 
Princess  Royal  Adelgonda,  of  whom  we  confess 
that  we  had  never  heard,  but  who  appears  to  be 
a  blooming  lady  of  twenty-five.      One   "King 
Francis  "  died  in  1875,  "  when  he  was  succeeded 
in  his  claims  by  his  niece,  her  present  gracious 
majesty,"  alas  I  not  Queen  Victoria. 

Mr.  Coghlan,  the  Government  Statistician 
of  New  South  Wales,  is  responsible  for  A  Sta- 
tistical Survey  of  Neic  South  Wales,  1893-4, 
which  is  a  substitute  for  a  previous  work,  '  The 


Wealth  and  Progress  of  New  South  Wales.' 
The  reason  why  the  full  work  has  not  this  year 
been  published  is  because  great  changes  are 
proposed  by  legislation  in  the  land  system  and 
the  local  government  system  of  the  country.  It 
is  thought  well  to  wait  before  again  entering 
upon  the  production  of  the  larger  volume.  Mr. 
Coghlan's  work  is  always  to  be  trusted. 

There  reaches  us  at  the  same  time  an  illus- 
trated Blue-book  containing  the  report  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Works  of  the  colony, 
published,  like  the  other  volume,  by  the  Govern- 
ment Printer  at  Sydney.  The  illustrations  give 
incidentally  a  good  notion  not  only  of  the 
engineering  power  of  the  colony,  but  oi  its 
scenery.  Both  the  public  buildings  and  the 
irrigation  works  strike  one  as  being  on  too  costly 
a  scale  to  be  compatible  with  the  financial  restric- 
tions of  the  budget  of  New  South  Wales. 

Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  copy  of 
the  small-paper  edition  of  Moll  Flanders,  which 
forms  vols.  vii.  and  viii.  of  Mr.  Aitken's  admirable 
reprint  of  Defoe's  "  Romances  and  Narratives." 
Mr.  Aitken  has  prefixed  an  excellent  intro- 
duction ;  but  perhaps  he  has  hardly  dwelt 
sufficiently  on  the  chief  defect  of  '  Moll 
Flanders,'  the  fact  that,  although  professedly 
a  story  of  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, it  is  really  a  picture  of  life  in  England 
after  the  Revolution. — Messrs.  A.  Constable  & 
Co.  send  us  B.ob  Roy  and  The  Black  Dwarf,  tlte 
latest  additions  to  their  charming  reprint  of  the 
author's  edition  of  the  "  Waverley  Novels." 

The  most  noticeable  of  the  literary  contribu- 
tions to  the  new  volume  of  the  Yelloiv  Booh  (Lane) 
are  Mr.  Theodore  Watts's  verses  and  Mr.  James's 
story.  There  are  also  some  pretty  lines  by  Mrs. 
Radford.  George  Egerton's  tale  is  not  of  much 
value,  nor  is  it  possible  to  praise  that  of  Mr. 
Miner  Thomson  nor  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  '  Prose 
Fancies.'  Mr.  Strang  and  Mr.  G.  Thom- 
son have  contributed  some  striking  illustra- 
tions. 

We  have  on  our  table  two  annuals,  the  receipt 
of  which  we  should  have  acknowledged  sooner — 
Mr.  Symons's  excellent  chronicle  of  the  British 
rainfall  for  1893,  The  Distribution  of  Bain  over 
the  British  Isles  (Stanford),  and  the  Mining 
Manual  of  Mr.  Skinner,  which  is  now  becoming 
an  important  work. — Mr.  Stanford  has  also  sent 
us  the  excellent  Handbook  of  Jamaica  of  Mf, 
Musson  and  Mr.  Roxburgh,  to  which  Mr. 
Cundall  has  contributed  an  article  on  the  books 
relating  to  the  island  in  the  library  of  the  Institute 
of  Jamaica.  These  appear  to  include  no  Spanish 
works  !  —  Burdett's  Hospital  and  CJiarities 
Annual,  a  most  excellent  work  of  reference, 
has  been  forwarded  by  the  Scientific  Press. 

We  have  on  our  table  John  Stuart  Mill,  a 
Study  of  liis  Pldlosophy,  by  C.  Douglas  (Black- 
wood), —  Medueval  Europe,  814-1300,  by  E. 
Emerton  (Arnold), — Histonj  of  the  Church  of 
England,  by  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Cutts,  D.D.  (Long- 
mans),— Macanlay's  Essay  on  Addison,  edited 
by  C.  Sheldon  (Bluckie),  — Western  Australia 
and  its  Welfare,  by  A.  F.  Calvert  (Simpkin),— 
Among  the  Tibetans,  by  I.  L.  Bishop  (R.T.S.), 

—  The  German  Universities,  by  F.  Paulsea, 
Authorized  Translation  by  E.  D.  Perry  (Mac- 
millan),— r/ie  Troubadours  and  Courts  of  Love, 
by  J.  F.  Rowbotham  (Sonnenscheiii),— Po/;^(Zcw 
Sayings  Dissected,  by  A.  Wallace  (Fisher  Unwin), 

—  The  Aims  of  Literary  Study,  by  H.  Corson, 
LL.D.  (Ma.cmil\a.n),—Physiccd  Culture  for  Men, 
Women,  and  Children,  by  A.  E.  Tanner  (Simp- 
kin),— /boctrtJtsm,  by  Lord  Norton  (Rivington), 

—  The  Life  and  Adventures  of  a  P<?/iH;/(Skeffing- 
ton),— Saint  and  Devil,  by  J.  Mark  (Reeves),— 
'The  Humour  of  Ireland,  edited  by  D,  J. 
O'Donoghue  (Scott),— ^  Daughter  of  Judas, 
by  R.  H.  Savage  (Routlcdgc),  —  Medita- 
tions in  Motley,  by  W.  B.  Harte  (Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Arena  Publishing  Co.),—  When 
Dreams  Come  True,  by  E.  Saltus  (Trans- 
atlantic Publishing  Co.),— The  Mummer,  and 
other    Poems,    by    H.    Gaelyn    (Stock),  —  IVte 


130 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


Legend  of  Lohengrin,  and  other  Poems,  by  W. 
Foster  (Fisher  Unwin), — Lyrical  Poetry  from 
the  Bible,  edited  by  E.  Rhys  (Dent), — Poems, 
by  W.  Inglisfield  (Sonnenschein),  —  Glad 
Thoughts  of  Great  Minds,  by  J,  C.  de  Mej- 
(Dig by  «fc  Long), — Poems,  by  J.  A.  L.  Beasley, 
Vol.  II.  (Leicester,  Batty),  —  La  Volonte  dx. 
Bonheur,  by  J.  Case  (Paris,  Ollendorff), — 
Enfants  revoltes  et  Parents  coiipables,  by  G. 
Bon  jean  (Paris,  Colin), — The  Sanitary  Code  of 
the  Pentateuch,  by  the  Rev.  C.  G.  K.  Gillespie 
(R.T.S.), — Notes  and  Questions  on  the  Catholic 
Faith  and  Religion,  taken  from  the  Works  of 
Dr.  Pusey  (Innes),  —  and  Houj  to  Study  the 
English  Bible,  by  R.  B.  Girdlestone  (R.T.S.). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  The  Classic 
Myths  in  English  Literature,  edited  by  C.  M. 
Gayley  (Arnold), — An  Introduction  to  Physical 
Measurements,  by  Dr.  F.  Kohlrausch  (Churchill), 
— Things  New  and  Old,  by  H.  O.  Arnold-Forster, 
for  Standard  V.  (Cassell), — and  Homeward  : 
Songs  by  the  Way,  by  A.  E.  (Simpkin). 


LIST    OP    NEW    BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

neology. 

Gordon's  (A.  J.)  How  Christ  came  to  Church,  the  Pastor's 

Dream,  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Seeley's  (Sir  J.  E.)  Natural  Religion,  cr.  8vo.5/  cl.  (Eversley 
Series.) 

Law. 

Disney  (H.  W.)  and  Gundry's  (H.)  The  Criminal  Law,  a 

Sketch  of  its  Principles,  8vo.  7/t5  cl. 

Fine  Art. 

Dumas's  (A.)  The  Three  Musketeers,  translated  by  Robson, 

illustrated  by  Leloir,  £dition  de  Luxe,  2  vols.  42/  cl. 

Poetry. 

Foreman's  (S  )  The  City  of  the  Crimson  Walls,  and  other 

Poems,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Music. 
Bose's  (A.  S.)  Talks  with  Bandsmen,  a  Popular  Handbook 
for  Brass  Instrumentalists,  12mo.  2/6  swd. 
History  and  Biography, 
Chichester  (H.  M.)  and  Short's  (G.  B.)  The  Record  and 
Badges  of  Every  Regiment  and  Corps  in  the  British 
Army,  8vo.  16/  net. 
Lyon's  (W.)  Chronicles    of    Finchampstead,  in  Berkshire, 

4to.  1.5/  net. 
McCalmont's  (F.  H.)  The    Parliamentary  Poll-Book  of  all 

Elections  from  Reform  Act,  1832,  to  July,  1895,  7/6  cl. 
Pepys's  (Samuel)   Diary,  with   Lord    Braybrooke's  Notes, 
edited  by  H.  B.  Wheatley,  Vol.  6,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Phillpotts's  (Eden)  In  Sugar-Cane  Land,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 

Science. 
Baines  (R.)  and  others'  The  Climates  of  the  South  of  Eng- 
land, 8vo.  21/  net. 
Femie's  (W.  T.)  Herbal  Simples  approved  for  Modern  Uses 

of  Cure,  cr.  8vo.  5/  el. 
Lummis-Paterson's  (G.  W.)  The  Management  of  Dynamos, 

cr.  8vo.  .'5/6  cl. 
Schmidt's  (Dr.)  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Head  and  Neck, 

4to.  2/6  net,  bds. 
Tristram-Valentine's  (J.  T.)  London  Birds  and  Beasts,  3/G 

General  Literature. 
Alden's  (W.  L.)  Told  by  the  Colonel,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Bagehot's  (W.)  Lilerary  Studies,  edited  by  R.  H.  Hutton, 

3  vols.  cr.  8vo.  10,6  cl.    (Silver  Library.) 
Edgeworth's    (M.)    Ormond,    a    Tale,     illustrated     by    C. 

Schloesser,  cr.  8vo.  .'i/6  cl. 
Jocelyn's  (Mrs.  R.)  Run  to  Ground,  a  Sporting  Novel,  3/6  cl. 
Kingsley's  (H.)  \'alentinand  Number  Seventeen,  cr.  8vo..3/6 
Linton's  (E.  Lynn)  In  Haste  and  at  Leisure,  a  Novel,  6/  cl. 
Mathew's  (F.)  At  the  Rising  of  the  Moon,  cheap  edition,  2/ 
Nicholson's  (J.  L.)  'Twixt  Will  and  Will  Not,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Old  Hungarian   Fairy  Tales,    adapted   and  illustrated   by 

Baroness  E.  Orczy  and  M.  Barstow,  4to.  .3/6  cl. 
Oliphant's  (Mrs.)  The  Sorceress,  12mo.  2/  bds. 
Piatt's  (W.)  Women,  Love,  and  Life,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Sergeant's  (A.)  Out  of  Due  Season,  a  Mezzotint,  6/  cl. 
Waterton's  (D.)  Blossoms  from  Old  Trees,  roy.  16mo.  2/6  cl. 
Winter's  (J.  S  )  A  Magnificent  Young  Man,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

77ieology. 
Bousset  (W.):    Der  Antichrist  in    der    Uberlieferung  des 

Judentums,  4m.  40. 
Gothein  (E.) :  Ignatius  v.  Loyola  u.  die  Gegenreformation, 

1.5m. 
Titius  (A.) :  Die  neutestamentliche  Lehre  v.  der  Seligkeit, 
Part  1,  3m.  60. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Dauze  (P.)  :  Index  biblio-iconograpliique  de  I'Annee  1894, 
36fr. 

Music  and  the  Drama. 
Pierre  (C.) :    B.  Sarrette  et  Ics  Origines  du  Conservatoire 
National,  6fr. 

Philosophy. 
Duproix  (P.) :  Kant  et  Fichte  et  le  Problfeme  di;  I'liduca- 
tion,  7fr.  .50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Freson  (J.  O.) :  Fjords  et  Kjelds  de  NorvCge  et  de  Laponie, 

2fr. 
Savoie  ct  Haute  Savoie  medicale  et  pittoresque,  6fr. 

Philology, 
Aegyptische  Urkunden  aus  den  Muscen  zu  Berlin  -.  Qriech- 
ische  Urkunden,  Vol.  1,  Part  12,  2m.  40. 


General  Literature. 
Fischer  (K.)  :  Kleine  Schriften.  Vol.  3,  Im.  60. 
Grave  (J.)  :  La  Societe  future,  3fr.  50. 
Lanson  ((}.) :  Pages  choisies  de  H.  de  Balzac,  3fr.  50. 
Mael  (P.) :  Celles  qui  savent  aimer,  3fr.  iO. 


MR.   BLACKMOEE'S   '  FRINGILLA.' 

Vigo  Street,  July  22,  1895. 

Your  reviewer  makes  a  charge  that  astonishes 
me  not  a  little.  He  says:  "Some  of  our  con- 
temporaries appear  to  have  been  privileged 
to  get  a  glance  at  Mr.  Blackmore's  volume  of 
poems  before  it  was  issued  to  the  press  at 
large." 

Permit  me  to  say  at  once,  as  emphatically  as 
I  can,  that  it  is  not  my  habit — and  never  has 
been — to  favour  any  particular  journal.  Review 
copies  have  always  been  sent  out  the  same  day. 
I  have  not  the  smallest  doubt  that  the  writer  in 
the  Qneeu,  got  his  or  her  information  from  the 
columns  of  the  Athencpuin  {vide  March  9th, 
1895) ;  certainly  it  did  not  come  from  Vigo 
Street. 

The  review  begins  with  one  misstatement  and 
ends  with  another.     Allow  me  to  point  out  that 
three  of  the  illustrations  are  not  by  Sir  James 
Linton,  but  by  his  son  Mr.  J.  W.  R.  Linton. 
C.  Elkin  Mathews. 

*^*  We  did  not  suppose  that  a  publisher 
would  advertise  as  a  laudatory  notice  of  one  of 
his  publications  a  paragraph  which  he  himself 
knew  had  been  written  by  some  one  who  had 
never  seen  the  book. 


MR.   FROUDB  AT   SIMANCAS. 

The  two  following  letters,  which  have  been 
placed  in  our  hands  for  publication,  were 
written  to  a  friend  by  Mr.  Froude  when  at  work 
on  the  Spanish  archives.  To  say  nothing  of  the 
personal  interest  attaching  to  them,  they  give 
information  about  Simancas  and  the  documents 
there  which  will  not  be  found  in  the  preface 
to  the  historian's  first  volume  relating  to 
Elizabeth's  reign,  published  in  1863,  in  which 
he  first  begins  to  quote  the  Spanish  diplomatic 
correspondence  in  support  of  his  views  : — 

Valladolid,  April  18  [1861]. 
You  will  be  glad  to  hear  a  word  or  two  authentic 
about  Simancas.     We  are  at  work  here  regularly  ; 
and  as  far  as  my  purposes  go,  my  visit  will  have 
been  infinitely  valuable. 

More  generally,  it  is  quite  certain  that  English 
history  can  never  be  understood  without  the  assist- 
ance of  these  archives ;  and  that  in  some  form  or 
other  the  substance  of  them  ought  to  be  made 
accessible  in  our  own  country.  The  French 
Government,  besides  the  40,000  letters  which  were 
carried  off  in  1809  \_sic'],  had  a  commission  here  at 
work  three  years  under  M.  Tiran,  and  I  can  see  b}' 
his  footprints  that  he  did  thoroughly  good  work 
while  he  was  about  it. 

The  plan  followed,  however,  both  by  M.  Tiran 
and  by  M.  Gachard  (the  archivist  at  Brussels),  was 
to  make  extracts  and  transcripts,  and  I  am  more 
convinced  than  ever  that  this  plan  is  the  only  one 
which  will  be  really  useful.  The  value  of  the 
documents  here  lies  less  in  the  facts  which  they 
contain  than  in  the  insight  which  they  give  into  the 
secret  passions  and  motives  of  the  great  actors  in 
European  historj',  and  you  can  no  more  transfer 
them  into  a  Calendar  than  you  can  keep  a  body 

alive  while  you  dissect  and  anatomize  it 

The  papers  at  Paris  ought  to  be,  and  eventually 
must  be,  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  these.  But 
Paris  is  near  and  accessible— we  can  all  of  us  go 
there  at  any  time.  Simancas  is  a  pile  of  brown 
bricks  with  holes  in  them,  where  people  live  like 
rabbits  in  their  burrows  in  the  midst  of  a  wilder- 
ness of  brown  sand  in  the  worst  climate  in  the 
world,  and  800  miles  from  England.  The  gold  must 
be  dug  out  from  here  or  it  will  remain  here  till 
Doomsday.  1  shall  be  at  home  in  the  first  week 
in  June. 

Valladolid,  April  20  [1861]. 
Since  I  wrote  to  you  the  other  day  I  have  gone 
deeper  into  the  papers,  and  I  find  that  everything 
of  importance  (so  far  as  I  am  in  a  position  to  form 
a  judgement)  relating  to  the  entire  IGth  century 
has  been  transcribed  by  the  French  Commission 
under  Tiran.  The  collection  made  by  him  is  in 
the  Foreign  Office  at  Paris  in  130  folio  volumes. 

The  papers  which  I  thought  he  had  overlooked 
I  found  afterwards  in  duplicate  endorsed  "  copiado 
par  M.  Tiran,"  and  although  here  and  there  a  few 


things  of  trifling  importance  may  have  been  passed 
over,  he  seems  to  have  omitted  nothing  of  serious 
moment. 

M.  Tiran  is  now  at  Madrid,  where  I  have  com- 
municated with  him.  His  collection,  he  says,  is 
perfectly  accurate,  but  very  little  of  it  has  ever 
been  printed 

There  is  a  strange  ignorance  about  these  things 
in  places  where  one  would  not  have  expected  it. 
I  had  some  faint  notion  myself  that  a  French  com- 
mission had  been  at  Simancas,  and  I  wrote  to 
ask  the  Comte  de  Lebord,  Keeper  of  the  French 
Archives,  about  it.  He  told  me  in  answer  that 
what  they  had  in  Paris  were  only  the  original 
40,000  letters  taken  away  in  1808  from  Spain,  and 
that  beyond  them  he  knew  of  nothing.  I  supposed 
he  could  not  be  mistaken  in  a  matter  so  nearly  con- 
cerning his  own  duties,  but  it  seems  he  was. 

I  shall  remain  here  myself  a  few  more  days  to 
make  quite  sure  of  the  completeness  of  M.  Tiran's 
work,  and  I  shall  then  hasten  back  to  Paris. 


PROF.   VON   ROTH. 


Prof.  Rudolf  von  Roth,  who  died  at 
Tubingen  in  the  night  from  the  22nd  to  the 
23rd  of  June,  after  but  two  days'  illness,  was 
born  at  Stuttgart  on  the  3rd  of  April,  1821. 
After  matriculating  at  the  University  of 
Tubingen,  he  passed  through  the  usual  course 
of  a  student  of  divinity,  but  under  the  fascinating 
influence  of  Ewald's  teaching  soon  devoted  him- 
self with  ardour  to  the  study  of  Eastern  lan- 
guages, especially  Sanskrit  and  Persian.  Subse- 
quently he  spent  some  time  in  Paris,  Oxford, 
and  London  for  the  purpose  of  copying  and 
collating  Vedic  and  Zend  MSS.,  and  collecting 
other  materials  towards  the  pursuit  of  the 
literary  researches  he  had  planned  out  for  him- 
self. On  his  return  to  Tubingen  in  1845,  he 
established  him.self  as  a  Privatdocent,  lecturing 
on  the  Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Testament  and 
on  Sanskrit  and  Zend.  By  the  publication  of 
his  three  lectures  '  Zur  Litteratur  und  Ge- 
schichte  des  Weda '  (1846),  containing  the  first 
fruits  of  his  Vedic  studies — an  English  trans- 
lation of  which,  from  the  pen  of  the  late  Dr.  J. 
Muir,  appeared  in  the  Journal  of  the  Asiatic 
Society  of  Bengal — Roth  at  once  founded  a  new 
era  in  Vedic  research.  His  subsequent  works 
in  this  field— 'Yaska's  Nimkta '  (1848-52),  the 
'  Atharvaveda,'  edited  jointly  by  himself  and 
Whitney  in  1856,  and  various  separate  treatises 
— all  tended  to  increase  and  spread  his  repu- 
tation as  an  expounder  of  the  Veda,  and 
attracted  students  from  all  civilized  countries 
to  Tubingen  to  attend  his  lectures,  while  his 
periodical  course  on  the  history  of  religions 
commanded  even  larger  audiences.  The  work, 
however,  with  which  Roth's  name,  as  the  real 
founder  of  Vedic  philology,  will  ever  be  inti- 
mately connected  is  the  great  '  Sanskrit  Dic- 
tionary '  (seven  volumes,  folio,  St.  Petersburg, 
1852-75),  in  which  he  undertook  the  Vedic 
portion  and  also  the  medical  terms,  the  re- 
maining classes  of  Sanskrit  words  falling 
to  the  share  of  his  collaborateur.  Dr.  O.  von 
Bohtlingk.  As  a  relief  from  his  professorial 
lectures.  Roth  took  a  keen  interest  in  local 
archaeological  researches,  the  materials  of  which 
were  supplied  to  him  by  the  rich  univer- 
sity library.  He  held  the  post  of  principal 
librarian  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  under  his 
able  management  that  institution  rose  to  its 
present  state  of  usefulness  and  efliciency.  He 
was  up  to  the  last  so  wedded  to  his  university 
and  its  surroundings  and  personal  associations, 
that  he  refused  all  oilers  of  more  lucrative 
appointments  made  to  him  from  other  seats  of 
learning.  He  belonged  to  the  noblest  type  of 
a  German  university  professor.  Emolument  was 
the  very  last  consideration  in  all  his  literary 
work,  the  sole  aim  and  substance  of  which  con- 
sisted in  the  promotion  and  consolidation  of  true 
Oriental  scholarship. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Sotheisy,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
sold  the  following  books  from  the  library  of 
a    nobleman  on    Thursday,  July    18th :    Cam- 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


131 


den's  Britannia,  1600,  Queen  Elizabeth's  copy, 
A21.  Catullus,  Tibullus,  et  Propertius,  1659, 
421.  Cervantes,  Don  Quixote  (first  part  only), 
Lisboa,  1605,  41L  Dugdale,  Monasticon  An- 
glicanum  and  History  of  St.  Paul's,  large 
paper,  1817-30,  49L  Florus,  bound  by  Le 
Gascon,  1638,  281.  Gould,  Birds  of  Europe, 
1837,  671.  Horatius,  Verona;,  1585,  Count 
Hoym's  copy,  bound  by  Padeloup  double  with 
red  morocco,  311.  Linocier,  L'Histoire  des 
Plantes,  Paris,  1584,  bound  by  Clovis  Eve 
in  the  style  attributed  to  Marguerite  de 
Valois,  711.  Ovidii  Opera,  3  vols.,  large  paper, 
Venet.,  1533-34,  Grolier's  copy,  bound  in 
light  brown  morocco  and  tooled  in  the  Grolier 
style  with  plain  gilt  lines,  425L  (a  remarkable 
price :  the  book  cost  the  ancestor  of  the  owner 
51.  5s.).  Cicero,  De  Philosophia,  &c.,  3  vols., 
Paris,  1543,  Count  Hoym's  copy,  in  red  morocco 
double,  121.  (for  this  book  the  owner's  ancestor 
paid  Is.  6d.).  Plinii  Naturalis  Historia,  6  vols., 
1540-7,  in  old  calf,  covered  with  the  initials 
*'L.  D.  N."  within  wavy  lines,  311.  The 
Whole  Book  of  Psalmes,  1618,  in  embroidered 
binding,  251.  10s.  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  Engravings 
from  his  Pictures,  1820,  521.  The  New  Testa- 
ment, 1633,  in  embroidered  binding,  181. 

The  same  auctioneers  also  sold  on  the  18th  inst. 
the  following  manuscripts,  the  property  of  Mr, 
Alexander  Pringle,  of  Yair  :  John  Fordun, 
Chronicles  of  Scotland  in  Latin,  fourteenth 
century  (pieces  cut  out  of  a  few  leaves),  102/. 
Biblia  Sacra  Latina,  Vulgatfe  Editionis,  four- 
teenth century,  with  illuminated  initials  (some 
cut  out),  425L  On  the  last  leaf  of  this  Bible  is 
the  following  inscription  :  "  Liber  Sanctse  Marise 
de  Dulci  Cordis  ;  qui  alienaverit  anathema  sit." 
A  Service  Book  from  Holyrood  Abbey,  fifteenth 
century,  containing  a  history  of  Holyrood,  an 
Inventory  of  the  Vestments  of  the  High  Altar, 
October  12th,  1494,  and  various  services,  2501. 


ELEPHANT:   ALABASTEK. 


Col.  W.  F.  Prideaux  asks  an  authority  for 
the  word  murfil ;  I  have  the  pleasure  to  furnish 
him  with  it  : — 

Et  ebur  in  India  murfil  vocatur. 

Bochart,  '  Hieroz.,'  vol.  i.  p.  218,  ed.  1692. 
As  this  was  more  than  two  hundred  years  ago, 
the  word  may  have  passed  from  use.  Yet  I 
think  it  likely  we  may  even  now  hear  that  it 
has  not,  Phil  is  not  only  Arabic,  Chaldee, 
and  Persian,  but  is  extant  still,  by  the  colonel's 
own  discovery,  in  an  Indian  word  for  a  raja's 
elephant  enclosure.  As  to  reading  backwards 
not  being  known  to  Semitic  speech.  Col.  Pri- 
deaux will,  on  second  thoughts,  perceive  that 
metathesis  has  its  root  in  the  tongue  of  man, 
which  antedates  by  a  little  the  tongues  of 
nations  ;  that  being  so,  he  will  see  that  pMl  and 
aZep/i  have  a  connexion,  unless  he  deny  that 
almiig  and  algum  have  any.  I  think  he  may 
hesitate  at  that,  and  may  so  begin  to  think  it 
less  "opposed  to  all  the  canons  of  Semitic 
etymology."  Semitic  canons  require  artillery 
officers  to  handle  them  with  effect. 

C.  A.   Ward, 


ME.   HERNE  SHEPHERD. 

I  REGRET  to  record  the  death  of  ,Mr,  Richard 
Heme  Shepherd.  Ten  years  ago  few  figures 
were  better  known  to  the  London  bookseller 
than  that  of  the  eccentric  litteratenr  who  passed 
away  on  July  15th.  Four  or  five  years  ago, 
however,  declining  health  necessitated  his  retire- 
ment from  active  life,  and  in  a  retreat  at  Cam- 
berwell  his  last  days  were  spent  in  compiling  for 
Notes  and  Queries  a  bibliography  of  Coleridge 
and  in  preparing  for  the  press  a  bibliography  of 
Tennyson.  He  was  a  native  and  a  resident  of 
Chelsea,  the  son  of  Samuel  Shepherd,  F.S.A., 
and  the  grandson  of  a  former  minister  of  Rane- 
lagh  Chapel,  the  Rev.  Richard  Heme  Shepherd. 

To  all  collectors  of  the  first  editions  of  the 
works  of  Tennyson,  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Ruskin, 
Charles  Lamb,  Carlyle,  and  Swinburne  the  name 


of  Richard  Heme  Shepherd  is  a  household 
word.  He  may  be  said  to  have  invented  that 
class  of  bibliography  which  modern  book  col- 
lectors most  esteem.  A  considerable  amount  of 
excellent  work  was  also  done  anonymously  by 
Shepherd  for  John  Camden  Hotten,  William 
Pickering,  George  Redway,  and  other  publishers. 
He  was,  perhaps,  the  last  man  who  regarded  a 
business  letter  as  a  literary  composition,  and  his 
briefest  note  was  turned  out  as  if  it  were  a  con- 
tribution to  the  Atheiueum.  His  zeal  for  litera- 
ture as  literature  was  such  that  every  fragment 
of  printed  matter  became  precious  in  his  eyes 
and  worthy  of  preservation,  and  if  the  author 
of  the  fragment  or  the  author's  friends  chanced 
to  take  other  views — tant  pis.  A  man  who  tries 
to  subsist  by  literary  work  of  the  class  which 
alone  appealed  to  the  sympathies  of  Mr.  Shep- 
herd has  a  desperate  fight  with  circumstances, 
and  sometimes  a  hit  below  the  belt  may  occur 
on  one  side  or  the  other.  Those  who  at  this  dis- 
tance of  time  can  recall  any  disagreeable  event 
connected  with  him  who  has  left  us  must,  how- 
ever, be  extremely  few.  Animosity  could  hardly 
continue  with  a  man  so  fundamentally  good- 
natured  as  Shepherd,  and  it  is  a  fact  that  the 
last  person  against  whom  Mr.  Shepherd  brought 
an  action,  and  lost  it,  subscribed  to  pay  the 
plaintiffs  costs. 

His  was  a  unique  personality,  and  although 
he  dropped  out  of  London  life  some  years  ago, 
amusing  stories  are  yet  told  of  his  eccentric 
appearance,  of  his  manners  and  customs.  As  a 
literary  workman  he  was  conscientious  to  an 
extraordinary  degree,  and  an  hour's  walk  in 
order  to  verify  a  quotation  or  to  cross  the  t's  and 
dot  the  i's  on  a  proof-sheet  was  to  him  positive 
enjoyment.  He  succumbed  to  cancer  at  the 
fatal  age  of  fifty-three.  R. 


JUNIUSS   FIRST  LETTER  TO   CHATHAM. 

Washington,  D.C..  U.S.A.,  June  24,  1895. 
A  CONSIDERATION  of  the  first  private  letter, 
dated  January  2ud,  1768,  of  Junius  to  Lord 
Chatham,  leads  to  the  supposition  that  Junius 
made  a  mistake  which  is  not  uncommon  at  the 
beginning  of  a  new  year,  and  that  the  correct 
date  should  be  1769. 

In  note  to  '  Chatham  Correspondence ' 
(vol,  iii,  p,  305)  it  is  said  that  this  letter  is 
so  opposed  to  the  miscellaneous  letters  (in 
Geo.  Woodfall's  edition,  1812)  of  April  26th, 
May  28th,  June  24th,  December  19th,  1767, 
and  February  16th,  1768,  that  it  is  doubtful  if 
they  were  written  by  Junius, 

If,  however,  we  regard  the  true  date  of  the 
first  Chatham  letter  as  January  2nd,  1769,  it  can 
be  better  reconciled  with  the  letters  last  men- 
tioned. 

The  first  private  letter  of  Junius  to  George 
Grenville  was  dated  February  6th,  1768.  In 
it  he  expressed  "a  voluntary  disinterested 
attachment"  to  Mr.  Grenville's  person,  "founded 
on  an  esteem  for  his  spirit  and  understanding 
which  would  for  ever  engage"  him  "in  his 
cause";  and  claimed  credit  for  "a  number  of 
late  publications  falsely  attributed  to  men  of 
far  greater  talents." 

In  his  private  letter  of  September  3rd,  1768, 
to  Grenville,  .Junius  acknowledges  having  written 
"late  papers  in  defence  of  his  character  and 
measures,"  and  others  signed  "Lucius,"  "with 
a  multitude  of  others  which  had  been  taken 
notice  of  by  the  public  ";  and  in  his  private 
letter  to  Grenville  of  October  20th,  1768, 
Junius  acknowledges  having  written  the  letter 
of  "Atticus"  of  October  19th,  1768,  claims 
the  "  Grand  Council  "  letter,  and  adds,  "I  may 
say  with  truth  almost  everything  [was  mine] 
that  for  two  years  has  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  public  "  ('The  Grenville  Papers,'  vol.  iv. 
p.  382).  In  this  letter  Junius  also  says  to  Mr. 
Grenville,  "  Until  yon  arc  minister  I  must  not 
permit  myself  to  think  of  the  honour  of  being 
known  to  you." 

Now  it  is  scarcely  conceivable  that  Junius 


would,  a  month  before  his  first  letter  to  Gren- 
ville, whom  he  admired,  write  a  flattering  letter 
to  Chatham,  whom  he  disliked. 

Junius  prided  himself  upon  his  con- 
sistency, and  the  problem  is  how  to  recon- 
cile his  acknowledged  published  letters  with 
the  first  private  letter  to  Chatham.  In  the 
"Atticus"  letter  Junius  reflected  strongly 
against  all  the  leading  men  in  administration. 
He  did  not  spare  Lord  Shelbume,  whom,  it  is 
supposed,  he  generally  supported.  Of  the  Earl 
of  Chatham  he  said,  "I  had  much  to  say,  but 
it  were  inhuman  to  persecute,  when  Providence 
has  marked  out  the  example  to  mankind," 

It  is  evident  from  the  very  able  letter  of 
Atticus  that  Junius  was  then  trying  to  pave 
the  way  for  the  restoration  again  to  power  of 
George  Grenville.  To  effect  this  it  became  the 
policy  to  have  Chatham  reconciled  to  Grenville. 
This  was  accomplished  towards  the  close  of 
1768,  if  we  may  trust  the  entry  in  Walpole's 
letter  to  Horace  Mann  of  December  2nd,  1768, 
wherein  it  is  noted  that  Chatham  was  "  recon- 
ciled to  Lord  Temple  and  Mr.  Grenville."  The 
change  of  tone  of  Junius  towai'ds  Chatham  is 
accounted  for,  and  is  nothing  more  than  usual 
in  statecraft.  From  that  time  Junius  warmed 
sensibly  towards  Chatham,  and  especially 
after  the  death  of  Mr,  Grenville  in  1770, 

My  supposition  as  to  a  mistake  in  the  date  of 
the  first  letter  to  Chatham  gains  some  strength 
from  another  consideration.  Chabot  says  the 
letters  of  Junius  subsequent  to  December,  1771, 
are  remarkable  for  uniformity  of  the  .size  and 
style  of  hand  in  which  they  were  written, 
wherein  they  all  very  nearly  agree  with  the 
first  Junian  letter  extant  to  Lord  Chatham, 
January  2nd,  1768.  Hayward,  commenting 
upon  this  ('Essays,'  vol.  i.  p.  390),  says  the 
feigned  hand  of  Junius  was  at  its  best  January 
2nd,  1768  ;  at  its  worst  in  letter  to  Grenville, 
February  6th,  1768,  which  was  "clumsily 
written. "  Upon  this  Hayward  bases  a  conclusion 
thatthe  handwriting  of  Junius  varied  greatly  and 
eccentrically.  But  if  the  first  letter  to  Grenville 
was  in  truth  a  year  prior  to  that  to  Chatham, 
Hayward's  point  would  fail. 

There  is  such  a  marked  uniformity  in  all  the 
private  letters  of  Junius  that  no  one  familiar 
with  handwritings  could  mistake  the  Junian 
hand  under  whatever  signature. 

It  is  somewhat  of  a  coincidence  that  there  is 
a  letter  of  Philip  Francis  written  at  the  War 
Office  on  January  4th,  1769,  and  quoted  at 
p.  223  of  vol.  i.  of  his  '  Memoirs  '  by  Parkes 
and  Merivale,  He  says  in  it  :  "1  am  just 
returned  from  spending  a  riotous  fortnight  at 
Bath.  Gravier  and  two  others  filled  a  post 
coach,  which  was  dragged  with  no  small  velocity 
by  four  horses.     We  travelled  like  gentlemen, 

and  lived  like  rakes While  I  lived  at  Bath 

in  every  species  of  dcbauchc,  my  health  was 
unimpaired,  but  the  moment  I  return  to  this 
cursed  regularity  of  drinking  nothing  and  going 
to  bed  and  getting  up  early,  me  void  enrhiime 
comme  un  ti(jre.  I  can  hardly  see,  breathe,  or 
speak  ;  therefore  I  see  no  reason  why  I  should 
write  any  more."  If  I  am  correct  in  the  hypo- 
thesis that  the  letter  to  Chatham  was  written 
on  the  2nd  of  January,  1769,  it  was  on  the  day 
of  Wilkes's  election,  about  which  Francis  writes  : 
"  All  our  news  here  is  that  Wilkes  is  elected 
Alderman  of  Farringdon  Without." 

Jonx  S.  McCalmont. 


MR.  R.  LLICK  BURKE. 
We  greatly  regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of 
Mr.  R.  Ulick  Burke,  whose  recently  published 
'  History  of  Spain  '  we  have  reviewed  in  another 
column.  He  was  born  in  1845,  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  took  his 
degree  in  1867,  and  called  to  the  bar  in  1870. 
A  tour  in  Spain  led  him  on  his  return  to  bring 
out  a  charming  little  volume  containing  an 
annotated  collection  of  tlie  proverbs  that  occur 
in  '  Don  Quixote,'  under  the  name  of  '  Spanish 


132 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27, '95 


Salt,'  of  which  a  third  edition  appeared  three 
years  ago  under  the  title  of  '  Sancho  Panza's 
Proverbs.'  He  went  to  India  in  1873,  and 
practised  as  a  barrister  at  the  High  Court  of 
the  North-West  Provinces  till  1878.  While 
there  he  had  put  together  a  short  biography  of 
Gonzalo  de  Cordova  for  the  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge,  and  on  his  return 
to  England  he  wrote  two  novels,  '  Beating  the 
Air  '  and  '  Loyal  and  Lawless. '  Subsequently 
a  journey  to  Brazil  led  to  his  bringing  out, 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Staples,  'Business 
and  Pleasure  in  Brazil,'  in  which,  as  we 
said  at  the  time,  he  showed  "himself  to  be 
a  quick  and  indefatigable  observer,  and  to 
possess  the  gift  of  writing  both  fluently  and 
gracefully."  From  1885  to  1889  he  was 
practising  his  profession  at  the  bar  of  Cyprus. 
After  that  he  acted  as  Clerk  of  the  Peace  for 
the  County  of  Dublin.  At  the  time  of  the 
tercentenary  he  contributed  chapter  viii.  (that 
on  the  "Early  Buildings")  to  'The  Book  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  '  ;  and  last  year  he 
brought  out  a  'Life  of  Benito  Juarez,' and  a 
short  while  back  his  '  History  of  Spain,'  on 
which  he  had  been  at  work  for  the  last  four 
years.  He  was  appointed,  a  month  or  two  back, 
Agent-General  to  the  Peruvian  Corporation, 
and  started  for  Lima,  but  fell  a  victim  to 
dysentery.  He  was  a  most  amiable  man  and 
agreeable  companion,  had  travelled  widely  and 
read  largely,  and  possessed  a  great  variety 
of  information. 


Uiterarg  ffiossfp. 

Besides  Ms  new  and  elaborate  work  on 
his  brother,  "witli  letters  and  other  materials, 
Mr.  W.  M.  Eossetti  is  engaged  in  the  pre- 
paration of  a  new  and  collected  edition  of 
the  works  of  his  sister  Christina. 

Ik  the  last  book  sale  of  the  season,  com- 
mencing on  the  30th  inst.,  Messrs.  Sotheby, 
Wilkinson  &  Hodge  will  include  a  few 
books  and  miscellaneous  articles  from  the 
library  of  the  late  Miss  Christina  G.  Eossetti. 
Several  of  the  former  have  inscriptions  on 
the  title-pages. 

The  Board  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
have  further  considered  the  appeal  of  the 
women  memorialists  for  liberty  to  attend 
the  lectures  and  examinations  of  the  College, 
and,  whilst  declining  to  admit  women  to 
the  lectures  provided  for  men,  they  offer, 
on  certain  conditions,  to  examine  them  for 
special  certificates.  The  women's  associa- 
tion have  replied  by  dwelling  on  the 
inferiority  of  such  an  examination  to  the 
facilities  conceded  to  women  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  and  they  add  that  they  "  cannot 
but  feel  that  these  proposals  are  practically 
a  refusal  to  grant  "  the  assistance  for  which 
they  asked. 

There  has  been  much  comment  in  lead- 
ing American  newspapers  on  the  letters 
signed  Junius  which  we  reprinted  on 
April  13th  and  May  4th.  Some  notable 
letters  have  appeared  in  the  Boston  Adver- 
tiser; and  the  Neio  York  Trilune  for  July  8th 
contains  a  long  article  by  Mr.  James  Oayler, 
affirming  that  Francis  was  Junius.  His 
comments  are  confined  to  what  appeared  on 
the  subject  in  the  Athenmint,  for  May  4th, 
and  he  does  not  appear  to  be  aware  of  what 
appeared  in  the  number  for  April  13th. 
Moreover,  he  assumes  that  the  handwriting 
of  the  Junian  manuscripts  is  feigned,  while 
it  has  been  repeatedly  shown  in  the  Athenatum 
that  it  is  natural,  and  that  those  who  style 
it  feigned  do  so  because  that  hypothesis  is 


necessary  to  support  the   further   one  that 
Francis  is  Junius. 

The  Earl  of  Crewe  (Lord  Houghton)  has 
been  elected  to  fill  the  place  on  the  com- 
mittee of  the  London  Library  vacated  by 
the  death  of  Mr.  Huxley. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Mr. 
W.  E.  Hutchinson,  youngest  brother  of  Mr. 
G.  T.  Hutchinson,  of  Paternoster  Eow. 
Having  finished  one  of  several  business 
journeys  which  he  had  taken  through 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  for  his  firm  of 
Hutchinson  &  Co.,  Mr.  W.  E.  Hutchinson 
started  from  Adelaide  for  home  by  the 
P.  and  0.  boat  Arcadia.  He  was  then  in 
good  health,  but  shortly  after  leaving 
Colombo  became  ill,  and  on  the  15th  inst. 
died  of  dysentery  when  a  few  hours  from 
Suez.  He  was  well  known  and  much 
respected  by  all  the  leading  booksellers  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  as  well  as 
the  Australasian  colonies,  and  his  death 
will  be  greatly  regretted. 

Messes.  Soknenschein  &  Co.  are  about 
to  publish  a  volume  entitled  '  The  Greater 
Victorian  Poets,'  by  Prof.  Hugh  Walker, 
of  Lampeter.  The  first  part  of  the  volume 
contains  a  critical  account,  with  special 
reference  to  chi'onology,  of  the  poetry  of 
Tennyson,  Browning,  and  Matthew  Arnold. 
The  concluding  chapters  attempt  to  esti- 
mate the  influence  exercised  upon  these 
poets  by  contemporary  life  and  thought. 
One  chapter  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of 
the  influence  of  science  upon  them  ;  another 
to  the  social  and  political  aspects  of  their 
work  ;  while  a  third  deals  with  their  attitude 
towards  questions  of  religion.  Between 
these  two  principal  parts  there  are  inter- 
posed special  chapters  on  the  poetry  of 
nature  and  on  the  dramas.  These  subjects 
are  dealt  with  separately,  partly  because 
of  their  magnitude,  and  partly  for  special 
reasons  which  are  given  in  the  book.  The 
relation  of  the  poets  to  life,  the  insistence 
upon  which  is,  perhaps,  the  most  prominent 
feature  of  Mr.  Walker's  criticism,  appears 
in  these  chapters  too.  The  book  will  be 
issued  immediately. 

Miss  EL^THAEiNE  Douglas  King  will 
shortly  contribute  to  Messrs.  Hutchinson  & 
Co.'s  "Zeit-Geist"  series  a  story  entitled 
'  The  Scripture-Eeader  of  St.  Mark's.'  Miss 
King,  who  makes  her  first  appearance  in 
this  volume,  is  a  daughter  of  Mrs.  Hamil- 
ton King,  author  of  '  The  Disciples.' 

The  Advocates'  Library  will  be  closed 
during  August. 

George  Egerton's  '  Keynotes,'  which 
were  supposed  by  the  persons  who  admired 
them  to  draw  inspiration  from  the  North, 
are  about  to  appear  in  Norwegian  and 
Swedish  translations.  A  German  transla- 
tion, too,  is  to  be  published  in  Erfurt  in  a 
few  days. 

A  Transatlantic  publishing  company 
are  sending  out  a  pretty  advertisement  of 
a  tale,  upon  which,  however,  they  are  fining 
those  in  England  to  whom  they  send  it  bd. 
each  by  under  postage.  Other  American 
publishers  would  do  woU  to  note  tliis  fact 
in  order  to  avoid  similar  mistakes. 

Dr.  William  Wright's  work  on  '  Pal- 
myra and  Zenobia,'  which  was  advertised 
last  autumn,  will  be  issued  in  August  by 
Messrs.   Nelson    &    Sons,   the    publication 


having  been  postponed  with  a  view  to 
securing  the  copyright  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic. 

An  association  for  assistant  librarians  has 
been  formed,  which  has  for  its  object  the 
promotion  of  the  social  and  intellectual 
interests  and  professional  efficiency  of  its 
members.  It  is  intended  to  unite  all 
persons,  other  than  chief  librarians,  who 
are  engaged  in  library  work. 

Our  famous  contemporary  the  Journal 
des  Dehats  has  sustained  a  serious  loss  by 
the  death  of  its  editor,  M.  Georges  Patinot, 
at  the  age  of  fifty- one.  He  was  a  barrister, 
and  after  serving  in  1870  in  the  Garde 
Mobile  during  the  Prussian  invasion,  he 
became  Chef  de  Cabinet  of  the  Prefecture 
of  the  Police  at  Paris.  He  was  subsequently 
prefect  of  three  departments  in  succession, 
andin  1884,  having  married  a  granddaughter 
of  Armand  Bertin,  he  became  editor  of  the 
Debuts,  a  post  he  filled  with  activity  and 
talent  till  his  death.  The  issuing  of  morn- 
ing and  evening  editions  of  the  paper  was 
due  to  him. 

The  library  of  the  late  Mr.  James  Han- 
son, Chairman  of  the  Bradford  School 
Board,  has  been  presented  to  the  town  by 
an  anonymous  donor  as  a  memorial  to  the 
deceased. 

The  ecclesiastical  educational  institution 
Collegium  Sapientise,  which  was  founded  in 
the  fifteenth  century  at  Freiburg  in  Baden, 
but  subsequently  ceased  to  exist,  is  to  be 
revived  next  autumn.  It  will  afford  special 
instruction  to  Eoman  Catholic  theologians 
in  all  branches  of  science  and  learning. 
Curiously  enough,  the  professors  under 
whose  si)ecial  guidance  the  institution  will 
be  bear  names  which  have  a  familiar 
sound.  They  are  Drs.  Keppler,  Schill,  and 
Heine. 

A  Bohme-Denkmal  is  to  be  erected  at 
Giirlitz  in  honour  of  the  famous  theosophist. 
The  Gorlitz  Schuhmacher-Innung  has  issued 
a  circular  requesting  subscriptions  from  shoe- 
makers, native  and  foreign,  to  the  proposed 
memorial. 

A  fortnight  ago  we  spoke  of  Prof. 
Gneist's  failing  health,  and  now  we  regret 
to  have  to  record  his  decease.  He  was  born 
at  Berlin  in  1816,  and  was  educated  there. 
He  held  more  than  one  appointment  in  the 
"Obertribunal"  of  the  Prussian  capital,  but 
he  resigned  them  in  1850  in  order  to  devote 
himself  exclusively  to  teaching  (he  had  been 
an  Extraordinary  Professor  at  the  Univer- 
sity since  1844)  and  study.  The  result  was 
the  publication  of  '  Adel  und  Eitterschaft 
in  England,'  and  then  his  magnum  opus, 
'  Das  heutige  englische  Verfassungs-  und 
Verwaltungsrecht,'  which  gave  him  a  Euro- 
pean fame.  This  was  followed  by  a  number 
of  other  works,  some  of  them — like  '  Budget 
und  Gesetz  nach  dem  constitutionellen 
Staatsrecht  Englands,'  and  his  works  on  the 
government  of  the  city  of  London,  his 
'  English  Constitutional  History,'  and  '  The 
English  Parliament' — dealing  with  this 
country,  and  others,  like  '  Die  preussische 
Kroisorduung,'  with  his  native  land,  in  the 
politics  of  which  ho  took  a  deep  interest 
and  played  an  active  part  for  many  years. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  recently  issued  are  Eeports 
on  the  Training  Colleges  of  Scotland  {6d.) ; 


N«3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


133 


the  Annual  Report  of  the  Astronomer  Eoyal 
for  Scotland,  1895  (Id.) ;  the  Eeturn  of  Civil 
List  Pensions  for  1894  ;  Canadian  Copyright 
Duties  collected  since  1877  (Id.);  and  Trustee 
Saving  Banks,  Draft  Eegulations  {2d.). 

SCIENCE 


The  Life  and  Inventions  of  Thomas  Aha  Edison. 
By  W.  K.  L.  Dickson  and  Antonia  Dick- 
son. (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
The  writers  of  this  volume  say  that  they 
have  made  careful  and  discriminating  use 
of  their  material,  and  that  their  book  con- 
tains "the  first  full,  accurate,  and,  to 
Edison,  satisfactory  life  yet  given  to  the 
public."  If  Mr.  Edison  has  perused  the 
book  attentively,  he  must  have  been  sorely 
tempted  to  draw  his  pen  through  paragraph 
after  paragraph.  Jefferson  Brick  was  sup- 
posed to  be  an  outrageous  caricature,  yet 
some  of  his  wildest  utterances  can  be 
paralleled  by  passages  from  this  work.  We 
infer  from  the  title-page  that  the  illustra- 
tions, which  are  excellent,  are  due  in  part 
to  Mr.  Dickson,  and  we  may  be  justified  in 
attributing  the  fine  writing  to  Mrs.  Dickson's 
pen.  We  could  fill  several  columns  with 
passages  quite  as  ridiculous  as  the  three 
sentences  with  which  the  first  chapter 
begins  : — 

"The  present  century  is  pre-eminently  one 
of  daring  and  potential  intelligence.  The  new 
age,  with  its  clearer  thought,  its  wider  scope  of 
action,  and  its  humane  and  liberal  institutions, 
has  proved  itself  an  excellent  foster-mother 
for  nascent  ideas,  and  countless  inventions, 
which,  under  mediaeval  auspices,  must  have  been 
stifled  at  birth,  as  direct  emanations  from  the 
evil  one,  have  been  nursed  into  being,  and  have 
attained  a  stature  in  keeping  with  the  grandeur 
and  breadth  of  perfecting  humanitj'.  Released 
from  the  swaddling  clothes  of  error  and  super- 
stition, the  inherent  virility  of  man  has  re- 
asserted itself,  and  to  the  untrammelled  vision 
and  ripened  energies  of  the  scientist,  the  arcana 
of  nature  have  been  gradually  disclosed." 

"Amid  these  improved  mental  conditions," 
to  use  the  writers'  words,  Thomas  Alva 
Edison  was  born  on  February  11th,  1847, 
at  Milan,  Erie  County,  Ohio.  His  ancestors 
on  the  paternal  side  had  emigrated  from 
Holland  in  1737.  The  writers  state  that 
they  have  reason  to  believe  "the  roll-caU 
might  be  extended  back  indefinitely,  and 
fraught  with  the  most  interesting  and  credit- 
able details  " ;  but  that  "the  good-natured 
indifference  "  of  Mr.  Edison  "  has  proven  an 
insuperable  bar  to  research."  Mr.  Edison's 
indifference  is  more  to  be  admired  than  the 
desire  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dickson  to  extend 
back  indefinitely  what  they  style  "the  roll- 
call,"  meaning,  we  presume,  that  they  could 
prove  his  descent  from  Adam  and  Eve.  The 
mother  of  Mr.  Edison  was  a  Miss  EUiot, 
who  was  Canadian  by  birth  and  of  Scottish 
extraction.  His  father  took  part  in  Papi- 
neau's  abortive  rebellion  ;  but  it  seems  that 
"  Samuel  Edison  was  not  minded  to  officiate 
as  a  sacrifice  on  the  altar  of  Liberty  or  to 
stimulate  the  waning  flames  of  patriotism 
by  a  libation  of  personal  gore."  So  he  fled 
for  his  life,  and  performed  the  unprece- 
dented feat  of  fleeing  for  182  miles, 
"during  which  time  he  never  8le2)t,  and 
dispensed  almost  entirely  with  food  and 
rest."  His  son  is  erroneously  supposed, 
it  is   said,  to   be  rough  and  uncultivated, 


whereas  he  is  self-made  and  self-educated, 
and  therefore  his  attainments  are  said  to 
be  substantial.  Some  persons  have  ques- 
tioned the  truth  of  these  things,  and  on 
them  the  writers  look  down  with  contempt, 
styling  them  "  ephemeral  creatures  on 
whose  glossy  plumage  the  dews  of  Par- 
nassus have  no  power  to  rest."  Certainly, 
few  boys  of  twelve  wade  through,  as  Mr. 
Edison  is  stated  to  have  done,  '  The  Anatomy 
of  Melancholy,'  Gibbon  and  Hume,  and 
Newton's  '  Principia.'  The  writers  con- 
siderately add  that  the  last  work  "proved 
somewhat  above  his  mental  capacity."  His 
thirst  for  knowledge  was  unquenchable. 
He  attempted  to  read  through  the  Detroit 
Free  Library,  and  he  mentally  absorbed 
"fifteen  feet  of  closely  serried  volumes 
before  his  excessive  ardour  could  be  dis- 
covered and  curbed." 

While  a  boy  he  had  to  earn  his  living, 
and  he  did  so  as  a  newsboy  on  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway.  Not  satisfied  with  selling 
papers,  he  founded  one  himself,  called  the 
Grand  Trunk  Merald,  which,  having  bought 
some  old  type,  he  printed  as  well  as  edited 
and  published.  His  venture  was  the  first 
newspaper  wholly  produced  on  a  train,  and 
it  attained  a  circulation  of  400.  Next  he 
took  to  experimenting  with  chemicals,  and 
nearly  set  a  train  on  fire.  With  as  great 
courage  as  coolness  he  saved  the  life  of  a 
little  boy  who  was  the  son  of  a  station- 
master  in  Michigan,  and  the  station-master 
taught  him  telegraphy  out  of  gratitude. 
He  soon  became  expert  at  it,  and  he  made 
improvements  in  the  apparatus  with  which 
he  had  to  work.  In  1869  he  took  out  the 
first  of  the  many  jiatents  which  stand  in  his 
name,  this  one  being  a  mode  of  recording 
votes  by  means  of  electricity.  Six  years 
afterwards  he  had  succeeded  in  perfecting 
the  quadruplex  telegraph,  whereby  four 
messages  are  simultaneously  transmitted 
over  a  single  wire,  the  result  being  that  a 
saving  estimated  at  fifteen  million  dollars 
a  year  is  thus  effected  in  America  alone. 

In  1873  the  leading  telegraph  companies 
in  America  engaged  his  services  at  a  large 
salary  on  condition  that  his  inventions  in 
telegraphy  should  become  their  property. 
A  few  years  later  he  devised  an  instrument 
which  he  called  a  micro-tasimeter,  and  which 
he  wished  to  put  to  a  crucial  test  during  the 
total  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  that  year.  The 
circumstances  connected  with  Mr.  Edison's  ex- 
periments on  this  occasion  are  inadequately 
and  incorrectly  represented.  The  scene  of 
operations  was  Rawlins,  in  Wyoming  Terri- 
tory, a  small  town  on  the  Union  Pacific 
Railway.  Several  men  of  science  were 
assembled  here  ;  the  writers  call  less  than  a 
dozen  "  an  innumerable  crowd."  Mr.  Edison 
had  many  difficulties  to  surmount,  and  those 
who  were  present  and  watched  him  con- 
sidered that  his  fertility  in  resource  was  not 
more  remarkable  than  his  patience  under 
disappointment.  He  succeeded  in  his  main 
object,  despite  the  strong  wind  which  blew 
while  the  eclipse  was  in  progress.  The 
writers  say  that  "the  tornado  howled  and 
rampaged."  Their  curiously  infelicitous 
language  proves  that  they  can  never  have 
witnessed  the  course  of  a  tornado.  A  sub- 
sidiary result  respecting  Mr.  Edison,  of 
which  they  make  no  mention,  was  duo  to 
the  presence  of  Mr.  Fox,  a  very  clever 
journalist,  who  narrated  in  the  columns  of 


the  Neio  York  Herald  not  only  the  incidents 
of  the  eclipse,  but  the  achievements  of  Mr. 
Edison ;  hence  began  his  popidarity  in 
America.  An  article  in  the  Times,  which 
appeared  in  the  same  year,  made  his  marked 
ingenuity  known  in  this  country. 

Mr.  Edison's  persevering  efforts  to  make 
electric  lighting  economically  a  success 
attracted  and  tantalized  public  attention  for 
many  years.  It  was  prematurely  announced 
that  he  had  overcome  the  difficulties  that 
had  baffled  preceding  inventors  ;  the  truth 
is  that  he  failed  at  the  outset,  but  he  would 
not  accept  a  defeat.  He  found  it  indis- 
pensable to  discover  a  suitable  material 
wherewith  to  form  the  carbon  filament 
used  in  the  incandescent  lamps.  Having 
read  in  Humboldt's  travels  of  a  bamboo 
which  he  thought  would  serve  the  purpose, 
he  commissioned  Mr.  William  Moore  to 
search  for  it  in  China  and  Japan,  and  Mr. 
McGowan  to  do  likewise  on  the  banks  of 
the  Amazon.  The  story  of  Mr.  McGowan's 
journeyings  is  most  interesting,  and  it  is 
told  in  this  volume  with  a  sobriety  which 
is  in  pleasing  contrast  to  the  inflated  diction 
in  other  parts  of  the  book.  With  the  dis- 
covery of  the  suitable  fibre  by  Mr.  Moore 
a  vast  advance  was  made.  Of  all  Mr.  Edi- 
son's many  devisings  the  phonograph  is 
the  most  noteworthy,  and  we  doubt  whether 
any  invention  of  this  century  is  a  greater 
marvel. 

The  list  of  Mr.  Edison's  inventions  is 
very  long;  but  it  wiU  probably  be  lengthened 
before  the  curtain  falls,  as  he  is  an  inde- 
fatigable worker  and  has  now  at  his  com- 
mand everything  which  money  can  buy.  The 
greatest  fault  of  this  work  is  that  the  reader 
will  form  a  wrong  opinion  of  the  man,  who 
is  unassuming  in  manner  and  simple  in  his 
tastes,  who  detests  publicity  and  high-flown 
eulogiums,  and  who  lives  for  and  in  his 
work.  He  has  many  things  in  common 
with  James  Watt,  who,  like  Mr.  Edison, 
was  an  inventor  by  nature,  and  who  left 
behind  him  a  large  number  of  contrivances 
as  clever  as,  and  more  original  than,  the  high- 
pressure  engine  which  made  him  famous. 
No  man  but  one  of  rare  natui'al  gifts  could 
have  risen  from  the  ranks  as  Mr.  Edison 
has  done.  He  is  an  honour  to  his  country  ; 
but  we  may  condole  with  him  on  not  having 
had  biographers  in  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dickson 
who  are  qualified  to  render  due  honour  to 
him. 


PROF.    BABINGTOX. 

Charles  Cardale  Babington,  whose  death 
on  the  22nd  inst.  in  his  eighty-seventh  year 
is  announced,  had  been  Professor  of  Botany  at 
Cambridge  since  the  death  of  Henslow  in  1861. 
He  came  of  a  Leicestershire  family,  but  was 
born  at  Ludlow,  and  received  his  education  at 
St.  John's,  with  which  college  he  was  associated 
tin  his  death.  To  students  of  British  plants  the 
name  of  Babington  has  been  familiar  for  many 
years.  His  '  Manual  of  British  Botany  '  has  been 
the  cherished  companion  of  generations  of  bota- 
nical students.  The  clearness  of  its  definitions, 
its  general  accuracy,  its  constant  endeavour 
to  utilize  the  results  of  continental  research, 
and  to  harmonize  them  with  what  was  being 
done  in  Britain,  have  secured  for  this  manual  a 
roi)utation  which  might  be  envied  by  the  authors 
of  many  a  more  pretentious  treatise.  It  is  now, 
we  believe,  in  its  ninth  edition.  Babington  was 
keen  and  subtle  in  analysis.  An  excellent  ex- 
ample of  this  is  shown  in  his  monograph  on 
British  Rubi.    He  seems  to  have  had  little  taste 


134 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3535,  July  27,  '95 


for  drawing  ii  ferences  from  the  differences  he 
was  so  keen  in  detecting,  and  failed  to  avail 
himself  of  the  immense  experience  he  had  at- 
tained by  utilizing  it  in  discussing  the  philo- 
sophical questions  of  the  day.  His  studies  were 
not  limited  to  British  plants  ;  he  investigated 
those  of  Iceland  also,  and  studied  the  genus 
Polygonum.  Nor  were  his  interests  and  his 
labours  confined  to  botany,  for  he  made  his 
mark  also  as  an  archpeologist.  In  private  life 
Babington  was  greatly  beloved,  and  in  the 
altered  condition  of  botanical  teaching  it  will  be 
long  before  a  botanist  will  arise  who  will  compare 
with  him. 

THE   GEOGRAPHICAL   EXHIBITION   AT   THE 
BRITISH    MUSEUM. 

In  connexion  with  the  sixth  International 
Geographical  (London)  Congress  there  will  be 
an  exhibition  at  the  British  Museum  of  manu- 
script and  engraved  maps,  which  will  be  held  in 
one  of  the  saloons  of  the  Department  of  MSS. 

The  selection  and  arrangement  of  this  exhi- 
bition have  been  undertaken  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Coote, 
assisted  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Warner  and  Mr.  F.   G. 
Kenyon,  also  of  the  British  Museum.     There 
are  upwards  of  sixty  exhibits,  all  of  which  are 
cartographical  rarities,  many  being  unique  and 
little  known  even  to  specialists  in  this  line  of 
study.     There  are  two  divisions  in  the  exhibi- 
tion,   the    first   of   Portolani    and   MS.    maps, 
the    second    of    atlases    and    engraved    maps. 
In     the    first     division     there     are    four    fine 
codices     of     the     *  Geographia  '     of     Claudius 
Ptolemseus,    of    the    fourteenth   and    fifteenth 
centuries  ;  these  are  followed  by  the  three  large 
MS.   Mappe-mondes  by  P.  Desceliers,  of  circa 
1536,   1540,    and    1550    respectively.       In   all 
probability     the     Portolano     of     Fernao     Vaz 
Dourado  {circa  1573)  is  one  of  the  finest  illu- 
minated   Portuguese    MSS.   extant.     We  next 
observe  Capt.  John  White's  original  coloured 
drawings    of     1585,    afterwards     engraved     in 
Harriot's    '  Virginia '    of    1590.      This     scries 
terminates  with  the  charts   and  drawings,  by 
Lieut.  James  Cook,  of  his  first  voyage,  1768-77. 
The    most    imposing  -  looking    object  of   the 
second  division  (i.e.,  the  atlases  and  engraved 
maps)  is,  doubtless,  the  mammoth  atlas,  with 
an  illuminated  title-page,  which  reads  "  Orbis 
Terree  Compendium,  Carolo  Secundo  dedicatum 
h,    T.    Klienki"    (Amsterdam.,   1659-60),   large 
folio.     This  is  a  fortuitous  collection  of  the  best 
engraved  Dutch  maps  by  J.  Blaeuw,  H.  Allard, 
&c.     It  was  bound  up  and  evidently  presented 
to  King  Charles  II.  before  his  departure  from 
Holland,   1660.     This    gigantic  volume,   in    its 
original  Dutch  binding,  is  5  ft.  10  in.  high,  each 
cover  being  3  ft.  2  in.  wide.    The  only  reference 
to  this  mammoth  atlas  at  present  known  in  our 
literature  was  discovered    by  Mr.   Coote  some 
few  years    since    in  Evelyn's  '  Diary,' Novem- 
ber 1st,  1660.     It  reads  : — 

"I  went  with  some  of  my  relations  to  court,  to 
shew  them  his  Ma»'««  cabinet  and   clossit  [.«c]  of 

rarities Here  I  saw  a  vast  book  of  mapps  in  a 

volume  neere  4  yards  large."— Bray  and  Wheatley's 
edition,  1879,  vol.  ii.  p.  119. 

No.  32  of  the  exhibits  is  the  rare  series  of 
charts  showing  the  track  of  the  Spanish  Armada 
round  the  British  Isles,  entitled  "  Expeditionis 
Hispanorum  in  Angliam  nova  descriptio  anno 
1588."  These  charts  were  designed  by  R. 
Adam  and  engraved  by  Aug.  Rythor,  and 
evidently  suggested  the  designs  for  the  old 
Armada  tapestry  now  destroyed.  Hard  by. 
No.  52  is  Queen  Elizabeth's  copy  of  Chr. 
Saxton's  'Atlas  of  England,'  1579,  with  the 
exceedingly  rare  portrait  of  the  queen  coloured. 
No.  22  is  "Two  finely  coloured  engravings  of 
the  Northern  and  Southern  Celestial  Hemi- 
spheres," designed  by  Thomas  Hood  to  accom- 
pany his  efiualiy  rare  '  Celestial  Globe  in  Piano,' 
London,  1590,  4to.  Dr.  T.  Hood  was  a  Fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  one  of  the 
earliest  lecturers  on  geography  and  mathematics 
in  the  City  of  London. 


As  a  catalogue  of  this  supplementary  exhi- 
bition will  be  issued  shortly,  there  is  no  need 
to  dwell  further  upon  the  collection,  which  is 
perhaps  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  exhibited 
at  any  of  the  previous  congresses. 

Sir  A.  W.  Franks  is  also  preparing  an  exhibi- 
tion of  astrolabes,  dials,  and  other  mathematical 
instruments  for  the  Congress. 

M.    ERNEST    BAILLON. 

Systematic  botany  has  sustained  a  very 
severe  loss  in  the  death  of  this  accomplished 
and  most  indefatigable  student.  He  was  born 
in  Calais  in  1827,  and  studied  for  the  medical 
profession  in  Paris.  Having  taken  his  degree, 
he  devoted  himself  to  botany,  and  became  a 
pupil  of  Payer,  whose  work  as  an  organo- 
genist  he  greatly  admired,  and  he  himself  con- 
tinued. In  1864  he  became  Professor  of  Natural 
History  at  the  Faculte  de  M^decine,  and  acted 
as  superintendent  of  the  small  garden  of  that 
institution.  From  that  time  to  the  present 
Baillon  had  been  an  indefatigable  worker :  books, 
memoirs,  monographs,  flowed  from  liis  pen.  He 
founded  the  Linnean  Society  of  Paris,  and  the 
greater  part  of  its  transactions  had  him  as  their 
author.  His  knowledge  of  flowering  plants  was 
as  accurate  as  it  was  vast,  and  his  '  Histoire  des 
Plantes '  and  his  '  Dictionnaire  de  Botanique ' 
are  by  no  means  compilations,  but  the  result  of 
never  -  ceasing  investigation  and  clear,  lucid 
judgment.  Whatever  opinion  may  eventually 
be  pronounced  on  his  inferences,  the  works  we 
have  alluded  to  will  remain  for  very  long 
standard  works  of  reference. 

Baillon  would  have  taken  a  higher  place 
among  his  contemporaries  but  for  serious  defects 
of  temper.  We  do  not  know  what  the  provoca- 
tion may  have  been,  but  we  do  know  that  such 
men  as  Duchartre,  the  type  of  amiability,  and 
more  especially  Decaisne,  were  attacked  by 
Baillon  with  a  persistent  virulence  wholly  alien 
to  science,  and  exceeding  anything  known  to  us 
in  its  rancour.  Happily  we  may  record  that 
these  attacks  ceased  after  the  death  of  Decaisne. 
Doubless  this  unfortunate  circumstance  operated 
in  keeping  Baillon  out  of  the  Academy,  for  which 
he  was  a  candidate  even  quite  recently.  As  this 
matter  is  part  of  the  history  of  French  botany 
it  could  not  be  passed  over  ;  but  it  is  more  plea- 
sant to  reflect  that  Baillon's  great  merits  as  a 
botanist  will  long  outlive  the  memory  of  this 
painful  episode. 

ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

A  PARTIAL  eclipse  of  the  sun  will  take  place 
on  the  20th  prox.,  but  the  portion  obscured  will 
nowhere  much  exceed  a  quarter  of  the  sun's 
diameter,  which  will  be  in  South-Western  Siberia, 
and  Eastern  Russia  is  the  only  part  of  Europe 
in  which  the  eclipse  will  be  visible.  The  planet 
Mercury  will  be  in  superior  conjunction  with 
the  sun  on  the  17th.  Venus  attains  her  greatest 
brilliancy  as  an  evening  star  on  the  14th,  but  is 
moving  rapidly  towards  the  south,  and  will  soon 
cease  to  be  visible.  Mars  sets  about  an  hour 
earlier  than  Venus,  and  is  now  so  faint  as  to  be 
quite  invisible  in  the  evening  twilight.  Jupiter 
rises  about  4  o'clock  in  the  morning,  not  far 
from  the  star  Pollux,  and  will  pass  early  next 
month  into  the  constellation  Cancer.  Saturn 
is  still  in  the  eastern  part  of  Virgo,  setting  now 
about  10  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and  soon  after 
8  o'clock  by  the  end  of  next  month. 

A  small  planet,  which  will  probably  be 
reckoned  ultimately  as  No.  403,  was  discovered 
by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on  the  20th  ult. 

Circular  No.  42  of  the  Wolsingham  Observa- 
tory (Rev.  T.  E.  Espin)  announces  the  detec- 
tion, on  the  15th  inst.,  of  a  red  star  of  the  third 
type,  magnitude  8'4,  which  is  not  in  the  '  Durch- 
musterung,'  and  is  probably  a  new  variable.  It 
is  in  the  constellation  Aquila,  its  approximate 
place  being  R.A.  19''  SS"*,  N.P.D.  92°  12'. 

Mr.  R.  L.  J.  Ellery,  Government  Astronomer 
at  Melbourne,  has  resigned  the  office  which  he 
has  held  there  with  so  much  credit  and  success 


during  a  long  scries  of  years.  The  observatory 
was  first  established  at  Williamstown  in  1853, 
but  afterwards  removed  to  a  more  suitable  site 
on  an  elevated  piece  of  ground  to  the  south  of 
Melbourne,  the  buildings  of  which  were  com- 
pleted in  1863,  and  observations  commenced  in 
the  same  year.  Mr.  Ellery  is  to  be  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Baracchi,  F.R.A.S.,  who  has  for  some 
time  past  occupied  the  post  of  chief  assistant  at 
the  observatory. 

Prof.  Michie  Smith,  Government  Astronomer 
at  Madras,  has  made  known  some  particulars 
respecting  the  new  observatory  to  be  erected  in 
India  for  the  study  of  solar  physics.  The  site  is 
in  the  Palani  Hills  at  Kodaikanal,  about  300 
miles  south  of  Madras,  where  the  climate  seems 
to  be  very  suitable  for  the  purpose.  The  daily 
solar  photography,  which  has  been  carried  on 
for  some  time  past  by  the  officers  of  the  Indian 
Trigonometrical  Survey  at  Dehra  Dun,  will  form 
part  of  the  regular  work  of  the  new  observatory 
as  soon  as  it  is  completed.  It  is  also  proposed 
somewhat  later  to  undertake  a  systematic  series 
of  spectroscopic  observations  of  the  sun. 


FINE    ARTS 


CATALOGUES. 


Catalogue  of  the  Pictures  helongi^ig  to  His 
Grace  the  Duke  of  Portland.  (Chiswick  Press.) 
— The  Duke  of  Portland  wisely  entrusted  Mr. 
C.  Fairfax  Murray  with  the  task  of  pre- 
paring an  exhaustive  catalogue,  historical  and 
descriptive,  of  his  collections  (at  Welbeck  and  in 
London)  of  paintings,  which  are  chiefly  portraits. 
The  work  has  been  handsomely  printed,  and 
illustrated  with  first-rate  photogravures.  These 
plates,  about  sixty  in  all,  represent  the  more 
interesting  and,  as  pictures,  more  excellent  like- 
nesses in  both  the  galleries.  Mr.  Murray  has  per- 
formed his  task  with  exemplary  care,  knowledge, 
and  perspicacity,  and  his  historic  notes  on  the 
paintings  possess  unusual  value,  because  they  are 
due  to  original  researches  and  close  observation 
of  the  examples  themselves,  so  that  when,  as  in 
No.  16,  the  picture  is  entered  as  an  anonymous 
'Portrait  of  a  Young  Beardless  Man,'  signed 
"  V.C."  or  "  V.G.,"  interlaced,  we  may  be  sure 
the  cataloguer  has  tried  in  vain  to  discover  the 
owner  of  the  signature,  which  we,  too,  have  not 
found  in  any  of  the  collections  of  monograms  of 
painters,  the  "  V.C."  of  Claude  Vignon  (initials 
not  interlaced)  coming  nearest  to  it,  unless 
Cornells  de  Visscher's  cipher  of  these  letters  is 
to  be  considered  still  nearer.  Mr.  Murray  sup- 
plies a  good  description  of  the  extremely  interest- 
ing portrait  of  Charles  I.  when  a  child,  with  a 
dog  at  his  side,  which  was  No.  66  in  the  New 
Gallery  Exhibition,  1889  ;  but  it  would  perhaps 
gain  something  of  interest  from  a  reference  to 
the  catalogue  of  the  pictures  in  Greenwich 
Palace  in  1613,  which  mentions  "  Princ  Charles, 
the  king's  son,  in  a  coat  [as  of  a  child]  as  he  was 
when  a  little  younger."  The  picture  looks  like 
a  first-rate  Daniel  Mytens,  with  which  the  dates, 

if  not  the  signature  ,,  agree  well  enough.    Mr. 

Murray  does  not  venture  on  this  suggestion. 
It  is  probable  the  initials  do  not  refer  to  the 
painter,  although  the  upper  letter  may  originally 
have  been  a  D.  Our  author  would  have  found 
some  notes  on  the  fine  Gainsborough,  '  Portrait 
Grace  Dairy mple,  Mrs.  Elliott,'  in  the  catalogue 
of  the  Gainsboroughs  exhibited  in  the  New 
Gallery,  1885,  a  brochure  he  does  not  seeni  to 
have  met  with.  We  notice  he  spells  the  ancient 
name  of  Basset  with  two  i's,  which  is  wrong, 
and  does  not  agree  with  the  inscription  on  the 
portrait.  No.  364  at  Welbeck,  Bassett  is  the 
modern  Jewish  version  of  the  Norman  name 
—a  name  much  aff'ected  by  the  Jews  of  France 
and  England.  Mr.  Murray's  "  Vandyck  "  ought 
surely  to  be  Van  Dyck,  his  "  Vandevelde " 
Van  de  Velde,  his  "  Vansomer  "  Van  Somer. 
Benjamin  West  himself  in  a  court  of  justice 


N"  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


135 


disclaimed  the  knighthood  Mr.  Murray  awards  to 
him  (see  pp.  99  and  208)  :  "  His  Majesty,"  said 
the  President,  "  has  not  bestowed  that  distinc- 
tion upon  me."  The  useful  "Biographical  List 
of  Painters "  represented  in  the  duke's  col- 
lections would  have  been  more  useful  still 
if  the  numbers  of  the  pictures  had  been  added. 
However,  these  shortcomings  are  trivial  in 
so  creditable  a  piece  of  work.  Innumerable 
curious  details  of  costume  and  customs  are  to 
be  found  in  the  portraits  in  these  great  col- 
lections; for  example,  Frances,  the  infamous 
Countess  of  Essex,  No.  330,  in  the  whole-length 
of  her,  doubtless  by  Van  Somer,  wears  a  ring 
attached  to  her  wrist  by  a  black  cord,  such  as 
Herrick  associated  with  Lucy  Percy,  Countess 
of  Carlisle,  and  we  have  commented  on  in 
various  pictures  of  the  same  epoch,  see  likewise 
'Elizabeth  Vernon,'  No.  399  ;  the  Persian, 
Turkish,  Kurdish,  and  Syrian  carpets  introduced 
in  several  cases  are  extremely  curious,  and  so 
are  the  long  and  abundant  ringlets  of  Henry 
Wriothesley,  Earl  of  Southampton,  Shak- 
speare's  friend,  No.  328  ;  the  great  Sword  of 
State  lying  at  the  feet  of  M.  Gheeraedts's  por- 
trait of  Queen  Elizabeth,  No.  122 ;  and  the  shell 
from  which  water  pours  in  Mierevelt's  '  Sir 
Hugh  Myddelton,'  with  its  motto  "Fontes 
Fondinse." 

Musee  Imperial  Ottoman:  Catalogue  des  Mon- 
naies  des  Khnlifes,  d-c.    Par  I.   Gh'alib  Edhem. 
Public    par  Ordre  du    Ministere   Impe'rial    de 
rinstruction  Publique.     (Constantinople.) — We 
really    do    not  know    what    the  "unspeakable 
Turk  "  is  coming  to.     On  January  5th  last  we 
noticed   the  first    catalogue    of    Mohammedan 
coins    ever    issued    under  official   authority   in 
Turkey,  and  already  here  is  a  second  volume, 
of  much  more  substantial  size,  describing  nearly 
a  thousand  coins  and   running   to   450    pages. 
The  first  volume,  as  we  said,  was  most  credit- 
ably executed  ;  but  the  second  is  an  improve- 
ment in  every  way,    except   that  it  is  printed 
entirely     in     Turkish     and     Arabic,     whereas 
the     former     catalogue     was     in    French   and 
Arabic.      Possibly    there    is     also     a     French 
edition  of    the  present  volume  which  has  not 
reached  us.     The  new  catalogue,  like  its  pre- 
decessor,  is   modelled,   down   to   the   minutest 
detail,  upon  the  '  Catalogue  of  Oriental  Coins  in 
the  British  Museum.'     The  weight  and  size  of 
every  coin  are  stated  with  a  precision  which  is 
not  a  common  characteristic  of  Turkish  scholar- 
ship.    Full  dynastic  tables  (copied  from  those 
in  the  British  Museum  Catalogue)  are  prefixed 
to  each  section.     Elaborate  detailed  indexes  are 
appended,  though  one  or  two  of  these  are  a  trifle 
deficient  in  references ;  and  five  phototype  plates 
admirably  illustrate  as  many  coins  as  they  can 
hold  ;  but  five  plates  are  hardly  enough.     The 
bulk   of   the   volume   is   occupied   with   ample 
descriptions  (down  to  the  "annulets  ")  of  about 
800  coins  of   the    Caliphs,   both  Omayyad  and 
Abbasid,    and    it    speaks    well    for    the    col- 
lection   that    in    these     two     branches     it     is 
more      than     half     as      large     as      our     own 
exceptionally     ricli      national      cabinet.       The 
Turkish   aeries   of    Omayyads    numbers   about 
200  to  the  British  Museum  300,  and  of  these, 
23   coins   are   not  represented   in  the   English 
cabinet.       Constantinople,     again,     owns     500 
Abbasids  to  our  1,000  in  round  figures.     GhaFib 
Bey  also  describes  the   Arab-Sassanian    coins, 
but  does  not  print  the  inscriptions  in  Pehlvi.   In 
the  six  other  dynasties  included  in  the  present 
volume  the  Turkish  Imperial  Museum  is  poor. 
Three  Tiiluuids  (one  rare)  and  one  Ikhshidid 
form  a  sorry  representation  of   the  coinage  of 
two  Egyptian  dynasties  whose  coins  might  be 
expected  to  find  their  way  into  what  became  in 
later  times  Turkisli  territory.      The  Samanids 
are  represented  by  only  fifteen  coins,  of  which 
four,  however,  are  of  altun  or  gold.     We  forget 
how  many  hundred  Samanids  there  are  in  the 
Hermitage  ;  it   is  true  the  trade  route  helped 
the     St.     Petersburg     cabinets.      Twenty -one 
Hamdanids,   fifty-five  Buwayhids  (some  rather 


noteworthy),  and  eighteen  useful  Marwanids 
(of  Mesopotamia)  complete  the  volume. 
The  author  has  prefixed  a  long  and 
elaborate  introduction,  in  which  he  sum- 
marizes the  chief  results  of  his  predecessors, 
and  kindly  helps  his  Turkish  students  to  the 
proper  orthography  of  such  names  as  Tiesen- 
hausen,  Sauvaire,  Lavoix,  by  adding  to  the 
rather  peculiar  Turkish  transliteration  the  plain 
names  in  Roman  type.  The  work  appears  to 
have  been  carried  out  with  much  care  and 
accuracy,  and  is  a  credit  alike  to  the  compiler 
and  the  printer.  The  Turks  may  set  an  example 
to  more  than  one  European  nation  by  this  ex- 
cellent catalogue.  The  Russian  Oriental  collec- 
tions still  await  a  modern  catalogue  ;  Italy  has 
not  produced  an  Oriental  numismatist  for  half 
a  century  ;  Sweden  has  not  brought  her  Moham- 
medan catalogues  up  to  date  ;  Berlin  has  not 
even  begun  one.  So  far  England  alone  has 
nearly  completed  the  description  of  the  Oriental 
coins  in  her  national  collection  ;  Spain  is  per- 
haps almost  as  advanced  ;  and  France  is  de- 
liberately making  progress. 


THE    NEW   GALLERY. 


(Third  and  Concluding  Notice.) 
The  Portraits  (No.  16)  of  Mr.  R.  W.  Macbeth 
have  the  qualities  and  some  of  the  characteristics 
of  a  subject-picture,  and,  as  is  always  the  case 
when  portraiture  is  thus  developed,  gain  much 
thereby.  The  picture  exhibits  the  best  qualities 
of  Mr.   Macbeth's  art — bright  and  harmonious 
colouring,  a  clear  and   true  effect  of  daylight, 
and  charmingly  natural  expressions.       On  the 
other  hand,  the  workmanship  is  rather  thin  and 
slight.     The  Farmer's  Joy  (136),  a  bright  and 
pleasant  pastoral,  is  also  quite  typical  of  Mr. 
Macbeth's  style,  and  is  such  a  work  as  every  one 
can  enjoy. — Not  so  the  pictorial  conundrum  (we 
may  not  dignify  it  by  calling  it  a  "mystery  ") 
Sous  les  Arbres  (85),  which  M.  F.  Khnopff  has 
sent.     It  represents  a  sort  of  ghostly  huntsman 
— whose  figure  has  been  drawn  and  painted  as  if 
the  artist's  resources  were  analogous  to  those  of 
a  figurehead  cutter — standing  in  a  quaintly  still 
and  vacuous  manner  in  a  wood  which  has  hardly 
any  shadows  or  luminous  characteristics  what- 
ever ;  nor  does  the  face  wear  an  expression  which 
associates  it  with  anything  more  passionate  than 
the  mask-like  repose  of  an  antique  statue  ;  all 
the  while  the  arms  and  costume  of  this  puzzling 
figure  are  mediaeval,  and  what  sentiment  can  be 
discovered  in  the  design  and  motives  of  the  pic- 
ture isdecidedlyneitherclassic  nor  realistic.  Such 
being  the  materials  and  character  of  the  work, 
we  must  needs  be  content  to  treat  it  as  a  sort 
of  technical  excuse  for  an  extremely  fine  and 
original,   if    not   beautiful   exercise   in   silvery 
greys,  delicate  tones,  and  wannish  hues,  which 
have    at    least    charm    enough    to    excite    the 
visitor's  imagination  and  gratify  his  liking  for 
the    beauties    of    curious    chromatic    schemes. 
These  were  probably  the  reason  of  the  picture's 
existence.     M.   Khnopff  has  often  before  pro- 
pounded  mysteries  of  this  kind,  and  he  must 
laugh   at  those  who  strive   to   discover  secrets 
where  none  exist.     A  far  finer  work  by  this  enig- 
matical artist  is  a  sculptured  bust  in  the  Central 
Hall,  entitled  Sybil  (434).     The  modelling  of  the 
noble  and  delicate  features  is  beautiful,  and  sug- 
gests that  Sybil  is  almost,  if  not  quite  lost  in  a 
voluptuous   dream    or    swoon,    and    possessed, 
so  to  say,   by  an  intense   rapture,   such   as   is 
seldom    attempted    in    sculpture,   or  otherwise 
in  art  without  the  aid  of  colour  .and  other  pic- 
torial accessories,  such  as  light  and  shade.     So 
subtly   rendered    is  the  passion   of    this  extra- 
ordinary face  that   a   very   slight    yielding    to 
fancy  allows    the   visitor   to   imagine  that   tlie 
closed  eyelids  quiver,  the  nostrils  slowly  heave,   I 
and  the  lips  are  parted  by  the  breath.  I 

The  transition   from    the    false  and  the  real 
pathos    and   mysteries  of   M.   Khnopff  to    the  j 
very  demonstrative  and  somewhat  vulgar  prose 
of  Mr.  J.  S.  Sargent's  ambitious  j)ortrait  of  Miss 


Ada  Rehan  (199),    a   life-size,    whole-length 
figure,  is  a  sort  of  an  anti -climax,  and  the  taste 
of  the  spectator  is  startled  by  the  exaggerations 
and  want  of  self  restraint  which  are    manifest 
wherever  we  examine  an  ungraceful  work. — The 
Child  in  the    World  (207)  of  Mr.  T.  C.   Gotch 
is  more  successful,  if  not    more  sincere,    than 
some  of  the  painter's  extremely  literal  allegories, 
which  are  generally  prose  pure  and  simple.  Very 
good  prose  is  this  picture  of  a  fair  and  innocent 
little  creature  (whose  features  remind  us  of  Mr. 
Gotch 's  partiality  for  Flemish  types)  walking  un- 
harmed amid  the  folds  of  a  dragon,  whose  scales 
of  azure  and   gold    are   so    brilliantly   painted 
as  to  be  quite  out  of  keeping  with  the  rest  of 
the   picture,    while,   as   dragons  go,    the   beast 
himself,    though  distinctly  of  a  Gothic  breed, 
is    of   no    more   account   than  if  he  had  been 
born  of  a  Chinese  brain.     This  shortcoming  is 
the  more  to  be  regretted  because    the   Gothic 
dragons   are    of   the    true    sort.      The    charm 
of    Mr.    Gotch's    picture    lies    in    the   child's 
face,     in    which,    nevertheless,   there   is    little 
or    no   poetry. — There    is    a    worldly    sort   of 
spirit  in  Mr.  J.  Haynes  Williams's  Selection  by 
Reflection :    the    Cotillon    (211),    the    scene    of 
which  is  an  Empire  ball-room.     In  front  sits 
one  of  those  fair  and  plump  damsels  whom  Mr. 
Williams  will  some  day  be  tired  of  painting  if 
he  does  not  succeed  in  putting  souls  into  his 
models'  exuberant  forms,  their  ample  busts  and 
well-developed   limbs.      All  the   attitudes  and 
expressions   are   good    in  their   way ;    but    the 
best  parts  of  the  picture  are  the  well-painted  bust 
and  shoulders  of  the  lady,  and  her  white  satin 
dress,  which  is  thoroughly  good. — Evensong  {21^), 
by  Mr.  G.  H.  Boughton,  embodies  all  the  merits 
of  the  artist,  such  as  colour  and  good  keeping, 
and  all  his  defects,  such  as  the  trivialities  of  its 
design,  its  imperfect  draughtsmanship,  its  flat- 
ness, and  so  much  tameness  as  is  consistent  with 
suggestiveness,  which  may,  after  all,  really  in- 
dicate   nothing    and    suggest    nothing,    except 
what   the   spectator's    sympathies   prompt  him 
to  discover,  and  thus  endow  a  vacuous  picture 
with  pathos  and  poetry  not  its  own. 

The  Laboratory  (238)  of  Mr.  J.  Collier  owes 
nothing  but  its  motto  to  Robert  Browning,  who 
wouldstronglyhaveobjectedtohis  jilted  and  evil- 
hearted  beauty  being  represented  by  this  rather 
common    and    dull   vixen,    who    leers    at    the 
old    chemist    whose    "delicate    droplet"    pro- 
mises   vengeance    upon    her    rival.      She    de- 
scribed   herself   as   a   "minion,"   whereas   this 
poor    crazed    creature    is    rather    gaunt,    com- 
monplace, and  decidedly  tall.     The  chemist  is 
not   a   greater    success,   Avhile   Mr.    Collier,   in 
painting  his  laboratory  or  "  devil's  smithy  "  in 
so   tame   a   manner,    lost    an    opportunity   for 
depicting  a  subject  in  Rembrandt's  vein,  or  at 
least  with  something  that  was  weird,  picturesque, 
and  romantic  of  his  own  devising  and  depicting. 
Of  Mr.  Watts's  Charity  (250)  it  may  be  said  that 
his  grandiose  feeling  and  his  love  for  powerful 
and  harmonious  tones  and  a  sumptuously  grave 
coloration   find  free   play  in  a  large  group  of  a 
stately  and  hand.some  matron  cherishing  three 
children  ;  while  the  serene  features  of  Charity 
conform  to  the  artist's  characteristic  types  of 
majestic  goodness  that  is  not  ignorant  of  sorrow. 
Apart   from    this   the  picture  is  a  Titianesque 
exercise  rather  than  a  deliberate  representation 
of  the  theme.     IMr.  Watts's  portrait  of  the  Rev. 
A.   (hirney  (246)  is  such  as  probably  only  he 
could   paint  with    so    much   sober   grace,   self- 
restraint,    and    spirit.      It    is    besides    a    fine 
Venetian  piece  of  colour.     Another  portrait  by 
the    same    accomplished    artist    depicts    Mrs. 
C.  C.  Rogers  (254),  wearing  a  richly  toned  blue 
dress.     "The  flesh  tints  are  excellently  painted, 
the  expression  is  suave  and  ladylike,  and  there 
is  great  breadth  and   simplicity  about  all    the 
elements  of  the  picture. — Mrs.  A.  L.  Swynner- 
ton    is,     artistically    speaking,     the    antithesis 
of    Mr.    Watts,    and    yet    her    flesh  -  painting 
attests   the   strength   of  her   efforts   to   render 
nature    truly.     The    Sense    of  Sight    (259)    is, 


136 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


as  we  understand  it,  an  allegory  treated  with 
extreme  realism,  and  expressing  itself  by  means 
of  forms  and  colours,  without  the  least  touch  of 
the  abstract.  A  winged  woman,  angel,  or  spirit 
incorporate  seems  to  have  fallen  from  the  zenith 
because  her  wings  are  broken,  and  gazes  up- 
wards again  with  intense  emotion  and  a  devout 
passion  that  finds  expression  in  her  piercing 
eyes  and  parted  lips.  The  features  of  the 
face,  the  eyes  especially,  are  drawn  and 
modelled  with  admirable  thoroughness  and 
skill,  and  instinct  with  style  at  once  large 
and  fine.  All  the  while  the  shoulders  and 
torso  are  so  badly  drawn  and  projiortioned  as  to 
be  almost  inexplicable,  and  the  surface  of  the 
picture  is  so  rough  and  crude  that  few  casual 
observers  would  give  the  accomplished  lady  who 
has  painted  it  half  the  credit  which  is  due  to  her 
skill,  vigour,  and  knowledge. — Mr.  G.  Clausen's 
Besia  (265)  is  a  capitally  executed  and  unpre- 
tending study  of  the  head  of  a  girl,  but  what 
Re'sia  had  to  do  with  it  we  do  not  care  to  in- 
quire ;  the  flesh  tints  are  a  little  dry  and  crude. 
— Strife  (267),  by  Mr.  A.  Lemon,  is  a  spirited 
sketch  (so  good  and  animated  that  it  deserves 
to  be  carried  further)  of  two  centaurs  fighting 
upon  the  margin  of  the  sea. 

The  landscapes  and  architectural  pieces  are  an 
unusually  numerous  and  excellent  collection.  The 
first  in  the  order  of  the  Catalogue  is  Mr.  Logsdail's 
Interior  of  Miirano  (3),  an  admirable  study  of 
the  Duomo  seen  in  afternoon  light,  broad,  solid 
and  bright,  homogeneous,  and  most  ably  drawn, 
and  technically  speaking  it  stands  out  from  its 
companions  here  owing  to  the  consummate 
treatment  of  the  cool  reflections  in  the  warm 
shadows.  Columns  of  the  Doge's  Palace,  Venice 
(54),  is,  in  spite  of  the  hotness  of  some  of  the 
shadows  in  the  sculptured  capitals,  a  first-rate 
piece  of  architectural  painting.  Still,  although 
deftly  touched  and  finely  drawn,  the  whole  lacks 
air.  A  Glorious  City  in  the  Sea,  Venice  (171), 
by  the  same  artist,  deserves  high  praise  for  its 
draughtsmanship  ;  there  are,  too,  fine  and 
delicate  nacreous  hues  and  tones  of  the  highest 
refinement.  —  Mr.  C.  N.  Hemy's  City  hy  the 
Golden  Paver  (7)  is  a  carefully  drawn  and  painted, 
but  not  poetical  view  of  Lisbon  and  the  Tagus. 
It  is  distinctly  spotty  and  rather  painty. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Wyllie's  Siimmer  (21)  evinces 
much  delicacy  of  colour  and  light.  The  pure 
blue  and  pearly  sky,  the  sunlit  meadow  deep  in 
grass,  the  wealth  of  red  in  resplendent  poppies, 
and  the  charmingly  painted  sea,  are  all  worth 
examining. — A  Dappled  Sl:y  atid  a  Silvery  Sea 
(23)  is  thoroughly  worthy  of  the  late  Mr.  Henry 
Moore,  than  whom  no  one  could  paint  more 
delicately,  finely,  and  truly  the  pallor  of  the  still, 
blue  ocean  and  the  warmer  silver  of  the  clouds' 
lining  :  a  charming  and  harmonious  study  of 
nature  in  her  serenest  mood.  A  West  Highland 
Burn  (128),  by  the  same,  shows  the  painter  has 
returned  to  a  subject  such  as  he  had  not  recently 
taken  in  hand,  and  is  a  vigorous  and  telling  study 
of  nature. — Mrs.  M.  R.  Corbet's  Santa Petronilla, 
Perugia  (11),  is  a  warm  and  accomplished  study, 
to  be  admired  for  its  harmony  of  colour  and  tone. 
A  Hillside  (260)  is  the  same  lady's  reminiscence 
of  nature  in  the  mood  of  George  Mason,  note- 
worthy for  its  colour  and  pathos. — Mr.  E.  Stott 
has  introduced  some  very  good  flesh-painting 
into  Noonday  (32),  boys  bathing  in  a  shadowy 
pool,  beyond  which  is  hot  sunlight.  —  The 
scene  of  T/ie  Farm  Pond  (28)  has  evidently 
attracted  Mr.  E.  H.  Fahey,  who  has  painted 
it  solidly  and  brightly,  but  with  an  excess 
of  paint.  —  Truly  beautiful  is  AW  Omhra 
del  Noccioli  presso  il  Lago  d'Albano  (123)  of 
Prof.  G.  Costa,  his  sole  contribution. — In  a 
Devonshire  Valley  (141),  by  Mr.  A.  Elias  (a  name 
new  to  us,  and  sure  to  be  heard  of  again), 
is  remarkably  good.  It  is  true  to  nature, 
harmonious,  and  tender. — Mr.  W.  Padgett's 
Evening  Mists  near  Abheville  (201)  depicts 
finely  painted  rows  of  poplars  and  a  vay)orous 
effect  of  acceptable  quality. — We  recommend  to 
the  visitor  who  cares  for  Oriental  eflects,  light, 


and  colour,  the  Earl  of  Carlisle's  Bhopal  (208) 
and  the  striking  Peshola  Lake  (212),  both  excel- 
lent and  accomplished  Indian  landscapes. — Mr. 
T.  Waite's  Strayed  Cattle  (210),  a  nice  com- 
position, is  Corot-like  in  some  respects,  and 
comprises  some  well-drawn  and  well- modelled 
clouds. — Most  tender  and  harmonious  is  Mr. 
A.  East's  The  Misty  Mere  (225),  where  the 
moon  rises  behind  hills,  and  gleams  in  wan 
silver  upon  the  surface  of  the  water.  As 
it  is,  the  sole  defect  of  this  landscape 
is  its  unnecessary  bigness.  —  Another  fine 
work  is  Mr.  Adrian  Stokes's  Avenue  in  the 
Marshes  (253),  where  the  slender  trees,  touched 
with  autumnal  gold,  rear  themselves  through 
the  low-lying  vapours,  while  the  pools  and  ver- 
dure round  about  them  are  depicted  in  a 
refined  manner,  and  illustrate  a  choice  and 
tender  mood  which  contrasts  strongly  with  the 
eclecticism  of  Mr.  G.  Wetherbee's  '  Summer  ' 
(249),  to  which  we  have  already  referred  in 
terms  of  praise. 

Those  who  like  modern  portraiture  will  find 
capital  instances  in  Mr.  P.  Burne  -  Jones's 
Daughters  of  Prof.  H.  Pelhavi  (4),  in  blue 
dresses,  firmly  painted,  and  less  dry  than  the 
artist  has  been  wont  to  make  his  drawings.  In 
No.  241  Mr.  Burne- Jones  has  produced  a  rather 
uncompromising,  not  to  say  sternly  executed 
portrait  of  his  mother.  —  Mr.  J.  Parker's  A 
Cyclist  (39)  is  good  in  its  way. — The  Hon.  J. 
Collier's  Miss  F.  Hatvkshaiv  (98)  has  many 
excellent  points. 

A  number  of  commendable  works  need 
only  be  named,  as  they  do  not  surpass  former 
productions  of  the  same  artists  :  for  instance, 
Mr.  A.  D.  Peppercorn's  On  the  Devonshire  Coast 
(12)  ;  Mr.  J.  Parker's  Potato  Harvest  (17) ; 
Mr.  E.  Parton's  fine  November  (20)  ;  Mr.  A. 
Parsons's  A  Frosty  Morning  (63)  ;  Mr.  A. 
Hughes's  Fust  (108)  ;  Mr.  M.  R.  Corbet^s 
Viscountess  Morpeth  (185);  Mr.  J.  Aumonier's 
Flowery  Meadow  (193)  and  The  Old  Smithy 
(247)  ;  and  M.  Fantin-Latour's  Zinnias  (164), 
Poses  (166),  a  charming  work  of  art,  such  as 
flower-pieces  seldom  are,  and  his  IVhite  Phlox 
(313),  which  is  not  quite  up  to  his  mai-k.  In 
the  Balcony,  to  which  the  pictorial  terrors  of 
this  exhibition  are  sometimes  relegated,  the 
following  exceptionally  goodcontributionsshould 
be  noticed  :  Miss  AI.  W.  Freeman's  Winter 
Apples  (283)  ;  Mr.  L.  L.  Brooke's  Coombe  in 
the  Quantocks  (288)  ;  Miss  N.  Davison's  Wliite 
Ladye  (332),  a  portrait  of  a  yacht  in  a  calm  ; 
Mr.  C.  M.  Gere's  Summer  by  the  Sea  (337)  ; 
Mr.  A.  Goodwin's  Great  Pejoicings  (372),  i.e., 
York  en  fete;  Mr.  J.  L.  Phillips's  The  Close  of 
Day  (371),  a  collection  of  old  buildings  ;  and 
Sir  E.  Burne- Jones's  A  Portrait  (390),  a  girl's 
head  in  red  and  white  chalks. 

The  sculptures  in  the  Central  Hall,  besides 
the  work  of  M.  KhnopfF  already  mentioned,  in- 
clude Mr.  F.  M.  Taubmann's  Daivn  (441),  Mr. 
Onslow  Ford's  fine  and  spirited  Study  of  a  Head 
(443),  and  Mr.  W.  C.  May's  Lady  Windsor  (419), 
a  bust  in  bronze. 


THE    KOYAL   ARCII.EOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE 
AT    SCARBOROUGH. 

For  the  first  time,  probably,   in  the  history 
of  the  Royal  Archteological  Institute,  its  annual 
meeting  has  been  held  in  the  throes  of  a  general 
election,   and  in    consequence    many  who  had 
announced  their  intention  of  taking  part  in  it 
were  obliged  at  the  last  moment  to  withdraw 
their  names.     Owing  to  the  suddenness  of  the 
I  election,  it   was  found  impossible  to  postpone 
j  the  meeting    or    alter  its   arrangements.     Tlie 
choice  of  Scarborough    by  the   Council  as  the 
!  headquarters    of     this    year's    gathering    was, 
I  nevertheless,  amply    justified,  for   despite  the 
i  election  and  a  threatened  break  up  of  tlie  line 
j  weather,  upwards  of  seventy  members  assembled 
!  at    the    Court    House    at    noon    on    Tuesday, 
July  16th,  for  the  formal   opening  of  the  meet- 
ing.   The  members  were  received  by  the  Mayor, 
Alderman  Valentine  Fowler,  who,  in  a  few  chosen 


words,  welcomed  the  Institute  to  Scarborough, 
and  expressed  his  regret  that  the  election  then 
proceeding  in  the  town  should  clash  with  so 
interesting  a  meeting. 

The  President  of  the  Institute,  Viscount 
Dillon,  then  took  the  chair,  and  called  upon 
the  Archbishop  of  York  to  give  his  opening 
address  as  President  of  the  meeting.  His  Grace 
spoke  of  the  great  attraction  archaeology  had 
always  had  for  himself  and  of  the  almost  uni- 
versal interest  displayed  in  it,  and  showed  how 
admirably  it  was  adapted  for  providing  a  diver- 
sion for  even  busy  people  from  their  daily  toil 
and  cares.  He  also  referred  to  its  intimate 
connexion  with  history. 

After  luncheon  the  party  reassembled  at  the 
ancient  parish  church  of  St.  Mary,  where  the 
vicar,  the  Bishop  of  Beverley,  pointed  out 
the  architectural  features.  The  church  was 
originally  cruciform,  with  central  and  two 
western  towers,  and  added  chapels  on  both 
sides  of  the  nave.  The  chancel  and  its  aisles 
with  the  north  transept  were  battered  down 
during  the  siege  of  the  castle  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  were  never  rebuilt.  The  central 
tower  also  fell  from  the  injuries  it  then  re- 
ceived, but  was  reconstructed.  The  western 
towers  are  now  reduced  to  the  height  of  the 
aisles.  Both  the  bishop  and  Mr.  Micklethwaite, 
who  followed  him,  attempted  to  explain  certain 
peculiarities  which  are  at  variance  with  the  sup- 
posed character  of  the  church  as  formerly  one 
of  Cistercian  monks.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
church  never  was  Cistercian,  but  an  ordinary 
parish  church,  of  which  the  abbot  and  convent 
of  Citeaux  were  merely  the  rectors.  They  were 
probably  represented  by  a  few  monks  whose 
duty  it  was  not  so  much  to  perform  divine 
service  as  to  look  after  the  revenues,  which  had 
been  given  to  maintain  the  annual  General 
Chapter  of  the  Cistercian  Order. 

The  castle  was  next  visited  under  the  guid- 
ance of  Mr.  J.  W.  Walker.  Through  the 
courtesy  of  Lieut. -Col.  Tabor,  commanding  the 
Royal  Artillery,  the  area  of  the  great  Norman 
square  keep,  now  most  improperly  used  as  a 
powder  magazine,  was  thrown  open  for  inspec- 
tion. As  there  are  no  other  ancient  buildings  or 
features  of  interest  remaining  in  Scarborough, 
the  usual  perambulation  of  the  town  was  not 
deemed  necessary. 

In  the  evening  the  President  of  the  Historical 
Section,  Sir  George  Sitwell,  was  to  have 
delivered  his  opening  address.  As  the  Con- 
servative candidate  for  the  borough  he  was 
unfortunately  unable  to  be  present,  and  in  his 
absence  a  paper  on  Roman  Yorkshire  was  read 
by  Mr.  F.  Haverfield,  F.S.A.  Mr.  Haverfield 
said  that  the  Roman  occupation  of  Yorkshire 
might  be  assumed  to  have  taken  place  shortly 
before  the  time  of  Agricola,  and  was  at  first  of 
a  purely  military  character.  Excepting  at  York 
and  Aldborough,  there  were  few  traces  of  civil 
occupation,  the  majority  of  the  settlements 
being  military  forts  arranged  along  the  lines  of 
the  great  roads.  Mr.  R.  C.  Hope  followed 
with  an  interesting  address  on  ancient  Scar- 
borough, and  by  the  aid  of  the  large  Ordnance 
Survey  maps  pointed  out  the  sites  of  the  walls 
and  bars  and  of  the  destroyed  churches  and 
religious  houses,  as  well  as  the  former  positions 
of  the  crosses  that  marked  the  places  of  the 
various  markets. 

On  Wednesday  the  members  went  by  train 
to  Bridlington,  where  carriages  were  in  waiting 
to  convey  them  to  the  ancient  parish  church, 
which  is  some  distance  inland.  Here  Mr. 
W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  pointed  out  that  the 
existing  building  was  but  the  nave  of  a  magni- 
ficent church  originally  some  380  feet  long,  of 
which  the  choir,  transepts,  and  central  tower 
formed  the  church  of  a  priory  of  Black  Canons 
established  in  an  existing  parisli  church  of  St. 
Mary  in  or  about  1120,  while  the  nave  with  its 
two  western  towers  had  always  served  as  tlie 
parish  church.  At  the  suppression  of  the  priory 
in  1538  all   the   eastern    part    as  well   as   the 


N°  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


137 


monastic  buildings  had  been  swept  away,  but 
from  a  survey  then  made,  which  described 
them  with  unusual  detail  together  with  their 
dimensions,  Mr.  Hope  indicated  on  a  plan  their 
probable  sites  and  extent.  The  existing  nave, 
which  has  been  preserved  because  it  was  and  is 
the  parish  church,  is  a  building  of  the  first 
rank.  It  is,  nevertheless,  very  little  known  or 
studied.  Mr.  Hope  showed  that  the  south 
wall  alone  retained  traces  of  its  Norman 
character,  the  north  wall,  with  a  most  beautiful 
porch,  being  of  the  thirteenth  century,  while 
the  arcades  and  upper  works  were  of  the 
Decorated  period,  though  not  all  of  one  date. 
The  original  design  had  nevertheless  been  fol- 
lowed, even  in  the  three  western  bays  of  the 
south  side  which  had  been  rebuilt  in  the 
fifteenth  century  with  the  south-west  tower. 
Passing  round  the  exterior,  Mr.  Hope  called 
attention  to  the  architectural  features,  and 
pointed  out  the  traces  of  the  cloister  and  of  the 
prior's  lodge  to  the  west  of  it  that  stood  on  the 
south  side  of  the  nave.  After  an  inspection  of 
the  fine  late  Decorated  gatehouse,  which  is  still 
in  a  very  perfect  state,  the  party  adjourned  to 
lunch  at  the  Alexandra  Hotel.  At  two  o'clock 
the  carriages  were  again  drawn  up,  and  a  move 
■was  made  to  Burton  Agnes.  Here  the  church, 
an  interesting  building  of  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries,  with  a  later  tower  and  modern 
chancel,  was  described  by  Mr.  John  Bilson, 
F.S.A.,  who  also  pointed  out  the  leading 
features  of  a  fine  series  of  tombs  of  the  Somer- 
ville  and  Griffith  families  in  the  south  chapel. 
Lord  Dillon  commented  on  the  unusually  poor 
character  of  the  alabaster  effigy  of  Sir  Walter 
Griffith  (ob.  1481),  which  he  described  as  re- 
sembling a  mere  body  covered  with  closely 
fitting  armour  of  an  utterly  unpractical 
character.  Mr.  St.  John  Hope  called  attention 
to  the  fine  series  of  statuettes  of  saints  placed 
round  the  tomb,  several  of  which  were  now 
visible  after  a  long  series  of  years  through  the 
removal  of  a  large  slab  which  had  until  recently 
concealed  them,  and  had  been  obligingly 
removed  by  the  rector.  Archdeacon  Palmes,  to 
enable  the  members  of  the  Institute  to  see 
them.  Passing  the  remains  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury subvault  of  the  old  hall  of  the  Somervilles, 
Mr.  Bilson  conducted  the  party  to  the  front  of 
Burton  Agnes  Hall,  a  most  splendid  and  perfect 
Elizabethan  mansion,  built  by  Sir  Henry  Griffith 
during  the  first  few  years  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  Over  the  porch  door  is  the  date  IGOl, 
•while  the  lead  down-pipes  bear  the  Griffith 
badges  and  the  dates  1602  and  1603.  By  the 
kindness  of  Sir  Henry  Boynton,  Bart.,  the 
principal  parts  were  thrown  open  for  inspection, 
including  the  hall  with  its  magnificent  carved 
screen  and  chimney-piece,  the  staircase,  a  bed- 
room on  the  first  floor  with  splendid  moulded 
plaster  ceiling,  and  the  long  gallery  with  the 
remains  of  moulded  plaster-work  of  unusual 
excellence  and  beauty. 

In  the  evening  the  Antiquarian  Section  was 
opened  by  the  President,  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins, 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  who  took  for  the  subject  of  his 
address  'Prehistoric  Man  in  Yorkshire.'  After 
referring  to  the  present  state  of  knowledge  with 
regard  to  the  antiquity  of  man,  he  reviewed  the 
evidences  of  the  presence  and  distribution  of  the 
paloeolithic  and  neolithic  men  in  Britain  and  in 
Yorkshire,  and  indicated  the  deductions  to  be 
drawn  from  the  remains  found  of  their  civiliza- 
tion and  modes  of  life. 

Thursday  was  devoted  to  a  visit  to  Whitby, 
■which  was  reached  by  special  train  at  12.27. 
After  lunch  the  members  walked  to  the  quay, 
and  then  slowly  toiled  up  the  great  flight  of 
some  200  steps  that  lead  to  the  summit  of 
the  clifi"  whereon  stjind  the  parish  church  and 
ruins  of  the  great  Benedictine  abbey.  Here 
Canon  Atkinson  met  tlie  party  and  conducted 
them  round  the  remains  of  the  abbey.  The  only 
parts  now  left  are  the  magnificent  Early  English 
choir  and  north  tran.sept  of  the  church,  together 
with  the  outer  wall  <>i  the  nortli  aisle  and  part 


of  the  west  front.  Until  1763,  when  the  nave 
fell  with  a  crash  during  a  great  storm,  the  church, 
though  roofless,  was  practically  almost  perfect  ; 
but  since  the  further  fall  of  the  central  tower 
in  1830,  it  has  been  reduced  to  a  battered  and 
weather-worn  ruin.  Its  prominent  features  are 
too  well  known  to  require  further  mention. 
From  the  abbey  the  party  proceeded  to  the 
parish  church,  which  was  described  by  the 
vicar,  Canon  Austen,  as  the  most  extraordinary 
building  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  Originally 
a  Norman  structure  consisting  of  chancel  and 
nave  with  slightly  later  transepts  and  west  tower, 
it  had  been  enlarged  northwards  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  the  nave  practically  converted  into 
a  large  room.  This  had  then  been  filled  in  every 
possible  direction  by  pews  and  tiers  of  galleries, 
which  were  lighted  by  regular  cabin  skylights  in 
the  roof,  the  whole  of  the  work  being  aptly  de- 
scribed by  the  vicar  as  that  of  ships'  carpenters. 
Mr.  Micklethwaite  agreed  with  what  had  already 
been  suggested  by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope,  that  the 
parishioners  had  no  doubt  removed  to  the  pre- 
sent site  from  an  earlier  church  which  had  been 
taken  possession  of  by  the  monks  on  their  re- 
turn to  Whitby  about  1100.  He  also  called 
attention  to  the  remains  of  some  interesting 
seventeenth  century  fittings,  including  an  ela- 
borately carved  gallery  (carried  by  twisted 
columns)  that  occupied  the  place  of  the  rood- 
loft,  and  a  considerable  number  of  excellent 
oak  pews.  The  majority  of  these  are  the 
"free  seats,"  or  "for  strangers,"  those  for- 
merly occupied  by  parishioners  having  been 
subsequently  replaced  by  baize-lined  pens  or 
tanks  of  larger  dimensions  and  more  comfort- 
able character. 

The  evening  was  devoted  to  a  meeting  of  the 
Antiquarian  Section,  when  papers  were  read  by 
Mr.  W.  Stephenson  '  On  Beverley  in  Olden 
Times,'  and  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Mortimer  'On  the 
Origin  of  some  Lines  of  Small  Pits  on  Allerston 
and  Eberston  Moors  in  the  Neighbourhood  of 
Scarborough,'  which  the  author  suggested  were 
the  commencement  of  a  projected  but  abandoned 
intrenchment. 

On  Friday  morning  the  members  started  for 
Beverley,  and  on  their  arrival  proceeded  at  once 
to  St.  Mary's  Church,  which,  owing  to  its  dis- 
tance from  the  railway  station  and  the  greater 
prominence  of  the  magnificent  Minster,  rarely 
receives  the  attention  it  deserves  from  visitors. 
As  Mr.  Bilson  pointed  out,  it  was  originally  a 
mere  chapel  of  ease  that  served  the  parochial 
district  attached  to  the  altar  of  St.  Martin  in 
the  Minster  ;  but  by  degrees  it  was  enriched  by 
the  gifts  of  various  parishioners,  and  by  a 
natural  process  of  growth  eventually  reached 
its  present  architectural  importance.  By  the 
aid  of  a  specially  prepared  plan  Mr.  Bilson 
showed  that  from  some  existing  remains  it  was 
clear  that  the  church  in  Norman  times  con- 
sisted merely  of  a  chancel,  central  tower,  and  a 
nave  without  aisles.  There  may  also  have  been 
transepts.  In  the  thirteenth  century  the  tran- 
septs were  built,  or  rebuilt,  and  aisles  added  to 
the  nave  ;  and  at  a  somewhat  later  date  a  large 
chapel  was  built  above  a  vaulted  charnel  or 
"bone  hole"  on  the  east  side  of  the  north 
transept.  Early  in  the  fourteenth  centuiy  the 
enlargement  and  reconstruction  of  the  chancel 
were  begun,  but  stopped  halfway  by  the  Black 
Death  in  1349.  When  work  was  resumed  the 
chancel  with  its  beautiful  north  aisle  was 
finished,  and  followed  in  the  next  century  by 
the  rebuilding  of  the  arcades  and  clearstory  of 
the  nave  and  of  the  south  porch.  In  1520  the 
tower  fell  and  wrecked  the  nave,  which  was 
quickly  rebuilt  on  the  old  lines  and  with  much 
of  the  old  masonry,  mostly  by  subscription,  as 
appeared  by  the  quaint  legends  in  English  and 
Latin  on  the  labels  of  the  north  arcade. 

After  lunch  a  move  was  made  for  the  Minster, 
where  Mr.  Bilson  again  acted  as  demonstrator 
and  pointed  out  its  architectural  history  and 
beautiful  details  and  furniture.  He  especially 
called  attention  to  tlie  remarkable  way  in  which, 


as  at  Westminster  and  Bridlington,  the  later 
Decorated  builders  had  carried  on  as  closely  as 
possible  the  design  of  their  Early  English  pre- 
decessors, the  chief  diflferences  being  the  disuse 
of  marble  and  the  change  in  the  section  of  the 
mouldings.  Some  of  the  members  of  the  In- 
stitute privately  expressed  their  regret  that 
certain  palpably  modern  figures  on  the  labels  of 
the  wall  arcade  in  the  north  aisle,  executed 
some  sixty  years  ago,  and  fairly  good  in  their 
way,  were  being  replaced  by  beautifully  carved 
"  forgeries  "  to  correspond  with  the  fourteenth 
century  examples  alongside.  Before  leaving  the 
Minster,  Mr.  R.  C.  Hope  described  the  fine 
series  of  musical  instruments  borne  by  the 
figures  of  angels,  &c.,  between  the  arches  of 
the  nave. 

At  the  evening  meeting  the  opening  address 
of  the  Architectural  Section,  on  'Mediaeval 
and  Renaissance  Libraries,'  was  delivered  to  a 
large  audience  by  Mr.  J.  Willis  Clark,  F.S.A,, 
who  illustrated  his  remarks  by  some  seventy 
lantern  slides.  After  a  short  discussion  upon 
the  libraries  of  the  Romans,  whose  methods  of 
keeping  books  largely  influenced  the  mediteval 
world,  Mr.  Clark  proceeded  to  trace  the  methods 
adopted  by  the  monastic  orders.  These,  he 
showed,  probably  at  first  kept  their  books  in 
the  church,  afterwards  in  presses  in  the  cloister, 
and  later  on,  when  the  books  had  grown  into 
large  libraries,  in  a  special  room  built  for 
the  purpose.  Examples  in  illustration  were 
cited.  In  the  cathedral  churches  the  library 
was  usually  over  one  side  of  the  cloister,  as  at 
Salisbury,  Wells,  and  Lincoln.  The  libraries 
of  the  colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  were 
next  described,  and  it  was  shown  that  they  were 
being  built  in  the  fifteenth  century,  along  with 
the  monastic  libraries  and  those  of  the  cathedral 
churches.  Mr.  Clark  next  passed  to  the  furni- 
ture of  these  rooms,  which  he  argued  was  pro- 
bably of  uniform  design.  The  first  form  of 
bookcase  was  an  elongated  lectern  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  wall  between  the  windows, 
so  that  readers  might  have  plenty  of  light  to 
read  the  books  that  were  chained  to  it. 
Splendid  isolated  examples  remain  at  Lincoln, 
and  a  whole  library  of  them  at  Zutphen.  Owing 
to  the  large  space  they  occupied,  these  lecterns 
were  replaced  by  open  bookcases  with  two 
shelves  on  each  side,  like  those  at  Merton 
College,  which  were  made  in  1365,  and  served 
as  the  model  for  collegiate  libraries  in  Oxford 
generally.  From  contemporary  documents  it 
was  clear  that  like  bookcases  were  in  use  at 
Citeaux,  Clairvaux,  and  Canterbury.  The 
modern  system  of  placing  shelves  against  a  wall 
was  first  adopted  at  the  Escurial  in  1584,  and 
introduced  into  England  by  Wren  at  Lincoln 
in  1675.  At  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Mr. 
Clark  showed,  Wren  ingeniously  combined  the 
ancient  and  modern  methods  by  dividing  the 
library  into  what  he  terms  "  cells  "  or  places  of 
study,  formed  of  bookcases  against  the  walls 
and  others  at  right  angles  to  them. 

Saturday  morning  was  devoted  to  the  annual 
business  meeting  of  the  Institute  for  members 
only.  This  was  followed  by  papers  by  Mr. 
Micklethwaite,  F.S.A.,  on  'A  Cistercian  Day,' 
as  illustrated  by  the  "Customs"  of  the  Order, 
and  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Rye  'On  the  Building  Stones 
and  Canals  of  Rievaulx  Abbey. '  After  luncheon 
the  members  proceeded  by  train  to  Malton  and 
in  carriages  to  Old  Malton,  where  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite described  the  beautiful  Transitional 
nave  of  the  Gilbertine  Priory,  stUl  used,  as 
always,  as  the  parish  church.  He  also  briefly 
sketched  the  peculiarities  of  the  Gilbertine 
Order.  Mr.  St.  John  Hope  pointed  out  that 
Old  Malton  had  always  been  a  house  of  canons 
only,  and  there  were,  therefore,  no  traces  of 
the  remarkable  double  arrangement  discovered 
by  him  at  Watton  Priory,  which  was  a  double 
hou.se  of  nuTis  who  followed  the  Cistercian  rule 
and  of  canons  who  acted  as  chaplains  and  fol- 
lowed the  rule  of  St.  Austin.  The  journey  was 
then  resumed  to  Kirkham,  where  the  beautiful 


138 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SSSS,  July  27, '95 


gatehouse  and  other  fragments  of  the  once 
wealthy  priory  of  Black  Canons  were  demon- 
strated by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope,  who  described 
the  results  of  excavations  made  by  him  on  the 
sites  of  the  church  and  monastic  buildings. 
Certain  peculiarities  of  plan  and  abnormal 
arrangements,  caused  by  the  priory  being  built 
on  sloping  ground,  gave  rise  to  some  interesting 
discussion.  The  party  afterwards  returned  by 
train  to  Scarborough,  and  spent  a  quiet  evening 
after  a  busy  week's  work. 

On  the  morning  of  the  22nd  the  members 
of  the  Institute  visited  Rievaulx  Abbey.  For 
the  first  time  during  the  meeting  it  was  necessary 
to  use  umbrellas  and  waterproofs,  but  before 
reaching  Rievaulx  the  rain  had  ceased  and  given 
way  to  brilliant  sunshine.  As  a  concession  to 
the  ladies,  a  brief  halt  was  made  to  allow  them 
an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  lovely  view  of  the 
abbey  from  the  famous  terrace,  and  it  was 
universally  admitted  that  no  other  monastic 
ruin  could  equal  Rievaulx  in  the  beauty  of 
its  situation.  Proceeding  down  the  hill,  and 
passing  the  "chapel  without  the  gate"  and 
through  the  remains  of  the  abbey  gatehouse, 
the  party  reassembled  in  the  middle  of  the 
ruined  church.  Here  Mr.  Micklethwaite  gave 
a  brief  outline  of  the  general  features  of  a 
Cistercian  abbey,  as  illustrated  by  the  remains 
at  Rievaulx.  A  short  shower  unfortunately 
interrupted  the  demonstrator  and  drove  the 
party  to  shelter ;  but  there  still  remained  time 
for  an  examination  of  the  frater  and  remnants 
of  the  infirmary.  The  party  then  again  returned 
to  the  church,  where  Mr.  St.  John  Hope  pointed 
out  the  changes  in  the  treatment  of  the  vaulting 
shafts,  which  showed  how  the  north  transept 
and  eastern  bays  of  the  presbytery  had  been 
built  before  the  old  Norman  presbytery  was 
removed  ;  then  how  the  new  work  was  joined 
up  to  the  central  tower  and  carried  round  the 
south  transept.  Mr.  Hope  also  indicated  the 
positions  of  various  altars,  screens  and  images, 
and  other  features  as  described  in  a  survey  of 
the  abbey  taken  after  the  Suppression.  After 
a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Earl  of  Fevers- 
ham,  who  expressed  his  pleasure  at  again 
seeing  the  Institute  at  Rievaulx,  the  members 
returned  to  Helmsley,  passing  on  the  way 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  canals  by  which 
the  building  materials  were  brought  to  the 
abbey.  After  luncheon  a  visit  was  paid  to 
the  ruins  of  Helmsley  Castle,  where  the  re- 
markable series  of  earthworks  and  ditches,  the 
late  Norman  keep,  and  other  buildings  were 
described  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Walker.  At  the  evening 
meeting  papers  were  read  by  Mr.  John  Bilson 
'  On  Recent  Discoveries  at  the  East  End  of  the 
Cathedral  Church  of  Durham,'  and  by  Canon 
Atkinson  '  On  the  Progression  or  Expansional 
Significance  of  Ancient  Place-Names.' 

The  concluding  day  of  the  meeting,  Tuesday, 
the  23rd,  was  devoted  to  a  visit  to  Lastingham 
and  Pickering.  Over  eighty  members  and  their 
friends  left  Scarborough  by  train,  and  on  arrival 
at  Pickering  drove  direct  to  Lastingham,  where 
the  remarkable  Early  Norman  church  was  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  John  Bilson.  No  traces,  except 
isolated  sculptured  stones,  now  remain  of  the 
Saxon  church  that  formerly  stood  here,  but,  as 
Mr.  Bilson  showed,  the  existing  structure  is 
clearly  the  apsidal  aisleless  presbytery  with 
crypt  beneath,  and  the  crossing  of  a  monastic 
church  begun  here  by  certain  Whitby  monks 
in  1078.  The  monks  left  for  York  in  1088,  and 
then  their  uncompleted  building  was  converted 
into  a  parish  church,  and  aisles  and  sub- 
sequently a  western  tower  added  to  it.  In  1879 
a  complete  "restoration"  was  carried  out  by 
Mr.  Pearson,  who  added  the  stone  vaults  over 
the  nave  and  chancel,  in  consetiucnce,  it  is 
said,  of  the  discovery  of  traces  of  their  former 
existence.  In  regard  to  the  vault  over  the 
chancel,  Mr.  Micklethwaite  was  anxious  to  know 
where  the  architect  got  his  authority  for  it,  as 
it  was  most  unlikely  that  a  vault  ever  occupied 
that  position.     It  was  merely  a  copy  of  one  of 


the  crypt  vaults  below,  which  belonged  to  the 
twelfth  century,  whereas  the  copy  surmounted 
work  of  the  thirteenth  century — this  being  one 
of  those  freaks  of  "restoration,"  he  added, 
with  which  archaeologists  had  to  contend. 

The  party  then  returned  to  Pickering,  and 
after  an  interval  for  luncheon  reassembled  in 
the  inner  ward  of  the  castle,  where  Mr.  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope  gave  an  account  of  this  remark- 
able fortress.  It  is,  briefly,  a  pear-shaped  area, 
encircled  by  a  wall  and  towers,  and  divided 
longitudinally  by  a  cross  wall  and  ditch  into 
two  nearly  equal  wards.  Almost  in  the  centre 
of  the  area  and  of  the  division  wall  is  a  lofty 
circular  mound,  surmounted  by  the  remains  of 
a  Norman  shell  keep.  Except  for  the  mound, 
all  the  usual  features  of  a  Saxon  burh  are  here 
wanting  ;  but  this  Mr.  Hope  thought  could  be 
explained  by  the  fact  that,  as  pointed  cut  by 
Mr.  G.  T.  Clark,  the  burh  of  the  Saxon  lord  is 
actually  to  be  seen  on  the  other  side  of  the 
valley  above  the  railway  station.  The  mound 
now  carrying  the  shell  keep,  Mr.  Hope  ventured 
to  suggest,  was  originally  the  moothill  of  the 
tythe  of  Pickering,  but  utilized  and  converted 
into  a  fortress  by  the  Normans.  Passing  round 
the  castle,  Mr.  Hope  pointed  out  the  remains 
of  the  chapel  and  the  site  of  the  great  hall,  and 
specially  called  attention  to  the  domestic  cha- 
racter of  the  Edwardian  towers  on  the  curtain 
wall. 

A  move  was  next  made  for  Pickering  Church, 
where  the  remarkable  series  of  wall-paintings 
was  described  at  unnecessary  length  by  the 
vicar,  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Lightfoot.  The  archaeo- 
logical and  artistic  value  of  these  paintings  has 
been  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  a  well-meant 
but  injudicious  "restoration,"  in  which,  as  the 
vicar  admitted,  the  original  details  have  not 
always  been  followed.  The  church  itself  is  an 
interesting  structure,  with  a  good  deal  of 
Norman  work  and  some  fine  monumental 
effigies. 

In  the  evening  the  concluding  meeting  was 
held  at  the  Royal  Hotel,  Mr.  J.  T.  Mickle- 
thwaite in  the  chair. 

Despite  the  somewhat  diminished  attendance 
consequent  on  the  general  election,  the  Scar- 
borough meeting  of  the  Institute  was  in  every 
way  a  success,  and  only  on  the  one  occasion 
mentioned  were  the  proceedings  interfered  with 
by  rain.  The  place  of  next  year's  meeting  has 
not  been  settled,  but  the  county  town  of  Dorset- 
shire has  been  suggested  as  a  good  centre. 


Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold 
on  the  20th  inst.  the  following  pictures,  from 
various  collections  :  S.  Botticelli,  The  Madonna 
and  Child,  attended  by  angels,  162?.  J.  Hopp- 
ner.  Portrait  of  Lord  Nelson,  whole  length, 
13GL  T.  Creswick,  A  Roadside  Inn,  with  dray 
horses  and  figures  by  W.  J.  Bottomley,  131/. 
C.  Jacque,  Sheep  entering  a  Shed,  157?.  Goya, 
A  Spanish  Lady,  seated,  with  a  dog  in  a  land- 
scape, 204?.  Teniers,  An  Interior,  with  six 
peasants  smoking  and  drinking,  126?. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  22nd  and 
23rd  inst.  the  following  engravings,  from  various 
collections :  The  Marlborough  Family,  after 
Sir  J.  Reynolds,  by  C.  Turner,  31?.  Morning, 
Noon,  Evening,  and  Night,  after  W.  Hamilton 
(set  of  four),  33?.  Mrs.  Payne  Gallwey  and 
Child,  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  by  J.  R.  Smith, 
45?.  Hon.  Mrs.  Stanhope,  after  Sir  J.  Rey- 
nolds, by  J.  R.  Smith,  45?.  Mrs.  Orby  Hunter, 
after  Hoppner,  by  .7.  Young,  46?.  The  Monarch 
of  the  Glen,  after  Sir  E.  Landseer,  by  T.  Land- 
seer,  70?.  Hunters  at  Grass,  after  Sir  E.  Land- 
seer, by  C.  G.  Lewis,  36?.  Tlio  Visitation,  by 
the  Master,  1466,  31?.  The  Three  Trees,  by 
Rembrandt,  29?.  Tlie  Marlborough  Family, 
after  Reynolds,  by  C.  Turner  (fine  proof),  32?. 


During  the  course  of  last  summer  the  New- 
castle Society  of  Antiquaries  and  the  Cumber- 
land and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  Society 
promoted  excavations  at  various  points  on 
Hadrian's  Wall.  The  Roman  fort  of  ^sica 
(Great  Chesters),  half-way  between  Newcastle 
and  Carlisle,  was  partly  uncovered  and  some 
remarkable  late  Celtic  Jibulce  found  ;  sectio_ns 
were  cut  in  the  vallum  between  Great  Chesters 
and  Carlisle,  and  other  exploring  work  was  com- 
menced. It  is  proposed  to  continue  excavations 
this  summer.  Work  has  already  begun  at  ^Esica, 
and  will  shortly  begin  in  Cumberland,  where 
last  year's  digging  has  suggested  the  probability 
of  obtaining  important  results  as  to  the  relation 
of  wall  and  vallum. 

The  Forty- sixth  Report  of  the  Arundel  Society, 
that  for  1894,  refers  to  the  abolition  of  the  class 
of  second  subscribers  and  the  discontinuance 
of  the  second  annual  publications,  owing  to 
which  both  the  receipts  and  the  expenditure 
of  the  body  have  been  reduced,  while  its 
aims  to  be  an  educating  association  have 
been  proportionately  narrowed.  The  report 
is  not  encouraging,  insomuch  as  "  the  entire 
receipt  from  the  subscription  list  in  1894  was 
only  416?.,  less  than  in  1893";  decrease  under 
other  heads  is  recorded,  but  these  are  partly  attri- 
buted to  "  the  serious  losses  which  have  every- 
where fallen  on  art,  artists,  and  artistic  enter- 
prise generally,  during  the  last  few  years  of 
widespread  pecuniary  depression."  Besides,  it 
is  probable  that,  with  the  growth  of  artistic 
studies  and  art  knowledge  in  this  country,  the 
Society's  subscribers  have  become  dissatisfied 
with  the  chromo-lithographs  published  by  the 
Arundel  and  often  reviewed  in  our  columns. 
The  report  before  us  further  states  that  the 
Society's  investments,  or  some  of  them,  have 
been  sold,  and  with  the  proceeds  a  certain 
debt  paid  off,  while  liabilities  to  the  chromo- 
lithographers  have  been  reduced  to  470?., 
leaving  an  increased  cash  balance  in  hand. 
Help  in  procuring  fresh  subscriptions  is  invited. 
The  annual  publication  for  1895  is  to  be  a 
Berlin  chromo-lithograph  of  Pinturicchio's  fresco 
in  the  Piccolomini  Library  at  Siena  of  '  ^neas 
Silvius  presenting  the  Infanta  Leonora  of  Por- 
tugal to  the  Emperor  Frederic  III.'  Herr 
Grave's  version  of  Ippolita  Sforza  kneeling  in 
prayer  has  been  completed,  and  is  for  sale. 
The  same  copyist  is  working  on  a  chromo- 
lithograph of  a  fresco  by  Domenico  Ghirlandaio 
in  S.  M.  Novella,  Florence,  representing  the 
nativity  of  the  Virgin.  No  more  occasional 
publications  are  being  undertaken,  nor  water- 
colour  copies  made  for  the  Society, 

Messes.  Mortlock,  of  Oxford  Street,  wish 
us  to  say  that  the  old  Worcester  breakfast  ser- 
vice which  formerly  belonged  to  Nelson,  and 
is  remarkable  in  its  way,  may  now  be  seen  in 
their  gallery. 

Miss  Clara  Montalba,  who  is  now  in  Eng- 
land, has  received  an  invitation  from  Florence 
to  contribute  her  portrait  to  the  UflBzi  Gallery. 

M.  Henri  Picon  (a  pupil  of  Delaroche  and 
Gleyre),  who  was  a  fashionable  painter  towards 
the  close  of  the  Second  Empire,  has  died  at  his 
native  Nantes,  at  the  age  of  seventy-one,  after 
many  years  of  illness. 

The  hoard  found  at  Boscoreale,  on  the  slopes 
of  Vesuvius,  bought  by  Baron  Rothschild  for 
20,000?.,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  Louvre, 
was  evidently  carried  away  in  haste  from  Pompeii 
by  a  wealthy  citizen  to  his  country  seat,  where 
the  eruption  soon  overtook  him.  It  consisted 
of  a  number  of  beautifully  chased  silver  vessels 
and  gold  jewellery.  The  Italian  authorities 
are  now  in  search  of  the  vendors.  Mean- 
while a  number  of  beautiful  bronze  objects 
found  in  the  excavations  have  been  conveyed 
to  Rome.  Amongst  these  are  two  large  bronze 
baths— one  of  simple  form  and  without  orna- 
mentation   or    handles,    the    other    with    four 


N°  3535,  July  27  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


139 


handles  in  the  shape  of  movable  rings,  two  at 
each  side.  The  base  of  each  of  these  handles 
consists  of  a  very  fine  massive  lion's  head,  beauti- 
fully chiselled.  These  four  heads  are  in  perfect 
preservation,  and  seem  just  to  have  left  the 
artist's  hands.  Another  remarkable  object  is  a 
round  table  in  bronze  resting  on  a  tripod,  with 
the  three  feet  shaped  like  lions'  claws.  Around 
the  rim  runs  a  Lesbian  wave  ornament.  There 
are  other  bronze  vessels,  great  and  small,  of 
various  forms,  most  of  them  being  oinochoce. 
Some  have  on  the  handle  or  on  the  body  silver 
ornamentation  either  inlaid  or  applied.  Of  par- 
ticular interest  as  to  its  shape  is  a  bronze  lamp 
to  be  carried  by  hand  in  the  house  or  outside, 
in  form  like  a  dish  holding  a  vase  for  the  oil  or 
for  a  candle  supported  by  little  chains,  upon 
which  can  be  moved  up  and  down  a  cover  to 
catch  the  smoke,  just  as  in  modern  church 
thuribles.  The  large  bronze  bath  with  four 
handles  is  unique,  none  like  it  having  hitherto 
been  found  anywhere. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Royal    Opera,    Covent    Garden.  —  '  La    Navarraise ' ; 
'  Lohengrin.' 

The  illness  of  Madame  Calve  doubtless 
caused  the  delay  in  the  performance  of  M. 
Massenet's  gruesome,  but  very  effective  little 
opera  '  La  Navarraise '  this  year  until  the 
fag-end  of  the  present  season,  as  it  was 
unquestionably  one  of  the  most  striking 
successes  of  the  previous  summer  (Athen. 
No.  3478).  Playing  under  an  hour,  the 
French  master's  work  is  as  impressive  as 
many  a  five-act  opera,  and  more  vigorous 
and  masculine  than  his  music  is  in  general. 
The  style  is  for  the  most  part  appropriately 
bold  and  passionate,  but  the  intermezzo  when 
the  soldiers  bivouac  is  exquisitely  tender. 
Madame  Calve's  impersonation  of  the 
desperate  young  heroine  remains  terribly 
realistic  and  typically  representative  of  a 
hot-blooded  Spanish  girl.  Other  parts  were 
commendably  played  by  M.  Bonnard,  M. 
Jacques  Bars,  M.  Castelmary,  and  M. 
Plan9on.  Previous  to  '  La  Navarraise,' 
Gounod's  '  Philemon  et  Baucis '  was  well 
given  with  Miss  Marie  Engle,  M.  Brozel, 
M.  Castelmary,  and  M.  Plangon  in  the 
principal  characters. 

Scarcely  more  than  formal  notice  is 
required  of  the  performance  of  '  Lohengrin  ' 
on  Tuesday.  Miss  Macintjre  was  to  have 
taken  the  role  of  Elsa,  but,  without  explana- 
tion, Madame  Eames  was  substituted,  and 
played  it  in  her  usual  cold,  but  sweet  manner. 
Though  we  have  had  more  dignified  and 
more  vocally  effective  representatives  of  the 
Knight  of  the  Swan  than  Signer  Vignas,  the 
Italian  tenor  went  through  the  part  accept- 
ably, and  Signorina  Giulia  Ravogli  resumed 
her  admirable  impersonation  of  Ortrud. 


NEW   PUBLICATIONS. 

Applied  Forms.  By  Ebenezer  Prout.  (Augener 
&  Co.) — It  would  seem  that  the  line  of  theo- 
retical works,  or  rather  of  works  combining 
theory  with  practice,  will  stretch  out  until  the 
crack  of  doom.  Here  is  the  eleventh  volume  of 
Prof.  Prout's  series,  and  again  the  author  deems 
it  desirable  to  apologize  for  the  delay  in  its 
appearance  He  says  that,  although  his  book 
on  '  Musical  Form  '  involved  more  labour  than 
any  of  those  which  preceded,  it  was  mere  child's 
play  in  comparison  with  the  research  necessary 
for  the  present  one,  which  required  more  than 
eighteen  months'  hard  work  to  complete  it.     In 


every  instance  he  went  direct  to  the  works 
of  the  great  masters,  both  for  his  rules  and  his 
examjjles.  Before  writing  three  paragraphs  on 
the  minuet,  I*rof.  Prout  examined  every  move- 
ment of  this  nature  in  the  complete  works  of 
Handel,  Bach,  Couperin,  Corelli,  Mozart, 
Beethoven,  and  Schubert,  the  whole  of 
Haydn's  eighty-three  quartets,  about  fifty 
of  the  last-named  composer's  symphonies, 
and  a  number  of  miscellaneous  specimens  by 
other  writers.  Considering  that  the  result 
occupies  rather  less  than  three  pages,  this 
amount  of  industry  may  be  regarded  as  exces- 
sive. As  regards  the  sonata  form,  about  1,200 
movements  were  carefully  examined  before  a 
line  of  the  text  was  written  ;  and  Prof.  Prout 
modestly  adds  that  as  "  every  separate  form  has 
been  dealt  with  on  the  same  plan  it  is  hoped 
that  no  further  apology  for  the  tardy  publica- 
tion of  the  volume  will  be  needed."  The  writer 
starts  with  a  very  valuable  chapter  on  pianoforte 
composition,  and  his  remarks  are  worthy  of 
quotation.     In  the  last  section  he  rightly  says  : 

"While  it  is  very  necessary  that  the  student 
should  think  of  the  instrument  for  which  he  is 
writing,  the  practice  of  composing  at  the  piano  is 
to  be  strongly  deprecated,  even  for  beginners.  To 
every  one  who  desires  to  compose  at  all,  notes  of 
music  ought  to  convey  absolutely  as  distinct  ideas 
as  the  letters  of  a  word.  If  the  student  finds  himself 
unable  to  write  without  an  instrument  he  must 
first  acquire  the  power — quite  possible  to  everybody 
with  natural  musical  aptitude— of  what  the  late  Dr. 
Hullah  used  to  call  '  hearing  with  the  eye,  and 
seeing  with  the  ear.'  Till  he  has  done  this,  it  is 
useless  for  him  to  try  to  compose  ;  as  soon  as  he 
can  do  it,  be  will  no  longer  require  the  piano." 

This  is  sound  advice,  and  young  students  could 
not  do  better  than  follow  it.  The  chapters  on 
the  sonata  form — that  is  to  say,  on  the  exposition, 
the  development,  and  recapitulation — and  the 
rondo  form  are  very  valuable  and  suggestive, 
and  we  agree  with  Prof.  Prout  that  the  plan 
adopted  in  the  first  movement  of  a  symphony 
or  sonata  is  ternary  rather  than  binary. 
Examples  of  movements  from  the  works  of  the 
great  composers  are  analyzed  with  masterly 
care  and  musicianly  knowledge,  and  the 
illustrations  given  of  vigorous  rhythmical 
subjects  should  be  valuable  to  youthful 
aspirants.  There  are  other  chapters  on  the 
"Modern  Rondo,"  "Mixed  and  Indefinite 
Forms,"  "Organ  Music,"  with  a  succinct  de- 
scription of  the  so-called  king  of  instruments,  and 
what  the  author  terms  "  Cyclic  Forms,"  a  title 
which  is  new,  or  at  least  unfamiliar.  He  applies 
it  to  works  in  which  "  two  or  more  movements 
are  combined  to  form  a  homogeneous  whole." 
It  will  be  readily  understood  that  '  Applied 
Forms '  is  not  intended  for  young  students, 
but  for  those  who,  having  quite  or  nearly  com- 
pleted their  academic  exercises,  are  about  to 
enter  upon  the  work  of  professional  life.  To 
such  the  book  may  be  recommended  in  the 
strongest  terms. 

English  Minstrelsie :  a  National  Monument 
of  English  Song.  Edited  by  S.  Baring-Gould. 
Vol.  I.  (Edinburgh,  Jack.) — This  work,  to  be 
completed  in  eight  volumes,  is  to  include  the 
favourite  songs  of  all  classes  of  the  English 
people  during  three  centuries  ending  with  1840. 
After  an  eloquent  tribute  to  the  late  William 
Chappell  for  his  labours  in  this  field,  the  pro- 
spectus, enclosed  with  the  volume,  says  cor- 
rectly that  "'Popular  Music  of  Olden  Time,' 
neither  in  the  first  nor  in  the  latest  edition, " 
represents  the  living  music  of  the  English 
people.  As  showing  the  scope  of  the  present 
work  we  may  make  a  further  quotation  :  "As 
a  national  monument  of  English  song,  it 
seems  only  just  that  the  music  of  all  classes 
should  be  included,  that  it  should  not  confine 
itself  to  such  songs  as  have  been  written  for  the 
harpsichord  and  the  piano  by  skilled  musicians, 
but  should  include  also  the  lark  and  thrush 
and  blackbird  song  of  the  ploughman,  the 
thresher,  and  the  milkmaid."  There  is  an 
historical  sketch  of  English  national  song,  pro- 


fusely illustrated,  followed  by  notes  to  the 
songs  contained  in  the  present  volume,  which 
range  from  traditional  ditties  to  '  Simon  the 
Cellarer  '  and  '  The  Bay  of  Biscay.'  The  voice 
parts  are  given  in  both  the  staff  and  the  tonic 
sol-fa  notations,  thereby  much  increasing  the 
usefulness  of  the  publication. 

Talks  with  Bandsmen.  By  Algernon  S.  Rose. 
(Rider  &  Son.) — The  name  of  this  volume  is 
attractive,  for  military  music  has  always  been 
popular  in  this  country.  But  Mr.  Rose  is 
much  too  verbose  to  be  easily  read,  his  book 
extending  to  over  four  hundred  pages.  He 
commences  by  talking  about  Tryphiodorus, 
Hood,  Pepys,  the  poet  Rogers,  Pope,  Charles 
Fitzhugh,  Guy  Aretin,  and  others  whose  con- 
nexion with  band  music  is  not  obvious.  At  the 
end  of  the  preface  are  these  words  : — 

"  So  that  this  modest  production  may  not  be 
pulverised  beneath  the  steam-hammer  of  criticism, 
the  author  hopes  that  its  imperfections  may  be 
leniently  regarded.  Any  suggestions  calculated  to 
increase  the  usefulness  of  this  handbook  will  be 
cordially  welcomed." 

One  suggestion  may  be  made  without  hesitation. 
In  a  future  edition  Mr.  Rose  should  ruthlessly 
excise  all  the  fine  writing  and  leave  in  only  the 
instructive  matter,  which  has  considerable  value. 

Wagner.  Traduction  avec  un  Introduction 
et  des  Notes,  par  Le  Comte  de  Chambrun  et 
Stanislas  Legis.  2  vols.  (Paris,  Calmann  L^vy.) 
— Of  making  many  books  on  Richard  Wagner 
there  is  no  end.  The  Germans  were,  of  course, 
first  in  the  field,  England  came  next,  and  now 
our  Gallic  neighbours  are  lost  in  admiration  of 
the  poet-composer.  These  volumes,  with  beauti- 
fully executed  illustrations  by  Jacques  Wagrez 
of  scenes,  commence  and  conclude  with  various 
essays  on  the  arts  and  on  musical  composers, 
written  in  glowing  language  ;  but  the  main 
portion  of  them  consists  of  French  translations 
of  the  music-dramas.  Considering  the  cardinal 
difl?"erences  between  the  idioms  of  the  Teutonic 
and  the  Gallic  tongues,  they  are  well  done,  and 
the  author  has  certainly  made  a  worthy  con- 
tribution to  Wagneriana. 


Substitutes  for  the  late  Mr.  J.  T.  Carrodus 
as  orchestral  leader  have  had  hastily  to  be 
found.  An  excellent  choice  has  been  made  in 
Mr.  G.  H.  Betjemann  for  the  Covent  Garden 
Opera ;  and  Mr.  W.  Frye  Parker  has  accepted  the 
engagement  at  the  first  violin  desk  for  the  series 
of  promenade  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall, 
which  will  commence  on  August  10th. 

A  CONCERT  was  given  on  Thursday  afternoon 
last  week  by  M.  Marix  Loevensohn,  a  very 
youthful  violoncellist  from  Brussels.  Much 
ability  in  technique  and  excellent  tone  were  dis- 
played in  a  sonata  by  Boccherini  and  two  move- 
ments of  a  concerto  by  Rubinstein.  Mile.  Ten 
Have  gave  a  praiseworthy  rendering  of  Mendels- 
sohn's '  Variations  Serieuses, '  and  commendation 
is  due  to  Miss  Ada  Crossley  (an  artistic  con- 
tralto) and  Madame  Alva,  the  latter  in  place 
of  Madame  Amy  Sherwin,  who  was  unable  to 
appear. 

Another  violoncellist,  Herr  Richard  Lorle- 
berg,  had  a  concert  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on 
Friday  last  week,  assisted  by  Herr  Carl  Weber, 
Miss  Marie  Busch,  and  Mr.  Van  der  Veer  Green. 
Miss  Janotha's  name  was  in  the  programme, 
but  she  was  unable  to  appear  in  consequence 
of  illness. 

M.  DE  Greef  gave  the  second  of  his  piano- 
forte recitals  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Saturday 
afternoon  last  week,  the  principal  items  in  his 
programme  being  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  f  minor, 
Op.  57,  still  known  as^  the  '  Sonata  Appas- 
sionata, 'and Schumann's  'Etudes Symphoniques,' 
Op.  13.  The  Belgian  pianist  was  heard  to  some 
advantage,  though  not  at  his  best,  in  these  great 
works.      He  is  a  refined,  but  not  a  powerful 


140 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N**  3535,  July  27,  '95 


executant,  and  he  was,  on  the  whole,  more 
acceptable  in  Grieg's  '  Aus  dem  Volksleben,' 
Op.  19,  and  in  minor  pieces  by  Mozart  and 
Liszt. 

The  last  concert  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music  for  the  season  was  given  at  St.  James's 
Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon  under  the  direction 
of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie.  There  was  a  full 
orchestra,  but,  in  accordance  with  the  usual 
procedure,  there  was  neither  a  symphony  nor  an 
overture  in  the  programme.  It  commenced  with 
the  second  and  third  movements  of  Raffs  Piano- 
forte Concerto  in  c  minor,  first  introduced  in 
this  country  by  the  late  Hans  von  Biilow.  It  is 
an  effective  work,  and  deserves  to  be  more  fre- 
quently heard.  Another  important  item  for 
pianoforte  was  M.  Saint-Saens's  Concerto  in  g 
minor.  No.  2.  These  and  other  instrumental 
as  well  as  vocal  solos  served  to  show  that  the 
young  executants  were  making  favourable  pro- 
gress ;  but  the  interest  of  the  concert  centred  in 
the  first  performance  of  a  little  work  for  chorus 
and  orchestra,  being  a  setting  of  the  137th  Psalm, 
"By  the  waters  of  Babylon,"  by  Mr.  Charles 
Macpherson.  This  may  be  numbered  among  the 
most  clever  and  effective  musical  versions  of 
a  psalm  which  for  centuries  has  exercised  a 
fascination  over  composers.  Mr.  Macpherson 
not  only  writes  in  a  thoughtful  and  scholarly 
manner,  but  his  music  is  highly  expressive,  and 
his  work  should  certainly  receive  attention  from 
conductors  of  choral  societies  during  the  ensuing 
winter  season.  It  was  well  rendered  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie,  though 
the  disparity  in  numbers  between  the  male  and 
female  sections  of  the  choir  was  a  disadvan- 


The  centenary  of  the  Paris  Conservatoire  will 
be  celebrated  in  the  ensuing  winter,  the  insti- 
tution having  been  founded  by  a  decree  dated 
August  3rd,  1795. 

In  Paris,  among  operatic  projects  in  view, 
are  a  stage  presentation  of  Berlioz's  'Faust' 
after  the  manner  initiated  by  the  Carl  Rosa 
Company  at  Liverpool,  and  a  revival  on  a  grand 
scale  of  Gluck's  'Orpheus.' 

According  to  the  Allgemeine  Musik  Zeitung 
a  book  of  hitherto  unknown  sketches  by  Beet- 
hoven has  recently  been  discovered  at  Berlin  by 
Herr  Guido  Peters,  of  Vienna,  among  the  papers 
of  a  deceased  relative.  It  contains  fragments 
of  the  Pianoforte  Fantasia  and  the  Concerto  in 
E  flat,  and  some  vocal  pieces  of  much  interest. 

Herr  Max  Bruch  has  finished  a  new  oratorio 
called  'Moses,'  which  will  be  performed  for  the 
first  time  in  Berlin  next  year. 

At  La  Scala,  Milan,  the  eightieth  anniversary 
of  the  production  of  Rossini's  'II  Barbiere  di 
Siviglia,'  which  took  place  on  February  5th, 
1816,  will  be  celebrated  on  a  becoming  scale 
during  the  next  winter  season. 


DBAMA 

We  regret  to  hear  that  the  health  of  Signora 
Duse  is  so  delicate  that  the  artist  has  had  to 
cancel  her  American  engagement. 

The  ceremony  of  presenting  to  Sir  Henry 
Irving  the  actors'  testimonial  at  the  Lyceum 
Theatre  on  Friday  in  last  week  was  picturesque 
and  impressive.  The  address  by  Mr.  Pinero 
was  in  excellent  taste,  as  was  the  short  speech 
by  Mr.  Bancroft  with  which  it  was  accom- 
panied. Sir  Henry's  few  words  of  acknowledg- 
ment were,  naturally  enough,  more  sincere  than 
rhetorical. 

The  opening  of  the  Garrick  Theatre  under 
the  management  of  Mr.  Willard  is  definitely 
fixed  for  September  2nd,  when  Mr.  Willard  and 
Miss  Marion  Terry  will  appear  in  '  Alabama. ' 

With  a  representation  of  the  '  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona'  Daly's  Theatre  will  close  on 


Wednesday   next.       'Nancy    «&    Co.'    will    be 
revived  for  the  two  previous  evenings. 

This  evening  the  Lyceum  closes  with  a  repre- 
sentation of  'Nance  Old  field,'  'A  Story  of 
Waterloo,' and  the  church  scene  from  'Much 
Ado  about  Nothing.'  '  Macbeth  '  has  been  given 
during  the  remainder  of  the  week. 

The  Court  Theatre  closed  on  Wednesday 
night,  to  reopen  in  September  with  Mr.  God- 
frey's comedy  of  'Vanity  Fair.' 

Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  is  busily  engaged 
on  the  new  comedy  to  succeed  '  Romeo  and 
Juliet '  at  the  Lyceum. 

The  farcical  comedy  of  '  Qwong  Hi,'  in  which 
Mr.  Edouin  recently  repeated  his  impersonation 
of  the  Heathen  Chinee,  is  this  evening  revived 
at  the  Avenue. 

'  The  Passport  '  will  be  transferred  on 
Monday  from  Terry's  to  the  Trafalgar.  '  The 
Prude's  Progress  '  will  be  removed  to  Terry's 
from  the  Comedy,  which  house  is  needed  by 
Mr.  Comyns  Carr  for  the  preparation  of  his  new 
production. 

Mr.  Cartwright  will,  it  is  stated,  become 
in  the  autumn  the  manager  of  the  Trafalgar 
Theatre,  and  has,  it  is  said,  two  novelties  in 
readiness. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  will  begin  in  Septem- 
ber a  country  tour,  in  the  course  of  which  they 
will  produce  a  new  play  by  Mr.  Sydney 
Grundy. 

A  REVIVAL  at  the  Court  Theatre  of  'The 
Rivals '  is  contemplated,  with  Mrs.  John  Wood 
as  Mrs.  Malaprop,  Mr.  Farren  as  Sir  Anthony 
Absolute,  and  possibly  Mr.  John  S.  Clarke  as 
Bob  Acres. 

A  NEW  drama  by  Mr.  Brandon  Thomas  will 
be  produced  on  September  5th  at  the  Adelphi. 

At  the  close  of  the  Criterion  season  on  Satur- 
day last  Mr.  Wyndham  stated  that  his  autumn 
season  would  begin  with  a  new  drama  by  Mr. 
R.  C.  Carton,  the  author  of  '  The  Home  Secre- 
tary,' then  played  at  that  house  for  the  last 
time. 

On  Saturday  night  last  Mr.  Tree  gave  at  the 
Haymarket,  in  the  course  of  a  closing  address, 
the  information  that  he  would  begin  on  August 
19th  a  country  tour,  from  which  he  would  return 
in  time  to  reopen  the  house  with  '  Trilby '  at 
the  close  of  October. 

Messrs.  Lewis  Waller  and  H.  H.  Morell 
announce  their  intention  to  revive  in  October 
next  at  a  West-End  house  Mr.  Carton's  '  Home 
Secretary,'  which  will  then  have  presumably  to 
dispense  with  the  services  of  Mr.  Wyndham. 

In  a  programme  given  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre 
on  Tuesday  afternoon  for  a  benefit  were  some 
dramatic  items  and  some  dramatic  novelty.  Mr. 
Eric  Lewis,  Mr.  George  Mudie,  and  Miss  Phyllis 
Broughton  took  part  in  a  new  comedietta  en- 
titled '  Twice  Fooled  '  ;  Mr.  George  Alexander 
and  Miss  Irene  Vanbrugh  were  seen  in  '  A  Pair 
of  Lunatics  '  ;  and  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  and 
Miss  Violet  Vanbrugh  in  'Sixes  and  Sevens.' 

A  report  reaches  us  that  Dr.  Wolfgang 
Kirchbach's  ZeiW»-ama  entitled '  Gordon  Pascha,' 
which  we  mentioned  three  weeks  ago,  has  been 
accepted  by  a  Berlin  theatre,  and  that  Herr 
Adolf  Klein,  whose  admirable  acting  we  wit- 
nessed recently  in  London,  will  play  the  title 
l)art. 


To  Correspondents.— M.   R.   G.— J.   L.— O.  C— J.  B. 
W.  J.  R.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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N"  3535,  July  27,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


148 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WI:I:K'S  NZWBSR  conUiina— 

NOTES  :— Westminster  Demolishments— "  Tho  Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm  "—'L>ictionarv  of  National  Biography '—Fact  and  Fiction- 
Theodolite  or  Theodolith—Kev.  E  Marten— 'Parson  '—"Wederoue" 
—Leyrestowe— Toad-stones— "  Dtfbonnaire  "—Finger  Pillory—"  Vn- 
cut"  Books— L.  Washington. 

QUERIES;  — Sir  K.  Digby  and  Green  Glass —"  Educationalist  "— 
"  Philanthropy  "—J.  Vaughan— E.  1.  Company's  Charter  — Priests' 
Orders— Safford,  of  Canterbury-'  Hampshire  Visitations  '—Sir  Gore, 
of  Sacombe— St.  Marie  Overie— Epitaph  on  Dr.  Johnson-Barthele- 
mon's  'Morning  Hymn '— lidswell,  co.  Derby  — "  Reformades"— 
Miami  University— F.  Newbold— West  Family— "  The  Ever  Loyal 
City"— Church  of  Charles  the  Martyr- A.  Stewart— Sir K.  Clarlie— 
Sir  R.  Dillon. 

REPLIES  —Mrs  Garrick— Old  French  Map—"  Wrong  end  of  the  stick  " 
—Roberts  Family— Sydney  Papers-"  Cadowes"— Hilda- Morris  of 
Ballybigean— Wunt's  •  Dictionary  of  rheology  '-Sir  T  Bond— Great 
Bed  of  Ware— Aldermen  of  Aldgate— Flag  to  summon  to  Church— 
"  Red  Whip  "— "  Dimpsy  "— Le  Despencer— Finger— Hicks  Family— 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest '—Jesse  Window— Patron  Saints  of  Churches 
—London  Patois— Copy  of  Recipe— Ploughing  Oxen-Latin  Motto— 
"Coign  of  Vantage  — Relics  Restorcd-Old  Joke— Sir  W.  3'etty— 
"Playing  the  wag"— "Fine-axed  "—"Still  and  on  "—Valse— Clans  of 
Innsbruck— Royal  Anne— Charles  I  at  Little  Gidding— Street  Tab- 
lets—" Muggleswick  "—"  Orisons  "—R.  Reynolds— Christian  Name— 
W.  Hurd,  D  D. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Sonnenschein's  Guide  to  Contemporary  Litera- 
ture — Leland  s  '  LegenOs  of  Florence  '—Hardy's  '  Denham  Tracts  — 
Bnchheims  Schiller  s  '  Maria  Stuart '- Bickerton's  '  New  Story  of  the 
Stars.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  XTTMBER  contains— 

MOTES  :— "  Swan  Inn,"  Watford— Lincoln's  Inn  Fields— Deficient  Lines 
in  English  Verse— The  Death  Microbe— Eye-stones— I'rince  Charles 
Edward— 'The  Shaving  of  Shagpat '—Death  of  Hampden— Scott's 
lirst  Love. 

QUERIES  :— Early  Scottish  Printing- Owen  O'Neil— Pagan  Historian: 
Arabian  King— Mrs.  Pitt,  Actress- Gilbert— The  Rosary— Pinke 
Family— Saying  attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley— Charles  s  Restoration 
— Termination  "-argh,"  "-ergh"— DD.  Cambridge— De  Vere  :  De 
Aton— Shakspeare  Forgeries— "Nullum  sine  venia."  &c  — B.  Fon- 
tenelle— Arms  of  Boothby  —  •  Nepos  "  and  "  Sororius"  — French 
Family  —  King's  Evil  — Gordon— "  Princely  Meditations"— Child's 
Poem— T.  Chapman. 

REPLIES  :— Lord  Mordaunt— Chum— Deputy  Philazer:  Clerk  of  the 
Outlawries— Record  Keeping— Fenton  — ' '  Left-handeduess  "  —  Per- 
forated stones— "'rhe  Man  in  the  Moon  "—Driving  "  Picka.xe  ' — 
"  Spit  "—Easter  Sepulchres— Supererogatory  Tnithlulness- Soldier's 
Bible—"  rutum  te  sistam  — Iturbide— '  Young  Lochinvar  '—Rhyme 
to  "Hecatomb"— Brown  Baronetcy— Bull-roarer— Cromartie  Earl- 
dom—Notts and  Derbyshire  '  Notes  and  Queries  '—Church  Registers 
— Constitution  Hill — yoli-Lunar  Cycles — Captain-Licut«nant — Joan 
of  Arc— Lewin  Family— I'oby—"  Gavel  "—Lord  Byron  and  lanthc— 
Reference  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—' Variorum  Shakespeare,'  Vol.  X  — Stormonth's 
•  English  Dictionary  — Owens  '  Works  of  the  Rev.  Griffith  Edwards " 
— \S  liateleys  '  Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte. ' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  JULY  1:). 

NOTES  :— Portraits  of  Sir  T.  Browne— Shakspaariana-Old  Joke- C. 
Hatchett — French  Law— Joe  Miller— Curious  Coincidence  — Jewish 
Cemetery— Inscription— Prof.  Blackie  on  Sir  W.  Scott— Shakspcare's 
Indebtedness. 

QUERIES :— Crespigny  Inscription— Highgate  in  last  Century— Pages 
ol  the  Bedchamber— "Fine-axed"— Parish  Charities— Paschal  Can- 
dles—Scottish Proverb— G.  G.  Johnson— Arms— Chiffinch— Cornish 
Custom- Vestment  Brasses — "Clyst"  — Italian  Love-Songs  — King 
Inscription  —  A.  Upton  — G.  Charles  —  Jesse  Window  —  Reference 
Wanted— Sir T.  More— Capt.  Wood— Gavel— Blunt"s  'Dictionary  of 
Theology  "—Charles  de  "I'avarez- British  Names — "  Solomon-gundy  " 
— Kendall  Family — Valse — Simon  de  Montfon's  Bones. 

REPLIES  :— Churches  of  St  Botolph— '  Hermsprong  '—Hamoazc— Vic- 
toria Cross — "Playing  the  wag"'- Mason's  "History  of  Norfolk" — 
"Roll  waggon" — Dip — The  Harp,  Irrland— Barbarossa — Sir  H  Her- 
bert— "Running  the  gantlope" — Pankhurst  Family — Quarterstafl— 
Knox  Families — Keys  to  Thackeray's  Novels — "Wrong  end  of  the 
stick  ""—Hilda— Tusculum  University  —  "  Links  "  —  Miss  Wilkinss 
Books-"  Chinoiserie  "'—Mrs  Garrick— Sir  8.  Evance — "Does  your 
mother  know  you  re  ont?  "— Cadowe— "  still  and  on  " — John  Liston 
— Foundation  Sacrifice  —  New  Bronze  Coins  —  Heron's  Plumes — 
Barons  O  "N  ei  11— "  Art  Ists"  Ghosts — '  'Ha-ha  "—Lilac— (;ock-tighting. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :  — Simpson's  'Carmina  Vedastina'— '  Ex-Libris 
Journal  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  JULY  6. 


NOTES  :— Cromwell's  Soldiers'  Bible— Lady  Katherinc  Grey— Massinger 
— Pronunciation  of  Sea — "Does  your  mother  know  you're  out'.'" — 
Dick  Turpin's  Black  Bess—  'Investment" — Barius — Sir  P.  Pett  and 
Emmanuel  College— "laming  of  a  Shrew  "-Constitution  Hill  — R 
Onslow— Tray— Fire  caused  by  Water— Keble  and  the  "Christian 
Year'— Mrs.  Bloomer— Louis  XVII. 

QUERIES  T-Rock  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— Partridge-"  Gallett  "—Cro- 
martie Earldom— Sir  J.  Marriott— Jewish  Funeral  Custom— Latin 
Proverb— Sir  A.  Pascl.all— Lord  Byron  and  lanthc— St.  Domingo— 
"Tutum  te  eistam"—-CadM«es"— Buddhism— W  Shore-De  Ajls- 
bury— Recipe— Bachope—- Cold  Pig  "-"Cantankerous"- Arthur's 
Cotree-House- Song  Wanted— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES —Dispensations  for  Polygamy  —  Barnard— Day's  Psalter— 
Translatiims  of  the  New  restameut—Itui  bide— Ploughing  Oxen— 
Collect  for  Fourth  Sunday  alter  liaster— Bull-Roarer- oil  l^ainting- 
Flag  to  Summon  to  Church— Sibyl— Cliuich  Registers- "'I'hey  were 
eacn  of  them'— "  Dimply  "—Author  Wauled— ■i'rei)anning—""l'oeta 
nascitur  non  (it  "— Drydcn  and  Greek- Hooper  and  Pepin— I'ro- 
nunciation  of  Place-names -I huinton— Yeoman- False  Rhymes— 
"  Blot  "— "Barth"— Mis.<  .'Manning  -  Family  of  Dove— '  Notts  and 
Derbyshire  Notes  and  Queries  "-Victoria  County  — Aldermen  of  .\ld- 
gatc— Iconoclasm  of  John  Sliakspcare— Relics  ltcstiired—(  hiMiens 
Copes- Mrs  Garrick— Stanley  :  Vere— Frankum's  Night— ■  Ijipaus 
Pluma""- liavid — ■  Young  Lochinvar'— Hoganhs  '  .Sleeping  Congre- 
gation'—Ancient  Mason  .Marks— Vanishing  London. 

NOl'ES  on  BOOKS:— 'Dictionary  of  National  Biography.'  Vol.  XLIII. 
— '  English  Writers,'  Vol.  XI. —Boyle's  ■  History  of  liedon." 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

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The  PL.\CE  of  SCULPTURE  in  DAILY  LIFE.  Sculpture  in  the 
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BOURGErS  "ANDRE    CORNETES  '   :    a  Study  of  the  Province  of 

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144 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3535,  July  27, '95 


MESSRS.    HUTCHINSON    &    CO.'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


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THE   ATHEN^UM 

fottrnal  of  OJnslisJf)  anti  Jforeign  2Citerature,  ^titim,  tl)e  fim  9ivt^,  Mn^it  antr  tl^e  Brama. 


No.  3536. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    3,   1895. 


PRIOB 
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exceeded  s.OOOi.,  and  the  average  is  over  .5  IKX)/. 

Works  must  be  carriage  paid,  except  in  case  of  special  invitations. 

Agent  in  London,  Mes-srs.  J.  RorRi.E-r  &  Soxs,  17,  Nassau-street,  AV., 
from  whom  Schedules  may  be  obtained,  or  from 

JOHN  MACLAUCHLAN,  Hon.  Secretary. 


BATH  CITY  SCIENCE,  ART,  and  TECHNICAL 
SCHOOLS. 
ASSISTANT  MASTERS  are  REQUIRED  for  these  Schools,  to  teach 
in  the  Centre  Classes  for  Pupil  Teachers  and  in  the  Technical  Classes, 
Salary  (in  each  case)  llul  per  annum. 
For  further  paiticulars  apply  at  once  to 

A.  GODFREY  DAY,  Director  of  Studies 
19,  Green-park,  Bath,  July  30,  1895. 

SHTON-UNDER-LYNE     CORPORATION. 


A^ 


BRITISH     INSTITUTION     SCHOLARSHIP 
FUND  —At  a  Meeting  of  the  Trustees,  held  on  July  H.  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS of  50/  a  year,  tenable  for  Two  Years,  were  AWARDED  :— 

In  PAINTING— To  Charles  D  Ward.  National  Art  Training  School, 
South  Kensington;  Owen  Baxter  Morgan,  Royal  Academy  Schools; 
Archibald  C.  Cross,  National  Art  Training  School.  South  Kensington  ; 
and  Harold  Knight,  Nottingham  Municipal  School  of  .\rt 
In  SCULPTURE— To  Margaret  L.  Simpson,  South  Kensington  Schools. 
In  ENGRAVING— To  William  Shackleton,  National  Art  Training 
School.  South  Kensington 

In  ARCHITECTURE— Not  awarded. 

By  order  of  the  Trustees. 

INDEXES.— An  experienced  COMPILER  SEEKS 
MORE  WORK.— Address  I.ndex.  23,  Aldershot-road,  Kilburn,  N.W. 

SECRETARYSHIP  WANTED,  Private  or  other- 
wise,  by  Oxford  Man,  aged  30.  Experienced.  Could  combine 
Teaching.  Highest  references.— Address  H.  W.,  Colonial  College, 
Hollesley  Bay.  Sultblk. 

A  CLERGYMAN'S  DAUGHTER  requires  a  post 
as  SECRETARY  to  a  Literary  Lady  or  Gentleman.  Certificated 
Shorthand  Writer  and  Book-keeper,  and  Remington  Typist.  Some 
experience.— Miss  H,  10,  St.  George 's-road,  s.W. 

BOOK-TRADE.— GENTLEMAN,  with  25  years' 
txperience,  seeks  the  M.\NAGE:MENT  of  a  First-Class  LIBRARY 
or  ROOK  DEPARTMENT.  Good  address,  energetic,  well  educatel. 
Unexceptionable  references  from  present  employers.— .\.  A.  M.,  91, 
Meldon-terrace,  Newcastle-un-Tyne. 

T  ITERARY  MAN  CRITICIZES  and  CORRECTS 

J-i    MSS  1  advises  concerning  Publication     Lessons  in  Composition, 
&c— Apply  M.  A.,  4,  Victoria-terrace,  Stroud  Green,  London,  N. 

FINE-ART  TRADE.— WANTED,  GENTLEMAN, 
thoroughly  experienced  in  the  above,  to  M.^NAGE  ENGRAVING 
DEPARTMENT  -Address,  with  full  particulars,  to  Alfreo  F'beke.  12, 
Iiukc-street,  Cardiff. 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  to  commence  opera- 
tions for  coming  season,  a  GENTLEM.^N  wiih  about  4  OCJ/ 
■apital  to  .join  Advertiser  in  the  EST.ABLISHMENT  of  a  Ilrst  class 
."L  BLI8HING  CONCERN  -Address  P  P  P  ,  L9-35,  City-road,  EC. 

jfERSEY     HIGH     SCHOOL     for     GIRLS. 

The  Council  of  this  School  invite  applications  for  the  pest  of  HEAD 
MISTRESS,  which  is  now  vacant.  The  new  Head  Mistress  will  have 
to  enter  on  her  duties  on  September  12  next. 

A  paper  containing  full  information  will  he  sent  to  intending  appli- 
I  <ants  by  the  Rev  F    ke  GRitiiv,  Windsor  House.  Val  Plaisant,  Jersey. 

^OOLWICH      POLYTECHNIC      Y.M.C.L 

The  Governors  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  following 

LECTURER  in  PHYSICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Four  Evenings 
in  the  week.    Salary  im/  for  the  .'Session  of  al>out  Eight  .Months 

LECI  URER  in  MKCH.\NICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Three  Even- 
ings in  the  week.    Salary  TO/  for  the  .Session  of  about  Eight  Months 

Applications  snonld  he  received  not  later  ihan  Friday.  Ausust  23 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to'the  Clerk  to 
I  THE  GovER.NoRs,  The  PolytBChnic,  Woolwich. 


ART  MASTER,  HEGINBOTTOM  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL 
AND  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

The  Technical  Instruction  Committee  of  the  above  Corporation  are 
prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  post  of  ART  MASTER. 

No  gentleman  need  apply  who  does  not  possess  an  Art  Master's 
Certificate  from  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art,  and  is  not  qualified 
to  give  instructi()n  in  Modelling,  Designing  in  its  application  to  Art 
Manufactures,  and  to  Printed  and  Woven  and  Textile  Fabrics.  A 
knowledge  of  Decorative  Etching,  Wood  Carving,  and  Bent  and 
Wrought  IroH  Work  would  be  a  recommendation.  Salary  at  the  rate 
of  150/.  per  annum,  plus  one-fourth  of  the  fees  of  the  Day  Students  and 
one-fourth  of  the  grants  earned  on  results  The  gentleman  selected 
for  the  appointment  must  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  the  service 
of  the  Corporation. — Applications,  accompanied  by  not  less  than  three 
recent  testimonials,  must  be  addressed  to  the  undersigned,  endorsed 
".Art  Mastership,"  and  must  be  received  on  oi-  before  August  9, 1895. 

1).  H.  WADE,  Secretary. 

SUBSTANTIAL  INTEREST  in  a  High-Class 
LONDON  WEEKLY  JOURNAL  can  be  ACQUIRED  for  700/, 
Salary  by  arrangement  The  property  is  non-speculative  and  thoroughly 
/)0)i<7/<fe.— Address  Box  SI-12,  Sell's,  Fleet-street,  EC. 

'■PYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 

JL  of  72  words  References  to  Authors— Miss  Gladding,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

'I'^YPE-WRITING.- Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 

-I-  Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'  MSS.  accurately  and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


yNIVERSITY      COLLEGE,     DUNDEE. 

HARRIS  CHAIR  OF  PHYSICS. 

The  Council  of  this  College  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR to  occupy  the  above  Chair,  which  has  been  newlv  instituted 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  Hanis  Bequest.  'The  salary  has  been  Hxed  at 
400/  per  annum,  with  a  share  of  the  fees. 

The  sncce-sful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  open  his  duties  on 
October  15 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty  copies  of  testimonials,  should  be 
.«ent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Wednesday,  August  21 

R.  N.  KERR.  Secretary. 

NIVERSITY    COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


u 


APPOINTMENT    OF    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    AND 
DEMON.STRATOK  IN  ENGINEERING. 
Applications  arc  invited  for  the  post  of  A.-^SIs'l  ANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONSTRATOR  in  ENG1NEEKIN(;  In  the  above  College. 

Candidates  should  state  their  age.  and  send  70  copies  of  application 
and  ti-slinionials,  on  or  before  August  :;l,  lsy5.  to  the  undersigned,  from 
.whom  particulars  of  the  duties  and  salary  may  be  obtamed 
....  J    A   JENKINS.  II  A  ,  RcKlstrar  and  Secretary. 

i  nivcrsity  College,  Cardiff,  July  15, 1895. 


I^YPE-WRITING  by  CLERGYMAN'S 
DAUGHTER  and  Assistants.— Authors'  MSS.,  l.«.  per  1,000  words. 
Type-written  Circulars,  &c.,  bv  Copying  I'rocess.  Authors'  references. 
— Miss  SiKEs,  13.  Wolverton-gardens.  Hammersmith.  W. 

'l^YPE-WRITING.  —Manuscript    Type-written 

_L     with  accuracy  and  despatch.    Terms,  l5.  per  1,000  words;  or  for 
5,000andover,  9<i  per  1.000— H.  B.  Penwick,  11,  Buxton-road,  Chingford. 


MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October. 
DRAWING  forthe  PRESS.— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence. — 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


T>YPE-WRITERS  (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 
mendous  bargains  in  sliKhtly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Yosts.  Caligraphs,  Victors.  &c,  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free.  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free.— N. 
Taylor,  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  end),  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 

ri^UDOR    HALL    SCHOOL,    Forest- hill,    S.E.— 

A  Advanced  Modern  Education  for  Girls.— Principal  and  Head 
Mistress — Mrs.  HAMIL'I'ON.  Girton.  Cambridge.  Professors— Seeley, 
FRS,  H  E  Maiden,  MA,  O  Garcia.  R  A  M  ,  Einil  Reich,  Dr.  Jur, 
MM  Larpent  and  Pradeau,  Hcrren  Loman  and  Gottheimer,  &c.  Large 
Gymnasium,  'Tennis,  Swimming,  Riding. — Prospectus  on  application. 


FRANCE The     ATHEN^UM     can    ba 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEACLIEU-SUR-MEB,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HA"VRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TO  UBS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rne  de  RiTOli,  Pari*. 

PERSIAN   LESSONS  GIVEN  by  a  Certificated 
YOUNG  PERSI.VN.    Terms  moderate.    Write  for  particulars.— 
Address  H.vmiu,  Hertford  Lodge,  Albert  Bridge,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

"ly/TASON    COLLEGE,    BIRMINGHAM. 

PHYSICS  DEPARTMENT. 
Professor— J.  H.  POYNTING,  Sc.D.  F.R.S. 


T^HE    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 
grants  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

The  centres  of  Examination  are  St  Andrews,  Aberdeen,  Bedford, 
Belfast,  Birmingham,  Bournemouth,  Bristol,  Cambridge,  Cardiff, 
Cheltenham,  Cork,  Dollar,  Dublin,  Dumfries.  Edinburgh,  Glasgow, 
Hull,  Inverness.  Leeds,  Leicester.  Liverpool,  London,  Loughborough, 
Manchester,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Oban,  O.vford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro. 

For  Prospectus,  &c.,  apply  to  the  SECttET.vRT,  L.L.A.  Scheme,  the 
University.  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 

'^l^HE     MARIA    GREY    TRAINING     COLLEGE 

JL  I  late  5,  Ktzroy-street,  W. ), 

Salusbury-road,  Brondesbury,  London,  N  W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  PREPARATION  for  the  CAM- 
BRIDGE TEACHERS' CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
'Teaching  is  offered  to  I.,adies  who  desire  to  become  'Teachers. 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  CertiHcatc 
of  the  National  Froebel  Union. 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exanii- 
nattons. 

Scholarships  ofTcred  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YE.\R  BEGINS 
SEPTE.MBER  18.  1805. 

Address  1'rim  irii,,  'The  Maria  Grey  Training  College,  Salusbury  road, 
Brondesbury,  N.W. 


o 


WENS  COLLEGE,  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 

MANCHES  TER. 

PROSPECTUSES  lor  the  Session  1895-^  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation ;— 

1.  DEPARTMENT   of   ARTS,    SCIENCE,  and  LAW;   and    DEPART- 

MENT for  WO.MEN. 

2.  DEP.^RTMEN'Tof  MEDICINE. 

3.  DLPARTMENT  of  the  EVENING  CLASSES. 

Special  Prospectuses  can  also  be  obtained  of— 

4.  DEf  ARTME.VT  ol  ENGINEERING. 

5.  DEPARTMENT  of  LAW. 

6.  DEPARTMENT  of  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

7.  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

8    PHARMACEUTICAL  DEPARTMENT;  and 

•J    A  LIST  of  FELLOWSHIPS,  SCHOLARSHIPS,  EXHIBITIONS,  and 
PRIZES 
Apply  to  .Mil  CoBNisa,  16.  St.  Anns-square,  Manchester;  or  at  the 
College. 

HENRY  ViM.  HOLDER,  M.A.,  Registrar. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and  DEMONSTRATOR. 

The  Council  invite  applications,  on  or  before  August  31,  ISS'5.  for  the 

above  appointment,  vacant  in  consequence  of  the  election  of  Mr  John 

Burke,  BA.  Dub.,  to  a  Berkeley  Fellowship  in  Owens  College,  Man- 

The  duties  of  the  appointment  will  commence  on  October  1, 1895. 

Particulars  of  the  stipend,  conditions,  and  duties  will  be  forwarded 
on  application  to  the  undersigned,  to  whom  all  applications  for  the 
appointment  should  be  sent.  GEORGE  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

l^HE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


u 


The  TWENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE. 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFIH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 

'The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical.  Electrital,  and  Sanitary  Engineering.  Coal  Mining.  Textile 
Industries  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture.  School  Teach- 
ing. Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  Aits.  Science.  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  ItEt.isra.in. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 

Ihe  SESSION  of  the  FACULTY  of  MEDICINE  will  COMMENCE  on 
OCTOBKR  1  Introductory  Lecture  at  4  r  m.  by  Prof.  J.  ROSE  BRAD- 
FORD. M  D.  D  Sc.  FRS. 

'The  Examinations  for  the  Entrance  Exhibitions  will  commence  on 
September  25.  ....  „„„,  a  j. 

Scholarships,  Exhibitions,  and  Prizes  of  the  value  of  800!.  are  awarded 

In  University  College  Hospital  about  3,000  In-Patients  and  35  000 
Out-Patients  are  treated  during  the  year.  Thirty-six  Appointments 
Eighteen  being  Resident  (as  House  Surgeon,  House  Physician.  Obstetric 
Assistant  &c.),  are  filled  up  by  competition  during  the  year,  and  these, 
as  well  as  all  Clerkships  and  Dresserships,  are  open  to  Students  of  the 
Hospital  without  extra  fee. 

Prospectuses,  with  full  information  as  to  Classes,  Prizes,  &c.,  may  be 
obtained  from  the  College,  Gower-street,  W.C. 

A.  E.  BARKER.  FR.CS,  Dean. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH.  MA.,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE     of    WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS, 
MEN  AND  WOMEN. 
Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  Training  Syndicate. 
Lecturer  in  the   Thcorv.   Practice    and  History  of  Education- 
Prof.  FOSTER  WATSON   M  A.  (Loud.). 
Assistant  Lecturer— Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS,  B.A.  (Lond.). 
Preparation  for  («)   Cambridge   'Teachers'   Certificate,   Theory  and 
Practice;    Oi)  London  University  'Teachers'  Diploma;    (<■)  College  ol 
Preceptors'  Diplomas.  ,  „      ..     ,  „^, 

Composition  Fee  for  the  Session  (including  Lectures  and  Practice),  lOf. 
A\omen    Students    reside    in    the    Hall    of   Residence    for    Women 
Students     Terms  from  31  to  40  Guineas. 

Men  Students  reside  in  Registered  Lodgings  in  the  town     Some  ot 
the  Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board 
and  residence  to  25/.  per  annum. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  „   „     ,  ._ 

T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  York-place,  Baker-street.  W. 
Founded  1819.    Principal,  Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
SESSION  1895-e 
The  SESSION   in  the  COLLFGE.  the  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT, 
and  the  ART  SCHOOL  will  BEGIN   on  ■'■HL«^''-^),'J,'H,^ff,'^.;;,i'5'?,' 
Students  are  expected  to  enter  their  Names  on  " '^;i'".^f^=^f;,''V/'K  a"' 
The  Inaugural  Lecture  will  be  deliveied  by  Prof  HtUKOMhU  K  A 
in  the  tirft  day  of  Term,  at  4  :»  p  m.    Courses  in  prepa.ation    or  all  the 
Fxamiuations  in  Arts  and  Science  at  ilie  Lniversiiy  ol  Loni.on.    Ix-c- 
tuiesn  a     branches  of  Higher  Education     studenu  <»n  reside  in  the 
College     -ihc;  Art  School  Ts  open  from  10  till  4.     All  inquiries  to  be 
made  of  the  Pause. pal.         ^^^^  ^    RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  York-place,  Baker-street.  W. 
Founded  1849.    Principal. -Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
HYGIENE  AND  PUBLIC  HF..^LTH. 
A    COURSE   of   SCIENTIFIC    IN.s'TRUt-TION    in    HYGIENE    and 
PUBLK-  HEALTH,  qual.f.ving  Women  to  tie   I  eachcrs   Lecturers,  and 
InVmrctore    will  BEGIN  in  OCTOHER.  and  extend  over  the  .se«.ioi,. 
The  t'oursc  will  be  both  Theoretical  and  Practical,  and  will  embrace 
Lectures  on 

HYGIENE —Louis    Parkes.    MD     Lond,    DP  II.      With   Practical 
Ii'nlonslration   in   the   College   Laboratories  and  at  the  Parkes 

PHVSlDl.OGY  and  BACTERIOLOGY.— H    A.  Kanthac'<,  MD.   Lond., 

M  K  C  S, 
CHI.MISTKY  —Holland  Crompton,  F  C  S. 
PICYSICS  — F  Woiiiack,  B  Sc  Lond. 

Practical  Work  in  the  Chemical  and  Physical  Laboratories  of  lUs 
Collexe     l"arilculars  to  be  obtained  liom  the  Pbincipai- 
^"  "  LLCY  J.  RlS.sELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


146 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N<'  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Vork  in  the  subjects 
of  the  rreliminary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  B  Sc  Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  COMMENCE  on  OCl'OBEK  1  and  con- 
tinue till  JULY.  ISSW. 

Fee  for  the  whole  course  2U.,  or  181.  18s.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  5(  5s  each  for  single  subjects. 
There  is  a  Special  class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  "Warden    of  the  College,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC. 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  E.xhibition,  respectively  worth  loOi  ,  75/  , 
75/..  50A.  and  'Ail.  eauh.  tenal)le  forOne  Y'ear,  will  be  competed  for  in  Sep- 
tember. 1895.  viz  .  One  Senior  Ojen  Scholarship  of  ihe  value  of  7ol.  will 
he  awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75?  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sutticient  merits  in  Biology  and 
Physiology. 

Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  Twenty-five  years 
of  age,  and  must  not  lave  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 
of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150f.,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  E.xhibition.  50/ ,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  Twenty  Years  of  age  (it  of  sufficient  merit)  in 
Physics,  Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology.  'I'he 
cjuestions  for  the  Scholajship  of  150/.  will  be  of  about  the  range  re- 
(luired  for  Honours  in  the  London  University  Preliminary  Scientific 
Examination,  and  those  for  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Exhibition  will 
be  of  about  the  range  of  the  Pass  questions  in  that  Examination.  The 
JeafTreson  Exhibition  (value  '2i)t.)  will  be  competed  for  at  the  same 
time.  The  subjects  of  Examination  are  Latin,  Mathematics,  and  any 
one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek.  French,  and  German. 

The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matricula- 
tion Examination  of  July,  1895 

The  successful  can'tidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
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will  be  held  on  September  L'o,  1895. 

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and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


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and  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 


ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  AND  EXHIBITION  EXAMINATION, 

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SIR    E1)W.^HI>   HAMLEY    and   the    EGYPTIAN    CAMPAIGN.      By 

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N'  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


147 


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Cajarjello. 

II.  REMINISCENCES  OF  CHILDHOOD  IN  RUSSIA. 

Written  by  HERSELF. 

Translated  into  English  by  LOUISE  VON  COSSEL, 

"  The  biography  is,  despite  the  psycliological  pose  of  the 
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diveigent,  as  almost  to  defy  portraiture All  generations 

of  women  will  delight  to  honour  her;  and  if,  by  reason  of 
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licsumption  of  Periodical  Issue. 

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VASARI'S    LIVES    of    ITALIAN 

PAINTERS.     Selected  and  Prefaced  by  HAVBLOCK 
ELLIS. 

To  be  followed  shortly  hy 

LAOCOON,  and  other  PROSE  WRIT- 

INGS    of    LK.SSIN(i.      A    new    Translation,    with    an 
Introduction,  by  \V.  B.  RONNFELDT. 


London : 
WALTER  SCOTT,  Ltd.,  I'atcrnoster-sqnare. 


N*'  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


149 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  3,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

TiGB 

The  Crimean  War     149 

Sir  EDWI^f  Arnold's  Poems  151 

Five  Years  in  Madagascar        151 

The  Ionic  Dialect     152 

Historic  Worcestershire 153 

The  Vita  Nuova         151 

New  Novels  (Myrtle  and  Ivy  ;  A  Tug  of  War  ;  The 
Mountain  Lovers  ;  A  Fleet  Street  Journalist ;  The 
Making  of  Mary ;  The  Grrl  from  the  Farm ;  A 
Sawdust    DoU ;    Some    Passages    in    Plantagenet 

Paul's  Life) 155—156 

Studies  in  Folk-lore         156 

Latin  Poetry 157 

Minor  Works  on  History 158 

Short  Stories 158 

Clerical  Biography 159 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books  ...  160—161 
Miss  Rossetti's  Works  ;  New  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  Is  Egypt  so  very  Old  ?  The  Celtic 
Element  in  French  Romance  ;  The  Duchess 
OF  York,  Mrs.  Sheridan,  and  Lord  Ebskine  ; 
Elephant— Alabaster  ;  Coincidences  of  Pub- 
lishing               161—163 

Literary  Gossip        164 

Science  —  Zoological  Literature  ;  The  Sixth 
International   Geographical  Congress;    The 

Museums' Association;  Gossip        164 — 166 

Fine  Arts— The  Book  of  Hours  of  the  Duchhss 
OF  Milan  ;  Library  Table  ;  New  Prints  ;  Notes 

from  Athens;  Gosslp 166—169 

Music— Music  in  1894-5;  Gossip 170 

Drama— Duologues  from  Jane  Austen  ;  Library 
Table;  Gossip      170—171 


LITERATURE 


Tlie  Story  of   the    Highland  Brigade   in  the 
Crimea.      Founded     on    Letters    written 
during  the  Years   1854,  1855,  and  1856, 
by  Lieut.-Col.  Anthony  Sterling-,  a  Staff 
Officer  who  was  There.  (Remington  &  Co.) 
The    Crimea    in   185/^,    and   1891^.     By   Sir 
Evelyn  Wood,  V.C.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 
There  has  been  a  sudden  revival  of  interest 
in  the  Crimean  War,    or,  at  any  rate,  the 
literature    concerning    it    has    largely   and 
rapidly  increased  of  late.     Sir  Jolm  Adye,  Sir 
Daniel  Lysons,  and  Sir  W.  H.  Russell  have 
aU  contributed  to  it,  and  if  they  have  not 
added  to  our  knowledge,  they  have,  at  any 
rate,  revived  old  memories.     Nor  can  very 
much  that  is  novel  be  found  in  the  volumes 
before  us.     Practically  the  book  that  stands 
first  on  our  list    is  not  so  much  the  story 
of  the  Highland    Brigade    in    the    Crimea 
as  a  running  commentary  by  Sir  Anthony 
Sterling  on  the  events  of  the  war  and  the 
persons  who  took  part   in  it.      This   com- 
mentary  consists    of    unsparing    criticisms 
of  most  of  the  persons  who  held  important 
commands   on    the   British   side,   with   the 
exception   of   Sir   Colin   Campbell,  and    of 
most  branches  of  the  service  save  the  High- 
land Brigade.     The  Guards  are  the  special 
objects  of  the  late  Sir  A.    Sterling's   con- 
demnation, although  he   was  glad  enough 
to  put  a  son  into  the  Coldstreams  a  very 
few    years    later;    the    East    India    Com- 
pany's officers,  the  artillery,  the  chaplains, 
the  commissariat,   the  young   officers,    and 
the  Board  of    Ordnance    are  also    roundly 
abused.     In  short,   this   book  is    one   con- 
tinued scolding   of  every  body   and  thing, 
coupled   with   not  a   little    egotism  on   the 
part  of  the  writer,  who  evidently  thought 
that  he  had  not  met  with  his  deserts.     The 
Indian    army,    although    Sir  Anthony   had 
never  been  in  India,  excited   liis  particular 
indignation.      Tiio    Sepoys    he    considered 
inefficient  on  the  day  of  battle,  and  all  the 
fighting  in  the  Punjaub  was  done,  he  thinks, 
by  the  Queen's  regiments  and  the  Company's 
artillery.    What  a  libel  tlii.s  is  on  the  native 
army  all  who  have  studied  the   liistory  of 
India  know.     Again,  the  Indian  irregular 


cavalry  Sir  Anthony  pronounced  very  in- 
ferior to  the  Cossacks.  We  should  be  glad 
to  learn  what  he  knew  of  the  Cossacks  ; 
certainly  in  the  Crimean  campaign  they 
proved  themselves  to  be  efficient  only  as 
watchdogs  or  as  spearers  of  disabled  men. 

The  late  Sir  Anthony  Sterling  was  an  able 
man,  and  his  criticism  and  comments  might 
have  been  valuable  biit  for  their  bitterness  ; 
but  when  his  prejudices  were  concerned  he 
was  not  always  accurate.  For  example, 
under  date  of  January  4th,  1855,  occurs  the 
following  passage : — 

"There  are  officers  in  the  regiments  of 
Guards  here,  who,  in  consequence  of  the  war, 
and  the  privileges  of  their  corps,  are  obtaining 
their  promotion  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  about  six  years'  service.  It  is  no 
answer  to  say  they  are  brave.  All  the  army  is 
brave.  The  Government  is  promoting  sergeants 
in  their  own  corps — those  of  the  Guards  into 
the  line  ;  their  own  regiment  is  too  good  for 
them.     This  is  not  very  flattering  to  the  line." 

This  accusation  is  founded  upon  a  mistake, 
for  up  to  the  date  of  the  letter  there  were 
no  such  cases  of  rapid  promotion,  while 
in  the  line  there  was  before  the  end  of 
the  war  a  yovmg  officer  of  the  88th  named 
Day  who  had  obtained  his  company  in  one 
year.  Nor  is  there  real  foundation  for  the 
sneer  at  the  non-commissioned  officers  of 
the  Guards  who  were  promoted,  seeing  that 
the  writer  must  have  known  no  officer  of  the 
Guards  can  live  without  a  large  private 
allowance.  Again,  Sir  Anthony  Sterling 
says  of  the  different  Guardsmen  holding 
high  command  that  none  of  them  had  ever 
been  abroad  before  except  Lord  Eokeby, 
who  had  served  as  an  ensign  at  Waterloo, 
and  General  Simpson.  But,  unluckily  for 
Sir  Anthony's  reputation  for  accuracy.  Lord 
Eokeby  accompanied  the  brigade  of  Guards 
which  in  1826  was  sent  to  support  the  young 
Queen  of  Portugal ;  while  General  Simpson 
had  not  only  served  a  year  in  the  Peninsula 
and  been  present  at  Waterloo,  but  had  also 
commanded  a  brigade  during  the  fighting  in 
Scinde,  and  had  received  the  approbation  of 
Sir  Charles  Napier.  He  had  besides  many 
years'  experience  as  colonel  of  a  line  regiment. 
Sir  Anthony  says  of  Codriugton  that  when 
promoted  to  be  major-general,  he  was,  "  as 
I  think,"  only  a  captain  of  a  company  in 
his  own  regiment.  This  belief  was  literally, 
not  virtually  correct,  for  Col.  Codrington, 
though  borne  in  the  army  list  as  captain  of 
a  company,  was  a  "mounted  officer,"  i.e., 
a  major  of  his  battalion.  Sir  Anthony  is 
perpetually  writing  about  his  own  claims, 
qualifications,  and  seniority  ;  but  he  forgot 
that  he  had  of  his  own  accord  spent  the  ten 
years  preceding  the  Crimean  War  in  civil 
life,  and  that  some  people  might  think  that 
Sir  Colin  Campbell,  "  his  relation,"  and  the 
Horse  Guards  were  guilty  of  a  job  when,  at 
the  request  of  the  former,  he  was  appointed 
brigade-major  of  the  Highland  Brigade. 

Recklessly  criticizing  everything.  Sir 
Anthony  says,  referring  to  the  changes  in 
1855  :  "  Mean  time  there  has  been  a  mighty 
job  swept  away  b}'  the  overtlirow  of  the 
Board  of  Ordnance."  As  a  matter  of  fact 
the  artillery  was  better  looked  after  in  the 
Crimea  by  the  Board  of  Ordnance  than  was 
the  rest  of  the  army  by  the  AVar  Office  and 
Horse  Guards.  The  Duke  of  AVellington, 
Lord  Hill,  and  Lord  Ilardinge  all  approved 
of  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  and  Lord  Hart- 


ington's  committee  recommended  the  estab- 
lishment of  something  which  would  closely 
resemble  the  old  system. 

Sir  Anthony  cannot  help  speaking  with 
respect  of  General  Codrington,  who  had 
won  the  affection  of  all  under  his  command, 
but  it  is  evident  that  the  accident  of  his 
being  a  Guardsman  was  equivalent,  in  the 
eyes  of  his  critic,  to  original  sin.  With  re- 
gard to  his  conduct  on  the  8th  of  September 
in  the  attack  on  the  Redan,  Sir  Anthony's 
criticism  is,  we  are  bound  to  say,  just : — 

"The  feeling  here  is  strong  against  Codring- 
ton for  not  going  out  of  the  trenches  when  he 
found  his  men  hanging  back.  No  one  intends 
to  allude  to  his  personal  courage,  but  to  his 
ignorance  of  his  metier. ^^ 

Apparently  Sir  Anthony  entertained  one 
fixed  idea  with  respect  to  the  war,  viz.,  that 
Sir  Colin  Campbell  was  not  estimated  as  he 
deserved  by  the  authorities  or  even  by  the 
press.  That  Sir  Colin' s  experience  and 
services  should  have  secured  him  the  com- 
mand of  a  division  at  an  early  opportunity 
may  be  readily  allowed,  but  that  he  ought 
as  a  matter  of  course  to  have  been  given  the 
command  of  the  army,  first  on  Lord  Raglan's 
death  and  afterwards  on  Sir  James  Simpson's 
resignation,  it  is  not  so  easy  to  admit.  The 
appointment  under  the  circumstances  was 
almost  as  much  diplomatic  as  military, 
and  the  Government  may  be  excused 
for  thinking  that  the  diplomatic  work 
was  beyond  him.  His  knowledge  of 
French,  it  is  true,  was  quite  sufficient, 
but  his  temper  was  hot,  his  disposition  at 
times  capricious,  and  his  experience  of 
society  was  small.  No  doubt  he  was  on 
terms  of  warm  friendship  with  Yinoy,  and 
seems  to  have  got  on  very  well  with  the 
French  generally  ;  but  then  his  intercourse 
with  them  involved  no  differences  of  opinion. 
Still,  tliough  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that 
Sir  Colin's  advancement  meant  Sir  Anthony's 
advancement,  the  loyalty  of  the  writer  of 
these  letters  to  his  chief  was  highly  credit- 
able, and  his  indignation  at  the  manner  in 
which  Sir  Colin  was  written  about  by  the 
Times  and  Morning  Chronicle  drew  forth 
very  sharply  expressed  letters  from  him. 
On  the  vexed  question  whether  the  press 
did  more  good  than  harm,  the  following 
passage  from  the  preface,  written  in  1857, 
is  worth  reading  : — 

"The  newspaper  press  of  England  was  re- 
quired by  the  nation  to  supply  perpetual  in- 
formation about  military  movements,  and  per- 
petual gossip  about  the  routine  in  the  camp. 
The  gentlemen  sent  for  that  purpose  did  supply 
all  this,  to  the  best  of  their  ability  ;  but,  un- 
fortunately, the  British  people  could  not  receive 
this  information  and  this  gossip  without  pro- 
viding it  also  for  the  use  of  the  enemy  and  for 
the  amusement  and  astonishment  of  our  Con- 
tinental neighbours.  The  English,  as  a  nation, 
are  peculiarly  insensible  to  ridicule  ;  and  not 
being  naturally  a  military  people,  they  appear 
not  to  have  comprehended  the  feeling  of  many 
ofhcers,  whose  professional  pride  was  hurt  by  a 
public  tj-posc  of  all  our  blundering  and  suffer- 
ings, which  was,  no  doubt,  translated  into 
Russian  for  the  benefit  of  the  Russian  army  ; 
these  statements,  of  course,  encouraged  the 
enemy.  It  never  seemed  to  strike  the  public 
as  rather  monstrous,  that  a  gentleman  should 
be  permitted  to  reside  in  camp,  and  to  draw 
rations,  while  his  pen  was  employed  in  attacking 
Lord  Iliglan's  military  conduct,  and  in  laying 
open  the  whole  army  to  the  ridicule  of  the 
universe.  As  a  friend  of  mine  remarked,  '  If 
the   British   nation  chooses   to   have  its  army 


150 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


governed  by  the  newspapers,  the  result  must 
be,  that  by  degrees  all  the  officers  who  reflect 
will,    as   it   becomes   possible,    get  out  of  the 
service.'     No  array  can  succeed  with  such  spies 
in  its  camp.     No  General  can  command  when 
his  character  and  conduct  is  canvassed  openly 
by  editors,  and  while  their  remarks  upon  both 
are  sown  broadcast  among  the  soldiers.     I  do 
not  believe  that  the  outcry  in  the   papers  did 
any  good.     There  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that 
the    evils     complained     of    would    have    been 
remedied  as  soon  as  possible,  whether  the  news- 
papers had  taken  up  the  question  or  not.     If 
the  correspondents  had  been  really  competent 
judges,  they,  who  were  with  the  army,  and  who 
had  nothing  else  to  do,  ought  to  have  discovered 
the  defects  and  published  their  opinions  long 
before  the  mischief  which  occurred  in  January, 
1855,  had  risen  to  such  a  pitch  as  to  excite  all 
England,  and  to  fill  the  swelling  heart  of  the 
people  with  pity  and  indignation.     It  is  to  be 
considered  now  what  has    been    the    result  of 
such  an  outcry.     Names  were  brought  forward  ; 
but  as  far  as  I  can  see  there  has  been  no  con- 
viction   arrived   at,    except   that    our    military 
system  was  a  bad  one ;  while  it  remains  doubtful 
whether  the  fatal  blots  have  been  hit,  or  even 
noticed.     It  is  known,  however,  that  Gortscha- 
koflf  had  an  officer  employed  in  doing  nothing 
else  than  collating  the  English  newspapers,  and 
that  he  considered  the  Times  equal  to  half-a- 
dozen  good  spies.     Still  the  editors  congratulate 
themselves  on  the  good  they  have  done,   and 
honourable  gentlemen  admit  the  same.     Folly 
on  every  side.    As  my  friend  says  :   '  It  is  really 
provoking  the  practical  English  nation  should 
be  so  stupid   as   to  insist   on   giving   the   best 
information    to    their    deadly   enemy.'      With 
respect  to  the  accuracy  of  the  intelligence  so 
supplied,   we  know  from  the  character  of  the 
gentlemen  employed  that  it  was  as  accurate  as 
they  could  make  it,  considering  that  they  had 
small  access  to  officers  of  rank,   and   that  the 
position  of  such  officers  as  were  well-informed 
was    one  which    rendered  it  impossible,   or  at 
least  exceedingly  improper,   for    them   to  give 
information.     I  maintain,  that  although  usually 
the  facts  published  in  the  papers  were  correct, 
yet  still  there  was  a  considerable  exaggeration 
on  many  occasions,  and  also  a  misrepresenta- 
tion, no  doubt  unintended,  of  the  general  tone 
of  feeling  in  the  army." 

A  visit  to  the  Crimea  in  1894  in  company 
witli  Lord  Wolseley  suggested  to  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  that  he  should  record  his  experiences 
of  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  and  his  articles 
originally  published  in  the  Fortnightly  Review, 
and  now  considerably  expanded,  constitute 
the  volume  mentioned  in  the  heading.  There 
is  not  much  literary  skill  displayed  in  it;  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  nation  is  told  once  more 
many  facts  that  it  is  well  it  should  remember, 
as  peace  is  apt  to  obliterate  the  stern,  pain- 
ful, but  useful  lessons  of  war.  Only  in  a  few 
trifling  details  is  a  new  light  cast  on  the 
events  of  the  momentous  drama ;  but  what 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood  has  committed  to  paper 
may  help  to  a  truer  appreciation  of  errors 
and  shortcomings,  while  the  tales  of  heroic 
courage  and  patient  endurance  contained 
in  his  book  will  serve  as  stimulants  to  the 
soldiers  of  to-day  to  emulate  the  deeds  of 
their  predecessors.  The  interest  of  the  story 
also  of  what  the  author,  then  a  lad  of  six- 
teen, saw,  did,  felt,  and  suffered  is  equal  to 
that  of  most  pieces  of  sensational  fiction. 

No  one  who  has  not  tried  to  write  the 
history  of  a  battle  can  form  any  conception  of 
the  difficulty  there  is  in  unravelling  tangled 
rarratives,  and  reconciling  conflicting  or  in- 
consistent statements.  Kinglake  has  done 
much  towards  reducing  chaos  to  order,  but 
not  unnaturally  he  was  guilty  of  mistakes, 


and  occasionally  of  unintentional  injustice. 
This  is  particularly  the  case  with  regard  to  the 
part  played  by  the  Scots  Guards — then  the 
Scots  Fusilier  Guards — at  the  Alma.  It  is 
somewhat  amusing  to  observe  that  in  trying 
to  give  a  more  correct  account  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  himself  falls  into  an  error  at  the 
very  commencement.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
instead  of  advancing  in  line  through  the 
vineyards,  as  Sir  Evelyn  states,  both  the 
Soots  Fusiliers  and  the  Grenadier  Guards 
advanced  in  column  of  double  comjDanies, 
not  forming  line  till  they  had  crossed  the 
river.  We  make  this  assertion  on  the 
authority  of  two  conspicuously  gallant  and 
cool  officers — one  in  each  battalion — who 
were  present.  After  passing  the  river  the 
colonel — Hood  of  the  Grenadiers — would  not 
move,  notwithstanding  orders  to  hurry,  till 
his  men  were  in  a  perfect  line.  The  oflicer 
commanding  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards 
yielded  to  impatient  and  imperious  orders, 
and  pushed  forward  before  his  battalion 
was  ready  to  advance, 

"  The  disordered  ranks  of  the  Fusilier  Guards, 
never  perfectly  formed,  and  much  shattered  by 
the  fire  they  had  encountered  during  the  advance, 
now  engaged  the  Russians,  who  had  moved  North 
of  the  Redoubt  in  pursuit  of  the  Light  Division, 
and  were  bayoneting  our  wounded  lying  on  the 
ground.  The  battalion  then  halted  and  fired 
their  first  shot.  The  officer  commanding  was 
soon  told,  not  once,  but  repeatedly,  '  The 
Fusiliers  will  retire,'  and  they  did  so.  This 
order,  no  doubt,  was  intended  for  the 
Welsh  Fusiliers.  As  the  Scots  Fusiliers 
went  down  the  hill,  some  of  them,  no 
doubt,  faster  than  others,  the  Grenadiers  and 
Coldstreams  were  seen  advancing,  and  the 
officers  of  the  Fusiliers,  realizing  the  mistake, 
immediately  endeavoured  to  halt  their  men. 
This  they  succeeded  in  doing  soon  after  the 
Grenadiers  and  Coldstreams  passed  on  as  they 
mounted  the  hill,  for  the  officer  commanding 
the  former  battalion,  which  was  a  little  in  front 
of  the  Coldstreams,  halted  a  minute  or  two  to 
give  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards  an  opportunity 
of  reforming,  and  in  five  minutes  all  three 
battalions  went  forward  in  one  line.  It  is 
probable  that  the  Light  Division  carried  back 
with  them  in  disorder  some  of  the  Guards. 
This  officers  of  the  Light  Division  deny  ;  but 
I  am  assured  by  two  General  officers  who  were 
jiresent  that  Mr.  Kinglake's  account  of  the  part 
played  by  the  Scots  Guards  is  inaccurate." 

Several  anecdotes  of  heroism  are  to  be 
found  in  the  book  before  us,  but  one  sur- 
passes all  that  we  have  ever  read  of  acts  of 
courage.  On  June  3rd,  1855,  the  sailor 
reliefs  for  the  guns  were  on  the  point  of 
entering  the  2 1  -  gun  battery,  when  there 
was  a  shout  of  "  Look  out — AVhistling 
Dick  !  "  Whistling  Dick,  we  may  mention, 
was  a  13-inch  shell.  On  the  hearing  every 
one  ran  for  cover. 

"All  the  men  except  John  Blewitt,  Ordinary 
seaman  of  H.M.S.  Queen,  safely  reached  the 
trench,  and  were  crouching  in  it  awaiting  the 
explosion.  Blewitt,  as  he  bent  forwai'd  to  start 
rurniing,  was  struck  immediately  at  the  back  of 
the  knees  by  the  enormous  mass  of  iron,  tliirteen 
inclies  in  diameter,  andfcllto  tlieground,  cruslied 
under  its  weight,  in  sight  of  his  horror-stricken 
messmates,  lie  called  out  to  liis  chum,  Steplien 
Welch,  '  Oh,  Stephen,  don't  leave  me  to  die  !  ' 
Tlie  fuse  was  hissing,  but  Welcli,  jumping  up 
from  under  the  cover  of  the  bank,  wlucli  must, 
humanly  speaking,  have  ensured  his  safety, 
called  out,  'Come  on,  lads,  let's  try,'  and, 
running  out,  had  got  his  arms  around  Blewitt, 
and  was  trying  to  roll  the  shell  from  off  his 
cruslied  legs,  when  it  exi)lodcd,  and  not  a  par- 


ticle even  of  the  bodies  or  clothes  of  John 
Blewitt  or  the  heroic  Welch  could  be  found." 

Sir  Evelyn  writes  of  this  incident  as  Welch's 
"  Divine-like  act  of  self-sacrifice." 

Most  stirring  is  Sir  Evelyn's  account  of 
the  share  which  he  himself  took  in  the  un- 
successful assault  of  the  Eedan  on  June  1 8th, 
1855.  The  following  extracts  will  give  an 
idea  of  his  experiences,  but  the  whole  story 
is  worth  telling.  He  had  got  up  to  the 
abattis  without  other  injury  than  a  flesh 
wound  in  the  hand  : — 

"While  looking  round,  I  was  struck  by  the 
burning  courage  of  a  young  sergeant  who  was 
trying  to  induce  men  to  accompany  him  over 
the  Abatis.  After  calling  in  vain  on  those  im- 
mediately round  him  to  follow,  waxing  wrath, 
he  said,  '  I  '11  tell  my  right-hand  man  to  follow, 
and  if  he  fails  I'll  shoot  him.'     Bringing    his 

rifle  to  the  '  ready,'  he  said,  '  Private ,  will 

you  follow  me  ? '  I  saw  by  the  sergeant's  eye 
tliat  he  was  in  earnest,  and  stood  for  a  few 
seconds  as  if  spell-bound.  The  man  looked 
deliberately  up  at  the  hundreds  of  Russians 
above  us,  then  at  his  comrades  as  if  reckoning 
the  numbers  (those  near  at  hand  were  certainly 
under  100),  and  replied  quietly,  'No,  I  won't.' 
The  sergeant  threw  his  rifle  into  his  shoulder 
with  the  apparent  intention  of  shooting  the 
man,  but  in  the  act  of  taking  aim,  struck  by  a 

grapeshot,  he  fell  dead I  got  up  and  walked 

away  along  the  Abatis  Northward,  looking  to 
see  if  there  were  any  weaker  spot  in  the 
obstacle.  While  doing  so,  I  saw  four  Russians 
above  me,  apparently  '  following '  me  with  their 
rifles.  Instinctively  throwing  up  my  left  arm 
to  shield  my  face,  I  was  strolling  along  when  a 
gun  was  fired  with  case-shot  close  to  me.  The 
shots  came  crashing  through  the  Abatis,  and 
one,  weighing  5^  ounces,  struck  my  arm  just 
below  the  '  funny-bone.'  This  felled  me  to  the 
ground,  and  sent  me  rolling  some  yards  down 
the  slope  of  the  hill,  where  I  lay  insensible." 

Roused  from  his  unconsciousness  by  a  sym- 
pathetic sergeant,  he  was  so  faint  that  he 
could  only  slowly  and  painfully  move  towards 
the  trenches,  though  grape,  case,  and  bullets 
were  humming  and  whistling  all  round  him. 

"  I  was  making  for  a  jalace  where  the  parapet 
had  been  worn  down  by  men  running  over  it, 
in  order  to  avoid  the  exertion  of  mounting  up  even 
four  feet,  when  a  young  soldier  passed  me  on 
my  left  side,  and,  doubtless,  not  noticing  I  was 
wounded,  knocked  my  arm  heavily,  saying, 
'Move  on,  sir,  please.'  As  he  passed  over  the 
parapet  witli  his  rifle  at  the  trail,  I  caught  it 
by  the  small  of  the  butt  to  pull  myself  up. 
He  turned  round  angrily,  asking,  '  What  are 
you  doing  ? '  and  while  his  face  was  bent  on 
mine,  a  round  shot,  passing  my  ear,  struck  him 
full  between  the  shoulders,  and  I  stepped  over 
his  body,  so  exhausted  as  to  be  strangely  in- 
different to  the  preservation  of  my  own  life, 
saved  by  the  soldier  having  jostled  me  out  of 
my  turn  at  the  gap." 

Next  to  Capt.  Peel,  Lord  Raglan  stood 
highest  in  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  esteem,  and 
he  has  in  the  book  before  us  done  some- 
thing to  vindicate  the  memory  of  that  much 
slandered  commander.  While,  however, 
accepting  all  that  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  says 
about  Lord  Raglan,  we  cannot  but  admit 
that  his  arrangements  for  the  assault  of  the 
Redan  on  the  18th  of  June  were  very  bad, 
and  contrast  unfavourably  with  those  of 
Pelissier  for  the  assault  of  the  ]\Ialakoff 
on  September  8th,  The  fact  is  that  Lord 
Raglan  had  had  no  experience  in  handling 
troops,  and  was  essentially  a  staff  officer 
pure  and  simple.  We  pause  here  for  a 
moment  to  point  out  a  clerical  error.  Re- 
lating a  story  illustrative  of  the  Duke  of 


N"  3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


151 


Wellington's  opinion  of  him,  Sir  Evelyn 
makes  the  Duke  speak  of  him  as  Raglan, 
whereas  Lord  Fitzroy  Somerset  was  not 
created  Lord  Eaglan  till  after  his  great 
chief's  death. 

While  justly  taking  pride  in  the  courage 
and  endurance  of  their  own  men,  British 
writers  have  been  rather  inclined  to  pass 
over  with  slight  remark  the  heroism  of  the 
Russians.  It  is  true  that  they  displayed 
little  dash  or  enterprise,  hut  their  passive 
courage  was  magnificent : — 

"  Besides  the  losses  incurred  in  capturing  the 
Mamelon  and  the  Quarries,  the  Allies  lost  from 
the  cannonade  between  the  6th  and  the  10th 
of  June  750  men,  while  the  Russian  casualties 
amounted  to  3,500  men.  When  we  read  these 
figures  of  such  terrible  import,  it  is  easy  to 
understand  the  bitter  feelings  expressed  in  the 
reply  a  Russian  officer  made  to  one  of  our  own 
people  who,  during  the  flag  of  truce,  observed 
that  our  losses  had  been  heavy.  '  You  talk  of 
your  losses  !  Why,  you  don't  know  what  loss 
is,  in  comparison  with  what  we  are  sufiering  ! '  " 
Again  : — 

"I  cannot  find  language  to  do  justice  to  the 
enduring  constancy  of  the  Russian  soldiers  of  all 
ranks.  Their  casualties,  exclusive  of  gunners, 
from  the  17th  of  August — that  is,  after  the  battle 
of  the  Tchernaya— to  the  7th  of  September, 
were  over  17,000,  and  on  the  8th  of  September 
they  lost  seven  Generals  and  nearly  13,000  of 
other  ranks." 

It  is  equally  difficult  to  find  language  to 
express  our  admiration  of  the  calm,  resolute, 
as  weU  as  dashing  courage  of  a  French 
marshal  who  has  lately  passed  away.  At 
the  assault  of  the  Malakoff 

"  McMahon  allowed  two  sections  to  pass  him, 
and  then,  followed  by  his  Stafl",  climbed  over  the 
parapet,  following  the  advanced  guard.  It  placed 
one  ladder,  by  which  the  General  descended  into 
the  ditch,  and  was,  it  is  said,  the  first  up  the 
escarp  of  the  work." 

After  the  Russians  had  desisted  from  their 
efiorts  to  retake  the  Malakoff, 
"  General  McMahon,  contemplating  the  possi- 
bility of  further  explosions  from  undiscovered 
mines,  in  order  to  minimize  possible  loss  of  life, 
sent  back  the  brigade  under  Col.  Decaen,  whom 
he  ordered  to  hold  himself  in  readiness,  and  if 
Vinoy's  brigade  should  be  blown  into  the  air,  to 
come  forward  immediately,  and  replace  it.  Then, 
turning  to  General  Vinoy,  McMahon  observed, 
'  It  is  possible.  General,  that  your  brigade  will 
be  blown  up,  but  Decaen  will  replace  you  imme- 
diately, so  we  shall  still  hold  our  position.' 
McMahon  himself  remained  in  the  Malakofl' 
with  Vinoy's  brigade." 

The  atrocious  conduct  of  the  Russians 
in  bayoneting  our  unresisting  wounded 
justly  produced  a  bitter  feeling  against 
them.  It  is  therefore  pleasant  to  be 
able  to  recognize  the  fact  that  as  a  rule 
the  Russians  behaved  extremely  well  to 
such  of  our  officers  and  men  as  fell  into 
their  hands.  As  those  who  are  familiar 
with  the  history  of  the  Crimean  AVar  will 
recollect,  H.M.S.  Tiger,  misled  by  a  fog, 
grounded  near  Odessa,  within  150  yards 
of  the  shore  and  under  a  cliff  80  ft.  high. 
Even  under  these  desperate  circumstances 
the  ship  was  gallantly  defended,  and  it  was 
not  till  a  field  battery  had  set  her  on  fire 
in  two  places  and  had  killed  and  wounded 
several  of  her  crew,  including  the  captain, 
that  she  was  surrendered  :  — 

"No  nation  could  have  treated  prisoners 
more  generously.  Officers  and  men  were  well 
lodged,  fed,  and  cared  for,  and  the  wife  of  the 


General  in  command  sent  daily  from  her  house, 
jellies,  &c.,  for  the  wounded  officers.  Two 
months  later  most  of  the  crew  were  liberated, 
and  rejoined  the  fleet  when  it  lay  in  Baljic  Bay, 
the  officers  and  a  few  men  only  being  retained 
in  Russia." 

From  other  sources  we  learn  that  our 
men  when  prisoners  were  generally  well 
treated.  After  all,  when  condemning  the 
behaviour  of  the  Russians  at  Inkerman, 
we  must  remember  that  they  were  not  only 
excited  by  patriotism,  but  likewise  infu- 
riated by  carefully  stimulated  religious 
fanaticism. 


The  Tenth  Muse,  and  other  Poems.     By  Sir 

Edwin  Arnold.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 
There   is  nothing   in  Sir   Edwin  Arnold's 
new  book  of  verse  which  coidd    easily  be 
mistaken  for  poetry,  except,  indeed,  some  of 
the  translations  from  Persian  and  Japanese, 
which   were  no  doubt   poetry   before   they 
were  translated.      There  is  even  a  certain 
grace   and  charm  in  the   English — in  this 
Japanese  epigram,  for  instance  : — 
That  day  when  we  did  sunder, 
Roaming  the  pine-trees  under, 
Was  it  the  dew  did  soak  your  sleeve, 
Or  tears  1 — or  tears,  I  wonder ! 

Hafiz,  too,  though   he   becomes   somewhat 
Tennysonian,     and    goes    to    the    tune    of 
'  Locksley  Hall,'  has  a  recognizable  poetic 
touch : — 
Cleave  to  pleasures  of  ihe  Present  !  Adam,  judging 

otherwise, 
Lost  his  altered  House  of  Peace ;  the  lovely  lawns 

of  Paradise. 
At  Time's  table,  quick  to  vanish,  quaff  a  cup,  ere 

thou  must  go  ; 
Ask  not  what  He  will  not  give  thee,  leave  to  always 

banquet  so. 
Foolish,  niggard  Heart  I    Youth  's  flitted,  and  thou 

didst  not  pluck  one  Rose 
From  Life's  red  bush!    What's  remaining?  name 

and  fame  at  life's  dull  close  ? 

A  translation,  too,  from  the  '  Mahabharata' 
is  distinctly  interesting  as  a  literary  docu- 
ment ;  but,  in  that  case,  one  regrets  that  it 
had  not  been  done  into  prose  instead  of 
into  blank  verse,  which,  as  Sir  Edwin  Arnold 
handles  it,  is  in  no  sense  distinguishable 
from  prose,  except  by  a  certain  awkward- 
ness which  would  probably  disappear  in  an 
unmetrical  version.  For  the  rest,  one  won- 
ders why  any  of  the  pieces  contained  in  the 
volume  were  written  in  verse.  There  is  no 
obvious  reason  for  the  choice  of  that  medium 
of  expression;  and,  surely,  lines  "written 
in  the  birthday  book  of  H.R.H,  the  Duchess 
of  York,"  lines  "  written  for  the  Royal 
Bazaar  at  Balmoral  (at  desire  of  H.R.H. 
the  Princess  Beatrice),"  might  as  well  have 
paid  their  little  compliments  in  that  jour- 
nalistic prose  which  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  to 
judge  from  his  title-poem,  seems  to  prize  so 
highly.  "The  Tenth  Muse,"  who  is  to  be 
named  Ephemera,  is,  indeed,  nothing  more 
or  less  than  journalism  : — 

Room  !  ye  who  proudly  dwell 

Here  on  the  asphodel ! 
Your  youngest  sister  greet,  the  modern  PRESS  1 

exclaims  our  author,  with  all  the  rapture 
of  a  successful  editor,  addressing  the  nine 
muses  who  have  hitherto  been  considered 
enough  for  all  practical  poetic  purposes. 

So,  in  the  sacred  ranks, 

For  all  men's  love  and  thanks, 
ErHEMioRA,  Tenth  Muse,  sits  safe  to-day, 

Our  Lady  of  the  Lamp, 

Whom  we,  of  many  a  camp, 
Serve  daily — for  her  work's  sake — and  obey; 


Not  holding  any  grace  or  any  gift 

Too  precious  to  uplift 
In  homage  to  her  ;  deeming  all  her  right ; 

Nor  ever  or.ce  ashamed 

So  we  be  named 
Press-men ;    Slaves   of    the    Lamp ;    Servants  of 
Light. 

Such  is  Sir  Edwin  Arnold's  conception  of 
journalism ;  and  our  only  regret  is  that  he 
has  not  confined  himself  to  the  more  appro- 
priate and  prosaic  worship  of  his  upstart 
goddess.  But  some  obscure  and  intricate 
instinct  leads  him  to  devote  some  of  his 
energies  to  the  compilation  of  verse  of  this 
kind : — 

Maimuna  !  reach 
My  izar  down.     I  hear  the  Muazzan 
Calling  to  prayer  !     Ya  !  ya  .'    Ash  'had  do  an 
La  illah'hhil-la-ho.     Ye  faithful!  know 
There  is  no  God  save  God:  hya-ul-as-salaat .' 
Wend  unto  prayer ! 

Or,  for  a  change,  he  will  write  : — 

Shirakami  Genjiro 
(Okayama  man) 
Left  his  ripening  rice,  to  go 

Fighting  for  Japan. 

*  *  *  * 

Good  at  target-practice, 

Or  bugle-calls  to  blow. 
Duty  bids  !  the  fact  is 

Genjiro  must  go. 

Mr.  Gilbert  himself  could  scarcely  be  more 
amusing.  But  apparently  Sir  Edwin  Arnold 
is  under  the  delusion  that  he  is  producing 
serious  poetry.  It  is  an  inexplicable  delu- 
sion, the  more  inexplicable  as  there  was  once 
a  time  when  he  was  capable  of  writing,  at 
all  events,  quite  correct  and  passable  verse. 
That  time  has  long  gone  by,  and  yet  Sir 
Edwin  Arnold  goes  on  writing. 


Five  Years  in  Madagascar,  with  Notes  on  the 
Military  Situation.  By  Col.  Francis  Com- 
wallis  Maude,  V.C.,  C.B.  (Chapman  & 
HaU.) 

CoL.  Maude's  book  on  Madagascar — which, 
it  may  be  noticed,  has  been  "printed  in 
Holland" — purports,  according  to  the  pub- 
lishers' advertisement,  to  be  a  history  of  the 
country  for  the  five  years  during  which  he 
resided  there  ;  but  the  volume  cannot  be 
regarded  as  bistorical  in  any  sense ;  it  is 
rather  as  a  guide  to  intending  emigrants 
than  as  a  "  memoire  pour  servir"  that  its 
utility  will  be  acknowledged.  The  gallant 
author  has  certainly  seen  a  varied  career 
since  he  won  the  Victoria  Cross  at  tlie  relief  of 
Lucknow  thirty-eight  years  ago  ;  and  since 
he  retired  from  the  Royal  Artillery  he  has 
undergone  numerous  vicissitudes  in  widely 
diverse  regions  of  the  globe.  After  ex- 
changing his  sword  for  the  ploughshare,  he 
first  tried  clearing  the  forest  from  a  free 
grant  of  land  in  Canada ;  next  he  at- 
tempted model  farming  in  England.  An 
interlude  of  diplomatic  M-ork  at  Warsaw 
was  subsequently  followed  by  an  experi- 
ment in  growing  sugar  beetroot  in  Poland. 
For  several  years  he  sought  a  field  for 
his  agricultural  operations  in  Corfu, 
Malta,  Oudli,  Burmah,  Ceylon,  Manilla, 
China,  and  Silhet.  None  of  these 
countries  was  good  enough  for  him,  till 
at  last  he  found  in  Madagascar  the  long- 
sought  paradise  wherein  to  settle.  He  is, 
therefore,  or  at  least  ought  to  be,  well 
qualified  to  draw  comparisons  as  to  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  plantation 
life  in  varied  climes  and  situations,  and  to 


152 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


instruct  future  nomad  agriculturists  where 
best  to  settle. 

Col.  Maude,  after  eighteen  months'  resi- 
dence in  Madagascar,  mostly  at  Maroant- 
setra,  contributed  to  the  Field  a  glowing  de- 
scription of  his  plantation  on  the  shores  of 
Antongil  Bay  iu  1889  ;  and  at  the  present 
time  he  tells  us  he  has  little  or  nothing  to 
qualify  or  withdraw  of  what  he  then  wrote. 
Of  the  Malagasy  climatic  conditions,  gener- 
ally so  much  maligned,  he  remarks  : — 

"  On  the  actual  coast  itself,  with  only 
moderate  care,  people  enjoy  as  good  health  as 
they  do  elsewhere,  even  in  England.  I  have 
been  in  the  island  for  eighteen  months,  and 
have  never  had  a  day's  fever,  although  I  am 
constantly  exposed  to  the  sun  and  have  made 
several  excursions  into  the  interior." 
He  also  furnishes  some  interesting  par- 
ticulars of  the  small  plantation  : — 

"  It  comprises  about  1,500  Vanilla  creepers, 
400  pineapple  plants,  2,000  manioc  plants, 
besides  some  cacao  (cocoa),  coffee,  arrowroot, 
and  other  plants  and  fruits,  which  all  are  grow- 
ing very  well.  A.  small  crop  of  Vanilla  has 
been  made  very  well,  and  has  a  nice  colour  and 
perfume.  From  what  I  know  of  the  climate, 
price  of  land,  cost  of  labour,  &c.,  I  consider 
this  part  of  Madagascar  is  a  very  favourable 
localitj'  in  which  to  establish  a  plantation,  on  a 
larger  scale,  of  certain  kinds  of  tropical  produce, 
such  as  :  Vanilla,  pineapple,  cocoa  (or  cacao), 
cloves,  cinnamon,  sugar,  tea,  tobacco,  coffee 
(when  not  too  near  the  coast),  &c.,  most  of 
wdiich  have  been  successfully  grown  on  or  near 
to  the  East  Coast  of  Madagascar  by  natives,  or 
other  planters." 

Col.  Maude  likewise  brought  into  cultivation 
numerous  india-rubber  plants,  and  he  made 
a  small  experiment  with  the  seed  of  the 
para  variety  of  caoutchouc  with  complete 
success.  But,  in  spite  of  this  description 
of  the  delightful  advantages  of  Maroant- 
setra,  our  suspicions  are  somewhat  aroused 
by  hearing  that  this  highly  productive 
plantation  was  then  (and  probably  is  now) 
for  sale. 

Growing  tired  of  training  india-rubber  and 
vanilla  creepers,  Col.  Maude  next  entered  the 
service  of  the  Malagasy  Government,  in  what 
capacity  does  not  apjiear ;  but  as  he  found 
that  service  under  Eainilaiarivony  was  more 
honourable  than  lucrative,  he  retired  to 
Tamatave,  where  he  started  a  newsjiaper. 
As  his  staff  included  five  Bourbonnais  or 
half-caste  compositors  and  an  intoxicated, 
if  clever  proof  -  reader,  the  first  number 
of  the  Madagascar  World,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Tamatave  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1892,  proved  anything  but  a  success, 
and  this  journalistic  venture  came  to  a 
sudden  termination.  A  chapter  of  sixty 
pages  in  Col  Maude's  volume  is  occupied 
by  cuttings,  "  titbits,"  from  this  short-lived 
newspai)er,  whilst  the  following  chapter 
consists  of  a  reprint  of  a  letter  to  the  Field 
on  the  advantages  of  coffee  planting  near 
Tamatave.  Several  other  chapters  are 
articles  that  appeared  in  the  Fortnightly  Re- 
view during  1893-4.  The  most  amusing 
portion  of  the  book  is  the  account  of  the 
Khervinton-Ducray  duel,  which  took  place 
on  Prune  Island,  near  Tamatave,  in  1888, 
and  of  which  a  remarkable  version  has 
already  appeared  in  another  Artillery 
officer's  book,  '  Gunner  Jingo's  Jubilee.' 

In  conclusion,  Col.  Maude  thus  sums  up 
the  military  situation  : — 

"I  believe  the  campaign  will  l)e  decided  by 
a  smart  affair  of  outposts  ;  and  that  the    main 


body  of  neither  army  will  ever  be  engaged.  A 
revolution  at  the  capital  is  exceedingly  pro- 
bable ;  and  if  proclamations  such  as  I  have 
described  are  issued,  it  is  likely  that  overtures 
for  peace  will  be  sent  to  the  invading  general. 
But  the  military  situation  is,  of  course,  always 
liable  to  accidents  and  modification." 

"The  French  have  not,  generally  speaking, 
a  reputation  for  being  good  colonists,  it  is  true  ; 
but  at  the  same  time  they  have  effected  marvels 
in  New  Caledonia,  which  in  many  respects  is 

an    analogous    country    to    Madagascar My 

own  opinion  is  that  if  the  French  nation  lay 
aside  their  Chauvinism  and  their  jealousy  of 
the  English,  and  honestly  set  to  work  to  govern 
the  country  ujion  just  and  humanitarian  prin- 
ciples, the  world  at  large  will  be  the  gainer." 

Col.  Maude  believes  that  intending 
planters  will  get  more  facilities  for  their 
settlements,  and  will  certainly  obtain  a  better 
title  to  their  land,  from  the  French  than  the 
Malagasy  Government.  We  doubt  this, 
and  would  advise  intending  settlers  to  read 
the  recent  letters  on  this  subject  published 
in  the  Times  from  its  special  correspondent 
(well  known  as  the  author  of  '  The  Cruise 
of  the  Falcon  '). 


The  Sounds  and  Inflections  of  the  GreeJc  Dia- 
lects.— Ionic.  By  Herbert  Weir  Smyth. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
The  title  of  Prof.  Smyth's  book  shows 
that  it  is  only  an  instalment  of  a  greater 
undertaking.  The  solidity  and  dimensions 
of  the  volume  before  us  form  in  themselves 
a  sufficient  explanation  of  the  fact  that 
hitherto  none  of  the  writers  on  the  Greek 
dialects  has  placed  in  the  forefront  of  his 
work  a  treatise  on  the  Ionic  branch.  It  is 
easier  to  begin  with,  e.g.,  the  dialect  of 
Cyprus  or  the  dialect  of  Crete  than  with  a 
dialect  which,  for  its  thorough  treatment, 
postulates  a  familiar  acquaintance,  not  only 
with  the  inscriptional  sources,  but  with 
every  line  of  Homer  and  with  every  chaj)- 
ter  of  Herodotus,  and  the  capacity  withal 
and  the  patience  to  estimate  in  detail  the 
value  of  all  the  important  MSS.  of  these 
and  other  Ionic  authors,  as  Hippocrates, 
and  of  the  pseudo  -  Ionic  attributed  to 
Lucian.  Thus  Ahrens,  after  dealing  with 
-^ilolic  and  Doric,  was  drawn  away  to  other 
departments  of  literary  activity,  and  failed 
to  carry  out  his  original  intention  of  com- 
piling a  complete  work,  '  De  Graicoe  Lingucc 
Dialectis.'  Meister,  in  1882,  issued  the 
first  volume  of  '  Die  griechischen  Dialekte, 
auf  Grundlage  von  Ahrens'  Werk,'  ancl 
seven  years  later  a  second  volume;  but  there 
seems  as  yet  to  be  no  sign  of  the  volume 
which  should  include  Ionic.  Of  0.  Hoff- 
mann's '  Die  griechischen  Dialekte,'  it  is 
true,  we  read  that  the  third  volume,  '  Der 
ionische  Dialekt,'  is  in  the  press.  In  any 
case,  Prof.  Smyth  holds  the  field  at  i:»resent, 
and  he  deserves  our  hearty  congratulations. 
Not  that  his  book  can  be  commended  as  a 
model  of  literary  stylo.  Let  us  say  at  once 
that  the  language  is  often  bald,  the  sentences 
laboured  and  abounding  in  Germanisms, 
and  there  is  an  irritating  recurrence  of  set 
phrases  and  mannerisms.  The  very  first 
sentence  in  the  book,  "  Of  the  lyric  poets 
especial  attention  has  been  devoted  to  those 
of  Ionic  blood,"  &c.,  is  singularly  abrujit, 
and  has  to  bo  road  with  reference  to  llio 
heading  "  Sources  of  the  Present  Investiga- 
tion," which  on  tlio  analogy  of  marginal 
titles  in  legal  documents  should  count  for 


nothing.     But  as  a  work  of  reference  the 
book  with  its  copious  indices  is  invaluable. 

Prof.  Smyth  has  evidently  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  works  of  the  most 
recent  writers  on  linguistic  science,  as 
Ascoli,  Brugmann,  Osthoff,  and  with  the 
current  periodical  literature.  He  is,  there- 
fore, all  the  more  to  be  commended  for 
having  successfully  resisted  the  tempta- 
tion, which  has  beset  more  than  one 
writer  on  Greek  dialects,  to  trench  upon 
the  department  of  comparative  gram- 
mar ;  and  in  treating  the  forms  of  words 
he  has  rarely  endeavoured  to  trace  them 
back  to  the  pre-Hellenic  stage.  A  work 
on  Greek  dialects  written  in  the  lifetime  of 
August  Schleicher,  and  incorporating  his 
results  and  his  technical  nomenclature, 
would  to  the  ordinary  student  be  almost 
unintelligible  now ;  j  ust  as  the  shibboleths 
of  the  present  school  of  comparative  gram- 
mar, if  pushed  to  extremes  in  a  work  like 
that  of  Prof.  Smyth,  would  certainly  impair 
its  value  for  future  students. 

The  locus  classicus  of  Herodotus,  in  which 
he  distinguishes  four  varieties  (rpoTroi 
recro-apes  Trapaywyewv)  of  Eastern  Ionic,  is 
and  must  be  a  puzzle  to  dialectologists, 
entirely  uncorroborated  as  it  is  by  adequate 
evidence  from  inscriptions.  Prof.  Smyth 
rejects  the  view  held  by  such  high 
authorities  as  Kirchhoff  and  Bechtel,  that 
the  differentiation  indicated  by  Herodotus 
depended  upon  peculiarities  in  vocabulary 
alone,  and  concludes  that  the  Herodoteian 
quadrilateral  division,  if  it  deserves  any 
recognition  at  the  hands  of  modern  dialecto- 
logists, must  be  regarded  as  a  division 
based  upon  observation  of  the  distribution 
of  phonetic  and  inflectional  phenomena. 
If  it  is  false,  we  are,  for  the  present  at 
least,  unable  to  demonstrate  the  existence 
of  any  other. 

Prof.  Smyth  is  at  some  pains  to  establish 
chronological  divisions  in  the  history  of 
Ionic.  He  comprises  under  the  term  "New 
Ionic,"  as  a  convenient,  but  by  no  means 
perfect  description,  the  dialect  of  Ionic 
prose,  admitting,  however,  a  possible 
extension  of  New  Ionic  so  as  to  include  the 
entire  dialect  of  the  oldest  inscriptions,  of 
the  lyric  poets,  and  of  Herodotus.  A  period 
of  "  Middle"  Ionic  he  holds  to  have  had  no 
existence  whatsoever ;  but  it  is  very  much 
the  same  thing  to  state  that,  while  not 
constituting  a  period  of  Middle  Ionic,  the 
dialect  of  the  iambic  writers  is  a  "bridge 
leading  from  the  epic  to  the  form  as- 
sumed by  the  dialect  in  the  fifth  century." 
The  extreme  difficulty  of  distinguishing 
with  any  accuracy  periods  in  dialect  history 
is  well  illustrated  by  Prof.  Smyth's  reduc- 
tion of  "the  most  important  marks  of  dis- 
tinction between  the  Old  Ionic  and  the 
Ionic  of  Herodotos's  time"  to  no  more  than 
three  heads,  the  loss  of  the  dual  and  of  f 
and  the  curtailing  of  the  iterative  formation 
in  Herodotus. 

The  difficult  problem  of  the  relation  of 
.'Eolic  to  Ionic  forms  in  Homer  is  reserved 
for  full  discussion  in  the  author's  intended 
work  on  '  Aiolic'  It  may  suffice  liere  to 
note  that  he  considers  the  dialect  of  the 
Homeric  poems  to  be  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree  an  "  lonicized  Aiolic."  His  creed 
with  regard  to  Herodotus  is  that  tho  larger 
part  of  his  dialect  is  contemporaneous  Ionic, 
but   that  there  is  a  residue  of  formations 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


153 


either  entirely  obsolete  or  obsolescent  in 
the  fifth  century. 

Pp.  45-66  deal  with  the  Ionic  of  iambic, 
trochaic,  and  elegiac  poetry.  Incidentally 
(and  expressly,  later,  in  §  72)  it  is  shown 
that  the  language  of  the  Attic  elegy  in  the 
inscriptions  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries 
is,  as  far  as  the  use  of  d  purum  is  concerned, 
pure  Attic,  without  a  single  trace  of  the 
Ionic  1] ;  that  inscriptional  evidence,  there- 
fore, is  all  in  favour  of  ejecting  every 
Ionic  >/  from  the  text  of  Solon. 

An  interesting  problem  is  that  of  the 
identity,  asserted  by  Strabo,  of  the  Old  Attic 
and  the  Ionic,  and  the  further  question  as 
to  how  long,  on  the  assumption  of  original 
identity,  the  two  dialects  pursued  a  parallel 
course  of  development.  Prof.  Smyth  main- 
tains that  Attic  and  Ionic,  so  far  as  we  can 
trace  back  their  history,  are,  with  all  their 
correspondence,  essentially  separate  and 
individual  dialects. 

The  chapter  on  the  dialect  of  Hippocrates 
is  not  a  model  of  lucidity.  One  of  the 
problems  to  be  solved  is  the  relation  of  the 
Atticisms  to  the  lonisms  in  the  existing 
texts.  We  might  fairly,  in  the  first  instance, 
expect  the  categorical  statement  that  At- 
ticisms do  exist  in  the  Hippocratean  texts. 
Yet  the  ordinary  reader  learns  it  only  by 
inference  from  the  fourth  paragraph,  where 
the  words  occur,  "  some  at  least  of  the 
Atticisms  of  Hippokrates  are  due,"  (tc.  As 
regards  the  origin  of  these  Atticisms,  and, 
in  fact,  the  complete  study  of  Hippocrates' s 
dialect.  Prof.  Smyth  suspends  judgment 
until  the  projected  critical  edition  of  Ilberg 
and  Kuehiewein  shall  have  appeared. 

After  passing  in  review  the  pseudo-Ionic 
writers  and  briefly  referring  to  the  lonisms 
of  Theocritus  —  the  consideration  of  the 
latter  being  deferred  till  the  publication  of 
the  volume  dealing  with  Doric — and  after 
a  few  paragraphs  on  accent,  the  author 
comes  to  the  detailed  examination,  in  the 
now  stereotyped  order,  of  the  sounds  and 
inflections  of  Ionic.  It  must  suffice  to  note 
here  and  there  a  few  of  the  conclusions  for 
which  Prof.  Smyth  claims  originality.  Of 
the  view  that  KpdTo<i,  Opda-o^  are  due  to  a 
levelling  process  operating  within  the  noun 
itself,  he  says  that  it  is  current  rather  than 
well  considered  ;  he  would  refer  these  forms 
to  the  analogy  of  Kuan's,  Opao-vs.  He  points 
out  that  Brugmann's  derivation  of  a/^^io-^a- 
T6CU  from  -v/o-ySrj  ignores  dyxt-ftareiv,  which, 
however,  may  have  been  formed  by  analogy. 
Por  rrirepr)  (TETEPEI)  in  the  weU-known 
inscription  from  Olympia  (Bv/3ojv  ryrepy 
X^tpl  v-n-fp  Kc'ftaXds  vvepi/SaXe  to  oi)<^o[/^]a) 
it  is  suggested  that  the  absence  of  the  asper 
may  indicate  an  Asiatic-Ionic  origin ;  we  may 
add  that  the  absence  of  the  symbol  in  YIIEP 
(twice)  points  to  the  same  conclusion. 
Kp€(Tcr(x)v  and  not  Kpdo-a-iDv  is  Ionic ;  Prof. 
Smyth  holds  fast  to  his  assertion  ('Diphthong 
EI,'  p.  58),  in  spite  of  the  objections  urged 
against  it.  Am.  Jouni.  Phil,  viii.  98,  that  it 
is  impossible  for  yod  with  tautohoxe  become 
(j<j,  and  at  the  same  time  to  have  changed 
£  to  et  in  the  preceding  syllable.  In  dis- 
cussing r;e/)os,  v)e/n  in  connexion  with  Attic 
'a?}/),  and  any  suggested  derivation  from  a 
root  af-  =yEolic  uv-,  it  is  remarked  that  the 
supposition  that  f  upon  its  disappearance 
lengthens  a  preceding  vowel  must  be  aban- 
doned as  an  error.     In  contrast  to  the  Ionic 


of  literature,  the  author  observes,  it  is 
extremely  doubtful  whether  inscriptional 
Ionic  of  the  fifth  or  previous  centuries  offers 
any  instance  of  itacism,  and  herein  he  agrees 
with  Blass,  who  in  the  third  edition  of 
his  '  Aussprache '  (p.  58)  has  withdrawn 
all  the  examples  he  had  collected  (second 
edition,  p.  51)  from  inscriptions  in 
proof  of  an  early  appearance  of  i  for  u. 
Ovprj,  tail,  is  quoted  as  illustrating  Wacker- 
nagei's  theory  {K.  Z.,  xxix.  127)  that 
the  Greek  accent  was  partly  exspiratory 
in  character,  opcros  becoming  oppo?,  opa-i) 
becoming  ovpi].  In  opposition  to  the 
hitherto  current  belief  that  the  Ionic 
dialect,  in  its  impatience  of  all  contrac- 
tion, occupies  a  position  entirely  unique, 
Prof.  Smyth  enunciates  clearly,  on  the  evi- 
dence of  the  Ionic  lyric  poets  and  the 
inscriptions,  the  rule  that  vowels  of  like 
nature  are  fused  (8o/<a,  ^okuv,  &c.),  while 
dissimilar  vowels  are  either  contracted  or 
kept  open. 

Under  the  head  of  consonants,  undoubtedly 
the  most  difficult  of  the  problems  calling  for 
explanation  is  the  chasm  existing  between 
the  language  of  literature  and  the  language 
of  the  inscriptions,  in  that  the  latter  fur- 
nishes no  single  instance  of  those  k  forms 
{oKi)}<i,  &c.)  which  abound  in  the  former. 
Prof.  Smyth  is  unable  to  offer  any  solution 
of  the  difficulty,  though  he  does  not  leave 
out  of  sight  the  bare  possibility  that  Ionic 
inscriptions  of  the  seventh  century  may  yet 
come  to  light  containing  forms  with  k.  On 
the  relation  of  Ionic  trcr  to  Attic  tt,  the  only 
form  attested  by  Attic  inscriptions,  we  agree 
with  Prof.  Smyth  in  holding  that  Thucydides 
and  the  older  Attic  prose  writers  who  adopted 
o-cr,  adopted  it  through  the  influence  of 
tragedy  and  of  the  rhetorical  canons  of  the 
day.  To  maintain  with  Kirchhoff  what  would 
seem  to  be  the  only  alternative,  that  all  the 
cases  of  o-cr  in  early  Attic  literature  are  due 
to  textual  corruption,  is  to  yield  to  a  counsel 
of  despair.  But  there  is  a  good  deal  in 
Prof.  Smyth's  suggestion  that  the  pro- 
nunciation of  cro-  was  much  nearer  akin  (he 
is  discussing  the  peculiar  form  T  in,  e.  g., 
'AAtKa/ovaTeojv)  to  that  of  tt  than  the 
spelling  indicates,  and  the  difference  may 
have  been  to  a  large  extent  purely  ortho- 
graphical. As  to  the  existence  of  digamma 
in  documents  written  in  unmixed  Ionic 
Prof.  Smyth  is  very  sceptical.  Of  the 
spiritus  asper,  as  regards  Herodotus,  he 
holds  it  to  be  imperative  that  the  text 
should  conform  to  the  dialect  of  the  day, 
i.  e.,  that  it  should  contain  no  initial  rough 
breathing.  Under  the  head  of  declension, 
forms  of  the  genitive  from  o-  stems  such  as 
avr'cMv,  found  in  literary  texts,  "are  not  to 
be  defended  on  any  ground  whatsoever"; 
nor  aurewin  Herodotus,  i.  133,  avra),  avriqs, 
and  the  like,  in  the  pseudo-Ionists  ;  "all 
these  are  hyper-Ionic  figments."  Of  the 
oji'-formof  reflexive  pronouns  (ctcwi'toi;,  &c.), 
familiar  to  us  in  the  texts  of  Herodotus, 
and  reappearing  most  recently  in  Herodas, 
there  is  no  example  in  any  inscriptional 
monument.  This  divergence  between  the 
literary  and  the  inscriptional  record  is  as 
little  explained  as  in  the  case  of  the  oV-ws 
and  oTTojs  forms.  In  tlie  second  aorist  infini- 
tive the  inscriptions  are  decisive  for  -dv, 
not  -eeLv ;  and  when  the  text  of  Herodotus 
has  the  latter,  it  is  due  to  the  pseudo-Ioniz- 
ing  grammarians  and  scribes. 


One  important  omission  is  noteworthy : 
there  is  no  chapter,  not  even  a  short  ap- 
pendix, dealing  with  syntax.  Are  we  to 
assume  that  this  department  will  be  equally 
ignored  when  the  professor  comes  to  the 
other  dialects  ?  If  so,  he  ought,  perhaps, 
to  state  his  grounds  for  passing  over  a 
section  which  Meister,  Meisterlians,  Hofl[- 
mann  have,  however  scantily,  appended  to 
their  respective  treatises  on  the  Greek  dia- 
lects. 

It  might  be  possible  and  easy  to  show 
that  Prof.  Smyth  has  not  in  every  case  con- 
sulted or  embodied  or  excerpted  all  the  most 
recent  available  literature  in  certain  depart- 
ments of  his  subject ;  to  point  to  arrays  of 
facts  or  examples  which  might  have  amplified 
or  modified  his  views  ;  to  criticize  or  cavil 
at  a  hundred  individual  comparisons  or 
derivations ;  but  it  nevertheless  remains 
true  that  he  has  achieved  an  undoubted 
general  success,  all  the  more  conspicuous 
because  in  the  particular  branch  of  the 
Greek  dialects  thi-ough  which  he  offers  the 
first  fruits  of  his  larger  works,  he  has  not 
had  the  mistakes  and  experience  of  previous 
editors  to  profit  by. 


Mistorie  IForcester shire.  By  W.  Salt  Bras- 
sington,  F.S.A.  (Simpkin,  Marshall 
&  Co.) 
This  is  a  book  that  is  worthy  of  notice,  and 
is  pretty  sure  to  win  no  small  amount  of 
favour  both  within  and  without  the  limits 
of  the  county  that  it  describes.  Neverthe- 
less it  is  difficult  to  know  how  fairly  to 
apportion  praise  and  blame.  It  certainly 
will  not  satisfy  any  true  antiquary  or  ad- 
vanced student  of  Worcestershire  history, 
for  the  sources  from  which  its  contents  have 
mainly  been  gleaned  are  by  no  means  re- 
condite, and  might  easily  be  found  on  the 
shelves  of  several  score  of  book  collectors 
of  the  county.  Mr.  Brassington,  however, 
has  shown  so  much  skill  and  accuracy  in 
pleasantly  retelling  and  grouping  together 
the  more  important  incidents,  traditions, 
and  legends  pertaining  to  this  portion  of 
mid-England,  that  it  is  impossible  to  regret 
the  time  that  he  has  spent  in  the  compila- 
tion of  pages  which  tell  the  tale  of 
Worcestershire  life  from  the  earliest  historic 
daj's  down  to  the  close  of  the  Great  Ee- 
bellion. 

This  district  of  Mercia  is  exceptionally 
rich  in  early  Church  legends  of  an  historic 
and  personal  character,  and  they  rightly 
occupy  a  considerable  space  in  this  volume. 
St.  Ecgwin,  third  bishop  of  the  Wiccians 
and  first  abbot  of  Evesham,  was  a  sufficiently- 
remarkable  man  of  his  day,  although  his 
name  does  not  appear  in  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography.'  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote  an 
autobiography.  St.  Kenelm,  the  martyred 
boy-king  of  Mercia,  whom  some  modern 
writers  affect  to  regard  as  a  visionary  myth ; 
St.  Wulstan,  St.  Wenstan,  St.  Dunstan,  St. 
Oswald,  and  St.  Eichard  de  la  Wyche,  as 
well  as  tlie  female  saints  St.  ^\'erburga, 
St.  Edburga,  and  St.  Catharine,  sister  of 
St.  Kenelm,  were  all  closely  connected  with 
the  shire,  and  much  of  their  respective 
stories  is  here  briglitly  told. 

The  scheme  adopted  for  illustrating  these 
pages  cannot  be  commended.  The  illus- 
trations  are    numerous,    and   of  uncertain 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


merit ;  not  a  few  are  old  friends,  but  the 
majority  are  "process"  prints  from  pic- 
turesque photographs.  The  curious  thing 
about  them  is  that  these  pictures  are 
dropped  in  here  and  there  throughout 
the  three  hundred  pages  after  the  most 
haphazard  fashion,  and  quite  as  often  as 
not  without  the  least  reference  to  the 
adjoining  letterpress.  This  in  itself  is 
sufficiently  tiresome  for  the  reader  of  the 
book,  or  for  any  one  taking  it  up  for  occa- 
sional reference  ;  but  when,  in  addition  to 
this,  the  book  ends  without  any  index,  the 
result  is  peculiarly  aggravating.  For  in- 
stance, the  last  chapter  of  Mr.  Brassington's 
work,  which  is  called  "Cromwell's  Crown- 
ing Mercy,"  and  which  deals  with  the  battle 
of  Worcester,  is  illustrated  by  two  plates 
of  the  ancient  Worcester  Hospital  of  St. 
Wulstan  ;  but  the  reader  has  to  go  back  to 
pp.  145-6,  and  to  find  his  way  there  with- 
out any  reference,  in  order  to  discover 
anything  about  this  hospital  or  commandery, 
or  where  it  was  situated.  In  some  cases  the 
book  is  searched  in  vain  for  any  description 
of  a  particular  picture.  On  p.  x  there  is 
a  charming  photographic  plate  of  a  most 
picturesque  half-timbered  square  pigeon- 
house,  which  is  lettered  "Old Pigeon-House, 
Oddingley";  but  all  that  we  can  find  con- 
cerning the  village  of  this  name  is  on  p.  301, 
where  occurs  the  following  entry,  which  is 
sufficiently  curious  as  the  book  professes  to 
end  in  1651  :  "At  Oddingly,  in  the  present 
century,  a  horrible  and  cold-  blooded  murder 
was  committed  by  some  of  the  parishioners, 
who  caused  their  vicar  to  be  shot,  because 
the  poor  man  demanded  the  payment  of  a 
heavy  tithe." 

Another  photograph  shows  the  remains 
of  a  fine  rood-loft,  with  painted  panels, 
now  fixed  at  the  west  end  of  Strensham 
Church.  It  is  most  tantalizing  not  to  be 
able  to  find  a  word  about  this  interest- 
ing rood  -  loft  and  its  painted  panels. 
Curiously  enough,  the  only  one  of  like  con- 
struction that  occurs  to  our  mind  is  the  fine 
example  at  Flamborough  Church  in  the 
East  Riding,  and  this  during  a  recent 
"restoration"  has  been  in  like  manner 
rendered  ridiculous  by  being  affixed  to  the 
west  wall.  So  far  as  can  be  judged  from 
the  illustration,  the  painted  panels  numbered 
thirteen,  and  in  this  again  resemble  the 
Flamborough  instance.  Were  they  ori- 
ginally filled  with  Christ  or  the  Blessed 
Virgin  and  the  Twelve  Apostles  ? 

At  the  end  of  a  chapter  about  St.  Dunstan 
and  St.  Oswald  a  partial  view  is  given  of 
one  of  those  fine  medijeval  stone  barns  that 
are  now  so  fast  disappearing  throughout 
England.  Those  that  remain  can  certainly 
be  counted  on  the  fingers  of  the  two  hands. 
They  call  for  careful  description  and  de- 
tailed illustration,  but  the  whole  of  the 
letterpress  thatMr.Brassington  vouchsafes  is 
comprised  in  the  descriptive  line  at  the  base 
of  the  picture,  "Monastic  barn,  built  by 
the  Benedictine  monks,  Middle  Littleton." 

Towards  the  end  of  the  volume,  it  seems 
to  have  dawned  upon  the  author  that  there 
was  some  danger  of  parts  of  his  book  being 
regarded  as  a  mere  picture  magazine,  and 
to  remedy  this  descriptions  are  sometimes  ap- 
pended in  small  type  at  the  foot  of  the  illus- 
tration, witliout  any  pretence  at  connexion 
with  the  rest  of  the  letterpress.  A  fairly 
good  drawing  of  the  highly  interesting  old 


schoolhouse  of  King's  Norton  figures  on 
p.  312,  and  beneath  it  is  printed  the  follow- 
ing description,  which  compresses  much 
that  is  accurate  into  five  long  lines  : — 

"The  ancient  timber-built  grammar  school 
was  probably  built  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
fourteenth  or  early  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  doubtless  was  connected  with  one  of  the 
chantries.  It  was  used  as  a  schoolhouse  before 
the  Reformation,  and  probably  also  as  a  priests' 
house.  The  school  was  continued  with  a  smaller 
endowment  by  King  Edward  VI.  This  most 
interesting  building  has  recently  been  repaired 
in  part ;  funds  are  wanting  to  complete  the 
work.  The  east  window  is  one  of  the  few 
remaining  examples  of  wooden  tracery." 

But  under  what  possible  pretext  has  Mr. 
Brassington  been  induced  to  thrust  this 
illustrated  account  of  a  fourteenth  century 
scholastic  foundation  into  the  midst  of  a 
chapter  dealing  with  Worcester  during  the 
Civil  War? 

There  are  fashions  in  archaeology  as  well 
as  in  everything  else,  and  it  is  just  now  the 
fashion  to  take  an  interest  in  seals.  To 
this  prevailing  taste  Mr.  Brassington 
ministers,  by  supplying  drawings  of  the 
old  seals  of  the  boroughs  of  Bewdley 
and  Evesham,  of  the  town  of  Droitwich, 
of  the  abbey  of  Evesham,  of  the  peculiar 
jurisdictions  of  Hanbury  and  Alvechurch, 
and  of  the  personal  seals  of  Waleran  de 
Beaumont,  St.  Wulstan,  and  St.  Richard 
de  la  Wyche,  as  well  as  a  doubtful  one  of 
St.  Dunstan.  Almost  aU  of  these  drawings 
have  appeared  elsewhere,  but  it  is  pleasant 
to  notice  one  new  example  of  quite  peculiar 
interest,  namely,  the  fine  thirteenth  century 
seal  of  Evesham  Abbey,  which  is  crowded 
with  incidents  relative  to  the  swineherd 
Eoves,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  place,  and 
to  the  various  early  kings  who  were  the 
nursing  fathers  of  this  ancient  monastery. 
The  drawing  of  the  seal  of  Droitwich  (which 
is  clearly  of  fifteenth  century  date,  and 
therefore  scarcely  "ancient")  is  from  the 
original  silver  matrix  in  the  British  Museum. 
There  seems  to  be  a  fatality  attending  the 
correct  description  of  the  exceptional  arms 
of  this  town.  On  the  sinister  side  of  the 
impaled  shield  is  a  quartered  coat,  which 
includes  in  its  blazon  two  barrows,  or  conical 
baskets  wherein  the  salt  was  placed  to  drain 
when  removed  from  the  boiling  vats.  In 
Mr.  Fox-Davies's  recently  issued  work, 
entitled  '  The  Book  of  Public  Arms,'  amid 
many  other  errors,  these  old  curiously-shaped 
salt  baskets  are  left  unnamed,  whilst  Berry 
and  Burke  are  reproved  by  him  for  blazoning 
the  arms  with  barrows  !  Mr.  Brassington's 
blunder  is  the  more  amusing  as  the  letter- 
press is  contradicted  by  the  closely  adjacent 
engraving  ;  he  tells  us  that  the  two  barrows 
form  the  first  and  fourth  quarterings, 
whereas  they  form  the  second  and  third, 
the  first  and  fourth  being  chequy. 

Two  of  the  best  chapters  in  the  book  are 
those  on  the  connexion  of  King  John  and 
of  the  oldest  son  of  Henry  VII.  with 
Worcester  and  its  cathedral  church.  Few 
tombs,  oven  royal  ones,  have  been  so  often 
maltreated  and  desecrated  as  that  of  the 
hapless  John.  Interred  before  the  high 
altar  of  Worcester's  stately  minster,  between 
the  much  reverenced  shrines  of  St.  Oswald 
and  St.  Wulstan,  with  those  two  saintly 
prelates  represented  as  swinging  censers  at 
the  head  of  the  royal  effigy,  it  might  have 
been  surmised  that  the  remains  of  the  over- 


itinerating  king  would  rest  in  peace.  But 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  after  the  erection 
of  the  lovely  chantry  chapel  over  Prince 
Arthur's  remains,  Henry  VII.  turned  his 
attention  to  this  royal  tomb,  caused  a  monu- 
ment of  considerable  elevation  to  be  erected 
over  it,  and  then  had  the  lid  of  the  coffin 
with  its  sculptured  eflBgy  lifted  oS  and 
placed  upon  the  top  of  the  new  tomb. 
Miserable  and  morbid  curiosity  led  to  the 
opening  out  and  examining  of  the  royal 
remains  on  July  24th,  1754,  and  yet  again 
on  July  17th,  1797.  The  human  remains 
having  been  thoroughly  desecrated  and 
ransacked  —  not  a  few  bits  being  sur- 
reptitiously stolen  (some  of  which  are  still 
stealthily  exhibited  in  the  county,  a  fact 
apparently  unknown  to  Mr.  Brassington) — 
it  seemed  as  if  nothing  was  left  to  be  ac- 
complished by  the  present  generation.  But 
ingenuity  had  its  way  :  when  the  cathedral 
church  was  "  restored  "  by  eminent  authori- 
ties, this,  the  oldest  and  the  best  example  of 
English  monumental  sculpture,  a  fine  work 
of  art  and  a  unique  authority  for  royal 
costume,  which  had  been  carefully  painted 
throughout  in  the  original  colours  of  the 
vestments  and  ornaments,  was  absolutely 
daubed  from  end  to  end  with  tawdry  gild- 
ing, and  now  lies  hopelessly  spoilt,  as  strong 
a  testimony  to  the  vulgarity  of  the  day 
as  the  Daubeney  tomb  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Mr.  Brassington  seems  to  have  had  no 
space  to  spare  for  comments,  indignant  or 
otherwise,  on  this  repeated  maltreatment 
of  the  once  restless  monarch's  body  and 
tomb,  but  he  adds  in  a  foot-note  a  creepy 
realistic  touch  with  regard  to  the  last-cen- 
tury stirring  of  these  dry  bones  : — 

"When  the  coffin  was  opened,  a  great  grub 
was  found  in  the  wax  used  to  preserve  the 
body ;  this  grub  being  secured  by  an  ardent 
fisher,  and  by  him  used  as  a  bait,  attracted 
one  of  the  largest  salmon  ever  caught  in  the 
Severn." 

The  thanks  of  archaeologists  are  also  due 
to  Mr.  Brassington  for  telling  the  gruesome 
fate  of  the  sacrilegious  Dane  who  stole  the 
sanctus  bell  from  the  cathedral  church,  and, 
being  caught  red-handed,  was  flayed  alive 
by  the  infuriated  monks  and  citizens,  who 
subsequently  nailed  his  tanned  skin  to  the 
inner  side  of  the  great  west  doors  as  a  terrific 
warning.  The  doors  are  now  in  a  lumber- 
room,  but  still  bear  portions  of  human 
skin.  Testimony  is  here  collected  together 
from  various  sources  as  to  the  reality  of  this 
English  custom,  apart  from  mere  legend, 
of  nailing  to  church  doors  the  skins  of  those 
guilty  of  sacrilege.  Human  skin  has  been 
found  beneath  the  ironwork  of  the  old 
doors  of  the  churches  of  Hadstock  and 
Copford  in  Essex,  of  Castle  Hedingham,  of 
Rochester  Cathedral,  and  on  the  three 
doors  of  the  revestry  and  on  the  door  of 
the  chapel  of  the  pyx  at  Westminster 
Abbey.  

The  Vita  Nuova  and  its  Author.     By  Charles 

Stuart  Boswell.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
The  '  Vita  Nuova  '  has  always  been  popular 
with  translators,  but  as  a  rule  with  trans- 
lators who  have  ah-eady  made  their  mark  in 
the  field  of  versification,  Rossetti,  for  ex- 
ample, apparently  regarded  the  prose  as 
mainly  intended  to  be  a  setting  for  the 
sonnets   and  odes,  and  his  translation    is 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


155 


often  little  more  than  a  loose  paraphrase. 
The  truth  is,  of  course,  that  while  the  verse 
— often  extremely  beautiful,  and  of  con- 
siderable importance  as  a  "document"  in 
the  history  of  the  growth  of  European 
poetry — shares  these  advantages  with  the 
work  of  many  other  more  or  less  contem- 
porary writers,  the  prose  setting  is,  so  far 
as  we  know,  an  almost  or  quite  unique 
specimen  in  this  class  of  literature  for  the 
age  and  country  in  which  it  was  written, 
and  critics  still  dispute  whence  Dante 
derived  the  first  suggestion  for  this  curious, 
composite  form  of  treatise.  So  it  is  really 
high  time  that  some  one  should  prepare  a 
proper  edition.  The  text  is  not  in  a  very 
bad  state,  and  the  Oxford  recension  is  at 
hand ;  but  for  discussion  of  readings  one 
must  go  to  Witte,  who,  although  a  great 
man,  laboured  under  the  same  congenital 
infirmity  as  did  Hermann  with  regard  to 
Greek  ;  or  to  Fraticelli,  who  was  no  scholar 
in  our  sense  of  the  word ;  while  for  general 
illustration  and  elucidation  the  student  has 
to  turn  over  half-a-dozen  books,  and  then 
may  not  find  what  he  wants. 

We  could  wish,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Bos- 
well  had  made  his  translation  ancillary  to 
a  full  edition.  So  far  as  it  goes,  it  possesses 
many  merits,  being  more  faithful  than  Eos- 
setti's  and  more  elegant,  on  the  whole,  than 
Prof.  Norton's.  That  it  contains  more  small 
blunders  than  either  of  these  is,  perhaps, 
not  surprising,  if  only  because  Mr.  Boswell 
has  put  the  poetry  into  prose.  In  a  verse 
rendering,  especially  where  the  metres  are 
complicated,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  be  sure 
whether  the  translator  can  or  cannot  con- 
strue the  original.  Thus,  in  the  Canzone 
of  §  32,  where  we  have 

Quando  1'  immaginar  mi  tien  ben  fiso, 
Giugnemi  tanta  pena  d'  ogni  parte, 
Ch'  i'  mi  riscuoto  per  dolor  ch'  io  sento, 

when   Prof.  Norton   renders   the  last    line 

by 

That  then  I  tremble  with  the  woe  I  feel, 

it  is  impossible  to  say  that  he  has  over- 
looked the  special  meaning  of  riscmtersi,  to 
start  from  sleep  or  trance  (as  in  '  Purg.'  ix. 
34) :  he  may  not  have  been  able  to  turn  his 
line  so  as  to  express  it.  But  if  Mr.  Boswell, 
in  plain  prose,  puts  "  that  I  shudder  for  the 
grief  which  I  feel,"  he  can  be  convicted  of 
an  oversight.  So  a  few  lines  further  down 
the  original  has 

E  mentre  ch'  io  la  chiamo,  mi  conforta. 
Mr.  Norton  wants  a  rhyme  to  "  dead,"  so 
he  sacrifices  some  of  the  meaning — "even 
while  I  call  upon  her,  she  strengthens  me  " 
— and  says. 

And  while  I  call  her,  I  am  comforted. 
But  Mr.  Boswell  would  hardly  have  written 
"I   take  comfort"   if  he  had  not   for   the 
moment  overlooked  the  person  of  the  verb. 

In  the  next  following  sonnet  he  has  made 
the  odd  mistake  of  taking  "lasso!"  as  an 
adjective,  and  making  the  following  words 
depend  on  it,  to  the  detriment  of  the  general 
sense  and  the  mistranslation  of  "rei." 
But  passing  on  one  section  further,  to  §  34, 
we  find  Mr.  BosweU  sinning  against  light. 
Dante  has  just  expanded  the  short  ode 
which  this  section  contains,  and  has  said, 
"Any  one  who  looks  at  it  keenly  can  see 
that  different  persons  are  speaking,  in  the 
fact  that  one  does  not  call  her  his  lady, 
and  the  other  does."      After  this  it  was 


surely  perverse  to  insert  the  word  "my" 
in  rendering  the  third  line.  Mr.  Boswell 
is,  indeed,  a  little  too  fond  of  making  Dante 
claim  such  rights  in  his  lady  as  are  indi- 
cated by  the  possessive  pronoun.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  when  speaking  directly  in 
his  own  person,  the  poet  very  seldom,  and 
after  her  death  never,  refers  to  Beatrice 
otherwise  than  as  "  questa  donna."  But 
this  modest  reference  has  in  nearly  every 
case  been  altered  to  "my,"  whereby  the 
dignity  of  the  language  suffers,  and  Dante's 
own  canon  is  violated.  Another  misconcep- 
tion, as  it  is  difficult  to  avoid  thinking  it, 
the  writer  shares  with  most  others.  The 
word  "gentile"  in  Dante's  time,  and  for 
long  after,  meant  "noble,"  and  nothing  else. 
Our  modern  use  of  "gentle,"  in  the  only 
sense  it  has  for  practical  purposes,  as 
opposed  to  "  rough"  or  "violent,"  came  in 
long  afterwards,  being  indeed,  it  would 
appear,  fii'st  used,  in  Italy  at  any  rate,  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  then  of  purgative 
medicines.  The  whole  tone  of  the  '  Vita 
Nuova,'  and  indeed  of  much  of  Dante's 
work,  is  seriously  modified  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  the  latter  conception  for  the  former. 
It  is  the  nobleness,  not  the  gentleness  of 
Beatrice — to  yewalov,  not  to  rrpaov — which 
Dante  calls  upon  his  readers  to  consider. 
In  the  famous  sonnet 

Negli  ocelli  porta  la  mia  Donna  amore 
Perche  si  fa  gentil  cio  ch'  ella  mira, 
this  is  made  clear  ;  and  here  Mr.  Boswell 
has  got  the  right  word.     But  why,  in  the 
last  line,  must  he  render 

So  strange  a  miracle  is  that  gentle  creature, 
as  if  he  was  talking  about  the  new  giraffe  ? 
Besides  those  which  have  been  indicated 
there  are  rather  too  many  small  slips 
throughout  the  translation — including,  oddly 
enough,  three  omissions  of  whole  clauses. 
It  would  be  tedious  to  recite  them  all,  and 
the  translator  will,  no  doubt,  find  most  of 
them.  We  ought,  however,  to  say  that,  in 
spite  of  Possetti,  it  is  impossible  to  believe 
that  "  martirio  "  in  §  40  has  any  but  its 
common  meaning  of  "  agony  "  or  "  torture  " ; 
and  that  Mr.  Boswell  might  have  held 
Dante  innocent  of  the  far-fetched  conceit 
which  he  imputes  to  him  in  connexion  with 
his  use  of  the  word. 

It  should  be  added  that  in  the  two 
specimens  of  verse-rendering  which  Mr. 
Boswell  furnishes  he  shows  that  it  was  no 
lack  of  dexterity  in  this  respect  which  led 
him  to  employ  prose  as  a  rule.  Except  for 
the  unfortunate  phrase  "he  tells  me  of  my 
dear,"  the  last  two  sonnets  have  been  turned 
by  him  quite  as  well  as  by  any  of  his  pre- 
decessors. 

We  have  left  but  little  space  to  speak  of 
the  introduction,  which  occupies  nearly  half 
the  book,  and  contains  an  excellent  sketch 
of  the  state  of  literature  and  politics  at  the 
date  when  Dante  began  to  write.  It  may, 
perliaps,  be  open  to  question  whether  "  the 
Alighieri" — if  Alighieri  there  were — "suf- 
fered banishment  upon  the  accession  to 
power  of  the  Ghibellines "  to  any  great 
extent.  Anj-  way,  Dante's  immediate  family 
seem  to  have  been  at  home  when  he  was 
born  during  a  period  of  that  power. 

Mr.  Boswell  touches  upon  the  subject  to 
which  we  have  referred,  the  origin  of  this 
peculiar  style  of  composition,  and  of  romantic 
literature  generally.  Of  course  he  mentions 
the  usual  precedent  of  Boetliius  ;  but  apart 


from  the  fact  that  Dante's  study  of  that 
author  seems  to  have  begun  at  a  time  when 
at  least  the  jilan  of  the  '  Vita  Nuova '  must 
have  already  taken  shape,  the  two  works 
have  not  really  very  much  in  common. 
Then  there  are  certain  instances  in  French 
romantic  literature,  such  as  'Aucassin  et 
Nicolete,'  and,  Mr.  Boswell  says,  some  Celtic 
romances.  But  Italian  literature  seems  to 
have  first  arisen  at  such  points  as  Sicily 
or  Bologna,  very  far  from  either  French  or 
Celtic  influences.  More  evidence  is  needed 
before  we  can  ascribe  to  either  of  these  a 
preponderating  effect  upon  the  Southern 
writers.  But  Mr.  Boswell's  introduction  is 
none  the  less  worth  reading. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

Myrtle  and  Ivy.     By  J.  A.  Bridges.     2  vols. 

(Ward  &  Downey.) 
Mr.   Bridges' s  novel  is  quite  a  curiosity. 
It    takes    the   form   of   a    desultory   auto- 
biography, and  the  excuse  offered  by  the 
hero    for   embarking   on   authorship    is  so 
original    as    to    deserve     recording.      Mr. 
Bandon,   finding  himself  terribly  bored  at 
the  meetings  of  a  provincial  county  council, 
decided  on  keeping  tedium  at  bay  by  think- 
ing on  his  past  life.     His  first  experiment 
proved  successful,  and  on  returning  home 
he  said,  "  I  shall  always  think  over  some- 
thing   carefully    at    the     County     Council 
meetings,   and  when  I  come  home,  I  will 
write  it  down."     Tom  Bandon,  as  may  be 
gathered   from   this    ingenuous  confession, 
is  no  genius ;  he  frequently  admits  his  in- 
tellectual  shortcomings.    His  reminiscences 
are,   in  fact,  those   of   an   average  country 
gentleman   who  has  knocked  about  a  bit, 
been  on  the  turf  in  a  small  way,  married 
happily,    and     settled     down     contentedly 
enough  to  the  duties  and  pleasures  of  his 
station.     His  observations  are  a  mixture  of 
shrewdness   and  naivete  ;    his  standpoint  is 
that  of  a  true  John  Bull ;  and  his  likes  and 
dislikes  are  set  forth  with  refreshing  can- 
dour.    There  is  practically  only  one  female 
character  in  the  book,  and  she  is  both  con- 
ventional and  uninteresting,  though  endowed 
with  surpassing  personal  attractions.      But 
the  old  uncle  who  beguiles  the  long  years 
of  waiting  for  the  fortune  of  an  aged  rela- 
tive by  setting  up — on  entirely  false  pre- 
tences —  as    an     author,    and    the     hero's 
"horsey"  friend  Neville,  are  by  no  means 
unsuccessful    essays  in   eccentric    character 
drawing.      The    picture    of    life    at    Eton 
circ.  ann,  1850  is  minute  and  occasionally 
amusing. 

A     Tug   of    War.      By    Mrs.    Hungerford. 

(White's  Co.) 
Tnis  new  Irish  story  is  not  particularly 
probable,  if  we  regard  the  dissensions  in 
the  O'Neil  family,  and  tlic  stage  villainy  of 
Sir  Strangford  Lctway  in  his  dealings  with 
his  grandfather  and  cousins  :  yet  the  crime 
committed  by  the  Connellys  is  unhappily, 
now  as  ever,  only  too  characteristic  of 
Ireland.  We  should  hardly  recognize  the 
author  without  the  presence  of  two  gentle 
maidens,  of  whom  the  light-hearted  Kath- 
leen bears  the  closer  family  likeness  to  her 
predecessors.  Why  so  much  pother  should 
be  necessary  on  the  part  of  the  local  Mrs. 
Grundy,  or  why  Denis  and  EUen  should 
have  been  expected  to  stay  above  ground 


156 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


and  be  shot  at,  instead  of  tating  refuge  in 
the  vault  together,  is  not  easily  intelligible. 
We  wish  we  could  say  that  this  book,  which 
is  to  some  extent  a  new  departure,  is  free 
from  some  of  the  worst  faults  which  have 
defaced  previous  stories ;  but  in  view  of 
certain  passages — notably  the  coarse  and 
clumsy  jest  about  adulteration  and  adultery 
— it  is  impossible  to  accord  this  praise.  The 
book  might  have  been  much  better,  but  on 
the  strength  of  some  redeeming  qualities 
will  probably  be  sufficiently  marketable. 


Tlie  Mountain   Lovers,     By  Fiona  Macleod. 

(Lane.) 
This  "key-note"  strikes  a  different  melody 
from    the    commoner    strains    of    '  Lydia.' 
The  loves  of  Alan   and  Sorcha  are  whole- 
some   and    breezy,  if  unconventional,  and, 
except   certain    tricks    of   language,    recall 
nothing  more  fin  de  siecle  than  the  garden 
of  Eden.    To  be  just,  we  should  not  except 
the  language,  for  know  we  not  that 
When  Eve  first  burst  on  Adam's  view 
Her  earliest   words  were,  "Cia  mar  a  tha  sibh  'n 
diugh  "  ? 

Little  naked  Oona  (the  author's  forte  is  not 
spelling,  at  least  in  Gaelic)  and  her  dwarf 
are  delightful  as  an  ill-assorted  pair,  fairy 
and  gnome  ;  though  we  leave  the  change- 
ling Nial  with  sombre  foreboding,  and  fear 
that    after    the    migration    of    his    young 
guardian  he  will  never  find  his  soul.     The 
companionship  of   that   wild   child  of    the 
woods  might  have  enabled  him  to  overcome 
the    terrible   superstition   that    "obsesses" 
him — to  use  with  the  author  a  hateful  piece 
of    modern- antique   jargon,  sanctioned   we 
know  by  high  authority.     But  poor  Nial, 
whose  wood-lore  and  whose   crass   fidelity 
win  the  reader's  heart,  and  emphasize  the 
author's    gift   of   assimilating   the   ancient 
beliefs  of  the  Highland  race,  is  left  to  the 
uncovenanted  mercies  of  the  modern  game- 
keeper when  the  one  link  of  his   existence 
to  his  fellows  is  lost  in  the  emigrant  ship 
that  carries  Una  and  Alan  away.     It  is  a 
sad    ending   to    the    strange    comradeship, 
which  is  so  well  set  forth — from  the  opening 
scene  in  the  glade,  where  the  "  birdeen  "  is 
dancing  unsmilingly  in  pure  sympathy  with 
the    wealth    of    nature    around — that    our 
interest    centres   rather   in   this   couple   of 
innocents  than  in  the  more  conscious  actors 
in  the   tragedy.     For   a    tragedy  there  is, 
Thyestean,    TRschylean,   and    dark    with   a 
Celtic    profundity    of   gloom.     The    writer 
shows  a  noteworthy  gift  of  description  in  the 
terrible  journey  of  Murdo  with  the  corpse 
of  Torcall  Cameron,  whom  his  fellow  sinner 
Anabal  has  met  after  long  years  and  relent- 
lessly sent  to  his  doom.     Another  good  bit 
of    writing    (though    occasionally  too    de- 
liberately precious,  a  snare  to  be  avoided) 
is  the  account  of   nightfall   in   the   forest. 
On  the  whole,  there  is  no  doubt  the  author 
has  caught  the  spirit  of  the  old  Celtic  bards, 
and  reproduced  it  with   considerable  skill. 
The  book  should  interest  many  good  lovers 
of  the  Highlands,  though  critical  souls  may 
be  vexed  by  a  rather  serious  list  of  lapses 
in  Gaelic  spelling,  gender,  and  aspiration, 
which  are  the  more  to  be  regretted  as  the 
writer  lias  evidently  a  good  working  know- 
ledge of  that  tongue. 


A  Fleet  Street  Journalist.     By  Richard  Pen- 

derel.  (Remington  &  Co.) 
Harry  Hazelton,  the  hero  of  Mr.  Penderel's 
momentous  melodrama,  was  a  personage 
whose  accomplishments  and  exploits  might 
well  turn  Mr.  William  Terriss  himself  pale 
with  envy.  Handsome,  well-proportioned, 
athletic,  and  amiable,  he  was  equally  at 
home  dashing  off  sparkling  dramatic  criti- 
cisms, studying  life  in  the  East-End  in  the 
guise  of  a  coster,  roaming  in  the  country  as 
a  tramp  (with  a  silver-mounted  flask  for  the 
restoration  of  fainting  damsels  of  quality), 
baffling  burglars,  or  flooring  ex- prize- 
fighters by  the  timely  use  of  the  West- 
Country  "cross-buttock."  As  for  Gladys, 
the  author  must  be  allowed  to  speak  for 
himself.     She  was 

"tall  and  fair,  divinely  fair,  as  our  late  Poet 
Laureate  would  have  expressed  it ;  her  figure 
was  superbly  modelled,  and  had  not  been  ruined 
by  any  attempt  to  produce  the  fashionable  waist, 
but  was  as  it  had  been  formed  by  that  exquisite 
artist,  Nature." 

Rank  and  wealth,  as  Mr.  Penderel  most 
justly  observes,  are  no  guarantee  for  the 
possession  of  taste  in  dress  ; 
"it  is  therefore  with  extreme  pleasure  that  I 
am  able  to  assert  that  Gladys  possessed  the  gift 
of  good  taste  in  a  high  degree,  and  that  conse- 
quently her  vestments  did  not  detract  from,  but 
rather  added,  if  it  were  possible,  to  the  natural 
charm  of  her  personality." 

These  are  no  isolated  instances  of  ineptitude  : 
every  page  is  studded  with  gems  of  the 
choicest  "journalese." 


The  Making  of  Mary.      By   Jean   Forsyth. 

(Fisher  fjnwin.) 
Ln  spite  of  the  rather  clumsy  prologue  and 
epilogue  to  this  book,  it  is  a  most  delightful 
story.  Mary,  a  waif,  is  educated  by  a 
humorous  couple  who  live  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Michigan,  and  drives  them  almost  to 
distraction  by  her  flirtations  and  her  imperti- 
nent self-assurance ;  her  calm  impositions 
on  the  Gemmells,  her  magnificent  ingrati- 
tude and  callousness,  are  made  especially 
amusing  by  the  air  of  desperation  with  which 
they  are  drily  catalogued  by  Mr.  Gemmell. 
The  other  chief  characters  in  the  farce  are 
also  well  done.  The  Scotch  editor,  Mr. 
Gemmell,  is  pathetic  in  his  helplessness  ; 
his  wife,  an  American  who  talks  about 
Karma  and  theosophy,  and  tries  to  manage 
everybody  benevolently,  is  hopelessly  at  the 
mercy  of  the  intruder ;  and  the  old  Scotch 
mother  imparts  a  rich  flavour  to  the  pages 
with  her  pungent  Scotticisms,  and  her 
ineffectual  disgust  at  Mary's  behaviour. 
The  "making"  of  Mary  related  in  the  last 
pages  is  the  most  ineffective  part  of  the 
book,  as  it  so  obviously  would  not  be  per- 
manent. 

Tlie  Girl  from  the  Farm.     By  Gertrude  Dix. 

(Lane.) 
Tins  is  one  of  those  wearisome  books  that 
deal  with  the  modern  daughter  of  emanci- 
pated views :  wearisome  not  because  they 
introduce  the  young  woman  in  question,  but 
because  tlioy  seem  to  be  written  on  the 
assumption  that  the  mere  statement  of  the 
views  is  sufficient  to  give  interest  to  the  novel. 
Here  we  have  a  dean's  daughter — a  colloca- 
tion wliich  may  be  admitted  to  bo  ingenious 
— who  deserts  her  parents  for  other  duties. 
She  may  have  been  perfectly  right,  though 


she  appears  rather  disagreeable  and  blood- 
less ;  but  there  is  no  means  of  telling,  be- 
cause the  author  really  makes  the  heroine 
little  more  than  a  mouthpiece  of  sentiments 
that  might  be  anybody's  ;  she  has  no  reality, 
and  we  do  not  know  how  she  got  her  ideas 
or  how  much  struggle  there  was  in  her  mind 
between  filial  duty  and  philanthropic  yearn- 
ings, consequently  she  fails  entirely  to  move 
us.  The  girl  from  the  farm  herself  is  a 
futile  and  shadowy  character,  while  as  for 
the  young  man  who  seduces  her,  he  is  too 
feeble  for  words.  In  his  case  Miss  Dix 
begins  by  raising  unwarrantable  hopes  that 
he  is  going  to  be  one  of  those  stupendous 
heroes  that  Ouida  loves,  as  almost  his  first 
action  was,  "  with  an  exclamation  of  dis- 
gust," to  throw  "  the  tiny  silver-plated 
bauble — too  small  for  convenient  use — over 
his  shoulder  into  a  nettle-bed";  the  bauble 
in  question  was  a  match-box,  and  such  as  is 
stated  by  the  author  to  be  "  an  invention  of 
the  devil,"  which  is  also  promising ;  but  he 
spoils  it  all  by  going  back  to  look  for  it 
next  day,  and  he  soon  turns  out  to  be  any- 
thing but  dashing. 

A  Sawdust  Boll.  By  Mrs.  Reginald  deKoven. 

(Routledge  &  Sons.) 
There  is  a  certain  amount  of  true  feeling 
in  this  novel,  which,  however,  like  so  many 
American  books,  is  disfigured  to  some  degree 
by  an  ostentatious  exhibition  of  culture. 
Culture  is  all  very  weU,  but  it  should  be 
indicated,  not  detailed,  in  a  picture  of  society. 
But  the  growth  of  Aytoun's  passion  for 
Helen  Rivington  is  well  described,  and  her 
rejection  of  him  is  fine,  so  that  it  is  a  pity 
that  his  despair  should  take  the  melodra- 
matic form  it  does.  The  best-drawn  character 
in  the  book  is  General  Rivington,  for,  though 
he  is  not  elaborated,  the  glimpses  given  of 
him  show  him  to  be  a  dignified  gentleman, 
especially  in  the  scene  with  his  wife. 

Some  Passages  in  Plantagenet  PauVs  Life.    By 

Himself.  (Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
Plantagenet  Paul  is  doubtless  a  young 
writer.  His  knowledge  of  men  and  things 
is  not  yet  perfect ;  and  his  English  style 
and  French  grammar  may  improve  with 
time.  He  tells  us  of  one  of  his  brothers  on 
whom  the  Government  conferred  "a  sine- 
cure appointment  as  head  of  one  of  the 
Government  offices";  and  he  says  "vivre 
la  Republique,"  "nous  sommes  perdu," 
"recherche,"  and  the  like.  He  belongs  at 
present  to  the  class  of  novelists  who  are 
constantly  trying  to  be  funny,  and  are  most 
funny  when  they  do  not  try.  "0  Kismet, 
Kismet!  as  the  Tiu'ks  say,"  is  an  instance 
of  Mr.  Paul's  serious  observations,  being  a 
reflection  on  a  sudden  death. 


STUDIES   IN   FOLK-LOKE. 

Studies  in  Folk-song  and  Popidar  Poetry.  By 
Alfred  M.  WilHams.  With  a  Prefatory  Note 
by  Edward  Clodd.  (Stock.)— This  little  volume, 
vouched  for  in  a  graceful  note  by  the  new 
president  of  the  Folk-lore  Society,  contains 
much  that  is  interesting  to  the  student  of  folk- 
songs, though  Mr.  Williams  has  more  to  learn 
on  the  subject  before  he  can  lay  claim  to  being 
a  teacher.  The  American  sea  songs  are  used  to 
accompany  the  actions  of  sailors,  turning  the 
capstan,  pumping,  etc.,  and  the  melody  is  con- 
tinuous or  accentuated  at  I'cgular  intervals 
according  to  the  action.  These  songs  are 
immensely  interesting  when,  as    is  often    the 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


157 


case,  they  record  actions  at  sea  between  the 
English  and  the  Americans  during  the  fight 
for  independence,  and  we  do  not  grudge  our 
enemies  their  glory  when  they  concede  to  the 
defeated  English  captain  Dacres  the  spirited 
and  sailor-like  oath  which  appears  in  one  of 
the  verses.  The  folk-songs  of  the  Civil  War 
a,re  interesting  historically,  but  we  cannot  say 
much  for  their  intrinsic  worth  as  songs.  One 
very  curious  example  indicates  the  feeling  of 
dismay  which  came  over  New  York  during  the 
«arly  part  of  the  war  : — 

Abrara  Lincoln,  whatyer  'bout  ? 

Hurrah,  Hurrah ! 
Stop  this  war,  for  it 's  plaj-ed  out, 

Hurrah,  Hurrah  I 

and  "Give  us  back  our  old  commander,"  the 
popular  appeal  for  the  restoration  of  General 
McCJellan,  is  decidedly  spirited.  Mr.  Williams 
draws  attention  to  the  poor  comparison  which 
the  songs  produced  by  this  war  make  with  those 
produced  by  the  Jacobite  rebellion  in  Scotland. 
A  chapter  on  English  and  Scottish  ballads  does 
not  do  justice  to  the  English  portion,  probably 
^because  Mr.  Williams  does  not  know  some  of 
the  most  recent  collections,  as,  for  instance, 
Miss  Lucy  Broadwood's  'County  Folk-songs.' 
The  folk-songs  of  Lower  Brittany,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  very  well  represented,  but  the  signifi- 
cance of  some  of  the  customs  indicated  in  these 
songs  is  not  noted  by  Mr.  Williams.  The 
charming  dance-song  "Sunday  I  have  seen" 
not  only  is  an  example  of  the  old  practice  of 
dancing  to  the  words  and  singing  of  a  song,  but 
supplies  a  very  good  example,  as  in  the  case  of 
many  of  our  game  rhymes,  of  courtship  customs 
when  the  world  was  young  to  the  peasant 
mind,  and  when  a  fastidious  and  censorious 
morality  had  not  intruded  into  the  customs  of 
the  day.  Among  the  folk-songs  of  Poitou,  the 
translation  of  "  Le  berger  qui  me  fait  la  cour  " 
is  distinctly  a  success,  as  it  approaches  the  spirit, 
and  gives  evidence  of  the  charming  simplicity 
and  naivete,  of  the  original : — 

I  dream  my  shepherd  is  a  dove, 
I  dream  my  shepherd  is  a  dove, 
And  my  fond  heart  liis  cage  of  love  ; 
Ask  me  not  to  tell  you  more. 

The  sections  on  ancient  Portuguese  ballads, 
Hungarian  folk-songs,  and  folk-songs  of  Rou- 
mania  appear  to  us  to  be  more  artificial  in  their 
rendering  than  any  of  the  others  —  partly, 
perhaps,  due  to  the  originals,  but  greatly,  we 
think,  due  to  the  translation.  Mr.  Williams  has 
aflForded  his  readers  a  glimpse  at  delightful  things 
in  the  song-world,  and  for  those  who  care  only  for 
glimpses  his  book  will  be  most  welcome.  Yet 
somehow  we  yearn  for  more.  It  may  be  that 
this  is  a  tribute  to  Mr.  Williams's  skill  in  selec- 
tion and  presentation,  though  we  are  rather 
inclined  to  think  that  the  feeling  of  incom- 
pleteness and  unsatisfied  hopes  is  induced  by 
the  light  hand  which  has  dealt  with  this  subject 
in  the  book  before  us. 

Tales  of  the  Fairies  and  of  the  Ghost  World. 
Collected  from  Oral  Tradition  in  South- West 
Munster  by  Jeremiah  Curtin.  (Nutt.)— It  is 
difficult  for  the  outsider  to  know  to  what  extent 
the  belief  of  the  rural  Irish  in  fairies  is  genuine. 
Many  of  the  tales  collected  by  Mr.  Curtin 
bear  the  mark  of  age,  and,  even  if  we  accept 
the  theory  that  a  recent  tragedy  was  wholly 
due  to  a  belief  in  witchcraft,  we  can  no 
longer  question  the  grim  sincerity  of  this 
belief.  Yet  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
Southern  Irish  are  quick-witted,  imaginative,  un- 
truthful, and  eager  to  give  pleasure,  and  that 
"making  lies  for  the  touri.sts "  is  the  staple 
winter  industry  of  the  Killarney  district  in 
which  Mr.  Curtin  has  collected  these  tales. 
Probably  the  popular  attitude  of  mind  is  akin 
to  the  English  belief  in  ghosts  :  few  have  much 
faith  in  the  daytime,  few  are  quite  without  it 
on  a  dark  night,  and  few  have  fully  realized 
what  it  is  that  they  are  afraid  of.  But  an  Irish 
ghost  is  a  far  more  awful  person  than  an  Eng- 
lish ghost,  which  has  never  been  known  to  do 
more  than  haunt  or  gibber,  whereas  the  Irish 


ghost  has  both  the  will  and  the  power  to  do 
evil  :  it  thinks  nothing  of  "making  after"  its 
victim,    "knocking"  him,    "taking  a  fall  out 
of  him,"  and  leaving  him  dead.     A  female  ghost 
is   often   more   than    a   match   for  two    living 
men,   and  after  its  murderous   onslaughts   the 
bodies  of  the  victims  are  black  and  blue,  "as 
people    are    always    when    killed    by    ghosts 
or     fairies."       Steel    is    the     best    protection 
against     spirits.      A    sword,    a    saw,    or    that 
black-handled  knife  which  figured  so  pathetic- 
ally in  the  tragedy  that  has  turned  all  minds 
on  this  subject  of   "  fairy  stroke,"  is  a   potent 
weapon  ;  but  the  malice  of  the  ghost  is   even 
stronger   than   steel,  for  the  armed   man   who 
has  won  a  victory  more  often  pines  slowly  away 
than   recovers.     In  many  cases    the  ghost   has 
no  personal  quarrel  with  his  victim  ;  in  others 
he  is  resentful  at  finding  the  kitchen  he  has  in- 
vaded ill  sweptand  dirty.  Ghosts  and  fairies  both 
(happily)  cherish  the  deepest  resentment  against 
uncleanliness,    and    they  have   been  known  to 
carry  off  an  infant  to  punish  a  mother  who  has 
failed  to  wash  it  properly.     Some  tales  in  this 
book  are  absolutely  revolting.  One  horrible  ghost 
devours  her  living  husband,  "  all  but  two  legs 
from  the  knees  down  ";  another  cuts  the  throats 
of  three  young  men,  and  eats  a  porridge  made 
of    their     blood     mixed     with     oatmeal  ;     the 
grotesque  story  of  Daniel  Crowley  is  probably 
not  a  genuine   tale,  but  a  brilliant  moderniza- 
tion  of   the  famous  old   Danse    Macabre,    and 
we  do  not  suppose  that  the  narrator  has  more 
belief   in   it    than   the   writer   of    a   Christmas 
story   has   in   his   inventions.      More   interest- 
ing   to    us    are     tales    in    which     St.    Martin 
figures     as     a     powerful    deity,     to     be     pro- 
pitiated   on    his     festival     by    a    blood    offer- 
ing  from   every  flock   or   herd,   and    instances 
of    fairy   stroke    and    of    magic    healing.      To 
the  student  of  folk-lore  the   book  is  interest- 
ing and  valuable,   though    it   must   always   be 
remembered  that  the  peasantry  of  Kerry  are 
subtle  and  untruthful  to  a  degree  which  makes  it 
impossible  for  any  outsider  to  sound  the  depths 
of  their  duplicity.     Narration  is  their  art,  and  to 
please  their  pleasure  ;  be  what  you  may,  think 
what  you  will,  you  will  find  the  peasantry  of 
Kerry  in  accord  with  you  ;  and  this  being  so,  we 
are   surprised    rather   by   the   ugliness   of   the 
stories  offered  to  Mr.  Curtin  than  by  the  vivid- 
ness of  their   imagining.      It  is  impossible  to 
praise  too  highly  either  the  manner  in  which 
they  are  retold,  or  the  fortitude  with  which  Mr. 
Curtin  restrains  himself  from  improving  them. 
We    have    them    from   the   very   lips    of    the 
narrators,  with  those  quaint  and  pleasing  turns 
of  language  which  go  far  towards  reconciling  us 
to  the  lack  of  charming  fancy  in  the  tales  them- 
selves. 

The  Annnul  Reports  for  1892-3  and  1893-4 
on   British   Neiv    Guinea  (C-7629-14   of  1895) 
contains  a  special  section  on  native  habits  and 
customs,  because  "  it  has  been  felt  that  no  man, 
or  body  of  men,  can  rule  justly  and  wisely  a 
people  with  whose  customs,  usages,  and  inner 
life  they  are  unacquainted."     This  is  a  triumph 
indeed   for  anthropology,  and    we    confess    to 
being   particularly   pleased   in   reading   such   a 
sentence  in  an  official  document.      The  officers 
dealing   with  this  branch  of  work  in  the  New 
Guinea   settlement  have    begun  well,  and    we 
shall  look  forward  to  future  instalments  with 
great   expectations.      In   the   western   division 
a  most  singular  marriage  custom  obtains.     The 
woman  takes  the  initiative  and  sends  for  the 
man    to  visit  her,   and   very  frequently  such  a 
marriage  leads  to  another  in  which  the  sister-in- 
law  of  the  bride  is  given  in  marriage  in  exchange, 
whatever  may  be  her  inclination.  The  skeletons 
of  dead  relatives  are  at  times  kept  in  the  villages, 
the  skulls  of  enemies  are  preserved  as  trophies 
of  valour,  and  very  rarely  the  body  of  an  enemy 
is  cooked  and  partially  eaten   in  bravado,  while 
now  and  then  a  de{)raved  or  mad  woman  digs 
into  a  grave  and  eats  a  morsel  of  decomposing 
human  flesh.       This  latter   custom  should  be 


inquired  into  more  narrowly.  It  needs  expla- 
nation, and  its  origin  should  be  thoroughly 
investigated.  In  the  south-eastern  division 
the  head  only  of  the  dead  is  kept  in  the  house 
in  a  decomposing  condition,  and  the  skull  ia 
then  cleaned  and  preserved.  Prohibition  by 
taboo  appears  to  be  known  in  some  form  or 
other  all  over  the  possession.  Men  masked 
and  disguised  in  fantastic  dresses  perambulate 
the  village  and  trees  to  be  tabooed.  The  taboo 
probably  never  applies  to  more  than  the  pro- 
ducts of  one  family  or  group  of  connected 
families.  A  section  on  native  land  tenures, 
showing  the  methods  of  descent  in  the  various 
parts  of  the  possession,  and  one  on  native 
dialects  are  also  given.  Some  native  vocabularies 
were  forwarded  with  the  reports,  but  these, 
we  regret  to  say,  are  not  printed.  They  would 
be  most  welcome  additions  to  our  knowledge  of 
savage  languages,  and  we  hope  the  Government 
will  print  them  as  an  appendix  to  these  reports, 
and  in  future  do  all  they  can  to  encourage  their 
compilation. 


LATIN    POETRY. 

Dr.  a.  H.  Bryce's  new  translation  of  Virgil 
(Bell   &   Sons)  claims   to   be  an   improvement 
on   its   predecessor   in   the  well  -  known   Bohn 
series,  and  we  do  not  doubt  that  this  claim  is 
justified.     But  when  Dr.  Bryce  says  that  he  has 
aimed  at  producing  "  a  version  which  shall  be 
suitable  for  general  English  reading,"  we  caa 
only  express  a  conviction   that  his  object  has 
not  been  achieved.     The  translation,  so  far  as 
we  have  tested  it,  is  generally  correct,  and  in 
this  respect  it  will  satisfy  the  legitimate  purposes 
of  home  students  as  well  as  the  illicit  desires  of 
schoolboys;   but  the   "general  reader"  would 
obtain  from  it  but   a    poor  idea   of   the  great 
Roman  poet.     In  this  respect  it  fails  to   take 
rank  with  the  best  volumes  in  Messrs.   Bell's 
series,  several  of  which  combine  accuracy  with 
literary  style.     A  few  instances,  chosen  almost 
at  random,    will    illustrate    the    English    style 
of  the  translator:     "And  when    a    favourable 
opportunity   of  seizing  him  presented  itself  to 
Aristfeus,   he  scarcely  suffers   the  aged  god  to 
lay  his  weary  limbs  to  rest,   but  rushes  upon 
him  with  a  great  shout,  and  anticipating  him, 
secures  him  with  shackles  as  he  lies";    "All 
receive  the  hostile  flood  in  the  loose  joinings 
of  their  sides,  and  yawn  with  chinks  "  ;  "Bring 
sacred  things,  O  Father,  and  a  truce  conclude  "; 
"  From  future  son  I  tore  his  bride  "  ;   "  But  the 
queen  by  new  conditions  of  the  fight  dismayed 
was  weeping,   and  with    death    grip   held   her 
furious   son."      What   schoolmaster,    or    remi- 
niscent   schoolboy,    does     not     recognize     the 
"translation  English"  of  his  class?     We  had 
noted    some   inaccuracies    (e.g.,    JEn.    i.    109, 
"  rocks  which  are  in  the  midst  of  the  ocean,  the 
Italians  call  Altars  "),  but  it  is  not  on  these  that 
we  wish  to  dwell.     Dr.  Bryce,  who  has  edited 
Virgil  for   school   use,  knows   his  author  well 
enough  to  be  generally  trustworthy.     The  fail- 
ing is  in  the  higher  qualities  of  a  translation  ; 
and  since  the  title-page  describes  it  as  "a  literal 
translation,"  such  failure  was  almost  inevitable. 
It  is,  in  short,  a  "crib,"  and  such  things  must 
needs  be.      "  Bohn's  Library"  was   bound  to 
pof-sess  a  Virgil,  and  one  brought  up  to  date  in 
regard   to  the    text   translated  ;    otherwise  we 
might  fairly  say  that,  in  the  hopeless  task  of 
translating  Virgil,  the  interests  of  both  scholar- 
ship and  literature  have  already  been  sufficiently 
provided  for  by  Conington  and  Mackail. 

M.  Lafaye's  study  of  Catullus — Catnlle  et  ses 
Mudcles,  par  Georges  Lafaye  (Hachette  &  Cie.) 
—  to  which  the  "Prix  Bordin "  was  awarded 
by  the  AcadtJmie  des  Inscriptions  in  1892,  is  a 
scholarly  and  appreciative  piece  of  work.  It  is, 
indeed,  better  than  its  promise,  for,  while  the 
subject  of  the  prize  was  the  debt  of  Catullus 
to  the  Alexandrians  and  the  eld  lyric  poets 
respectively,  M.  Lafaye  has,  in  fact,  written 
a  careful  and  detailed  examination  of  all  the 
various  aspects  of  Catullus's  poetry,  from  the 


158 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


literary  point   of   view.     The   different   metres 
suggest   practically  tlie  natural  division  of  his 
work,  and  the  study,  therefore,   takes  in  turn 
the   iambics,    the   choliambics,    the   lyrics,   the 
hendecasyllables,   the   hexameters    or    epyllia, 
and  the   elegies   and   epigrams,    which   are   in 
elegiac  verse.     On  all  these  points  M.  Lafaye 
has  much  to  say,  and  if  it  is  not  very  new  or 
original,  he  has,  at  any  rate,  thoroughly  assimi- 
lated it,  and  writes  with  genuine  knowledge  and 
appreciation  of  his  subject.     Here  and  there, 
■where   the   loss   of   much   of   the   Alexandrian 
poetry  leaves  us  without  full  means  of  forming 
a  judgment,  he  has  fallen  into  the  natural  error 
of  assuming  an  hypothesis  which  suits  his  argu- 
ment, but,  as  a  rule,  he  has  kept  well  within 
the  bounds  of  good  sense  and  judgment.  Some  of 
the  chapters  are,  however,  over-long,  notably  that 
on  the  "  Conte  Epique,"  which  is  practically  a 
detailed  analysis  of  the  Peleus  and  Thetis  idyl. 
The  section  on  the  choliambics  was  no  doubt 
written  before  the  publication  of  the  poems  of 
Herondas  in  that  metre  ;  but,  considering  the 
time  that  has  elapsed  since,  it  might  have  been 
brought    up    to    date     before    finally    passing 
through  the  press.     As  it  is,  though  M.  Lafaye 
refers  to  the  discovery  of  Herondas  in  a  note,  he 
shows  in  the  text  no  acquaintance  with  the  con- 
tents of  his  poems,  and  even  (p.   38)  forms  a 
judgment    from   the    previously    known    frag- 
ments of  the  poems  which   the  lines  will  not 
support,  now  that  the  context  of  some  of  them 
is  known.     This,  however,    is  a  comparatively 
small  point.     On  the  general  literary  question 
M.  Lafaye  does  not  differ  greatly  from  accepted 
views.     Most  readers  of  Catullus  know  that  he 
drew  much    from  the  old   Greek   lyric    poets, 
especially  Sappho,  in  his  lyric  and  iambic  poems, 
while   he    followed    the    Alexandrians    in    his 
hexameters  and  elegiacs  ;  but  this  volume  pro- 
vides chapter  and   verse  for  these  views,   and 
establishes  them  with  fuller  detail  than  most 
students  could  supply.    One  line  of  examination 
we  should  have  liked  to  see  worked  out  more 
fully,  namely,  the  position  of  Catullus's  versi- 
fication in  relation  to  that  of  his  predecessors 
and  followers.     Ennius  tried  to  form  a  Latin 
hexameter  exactly  after  the  model  of  Homer, 
and  failed  because  of  the  difference  between  the 
languages.     Catullus   abandoned   Homer    as    a 
model,  and  imitated  the  scholarly  and  artificial 
verse    of    the     Alexandrians.     Virgil,    with    a 
metrical  skill  far  greater  than  that  of  Catullus 
(at   least  in  respect  of   hexameters),   created  a 
verse  which,  with  more  freedom  than  in  Catullus 
and  more  orderliness  than  in  Ennius,  was  that 
form  of  the   hexameter  which  best  suited  the 
genius  of  the  Latin  language.     In  this  respect 
the  Alexandrians  were  the  schoolmasters  who 
brought  the  Roman  poets  to  a  proper  mastery 
over  their  native  tongue  ;  and  the   hexameter 
and   elegiac   verse  of    Catullus   (and  his  other 
poetry   in   less  degree)  were  the  especial  pro- 
duct of  this  careful  study  of  the  Alexandrians. 
Catullus  is,  of  course,  much  more  than  a  mere 
student  and  imitator  ;   but  his  highest  genius 
was  his  own  alone,  while  his  advances  in  tech- 
nique were  an  advance  for  all  Roman  literature. 
M.  Lafaye  has  some  sensible  remarks  in  conclu- 
sion on  the  question  whether  the  more  markedly 
Alexandrian  poems  of    Catullus  belong  to  the 
first  or  last  part  of  his  life,  and  all  students  of 
Catullus  will  find  the  whole  of  his  essay  fully 
repay  the  trouble  of  reading. 


MINOR   WORKS   ON  HISTORY, 

The  Camden  Miscellany,  Vol.  IX.  (printed 
for  the  Camden  Society),  has  at  least  the 
merit  of  being  thoroughly  miscellaneous.  Its 
seven  separate  sections  take  the  historian  from 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  down  to 
the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth.  There  is 
perhaps  some  practical  inconvenience  arising 
from  this  method.  For  example,  the  mediajvalist 
will  want  to  refer  to  one  article  only  of  the 
whole  series  ;  but  the  Camden  Society  has  done 


so  well  for  the   Middle    Ages  in   some    of  its 
recent  volumes,  that  it  would  be  unreasonable 
to  complain  that  in  this  it  mainly  goes  back  to 
its  chief  occupation  of   recent  years — the  six- 
teenth   and    seventeenth    centuries.     It   is   an 
excellent  and  well-edited  volume.      Every  one 
of  the  short  treatises  published  in  this  volume 
is   quite   well   worth   having,    and   an   unusual 
number   of  them  have   the    merit  (not   always 
found  in  antiquarian  materials)  of  being  enter- 
taining as  well  as  important.     Several  are  of  the 
nature  of  appendices  to  other  publications.    For 
example.  Dr.  Sparrow  Simpson  supplements  his 
early  Camden  Society  volume  by  supplying  some 
additional  visitations  of  churches  belonging  to 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  with  an  introduction  that 
gives  us  some  interesting   details   about  Dean 
Henry  of  Cornhill    and    the   chronicler  Adam 
Murimuth.      Dr.  S.  R.  Gardiner  prints  in  the 
same  way  someaddendato  his  'Hamilton Papers,' 
in  which  he  gives  to  the  public  the  letters  which, 
being  largely  in  cipher,  he  was  unable  to  copy 
when  he  prepared  his  former  volume.     It  is  a 
pity  that  we  only  have  half  a  page  of  Dr.  Gar- 
diner's own,  and  have  therefore  to  find  out  for 
ourselves  the  value  of  the  material  that  he  edits. 
Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  contributes,  with  a  careful  in- 
troduction,   a    supplement    to    the     '  Strafford 
Letters, '  published  so  far  back  as  1739  by  Dr. 
William   Knowles.      The   editor   bought   of    a 
bookseller  a  collection  of  Dr.  Knowles's  papers, 
and  found  among  them  several  not  unimportant 
and  otherwise  unknown  letters  of  Thomas  Went- 
worth  which  Knowles  had  copied  out,  but  which, 
for  some  reason  or  the  other,  he  did  not  print. 
These  letters  are  now  given  to  the  world  by  Mr. 
Firth.     So  long  as  the  custodian  of  Strafford's 
correspondence   persists   in    refusing    to   allow 
historians  access  to  his  treasures,  we  may  well 
be  thankful  for  gleanings  of  this  sort.     Their 
discovery  is  most  characteristic  of  the  thorough- 
ness of  Mr.  Firth's  methods.     The   remaining 
contents  of  the  volume  include  Latin  and  English 
versions  of  a  very  rare  tract  on  the  betrothal  of 
the  Princess  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  to 
Charles    of    Austria,    afterwards   the   Emperor 
Charles   V.,   which   took   place   in   1508.     Mr. 
James   Gairdner,    the   editor,    points  out  with 
his  accustomed  learning  the  importance  of  this 
event,  as  marking  an  effort  of  Henry  VII.  to 
shake  himself  free  of  his  treacherous  ally  Fer- 
dinand of  Aragon  ;  but  soon  afterwards  the  old 
king  died,  and  on  Henry  VIII.  renewing  friendly 
relations  with  Spain,  the  projected  alliance  was 
quietly  dropped,  and  Mary  became  in  turn  the 
wife  of  Louis  XII.  of  France  and  of   Charles 
Brandon.     Miss  Bateson's  collection  of  letters 
from  the  bishops  to  the  Privy  Council  in  15G4, 
derived  from  the  Cecil  Papers,  contains  some  of 
the  best  reading  in  the  volume,  and  is  very  in- 
structive as  giving  a  sort  of  "  religious  census  " 
of  the  landed  gentry  and  county  magistrates  by 
the  bishops,  who  divide  them  into  "  favourers  of 
true  religion,"   "adversaries  of  true  religion," 
and  "indifferent  or  of  no  religion."     It  is  signi- 
ficant how  great  is  the  preponderance  of  the  two 
latter  classes,  especially  in  the  North  and  West, 
as  compared  with  the  scanty  minority  of  sound 
Protestants.     The  Rev.  Andrew  Clark  has  con- 
tributed  a    short    contemporary   life   of    Lord 
Crewe,  the  famous  Bishop  of  Durham,  the  eulo- 
gistic tone  of  which   contrasts  quaintly  with  the 
unfavourable   estimates   of   Whig   writers,   and 
holds  up  a  curious  ideal  as  to  what  was  expected 
from  a  good  bishop  of  Durham  in  the  days  of  the 
Revolution.     Mr.  Clark's  appendix  supplements 
his  author's  account  of  the  bishop's  declining 
years  with  some  highly  interesting  details.    The 
last  section  of  the  volume  contains  the  journal 
kept  by  Major  Richard  Ferrier,  of  Yarmouth, 
while  visiting  France  in   1087.     We  note  that 
he  thought  London  much  bigger  than  Paris,  and 
that  Louis  XIV.  did  not  scruple  to  eat   roast 
lamb  and  chickens  on  a  Friday, 

Periods  of  European  Hiatory.  —  I.  Europe, 
J,76-918.  By  Charles  Oman,  M.A.— V.  Europe. 
1508-1715.     By  Henry  Offley  Wakeman,  M.A. 


(Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.) — This  useful  series 
of  handbooks,  which  appears  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Mr.  A.  Hassall,  is  a  welcome  addition 
to   the   stock  of  books    dealing    with    foreign 
history  which  the  teacher  can  confidently   re- 
commend to  his  pupils.     The  first  volume — the 
last  in  chronological  order — of  those  at  present 
arranged  was  that  on  the  period  of  the  French 
Revolution  and  Empire  by  Mr.  Morse  Stephens, 
which  has  already  been  out  some  time.     It  was 
quickly  followed  by  Mr.  Oman's  book  on  the 
early  Middle  Ages,  and  then  by  Mr.  Wakeman's 
on  the  period  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  of 
Louis  XIV.     Of  these  two  Mr.  Oman's  is  per- 
haps the  better  planned,  while  Mr.  Wakeman's 
shows   a   closer  familiarity    with    the    matters 
treated.     Yet  both  are  the  work  of  competent 
men  ;  and  the  evident  interest  which  Mr.  Oman 
displays  in  his  subject  more   than   atones   for 
occasional     symptoms     of     hasty    compilation. 
Dealing  as  Mr.  Oman  does  with    the    time  of 
the  settlement  of  the  various  Germanic  races  on 
Roman  ground,  and  sketching  rapidly   within 
prescribed  limits,  he  is  bound  to  interrupt  his 
narrative  at  frequent   intervals.      Goths  jostle 
Franks,    and    Franks    Lombards  ;    and   every 
now  and  then  the   thread    of    the   continuing 
empire  in  the  East  has  to  be  resumed.     The 
rush  of  the  story  is  bewildering,  yet  Mr.  Oman 
is  able  to  keep  his  head,  and  supplies  a  sound 
and  intelligible  narrative  of  four  centuries  and 
a  half  in   little    more   than   as   many  hundred 
pages.     He  is  not  always  up  to  the  last  German 
lights  ;  but,  on  the   whole,    he  may   be   taken 
to    reflect    with    fidelity    the    statements    and 
opinions  which  were  accepted  by  scholars  not 
very  long  ago,   and,  after  all,  the  recent  criti- 
cisms of  detail  do  not  seriously  affect  a  narrative 
written  on  such  general  lines  as  the  one  before 
us.     The  maps,  we  should  add,  which  are  mere 
sketches  printed  in  the  text,  are  not  creditable 
to  the  present  state  of  cartography.     The  fold- 
ing maps  in  Mr.  Wakeman's  volume  are  more 
satisfactory.    This  latter  volume  contains  a  good 
deal  less  matter  than  Mr.  Oman's,  and  it  is,  as 
has   been  said,  differently  planned.     We  shall 
hardly,  we  think,  do  the  writer  injustice  if  we 
assume  that  he  wrote  first  a  sketch  of  French 
history  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  then 
modified  it  in  parts,  and   made  a  few  additions, 
in  order  to  adapt  it  to  Mr.  Hassall's  series.     To 
him  France  supplies  the  plot  of  the  history  : 
the   rest   is   episode.     And    it  would   be   diffi- 
cult   to    find   a    better    account    of    the    sub- 
ject  as   he   has  conceived  it  than  Mr.   Wake- 
man's.    It    is     exceedingly   well   written,  and 
bears  evidence   not  only  of  wide  reading,  but 
also  of  careful  reflection.     Even  those  who  have 
a  mature  knowledge  of  tlie  history  of  the  time 
will  find  very  much  to  learn  from  Mr.  Wake- 
man's sober  and  thoughtful  judgment.     We  are 
only  occasionally  offended  by  colloquialisms — as 
when   Queen    Christina   is   described   as  "the 
common  bore    of    Europe" — which  might  be 
prudently  excised  from  a  future  edition.     Both 
volumes  are  supplied  with  good  indexes,  and 
with  serviceable  tables  of  dynasties,  &c.      Mr, 
Oman's  lists  are  in  part  dispersed  through  the 
book  ;    Mr.   Wakeman  more  wisely  puts  them 
all  at  the  end,  and  adds  a  chronological  table 
showing  the  sovereigns  and  regnal  years  of  the 
period  with  which  he  deals.      A  fault  in  both  is 
the  omission  of  all  reference  to  original  autho- 
rities, or  to  special  treatises  which  might  help 
the  reader  to  advance  further  in  his  studies. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

Dilemmas.  By  Ernest  Dowson.  (Mathews.) — 
There  is  one  exceedingly  good  story  in  this  col- 
lection of  tales  by  Mr.  Dowson,  'A  Case  of 
Conscience.'  At  first  sight  it  might  appear 
unfinished,  as  one  of  the  problems  presented  is 
left  unsolved  ;  but  one  soon  feels  that  anything 
more  would  have  spoilt  the  art  with  which  the 
double  tragedy  of  the  two  men's  lives  is  flashed 
before  the  reader  in  a  few  pages.  There  are  just 


N"  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


159 


two  conversations,  a  few  words  of  narrative,  and 
yet  the  whole  thing  is  complete,  without  a  super- 
fluous idea  or  incident.  The  episode  is  just  the 
right  one  to  choose  for  a  short  story,  for  it  is 
one  of  those  irremediable  incidents  which  seem 
to  explain  all  the  past  and  future  lives  of  the 
actors ;  and  the  sharpness  and  distinctness  of  out- 
line with  which  the  situation  is  presented  show 
in  the  author  a  remarkable  perception  of  literary 
values.  Another  story  which  has  merit  is  the 
first  one,  but  it  is  not  so  compact  and  direct 
in  its  effect.  The  last  story  is  good  in  its  de- 
scription of  Michael  Garth's  gradual  descent  to 
insanity,  but  it  tails  off  feebly.  The  remaining 
pair  of  stories  are  of  no  account. 

The  Salt  of  the  Earth.  By  Philip  Lafargue. 
{Constable  &  Co.) — Mr.  Lafargue  seems  in  his 
preface  to  be  much  perturbed  at  Mr.  MaxNordau's 
judgments  on  his  contemporaries  ;  but  Mr. 
Lafargue  may  rest  happy— Mr,  Nordau  is  not 
likely  to  include  these  stories  in  his  next  edi- 
tion as  examples  of  degeneracy.  They  are  good 
stories,  told  effectively,  in  a  business-like  manner; 
but  there  is  nothing  in  the  least  startling  about 
them,  and  the  characters  are  commendably 
ordinary.  The  best  story  is  the  last,  which  is 
the  least  pretentious,  and  is  a  very  pretty  little 
love  tale,  with  all  the  correct  fiutterings  of  the 
lady  who  never  dreamed  that  her  lover  cared 
for  her  till  he  told  her  so.  '  The  Music  Master's 
Tarn  '  is  an  amusing  account  of  a  practical  joke, 
and  we  suppose  Mr.  Lafargue  would  be  flat- 
tered if  Donald  Wishart  were  called  an  eroto- 
maniac, though  all  he  does  is  to  fall  in  love 
frequently,  and  to  be  considerably  influenced 
by  the  lady  his  volatile  affections  happen  to  be 
resting  on  for  the  moment.  Madame  Devigne 
is  the  maddest  of  his  characters,  but  her  mad- 
ness, at  any  rate  as  presented,  has  not  got  the 
probability  of  good  literature.  This  is  a  good, 
healthy  book  of  pleasant  stories  that  will  hurt 
nobody. 

The  title  of  Monochromes,  by  Ella  D'Arcy 
(Lane),  has  been  selected  without  any  refer- 
ence to  the  contents,  which  is  quite  the  fashion 
nowadays.  Miss  Ella  D'Arcy  is  at  her  best 
amateurish,  but  always  ambitious.  She  has 
generally  a  good  enough  story  to  tell,  but  is 
never  content  to  tell  it  quite  simply.  She 
would  like  to  electrify  her  readers  by  some 
startling  word  or  phrase,  which,  however,  never 
seems  to  come  off.  The  result  as  a  whole  is 
quite  out  of  keeping  with  the  obvious  effort  she 
makes  to  be  effective.  The  first  story  in  the 
volume  is  called  'The  Elegie.'  Schoenemann 
was  a  young  composer,  bubbling  over  with  music 
and  self-confidence.  He  falls  in  love  with  a 
young  girl  of  high  degree,  and  boldly  asks  for 
her  hand.  The  father  of  the  girl  tells  the  in- 
flated genius  to  come  back  in  seven  years,  and 
then  if  they  still  wish  to  marry  they  shall. 
Schoenemann  goes  away  for  seven  years,  writes 
extraordinary  music,  becomes  more  self-con- 
fident and  self-centred,  and  in  the  end  goes 
back  to  claim  his  bride  and  finds  her  a  corpse. 
Here  are  a  few  sentences  which  show  how  Miss 
Ella  D'Arcy  writes,  and  what  she  thinks  of  the 
possessors  of  genius  :  "He  stood  there  upon  the 
threshold  and  savoured  a  perfect  enjoyment. 
He  was  not  in  the  least  embarrassed.  The 
possessor  of  genius  never  is.  He  feels  himself 
at  all  times  and  in  all  places  far  above  external 
circumstances.  Nature  has  crowned  him  king  ; 
and  though  a  king  may  meet  his  equals,  none 
stand  above  him."  Considering  the  awe  in 
which  Miss  Ella  D'Arcy  must  have  stood  of  her 
hero,  she  describes  his  character  very  well.  In 
fiction  we  cannot  be  content,  however,  to  judge 
a  hero  as  a  genius,  we  must  take  him  as  a  man  ; 
and  in  this  respect  Schoenemann  strikes  us  as 
not  less  foolish  than  obnoxious.  In  another 
story,  '  Irremediable,'  Miss  Ella  D'Arcy  depicts 
the  case  of  a  gentlemanly  clerk,  married  to  a 
pretty,  but  coarse  girl  in  every  way  beneath 
him.  The  story  just  becomes  interesting  when 
it  closes.  '  Poor  Cousin  Louis  '  is  a  more  power- 
ful tale  than  any  of  the  others,  but  is  not  con- 


vincing in  proportion  to  its  power.  Still  it  is 
the  best  written  and  worked-out  story  in  the 
volume.  '  The  Expiation  of  David  Scott '  is  a 
rather  foolish  performance,  the  sentiment  rather 
sentimental,  and  the  story  absurd.  Still,  we 
can  say  of  'Monochromes,'  with  a  good  con- 
science, that  it  is  promising.  Miss  Ella  D'Arcy 
draws  her  characters  with  considerable  power, 
but  she  very  seldom  knows  quite  what  to  do 
with  them. 

Sunshine  and  Haar.  By  Gabriel  Setoun. 
(Murray.) — While  not  without  sympathy  for  the 
impatience  of  the  general  public,  which  found 
its  echo  not  long  since  in  a  caustic  criticism  of 
the  literature  of  the  "  kail-yard,"  we  must  still 
avow  the  opinion  that  to  distinctively  Scottish 
work  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  the  fiction 
of  the  hour  are  due.  The  author  of  '  Barncraig ' 
in  his  second  venture  reminds  us  very  pleasantly 
of  the  figures,  distinct  and  substantive,  which 
appeared  in  his  previous  volume.  We  have 
Eben,  and  Tammy,  and  other  worthies  of  the 
Fifeshire  seaport  again  ;  Robbie  Read  and 
Dauvit  Fairley  remind  us  of  the  warmth  of 
heart,  undemonstrative  though  it  be,  which  is 
the  inmost  characteristic  of  the  kindly  Scot  ;  in 
'  The  Creeling  of  Black  Tam  '  we  find  wealth  of 
village  humour  ;  in  '  Black  Wull's  Return ' 
the  starkest  tragedy.  In  this  estimate  the 
hypercritical  may  differ  from  us  ;  but  we  fancy 
there  can  be  only  one  opinion  of  the  pathos 
underlying  the  story  of  Lowrie  and  Linty,  or 
(to  take  a  mere  item  of  small  proportion  to  the 
rest  of  the  story)  of  the  farewell  of  little  Morris, 
the  sailor's  son,  to  his  ill-starred  father.  '  Sun- 
shine and  Haar '  is  too  good  a  book  to  be  in- 
volved in  the  general  depreciation  of  a  vein 
which  has  been  lately  overworked. 


CLERICAL    BIOGKAPHY. 


The  old-fashioned  sentiment  of  Canon  A.  R. 
Pennington's  Recollections  of  Persons  and  Events 
(Wells  Gardner  &  Co.)  is  distinctly  pleasing. 
Of  Henry  Melvill,  subsequently  Incumbent  of 
Camden  Church,  Camberwell,  we  read  that  ' '  he 
was  Second  Wrangler  in  1821.  Thus  he  was 
admirably  fitted  to  track  sin  through  its  winding 
labyrinths. "  The  statement  leaves  us  wondering 
as  to  the  exact  value  of  an  understanding  of  the 
Differential  Calculus  to  adivine  ;  but  let  that  pass. 
Canon  Pennington's  reminiscences  are  chiefly 
concerned  with  the  Evangelical  movement  at 
Cambridge  and  Clapham,  and  we  fear  that  they 
must  be  pronounced  rather  disappointing.  He 
tells  little  that  we  did  not  know  before  about 
Simeon,  Isaac  Wilberforce,  the  Grants,  and  other 
good  men,  nor  does  his  insight  into  character 
compensate  for  the  familiarity  of  his  facts.  Still 
we  get  a  stray  anecdote  or  two  of  interest.  Thus 
Dr.  Dealtry  never  kept  his  carriage  waiting,  lest 
he  should  be  a  cause  of  sin  to  the  coachman, 
through  leading  him  to  utter  a  profane  oath. 
Again,  Mr.  Bradley  once  heard  a  sermon  of  his 
preached  by  a  Welsh  clergyman.  After  the  ser- 
vice he  went  into  the  vestry,  and  asked  the 
preacher  how  much  time  its  preparation  had 
taken.  The  answer  was,  "About  two  days." 
"Well,"  said  Mr.  Bradley,  "that  sermon  took 
me  a  fortnight  to  write."  Canon  Pennington, 
too,  though  brought  up  in  the  strictest  school 
of  the  Evangelicals,  displays  a  praiseworthy 
admiration  for  Churchmen  of  different  views. 
While  giving  instances  of  Dr.  Blomfield's  rude- 
ness, he  praises  the  bishop's  earnestness  and 
efficiency  without  reserve.  It  is  also  curious  to 
learn  that,  when  the  Canon  was  a  boy,  the  only 
conveyance  from  Clapham  to  Charing  Cross  was 
a  stage-coach  running  five  times  a  day  and 
carrying  fourteen  passengers.  If  he  had  relied 
more  on  his  memory  and  less  on  published  in- 
formation, he  might  have  produced  a  valuable 
book.  Even  as  it  is,  his  readers  will  part  from 
him  in  all  kindness. 

Fifty  Years,  by  the  Rev.  Harry  Jones  (Smith 
&  Elder),  is  an  excellent  piece  of  autobiography 
by  a  manly,  hard-working  clergyman   who   is 


not  afraid  to  speak  his  mind.  No  book  more 
wholly  free  from  cant  or  unreal  sentiment  has 
reached  us  for  a  long  time  ;  and  Prebendary 
Jones's  indomitable  optimism  renders  his  pages 
agreeable  reading.  He  thinks  well  even  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  : — 

"  My  own  official  income  [at  St.  George's  in  the 
East]  being  only  \YM.,  I  respectfully  'asked  for 
more.'  After  several  applications  and  refusals,  the 
secretary  (weary  of  my  persistence)  wrote  saying 

that  I   might  see  their   lordships    themselves 

I  gladly  availed  myself  of  his  invitation  and  waited 
upon  the  Commissioners  at  Whitehall,  where  they 
sat  at  a  long  green  table  furnished  with  clean  blot- 
ting-paper and  new  pens.  After  they  had  heard  my 
tale,  their  secretary  (armed  with  documents)  in- 
formed the  Board  that  my  application  was  entirely 
out  of  order,  since  it  had  been  made  by  my  prede- 
cessor, carefully  considered,  and  disposed  of.  The 
'  case,'  he  asserted,  had  been  already  '  ruled,'  and 
thus  nothing  more  could  be  done  in  the  matter. 
'  What  have  you  to  say  to  that  ? '  he  asked  of  me, 
with  the  air  of  an  executioner  giving  his  coup  de 
grdcr.  By  some  benevolent  impulse  I  was  tempted 
humbly  to  suggest  that  it  should  be  '  overruled.'  At 
this  their  lordships  smiled,  and  I,  having  iired  my 
last  shot,  drew  out  of  action.  To  my  subsequent 
surprise,  however,  I  found  that  my  shell  had  entered 
the  fort  and  apparently  burst,  for  in  course  of  a 
month  or  so  I  received  a  formal  announcement  that 
the  income  of  St.  George's  would  be  increased  by 
500Z.  a  year  on  the  voidance  of  a  certain  city 
church." 

Several  of  Mr.    Jones's    stories  are   amusing. 
When  he  started  a  Charity  Organization  Society, 
the  committee  needed  a  clerk,  and 
"among  our   applicants    was    an     Irishman,    who 

insisted  on  a  testimonial  from  Lord  B being 

read.  It  ran  as  follows,  as  well  as  I  cau  remember 
the  words  :  'I  have  known  Mr.  So-and-So  for  some 
years,  and  have  always  found  him  to  fail  in  the 
discharge  of  any  duty  which  he  professed  himself 
ready  to  attempt.' " 

Mr.  Jones  has  not  found  daily  services  suc- 
cessful : — 

"  I  had  daily  service  also  at  St.  George's,  but 
when  I  began  it  at  St.  Philip's  (where  I  now  am) 
not  a  soul  attended,  and  onee  my  colleague  was 
stopped  by  a  stranger  who  came  in  for  private 
meditation,  and  said  it  interrupted  him." 

Mr,  Jones's  remarks  on  the  differences  between 
the  town  parson  and  his  brother  in  the  country 
are  worth  reading,  and  the  following  portion  of 
them  deserves  quotation  at  the  present  time, 
when  learning  threatens  to  become  extinct 
among  an  overworked,  underpaid  clergy  : — 

"  There  would  seem  to  be  a  peculiar  ripeness  and 
flavour  of  scholarly  attainment  possible  in  a  country 
parsonage.  A  town  study  may  be  flanked  by  readily 
accessible  libraries  and  museums,  and  some  brains 
may  work  with  freer  and  more  abundant  force  by 
reason  of  that  perception  of  imperative  and  com- 
pressed intelligence  which  marks  the  procedure 
of  cities,  but  meanwhile  there  is  no  surrounding 
creative  calm,  nor  sense  of  near  contagious  natural 
growth  in  the  stone  town  rectory  with  its  brass 
door-plate  desiring  that  the  bell  should  not  be 
rung  '  unless  an  answer  is  required^.'  What  a 
metallic  hint  this  is  of  the  feverish  tempera- 
ture which  is  supposed  to  distress  a  town 
rector!  It  pictures  him  as  trying  to  write  a 
sermon  in  his  sanctum,  or  'snatching'  (a  word  ill 
fitted  to  express  any  assimilation  of  repose)  a  few 
moments  of  rest  in  the  midst  of  his  exhausting 
toils.  But  the  success  of  his  effort  is  doubtful. 
The  roads  are  paved.  Stamping  feet  and  grindmg 
wheels  proclaim  the  hardness  of  the  ground. 
Jangling  bells  from  the  contiguous,  many-perviced 
church,  organs,  band?,  and  'roarmg  liars  m  the 
street,  fill  the  weary  air.  How  can  the  true  mood 
of  strenuous  and  receptive  attention  be  expected  to 
visit  one  around  whose  '  study  '  all  these  spirits  of 

discord  ever  flit  ? I  do  not  assume  that  the  quiet 

opportunities  of  his  country  brother  are  always 
realised  and  employed  in  theological  culture, 
scholarly  research,  or  scientific  investigation  ;  and 
yet  in  contrasting  the  position  of  the  two  men  I 
think  it  must  be  allowed  that  the  last  is  most  likely 
to  suttiiiu  the  character  of  the  clergy  for  ripe 
lettered  knowledge.  One,  perhapp,  is  tempted  to 
live  too  much  in  the  present,  while  the  other 
lingers  in  the  past,  but  a  due  mixture  of  the  '  now  ' 
and  the  "  then  "  seems  hard  to  be  attained  by  a  man 
who  stands  up  to  his  chin  in  the  slough  of  insistent 
pauperism,  labours  in  the  midst  of  hand-to-mouth 
surrounding  toil,  or  is  engaged  in  the  constant  per- 
formance of  modern  high-pressure  religious  ser- 
vices and  functions." 


160 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


The  late  Dr.  Cairns  was  deservedly  held  in 
high   esteem    in    Scotland,    and   was    the   un- 
questioned leader  of  the  communion  to  which 
he  belonged  ;  but  his  life  was  not  so  eventful 
that  there  was  need  of  nearly  800  octavo  pages, 
which  Dr.  A.  R.  MacEwen  has  devoted  to  the 
Life  and  Letters  of  John  Cairns,  D.D.  (Hodder 
&   Stoughton).     Dr.   MaoEwen  is  an  admiring 
biographer,  and  evidently  thinks  he  has  been 
too  brief,  when  to  most  people  he  will  seem  to 
have  wasted  his  space.     For  instance,  he  allots 
a  whole   chapter   to    "Disestablishment,"   and 
recites  at  length  the  arguments  put  forward  by 
Dr.  Cairns  in  favour  of  separating  Church  and 
State  in  Scotland,  which  are  simply  the  stock 
arguments  of  his  party,  and  have  been  repeated 
over  and  over  again  without  probably  convinc- 
ing a  single  opponent  of  the  project.     But  how- 
ever ill- judging  his  biographer,  Dr.  Cairns  was 
a  fine  specimen  of  a  Presbyterian  minister.     He 
was  the  son  of  a  shepherd  in  the  Lammermoors 
■who  brought  up  ten  children  on  wages  that  never 
exceeded  thirty  pounds  a  year.     After  leaving 
the  parish  school,  at  which  he  learned  Latin,  John 
Cairns  became  a  "  herd  laddie  ";  but  his  father 
eventually  sent  him  to  the  University,  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself,  attracting  the 
particular  attention   of   Sir  William   Hamilton 
by  his  aptitude  for  metaphysics.     After  study- 
ing  theology   at  the   seminary  of   his   Church 
he  managed,  by  incessant  private  teaching,  to 
accumulate  enough  money  to   spend   a  winter 
at  Berlin  and  make  a  tour  in  South  Germany 
and    Italy.     On  his   return  he  became  United 
Presbyterian  minister  at  Berwick,  and  there  he 
remained,  refusing  all  offers  of  higher   prefer- 
ment, and  ministering  to  the  needs  of  his  con- 
gregation with  an  unobtrusive  piety  and  a  spirit 
of  self-sacrifice  that  demand  all  praise,  till   he 
was    forced    into    becoming    principal    of    the 
theological   hall   of  the  United   Presbyterians. 
He  was  a  helhio  lihrorum,  and  from  his  child- 
hood   he   read  with   such   persistency  that   he 
made  himself  one  of  the  most  learned  men  in 
Scotland,  especially  in  theology  and  philosophy. 
Unfortunately   his   great   powers   of    acquiring 
knowledge  were  not  accompanied  by  any  capa- 
city for  original  thought.     He  accepted  without 
hesitation  the  Calvinistic  creed  in  which  he  was 
brought  up,  and  the  view  of  philosophy  which 
he  had  imbibed  from  Sir  W.   Hamilton  ;   and 
throughout   his   long   life   he   did   not   make  a 
single  contribution  to  knowledge — in   fact,   he 
published  little  beyond   magazine  articles  and 
a  few  pamphlets.     He  gave  an  instance  of  his 
intense    conservatism    when    he    opposed    the 
election  to  the  Chair  of  Logic  at  Edinburgh  of 
Ferrier,  beyond  comparison  the  most  brilliant 
metaphysician  of  his  day  in  Scotland.     A  good 
deal  of  this  book  is  dull  reading  ;  but  there  is 
an  excellent  account  of  Dr.  Cairns's  youth  by 
Mr.  W.  Cairns,  which  we  should  like  to  quote 
if   it   were   not   so   lengthy.     Instead   we   may 
give  the  following  description  of  Neander  : — 

"Suppose  yourself  in  a  large  square  room  filled 
with  Studiosi,  each  with  his  inkstand  and  immense 
Ilcft  before  him  and  ready  to  begin,  when  precisely 
at  11.15  A.M.  in  shuffles  a  little  black  Jew,  without 
hat  in  hand  or  a  scrap  of  paper,  and  strides  up  to  a 
high  desk,  where  he  stands  the  whole  time,  resting 
his  elbows  upon  it,  and  never  once  opening  his  eyes 
or  looking  his  class  in  the  face  :  the  worst  type  of 
Jewish  physiognomy  in  point  of  intellect,  though 
without  its  cunning  or  sensuality  :  the  face  mean- 
ingless, pale  and  sallow,  with  low  forehead  and 
nothing  striking  but  a  pair  of  enormous  black  eye- 
brows.    The   figure   is  dressed    in   a    dirty   brown 


surtout,  blue  plush  trousers  and  dirty  top-boots.  It 
begins  to  speak.  The  voice  is  loud  and  clear,  and 
marches  on  with  academic  stateliness  and  gravity, 
and  even  something  of  musical  softness  mixes  witii 
its  notes.  Suddenly  the  speaker  turns  to  a  side.  It 
is  to  spit,  which  act  is  repeated  every  second  sen- 
tence. You  now  see  in  his  hands  a  twisted  jicn, 
which  18  gradually  stripped  of  every  liair  and  then 
torn  to  pieces  in  the  course  of  his  mental  working. 
His  feet,  too,  begin  to  turn.  Tlie  left  pirouc^ttes 
round  and  round,  and  at  the  close  of  an  cinpliatic 
period  strikes  violently  against  the  wall.  When  he 
has  timshed  his  lecture,  you  see  only  a  mass  of 
eahva  and  the  rags  of  his  pen." 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

In  Many  Queer  Streets,  by  Colebrook  Rowe 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.),  is  the  name  of  the  first 
sketch   in   a   volume  of  personal    recollections. 
It  would  be  unkind  to  ask  Mr.  Rowe  why  he 
thought  of  giving  these  recollections  book  form. 
Nowadays  we  are  all  ready  to  admit  that  a  good 
style  may  save  a  bad  or  indifferent  subject.    Mr. 
Rowe  writes  without  style,  but  his  English  is 
readable  enough.      His  recollections,   however, 
are   not   very    interesting.       '  In    Many   Queer 
Streets '  is  a  record  of  the  difi'erent  situations 
he  sought  and  filled  for  five  years  in  London, 
when    "  things  were  not   going  very  well  with 
him."      Then  he  went  to   Australia,    and   this 
move  supplies  him  with  material  for  two  sketches 
called  '  A  Bank  Account  in  Australia  '  and  '  The 
Australian  Voyage.'      The   following  quotation 
from  'The  Australian  Voyage  '  is  given  as  a  speci- 
men not  of  Mr.  Rowe  at  his  best,  but  at  his 
worst ;   so  that  if  the  reader  be  not   dismayed 
too  much  by  it  he  may  be  expected  to  enjoy  the 
book  : — "  George  Eliot  has  remarked  that  dolce 
far  niente  is  necessary  for  the  brain   worker  ; 
and  I  believe  it  will  do  no  one  aught  but  good, 
so  far  as  it  is  limited  by  time,  and  we  are  not 
always  recuperating.    To  the  fagged,  the  delicate, 
and  such  as  have  been  through  the  bitter  waters 
of  affiiction,  a  long  sea  voyage  must  be  of  great 
benefit."       Mr.    Rowe    is    apt    somewhat    too 
laboriously  to  obtrude  the  obvious  and  moralize 
upon  it  as  well.     A  long  sketch,  entitled   '  Erin 
go  Bragh,'  records  some  Irish  experiences.     We 
did  not,   however,   read  further  than  the  first 
page,  at  the  bottom  of  which  we   came   again 
upon  the  fatal   sentence,    "The   rambling  and 
disjointed  building  offers  an  exceptional  retreat 
for  indulging  that  dolce  far  niente  which  George 
Eliot   declares,"   &c.      One   swallow   does    not 
make  a  summer,  but  it  proves  that  there  are 
swallows  about. 

Mk.  Andrew  Wilkie,  of  Paisley,  publishes, 
and  Messrs.  Menzies  &  Co.,  of  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow,  also  sell,  The  Representation  of  Scot- 
land, by  Mr.  T.  Wilkie.  This  large  volume — 
containing  the  results  of  all  elections  in  Scotland 
since  1832,  with  general  facts  about  the  repre- 
sentation of  Scotland  before  1832,  and  other 
matter  bearing  on  the  subject — is  valuable  to, 
and  may  interest,  those  who  have  to  do  with 
Scotch  politics,  but  hardly  admits  of  review, 
unless  for  the  detection  of  errors,  which  we 
have  not  discovered. 

We  have  received  the  third  section  of  TJie 
Victorian  Year-Bool:  for  1894,  published  for 
the  Government  and  edited  by  Mr.  Hayter,  the 
Government  Statist.  This  is  the  portion  of  the 
now  divided  volume  which  deals  with  inter- 
change and  accumulation. 

We  have  to  thank  the  Census  Commissioner 
of  Travancore  for  a  Repoj-t  on  the  Census 
of  Travancore  taken  in  1891  by  command  of 
the  Maharajah,  at  the  same  time  and  on  the 
same  plan  as  the  census  of  India.  It  is  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Addison  &  Co.,  of  Madras. 
The  authorities  of  Travancore  set  up  the  claim 
to  be  in  advance  of  the  other  native  states  in 
the  accuracy  and  completeness  of  their  statistics. 
The  authorities  note  that  there  are  no  wild 
rumours  in  Travancore,  and  that  they  had  not 
to  resort  to  the  plan  necessary  with  the  hillmen 
of  Madras,  of  informing  the  subjects  of  the 
census  that  the  Queen  had  to  win  a  bet  against 
the  Emperor  of  Russia  with  regard  to  the 
number  of  her  able-bodied  subjects.  Neither 
had  Travancore  any  ladies  like  those  of  Kashmir 
who  resisted  "being  numbered  on  the  ground 
of  infra  ilia."  Even  the  sisters  of  the  Maharajah 
"allowed  themselves  to  be  enumerated."  At  the 
same  time  the  householders  did,  it  appears, 
resent  the  inquiry  as  to  the  age  of  the  women, 
and  asked  why  the  (jJovcrnment  should  "wish 
to  know  the  ages  of  our  young  women.  This 
looks  improper."  The  Travancore  census  is  ex- 
tremely interesting,  and  its  readablenoss  is  only, 
perhaps,  increased  by  a  slight  local  llavour  in 


its  English.     A  great  deal  of  information  with 
regard  to  caste  is  to  be  obtained  from  it. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  sell  for  England 
a  work  published  in  France,  probably  as  a 
private  venture,  which  is  not  without  interest. 
It  is  entitled  Le  Portugal  et  le  Bresil,  and  it 
relates  the  recent  trial  by  court-martial  of  a  dis- 
tinguished Portuguese  commodore,  who  com- 
manded the  Portuguese  naval  forces  at  Rio 
during  the  insurrection  of  the  Brazilian  fleet. 
He  seems  to  have  had  strong  sympathies  with 
the  Brazilian  admirals,  who  probably  intended 
to  restore  the  Empire  ;  and  although  his  con- 
duct at  the  time  was  approved,  probably  because 
it  was  thought  by  his  Government  that  the 
insurrection  would  succeed,  as  soon  as  it  had 
failed  an  attempt  was  set  on  foot  to  make  him 
a  victim.  He  was,  however,  triumphantly 
acquitted  by  his  peers,  and  no  harm  was  done. 

The  pretty  edition  of  "The  Novels  of  Tobias 
Smollett,"  which  Mr.  Saintsbury  is  editing  and 
Messrs.  Gibbings  &  Co.  are  publishing,  has  been 
enriched  by  the  addition  of  four  volumes  con- 
taining Peregrine  Pickle.  Mr.  Richards's  illus- 
trations are  decidedly  clever. — The  Orniond  of 
Miss  Edgeworth,  heralded  by  a  pleasing  intro- 
duction from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  Thackeray  Ritchie, 
and  accompanied  by  capital  designs  by  Mr. 
Schloesser,  is  the  most  recent  of  the  "Illus- 
trated Standard  Novels "  Messrs.  Macmillan 
are  bringing  out  with  much  success. — We  have 
received  from  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  the  third 
instalment  of  their  tasteful  edition  (which  is 
supervised  by  Mr.  Brimley  Johnson)  of  Miss 
Ferrier's  novels,  being  vol.  i.  of  The  Inherit- 
ance.— Alton  Locke  appears  in  the  "Pocket 
Edition "  of  Charles  Kingsley's  works  (Mae- 
millan),  which  has  apparently  hit  the  popular 
fancy,  as,  indeed,  it  deserved  to  do.  Messrs. 
Macmillan  also  send  us  a  very  neat  reprint  of 
Sir  J.  Seeley's  Natural  Religion,  which  belongs 
to  the  successful  "Eversley  Series." 

There  is  room,  we  imagine,  for  an  illustrated 
monthly  devoted  to  sport  such  as  The  Badminton 
Magazine,  which  Mr.  Watson  edits  and  Messrs. 
Longman  publish.  An  elaborate  disquisition  on 
grouse-shooting  in  Derbyshire,  by  Lord  Granby, 
begins  the  number.  There  is,  too,  a  story  by  Mz. 
Norris ;  also  a  fairly  interesting  paper  on  '  Sport 
in  the  Stour'  by  Lady  Malmesbury ;  one  by  Mr. 
Horace  Hutchinson  on  '  The  Championships  of 
Golf ' — a  sensible  article,  but  golf  is  over- written 
as  well  as  over-played  now  ;  and  a  description 
of  'Tarpon-Fishing  in  Florida,'  a  more  novel 
and  therefore  more  interesting  topic. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Langley  & 
Son  the  Budget  Letter  Card,  a  fairly  inge- 
nious device,  but  not,  we  fancy,  of  much 
utility,  as  nobody  chooses  a  letter-card  to  write 
on  at  length  ;  and  from  Mr.  Vickers,  of  Angel 
Court,  a  bottle  of  satisfactory  writing  ink. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Work  of  John 
Ruskin:  its  Influence  upon  Modern  Thought 
and  Life,  by  C.  Waldstein  (Methuen), —^rnoZci 
Toynbee,  by  A.  Milner  (Arnold), — Venice,  by  G. 
Feis,  translated  by  J.  A.  Swallow  (Asher), — 
Catalogue  of  Lantern  Slides  to  illustrate  Fyffe's 
History  of  Greece,  xoith  Notes  on  their  Use,  by 
the  Rev.  T.  Field  (Macmillan),—^  Latin 
Gramraar,  by  C.  E.  Bennett  (Boston,  U.S., 
Allyn  &  Bacon), — The  Lives  of  Cornelius  Nepos, 
edited,  with  Notes  and  an  Introduction,  by 
I.  Flagg  (Boston,  U.S.,  Leach  &  Co.),— Latin 
Grammnr  Papers,  by  F.  Ritchie  (Longmans),— 
Exercises  in  Sjiclling,  Dictation,  and  Compositio-n 
for  Junior  Form's,  by  F.  C.  Load  (Relfe 
Brothers), — Le  Malade  Imaginairc,  ComMie 
en  irois  Actes,  by  Moliere,  edited,  with 
Introduction  and  Notes,  by  G.  E.  Fasnacht 
(Macmillan),  — Anglo-Urdn  Medical  Handbook 
or  Hindustani  Guide,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  G. 
Small  (Thacker,  Spink  &  Co.),— vl  Primer  of 
Mayan  Hieroglyphics,  by  D.  G.  Brinton,  M.D. 
(Giiiu  &  Co.),— 77ie  Pygmies,  by  A.  de  Quatrc- 
fages,  translated  by  F.  Starr  (Macmillan),— 
Text-Book  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  for  Nurses, 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


161 


compiled  by  D.   C.  Kimber  (Macmillan), — The 
Cyanide  Process  for  the  Extraction  of  Gold,  by 
M.  Eissler  (Lock wood), — Varied  Occupations  in 
Weaving,    by    Louisa    Walker    (Macmillan), — 
Glossaries  to  S.  JR.  Crockett's '  The  Stickit  Minister, ' 
dx.,    compiled    by    Patrick    Dudgeon    (Fisher 
Unwin), — Mental  Development  in  the  Child  and 
the  Race,  by  J.  M.  Baldwin  (Macmillan), — Logic 
and  other  Nonsense,  by  J.  D.  McCrossan  (Fisher 
Unwin), — Labour   and    Luxury,    a    Reply    to 
*  Merrie  England,'  by  Nemo  (Scott), — Meteoro- 
logy,     by     T.     Russell     (Macmillan),  —  Voice, 
Speech,  and  Gesture,    by  H.   Campbell,    M.D., 
R.  F.     Brewer,    and    H.    Neville   (Deacon), — 
Calendar    of    the    University   of  North   Wales, 
1894-5  (Manchester,    Cornish), — The  Hiimours 
of  Glenbruar,     by    F.    Mackenzie    (Innes),  — 
Tlie  Silent  Room,  by  Mrs.  Harcourt-Roe  (Skef- 
fington),  —  T]ie    Money-lender    Unmasked,     by 
Farrow  (Roxburghe  Press), — Buyers  and  Sellers, 
by  Sengavent   (Stock), — A  Hero's  Armour,  by 
L.  Lane  (Simpkin), — The  Jewel  of  Ynys  Galon, 
by  O.   Rhoscomyl  (Longmans), — Straight  as   a 
Line,  by  A.  A.  Maclnnes  (Routledge), — A  Cen- 
tury of  German  Lyrics,   translated   by   K.    F. 
Kroeker    (Heinemann), — Briefless  Ballads    and 
Legal   Lyrics,    Second   Series,    by   J.    Williams 
(A.  &  C.  Black), — Poems  of  a  Pioneer,  by  J.  F, 
Ingram    (Pietermaritzburg,   Davis    &    Sons), — 
Quintets,  and  other  Verses,  by  W.   H.   Thome 
(Chicago,  100,  Washington  Street),— S^.  Kenti- 
gern,  by  J.   K.   Lamont   (Glasgow,    Hodge),— 
Ballads  of  Wales,  and  other  Poems,  by  W.  Evans 
(Roworth),— Poems,  by  T.  Barlow  {Cox},— The 
Wo7id's    Oum    Book ;    or,    the    Treasury    of  a 
Kempis,  by  P.  Fitzgerald  (Stock),— T/ic  History 
of  the  English  Church   Union,  1859-1894,  com- 
piled by  the  Rev.  G.  Bayfield  Roberts  (Church 
Printing  Union), — The  Unknown  Life  of  Christ, 
by    Nicolas    Notovitch,    translated     from    the 
French    by  Violet  Crispe    (Hutchinson), — The 
Lord's    Supper,    by  E.    W.    Haines   (Stock), — 
Nietzsche's  Werke:  Dcr  Fall  Wagner,  Vol.  VIII., 
by  F.  Nietzsche  (Leipzig,   Naumann), — Lohen- 
grinstudien,  by  F.   Panzer  {Nutt),—Cabotina(ie 
d'Amoiir,  by  M.  L'Heureux  (Paris,  Ollendorff), 
— Methodisches  Lchrbuch  dcr  Elementar-Mathe- 
matik,  by   Dr.  G.  Holzmiiller,    Part  I.   (Leip- 
zig, Teubner), — Emendationes    et  Explicationes 
Propertiana,  by  B.  Risberg   (Upsala,     Lunde- 
quist),  —  Unsere  Muttersprache,  ihr  Werden  und 
ihr   Wesen,  by  Prof.  Dr.  Weise  (Leipzig,  Teub- 
ner),—  Gedichte  von  William  Shakespeare,  by  A. 
von  Mauntz  (Williams   &    Norgate),— and   Le 
Prisme,  by  H.  de  Saussine  (Paris,  Ollendorff). 
Among  New   Editions    we   have    The  Law    of 
Wills,  by  C.   E.   Stewart  (Wilson),—^  Son  of 
the  Forge,   by  R.   Blatchford    (Innes),— and  A 
History  and  Description  ivith  Reminiscences  of 
the  Fox- Terrier,  by  R.  Lee  (Cox). 


LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Hunter's  (S.  J.)  Outlines  of  Dogmatic  Theology,  Vol.  2.  6/6 
Williams's  (P.  M.)  A  New  Thing,  Incidents  of  Missionary 
Life  io  China,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Gamlin'B  (II.)  Emma,  Lady  Hamilton,  an  Old  Story  Keloid 

Portraits,  4to.  63/  half  vellum. 
Gems  of  Art,  Vol.  2,  oblong,  7/6  net,  ol. 
Zieber's  (Bj  Heraldry  in  America,  illustrated,  4to.  42/  net,  cl. 

Mxtsic. 
PatteiBon's  (A.)  Eighty-three  Scottish  Songs,  Old  and  New 
Melodies,  folio,  3/  swd. 

Bibliography. 
Library,  The,  Vol.  6,  8vo.  14/6  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Valokenberg's  (R.)    History  of   Modern  Philosophy,  trans- 
lated by  A.  C.  Armstrong,  hvo.  16/  cl. 
History  and  Biography. 

^''S  y^\'/'M'  of  P"0'"  Park,  Bath,  Life  and  Times  of,  by 

K.  E.  M.  Peach.  4to.  7/6  net. 
Sec^t  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  translated 

Ifrom  the  French,  8vo.  10,6  net. 
St*ibuloff  (M.),  by  A.  H.  Beaman,  Six  Portraits,  3/6  cl. 

I  Philology. 

Delosthenes  against  Conon  and  Callicles,  edited  bv  F  D 

Bwift,  12mo.  2/  cl.  '  J  • 

J  Science. 

Buiiing's  (H.  A.)  The  Standard  English  and  Foreign  Calcu- 

^tor  of  Prices  based  on  the  Metric  System,  8vo.  7/6  net. 


Eccles's  (A.  S.)  The  Practice  of  Massage,  its  Physiological 
Effects,  &c.,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net. 

Girling's  (H.)  Light  from  Plant  Life,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Henslow's  (llev.  U.)  The  Origin  of  Plant  Structures,  ;'>/  cl. 

Hoper-Dixon's  (A.  L.)  The  Art  of  Breathing  as  applied  to 
Physical  Development,  ]6mo.  2,6  cl. 

Langley's  (E.  M.)  The  Harpur  Euclid,  Books  1-3,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 

Menscliutkin's  (N. )  Analytical    Chemistry,   translated  by 
J.  Locke,  8vo.  17/  net. 

General  Literature. 

Brassey's  (Lord)  Papers  and  Addresses,  Political  and  Miscel- 
laneous, 18til-1894,  8vo.  .5/  cl. 

Comedy  in  Spasms,  by  Iota,  2/  cl.     (Zeit-Geist  Library.) 

Dana's  (C.  A.)  The  Ait  of  Newspaper  Making,  2/6  bds. 

Gait's  (J.)  Works,  edited  by  D.  S.  Meldrum  :  Sir  Andrew 
Wylie  of  that  Ilk,  2  vols.  12mo.  6/  net. 

Haggard's  (H.  R.)  Joan  Haste,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Hardy's  (T.)  Two  on  a  Tower,  8vo.  6/  cl.     (Wessex  Novels.) 

Haycraffs  (M.  S.)  With  a  Gladsome  Mind,  12mo.  2/  cl. 

Wheelwright's  (B.  G.)  Antliony  Graeme,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Poznanski  (S.)  :  Mose  B.  Samuel  Hakkohen  Ibn  Chiquitilla, 

7m. 
Texte  und  Untersuchungen,  hrsg  von  O.  v.  Gebhardt  u.  A. 
Harnack,  Vol.  10,  Part  3,  and  Vol.  13,  Parts  2  and  3,  34m. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaology . 
Bigne  (A.  de  la)  :  Recueil  des  Blasons  de  Bretagne.  50fr. 
Durm  (J.) :     Der  Zustand     der  antiken  athenischen  Bau- 
werke,  3m. 

Music  and  the  Drama. 
Gervaert  (F.  A.):    La  M^Iopee  antique  dans  le  Chant  de 
I'^glise  latiue,  25fr. 

History  and  Biography . 
Carette   (E.) :    Les    Assemblees  provinciales    de    la    Gaule 

romaine,  6tr. 
Lap6tre(A.):  L'Europe  et  le  Saint-Siege  a  I'Epoque  caro- 
lingienne,  Part  1,  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Croiset   (A.   et    M.)  :    Histoire  de  la    Litterature   grecque, 

Vol.  4,  8fr. 
Josephi  Opera,  ed.  B.  Niese,  Vol.  7,  4m. 
Piehl     (K.)  :       Inscriptions      hieroglyphiques,     Serie      3, 

Planches  1,  25m. 
Schack  -  Schackenburg    (H.) :     Aegyptologische     Studien, 

Part  3,  5m. 
Singer  (S.) :  Apollonius  v.  Tyrus,  6m. 

Steinmeyer   (E.)  u.    Sievers   (E.)  :    Die   althochdeutschen 
Glossen,  Vol.  3,  28m. 

Science. 
Frick  (J.) :  Physikalische  Technik,  Vol.  2,  20m. 

General  Literature. 
Aicard  (J.)  :  L'fite  a  I'Ombre,  3tr.  50. 
Beksics  (G.)  :  La  Question  roumaine,  3fr.  60. 
Foinitski   (I.)    et   Bonet-Maury    (G.)  :    La   Transportation 

russe  et  anglaise,  5fr. 
Wychgram  (J.) :  Schiller,  9m.  60. 


MISS  ROSSETTI'S  WORKS. 
Will  you  allow  me  to  rectify  a  statement 
which  I  see  in  the  Athenaeum  of  July  27th  ?  The 
notice  that  I  am  "engaged  in  the  prejiaration 
of  a  new  and  collected  editioii  of  the  works  of 
my  sister  Christina  "  is  not  accurate.  It  may 
well  be  that  at  some  future  time  I  may  be  thus 
engaged,  but  I  am  not  so  at  present.  What  I 
am  now  preparing  is  a  volume  of  my  sister's 
poems  as  yet  unpublished.  Of  these  there  is  a 
large  number,  and  many  of  them  (I  think)  quite 
as  good  as  the  average  of  those  which  she  did 
publish.  The  poems  will  be  ranged  in  order  of 
date,  and  I  am  adding  some  notes.  Messrs. 
Macmillan  will  publish  the  volume,  probably  in 
the  forthcoming  autumn.  I  may  take  this  oppor- 
tunity of  saying  that  they  will  also  publish  a 
'  Birthday-Book  '  for  Christina  Rossetti,  com- 
piled by  my  eldest  daughter,  Olivia. 

W.  M.  Rossetti. 


NEW  MANUSCRIPTS   IN  THE   BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

From  the  Report  just  issued  by  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum  we  note  that  the  follow- 
ing additional  manuscripts  of  literary  and  his- 
torical interest  were  added    to  their  collection 
in  the  course  of  last  year  :    Transcripts  by  Sir 
Henry  Bedingfield  of  his  correspondence  with 
Queen  Mary  and  the  Privy  Council,  concerning 
the   custody    of  the   Lady  (afterwards   Queen) 
Elizabeth,    1554-1558 ;     political    and    private 
correspondence  of  Sir  Richard  Browne,  English 
resident  at  Paris,  1G41-1660,  chiefly  letters  to 
his  son-in-law  John  Evelyn,  his  daughter  Mary, 
Evelyn's  wife,  and  to  Sir  G.   Radcliffe  ;  letters 
of  Robert  Harley,   Secretary  of    State,   to  the 
Eng]i.sh  envoy  in  Sweden,   1704-1707  ;    letters 
of    W.    Pitt,    Lord    Nelson,    Sec,    1775-1799  ; 
fourteen   volumes   of   the   correspondence   and 
papers    of   Cardinal    Henry    Benedict   Stuart, 
styled  Duke  of  York,  including  letters  to  and 


from  his  brother  Charles  Edward  Stuart,  the 
Young  Pretender  ;  papers  of  Sir  Robert  Palk, 
Governor  of  Bombay,  including  letters  of 
Warren  Hastings,  1759-1789  ;  literary  and 
other  correspondence  of  Sir  Henry  Spelman, 
the  antiquary,  in  three  volumes,  1600-1641 ; 
'The  Bramine's  Journal,'  an  autograph  diary 
of  Laurence  Sterne,  April  13th  to  August,  1767, 
written  for  Mrs.  Eliza  Draper,  with  letters  of 
Sterne,  and  two  of  Thackeray  on  his  character  ; 
twenty-one  volumes  of  the  correspondence  of 
Macvey  Napier  with  some  of  the  most  eminent 
contributors  to  the  Edinbiirgh  Review  and  the 
'  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  '  when  edited  by  him.;, 
correspondence  of  Dr.  Samuel  Butler,  head 
master  of  Shrewsbury  School,  and  afterwards 
Bishop  of  Lichfield  ;  and  of  Dr.  Bliss,  Keeper 
of  the  Archives  of  Oxford  University.  These 
two  last-named  collections  fill  sixteen  volumes- 
each. 


IS   EGYPT  SO  VERY  OLD  ? 
From  the  lucidity  and   evident  sincerity  of 
Mr.  Fleay's  statement,  giving  the  result  of  hi& 
critical  examination  of   Manetho's  chronology, 
in  the  Athenaum  of  July  20th,   it  is  probable 
that  on  the  publication  of  his  volume  it  will  be 
found  that  the  conclusion  he  arrives  at  may  be 
fairly  deduced  from  the  text  of  his  author.    His 
suggested  date  for  the    commencement  of  the 
Egyptian    monarchy   certainly   inclines   to   the 
prevalent   opinion    of    those    now   engaged    in. 
Egyptian    studies.      On    the     subject    of    the 
chronology  it  cannot  be  questioned  that,  both 
here  and  on  the  Continent,  the  views  formerly 
current   are  undergoing  considerable  modifica- 
tion.    The  holiday  recreation  of  piling  up  the 
millenniums,  which  went  on  so  gaily  in  the  past, 
has  now  ceased.     Egyptologists  are  at  present 
engaged  in  the  more  prosaic  task  of  examining 
the  foundations  on  which  the  tottering  fabric 
of   successive  dynasties   has    been    raised.     Of 
these  foundations,  Manetho's  list  of  the  kings, 
from  its  forming  one  of  the  chief  corner  stones, 
has   naturally   been   the  subject   of    particular 
attention.     Especially  pertinent  are  the  ques- 
tions whether  the  versions  of  his  texts  which 
we  possess  faithfully  reflect  liis  compilation,  and 
further,  was  the  original  work  based  on  trust- 
worthy evidence  ?     If  Mr.  Fleay  can  give  satis- 
factory proof  that  both  these  queries  may  be 
answered  in  the  aflirmative,  he  will  have  gone 
far  towards  indicating  the  solution  of  one  of  the 
most    diflicult    and    complicated    problems    in 
history. 

That  Manetho's  history  was  indited  in  good 
faith  need  not  be  doubted.     The  fact  of  various 
stone    tables   of   the   kings    having    been   dis- 
covered in   modern   times   suggests   that    such 
records  were  not  uncommon    in  the  Egyptian 
temples.     It  is    even    more  probable  that    the 
temple  libraries  contained  similar  lists  written 
on  papyrus.     Fragments   of  one  of   these — or 
rather,  since  the  writing  is  on  the  reverse  side 
of  the  papyrus  roll,  portions  of  a  possible  rough 
copy    of    one  —  are    preserved    in    the    Turin 
papyrus.      It    is    only    fair    to    suppose    that 
Manetho,  writing,    as   it    is    stated,    by   order 
of    Ptolemy    PhUadelphus,    would    have    free 
access  to  the  temple  libraries  and  would  con- 
sult what  were  deemed    the  oldest  and    most 
authentic  texts.     But  the  important  point  is  to 
know  how   he   used  the  material   at   his   coii>- 
mand.     Did  he  accept  the   documents  without 
question,    or    did    he    sift    them    and    submit 
them  to  the  tests  of   scientific  criticism  ?     At 
present  it  must    be  confessed    that    it   is    im- 
possible to  be  other  than  sceptical  respecting 
the  value  of   history  written  by  an  Egyptian 
scribe  of    the  period  of   the  second   Ptolemy. 
Manetho  will  always  remain  an  interesting  name ; 
the  chances  of  his  being  accepted  as  an  authority 
on  Egyptian  history  appear  to  be  remote. 


162 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N« 


3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE  CELTIC  ELEMENT  IN  FRENCH  ROMANCE. 
270,  Strand,  July  30,  18P5. 
The  eleventh  chapter  ("The  Decay  of  Eng- 
lish Minstrelsy  ")  of  Mr.  Courthope's  '  History 
of  English  Poetry '  contains  statements  which 
appear  to  me  highly  questionable,  and  against 
■which  I  would  fain  protest  before,  on  Mr.  Court- 
hope's  deservedly  high  authority,  they  pass  into 
the  ordinary  text-books. 

Mr.  Courthope  is  discussing  the  origin  and 
growth  of  medifeval  romance.  After  an  amazing 
comparison  between  the  '  Chanson  de  Roland  ' 
or  (the  italics  are  mine)  the  '  Quatre  Fils 
d'Aymon '  and  'Beowulf,'  he  passes  to  the 
consideration  of  the  Celtic  element  in  French 
twelfth  century  romance.  We  are  told  that 
Marie  de  France  "was  the  first  to  imitate  the 
Breton  lay  in  the  Romance  tongue  " — a  state- 
ment incapable  of  direct  proof  or  disproof,  but 
highly  improbable — and  that  "it  is  impossible 
to  discover  how  much  of  the  matter  of  her  lays 
is  drawn  immediately  from  Celtic  sources." 
Where  is  the  impossibility  ]  We  have  definite 
statements  by  Marie  —  statements  borne  out 
by  the  names  of  the  personages  and  the 
locales  of  the  stories — that  she  got  many  of 
her  tales  from  current  Breton  tradition.  Oh, 
but,  says  Mr.  Courthope,  "her  poems  reflect 
the  state  of  contemporary  feudal  society," 
Of  course  they  do,  as  do  equally  the  Troy  and 
Alexander  poems  of  Benoit  de  St.  More  and 
Lambert  li  Tors.  The  very  fact  that  she  does 
reflect,  as  a  fashionable  story-teller  naturally 
would,  the  state  of  contemporary  society,  gives 
greater  value  to  the  numerous  survivals  of  a 
ruder,  more  archaic  civilization  which  are  to  be 
found  in  her  lays. 

Mr.  Courthojje  is  willing  to  allow  that  the 
Anglo-Norman  poets  found  in  existence  and 
employed  "legends  and  superstitions  common 
to  the  Celtic  race  and  handed  down  from  a 
remote  antiquity,"  also  that  the  "  many  magical 
transformations,  enchantments,  and  apparitions 
of  fairies  may  be  reasonably  ascribed  to  the 
fertility  of  Celtic  superstition  ";  but  "  to  assert 
that  the  Arthurian  legend,  in  its  existing  form, 
is,  at  least  in  outline,  a  relic  of  ancient  mytho- 
logy, is  to  advance  a  proposition  which  can 
hardly  be  sustained  by  argument."  As  if  the 
Celtic  origin  of  the  Arthurian  legend  were  de- 
pendent upon  its  being  a  relic  of  ancient  mytho- 
logy !  "  No  support  to  the  theory,"  continues 
Mr.  Courthope,  "is  furnished  by  the  Tales  of 
the  '  Mabinogion,'  of  which  no  MS.  exists  older 
than  the  fourteenth  century,  and  which  are 
more  likely  to  be  the  offspring  than  the  parents  of 
the  French  romances."  If  this  statement  applies 
to  the  'Mabinogion'  proper,  i.  e.,  to  the  tales 
of  Pwyll,  Bi'anwen,  Math,  and  Manawyddan,  it 
is  utterly  wrong,  as  they  are  certainly  older 
than  any  contact  of  Wales  with  French  literature, 
and  could  not  possibly  be  the  offspring  of  any 
French  romance  ;  if  the  term  '  Mabinogion  '  be 
used  loosely  of  all  the  tales  from  the  '  Red  Book 
of  Hergest '  tran.slated  by  Lady  Guest,  it  is 
again  wrong,  as  the  majority  of  them  are  purely 
Welsh  ;  if  it  is  used  of  the  three  tales  which, 
out  of  the  eleven  translated  by  Lady  Guest, 
have  affinities  with  poems  of  Chrestien  de  Troies, 
it  is  misleading,  as  it  prejudges  a  question 
still  sub  jvdice.  In  the  case  of  two  of  these  tales 
only  ('  Geraint  '=Chrestien's  '  Erec,'  and  '  Pere- 
dur  '=Chrestien's  '  Conte  du  Graal ')  has  there 
been  any  serious  attempt  to  determine  the 
relationship  of  these  Welsh  and  French  versions 
of  the  same  theme.  M.  Gaston  Paris  has  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  every  unprejudiced  student 
that  'Geraint'  represents  an  earlier,  ruder  stage 
of  the  story  than  does  'Erec';  Dr.  P.  Stein- 
bach,  Dr.  Paul  Hagen,  and  myself  have,  I 
think,  made  it  evident  that  '  Peredur '  cannot 
be  derived  from  Chrestien's  poem.  That  the 
tales  in  question  do  betray  French  influence  I 
not  only  admit,  l>ut  have  insisted  upon  ;  but  that 
is  an  entirely  different  thing  from  their  being 
the  offspring  of  French  romances.  Mr.  Court- 
hope  then  remarks  that  the  "Mabinogion  do  not 


in  the  least  resemble  what  remains  of  early 
Welsli  minstrelsy  "  (why  on  earth  should  they  ?), 
and  quotes  that  "very  high  authority"  Mr. 
Nash  to  the  effect  that  in  the  "older  preserved 
specimens  of  Welsh  poetry  there  is  a  total 
absence  of  anything  like  a  tale,  or  the  recital 
of  an  adventure."  Even  if  this  statement  were 
true  it  would  be  absolutely  irrelevant,  but  as  a 
matter  of  fact  there  are  in  the  extant  remains 
of  old  Welsh  poetry  (the  MS.  authority  for 
much  of  which,  by-the-by,  is  no  older  than  that 
of  the  prose  tales)  a  number  of  allusions  to  the 
'Mabinogion'  proper  and  to  the  Arthurian  legend 
which  show  that  both  cycles  of  romance  were 
familiar  to  the  poets  and  to  their  hearers. 

Mr.  Courthope,  minimizing  the  Celtic  element 
in  French  twelfth  century  romance,  must  needs 
turn  elsewhere  to  account  for  the  vast  differ- 
ence in  tone  and  spirit  between  the  literature 
of  that  and  of  the  preceding  century.  He 
turns  to  Byzantine  literature.  After  asserting 
that  it  is  "reasonable  to  suppose  that  Chrestien 
de  Troies  became  acquainted  with  Greek  novels 
while  attending  to  the  Crusades  Philip  of 
Flanders,  who  fell  at  Acre  in  1191 "  (there  being 
not  one  tittle  of  evidence  that  Chrestien  ever 
went  to  the  East),  Mr.  Courthope  proceeds  : 
"  The  study  of  them  [the  Greek  novels]  are  seen 
in  his  surviving  poems,  'Enid  and  Eric,' 
'  Ywain  and  Gawain  or  the  Chevalier  au  Lion,' 
the  '  Roman  de  Cliget,'  and  '  Guillaume  d'Angle- 
terre. '"  It  is  of  little  consequence  that  these 
titles  are  all  cited  incorrectly,  but  it  is  of 
moment  that  the  works  in  question  were  all 
written  years  before  Philip  of  Flanders  took 
the  cross  in  1188 — before  the  time,  that 
is,  when,  according  to  Mr.  Courthope, 
Chrestien  was  studying  Greek  novels  in 
the  Levant.  But,  indeed,  it  would  be  diflicult 
to  find  even  in  "  general  "  histories  of  literature 
a  string  of  statements  more  utterly  baseless 
than  that  which  I  have  just  cited.  It  is,  how- 
ever, easy  to  pick  out  its  fellows  from  Mr. 
Courthope's  pages.  Thus  we  learn,  "One  thing 
at  least  is  unquestionable  in  the  literary  com- 
position of  the  fully  developed  romances  of  the 
Round  Table  :  the  main  factor  is  the  invention 
of  the  Anglo-Norman  trouvere,  fresh,  vigorous, 
flexible,  and  accustomed  to  mould  at  will  the 
materials  with  which  it  deals."  Surely  Mr. 
Courthope  must  know  that  the  very  existence 
of  the  Anglo-Norman  trouveres  has  been  fiercely 
denied  by  Prof.  Forster  and  Zimmer — wrongly, 
I  hold  with  M.  Gaston  Paris.  But  it  is,  un- 
fortunately, true  that  very  little  of  the  Anglo- 
Norman  stage  of  the  Arthurian  romance  has 
come  down  to  us,  so  that  all  Mr.  Courthope's 
encomiums  upon  the  trouveres'  "invention  "  are 
based  upon  non-existent  works.  Nay,  if  we 
are  entitled  to  judge  from  the  works  of  Chrestien 
and  other  French  poets  of  the  period,  the  very 
last  quality  we  should  claim  for  their  hypo- 
thetical Anglo-Norman  rivals  would  be  that  of 
"  invention." 

Mr.  Courthope,  having  thus  traced  the  verse 
romances  to  the  imaginary  "  Levantings "  of 
Chrestien  and  to  the  more  than  problematic 
"invention"  of  Anglo-Norman  irourercs,  pro- 
ceeds: "  When  Chrestien  had  struck  out  his  new 
path,  his  example  was  speedily  followed,  and 
his  disciples  approached  still  closer  to  the  lines 
of  the  Greek  novel  by  composing  the  cycle  of 
romances  on  the  Round  Table  in  prose."  Mr. 
Courthope  is  apparently  unaware  that  there 
are  two  types  of  Arthurian  prose  romances  : 
one  possibly  as  early  in  origin  as  the  oldest 
verse  romances,  belonging  to  a  different 
stage  of  development  of  the  Arthurian  legend, 
and  differing  from  them  in  a  very  marked 
degree,  the  other  a  simple  outcome  of  the  late 
medi.'Tival  tendency  to  retell  in  prose  what  an 
earlier  age  had  told  in  verse.  So  that  when 
Mr.  Courthope  adds,  "  There  is  in  fact  no  more 
fundamental  dilference  between  the  two  types 
[verse  and  prose]  of  romance  than  we  should 
naturally  expect  to  find,"  Sic,  the  statement  is 
either  inaccurate    or   a   truism.      In  any  case 


the  supposition  that  the  later  prose  writers 
modified  Chrestien  by  approaching  "still  closer 
to  the  lines  of  the  Greek  novel  "  is  fantastic  in 
the  extreme. 

Mr.  Courthope  is,  I  fancy,  unaware  that 
the  opening  up  of  pre-eleventh  century  Irish 
romantic  literature  during  the  last  fifteen  years 
has  thrown  an  entirely  new  light  upon  all 
questions  connected  with  the  Arthurian  cycle. 
He  seems  also  to  be  unaware  that  M.  Loth's 
article  in  the  October  number  of  the  Bevue 
Celtique  for  1892  has  placed  the  question  of  the 
immediate  sources  of  the  French  Arthurian 
romances  upon  a  new  footing.  M.  Loth  has 
made  it  evident  that  the  French  romances  are 
derived  not  only  from  Breton  oral  tradition, 
but  also  from  'im-itten  texts,  which  in  their 
turn  must  have  been  composed  in  Wales  or 
based  upon  Welsh  written  models. 

It  is  hoped  that  Mr.  Courthope  will  find  an 
early  opportunity  of  withdrawing  pp.  439-444 
of  his  work  and  substituting  for  them  some- 
thing more  in  accord  with  the  results  of  recent 
research.  Alfred  Nutt. 


THE  DUCHESS   OF  YORK,   MRS.   SHERIDAN, 
AND   LORD   BRSKINE. 

Lord  Erskine  was  the  greatest  forensic 
orator  of  his  day.  He  wrote  some  verses  which, 
though  not  intended  for  publication,  deserve  it 
as  much  as  many  from  the  pens  of  his  contem- 
poraries. Before  printing  one  of  his  poems, 
we  may  state  that  the  manuscript  has  been  pre- 
served among  the  Sheridan  papers  at  Frampton 
Court  in  Dorsetshire.  The  Squire  of  Frampton 
and  son  of  Sheridan's  elder  son,  Tom,  prefixed 
the  following  preface  to  a  privately  printed 
catalogue  of  his  library  : — 

"  The  collection  of  books  described  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages  owes  its  origin  to  the  gracious  con- 
sideration and  kindness  of  the  late  Princess 
Charlotte  Ulrica  Catherine,  eldest  daughter  of 
Frederick  William,  King  of  Prussia,  who  married 
in  1791  the  second  son  of  George  III.,  Frederick 
Augustus,  Duke  of  York.  During  the  lifetioae  of 
this  virtuous  and  accomplished  Princess,  my  mother, 
Mrs.  Thomas  Sheridan,  was  honoured  by  the 
esteemed  friendship  and  regard  of  this  royal  lady. 
She  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  Oatlands,  and  had  the 
good  fortune  to  pass  a  good  deal  of  time  alone  in 
the  instructive  and  agreeable  society  of  H.R.H. 

"A  few  days  after  the  lamented  death  of  this 
gracious  Princess,  which  took  place  on  the 
6th  August,  1820,  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  York 
addressed  to  my  mother  the  flattering  and  valued 
letters  which  follow  this  brief  statement. 

"  The  ring  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the 
second  letter,  dated  16th  September,  1820,  is  of  plain 
gold,  formed  by  an  onyx  in  the  centre,  with  the 
flower  of  'forget-me-not  '  cut  in  bass  relief  on  the 
dark  portion  of  the  stone.  The  face  of  the  ring 
has  been  made  to  open,  and  beneath  the  carved 
flower  there  is  a  small  circular  piece  of  glass,  which 
covers  and  protects  a  plaited  lock  of  the  hair  of 
the  Duchess,  with  the  following  inscription  engraved 
within  the  under  circle  of  the  ring, — '  B.  1767, 
H.R.H.  The  Duchess  of  York.  Ob.  6th  August, 
1820.    ^t.  53.' 

"Amongst  the  collection  of  books  given  to  my 
mother  by  the  Duchess  may  be  found  copies  of 
well-bound  works,  presented  with  addresses  at  their 
commencement,  in  the  handwriting  of  such  dis- 
tinguished authors  as  Lord  Erskine,  Lord  Byron, 
Thomas  Moore,  Samuel  Rogers,  Hannah  More,  and 
many  others.  In  the  library  there  is  also  preserved, 
in  the  handwriting  of  the  author,  the  original  manu- 
scripts of  the  '  School  for  Scandal,'  and  portions  of 
'  The  Duenna,'  '  St.  Patrick's  Day,'  '  The  Critic  and 
Pizarro,'  with  presentation  copies  to  myself  by 
many  distinguished  writers.        R.  B.  Sheridan." 

The  following  two  letters  are  from  the  Duke 
of  York : — 

Stable  Yard,  August  10th,  1820. 
Dear  Madam,— I  cannot  delay  assuring  you  of 
my  gratitude  for  your  very  kind  and  friendly  letter, 
and  expressing  my  conviction  that  no  individual 
more  sincerely  sympathises  in  my  affliction  for  the 
loss  of  the  poor  Duchess  than  yourself,  to  whom  she 
had  ever  been  so  warmly  attached,  and  who  so  well 
merited  her  regard  and  affection.  It  may  be  a 
melancholy  satisfaction  to  you  to  be  informed  that 
she  had  particularly  mentioned  you  in  a  letter  vhich 
was  to  be  delivered  to  me  after  her  death,  and 
which  I  will  take  the  earliest  opportunity  of  com- 
municating to  you  whenever  the  last  gad  ceremony 


N°3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


163 


shall  have  been  closed.  Allow  me,  dear  Madam,  to 
add  that  with  her  personal  regard  for  you,  and  the 
anxious  desire  which  I  must  ever  feel  to  consult 
what  I  know  to  have  been  the  poor  Duchess's 
wishes,  I  shall  be  at  all  times  most  happj'  to  further, 
as  far  as  ma)'  be  in  m)'  power,  any  object  which 
you  may  have  at  heart.  Believe  me  to  be,  my 
dear  Madam,  your  very  obedient  servant, 

Fkederick. 

Stable  Yard,  September  16th,  1820. 

Dear  Madam, —  I  should  have  acknowledged 
sooner  the  receipt  of  your  last  very  obliging  letter, 
and  expressed  to  you  my  best  thanks  for  the  kind 
manner  in  which  you  are  so  good  as  to  express 
yourself  in  regard  to  the  apartment  at  Hampton 
Court  which  the  Marquess  of  Hertford  has  pro- 
mised me  for  you. 

If  I  had  not  been  in  daily  expectation  of  being 
able  to  beg  your  acceptance  at  tlie  same  time  of  the 
accompanying  ring,  containing  a  lock  of  the  poor 
Duchess's  hair,  but  which  1  have  only  just  re- 
ceived. 

Fully  persuaded  as  I  am  of  your  affectionate 
regard  for  her,  I  trust  you  will  wear  it  as  a 
memorial  of  the  steady  and  sincere  friendship 
which  she  bore  towards  you  to  the  last  moment 
of  her  existence.  The  books  which  the  poor 
Duchess  left  to  you  are  now  ready  for  delivery, 
and  I  must  beg  that  you  will  inform  me  where 
you  wish  that  I  should  direct  them  to  be  delivered 
to  you.  1  remain,  ever,  dear  Madam,  with  the 
greatest  regard,  your  very  obedient  servant, 

Frederick. 

The  manuscript  containing  the  verses  by  Lord 
Erskine  which  follow  was  probably  presented 
to  Sheridan  or  his  son  Tom.  The  title  is  '  The 
Table  at  Oatlands,  December  31st,  1812.'  An 
explanatory  letter  from  the  author  is  addressed 
to  the  Hon.  William  Spencer,  who  was  a  fashion- 
able poet  of  the  day,  and  whose  popularity  was 
rewarded  with  a  clever  imitation  of  his  style  by 
the  authors  of  '  The  Rejected  Addresses  ' : — 

Dear  Spencer, —  You  may  be  said  to  be  the 
Author  of  the  Doggrel  rhymes  which  I  send  you, 
tho  happily  for  yourself  not  the  Writer  of  them. 

You  may  remember  that  on  the  last  day  of  the 
last  year  which  we  spent  so  pleasantly  at  Oatlands, 
JTou  said  to  the  Dutchess  of  York  after  dinner, 
speaking  of  Theodore  Hook,  that  if  He  were 
present  He  could  introduce  all  of  us  impromptu  iu 
the  exact  order  in  which  we  sat  round  the  table, 
in  that  happy  manner  which  we  have  frequently 
witnessed. 

Vhen  I  went  up  to  bed,  I  sat  down,  and  hammer'd 
out  some  lines  of  that  kind  ;  not  at  all  indeed  like 
those  of  Theodore  Hook,  but  very  bad  opes  got 
together,  as  we  say  in  Scotland,  by  Hook  or  by 
Crook  —  As  you  was  the  cause  of  them  I  send 
them  to  you — I  intended  to  have  left  them  when 
I  vent  to  Town  on  the  morning  of  this  New 
Y'ear ;  but  they  were  written  so  quickly  &  so 
interlined,  as  not  to  be  sufficiently  legible— 1  fear 
they  are  not  legible  now  on  another  account.  E. 
2 Upper  Grosvenor  Street. 
Jany.  4tb,  1813. 

1 
Ihe  Fair  Princess  sat  First— Far  tbe  Highest  in  place, 
Jut  her  rank  in  Eclipse,  by  Good  Nature  &  Grace — 
Her  Manners,  no  Court  upon  Karth  could  bestow, 
To  the  best  of  all  Hearts,  their  perfection  they  owe  ; 
And  her  converse,  so  pleasant — so  keen — so  refin'd — 
}fo  reading  could  give, — its  bright  source  is  the  Mind — 
Mer  Elegant  form  gives  a  life  to  the  whole 
Coalition  compleat  of  the  body  and  Soul. 

2 
Next — Armstrong  was  seated — On  Armstrong  depend. 
For  Wit  as  companion, — For  truth  as  a  friend  ; 
As  a  Man  of  the  World  He  's  compleatly  at  ease, — 
No  effort  He  makes  to  amuse  or  to  please, 
Yet  is  sure  to  do  both,  with  his  manner  so  Quiet — 
SUding  in  better  things  than  many  who  try  it. 

3 
To  Armstrong  next,  sat  My  friend  William  Spencer,— 
Why  Spencer's  such  Poet's  are  I  would  fain  ken  Sir— 
I  hate  all  Monopolies— Never  was  seen 
Such  a  fuss  as  We  had  with  the  fani'd/airie  Queen ; 
Eer  England  had  numbers,  This  Hard  took  the  lead, 
And  wTole  like  an  Angel  when  few  men  could  read — 
Thus  centuries  pass'd,  and  now  wlien  Old  Time 
Has  exalted  our  lang\iage,  and  fashion'd  our  rhyme, 
y^'xlliam  Spencer  runs  in— Other  Poets  before, 
To  witch  us  as  Edmund  had  witch'd  us  of  yore; 
And  yet  not  content  witli  this  talent  divine, 
Whenever  He  speaks,  He  must  sparkle  &  shine — 
But  to  make  such  a  picture  as  friendship  would  draw, 
You  must  lend  me,  Dear  Spencer— your  Pen,  or  your  Jaw, 
Each  a  Capital  Prize  to  a  Man  of  tlie  Law. 

4 
Other  Poets  cried  Lewis,  who  sat  next  beside, 
Who  shoulders  us  thus,  may  all  Evils  betide ; 
But  Lewis  all  Earthly  approach  may  defy, — 
As  a  Canonized  Monk  He  may  mount  to  the  Sky- 
No— No— We  can't  spare  his  original  brain, 
which  has  led  us  so  often  in  fancy's  fair  train, 
The  Scenes  that  surround  us— So  dully  the  same, 
Who  shifts  with  his  genius,  well  merits  his  fame- 


Next  to  Lewis  there  sat— Would  you  wish  to  know  who  ? 

I  will  tell  you — My  Wortliy  Good  friend  Cangaroo — 

He  who  goes  by  a  Name,  by  Parents  not  given. 

Depend  on't  is  one  highly  favour'd  by  Heaven  ; 

Tlie  friend  whom  We  love  We  mould  at  our  pleasure, 

And  count  on  his  temper— The  first  of  all  treasure. 

Since  in  spight  of  the  Misantliropes  sullen  pretence 

Good  Nature  is  still  the  companion  of  sense — 

Thus  take  the  world  over  You  'I  find  very  few. 

Who  have  more  of  sound  brains  than  this  same  Cangaroo — 

And  as  for  his  person,  his  breeding,  &  taste. 

They  speak  for  themselves— So  I  pass  on  in  Haste — 

6 
By  this  Colonel,  sat  one  in  Gay  circles  well  known 
Yet  who  sees  him  in  rounds  ot  amusement  alone, 
Know  little  about  him— They  see  him  at  ease, 
A  High  Man  of  fashion  witli  talents  to  please ; 
But  believe  me  in  London  to  rise  to  the  top 
Like  Brummell,  since  Loudon  discarded  the  fop, 
You  must  know  all  that 's  known  to  tbe  Highest  in  place. 
And  possess  the  rare  gift  to  give  knowledge  a  Grace- 
But  why  should  the  Muse  his  acquirements  to  shew. 
Fly  to  commonplace  truths  which  the  Vulgar  well  know. 
Since  the  brighter  that  Em'rald*  the  Dutchess  now  wears. 
The  Higher  we  see  is  tlie  polish  it  bears. 

7 
Oh  What  shall  I  write — Next  him  sat  Lady  Ann — 
How  shall  I  describe  her — Describe  her  Who  can — 
When  I  look  on  her  face,  every  thought 's  at  an  end, 
And  my  Numbers  must  flow,  as  their  chances  may  send — 
Her  Eye  full  of  tire  passes  thro  to  the  Heart, 
As  Wellington  sees  thro  his  ranks  at  a  Dart — 
But  a  truce  is  soon  put  to  this  turbulent  pother 
By  the  Chain  sliot  of  Wife  tied  togetlier  with  Mother  — 
Eacli  beauty  bred  wisli  she  's  for  ever  annulling, 
All  lost  in  her  Ladies,  &  Frederick,  and  Culling. — 

9t 
Well — I  thought  myself  safe,  &  that  Nought  could  annoy 
One  pass'd  thro  this  furnace,— but  Madam  Fitzroy — 
A  plague  on  such  King  craft,  renew'd  the  temptation. 
With  beauty  new  hatcli'd  in  the  fifth  generation  ; 
Ah  Stewarts — I  feel  in  the  depth  of  my  soul, 
The  madness  which  led  ye  from  legal  controul 
Tho  Child  of  your  blood,  I  renounce  your  command, 
The  people's  Free  Brunswicks  shall  reign  in  this  Land, 
Yet  still  like  a  Traitor— My  Fair  Caroline, 
Y'our  Subject  I  live  as  i'our  right  is  Divine. 

8 
Halt  blundering  Muse— To  the  right  about  face — 
You  have  pass'd  over  Barclay — Go  back  to  his  place  — 
You  sure  must  have  seen  him— So  Handsome — So  tall — 
A  Straighter  has  never  sprung  up  since  the  fall  ; 
Better  fashion'd  without — nor  free'r  within. 
From  Malignant  ill  Nature's  original  Sin  ; 
Him,  fam'd  in  our  Armies  One  Day  We  sliall  see 
Tho  A  Barclaij—A  Quaker  He  never  will  be. 

10 
What  Sounds  melt  in  air — Sure  I  'm  raisd  to  the  Skies. 
What  harmony  swells  on  the  senses  and  dies — 
Then  rises  again  and  pulls  at  the  Heart, 
With  strong  chords  of  Nature,  made  stronger  by  Art ; 
Can  this  be  a  dream— No  La  Canea  appears, 
The  music  I  thought  must  be  fiis,— Or  the  Spheres — 

11 
What  Again — Have  tlie  Faries  encircled  me  round. 
And  carried  me  off  to  their  Spell  bedew'd  ground — 
Do  I  hear  Catalan!,  or  is  it  the  Thrush 
In  spight.  of  the  Winter  that  sings  from  his  bush^ 
No— Those  beautiful  Sounds— So  Novel— So  True  — 
Discover  their  Author — Yes  Mercer — Tis  You  — 
Yet  think  not  their  Notes  which  j'et  dwell  on  the  Ear 
Are  all  we  enjoy  when  their  Sources  are  here 
No — They  lieighten  tlieir  value  in  these  Social  Hours, 
By  taking  their  parts  in  the  Minds  higher  powers. 

12 
Miss  Muse  You  seem  tir'd,  but  remuster  Your  Pith — 
For  next  sat  a  Man  of  my  heart — Culling  Smith 
His  friendship  I  've  tried,  &  for  ever  have  found 
His  Soul  as  sincere,  as  liis  judgment  is  sound — 
To  look  at  him  Now — So  sprightly— So  Gay — 
As  Airy,  &  light,  as  the  bird  on  the  Spray 
You  would  think  him  but  made  for  the  joys  of  tlie  Table, 
And  that  All  We  have  heard  of  Grai-e  parts  was  a  Fable — 
But  Let  Downing  Street  tell,  which  has  seen  him  so  late, 
Alas  snatchd  away  by  a  too  fickle  fate, 
How  He  shewd  himself  formd  for  the  business  of  State. 
Quick— Active — Intelligent — Full  of  resource — 
In  Manner  all  mildness.  In  Matter  All  force. I 

13 
Tom  Erskine  sat  last— Sailor— Soldier— &  Lawyer— 
A  Cross  bej'ond  doubt  'tween  the  Devil  &  Old  Sawyer  ;^ 
He  tried  all  the  tricks  of  the  Old  Common  Law, 
Till  to  Chancery  sent,  which  can  cure  ev'ry  flaw  ; 
So  Merily— Merily  let  him  live  now — 
With  the  Planters  of  Trees,  &  the  Holders  of  Plough.— 


ELEPHANT:  ALABASTEK. 
I  AM  sorry  I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  C.   A. 
Ward  either  as  to  the  value  of  Bochart  as  an 
authority  on  Indian  lexicography,  or  with  regard 


*  The  Dutcliess  wore  a  very  fine  Emerald  Necklace,  a 
present  from  the  Duke  of  York. 

t  Colonel  Barclay  sat  next  Lady  Ann,  but  in  the  hurry  of 
rhyming  I  went  on  by  mistake  to  Miss  Fitzroy,  but  to  pre- 
serve the  order  of  the  tat)le  I  have  marked  her  9  &  now 
in  the  next  page  go  back  again  to  Barclay  marked  8  accord- 
ing to  his  place. 

J  Suavifer  in  modo — fortiter  in  re. 

\  Sir  Kobert  Sawyer  was  Attorney  General,  when  the 
attack  was  made  on  tlie  Charter  of  tbe  City  of  London,  & 
there  were  Ballads  sung  about  him,  at  the  time,  comparing 
him  with  the  Devil. 


to  the  connexion  of  phil  and  aleph.  If  these 
two  words  are  written  in  Arabic  characters,  jj 
and  ,_!)'',  I  think  Mr.  Ward  will  be  convinced 
of  the  inadmissibility  of  his  hypothesis.  The 
initial  I  of  ^\  is  a  radical  consonant,  and 
cannot  be  added  to  such  a  word  as  jj  by  any 
figure  known  to  the  grammarians.  As  the  late 
Rev.  G.  P.  Badger  once  said  to  me,  Arabic  is 
as  much  an  exact  science  as  mathematics,  and 
it  cannot  be  made  the  plaything  of  metathesis. 
Fil-khdna  is  just  as  much  or  as  little  an  Indian 
word  as  marddna  or  zoutna,  dacioi-i-'dm  or 
dlinin-i-khus.  Every  part  of  a  raja's  palace,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  the  temples  and  their  adjuncts, 
bears  a  Persian  name,  and  though  these  words 
have  now  become  naturalized  in  Hindustan,  it  is 
scarcely  accurate  to  call  them  Indian.  I  admit 
that  mnrjil  is  a  curious  word,  the  origin  of 
which  cannot  be  easily  traced,  and  it  is  still  to 
be  found  in  some  French  dictionaries  with  the 
meaning  of  ivory.  I  do  not,  however,  think  it 
will  be  found  in  any  Hindustani  dictionary  with 
that  signification.  W.  F.  Prideaux. 


COINCIDENCES  OF  PUBLISHING. 

11,  Paternoster  Buildings,  Aug.  1,  189.5. 
In  your  columns  there  recently  appeared  a 
correspondence  under  the  headline  of  '  Hard- 
ships of  Publishing.'  Lately  I  have  had  to  meet 
what  may  be  called  "coincidences  in  publish- 
ing." During  the  last  year,  on  three  occasions 
I  have  found  authors  and  their  publishers 
issuing  books  with  titles  that  I  had  already 
used,  and,  indeed,  recently  I  have  found  myself 
doing  the  same  thing,  and  now  another  pub- 
lisher has  taken  the  same  title  which  I  uncon- 
sciously borrowed.  So  here  is  an  illustration 
of  a  title  being  used  three  times,  and  yet  it  was 
by  no  means  a  commonplace  or  ordinary  one. 

For  another  illustration  of  the  subject  I  may 
refer  to  my  recent  publication  of  an  authorized 
edition  of  the  biography  of  Sonia  Kovalevsky, 
and  shortly  after  its  issue  another  translation  of 
the  same  work  apjieared.  I  notice  a  reviewer 
in  the  World  refers  to  this  as  a  puzzling  simul- 
taneous publication.  But  surely  there  is  no 
puzzle  ;  the  subject  was  in  the  air,  and  the  con- 
tinental press,  and,  indeed,  also  some  British 
periodicals,  had  already  discussed  this  remark- 
able woman.  As  a  warning  to  translators,  I 
may  advise  them  I  know  of  four  translations  of 
this  work  still  in  MS. 

Now  for  a  third  and,  to  me,  the  most  interest- 
ing coincidence.     I  note  in  your  columns  last 
week    an   announcement,    by  my  confrere  Mr. 
Heinemann,   of  a  series  of  histories  of  litera- 
tures.     Rather   more   than   a   month    ago    an 
announcement  appeared  in  several  newsjiapers 
of  a  similar  series  which  I  had  in  preparation  ; 
and  such  is  the  case.     It  is  an  old  notion  of 
mine,  and  the  preparation  is  well  forward,  and 
at  an  early  date  I  shall  announce  the  publica- 
tion of  the  first  volumes.     I  can  only  add  what 
I   wrote   to   my  friend    Mr.    Heinemann,    that 
"perhaps  we  should  find  different  markets  and 
different  publics  in  the  interests  of  good  litera- 
ture."    These  coincidences  are  curious  ;  at  the 
same  time  they  should  be  classed  amongst  the 
hardships  of  publishing,  and  surely  the  question 
arises,  Can  they  not  be  prevented  '!     In  a  letter 
to  the  Times,  recently,  I  urged  that  the  British 
Museum  should  make  some  return  for  its  free 
copies  of  our  books  by  keeping  a  regi-ster,  which 
should  be  accessible  to  authors  and  publishers. 
This  might  be  one  means  of  avoiding  duplica- 
tion  of  titles.     For  all  the  three  points  wliich 
are  raised  in  this  letter  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  an  association  of  publishers  might  be  the 
best  solution.     Some  meeting-place,  exchange, 
or  club  would  perhaps  help  us  to  avoid  unneces- 
sary competition.  The  authors  have  their  society, 
and  perhaps  publi.shers  might  take  a  leaf  out  of 
their  book  ;  only  in  our  case  it  should  not  take 
the  form  of  a  trades  union.     Rather  would  I 
suggest  that  a  social  club,  on  the  lines  of  the 


164 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N**  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


Aldine  or  Grolier  of  New  York,  would  be  the 
best  and  most  satisfactory  method  of  providing 
a.  common  meeting-place. 

T.  Fisher  Unwin. 


Uitfrarg  ©ossfp. 

It  may  interest  some  of  our  readers  to 
inow  that  '  The  Story  of  Bessie  Costrell ' 
is  founded  on  an  incident  that  actually 
occurred.  It  is  rumoured  that  Mrs.  Ward 
has  nearly  finished  another  work  of  fiction 
that  may  appear  before  many  months  are 
over. 

Mr.  Nijimo  has  arranged  to  publish  a 
new  edition  of  Lockhart's  '  Life  of  Scott,' 
uniform  in  stjde  with  the  Border  edition 
of  the  novels  recently  completed.  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang  will  revise  and  edit  the  work, 
besides  giving  a  biography  of  Lockhart,  in 
which  he  hopes  to  incorporate  much  new 
and  interesting  information  regarding  the 
character  and  literary  work  of  Sir  Walter's 
son-in-law  and  biographer. 

Mr.  Heinemann  has  in  preparation  a 
library  edition  of  the  works  of  Lord  Bryon, 
which  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Henley. 
He  promises  that  it  shall  be  printed  and 
"got  up"  with  the  greatest  care  and  luxury. 

The  Eoyal  Commission  on  Secondary 
Education,  which  was  appointed  early  in 
March,  1894,  has  been  affected  in  various 
senses  by  the  political  crisis.  Two  of  its 
members,  Mr.  Bryce  and  Sir  John  Hibbert, 
held  office  in  the  Government  which  brought 
it  into  existence,  but  which  no  longer  exists. 
Sir  John  Hibbert  and  Sir  Henry  Eoscoe 
have  ceased  to  be  members  of  Parliament, 
though  another  Commissioner,  Mr.  Yoxall, 
has  found  a  seat  in  the  new  House.  The 
new  Administration  is  not  directly  repre- 
sented on  the  Commission ;  but  Prof.  Jebb 
and  Mr.  Hobhouse  belong  to  the  actual 
parliamentary  majority. 

The  occurrence  of  the  general  election 
has  caused  an  unfortunate  delay  in  the  con- 
sideration of  the  Commissioners'  report. 
It  had  been  hoped  that  the  report  would  be 
ready  by  the  end  of  July ;  but  the  political 
distractions  of  seven  out  of  the  seventeen 
members  practically  brought  the  discussion 
(except  for  purposes  of  revision)  to  a  stand- 
still. We  understand  that  an  effort  is  to  be 
made  to  complete  the  report  before  the  close 
of  the  brief  session  which  begins  on  Monday 
week.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  five  or  six 
months  will  elapse  before  Parliament  can 
order  the  printing  of  the  rejiort,  recom- 
mendations, and  evidence. 

The  illustration  of  the  windows  in  St. 
Paul's  School  is  proceeding  rapidly.  The 
lights  in  the  lower  corridor  are  appropriated 
to  the  arms  of  successive  High  Masters,  and 
seven  of  these  are  now  filled  in.  Lily's  light 
is  inscribed  "  Grammaticorum  Flori  Pietas 
Paulina."  The  other  High  Masters  in  suc- 
cession are  William  Malym,  Alexander  Gill, 
Thomas  Gale,  John  Postlethwayte,  Philip 
Ayscough,  and  George  Thicknosse,  the  last 
being  commemorated  in  the  words  of  his 
pupil  Sir  Philip  Francis — "  Sapientissimo, 
doctissimo,  quietissimo,  optimo." 

It  is  proposed  further  to  decorate  the 
Great  Hall  of  St.  Paul's  School  with  figures 
in  mosaic  of  iJean  Colot,  Lily,  Erasmus, 
and  others.  Some  years  ago  a  fund  was 
started  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  memorial 


to  Colet  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  The  sum 
received  being  inadequate  for  a  worthy 
monument  in  the  cathedral,  the  subscribers 
are  invited  to  sanction  its  application  to  the 
raising  of  a  memorial  in  the  present  school 
buildings. 

A  MARBLE  tablet  with  suitable  inscription 
has  been  put  on  the  side  of  the  Villa  Bagne- 
rello,  in  Via  San  Nazzaro,  Albaro,  Dickens's 
"  Pink  Jail,"  to  commemorate  the  residence 
there  of  the  great  humourist  fifty  years  ago. 

Mr.  Percy  Eussell  writes  : — 
"  In  reference  to  the  review  of  *  Fate's  Grim 
Sport '  at  p.  94  of  your  issue  for  July  20th,  I  would 
draw  your  attention  to  the  passage  :  '  It  is  not 
clear  in  the  end  whether  he  [the  hero]  is  aware 
that  the  lady's-maid  has  helped  to  maintain  him 
upon  the  profit  of  her  lace  work,  and  that  upon 
her  accession  to  wealth  and  social  position  in 
the  colony  she  has  endowed  him  with  sufficient 
means  to  marry  her  friend  and  rival.'  If  your 
reviewer  will  turn  to  pp.  256-7,  he  will  find 
that  this  point  is  as  clearly  explained  as  the 
English  language  permits.  There  the  dying 
heroine  says  that  the  legacy  was  a  gift  from 
Ardara.  I  am  obliged  by  the  commenda- 
tion of  the  '  Sheep  King '  ;  but,  considering 
that  from  him  comes  all  the  money  which 
enables  Ardara  to  endow  the  hero  with  the 
means  to  marry  her  friend  and  rival,  I  quite 
fail  to  perceive  how  such  a  character  can  fail 
to  be  indispensable  to  the  story,  such  as  it  is. 
But  your  reviewer  insists  that  he  is  superfluous, 
and  so  knows  better  than  at  least  one  of  the 
writers.  I  thank  you  much  for  a  generally 
fair  and  generous  criticism  ;  but  your  reviewer 
complains  of  the  characters  being  mostly  '  un- 
pleasant.' Pleasant  people  think  and  do  pleasant 
things,  and  I  fear  that  the  genius  that  can  render 
them,  2)er  se,  very  interesting  has  yet  to  be  born." 

We  regret  greatly  to  hear  of  the  decease 
of  the  distinguished  Orientalist  M.  Joseph 
Derenbourg.  He  was  born  in  1 8 11  at  Mayence, 
then  the  princip9,l  town  of  the  Department 
of  the  Mont-Tonnerre.  He  took  his  degree 
at  Giessen,  and  proceeding  to  Paris  in  1839, 
he  became  in  1852  a  corrector  of  the  press 
at  the  Imprimerie  Nationale.  Of  M.  Deren- 
bourg's  numerous  contributions  to  Oriental 
philology  it  is  almost  needless  to  speak — of 
his  editions  of  the  fables  of  Lokman,  and 
two  Hebrew  versions  of  the  story  of  Dimnah 
and  Kalilah,  of  his  'Essai  sur  I'Histoire  et 
la  Geographie  de  la  Palestine,'  of  his  in- 
numerable contributions  to  learned  period- 
icals, or  the  part  he  took  in  the  '  Corpus 
Inscriptionum  Semiticarum.'  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions 
in  1871,  and  in  1877  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Eabbinical  Hebrew  in  the  Ecole 
des  Hautes  Etudes. 

An  active  agitation  is  carried  on  at 
Vienna  in  favour  of  the  higher  education  of 
women.  Thus  the  "  Verein  zur  Abhaltung 
akademischer  Vortrage  fiir  Damen"  (why 
not  "  Frauen"  in  the  good  old  sense  ?)  has 
just  sent  out  a  syllabus  for  1895-9G  embrac- 
ing the  whole  range  of  science  and  learning, 
the  literary  study  of  modern  languages  in- 
clusive. Most  of  the  lecturers  are  young 
Univcrsituts  -  Docenten,  but  a  well  -  known 
painter  will  read  on  the  history  of  art, 
and  two  actors  from  the  Hoftheater  will 
give  instruction  in  elocution  and  recita- 
tion. We  also  hear  that  the  German  Uni- 
versity of  Prague  has  granted  to  women  the 
permission  to  attend  the  lectures  as  ausser- 
ordentUche  Zuhorcr,  which,  of  course,  does  not 
give  them  any  academic  status. 


The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Canada,  Correspondence  relating  to 
the  Law  of  Copyright  {Is.  Id.);  Eeports 
from  University  Colleges  participating  in 
the  Grant  of  15,000^.  (Is.  Id.);  and  the 
Directory  and  Eules  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  for  1895  {Qd.). 


SCIENCE 


ZOOLOGICAL  literature. 

Summer  Studies  of  Birds  and  Books.  By  W. 
Warde  Fowler.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— In  this 
delightful  little  volume  the  "Oxford  Tutor," 
whose  name  will  always  be  associated  with  '  A 
Year  with  the  Birds,'  has  given  us  a  collection 
of  essays,  addresses  to  public  schools,  and  articles 
written  during  various  long  vacations.  Brought 
together  under  one  cover,  these  make  up  exactly 
the  companionable  volume  suitable  for  a  holiday 
in  the  country  or  on  the  Continent  ;  for  it  is 
almost  needless  to  say  that,  while  writing  chiefly 
about  his  own  country,  Mr.  Fowler  returns  with 
renewed  zest  to  the  Engstlen  Alp,  with  which 
his  name  will  always  be  associated  in  ornitho- 
logical circles.  Description  is  his  forte,  yet  he 
never  appears  to  make  an  effort  ;  he  has  some- 
thing to  say,  and  he  says  it ;  some  peculiarities 
in  a  bird's  song  or  its  habits  strike  him,  and  he 
puts  the  facts  down  clearly,  and  then  he  is  away 
to  other  topics.  He  might  say  with  the  author 
of  '  In  Memoriam  '  : — 

I  do  but  sing  because  I  must, 
And  pipe  but  as  the  linnets  sing, 

while  his  touch  is  of  the  lightest.  He  goes  to 
Marlborough  College,  and  he  delivers  a  lecture 
on  the  birds  mentioned  by  Aristotle,  in  which 
the  learning  of  the  scholar  is  so  admirably 
blended  with  the  knowledge  of  the  practical 
naturalist  that  we  hardly  know  which  to  admire 
more.  He  shows  that  the  Stagyrite  was  a  more 
accurate  observer  than  is  generally  supposed, 
and  that  if  the  great  Greek  gave  an  erroneous 
description  of  the  kingfisher,  it  was  because  he 
had  never  had  one  in  his  hand,  nor  could  he  in 
the  days  of  slings  and  bows  and  arrows ;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  Aristotle  was  far  above  the 
vulgar  belief,  held  even  to  the  present  day,  that 
cuckoos  turn  into  hawks.  Very  subtle  is  Mr. 
Fowler's  argument  that  because  Aristotle  does 
not  mention  the  white-rumped  house-martin, 
that  bird  had  not  then  begun  to  make  its  nest 
against  the  walls  of  dwellings,  and  still  placed  its 
mud  dwelling  against  the  sides  of  rocks ;  whereas 
by  Pliny's  time,  four  centuries  later,  it  nested, 
though  rarely,  on  the  more  important  edifices 
which  had  taken  the  place  of  the  former  humble 
dwellings  of  wood,  mud,  and  wattle.  Then  we 
have  little  traits  of  country  life,  and  reminis- 
cences of  quaint  old  characters,  such  as  the 
Oxfordshire  gamekeeper,  whose  recollection  of 
the  time  of  Waterloo  amounted  to  this  :  "  'Twas 
old  Blucher  as  done  all  the  vightin'  ;  why,  Wel- 
lin'ton  was  a-dancin'  away  at  a  ball  till  old 
Blucher  came  up."  Very  delicate,  too,  and 
always  "with  the  glove,"  are  the  life  -  long 
observer's  allusions  to  the  popular  naturalist 
who  is  now  engaged  in  teaching  us  about  the 
life-history  of  our  own  familiar  birds.  As  a  rule, 
we  are  not  partial  to  collections  of  articles  which 
have  already  seen  the  light ;  but  if  they  were  all 
like  the  present  booklet  we  should  not  have  a 
word  to  say  against  them. 

Horses,  Asses,  Zebras,  Mules,  and  Mule  Breed- 
ing. (H.  Cox.) — Messrs.  W.  B.  Tegetmeier  and 
C.  L.  Sutherland  seem  to  have  some  anxiety 
about  the  reception  of  an  addition  to  the  more 
than  five  thousand  works  that  have  already 
ajipeared  on  the  horse  and  its  uses.  They 
offer,  however,  a  good  reason  in  the  recent  dis- 
coveries of  Prejevalski's  horse  and  Gravy's 
zebra,  in  the  fact  that  species  hitherto  untamed 
have  been  made  serviceable  to  man,  and  that  new 
hybrids  have  been  reared  which  promise  to  be 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


165 


of  much  use.  We  may  add,  for  our  part,  that 
the  way  in  which  their  work  has  been  done  is 
another  good  excuse  for  adding  to  the  already 
long  hst  of  books  on  the  subject  of  which 
they  treat.  One  practical  object  the  writers 
have  chiefly  set  before  themselves,  and  that  is 
the  demonstration  of  the  great  value  of  the 
mule  as  a  beast  of  draught  and  burden  ;  cer- 
tainly it  is  difficult  to  say  why  in  England  the 
mule  is  despised,  while  in  many  countries  it  is 
most  usefully  employed. 

The  Ro]ial  Natural  History.  Vol.  III.  (VVarne 
&  Co.)— The  editor,  Mr.  Lydekker,  now  com- 
pletes the  account  of  the  mammalia,  and  com- 
mences, with  the  assistance  of  the  Rev.  H.  A. 
Macpheison  and  Dr.  R.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  the 
description  of  the  birds.  The  letterpress  appears 
to  be  up  to  the  standard  of  the  two  preceding 
volumes,  and  many  of  the  figures  of  the  external 
surfaces  of  the  creatures  are  good.  The  wood- 
cuts which  represent  skeletons  are,  on  the  other 
hand,  exceedingly  bad,  and  some,  like  that  of  the 
jerboa,  are  positively  comic.  While  we  have 
time  let  us  repeat  our  warning  to  the  editor  to 
see  that  ample  space  is  reserved  for  the  lower 
forms  of  animal  life  :  these  must  not  be  merely 
sketched,  as  they  too  often  are. 

A  Handbook  to  the  British  Mammalia.  By 
R.  Lydekker.  (Allen  &  Co.) — It  is  sincerely 
to  be  hoped  that  the  editor  and  publishers  of 
"Allen's  Naturalist's  Library  "  are  not  going  to 
print  volumes  on  subjects  on  which  they  are  not 
wanted.  If  the  study  of  British  mammals  has 
not  advanced  since  the  late  Prof.  Bell,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  late  Mr.  Alston  and  of  Mr. 
R.  F.  Tomes,  published  the  second  edition  of 
his  well-known  work,  and  since  Mr.  Harting 
wrote  on  extinct  British  mammals,  there  was 
no  need  to  publish  the  present  work  ;  and  if 
that  knowledge  has  increased,  there  is  not  the 
evidence  of  it  in  the  work  before  us  that  the 
vStudent  is  entitled  to  look  for.  The  best  part 
of  the  book  appears  to  be  the  notes  of  Messrs. 
Trevor-Battye  and  De  Winton,  but  the  substance 
of  them  should  have  been  incorporated  into  the 
text,  whereas  they  lie,  inemhra  disjecta,  in  foot- 
notes for  the  most  part.  Of  the  plates  it  need 
only  be  said  that  they  seem  to  be  inferior  to 
the  text. 

A  Handbook  to  the  Carnivora. — Part  I.  Cats, 
Civets,  and  Mungooses.  By  R.  Lydekker. 
(Allen  &  Co.)  —  As  volume  after  volume  of 
the  reissue  of  "  Jardine's  Naturalist's  Library  " 
reappears  under  the  name  of  its  present  pub- 
lishers, we  become  more  and  more  curious  on 
two  points — whence  comes  the  public  that  buys 
these  descriptive  works,  much  of  which  is  exceed- 
ingly hard  reading,  but  which  cannot  rightly  be 
said  to  be  either  original  or  authoritative  ;  and, 
secondly,  what  is  the  form  of  blindness  that 
allows  author,  editor,  and  publishers  to  repro- 
duce plates  which  can  never  have  been  respect- 
able works  of  art  ?  Mr.  Lydekker's  style  and 
manner  of  preparing  works  of  this  class  are  now^ 
well  known,  and  the  volume  before  us  cannot 
be  said  to  be  either  above  or  below  the  level  of 
workmanship  which  he  has  set  himself  to 
observe. 

United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries: 
Beport  of  the  Commissioner  for  188S  (J\dy  1st, 
1888,  to  June  30th,  1889).  (Washington.)  — 
We  have  so  often  called  attention  to  these  valu- 
able and  interesting  annual  reports  that  we  felt 
considerable  chagrin  at  finding  how  little  they 
were  known  to  members  of  the  Select  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons  on  Sea 
Fisheries,  which  has  lately  been  sitting.  They 
and  others  may  learn  sijmething  of  the  opera- 
tions of  this  Commission  when  they  are  told  that 
in  the  year  under  notice  more  than  twenty-eight 
millions  of  fry  and  eleven  millions  of  shad-eggs 
were  distributed  from  the  Central  Station  at 
Washington.  During  the  same  year  the  de- 
velopment of  the  ocean  fishing  grounds  along 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  was  taken 
up  for  the  first  time,  and  we  are  glad  to  learn 


that  results  of  importance  were  obtained.  Great 
attention  is  being  paid  to  the  oyster  fisheries, 
and  the  investigations  of  the  Albatross  have 
"furnished  the  clearest  insight  into  the  physical 
characteristics  of  the  waters  off  the  Atlantic 
coast."  It  may  be  argued  that  the  United  States 
Government  spend  too  much  money  on  their 
Fish  Commission  ;  it  cannot  for  a  moment  be 
said  that  the  British  Government  spend  half 
enough  in  investigating  the  problems  connected 
with  our  sea  fisheries. 

The  twelfth  volume  of  the  B^dlet^n  of  the  U.S. 
Fish  Cotnmission  (Washington)  deals  with  the 
year  1892,  and  was  published  in  1894.  It  is 
profusely  illustrated,  having  nearly  120  plates 
and  maps,  and  it  produces  feelings  in  a  British 
marine  zoologist  which  it  would  not  be  proper 
to  express  in  public  or  on  paper.  These  emotions, 
it  may  be  added,  are  not  appreciative  of  the  in- 
telligence or  administrative  skill  shown  by  the 
British  Government  in  their  dealing  with  the 
pressing  question  of  the  scientific  investigation 
of  British  fisheries. 

W^e  have  received  two  volumes  of  the  Smitli- 
sonian  liejwrt  (Washington)  bearing  the  dates 
1892-3  on  their  covers,  1893-4  on  their  title- 
pages,  and  dealing  respectively  with  events  from 
July,  1891-2,  and  July,  1892-3.  They  are  of 
the  character  to  which  we  have  become  accus- 
tomed, and  do  not  appear  to  call  for  any  special 
remark  this  year. 

Report  of  the  U.S.  National  Museum  for  the 
Year  ending  June  30th,  1890.  (Washington.) 
— It  would  be  well,  we  suggest,  if  reports  of 
this  kind  were  circulated  at  the  time  of  their 
appearance  ;  this  is  particularly  the  case  with 
museums,  in  the  general  activity  of  which  there 
has  been  lately  so  marked  an  improvement. 
It  will  be  noted  with  particular  satisfaction  that 
the  authorities  of  the  National  Museum  have 
begun  to  form  a  collection  of  domestic  animals, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Trustees  of  the 
British  Museum  may  be  induced  to  follow  suit. 
As  the  reader  turns  over  the  pages  of  a  rejiort 
no  less  interesting  than  its  predecessors  he 
repeatedly  observes  demands  for  increase  of 
space  ;  this  is,  unfortunately,  a  habit  of  museum 
curators,  but  it  is  one  which  should  always  re- 
ceive the  respectful  attention  of  the  authorities 
who  are  ultimately  responsible  for  the  museum. 
Museums  must  grow,  and  collections,  unwieldy 
from  their  size,  become  a  burden  if  packed  into 
too  close  quarters. 

The  Report  of  the  U.S.  National  Museum 
from  July  1st,  1891,  to  June  30th,  1892  (Wash- 
ington), notes,  we  regret  to  see,  a  decrease  of 
more  than  forty  thousand  dollars  in  the  "appro- 
priations "  for  1892-3.  This  was  hardly  fair,  as 
in  the  year  reported  on  228,000  specimens  were 
added  to  the  collections.  Complaint  is  made 
of  the  overcrowded  condition  of  the  museum 
building,  as  it  is  now  impossible  to  exhibit 
freshly  acquired  specimens,  however  interesting. 
With  what  feelings  must  Mr.  Brown  Goode 
have  read  of  the  recent  admirable  action  of  our 
Lords  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Trustees  of  the 
British  Museum  !  There  are  two  memoirs  in 
the  present  volume  which  we  heartily  commend 
to  the  consideration  of  naturalists  :  one  is  by 
Mr.  C.  A.  White,  and  deals  with  the  relation 
of  biology  to  geological  investigation,  while  the 
other  is  by  Dr.  Shufeldt  on  '  Scientific  Taxi- 
dermy for  Museums.'  The  latter,  in  the  form 
of  a  pamphlet,  has  already  been  largely  circu- 
lated among  zoologists. 

The  sixteenth  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  U.S.  National  Mnsevm  (Washington) 
chiefly  consists  of  memoirs  dealing  with  recent 
or  fossil  animals.  The  essay  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall 
on  the  evidence  of  a  subtropical  fauna  in  Arctic 
Siberia  in  miocene  times  is  of  great  interest. 
Perhaps  the  most  elaljorate  memoir  is  that  by 
Prof.  Playfair  McMurrich  on  the  actinians 
collected  by  the  Albatross  in  the  expedition  of 
1887-8  ;    it    is  certainly  an   important   contri- 


and  suggestive  group  of  animals.  Miss  M.  J. 
Rathbun  is  undertaking  the  much  needed 
revision  of  some  of  the  groups  of  the  higher 
Crustacea,  and  we  hope  she  may  be  able  to  con- 
tinue the  work  she  has  so  well  begun. 


bution  to  the  difficult  study  of   an  important 


THE    SIXTH   INTERlNATIONAL   GEOGRAPHICAL 
CONGRESS. 

The  sixth  International  Geographical  Con- 
gress, which  held  its  first  meeting  on  Friday 
in  last  week  and  its  concluding  one  this  morning, 
has  proved  a  great  success.  Not  only  has  the 
number  of  foreign  members  been  very  large, 
but  among  them  were  included  many  of  the 
most  eminent  scientific  geographers  of  the 
day,  whose  reputation  has  travelled  far  beyond 
the  limits  of  their  own  country.  Our  visitors, 
without  exception,  expressed  their  delight  and 
surprise  at  the  splendid  and  cordial  hospitality 
which  was  extended  to  them  among  a  people 
not  infrequently  reputed  cold  and  exclusive  on 
the  Continent.  The  invitations  to  dinners,  both 
public  and  private,  embraced  all  foreigners  pos- 
sessing any  claim  to  distinction,  and  the  after- 
dinner  speeches  reflected  the  cordial  relations 
which  had  been  established  and  the  general  satis- 
faction with  the  manner  in  which  the  Congress 
had  been  organized.  The  garden  parties  given  by 
the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts,  Lord  Northbrook, 
and  Mr.  Thiselton-Dyer  (at  Kew  Gardens)  were 
numerously  attended  ;  the  brilliant  garden  fete 
at  the  Botanical  Gardens  in  Regent's  Park 
attracted  large  crowds.  These  and  other  festive 
meetings,  as  well  as  the  evening  receptions  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Curzon  and  by  the  President  and 
Mrs.  Markham,  afibrded  abundant  opportunities 
for  members  of  the  Congress,  who  hitherto  had 
been  known  to  each  other  only  by  reputation, 
to  become  personally  acquainted  with  each 
other,  and  to  establish  mutually  profitable 
friendships. 

The  programme  for  the  meetings  had  been 
arranged  with  much  forethought.  It  has  not 
been  quite  possible  to  exclude  trivial  papers, 
but  as  a  rule  the  subjects  submitted  for  dis- 
cussion were  deserving  of  the  attention  they 
received,  and  in  several  instances  practical 
results  are  likely  to  follow.  This,  we  are  glad 
to  believe,  will  happen  in  the  case  of  Antarctic 
research.  The  international  assault  which  it  is 
proposed  to  make  upon  the  supposed  Antarctic 
continent  is  sure  to  lead  to  the  capture  of  all 
the  outworks,  even  though  the  great  centre 
fastnesses  should  resist,  for  a  time,  the  united 
efforts  of  the  forces  which  the  world  of 
geographers  is  desirous  of  seeing  placed  in 
the  field. 

The  exhibition  held  in  connexion  with  the 
Congress  proved  a  great  attraction  and  means 
of  instruction.  This  exhibition  is  to  be  kept 
open  until  the  end  of  August  ;  and  if  visitors 
will  take  the  trouble  to  ascend  to  the  second 
floor,  which  holds  the  exhibits  of  private  firms, 
they  will  find  that  England,  after  all,  does  not 
lag  so  far  behind  foreign  countries  as  pessimists 
would  like  us  to  believe. 

The  next  meeting  of  the  Congress  is  to  be  held 
at  Berlin.  Such  a  proposition  would  have  met 
with  a  cold  reception  some  years  ago.  On  the 
present  occasion  it  was  passed  unanimously. 

We  shall  deal  more  fully  with  the  proceedings 
of  the  Congress  in  our  next  number,  but  we 
cannot  conclude  this  preliminary  notice  without 
referring  to  the  excellent  manner  in  which  Mr. 
Clements  R.  Markham,  the  genial  president, 
Major  Darwin,  the  chairman  of  committees, 
and  Mr.  J.  S.  Keltic  and  Dr.  Mill,  the  secre- 
taries, performed  the  duties  which  fell  upon 
them.  It  is  they  who  mu.st  be  credited,  in 
the  first  instance,  with  the  success  of  this  inter- 
national gathering. 


THE   museums     A.S.SOCIATION. 

This  Association  held  its  annual  meeting  last 
week  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Canon  Norman,  whose  extensive  private 


166 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


museum  at  Burnmoor  Rectory  was  visited  by 
the  members.  The  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Durham  College  of  Science,  at  Newcastle,  where 
the  local  arrangements  were  admirably  carried 
out  by  Prof.  M.  C.  Potter.  To  curators  the 
great  centre  of  attraction  in  Newcastle  is  the 
Hancock  Museum,  the  history  of  which  was 
sketched  by  the  President  in  his  introductory 
address.  Among  the  papers  read  at  the  meeting 
the  most  noteworthy  was  an  elaborate  essay  on 
'  Museum  Administration, '  by  Mr.  Brown  Goode, 
the  Director  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  at  Washington.  Mr.  Meek,  of  New- 
castle, explained  his  views  on  the  development 
of  a  local  museum  ;  Mr.  Bolton,  of  Manchester, 
proposed  a  scheme  for  the  arrangement  of  a 
geological  museum  in  which  physical  geology 
should  find  adequate  illustration  ;  Prof.  Potter 
described  the  organization  of  the  collections  in 
the  Biological  Laboratory  of  the  College  at  New- 
castle ;  and  Mr.  White,  of  the  Ruskin  Museum 
at  Shefheld,  enlarged  on  the  subject  of  libraries 
attached  to  museums.  Other  communications 
were  from  Mr.  Rudler,  who  showed  how  local 
collections  of  prehistoric  antiquities  might  be 
improved  ;  from  Mr.  Holmes,  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society,  and  Dr.  Forbes,  of  the  Liver- 
pool Museum,  who  advocated  the  use  of  formic 
aldehyde  for  the  preservation  of  biological  speci- 
mens ;  and  from  Mr.  Howarth,  of  Sheffield, 
who  illustrated  the  use  of  xylonite  in  mounting 
spirit  preparations.  Great  interest  was  taken 
in  the  collections  and  laboratories  of  the  College 
of  Science  at  Newcastle,  which  were  explained 
by  Principal  Gurney.  At  Durham  the  members 
were  received  by  Canon  Tristram,  who  addressed 
them  in  the  cathedral  and  in  the  castle.  A  visit 
was  also  made  to  Sunderland  to  inspect  the 
Museum,  with  its  unique  collection  of  Permian 
fossils,  mainly  arranged  by  Mr.  R.  Cameron,  M.P. 
The  proceedings  were  brought  to  a  conclusion 
on  Friday  evening  by  a  banquet  given  by  the 
Mayor  of  Sunderland,  at  the  Town  Hall,  in 
honour  of  the  visit  of  the  Association. 


In  the  course  of  his  work  on  the  photography 
of  the  Milky  Way  Prof.  Barnard  has  discovered 
a  vast  and  magnificent  nebula  in  the  constella- 
tion Scorpio,  intricate  in  form  and  apparently 
connected  with  many  of  the  bright  stars  of  that 
region,  including  Antares  and  o-  Scorpii.  The 
latter  star  has  a  large  diffused  mass  of  nebulosity 
extending  northwards  from  it,  which  can  be 
fully  traced  on  the  photograph  to  a  connexion 
with  the  greater  and  brighter  nebulosity  about 
p  Ophiuchi. 

Last  December  we  announced  that  Prof.  A. 
Konig,  a  former  pupil  of  Helmholtz,  would  edit 
the  scientific  remains  of  the  great  physiologist, 
consisting  of  tlie  '  Handbuch  der  physiologischen 
Optik,'  and  now  we  learn  that  he  will,  besides, 
edit  the  late  professor's  lectures  on  theoretical 
physics. 


FINE    ARTS 


Miniatures  and  Borders  from  the  Jhoh  of  Hours 
of  Bona  fiforza,  Duchess  of  Milan.     With 
an  Introduction  by  Gf,  F.  Warner.  (Britisli 
Museum,  published  by  the  Trustees.) 
It  is  difficult  to   understand   the  meaning 
of  a  passage  in  the  notice  prefixed  to  Mr. 
Warner's  learned  introduction,  which  claims 
artistic  admiration  for  the  "fine  details  of 
the  drawing  and  the  artistic  merit  of  the 
composition  "    of     these    most    interesting 
miniatures,    that    is,    excluding     the    ara- 
besques proper.     The  details  of  the  drawing 
in  the  miniatures,  or  little  sub-pictures,  are 
in  no  sense  fine,  although  they  are  certainly 
multitudinous,   and  the   drawing  per  se  of 


the  figures  and  faces  is  decidedly  as  bad  as 
it  is  clumsy,  while  in  no  true  artistic 
sense  is  it  possible  to  speak  of  their 
"composition"  as  otherwise  than  con- 
ventional. Individually,  indeed,  some 
of  the  details  evince  much  spirit,  but  — 
where  they  are  not  adaptations  of  designs 
and  motives  which,  long  before  the  Duchess 
Bona's  days,  were  almost  hackneyed  in  pic- 
tures properly  so  called — they  exhibit  no 
great  merit,  and  possess  only  a  feeble  in- 
spiration. A  few  of  the  smaller  pictures,  as 
in  fact  they  are — for  example,  the  angels 
singing  on  p.  liii — are  fresh  and  natural 
enough,  and,  so  far  as  we  remember,  original ; 
and  there  is  much  that  is  excellent  in  the 
corresponding  design  on  p.  li  of  a  knight 
giving  alms. 

We  have  said  this  much  by  way  of 
remonstrance,  because,  with  such  a  fasci- 
nating subject  before  him  as  the  Duchess 
Bona's  treasure,  the  student  may  easily 
be  led  astray  and  forget  that  neither  as 
regards  decorative  nor  pictorial  art  is  this 
magnificently  ornate  Book  of  Hours  a 
masterpiece  of  pure  design  in  any  of  its 
developments.  The  days  of  the  "Diva 
Bona,"  c.  1477-1503,  i.e.,  the  epoch  to  which 
the  illuminations  can  safely  be  ascribed, 
were  all  too  late  for  severely  beautiful  decora- 
tion, while,  as  works  of  pictorial  design,  it  is 
not  possible  to  call  even  the  most  successful 
of  the  little  pictures  better  than  third  rate. 

According  to  the  historical  note  with 
which  this  volume  opens,  the  Sforza  Book 
of  Hours  was  brought  to  this  country  from 
Madrid  by  Sir  J.  C.  Eobinson  in  1871, 
and  the  Treasury  refusing  to  pay  for  it,  he 
promptly  sold  it  to  Mr.  Malcolm  of  Poltal- 
loch,  who,  in  1893,  presented  it  to  the  British 
Museum,  where  it  is  now  catalogued  as 
Add.  MS.  34,294,  measuring  only  5J  inches 
high  by  4  inches  in  width,  comprising  348 
leaves  of  vellum,  enriched  with  64  full- 
page  miniatures  and  139  richly  illuminated 
borders.  It  is  with  a  selection  of  these 
that  the  illustrations  before  us  are  con- 
cerned. The  binding,  which  at  the  time  we 
thought  was  probably  Spanish  of  c.  1680, 
was  of  red  velvet,  with  silver  clasps.  Mr. 
Malcolm  had  the  work  divided  and  rebound 
in  four  parts,  thus  adding  greatly  to  its 
security  and  handiness.  The  book  had 
been  mutilated,  and  some  of  the  gaps  thus 
caused  were  filled  by  inserting  leaves  of 
later  date,  in  all  about  a  third  of  the  whole, 
including  sixteen  miniatures  of  quite  a  dif- 
ferent school  from  that  to  which  the  body  of 
the  work  belongs.  That  body  likewise  is 
not  due  to  one  painter.  Of  course  this  is 
almost  always  the  case  with  MSS.  comprising 
many  elaborate  decorations.  The  taste  and 
experience  of  Mr.  Warner  have,  conse- 
qiiently,  been  usefully  employed  in  dis- 
criminating some  of  the  pictures  due  to  one 
hand  in  this  Book  of  Hours  from  those 
which  are  due  to  another.  The  differences 
are  manifest  to  experienced  eyes. 

Mr.  Warner  has  ingeniously  proved,  by 
its  own  internal  evidence,  that  the  text  is 
Milanese.  Tlie  illuminated  borders,  many 
of  which  are  admirably  reproduced  here, 
attest  that  the  book  owed  its  existence  to 
Bona  (Maria)  of  Savoy,  wife  of  Galeazzo 
Maria,  second  Duke  of  Milan  of  the  house 
of  Sforza,  a  vicious  ruffian  who  was  assas- 
sinated in  December,  1476.  Bona  of  Savoy 
is   interesting   to  us   English  because,  but 


for    Edward   IV. 's    passion   for    Elizabeth 
Woodville,  she  might  have  become  Queen 
of  England  ;  see  '  King  Henry  VI.,'  Third 
Part,  where  the  alliance  is  mentioned.     On 
some  of  these  borders — which,  in  the  florid 
and  conventional  taste  of  the  time,  comprise 
vases,  birds,  griffins,  fruit,  flowers,  human 
bones,  and  all  sorts  of  odds  and  ends  disposed 
as    arabesques — are   minutely   written    the 
titles  of  "Bona  Diva,"  "Bona  Duc[issa]," 
and    "B.    M.,"    her   initials.      Her   known 
device,  a  phoenix,  has  likewise  been  noticed. 
The  date  of  the  book  is  distinctly  limited 
by  the  facts  (1)  that  St.  Albert  of  Trapani, 
who  was  not  canonized  till  1476,  is  depicted 
in   one   of   the  miniatures,  which   is   more 
distinctly  Milanese  than  the  majority,  and 
(2)  that  Bona  herself  died  in   1503;   while 
during   the   later   decades   of   her   life   the 
unfortunate  princess  was   not  at  all  likely 
to   have   possessed   means   for   jjaying   the 
great  prices  the  artists  of   the  book   were 
sure  to  demand  for  work  so  elaborate  and 
skilful.       Consequently    1484-94     is     the 
epoch   to  which   Mr.  Warner  very  reason- 
ably assigns  the  book.      At  this  period  the 
duchess  was  at  Milan,  and  the  more  florid 
elements  of  its  decorations  belong  to  that 
decade  rather   than   an   earlier   one,  when 
a    comparatively    chaster    taste    prevailed. 
Another  suggestion  seems  to  strengthen  this 
opinion.     The  famous    '  Sforziada '    in    the 
Grenville   Library,    known   to    have    been 
printed   at    Milan    in    1490,    comprises    a 
border  that  bears  the  closest  resemblance  to 
one  of  those  in  the  Book  of  Hours.  The  sug- 
gestion that  the  latter  volume  was  prepared 
as    a  wedding   gift  when,  in    1493,  Bona's 
daughter  Bianca  should  have  married  the 
Kaiser  Maximilian,  is  very  much  weakened 
by  the  fact  that,  whereas  this  match  was  a 
project  not  long  entertained,  the  preparation 
of  this  Book  of  Hours  was  really  a  lengthy 
affair.  Into  the  very  curious  details  that  the 
industry  and   perspicacity  of   Mr.   Warner 
have  gathered  concerning  the  probable  his- 
tory of  the  book  we  have  not  space  to  enter. 
Suffice  it  that,  besides  Bona  of  Savoy,  there 
is  with  certainty  to  be  reckoned  among  its 
owners   no  less  a  person  than  Charles  V., 
whose  portrait  and  the  monogram  "  K.  I." 
occur  on  p.  liv  before  us,  the  portrait  having 
seemingly  been   copied   from  one  of   those 
contemporary  carvings  in  hone-stone  or  oak, 
several  of  which  exist  to  commemorate  the 
great  Karolus  Imperator. 

Having  traced  the  history  of  Mr.  Mal- 
colm's gift,  Mr.  Warner  proceeds  to  discuss 
the  artistic  characteristics  and  qualities  of 
the  miniatures  and  borders.  These  he 
rightly  ranks  with  the  finest  specimens 
of  their  kind,  such  as  it  was.  Of  the 
real  artistic  importance  of  the  class,  or 
rather  classes,  they  represent,  our  opinion 
is,  as  stated  above,  not  quite  in  accord 
with  his  ;  as  to  their  historical  and  personal 
interest  there  can  be  no  other  opinion  than 
that  very  high  one  which  he  entertains. 
He  supplies  a  complete  list  of  the  subjects 
of  the  sixty-four  miniatures  in  the  book, 
and,  by  differences  in  the  type  of  their  titles 
in  this  list,  indicates  those  which  he  ascribes 
to  Flemish  artists,  and  those  Avhich  are  due 
to  Milanese  hands.  In  nearly  all,  if  not  in  all 
these  ascriptions,  we  are  disposed  to  agree 
with  our  author,  and  consider  No.  I.  and 
No.  LVI.  to  be  examples  of  Flemish  design 
and  treatment ;  but  they  are  by  no  means 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


167 


the  work  of  the  same  artist.    Those  due  to 
the  artist  of  No.  LYI.  show  not  a  few  traces 
of  the  purer  taste  of  Memlinc  (a  bit  of  Meuse- 
like  landscape  appears  in  the  background), 
while  the  clumsy,  half-vulgarized  types  of  a 
much  later  age  are  seen  to  have  influenced 
the   draughtsman  of    No.   I.      What    Mr. 
Warner  describes  as  the  "  curious  arrange- 
ment   of    rocks    piled    one    on    another" 
in  pi.  xxiv.    is  neither  more  nor  less  than 
a    sort  of    reminiscence   of  the   Dolomites 
such  as  we  often  notice  in  devotional  pic- 
tures   of    the    North    Italian   schools — for 
instance,  the  celebrated  '  Christ's  Agony  in 
the  Garden,'  No.  726  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery— and  again  in  specimens  of  the  school 
of  Mantegna,  a  school  with  which  the  artists 
of  the  book  were  manifestly  familiar.     That 
neither  the  quasi-Flemish  drawings  before 
us      nor     those     which     are     undoubtedly 
Milanese    are   all   due  to  a  single   painter 
is  a  fact  which  becomes  more  and  more  dis- 
tinct as  we  examine  the  reproductions  ;  and 
still  more  plain  is  the  difference  when   the 
Hours  themselves  and  the  peculiar  colora- 
tion of  each  group  of  pictures  are  studied. 
Something  of  late  Flemish  exaggeration,  not 
to  say  coarseness  and  lack  of  sensibility  to 
the  purity,  and,  above  all,  the  choicer  har- 
monies  of  the  local  colours,  is  observable 
when    undoubted    Flemish    examples   are 
studied,   while    the    refined    Italian    taste, 
though   not    at   its   best,    prevails    in    the 
Milanese,     and,    doubtless,    older    pictures. 
Hich  and  brUliant,  if  not  invariably  refined 
and    modest,    they    all    are,    chromatically 
speaking.     The  use  of  gold  is  sj^arse  in  all 
the  designs.     For  the  mundane  themes  the 
traditional   blue   and    red   of   the   Virgin's 
robes  are  maintained  throughout,  but  they 
are  not  always,  or  indeed  often,  harmonized. 
Many  curious  points  of  costume  and  cus- 
toms are  to  be  noted  in  such  works,  such  as 
the  devO.  volant  in  pi.  i.,  where  the  treachery 
of  a  most  truculent  Judas  is  sympathetically 
shown,  and  there  is  a  good  deal  of  satire  in 
the  very  rascally  and  Jewish  faces  of  his 
bribers.     PI.  iii.  has  much  of  Mantegna's 
feeling,  but  little  of  his  taste ;  the  many- 
towered  Italian  city  in  pi.   vi.  is  a  quaint 
background   for    an    '  Assumption    of    the 
Virgin '  ;    the    outlandish    devils     in    '  St. 
Michael  subduing  Satan,'  pi.  vii.,  are  quite 
in  Breughel's  vein  and,  like  the  archangel, 
not  at   all  Italian ;    there   is   much   to    be 
learned    about    utensils    from   the    picture 
of  St.  Gregory  in  his  study,  pi.  xii.     Among 
many  beautiful  faces  that  of  St.  Clara  in 
pi.  xiii.  is  the  purest  and  best ;   "  Bona  Due" 
is  on  a  ciborium  in  the  background  here ; 
the  fair  saint,  to  the  confusion  of  the  wicked, 
holds  up  a  monstrance  with  relics  in  it.  There 
is  a   quaint   touch   in   '  The  Death  of    the 
Virgin,'  pi.  xxv.,   where  the   short-sighted 
prelate  who  is   giving  her   the   benefit  of 
the  holy  water   in   his    sprinkler    is    com- 
pelled to  read  the  parting  words  of  his  office 
from  a  book  which  another  saint  and  prelate 
holds  up  before  him.   At  the  foot  of  the  page 
(p.  xxvi)  we  have  St.  John  as    a   babo(!) 
holding   up   the   poisoned    chalice   and   its 
serpent   issuant,   while   he   admonishes   the 
wicked   reptile ;    a   baby   St.    Philip   reads 
from  a  book   on  pi.  xxvii. ;  an  angel  ener- 
getically   turns    the    handle    of    a    rebeck 
in   pi.    xxix. ;    other    angels   with   musical 
instruments  are  seen  in  pis.  xxx.,  xxxi.  (a 
pretty  Peruginesque  figure),  xxxii.  (where 


he  plays  on  a  dulcimer),  xxxiii.  (where  he 
has  a  fife  and  drum),  and  xxxiv.  (where  he 
uses  a  violin  and  bow).  The  best  of  all  the 
borders  is  that  with  the  peacocks  on  pi.  xxxvi., 
the  only  first-rate  piece  of  decorative  and 
original  design  in  the  collection  before  us. 
The  boy  angels  at  the  foot  of  pi.  xxxix. 
might  have  been  borrowed  from  Crivelli ;  a 
boy  genius  plays  with  ermines,  emblems  of 
purity,  in  pi.  xliv.,  where  human  bones, 
emblems  of  mortality,  occur  with  the  often 
depicted  hippocampi,  jewelled  brooches, 
pears  and  strawberries  ;  an  emblematic 
Hercules  strangles  serpents  in  pi.  1. ;  and 
it  is  a  Flemish  Virgin  who  is  enthroned 
in  pi.  lix. 

The  illustrations  are  collotype  reproduc- 
tions by  the  Autotype  Company.  The  collo- 
type process  does  not,  of  course,  suffice  for 
copying  the  colours  which  are  among  the 
chief  attractions  of  the  manuscript ;  but  it 
is  good  enough  for  the  translation  into 
monochrome  of  the  other  characteristic 
features  of  these  interesting  miniatures. 


La  Peiuture  Anglaise  Contemporaine.  Par 
Robert  de  la  Sizeranne.  (Hachette.)  —  In 
writing  his  little  volume  on  '  La  Peinture 
Anglaise  Contemporaine '  M.  de  la  Sizeranne 
has  only  proposed  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  those 
of  his  fellow  countrymen  who  may  be  desirous 
of  studying  English  art  on  the  spot.  He  has, 
however,  given  us  a  chapter  of  the  history  of 
modern  art  which  may  be  read  with  advantage 
by  the  English  public— not  only  by  artists  and 
students,  but  by  all  those  who  profess  to  care 
for  these  things.  The  just  criticisms  to  which 
M.  de  la  Sizeranne  subjects  our  English  school 
are  pleasantly  tempered  by  a  genuine  sympathy 
with  its  peculiar  merits.  He  notes  our  strange 
methods,  our  incapacity  for  seeing  anything  as 
a  whole,  our  vivid,  not  to  say  raw  colours,  and 
the  dryness  of  touch  which  frequently  leads  our 
painters  to  forswear  all  the  legitimate  charms  of 
the  brush  ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  our  author 
seeks  out  the  causes  which  have  determined 
amongst  us  these  odd  infringements  of  many 
received  canons  of  taste.  He  notes  the  pre- 
vailing desire  to  tell  a  story  and  to  tell  it  faith- 
fully, with  all  explicitness  of  detail  ;  the  desire 
to  substitute  truth  everywhere  for  convention  ; 
the  desire  to  compass  a  solidity  of  execution 
which  shall  defy  the  action  of  time  ;  and  then 
shows  how  all  these  virtuous  desires  do  not 
always  work  together  for  good.  Here  and  there 
we  come  across  small  mistakes  as  to  matters  of 
fact — such  as,  for  example,  the  statement  (p.  7) 
that  Mason  and  Walker  preceded  "Watts, 
Hunt,  Leighton,  Tadema,  Millais,  Herkomer, 
and  Burne-Jones  ";  but  as  M.  de  la  Sizeranne 
does  not  suggest  that  these — whom  he  calls  our 
"seven  great  masters" — were  in  any  way  in- 
fluenced by  the  two  "  lesser  lights  "  whom  he 
supposes  to  have  "preceded"  them,  his  slip 
in  nowise  affects  his  argument. 


NEW    PRINTS. 

From  Mr.  Lefevre  we  have  received  an 
artist's  proof,  with  the  remnrque  a  horsewhip, 
of  a  plate  etched  l)y  Mr.  Dobie  after  Mr. 
Dendy  Sadler's  picture  'A  Breach  of  Promise,' 
which  has  been  exhibited  at  the  publisher's  gal- 
lery during  the  present  season  only.  The  scene 
is  a  room  in  a  Queen  Anne  house  now  turned 
into  a  lawyer's  ofKce,  but,  although  crammed  with 
books  and  papers,  retaining  some  of  its  stately 
decorations.  An  exceedingly  irate  elderly 
gentleman,  who  has  brought  with  him  his 
fair  daughter  and  a  multitude  of  letters,  is 
addressing  in  warm  terms  the  cool-headed  and 
astute  family  solicitor,  who,  spectacles  on  nose, 
reads  a  compromising  epistle  which  a  false 
lover  wrote  to  the  lady.      The  solicitor,  who 


has  a  book  of  cases  under  hia  hand,  carefully 
peruses  the  letter,  and,  with  upraised  fingers 
as  a  sign,  tries  to  control  the  questioner,  who 
denounces  the  "  scoundrel  whose  infamous 
conduct,"  &c.,  caused  his  visit.  The  sign  is  in 
vain;  the  father's  wrath  does  not  abate,  and  he 
waxes  more  furious  as  he  proceeds.  The  victim 
of  all  the  trouble  sits  facing  her  father,  and, 
though  saddened,  seems  much  less  distressed 
than  he  is,  and  not  at  all  forgetful  of  her  dignity. 
This  is  the  most  graceful  and  ladylike  of  all 
Mr.  Sadler's  figuresof  young  women,  and  reveals 
possibilities  in  the  future  of  his  art  which  it 
would  be  well  if  he  continued  to  cultivate. 
Although  the  etching  is  rather  deficient  in 
brightness,  a  little  sooty,  and  somewhat 
laboured,  it  renders  with  spirit  the  character, 
humour,  and  technique  of  its  original,  which  is 
undoubtedly  one  of  Mr.  Sadler's  best  works, 
marked  with  more  tenderness,  a  gentler  pathos, 
refinement  greater  than  its  predecessors,  and  in 
the  lady's  face  and  figure  much  we  should  like 
to  see  repeated  and  improved  by  his  careful  and 
skilful  hands. 

Of  the  numerous  etchings  of  Turner's  'Old 
Tdm^raire  '  which  are  known  to  us,  the  large 
one  produced  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Allingham,  of  which 
Messrs.  Gladwell  have  sent  us  an  artist's  proof, 
is  not  the  best.  It  is,  alas  !  too  late  to  make 
a  copy  of  '  The  Old  T^m^raire '  by  any  means 
whatever. 

Messrs.  Seeley  &  Co.  have  sent  us  an  artist's 
proof  of  the  etching  after  F.  Walker's  'Rainy 
Day  at  Cookham, '  a  print  of  which  we  reviewed 
and  praised  the  other  day  without  knowing 
who  published  or  who  etched  it.  It  seems 
now  that  Mr.  E.  Stamp  is  the  etcher  to  whom 
our  praise  is  due. 

For  the  "Art  for  Schools  Association"  the 
Autotype    Company    has    produced    a    photo- 
gravure   of    a    picture   which,    on   very   slight 
grounds,  was   attributed    to    Giovanni   Bellini 
when    as   '  The  Nativity  '  it  was    recently  ex- 
hibited   at    the    Academy  by  Earl    Brownlow, 
when  we  noticed  it  at  some  length.     Lacking  a 
good  deal  of  the  clearness  and  brilliance  of  the 
original,  and  by  no  means  successful  in  differen- 
tiating the  tones  and  tints  of  the  picture — for 
instance,  the  values  of  the  carnations,  which  the 
painter  made  bright  and  rosy,  and  the  luminous 
quality  of  the  boy's  dress  on    our  right — this 
version  is,  in  other  respects,  so  far  satisfactory 
as  to  be  acceptable  as    a  memorandum  of  an 
interesting  example  of  what  a  late  Bellinesque 
artist  could  do.  We  do  not  see  what  induced  the 
Art  for  Schools  Association  to  take  it  in  hand. 
That   body   made    a   wiser    choice   in    another 
autogravure,     of    which     the     company     have 
sent   us   an    imjiression,    a   version   of    Henry 
Moore's  masterpiece,  'The  Newhaven  Packet,' 
which  is  now  in  the  Birmingham  Art  Gallery. 
Although  this  print  possesses    many  excellent 
points,    it    fails    exactly    where    the    so-called 
Bellini  has  failed.   We  have  seen  a  much  larger, 
more  brilliant,  and  clearer  photographic  version 
of  this  or  a  similar  picture  of  Moore's,  of  which 
he  thought  so  highly  as  to  hang  it  in  his  own 
dining-room. 

The  Arundel  Society's  Annual  Publication 
for  1895,  a  chromo-lithograph  after  Pinturic- 
chio's  '  Meeting  of  Frederick  III.  and  Leonora 
of  Portugal,'  February,  1452,  to  which  we 
referred  lately,  is  before  us  in  an  unusually 
gaily,  if  not  refined  and  harmoniously  coloured 
version  of  the  well-known  fresco  in  the  Pic- 
colomini  Library  at  Siena.  Apart  from  this,  it 
is  not  a  cojjy  such  as,  we  think,  Pinturicchio 
would  have  selected  to  make  himself  known  by. 
The  numerous  portraits  which  the  picture  con- 
tains are,  after  a  fashion,  recognizable  in  this 
version,  and  include  those  of  the  Emperor,  his 
bride,  ^Eneas  Piccolomini,  and  Ladislas  of  Hun- 
gary. The  scene  is  outside  the  walls  of  Siena, 
a  date-palm  and  other  trees  are  introduced  allu- 
sively, and  the  whole  view  is  interesting,  espe- 
cially on  account  of  the  lofty  towers  that  overlook 
the  city  walls,  the  domes  and  spires  rising  from 


168 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3536,  Aug.  3/95 


the  massed  houses,  and  the  splendid  costumes 
and  arras  of  the  magnates  and  ladies  who  are 
crowded  in  front  of  the  design. 


NOTES    FROM   ATHENS. 

Outside  Athens  there  has  recently  been  a 
great  deal  of  activity  throughout  Attica,  and 
Greeks  and  foreigners  have  vied  with  one 
another  in  exploring  ancient  tumuli  and  other 
sites.  Not  far  from  Marathon,  at  Kapandriti, 
the  Swedish  archteologist  Wide  has  been  at 
■work.  In  a  place  named  Kotrona,  about  three 
miles  or  so  distant  from  the  village,  he  has  dis- 
covered a  prehistoric  tumulus  containing  ten 
graves.  One  of  these  was  already  open  and 
empty  ;  in  the  second,  vases  were  unearthed 
similar  to  those  which  came  to  light  at  Thoricos. 
The  other  tombs  yielded  eleven  old  Mycenean 
vases,  two  of  pure  gold,  and  three  golden  earrings. 
All  of  these  are  truly  artistic.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  Kapandriti,  where  these  discoveries  were 
made,  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Aphidna, 
which  lay  nine  miles  to  the  east  of  Deceleia. 
The  citadel  of  this  spot,  remarkable  in  Athenian 
history,  is  still  preserved. 

Not  less  interesting  are  the  excavations  in- 
stituted by  M.  Stais,  Inspector  of  Antiquities, 
near  the  village  of  Markopulo,  in  the  district 
of  the  ancient  Deme  Prasia,  which  belonged  to 
the  tribe  Pandionis.  There  is  there  a  whole 
prehistoric  cemetery  containing  graves  which 
fortunately  have  escaped  rifling.  Two-and- 
twenty  of  these  have  been  opened  by  M.  Stais. 
Clay  vases  of  great  interest,  both  for  their  shape 
and  their  delineations,  were  met  with.  They 
are  over  two  hundred  in  number,  and  have  been 
presented  to  the  Central  Museum.  Also  very 
remarkable  are  small  bronze  knives  of  quite 
peculiar  shape  ;  the  bottom  of  the  blade  is 
narrow,  and  they  gradually  become  wider 
towards  the  end.  They  were  clasp  knives,  it 
has  been  inferred  from  a  hole  found  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  blade.  The  excavations  had 
to  be  suspended  all  last  winter,  as  the  spot  was 
flooded. 

The  Americans  have  made  new  researches  at 
Dionyso,  at  the  northern  foot  of  Pentelicus,  where 
the  ancient  Deme  Icaria  was  situated.  Some 
years  ago,  it  may  be  remembered,  the  American 
School  made  highly  successful  researches  at 
Icaria. 

In  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Athens 
lies  the  mediajval  convent  of  Daphni,  celebrated 
for  the  frescoes  with  which  its  church  is  deco- 
rated.    The  readers  of  the  Athenceum  are  aware 
from  previous  letters  of  mine  that    the  Greek 
Government  and  the  Archajological  Society  of 
Athens  have  undertaken  to  save  these  mosaics. 
Carefully  detached  from  the  walls  by  a  Venetian 
artist  of  the  name  of  Novo,  they  were  replaced 
after  the  most  injured  portions  of  the  structure 
had  been  rebuilt.  Several  of  the  ancient  mosaics, 
now    restored    to   their    old  positions,    will  be 
found  copied   and  described   by  M.   Millet,   of 
the  Ecole  d'Athbnes,  in  recent  numbers  of  the 
Greek   Archceological    Journal.      One    of    those 
lately  replaced  is   the   so-called  Anastasis,   the 
descent  of  the  Saviour  into  the  lower  world  for 
the  rescue    of    those    confined  there,  a   repre- 
sentation which  accords    with  the  tradition  of 
the  Eastern  Church  at  Easter.     The  place  in  the 
church  of  this  beautiful  mosaic  is  on  the  right 
of  the  entrance  from    tlie  western    door,  at  a 
height  of    5   metres   from  the   ground.      It   is 
3"15  metres  high  and  2-28  mfetreswide.     Ludwig 
Thiersch,  of  Munich,   who  studied  the  picture 
forty  years  ago,  considered  it  one  of  the  finest 
works    of    the    Byzantine    school.      A    highly 
interestmg   fact    is   that  some  time  ago,  when 
certain  modern  additions  to  the  narthex  were 
pulled  down,   its  western  wall  was  found  to  be 
enriched  with  two  mosaic  pictures  hitherto  un- 
known.      They   are    symmetrical   semicircular 
works,  one  of  Johachim  and  Anna,    the  other 
of  the  seizure  of  .Tesus  on  the  Mount  of  Olives. 
The  latter  is  the  more  interesting,  and  it  is  also 
the  more  recently  brouglit  to  liglit.     It  covered 


the  right  -  hand  portion  of  the  western  wall 
of  the  narthex.  Singularly  animated  are  the 
figures  of  the  Saviour,  of  Judas,  and  of  the 
Roman  centurion.  Judas's  physiognomy  is 
exceptionally  sympathetic  ;  he  is  giving  the 
Saviour  no  kiss,  but  is  laying  his  right  hand 
vehemently  on  His  shoulder.  The  centurion 
holds  his  staff  towards  Jesus. 

I  cannot  quit  Attica  without  mention  of 
Eleusis.  The  Council  of  the  Archteological 
Society  has  recommenced  the  excavations  there, 
and  intends  to  clear  the  whole  place  within  the 
year.  Not  much  remains  to  be  done,  inasmuch 
as  the  greater  portion  of  the  site  has  already 
been  laid  bare  under  the  intelligent  super- 
intendence of  M.  Philios,  whose  name  will 
remain  inseparably  connected  with  Eleusis.  M. 
Philios  has  proceeded  further  with  the  study 
of  the  sculptures  and  inscriptions  derived  from 
the  ruins,  and  I  cannot  resist  making  mention 
of  his  communications.  One  of  these,  read  in 
the  spring  before  the  French  Archpeological 
Institute,  is  devoted  to  the  personnel  of  the 
Eleusinian  priests.  The  inscrijjtions  prove  that 
there  were  as  many  men  as  women.  The  men 
were  the  hierophants,  the  Ceryx,  the  Daduchus, 
and  the  so-called  i-n-l  f3a>fXM  ;  the  women  con- 
sisted of  the  female  hierophant  the  Demetra, 
the  hierophant  (female)  of  Core,  the  Daduchusa, 
and  the  Hiereia.  All  were  chosen  in  equal 
numbers  from  the  family  of  the  Eumolpidse  and 
Ceryces. 

In   another  paper  M.  Philios   discussed   the 
following  inscription  : — 

Kat    (70(f)irj    kX€lvov    Kac     aejxvov    (fiduTopa   (?) 

VVKTWV, 

Ai]ovs  Kal  Kopy]?  uyvov  opas  irpoTro/Xov, 
OS  7roT€  ^avpojiaTiov  uXeeLvwv  epyov  adecrpov 

opyia  Kal  ^jrv^y^v  e^ecrawcre  Trdrpy, 
Kal  reXeras  di'e(f)-r]V£  Kal  y'jpaTO  kvSos  opoiov 

EuyUoATTW    TTLVVTM   Kal   KcAtW    ^a6(0J, 

Av(rovl,Sy]v  re  ep.vr]aev  ayaKXvTov  'Avtcovivof, 
(Sv'  tTi'£K^  all'. 


This  stone  probably  relates  to  the  same  person 
who  is  mentioned  in  the  inscription  first  pub- 
lished by  Chandler  (C.I. A.,  iii.  713).  Boeckh 
conjectured  that  this  last  inscription,  in  which 
also  there  is  mention  of  a  hostile  raid  upon 
Eleusis,  refers  to  the  Heruli  who  invaded  Attica 
in  the  year  267.  But  since  the  emperor  who 
was  initiated  by  the  Eleusinian  hierophant  is 
called  Antoninus  in  the  new  inscription — a  name 
which  was  not  assumed  by  any  emperor  later 
than  Heliogabalus — it  is  extremely  probable  that 
Marcus  Aurelius  is  the  sovereign  intended,  and 
it  may  be  plausibly  conjectured  that  the  Sau- 
romatpe  mentioned  in  the  inscription  are  the 
Costoboci,  who,  according  to  Pausanias,  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Elatea  in  167  a.d.,  and  were 
driven  thence  by  Mnesibulus.  The  writer  of 
this  letter  here  conjecturally  identified  the 
Sauromatte  with  the  Costoboci  when  he  was 
favoured  by  M.  Philios  witli  a  copy  of  the  in- 
scription some  months  before. 

A  third  communication  of  M.  Philios  is  taken 
up  with  the  representations  of  Triptolemus. 
Starting  from  some  reliefs  found  at  Eleusis,  and 
comparing  them  with  other  sculptures  and 
vases,  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  Trip- 
tolemus was  always  depicted  as  sitting  in  a 
car  drawn  by  winged  dragons.  There  is 
only  one  exception,  the  standing  figure  of 
Triptolemus  occurring  on  a  relief  discovered 
several  years  ago  in  the  little  church  of  St. 
Zacharias  at  Eleusis,  and  preserved  in  the 
Central  Museum  at  Athens  ;  for  M.  Philios 
identifies  as  Triptolemus  tlie  youtliful  personage 
placed  between  Demeter  and  Core,  although 
others  take  him  for  Bacclius,  and  Bcitticher 
considers  him  a  herdboy.  Inasmuch  as  the 
drapery  of  Core  on  this  relief  resembles  that 
on  other  monuments  of  the  fourth  century, 
among  them  some  obviously  related  to  I'raxi- 
teles,  M.  Pliilios  agrees  with  Robert  von 
Schneider   that    this   type    of   Core  sliould  be 


referred  to  Praxiteles,  and  he  goes  on  to  con 
jecture  that  Praxiteles  in  his  famous  works  re 
presented  Core  as  bearingnota  torch,  buta  crown. 
This  would  seem  to  be  the  reason  why  Core  in 
the  Praxitelean  group  that,  according  to  Pliny, 
was  placed  in  the  Servilian  Gardens  at  Rome, 
was  taken    for    a    Flora,   unless,   perhaps,  for 
Flora    of    the    MSS.,    Cora    should    be    read. 
Assuming   that    the   youth   of    the   Eleusinian 
relief  is  Triptolemus,  M.  Philios  has  compared 
the  figure  with  the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  and 
with  the  head,  found  at  Eleusis,  of  the  so-called 
Praxitelean  Eubuleus.     To  the  head  of  Hermes 
that  of  Triptolemus  bears  no  resemblance  ;  on 
the    contrary,  there    is    a    great    resemblance 
between  it  and  the  so-called  Eubuleus.     They 
have  in  common  the  dreamy  look  of  the  eyes 
and  the  characteristic  peculiarity  of  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  hair.     Relying  on  this,  M.  Philios 
holds  that  the  so-called  Eubuleus  represents  a 
replica  of  the  Praxitelean  Triptolemus,  but  he  is 
not  inclined  to  object  to  a  simple  identification 
of  it  with  Ti'iptolemus  without  reference  to  the 
Praxitelean  type,  a   view    advocated  by  Kern.. 
Another   idea    is    also    put    forward    by   him. 
The    head    of    Eubuleus    has    unmistakably    a 
look    of   portraiture,  and    recalls    the    head   of 
Alexander,  and  it  might  be  taken  for  an  ideal- 
ized   head   of    the   Alexandrian   period.     But, 
curiously  enough,   the  description  by  Plutarch 
of  the  portrait  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  many 
points  agrees  with    the    characteristics    of    the 
head  of  Eubuleus,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that 
it  may  be  an  idealized  head  of  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes. 

Outside  Attica  I  shall  turn  first  to  Epidaurus. 
It  is  a  shame  that  the  Archasological  Society 
has  this  year  abandoned  the  idea  of  completing 
the  excavation  of  the  Stadium.  The  discoveries 
made  there  lead  us  to  hope  that  in  it  we  possess 
the  only  Greek  stadium  which  remains  in  perfect 
preservation.  Not  only  three  rows  of  marble 
seats  have  been  found  there,  but  also  the 
aphesis  and  the  goal,  together  with  the  little 
pillars  in  the  meta  and  the  other  remains. 
Local  hindrances  stand  in  the  way  of  further 
excavation,  especially  the  difficulty  of  carrying 
away  the  earth,  for  which  purpose  a  small  rail- 
way must  be  laid  down. 

At  Chalcis,  in  Euboea,  the  remains  of  a  gym- 
nasium of  the  Roman  period,  and  of  a  bath 
attached  to  the  gymnasium,  have  been  brought 
to  light  at  the  depth  of  a  metre  in  a  spot  named 
Bei  Baksche,  at  the  north  corner  of  the  town, 
during  the  laying  out  of  a  private  garden.  They 
consist  of  a  mosaic  floor  covering  about  200 
square  metres.  All  round  it  runs  a  border  of 
thin  stones,  from  which  the  mosaic  is  separated 
by  two  green  lines  0'40  metre  broad.  Under 
this  border  run  clay  pipes  which  appear  to 
belong  to  an  aqueduct.  This  mosaic  floor  is 
connected  with  another  space  of  100  square 
metres  which  is  paved  with  white  and  black 
slabs.  On  this  second  space  are  standing  two 
walls  of  tufa  between  which  were  several  small 
pillars.  Several  logs  and  inscriptions  of  the 
Roman  period  have  been  found  among  the 
ruins. 

At  the  close  of  last  year  the  papers  announced 
the  discovery  of  a  bronze  helmet,  which  deserves 
mention  on  account  of  the  locality  where  it  was 
found,  a  spot  about  six  miles  north  of  the  village 
of  Krikella,  in  Eurytaria,  in  a  row  of  heights 
which,  on  account  of  the  quantity  of  human 
bones  strewn  about,  is  called  by  the  modern 
Greeks  Kokkalia.  It  is  believed  to  be  the 
I)lace  where  in  279  B.C.  40,000  Gauls  under 
Combutis  and  Orestorius  were  defeated  by 
the  yEtolians,  and  more  than  half  of  them 
killed.  After  his  unsuccessful  fight  at  Ther- 
mopyhe,  Brennus  ordered  these  two  leaders 
to  push  through  Thcssaly  into  ^tolia  in  order 
to  force  the  /Etolians,  who  were  fighting  at 
Thermopylie  in  the  ranks  of  the  united  Greek 
armies,  to  return  to  the  defence  of  their  homes. 
Combutis  and  Orestorius  first  fell  upon  the 
town  of  Callium   and  destroyed  it,  butchering 


N"  3536,  Aug. 


3, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


169 


the  inhabitants  in  inhuman  fashion.  A  pitched 
battle  in  Avhich  they  suffered  the  terrible  loss 
of  which  Pausanias  speaks  is  not,  however, 
mentioned  by  that  writer  ;  it  is  rather  to  be 
inferred  from  his  description  that  the  great 
losses  of  the  Gauls  at  the  hands  of  the  ^-Etolians 
and  their  women  were  incurred  on  the 
line  of  march  from  Gallium  into  the  interior 
of  ^tolia.  At  any  rate,  it  would  be  desirable 
that  the  legend  of  an  encounter  at  Krikella,  on 
the  heights  of  Kokkalia,  should  be  scientifically 
examined. 

From  Mycente  there  is  news  of  interest.  M. 
Tsuntas,  whose  name  is  pretty  well  identified 
with  Mycenre,  has  been  digging  zealously.  The 
excavation  of  the  whole  area  of  the  ancient 
Acropolis  is  the  main  aim  of  his  campaign  this 
year.  An  interesting  relief  of  Poros  stone  has 
been  found,  a  fragment  of  a  metope  from  a 
temple  of  the  sixth  century.  On  it  is  depicted 
a  goddess  who  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily 
explained.  The  style  is  good,  and  the  discovery 
leads  us  to  hope  that  other  fragments  of  the 
same  temple  may  be  met  with.  Of  the  remain- 
ing discoveries  I  may  mention  a  gold  ring  from 
a  tomb.  On  the  ring  is  depicted  a  man  who  is 
leading  a  goat  to  be  sacrificed.  For  the  next 
few  weeks  M.  Tsuntas  will  turn  his  energies 
to  the  excavation  of  a  tumulus  on  the  plateau 
of  the  Acropolis,  which  promises  to  prove  most 
interesting  as  it  appears  to  be  undisturbed. 

At  the  same  time  M.  Leonardos  is  at  work  at 
Lycosura  ;  and  he,  too,  has  obtained  important 
results.  The  fioor  of  the  ccVa  of  the  temple 
of  Despoina,  which  has  been  laid  open  to 
view,  is  covered  with  an  ancient  mosaic  of  white 
.  and  red  stones.  In  the  centre  are  depicted  two 
life-size  lions  in  most  lifelike  attitudes.  This 
picture  is  surrounded  with  several  ornamental 
borders,  among  them  one  of  spiral  meanders, 
another  of  a  garland  of  rich  twigs  plaited 
together,  then  follow  again  a  meander  and  a 
row  of  extremely  pretty  large  arabesques  of 
flowers.  The  terrace  of  the  temple  is  surrounded 
by  a  supporting  wall  (divided  into  several  large 
steps)  which  keeps  back  the  masses  of  earth 
tliat  lie  above  the  temple.  On  the  height  lay 
the  so-called  Megarum,  on  which  the  festival  of 
the  goddess  was  celebrated,  and  the  offerings 
of  the  Arcadians  laid  before  her.  M.  Leonardos 
fjnds  himself  upon  the  traces  of  the  great  altars 
of  Demeter,  Despoina,  and  the  Great  Mother 
described  by  Pausanias,  and  he  will  likewise 
excavate  the  long  hall  mentioned  by  PolyVjius, 
which  contained  notable  reliefs  depicting  gods 
and  heroes.  If  to  these  architectonic  and  sculp- 
tural discoveries  inscriptions  are  added,  the  gain 
for  history  and  art  will  be  most  important. 

The  Minister  of  Education  has  determined 
to  proceed  with  repairs  of  the  Parthenon  in 
accordance  with  the  conclusions  of  the  report 
by  Prof.  Durm,  of  which  the  Archaeological 
Society  has  lately  published  a  Greek  version. 
The  erection  of  the  works  has  been  entrusted 
to  an  engineer,  M.  Nicolas  Balanos,  under  the 
-superintendence  of  a  committee.  The  expense 
will  be  borne  by  the  Atlienian  Archteological 
Society.  Spyr.   P.  Lambros. 


An  exhibition  of  drawings  made  in  Greece 
during  the  present  year  by  Mr.  J.  Fulleylove 
will  in  March  next  be  opened  at  the  Fine-Art 
Society's  rooms.  The  artist  devoted  consider- 
able time  to  riding  from  Sparta  to  Patras,  and 
visiting  most  of  the  famous  sites  and  buildings 
of  the  Peloponnese,  for  he  went  to  Epidaurus, 
Argos,  Tiryns,  Mycen,-©,  and  Corinth.  He  also 
made  an  excursion  to  Delphi.  In  these  tours 
he  worked  at  sketches,  besides  devoting  a  good 
deal  of  time  to  Attica,  and  chiefly  to  Athens 
itself,  where,  of  course,  there  was  nnich  to  do, 
as  well  as  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
the  city. 

In  Room  II.,  and  numbered  1401,  the  autho- 
rities  of    the   National    Gallery   have    hung   a 


tempera  picture  of  '  St.  Sebastian  crowned  by 
Angels,'  painted  by  Matteo  di  Giovanni  (14^5? 
-1495),  and  representing  the  martyr  standing 
erect  while  the  angels  floating  above  hold  the 
crown  over  his  head  ;  he  is  pierced  by  arrows, 
and  in  his  right  hand  is  a  crown  ;  in  his  left 
hand  is  a  leaf  shaped  as  a  pen.  The  background 
is  rocky,  with  a  vista  of  a  well-watered  valley. 

One  of  the  most  important  gifts  ever  made  to 
the  British   Museum  is  that  which  the  extreme 
generosity  of  Mr.  William  Mitchell  has  added 
to  the    Department  of    Prints   and    Drawings. 
The  engravings  of  all  sorts  which  Mr.  Mitchell 
has  presented  are  generally  excellent,  frequently 
rare,    and    bear   testimony   to   the    fine   taste, 
activity,  and  good  fortune  of  the  donor.     It  is 
an  open  secret  that   Mr.  Mitchell  was  one  of 
those  to  whom  the  Malcolm  Collection,  now  in 
the  Museum,  owed  much,  for  he  was  the  chief 
adviser  of  its  creator.     The  Mitchell  Gift  com- 
prises, among  many  others,  the  following  first- 
rate  works  :  A  complete  set,  with  one  exception, 
of  the  famous  series  illustrating  the  Apocalypse, 
by  A.   Diirer,   with    the  German  text  ;    it  be- 
longed    to     Towneley,    and    is     exceptionally 
remarkable    for    the    clearness     and    brilliance 
of  nearly  all  the  prints.     A  similar  series,  by 
the  same  master,  of  the  'Life  of  the  Virgin,' 
woodcuts  from  blocks  in  their  best  and  earliest 
condition,   without  the  text,   and    dated  1511. 
A   set  of  the  cuts  of  Diirer's  so-called  '  Little 
Passion  '  of  our  Lord,   wanting  the  title,   but 
of   extreme  beauty,  and  otherwise  in  excellent 
preservation.      A    tine    set     of     '  The     Great 
Passion,'  by  the    same,   in    the    second   state. 
The    Italian    chiaroscurists    of     the    sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  are  represented    by 
a   collection   of   plates  which   has  few  rivals   in 
merit  and  rarity.     Of  them  may  be  mentioned 
the  '  Bust  of  Csesar,'  which  serves  as  a  frontis- 
piece to  the  '  Triumphs  '  of  Mantegna,  and  nine 
very     fine    impressions    from     plates    in    that 
immortal   category.     Prints   of  the  like   order, 
after   Raphael    and    others,  by  Ugo  da  Carpi. 
These  include   a   noble  example  of  the  '  Sibyl 
Reading,'   by   Raphael;    'Saturn,'    after   Par- 
migiano  ;    '  The   Virgin    and    Child,    with    St. 
Sebastian  and  a  Bishop  ';  '  The  Deposition  from 
the  Cross,'   all   after   Raphael;  and   'Hercules 
expelling      Envy.'      By     Andreani     we      have 
'Pilate     washing     his     Hands,'    after     G.     da 
Bologna,  printed  from  the    black  block  only  ; 
and  'Christ  bearing  the  Cross,'  after  Casolani  ; 
likewise  in  chiaroscuro  a  very  fine  'Sea-Monster,' 
by   G.    Bianchini,    an  inedited    relic    of   great 
charm,  which  is  inscribed  as  printed  at  Perugia. 
Among  the  German  prints  we   have  only  space 
for   mentioning    some    undescribed    works    by 
Schiiufelin,   the    '  Hortulus    Animje '  of   Sprin- 
ginklee,  very  choice  instances  by  Hans  Baldung 
and   W.    Hiiber,     including     some     admirable 
chiaroscuros  ;  likewise  an  undescribed  '  Virgin, 
Child,   and  St.   Anne,'   by  Diirer.      Especially 
notable    is    '  St.    George    victorious    over    the 
Dragon,'  by  L.  Cranach,  an  impression  printed 
in  black  and  gold  on  paper  with  a  purple  wash, 
tlie   master's    signature   being  added  in   gold  ; 
likewise  his  '  Martyrdom   of    St.   Barbara '  in 
chiaroscuro,  and   before  the  alteration   correct- 
ing    the     drawing     of     the     shoulder,    signed 
with  the  dragon,  and  dated  1505.     In  addition 
to    the    above    Mr.  Mitchell    has    given  a  set, 
less  one,   of   the   '  Planets '   of   H.   S.   Beham, 
which  were  freely  adapted  from  the  Florentine 
originals   ascribed   to   Baldini.     By  Jacopo  de' 
Barbari   we    find    the    very   large    woodcut    of 
Venice,   printed  from   six    blocks,   in  tlie  first 
and   finest   state,    and   representing   the    Cam- 
panile before  the    pyramid  was    placed  on  its 
summit.      There    is    a    nearly    complete     set, 
sixty    in    number,    of    Altdorfer's    works,    and 
mostly  very  brilliant  and  fresh  ;  they  comprise 
the    especially    fine    '  Ecclesiastic    adoring    the 
Virgin    and    Child,'   'The  Virgin    and    Child,' 
and    the  'Flight  into    Egypt,'    represented    by 
an    incident    supposed    to    have  occurred  in    a 
Gothic  building,  the  chief  feature  of  which  is 


a  noble  fountain.  In  no  respect  is  the  Mitchell 
Gift  more  memorable  than  as  concerns  the  pro- 
ductions of  Hans  Burgmair,  among  which  are 
(1)  his  portrait  of  the  Kaiser  Max,  dated  1518, 
which  was  evidently  cut  by  a  Flemish  and  not 
by  a  German  hand,  with  the  signature  "  Jost 
Negker  ";  (2)  the  portrait  of  Paungartner,  1512, 
printed  in  chiaroscuro  on  bufi"  with  green  and 
grey  of  two  shades,  and  black  ;  (3)  the  '  Lovers 
surprised  by  Death,'  likewise  in  chiaroscuro, 
extremely  fine  and  better  than  the  example  the 
Museum  previously  possessed  ;  (4)  the  armorials 
of  Cardinal  M.  Lang,  of  Saltzburg,  and  printed 
in  not  fewer  than  seven  colours  and  gold.  We 
notice,  besides,  an  extremely  valuable  collection 
of  chiaroscuros  by  Wechtlin  ;  and  specimens  by 
Hans  Baldung,  such  as  '  Adam  and  Eve, '  '  St, 
John  the  Baptist,'  'The  Fates,'  'The  W' itches' 
Kitchen'  in  chiaroscuro,  'The  Seven  Horses,' 
'St.  Jerome,'  and  'The  Virgin  and  Child 
with  St.  Anne,'  after  Diirer.  There  are,  besides 
the  above,  and  including  a  large  number  of 
miscellaneous  French  prints,  ancient  popular 
German  prints  in  colours  such  as  excited  the 
wrath  of  Luther,  German  title-pages,  Holbein's 
works,  and  last,  but  not  least  acceptable,  a  set 
of  the  cuts  on  Arts  and  Crafts  by  Jost  Amman, 
in  the  first  and  choicest  state. 

At  a  general  assembly  of  Academicians  and 
Associates  held  on  Friday  evening  in  last 
week,  Mr.  E.  Onslow  Ford,  sculptor,  and  Mr. 
W.  B.  Richmond,  painter,  were  elected  Aca- 
demicians. 

The  Cambrian  Archaeological  Association  is 
promoting  the  survey  and  the  preservation  of 
the  remains  of  the  prehistoric  fortress  city 
of  Treceiri,  which  is  situated  on  one  of  the 
peaks  of  the  Rivals  (Yr  Eifl)  in  Carnarvonshire, 
and  is  the  most  important  specimen  of  the  kind 
in  North  Wales.  An  application  for  having  it 
scheduled  under  the  Ancient  Monuments  Act  was 
some  time  ago  refused  by  the  Government  on 
the  ground  of  expense. 

The  Ethnographical  and  Archaeological  Survey 
of  Wales,  which  the  Association  has  also  under- 
taken in  concert  with  the  Committee  of  the 
Ethnographical  Survey  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, is  to  be  commenced  with  a  survey  of 
Pembrokeshire,  for  which  Mr.  E.  Laws,  Mr. 
Henry  Owen,  and  Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen  will 
be  mainly  responsible. 

Mr.  W.  de  Gray  Birch,  who  recently  tran- 
scribed a  large  number  of  documents  in  the 
British  Museum  and  among  the  Margam  muni- 
ments for  the  third  and  fourth  volumes  of  Mr. 
G.  T.  Clark's  privately  printed  'Cartas  et  Muni- 
menta  de  Glamorgan,'hasnowinthepress  a  'His- 
tory of  Margam  Abbey,'  which  will  shortly  be 
issued  to  subscribers  only.  The  work  will  be 
illustrated  with  facsimiles  of  charters  and  seals, 
and  with  views  and  drawings  of  some  of  the 
architectural  and  sepulchral  remains  of  this  in- 
teresting Cistercian  monastery. 

'The  Circumcision,'  by  Giovanni  Bellini, 
which  Lord  Carlisle  has  most  generously  given 
to  the  National  Gallery,  now  hangs  in  Room 
VII.  and  is  numbered  1455.  It  is  the  admir- 
able example  of  which  in  1870,  "The  Private 
Collections  of  England,"  No.  XXVIL,  Castle 
Howard,  we  wrote  as  follows  : — 

"  Another  treasure  fioin  the  Orleans  Gallery  is  far 
more  attractive  [tiian  Domeuichino's  '  St.  John ']. 
It  is  Giovanni  Uellini's  'Hie  CircumcisioD,'  com- 
prising half-length  figures  of  about  half  the  size  of 
life— proportions  the  painter  affected  in  so  many 
works  of  the  period  here  represented, /.  c,  of  the 
middle  of  his  career,  by  which  Bellini  is  most 
largely  known.  Christ  is  held  on  a  cus-hion  by  the 
Virgin  ;  she  is  attended  by  a  woman  (saint?)  wear- 
ing a  yellow  liead-dress,  and  a  brown  robe  lined 
with  red  ;  Joseph  is  behind  the  Child,  in  the  centre; 
an  attendant  holds  the  robe  of  the  High  Priest. 
This  painting  has  great  charms  for  the  student, 
anil  by  no  means  the  least  of  these  is  the  fact  that 
it  has  suffered,  except  slightly  in  the  flesh,  only 
mechanical  injuries  Pieces  have  been  knocked  off 
the  surface,  but  no  jiart  has  been  '  restored,'  or 
otherwise  so|)liisticatod.  Secondly,  it  is  most 
luminous  and  profound  in  colour  ;  of  course,  in  the 


170 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


mode  of  the  Venetian  School  at  this  period,  i.  e., 
the  chiaroscuro  is  nascent,  the  tints  are  localized, 
and  the  mode  of  grouping  the  tints  is  a  little  too 
obvious  ;  the  figures  are  superbl}'  modelled.  See  the 
face  of  the  Virgin,  that  of  one  of  those  magnificent 
Venetian  women  whose  morbidezza  profoundly 
moved  the  painters  of  their  country,  marked  by  a 
grave,  suave,  and  restful  expression,  instinct  with  un- 
conscious dignity  ;  this  is  the  countenance  of  a  Vene- 
tian woman  to  the  life,  not  over  refined,  but  full  of 
repose,  the  repose  of  vigour  and  conscious  strength, 
not  the  languor  of  debility.  There  seems  to  remain 
in  the  picture  abundant  evidence  that  the  art  of  the 
painter  was  still  in  a  tentative  stage,  for,  masterly 
as  the  work  is,  there  are  uncertainties,  self-contra- 
dictions here  and  there,  which  prove  that  Bellini  was 
making  experiments,  and  could  not  settle  his  prac- 
tice on  large  principles.  For  example,  the  shadows 
of  the  flesh  of  the  three  adult  male  figures  are 
hot,  whereas  such  is  not  the  case  elsewhere.  There 
are  curious  imperfections  exhibited  in  the  treatment, 
f.^-,  as  in  some  disproportions,  often  produced  by 
Giovanni,  and  the  thin,  floss-like  hair,  which  is  due 
to  the  peculiar  technique  only.  The  prodigious 
solidity  of  the  workmanship  is  thoroughly  Venetian ; 
so  is  the  scheme  of  colour  ;  the  carnations,  as  in  the 
Virgin's  face,  the  figure  of  the  Child,  and  the  coun- 
tenance of  the  female  attendant,  are  quite  Venetian, 
broad, and  somewhat  uniform  in  tint;  the  shadowsare 
clear,  the  definition  is  a  little  hard  ;  but  the  drawing 
is  careful,  searching,  and,  so  far  as  it  goes,  learned. 
The  colour  and  light  focalize  in  a  naive  way  on  the 
warm  white  of  the  cope  of  the  High  Priest,  the 
light  of  which  is  diffused  by  the  neighbouring  flesh 
of  the  Child,  echoed  by  the  cold  white  of  the 
Virgin's  head-dress,  and  extended,  in  harmony  with 
the  carnations  of  the  Child,  by  her  red  robe.  The 
system  of  colouring  adopted  throughout  could 
hardly  be  more  obvious  than  it  is.  This  is  cha- 
racteristic of  the  period  and  the  painter.  The 
diaper  of  the  High  Priest's  robe  contains  figures 
of  antelopes,  a  curious  instance  of  the  straight- 
forward mode  of  the  artist,  who,  no  doubt,  em- 
ployed as  a  model  a  veritable  robe,  and  one  of 
Oriental  or  Sicilian  origin.  Embroideries  of  this 
category  were  frequently  used  in  Venice  of  old. 
The  picture  is  signed,  on  a  cartel,  '  loannes  Bel- 
linvs.'  It  is  the  original  of  numerous  versions  and 
copies,  as  in  the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  in  the  Leuchten- 
berg  Gallery  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  elsewhere.  It  is 
one  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  Bellini's  extended 
practice  in  oil ;  but  the  manner  in  which  the  vehicle 
is  used  is  tentative,  and  shows  the  influence  of  the 
earlier  process  of  tempera." 

The  then  Earl  of  Carlisle  exhibited  this  in- 
tensely interesting  example  at  the  British 
Institution  in  1851. 

The  '  Directory  for  establishing  Science  and 
Art  Schools  and  Classes  under  the  Department 
of  Science  and  Art'  has  been  published,  as  it 
is  revised  to  June  last,  and  indicates  certain 
changes  of  importance  concerning  grants  in  aid 
of  the  subjects  in  question,  examinations,  and 
the  certificates  awarded  by  means  of  that 
■wonderfully  elaborate  system  which  has  grown 
up  together  witli  a  prodigious  increase  of  the 
staff  of  officers,  assistants,  and  clerks. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  for  an  im- 
portant international  exhibition  of  works  of  the 
fine  arts  to  be  held  at  Dresden  during  1897. 


MUSIC 


MUSIC   IN   1894-5. 

After  a  season  of  almost  unprecedented 
length  and  activity  there  is  a  little  breathing 
time,  and  the  opjjortunity  may  be  taken  for 
casting  a  glance  backward  on  the  work  accom- 
plished during  the  period  between  October  last 
and  the  end  of  July.  That  it  has  been  a  specially 
eventful  epoch  cannot  be  said,  tliat  is  as  regards 
the  production  of  novelties  concerning  which 
the  term  "  masterpiece  "  might  fitly  be  used,  but 
as  regards  the  number  of  liigh-class  performances 
on  a  large  scale  it  has  certainly  been  remarkable, 
and  that  without  diminisliing  the  customary 
list  of  chamber  concerts  and  pianoforte  recitals, 
not  to  mentitm  ballad  and  miscellaneous  per- 
formances. There  has  been  a  special  tendency 
towards  an  increase  in  popularity  of  orchestral 
concerts,  which  may  partly  be  accounted  for  by 
the  large  seating  capacity  of  the  Queen's  Hall, 
but  still  more  by  tiie  ever-growing  admiration 
of  Wagner's  music  apart  from  the  stage,  and  the 


first  appearance  in  London  of  those  two  gifted 
German  conductors  Herr  Felix  Mottl  and  Herr 
Hermann  Levi,  who  were  both  accepted  with 
enthusiasm  by  English  amateurs  who  had  no 
experience  of  their  skill  at  Munich,  Carlsruhe, 
and  Bayreuth.  The  arrival  of  Herr  Siegfried 
Wagner  also  awakened  much  interest ;  but 
although  the  only  son  of  the  poet-composer  dis- 
played unquestionable  intelligence  —  wielding 
the  6afo?i,  with  his  left  hand — it  cannot  be  said  that 
he  evinced  very  remarkable  ability  as  a  director 
of  an  orchestra,  his  tempi  being  frequently  too 
slow  according  to  our  insular  ideas.  The  Richter 
Concerts  were  as  successful  as  ever,  though 
they  had  to  be  reduced  in  numbers  in  con- 
sequence of  the  Viennese  conductor's  continental 
engagements.  Successful  beyond  the  average, 
even  of  the  recent  successful  years,  has  been 
the  season  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  this 
venerable  association  having  completely  thrown 
off  the  torpidity  which  atone  period  threatened 
it  with  extinction.  It  is  now  abreast  of  the 
times  alike  in  the  selection  of  the  programmes 
and  the  excellence  of  the  performances,  and 
has  probably  many  more  years  of  usefulness 
before  it.  A  noteworthy  feature  of  the  season 
was  the  public  presentation  of  the  society's  gold 
medal  to  Madame  Adelina  Patti,  who  generously 
gave  her  services  at  one  of  the  concerts.  Mr. 
Henschel's  London  Symphony  Concerts  were 
more  warmly  patronized  than  in  any  previous 
season,  and  their  number  is  to  be  increased  next 
season,  when  they  will  once  more  be  given  in 
St.  James's  Hall.  Complaints  were  made  in 
some  quarters  concerning  the  predominance 
given  to  Wagner ;  but  considering  that  here  as 
elsewhere  the  Bayreuth  master's  music  draws 
the  largest  audiences,  Mr.  Henschel  cannot  be 
blamed  for  pursuing  a  policy  which,  at  any 
rate,  ensures  a  continuance  of  his  valuable 
enterprise. 

Turning  to  choral  music,  we  may  be  pardoned 
for  naming  first  the  three  days',  or  rather  three 
evenings'.  Bach  Festival  at  the  Queen's  Hall. 
When  the  Bach  Choir  was  formed  in  1876 
very  few  musical  amateurs  took  delight  in 
the  music  of  the  Leipzig  Cantor  ;  but  side  by 
side  with  new  developments  of  the  art  has 
grown  a  feeling  of  profound  reverence  for  the 
master  with  whom  alone  Handel  can  compare. 
We  trust  that  the  Bach  Choir  will  see  its  way 
to  make  the  festival  not  a  triennial,  but  an 
annual  celebration.  The  new  choral  societies 
which  have  given  many  performances  at  the 
Queen's  Hall  on  weekdays  and  on  Sundays  have, 
for  the  most  part,  secured  excellent  audiences, 
and  everything  has  proved  that  oratorio  was 
never  more  firmly  established  in  the  affections 
of  the  English  public  than  at  present.  The 
Royal  Choral  Society  at  the  Albert  Hall  had  a 
very  successful  season,  the  most  important 
function  being  the  first  performance  in  London 
of  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  splendid  oratorio  '  King 
Saul.'  Sir  Joseph  Barnby's  matchless  choir 
was  superb  from  first  to  last. 

In  the  department  of  chamber  music  more 
than  usual  has  been  done,  several  additions 
having  been  made  to  the  repertory  of  the 
Popular  Concerts,  though  Mr.  Arthur  Chappell 
was,  unfortunately,  unable  to  secure  for  the 
first  performance  in  England  Brahms's  new 
sonatas  for  pianoforte  and  clarinet.  This 
honour  was  accorded  to  Miss  Fanny  Davies, 
and  our  young  English  j)ianist  having  engaged 
the  invaluable  services  of  Herr  Miihlfeld,  the 
beautiful  works  were  heard  under  the  most 
favourable  conditions,  and  were  received  with 
unanimous  favour. 

The  season  has  certainly  been  remarkable  for 
the  appearance  of  new  instrumental  artists  of 
the  higliest  calibre.  Herr  Emil  Sauer  and  Herr 
Rosenthal  differ  in  style  and  temperament,  but 
tliey  are  both  consummate  masters  of  the  piano- 
forte ;  and  no  less  a  sensation  was  afforded  by 
the  violinist  Herr  Willy  Burmester,  some  who 
remember  Paganini  comparing  him  with  tliat 
extraordinary  genius. 


Sir  Augustus  Harris  remains  master  of  the 
situation  in  opera.  The  Carl  Rosa  Company 
still  declines,  perhaps  wisely,  to  risk  further 
losses  in  London,  though  some  other  provincial 
troupes  have  paid  visits  to  the  suburban  theatres. 
A  short  season  of  opera  in  English  was  given 
during  the  Easter  weeks  at  Drury  Lane, 
and  subsequently  the  national  theatre  was 
occupied  by  the  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  Company, 
the  most  successful  of  their  performances  being 
'  Der  Freischiitz  '  and  '  Fidelio. ' 

At  Covent  Garden  fewer  novelties  than  last 
year  have  been  offered,  and  with  less  arduous 
rehearsals  the  performances  have  attained  a 
higher  average  of  excellence.  In  the  regretted 
absence  of  the  brothers  De  Reszke  the  female 
artists  have  obtained  greater  prominence  than 
in  recent  years,  and  with  such  performers  as 
Mesdames  Calv^,  Melba,  and  Patti,  prima  donna 
worship  maybe  said  to  have  returned.  Whether 
this  is  good  for  art  is  a  matter  that  may  be  ques- 
tioned. Here  is  a  complete  list  of  the  performances : 
'  Faust, '  8  times  ;  '  Carmen  '  and  '  Cavalleria 
Rusticana,'  6;  *  Rom^o  et  Juliette,'  'Otello,' 
and  'Pagliacci,'  5  ;  'Trovatore,'  4  ;  '  Harold, 
'Lucia,'  'Rigoletto,'  *  Traviata,'  'Lohengrin, 
and  '  Fra  Diavolo,' 3  ;  'Orfeo,'  'Philemon  et 
Baucis,'  '  Le  Prophete,'  'Don  Giovanni,'  '  Le 
Nozze  di  Figaro, '  '  II  Barbiere, '  '  Falstaff, '  and 
'Tannhauser,'  2;  'Mefistofele,'  'La  Navar- 
raise,'  'Les  Huguenots,'  and  'Petruccio,'  1. 
Next  week  we  propose  to  commence  dealing 
with  the  future,  giving  such  particulars  of  the 
forthcoming  provincial  festivals  as  may  be  to 
hand.  Those  who  wish  for  any  further  details 
concerning  the  above-named  performances  will 
find  them  in  the  back  numbers  of  the  Athence^lm. 


The  last  pianoforte  recital  of  the  summer 
season  took  place  on  Saturday  afternoon  last 
week  at  St.  James's  Hall,  M.  de  Greef  being 
the  executant.  He  was  very  successful  in  items 
by  Beethoven  and  Chopin,  and  his  programme 
included  others  by  Schumann,  Grieg,  Mosz- 
kowski,  and  Liszt  ;  but  he  should  not  have 
chosen  single  movements  from  favourite  works. 
M.  de  Greef,  however,  is  a  highly  capable  and 
intelligent  performer,  and  he  has  been  so  much 
appreciated  in  London  that  he  will  return  in 
October  for  another  series  of  recitals. 

Among  the  well-known  artists  already  en- 
gaged for  the  promenade  concerts  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  commencing  next  Saturday,  are  Mesdames 
Duma,  Alice  Gomez,  Belle  Cole,  and  Marian 
Mackenzie  ;  and  Messrs.  Iver  McKay,  Lloyd 
Chandos,  J.  Robertson,  Watkin  Mills,  Ludwig, 
and  Ffrangcon  Davies.  It  would  seem  from 
this  list  that  prominence  is  to  be  given  to  vocal 
music. 

Once  more  we  learn  that  Signor  Boito  has 
completed  his  'Nero,'  and  that  the  gifted, 
though  eccentric  composer  has  submitted  the 
score  to  the  judgment  of  Verdi,  who  was 
enchanted  with  it  ;  further,  that  Verdi  was 
inclined  to  accept  lilreUi  from  Boito  based  on 
Dante's  '  Inferno  '  and  '  II  Purgatorio.' 

The  Wagner  Festival  at  Munich  will  com- 
mence on  the  8th  inst.  and  will  terminate  on 
September  27th.  All  the  music-dramas,  with 
the  exception  of  'Parsifal,'  will  be  given  twice, 
and  some  three  times. 


DRAMA 


Duologues  and  Scenes  from  the  Novels  of  Jane 
Austen.      Arranged     and     adapted     for 
Drawing-Room  Perfornianco    by  Eosina 
Filippi     (Mrs.    Dowson).      With    Illus- 
trations by  Miss  Fletcher.     (Dent  &  Co.) 
This     is    an    admirable     idea    excellently 
carried  out.     It  was  suggested  to  the  editor 
by  "  tlie  dearth  of  good  duologues  and  one- 


N*'  3536,  Aug.  3,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


171 


act  plays  suitable  for  amateur  performance," 
the  difficulty  and  expense  of  obtaining-  tbe 
acting  rights  of  the  best  pieces,  and  the  un- 
satisfactory results  of  choosing  a  play  from 
Mr.  French's  list,  "the  orange  -  covered 
book,"  because  "  it  is  found  to  contain  the 
requisite  number  of  characters  and  has  no 
elaborate  scenery."  She  might  have  added 
that  for  the  use  of  amateurs,  who  are 
naturally  unable  to  present  strong  passion, 
.a  certain  measure  of  literary  style  is 
desirable.  Miss  Austen  provides  exactly 
the  right  combination  of  vivacity  and 
restraint  to  grace  a  drawing  -  room, 
though  it  cannot  be  admitted  that  these 
scenes  will  "play  themselves."  They 
require  great  delicacy  of  handling,  and 
must  not  be  attempted  by  the  funny  man, 
the  imitator  of  Irving,  or  the  young  lady 
who  looks  so  charming  as — as  anything  you 
like.  "We  believe  that  most  of  them  have 
been  several  times  performed  in  Oxford 
"  with  great  applause,"  and  there  is  no 
doubt  that,  when  well  acted,  they  would 
be  keenly  appreciated  everywhere.  Mrs. 
Dowson  says,  most  wisely,  that  they 
"should  be  represented  with  no  scenery 
whatever  (by  scenery  I  mean  stage,  pro- 
scenium, footlights,  and  curtain),  but  it 
is  essential  that  the  accurate  costume  of  the 
day  should  be  worn." 

The  construction  of  this  volume  deserves 
the  warmest  praise ;  it  evinces  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  Jane  Austen's  work,  and  a 
genuine  resjiect  for  her  style.  The  neces- 
sary changes  in  the  text  have  been  carefully 
made,  and,  for  the  most  part,  missing  links 
are  supplied  in  the  author's  own  words 
from  different  parts  of  the  novels.  The 
introductory  monologues,  in  which  the 
audience  is  told  the  plot,  are  open  to 
criticism ;  but  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
they  could  be  done  to  our  satisfaction.  It 
is  required  to  sketch  subtle  developments  of 
character  in  a  few  words  and  in  language 
at  once  worthy  of  a  great  novelist  and 
typical  of  the  person  supposed  to  be  speak- 
ing. 

Mrs.  Dowson's  own  composition,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  preface,  is  extremely 
poor ;  but  in  this  difficult  task  of  pro- 
viding monologues  she  has  made  few 
patent  errors.  "  But  whom  now  my  heart 
tells  me  I  sincerely  love  and  esteem,"  is  an 
awkward  phrase ;  and  we  cannot  fancy 
Elizabeth  saying,  "  AVill  Mr.  Darcy  be 
satisfied  to  spend  the  time  with  me?" 
Emma  has  no  right  to  speak  of  having 
*'  encouraged  her  poor  friend,  Harriet 
Smith,  to  think  well  of"  Churchill,  for  her 
advice  was  perfectly  definite.  The  follow- 
ing passage,  again,  though  it  is  Jane 
Austen's  own  descn'j)tion,  sounds  heavy  and 
pedantic  from  Elizabeth's  lips,  and  is  not 
instructive  to  the  audience  : — 

"  Well  !  if  my  father  was  hopeful  of  6nding 
our  cousin,  Mr.  Collins,  far  from  sensible,  I 
cannot  think  he  is  disappointed,  for  the  de- 
ficiencies of  nature  have  been  but  little  assisted 
by  education,  and  thouoh  he  has  belonged  to 
one  of  the  universities,  he  evidently  merely 
kept  the  necessary  terms,  without  forming  there 
any  useful  acquaintance." 

The  most  striking  instance  of  adaptation 
is  the  scene  from  '  Emma '  called  '  Three 
Loves '  (surely  a  misprint  for  '  Three 
Lovers'),  in  which  Harriet's  destruction 
of    her    "  most    precious    treasures,"    her 


declaration  of  love  for  Mr.  Knightley, 
and  that  gentleman's  proposal  to  Emma 
are  adroitly  combined.  Emma,  however, 
should  have  been  made  to  betray  the  fact 
that  she  only  discovered  her  own  feelings 
towards  Mr.  Knightley  on  hearing  Harriet's 
confession.  Similarly  'The  Reading  of 
Jane  Fairfax's  Letter '  contains  some 
passages  from  the  ball  at  the  Crown, 
and  Mrs.  Elton's  call  on  Miss  Bates  has 
been  utilized  in  '  A  Strawberry  Picnic,' 
while  the  prologue  and  epilogue  to  '  The 
Proposal  of  Mr.  Collins '  are  composed  from 
several  different  chapters. 

Long  speeches  have  been  ingeniously 
broken  up,  particularly  those  of  Miss  Bates, 
for  which  purpose  Emma's  silly  compliment 
on  Jane's  handwriting  is  a  happy  inven- 
tion. There  are,  however,  some  trifling 
deviations  from  the  text  for  which  we  can 
find  no  excuse,  such  as  the  omission  of  a 
simple  word  like  "great,"  or  the  substitu- 
tion of  "awoke  "  for  icoke,  and  "  gossipings" 
for  prosings. 

As  a  whole,  however,  Mrs.  Dowson  has 
managed  her  material  with  ability,  but  we 
are  not  entirely  convinced  as  to  the  wisdom 
of  her  choice.  These  seven  scenes  are  every 
one  of  them  delightful  (though  others  might 
perhaps  have  been  found  of  equal  merit), 
but  they  are  almost  totally  disconnected  and 
very  short  in  themselves.  The  longest 
would  not  take  more  than  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  to  play,  and  others  would  be  finished 
in  five  minutes. 

Again,  the  pencil  scene,  with  which  'Three 
Loves  '  begins,  is  in  reality  the  last  chapter 
of  a  romance,  and  this  fact  suggests  the 
desirability,  or  at  least  the  possibility,  of 
exhibiting  the  rise  and  fall  of  Harriet's 
attachment  to  the  vicar  in  a  series  of  scenes  : 
Emma  bids  her  repudiate  Mr.  Martin  and 
suggests  comparisons,  the  riddle  and  the 
portrait,  Elton  proposes  to  Emma,  Harriet 
burns  the  court-plaster  and  the  bit  of  lead 
pencil.  It  would  be  well  to  have,  in 
addition,  a  scene  between  Mrs.  Elton  and 
Emma ;  but  we  are  only  attempting  the 
outline  of  an  idea,  and  will  do  no  more 
than  suggest  that  the  other  novels  might 
be  treated  in  a  similar  fashion. 

But  for  what  is  here  provided  we  are 
sincerely  grateful,  and  undoubtedly  the 
book  deserves  success.  It  is  got  up  in  the 
charming  style  which  we  have  learnt  to 
expect  from  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  (being 
uniform  with  Mr.  Brimley  Johnson's  edition 
of  the  novels),  and  Miss  Fletcher's  illustra- 
tions are  admirably  calculated  to  assist 
in  the  preparation  of  dresses,  for  which  Mrs. 
Dowson  has  further  provided  the  most 
careful  directions.  The  frontispiece  is 
worthy  of  a  better  title  than  "  Costumes." 


Essai  sur  V Histoire  dxi  Theatre.  Par  Germain 
Bapst.  (Hachette  &  Co.)— This  huge  cyclo- 
p.'edia  of  things  theatrical  consists  of  the  offi- 
cial report  of  the  Paris  class  "  des  Arts 
d(^coratLfs  "  upon  the  theatres.  As  such  it  is  an 
edifying  specimen  of  French  ingenuity,  method, 
perseverance,  assumption,  and  inaccuracy.  It 
is  a  huge  work  of  between  six  and  seven  hundred 
pages  of  some  four  hundred  and  fifty  words 
each,  and  deals  with  the  mise  en  sctue,  decora- 
tions, costumes,  architecture,  lighting,  and 
hygiene  of  the  theatre.  Authorities  are  duly 
supplied  in  foot-notes  ;  jncccs  justijica tires, 
indexes,  tiibles,  and  everything  that  cati  facilitate 
the  labours  of  the  student  are  furni.shed  ;  and 


the  only  thing  lacking  is  the  quality  of  trust- 
worthiness. As,  while  giving  naturally  the 
largest  space  to  France,  it  deals  with  many  other 
countries,  a  knowledge  such  as  few  individuals 
can  boast  is  necessary  to  do  justice  to  its  short- 
comings. From  the  manner  in  which  things 
English  are  treated,  an  idea  of  the  amount 
of  intelligence  displayed  in  dealing  with  non- 
domestic  matters  may  be  gleaned.  We  learn, 
for  instance,  that  the  scenes  that  were  repre- 
sented in  England,  at  first  "  assez  primitives,  ' 
were  in  the  sixteenth  century  the  work  of  men 
of  talent  such  as  Ben  Johnson  (sic),  and  "plus 
tard  Shakespeare."  However  different  were,  it 
is  held,  the  works  of  these  two  writers,  they 
sprang  from  popular  representations,  pageants, 
and  "dans  leurs  formules  se  ressentent  tr^s 
vivement  du  milieu  grossier  pour  lequel  elles 
^taient  composdes."  No  other  dramatist  of  the 
epoch  is  mentioned,  and  "Johnson,"  and  later 
Shakspeare,  support  the  burden  of  sixteenth 
century  literature.  The  London  theatres  iu 
Shakspearean  times  are  said  to  include  "  le 
Cockpitt  ou  Phenix,"  the  "  RedbuU  "  (always 
so  spelt),  the  "Beer-Garden,"  and  the  Globe 
opposite  the  Tower.  The  theatres  being  open 
to  the  sky,  our  author  suj^poses  that  with  an 
English  climate  a  theatre,  a  cause  des  brouil- 
lards,  could  hope  for  a  season  of  only  four  to 
five  months.  In  the  middle  of  the  pit  of 
the  Globe,  of  which  Shakspeare  is  director,  is 
an  immense  tub  of  thick  English  beer, 
from  which  each  "assistant"  can  drink  to 
satiety.  Chatterton  the  actor  was  sent, 
we  are  told,  by  Davenant  into  France  about 
1660  to  study  French  decorations  and  machines 
at  the  Hotel  de  Bourgogne  and  at  the  Marais. 
This  supplies  the  ex-manager  of  Drury  Lane 
with  a  possible  theatrical  descent  wholly  un- 
rivalled in  this  country.  It  is  pleasing,  too,  to 
learn  that  one  day  Miss  Nelginn — an  actress 
whom  we  should  have  had  some  difficulty  in 
recognizing  but  for  the  following  not  wholly 
individualizing  qualification,  "  maitresse  du  Roi 
Charles  II." — played  St.  Catherine,  and  said 
to  those  about  to  lift  her  body  after  her  martyr- 
dom, "  Arretez,  chiens  maudits  !  je  dois  me 
lever  et  reciter  Tepilogue."  Since  this  time 
our  theatre  has  undergone  a  terrible  degrin- 
golade.  From  the  eighteenth  century,  says  our 
latest  critic,  England  constructed  all  her  theatres 
in  imitation  of  those  of  France  and  Italy.  Her 
decorations,  her  scenic  arrangements  (agence- 
ments),  are  copies  of  continental  usage.  Her 
repertoire  even,  outside  the  work  of  Shakspeare, 
is  made  up  of  French  or  Cerman  works.  So 
Great  Britain  has  nothing  original  in  theatrical 
matters,  except  at  her  beginnings,  when  Shak- 
speare, thanks  to  his  incomparable  genius, 
placed  her  in  an  unrivalled  position  ("  hors  de 
pair  ").  Alas  !  poor  country  of  Marlowe  and 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Congreve  and  Sheri- 
dan !  Eleven  pages  in  all  are  assigned  to  the 
English  drama  and  stage.  It  is  difficult  for  a 
writer  in  so  small  a  field  to  play  so  many 
diverting  antics.  There  are  .some  useful  illus- 
trations, with  many  of  which  the  student  of  the 
stage  is  familiar.  Most  are  taken  from  well- 
known  sources,  or  may  be  found  in  other  recent 
compilations.  It  is,  however,  convenient  to 
have  them  accessible  in  a  single  volume. 


At  the  close  of  a  programme  consisting  of 
'Nance  Oldfield,'  'A  Story  of  Waterloo,' and 
the  church  scene  from  '  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,'  Sir  Henry  Irving  and  Miss  Terry 
received  an  ovation  from  the  large  public 
which  the  occasion  had  attracted.  For  a  period 
extending  almost  over  half  an  hour  the  audience 
persisted  in  resummoning  before  it  those  who 
had  ministered  to  its  delight.  The  three  i)er- 
formances  given  are,  indeed,  in  their  way  un- 
surpassed, and  could  be  given  with  equal  effect 
in  no  other  house.  Miss  Terry's  Nance  Old- 
field    is    an    absolutely    joyous    creation,    and 


172 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N«  3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


Irving's  hero  of  Waterloo  is  a  masterpiece  of 
stage  realism.  In  the  short  scene  from  Shak  - 
speare  the  mise  en  scene  was  an  absolute  delight 
to  witness.  The  acting  in  one  or  two  characters 
was  unnecessarily  effusive,  a  fact  for  which  the 
conditions  prevailing  may  be  allowed  to  plead 
excuse. 

At  the  close  of  his  farewell  entertainment 
Irving  was  formally  presented  by  the  Lord 
Mayor  of  Dublin  with  an  address  from  the 
citizens  of  Dublin,  which  had  less  ceremoniously 
been  presented  to  him  last  year  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  Dublin.  The  address,  written  by  Dr. 
Dowden,  was  illuminated,  and  framed  in  oak 
from  the  walls  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
Among  the  numerous  signatures  appended  to  it 
were  those  of  Lord  Wolseley,  Lord  Ardilaun, 
Lord  Ashbourne,  Lord  Justice  Fitzgibbon,  and 
Mr.  John  Morley. 

In  his  farewell  speech  Sir  Henry  pointed  with 
some  pride  to  the  programmes  of  the  past  season 
both  as  regards  novelties  and  revivals  ;  declared 
his  intention  to  reopen  in  '  Coriolanus,'  which 
provoked  loud  but  unnoticed  cries  of  '  Hamlet '; 
and  promised,  in  addition  to  an  adaptation  of 
'  Madame  Sans-Gene,'  new  plays  by  Mr.  Pinero 
and  Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney.  The  departure  for 
America  will,  it  is  said,  take  place  on  the  31st 
inst. 

Actors  have  always  delighted  in  showing 
their  power  to  present  strongly  contrasted  cha- 
racters. Garrick  won  great  applause  for  appear- 
ing on  the  same  evening  in  '  King  Lear '  and 
'The  Schoolboy.'  A  contrast  not  less  striking, 
and  it  may  well  be  conceived  not  less  successful, 
was  furnished  by  Sir  Henry  Irving  in  playing 
on  the  same  evening  Corporal  Brewster  and 
Benedick,  passing  from  the  extreme  of  realistic 
senility  to  a  bearing  of  great  courtliness  and 
distinction. 

The  Princess's  Theatre  reopens  this  evening 
with  the  drama  of  'Saved  from  the  Sea,' 
originally  produced  at  the  Pavilion.  Mr. 
Charles  Glenney  resumes  his  original  role  of  the 
hero. 

The  promised  transference  of  'The  Prude's 
Progress '  from  the  Comedy  Theatre  to 
Terry's,  and  of  '  The  Passport '  from  Terry's 
to  the  Trafalgar,  was  accomplished  on  Monday. 
At  the  house  last  named  a  lever  de  ridean  by 
Mr.  Wilton  Jones,  entitled  '  In  an  Attic,'  was 
given.  The  bill  cannot  be  said  to  be  greatly 
strengthened  by  the  addition. 

Mr.  Daly's  farce  of  'Nancy  &  Co.,'  from 
the  German  of  Julius  Rosen,  first  played  nine 
years  ago  at  the  Strand,  was  given  on  Mondayand 
Tuesday  at  Daly's  Theatre,  with  Miss  Rehan, 
Mrs.  Gilbert,  and  Mr.  Lewis  in  their  former 
roles.  Its  performance  proved  thoroughly 
diverting,  but  could  scarcely  be  said  to  err  in 
the  direction  of  moileration  or  artistic  restraint. 
It  was,  indeed,  taken  throughout  at  breakneck 
pace.  On  Wednesday,  after  a  performance  of 
'The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,'  the  house 
closed. 

The  forthcoming  drama  at  the  Adelphi  is  an 
adaptation  by  Messrs.  Brandon  Thomas  and 
Clement  Scott  of  '  Le  Maitre  d'Armes,' a  play 
of  MM.  .lules  Mary  and  Georges  Grisier,  in 
which,  on  the  1.3th  of  October,  1892,  M.  Taillade 
obtained  a  conspicuous  success  at  the  Porte- 
Saint  Martin.  The  action  is  divided  between 
Paris  and  the  Normandy  coast. 


To   Correspondents.— W.    II.— J.    II.    C— A.   J.    II.— 
received. 
D.  S.  R. — We  cannot  undertake  to  answer  such  questions. 
T.  C.  F.  B.— You  liad  better  apply  to  Mr.  Macalister. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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I 


N°3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


173 


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174 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3536,  Aug.  3, '95 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


Tins  W:EEKS  \r:}rBER  contains— 
MOTES  :— Nelson  Relics— Lady  Katheiine  Grey— Local  Anecdotes- 
John  Flanisteed— "Only  "—Letter  of  Tennyson— H.  Mossop— 'La 
Grippe'—"  Battletwig":  "  Landlady  ":  "  Boggart  "—"Effrontery  "— 
Statues- Welsh  Place-names— "Denting":  "  Kinger '-Mistakes  in 
Reference  Books— "Frightened  of  "-Audrey  or  Awdry. 

QUERIES:— "Disghibelline  "— Translation— "Plaintain"— Portrait  of 
Warren  Hastings— Gigantic  Hones- Oil  of  Eggs— Gower- Tourna- 
ments— Freemason  Female  Charity— Extraordinary  Blunder — Wor- 
cester Cloisters— '  Kalevala '—"  A  woman  with  a  past  "—Sporting 
Names  of  Birds— "Camberwell  Fringe  "—"  Brink  to  me  only  with 
thine  eyes"— Lincoln  Inventory— Goldfinches  Poisoning— Pelham 
of  Tillington- Swimming— "  Coulin." 

REPLIES  :— Shakspeare  :  Hilliard  Portrait—'  Legends  of  Florence  '— 
Le  Despencer— Victoria  Cross- Lord  Mordaunt— Masons'  Marks- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament  —  Leather  Drinking  Jacks — 
Needlework  Samplers  —  "  Gavel '— Sibyl— "  Cantankerous  "—Room 
with  Lodgers  — Massinger- Prof.  lilackie  on  Scott— " Chum "— 
Changelings— Wraxall-Scratch-baek-Cocur  de  Lion— Pronunciation 
of  Place-names— Church  Registers— Sir  A.  Paschall— C.  C.  de  Cres- 
jpigny— Tip-cat— Cock-fighting— Saying  attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley — 
Captain-Lieutenant— "  Gallett " — Joe  Miller  — Dryden  and  Greek— 
"  Dictate  "—Dumb  Bell— Parish  Charities— Chiffinch— Pages  of  the 
Bedchamber— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Sharpes  '  London  and  the  Kingdom '— Mangras's 
'DucdeLauzun  and  the  Court  of  Louis  XV.'— Richardson's  '  George 
Morland,  Painter —Bowes's  'Notes  on  Shippo'— 'The  Legitimist 
Kalendar  for  ISy.J.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEKS  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES :— Westminster  Demolishments— "The  Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm '—'Dictionary  of  National  Biography '—Fact  and  Fiction- 
Theodolite  or  Theodolith— Rev.  B  Marten— "Parson  "—"Wederoue" 
—Leyrestowe— Toad-stones-"  Dfrbonnalre  "—Finger  Pillory — "  Un- 
cut" Books— L.  Washington. 

QUERIES:  — Sir  K.  Digby  and  Green  Glass —  " Educationalist "— 
"  Philanthropy  "—J.  Vaughan— E  I.  Company's  Charter  — Priests' 
Orders— Safford,  of  Canterbury-'  Hampshire  Visitations  ' — Sir  Gore, 
of  Saeombe— St.  Marie  overie— Epitaph  on  Dr.  Johnson— Barthele- 
mon's  'Morning  H.vmn  —  Tidswell,  co.  Derby —  "  Reformades  "— 
Miami  University— F.  Newbold— West  Family— "The  Ever  Loyal 
City"— Church  of  Cliarles  the  Martyr- A.  Stewart— Sir H.  Clarke- 
Sir  R.  Dillon. 

KEPLIES  :— Mrs  Garrlck- Old  French  Map— "Wrong  end  ol the  stick  " 
— Roberts  Family— Sydney  Papers— "  Cadowes  " — Hilda— Morris  of 
Ballybiggan- Klunt's  ■  Dictionary  of  Theology  '—Sir  T.  Bond— Great 
Bed  of  Ware— Aldermen  of  Aldgate— Flag  to  summon  to  Church— 
"Red  Whip  "— "  Dimpsy  '— Le  Despencer— Finger— Hicks  Family— 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest'- Jesse  Window— Patron  Saints  of  Churches 
— London  Patois— Copy  of  Recipe— Ploughing  Oxen— Latin  Motto — 
"Coign  of  Vantage  "-Relics  Restored— Old  Joke— Sir  W.  Petty— 
"Playing  the  wag "—"  Fine-axed  "—"  Still  and  on" — Valse  — Clans  of 
Innsbruck — Royal  Anne— Charles  I,  at  Little  Gldding— Street  Tab- 
lets—"  .Muggleswick" — "Orisons  "— R.  Reynolds — Christian  Name — 
"W.  Huid,  D  D. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Sonnen9chein's  Guide  to  Contemporary  Litera- 
ture'-Leland's  '  Legends  of  Florence  '—Hardy's  '  Denham  Tracts' — 
Buchheim's  Schiller  s  '  Maria  Stuart '— Bickerton's  'New  Story  of  the 
Stars. ' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  JULY 20. 

UOTES :— "Swan  Inn,"  Watford— Lincoln's  Inn  Fields— Deficient  Lines 
in  English  Verse— The  Death  Microbe— Eye-stones— Prince  Charles 
Edward— 'The  Shaving  of  Shagpat '—Death  of  Hampden— Scott's 
Urst  Love. 

QUERIES:— Early  Scottish  Printing— Owen  O'Neil— Pagan  Historian: 
Arabian  King— Mrs.  Pitt.  Actress— Gilbert— The  Rosary— Plnke 
Family— Saying  attributed  to  I)r  Priestley- Charles  s  Restoration 
— Termination  "-argh,"  "-ergh" — D  D.  Cambridge — De  Vere  :  De 
Aton— Shakspeare  Forgeries— "Nullum  sine  venia,"  &c  — B.  Fon- 
tenelle— Arms  of  Boothby —  "Nepos"  and  "Sororlus"  — French 
Family  —  King's  Evil  —  Gordon—"  Princely  Meditations  "'-Child's 
Poem— T.  Chapman. 

KEPLIES  :— Lord  Mordaunt— Chum— Deputy  Philazer :  Clerk  of  the 
Outlawries— Record  Keeping— Fenton  —  "  Left-handedness"  — Per- 
forated Stones  — "The  Man  in  the  Moon" — Driving  "Pickaxe"" — 
"  Spit " — EasterSepulchres— Supererogatory  Truthfulness — Soldier's 
Bible—"  Tutum  te  sistam  — Iturbide— '  Young  Lochinvar  "—Rhyme 
to  "Hecatomb" — Frown  Baronetcy — Bull-roarer- Cromartie  Earl- 
tlom- Notts  and  Derbyshire  '  Notes  and  Queries  ' — Church  Registers 
—Constitution  Hill— Soli-Lunar  Cycles— Captain-Lieutenant— Joan 
of  Arc-Lewin  Family— Toby— "  Gavel  "—Lord  Byron  and  lanthe— 
Reference  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—' Variorum  Shakespeare,'  Vol.  X.— Stormonth's 
'  English  Dictionary  '—Owen's  '  Works  of  the  Rev.  Griffith  Edwards ' 
— W  hatcley's  '  Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Contents,  JULY  1.3. 

NOTES :— Portraits  of  Sir  T.  Browne— Shaksp.^ariana- Old  Joke— C 
Hatchett— French  Law— Joe  Miller— Curious  Coincidence  — Jewish 
Cemetery— Inscription— Prof.  Blackle  on  Sir  W.  Scott— Shakspeare's 
Indebtedness. 

QUERIES  :— Crcspigny  Inscription— Highgate  in  last  Century— Pages 
of  the  Bedchamber— "  Fincaxed"— Parish  (  barities — Paschal  Can- 
dles—Scottish Proverb-G.  O  Johnson— Arins-Chimnch— Cornish 
Custom— Vestment  Biasses — "Clyst"  —  Italian  Love-Songs —  Iting 
Inscription- A.  Upton- O.  Charles  —  Je»-e  Window  —  Reference 
Wanted— Sir T.  More— Capt.  Wood— Gavel -Blunt's  'Dictionary  of 
Theology'— Charles  de  Tavarez- British  Names-"  Solomongundy  " 
—Kendall  Family- Valse— Simon  de  Montfort's  Bones. 

KEPLIES:— Churches  of  St  ISotolph  — 'Hermsprong '—Hamoa/e— Vic- 
toria Cross— "  Playing  the  wag  "-Mason's  History  of  Norfolk'— 
"Roll  waggon" — i>ip— The  Harp.  In-Iand  — Barbarossa- Sir  H  Her- 
bert-" Running  the  gantlope" — Pankhurst  Family— (iuartcrstalf- 
Knox  Families- Keys  to  Thatkeraj  8  NovfN— "  Wrong  end  of  the 
«tick  "—Hilda — Tusculum  University  —  "  Links" — Miss  Wilkins's 
Books  — '"  (-hinoiserie '"-Mrs  (iarrick-Sir  S.  Evance— "Does  your 
mother  know  you  're  out'/ "'— Cadowe — "  Still  and  on  " — John  Liston 
—Foundation  Sacrifice- New  Bronze  Coins  — Heron's  Plumes— 
Barons  O'Neill—"  Artists'  Ghosts — '  Ha-ha "  — Lilac- Cock-fighting. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :  — Simpson's  'Carniina  Vcdastina'— '  Ex-Li bris 
Journal  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


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A  DIALOGUE  on  the  DRAMA.    By  H.  A.  Kennedy. 

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THE     ATHEN^UM 


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ANTHONY  HOPE'S 
FATHER STAFFORD. 

"  The  dialogue  throughout  is  excellent,  full 
of  point  and  wit." — Daily  News. 

"The  volume  is  full  of  clever  things,  be- 
sides possessing  unusual  interest  as  a  narra- 
tive. ' ' — Da  Uy  Chr'onicle. 

"The  book  will  be  heartily  enjoyed  by 
every  one  who  reads  it,  and  will  enhance  its 
aut  hor's  reputation ." — Scotsman. 

"The  story  is  written  as  well  as  it  is  con- 
ceived, the  dialogue  is  terse  and  dramatic,  and 
the  proportions  are  well  kept." 

Manchester  Guardian, 


i 


CASSELL  &  COMPANY,  Limited,  Ludgate-hill,  London;  Paris  and  Melbourne. 


Editorial  Coinmunlcations  should   be   addresKnd   to   "The   Kdltor "  —  AdvertlneinnntH  and    Husliiosn    Lntters   to  "The    rublishcr"- 

I'rlnlcd  t>y  JuiiN  C.  Fa».Nti3,  Athenirurn  I'rcss,  Ilream's-buiUllnKs,  Chancory-lane,  K,C.  ;  and  I'uhllthed  by  the  said  John  {,'.  !• 

Agents  for  HiorrANn,  Messrs.  Hell  &  Uradluto  and  Mr.  John  Menzics,  EdlnburRh.— Saturday, 


-at  the  Office,   Hream's-bulldinjjs,  Chanccry-Iano,  I5.C. 
a*N(:ia  at  ]lrcam's-bulldin?9,  Chancery-lane,  E.C 
August  3,  189S. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Soumal  of  Cnglisift  mxXt  fovti^n  2!.iUrature>  ^rienre,  tt)t  fim  9irt^,  Mn^it  antr  tl^e  liranta* 


No.  3537. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    10,   1895. 


FRIOB 
THREEPENCB 

BSaiSTBBBD  AS  A  NBWSFAPBB 


BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

EVENING  OPENING  (8  to  10  p.m.). —Exhibition  Galleries  of  the 
British  Museum.  Bloomsburv.  will  again  be  OPEN  to  the  PUBLIC  in 
the  E\'ENING,  from  8  to  10  o'clock,  on  and  after  MONDAY,  August  12. 
E.  MAL'NDE  THOMPSON,  Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary. 
British  Museum,  August  6, 1895. 

UNDEE    FINE-ART    EXHIBITION. 


D 


The  THIRTEENTH  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  of  PICTURES  in 
OIL  and  WATER  COLOURS,  and  of  SCULPTURE,  will  be  OPENED 
EAKLY  in  NOVEMBER,  the  receiTing  days  being  from  October 
lto5. 

The  Exhibition  is  held  in  the  Victoria  Art  Galleries  frecently  added 
to  the  Albert  Institute  of  Literature.  Science,  and  Art),  which  are  large, 
handsome,  beautifully  top-lighted  during  day,  and  by  the  electric  light 
during  the  evening. 

Former  Exbibitions  have  been  yery  successful.  The  Sales  one  year 
exceeded  S.OOO;.,  and  the  avei-age  is  over  5  KOOl. 

"Works  must  be  carriage  paid,  except  in  case  of  special  invitations. 

Agent  in  London.  Messrs.  J.  Boi  rlet  &  Sons,  17,  Nassau-street,  W., 
from  whom  Schedules  may  be  obtained,  or  from 

JOHN  MACLAUCHLAN,  Hon.  Secretary. 


INDEXES.— An  experienced  COMPILER  SEEKS 
MORE  WORK.— Address  Index,  25,  Aldershot-road,  Kilburn,  N.W. 

A  LATE  STUDENT  of  SOMERVILLE  COLLEGE, 
Oxford,  seeks  PRIVATE  COACHING,  LECTURESHIP,  or 
LITERARY  "WORK.  Modern  History,  Oxford  First  Class.— Apply  to 
Miss  M.  H.  M.\RiEN,  Combe  Lodge,  Blackheath. 

BOOK  TRADE.— Advertiser,  aged  40,  thoroughly 
experienced,  seeksan  IMMEDIATE  ENGAGEMENTas MANAGER 
of  a  First-Class  LIBRARY  or  BOOK  DEPARTMENT  (New  or  Second- 
hand, or  combined),  or  as  Traveller.  Good  address,  energetic,  well 
educated.  Unexceptionable  testimonials  from  present  and  past  em- 
ployers.—P.  M.,5,  Sandringham-road,  Willesden  Park,  N.W. 

THE  LATE  OVERSEER- PRINTER  of  the 
WEEKLY  DISPATCH  and  the  REFEREE  is  seeking  another 
engagement  as  MANAGER  or  PRINTER.  Exceptional  references — 
W.  P.  Seael,  28,  Tremlett-grove,  Junction-road,  Upper  HoUoway,  N. 

AN  ARTIST  and  WIFE  SKETCHING  in 
BRUGES  during  August  and  September  can  RECEIVE,  in  a  large 
Private  House,  STUDENTS  wishing  assistance  in  Painting  and  Etching 
Jrom  Landscape  and  Figures.  Inclusive  terms.  4/  45.  weekly. — H  G 
MiSSET,  A.R  P.E  ,  St.  Mary's  College.  Bruges.  Belgium. 

SEMI-RELIGIOUS  STORIES  of  about  21,000 
words  WANTED  for  a  CHURCH  PAPER.  MUST  be  adapted  for 
publication  in  serial  form  of  about  3,500  words  each.  Also  similar  Short 
Stories  from  1,500.  and  not  exceeding  3,000  words.  Quote  for  flrsi;  serial 
rights.    MSS.  returned— EDtioE.  328,  Strand,  W.C. 

T  ITERARY  MEN.— WANTED,  for  a  WEEKLY 

-l^  JOURNAL,  good  descriptive  ARTICLES  upon  the  PLANTING, 
CULTIVATION,  and  USES  of  PRODUCE  raised  in  the  British  Colonies 
and  Possessions.  Specimen  Contributions,  with  terms,  to  be  sent  to 
Editor  of  the  Produce  World,  Bouverie  House,  Salisbury-square,  Lon- 
don, EC. 

MATHEMATICAL  and  SCIENCE  MASTER, 
University  Man  rResident).  WANTED  for  ENGLISH  SCHOOL 
in  GERMANY'.  Post  will  be  given  only  to  a  man  desirous  of  perfecting 
his  Modern  Languages.  Small  salary.— Apply  L.,  care  of  H.  Kimpton, 
82,  High  Holbom. 


NORTH  WALES.— Cure  of  Stammering,  Voice 
Training.  &c —COMPANION-PUPIL  WANTED  at  BETTWS-Y 
COED  in  SEPTEMBER -Rev  C  K.  Tailor.  M  A  LL  B  ,  Lecturer  in 
Public  Speaking  in  Kings  College,  London,  North  Holmwood  Vicarage, 
Dorking. 

OOLWICH      POLYTECHNIC      Y.M  C.L 

The  Governors  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  following 
posts  ;— 

LECTURER  in  PHYSICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Four  Evenings 
in  the  week.    Salary  110(  for  the  Session  of  about  Eight  Months 

LECTURER  in  MECHANICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Three  Even- 
ings in  the  week.    Salary  70/.  for  the  Session  of  about  Eight  Months. 

Applications  should  be  received  not  later  than  Friday.  August  23. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Clerk  to 
THE  Governors,  The  Polytechnic,  "Woolwich. 


W 


^NIVERSITY      COLLEGE,     DUNDEE. 

HARRIS  CHAIR  OF  PHYSICS. 

The  Council  of  this  College  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR to  occupy  the  above  Chair,  which  has  been  newly  instituted 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  Harris  Bequest.  The  salary  has  been  fixed  at 
40O(  per  annum,  with  a  share  of  the  fees. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
October  15 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty  copies  of  testimonials,  should  be 
sent  to  the  undersigned  not  lat«r  than  Wednesday,  August  21. 

R.  N.  KJERli,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE    of   SOUTH  WALES 
and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


APPOINTMENT    OF    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    AND 
DEMONSTRATOR  IN  ENGINEERING. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSIST.\NT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONS  TRATOR  in  ENGINEEKING  in  the  above  College. 

Candidates  should  state  their  age.  and  send  70  copies  of  application 
and  ttstimonials,  on  or  before  August  31,  18S5,  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  particulars  of  the  duties  and  salary  may  be  obtained. 

J.  A   JENKINS.  B.A,  Registrar  and  Secretary 
University  College.  Cardifl,  July  15.  1895. 

nj^YPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    \d.   per   folio 

J-      of  72  words     References  to  Authors— Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardcns,  Soaih  Ijimbeth.  S  W. 

rro     ADTHORS.— M«S.     TYPE-WRriTEN~at 

-•-     moderate  terms.     "Work   by  post  receives  immediate  attention 
translations  — F.  Piorr,  Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'   MSS.   accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


fl^YPE-WRITING      by      CLERGYMAN'S 

-L  DAUGHTER  and  Assistants.— Authors'  MSS..  l<i.  per  1,000  words. 
Type-written  Circulars.  &c.,  by  Copying  Process.  Authors'  references. 
—Miss  SiKES.  13,  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith.  W. 

T"'YPE-WRITING.— Authors'  MS.  Typed  and  Pre- 
pared  for  Publication.  Typing.  Id.  per  folio  Large  quantities  at 
considerably  lower  rates.  Dramatic  work  a  speciality.— Faucit  Darli- 
90N,  22,  Wellington-street,  W.C. 


^^YPE-WRITERS    (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 

-L  mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Y'osts,  Caligraphs,  Victors.  &c.  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free.  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free.— N. 
Tatlor,  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  end).  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 


MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October. 
DRAWING  for  the  PRESS.— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.— 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

npHE    AUTHOR    of    'EXTINCT    MONSTERS' 

(Rev.  H.  N.  HUTCHINSON,  B.A.  FG.S  ) 
will   give   LECTURES   on   the   above   subject   during    the    ensuing 
Winter. 

All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Lecture   Agency, 
Outer  Temple,  Strand,  W.C. 

n^HREE    LECTURES    by    Mr.    G.    W.    FOOTE 

X      (President  of  the  National  Secular  Society),  at  ST.   JAMES'S 
HALL  I  Banqueting  Hall),  Piccadilly,  W. 

SUNDAY,  August  11,  "The  Use  and  Abuse  of  the  Bible,' 
SUNDAY.  August  18,  '  George  Meredith  :  Writer  and  Teacher.' 
SUNDAY,  August  25,  '  Religion  in  the  Light  of  Science.' 
Chair  taken  at  7  30  p.m. 
Admission   by   Ticket   only. 
Tickets  Is,,  2s  ,  and  5s.     Course  Tickets  Is-  6d  and  3s.    Obtainable  at 
Tree's  'Ticket  Ofiice,  PiccadUly  ;  and  at  28,  Stonecutter-street,  E.C. 


R 


ECITALS. — "  A   prince    among    elocutionists." 

"He  is  a  great  artiste,' — "  Held  the  audience  spellbound,"— "  In 


THE  DURHAM  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE, 
N  EWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  both  Men  and  Women 
Students. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art.  &c 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

The  TWENTY-FIFTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23,  1895. 

The  Calendar  (price  Is  )  and  Prospectuses  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Sehietaev. 

WESTMINSTER      HOSPITAL     MEDICAL 
SCHOOL,  Caxton-street,  S.W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  I. 
Introductorv  Address  by  Mr  HARTRIUGE  at  4  pm,  followed  by  Dis- 
tribution of  Prizes  by  the  Right  Hon  VISCOUNT  PEEL. 

Dinner  at  7  p  m.  at  CafS  Monico.  Dr.  DE  HAVILLAND  HALL  in  the 
Chair.    Dinnei' Secretary,  Dr.  Wilu. 

Two  Entrance  Scholarships,  value  60/.  and  40/.,  and  one  of  20/.  for 
Dental  Students,  on  Examination.  September  28  and  29. 

Fees  —115/  in  one  sum  on  entrance,  or  120/.  in  two  payments,  or  132/. 
in  six  payments     Special  fees  for  partial  and  Dental  Students. 

'The  Hospital  has  a  service  of  over  200  Beds  and  the  usual  Special 
Departments. 

Prospectus  and  all  information  on  application  to 

WALTER  Q.  SPENCER,  Dean. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


The  TWENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  Will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 

1895. 

The  Classes  prci  are  for  the  following  Professions  :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering.  Coal  Mining.  Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture.  Agriculture.  School  Teach- 
ing. Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  Ails,  Science.  Metiicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrar. 


M 


ASON     COLLEGE,     BIRMINGHAM. 


FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCE. 
SESSION  1895-96. 

THE  SESSION  WILL  COMMENCE  ON  TUESDAY,  OCTOBER  1. 

Complete  Courses  of  Instruction  are  provided  for  the  various  Exami- 
nations in  ArtH  and  Science  and  the  Preliminary  .Scientific  (MB  ) 
Examination  of  the  Univer-ity  of  London;  for  Students  of  Civil. 
Mechanical,  or  Elecrical  Engineering;  and  for  those  who  desire  to 
obtain  an  acquaintance  with  yomc  bi-anch  of  .\ppUed  Science.  Students 
may.  however,  attend  any  (lass  or  combination  of  Classes. 

There  is  also  a  Faculty  of  Medicine.     A  .Syllabus,  containing  full 

farticulars.  U  published  by  Messrs.  Cornish,  New-street,  Birmingham 
'rice  6'/  ;  by  post.  7d 

.\  SYLL.Vl'.US  of  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  containing  full 
Information  as  to  the  various  Lecture  and  Laboratory  Courses.  Lecturtr 
Days  and  Hours.  Fees.  Entrance  and  other  Schidarshlps,  Pri/es.  &c  .  is 
published  by  Messis  Cornish,  New-street,  Itirmingham.    Price  6d.;  by 
post.  M. 
Further  information  may  be  obtained  on  application. 
K.  8.  HEATH.  Principal. 
UEO.  H    MORLEY,  sccieUiry  and  Registrar. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.®UM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARKITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MEB,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOUBa. 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

QT.     BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

kj  COLLEGE. 

'The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 1895. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College,  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations. 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  Beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  900(,  are  awarded  annually. 

The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  'Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum,  Library,  &c. 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  was 
formally  opened  last  summer. 

For  fui  ther  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  \\  aedek 
OF  THE  College,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  respectively  worth  150/.,  751., 
75/.,  50/  .  and20(.  each,  tenable  forOne  Y'ear.  will  be  competed  for  in  Sep- 
tember, 1895,  viz  ,  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75/.  will 
be  awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sulBcient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75/.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sutticient  merit)  in  Biology  and 
Phvsiology. 

Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  Twenty-flve  years 
of  age,  and  must  not  rave  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 
of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150/.,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition.  50/  ,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  Twenty  Years  of  age  (if  of  sufiicient  merit)  in 
Physics,  Chemistry.  Animal  Biolngv.  and  Vegetable  Biology.  The 
questions  for  the  Scholarship  of  150/  will  be  of  about  the  range  re- 
quired for  Honours  in  the  London  University  Preliminary  Scientific 
Examination,  and  those  for  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Exhibition  will 
be  of  about  the  range  of  the  Pass  questions  in  that  Examination.  'The 
Jeafl"reson  Exhibition  (value  20/  )  will  be  competed  for  at  the  samu 
time.  The  suojccts  of  Examination  are  Latin,  Mathematics,  and  any 
one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek,  French,  and  German. 

The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matricula- 
tion Examination  of  July.  1895. 

'The  successful  candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St,  Bartholomews  Hospital  ia  the  October 
succeeding  the  E.Kamination.  The  Examination  for  these  Scholarships 
will  be  held  on  September  25,  1895. 

For  particulars  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Warden  or  tue  College,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W  F.  B.  WELDON.  F  R  S.,  COMMENCES  on  THURSD.AY.  Octobers 
at  1  P.M.  The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require 
ments  of  Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni 
veisity.— For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  MA.,  Secretary. 


u 


u 


NIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 


The  SESSION  of  the  F.\CULTIES  of  ARTS  and  LAWS  and  of 
SCIENCE  (including  the  Indian  and  Oriental  Schools  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Fine  Arts)  will  BEGIN  on  WEDNESDAY.  October  2.  Prof. 
AV  F  R.  WELDON, FRS..  will  make  a  Report  on  the  Scientific  Mork 
of  the  past  Session,  and  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  by  Sir  JOHN 
ElUCHSEN,  Bart  ,  President  of  the  College,  at  3  p.m. 

Professors. 
F  AUhaus,  PhD.— German. 
J.  P    Bate,  MA.  LL.D.— Jurisprudence  and  Constitutional   Law  and 

History. 
T.    Hudson   Beare,    B  So.    Assoc.    M  Inst.C.E.   F.R.S.E.  —  Slechanical 

Engineering. 
Cecil  Bendall.  MA  —Sanskrit. 
Rev.  T  G.  Bonney.  D  Sc   LL  D  F  R  S  F.OS— Geology  and  Mineralogy 

(Y'ates  Goldsmi'l  Professorship). 
Frederick  Brown  —Fine  -\rts    Made  Professorship). 
Rev  Robert  Bruce.  D  D  —Persian 

'T  W  Rhys  Davids.  LL  D  Ph  1)  —Pali  and  Buddhist  Literature. 
Vacant  —Italian  Language  and  Literature 
J  A.  I'leming   MA    1)  .So  F  U  S— Electrical  Engineering. 
d   C.  Foster.  11  A,  F  R  S  —Physics  (Quain  Professorship;. 
H  S.  Foxwell.  .MA -Political  Economy, 
M.  J.  M.  Hill.  M  A.  D  Sc  F  It  S. -Mathematics. 
A.  E.  Housnian.  M  X  —Latin  ^     •     t,     . 

W.  P   Ker.  .M  A  —English  Language  and  Literature  (Quain  Profesior- 

H  Lallemand,  B  -(''s-Sc  —French  Language  and  Literature. 

hev.  Dr  D  W.  Harks-Hebi=w  (Goldsiuid  Professorship). 

F  C  Mcmtague.  .M  A  —History. 

A  F.  Murison.  M  A  LL.D  -  Roman  I-aw. 

F   W  Oliver  M  A.  D  Sc —Botanv  i Quain  Professorship). 

Karl  Pearson   M  A  LLB— Applied  .Mathematics  and  Mechanics. 

W  .M.  Flinders  Petrie.  DC  L  — Egyidology. 

J  Arthur  Piatt,  MA —Greek 

Vacant  — Archa-ology  (Yates  Profe'sorship) 

J  P  Postgate.  MA.  Litt  D— Comparative  Philology. 

W.  Itamsav.  PhD  FU  S -Chemistry 

F  A  Sch;iter  p  R  s -Physiology  iJodrell  Professorship). 

'T  Rogfr  Smith.  F  R  I  H  A  —Architecture. 

S  A   strong   M  A  — .\rabic 

J  Sullv.  M  .i.  LLD— Philosophy  of  Mind  and  Logic  (Grote  Professor- 

L  f'  Vernon  Harcourt,  M  A.  M.Inst.C  E.-Clvil  Engineering  and  Sur- 
veying 
W.  F    R    Weldon.  MA.  FR  8 —Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy 

(Jodrell  Professorship). 
L  L  I'rice   M  A— statistics  (Newmarch  Lecturer;. 
v..  .Moore,  D  D— liarlow  Lcctui'er  on  Dante 
Students  are  admitted  to  all  Cla»«e>  without  previous  examination. 
Scholarsl.iTs.  &c  .  of  the  value  of  2i«x;/.  may  be  awarded  annually. 
'The  regulations  as  to  the»e,  and  furiher  inti  nuattun  as  to  Classes, 
1  rlzc*.  &c  ,  may  be  obtained  from  the  secretary. 

J.  M.  HuKSDLRGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


]78 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


PHE     VICTORIA      UNIVERSITY. 


The  following  EXAMINATIONS  will  be  held  at  Owens  College, 
Manchester;  University  College,  Liverpool;  and  Yorkshire  College, 
Leeds,  in  SEPTEMBER  :— 

An  ENTRANCE  EXA.MINATION  in  ARTS  (Introductory  to  the 
Faculty  of  Medicine)  on  MONDAY,  September  L'3,  and  Following  Days. 

An  ENTRANCE  EXAMINATION  in  ARTS  I  introductory  to  the 
Faculty  of  Music)  on  MONDAY,  September  23,  and  Following  Days. 

A  PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATION  (introductory  to  the  Faculties 
of  Arts,  Science,  and  Law)  on  MONDAY',  September  23,  and  Following 
Days. 

The  Examination  Fee  (.21).  accompanied  by  a  list  of  the  subjects 
presented,  must  be  sent  to  the  Registu.vk,  from  whom  Entrance  Forms 
and  further  particulars  can  be  obtained,  on  or  before  September  14. 

Manchester,  August,  18U5. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 
when  an  Introductory  Address  will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D. 
POLLOCK,  at  4  TM. 

The  following  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition 
in  October. 

1.  A  Scholarship,  of  value  14.")/ ,  for  the  Sons  of  Medical  Men  who  have 
entered  the  School  as  bon/lniie  First-Year  Students  during  the  year 
ending  October  5,  1895 

2.  Two  Scholarships,  each  of  value  XI..  open  to  all  Students  who  have 
commenced  their  medical  studies  m.t  earlier  than  May,  18%. 

3.  Two  Scholarships,  of  value  Soi,  for  Stuilents  who  passed  or  com- 
pleted the  curriculum  for  the  Oxford  1st  -M  li  or  the  Cambridge  2nd 
M.B.,  and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  Octobers, 
1895. 

4.  A  Scholar.ihip,  of  value  85J,,  for  Students  of  Provincial  University 
Colleges  who  have  passed  or  completed  the  curriculum  for  the  corre- 
sponding University  Examinations  in  London,  Manchester,  or  Durham, 
and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  October  5,  1895. 

The  following  Exhibitions  and  Prizes  are  also  open  to  Students  :— The 
William  Brown  1(X)(  Exhibition;  the  William  Brown  40i  Exhibition; 
the  Webb  Prize  in  Bacteriology,  of  value  3oi. ;  the  Biackenbury  Prize 
in  Medicine,  of  value  32(  ;  the  lirackenbury  Prize  in  Surgery,  of  value 
32/. ;  the  Pollock  Prize  in  Physiology,  of  value  18(.  ;  the  Johnson  Prize 
in  Anatomy,  of  value  10/.  10s. ;"  the  Treasurer's  Prize,  of  value  10/  10s.  ; 
General  Proficiency  Prizes  for  First,  Second,  and  Third  Year  Students, 
of  10/.  10s.  each ;  the  Brodie  Prize  in  Surgery  ;  the  Acland  Prize  in 
Medicine  ;  the  Thompson  Medal ;  and  Sir  Charles  Clarke's  Prize. 

All  Hospital  appointments,  including  the  Four  House  Physicianships 
and  Four  House  surgeonship^,  are  awarded  as  the  result  of  competition, 
and  are  open  to  Students  of  the  School  without  extra  fee- 
Nine  salaried  appointments,  including  that  of  Obstetric  Assistant, 
with  a  salary  of  100/  and  board  and  lodging,  are  awardad  yearly  to 
senior  pupils  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Medical  School  Com- 
mittee. 
Prospectuses  and  fuller  details  mav  be  obtained  by  application  to 

iS.AMBAKD  OWEN,  M.D.,  Dean. 


u 


NIVERSITY   COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  wUl  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
1855. 

The  College  Prospeetns,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Department  for  the  1  raining  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools — 

Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Kegistrar. 


ABERDARE  HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (Somerville  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary, 
rniversity  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 189S. 

T] NIVERSITY   COLLEGE   of    SOUTH   WALES 

^  and  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 


ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  AND  EXHIBITION  EXAMINATION, 

SEPTEMBER,  1895. 
One  Scholarship  of  35/.,  Four  of  25/.,  One  of  20/ ,  Two  of  15/.,  Five 
Craddock  Wells'  Exhibitions,  Twelve  Exhibitions  to  cover  the  cost  of 
Tai'.ion,  Two  Scholarships  of  20/.  (open  to  Men  Students  who  have 
resided  in  the  County  of  Brecon  during  the  past  ten  years),  and  a 
Number  of  Free  f^tudentships  in  connexion  with  the  Counties  of 
Glamorgan,  Monmouth,  and  Cardiff,  will  be  offered  for  competition  at 
the  Entrance  Examination  in  September,  1895. 

For  information  in  respect  of  the  Glamorgan  Free  Studentships  apply 
t.)  Mr.  Wai.tkk  Hocii  Pontypridd  ;  for  those  connected  with  the  County 
of  Monmouth  to  Mr  Evan  S.m»u,,  County  Council  Offices,  Newport; 
anil  for  all  further  information,  and  Prospectuses  for  College  Scholar- 
ihips  and  Exhibitions,  as  well  as  Cardiff' Free  StuJcntships,  apply  to 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
t'niverslty  College,  Cardiff,  July  11, 1895. 

/GOVERNESSES    for    PRIVATE    FAMILIES.— 

"T  Miss  LOl'ISA  BltOUttH  can  KKCOMMENI)  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  G()VERNf;ssES  lor  Resident  and  Daily 
Kngagements.  —  Centi'al  Registry  lor  J'eachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  CambrjdKe  Gra- 
duates) pives  Advice  and  ABeiMtaiice.  without  chaiife,  to  Parents  and 
GaardiauH  in  the  selection  of  Scho(»l8  (for  lioys  or  OiriH)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  V>e  sent  to  the  Manager,  11.  J.  Ukevor,  MA,,  8,  Lancaster- place, 
Htrand,  London,  W,C. 

^ANDHURSl',  WOOLWICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

O  TUroi{S.-Mr.,srs  G.VBIil'l'AS,  THllING  &  CO,  Who  have  for 
many  years  j.asl  kej^t  an  accurate  record  of  the  most  bucccssful  'iutors, 
are  prepared,  on  rteiipt  of  detailed  particulars,  to  supply,  free  of 
charge,  PronpectuH  and  full  information  to  Parents,  Guardians,  or 
candidates  r'cqurr-ing  advice  as  to  pr'eparation  for  the  above  i:.xamiua- 
tiimo  —::(),  Sackvllle-strect,  London,  W. 

'■PO  NOBLEMEN  and  GENTLEMEN.— The 

-I  AdviTtKer,  who  in  compilirg  a  IllBtnrv  of  the  Stage,  Is  desirous 
ot  ri  1;('1IAMN(,  ;uiv  Al  KniKAril  I.ioniiis  and  COKUIvSPOND- 
ENCK  or  M,„  SidloTiB,  Mr^.  Joi.hui  J  1-  Kcujlilc  anrl  Erlniiind  Ki-an, 
oranv  .<;inc-  poil  r,.i'H  .,]•  i:rigraving<  of  tlierii  ;  also  early  I'lavbills  of 
the  l.i.n.lon  and  I'ronncrul  Iheatics  from  1(70  to  1812  In  which  their 
names  ajrpcar. 

Appi)  to  Mr  Br  AKE,  7,  Magdala- villas,  Cllftonville,  Margate. 


THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
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THE   AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 
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4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cux,  Bream's- buildings,  E.G. 

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E 


QLstaloaa«». 
LLIS  &  ELVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 

Libraries  Cataloeued,  Arranged,  Valued,  or  Purchased. 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

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post  free  Sixpence. — Wm.  Ward,  -,  Church-terrace,  Richmond,  Surr-ey. 


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C^HEAPEST     DICKENS    EVER    OFFERED. 

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History  of  Israel,  3  vols.  8vo  48s  for  16s  — Carlyle's  Works,  large  type 
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Paradise,  best  edition,  4  vols  cost  40s.  for  21s.  —  Prescott's  Works, 
12  vols.  8vo.  half  bound,  gilt  tops,  50s. 

J.  T.  GoLDrE,  Athenpcura  Buildings,  Leeds. 


MEZZOTINT  PORTRAIT  of  PIERCE  EGAN, 
by  C.  TUKNER,  after  SHAHPLES.  1823,  with  the  following  in 
the  autograph  of  Pierce  Egan  :—"  With  Pierce  Egan's  best  respects  to 
Mr.  Kllidit  for  his  splendid  and  characteristic  performance  of  Corin- 
tliian  Tom  in  P.  E  's  Burletta  of  'Life  in  London  '  at  Sadler's  Wells  and 
the  Oljnipic  Theatres,  lUl  nights  successively,  in  the  short  space  of 
nine  months,  in  the  years  l^TI-'d."  Framed  complete,  original  and 
unique,  price  50s.— Mr.  Thom.vs,  19,  Down-street,  Piccadilly,  W. 

0    N    D     O    N         LIBRARY, 

ST.  JAMES'S-SQUARE,  S.W. 
President— LESLIE  STEPHEN,  Esq. 
Vice-Presidents— Rt    Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  MP,  'The  Very  Rev.  the 
Dean  of  Llandatl,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  Henry  ISarkly,  K.C.B. 

Ti-ustees — Right  Hon.  Sir  M  Gr-ant  Duff, 
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The  Libr-ary  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
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and  Ten  to  Town  Menrbers.  Rcading-Room  open  from  Ten  to  half- 
past  Six.  Catalogue,  Fifth  Edition,  "2  vols,  royal  8vo.  price  21s.  ;  to 
tiembers,  16s.    C.  T.  HAGBERG  WRIGHT.  Secretary  and  Librarian. 


M 


UDIE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  -which  has  been  considerably 
increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French, 
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A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  the 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  will  be  sent  to  any 
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CATALOGUE  of  FOIiEIGN  BOOKS  for  1S95, 
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.■!0-:i4.  New  Oxford-street ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  4.S,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.G., 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


iICTUKB     REPARATION     or    CLEANING 

effected  with  every  rcKard  to  nafe  and  cautious  treatment, 

by  M    UAINK    IHOMI'SON, 

8iudio,  41,  Ucorgo-Btreet,  Foriuiau  square,  W. 


'l"'HE    AUTOTYPE    COMPANY,    LONDON, 

-L  invite  all  interested  in  Fine  .\rt  to  Inspect  the  important  Col- 
lection of  Permanent  Autotype  Reproductions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Art,  exhibited  in  their 

FINE-ART     GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXPORD-STREET. 


SPLENDID  COPIES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS  from  all  the  Celebrated 
Galleries  of  Europe. 

REPRODUCTIONS  of  MODERN  PAINTINGS  from  the  Luxembourg, 
the  Salon,  Royal  Academy,  &c. 

The  ART  of  BARTOLOZZl.    One  Hundred  Designs. 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS.  Two  Hundred  and  Thirty-four  Examples 
of  this  Master,  from  Rare  Prints  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALFRED  SrEVENS  and  his  WORK.  Crown  folio,  20  in.  by  15  in. 
Half-bound  morocco.  Fifty-seven  Full-Page  Illustrations.  Memoir 
and  Critical  Descriptions  by  HUGH  STANNUS.  Price  Six  Guineas. 
A  few  Copies  of  this  important  Work  for  Disposal. 

ALBERT  Dt'RER.  Ninety-three  Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile 
from  Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Descriptive  Text  by 
SIDNEY  COLVIN,  MA.  The  volume  is  imperial  folio,  half- 
morocco.  Plates  linen  guarded.  Price  Six  Guineas.  Edition 
100  Copies. 


Pamphlet,  '  Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  post  free. 


Offices  and  Fine-Ji.i-t  Gallery— 74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 
The  Works— EALING  DENE,  MIDDLESEX. 


THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 
(The  LBADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London.  EC.) 
Contains    hairless   paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    6s.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 


SHAN  KLIN  (Islo  of  Wight).— A  pretty 
DEfACHED  VILLA  (FfRNISHED)  best  part  of  town,  near  Chine 
and  Sea,  containing  Two  Reception  and  Five  Bed  Rooms,  Kitchen,  tfcc., 
TO  BE  LET  for  AUGUST  at  Three-and-a-half  Guineas.  Attendance  if 
requir-ed.  Or  Sitting  and  Three  or  Four  Bed  Rooms  on  modei-ate  terms. 
— W.,  Ashlergh,  New-road,  Shanklin. 

n[^UNBRIDGE  WELLS.— FURNISHED  APART- 

A  MENTS  — A  fow  minutes  from  S  E.  Station,  and  15  minutes  from 
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andPantiles  —  R.  G.,  18,  Claremont-road. 

FRTDA  Y  NEXT— Miscellaneous  Property. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-gar-den,  on  FRI- 
DAY NE.VT,  August  16  at  half-past  12  o'clock  preciseiv,  PHOTO- 
GRAPHIC APPARATUS  and  SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENTS— Elec- 
tricals— Microscopes— Opera  Glasses— and  a  variety  of  Miscellanies. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  Morning  of  Eale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

Law  Library  of  a  Barrister,  deceased — Mahogany  Library 
Table,  HjC.  ;  also  a  Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  WC,  on  MONDAY, 
August  U'.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  the  LAW  LIBRARY 
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Mo.Iern  Chancery  Cases-House  of  Lords  Cases— Privy  Council  Case* 
—  Burge  s  Colonial  Laws.  4  vols.— aud  other  useful  'Test-Books— a 
Mahogany  Library  Table.  Office  Chairs,  &c. ;  to  which  is  added  a  large 
COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS  HOOKS  of  all  Classes. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


BLACKWOOD'S      MAGAZINE. 
No.  958.     AUGUST,  1895.    2s.  6d. 
Contents. 
The  PARIS  OPERA. 

MORAL  fACTlCS.    Fy  Major-General  W.  E.  Montegue,  C.B. 
SOME  GERMAN  NOVELS. 

CHAMOIS-HUNTING  in  the  HIGH  ALPS.    By  Hugh  E.  M.  StutflelJ. 
ARIADNE  in  NAXOS.    By  Alice  Mackay. 
An  INDICTMENT  of  P.UILIAMENTS.    By  Helen  Zimmern. 
A  FOREIGNER.     Chaps  41-46. 

A  POOR  RELATION  of  the  ALB-VTROSS.    By  T.  Digby  Pigott,  C.B. 
MY  MAll)  of  HONOUR.    By  H.  Fielding. 
REMINISCENCES  of  a  POULTRY-YARD. 
'TARPON-FISHING  in  TEXAS.    By  Edith  A.  Bailey. 
HEATHS,  MOSSES,  and  MERES.    By  "  A  Son  of  the  Marshes." 
BRITAIN  in  the  ROX. 

William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London. 


T^HB      NINETEENTH      CENTURY. 

X  AUGUST,  1895. 

The  GENERAL  ELECTION  ; 

1    What  does  it  all  mean'.'    By  the  Rev.  J.  Guinness  Rogers,  D.D. 

2.  The  Rout  of  the  Faddists.    By  Edward  Dicey,  C.B. 
The  HOUSE  of  LORDS.    By  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Ribblesdale. 
THEOLOGICAL  PESSIMIS.M.    By  Frederic  Harrison. 
OROEAS  and   MIRADOU.      (A  Dream  of  Provence  )     By  Frederick 

Wedrrrore. 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


181 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  10,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Tale  of  Beowulf        181 

lonpdx  and  the  klxgdom 182 

The  Greek  Manuscripts  at  Mouat  Athos IS?. 

Tim  Bobbi.v        184 

The  Holy  Wells  of  Cornwall 185 

Latin  Poetry 186 

The  Tribal  System  ix  Walks     187 

New  Novels   (To-day  and  To-morrow ;    At   Heart  a 

Rake;  La  Reine  Nadege ;  Le  Sergent   Balthazar; 

Sans  Dogme)  188—189 

Cookery  Books 189 

American  Travel       189 

Three  Books  ox  Coxstantixople         IfiO 

SCHOOL-BOOKS      190 

Our  Library  Table— List  OF  New  Books      ...      190-191 
The   Mooxdial  ;    Is    Egypt   so    very    Old  ?    '  The 

Table   at    Oatlaxds,    December    31st,    1812'; 

The  Sources  of   the  "  Machixery '"  of  Love 

IX  Arthurian  Ro.maxce  ;  Prof,  vox  Sybel     191—193 

Literary  Gossip         193 

Sciexce— Botaxical  Literature  ;  The  Literature 

of    Electricity;    Mr.  Joseph    Thomson;    The 

Ixterxatioxal  Geographical  Coxgress;  Gossip 

191—193 
Fine   Arts— The   Churchhs    and   Monasteries   of 

Egypt;    Library  Table;    Catalogues;    Luigi 

MussiNl  of  Siexa;  Gossw"      196—200 

Music— Italian  Music  ;  The  Provincial  Festivals  ; 

Gossip  201 

Drama— The  Elizabethan  Drama;  Mary  Arden's 

Arms;  Gossip        202—203 


LITERATURE 


The  Tale  of  Beowulf  sometime  King  of  the 
Folk  of  the  TFedeii  Gcats.  Done  out  of  the 
Old  English  Tongue  by  William  Morris 
and  A.  J.  Wj'att.  (Kelmscott  Press.) 
We  can  well  imagine  that  this  translation 
of  '  Beowulf '  into  rhymeless  alliterative 
lines  will  seem  uncouth  to  the  general  reader 
whose  ear  is  familiar  only  with  the  quanti- 
tative scansion  of  classic  movements  and  the 
accentual  prosody  of  modern  rhyme  and  blank 
verse.  But  if  the  business  of  the  translator 
of  an  ancient  poem  is  to  pour  the  old  wine 
into  the  new  bottles  with  as  little  loss  as 
possible  of  its  original  aroma,  Mr.  Morris's 
efforts  have  been  crowned  with  entire 
success. 

The  archaic  atmosphere  of  an  old  poem 
is,  of  course,  the  result  of  its  verbal  texture 
no  less  than  of  its  informing  temper,  and 
the  antiquated  English  and  antiquated 
movements  of  Mr.  Morris  bring  his  readers 
far  nearer  to  the  original  than  any  later 
form  could  have  done.  AVith  regard  to  the 
metre,  the  most  poetically  minded  of  the 
commentators  on  the  poem,  Mr.  Stopford  A. 
Brooke,  has  some  excellent  words  upon  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  translating  'Beowulf: 
"  Translations  of  poetry  are  nevermuch  good, 
but  at  least  they  should  always  endeavour  to 
have  the  musical  movement  of  poetry,  and  to 
obey  the  laws  of  the  verse  they  translate.  A 
translation  made  in  any  one  of  our  existing 
rhyming  metres  seemed  to  me  as  much  out 
of  the  question  as  a  prose  translation.  None 
of  these  metres  resemble  those  of  Anglo-Saxon 
poetry  ;  and,  moreover,  their  associations  would 
modernize  the  old  English  thought.  An  Anglo- 
Saxon  king  in  modern  Court  dress  would  not 
look  more  odd  and  miserable  than  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  poem  in  a  modei'ii  rhyming  metre." 

We  have  frequently  said  that  the  only 
modern  poet  who  could  translate  '  Beowulf ' 
was  the  author  of  '  Sigurd,'  the  one  great  epic 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  whose  sympathy 
with  the  Old  English  temper  is  nothing  less 
than  marvellous.  Yet  even  for  a  genius  so 
rare  as  his,  and  a  knowledge  of  the  subject 
so  exhaustive,  tlie  task  must  have  been  one 
of  immense  difficulty.  So  powerful  is  the 
vision  at  work  in  this  glorious  poem,  that 
it  seems  the  product  not  of  a  poetical 
artificer,    but    of    Nature  herself.     And  in 


some  measure  this  effect  is  due  to  the 
peculiar  happiness  of  the  metrical  form  in 
which  it  is  embodied.  The  last  crowning 
excellence  in  all  poetry  is  that  it  shall  seem 
to  be  inspired,  and  one  of  the  greatest  aids 
to  this  is  that  the  struggle  between  matter 
and  form  shall  be  so  little  apparent  that  the 
movement  seems  the  inevitable  outcome  of 
the  emotion  of  him  who  tells  the  tale  or 
sings  the  song. 

Every  language  has,  of  course,  an  instinc- 
tive leaning  towards  the  rhythmic  movement 
that  is  natural  to  its  genius.  The  great 
equalities  of  eagerness  and  dignity  which 
characterize  the  Homeric  poems  arise  in 
large  measure  from  the  fact  that  the  quanti- 
tative hexametrical  movement  is  so  natural 
an  expression  of  the  genius  of  the  Greek 
language  that  in  the  Homeric  lines  it  seems 
to  be  as  inevitable  a  rhythm  of  Nature's  as 
the  rhythm  of  breathing.  And  so,  again,  in 
that  language  whose  fecundity  of  rhymes  is 
so  enormous  that  every  man  who  speaks  it 
is  a  born  rhymer.  Even  work  so  artistic  as 
that  of  Dante  seems  inevitable  in  its  form, 
and  on  that  account  inspired. 

With  regard  to  modern  English  verse, 
no  student  of  poetry  can  have  failed  to 
indulge  in  speculations  as  to  what  would 
have  been  the  course  of  English  metres  had 
not  the  struggle  between  the  scansion  of 
the  native  forms  and  the  Romance  measures 
been  decided  by  the  advent  of  the  genius 
of  Chaucer,  who  thus  sneers  at  alliteration  : 
"I  cannot  geste,  rom,  ram,  ruff,  by  my 
letter."  Notwithstanding  that  English 
passed  from  an  inflected  to  an  uninflected 
tongue,  the  bias  of  the  English  ear  remained 
as  strongly  towards  alliterative  bars  as  is 
the  bias  of  the  Italian  ear  towards  rhyme. 
Apart  from  the  paucity  of  English  rhymes, 
the  power  of  the  ancestral  strain  is  so  great 
that  English  poets  may,  as  we  have  before 
remarked,  be  divided  into  those  who  are 
born  rhymers  and  those  whose  every  couplet 
shows  that  rhyme  is  to  them  not  a  spur,  but 
a  curb.  The  greatest  masters  of  free  rhyming 
are  no  doubt  Coleridge  and  Shelley  in  their 
best  work,  but  the  reason  why  so  few  English 
poets  have  succeeded  in  producing  much 
rhymed  work  that  seems  free  from  artifice 
is  connected  very  deeply  and  very  subtly 
with  the  fact  that  our  ancestors  found  the 
perfect  music  in  the  alliterative  movements  of 
'  Beowulf,'  and  afterwards  of  '  Piers  Plow- 
man." Whatever  may  be  said  for  or  against 
this  generalization,  however,  it  is  certain 
that  in  all  languages  not  only  passion,  but 
all  strong  emotion,  is  naturally  and  instinc- 
tively alliterative,  and  no  scansion  seems  so 
absolutely  the  scansion  of  Nature  as  that 
which  governs  tlie  verses  of  '  Beowulf  '  and 
other  Old  English  poems. 

Sometimes  Mr.  Morris  does,  no  doubt, 
load  the  second  division  of  the  lino  with  too 
many  syllables,  forgetting  that  in  this  respect 
there  is  a  great  difference  between  an  in- 
flected and  uninflected  language.  Whether 
the  Old  English  versifier  used  the  short  line 
with  only  one  or  two  slurred  syllables,  or 
the  long  Cciidmonian  line  where  the  un- 
accentuated  sjdlables  are  many  and  variable, 
the  music  of  his  lines  depended  as  much  on 
the  unaccentuated  syllables  as  on  tlio  accen- 
tuated ones,  and  the  overloading  of  a  bar  seems 
to  have  been  instinctively  neutralized  by  a  free 
use  of  liquids.  No  doubt,  as  Wright  pointed 
out  in  his  introduction  to  'Piers  Plowman,' 


the  quicker  pronunciation  of  Middle  English 
required  a  greater  number  of  syllables  to 
fill  up  the  same  space  of  time  as  that  occu- 
pied by  a  line  of  the  same  length  in  what  it 
was  once  the  fashion  to  call  Anglo-Saxon, 
owing  to  the  more  slow  and  impressive 
pronunciation  of  the  older  language ;  but 
Langland  always  took  care  of  his  consonants 
and  liquids,  so  that  there  should  be  no 
pebbly  movement. 

With  regard  to  the  poem  itself,  the 
temper  and  the  execution  of  '  Beowulf'  afford 
another  proof  how  little  the  growth  of  civil- 
ization and  all  its  accomplishments  can  do 
in  the  way  of  enriching  the  vision  and  the 
faculty  divine.  The  Iliad  still  remains  the 
world's  greatest  epic.  The  '  Oresteia  '  still 
remains  the  world's  greatest  drama.  The 
fragments  that  have  come  down  to  us  of 
Sappho's  lyrics  are  still  at  the  top  of  all 
the  concentrated  poetry  of  passion.  The 
'  Divina  Commedia '  still  remains  the  most 
marvellous  effort  of  the  mere  seeing  power 
of  man.  It  is  the  beauty  of  the  character 
of  the  hero  and  the  vitality  with  which  he 
is  delineated  that  give  '  Beowulf '  its  high 
place  in  thepoetry  of  the  world — set  it,  indeed, 
if  not  in  the  front  rank  of  the  world's  poetical 
masterpieces,  where  all  the  forces  of  nature 
and  art  are  combined,  at  the  head  of  the 
second  rank.  Some  critics  have  found  fault 
with  the  poem  on  account  of  what  they 
consider  its  lack  of  the  unity  of  action. 
But  in  truth,  when  the  character  is  so 
vigorously  drawn  as  here,  the  character 
itself  imparts  a  unity  to  the  whole.  It  is 
where  the  incidents,  as  we  said  when 
comparing  the  '  Shahnamah '  and  the 
'  Mahabharata,'  are  stronger  than  the 
character  that  union  of  action  is  so  im- 
periously demanded.  Those  critics  who, 
like  Miillenhoff,  attribute  the  prologue  of 
'Beowulf  to  one  poet,  the  episodes  to 
another,  the  description  of  the  fights  with 
Grendel  and  his  dam  to  a  third,  and  the  final 
fight  with  the  fire  drake  to  a  fourth,  base 
their  attribution  not  so  much  upon  difference 
of  metre  and  of  diction,  though  undoubtedly 
the  fire  drake  part  is  more  rugged  than  the 
Grendel  part,  as  upon  what  they  consider 
breaches  of  the  unity  of  action.  But  th'i 
colossal  figure  of  Beowulf  is  so  vitally  drawn 
that  it  gathers  up  all  apparent  irrelevance.s 
into  itself  and  fuses  them  into  one  organic; 
whole.  Miillenhoff  forgets  that  there  is,  as 
we  have  often  said  in  these  columns,  thu 
epic  whose  incidents  are  so  artistically  mar- 
shalled that  they  could  almost  stand  alouo 
without  the  fusing  power  of  the  protagonist, 
and  there  is  the  epic  where  the  warmth 
of  the  protagonist's  life  fuses  all  into  one. 
So  it  is  in  'Beowulf.'  Between  the  fights 
with  Grendel  and  his  dam  and  the  fight  with 
the  fire  drake  fifty  years  elapse,  but  they 
work  no  change  in  the  character  of  Beo- 
wulf. A  terrible  foe  comes  and  wastes 
his  kingdom  and  slaughters  his  subjects — 
a  foe  who  is  believed  to  be  irresistible,  for 
his  weapon  is  not,  as  in  the  case  of  Grend.-l, 
strength  that  can  be  grappled  witli  by 
human  bono  and  muscle.  The  weapon  of 
the  fire  drake  is  Ids  breath  of  fire.  On  a 
character  like  Beowulf  time  lias  but  suihU 
effect  as  regards  the  breaking  up  of  tlio 
continuity  of  personality.  This,  indeed,  is 
of  the  very  essence  of  great  men  that  in  thea. 
lives  there  is  no  solution  of  coitinuity  : — 
The  great  are  ever  young. 


182 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


It  is  impossible  for  the  slayer  of  Grendel  to 
feel  that  he  can  be  conquered  by  any  foe. 
That  he  will  perish  in  the  hour  of  his  victory 
he  knows  from  the  goddess  "Weird,  but  he 
feels  that  victorious  he  must  be,  and  the 
old  man  of  three  score  years  and  ten  sallies 
out  to  meet  the  fire  drake.  He  is  not  sur- 
prised that  at  the  moment  of  the  encounter 
his  followers,  fearless  against  ordinary  foes, 
fall  back  and  flee  away  from  one  so  terrible 
as  this.  There  is  but  one  Beowulf.  To 
slay  and  be  slain  bj'  the  fire  drake  —  to 
conquer,  but  also  to  die — is  the  doom  he 
is  prepared  for,  and  the  loyal  courage 
of  Wiglaf,  who  stands  by  him  till  the  last, 
seems  almost  a  sujierfluity.  AVhen  he  dies 
the  words  of  Grenville  and  the  words  of 
Nelson  are  scarcely  so  English  and  so  grand 
as  his. 

Whether  'Beowulf  was  originall}-  sung  (in 
some  primitive  and  un-Christianized  form) 
before   the  Angles    left    their    continental 
home,  or  whether  it  was  first  chanted  on 
the  soil  of  England,  one  thing  is  certain  : 
no  history  of  English  poetry  can  be  of  much 
account   which   ignores   it.    Eor   what    are 
the  special  characteristics  of  this  hero,  Ecg- 
theow's  mighty  son,  who,  feeling   that  his 
duty  was  to   use  the  strength  of  his  irre- 
sistible arm  for  the  welfare  of   otliers  less 
richly  endowed,  sets   sail  for  Denmark  in 
order   to  relieve  King  Hrothgar  from  the 
ravages  of  Grendel,  the  most  fearful  of  all 
monsters  ?     What    are     the     special    cha- 
racteristics of  the  great  warrior  who,  lying 
in  wait  for  the  ogre  in  Hrothgar's  deserted 
hall,    springs    ujion   him    with    a    grip    so 
strong  that  even  Grendel   cannot    get  free 
from  it  save  by  leaving  one  of  his  arms, 
torn    from   the   shoulder,    bleeding   in   the 
hero's  hands  ?     What  are  his  special  cha- 
racteristics ?     This  hero,  who  follows  such 
a  foe  as  Grendel  to  his  lair,  plunging  after 
him   into  his  sea-guarded  cave,    and  there 
fights   and  overcomes  the   monster's    more 
powerful  dam,  is  simply  the  type  of  the  fierce, 
yet  tender  and  even  homelj',  sea  heroes  of 
England,  who  have  made  her  what  she  is. 
This  Beowulf — who,  after  a  further  struggle 
of  fifty  years  witli  that  more  mighty  power 
than  Grendel  and  his  dam  combined.  Time, 
sallies  out  as  an  old    man,  the   invincible 
Beowulf  still,  to  fight  and  slay  the  fire  drake 
whom  he  does  not  expect  any  but  himself  to 
encounter,  and  dies  in  the  hour  of  his  victory 
— is  the  father  of  Drake  and  of  Grenville,  of 
Blake  and  of  Nelson.    The  superb  narrative 
which  tells  of  his  exploits — a  narrative  older 
than  any  other  jioem  in  an}'  Teutonic  lan- 
guage— is  in  temper,  and,  notwithstanding 
its   inflected   language,  in   movement   also, 
more  tlioroughly  English  than  is  any  other 
poem  that   has  appeared  in  England  from 
the  time  that   "  Widsith  told  liis  tale,  un- 
locked his  word-hoard,"  down  to  the  time 
when  the  Kelmscott    Press  sent  fortli  Mr. 
Morris's  own  last  beautiful  volume  of  poetry. 
MoYO    than     eighteen    ^-ears    have    now 
olajiscd  since  we,  venturing  in  tlieso  columns 
upon  a  classification  of  tlie  heroes  of  eino 
poetry,  had  occasion  to  speak  of  the  temper 
of  the  Northern  heroes  as  painted  by  the 
Icelandic  sagas.     "  Their  temper,"  we  said, 

"isthiit  of  the  simple  fij^liter,  M'hose  business 
it  is  to  fight,  to  yield  to  no  power  what.soever, 
wliether  of  earth  or  lieaven  or  hell— to  take  a 
buffet  from  tiie  Allfather  himself,  and  to  return 
it;  to  look  Destiny  luirself  in  the  face,  crying  out 


for  quarter  neither  to  gods  nor  Norns  ;  know- 
ing well  that  the  day  prophesied  is  sure  when, 
shoulder  to  shoulder,  gods  and  men  shall  stand 
up  to  light  the  brood  of  evil,  storming  the  very 
gates  of  Asgard  ;  when  Loki  shall  take  and 
throttle  the  mighty  Freir,  and  strangle  him, 
the  while  the  Fenris  Wolf  gulps  down  the 
Father  of  the  Gods  himself,  digesting  in  a  sea 
of  gastric  juice  the  universe  to  chaos." 

But  greater  than  any  of  the  heroes  of  the 
Icelandic  sagas,  greater  in  virtue  of  his 
gentleness  than  Sigurd  himself,  is  this  Beo- 
wulf, whose  exploits  belong  to  English  poetry 
alone.  So  great  is  he,  indeed,  that  some 
critics  of  the  poem  have  taken  him  to  be 
the  mere  incarnation  of  a  moral  idea,  an 
ideal  prince  of  the  Anglian  mind  built  up 
as  a  lesson  to  Anglian  chiefs.  A  more  com- 
plete and  blameless  fighting  hero  is  not  to 
be  found  in  poetry.  Even  what  has  been 
called  his  boastf ulness  seems  to  sj)ring  from 
an  eager  desire  to  give  heart  to  his  fol- 
lowers by  recounting  his  prowess  of  former 
days.  And  when  he  dies  the  last  words  he 
utters — the  beautiful  words  given  in  these 
columns  a  fortnight  ago — might,  as  we  say, 
have  been  uttered  by  him  who,  djdng  on 
board  the  Revenge,  spoke  those  other  and 
later  words  which  should  always  be  remem- 
bered by  the  English-speaking  race.  If 
Beowulf's  last  words  are  boastful,  then  the 
last  words  of  Sir  Eichard  Grenville  are 
boastful. 

Ic  one  arde  bad 
mcel-gesceafta,  heold  min  tela, 
ne  sohte  searo-niSas,  ne  me  swor  fela 
oSa  on  unriht.     Ic  ])Ees  ealles  mssg, 
feorh-bennum  seoc,  gefean  habban. 

Thus  modernized   in  the   rendering  before 
us  : — 

In  home  have  I  abided 
The  shapings  of  whiles,  and  held  mine  own  well. 
No  wily  hates  sought  I  ;  for  myself  swore  not  many 
Of  oaths  in  unright.     For  all  this  may  I, 
Sick  with  the  life-wounds,  soothly  have  joy. 

In  no  hero  of  the  Northern  sagas  is  lion- 
like courage  so  tempered  by  gentleness, 
magnanimity,  and  generosity  as  in  Beo- 
wulf. After  Hrothgar's  lament  for  his  thane 
iEsgere,  who  has  been  torn  to  pieces  by 
Grendel's  dam,  this  is  how  Beowulf  speaks  : 

O  wise  of  men,  mourn  not ;  for  to  each  man  'tis 
better 

That  his  friend  be  awreak  than  weep  overmuch. 

Lo !  each  of  us  soothly  abideth  the  ending 

Of  the  life  of  the  world.  Then  let  him  work  who 
work  may 

High  deeds  ere  the  death :  to  the  doughty  of  war- 
lads 

When  he  is  unliving  shall  it  best  be  hereafter. 

Kise  up,  warder  of  Kingdom !  and  swiftly  now 
wend  we 

The  Grendel  Kinswoman's  late  goings  to  look  on  ; 

And  this  I  behote  thee,  that  to  holm  shall  she  flee 
not, 

Nor  into  Earth's  fathom,  nor  into  the  fell-holt, 

Nor  the  grounds  of  the  ocean,  go  whereas  she  will 

l'"or  this  one  of  days  patience  dree  thou  a  while 

tlum 
Of  each  one  of  thy  woes,  as  I  ween  it  of  thee. 

And  note  the  effect  the  hero's  words  have 
upon  the  Danish  king  :  — 

Then  leapt  up  the  old  man,  and  lightly  gave  God 
thank, 

That  mighty  of  Lords,  for  the  word  which  the  man 
spake. 

And  for  Hrothgar  straightway  then  was  bitted  a 
horse, 

A  wavemancd  steed  :  and  the  wise  of  the  princes 

Went  stitely  his  ways;  and  stepp'd  out  the  man- 
troop, 

Tiie  linden-board  bearers.  Now  lightly  the  tracks 
wore 


All  through  the  woodland  ways  wide  to  be  seen 

there, 
Her  goings  o'er  ground  ;  she  had  gotten  her  forth- 
right 
Over  the  mirk-raoor     bore  she  of  kindred  thanes 
The  best  that  there  was,  all  bare  of  his  soul, 
Of  them  that  with  Hrothgar  heeded  the  home. 
Overwent  then  that  bairn  of  the  athelings 
Steep  bents  of  the  stones,  and  stridings  full  narrow, 
Strait  paths  nothing  pass'd  over,  ways  all  uncouth, 
Sheer  nesses  to  wit,  miny  houses  of  nicors. 

For  some  reasons,  no  doubt,  it  is  regret- 
table that  the  only  version  extant  of  this 
noble  poem  is  a  late  Christianized  one  from 
which  many  a  precious  thing  must  have 
fallen  away  ;  yet  we  may  well  supjiose  that 
the  beautiful  strains  of  tenderness  inwoven 
in  the  warlike  texture  of  the  character  are, 
if  not  of  Christian  origin,  coloured  and  still 
further  beautified  by  the  Christian  temper. 
And  if  Beowulf  is  the  type  of  an  English 
hero,  Wealhtheow,  the  queen  of  Hrothgar, 
is  the  type  of  an  English  gentlewoman, 
dignified,  noble,  and  useful.  This  is  her 
way  of  welcoming  the  hero  who  comes  to 
deliver  her  family  from  their  j)eril : — 

There  was  laughter  of  heroes,  and  high  the  din 

rang 
And  winsome  the  words  weie.     Went  Wealhtheow 

forth. 
The  Queen  she  of  Hrothgar,  of  courtesies  mindf  id, 
The  goldarray'd  greeted  the  grooms  in  the  hall, 
The   free    and    frank   woman    the    beaker    there 

wended, 
And   first    to    the    East-Dane-folk's    fatherland's 

warder, 
And  bade  him  be  blithe  at  the  drinking  of  beer. 
To  his  people  beloved,  and  lustily  took  he 
The   feast  and    the   hall-cup,  that  victory  -  fam'd 

King. 
Then   round  about   went  she,    the    Dame   of  the 

Helmings, 
And  to  doughty  and  j'ouDgsome,  each  deal  of  the 

folk  there. 
Gave  cups  of  the  treasure,  till  now  it  betid 
That  to  Beowulf  duly  the  Queen  the  ring-dighted 
Of  mind  high  uplifted  the  mead-beaker  bare. 
Then  she  greeted  the  Geat-lord,  and  gave  God  the 

thank, 
She,  the  wisefast  in  words,  that  the  will  had  wax'd 

in  her 
In  one  man  of  the  earls  to  have  trusting  and  troth 
For  comfort  from  crimes.     But  the  cup  then  he 

took, 
The  slaughter-fierce  warrior,  from  Wealhtheow  the 

Queen. 
And  then  rim'd  he  the  word,  making  ready  for  war. 


Lojidon  and  the  Kingdom.     By  E.  E.  Sharpe. 

Yol.  III.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 
This,  the  closing   volume  of   Dr.   Sbarpe's 
work,  deals  with   the   period   between   thn 
accession  of  George  I.  and  the  great  Reform 
Bill.    In  reviewing  the  previous  instalments 
of   the  work  we  have  spoken  of   the  prin- 
ciples on  which  it  has  been  composed,  and 
of  the  points  on  which  it  has  disappointed, 
us.     We  shall    now  examine    the  influenc<' 
exercised  by  London  on  the  kingdom  under 
the  house  of  Hanover.     The  salient  feature, 
in  our  eyes,  of  this  parliamentary  era  is  thn 
direct  and  vigorous    influence  exercised  b\ 
the  City  Corporation  over  its  members  in 
the   House   of   Conmions.     The    view   that 
a  member  of   Parliament   is  a  delegate  is 
usually   deemed  a   recent   innovation,  and, 
indeed,  a  modern  corruption ;  and  yet  it  is 
evident  from  the  City  archives  that  it  was 
the  regular  practice,  as  questions  arose  ii 
Parliament,  for  tlio  City  formally  to  instruc 
its  representatives  what  attitude  they  shouh 
assume  and  how  they  wore  to  vote.     This 
may   be   partly  accounted  for  by  the  con 
stituoncy  being  so  closely  in  touch  with  tli' 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


183 


House,  not  only  from  actual  propinquity  of 
situation,  but  as  the  centre  of  national  life. 
More  important,  however,  "were  the  wealth 
and  dignity  of  London,  which  gave  it  far 
more  power  over  its  representatives  than 
could  be  exercised  by  an  ordinary  borough, 
of  which  the  representation  would  be  more 
or  less  corrupt.  Lastly,  the  position  of  its 
governing  body  enabled  it  to  bring  that 
power  into  play  promptly  and  effectively. 
Remembering  that  the  City  of  London  re- 
turned four  members,  we  see  that  the  author 
might  fairly  have  claimed  for  it  a  direct 
influence  on  the  House  of  Commons  un- 
approached  by  any  other  constituency. 

In  a  former  article  we  expressed  the  opinion 
that  in  the  Civil  War  the  "  cits"  failed,  on  the 
whole,  to  play  a  distinguished  or  dignified 
part ;  and  there  may  be  traced  in  their  attitude 
during  the  last  century  the  same  dominant 
tendencies  of  a  great  centre  of  trade.     So 
long   as    commerce  prospered  and   security 
prevailed  they  had  no  objection  to  foreign 
war,  especially  if  undertaken,  as  they  deemed, 
for  the  benefit  of  trade.     They  were  bent, 
for  instance,  on  war  with  Spain  in  1739,  in 
spite  of  Walpole's  opposition.     What  they 
dreaded  was  civil  war   or   the   prospect  of 
foreign  invasion.     However  strong  the  Tory 
party  may  have  been  at  times,  the  sturdy 
Protestantism  of  the  City,  combined  with  the 
fear  of  an  armed  Pretender  supported  by 
French  troops,  sufficed  to  keep  it  staunchly 
loyal  to  the  house  of  Hanover.  Its  share  in  the 
popular  outcry  against  Byng  is  by  no  means 
to  the  City's  credit ;  but  on  other  points  it 
steadfastly  supported  a  sound  and  straight- 
forward policy.  Consistent  in  its  advocacy  of 
better  parliamentary  representation,  to  the 
lack  of  which  it  attributed  corrupt  and  extra- 
vagant expenditure,  it  strenuously  insisted 
on  triennial  Parliaments,  and  eventually  on 
that    reform   of    the   representation   which 
was  triumphantly  secured  at  last  in  1832. 
Its    evil    memories  of    the   Commonwealth 
are  seen  in  its  hatred  of  taxes  savouring  of 
excise — a  view  which  brought  it  into  conflict 
with  Walpole — and  its  pronounced  preference 
for  a  national  militia  in  the  place  of  "  mer- 
cenary "  forces.    There  were  questions  which 
placed  the  Londoners   sharply  at  variance 
with  the  Crown,  and  foremost  among  these 
was  the  war  with  the  North  American  colo- 
nies.    "  Here,  as  ever,"  Dr.  Sharpe  admits, 
"  commercial  interests  were  placed  by  the 
citizens   in   the    foreground";    but   events 
proved  their  policy  to  be  right,  eminently 
distasteful  though  the  king  found  it.     Both 
he  and  his  son  had  at   times  to  listen   to 
plain  speaking  from  the  City,  and  frequent 
friction   resulted   from   the    rights   claimed 
by    the    citizens    to    approach    the    throne 
direct.     The  Corporation  sturdily  espoused 
the    "  economical    reform "    movement    of 
1780,   aimed  at  those   objects   which  were 
dear   to   its   heart — economy,   shorter   Par- 
liaments,  and   more   equal   representation ; 
and  formally  joined  the  association  set  on 
foot  for  the  purpose.     Faithful  to  Chatham, 
to  whom  they  erected  a  monument  in  their 
Guildhall,  the  citizens  showered  honours  on 
his  son  in   1781;  and  though  his  shop  tax 
threw  them  into  the  ranks  of  his  opponents 
from  1785  to   1789,   the  last  speech  of  his 
life  was  made  in  the  Guildhall  in  reply  to 
the  Lord   Mayor  proposing   his   health    as 
that  of  "  the  saviour  of  Europe." 

The  story  of  the  great  Wilkes  struggle 


is  familiar  enough,  though  it  is  strange  in 
these  days  to  read  of  the  Lord  Mayor  being 
committed  to  the  Tower,  and  being  escorted 
thence  by  the  Corporation  on  his  release. 
May  8th,  1771,  while  the  Artillery  Company 
fired  a  salute  of  twenty-one  guns.  Dr. 
Sharpe  claims  for  Oliver,  Crosby,  and  Wilkes, 
all  three  aldermen,  that  we  owe  to  them  the 
liberty  of  the  press  and  the  freedom  of  re- 
porting parliamentary  debates.  The  stirring 
tale  of  the  Gordon  riots  is  here  told  anew, 
and  the  curious  fact  mentioned  that  the 
nightly  Bank  guard  is  a  survival  of  them. 
It  appears  that  from  1788  to  1790  the  Lord 
Mayors  tried  hard  to  have  this  guard  re- 
placed by  militia,  as  more  "constitutional," 
but  without  success.  So  tenacious  was  the 
Corporation  of  authoritj^,  that  so  late 
as  1810  the  then  Mayor  would  only  allow 
troops  to  be  quartered  within  the  City,  in 
anticipation  of  rioting,  "  on  the  express 
condition  that  they  acted  under  his  own 
directions,  or  the  directions  of  one  of  the 
City  marshals." 

London,  like  the  rest  of  the  kingdom,  was 
diverted  from  a  growing  zeal  for  reform  by 
the  outbreak  of  the  Great  War  and  the  struggle 
for  national  existence.  But  nowhere  was 
felt  more  keenly  the  reaction  that  followed 
when  peace  was  restored.  Although  the 
views  of  the  Common  Council  were  often 
more  advanced  and  pronounced  than  those 
of  the  Court  of  Aldermen,  the  general  ten- 
dency was  strong  and  steady  in  favoxir  of 
economy  and  parliamentary  reform,  and 
against  the  policy  of  the  Corn  Laws.  The 
demand  for  Jewish  emancipation  also  was 
loudest  in  the  City  of  London.  In  the 
earlier  half  of  the  century  the  City  took  the 
lead  in  the  national  movement  for  reform, 
and  in  later  years  the  trend  of  opinion  in 
the  great  provincial  boroughs  has  steadily 
followed  that  of  the  capital.  It  might,  for 
the  most  part,  be  fairly  said  that  what  the 
City  thinks  to  -  day,  England  thinks  to- 
morrow. 

Those  who  may  feel  that  narrative  is  not 
the  forte  of  Dr.  Sharpe  will  thank  him  at 
least  for  the  appendices  at  the  end  of  this 
volume.  Some  ninety  verbatim  copies  of 
original  documents,  of  which  the  earliest 
are  all  in  fifteenth  century  English,  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  promised  list  of  the  City's 
representatives  in  Parliament 
earliest  times.  It  is  notorious 
are  large  and  serious  gaps  in 
returns  printed  a  few  years  ago  as  a  Blue- 
book.  In  many  cases  these  gaps  can  bo 
more  or  less  filled  up  from  corporation 
archives,  and  Dr.  Sharpe  has  made  good 
use  of  the  City  records  in  rendering  the  list 
of  the  members  for  London  as  perfect  as  it 
can  be  made. 


from  the 
that  there 
the  official 


Catalogue  of  the  Greeh  MSS.  on  Mount 
Athos.  By  S.  P.  Lambros.  Vol.  I. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) 

The  Cambridge  press  has  done  a  good 
work,  and  one  that  will  improve  its  re- 
putation, in  bringing  out  in  worthy  form 
tills  all  -  important  catalogue.  AVe  have 
but  the  first  volume  before  us,  and 
it  unfortunately  contains  only  the  books 
in  the  lesser  monasteries.  Those  of  the 
four  great  monasteries  —  Lavra,  Iviron, 
Yatopedi,  and  Pussico — will  be  amjile  to 
fill  another  volume.      Nor,  indeed,    do  we 


pretend  to  say  that  the  lesser  and  smaller 
collections  of  that  wonderful  mount  are  not 
of  the  deepest  interest.     The  work  had  been 
undertaken  independently  on  behalf  of  the 
Greek  Parliament  by  Prof.  Lambros(in  1880), 
and  one  volume  had  already  been  published 
at  Athens.     Prof.  Lambros  had  also  printed 
special  monographs  on  the  palimpsests  and 
on  the  codex  of  Hermas  (No.  463)  which 
he    found.     Now  the    undertaking,  which 
the  Greek  Government  maj'  have  been  un- 
able  to  complete,   is  in   the  hands  of    the 
University  Press,  and  we  hope  soon  to  see 
another   stately  quarto  completing  a  work 
full  of  research  and  care,  and  filling,  too,  a  gap 
in  our  knowledge  of  Greek  MSS.  which  has 
often  been  deplored.     For  though  sporadic 
travellers  have  brought  us  stray  books,  or 
stray  descriptions  of  books,  from  this  vast 
complex  of  libraries,  no  complete  and  com- 
petent survey  had   yet  been  made.     Some 
of  our  readers  may  be  disappointed  to  hear 
that   the   result,  so  far,  rather  damps  than 
encourages  high  hopes  of  some  yet  hidden 
treasure    in    these    mysterious    collections. 
Prof.    Lambros   has    found    nothing    novel 
in  the  way  of  ancient  classics,  and  there  is 
little  chance  that  anything  valuable  would 
have  escaped  the  critical  eyes  of  the  men 
whom  he  thanks  for  having  helped  him  in  the 
work,  even  if  his  own  diligence  had  flagged. 
We  feel  unable  to  make  the  same  negative 
statement    about    the    enormous    mass    of 
liturgical   documents,  lives    of    saints,  &c., 
with  which  each  of  the  libraries  teems,  and 
which  would   require  a  special  knowledge 
we  do  not  profess,  and  a  special  examination 
of  each  volume  which  would  occupy  most  of 
a  lifetime.     In  the  present  volume  eighteen 
monasteries  (including  the  Slrfe  of  St.  Anna) 
are  considered,   and   the    number    of    MS. 
volumes  in  these  amounts  to  4,120.  Of  these 
volumes  several  contain  long  collections  of 
separate  documents,  e.g.,  No.  1040  contains 
sixty-four  tracts,  No.  3758  contains  forty- 
five  ;  so  that  as  regards  quantity  there  can 
be  no  complaint  whatever.     To  one  section, 
indeed,  a  melancholy  interest  attaches.    The 
books  numbered  1269-1513  no  longer  exist. 
In  the  summer  of  1891  Simopetra,  the  most 
picturesque  of  all  the  monasteries,  probably 
the  most  striking   and  beautifully  situated 
mediaeval  building  in  Europe,  was  burnt  to 
the  ground.     The  treasures  thus  lost  were 
not,  indeed,  among  the  most  precious  on  the 
Mount.     Still  several  fragmentary  gospels 
of   the  tenth  and   eleventh   centuries   were 
destroyed,  and  it  goes  to  one's  heart  to  read 
in  the  Catalogue  (No.  1314;  the  following 
colophon : — 

"In  the  year  7094  (i.e.,  1586  a.d.),  on 
April  30th,  this  book  was  finished  by  the  hands 
of  me  the  sinner,  Cyril  the  monk,  with  toil  and 
labour  and  exceeding  grief,  because  the  copy 
[from  which  I  worked]  was  very  misleading  and 
wretched,  not  only  as  regards  letters  and 
syllables,  but  whole  lines ;  wherefore,  if  ye 
find  any  mistake,  correct  it,  and  curse  me  not." 
The  good  monk's  individual  labour  has 
become  a  prey  to  the  flames.  Fortunately, 
the  collection  of  sermons  it  contained  are  to 
be  found,  according  to  the  appended  refer- 
ence, in  Miguc,  Ixxxviii.  480. 

Such  personal  notes  of  the  scribes  are, 
however,  very  common  in  these  books,  and 
their  naivete  is  almost  diverting  :  "  Save 
wretched  me,  0  Christ,  and  pardon  the 
solecisms  of  this  rustic  and  faulty  scribe, 


184 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


the  humble  Gerasimos,  a  wretehed  amateur  " 
(No.  909,  of  the  twelfth  century).  Perhaps 
the  most  curious  and  explicit  of  all  these 
notes  is  that  in  a  John  Chrysostom  of  the 
twelfth  century  (No.  3099),  which  is  too 
long  to  quote,  but  in  which  the  writer  talks 
of  mistakes  in  breathings,  accents,  and 
syllables,  and  in  added  Ns,  which  he  has 
done  his  best  to  correct  so  far  as  his  ignor- 
ance and  rusticity  would  allow.  He  also 
found  sheets  misplaced  by  the  binder,  which 
he  notes.  He  concludes,  "  Pardon  us,  0 
Lord,  in  the  da}-  of  judgment  for  all  that 
we  have  done  and  written  in  ignorance. 
Amen,  amen,  amen." 

Turning  to  the  age  of  the  MSS.,  the  first 
notable  point  is  the  late  date  of  many. 
They  come  down  to  the  eighteenth  century, 
a  few  even  to  the  nineteenth.  This  corrects 
somewhat  the  usual  estimate  of  the  monks 
formed  by  travellers  ever  since  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  consistent  testimony  of  visitors 
since  that  time  seems  to  be  that  they  had 
abandoned  all  care  and  knowledge  of  their 
books,  so  that  Curzon  found  most  of  them 
lying  in  heaps  in  lumber  rooms.  It  now 
appears  on  irrefragable  evidence  that  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  copying — we  presume 
as  a  religious  labour  or  penance — has  been 
going  on  till  recently'. 

But,  of  course,  what  most  readers  will 
rather  inquire  about  is  the  antiquity  of  the 
oldest  specimens.  We  do  not  profess  to 
have  ransacked  the  whole  work  exhaustively , 
but  so  far  we  have  met  only  occasional  and 
fragmentary  MSS.  attributed  by  Prof. 
Lambros  to  the  fourth — sixth  centuries. 
Nor  do  we  know  in  each  case  on  what 
evidence  he  has  based  his  decision.  Sacred 
texts  are  often  written  by  clever  copyists 
in  the  archaic  style  of  the  specimen  before 
them,  and  there  are  so  few  dated  hands  of 
this  period  extant  that  the  sceptic  will  have 
his  doubts.  No.  13  seems  to  contain  some 
sixth  century  fragments  of  St.  Matthew. 
No.  129  is  actually  from  the  hand  of  the 
Empress  Maria,  dated  800  a.d.  No.  4116 
contains  leaves  gathered  from  the  sixth 
century  onward.  But  such  things  are  few. 
We  saw  at  Russico  stray  leaves  (handed 
about  loose  for  our  inspection)  in  uncials 
which  might  be  as  old  as  the  fifth  century. 
But  as  the  monasteries  were  not  established 
till  late  in  the  ninth  century,  so  most  of  the 
books  were  written  from  the  tenth  onward. 
Some  of  them  are  of  great  richness  and 
beauty.  Gold  letters  and  Byzantine  figures 
of  the  Apostles  (St.  John  and  his  Gospel 
generally  come  first  in  order)  are  quite 
common.  A  splendid  S2)ecimen  of  the 
eleventh  century  is  described  under  No.  908. 
There  is  a  commentary  on  the  Church 
Calendar  and  Liturgy  (1040)  with  many 
other  tracts,  in  which  there  is  a  long  note 
exhorting  the  monks  "  to  handle  the  precious 
book  with  deserving  cleanliness  and  rever- 
ence, not  with  unwashen  hands,  as  the 
phrase  is,  or  otherwise  soiled  by  touching 
oil  or  candles,  or  after  dinner  [V],  and  this 
we  say  not  of  ourselves,  but  according  to 
the  exhortation  of  Saints  and  Fathers,"  &c. 
The  book  is  said  to  have  been  prepared  by 
the  blessed  Anna  Comnena,  known  in  the 
Mount  as  the  nun  Antonia.  This  curious 
book  is  at  the  monastery  Pantokrator,  a 
noble  building  standing  on  tlie  north-west 
side  of  the  Mount.  We  presume  any  future 
learned  traveller    will    carry    the    present 


catalogue  with  him  and  ask  to  see  this  book. 
We  trust  he  may  not  be  disappointed,  yet 
it  is  a  fact  that  in  1888  the  monks,  owing 
to  some  jealousy  or  suspicion  of  Prof. 
Lambros's  work,  had  tossed  about  all  the 
volumes  which  he  had  carefully  arranged, 
and  even  taken  off  many  of  the  labels  on 
which  he  had  number©d  them  !  They  then 
showed  great  unwillingness  to  let  visitors 
see  their  treasures,  in  this  making  a  remark- 
able exception  to  the  general  courtesy  of 
the  monks.  Probably  it  was  some  passing 
annoyance  which  had  disturbed  this  par- 
ticular society.  Since  then  the  monks  of 
the  sacred  Mount  have  been  agitated  by 
other  questions.  The  proposal  to  bring 
out  a  full  description  with  photographs 
was  under  discussion,  and  apparently  has 
fallen  through  owing  to  their  exaggerated 
idea  of  its  importance.  To  them  the 
whole  world  is  an  idle  thing  beside  the 
holy  Mount.  Since  that  time  a  new  and 
terrible  controversy  has  arisen  regard- 
ing the  right  of  two  rival  monasteries  to 
celebrate  a  particular  service  (we  think  on 
Ascension  Day)  at  the  little  chapel  on  the 
very  summit  of  the  peak.  It  is  likely  that 
under  the  agitation  of  these  burning  ques- 
tions, coupled  with  services  for  about  twelve 
hours  daily,  they  have  not  had  time  to  dis- 
turb the  cataloguing  of  their  other  libraries. 

Of  classical  texts  there  is  but  a  small 
number.  No.  2789,  among  other  tracts,  has 
an  anthology  of  sayings  from  Aristotle, 
Cato,  Menander,  and  Isocrates,  a  most 
extraordinary  quaternion.  No.  3624  con- 
tains a  set  of  extracts  of  the  thirteenth 
century  from  the  history  of  Herodotus, 
which  may  be  of  value  for  the  text,  like- 
wise from  Plutarch's  'Lives'  and  from 
Diogenes  Laertius.  This  MS.  the  cataloguer 
has  very  fully  described. 

We  have  quoted  details  thus  far  in  order 
to  show  the  reader  what  a  wealth  of  curious 
details  he  will  find  in  this  extraordinary 
book.  If  he  will  add  to  it  Mr.  Athelstan 
Riley's  excellent  book  of  travels,  Mr. 
Curzon's  '  Monasteries,'  and  the  exhaustive 
account  of  the  buildings  and  their  decora- 
tions in  Brockhaus's  '  Kunst  in  den  Athos- 
klostern,'  he  will  perhaps  obtain  an  adequate 
idea  of  the  ways  and  doings  of  an  eccle- 
siastical republic  which  has  no  parallel  in 
the  Christian  world.  But  no  description 
will  ever  reproduce  to  him  the  perfect  loveli- 
ness of  the  landscape,  with  its  forests,  its 
tumbling  rivers,  its  vast  views  of  historic 
coasts,  seas,  and  islands,  where  the  tempests 
of  Boreas  indeed  often  rage,  but  where  the 
passions  that  distract  the  soul  are  stilled  into 
rest  and  peace.  For  the  daughters  of  Eve 
have  not  disturbed  this  oasis  for  600  years. 


The    Works  of  John   Collier  (Tim  Bobhin)  in 
Prose  a7id   Verse.     Edited,  with  a  Life  of 
the  Author,  by  Lieut. -Col.  Henry  Fish- 
wdck,  F.S.A.     (Rochdale,  Clegg.) 
It  is  impossible  not  to  feel  gi-atef ul  to  Col. 
Fishwick  for  this  luxurious  edition  of   an 
old  Lancashire  worthy.     It  is  thirty  years 
since  John  Collier's  works  appeared    in    a 
collected  shape,  and  in  the  interval  there  has 
been  an  important  change  in  the  attitude  of 
the  learned  mind  tOAvards  the  study  of  dia- 
lect,  and  few^  of  our  dialects  offer  greater 
opportunities  to  the  philologist  (and  moralist) 
than  that  of  the  County  Palatine.     CoUior 


was  almost  the  first  writer  in  the  Lancashire 
dialect — virtually  so  in  fact,  if  not  in  mere 
matter  of  date.  His  only  predecessor  was 
the  witty,  genial  Manchester  Jacobite  John 
Byrom,  whose  poetical  works  are  at  this 
moment  being  prepared  for  publication  by 
Dr.  Ward  in  what  will  doubtless  form  a  final 
editio  recepta.  But  Dr.  Byrom  was  a  scholar 
and  a  wit,  a  Fellow  of  Trinity,  Cambridge, 
the  friend  of  Bentley  and  of  John  Wesley, 
and  of  Clayton,  who  was  a  Fellow  of 
the  then  Collegiate  Church  of  Man- 
chester. Byrom' s  knowledge  of  his  county's 
dialect  could  only  be  that  of  a  shrewd 
observer  and  hearer,  and  we  venture  to 
think  that  the  native  could  detect  so  much 
in  such  of  his  poetry  and  dialogues  as  are 
written  in  the  Lancashire  dialect.  With 
Tim  Bobbin,  however — to  adopt  the  sohriquet 
by  which  John  Collier  has  been  familiarly 
known  from  his  publication  of  '  The  Black- 
bird '  until  to-day — the  case  was  very  dif- 
ferent. He  was  of  the  Lancashire  people 
by  birth  and  environment  in  a  way  that  none 
of  his  successors  in  the  art  of  dialect  writing 
has  been ;  and  in  all  its  abundance  of  force, 
coarseness,  and  epigrammatic  strength,  if 
not  ferocity,  he  stands  as  the  one  striking 
exemplification  of  the  Lancashire  genius. 

Collier  was  the  third  son  of  a  poor  curate 
who  had  eked  out  his  living  by  school- 
mastering.  On  the  authority  of  the  son  it 
is  definitely  stated  that  his  stipend  as  curate 
never  exceeded  30/.  a  year,  while  his  school- 
mastering  brought  him  in  about  a  quarter 
of  that  sum  in  addition.  "In  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne  I  was  a  boy,"  says  that  son — 
Tim  Bobbin — and  one  of  a  family  of  nine 
"  which  often  felt  the  iron  tooth  of  penury." 
Until  he  was  between  thirteen  and  four- 
teen Tim  himself  had  to  be  content 
with  porridge,  buttermilk,  and  jannock. 
Then,  by  virtue  of  being  apprenticed  to  a 
handloom  weaver  in  Newton  Moor,  "he  met 
with  treacle  to  his  pottage,  and  sometimes  a 
little  for  his  buttermilk  or  thinly  spread  on 
his  jannock."  Such  are  Tim  Bobbin's  words 
written  of  his  own  childhood.  After  a  year 
at  handloom  weaving  he  threw  it  up,  started 
as  an  itinerant  schoolmaster,  and  very  shortly 
fell  into  a  fat  berth,  being  made  usher  of 
Milnrow  School,  near  Oldham,  with  a  stipend 
of  10/.  a  year.  It  was  not  until  sixteen  years 
after  his  appointment  to  Milnrow  that  he 
obtained  the  episcopal  licence  to  teach. 
Practically — with  the  exception  of  a  few 
months,  during  which  he  tried  a  clerkship 
in  a  merchant's  ofiice — Milnrow  School  saw 
Collier's  career  through  to  its  close,  and  it 
forms  the  background  and  atmosphere  of  his 
work.  He  practised  music,  the  oboe  and 
flute,  drew,  painted,  engraved,  and  etched  ; 
he  wrote  poetry,  letters,  and  criticism,  kept 
his  school,  and  drank.  His  music  is  not 
vouched  for,  his  painting  is — in  unequivocal 
terms.  He  tried  signboards  and  church 
decoration,  carriage  panelling  and  family 
portraits,  and  life  studies  which  he  himself 
described  as  "beauties  droll,  satirical,  and 
humorous,  painted  as  large  as  life."  One 
cockney  dealer  affords  an  illustration:  "I 
have  received  your  two  pictures.  I  have 
sold  the  woman,  so  I  should  be  glad  to  have 
it  replaced.  If  you  could  make  a  subject 
of  a  woman  bleeding  in  a  barber's  shop  it 
would  answer." 

It  is  strange  that  for  all  this  farrago  any- 
body could  be  found  to  say  a  word,  but  it 


I 


N^'SSSr,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


185 


is  absolutely  inconceivable  that  Col.  Fish- 
wick  should  venture  to  claim  for  such 
crudity  some  shadow  of  a  shade  of  Hogarth's 
quality.  That,  however,  by  the  way.  Such 
was  the  man,  and  such  the  atmosphere  of 
his  work.  It  will  be  self-evident  that  the 
vernacular  of  a  writer  so  placed  wiU  repro- 
duce the  dialect  and  life  of  the  South- 
East  Lancashire  of  last  century  in  a 
way  and  with  a  spirit  very  different  from 
that  of  his  polished  contemporary  John 
Byrom.  But  not  only  so.  Collier  made  a 
study  of  the  dialect ;  he  was  an  acute 
observer,  and  for  many  years  used  to  take 
note  of  every  quaint  and  out-of-the-way 
term  or  phrase  he  heard  in  village  ale- 
houses— and  he  is  credited  with  no  mean 
acquaintance  with  such  institutions.  His 
'  View  of  the  Lancashire  Dialect  by  Way  of 
Dialogue  between  Tummus  o'  William's 
o'  Marget  o'  Eoaph's  and  Meary  o'  Dick's 
o'  Tummj'  o'  Peggy's '  was  published  in 
1746.  It  was  one  of  the  first  of  what  has 
proved  since  a  numerous  and  spurious  and 
coarse  -  flavoured  progeny.  But  it  has 
interests  which  none  of  the  artificial 
and  far-fetched  dialogues  of  later  days 
can  lay  claim  to.  Collier  appended  to 
his  dialogue  a  glossary  of  the  Lancashire 
words  and  phrases,  and  we  should  be  glad 
some  day  to  see  this  edited — a  task  which 
has  evidently  not  once  suggested  itself  to 
Col.  Fishwick.  In  the  "  Observations,"  for 
instance,  which  Collier  prefixed  to  the 
sixth  edition  of  this  glossary,  there  is  one 
ride  enunciated  by  Collier  for  the  inter- 
changing of  the  vowels  a  and  o  in  pronun- 
ciation ("  for  example,  we  say  '  far  '  instead 
of  for^  '  shart '  instead  of  shorty  and  again 
we  say  '  hort '  instead  of  lieart^  and  '  port ' 
instead  oi  parV)  as  to  which  we  should 
have  liked  the  discrimination  of  the  finer 
ear  of  the  doyen  of  the  Dialect  Society. 
"Bo,"  "hont,"  "pon,"  are  still  current  for 
laUi  hand,  and  pan,  but  we  cannot  recollect 
ever  having  detected  in  speech  the  instances 
alleged  by  Collier.  Similarly  in  the  glos- 
sary itself  there  is  quite  a  string  of  words 
that  deserve  to  be  rescued  for  and  by 
philologists:  "  ashilt  "  (likely,  probably), 
"been"  (nimble,  clever),  "ber"  (force), 
"cadging"  (in  both  the  senses  Collier 
ascribes  to  it,  viz.,  to  stuff  the  belly,  and  to 
bind  or  tie,  while  he  does  not  refer  to  its 
present  sense,  viz.,  begging),  and  many 
more  which  oven  a  first-hand  knowledge  of 
the  dialect  to-day  will  not  be  able  to  recall. 
It  is  not,  of  course,  by  reason  of  its  philo- 
logical curiosity  that  the  book  has  survived, 
but  rather  by  the  kinship  between  its 
humour  and  the  genius  of  the  Lancashire 
people,  strong,  coarse-grained,  and  hearty. 
It  was  seven  times  reprinted  by  the  author 
himself,  and  up  to  the  present  Col.  Fishwick 
has  compiled  a  bibliography  of  sixty-four 
editions. 

This  work  constitutes  Collier's  chief 
claim  to  literary  remembrance,  but  it  by 
no  means  forms  the  whole  of  his  published 
work.  He  wrote  criticisms  ;  "  curious  re- 
marks "  on  the  history  of  Manchester 
written  by  Whitaker,  the  remarks  being  as 
intolerably  absurd  as  the  original  history, 
but  infinitely  more  readable  and  humorous  ; 
*  Truth  in  a  Mask,'  an  attempt,  with  more 
than  a  satirical  intent,  at  a  relation  of 
Shudehill  fight  in  the  language  of  the 
Synoptic  Gospels,  and  much  more  besides — 


rhymes  or  poetry  and  poetical  letters  so 
called,  which  fill  eighty  pages  of  Col. 
Fishwick's  edition  de  luxe.  Prose  and 
verse  alike  display  the  same  equalities — 
strength,  directness,  and  humour  —  Lanca- 
shire humour,  generally  strong  and  some- 
times untranslatable.  The  directness  of  his 
utterance  is  as  indicative  of  the  man  as  it 
is  of  the  Lancashire  people  to-day.  "I 
really  love  and  reverence  the  lower  clergy 
in  general,"  he  says,  writing  to  a  clerical 
friend, 

"  but  beg  you  will  give  me  leave  to  except  the 
pluralist,  the  superstitious  bigot,  and  the  non- 
resident, and  the  rich  sordid  priests  of  all 
denominations,  who  carry  such  heads  and 
grovelling  souls  as  not  to  know  how  or  dare 
not  use  what  Providence  has  blessed  (or  cursed) 
them  with,  and  are  always  studying  to  live 
hereafter — I  mean  not  above — but  in  grandeur 
and  affluence  below,  for  heaven  comes  no  oftener 
in  their  thoughts  than  charity  out  of  their 
pockets.  These  men  I  can  neither  love  nor 
reverence.  I  have  an  antipathy  against  them 
which  I  cannot  conquer ;  I  think  them  the  pests 
of  society  and  disgraceful  blots  to  all  religion." 

In  the  present  edition  Col.  Fishwick  has 
printed  the  letters  in  prose  and  rhyme  from 
the  original  MSS.  in  the  Lyceum  Library, 
Oldham,  a  source  which  has  yielded  him 
three  letters  in  rhyme  hitherto  unprinted, 
but  unluckily  they  possess  no  value  whatever. 
He  has  also  collated  and  printed  the  text  of 
the  1746  (first)  edition,  in  which  Collier 
made  somewhat  extensive  additions.  Beyond 
this  Col.  Fishwick  has  done  nothing.  The 
hfe  he  prefixes  is  a  prolix  recital  of  per- 
fectly well-ascertained  facts — for  instance, 
the  correction  as  to  the  date  of  Tim 
Bobbin's  birth  was  made  and  announced 
years  since  by  a  writer  in  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography.'  There  is,  indeed, 
no  trace  of  discerning  editing  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  book.  It  is 
simply  an  instance  of  book  -  making,  such 
as  it  is  surprising  to  see  associated 
with  Col.  Fishwick's  name.  There  is  no 
list  of  contents  ;  the  pieces  are  introduced 
without  editorial  notice  or  comment ;  and 
what  is  still  worse.  Col.  Fishwick  has 
reprinted  in  the  volume  the  tale  of  '  Lanca- 
shire Hob  and  the  Quack  Doctor,'  which, 
as  far  back  as  1886,  was  proved  by  Mr. 
J.  Eglington  Bailey  to  have  been  written, 
not  by  Collier,  but  by  the  Rev.  Henry 
Brooke.  The  book  is,  moreover,  disfigured 
by  the  insertion  of  four  Cruikshank  cuts 
amongst  a  greater  number  of  Collier's  own 
— on  what  principle  of  taste  or  sense  it  is 
difficult  to  comprehend.  The  juxtaposition 
only  serves  to  intensify  our  sense  of  the 
absolute  inanity  and  grotesque  impotence 
of  Collier's  art. 


Ancient   and   Holy   Wells  of   Cornwall.      By 
M.  and  L.  Quiller- Couch.     (Clark.) 

TuE  late  Mr.  Thomas  Quiller-Couch  took 
a  deep  interest  in  the  holy  wells  of  Corn- 
wall. He  visited  numbers  of  them,  and  pre- 
pared an  interesting  though  in  several  ways 
imperfect  body  of  memoranda,  intending 
to  weave  them  into  a  volume  illustrative  of 
their  history  and  the  superstitions  which 
have  gathered  around  them.  The  joint 
authors  of  the  volume  before  us  have  had 
the  advantage  of  the  use  of  these  notes, 
many  of  which  they  have  reproduced  just 
as  they  were  written  ;  but  their  position  has 


not  been  that  of  the  mere  editors  of  another's 
work.  During  a  pilgrimage  of  several 
months'  duration  they  have  looked  for  these 
sacred  springs,  and  they  have  been  able  to 
discover  more  than  ninety  of  them.  They  do 
not  seem  to  have  made  any  record  of  named 
wells  that  are  not  called  after  holy  persons, 
or  do  not  bear  other  signs  of  having  been 
regarded  with  religious  veneration.  This  is 
to  be  regretted,  for  through  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  island  there  are  not  a  few 
wells  bearing  old-world  names  which  have 
come  down  to  us  from  a  remote  past,  and 
in  some  cases  this  is  by  no  means  a  matter 
of  speculation  or  inference  only,  for  we  have 
met  with  several  wells  mentioned  in  charters 
and  manor  court  rolls  as  boundary  marks 
which  retain  their  old  names  at  this  moment. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  authors  have  most 
properly  reproduced  what  former  writers 
have  said  regarding  the  holy  wells  of  Corn- 
wall. Cornwall  is  not  richer  than  some  other 
counties  in  topographical  literature  of  the 
old  schools  ;  but  we  think  that  men  of  the 
type  of  Carew,  Borlase,  Polwhele,  and  Gil- 
bert were  more  inclined  to  record  folk-lore 
than  their  Midland  or  Northern  brethren. 
When  they  tell  us  stories  about  wells,  we 
need  hardly  say  that  they  do  not  view  the 
beliefs  of  the  people  with  our  eyes.  To 
them  such  things  were  crass  superstition 
and  nothing  more.  If  they  wanted  a 
parallel,  it  never  occurred  to  these  worthies 
to  look  abroad,  except  to  the  literatures 
of  Greece  and  Pome.  Had  they  been  re- 
minded that  the  Iliad  tells  of  sacrifice  being 
offered  at  a  flowing  spring  overshadowed 
by  a  plane  tree,  the  analogy  with  Cornish 
well-worship  might  have  been  regarded  as 
striking  ;  but  if  examples  had  been  brought 
forward  from  Japan,  India,  or  Mexico,  we 
doubt  whether  they  would  have  elicited  any 
remark  except  that  uneducated  persons  are 
stupid,  and  that  it  has  ever  been  the  interest 
of  a  priesthood  to  keep  the  common  people 
in  ignorance. 

That  several  of  our  present  holy  wells  were 
regarded  as  sacred  long  before  our  people 
became  Christian  is  a  matter  which  we  may 
take  for  granted.  Pope  Gregory's  advice 
to  St.  Augustine  that  he  was  not  to  de- 
stroy the  temples  of  the  old  religion,  but  to 
purify  them  and  turn  them  into  churches, 
was  no  doubt  intended  to  have  a  far  wider 
interpretation  than  the  literal  meaning  of 
the  words  would  convey.  The  Christian 
missionaries  found  the  heathen  folk  whom 
they  were  seeking  to  evangelize  attributing 
miraculous  powers  to  gushing  springs ;  to 
have  destroyed  such  a  belief  would  have 
been  well-nigh  impossible.  It  was  not, 
however,  it  may  be  presumed,  found  very 
difficult  to  divert  the  old  well- worship  from 
heathen  divinities  to  Christian  saints.  So 
completely  was  the  work  carried  out,  that 
we  have  not  heard  of  more  than  two^  or 
three  examples  of  English  wells  bearing 
unmistakably  heathen  names,  and  in  these 
cases  it  is  not  by  any  means  certain  that 
mistakes  have  not  been  made.  Although, 
however,  our  wells  were  made  Christian  in 
name,  much  of  the  old  heathenism  clung  to 
them.  Certain  devotional  practices  carried 
on  at  wells  were  forbidden  in  pre-Ncrman 
times  and  classed  with  magic  arts,  and  in 
1240  we  find  a  local  council  forbidding 
"  superstitiosas  fontium  adorationes."  There 
seems,  indeed,  to  be  evidence   that  down 


186 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


to  the  period  of  the  Eeformation  the  more 
active  among  the  clergy  did  something 
towards  mitigating  this  evil.  When  the 
great  change  came  the  old  well-worship  was 
classed  with  the  authentic  teachings  of  the 
fallen  church,  and  it  was  regarded  as  a 
mark  of  Popery  to  bathe  crippled  children 
in  a  holy  well  or  to  use  its  water  for  the 
cure  of  sore  e3'es. 

Churchyards  and  the  crossways  where 
suicides  were  buried  have  always  been  re- 
garded as  the  most  favourable  places  for 
encountering  the  spirits  of  the  dead,  or 
other  beings  not  of  this  world.  Tim  Bobbin 
teUs  how 

a  ghost  was  seen 

At  Boggart-welL  dress'd  all  in  green. 

The  very  name  of  the  well,  if  we  do  not 

owe  it  to  the  poet's  imagination,  is  evidence 

of    its   connexion   with   unearthly    objects. 

The  green  colour  of  the  dress  leads  one  to 

think,  though   he  calls  it  a  ghost,   that  a 

fairy,  not  a  disembodied  spirit,  was  in  the 

writer's    mind.      The    connexion    of    wells 

with  spiritual  appearances  is,  of  course,  not 

confined   to   our    islands.     We   should    be 

sorry  to  be  called  ujion  to  name  any  country 

where   it   is   not  to  be  found,  though  the 

appearances  vary  according  to  the  character 

of  the  people  and  the  fragments  of  history 

which  their  memory  continues   to  hold   in 

suspension.    In  Portugal,  Mr.  Oswald  Craw- 

furd  tells  us,   the  wells  are  supposed  to  be 

haunted  by  Moorish  maidens.   Such  visitants 

would  be  impossible  in  Cornwall,  for  the 

simple  reason  that  the  people  have  never 

heard  of  them.     Prom  the  accounts  given  in 

the  volume  before  us  it  would  seem  that  the 

Cornish  wells  are  rarely  haunted  by  spirits  of 

any  kind.    The}'  are  holy,  and  cure  all  kinds 

of  sickness,  madness  included.    They  also,  if 

the  proper  rites  be  performed,  tell  you  of  the 

future,  and  you  may  secure  to  yourself  good 

fortune    by  dropping  a  pin  or  a  piece  of 

money  into  the  water.     This  practice  has 

decayed  of  late  years,  but  there  are  even 

now  wells  at  the  bottom  of  which  pins  are 

to  be  seen.  Two  fairies'  wells  are  mentioned, 

but  we  do  not  know  that  the  "  good  people  " 

have   ever   been   seen   there.     The  one    at 

Carbis  Bay  is  a  wishing  well.     Even  at  the 

present   day   pilgrims    drop    crooked    pins 

therein  and  wish  for  what  they  require. 

Holy  Thursday  seems  to  be  in  some  way 
connected  with  Cornish  well- worship.  It  is 
the  special  festival,  it  would  seem,  for  visit- 
ing wishing  wells.  AVhy  this  day  has  been 
selected  wo  do  not  know.  Perhaps  some  one 
learned  in  Celtic  lore  may  be  able  to  inform 
us.  Over  most  of  the  holy  wells  coverings 
have  been  built.  IMan^^  have  fallen  into 
decay  or  have  been  wantonly  destroyed, 
but  some  few  have  been  carefully  preserved. 
Of  some  of  these  the  authors  have  given 
engravings. 

One  point  we  must  not  fail  to  mention. 
Every  page  bears  testimony  to  the  fact  that 
the  authors  have  recorded  just  what  they 
wore  told  and  no  more.  There  is  not  a 
passage  from  the  first  page  to  the  last  in 
which  we  can  detect  traces  of  that  heighten- 
ing for  the  sake  of  effect  which  has  rendered 
some  folk-lore  books  wo  could  name  so 
little  trustworthy.  AVe  tliink  tliat  a  trifle 
more  inquiry  would  have  improved  the 
accounts  of  the  saints  to  whom  so  many  of 
those  wells  are  dedicated.  And  wlio,  we 
would  ask,   is  or  was    St.  Bellarmin,  who 


has  given  his  name  to  a  Tor  in  the  parish 
of  Cardynham,  where  are  a  well  and  the 
remains  of  a  chapel  ?  Certainly  it  cannot 
be  the  Tuscan  Jesuit,  who  has  never  been 
canonized,  and  whose  name  must  have  been 
as  unknown  to  Cornish  peasant-folk  as  that 
of  the  most  obscure  member  of  the  Papal 
household,  unless,  indeed,  it  may  have  been 
mentioned  in  a  denunciator}'  manner  in  some 
sermon  at  which  they  were  present.  The 
most  likely  solution  of  the  problem  is  that 
it  is  the  name  of  some  obscure  local  saint, 
that  has  been  corrupted  or  re-fashioned  by 
persons  who  had  sufficient  knowledge  to 
enable  them  to  blunder  with  effect.  We 
must  add,  however,  that  we  have  spent  no 
little  time  in  looking  in  catalogues  of  saints 
without  success.  No  name  that  the  most 
perverse  ingenuity  could  corruj^t  into  Bel- 
larmin has  crossed  our  j)ath. 


Latin  Poetry :  Lectures  delivered  iyi  JoJms 
Hoplcins  tiniversity.  By  P.  Y.  Tyrrell. 
(Macmillan  «&  Co.) 
If  a  new  application  of  an  old  phrase  be 
allowed,  the  Professor  of  Greek  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  may  be  styled  "  doctor 
utriusque  juris,"  a  teacher  with  equal  right 
to  instruct  the  world  in  Greek  and  in  Latin 
literature.  His  lectures  on  Latin  poetry 
form  a  delightful  volume.  Its  spirit  is 
genial  throughout,  and  its  style  bright  and 
elastic.  We  have  wise  judgments  neatly 
and  often  wittily  exjjressed,  skilful  render- 
ings from  the  Latin  poets,  and  much  apt 
and  striking  illustration  from  English  and 
other  modern  literatures.  In  the  front  of 
the  book  stands  an  original  sonnet,  and  at 
the  end  an  interesting  appendix  on  verse 
translations  of  Virgil,  All  these  features 
combine  to  confer  on  the  work  a  charm  which 
grows  upon  the  reader  from  the  first  page 
to  the  last.  There  are  unfortunately  few 
English  works  devoted  to  the  criticism  of 
Latin  literature  which  can  be  classed  with 
this,  but  the  French  possess  many  admir- 
able examples  of  the  kind  in  the  writings 
of  Nisard,  Martha,  Patin,  and  others  whom 
Prof.  Tyrrell  often  quotes  with  approval. 
Classical  students  at  the  universities  would 
do  well  to  fill  a  shelf  with  such  volumes  and 
turn  to  them  for  refreshment  after  the  often 
wearing  details  of  the  daily  work. 

There  is  little  in  the  general  drift  of  the 
opinions  passed  by  Prof.  Tyrrell  upon  Latin 
poets  with  which  most  scholars  of  to-day 
would  be  inclined  to  disagree.  He  is  won- 
derfully successful  in  investing  with  fresh- 
ness the  well-worn  story  of  Latin  poetical 
literature.  The  chapters  on  Lucretius  and 
Virgil  are  in  this  particular  especially 
admirable.  Full  justice  is  done,  perhaps 
for  tlie  first  time,  to  the  poetical  remains  of 
Cicero  ;  a  little  loss  than  justice,  some  will 
be  inclined  to  think,  to  Juvenal.  The  view 
taken  of  Horace  is  in  the  main  that  which 
has  become  prevalent  within  the  last 
twenty  years,  which  denies  to  the  poet  true 
lyric  power,  and  detracts  largel}'  from  his  old 
reputation  for  felicity  of  expression.  Probably 
no  scholar  will  attempt  to  replace  Horace 
on  the  lofty  pedestal  which  he  occupied 
during  the  last  century.  But  it  is  impossible 
to  help  feeling  tliat  Prof.  Tyrrell  has  been 
a  little  unfair  to  the  poet  in  the  chapter 
devoted  to  him,  both  in  respect  of  state- 
ment and  in  respect   of  omission,   though 


the  latter  defect  is  partly  remedied  by  an 
obiter    dictum    elsewhere    concerning    "the 
thousand     little    precious    maxims    which 
Horace  has  given    us    for  the   regulation 
of    our   lives    and    the    cleansing    of    our 
hearts."     The  somewhat  dangerous  test  of 
extremely  literal  translation    is  applied  to 
show  that  Horace  often  failed  to  say  what 
he   meant.     In    one    case    this    method  is 
pressed  against   a   very    simple   metaphor. 
It  is  contended   that   the  words  "  Libyam 
remotis  Gadibus  iungas,"  if  properly  used, 
could  point  to  nothing  but  a  union  of  Africa 
with  Spain  hj   a  bridge.      Again,    Peerl- 
kamp's  dictum  about ' '  vigiles  lucernas  perf er 
in  lucem  "  is  accepted,  viz.,  that  the  words 
should  mean  "endure  the  glare  (or  smell) 
of  the  lamps  till  dawn."     But  ^^r/"^rr^  often 
indicates  the  carrying  through  of  a  task  to 
its  appointed  end,  and  the  substitution  of 
the  lamp  for  the  task  which  the  lamp  makes 
possible,  and  the  transference  of  the  epithet 
vigiles,  are  not  very  violent  expedients.     At 
any  rate,    a   strictly  similar  application  of 
literal  translation  to  most  poets,  ancient  or 
modern,  would  yield  similar  results.     The 
expression  "  oculo  irretorto  spectat  acervos  " 
is    harsh   and    diflS,cult  enough ;    but  it  is 
surely  no  fault  to  say  "heaps"  for  "heaps 
of  coin  "  near  the  end  of  an  ode  which  has 
for  its  whole  theme  the  proper  use  of  coin. 
Ought  auritas  quercus  to  mean  "  long-eared 
oaks  "  ?     The  word  auritus  was  archaic  and 
almost  unused  in  Latin  when  Horace  wrote ; 
but    both    meanings,     "long-eared"    and 
"attentive,"  existed  in  old  Latin.     Horace 
used    the    word    once,    and    Virgil    once  ; 
one     poet    took    one     of     the    old    mean- 
ings,   the     other     the     other.      Sometimes 
Prof.  Tyrrell  is  a  little  severe  on  Horace's 
critics.       The    ode    beginning    "  0   navis, 
referent,"   contains   obvious    imitations    of 
early  Greek  poets  which  render  it  difficult 
not   to   understand   by  navis  the  "  ship  of 
state."     With  regard  to  Horace's  literary 
criticisms  it  is  said  on  p.  206  that  "a  not 
very  deep  study  of  the  Greek  drama  might 
have  shown  him  that  the   deus  ex  machina 
in  many  of  the  plays  of  Euripides  has  no 
knot  to  untie  by  his  intervention."      But 
nothing  actually  said  by  Horace  about  the 
deus  ex  machina  seems  to  imply  any  ignorance 
of  the  plays  of  Euripides.     He  merely  con- 
demns, like  Aristotle,  the  solution  of  dra- 
matic difficulties  by  the  introduction  of  a 
deity,   in   cases   where  such   a   solution   is 
neither  natural  nor  necessary.     AVhile  deal- 
ing with  the  chapter  on   Horace,  we  will 
mention  a  point  which  arises  out  of  a  remark 
made  in  another  chapter.     At  p.  107  it  is 
said  that  Horace  "  sneers  at  Propertius  more 
than  once,"  and  the  suggestion  is  quoted 
that  Propertius  was  the  bore  whom  Horace 
met  on   the    Sacred  Way.      The   supposed 
references  to  Propertius  in  Horace  will  not 
bear  examination.    Tlie  only  passage  which 
can  even  plausibly  be  taken  as  pointing  to 
Propertius  is  in  the   second   satire  of    the 
second    book:     "  discodo     Alcteus     puncto 
illius  :     ille    nieo    quis  ?     Quis    nisi    Calli- 
niachus  ?  "     It  may  bo  safely  asserted  that 
no  one  of  Horace's  readers,  without  a  private 
hint  from  the  poet,  would  have  been  likely 
to  identify  this  faintly  outlined  personage 
with  Propertius.     There  were  far  too  many 
elegiac  poets  at  the  time,  and  doubtless  not 
a  few  claiming  to  be,  and  deemed  by  their 
friends  to  bo,  the  true  successors  of  Calli- 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


187 


machus  and  Mimnermus.  The  absence  of 
Propertius  from  Horace's  pages  is  no  more 
remarkable  than  that  of  Domitius  Marsus  ; 
and  did  not  Statins  and  Martial  ignore  one 
another?  In  a  passage  partly  quoted  by 
Prof.  Tyrrell,  Velleius  Paterculus,  speaking 
of  the  leading  Roman  poets,  mentions 
Virgil  and  Eabirius,  bnt  says  nothing  of 
Horace.  Such  phenomena  are  common  in 
ancient  literature,  and,  indeed,  in  modern 
also. 

This  is  a  volume  •which  is,  we  hope  and 
believe,  destined  to  pass  through  a  series 
of  editions,  and  this  must  be  our  excuse  for 
remarking  upon  details  such  as  the  follow- 
ing.    P.  4,   "Early  Eoman  poetry,   which 
was  then  called  scriptura,  was  used  only  for 
state  documents,  lists,  and  records,  and  the 
poets  were  called  scribed ^     This    seems  to 
imply  that  scriptura,  scriha    were  the  sole 
names  :  an  inference  hardly  deducible  from 
the  only  evidence,  viz.,   the  application  of 
scripfura  to    poetry    in    the    prologues   of 
Terence's  plays,   and  a  passage  of  Festus 
(p.  333)  about  scriha.     P.  5,   "  The  Eomans 
unquestionably   looked   on    the    expression 
of    grief    as    unmanly.     Cicero    condemns 
Sophocles  for  allowing  Philoctetes  to  utter 
cries  of  pain."     "What  Cicero  condemns  is 
not  the  mere  cry  of  pain,  but  eiulatus,  which 
he  says  is  not  permissible  even  for  a  woman  ; 
see  '  Tusc.  Disp.,'  2,  §§  19,  55.  and  compare 
Horace's  "  non  virilis  eiulatio."    P.  8,  "The 
fabul<B  palliate  of  Plautus  and  Terence  were 
succeeded  by  fahulce  togatai,  dealing  with  a 
lower  stratum   of  society ;    and,   finally,  by 
tahernarice,  which  went  lower  still,  until  the 
trahcatce  were  introduced  imder  Augustus, 
and   took   in   hand   a   very   high   class    of 
society  again."     The  word  togata;,  of  course, 
sometimes  includes  tahernari<e  and  traheata ; 
but,    used   in   its    narrower    sense,  it   can 
hardly  be  said  to  indicate  plays  depicting 
lower  society  than  that    presented  by  the 
palUatm ;    for  an  often  quoted    passage  of 
Diomedes  treats  these  two  classes  of  plays 
as  exactly  similar  in  their  social  material. 
The   traheatce,  as    the   name   implies,   dealt 
with  the  equites,  to  whom  the  words  "  a  very 
high   class    of   society"   do   not  very   well 
apply.      P.     10,    Laberius     is     called    the 
"  creator  "  of  the  mime.     This  is  only  true 
in  the  sense  that  he  was  the  first  to  give  it 
a  literary  form.     P.  16,  "  The  austere  Coesar 
could  send  such  a  piece  of    fustian  to  the 
Senate    as   *  veni,  vidi,   vici.' "     Cpesar,   no 
doubt,  had  in  mind  and  imitated  some  words 
of  Democritus,  which  depict  the  transience 
of     human    life :      rjA^^es,     e?5c?,     u-7iX6es. 
"Whether  this  will  be  regarded  as  a  mitiga- 
tion of  the  great  man's  offence,  we  know 
not.     P.  44,   "In  all  the  plays  of  Plautus 
and  Terence  we  do  not  find  mention  of  a 
single  Eoman  coin."     Tcruncius  should  be 
excepted,    and    perhaps     nnmmus ;    where 
this  latter  word  was  not  qualified  by  the 
addition    of  (lurcua,  Philippeus,  or  the  like, 
the  audience  would  naturally  think  of  the 
Italic  or  Latin  nuDtmus.    P.  04,  "  The  senatus 
consultum  de  -Dacchanalibus  gives  us  a  glimpse 
of   the   shocking   immorality   which   some- 
times polluted  the  Roman    ritual,   and  we 
even  read  of  human  sacrifice  after  Canna;. 
Hence,    perhaps,    the    terrible    earnestness 
with  which  Lucretius  reflects  on  the  sacrifice 
of  Iphigenia."  Tliere  seems  to  be  somewhat 
of  a  non  scquilur  in  passing  from  the  first  of 
these  sentences  to  the  second.     And  is  there 


real  ground  for  accusing  the  native  Roman 
ritual  either  of  immorality  or  of   cruelty  ? 
The  worship    of    Bacchus    was    a    foreign 
importation  ;  and  most  probably  very  little 
indeed     of     the     "shocking     immorality" 
which  Livy  records  ever  took  place.    Mainly 
because   of   their    dread  of  things  foreign, 
the  Romans  of  the  time  were  seized  by  a 
frantic  panic,  resembling  (if  one  may  com- 
pare  small  things  with    great)  the  frenzy 
which    overmastered    the    English    nation 
after     the     murder     of    Sir    Edmondbury 
Godfrey.     Thousands    upon    thousands    of 
innocent  people,   citizens  as  well  as  allies, 
were  barbarously  slaughtered  by  order  of 
the  Roman  Senate.     In  giving  an  account 
of  the  sacrifice  (or  rather  dcvotio)  which  took 
l^lace   after  Canna3,  Livy  uses  with  justice 
the     words  :      "  hostiis     humanis,     minime 
Romano  sacro."  P.  67,  "  Epicureanism  took 
no    trouble    even   to    defend   its    own  doc- 
trines."    How,  then,  are  we  to  account  for 
the   vast    sea    of    Epicurean    controversial 
literature  ?   The  Epicureans  were  frecpiently 
condemned  by  members  of  other  schools  for 
the  inconsistency  which  they  showed  in  toil- 
ing to  convince  others.     Epictetus,  address- 
ing the  shade  of  Epicurus,  puts  the  jioint 
neatly:  ti  Xv^vov  aTrrets  Km  Troveis  virip  ■))/ii2v 
Kal  TJ/AcK-aura  fSLJSXta  ypa^et? ;      It  may   be 
remarked,    by    the    way,    that   the   use    of 
pulpa  by  Persius  to  represent  our  "  flesh," 
in    its    religious    application,    which    Prof. 
Tyrrell   notices,  traces  back  to  the  similar 
use   of    crap^,    so   first    employed    by    Epi- 
curus.     Small     alterations     which     should 
be    introduced    in    a     future     edition    are 
the  following:    Licinus  for   "  Licinius "  on 
p.  3 ;    tresviri    for   "triumviri"    on   p.   49; 
potestas  for   "voluntas"   on   p.   79    ("fatis 
avolsa  potestas");    and   Royal   Society   for 
"  Royal  Institution  "  on  p.  83. 


The  Tribal  System  in  Wales :  being  Part  of 
an  Inquiry  into  the  Structure  and  Methods 
of  Tribal  Society.  By  Frederic  Seebohm, 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

No  investigator  into  the  history  of  primitive 
society  has   hitherto  been    able  fully   and 
intelligently   to    explain    the   principles   of 
the  tribal  organizations   which  marked  an 
important  stage   in   the  economic  develop- 
ment of  all  civilized  races.     This  is,  how- 
ever, the   task   that  Mr.  Seebohm  has  set 
himself,    and  the    present   volume,    which 
gives    but    an    instalment    of  his  laborious 
research,    is    confined    to    an    attempt    to 
understand   the   structure   of   tribal  society 
in  AVales,  its  methods  and  "  the  extension  of 
the    inquiry  to  other  tribal  systems  being 
left  to  form  the  subject  of  another  volume." 
For  the  purpose  in  view,  no  better  example 
of  tribal  life  could  probably  be  found  any- 
where  than  in  Wales,    inasmuch   as   it   is 
"the  latest    and   most  modern  instance  in 
Western  Europe  of  a  tribal  system  which, 
having  held  its  own  till  the  era  of  codes  and 
surveys,  is  uuicj^ue  in  the  fact  that  it  can  be 
examined  in  a  way  no  other  tribal  system 
of    AVestern     Europe    can    be,    excepting, 
perhaps,  that  of  Ireland."     Mr.  Seebohm's 
method  is  similar  to  that  adopted  by  him 
more  than  ten  j-ears  ago  in  his  earlier  work 
on  'The   English  Village  Community.'     He 
starts  with  the  ascertained  facts  certified  to 
in  the  actual  surveys  or  extents  made  by 
Norman    surveyors    in    great    detail,    and 


with  the   especial  object  of    recording   the 
condition  of  things  as  to  tenure  which  was 
found   to   exist  in  North  AVales  after   the 
conquest  by  Edward  I.,  and  which  was  the 
result    of     the    customary    law    prevalent 
before  the  conquest.     He  then  pushes  his 
incj[uir3'  further  back  by  judiciously  using 
the   evidence  of  the  codes,  and  triads,  and 
legal    treatises    printed    in    the    '  Ancient 
Laws  of  Wales,'    which  are  then  found  to 
fall  into  their  right  place  when  regarded  as 
links  in  the  chain    of    evidence   as  to   the 
character  of    tribal    custom   which    existed 
both  before  and  after  them.     By  this  pro- 
cess of  working  backwards,  it  is  found  that 
the  codes  contain  a  body  of  customary  law 
which  in  natural  course  would  produce  the 
condition  of  things  described  by  the  surveys, 
and  that  the  legal  traditions  of  the  triads 
(which  most  writers,  excepting  the  late  Mr. 
Hubert  Lewis,  have  hitherto   regarded   as 
untrustworthy)  frequently   supply   reasons, 
in  tribal  sentiment  or  in  more  or  less  archaic 
details  of  custom,  for  the  rules  of  the  codes 
themselves.     The  conclusion   arrived  at  as 
the  result  of  the  inquiry  is  that  the  tribal 
system  of   Wales   is    unique,    not   only    as 
having  survived  to  a  later  date,  but  as  being 
more  primitive  in  its  structure,  and  there- 
fore belonging  also  to  an  earlier  date,  than 
most  tribal  organizations  elsewhere. 

The  fii'st   group    of   surveys   which   Mr. 
Seebohm  has  subjected  to  examination  are 
a   series  of  five,  made  at  different  periods 
between  1294  and  1608,  and  relating  to  the 
royal  lordship  or  so-called  manor  of  Aber- 
ffraw,    in    Anglesey,     once    the    residence 
of   the  princes  of  North  Wales.     But  his 
most  valuable  data   appear   to    be  derived 
from  a  very  detailed  extent  of  the  Honour 
of  Denbigh,  which  was  made  in  the  eighth 
year  of  Edward  III.,  and  which  describes 
survivals  of   the  tribal  system  actually  at 
work  throughout  a  considerable  district  at 
the  time  of  the  English  conquest  of  North 
Wales.   Corresponding  evidence  as  to  South 
Wales  is  adduced  from  a  survey,  made  in 
1326,    of  the  lands  of   the   Bishop   of    St. 
Davids,    contained    in    what    is    generally 
known  as  the  '  Black  Book  of  St.  Davids.' 
So  much  of  this  documentary   evidence  is 
unpublished  and  remains  in  ]\ISS.  not  easily 
accessible  to   the  general  student  that  the 
aiithor  found  it  necessary  to  print  at  full 
length  the  passages  most  relied  on  in   an 
appendix  of  100  pages.     This  fact  siqiplies 
further  proof  of  the  imperative  need  that 
Government  should  forthwith  publish  selec- 
tions of  the  more  important  records  relating 
to  Wales,  and  have  the  remainder  properly 
catalogued.     If  any  utilitarian  argument  is 
needed  to  convince  Her  Majesty's  ministers 
on  this  point  it  is  supi^lied  by  Mr.  Seebohm 
himself,   who  as  a  member  of   the  Welsh 
Land  Commission  has  recently  had  special 
opportunities  of  forming  a  well-considered 
opinion,  which  is  (as  stated  in  this  work) 
that    "  any  understanding   of   the   modem 
economic  evolution  of  society  in  Wales  must 
start"  from  the  careful  study  of  these  and 
similar  documents. 

The  details  as  to  the  structure  of  tribal 
society  are  too  complii?ated,  and  the  general 
treatment  too  technical,  for  us  to  give  here 
anything  more  than  the  barest  outline  of 
them.  The  ruling  principle  underlying  the 
system  was  that  of  blood  relationship  among 
the  free    tribesmen,   so   that    though    the 


188 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


makers  of  mediteval  surveys  naturally  de- 
scribed the  two  great  classes  of  tribesmen 
and  non-tribesmen  which  made  up  the  com- 
munity as  "free"  and  "bond,"  still  the 
real  dividing  line  between  them  was  one  of 
blood.  The  unit  of  organization  was  the 
kindred  or  family  group,  the  tribe  being, 
in  fact,  a  bundle  of  such  kindreds.  The 
effect  of  this  can  be  best  understood  with 
reference  to  the  occupation  of  land.  The 
surveyors,  in  their  extents,  describe  a  district 
as  occupied  not  by  individuals,  but  by  this 
or  that  family  groixp,  or,  using  the  Welsh 
term,  b}^  this  or  that  wele  or  gtcely  (/.  e.,  bed 
or  family  stock),  which  consisted  of  the 
descendants — down  to  great-grandchildren 
— of  the  original  liead  of  the  group.  The 
rights,  moreover,  of  the  family  group  were 
vested  in  its  patriarchal  head,  during 
whose  lifetime  all  the  subordinate  members 
of  the  group,  down  to  great-grandchildren 
or  second  cousins,  instead  of  being  joint 
tenants  of  the  family  rights  as  regards  land, 
had  only  tribal  rights  of  maintenance,  very 
much  as  the  sons  and  grandsons  of  the 
Roman  patriarchal  family  may  have  had, 
according  to  Sir  Henry  Maine's  suggestion, 
under  the  j';«i'r/rt^;o/f67'fl'.s  of  its  head.  Coin- 
cident with  these  undivided  rights  of  occupy- 
ing land,  tribesmen  could  hold  individual 
property  in  chattels,  similar  to  the  peculium 
of  Roman  law,  and  also,  as  Mr.  Seebohm 
felicitously  points  out,  of  the  Hebrew 
patriarchal  system  as  exemplified  by  "the 
story  of  Achan  and  his  stolen  wedge  of 
gold." 

There  was  no  equality  in  the  modern 
democratic  sense,  for  there  were  subtle 
gradations  of  rank  within  the  tribe,  and 
even  within  the  kindred,  while  there  was 
also  inequality  of  wealth  arising  from  the 
recognition  of  the  right  to  a  peculium.  The 
author's  conclusion,  in  fact,  is  that  tribal 
society  was  in  no  true  sense  a  republic  or 
democracy,  but  was  rather  an  aristocratic 
group  of  families  organized  on  a  patriarchal 
basis,  its  very  solidarity  being  gained  at 
the  expense  of  the  freedom  and  equality  of 
the  individual  tribesmen. 

It  is  probable  that  the  ties  of  blood  rela- 
tionship upon  which  the  whole  structure 
was  based  had  religious  sanctions  which 
have  long  ago  been  obscured,  if  not  alto- 
gether obliterated,  by  Christian  and  eccle- 
siastical influences.  The  sacredness  of  the 
hearth  as  the  focus  of  the  rights  of  kindred, 
and  the  symbolic  significance  of  the  cover- 
ing and  uncovering  of  it  each  night  and 
morning — a  custom  probably  alluded  to  by 
Henry  Vaughan  in  his  lines  on  '  Sleep': — 
Though  sleep,  lihe  ashes,  hide 
My  lamp  and  life 

these  and  other  considerations  unmistakably 
point  to  the  connexion  of  the  hearth  with 
religious  superstitions  and  the  worship  of 
ancestors,  and  remind  us  strongly  of  the 
ceremonies  associated  with  the  worship)  of 
Vesta  among  the  Romans. 

Not  the  least  interesting  portion  of  the 
■work  is  tliat  whicli  deals  with  the  relation 
between  tlio  tribal  system  and  the  ancient 
British  Church.  The  evidence  on  this  point 
is  drawn  from  the  records  of  donations  made 
to  tlio  Cliurch  by  Welsh  chieftains  on,  or 
soon  after,  their  first  contact  with  Christianity. 
Those  records  unite  in  showing  that  the  tribal 
system  forced  even  ecclesiastical  arrange- 
ments into  its  own  mould,  so  that  the  Church 


became  tribal  and  not  territorial  in  its 
oi-ganization.  Unwilling  testimony  to  the 
tenacity  of  this  system  is  borne  by  Giraldus 
Cambrensis  when  he  complains  in  his  '  De- 
scriptio  Cambrife  '  that  nearly  all  the  Welsh 
churches  had  as  many  parsons  and  co- 
parceners as  there  had  been  families  of 
chief  men  in  the  parish  ;  that  sons  obtained 
the  benefices  by  succession  from  their 
fathers,  not  by  election,  but  by  inheritance; 
and  that  the  institution  of  any  other 
person  would  lead  to  acts  of  revenge  on 
the  part  of  the  kin. 

Mr.  Seebohm's  work  is  naturally  of  great 
interest  in  its  special  application  to  the 
ancient  law  and  custom  of  Wales,  and  as 
such  will  be  welcomed  with  genuine  appre- 
ciation by  Celtic  scholars ;  but,  like  his 
former  work,  it  appeals  chiefly  and  primarily 
to  the  much  wider  class  of  students.  A 
real  knowledge  of  one  tribal  system  should 
prove,  with  the  use  of  the  comparative 
method,  the  best  stepping-stone  to  a  know- 
ledge of  others,  and  Mr.  Seebohm's  exten- 
sion of  this  inquiry  to  other  societies  in 
his  further  volume  will  be  awaited  with 
much  eager  interest  by  his  fellow  workers 
in  economic  history. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


To-day  and  To-morroiv.     By  Eleanor  Holmes. 
3  vols.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

In  '  To-day  and  To-morrow '  Miss  Eleanor 
Holmes  has  shown  unnecessary  extravagance 
in    her    use    of    material.      Three    closely 
printed  volumes  are  more  than  is  required 
for  a  story  of  this  order,  and  the  complica- 
tions too  bewildering  that  the  reader  is  called 
upon  to  see  unravelled.     Major  Heronden 
has,    we    understand,    sown    some    serious 
wild  oats  in  his  youth,  and  at  fortj'-four  is 
still  a  desperate  flirt,  a  thorough  gentleman, 
and  a  conscientious   guardian  to  his  dead 
brother's  children — in  fact,  just   that  com- 
bination of  the  saint  and  sinner  which  the 
female  pen  loves  to  paint.     We  hear  a  good 
deal  about  his  cynicism,  and  we  find  in  him 
an  overweening  amount  of  sentiment.     The 
story  centres   round   his   relations   towards 
three  women  :    the  first,  who  rei)resents  his 
guilty  past,  but  who  is  almost  as  shadowy 
as     that     past    itself  ;     the     second.    Miss 
Helmsley,  by  far  the  strongest  personality  of 
the  three,  and  the  one  whom  we  should  have 
been  glad  to  leave  as  the  major's  ultimate 
fate ;  but  a  third  and  real  heroine  is  dragged 
in  in  the  middle  of  the  second  volume.     No 
doubt  a  young  girl's  love  is  necessary  for 
the  sinner's  complete  redem2)tion  ;  still  Miss 
Katinka   should   have   appeared  sooner   to 
arouse   the  reader's  interest,  and  that  i>or- 
tion    of    the    book    which    introduces    her 
as   betrothed   to  the  major's    nejihew,  and 
where  the  scene  is  laid  in  Brittany,  seems 
to  us  a  little  superfluous.     The  author  has 
very   much   overcrowded   her    canvas,    but 
it   is  to  her  credit  that  the  individualities 
of    her    characters    are    kept     so     distinct 
while   their   fates   are    inextricably    bound 
up      with      one     another.      Lady     Muriel 
and   Miss   Helmsley  are   excellent  studios, 
and  the   women  are   generally  better  than 
the  men,  who  too  often  betray  the  sex  of 
their  creator.      On  the  whole,  it  is  a  good, 
wholesome  story,  not  devoid  of  humour,  and 
carefully  written. 


At  Heart  a  Bake.      By  Florence  Marryat. 

(Horace  Cox.) 
The  transposition  of  sixteen  pages  in  the 
binding  gives  Miss  Marryat's  narrative  a 
little  complexity  which  it  would  not  other- 
wise possess.  The  author  is  nothing  if  not 
didactic,  and  on  the  present  occasion  her 
moral  is  tolerably  wholesome.  Of  course, 
she  takes  up  her  parable  against  the  inferior 
sex,  especially  the  half-pay  military  varieties 
of  the  genus.  ("There  are  no  more  diffi- 
cult persons  to  get  on  with  in  domestic  life 
than  retired  officers.")  But  she  draws  the 
line  at  the  separation  of  married  people  for 
frivolous  causes ;  and  Lady  Phyllis,  who 
considers  that  "the  idea  of  a  wife's  sub- 
mission and  obedience,  and  all  that  twaddle, 
is  out  of  date,"  and  dismisses  her  husband 
mainly  on  the  ground  of  his  inter- 
ference with  her  visiting  list  and  his  objec- 
tion to  her  membership  of  the  "  Push- 
ahead  "  Club,  is  chastised  and  recalled  to 
her  duty  in  quite  an  old-fashioned  way. 
Master  Roy's  croup,  which  reunites  his 
parents,  who  have  been  living  in  "  flats," 
and  by  a  fortunate  coincidence  have  taken  up 
their  separate  quarters  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  same  landing,  is  not  a  strikingly  original 
expedient,  but  the  reconciliation  between 
the  hot  -  headed  pair  of  young  married 
lovers  is  natural  and  satisfactory  enough. 
Our  old  friend  the  author  is  above  her 
average  in  this  tale.  Lord  Lisnor  and  his 
elder  daughters,  to  say  nothing  of  Phyllis 
herself,  have  distinct  individuality.  But 
she  will  misquote  French  and  drop  into 
English  slang.  Above  all,  she  will  lecture. 
Lahitur  et  labetur  that  perennial  flow  of 
polemic.  The  carelessness  of  the  publi- 
cation is  shown  by  the  author's  name  being 
misspelt  on  the  binding. 


La  Rcine  Nadege.     Par   "Flagy."     (Paris, 

Calmann  Levy.) 
La  Reine  Nadlge  and  her  husband  are 
King  Milan  of  Servia  and  his  queen,  so 
little  disguised — indeed,  so  obviously  sug- 
gested throughout  the  book  —  that  the 
stupidest  of  newspaper  readers  cannot  fail 
to  see  what  is  meant.  The  novel  has  no 
purpose,  teaches  nothing,  and  is  not  in  a 
high  degree  readable ;  so  that  we  cannot 
congratulate  Madame  de  Mirabeau  on  her 
last  production.  It  is  somewhat  of  a  re- 
sponsibility to  be  the  mother  of  "  Gryp," 
but  Madame  de  Mirabeau  hardly  lives  up 
to  it,  even  when  she  writes  more  lightly  in 
the  fie  Parisienne  under  her  better-known 
pseudonym  of  "  Zut."  She  is  still  imder 
the  impression  that  "  rally e-papers  "  is  an 
English  phrase  for  an  English  thing.  The 
paper-chase  on  horseback  has  never  been 
an  English  sport,  and  its  French  name  of 
ralhje -papier  is  obviously  derived  from  the 
application  to  paper  of  the  principles  of 
French  stag-hunting. 

Le  Sergent  Balthazar.   Par  Armand  d'Artois. 

(Paris,  Calmann  Levy.) 
'  Le  Sehoent  Balthazar'  is  an  old-fashioned 
romance  of  the  sword  belonging  to  '  The 
Three  Musketeers'  type,  and,  as  such, 
introduced  by  a  preface  by  the  illustrious 
son  of  a  still  more  illustrious  Alexandre 
Dumas.  Nothing  is  wanting  to  this  novel 
— noitlior  the  right  sort  of  poison,  the  right 
sort  of  dungeon  with  water  rising  in  it  till 


N*'353r,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


189 


prisoners  are  drowned  like  rats,  the  sub- 
terranean passage,  the  benevolent  innkeeper, 
the  deceitful  foreign  lady — nothing  except 
the  touch  of  genius  which  redeems  '  The 
Three  Musketeers,' 


Sans  Dogme.  Par  H.  Sienkiewicz,  tradult 
du  Polonais  par  le  Comte  A.  Wodzinski. 
(Paris,  Calmann  Levy.) 
*  Sans  Dogme  '  is  one  of  those  dull  diaries  of 
the  lover's  state  of  soul  which  were  fashion- 
able from  1805  to  1820,  relieved,  however, 
here  and  there  by  little  touches  of  brilliant 
modern  wit,  but  relieved,  alas  !  how  seldom. 


COOKERY   BOOKS. 


Common-Sense  Cookery.  By  Col.  A.  Kenney- 
Herberfc  (VVyvern).  (Arnold.) — We  are  grateful 
to  Col.  Kenney-Herbert,  the  more  grateful, 
perhaps,  because  we  were  misled  l)y  the  title  he 
has  given  his  admirable  book.  We  feared  a 
sermon  on  the  snares  set  for  our  morals  and 
digestions  in  all  but  the  dullest  cookery,  and  we 
found  instead  a  book  which  has  made  us  wish 
we  were  cook  and  not  reviewer.  Chief  among 
the  author's  merits  is  his  recognition  of  the  essen- 
tial difference  between  luncheon  and  dinner. 
In  the  average  British  household  luncheon  is  to 
dinner  what  the  shilling  story  is  to  the  half- 
crown  novel  :  the  same  thing  only  less  of  it. 
And  this  is  just  what  it  should  not  be  ;  and  the 
enlightenment  of  the  average  British  household 
would  be  advanced  by  the  study  of  Col.  Kenney- 
Herbcrt's  advice.  We  think  this  excellent 
object  would  also  be  served  by  the  study  of 
his  chapters  on  "Salads,"  "Vegetables,"  and 
"Eggs."  We  select  these  chapters  from  others 
not  less  commendable,  because  they  deal  with 
the  most  serious  abuses  in  English  cookery. 
There  are  many  people  to  whom  a  salad  means 
nothing  but  lettuce  smothered  in  somebody's 
dressing;  to  whom  a  vegetable  "dressed,"  and 
eaten  for  its  own  sake,  is  unknown  ;  to  whom 
an  omelette  means  a  leathery  egg  pudding,  and 
whose  remaining  method  of  cooking  eggs  is  to 
serve  them  with  a  spongy  adjunct  they  call  toast. 

Casscll's  Neiv  Universal  Cookery  Book.  By 
Lizzie  Heritage.  (Cassell  &  Co.) — Those  who 
cherish  "Mrs.  Beeton "  will  no  doubt  be 
attracted  by  this  book  ;  it  is  extremely  similar. 
For  our  part,  the  preface  led  us  to  expect  better 
things,  and  we  have  been  disappointed.  But  it 
is  a  bulky  book  and  has  its  merits.  Towards 
the  end  of  the  1,328  pages  there  is  much  to  be 
learnt  on  table  decoration,  and,  from  Phyllis 
Browne,  on  the  management  and  duties  of 
servants.  We  should  think,  however,  that 
people  who  keep  house  stewards,  butlers,  and 
other  menservants  know  already  what  they 
want  them  to  do,  and  that  people  who  keep  a 
general  servant  will  not  find  much  use  for  this 
information.  A  large  number,  we  fear,  will 
find  use  for  the  information  that  is  given  on 
table  decoration.  They  Avill  have  "  nicely  folded 
serviettes,"  upon  which  "  little  tufts  of  greenery 
may  be  laid"  ;  they  will  have  a  "strip  of  em- 
broidered pink  linen  "  running  down  the  middle 
of  the  table,  which  is  "cheap  yet  artistic"  ;  or 
five  plants  in  pots  down  the  middle  of  the  same 
table  with  a  "strip  of  soft  silk  twisted  round 
the  pots  " — "  with  a  little  care  it  will  look  very 
puffy "  !  Puffiness  seems  to  be  an  ambition, 
for  in  "an  elaboration  of  the  above  idea  "  the 
silk  is  to  be  twisted  about,  "the  puffier  the 
better";  and  it  appears  again  in  "A  Forget- 
me-not  Scheme."  Other  ambitious  people  may 
learn  how  to  make  an  "imitation  lake"  in  the 
centre  of  the  table  :  it  is  done  with  an  old  look- 
ing-glass, and  it  is  described  as  "rather  trouble- 
some." Of  course  the  great  bulk  of  the  book 
is  devoted  to  cookery.  Among  the  reciijes  for 
salad  dressings  we  noticed  an  "ordinary  salad 
dressing,"  in  which  two  tablespoonfuls  of  vinegar 
are  allotted  to   four   tablespoonfuls  of    oil  or 


cream  ;  peppers,  sugar,  mustard,  and  salt  com- 
plete the  mixture,  and  we  hope  we  shall  never 
meet  it. 

The  Siyirit  of  Cookery.  By  J.  L.  W.  Thudi- 
chum,  M.D.  (Bailliere,  Tindall  &  Cox.)— 
This  is  an  interesting  book.  It  claims  to  be 
"  a  popular  treatise  on  the  history,  science, 
practice,  and  ethical  and  medical  import  of 
culinary  art,"  and  it  justifies  its  claim.  But  it 
is  unequal ;  strange  theories  stray  through  its 
chapters,  and  the  author's  experience  seems  in 
some  cases  to  have  been  as  peculiar  as  it  is 
wide.  He  considers  it  is  advisable  to  omit 
oysters  from  a  formal  dinner  because  they  "are 
apt  to  spoil  the  table  linen  and  make  the  hands 
of  the  diners  salty."  For  these  reasons,  ap- 
j)arently,  some  do  not  give  oysters  ;  others  give 
them,  but  change  the  table  linen  afterwards  ; 
"  others,  again,  serve  them  in  a  side  room,  where 
the  guests  take  them  standing."  This  is  all  very 
unusual,  and  our  experience  is  rather  of  people 
who  give  oysters,  and  of  guests  who  eat  them 
in  such  a  manner  that  neither  table  linen  nor 
fingers  suffer.  Pheasant  receives  more  attention 
than  grouse ;  and  the  traditional  worship  of  bones 
for  stock  purposes  is  condemned.  Dessert  and 
cheese  appear  to  be  rather  confused  on  p.  644  ; 
and  we  are  glad  their  introduction  is  not  always 
considered  "  the  time  for  a  song  or  a  recitation." 
A  useful  dictionary  of  culinary  terms  and  an 
index  complete  the  book. 

Anglo-Indian  Cookery  at  Home.  By  the  Wife 
of  a  Retired  Indian  Ofhcer.  (Horace  Cox.) — We 
like  this  book  all  the  better  for  its  size  ;  there 
are  but  forty-three  pages,  for  the  author  has 
wisely  decided  to  avoid  the  elaborate  Indian 
dishes  which  present  so  many  difficulties  of 
preparation  in  this  country.  Recipes  are  given 
for  soups,  curries,  rice,  savoury  dishes,  sweets, 
sumbaloos,  bottled  chutnies,  and  pickles  ;  and 
a  chapter  is  devoted  to  miscellaneous  matters, 
such  as  the  implements  and  ingredients  re- 
quired.    The  price  is  one  shilling. 

Fast-Day  and  Vegetarian  Cookery.  By  E.  M. 
Cowen  and  S.  Beatty-Pownall.  (Horace  Cox.) — 
The  pages  of  Gouffe',  Ude,  Francatelli,  Urbain- 
Dubois,  and  other  authorities  have  been  frankly 
rifled,  and  as  a  result  the  joint  authors  have 
made  a  highly  successful  collection  of  fast-day 
dishes.  There  are,  however,  some  curious 
omissions  ;  and  we  cannot  understand  a  dish 
which  appears  in  one  of  the  menus,  with  its 
translation.  tEufs  au  Lait,  au  Cafe,  is  trans- 
lated as  "Scrambled  Eggs  and  Coffee." 
"Scrambled  eggs"  is  our  translation  of  the 
French  crfs  hrouille's,  and  milk  is  only  some- 
times added  in  their  preparation.  We  do  not 
see  why  these  eggs  are  on  cafe;  but  nevertheless 
the  book  is  worth  the  two  shillings  asked  for  it. 


AMERICAN   TRAVEL. 


A  Round  Trip  in  North  America,  by  Lady 
Theodora  Guest  (Stanford),  is  the  least  interest- 
ing and  most  useless  book  of  its  class  which  we 
have  recently  read.  Lady  Theodora  made  a 
tour  at  great  speed  and  in  great  luxury,  and 
she  returned  from  America  knowing  little  more 
of  the  American  people  than  before  she  left 
home.  When  the  steamer  arrived  in  New  York 
Bay  a  special  tug,  which  was  "  a  vision  in  choco- 
late and  gold,"  was  in  waiting  to  take  her  on 
shore,  and  when  she  re-embarked  the  "  vision  " 
was  again  in  waiting  for  her.  She  drove  in 
fine  carriages,  drawn  by  fine  horses,  from  one 
palatial  house  to  another  ;  and  a  special  car, 
supplied  with  every  luxury,  which  was  her 
home  on  wheels  for  several  weeks,  carried  her 
across  the  Continent  and  back.  She  learned 
nothing  about  the  masses,  but  she  saw  more  of 
parts  of  the  country  than  any  other  person. 
"We  now  had,"  she  writes,  "  a  clear  view  of 
the  State  of  Nebraska."  This  state  is  as  large 
as  England,  and  very  flat.  Is  there  any  point 
in  this  country  on  level  ground  from  which  a 
clear  view  of  the  whole  can  be   had  I     Lady 


Theodora  Guest  notes  on  the  outward  voyage 
that  she  had  a  fish  put  before  her  which  was 
new  and  called  halibut.  She  also  supplies  the 
novel  information  that  the  statue  of  Liberty  was 
"presented  to  the  States  by  the  French  Re- 
public." She  says  that  when  the  British  ambas- 
sador called  upon  her  at  Washington  the  pro- 
prietor announced  the  fact  "  with  a  face  of  awe." 
She  little  knows  how  self-possessed  American 
hotel  proprietors  are,  and  how  indifferent  they 
are  to  titles  and  dignities,  or  she  would  not  have 
penned  this  phrase.  She  appears  to  understand 
something  of  botany  :  it  is  a  pity  that  she  did 
not  write  more  about  flowers  and  less  about  the 
luxuries  of  her  lot. 

Oa  the  Cars  and  Off  (Ward  &  Lock)  is  the 
enigmatical  title  of  a  book  in  which  Mr.  Douglas 
Sladen  depicts  the  attractions  of  Canada.  We 
gather  from  it  that  he  sojourned  in  Canada  two 
years,  and  he  tells  the  reader  that  he  wrote  his 
'  Lester  the  Loyalist  '  amid  "the  glorious  pine 
woods  of  Lac  Eau  Clair."  Greater  justice  would 
have  been  done  by  him  to  Halifax,  one  of  the 
most  interesting  of  Canadian  cities,  if  he  had 
spared  more  time  than  a  single  day  to  see  it. 
On  the  other  hand,  an  inordinate  amount 
of  space  is  occupied  with  an  account  of 
Quebec  as  it  is,  as  it  was,  and  of  the  battle 
which  was  fought  for  its  possession.  More  than 
once  the  expressions  of  Mr.  Sladen  do  not 
accurately  convey  his  meaning.  Thus,  after 
describing  Dufferin  Terrace  at  Quebec,  at  the 
end  of  which  the  Hotel  Frontenac  has  been 
built,  he  adds,  "Which  I  have  not  seen"; 
probably  his  meaning  is  that  it  was  not  finished 
when  he  was  there.  At  any  rate,  he  inserts  a 
photograph  in  which  the  hotel  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous object.  Again,  he  writes,  "These 
Canuck  children  are  as  immortal  as  they  are 
numerous,"  a  phrase  which  is  as  unduly  exag- 
gerated as  "  most  ideal."  Children  who  survive 
eating  berries  thought  to  be  poisonous  are  not 
necessarily  immortal,  neither  ought  a  super- 
lative to  be  applied  to  ideal,  as  an  experienced 
writer  like  Mr.  Sladen  is,  no  doubt,  well  aware. 
He  escaped  from,  or  has  forgotten,  the  mos- 
quitoes which  often  render  life  in  Canada,  from 
Halifax  to  Vancouver,  a  trial  to  the  flesh.  His 
pilgrimage  through  Canada  appears  to  have  de- 
lighted him  ;  but  the  reader  who  should  resolve 
to  follow  in  his  steps  might  not  receive  all  the 
attention  of  which  he  was  the  recipient. 

The  Great  Dominion :  Studies  of  Canada,  by 
G.  R.  Parkin  (Macmillan  it  Co.),  is  a  very  small 
book  compared  with  Mr.  Sladen's,  yet  it 
gives  the  reader  more  information  about  the 
country.  IMuch  of  the  material  in  both  works 
had  appeared  in  print  before ;  Mr.  Sladen 
having  reproduced  from  the  Queen  and  Mr. 
Parkin  from  the  Times  the  contents  of  sundry 
chapters.  Several  of  Mr.  Parkin'sremarksdeserve 
careful  attention.  He  rightly  j^rotests  against 
the  system  of  paying  premiums  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  young  men  in  Canadian  farming.  He 
supplies  a  fair  sketch  of  the  relations  between  the 
English  and  French  elements  in  the  province  of 
Quebec,  and  he  indicates  the  difficulties  which 
must  be  overcome  before  perfect  amity  can  pre- 
vail. Tiie  expansion  of  Canadian  conmicrce  is 
a  fact  to  which  he  devotes  much  space,  and  he 
makes  it  clear  how  the  selfish  policy  of  the 
United  States  has  contributed  to  increase  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  Canada  and  the 
United  Kingdom.  It  is  both  strange  and  in- 
structive to  read  that  twenty-five  years  ago 
scarcely  any  cheese  was  sent  from  Canada  to 
this  country,  while  in  1893  the  value  of  the 
quantity  exported  exceeded  thirteen  million 
dollars.  For  many  other  facts  about  Canada, 
set  forth  in  a  clear  fashion,  the  reader  may 
be  confidently  referred  to  Mr.  Parkin's  work. 


190 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THREE    BOOKS    ON    CONSTANTINOPLE. 

Philopatris:    ein    heidnisches    Konventikel     des 
siebenten  Jahrhmiderts  zu  Const antinopel.  Von 
R.  Crampe.     (Halle,  Niemeyer.) 
Le  Livre  du  Prefet ;  on,  VEdit  de  VEmperenr  Leon 
le  Sage  sur  les  Corporations  de  Constantinople. 
Traduction     franqaise      par     Jules      Nicole. 
(Geneva,  Georg  &  Co.) 
Histoire  de  la  Latinite  f/e  Constantinople.     Par 
A.  Belin.     Deuxieme  Edition.     Par  le  R.  P. 
Ars^ne  de  Chatel.     (Paris,  Picard.) 
It  hae  taken  a  long  time  to  determine  the  date 
of    the    'Philopatris,'    a   remarkable    dialogue 
always    printed   among  the   works   of   Lucian. 
Three     scholars,     separated     by     considerable 
intervals  of  time,  have  contributed  to  the  solu- 
tion of  the  problem,  which  has  at  length  been 
achieved.      Gesner   at   the    beginning    of    the 
eighteenth  century  showed  that  the  scene  of  the 
dialogue  was  laid  at  Constantinople.     Niebuhr 
saw  that  the  work  was  not,  as  previou.sly  sup- 
posed, a  satire  on  Christianity  composed  by  a 
pagan,  but,   on   the  contrary,  that  the  author 
was  a  Christian.      But  neither   Gesner's   date 
(fourth  century,  time  of  Julian)  nor  Niebuhr's 
(tenth  century,  reign  of  Nicephorus)  satisfied  all 
the  data,  and  it  remained  for  Gutschmid  to  fix  the 
dialogue  in  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Heraclius. 
Gutschmid's  suggestion   (let   fall   in  1868    and 
neglected)  has  been  fully  worked  out,  and,  with 
a  slight  modification  as  to  the  exact  year,  estab- 
blished  by  Crampe.     It  may  now  be  regarded 
as  certain  that  the  date  of  the   '  Philopatris  '  is 
the  winter  of  622/3,  and  Crampe  deserves  the 
credit  of  having  proved  beyond  reasonable  doubt 
that  Gutschmid's  conjecture  is  correct,  and  of 
having  for  the  fir.?t  time  placed  the  dialogue  in 
its  true  light. 

M.  Nicole's  discovery  of  the  €7rap)(tKov 
(SifSXiov  of  Leo  VI.,  of  which  he  has  now 
published  a  translation,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  throws  light  on  another  aspect  of  the 
history  of  Constantinople.  It  not  only  exhibits 
most  valuable  details  of  the  strict  and  precise 
supervision  exercised  by  the  government  over 
the  tradesmen  and  merchants  of  the  city,  but 
it  throws  new  light  on  the  trades  themselves. 
It  is  highly  interesting'  to  read  the  enumeration 
of  the  various  things  that  were  sold  in  the  sal- 
damaric  shops — a  sort  of  Italian  warehouses — 
or  the  regulation  (xix.  §  3)  for  early  closing  of 
eating-houses  on  Sundays  and  holidays,  for  the 
prevention  of  drunken  brawls.  We  learn  to 
distinguish  the  catartarii  and  the  sericarii,  the 
metaxopratai  und  the  prandiopratai,  and  various 
other  kindred  trades.  M.  Nicole  has  been  suc- 
cessful in  the  revision  of  the  text,  but  there 
are  still  a  certain  number  of  difiiculties.  We 
doubt  much  the  existence  of  the  word /i£cro(/)opoi', 
which  appears  in  iv.  §  3  and  viii.  §  1,  and  is 
explained  as  an  intermediate  vest  between  the 
(TKapap.dyyLoy,  or  mantle,  and  the  iaiixjiopov, 
or  "  tunique  de  dessous."  In  both  cases  the 
right  word  is  probably  iJ.ecroTrupcfivpo';.  Thus, 
in  the  second  passage  : — 

rjTOt  (TKapajidyyia    oXoKXrjpa   koX  {jLecroTTop- 
(fivpa  Tj  rjjup.i^XivohifiXarTo. J  k.t.X. 

In  the  first  there  is  a  further  corruption.     It 
runs : — 

Ttt  ySAaTTttt   KuX  TO.    KttTO.    TTipCTI-KCWV  St/XOtpWV 

o^ewv  OeTOiv  eire  picroffiopwv  6  /xvy  t'o  iTrdp^^o} 
i/jLtfiavi'^oiv  evdvvkddiiy. 

We  may  consider  Kal  rd  as  due  to  a  dittogram 
of  Kara,  and  read  Kara  Trepa-tKLoyv  Si/wipojs 
o^vvdefTtDV  (.ire  ix€(ro7rop<j)vpo)v.  The  reference 
is  to  silk,  of  which  the  tissues  are  in  two  colours, 
purple  and  peach  (the  editor  has  a  good  note 
on  KttTaTrepcrtKios)  ;  and  two  kinds  are  distin- 
guished :  naroTTopclnipd,  half  purple  and  half 
peach,  and  Si/j.olpio'i  o^vvOki'Ta  (=St/xoipo^f«, 
viii.  §  4),  two-thirds  purple  and  one-third  peach. 
In  vii.  §  4,  "Defense  aux  catartaires  (aj)i)rc- 
teurs  de  soie)  d'acheter  de  la  sole  grego  ([uaiid 
ct  comment  b(m  leur  seuible,"  M.  Nicole  trans- 
lates his  conjecture    uoews   for    dvotSws.     An- 


other possibility  (with  the  same  meaning)  is 
I'Siws,  see  xxi.  §9.  "Les  e'trangers  qui  logent 
dans  les  hotelleries  "  only  renders  part  of  tois 
(TVi'Syjp.LTas  Kal  /xtraTfi'o/xei'ODS  (iv.  §  8).  We 
may  conjecture  that  (rvvSruxlrai  are  foreigners 
who,  residing  for  some  time  in  the  city,  have 
been  temporarily  enrolled  in  the  deme-organi- 
zations  (for  which  we  may  refer  to  the  important 
article  of  Uspenski  in  the  first  number  of  the 
new  Russian  journal  Vizantishi  Vremennih).  In 
viii.  §  8,  l/xTTtTTTeTwcrav  should  be  ii<7rLTrTerwcrav, 
"  cesseront  d'exercer  le  metier." 

The  late  M.  Belin  had  good  opportunities  of 
studying  the  history  of  the  French  and  Italian 
colonies  in  Constantinople  and  its  suburbs,  for 
he  spent  the  best  years  of  his  life  there,  first  as 
interpreter  to  the  French  embassy  and  after- 
wards as  consul-general.  He  devoted  himself 
to  the  subject  with  zeal,  and  in  1872  published 
a  'Histoire  de  I'Eglise  latine  de  Constantinople,' 
of  which  a  second  edition,  under  a  modified 
title,  now  appears,  revised,  augmented,  and 
continued  to  the  present  time  by  the  editor. 
It  is  a  laborious  work,  containing  a  vast  deal  of 
information,  with  minute  details  about  each  of 
the  numerous  brotherhoods  and  sisterhoods 
established  at  Galata  and  Pera.  But  it  is  very 
far  from  being  readable,  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  is  not  scholarly.  (It  may  be  remarked  in  a 
parenthesis  that  M.  Belin  could  not  construe 
Greek,  and  when  he  had  to  deal  with  evidence 
in  that  language  was  obliged  to  call  in  the  aid 
of  M.  Paspatis.)  It  is  not  scholarly  to  quote 
Ducange  as  an  authority  for  a  fact  about  a 
church  of  the  Amalfitans  (p.  18)  ;  the  source  of 
Ducange  should  be  referred  to.  The  following 
statement  is  very  puzzling  (p.  19):  "Sous 
Basile  et  son  frere  les  services  rendus  par  la 
marine  de  la  rejjublique  a  I'empereur,  contre 
les  Normands  de  Robert  Guiscard,  obtinrent  a 
la  premiere  (1081-90),  d'apres  Anne  Com- 
nene,  de  nouvelles  faveurs."  A  few  lines 
below  we  find  "  hipertimon,"  instead  of  hyper- 
timos.  On  the  following  page  we  read  of 
"  la  separation  de  I'Eglise  orientale  consomm^e 
en  1064,"  the  true  date  being  ten  years  earlier  ; 
on  the  next  we  are  admonished  of  "  le  rapport 
phon^tique  existant  entre  les  termes  varanges, 
freak,  frangos,  'franc,'  et  Vlanga,"  whereas 
Varangian  has  nothing  to  do  with  Frank  (the 
nasal  being  due  to  Slavonic  pronunciation).  On 
p.  33  "les  representations  du  gouvernement  de 
N^grepont "  in  an  episode  of  the  year  1170 
require  some  explanation. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


Pkof.  Anderson,  of  the  Firth  College, 
Sheflield,  has  done  a  great  service  to  English 
students  of  the  classics  by  editing  for  their  use 
Dr.  Schreiber's  Atlas  of  Classical  Antiquities 
(Macmillan).  The  plates  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  German  edition,  but  the  notes 
have  been  in  great  part  rewritten,  to  their 
manifest  advantage,  and  many  references  to 
fuller  sources  of  information  have  been  added. 
What  there  is  to  be  said  against  the  book  has 
been  said  very  handsomely  by  Prof.  Percy 
Gardner  in  his  preface.  Some  of  the  prints 
are  not  particularly  good,  and  objects  of  widely 
different  dates  are  depicted  on  tlie  same  page. 
The  student,  however,  will  remember  that  tliis 
is  not  a  history  of  art  like  Menge's  '  Bilder- 
bogen,'  a  work  of  much  the  same  appearance, 
which  is  pretty  common  in  England. 

Dr.  W.  Baker's  little  volume  of  Xa^majui  Greek 
Verse  Translations  (Longmans)  is  the  best  col- 
lection for  school  purposes  that  we  have  seen 
for  a  long  time.  The  English  passages  are 
taken  almcjst  entirely  from  papers  which  have 
been  set,  in  the  last  twenty  years,  at  examinations 
for  scholarships  in  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  The 
translations  comprise  every  species  of  Greek 
and  Latin  verse,  and  they  are  all  pretty  good. 
The  rendering  is  often  not  so  close  as  it  might 
1)0  to  the  original,  but  the  Greek  or  Latin  is 
throughout  simple   and    unforced,  and  this  is 


the  better  merit.  We  very  cordially  recom- 
mend the  book  to  schoolmasters  on  the  look- 
out for  "  fair  copies." 

Pitt  Press  Series. — Le  Serf;  Le  Cheirier  de  Lor- 
raine. Deux  Contes  par  E.  Souvestre.  Edited 
by  A.  R.  Ropes.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
-^3Iacmillan's  Primary  Series. — Le  Serf.  Par 
Emile  Souvestre.  Edited  by  H.  E.  Berthon. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — Le  Chevrier  de  Lorraine, 
Par  Emile  Souvestre.  (Same  editor  and  pub- 
lishers.)—There  is  no  particular  reason  why 
these  tales  should  be  read  by  schoolboys,  yet 
two  publishers  have  deemed  it  worth  while  to 
publish  editions  of  them.  Mr.  Ropes's  notes 
consist  too  much  of  mere  translation.  M. 
Berthon's  annotations  are  better,  but  he  has 
encumbered  each  of  his  little  volumes  with  a 
vocabulary.  A  boy  fit  to  read  Souvestre  should 
possess  a  French  dictionary  and  use  it.  Surely  in 
his  notes  M.  Berthon  might  have  said  that  the 
Jews  were  innocent  of  the  sacrifice  of  Christian 
children,  so  often  charged  against  them  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  The  Pitt  Press  edition  has  the 
great  advantage  of  an  index. 

Die  deutschen  Kleinstudtcr.  Lustsj^iel  von  A. 
von  Kotzebue.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  D. 
Matthews  and  W.  H.  Witherby.  (Rivington, 
Percival  &  Co.) — Kotzebue's  celebrated  comedy 
demands  a  greater  familiarity  with  the  condition 
and  literature  of  Germany  a  hundred  years  ago 
than  English  schoolboys  can  be  expected  to 
possess.  Still,  an  intelligent  master,  by  largely 
supplementing  the  notes  of  this  edition,  may- 
make  it  interesting  to  them. 

Pitt  Press  Series. — Der  geheime  Agent.  Lust- 
spiel  in  fiinf  Aufziigen,  von  F.  W.  Hacklander. 
Edited  by  E.  L.  Milner-Barry.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) — Hacklander 's  comedy  fur- 
nishes amusing  and  easy  reading.  Mr.  Milner- 
Barry's  annotations  are  good,  but  a  little  too 
diffuse. 

Episodes  from  Mes  Memoires,  par  Alexandre 
Dumas :  Le  Poudre  de  Soissons.  Edited  by 
E.  E.  M.  Creak.  (Longmans  &  Co.)— This  is 
a  nice  little  reading  -  book,  supplemented  by 
a  few  judicious  notes  by  Miss  Creak. 

Immensec.  By  Tlieodor  Storm.  Edited,  with 
Notes  and  a  Vocabulary,  by  H.  S.  Beresford- 
Webb.  (Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.)— Legends 
of  German  Heroes  of  the  Middle  Ages.  By  Prof. 
J.  Schrammen.  With  Notes  and  Vocabulary 
by  A.  R.  Lechner.  (Same  publishers.) — These 
two  little  volumes  may  either  of  them  serve  as 
an  elementary  reading-book  ;  but  we  prefer  the 
former.  English  schoolboys  are  not  likely  to 
feel  much  attracted  by  the  heroes  of  the  Nibe- 
lungenlied,  or  by  Prof.  Schrammen's  rather  dull 
narrative.  '  Immensee  '  has  altogether  more 
human  interest  ;  the  language  is  simple,  and 
Mr.  Beresford- Webb's  annotations  give  enough, 
perhaps  too  much,  help. 

Pitt  Press  Series.— Die  Ganerben  ;  Die  GerecJi- 
tigkeit  Gottcs.  Zwei  Geschichten  v.  W.  H.  Riehl. 
Edited  by  H.  J.  Wolstenholme.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.)— Mr.  Wolstenholme  has  also 
introduced  a  vocabulary  :  a  device  we  cannot 
approve  of  in  any  but  the  most  elementary 
reading-books.  A  good  deal  of  it  is  superfluous. 
If  a  boy  needs  to  be  told  that  "gewann  "  is  the 
imperfect  of  "  gewinnen,"  he  ought  not  to  be 
set  to  grapple  with  Prof.  Riehl 's  stories. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE, 
Messrs.  Bllss,  Sands  &  Foster  publish  M. 
Stambnioif,  by  Mr.  Hulme  Beaman,  the  third 
issue  of  ""Public  Men  of  To-day."  It  is  im- 
possible to  praise  too  highly  the  spirit  of  enter- 
prise in  which  Mr.  Jeyes  has  brought  out  the 
first  three  volumes  of  this  scries,  in  each  case 
at  the  right  moment.  Although  the  lives  of 
the  Ameer  of  Afghanistan,  of  Li  Hungchang, 
and  of  M.  Stambuloff  are  emphatically  books 
of  the  day,  they  are  likely,  nevertheless,  to  sur- 
vive, perhaps  permanently  in  two  cases,  and  in 
the    third— the    case  now   before    ua— until  a 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


191 


better  life  is  produced,  which  will  probably 
not  be  soon.  Political  partisanship  runs  too 
high  in  Bulgaria  for  the  truth  easily  to  be  made 
known,  and  the  author  of  the  present  book 
frankly  tells  us  that  he  writes  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  friends  of  the  murdered  minister. 
Nevertheless,  he  is  fair  enough,  and  admits 
that  one  of  StambulofTs  enemies  was  tortured 
to  death,  and  a  few  other  facts  of  the  kind, 
which  are  among  the  charges  of  Stambuloff's 
most  violent  enemies.  The  author  maintains 
with  regard  to  the  Bulgarian  revolts  in  the 
days  of  Turkish  rule  that  "the  popular  idea 
that  the  party  was  encouraged  morally  and 
supported  financially  by  Russia  is  a  mis- 
taken one. "  Nevertheless  he  states  a  consider- 
able number  of  facts  which  show  that  the  sup- 
port of  the  Russian  consuls  was  invariably  given 
to  the  Bulgarian  insurgents  under  circumstances 
where  the  agents  and  servants  of  any  other 
Government  would  have  declined  to  interfere. 
It  comes  out  clearly  that  Prince  Alexander  was 
merely  a  handsome  puppet,  and  that  the  whole 
credit  for  his  military  successes  must  be  ascribed 
to  Stambuloff.  On  the  other  hand,  the  reckless 
violence  of  Stambuloff  is  clearly  established 
even  by  a  friendly  pen,  and  the  choice,  in  the 
person  of  the  Coburg  prince,  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  candidate  for  the  throne,  and  the 
change  of  the  constitution  to  admit  of  his 
children  being  brought  up  as  Roman  Catholics, 
stand  forth  as  frightful  errors  on  the  part  of 
the  popular  leader,  for  they  are  errors  the 
effect  of  which  can  never  be  cured,  and 
which  must  letid  to  the  destruction  of  his 
work.  The  only  blunder  that  we  have  dis- 
covered in  the  work  consists  in  the  use  of  the 
word  "denounced,"  as  applied  to  the  treaty  of 
San  Stefano.  "To  denounce"  a  treaty  is  a 
technical  phrase  with  a  distinct  meaning  ;  and 
the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  was  not  denounced. 

Messrs.  Black  have  sent  us  a  selection  of 
Passages  of  the  Bible  chosen  for  their  Literary 
Beauty  and  Interest,  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Frazer,  the 
learned  author  of  'The  Golden  Bough.'  The 
appearance  of  a  volume  like  this  is  a  sign  of 
what  we  believe  to  be  true,  that  the  Bible  is 
not  so  much  read  as  it  used  to  be  ;  still,  if  it 
teach  a  few  people  to  regard  the  Scriptures  in 
a  less  conventional  light,  it  will  do  good.  Mr. 
Frazer's  selections  are,  as  was  to  be  expected, 
made  with  care  and  taste,  and  he  has  prefixed 
to  each  of  them  an  appropriate  heading  ;  but  it 
is  rather  surprising  that  he  has  included  no 
passages  from  the  Apocrypha.  His  notes  are 
partly  explanatory  of  difficulties  in  the  text 
and  partly  of  parallel  passages  from  a  great 
variety  of  authors.  Homer  and  Horace,  Seneca 
and  Boethius,  St.  Augustine  and  St.  Bernard, 
Keats  and  Heine  :  highly  interesting,  but  not 
systematic. 

The  tourist  season  brings  more  guide-books. 
Mr.  Murray  has  issued  a  fourth  edition  of  his  excel- 
lent Handbook  for  Travellers  in  Gloucestershire, 
which  is  now  separated  from  the  handbook  to 
Worcester  and  Hereford.  The  only  fault  we  have 
to  find  is  the  absence  of  plans  of  the  cities  of 
Bristol  and  Gloucester  and  a  map  of  the  country 
about  Coleford,  which  would  be  useful  to  the 
pedestrian.  The  volume,  like  all  of  Mr.  Murray's 
red  books,  is  made  pleasant  reading  by  the 
references  to  literature,  in  this  instance 
especially  to  Pope.  A  word,  however,  might 
have  been  spared  for  '  Humphry  Clinker '  in 
connexion  with  the  hot  wells  at  Clifton.  — Black's 
excellent  Guide  to  Cornvoll  (A.  &  C.  Black)  has 
reached  its  sixteenth  edition,  a  sufficient  proof 
that  it  is  appreciated. — Mr.  Page's  elaborate 
guide-books  An  Exploration  of  Dartmoor  (Seeley 
&  Co.)  and  An  Exploration  of  Exmoor  (same 
publishers) have  just  a])peared  in  fourth  editions. 
— Mr.  A.  Thomson's  YacJitinrj  Guide  is  issued 
for  the  fifteenth  time. 

The  many  admirers  of  Carlyle  may  like  to 
have  the  Thovfjhts  on  Lifr  (Chapman  &  Hall) 
which  Mr.  Duncan  has  selected  from  Carlyle's 


writings  ;    but  they  had  better  skip  the  com- 
piler's pretentious  preface. 

Messrs.  Blackwood  deserve  to  be  compli- 
mented on  their  reprint  of  Sir  Andreiv  Wylie 
in  two  neat  volumes,  ushered  in  by  an  intro- 
duction by  Mr.  Crockett.  As  Mr.  Crockett 
rightly  says,  the  beginning  and  closing  portions 
of  Grant's  novel  are  delightful  ;  it  is  the  middle, 
where  he  quits  the  life  he  could  describe  better 
than  any  one  else,  that  prevents  the  book  from 
ranking  high  among  works  of  fiction. 

Tivo  on  a  Tower  has  been  added  to  the  taste- 
ful edition  of  INIr.  Hardy's  romances  which 
Messrs.  Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.  are  issuing. 
Mr.  Hardy  has  prefixed  an  interesting  preface 
to  the  new  issue. — That  remarkable  novel  of 
Mr.  Gissing's,  In  the  Year  of  Jubilee,  has  been 
reissued  by  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen  in  one 
handsome  volume.  —  Messrs.  Jarrold  &  Sons 
have  sent  us  a  new  edition  of  Eyre's  Acquittal, 
by  Miss  Helen  Mathers. 

Froji  Messrs.  Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.  we 
have  received  the  first  number  of  The  Prepara- 
tory Schools  Review,  the  organ  of  the  Association 
of  Head  Masters  of  Preparatory  Schools. 

We  have  on  our  table  Memorials  of  a  Short 
Life:  W.  F.  A.  Gaussen,  edited  by  the  Bishop 
of  Stepney  (Fisher  Unwin),  —  The  Armenian 
Crisis  in  Turkey,  by  F.  D.  Greene  (Putnam), — 
Where  shall  We  go  for  a  Holiday  ?  by  J.  S. 
Fletcher  (York,  Waddington), — Government  of 
the  Colony  of  South  Carolina,  by  E.  L.  Whitney 
(Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins  Press),  —  The 
Astrologer's  Ready  Reckoner,  calculated  by 
C.  J.  Barker  (Halifax,  Occult  Book  Company), — 
Popular  Scientific  Lectures,  by  E.  Mach  (Chicago, 
Open  Court  Publishing  Company),  —  Zachary 
Brough's  Venture,  by  E.  B.  Bayly  (Jarrold), — 
Tlie  Time  Machine,  by  H.  G.  Wells  (Heine- 
niann), — Blue  Eyes,  by  Annie  Thomas  (Drane), 

—  Mi'ady  Monte  Crista,  by  J.  P.  Marsden 
(Osgood),— T/ie  Outlaws  of  the  Air,  by  G.  Griffith 
(Tower  Publishing  Company),  —  On  Turnham 
Green,  by  C.  T.  C.  James  (Bliss,  Sands  & 
Foster), — The  Veiled  Figui-e,  and  other  Poems 
(Williams  &  Norgate),  —  The  Scent  of  the 
Heather,  by  M.  E.  Tupper  (Leadenhall 
Press),  —  Player  Poems,  by  R.  G.  Legge 
(Innes), — The  Vicar's  Dream,  and  other  Poems, 
by  R.  W.  Brown  (J.  Blackwood), — Seven  Words 
of  Love,  by  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Davies  (Dickinson), 

—  Our  Sun  God;  or,  Christianity  before  Christ, 
by  J.  D.  Parsons  (7,  Crawshay  Road,  S.W.), — 
A  Pied,  a  Cheval,  en  Voiture,  by  Paul  Geruzez 
(Paris,  L^vy), — La  Lettre  chargee,  edited  by  H. 
Testard  (Hachette), — Liedcr  und  Gescltichten  der 
Suaheli,  by  Dr.  C.  G.  Biittner  (Williams  & 
Norgate), — Henry  Fieldings  dramatische  Werke, 
litterarische  Studie,  by  Dr.  F.  Lindner  (Leip- 
zig, Ehlers), — and  Grillparzer  und  Lopiede  Vega, 
by  A.  Farinelli  (Williams  &  Norgate).  Among 
New  Editions  we  have  Primer  of  Soidh  African 
History,  by  G.  M.  Theal  (Fisher  Unwin), — and 
First  Principles  of  Astronomy,  by  S.  Cooke 
(Bell).  

LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

TJieologt/. 

Fetherston's  (Rev.  Sir  G.  E.)  A  Garden  Eastward,  and  other 

Sermons,  I2nio.  2/  cl. 
Manitoulin,  or  Five  Years  of  Church  Work  among  Ojebway 

Indians,  by  H.  N.  B.,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 
Shrewsbury's  (Rev.  J.  V.  B.)  One  by  One,  and  other  Sunday 
Evening  Sermons  to  an  Invalid  Daughter,  cr.  Hvo.  2  6cl. 
Simpson's  (VV.  J.)  Lectures  on  S.  Bernard  of  (ilairvaux,  5/ 

Law. 
Marshall's  (G.  W.)  A  Handbook  in  the  Ancient  Courts  of 
Probate  and  Depositories,  12mo.  6/8  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archccology . 
Dante's  Hell  and   Purgatory,  and  Milton's    Paradise  Lost, 

illustrated  l>y  Dore,  3  vole.  21,  tjuckram  in  l)ox. 
Hatton's  (R.  G.)  Figure  Drawing  and  Composition,  illus., 

8vo.  9  cl. 
Home's  (J.  F.)  The  Buried  Cities  of  Vesuvius,  Herculaneum 
and  Pompeii,  8vo.  3/ti  cl. 

Poetry. 
Walker's  (H.)  The  Greater  Victorian  Poets,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 

Music. 
Makower's  (S.  V.)  The  Mirror  of  Music,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 


History  and  Biography. 
Fearenside's  (C.  S.)  The  Intermediate  Text-Book  of  English 

History.  Vol.  3,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Nelson,  by  J.  K.  Laughton,  2/6  cl.  (English  Men  of  Action.) 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Hughes  and  Williams's  Geography  of  British  Empire,  3/  cl. 

Philology. 
Mayer's  (A.  von)  Manual  of  English,  French,  and  German 

Idioms,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 
Tennyson's  Guinevere,  with  Introduction  and  Notes  by  G.  C. 

Macaulay,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Science. 
Hamilton   (A.   M.)  and  Godkin's  (L.)  A  System  of  Legal 

Medicine,  8vo.  60/  cl. 
Hudson's  (W.  H.)  British  Birds,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Hutchinson's  (J.)  A  Smaller  Atlas  of  Clinical  Surgery,  8 vo. 

31/6  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Balzac's  (H.  de')  At  the  Sign  of  the  Cat  and  Racket,  trans- 
lated by  C  Bell,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Bickerdyke's  (J.)  Sea  Fishing,  cr.  Svo.  lO/o  cl. 
Edwards's  (F.)  These  Twelve,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Farrell's  (A.)  Lady  Lavan,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Haycraft's  (Mrs.)  His  Rustic  Wife,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Hutcheson's  (M.)  Bardossi's  Daughter,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Mathers's  (H.)  The  Lovely  Malincourt,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Mtars's  (A.  G.)  Mercia,  the  Astronomer  Royal,  a  Romance, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
O'Connor's  (T.  P.)  Some  Old  Love  Stories.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Roberts's  (M.)  The  Adventures  of  a  Ship  Doctor,  cr.  Svo.  6/ 
Sergeant's  (A.)  Marjory's  Mistake,  3  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Sullivan's  (A.  M.  aiidT.  D.)  Irish  Readings,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Turgenev's  (I  )  Fathers  and  Children,  a  Novel,  3/  net,  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Philosophy. 

Templer  (B.) :  Die  Unsterblichkeitslehre  bei  den  jiidischen 

Philosophen  des  Mittelalters,  2m  50. 

History  and  Biography. 

Memoires  du  General  Rapp,  edition  annot^e  par  D.  Lacroix 

3fr.  50. 
Restrepo  (V.) :  Los  Chibchas  antes  de  laConquista  espanola, 
25fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Ardouin-Dumazet :  Voyage  en  France,  Series  3  and  4,  7fr. 
Le  Roux  (H.) :  Je  deviens  Colon  :  Mceurs  algeriennes,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Stumme  (H.) :  Dichtkunst  u.  Gedichte  der  Schluh,  3m. 

Science. 
Grassmann  (R.) :  Die  Formenlehre  der  Mathematik,  10m. 
ToUens  (B.) :  Kurzes  Handbuch  der  Kohlenhydrate,  Vol.  2, 
9m. 

General  Literature. 
Garofalo  (R.) :  La  Superstition  socialiste,  5fr. 
Gennevraye  (A.)  :  Un  Chateau  oii  Ton  s'amuse,  3fr. 
Ricard  (J.)  :  A  Prix  fixe  et  a  la  Carte.  3fr.  50. 
Thode  (H.):  Der  Ring  des  Frangipani,  mit  Zierleistea  v. 
H.  Thoma,  12m. 


THE  MOONDIAL. 

Iron  and  granite  and  rust, 
In  a  crumbling  garden  old, 
Where  the  roses  are  paler  than  dust 
And  the  lilies  are  green  with  gold, 

Under  the  racing  moon, 
Unconscious  of  war  or  crime, 
In  a  strange  and  ghostly  noon, 
It  marks  the  oblivion  of  time. 

The  shadow  steals  through  its  arc, 

Still  as  a  frosted  breath, 

Fitful  gleaming  and  dark 

As  the  cold  frustration  of  death. 

But  where  the  shadow  may  fall. 
Whether  to  hurry  or  stay, 
It  matters  little  at  all 
To  those  who  come  that  way. 

For  this  is  the  dial  of  them 

That  have  forgotten  the  world, 

No  more  through  its  mad  day-dream 

Of  striving  and  reason  hurled. 

Their  heart  as  a  little  child 

Only  remembers  the  worth 

Of  beauty  and  love  and  the  wild 

Dark  peace  of  the  elder  earth. 

It  registers  the  morrows 
Of  lovers  and  winds  and  streams, 
And  the  face  of  a  thousand  sorrowa 
At  the  postern  gate  of  dreams. 
When  the  first  low  laughter  smote 
Through  Lilith,  the  mother  of  joy, 
And  died  and  revived  in  the  throat 
Of  Helen,  the  harpstring  of  Troy, 
And  wandering  on  through  the  years 
From  the  sobbing  rain  and  the  sea, 
Caught  sound  of  the  world's  grey  tears. 
Or  sense  of  the  sun's  gold  glee, — 
Whenever  the  wild  control 
Burned  out  to  a  mortal  kiss, 
And  the  shuddering  storm-swept  soul 
Climbed  to  its  acme  of  bliss, — 


192 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,*95 


The  green-gold  light  of  the  dead 
Stood  still  in  purple  space, 
And  a  record  blind  and  dread 
Was  graved  on  the  dial's  face. 

And  once  every  thousand  years 
Some  youth,  who  loved  so  well 
The  gods  had  loosed  him  from  fears 
In  a  vision  of  blameless  hell. 

Has  gone  to  the  dial  to  read 
Those  signs  in  the  outland  tongue. 
Written  beyond  the  need 
Of  the  simple  and  the  young. 

For  immortal  life,  they  say, 
Were  his  who,  loving  so, 
Could  explain  the  writing  away 
As  a  legend  written  in  snow. 

But  always  his  innocent  eyes 
Were  frozen  in  to  the  stone ; 
From  that  awful  first  surprise 
His  soul  must  return  alone. 

In  the  morning  there  he  lay 
Dead  in  the  sun's  warm  gold ; 
And  no  man  knows  to  this  day 
What  the  dim  moondial  told. 

Bliss  Carman. 


IS   EGYPT   so    VBEY   OLD? 

August  3,  1695. 

The  writer  of  the  very  courteous  and  sensible 
letter  in  the  issue  of  the  .3rd  inst.  seenis  in 
one  point  only  to  have  misapprehended  my 
summary  of  results — no  doubt,  in  consequence 
of  my  attempting  to  be  over  concise.  Manetho 
is  not  "  my  author."  I  follow  the  short  system 
common  to  the  Turin  Papyrus,  the  Egyptian 
chronicle,  and  Eratosthenes,  and  only  use 
Manetho  to  establish  the  fundamental  proposi- 
tion that  certain  dynasties  were  contem- 
poraneous with  the  others.  As  to  the  further 
questions  raised  by  X.,  I  may  say  that  Afri- 
canus's  version,  with  one  notable  exception  in 
the  third  volume,  does  ' '  faithfully  reflect  his 
compilation,"  but  Eusebius  has  demonstrably 
largely  sophisticated  the  numbers ;  and  I 
have  successfully  ascertained  the  sources  of 
some  of  his  alterations.  The  original  scheme 
of  Manetho  was  "based  on  trustworthy  evi- 
dence," but  manipulated  by  an  end-to-end 
interpretation,  to  favour  the  author's  object, 
i.e.y  to  throw  back  the  beginning  of  Egyptian 
civilization  by  exactly  one  millennium. 

The  result  of  the  insertion  of  my  previous 
letter  has  been  most  satisfactory  in  obtaining 
information  from  private  correspondents  hitherto 
quite  unknown  to  me  ;  especially  from  the 
author  of  'The  Hidden  Pyramid,'  whose  hypo- 
thesis, if  freed  from  extraneous  considerations, 
■will,  I  venture  to  predict,  excite  more  attention 
than  it  has  hitherto  received.     F.  G.  Fleay. 


University  College,  W.C,  Aug.  3, 1895. 

Though  it  would  require  far  more  space  than 
that  of  a  letter  to  state  the  elementary  facts  of 
Egyptian  literature,  history,  and  art  which 
render  the  scheme  propounded  by  Mr.  Fleay 
quite  impossible,  yet  I  must  protest  against  the 
flippant  inaccuracies  of  the  comment  appearing 
over  the  signature  of  X.  It  is  true  that  Egypto- 
logists are  engaged  now,  as  always,  in  examining 
the  foundations  of  dynastic  history.  But  so 
far  from  such  study  producing  a  "  prevalent 
opinion  "  of  the  later  date  of  the  early  dynasties, 
every  fact  that  comes  to  light  shows  the  solidity 
of  the  Manethonic  work.  So  far  as  I  am  aware, 
there  is  not  a  single  element  of  the  chronology 
of  Manetho  that  is  contradicted  by  the  monu- 
ments. 

New  chronological  schemes  may  safely  be  left 
to  find  their  own  level  ;  but  dogmatic  assertions 
about  the  general  tendency  of  scientific  opinion 
may  as  well  be  repudiated  at  once. 

W.  M.  Flindeks  Petrie. 


'THE  TABLE  AT  OATLANDS,   DECEMBER  31st,  1812. 

August  6,  1895. 
In  the  verses  published  under  the  above 
heading  in  last  week's  Athencerim,  the  fourth 
in  order  of  the  distinguished  persons  addressed 
is  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis.  It  may  interest 
some  of  your  readers  to  know  that  at  the  end 
of  vol.  i.  and  commencement  of  vol.  ii.  of  that 
author's  '  Life  and  Correspondence '  (Colburn, 
1839),  not  only  is  the  scene  of  the  genial  table 
recalled,  but  another  specimen  of  Lord  Erskine's 
impromptu  versification  is  forthcoming.  At  one 
time  Lewis  himself  writes,  in  a  letter  to  his 
mother,  "I  was  unexpectedly  summoned  to 
Oatlands  on  Saturday  last,   where  I  remained 

till  the  end  of  the  week The  party  was  very 

large  and  very  gay  :  we  had  excellent  music 
every  night  and  the  Egham  races  every  morn- 
ing,"— at  another,  "Tom  Sheridan  was  at  Oat- 
lands, and  assured  me,  positively,  that  my  piece 
should  come  out  before  Christmas  "  ;  while  the 
biographer  adds  the  following  : — 

"Among  the  visitors  at  Oatlands,  during  the 
period  to  which  Lewis  alludes  in  the  foregoing 
letters,  were  Lord  Erskine,  and  the  witty  and  ac- 
complished Lady  Anne  Cullen  Smith,  with  both  of 
whom  he  was  on  terms  of  intimacy  and  friendship  ; 
and  one  evening,  after  dinner,  these  three  amused 
themselves  in  writing  what  is  not  inaptly  called 
'thread-paper  rhymes.'  It  was  commenced  by  the 
following  impromptu  of  Lord  Erskine,  on  returning 
Lewis's  pencil  :— 

Your  pencil  I  send  you,  with  thanks  for  the  loan  ; 

Yet  writing  for  fame  now  and  then, 
My  wants  I  must  still  be  content  to  bemoan, 
Unless  I  could  borrow — your  pen.' 
His  lordship  having  indulged  in  a    not  very  com- 
plimentary comparison  at  the  expense  of  the  ladies, 
was  thus  answered  by  Lewis  :  — 

Lord  Erskine,  at  women  presuming  to  rail. 
Says  wives  are  tin-canisters  tied  to  one's  tail ; 
Wiiile  fair  Lady  Anne,  as  the  subject  he  carries  on. 
Feels  hurt  at  his  lordship's  degrading  comparison. 
Yet  wherefore  degrading  ?    Considered  aright, 
A  canister  's  useful,  and  polish'd,  and  bright : 
And  should  dirt  its  original  purity  hide. 
That 's  the  fault  of  the  puppi/  to  whom  it  is  tied  ! 
To  which  Lord  Erskine  immediately  rejoined  : — 
When  smitten  with  love  from  the  eyes  of  the  fair. 

If  marriage  should  not  be  your  lot, 
A  ball  from  a  pistol  will  end  your  despair — 
It's  safer  than  canister-shot.'" 

We  are  further  informed  that  "  the  subject  of 
the  canister  was  not  suffered  to  drop  "  ;  but  as 
the  samples  of  verse  afterwards  given  belong  to 
Lewis,  they  would  be  irrelevant  in  this  place, 
nor  can  they  be  deemed  in  every  sense  felicitous. 
A  Constant  Reader. 


THE  SOURCES    OF    THE   "MACHINERY"  OF    LOVE 
IN  ARTHURIAN  ROMANCE. 

The  general  historian  of  literature  must,  as 
a  rule,  bow  to  the  authority  of  the  specialist  on 
the  ]  after 's  own  ground.  I  do  not  claim  to  form 
any  exception  to  the  rule.  The  question  of  the 
origins  of  Arthurian  romance  only  touches  the 
fringe  of  the  subject  that  I  myself  have  in  hand, 
which  is  the  history  of  English  poetry  from 
the  time  of  Chaucer,  and  in  all  matters  of  anti- 
quarian detail  connected  with  the  romances  I 
bow  Avith  humility  to  the  authority  of  Mr.  Nutt, 
and  recognize  its  weight.  He  has  told  me  much 
on  the  subject  of  which  I  fully  and  frankly 
confess  myself  to  have  been  previously  ignorant ; 
he  has  referred  me  to  sources  of  information 
from  which  I  shall  hasten  to  seek  enlightenment. 
I  have  asked  specialists  generally  to  correct  me 
where  I  am  mistaken  in  my  statements  of  fact ; 
Mr.  Nutt  has  shown  himself  legitimately  and 
magisterially  ready  to  bestow  correction.  I 
thank  him  and  "kiss  the  rod." 

Still,  even  specialists  are  liable  to  human  weak- 
ness, and  in  their  case  this  frequently  shows 
itself  by  an  undue  suspicion  of  the  motives  of  all 
strangers  who  venture  into  their  country.  Mr. 
Nutt  will,  perhaps,  pardon  me  for  doubting 
whether  he  has  risen  superior  to  this  natural 
frailty.  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  if  he  had 
not  suspected  mo  of  a  desire  to  "  minimize  the 
Celtic  element  in  French  romance,"  he  would 
have  more  readily  apprehended  the  point  wliich 
I  was  seeking  to  determine  in  the  five  oQ'ending 


pages  of  my  '  History  '  to  which  he  refers.  I 
can  assure  him  I  had  no  wish  whatever  to 
deprive  the  Celt  of  whatever  credit  is  due  to 
him  as  one  of  the  factors  of  Arthurian  romance. 
If  he  will  refer  again  to  my  volume,  I  think  he 
will  see  that  I  was  simply  dealing  with  the 
literary  and  artistic  question  of  the  causes  that 
produced  the  successive  modifications  in  the 
form  of  the  romance,  and  in  particular  with, 
the  manner  in  which  what  I  may  call  the 
"machinery"  of  love  came  to  be  introduced 
into  the  tale  of  adventure  and  action.  In  other 
words,  whence  did  the  mediteval  romance  writers,, 
whom  I  have  doubtless  much  too  loosely  called 
Anglo-Norman  trouveres,  derive  that  system  of 
irregular  love-making  —  between  Tristan  and 
Iseult,  for  example,  and  Lancelot  and  Guinevere 
• — which  produces  such  dramatic  complications  in 
Malory's  '  History  of  King  Arthur  '  ?  You  do  not 
find  this  element  of  irregular  love  in  '  Beowulf '  or 
the  chansons  de  geste  (I  do  not  think  Mr.  Nutt 
can  point  to  any  "  amazing  comparison"  between 
these  poems  in  my  volume,  except  with  reference 
to  this  one  particular)  ;  you  do  not  find  it  in  the 
'  Roman  '  as  handled  by  Wace,  or — to  any  great 
extent — in  the  'Roman'  produced  by  Benoit  de 
Ste.  More.  You  do  find  it  in  the  poems  of  Chres- 
tien  de  Troyes.  Where  did  Chrestien  look  for 
his  models — for  models  both  Mr.  Nutt  and  I 
agree  in  thinking  that  he  probably  had  ? 

He  may,  of  course,  have  found  poems  con- 
taining this  love  "  machinery  "  in  the  ancient 
Celtic  lays.  But  against  this  you  have  the 
statement  of  Mr.  Nash  in  his  '  Taliesin, '  who 
says:  "In  the  older  preserved  specimens  of 
Welsh  poetry  there  is,  with  the  exception  of 
'Taliesin,'  a  total  absence  of  anything  like  a 
tale  :  there  is  not,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  one 
single  poem  or  ballad  founded  on  an  incident 
or  adventure,  or  which  can  be  said  to  have 
a  hero  or  heroine."  Mr.  Nutt  implies  that, 
the  writer  of  '  Taliesin '  is  no  longer  re- 
garded as  an  authority.  This  may  be.  The 
general  reader  who  visits  en  passant  any  re- 
gion in  literature  which  is  the  subject  of  special 
research,  often  finds,  on  returning  there  after 
an  interval  of  time,  that  there  has  been  a 
revolution.  The  old  authorities  have  gone, 
and  new  theories  are  in  the  ascendant.  Still, 
Nash's  statement  as  to  the  matter  of  fact  is 
pretty  positive,  and  till  Mr.  Nutt  shows  it  to 
be  incorrect  it  furnishes  a  presumption  that  the 
"machinery"  of  love  did  not  enter  into  the 
Breton  tales  at  an  early  period.  I  have  myself 
been  rash  enough  to  maintain  that  the  tales  of 
the  '  Mabinogion  '  cannot  be  cited  as  proof  of 
the  antiquity  of  the  Arthurian  legend  in  its- 
complete  form  (I  was  thinking  of  Malory's 
'History  of  King  Arthur,'  with  all  the  loves 
of  Lancelot  and  Tristan),  because  these  tales 
"are  more  likely  to  be  the  oflspring  than  the 
parent  of  French  romance."  On  this  point 
I  have  no  doubt  Mr.  Nutt  corrects  me  in 
certain  particulars  with  great  justice ;  and 
I  am  quite  prepared  to  believe  that  there 
is  good  reason  for  holding  '  Geraint '  and 
'  Peredur  '  to  be  late  versions  of  ancient  Celtic 
stories.  But  even  if  this  be  so,  Mr.  Nutt  would 
probably  allow  that  there  is  in  the  '  Mabinogion  ' 
next  to  nothing  of  that  "  machinery  "  of  love» 
those  adventures  of  "  hero  and  heroine,"  which 
we  find  in  Malory's  '  History  of  King  Arthur/ 
This  machinery  is  found,  of  course,  in  the 
'  Lays  '  of  Marie  of  France,  but  then,  on  my 
hypothesis,  Marie  may  herself  have  mixed  this 
modern  element  with  the  archaic  Celtic  materials 
which  she  used  as  the  basis  of  her  poems. 

I  have  suggested  that  Chrestien  de  Troyes 
may  have  got  his  love  "  machinery  "  from  the 
Greek  novel.  Mr.  Nutt  laughs  at  the  notion, 
apparently  because  I  have  furnished  no  proof 
(and  I  can  furnisli  none)  that  Chrestien  was 
ever  in  the  East  with  Philip,  Count  of  Flanders, 
his  lord,  and  because  lie  says  the  stories  of 
Chrestien  which  I  mention  were  produced 
before  1188,  the  year  when  the  count  went 
on  the  Crusade.     I  do  not  quite  see  the  force 


N"  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


193 


of  these  arguments.  Whether  Chrestien  ever 
passed  through  Constantinople  or  not,  it  is 
certain  that,  in  some  way  or  other,  he  had 
become  acquainted  with  the  Greek  novel,  for 
we  find  him  in  his  '  Roman  de  Cliget '  borrowing 
an  episode  from  the  '  Habrocomas  and  Anthia ' 
of  Xenophon — viz  ,  the  incident  of  a  heroine 
drugged  with  a  mixture  and  placed  in  a  tomb, 
which  Shakspeare  afterwards  used  in  '  Romeo 
and  Juliet.'  I  doubt  if  Mr.  Nutt  can  show  by 
any  evidence  so  positive  as  this  that  Chrestien 
took  any  of  his  love  "  machinery  "  from  ancient 
Celtic  sources.  But,  in  any  case,  I  venture 
to  think  that  when  he  refers  again  to  my 
history  he  will  see  that  this,  and  this  only,  is 
the  real  point  at  issue  between  us. 

W.    J.    COURTHOPE. 


PEOF.   VON  SYBEL. 

Prussia  has  lost  the  greatest  historian  she 
possessed  since  Ranke  died,  by  the  decease  of 
Heinrich  von  Sybel,  who  expired  on  the  morn- 
ing of  August  1st  at  Marburg,  where  he  was 
paying  a  visit  to  his  son  Prof.  Ludwig  von 
Sybel.  He  was  born  at  Dvisseldorf  towards 
the  close  of  1817,  studied  under  Ranke  at 
Berlin,  and  became  an  extraordinary  pro- 
fessor at  Bonn.  In  1845  he  obtained  a 
professorship  at  Marburg,  was  elected  in 
1847  a  member  of  the  States  of  Hesse 
Cassel,  and  was  also  a  deputy  at  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Erfurt.  His  first  considerable 
work  was  his  history  of  the  first  Crusade, 
which  excited  considerable  sensation  in  Ger- 
many ;  but  the  '  Geschichte  der  Revolutionszeit,' 
1789-1800,  which  his  experiences  of  the  stormy 
period  of  1848-49  prompted  him  to  write — the 
first  volume  appeared  in  1853  and  the  last  in 
1880 — gave  him  a  European  reputation.  King 
Maximilian  of  Bavaria  invited  him  to  Munich 
in  1856,  but  in  1861  he  returned  to  Bonn  as 
Professor  of  History,  and  entered  the  Prussian 
Chamber,  where  he  proved  himself  a  determined 
opponent  of  the  unconstitutional  policy  of  Count 
Bismarck.  The  war  of  1866,  however,  con- 
verted him  into  as  determined  a  supporter, 
and  in  1875  he  was  appointed  Director  of  the 
Prussian  Archives,  where  he  displayed  wonderful 
activity,  doing  his  utmost  to  throw  them  open 
to  research.  Under  his  superintendence  nearly 
sixty  volumes  were  published,  drawn  from  the 
archives,  and  he  worked  zealously  in  furthering 
the  issue  of  the  '  Monumenta  Germanise  His- 
torica.'  Besides  he  undertook  a  gigantic  work 
on  the  '  Begrlindung  des  Deutschen  Reiches 
unter  Kaiser  Wilhelm  I.,'  of  which  one  volume 
remains  unprinted ;  but  it  is  believed  to  be  so  far 
complete  in  manuscript  that  it  is  fit  for  publication. 

Sybel's  '  Geschichte  der  Revolutionszeit '  is 
a  work  that  will  long  maintain  its  place.  For 
a  German  professor,  Sybel  was  a  stylist  ;  his 
history  is  agreeable  reading,  and  it  is  founded 
on  extensive  study  of  documents,  and  though 
distinctly  written  from  a  Prussian  point  of  view, 
it  showed  power  to  appreciate  the  other  side  of 
the  problem.  But  the  'Begriindung  des  Deut- 
schen Reiches  '  is  the  production  of  a  partisan 
enthusiast.  The  picture  of  a  Bismarck  who 
throughout  his  career  was  overburdened  by 
scruples,  who  was  moved  by  a  deep  sense  of 
religion,  and  who  in  starting  the  Hohenzollern 
candidature  had  no  thought  of  a  war  with  France, 
is  not  likely  to  find  acceptance  outside  Germany, 
nor  even  in  Germany  beyond  the  lifetime  of  the 
present  generation. 


lLi't£rarg  Gossip. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  -will  publish 
during  the  coming  autumn  Mr.  Cosmo  Monk- 
house's  ballad  '  The  Christ  upon  the  Hill,' 
with  the  etched  illustrations  to  the  poem  by 
Mr.  "W.  Strang  which  were  exhibited  at  the 
last  annual  exhibition  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers.      The  etchings  will  be 


issued  in  two  states,  viz.,  55  copies  of 
nine  plates,  including  the  title  plate,  printed 
on  old  hand-made  paper,  and  mounted  on 
Whatman's  hand-made  paper,  each  plate 
signed  by  the  artist;  and  160  copies  printed 
on  Japanese  paper.  Of  the  former  50 
copies  only  will  be  for  sale,  and  of  the  latter 
150.  The  copies  will  in  each  case  be  num- 
bered, and  the  plates  wiU  be  destroyed  when 
the  two  editions  have  been  printed  off.  The 
letterpress  will  be  printed  by  the  Chiswick 
Press. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Cheistie  has,  we  are  sorry  to 
say,  resigned  the  presidency  of  the  Record 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  which 
he  had  held  for  twelve  years  ;  Col.  Eishwick 
has  been  elected  president  in  his  place,  and 
Mr.  William  Fergusson  Irvine  has  been  ap- 
pointed honorary  secretary  in  the  place  of 
the  late  Mr.  J.  P.  Earwaker  ;  while  Mr.  R.  D. 
Eadcliffe  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Worsley  have  been 
chosen  to  fill  the  vacancies  on  the  Council 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Sir  Henry  H. 
Howorth,  M.P.,  and  the  death  of  Mr.  W.  A. 
Abram,  of  Blackburn.  The  publications  of 
the  Society  are  being  pushed  forward  in  a 
satisfactory  manner,  four  volumes  being  in 
the  printer's  hands,  two  of  which  are  in  a 
forward  state.  The  first  to  be  issued  will  be  a 
collection  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  wiUs, 
none  of  the  originals  of  which  is  in  any  pro- 
bate registry.  The  second  publication  in  the 
press  is  the  third  volume  of  the  '  Royalist 
Composition  Papers  for  Lancashire,'  which 
embraces  the  letters  Q,  H,  and  will  include 
an  index  to  the  three  volumes.  It  is  being 
edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Stanning,  Vicar  of 
Leigh.  The  third  volume  is  a  miscellaneous 
one,  consisting  of — («)  A  list  of  freeholders 
for  the  county  of  Chester  for  the  year  1579  ; 
(b)  The  earliest  volume  of  ordinations  from 
the  Episcopal  Registry  at  Chester,  from  the 
year  1541  to  1558;  (c)  Four  complete  Hsts 
of  the  clergy  for  the  diocese  of  Chester  for 
the  years  1548,  1554,  1563,  and  1565;  (d) 
A  complete  Lancashire  Subsidy  Roll  for  the 
year  1332  ;  {e)  An  early  list  of  the  tenants 
of  Combermere  Abbey.  The  fourth  volume 
is  the  second  part  of  the  '  Plundered  Minis- 
ters' Accounts.'  This  contains  a  series  of 
records  from  the  Lambeth  Library. 

The  Rowfant  Club,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
has  now  in  the  press  a  volume  of  poems 
selected  from  the  writings  of  the  late  Mr. 
Frederick  Locker-Lampson.  The  book  will 
be  printed  at  theDe  Vinne  Press  on  Japanese 
vellum,  and  from  an  entirely  new  fount  of 
French  capitals.  This  type,  it  is  believed, 
is  here  employed  for  the  first  time.  The 
title-page  has  been  designed  by  Mr.  E.  H. 
Garrett,  and  contains  an  etched  A^ignette. 
The  same  artist  also  contributes  an  etched 
headpiece  and  an  etched  tailpiece.  An 
introduction  for  the  work  has  been  specially 
written  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson.  There  will 
also  be  inserted  a  prefatory  poem  bj'  Mr. 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  addressed  by  him 
to  Mr.  Locker  in  1886,  but  here  appearing 
in  print  for  the  first  time,  and  thus  giving 
to  this  volume  a  unique  interest.  The  edition 
will  be  limited  to  112  copies. 

At  the  St.  Paul's  School  Apposition  the 
High  Master  referred  to  a  siiggestion  from 
some  of  the  friends  of  the  school  that  jiower 
should  be  sought  to  place  it  under  the 
Public  Schools  Act.  It  is  understood  that 
steps  may  be  taken  for  this  purpose.     The 


Act  of  1868  was  partly  based  on  the  report 
of  the  Commission  of  1861,  which  took 
account  of  Winchester,  Eton,  Westminster, 
Charterhouse,  Harrow,  Rugby,  Merchant 
Taylors',  St.  JPaul's,  and  Shrewsbury.  The 
Act  provided  for  an  executive  commission 
to  revise  the  statutes  of  seven  out  of  the 
nine  schools,  St.  Paul's  being  one  of  the 
two  which  were  excluded.  The  seven 
under  the  Act  are  the  only  secondary 
schools  not  under  the  tutelage  of  the 
Endowed  Schools  Commissioners. 

The  death  is  announced  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Whiston,  formerly  Fellow  of  Trinity,  Cam- 
bridge, and  for  many  years  head  master  of 
the  Grammar  School  at  Rochester.  He  began 
an  edition  of  the  '  Speeches  of  Demosthenes  ' 
in  the  "  Bibliotheca  Classica,"  which,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  finish.  His  disputes  with 
the  Chapter  of  Rochester  regarding  the 
school  excited  much  attention  at  the  time^ 
and  led  to  a  great  improvement  in  many 
foundations.  His  volume  on  the  subject, 
'  Cathedral  Trusts  and  their  Fulfilment,' 
ran  through  five  editions. 

The  Irish  National  School  teachers  are 
in  some  perplexity,  on  account  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  members  of  the  Teachers'  Union 
having  been  called  upon  by  their  managers, 
in  some  instances,  if  not  in  all,  to  dissociate 
themselves  from  their  Protestant  brethren. 
The  counsel  appears,  so  far,  to  have  been 
steadily  resisted. 

The  National  Board  of  Education  in 
Ireland,  which  had  virtually  withdrawn  its 
claim  that  the  grants  in  aid  of  the  Christian 
Brothers'  schools  should  be  accompanied  by 
grants  on  similar  principles  to  other  de- 
nominational schools,  has  resolved  to  see 
whether  the  new  Chief  Secretary  will  take 
a  more  favourable  view  of  its  contention, 
and  has,  therefore,  informed  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  that  it  "  reverts  to  its  former 
position." 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  decease,  at  the 
age  of  seventy- two,  of  Mr.  Joseph  Passmore, 
the  head  of  the  firm  of  Passmore  &  Ala- 
baster. The  prosperity  of  his  house  was 
secured  by  the  fact  of  Mr.  Spurgeon's 
becoming  minister  of  the  chapel  in  New 
Park  Street,  which  the  young  publisher 
attended.  The  connexion  resulted  in  Messrs. 
Passmore  &  Alabaster  (Mr.  Alabaster  was 
a  staunch  Churchman)  publishing  all  Spur- 
geon's works,  a  business  they  found  highly 
remunerative. 

The  appeal  of  Mr.  Clements  Markham 
on  behalf  of  a  more  liberal  recognition  of 
the  subject  of  geography  as  a  branch  of 
university  education  is  likely  to  find  a  ready 
response  in  Wales,  where  the  senates  of 
the  three  university  colleges  are  said  to 
have  a  proposal  of  this  nature  under  con- 
sideration. 

The  death  of  that  distinguished  Sinologist 
Sir  Thomas  Wade  should  not  go  unrecorded 
in  these  columns.  He  had  been  Professor 
of  Chinese  at  Cambridge  since  1888,  and 
had  been  a  great  benefactor  to  the  Uni- 
versity Library. 

The  Seaside  Home  at  Eastbourne  for 
Booksellers  is  again  in  high  favour  as  the 
holiday  months  have  come  round,  and  rooms 
in  it  are  at  present  eagerly  sought  after ; 
so  much  so  tliat  tlie  applications  received 
in  June,  July,  and  August  have  been  more 
than  could  bo  satisfied.     Since  the  opening 


194 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3537,  Aug.  10/95 


in  1894  260  booksellers  and  assistants,  their 
wives  and  families,  have  enjoyed  the  com- 
forts of  the  Home,  and  many  letters  have 
been  sent  to  the  secretary,  Mr.  George 
Larner,  expressive  of  the  pleasure  and 
benefit  derived  from  a  sojourn  by  the  sea- 
side. To  carry  on  this  work  subscriptions 
•will  be  needed  from  year  to  year,  as  the 
smallness  of  the  charge  made  for  accommo- 
dation prevents  the  Home  from  being  self- 
supporting,  and  the  secretary  will  be  pleased 
to  receive  and  acknowledge  any  sum  that 
may  be  sent  to  him. 

Marie  Troillet,  widely  known  by  her 
pseudonym  Mario,  died  at  Yerossaz,  near 
St.  Maurice,  a  few  days  ago.  She  was  born 
in  1831,  the  daughter  of  a  Yaudois  pastor, 
who  belonged  to  one  of  the  Protestant  families 
of  Valais  which  fled  into  the  Vaud  as  a  place 
of  refuge  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Her 
first  book,  '  Pictures  from  Palestine,'  was  a 
great  success,  and  she  held  a  high  place 
for  many  years  amongst  the  native  writers 
of  Western  Switzerland.  Her  best-known 
works  are  '  Un  Vieux  Pays,'  the  series  of 
*  Silliouettes  Pomandes,'  and  her  collections 
of  the  legendary  folk-lore  of  the  Valaisian 
Alpine  districts.  Her  latest  production, 
'Edelweiss,'  appeared  last  year.  Some  time 
ago  Mile.  Troillet  became  a  convert  to  the 
Eoman  Catholic  religion. 

Dr.  Lyox  Tyler,  President  of  William 
and  Mary  College,   Virginia,  prints  in  the 
July    number    of    his   historical    c^uarterly 
some  fresh  discoveries  concerning  Col.  John 
Washington,    great-grandfather  of   George 
Washington.     Some  time  ago  we  suggested 
{Athen.    No.  3467,  p.  439)  the  probability 
that  Col.  John  did  not,  as  supposed,  marry 
in  England  before  his  emigration  to  Virginia, 
and   this   is   now   confirmed   by   Dr.   Lyon 
Tyler's  researches  in  the  records  of  West- 
moreland, in   that  state.      It  appears  that 
Col.  John  Washington,  though  under  forty- 
eight  at  his  death,  was  thrice  married :  his 
first    wife    was    Ann    Pope,    daughter    of 
Nathaniel  Pope  (who   was  in   America   as 
early  as   1637);  his   second  wife  was  also 
Ann,  the  widow  of  Henry  Brett,  and  i:»re- 
viously  the   widow   of   Walter   Brodhurst ; 
his  third  wife  {nee  Frances  Gen-ard)  succes- 
sively  married   Col.   Thomas    Speke,    Col. 
Valentine    Peyton,    Capt.   John    Appleton, 
and  (May  10th,  1676)  Col.  John  Washington. 
It  is  notable  that  Col.  John  does  not  aj^pear 
to  have  known  the  year  of  his  birth,  as  in 
an  undated  deposition  of  his  he  is  described 
as  "  aged  forty-five  years  or  thereabouts." 
Of  the  younger  brother,  Lawrence,  a  further 
trace  is  discovered  in  a  power  of  attorney 
(October  3l8t,  1600)  from  Gabriel  Eeve,  of 
London,  merchant,  to  "Lawrence  Washing- 
ton, of  Luton,  in  county  Bedford,  merchant," 
to  demand  of  the  heirs,  executors,  or  adminis- 
trators of  Col.  Nathaniel  Pope,  late  merchant 
of  Virginia,  all  debts  due  from  Pope  to  Eeve. 
Lawrence  AVashington  had  been  a  witness 
to  Pope's  will  in  Virginia,  May  16th,  1659. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  this  week  include  the 
Evidence  of  the  Agricultural  Commission 
(5s.  Id.) ;  Education,  England  and  Wales, 
Report  of  Committee  of  Council  for  1894- 
1895  (3^/.) ;  and  Education,  Welsh  Division, 
Inspector's  Eeport  for  1894  (5^/.), 


SCIENCE 


BOTANICAL   LITERATURE. 

A  Monograph  of  the  Mycetozoa.     By  Arthur 
Lister,     F.L.S.       (Printed    by   Order    of    the 
Trustees    of     the     British    Museum,    Natural 
History.) — This  volume  comprises  a  descriptive 
catalogue  of  the  species  of  slime-fungi  contained 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  British  Museum,  and  is 
the  work  of   a  very  careful  and  accomplislied 
observer.     It  is  illustrated   by  no   fewer  than 
seventy  -  eight   plates,    photographic    reproduc- 
tions of  original  drawings  by  Miss  Lister,  which 
serve   their    purpose   admirably,  the    essential 
details  of  the  structure  being  faithfully  depicted. 
Numerous  small    woodcuts  add    to   the  utility 
of  the  book.     Whether  these  curious  organisms 
are  plants  or  animals  is  still  a  moot  point.  Their 
ingestion  of  bacteria   together  with  their  mor- 
phological characteristics  and  mode  of  life  seem 
to  point  to  their  animal  nature  ;  hence,  probably, 
the   reason   that   Mr.  Lister   prefers  the  term 
Mycetozoa   to  that  of  Myxomycetes,  by  which 
botanists  know  them.    The  chemical  phenomena 
connected  with   their   life  -  history   are   almost 
unknown,  and   offer    a   promising  field   of  re- 
search,   in    the    investigation     of    which    will 
probably   be    found    the   proof    of    their    real 
nature.     The    bulk  of   the   work  consists  of  a 
detailed  technical   description    of    the   species, 
the  full  value  of  which  can  only  be  appreciated 
by  those  who,  in  the  future,  will  have  to  work 
out   the   details    for   themselves.      There   can, 
however,  be  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Lister  has  pro- 
duced a  monograph  of  great  excellence,  and  one 
so   ordered    and   arranged    as    to    ofl'er    great 
facilities  to  those  whose  studies  lie  in   the  same 
direction.     We  are  glad  to  see  that  INIr.  Lister 
acts  up  to  the  laws  of  botanical  nomenclature 
laid  down  by  Alphonse  de  Candolle,  and  adopted 
at  more  than  one  botanical  congress.     For  the 
arrangement  of   the   orders    and    genera    Mr. 
Lister  has    in   the    main   followed    the    Polish 
botanist    Rostafinski,  but  the   names  of   some 
of  the  species  have  had  to  be  adapted  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  nomenclature  laws  just 
alluded  to. 

Text-Boole  of  the  Diseases  of  Trees.  By  Prof. 
R.  Hartig.  Translated  by  William  Bomer- 
ville,  D.CEc.  Revised  and  edited  with  a 
Preface  by  H.  Marshall  Ward,  D.Sc.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — Although  known  and  appre- 
ciated by  specialists,  Hartig's  work  is  little 
known  to  the  botanists  of  this  country.  The 
present  translation,  well  executed  by  Dr. 
Somerville  and  edited  by  Prof.  Ward,  will 
therefore  prove  a  great  boon.  The  chemical 
history  of  the  dead  plant  has  exercised  for  long 
too  exclusive  a  sway.  The  life  of  a  plant  has  to 
be  learnt  by  studying  its  organization.  Its 
method  of  working  has  to  be  elucidated  not 
solely,  nor  even  largely,  by  analysis  of  its  ashes 
or  the  investigation  of  the  soil  constituents  in 
which  it  grows.  In  the  present  volume  we 
have  an  account  of  the  causes  of  disease  in 
plants,  and  a  general  summary  of  the  principal 
fungi  known  to  be  destructive  to  timber  trees. 
It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  fungi  do  not  all 
attack  the  structures  of  i)lants  in  the  same  way, 
and  that  much  yet  remains  to  be  done  in  the 
investigation  of  the  parasitism  of  fungi.  Very 
interesting  also  is  it  to  read  of  the  efl'orts  made 
by  the  i)lant,  as  it  were  in  compensation  for  the 
mischief  exerted  by  the  fungus.  Some  portions 
are,  indeed,  destroyed,  but  tlio  jirocess  of  de- 
struction is  accomi)anied  by  increased  growtli 
elsewhere.  There  is  a  continual  struggle  between 
tlie  forces  of  destruction  and  tliose  of  renewal. 
Not  till  the  latter  l)ocome  tlie  feebler  is  tlie 
issue  determined.  The  phenomena  of  heterre- 
cism  will  be  new  to  many,  but  their  practical 
importance,  till  recently  unsuspected,  is  so 
great  that  it  is  to  Ijc  hoped  that  some  of  our 
younger  botanists  will  devote  themselves  to  the 
study.      Certain  fungi  —  probably  many  more 


than  are  now  known — exist  for  a  certain  portion 
of  their  lives  on  one  particular  species  of  plant, 
whilst  they  dwell  upon  some  other  species  for 
the  remainder.  This  is  heteroecism.  And  the 
appearance  of  the  parasite  under  the  two  con- 
ditions is  as  different  as  is  the  aspect  of  the  host 
plant.  Who,  without  actual  demonstration, 
could  have  supposed  that  the  yellow,  jelly-like 
fungus  of  the  stems  of  juniper  bushes  was  only 
a  stage  of  growth  of  the  same  fungus  occurring 
on  the  leaves  of  the  hawthorn  in  the  form  of 
cluster  cups  1  Who,  in  the  absence  of  experi- 
mental evidence,  could  have  credited  that  a 
fungus  manifesting  itself  in  the  shape  of  blackish 
specks  on  a  groundsel  or  coltsfoot  should  be 
productive  of  serious  mischief  to  the  silver  fir, 
or  that  the  same  tree  should  be  damaged  by  a 
curious  fungus  growth  on  the  leaves  of  the 
black  currant  ?  It  is  obvious  that  these  cases, 
of  which  many  are  now  known,  are  eminently 
worthy  of  investigation,  and  may  lead  to  further 
discoveries  even  more  remarkable  and  even 
more  likely  to  influence  the  practical  cultivator. 
The  book  before  us  will  be  an  excellent  guide, 
and  may  lead  to  the  production  of  one  more 
comprehensive  in  its  scope.  Translator,  editor, 
printer,  have  all  done  their  work  well.  The 
illustrations  are  excellent  and  instructive,  the 
index  adequate,  and  the  misprints  few.  One 
we  may  point  out,  as  it  is  repeated  in  the  index: 
"  Cronartium  rubicula  "  should  be  C.  ribicola. 


THE    LITERATURE    OF    ELECTRICITY. 

The  Dynamo :  its  Theory,  Design,  and  Manu- 
facture, by  C.  C.  Hawkins  and  F.  Wallis 
(Whittaker  &  Co.),  is  an  admirable  exposition 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  the  modern 
dynamo.  Readers  possessing  an  elementary 
knowledge  of  physics  will  derive  from  it  more 
enlightenment  as  to  the  various  actions  which 
come  into  play,  and  the  means  to  be  employed 
for  obtaining  good  results,  than  from  any  other 
book  with  which  we  are  acquainted.  Much  judg- 
ment is  shown  in  selecting  essential  features,  and 
the  style  is  a  model  of  clearness  and  precision. 
Among  the  subjects  treated  are  the  magnetic 
circuit ;  the  movement  of  a  conductor  through  a 
magnetic  field  ;  self-induction  ;  dynamos  with 
one,  two,  or  many  poles  ;  methods  of  winding 
armatures  ;  open-coil  and  closed-coil  armatures, 
magnetic  permeability,  and  hysteresis  ;  series, 
shunt,  and  compound  winding  ;  sparking  and 
angle  of  lead  ;  eddy  currents  and  heating  ; 
designing  of  dynamos  ;  and  various  details  of 
working  and  management.  The  illustrations, 
numbering  nearly  two  hundred,  are  clear  and 
well  selected,  and  there  is  a  very  full  index. 

The  Electric  Current :  hoiv  Produced  and  hoio 
Used,  by  R.  Mullineux  Walmsley  (Cassell  & 
Co.),  deals  with  sources  of  current,  laws  of 
current,  electric  measurements,  applications  of 
electro-chemistry,  electric  lighting,  telegraphs 
and  telephones,  transformers,  transmission  of  M 
power,  and  electric  locomotion.  It  is  a  high-  f 
class  instruction  book  for  general  readers  and 
students,  and  is  by  no  means  easy  reading. 

Practical  Electric-Light  Fitting,  by  F.  C. 
Allsop  (Whittaker  &  Co.),  is  a  comprehensive 
popular  treatise,  including  dynamos  and  cables 
as  well  as  lamps.  It  is  well  illustrated  and 
easily  intelligible. 

The  Telegraph,  translated  from  the  French  of 
A.  L.  Ternant  by  R.  Routledge  (Routledge),  is 
a  popular  sketch  of  the  history  and  present 
practice  of  telegraphy.  The  subject  of  raising 
cables  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  is  parti- 
cularly well  illustrated. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Measurement  of  Electrical 
Resistance,  by  William  Arthur  Price,  M.A. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press),  is  a  handsomely 
printed  book,  in  which  the  construction  of 
standard  resistance- coils  and  the  use  of  the 
various  appliances  available  for  the  measure- 
ment of  resistances  are  discussed  in  a  scholarly 
manner,  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  high-class 
physical  laboratory. 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


195 


A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Fhysics  and  Applied 
Electricity,  arranged  and  edited  by  Edward  L. 
Nichols,  2  vols.  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  contains 
in  the  first  volume  plain  directions  for  a 
number  of  fundamental  physical  measurements, 
and  in  the  second  volume  a  more  specialized 
series  of  investigations,  relating  especially  to 
dynamos  and  instruments  used  in  connexion 
with  them.  It  is  not  always  accurate  or  sound 
in  its  information  ;  for  instance,  it  confounds 
intensity  of  magnetization  with  volume-density 
of  free  magnetism  ;  and  its  language  is  some- 
times peculiai-,  as  when  it  makes  the  "co- 
efficient of  elasticity "  proportional  to  the 
amount  of  yielding  instead  of  to  its  reciprocal. 
The  editor  is  Professor  of  Physics  in  Cornell 
University. 

Manual  of  Physico-Cliemical  Measurements, 
by  Wilhelm  Ostwald,  translated  by  James 
Walker  (Macmillan  &  Co  ),  will  be  examined 
with  interest  on  account  of  the  celebrity  of  its 
author  as  a  teacher  and  investigator.  It  begins 
with  principles  and  methods  of  calculation,  in- 
cluding interpolation,  both  arithmetical  and 
graphical,  and  various  aids  to  calculation, 
especially  the  slide-rule.  Then  come  the  use 
of  the  dividing  engine  ;  the  construction  of 
scales  ;  and  the  measui'ement  of  length  by 
various  appliances.  Weighing  ;  thermometry  ; 
glass-blowing ;  measurement  of  pressure,  volume, 
and  density,  are  treated  in  successive  chapters. 
Next  -we  have  calorimetry,  optical  measure- 
ments, viscosity  and  surface-tension,  solubility 
and  molecular  weights,  a  rather  long  chapter 
on  electrical  measurements,  and  a  short  one  on 
the  velocity  of  chemical  processes.  In  the  com- 
pass of  about  250  octavo  pages  a  vast  amount 
of  well-digested  information  is  given,  intro- 
ducing the  student  to  the  best  modern  methods. 
There  are  numerous  illustrations,  well  suited  for 
explaining  the  text,  and  the  style,  though  brief 
and  note-like,  is  clear  as  far  as  it  goes.  The 
manual  will  be  indispensable  as  a  book  of 
reference  in  every  physical  laboratory. 


MR.    .JOSEPH   THOMSON. 


We  announce  with  regret  the  death,  after 
a  long  illness,  of  Mr.  Joseph  Thomson,  the 
African  traveller,  which  took  place  at  the  house 
of  Mr.  S.  W.  Silver,  at  York  Gate,  on  Friday 
of  last  week,  the  2nd  of  August.  Mr.  Thomson 
was  born  at  Penpont,  in  Dumfriesshire,  on 
February  2nd,  1858.  He  studied  geology 
at  Edinburgh  University  under  Sir  Archibald 
Geikie,  and  when  hardly  twenty  years  of  age 
joined  Mr.  Keith  Johnston's  expedition,  fitted 
out  by  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  for  the 
exploration  of  the  great  African  lakes.  The 
leader  died  soon  after  leaving  the  coast,  but 
Mr.  Thomson,  far  from  abandoning  the  enter- 
prise, boldly  placed  himself  at  its  head,  and 
led  it  to  a  successful  conclusion.  He  reached 
the  northern  extremity  of  Lake  Nyasa,  crossed 
the  plateau  between  that  lake  and  Tanganyika, 
and  pushed  westward,  partly  following  the 
Lukuga,  until  he  stood  close  to  the  Upper  Congo. 
The  results  of  this  expedition  at  once  placed 
him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  African  explorers, 
and  after  a  .short  trip  to  the  Ilovuma  in  search 
of  coal  (July  to  September,  1881),  he  found 
himself  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  for  the 
exploration  of  Masailand.  His  success  was 
complete.  Whilst  Dr.  Fischer  came  into  colli- 
sion with  the  truculent  natives,  Mr.  Thomson 
overcame  their  resistance  by  an  exercise  of 
patience,  a  virtue  nowhere  more  profitably 
practised  than  among  the  dark  children  of 
Africa.  During  this  expedition,  which  lasted 
from  March,  1883,  to  May,  1884,  Mr.  Thomson 
twice  traversed  the  wide  region  lying  between 
Mombasa  and  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  and  eluci- 
dated its  interesting  geology  in  a  masterly  manner. 
In  the  year  1885  Sir.  Thomson  proceeded  to 
Sokoto,  on  behalf  of  the  Royal  Niger  Company, 
and  came  home  with  a  bundle  of  treaties,  which 
secured  the  Central  Sudan  to  this  country.     In 


1888  he  paid  a  short  visit  to  Morocco,  which  not 
inconsiderably  extended  our  knowledge  of  the 
Atlas  Mountains.  Three  years  afterwards,  in 
1891,  our  explorer  entered  the  service  of  the 
South  Africa  Company,  in  whose  behalf  he 
explored  the  region  between  Lake  Nyasa  and 
Lake  Bangweolo.  This  was  his  last  expedition. 
He  returned  to  Europe  with  broken  health.  A 
temporary  visit  to  the  Cape  failed  to  effect  a 
permanent  cure,  and  ultimately  he  succumbed 
to  pneumonia,  regretted  by  a  large  body  of 
friends. 

Mr.  Thomson  was  a  man  of  vigorous  physique 
and  sweet  disposition,  an  acute  observer  and 
picturesque  writer.  He  is  one  of  the  few  suc- 
cessful African  explorers  who  have  been  able  to 
boast  that  during  all  their  travels  they  never 
shed  the  blood  of  a  native.  He  wrote  '  To 
tiie  Central  African  Lakes  and  Back,'  1881  ; 
'Through  Masai  Land,'  1885  ;  'Travels  in  the 
Atlas  and  Southern  Morocco,'  1889  ;  a  '  Life  of 
Mungo  Park,'  1890;  and  'Ulu,'  a  romance 
illustrative  of  life  in  East  Africa. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  CONGRESS. 

The  Geographical  Congress  has  vanished  like 
a  dream.  The  hundreds  who  took  part  in  it  have 
departed,  and  silence  reigns  once  more  in  the 
halls  and  corridors  of  the  Imperial  Institute. 
The  exhibition  alone  remains  open  for  another 
fortnight. 

The  Congress  may  fairly  claim  to  have  been 
a  success  as  a  gathering  of  scientific  men,  come 
together  to  discuss  cjuestions  dear  to  their 
heart.  Whether  it  will  also  be  so  financially 
may  well  be  doubted,  as  the  heavy  rent  exacted 
by  the  Institute  absorbs  the  greater  part  of 
the  subscriptions  of  the  1,700  members  who  at- 
tended it. 

The  discussions  were  frequently  animated, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  at  least  some  of  the 
recommendations  agreed  to  by  the  Congress 
may  influence  the  action  of  governments,  for  it 
is  by  their  aid  alone  that  they  can  be  trans- 
lated into  reality.  This  is  more  especially  the 
case  with  regard  to  Antarctic  exploration,  a 
subject  ably  introduced  by  Dr.  Neumayer, 
Director  of  the  German  Nautical  Observatory, 
and  discussed  by  Sir  John  Hooker,  the  only 
survivor  of  the  Antarctic  expedition  of  1843; 
Dr.  John  Murray,  of  the  Challenger  ;  M.  de 
Lapparent  ;  General  Greeley  ;  and  others. 
Geographers  are  agreed  as  to  the  scientific  and 
even  economic  interest  attaching  to  such  an 
expedition.  The  interest  in  the  subject  was 
revived  at  a  later  sitting,  when  Mr.  C.  E. 
Borchgrevink  gave  an  account  of  his  recent 
voyage  to  Victoria  Land. 

But  whilst  the  Antarctic  regions  were  to  the 
fore,  the  Arctic  regions  were  not  neglected,  and 
Herr  S.  A.  Andree's  bold  scheme  of  reaching 
the  North  Pole  in  a  balloon,  steered  by  a  sail 
and  one  or  more  guide-ropes  allowed  to  drag  on 
the  ground,  excited  general  interest,  although 
considered  by  some  to  be  impracticable.  Col. 
Watson,  an  experienced  aeronaut,  thought 
otherwise,  and  Herr  Andr^e,  at  all  events,  is 
determined  to  start  next  July  from  Spitz- 
bergen. 

Africa  occupied  a  prominent  part  in  the  dis- 
cussions. Sir  John  Kirk,  in  an  ably  written 
paper,  dealt  with  the  suitability  of  Africa  as  a 
field  for  development  by  the  white  races.  He 
maintains  that  "  settlement,"  with  a  periodical 
visit  to  Europe,  is  everywhere  possible,  whilst 
"colonization"  is  practicable  only  in  a  few 
favoured  highland  regions  in  the  interior. 
Count  Pfeil  recommended  a  thorough  study 
of  the  clima*'ic  conditions  and  of  tropical 
hygiene  before  proceeding  to  colonize  ;  lie 
thought  that  the  negro  would  work  as  soon  as 
we  had  taught  him  to  want.  Mr.  H.  M.  Stanley 
thought  that  Sir  John  Kirk  looked  too  far 
ahead,  for  no  one  intended  at  present  to 
colonize  any  part  of  tropical  Africa.  That 
must  be  left  to  the  distant  future,  and  if  men 
had    learnt    the  art  of  living   in  Africa,   that  ' 


continent  would  prove  quite  as  "livable"  as 
Brazil  or  other  tropical  countries.  Mr.  Stanley, 
quite  unnecessarily,  fell  foul  of  scientific  geo- 
graphy, and  extolled  the  merits  of  such  "un- 
scientific "  pioneers  and  founders  of  colonies  as 
Cortez,  John  Smith,  and  Cecil  Rhodes.  Mr. 
Ravenstein  presented  a  general  view  of  the 
climatological  conditions  of  Africa,  which  he 
divided  into  hygrothermal  regions.  He  pointed 
out  that,  even  on  the  comparatively  healthy 
highlands,  a  climate  corresponding  to  that  of 
Europe  was  not  likely  to  be  discovered.  He 
was  strongly  in  favour  of  scientific  research 
preparing  the  way  for  colonization,  should  it 
ever  be  attempted.  Mr.  Silva  White  declared 
tropical  Africa  to  be,  on  the  whole,  unsuitable 
for  European  colonization,  and  capable  of  de- 
velopment to  only  a  limited  degree.  An  address 
by  Slatin  Pasha  was  listened  to  with  rapt 
attention. 

The  subject  of  mapping  Africa  was  introduced 
by  General  E.  F.  Chapman,  who  most  properly 
pointed  out  that  the  time  had  arrived  for  regular 
surveys  and  expeditive  triangulations.  In  this 
the  photographic  camera  may  possibly  prove  of 
service.  Its  merits  were  discussed  in  Section  C 
by  Col.  Laussedat,  Capt.  E.  H.  Hills,  R.E., 
and  Mr.  Coles. 

Geodesy  was  worthily  represented  by  General 
J.  T.  Walker,  Col.  T.  H.  Holdich,  Mr.  A.  de 
Smidt  (late  Surveyor-General  of  Cape  Colony), 
and  M.  Charles  Lallemand,  the  directoi*- general 
of  the  precise  levelling  operations  now  being 
carried  out  in  France. 

Prof.  A.  Penck's  paper  on  '  Morphology  and 
the  Terminology  of  Land  Forms  '  proved  the 
most  valuable  contribution  on  physical  geo- 
graphy. Dr.  Gerland's  proposal  that  the  method 
of  seismological  observations  should  be  settled 
by  an  international  agreement  met  with  uni- 
versal support. 

In  the  department  of  Oceanography  papers 
were  read  by  Mr.  J.  Y.  Buchanan  ;  Capt.  A.  S. 
Thomson,  who  thought  that  evaporation  was 
the  principal  factor  in  the  production  of  ocean 
currents  ;  Mr.  H.  N.  Dickson,  who  proved  the 
presence  of  Atlantic  water  on  the  east  coast  of 
Scotland  ;  and  by  Dr.  W.  Libbey,  whose  dis- 
course on  the  relations  of  the  Gulf  Stream  and 
the  Labrador  current  proved  highly  interest- 
ing, as  the  author  was  able  from  his  temperature 
observations  to  account  for  the  appearance  and 
disappearance  of  the  tile-fish  (a  deep-sea  species 
from  the  tropics)  off  the  coast  of  New  England. 
A  scheme  for  international  coojieration  in  the 
survey  of  the  seas  of  Northern  Europe  was 
placed  before  the  Congress  and  unanimously 
adopted. 

Limnology  was  dealt  with  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Forel 
and  Dr.  H.  R.  Mill,  whilst  Speleology  found  an 
able  representative  in  M.  E.  A.  Martel. 

The  history  of  cartography  was  introduced 
by  Prof.  H.  Wagner,  of  Gottingen,  who  showed 
that  the  old  Italian  compass  charts  of  the 
Mediterranean  were  compilations,  and  not  maps 
constructed  on  scientific  principles  or  on  the 
basis  of  a  projection.  Mr.  H.  Yule  Oldham 
recommended  the  study  of  old  MS.  maps  as 
they  contained  valuable  records  of  early  geo- 
graphical explorations. 

Prof.  Penck's  proposition  to  produce  a  map  of 
the  world  on  a  scale  of  1  :  1, OX), 000  came  up  again 
for  discussion.  The  Congress,  after  listening 
to  the  report  of  a  committee,  accepted  the  scale 
and  projection  proposed,  reconmiended  the 
adoption  of  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  and  of 
the  metre,  but  most  wisely  said  nothing  about 
the  spelling  of  the  names.  Mr.  Chisholm  read 
a  paper  on  that  much  vexed  question,  and  the 
Congress  recommended  geographical  societies 
to  suuly  it,  with  a  view  to  an  agreement  being 
arrived  at  before  the  meeting  of  the  next 
Congress  four  years  hence.  The  subject  of  a 
decimal  division  of  time  and  angles  was  likewise 
commended  to  the  attention  of  the  individual 
societies. 

Geographical  education  found  able  advocates 


196 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


W 


3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


in  M.  Levasseur,  Dr.  R.  Lehmann,  and  Mr.  A.  J. 
Herbertson,  of  Owens  College.  Mr.  Mackinder 
advocated  the  establishment  of  a  central  school 
of  geography  in  London,  but  his  proposal  met 
with  little  support,  and  the  Congress  contented 
itself  with  expressing  a  desire  that  in  every 
country  provision  should  be  made  for  the  higher 
education  in  geography,  either  in  universities  or 
otherwise. 

A  Geographical  Exhibition,  supervised  by  Mr. 
E.  G.  Ravenstein,  formed  an  important  adjunct 
tx)  the  Congress.  Members,  however,  were 
allowed  but  little  time  to  give  it  that  attention 
which  it  really  deserved.  Not  only  had  the 
best  modern  cartograjihical  work  been  gathered 
together,  but  there  were,  in  addition,  an  his- 
torical exhibition,  illustrating  the  progress  of 
cartography  up  to  the  beginning  of  this  century  ; 
an  exhibition  of  surveying  instruments,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  Coles  ;  and  a  corridor  full  of 
paintings  and  photographs,  arranged  by  Mr.  J. 
Thomson.  The  foremost  rank  in  the  foreign 
section  was  taken  by  Germany  (which  excelled 
in  the  artistic  arrangement  of  its  exhibits), 
France,  Belgium,  Italy,  Sweden,  Finland, 
Switzerland,  Portugal,  Mexico,  and  Japan. 
The  British  Empire  was  most  creditably  repre- 
sented by  the  Ordnance  Survey,  the  Hydro- 
graphic  Department,  the  Intelligence  Division, 
and  the  Meteorological  Council.  The  foremost 
place  among  British  possessions  was  taken  by 
India,  Canada,  Cape  Colony,  New  South  Wales, 
and  South  Australia.  The  exhibits  of  two  or 
three  of  our  private  firms  surprised  some  of  our 
foreign  visitors  by  their  excellence. 

Leonardo  da  Vinci's  maps,  lent  by  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen,  proved  the  gem  of  the 
historical  exhibition.  The  centre  of  the  room 
was  occupied  by  the  famous  Mollineux  globe 
from  the  Middle  Temple,  encircled  by  eight 
satellite  globes  illustrating  the  progress  of  carto- 
graphy since  the  days  of  Eratosthenes.  The 
Earl  of  Crawford  exhibited  valuable  manu- 
scripts and  printed  books  ;  and  similar  contri- 
butions, on  a  smaller  scale,  were  made  by  Mr. 
S.  W.  Silver,  Mr.  H.  Yates  Thompson,  and 
others.  The  oldest  MS.  in  the  collection  was 
one  on  Beatus's  commentary  on  the  Aj^ocalypse, 
dating  back  to  the  twelfth  century  ;  the  oldest 
printed  book,  the  famous  '  Rudimentum  Novi- 
tiorum,'  with  its  woodcut  maps,  printed  at 
Ltibeck  in  1475.  Great  interest  attached  to 
MS.  maps  by  Rennell  and  other  Indian  sur- 
veyors, to  old  plans  and  views  of  London,  &c. 
It  is  a  pity  that  so  interesting  a  collection  should 
again  be  dispersed  after  so  short  an  existence. 

Supplementary  exhibitions  of  maps,  books, 
and  instruments  have  been  arranged  by  the 
authorities  of  the  British  Museum  (see  Allien. 
No.  3535),  and  these  will  be  on  view  for  some 
time  to  come. 


to  1894,  when  he  retired.  Born  in  1845  at 
Wiburg,  in  Finland,  he  was  first  connected  with 
the  Helsingfors  Observatory,  and  afterwards 
with  that  at  Berlin.  In  1874  he  was  sent  by 
commission  from  the  Pulkowa  Observatory  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus  from  the  island  of 
Aschur  Adeh,  in  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  state  of  the  weather  on  the  day 
of  the  transit  prevented  any  observation  being 
made. 

Two  small  planets  were  discovered  by  M. 
Charlois  at  Nice  on  the  23rd  ult.  These,  if  all 
recent  discoveries  turn  out  on  subsequent 
examination  to  be  really  new,  will  raise  the 
whole  number  known  to  405.  No.  392,  which 
was  discovered  by  Dr.  Max  Wolf  on  Novem- 
ber 4th,  1894,  has  been  named  Wilhelmina. 

Prof.  Barnard  has  accepted  a  position  at  the 
new  Yerkes  Observatory,  and  has,  therefore, 
severed  his  connexion  with  the  Lick  on  Mount 
Hamilton. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  death,  in  his  sixty-ninth  year,  of  that 
expert  microscopist  Mr.  F.  Kitton  is  announced. 
He  devoted  most  of  his  leisure  moments  to  the 
study  of  Diatomacefe,  and  largely  contributed 
to  increase  our  knowledge  of  this  interesting 
group.  He  was  associated  with  Count  Castra- 
cane  in  the  determination  of  the  species  collected 
in  the  course  of  the  Challenger  Expedition.  He 
was  a  student  of  Anglo-Saxon,  and,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  services  rendered  to  the  town  of 
Norwich,  where  he  was  in  business  for  many 
years,  he  compiled  a  catalogue  of  the  city  library, 
a  work  entailing  much  labour  and  research. 

A  NEW  society,  the  Society  of  Medical  Phono- 
graphcrs,  held  its  first  meeting  on  the  30th  of 
last  month,  when  the  president,  Dr.  Gowers, 
delivered  an  inaugural  address.  Sir  W.  Bi'oad- 
bent  spoke  of  the  importance  of  shorthand  to 
medical  men,  and  Sir  H.  Howorth  deplored 
that  among  his  multifarious  acquirements  short- 
hand was  not  included. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Dr.  W,  Fabritius, 
Astronomer  at  the  Kieff  Observatory  from  1876 


Anecdota  Oxoniensia.  —  The  Churches  and 
Monasteries  of  Egypt.  Attributed  to  Abu- 
Siilih  the  Armenian.  Edited  and  trans- 
lated by  B.  T.  A.  Evetts,  M.A.,  witli 
added  Notes  by  A.  J.  Butler,  M.A., 
F.S.A.     (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

Mr.  Eyetts  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
production  of  an  admirably  scholarly  work. 
He  lias  cliosen  a  little-known  subject,  for 
the  only  book  of  importance  dealing  with 
the    Coptic   chui'cbes   which    has    hitherto 
appeared  in  English  is  Mr,  Alfred  Butler's 
solid     and    painstaking    publication.     The 
weakest  point  in  those  two  excellent  volumes 
was  the  history,  and  this  is  j)recisely  where 
Mr.  Evetts' s  new  work  comes  to  the  rescue. 
The  text  he  has  edited  and  translated  from  the 
unique  manuscript  purchased  by  Vansleb  in 
Egypt  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  now 
preserved  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  at 
Paris,  throws  much  new  and  valuable  light 
on  the  annals  of  the  Coptic  churches  and 
monasteries.     It   is    to    be   regretted    that 
nothing    has    been     discovered    about    its 
author,  "  Abii-Salih  the  Armenian."     Even 
the  spelling  of  his  name  has  been  disputed, 
though  here  we  think  Mr.  Evetts  is  in  the 
right ;   and   that   he  was  an  Armenian  by 
nationality,  and  not  merely  by  residence,  is 
little   more    than   a   probable    supposition. 
Internal     evidence,     however,     fortunately 
supplies    the     date  ;    Khn  -  Salih   mentions 
events   in   his  own  life  which  occurred  in 
1173     and     1174;     and     the     latest     date 
given  is  the  Hegira  equivalent  of  a.d.  1208. 
We  may,  therefore,  conclude  with  sufficient 
certainty  that  the  work  was  written  in  the 
early  years  of  the  thirteenth  century  of  our 
era.      M.   Amelineau's   statement  that   the 
history  was  written  in  1338  miist,  of  course, 
refer  only  to  the  date  of  the  existing  manu- 
script ;    but   this  is  only  one  of  many  in- 
stances in  which  Mr.  Evetts  finds  it  neces- 
sary to  correct  the  French  scholar's  some- 
what hasty  conclusions.     The  value  of  Abu- 
Salih's  work  will  be  the  better  appreciated 
when  it  is  remembered  that  the  only  other 
Arabic  history  dealing  with  the  same  sub- 
ject is  the  appendix  to  El-Makrizi's  '  Khitat.' 
Not  that  no  other  Mohammedan  writer  ever 
attempted  to  relate  the  history  of  the  Coptic 
churches ;    but,  unfortunately,    their  works 
are  lost.     It  is  a  prime  merit  of  Abu-SaHh's 
rambling  notes  that  they  contain  numerous 


extracts  from  at  least  one  of  these  lost 
authorities,  Ash-Shabushti's  '  Book  of  the 
Monasteries,'  written  at  the  close  of  the 
tenth  century,  as  well  as  from  Bishop 
Severus's  '  Biographies  of  the  Patriarchs ' 
and  other  unpublished  works. 

The  value  of  Abu-Salih's  book  consists, 
however,  not  only  in  what  he  has  preserved 
from  previous  writers,  but  perhaps  still  more 
in  his  own  personal  observations.  Of  method 
he  is  innocent,  and  Mr.  Evetts  admits 
that  "  nothing  could  be  worse  than  the  pre- 
sent form  of  the  work,  which  resembles 
rather  a  collection  of  undigested  notes  than 
a  deliberate  composition  in  its  finished 
shape."  This  is  no  doubt  partly  due  to  the 
copyist,  who  attempted  to  abridge  the  ori- 
ginal manuscript,  but  confesses  at  the  end 
that  he  has  not  been  particularly  successful. 
Nevertheless,  those  who  have  the  patience  to 
wade  through  many  repetitions  and  much 
apparently  irrelevant  matter  will  be  rewarded 
by  much  that  is  novel  and  interesting.  One 
of  the  most  valuable  features  of  the  work  is, 
as  Mr.  Evetts  rightly  points  out,  the  con- 
stant reference  it  makes  to  the  relations  sub- 
sisting between  the  Christians  and  Muslims 
of  Egypt:— 

' '  These  relations  naturally  varied  in  their 
character  from  time  to  time.  There  were  periods 
of  disturbance,  marked  by  outrages  committed 
by  the  stronger  race  upon  the  weaker,  by  riots, 
incendiarism,  murders,  or  even  by  systematic j^er- 
secution,  as  in  the  reign  of  the  Caliph  Al-Hakim. 
But  there  were  also  periods  when  the  two  races 
lived  peacefully  side  by  side,  and  the  adherents 
of  the  two  creeds  were  on  the  best  of  terms  with 
one  another.  Sometimes  the  Muslim  governors 
would  authorize  and  even  assist  in  the  restora- 
tion of  the  churches,  contrary  as  this  was  to  the 
written  law  of  Islam.  Mahometans  were  in 
some  places  allowed  to  be  present  at  the  cele- 
bration of  the  Christian  liturgy,  although  the 
stricter  among  the  Copts  regarded  this  as  a 
profanation.  One  of  the  most  wealthy  and 
magnificent  princes  that  have  ever  ruled  Egypt, 
Khamarawaih  [i.  e.  Khitmarawaih],  the  son  of 
Ahmad  ibn  Tulun,  used  to  spend  hours  in  silent 
admiration  before  the  mosaics  representing  the 
Virgin  and  Child  attended  by  angels,  and  sur- 
rounded by  the  twelve  apostles,  in  the  Melkite 
church  at  the  monastery  of  Al-Kusair,  where, 
moreover,  he  built  a  logcjia  in  order  that  he 
might  sit  there  with  his  friends  to  enjoy  the 
scenery,  and,  it  must  be  confessed,  also  to  quaflf 
the  good  wine  prepared  by  the  monks,  and  fully 
appreciated  by  the  laxer  followers  of  the  Arabian 
prophet." 

Indeed,  it  was  a  general  habit  among 
Muslim  bons  vivants  to  saunter  in  the  gardens 
of  the  monasteries  and  drink  the  wine ;  and 
it  will  be  recollected  that  in  the  '  Arabian 
Nights,'  when  a  specially  good  vintage  is 
referred  to,  it  is  generally  called  monastery- 
wine.  Abu-Sillih  had  evidently  visited  in 
person  (if  he  had  not  tasted  the  liquor  of) 
a  large  number  of  the  monasteries  and 
churches  he  describes,  and  had  gathered 
much  important  information  from  the  monks ; 
but  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  ever  inspected 
the  monasteries  up  the  Nile  or  those  of 
St.  Anthony  and  St.  Paul.  What  he  does 
tell  us,  on  his  own  authority  or  on  that  of 
his  predecessors,  is  unquestionably  valuable 
to  students  of  Christian  Egypt,  _  and  the 
publication  of  this  sumptuous  edition  and 
translation  of  a  unique  work  confers  a  great 
obligation  upon  all  who  are  concerned  with 
an  important  and  much  neglected  branch 
of  research.  Mr.  Evotts's  elaborate  and 
abounding    notes,    ably   supplemented    by 


N"3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


197 


Mr.  Butler,  evince  wide  reading  and  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with,  the  literature 
of  the  subject — indeed,  it  would  be  hard 
to  suggest  additions  where  every  detail  of 
the  least  importance  is  amply  annotated 
and  furnished  with  an  army  of  references 
to  numerous  authorities.  It  is  a  book  which 
every  Egyptian  scholar  wiU  be  delighted 
to  peruse  and  reperuse,  and  from  which 
much  is  to  be  learnt.  We  should  add  that 
its  typographical  excellence  confers  much 
credit  on  the  Clarendon  Press. 


The  Street  of  Human  Bahitations.  By  Ray 
S.  Lineham.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — In  the  nine 
chapters  of  this  book  Mrs.  Lineham  has  at- 
tempted to  sketch  the  development  of  man  from 
the  time  when  he  dwelt  in  caves  and  forests 
down  to  the  present  day ;  and  she  has  endeavoured 
to  give  some  account  of  the  empires  of  Egypt, 
Babylonia,  Phoenicia,  Persia,  India,  and  Japan. 
In  the  three  hundred  and  fifty  pages  which  forua 
this  volume  of  the  "Science  and  Art"  series 
there  are  four  hundred  illustrations — many  of 
them  full-page  ;  and  we  are  sure  that  the  reader 
who  wishes  to  gain  some  definite  knowledge  of 
the  various  subjects  treated  therein  will  wish 
either  that  the  letterpress  was  longer  or  the 
illustrations  fewer.  We  confess  willingly  our 
inability  to  criticize  work  which  ranges  over 
so  wide  a  field  ;  but  we  hope  that  the  outcome 
of  Mrs.  Lineham's  book  will  be  to  induce  those 
who  are  interested  in  Oriental  archfeology  to 
read  for  themselves  some  of  the  works  named 
on  pp.  xvii-xix,  which  she  herself  has  consulted. 
Her  English  is  bright  and  pleasant,  but  some 
space  has  been  wasted  in  wordy  descriptions — 
as,  for  example,  on  pp.  130,  131,  where  a  third 
of  a  page  is  taken  up  in  stating  the  fact  that  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates  join  at  Kurnah  and  flow 
into  the  Persian  Gulf  in  a  single  stream — the 
Shaft  el- Arab. 

Building  Construction.  By  Charles  F. 
Mitchell,  Lecturer  on  Building  Construction 
to  the  Regent  Street  Polytechnic,  London. — 
Advanced  and  Honours  Courses.  (Batsford.) — 
We  cannot  quite  say  that  this  is  the  best 
manual  of  its  subject  which  we  have  seen,  but 
it  is  the  best  of  its  size  and  price.  The  ordinary 
operations  which  go  to  the  making  of  such 
buildings  as  line  the  streets  of  London  are 
described,  and  generally  with  suflicient  illus- 
tration. But  some  of  the  descriptions  are 
obscured  by  confusion  of  language,  and  some- 
times reference  is  made,  not  to  a  figure  in  the 
book,  but  to  one  in  a  series  of  plates  which  are 
not  in  it,  though  they  are  advertised  at  the  end 
of  it.  The  omission  of  these  plates  or  their 
equivalents  is,  perhaps,  justified  by  the  wish  to 
keep  down  the  price  of  the  book,  and  the  want 
of  them  may  not  be  felt  by  students  in  classes, 
who,  if  they  have  not  access  to  the  plates  them- 
selves, at  least  can  seek  the  aid  of  their  teacher. 
But  as  the  book  is  in  most  respects  well  fitted 
for  the  use  of  solitary  learners,  and  of  young 
men  engaged  in  any  of  the  building  trades,  it 
is  a  rather  serious  defect  that  it  is  not  complete 
in  itself.  The  obscurity  is  a  worse  fault,  but 
one  more  easily  got  rid  of  if,  as  we  hope  may  be 
the  case,  Mr.  Mitchell  has  occasion  to  prepare 
a  second  edition.  And  he  will  do  well,  mean- 
while, to  extend  his  study  of  construction  to  the 
construction  of  the  English  language,  or  to  seek 
the  aid  of  some  literary  friend  who  may  save 
him  from  the  absurdity  of  writing  of  the  decease 
of  a  rat,  or  from  such  a  definition  as  this  :  — 

"  Chvjfs. — Bricks  upon  which  the  action  of  the 
wind,  frost,  and  rain,  while  they  are  hot  has  made 
them  full  of  cracks,  and  perfectly  useless  :  also 
through  being  put  before  they  are  dry  into  clamps." 
A  reader  new  to  the  subject  might,  perhaps, 
by  this  light,  come  to  a  right  understandiiig  of 
what  a  chuff  is  if  he  did  not  lose  himself  on  the 
way  in  idle  speculation  as  to  the  probable  effect 
of  a  hot  frost  upon  a    brick.     But   we  doubt 


whether  he  would  be  able  to  form  a  clear  idea 
on  circular  irork  in  masonry  from  the  informa- 
tion that  "  any  straight  convex  prismatic  sur- 
face, such  as  the  parallel  shaft  of  a  column  or 
large  moulding,  is  termed  circular  work."  It  is 
unfortunate  that  extremely  bad  writing  like  this, 
sometimes  sinking  to  absolute  nonsense,  should 
spoil  what  we  began  by  saying  is,  within  limi- 
tations, the  best  treatise  of  its  kind  we  know.  It 
is  intended  for  the  use  of  young  men  preparing 
themselves  for  certain  examinations,  as  to  the 
usefulness  of  which  we  have  not  a  high  opinion. 
But  older  men  than  they,  l)otli  architects  and 
builders,  may  find  it  useful  for  occasional  refer- 
ence. Like  all  other  books  of  the  kind,  its 
architectural  tone,  so  far  as  it  has  any,  is  of 
the  veiy  lowest.  Tiie  man  who  wishes  to  make 
believe  that  the  building  which  he  puts  on  an 
iron  girder  is  carried  above  the  shop  front  by  a 
stone  architrave  and  cornice  will  find  here  how 
the  thing  may  be  done  ;  but  he  who  wants  to 
build  a  stone  vault  will  find  only  some  general 
remarks,  as  likely  to  mislead  as  to  help  him. 
This  is,  perhaps,  inevitable,  and  must  remain 
so  till  the  public  have  learnt  to  distinguish  the 
building  which  is  architecture  from  that  which 
is  mere  building. 

Sanclii  and  its  Bemains.  By  General  F.  C. 
Maisey.  With  an  Introductory  Note  by  Major- 
General  Sir  A.  Cunningham.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
— In  so  far  as  this  book  is  a  description  of  the 
celebrated  monuments  of  antiquity  existing  at 
Sanchi,  in  Central  India,  it  deserves  a  word  of 
welcome.  The  forty  plates  by  which  it  is  illus- 
trated are  reproductions  of  careful  drawings  and 
plans  made  on  the  spot,  and  will  be  useful  as 
supplementing  the  information  already  afforded 
by  Cunningham's  '  Bhilsa  Topes,'  Fergusson's 
'  Tree  and  Serpent  Worship, '  and  other  standard 
works.  It  is  even  probable  that  in  some  re- 
spects, notably  in  regard  to  the  accuracy  of  the 
measurements  given,  it  may  prove  of  further 
utility  in  correcting  casual  errors  in  those 
authorities.  For  this  part  of  his  work — that 
of  simple  description — General  Maisey  was 
adequately  prepared  by  a  long  and  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  objects  which  he  de- 
scribes. Unfortunately  for  his  own  reputation, 
he  has  not  been  content  with  this  task.  Accord- 
ing to  his  own  statement,  the  raison  d'etre  of 
this  book  is  to  promulgate  certain  views,  which, 
if  true,  would  revolutionize  alike  the  study  of 
Indian  religions  and  the  study  of  Indian  archaio- 
logy.  In  brief,  General  Maisey  holds  that 
Buddhism,  such  as  we  know  it  from  the  earliest 
sources,  dates  from,  or  perhaps  shortly  before, 
the  Christian  era,  and  that  the  generally  accepted 
identification  of  the  Piyadaqiof  the  rock-inscrip- 
tions with  the  A9oka  of  Buddhist  history  is  a 
mistake.  Surely,  to  maintain  such  propositions 
as  these,  so  entirely  at  variance  with  the  views 
of  all  serious  scholars  during  the  last  hundred 
years,  the  prime  necessity  must  be  a  full  know- 
ledge of  the  history  of  Indian  literature  and  a 
full  knowledge  of  the  work  which  scholai'S  have 
devoted  to  the  decipherment  of  ancient  Indian 
inscriptions.  Throughout  the  book  General 
Maisey  shows  that  he  lacks  both  of  these  re- 
quirements. There  is  in  this  book  not  one 
single  historical  reference  to  the  Vedas  or  to 
the  Brahmanas,  while  on  nearly  es'cry  page 
there  occur  statements  which  are  incompatil)le 
with  any  real  knowledge  of  the  results  of  Indian 
archaeology  and  epigraphy.  The  most  complete 
refutation  of  General  Maisey'smain  propositions 
is  to  be  found,  curiously  enough,  in  the  intro- 
ductory note  contributed  to  this  volume  by  the 
late  Sir  Alexander  Cunningham.  This  note 
gives,  in  a  brief  space  and  in  the  clearest 
manner,  an  excellent  resume  of  those  facts 
which  must  prevent  us  from  regarding  the 
greater  portion  of  General  Maisey's  book  as 
serious  work. 

£tudes  snr  VHistoire  de  I'Art :  Diego  Velasque~; 
Les  Debuts  du,  Paysnqe  dans  l' £cole  Jiamnnde ; 
Claudf  Lorrnin ;  Les  A  rtsa  la  Cour  de  Frederic  II. 
Par  Emile  Michel.     (Hachette  &  Cie.)— This  is 


one  of  the  most  pleasant  volumes  of  essays  on 
art  which  it  has  been  our  lot  to  read.  The  four 
studies  which  it  contains  have  the  peculiar  merit 
of  being  written  with  simplicitj'  and  freshness, 
from  a  point  of  view  which  makes  no  tax  on  the 
indolence  of  the  general  reader,  whilst  at  the 
same  time  they  embody  the  results  of  much  ori- 
ginal observation,  which  will  reconnnend  them 
to  the  kindly  interest  even  of  the  professional 
specialist.  M.  Michel  bases  his  '  Diego  Velas- 
quez '  on  Dr.  Carl  Justi's  recent  and  monu- 
mental work  on  the  same  subject  ;  his  'Claude 
Lorrain,'  in  like  manner,  is  grounded  on  the 
monograph  published  by  Lady  Dilke  in  the 
"  Librairie  Internationale  de  I'Art";  his  article 
on  '  Les  Arts  a  la  Cour  de  Frederic  II.'  reminds 
us  that  Dr.  Paul  von  Seidel  has  lately  printed 
exhaustive  studies  on  '  Friedrich  der  Grosse  als 
Sammler '  in  the  Zeitschrift  der  KoniglicJien 
Freussisclien  Kunstsammlungen ;  but  in  each 
case  the  reader  will  find  that  he  is  not  following 
a  mere  slavish  re'chavffe  by  M.  Michel  of  other 
men's  labours,  but  is  accompanying  him  on  in- 
dependent lines  of  investigation,  illustration, 
and  comment.  This  is  especially  the  case  with 
the  study  which  occupies  the  second  place — '  Les 
Debuts  du  Paysage!dans  I'Ecoletiamande.'  From 
a  careful  criticism  of  poor  and  miserable  begin- 
nings M.  Michel  leads  the  reader  gradually  to 
the  pages  in  which  he  proceeds  to  a  minute 
dissection  of  the  landscape  backgrounds  of 
such  works  as  '  La  Vierge  adore'e  par  le  Chan- 
celier  Rollin  '  (Louvre)  or  the  '  Sainte  Barbe  ' 
of  the  Muse'e  d'Anvers.  It  is  impossible,  we 
think,  for  any  who  read  his  analysis  of  the 
construction  of  these  marvels  and  of  the 
methods  by  which  such  masterly  as  well  as 
faithful  reproduction  of  nature  was  obtained, 
not  to  feel  that  henceforth  they  will  see  these 
works  and  those  of  a  kindred  character  with 
fresh  eyes.  This  is,  perhaps,  about  the  highest 
praise  that  one  can  give  to  a  writer  on  such 
subjects. 


CATALOGUES. 

Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the  Indian  Museum. 
By  Chas.  J.  Rodgers. — Part  I.    The  Sultans  of 
Dehli    and     their    Contemporaries.      (Calcutta, 
printed    by    Order    of     the    Trustees.)  —  Mr. 
Rodgers     probably     knows    more     about     the 
Mohammedan  coins  of    India   than  any    other 
living  man.     He  has  been  an  ardent  collector 
for  many   years,   and  without  being    exactly  a 
scholar   he  has  contrived   to  pick    up    a    vast 
amount   of   numismatic    learning.      His    chief 
fault  as  a    numismatist   consists   in    a   certain 
sanguine    rashness    in    deciphering    the    inde- 
cipherable ;    but  his   faults  as  a  cataloguer   of 
coins  are  innumerable.     We  have  seldom  seen 
a  more  unsatisfactory  performance  of  its  kind 
than   this  first  part    of   the    Catalogue   of   the 
Indian  Museum  at  Calcutta.      Of  course  it  is 
always  an  advantage  to  publish  complete  cata- 
logues of  every  collection  of  coins,  but  we  have 
no  sympathy  with  that  species  of  local  and  per- 
.sonal  vanity  which  insists  on    republishing  at 
length  and  in  minute  detail  what  has  already 
been  adequately  published.     When    there  is  a 
standard  authority  it  is  surely  a  waste  of  time 
and  space,  and  a  needless  sacrifice  of  propor- 
tion, to  repeat  what  is  already  published  in  that 
authority,   when    a   bare  reference    to  volume, 
page,  or  number  would  have  sufficiently  identi- 
fied   the  coin   described.      Every  student  who 
will  use  Mr.  Rodgers's  lists  possesses,   or  has 
access  to,  the  British  Museum  Catalogue,  which 
contains  ample  descriptions  of  the  vast  majority 
of   the    coins  enumerated    with  elaborate,    but 
superfluous  minuteness  by  Mr.  Rodgers.     Page 
after    page    is    wasted    in    repeating    what   is 
already  well  known,  and  the  student  is  apt  to 
overlook  what  is  really  new  and   important  by 
reason  of  the  mass  of  the  known,  and  there- 
fore unimportant,  in  which  it  is  buried.     Mr. 
Rodgers  must   have    some   grudge  against  the 
British  Museum,  for  he  only  mentions  its  col- 
lections  once   in  a  foot-note,  and  only  refers 


198 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N-'SSSr,  Aug.  10, '95 


once  to  its  Catalogue  of  Indian  coins,  and  then 
it  is  to  state  (p.  154)  that  the  chronology  of  the 
kings  of  Kashmir  "  is  from  the  British  Museum 
Catalogue  '  Coins  of  Muhammadan  States.'  It 
does  not  agree  with  that  given  in  several  his- 
tories." The  remark  is,  to  say  the  least,  dis- 
ingenuous. In  the  first  place,  the  chronology  in 
question  is  not  from  the  British  Museum  Cata- 
logue, for  it  adds  to  and  alters  it  ;  and,  secondly, 
the  criticism  that  it  does  not  agree  with  that 
of  various  histories  is  not  Mr.  Rodgers's  dis- 
covery, but  is  taken  from  the  introduction  to 
the  British  Museum  Catalogue  itself,  p.  xlvii. 
One  would  imagine  from  this  solitary  reference 
that  Mr.  Rodgers  was  indebted  to  the  British 
Museum  Catalogue  for  this  list  of  kings  alone  ; 
but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  he  has  taken  all  his 
lists  of  Indian  rulers  from  the  same  authority, 
without  the  smallest  scruple  or  the  least 
acknowledgment.  Some  of  these  lists,  no 
doubt,  are  common  to  other  works,  but  all  of 
them  contain  certain  original  features  or  emen- 
dations; and  the  long  and  elaborate  lists  of  the 
governors  and  kings  of  Bengal,  which  Mr. 
Rodgers  has  "  approj^riated  "  verbatim  (pp.  136- 
138),  were  obviously  the  result  of  considerable 
research.  We  can  never  understand  the  aver- 
sion which  some  writers  have  to  acknowledging 
the  sources  of  their  information.  It  does  them 
no  harm  with  the  multitude,  and  the  omission 
injures  them  seriously  in  the  eyes  of  specialists, 
who,  of  course,  have  no  difficulty  in  detecting  the 
' '  appropriation . "  The  British  Museum  Catalogue 
fully  admitted  its  immense  indebtedness  to  the 
late  Mr.  Edward  Thomas  ;  why,  in  the  name  of 
common  honesty,  could  not  Mr.  Rodgers  be 
equally  frank  1  Judged  as  an  independent 
work,  apart  from  its  sources,  the  Catalogue  is 
curiously  ill  arranged.  There  is  no  consecutive 
numbering,  and  no  statement  of  the  total 
number  of  coins  in  the  collection.  The  dates 
are  printed  in  so  insignificant  a  type  that  the 
student  is  apt  to  overpass  them  ;  they  should 
have  been  placed  in  the  first  colunm,  instead  of 
the  far  less  important  details  of  the  weight  and 
diameter.  Sometimes  the  date  is  not  given  in 
ciphers  at  all  (e.g.,  No.  13,477,  p.  157).  Yet  a 
few  new  dates  are  practically  all  that  the  collec- 
tion contributes  to  numismatic  science,  for  in 
other  respects  it  is  by  no  means  remarkable — 
indeed,  it  is  curiously  poor  in  Bahmani,  Malwah, 
Gujardt,  and  Jaunpiir  issues — and  its  chief 
strength  lies  in  copper,  especially  in  dams 
of  the  Siiri  dynasty.  These  last,  by  the 
way,  are  arranged  under  their  mints  for 
the  reign  of  Sher  Shah,  but  under  Islam 
Shdh  the  cataloguer  apparently  forgot  his 
method  and  arranged  the  dams  under  years. 
But  even  so  he  cannot  be  systematic,  and 
years  follow  each  other  in  the  most  admired 
disorder,  e.g.,  089  a.h.  follows  695  (p.  44)  ;  and 
any  sort  of  irrational  sequence  may  be  observed 
on  pp.  48-50,  74,  77,  141,  and  elsewhere.  In 
the  index  the  dates  are  not  given — a  piece  of 
pure  laziness  which  makes  it  nearly  useless. 
The  coins  are  accurately  described,  it  is  true  — 
that  much  may  bo  expected  of  Mr.  Rodgers — 
when  they  are  in  good  preservation  ;  but 
rubbed  specimens  afford  room  for  his  weakness 
for  speculative  decipherments,  and  we  doubt 
(among  others)  his  readings  of  ISTos.  12,790 
(p.  10)  and  12,846  (p.  36).  He  has  a  perfect 
passion  for  describing  duplicates,  and  we  find 
page  after  page  filled  chiefiy  with  "do.  do.," 
e.  g.  especially  p.  125.  It  would  have  been 
quite  easy  to  have  given  the  weights  of 
the  several  duplicates  (the  only  point  of 
interest)  in  a  single  line  and  saved  half  the 
pages  of  the  book.  Many  coins  arc  referred  to 
Thomas's  'Chronicles,'  1)ut  the  references  are 
frequently  wrong  :  e.  g.,  8502  is  not  Thomas  98, 
nor  is  8894  Thomas  101,  nor  8930  Thomas  10, 
nor  7306  Thomas  116,  nor  12,871  Thomas  123. 
There  is  a  formidable  list  of  eirata,  yet  we  have 
found  still  more.  Tiiere  is  a  wrong  letter  in 
the  Arabic  on  the  very  first  page,  for  instance  ; 
the  heading  "Copjjer"  is  confusingly  omitted 


on  pp.  42  and  78,  but  is  redundantly  repeated 
on  p.  50.  The  printing  and  paper  are  of  the 
hideous  kind  curiously  affected  by  the  Calcutta 
press,  and  it  is  high  time  a  new  fount  of  Arabic 
was  cut.  The  three  photo- etching  plates  are 
the  worst  we  have  seen  for  many  years,  and 
in  this  respect,  as  well  as  in  typography,  the 
Government  of  India  and  the  trustees  of  the 
Indian  Museum  may  take  a  lesson  from  the 
"effete"  Government  of  Turkey,  which  pro- 
duces excellently  jjrinted  coin  catalogues  with 
phototype  plates  equal,  perhaps,  to  any  executed 
in  England  or  France.  In  short,  the  Catalogue 
is  ill  arranged  and  ill  produced,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  future  parts  will  be  less  discredit- 
able to  the  authorities  in  Calcutta,  and  more 
worthy  of  Mr.  Rodgers's  reputation.  If  he 
would  take  more  pains  to  be  systematic,  he 
might  produce  something  really  serviceable. 

Vatalogne  des  Pieces  de  Verre  des  i^poques 
byzaiitine  et  arahe  de  la  Collection  Fotirpiet. 
Par  P.  Casanova.  (Paris,  Leroux.)  —  Dr. 
Foucjuet,  of  Cairo,  has  formed  a  remarkable 
collection  of  objects  of  Arab  art  and  manufac- 
ture, largely  discovered  among  the  debris  of 
"Old  Cairo  "  or  Fustat.  Among  these  are  close 
upon  nine  hundred  specimens  of  what  used  to 
be  called  "Arabic  glass  coins"  and  similar 
examples  of  stamped  glass,  the  majority  of 
which  were  undoubtedly  used  as  standards  of 
weight  or  certificates  of  correct  measure.  M. 
Casanova  has  written  an  excellent  catalogue  of 
this  curious  and  historically  interesting  series, 
and  has  prefixed  a  learned  introduction,  in 
which,  however,  he  advances  some  highly  dis- 
putable views.  The  Fouquet  Collection  is  ex- 
traordinarily rich  in  the  glass  stamps  applied  to 
the  necks  of  bottles  to  certify  to  the  accuracy  of 
their  contents.  The  stamps  were  doubtless 
applied,  as  M.  Casanova  suggests,  at  the  Stan- 
dards Office,  where,  according  to  El-Makrizi 
and  Ibn-Mammati  (as  cited  by  M.  Sauvaire), 
the  merchants  and  dealers  were  obliged  to 
attend  and  submit  their  weights  and  measures 
to  the  examination  of  the  officials.  Omitting 
less  significant  examples,  the  Fouquet  Collection 
contains  no  fewer  than  two  hundred  bottle 
stamps,  inscribed  with  the  denomination  of  their 
capacity,  the  commodity  they  contained,  or  the 
governor  by  whose  order  they  were  stamped  ; 
sometimes  all  these  three  classes  of  names  occur 
on  the  same  stamp.  Among  the  measures  of 
capacity  the  hist  and  its  subdivisions  occur  fre- 
quently, and  the  commodities  mentioned  on 
these  labels  include  oil,  lard,  coriander,  cumin 
(black  and  white),  red  lentils,  Maks  lentils, 
peas  of  various  kinds,  lupins,  cheese,  dates, 
beans,  &c.  The  officers'  names  are  of  Caliphs 
and  Egyptian  finance  ministers,  ranging  from  the 
latter  part  of  the  first  century  of  the  Hegira  to  the 
second  half  of  the  second  century,  i.  e.  covering 
most  of  the  eighth  century  a.d.  Considering 
that  the  British  Museum  'Catalogue  of  Glass 
Weights  '  enumerates  but  five  bottle  stamps  as 
belonging  to  the  national  collection,  and  that 
none  of  these  presents  any  name  of  a  commo- 
dity, it  will  be  understood  that  the  Fouquet 
Collection  constitutes  an  immense  addition  to 
our  knowledge  of  this  interesting  class  of  anti- 
quities. Another  important  class  is  that  of  the 
stamped  discs  of  glass  which  bear  names  of 
specific  weights.  Of  these  the  British  IMuseum 
catalogue  published  sixty-seven  examples  ;  the 
Fouquet  Collection  also  contains  about  sixty 
distinct  specimens.  The  value  of  these  glass 
standards  for  determining  the  full  weights  of 
dinars,  dirhems,  ]:irdls,  kharrtlbas,  &c.,  is  incon- 
testable, and  the  names  of  officers  and  governors 
which  they  often  present  enable  us  to  deter- 
mine whether  there  were  any  variations  of  the 
standard  weight  at  certain  intervals.  All  these 
glass  weights  with  inscribed  denominations  also 
belong  to  the  first  two  centuries  of  the  llegira. 
Besides  these  there  is  a  very  large  class  of  glass 
discs  impressed  with  the  names  of  the  Fatimite 
Caliphs  of  Egypt,  which  have  of  late  years  been 
identified  as  standard  weights  for  testing  coins. 


M.  Casanova  affirms  "  hardiment  "  that  all  these 
Fatimite  discs  were  really  amulets  or  badges  of 
Shi'ite  sects.  In  this  contention  he  has  all  the 
evidenceagainsthim.  He  omits  to  state  the  weights 
of  the  450  Fatimite  "amulets"  in  the  Fouquet 
Collection  ;  but  a  glance  at  the  British  Museum 
'  Catalogue  of  Arabic  Glass  Weights,'  which  he 
almost  ignores,  would  have  shown  him  that  the 
weights  of  these  "  amulets  "  correspond  closely 
with  those  of  the  contemporary  coinage.  In  the 
British  Museum  series,  comprising  321  glass  discs 
of  this  class,  only  seven  depart  at  all  notably 
from  the  contemporary  weights  of  dinars, 
dirhems,  and  their  doubles  and  subdivisions. 
The  other  314  are  singularly  uniform  in  weight, 
especially  considering  the  difficulty  of  casting 
glass  exactly  to  a  grain's  weight.  Thus  out  of 
37  specimens  representing  the  standard  dinar, 
which  contemporary  coins  show  to  have  weighed 
about  66  grs.,  28  discs  weigh  65  to  66  grs., 
only  one  touches  67  grs.,  and  one  only  falls  to 
58  grs.  A  similar  correspondence  is  observed 
in  the  other  denominations.  This  alone  is  suffi- 
cient proof  that  these  Fatimite  discs  were 
standard  weights  for  coins  ;  for  there  would  be 
no  object  in  making  amulets  of  a  uniform 
weight.  But  beyond  this,  the  inscriptions 
support  this  view.  We  find  the  word  'adl 
("just,"  "correct")  on  many  of  them,  a  word 
common  on  coins,  but  wholly  inapplicable  to 
amulets.  And  the  geographer  El-Mukaddasi, 
writing  in  985  a.d.,  states  that  in  the  dominions 
of  the  Fatimite  Caliph  "the  weights  for  money 

are  made  of  glass,  and  bear the  titles  of  the 

Commander  of  the  Faithful."  Against  this 
convincing  body  of  evidence,  M.  Casanova  has 
really  nothing  to  urge  in  support  of  the  amulet 
theory.  He  urges  that  these  glass  discs  are 
most  frequent  in  the  beginning  of  the  dynasty 
and  very  rare  at  the  end,  which  he  regards  as  a 
sign  that  the  religious  propaganda  which  em- 
ployed the  "amulets"  had  waned.  But  this 
peculiarity  in  the  Fouquet  Collection  is  by  no 
means  repeated  in  the  British  Museum,  where 
the  glass  weights  of  the  earliest  and  latest 
Caliphs  are  equally  scarce  ;  moreover,  we  find 
the  same  scarcity  in  the  contemporary  coinage. 
M.  Casanova's  quotation  from  El-Makrizi  about 
inscribed  glass  objects  found  at  Tinnis  entirely 
turns  upon  the  translation  of  one  word,  written 
diS'erently  in  the  MSS.,  which  he  reads 
qhaddrali  and  translates  "amulet  en  argile," 
but  which  ordinarily  means  a  bowl  or  large 
dish,  the  Portuguese  alguidar.  This  piece  of 
evidence  proves  nothing,  for  it  cannot  be  shown 
that  El-Makrizi  was  referring  to  what  are  now 
known  as  glass  coin-weights  at  all.  In  spite  of 
this  extravagant  theory  and  a  few  very  hypo- 
thetical readings  of  the  inscriptions,  M. 
Casanova's  catalogue  of  the  Fouquet  Collec- 
tion is  a  valuable  contribution  to  a  little- 
known  branch  of  metrological  antiquities.  The 
ten  admirable  phototype  plates  give  an  ample 
I'epresentation  of  the  chief  treasures  of  a 
remarkably  rich  cabinet. 


LUIGI    MUSSIMI    OF   SIENA. 

The  '  Epistolario  Artistico '  of  L.  Mussini, 
lately  published  by  Gati  at  Siena,  gives  a  selec- 
tion, consisting  of  some  180  letters  written  to 
notable  contemporaries,  togetiier  with  a  brief 
biographical  notice  prefixed  by  Signorina  Luisa 
Anzoletti.  This  collection  of  the  artist's  letters 
will  prove  interesting  in  its  own  way,  but  the 
separation  of  one  phase  of  any  man's  career 
from  its  other  component  parts  must  always 
create  manifold  difficulties  to  general  readers, 
in  this  case  further  magnified  by  a  total  exclu- 
sion from  all  share  in  the  printed  correspondence 
of  any  writer  except  the  worthy  professor 
himself.  I  cite  a  glaring  instance,  most  aggra- 
vating to  us  who  know  Siena,  viz.,  the  absence 
of  the  reply  to  the  following  incpiiry,  submitted 
to  the  editor  of  Vasari's  '  Lives  of  the  Italian 
Painters, 'on  the  subject  of  the  marble  statuette 
of    the  Three    Graces  ;  yet  it  is  only  one    of 


N-'SSST,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


199 


several  in  which  we  are  left  in  total  ignorance 
of  the  opinion  of  an  expert  on  a  point  requiring 
explanation.  Writing  to  this  authority,  the  late 
Gaetano  Milanesi  (then  Chief  Archivist  in  the 
Uffizi  at  Florence),  Mussini  asks:  — 

"  I  recur  to  your  erudition  for  enlightenment  on  a 
disputed  question  which  has  arisen  between  our 
Committee  for  the  Preservation  of  Artistic  Monu- 
ments and  the  Minister  of  PubHc  Instruction.  I  do 
not  know  who  can  have  put  it  into  his  head  to 
object  to  the  present  position  of  the  group  of  the 
Three  Graces  in  the  Museum  of  the  Opera  del 
Duomo,  but  he  invites  us  to  resolve  on  the  restitu- 
tion of  it  to  the  Fine  Arts  Institute,  where  it  was  till 
latel}',  or  to  the  Cathedral  Libreria  (Chapel  of  the 
Piccolomini),  where  it  formerly  stood.  We  have 
answered  '  that  it  is  very  favourably  situated  as  it 
now  is,  and  in  a  good  light,  and  that  the  opera  of 
the  Cathedral  is  not  a  museum  for  Christian  relics 
only,  as  erroneously  supposed,  but  for  fragments  of 
all  kinds  of  sculpture,  and  that  this  piece  has  no  par- 
ticular merit.'  Now  the  Minister  returns  to  the  charge, 
scandalized  at  our  opinion  of  the  '  celebrated  marble 
group  from  which  Raphael  executed  the  drawing  pre- 
served in  the  Venice  Academy,  in  order  to  make  use 
of  it  for  the  picture  in  Lord" Ward's  Gallery.  And 
this  judgment  of  Raphael  all  men  ought  to  rever- 
ence 1 '  As  the  matter  stands  it  is  useless  to  say 
and  repeat  that  Bartolini  had  ample  reason  to  call 
these  famous  '  Three  Graces '  the  '  three  carrots,'  or 
to  assert  again  and  again  that  they  are  a  debased 
Roman  imitation  of  a  style  calculated  to  strike 
terror,  &c.,  &c.;  but  everything  fails  to  convince 
those  who  insist  that  Raphael  sought  his  in- 
spiration therefrom.  So  tell  me,  if  you  can, 
whence  sprang  this  precious  idea,  and  say  if  it  is 
a  mere  vulgar  tradition.  Had  Raphael  no  superior 
sources  for  his  production,  such  as  the  far  nobler 
'  Three  Graces '  of  the  Palazzo  Ruspoli  at  Rome, 
so  highlj'  lauded  by  Wiuckelmann  and  Quirino 
Visconti,  besides  numerous  old  cameos  and 
antique  mural  paintings  ?  Do  Quatrem^re,  or  Pas- 
savant,  or  the  German  writers  say  nought  about  this 
Siena  group  ?  What  do  you  think  of  the  tradition  ? 
At  any  rate,  Vasari  h  i<  not  a  word  to  say  about  it. 
Excuse  my  persistence,  and  enable  me  to  make  a 
report  concerning  it  at  our  next  meeting." 

Relating  to  this  interesting  query  we  get  no 
information  whatever  from  the  one  person  most 
capable  of  giving  it  (as  Mussini  well  knew),  viz., 
the  Siena-born  Milanesi,  who  had  Siena  history 
at  his  finger  ends. 

Let  me  quote  Mussini  on  another  topic, 
addressed  to  his  friend  Avvocato  Seghieri,  in- 
teresting (although  inconclusive)  as  it  sets  forth 
a  growing  belief  among  critics  : — 

"  If  I  do  not  err,  opinions  differ  about  the  position 
and  attitude  of  the  arms  of  the  '  Venus '  of  Milo. 
Some  suppose  she  made  part  of  a  group  with  Mars, 
and  that  her  left  arm  was  placed  on  his  shoulder, 
and  in  her  right  hand  she  held  a  mirror.  I  believe 
nothing  can  be  said  with  certainty.  Sure  it  is, 
however,  that  this  is  the  most  beautiful  statue  of 
Venus  existing.  That  called  the  '  Venus  dei  Medici ' 
never  took  my  fancy  :  it  is  paltry,  conventional, 
and  bnttcrjj.  In  the  Milo  there  is  truth  broadly 
displayed  :  the  beautiful  and  true  mingled  in  a 
stupendous  manner.  I  have  an  exceedingly  hand- 
some bronze  copy  of  it.  That  of  the  Medici  is 
assuredly  a  work  of  the  dccadenza." 

Appointed  Italian  Correspondent  of  the  In- 
stitut  des  Beaux-Arts  (which  procured  him  tlie 
decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honour),  Mussini 
is  frequent  in  his  communications  to  eminent 
French  painters  and  writers  upon  art,  of  whom 
it  is  sufficient  to  name  Beulfe  and  Count  Henri 
Delaborde,  both  as  personal  friends  and  in  their 
official  capacity.  At  an  early  period  of  his 
career,  he  formed  intimate  relations,  while 
studying  in  Paris  and  Rome,  with  Flandrin, 
G^rome,  Gendron,  Gatteaux,  Haussouiller,  and 
Ingres,  and  his  name  constantly  figures  in  the 
French  reviews  (he  contributed  to  L'Art)  as  the 
leader  of  tliat  Italian  scliool  of  painters  called 
Puristi,  wliich  adheres  most  faithfully  to  the 
methods  of  the  old  masters  ;  and  his  writings 
are  full  of  scorn  for  the  new  heresies  tliat  he 
denounced  continuall}*.  His  creed  was  never 
departed  from,  and  is  best  formulated  in  a 
letter  (May  24th,  18G8)  to  his  lifelong  friend 
Cesare  Guasti  of  Florence  :  — 

"  Of  the  quattrocento,  which  I  have  so  much 
loved,  I  could  say  much.  But  I  will  aflirm  that  the 
quattrocento  forgot  too  much  the  trecento,  and  that 
the  cinquecento  united  the  two.  The  qnattro- 
centisti  were  subUme  draughtsmen,  ingenious  and 


severe  naturalists,  but  cared  little  or  nothing  for 
the  inward  man  or  human  passions,  and  forgot 
Giotto  and  Orcagna.who,  combined  with  themselves, 
taught  so  much  to  Raphael  and  Leonardo." 

Mussini  entered  upon  the  business  of  his  life 
when  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  Director 
of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  Siena,  which 
he  held  from  the  end  of  the  year  1851  until  his 
death  in  1888.  His  success  did  something  to 
stay  the  downward  course  of  Italian  art,  which 
he  strenuously  resisted  ;  and  his  list  of  jjupils 
counts  several  among  the  best-known  names  in 
Italy.  Whether  he  was  constitutionally  adapted 
for  closer  contact  with  the  art  world  outside  his 
"nest,"  as  he  fondly  called  Siena,  may  be 
seriously  doubted  ;  he  was  offered  higher  pay 
(at  least  once)  to  take  charge  of  the  Bologna 
School,  which  he  finally  refused.  After  eighteen 
years'  wear  and  tear  in  Siena,  he  exclaims  in  a 
letter  dated  1869,  "I  am  so  weary  of  the  cares 
of  instruction  borne  for  eighteen  years  that  I 
would  not  consent  to  begin  again  in  another 
academy  for  a  million  !  "  And  yet  he  bore 
bravely  the  burden  for  twenty  years  longer, 
adding  thereto  his  constant  labours  and  journeys 
as  Goverimient  commissary  in  promotion  of  the 
tine  arts  throughout  the  kingdom.  Rarely  he 
despairs,  but  in  a  letter  to  Giovanni  Dupre, 
befiring  date  1854,  we  detect  a  sense  of  dis- 
satisfaction with  his  lonely  condition  outside 
the  centres  of  art.  Having  received  from  the 
Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  a  commission  to  paint 
the  subject  of  Eudoro  and  Cimodoce,  he  writes 
to  his  friend,  then  in  Florence  : — 

"  I  should  like  to  deserve  the  flattering  words  in 
which  you  speak  of  this  Grand  Ducal  order.  But 
I  feel  only  too  deeply  overwhelmed  with  difiBcul- 
ties.  The  further  I  advance  iu  years  and  expe- 
rience, the  further  I  seem  to  fall  backwards  in 
other  respects.  And  this  artistic  isolation  grows  to 
me  intolerable  ;  not  a  living  soul  of  an  artist  to 
whom  to  breathe  a  doubt,  or  from  whom  to  expect 
a  wise  counsel.    It  afflicts  me  unspeakably  !  " 

Again  he  writes  : — 

"  Preferring  Paris,  I  would  like  from  time  to  time 
to  paint  a  picture  in  Siena  ;  and  Rome  has  for  me 
the  double  attraction  of  being  Paris  and  Siena 
united  du  in  Sine  conj)." 

I  carefully  treasure  (as  a  souvenir  given  to  me 
by  the  daughters  of  my  old  friend)  a  study  in 
red  for  the  head  of  Chloe,  in  tlie  act  of  making 
her  choice  of  Daphnis,  in  his  picture  of  a  '  Greek 
Idyl.'  Many  of  his  works  were  bought  by  the 
King  Victor  Emanuel  (whose  portrait  he  painted 
after  the  battle  of  San  Martino),  and  several  by 
the  French  Government  ;  some  are  now  in  the 
gallery  at  Brera,  and  his  '  San  Crescenzio  '  hangs 
on  the  wall  of  Siena  Cathedral. 

His  pen  was  the  faithful  comrade  of  his  pencil, 
and  the  siuio  of  his  letters  will  be  an  appetizing 
(mtepasto  to  those  who  are  tempted  by  them  to 
read  his  '  Scritti  d'  Arte  '  and  his  '  Di  Palo  in 
Frasca. '  By  the  way,  I  think  the  note  on  p.  299 
errs  in  describing  tliis  last  work  as  issued  from 
the  press  only  a  month  before  the  author's 
death,  for  he  gave  me  a  copy  nearly  a  year 
before,  if  my  memory  serves  me  aright. 

My  own  recollections  of  Luigi  Mussini  extend 
from  1878  down  to  1888,  and  I  jjossess  numbers 
of  cards,  letters,  and  diagrams  from  him, 
mofstly  referring  to  his  favourite  pastime,  the 
game  of  chess.  Whenever  I  passed  a  few 
months  in  Siena,  at  least  once  a  week  did  he 
enforce  my  visits  "di  fare  una  partita."  I  use 
no  milder  term,  for  when  laid  up  a  month  with 
a  wounded  foot  in  188G  or  1887,  he  would  tap 
gently  every  afternoon  at  my  chamber  door, 
and  I  verily  believe  tliat  my  release  from 
durance  was  a  cause  of  regret  to  my  unwearying 
antagonist.  His  custom  for  years  was  to  carry 
a  traveller's  chessboard  on  his  professional 
journeys  to  Rome  or  elsewhere,  and  pore  over 
tlie  elaboration  of  a  chess  problem.  He  alwa3's, 
I  believe,  put  up  at  the  Minerva  Hotel,  to  be 
near  to  the  cafie  where  the  Roman  Chess  Club 
held  its  meetings.  He  utterlj'  failed  in  1879  to 
organize  a  cl^ess  club  in  Siena  over  the  Rozzi 
Club,  and  witli  many  groans  fell  back  on  me  as 
his  sole  adherent.     His  joy  was  full  when  lie 


could  gather  half  a  dozen  players  round  him  like- 
minded  to  himself.  Orsini  of  Leghorn  (editor 
of  the  Nuova  liirista  degli  Scacchi)  ;  G.  B.  Valle 
of  Spezia,  his  only  superior  in  Italy  as  a  maker 
of  problems  ;  and  Amerigo  Seghieri,  the  Crown 
Prosecutor,  were  frequent  and  very  welcome 
guests  in  his  salotto,  besides  two  or  three 
strangers  whose  skill  he  delighted  to  put  to  the 
test.  Perhaps  when  his  health  began  to  fail 
these  occasions  were  doubly  valued  by  him,  and 
these  opportunities  for  assembling  together 
men  of  similar  taste  were  only  surpassed,  accord- 
ing to  his  ideas,  once  a  year,  when  he  invited  on 
New  Year's  Day  his  old  pupils  and  friends  to 
dine  with  him  and  his  family.  I  failed  to 
appear  (owing  to  absence  in  Perugia)  the  last 
time  (January  1st,  1888)  he  gave  his  banquet, 
and  twice  he  summoned  me  in  sad  and  reproach- 
ful terms  which  were  harbingers  of  the  coming 
end. 

I  read  in  Signorina  Anzoletti's  pages  the 
dolorous  account  of  the  gradual  decline  in 
health  of  the  excellent  professor,  and  in  his 
numerous  letters  to  me  he  makes  mournful 
allusions  to  his  state.  I  spent  Avhat  proved  my 
last  evening  with  him  on  August  2nd,  1887,  as 
he  left  for  Spezia  and  his  annual  visit  to  his 
relatives  at  Recco,  near  Genoa,  on  the  4th  of  that 
month.  I  find  noted  in  my  diary  that  he  wrote 
me  on  the  24th  with  complaints  of  bodily 
sufferings,  and  asks  after  my  plans.  September 
13th,  writes  that  he  feels  stronger.  October  15th, 
again  from  Recco.  November  10th,  wants  to 
introduce  me  to  Major  Rodolfo  Stefani,  his 
nephew,  stationed  in  garrison  at  Orvieto. 
December  8tli,  sends  invitation  for  his  New 
Year  dinner.  December  29tli,  same  urgently 
repeated.  January  12th,  1888,  sends  me  from 
Siena  a  photograph  of  Palazzo  Piccolomini,  and 
says  his  daughter  Giulietta  is  translating  my 
article  on  Luciano  Banchi  (late  Syndic  of  Siena) 
from  the  Academy.  January  15th,  sends  me 
photographs,  &c.  January  24th,  asks  me  to 
translate  description  of  his  picture  '  A  Game  of 
Chess  in  Spain,'  which  he  was  sending  to  the 
Italian  Exhibition  in  London.  January  29th, 
on  same  subject.  March  19th,  writes  is  very  ill, 
and  hopes  for  my  return  to  Siena,  and  pleased 
by  a  visit  from  his  old  friend  Ambroise  Thomas 
of  Paris,  the  composer.  April  10th,  worse 
health  ;  wants  chess  for  amusement,  and  is 
sending  me  raccolta  of  tributes  to  memory  of 
Luciano  Banchi.  May  17th,  sends  postcard  and 
Siena  journal,  Lihcro  Cittudino,  containing  para- 
graph on  the  MSS.  of  his  maternal  grandfather 
(Sarti),  the  renowned  composer  of  opera,  on  view 
at  the  Bologna  Exhibition  (to  which  I  was  about 
to  go).  May  25th,  health  failing  ;  refers  me  to 
the  valuable  musical  MSS.  of  Sarti  in  47  cartelli 
at  Bologna  Exhibition.  This  was  his  last  letter 
to  me,  and  he  died,  to  my  great  regret,  on  the 
18th  of  the  following  month. 

Doubtless  I  retain  other  letters  from  my  old 
friend,  but  they  are  not  at  hand  ;  and  I  un- 
willingly sever  these  which  I  translate  from  the 
genial  and  gay  Tuscan  idiom  in  whicli  they  are 
written.  His  mastery  of  style  has  been  dwelt 
on  in  terms  of  admiration  by  Dupr^  the  sculptor, 
Delaborde,  Venturi,  Guasti,  Couder,  and  Baltar  ; 
equally  perfect  in  Italian  and  French,  which 
last  language  was  used  habitually  by  him  before 
and  after  the  return  of  his  people  from  Berlin, 
where  he  was  born,  and  in  France,  where  he  was 
long  resident. 

Siena,  July  1,  13S3. 
I  rejoice  to  hear  that  you  find  yourself  well 
lodged  in  that  Alpinesque  district  [Castel  del  Piano 
and  Monte  Amiata]  and  that  I  suggested  it  to  you  as 
a  lovely  summer  rilleggiatura.  Pity  that  some 
speculator  has  not  yet  thought  of  planting  a  comfort- 
able j>en.iion  there  !  I  wish  that  under  the  deep 
shade  of  those  time-worn  chestnut  trees  you  could 
stumble  on  a  lover  of  chess.  Perhaps  this  sign  of 
civilization  never  penetrated  there.  The  fine 
weather  will  favour  your  ascent  to  the  top  of  the 
beautiful  mountain,  clad  iu  abundant  foliage  of 
Alpine  beeches.  The  monstrous  pictures  of  Nasini 
(barocco  painter  of  the  Decadence)  are  still  hanging 
on  the  walls  of  the  church  of  S.  Francesco  ;  and 


200 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


haviug  now  resolved  to  restore  this  temple  to  its 
ancient  form,  we  don't  know  what  to  do  with  these 
interminable  canvases.  Ko  gallery  would  accept 
them,  even  as  a  gift.  I  have  not  jet  been  able  to  see 
Banchi,  and  hear  it  is  reported  that  the  visit  of  the 
King  and  Queen  Margarita  is  put  o£E  to  a  later 
period  [it  took  place  in  July,  1887].  I  do  not  yet 
know  if  the  publication  about  Pia  dei  Tolomei  is 
ready  to  be  issued,  or  whether  it  will  appear  in  a 
review,  or  be  printed  separately  ;  but  concerning 
this  I  will  write  again.  It  vexes  me  that  that 
villainous  journal  the  Lvpa  has  got  itself  circulated 
in  the  pure  surroundings  of  Monte  Amiata.  Tell 
those  good  men  of  the  hills  not  to  feed  on  such 
poisonous  substances. 

My  daughter  Luisa  [recently  married  to  Fraruchi, 
pupil  and  successor  of  Mussini]  acquires  every  day 
fresh  strength,  and  has  taken  two  carriage  drives, 
and  can  now  walk  a  short  distance.  My  daughters 
and  niece  send  you  their  best  regards.  I  will  give 
yours  to  our  friend  Seghieri.  Divert  yourself,  get  a 
full  supply  of  good  air,  and  let  me  have  further 
news  of  your  proceedings.  Suo  aff"""  L.  M. 

Siena,  July  15,  1884. 
I  have  received  with  great  pleasure  news  of  you ; 
expected  and  wished  for.  The  departure  of  your 
friends  will  leave  you  in  a  little  isolation,  but  you 
understand  how  to  occupy  yourself.  Moreover  the 
acquaintance  you  have  formed  with  the  Secretary 
of  the  Prefecture  [Perugia]  will  give  you  a  useful 
diversion,  inasmuch  as  man  (a  sociable  animal)  feels 
often  the  need  of  confabulating  with  his  kind.  I 
hear  also  with  pleasure  that  the  divine  Raphael 
affords  you  a  pleasing  occupation.    Our  poor  friend 

S is  rather  worse  than  better,  and  always  under 

dread  of  a  serious  calamity.  But  he  shows  proof  of 
much  strength  of  mind  and  courage.  I  go  to  see 
him  daily.  Yesterday  evening  we  all  went  to  the 
palace  of  the  new  Prefect.  His  ladies  are  very 
amiable.  He  does  not  care  to  play  at  chess,  saying 
that  he  is  too  weak— for  us  !  The  symptoms  you  now 
complain  of  are  probably  due  to  the  great  heat, 
•which  lowers  more  or  less  the  fibre  of  every  one  ; 
perhaps  you  would  do  well  to  seek  a  cooler  tem- 
perature among  the  mountains  [cholera  year  and  heat 
100°  Fahrenheit  in  shade  at  Perugia].  My  daughters 
and  Adelina  exchange  cordial  salutations  ;  to-night 
I  will  give  yours  to  Seghieri.  No  news  of  Capper. 
1  think  we  must  renounce  our  project  of  passing 
the  months  of  August  and  September  in  Genoa  and 
on  the  Riviera  ;  it  would  be  imprudent  to  approach 
the  French  frontier  while  the  cholera  lasts.  Give 
us  from  time  to  time  news  of  you,  always  accept- 
able to  Suo  affez'^o 

LuiGi  Mussini. 

Siena,  August  3,  1884. 

The  28th  of  last  month  our  poor  friend  S 

died,  five  days  after  uudergoing  amputation  of  the 
leg.  When  Prof.  Marcacci  saw  that  gangrene 
was  undoubtedly  hastening  his  death  he  advised 
a  consultation ;  and  Prof.  Landi  was  called  in 
from  Pisa.  The  result  was  the  amputation  was 
found  to  be  necessary.  The  invalid  consented  with 
great  courage.  First  he  wished  to  attend  to  his 
religious  duties,  and  it  was  supposed  that  his  last 
will  was  in  due  order.  But  it  is  nowhere  to  be 
found,  and  it  is  certain  that  it  was  never  made. 

Sole  heiress  therefore  is  Signora  G.  D His  two 

or  three  million  of  lire  would  have  enabled  him  to 
make  a  testament  in  favour  of  numerous  charitable 
objects  that  would  have  honoured  his  memory.  His 
not  having  so  acted  is  a  cause  of  much  murmuring 
in  the  city.  All  say  that  he  neither  knew  how  to 
live  well  nor  to  die  well.  Hence  his  friends  are 
much  grieved.  1  hope  you  got  my  letter  of  fifteen  or 
sixteen  days  ago.  Let  us  have  news  of  you.  I  have 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  Nicholls  and  family, 
settled  for  three  mouths  at  Villa  Sergardi,  Tor  Fioren- 
tina.  Many  visitors  are  staying  here,  and  there  is  a 
g.eat  demand  for  villas  in  the  environs  of  Siena, 
owing  to  the  cholera.  Salutes  from  my  family,  and 
a  grasp  of  the  hand  from    Suo  alEez™"  amico 

L.  Mussini. 

I  trust  that  the  above  letters  will  help  to 
show  the  amiable  character  of  IVIussiiiiin  i)riviite 
life,  as  his  letters  now  i)ublished,  exclusively 
upon  art,  do  his  public  career.  Mindful  tliat  I 
so  long  enjoyed  the  intimate  friendship  of  this 
galaiUiionw  and  artist,  I  am  glad  to  refer  others 
to  this  little  volume,  rich  with  the  accumulation 
of  a  lifetime  in  literary  and  art  experiences,  and 
compiled  for  general  use  by  the  filial  piety  of 
his  two  daughters,  who  themselves  inherit  the 
family  talent  for  sculpture,  music,  and  painting. 
William  Merceh. 


We  hear  of  the  death  of  Mr.  Alfred  Clarence 
Alais,  who  engraved  Landseer's  '  Hunter  and 
Cob,'  besides  many  pictures  by  popular  painters 
and  of  less  note  than  Sir  Edwin.  He  was  in 
his  sixtieth  year. 

Mr.  Hamo  Thornyckoft's  effigy  of  the  late 
Archbishop  Thomson,  the  leading  element  of 
the  tomb  of  that  prelate  which  Mr.  B(jdley  has 
erected  in  the  south  transept  of  York  Minster, 
has  just  been  unveiled. 

The  Mercers'  Company  has  promised  to  give 
the  tenth  picture  for  the  decoration  of  the  Royal 
Exchange. 

The  memorial  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's 
to  the  late  Mr.  Randolph  Caldecott,  wliich 
was  entrusted  to  Mr.  A.  Gilbert  for  execution, 
has  been  finished  and  put  in  its  place. 

The  time  has  surely  come  when  the  South 
Kensington  authorities  may  undo  that  capital 
error  which  caused  the  removal  of  the  col- 
lection of  casts  from  antique  sculptures  from 
a  hall  which  was  built  to  contain  them, 
and  where,  however  crowded  they  may  have 
been,  they  could  be  seen,  into  a  narrow, 
and  most  unsuitably  -  lighted  gallery,  where, 
when  seen  at  all,  they  are  badly  seen. 
By  all  means  put  the  tapestries  where  they  can 
be  seen,  when  such  a  place  is  available,  but 
to  make  antiquity  give  way  to  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  sort  of  culture  which  is  re- 
presented by  the  merely  decorative  craftsman- 
ship of  the  preceding  age  augurs  ill  for  the 
future  of  South  Kensington  as  an  establishment 
designed  to  elevate  the  taste  and  culture  of  the 
nation.  Let  the  educated  lover  of  art  con- 
ceive, if  he  can,  what  they  would  say  in  Paris 
if  the  authorities  of  the  Trocadero  Museum 
were  ousted  to  make  way  for  the  custodians 
of  the  Garde  Meuble.  Worse  than  this  has 
occurred  at  South  Kensington,  where  a  relatively 
small  collection  of  tapestries  and  the  like  now 
occupies  the  hall,  whereas  the  Garde  Meuble  is 
a  stupendous  aggregate  of  furniture  of  all  sorts, 
much  of  which  has  historical  as  well  as  personal 
associations  denied  to  our  pictures  in  needle- 
work. 

At  Eretria  the  American  School  has  discovered 
and  cleared  out  the  ancient  gymnasium  which 
lay  on  the  slopes  of  the  acropolis.  The  principal 
remains  recovered  are  a  splendid  bearded  head 
of  Dionysus,  of  archaistic  style ;  a  well-preserved 
head,  evidently  a  portrait  ;  and  several  inscrip- 
tions, for  the  most  part  of  the  second  and  first 
centuries  B.C.  The  excavation  of  the  theatre 
has  entirely  brought  to  light  the  orchestra,  the 
proscenium,  and  the  paradoi,  besides  six  com- 
plete rows  of  seats  in  the  cavea. 

At  Nemi,  on  the  Alban  Hills,  some  fresh 
researches  have  been  made  on  the  site  of  the 
temple  of  Diana  Nemorensis,  and  numerous 
reliefs,  inscriptions,  and  votive  vases  in  stone 
have  been  found. 

P^RE  Delattre  is  continuing  his  exploration 
of  the  Punic  necropolises  of  Carthage,  and  has 
already  examined  in  detail  the  contents  of  125 
tombs.  Two  of  them  are  remarkable.  One  is 
a  mask  in  painted  terra-cotta  of  peculiar  type 
and  sliape  of  the  beard.  The  face  is  oval,  and 
has  on  the  cheeks  short  whiskers,  the  chin  being 
closely  shaven  ;  the  hair  is  thick  and  crisp,  and 
covers  the  forehead  in  a  straight  line  ;  tlie  eyes 
have  black  pupils,  and  the  colour  of  the  skin  is 
a  deep  red.  The  mask  is  moreover  adorned  with 
bronze  earrings  in  the  shape  of  simple  rings. 
The  other  object  is  a  disc  of  terra-cotta  about 
ten  centimetres  in  diameter,  with  a  relief  repre- 
senting a  warrior  on  horseback  galloping  towards 
the  right,  lie  wears  a  helmet  with  lofty  crest, 
and  carries  a  lance  and  a  round  shield  orna- 
mented with  concentric  circles.  Beneatli  the 
body  of  the  horse  is  seen  a  dog,  also  running 
towards  the  right,  and  in  the  field  of  the  medal- 
lion is  on  the  right  a  lotus  flower,  and  on  the 


left  the  crescent  moon  with  the  horns  rising  and 
embracing  the  disc. 

M.  Gauckler  reports  from  Oudua,  in  Tunis, 
that  he  has  completely  disinterred  the  Roman 
town  discovered  by  him,  and  that  he  will  now 
be  able  to  examine  the  architectural  remains. 

We  hear  that  the  Royal  Academy  of  the  Fine 
Arts  of  Berlin  intends  celebrating  this  autumn 
the  eightieth  birthday  of  its  distinguished 
members,  the  marine  and  landscape  painter 
Andreas  Achenbach,  the  historical  painter 
Adolf  Menzel,  and  the  historical  and  portrait 
painter  J.  A.  Schrader.  The  first-named  was 
born  September  29th,  the  second  December  8th, 
and  the  third  June  16th,  1815.  An  exhibi- 
tion of  works  by  the  same  artists  will  be  con- 
nected with  the  remarkable  jubilee. 

The  excavations  and  researches  which  are 
now  being  made  at  Neuss  by  the  authorities  of 
the  Rhenish  Provincial  Museum  appear  to  be 
successful  beyond  expectation.  On  the  site  of 
the  Roman  Novfesium  the  foundations  of  a 
series  of  Roman  military  works  have  been  laid 
bare,  with  the  traces  of  the  ancient  baths.  In 
one  large  building  a  quantity  of  coins  and  other 
articles  of  the  age  of  the  first  Caesars  has  been 
found.  A  special  compartment  in  the  museum 
of  the  Rhine  Province  at  Bonn  is  to  be 
arranged  for  the  exhibition  of  the  portable 
objects  that  have  turned  up. 

Excavations  at  Florence  have  brought  to 
light,  between  the  palace  of  the  archbishop  and 
the  church  of  San  Giovanni,  the  foundations  of 
a  Roman  gate.  Near  the  church  there  has  further 
been  found  a  Roman  pavement  in  pietra  dura. 

The  City  of  Paris  is  proposing  to  have  brought 
to  Paris  the  remains  of  Louis  David,  who  died 
in  Brussels  in  1825,  and  whose  body  the  ministers 
of  Charles  X.  refused  to  allow  David's  son  to 
bring  to  France,  as  the  great  painter  had  been 
a  Conventionnel.  His  heart  is  already  buried 
at  Pere  la  Chaise. 

The  Times  announces  the  death,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven  years,  of  M.  Gabriel  Auguste  Ancelet, 
the  distinguished  French  architect,  who,  born  in 
Paris,  gained  the  Prix  de  Rome  in  1851,  a 
Mddaille  d'Honneur  in  1867,  and  a  Gold  Medal 
in  1869,  and  was  elected  Membre  de  I'lnstitut 
in  1892.  He  entered  the  Legion  of  Honour  in 
1867.,  In  1873  he  was  appointed  a  professor  in 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts,  and  continued  to  act 
in  that  capacity  until  of  late.  His  most  im- 
portant building  in  Paris  is  the  new  Musde  des 
Arts  et  Metiers. 

The  Grand  Prix  de  Rome  for  this  year  has 
been  awarded  to  M.  Gaston  Lare'e,  a  pupil  of 
M.  Bonnat,  Avho  produced  the  most  acceptable 
work  representing  '  The  Holy  Women  at  the 
Foot  of  the  Cross.'  The  Second  Prix  de  Rome 
has  fallen  to  M.  Albert  Laurens,  son  of  M.  J.  P. 
Laurens,  and  a  pupil  of  M.  Benjamin-Constant 
and  M.  Cormon. 

It  is  reported  that  the  Due  d'Aumale  has 
arranged  to  buy  from  his  nephew,  the  Due 
d 'Orleans,  the  world-renowned  Chateau  d'Am- 
boise,  which  was  restored  by  Viollet-le-Duc. 
The  former  intends,  it  is  said,  to  appropriate 
the  building  as  a  place  of  retreat  for  some  of 
his  companions  in  arms  during  the  African  wars 
of  Louis  Philippe,  and  after  the  last  of  these 
warriors  has  joined  the  majority,  to  give  the 
chateau  to  the  city  of  Amboise. 

The  Must'e  de  Cluny  has  obtained  the 
famous  reliquary  in  Limoges  enamel  which 
originally  held  the  bones  of  St.  Valeria.  It 
is  a  magnificent  and  elaborate  example, 
measures  26  cent,  high  by  15  cent,  wide,  is 
enriched  with  a  figure  of  the  virgin  martyr 
seated  upon  a  throne,  holding  her  head  in 
her  hand,  and  wearing  a  sumptuously  coloured 
and  mucli  jewelled  dress,  including  a  mantle. 
The  head,  repoMsse  and  chiselled,  is  in  high 
relief.  Other  figures,  including  that  of  St.  Martial 
of  Limoges,  add  to  the  interest  of  this  relic. 


N"  3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


201 


The  Gazette  des  Beaux- Arts  (Paris,  Rue 
Favart)  is  about  to  publish  '  La  Table  alpha- 
b^tique  et  raisonn^e  (noms,  matieres,  gravures) 
des  Volumes  de  la  Gazette,'  1881-1892.  This 
useful  book  of  reference  to  the  contents  of 
our  distinguished  contemporary  has  been  com- 
piled by  M.  P.  Teste,  of  the  Bibliothfeque 
Nationale. 

The  Gazette  des  Beaux-Arts  for  the  current 
month  contains  a  very  important  and  interest- 
ing notice,  by  M.  Heron  de  Villefosse,  of  the 
Institut,  describing,  with  various  illustrations, 
the  remarkable  articles  of  silver  which  were  dis- 
covered at  Bosco  Reale.  All  the  more  ancient 
vases  date  after  79  B.C.,  and  they  mark  the 
later  years  of  the  Republic  and  the  earlier  epoch 
of  the  Empire,  and  most  of  them  are  the  work, 
says  M.  Villefosse,  of  Greek  artists  ;  some  of 
them  are  in  pairs,  of  the  same  size  and  the  same 
decorations  ;  about  a  dozen  examples  are  utensils 
of  the  table,  such  as  cups  and  plates.  One  of 
the  most  important  objects  is  a  large  vessel, 
0'225m.  in  diameter,  decoi-ated  with  a  rondel 
enclosing  the  bust  of  a  woman  of  exquisite  exe- 
cution and  high  finish,  and  alleged  to  symbolize 
the  city  of  Alexandria.  The  treasure  of  Bosco 
Reale  is  said  to  rank,  as  to  its  importance,  next 
after  those  which  were  unearthed  at  Bernay 
and  Hildesheim. 


MUSIC 


ITALIAN   MUSIC. 

Masters  of  Italian  Music.  By  R.  A.  Streat- 
feild.  (Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) — This  is  a 
companion  volume  to  those  entitled  masters  of 
English,  French,  and  German  music  respectively, 
which  we  have  already  noticed,  and  the  com- 
posers whom  the  author  has  selected  for  main 
reference  are  Verdi,  Boito,  Mascagni,  Puccini, 
and  Leoncavallo.  Against  this  choice  there  is 
nothing  to  be  said,  nor  can  we  cavil  at  the  state- 
ments that  for  many  years  past  music  in  Italy 
has  meant  opera  and  opera  alone,  and  that  in 
England  it  has  always  been  more  or  less  an 
exotic.  Sound  judgment  is  shown  in  the  essays 
on  the  musicians  named,  but  we  are  unable  to 
agree  with  some  of  the  opinions.  Leoncavallo 
is  ''nothing  of  a  melodist."  "  '  Pagliacci  '  is 
full  of  reminiscences,  and  many  of  the  tunes 
are  palpably  second  -  hand  articles.  He  has 
appropriated,  quite  unconsciously,  'When  other 
lips  '  as  his  love  motive. "  True,  the  tirst  four 
notes  are  identical  as  regards  intervals,  but  the 
rhythm  is  quite  different,  and  subsequently 
there  is  no  resemblance  whatever.  On  '  I 
Medici '  Mr.  Streatfeild  is  very  severe,  but  as 
the  score  is  not  before  us  we  can  neither 
acquiesce  in  nor  condemn  his  opinions.  This 
at  least  may  be  said,  tliat  for  the  most  part  his 
criticism  is  intelligent,  and  that  his  statements 
as  to  facts  are,  so  far  as  we  have  tested  them, 
strictly  accurate.  The  volume  closes  with  some 
brief  notices  of  other  composers,  namely,  Sgam- 
])ati,  Bazzini,  and  Mancinelli.  It  also  contains 
facsimiles  and  well-executed  portraits. 

Letters  of  a  Baritone.  By  Francis  Walker- 
(Heinemann.)— This  is  a  chatty  volume  of  letters 
written  from  Florence  to  the  author's  sister, 
while  he  was  studying  vocal  art  in  Italy. 
Naturally  influenced  by  his  environment,  he 
regards  the  Italian  method  as  the  only  true 
method  of  vocalization.  He  avers  that  "  there 
is  no  need  of  discussing  French  or  German 
schools  of  singing.  It  would  be  quite  as  well 
to  speak  of  Norwegian,  Irish,  or  American 
methods."  In  these  remarks  he  is  justified, 
for  although  there  are  good  teachers  of  .'■inging 
in  many  countries,  they  derive  all  tliat  is 
purest  in  the  matter  of  voice  production  from 
the  Italian  school.  The  book  is  readable,  and 
may  be  perused  with  pleasure  and  profit  by 
vocal  students. 


THE    PROVINX'IAL   FESTIVALS. 

There  will  be  three  of  these  gatherings  during 
the  coming  autumn,  all  of  more  than  average 
interest.  'The  first  is  the  Festival  of  the  Three 
Choirs,  which  will  be  held  at  Gloucester  on 
September  10th,  11th,  12th,  and  13th.  The 
various  programmes  are  arranged  as  follows  : 
Tuesday  morning,  'Elijah.'  Evening,  Mozart's 
'  Requiem '  ;  Beethoven's  Symphony  in  c, 
No.  1  ;  and  Purcell's  Te  Deum  in  d.  Wed- 
nesday morning,  Schumann's  Symphony  in  d 
minor  and  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  oratorio  '  King 
Saul.'  Evening  (in  the  Shire  Hall),  an  or- 
chestral suite  by  Grieg  ;  the  first  perform- 
ance of  a  Fantasia  in  A  minor  for  pianoforte  and 
orchestra,  by  Miss  Rosalind  Ellicott,  to  be 
played  by  Miss  Sybil  Palliser  ;  a  selection  of 
glees  by  the  Bristol  Orpheus  Glee  Society 
under  Mr.  George  Riseley  ;  and  an  orchestral 
suite  by  Mr.  Edward  German.  Thursday  morn- 
ing, Brahms's  '  Song  of  Destiny  ';  '  The  Trans- 
figuration,' a  church  cantata,  composed  for  the 
festival  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen,  and  personally 
conducted  (the  words  have  been  compiled  and 
written  by  Mr.  Joseph  Bennett)  ;  a  Concerto  in 
F  minor  for  organ  and  orchestra  by  Dr.  C.  H. 
Lloyd,  also  written  for  the  festival,  and  to  be 
conducted  by  the  composer  ;  and  Beethoven's 
Mass  in  c.  Evening,  'A  Dedication,'  church 
cantata  by  Mr.  C.  Lee  Williams,  composed  for 
the  festival,  the  words  selected  from  the  Bible 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Bennett  ;  Schiitz's  '  Lamentatio 
Davidi '  ;  and  Mendelssohn's  '  Lobgesang.' 
Friday  morning,  'The  Messiah';  and  in  the 
evening  a  special  service  in  the  nave  of  the 
cathedi'al,  including  a  new  setting  of  the  Magni- 
ficat and  Nunc  Dimittis  in  c,  by  Mr.  Brewer  ; 
Mendelssohn's  '  Hear  my  Prayer  ';  and  a  Haydn 
symphony.  The  principal  vocalists  engaged  are 
Mesdames  Albani,  Anna  Williams,  Medora 
Henson,  Beatrice  Gough,  Hilda  Wilson,  Jessie 
King,  Katherine  Fisk,  and  Franklin  Higgs ; 
together  with  Messrs.  Edward  Lloyd,  Ben 
Davies,  Watkin  Mills,  Andrew  Black,  and 
David  Bispham.  Mr.  G.  R.  Sinclair  will  preside 
at  the  organ,  assisted  by  Mr.  Hugh  Blair  and 
Dr.  Done.  Mr.  C.  Lee  Williams  will  be  con- 
ductor, and  Mr.  A.  Burnett  leader  of  the  band, 
which  will  consist  of  59  performers.  The  chorus 
will  number  about  270,  and  will  consist  entirely 
of  West-Country  vocalists  from  the  three  shires 
and  Bristol. 

The  next  meeting  is  at  Cardift',  on  September 
18th,  19th,  20th,  and  21st.  Encouraged  by 
the  friendly  criticisms  passed  on  the  festival  of 
1892,  the  committee  have  drawn  up  a  very  strong 
programme  this  year,  the  only  disappointment 
being  the  non-appearance  of  Antonin  Dvorak, 
who  it  was  hoped  would  be  present  to  conduct 
a  new  work  from  his  own  pen.  Here  is  the 
scheme  as  at  present  arranged  : — Wednesday 
morning,  M.  Tinel's  oratorio  'St.  Francis,' 
under  the  composer's  direction  ;  and  Wag- 
nerian selections.  Evening,  Mendelssohn's  '  St. 
Paul.'  Thursday  morning,  Verdi's 'Requiem ';  a 
new  Pindaric  ode,  '  The  Bard,'  by  Prof.  Villiers 
Stanford,  conducted  by  the  composer  ;  Mozart's 
Symphony  in  a  minor  ;  and  a  new  cantata, 
composed  for  the  festival,  entitled  '  The  Psalm 
of  Life,'  by  Mr.  David  Jenkins,  also  to  be  con- 
ducted by  the  composer.  Evening,  Berlioz's 
'  Faust.'  Friday  morning,  Spohr's  '  Last  Judg- 
ment'; suite  from  the  incidental  music  to  'The 
Tempter,'  by  Mr.  E.  German  ;  Mendelssohn's 
'Hear  my  Prayer';  and  Beethoven's  'Choral' 
Symphony.  Evening,  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's 
oratorio  'The  Light  of  the  World,'  conducted 
by  the  composer.  Saturday  morning,  '  The 
Messiah  ';  and  evening,  a  miscellaneous  concert 
at  cheap  ])rices.  Tlie  leading  singers  secured 
are  Mesdatnes  Albani,  Ella  Russell,  Florence 
Oliver,  and  Clara  Butt,  with  Me.ssrs.  Ben 
Davies,  Wliitney  Mockridge,  Watkin  Mills, 
Phuiket  (irccne,  Ffrangcon  Davies,  and 
Douglas  Powell.  Sir  Joseph  Barnby  will 
be   the   principal   conductor,    and    Mr.    Alfred 


Burnett  will  be  the  leader  of  the  orchestra, 
which  will  consist  of  77  performers.  The 
chorus,  drawn  exclusively  from  Cardifi",  will 
number  upwards  of  250  vocalists. 

The  last  of  the  series  is  the  Leeds  celebration, 
which  is  fixed  for  October  2nd,  3rd,  4th,  and 
5th.  The  Prince  of  Wales  has  notified  to  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  his  intention  to  be  present  at 
the  first  three  concerts.  On  Wednesday  morning 
'The  Messiah'  will  be  given,  and  the  occasion  will 
be  interesting,  as  Handel's  masterpiece  has  not 
been  included  in  a  Leeds  festival  programme 
since  1874.  The  evening  programme  will  be 
varied,  including  Weber's  '  Der  Freischiitz ' 
Overture  ;  a  new  '  Invocation  to  Music,'  written 
for  the  festival  by  Dr.  Hubert  Parry  ;  Mozart's 
'  Jupiter  '  Symphony  ;  and  Mendelssohn's  'First 
Walpurgis  Night.'  The  other  fixtures  are  as 
under  :  Thursday  morning,  Mendelssohn's 
'  Italian  '  Symphony  and  Wagner's  opera  '  The 
Flying  Dutchman.'  Evening,  parts  i.  and  ii.  of 
Bach's  'Christmas  Oratorio';  an  orchestral 
suite  in  d  minor,  written  for  the  festival  by 
Mr.  E.  German  ;  Chopin's  Pianoforte  Concerto 
in  E  minor,  and  Rossini's  Overture  to  '  Guillaume 
Tell.'  Friday  morning,  Dvorak's  '  Stabat 
Mater';  Weber's  '  Concertstiick  '  for  pianoforte  ; 
the  new  lyric,  'The  Forsaken  Merman,'  by 
A.  Somervell  ;  Schumann's  '  Nachtstiick  '  ; 
Liszt's  Twelfth  Hungarian  Rhapsody ;  and  a 
ballet  suite  from  Gounod's  'La  Reine  de  Saba.' 
Evening,  parts  i.  and  ii.  of  Schumann's  cantata 
'  Paradise  and  the  Peri ';  a  new  symphonic  poem, 
'Visions,'  written  for  the  festival  by  M. 
Massenet ;  and  Wesley's  setting  of  the  114th 
Psalm,  "In  exitu  Israel."  Saturday  morning, 
Beethoven's  Mass  in  d  ;  Schumann's  Symphony 
in  B  flat.  No.  1  ;  and  Mendelssohn's  setting  of 
the  42nd  Psalm,  "As  the  hart  pants."  Even- 
ing, 'The  Creation,' part  i.,  and  'The  Golden 
Legend.'  The  principal  vocalists  named  are 
Mesdames  Albani,  Hilda  Wilson,  Macintyre, 
Sarah  Berry,  Marian  McKenzie,  and  Medora 
Henson  ;  and  Messrs.  Lloyd,  Norman  Salmond, 
Ben  Davies,  Andrew  Black,  Watkin  Mills, 
Hirwen  Jones,  and  David  Bispham.  Herr 
Emil  Sauer  will  be  the  pianist,  and  the  festival 
will  be  conducted  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan. 


With  the  exception  of  two  new  tenors, 
Messrs.  Piero  Gherardi  and  Arthur  Marzani, 
the  troupe  engaged  for  the  present  season  of 
the  Royal  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company  is  mainly 
composed  of  well-known  artists.  The  official 
list  is  headed  with  the  names  of  Miss  Ella 
Russell  and  Mile.  Zelie  de  Lussan,  and  it 
is  understood  that  Miss  Russell  will,  in  the 
course  of  the  tour,  sing  for  the  first  time  the 
role  of  Sieglinde  in  an  English  version  of  '  Die 
Walkiire.'  Among  the  other  artists  are 
Mesdames  Julia  Lennox,  Emma  Romeldi, 
Minnie  Hunt,  Florence  Graham,  Lily  Heenan, 
and  Harwood  ;  Messrs.  Pringle,  Paull,  Alec 
Marsh,  Wheeler,  Winckworth,  Ludwig,  Lind, 
Wood,  O'SuUivan,  Tilbury,  and  McGuckin. 
Mr.  Ludwig  will  no  doubt  sustain  his  old  rule 
of  Vanderdecken  in  the  projected  revival  of 
'The  Flying  Dutchman.'  Mr.  Brooklyn  will 
be  stage  manager  ;  and  Messrs.  Ja(iuin()t  and 
Eckhold,  the  latter  a  musician  from  Mayence, 
will  be  conductors. 

Madame  Albaxi  will  return  from  her  holiday 
at  Mont  Dore  for  the  Gloucester  Festival  rehear- 
sals early  next  month  ;  and  on  October  21st  she 
will  commence  at  Aberdeen  a  lengthy  tour  of  the 
])rovinces,  her  party  including  Miss  Clara  Butt, 
Messrs.  Wolft",  Hoi  man,  and  Pugno.  The  tour 
as  at  present  arranged  will  end  at  Torquay  on 
December  7th,  and  two  days  later  an  extra 
concert  will  be  given  in  London. 

Herr  Mokitz  Rosexthal,  one  of  the  piano- 
forte (k'hutants  of  last  season,  has  been  engaged 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Chappell  for  the  Poj)ular  Con- 
certs, where  he  will  play  on  Monday,  November 


202 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


18th,  and  Saturday,  November  30th.  These 
engagements  are,  of  course,  quite  independent 
of  his  pianoforte  recitals,  which  will  take  place 
at  St.  James's  Hall  on  the  afternoons  of  October 
30th,  November  13th,  and  December  9th. 

M.  Alvarez  has  enjoyed  only  a  short  holiday 
since  the  close  of  the  Covent  Garden  season,  as 
he  was  announced  on  Monday  to  make  his 
reappearance  in  the  part  of  Lohengrin  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  Paris.  About  a  fortnight  hence 
Madame  Calve  also  will  reappear  at  the  Ope'ra 
Comique,  when  M.  Massenet's  '  La  Navarraise, ' 
which  has  already  been  given  during  two 
seasons  in  London,  will  be  produced  for  the 
first  time  in  Paris.  Madame  Melba  has  given 
a  promise  to  the  Director  of  the  Grand  Ope'ra, 
Paris,  to  sing  the  part  of  Ophelia  in  '  Hamlet ' 
on  her  return  from  the  United  States  next 
spring,  before  she  comes  to  London. 

Hekb  Fkiedrich  Lux  recently  died  at 
Mayence  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Friedrich  Schneider  at  Dessau, 
where  he,  as  a  young  man,  produced  three 
operas.  His  fame  was,  however,  chiefly  gained 
at  Mayence,  where,  from  1851  to  1877,  he  was 
conductor  at  the  Stadttheater.  He  likewise 
enjoyed  much  celebrity  as  an  organist.  He  was 
the  author  of  transcriptions  for  pianoforte  duet 
of  the  nine  symphonies  of  Beethoven,  and  he 
likewise  composed  a  symphony,  a  Mass,  a  string 
quartet,  and  a  quantity  of  organ  and  pianoforte 
music. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Milan,  at  the  age 
of  eighty-two,  of  the  once  famous  operatic 
soprano  Teresa  Brambilla.  During  the  first  part 
of  the  century  there  were  no  fewer  than  five  of 
the  Brambilla  sisters  who  gained  some  sort  of 
fame.  The  most  celebrated  was  Marietta,  the 
contralto,  who  sang  Arsace  in  '  Semiramide  ' 
and  other  parts  here  in  1846.  Teresa  Brambilla, 
however,  was  the  original  Gilda  at  the  first  per- 
formance of  Verdi's  '  Rigoletto  '  at  the  Fenice, 
Venice,  in  1851.  She  also  sang  for  many  years 
in  Spain  and  Paris,  but  for  a  long  time  she  had 
been  in  retirement. 

The  first  contest  under  the  Rubinstein 
bequest  will  take  place  at  Berlin  on  the  20th 
inst.  It  is  a  condition  of  this  legacy  that  an 
international  congress  shall  assemble  once  every 
five  years  in  different  continental  cities,  when 
a  prize  will  be  offered  for  the  best  pianoforte 
concerto,  which  must  be  performed  by  the 
composer.  One  of  Rubinstein's  symphonies  is 
also  to  be  included  in  each  programme.  Berlin 
has  been  chosen  for  the  first  of  these  contests, 
which  five  years  hence  will  be  held  at  Vienna, 
and  in  1905  in  Paris. 

The  subscription  for  a  monument  to  Donizetti 
at  Bergamo  has,  according  to  II  Trovatore, 
nearly  reached  1,200L  It  is  rather  late,  how- 
ever, for  paying  a  tribute  of  this  kind  to  the 
memory  of  the  composer  of  '  Lucrezia  Borgia  ' 
and  '  La  Favorita. ' 

We  regret  to  hear  that  Dr.  Karl  Reinecke, 
the  distinguished  Director  of  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus-Concerto,  has  been  obliged  to  retire 
from  his  post  on  account  of  ill  health. 

DRAMA 


THE    ELIZABETHAN    DRAMA. 

!77ie  W(j7-1:s  of  John  Ford.  Dycc's  Revision  of 
Gifford's  Edition.  Reissue.  (Lawrence  &Bullen.) 
— It  has  been  a  practice  too  common  among  pu)>- 
lishers,  on  acquiring  the  remainder  copies  of  a 
work  originally  issued  by  another  firm,  to  substi- 
tute for  its  title  one  of  their  own,  with  the  result, 
if  not  with  the  purpose,  of  deluding  tlie  public 
into  the  >)elief  that  they  were  being  offered  a 
new  edition.  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen,  we  are 
glad  to  notice,  are  superior  to  this  petty  and, 
to  bil)liograi)hers,  irritating  deception.  They 
give,  of  course,  their  own  title-page,  but  it  is  in 
addition  to,  not  as  a  substitute  for,  the  original ; 


that  title  is  preserved,  and  the  reader  knows 
that  he  has  before  him  the  edition  published 
by  Toovey  in  1869 — the  best  edition  of  Ford's 
plays  and  poems  that  has  yet  been  published, 
and  Dyce's  last  contribution  to  our  ancient 
dramatic  literature.  It  is  strange  to  think  that 
a  work  of  this  excellence  should  have  been 
lying  by  so  many  years  uncalled  for  in  the 
publisher's  warehouse,  and  we  welcome  its 
resuscitation.  As  a  mere  reissue,  however,  it 
would  scarcely  claim  notice  in  our  columns,  but 
it  is  rendered  interesting  by  the  important 
addition  to  it  of  a  reprint  of  the  excessively 
rare  tract — written  by  that  reverend  minister  of 
the  Word  of  God,  Henry  Goodcole,  the  Newgate 
Ordinary,  and  published  in  1621— relating  to  the 
conviction  and  execution  of  Mother  Sawyer, 
who  figures  so  largely  in  the  tragi-comedy  of 
'  The  Witch  of  Edmonton,'  by  Rowley,  Dekker, 
and  Ford.  Neither  Gifford  nor  Dyce  had  been 
able  to  obtain  a  sight  of  this  tract ;  Mr.  A.  H. 
Bullen  prefaces  it  with  a  note  in  which  he  points 
out  how  freely  the  dramatists  had  availed  them- 
selves of  this  account  of  a  "known  true  story  " 
in  their  production  of  one  of  the  most  interesting 
dramas  of  the  Jacobean  period. 

The  Plays  of  William  ShaJcesjieare  :  Memorial 
Theatre  Edition.  Edited  by  C.  E.  Flower. 
8  vols.  (Midland  Educational  Co.)— The  late 
Mr.  Flower,  so  well  known  in  connexion  with 
Shakspeare's  birthplace,  commenced  this  edi- 
tion in  1880  with  no  idea  of  making  it  more 
than  a  collection  of  such  of  the  plays  as  would 
be  likely  to  be  acted  on  the  stage  of  the 
Memorial  Theatre  at  Stratford  -  on  -  Avon. 
Gradually  he  extended  his  scheme  to  include 
all  the  plays.  Each  play  was  and  still  is  pub- 
lished separately,  but  they  are  now  gathered 
into  the  eight  volumes  before  us.  Mr. 
Flower's  object  was  to  provide  what  may  be 
called  an  acting  edition,  especially  adapted  for 
playgoers,  amateur  performances,  and  reading 
parties.  With  this  object  in  view,  scenes  and 
passages  which  may  be  or  which  are  usually 
omitted  on  the  stage  are  printed  in  a  smaller 
type,  and  foot-notes  indicate  such  transpositions 
of  scenes  and  speeches  as  have  been  made  in 
acting  versions.  Also  it  should  be  stated  that 
words  and  passages  which  are  considered  to  be 
at  variance  with  modern  notions  of  delicacy 
have  been  either  softened  down  or  entirely 
omitted  ;  it  is  in  fact  a  "  Bowdlerized  "  edition  ; 
it  makes  no  claim  to  literary  or  critical  preten- 
sions, nor  does  it  much  invite  criticism.  Pos- 
sibly it  will  find  a  public  of  its  own,  and  fulfil 
the  purpose  its  editor  had  in  view.  The  volumes 
are  without  date  of  publication. 

Mermaid  Series. — Tlie  Best  Flays  of  Ben  Jonson. 
3  vols.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — The  first  volume  of 
this  selection  was  issued,  without  date,  in  the 
first  half  of  1893,  edited — so  says  its  title-page 
— by  Brinsley  Nicholson,  M.D.,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  C.  H.  Herfoid.  We  have  delayed 
noticing  it  till  now  in  expectation  of  the  second 
and  third  volumes,  which  were  to  complete  the 
work  ;  they  are  now  before  us,  dated  respec- 
tively 1894  and  1895  ;  the  whole  selection  con- 
sisting of  nine  plays.  Dr.  Nicholson's  name 
appears  on  the  cover  of  the  second  volume,  but 
not  on  its  title-page  ;  while  in  the  third  volume 
no  intimation  at  all  is  given  as  to  its  editor. 
On  examination  we  find  that  the  texts  of  these 
two  volumes  are  reproduced  from  Gilford's 
edition  of  Jonson's  works  ;  the  2)refaces  to 
each  i)lay  are  also  his,  and  the  few  brief  notes 
given  are  abridged  from  those  in  his  edition. 
It  would  be  rather  late  in  the  daj'  to  enter  on  a 
discussion  of  the  merits  or  demerits  of  Gifford's 
recension  of  Jonson's  text,  and  we  shall  there- 
fore C(jnfine  the  few  remarks  we  have  to  make 
to  the  first  volume  of  tliis  selection.  Dr. 
Nicholson,  it  is  well  known,  was  to  have  edited 
the  whole  nurnl)(.'r  of  jilays  chosen,  and  those 
who  knew  him  believed  that  so  far  as  it  de- 
pended on  him  he  had  completed  his  task  long 
before  his  death,  which  took  place  in   Septem- 


ber, 1892  ;  but  we  doubt  whether  he  ever  saw 
any  part  of  his  work  in  print,  or  had  any  oppor- 
tunity of  revising  proofs.  We  cannot  otherwise 
account  for  some  of  the  laches  which  his  text 
and  notes  exhibit.  Misprints  such  as  "  be- 
sprawls  "  for  hespaivls,  "wasn't  it"  for  was't 
I,  "dupter  "  for  Jupiter,  though  fortunately  not 
numerous,  are  such  as  could  hardly  have  escaped 
his  editorial  supervision  ;  but  Nicholson  had 
especially  set  himself  to  restore  the  contractions 
— such  as  "  ha'  "  for  have,  "  'hem  "  for  i/iein,  &c. 
— which  Jonson  affected  in  familiar  dialogue, 
but  which  Gifford  almost  invariably  expanded. 
Instances  in  which  this  restoration  has  been 
neglected  are  far  too  numerous.  This  is 
especially  noticeable  in  Tucca's  speeches  in 
'The  Poetaster.'  It  is  a  peculiarity  of  this 
skeldering  captain  nearly  always  to  contract 
gentle  to  "  gent,"  as  "  gent'man  "  for  gentleman, 
"  gent'ness  "  for  gentleness.  Gifford  would  not 
allow  him  thisfreedom, and  his  "corrections"  have 
in  several  instances  been  allowed  to  stand.  Dr. 
Nicholson's  notes  are  numerous,  but  so  severely 
concise  as  sometimes  to  be  obscure  ;  and  they 
have  suffered  further  by  imperfect  printing, 
as  shown  in  numerous  dropped  or  blurred 
letters  and  numbers.  The  work  will  scarcely 
satisfy  students  of  Jonson's  texts,  and,  under 
the  circumstances  of  the  case,  it  might,  perhaps, 
have  been  better  to  recur  frankly,  as  in  the  last 
two  volumes,  to  Gifford's  edition.  A  well-written 
and  appreciative  notice  of  Jonson  and  his  work, 
by  Prof.  C.  H.  Herford,  occupies  the  first  sixty 
pages  of  vol.  i.,  to  which  also  is  prefixed  Gerard 
Honthorst's  well-known  portrait  of  the  poet. 
In  vol.  ii.  Burbage's  portrait,  as  one  of  the 
actors  in  several  of  Jonson's  plays,  finds  a  place; 
and  in  vol.  iii.  what  professes  to  be  a  portrait 
of  William  Cartwright  forms  the  frontispiece. 
Why  Cartwright  should  be  seleeted  for  this 
position  from  among  the  many  "sons"  of  old 
Ben  is  not  clear  to  us  ;  but  if  chosen  his  portrait 
should  at  least  be  authentic,  and  we  very  much 
doubt  that  being  the  case  in  this  instance. 
Cartwright  died  in  1643  at  the  age  of  about 
thirty  ;  this  portrait,  the  original  of  which  is  at 
Dulwich,  represents  a  man  of  at  least  fifty,  and 
in  the  huge  periwig  of  Charles  II. 's  time  ;  cer- 
tainly it  bears  not  the  remotest  resemblance  to 
the  portrait  of  Cartwright  prefixed  to  the  volume 
of  his  plays  and  poems  published  in  1651. 


MARY   ARDEN  S   ARMS. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  concerning 
Shakspeare's  descent  from  the  Ardens  of  Park 
Hall,  and,  through  them,  from  the  heroes  of 
national  legend.  In  some  of  the  objections 
brought  forward  against  his  assumed  pedigree, 
prejudice  has  been  treated  as  proof,  and  opinion 
as  reasoning.  The  critical  strictures  are  best 
summed  up  in  NichoUs's  Herald  and  Genealogist, 
1863,  vol.  i.  p.  510,  and  in  Notes  and  Queries, 
3rd  Series,  vol.  v.  p.  493  :  (1)  That  the  relation- 
ship  is  imaginary  and  impossible,  and  those  who 
assert  it  in  error.  (2)  That  the  Ardens  were 
connected  with  nobility,  while  Robert  Arden 
wag  styled  "husbandman."  (3)  That  the  heralds 
knew  the  claim  was  unfounded  when  they 
scratched  out  the  arms  of  Arden  of  Park  Hall, 
and  inserted  the  arms  of  Arden  of  Alvanley,  in 
Cheshire.  Though  this  was  equally  unjustifi- 
able, the  family  being  further  off,  there  was  less 
likeliiiood  of  complaint. 

French  in  his  '  Shakcspeareana  Genealogica,' 
p.  431,  et  seq.,  opposes  these  statements  by 
others  ;  and  the  interesting  reproduction  of 
the  drafts  and  patents  of  Shakspeare's  arms, 
with  the  accompanying  letterpress  by  Mr. 
Stephen  Tucker,  Somerset  Herald,  puts 
a  student  in  a  position  to  estimate  them 
at  their  true  worth.  (See  Miscdl.  Geneal.  et 
Herald.,  188(5,  Ser.  11.  vol.  i.  p.  109.)  I  would 
iKJW  bring  forward  some  arguments  which  may 
act  as  cumulative  evidence  to  determine  wavering 
ojjinion  on  the  ([uestion. 

Dugdale's  table  shows  that  Walter  Arden 
married  Eleanor,   daughter  of  John   Hampden, 


N^SSST,  Aug.  10, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


203 


of  Hamiiden,  in  co.  Bucks,  and  had,  besides 
his  eldest  son  and  heir  Sir  John,  esquire  of 
the  body  to  Henry  VII.,  five  sons,  Martin, 
Thomas,  Robert,  Henry,  William,  Martin  being 
placed  as  the  second  son,  and  Thomas  as  the 
third.  But  Thomas  is  given  as  second  son  and 
Martin  the  third  in  Harl.  MS.  1107,  from  which 
the  visitation  is  publislied.  (Compare  Harl. 
853,  ff.  113-lU;  1110,  f.  24  b;  1563,  f.  5,  f.  39  ; 
Harl.  2011,  ff.  64b,  65,  f.  75.) 

The  will  of  Walter  Arden  in  1502  (31  July,  17 
Hen.  VII.)  at  Doctors'  Commons  proves  that  at 
that  date  he  had  a  son  Thomas,  named  second 
in  order.  "Thomas  Arden  and  John  Charnells,* 
Squires,"  attest  the  document.  (See  French, 
p.  452.) 

"I  will  that  my  Sonne  Thomas  have  dureing  his 
lief  X  marcs  whiche  I  have  given  to  him.  And  that 
my  Sonne  Martiu  have  the  Maner  of  Nattield  dureing 
his  lief  according  as  I  thereof  made  hym  estate  yf  it 
canne  be  recorded,  And  yf  not,  thenne  I  will  that 
the  same  Martyn  and  every  of  my  other  sonnes, 
Eob',  Henry,  and  William,  have  eche  of  them  v 
marcs  by  yere  duryng  eche  of  ther  lifes.  And  that 
my  feoffees  of  my  landes  make  eche  of  them  a  suffi- 
cient astate  of  landes  and  tenements  to  the  yearely 
value  of  v  marcs  duryng  eche  of  their  lifes." 

This  is  an  income  too  small  for  a  younger 
brother  to  live  on,  even  in  those  days,  and  we 
must  imagine  that  the  father  had  either  placed 
them,  married  them  well,  or  endowed  them  in 
some  way  during  his  life.  He  could  not  be 
expected  to  do  much.  His  father  Robert  had 
spent  his  substance  in  the  Wars  of  the  Rcses, 
and  was  brought  to  the  block  in  30  Hen.  VI. 
(1452).  Park  Hall  would  be  forfeited  to  the 
Crown  and  its  acres  impoverished.  When  Walter 
Arden  was  restored  by  Edward  IV.  he  would 
probably  be  encumbered  by  debt,  and  his  large 
family  (for  there  were  daughters  also)  further 
limited  his  powers.  This  may  help  to  account 
for  the  smallness  of  the  legacies.  Thomas, 
being  the  second  son,  miglit  have  had  some- 
thing from  his  mother  or  her  kin.  This  same 
Thomas  was  alive  in  1520,  for  Sir  John  Arden 
then  wills  that  his  brothers  "  Thomas,  Martin, 
and  Robert  should  have  their  fees  during  their 
lives."  We  may,  therefore,  suppose  that  Henry 
and  William  had  meanwhile  died.  It  is  probable 
that  William  had  gone  to  reside  at  Hawnes,  in 
Bedfordshire,  as  one  bearing  his  name  and  arms 
appeared  in  that  place  about  his  time. 

Seeing  that  Sir  John  was  esquire  of  the  body 
to  Henry  VII.,  it  is  very  likely  that  his  younger 
brother  Robert  was  the  Robert  Arden,  yeoman 
of  the  chamber,  to  whom  Henry  VII.  granted 
three  patents  ;  the  first  on  February  22nd, 
17  Henry  VII.  :  "In  consideration  of  good  and 
true  services  of  our  beloved  servant  Robert 
Arden,  a  yeoman  of  our  chamber,  we  appoint 
him  Keeper  of  our  Royal  Park  at  Aldercar,"  i.  e., 
Altcar,  CO.  Lane.  17  Hen.  VII.,  (second  part, 
pat.  m.  30).  In  the  same  series,  in.  35,  Septem- 
ber 9th,  17  Henry  VII.,  he  was  granted  the  office 
of  Bailift'of  Codnore,co.  Derby,  and  Keeper  of  the 
Royal  Park  there.  The  third  is  September  24th, 
23  Henry  Vll.  (first  part,  pat.  m.  12),  a  grant 
of  Yoxall,  for  life,  or  a  lease  of  twcmty-one  years 
if  it  descended  to  heirs,  all  royal  right.s  reserved, 
at  a  rental  of  42Z.  a  year.  (See  Boswell-Malone's 
*Shak.,'  Appendix,  vol.  ii.  544,  545.) 

It  is  not  recorded  that  Martin  received  Nat- 
field,  and  it  would  not  seem  so,  as  he  lived  at 
Euston,  CO.  Oxford  (Harl.  Visit.).  lie  married 
Margery,  daughter  and  coheir  of  Henry  East, 
of  the  Hayes,  in  co.  Worcester;  and  his  daughter 
and  heir  Eleanor  (elsewhere  Elizabeth)  married 
first  William  Ruj^eley,  of  Slienstoii,  co.  Stafford, 
and  then  Tliomas  Gibbons,  of  Ditchley,  co. 
Oxford  (Visit.  Ox.  Harl.  Public). 

Where  meanwhile  was  Thomas  Arden  ?  Dug- 
<lale  does  not  mention  him  again.  There  is  no 
record  of  any  Tiiomas  Arden,  either  in  War- 
wickshire or  elsewhere,  save  the  Thomas  who  is 
found,  the  year  before  Walter  Arden's  deatli, 
'  =  —""--     at     Wilnicote,    in    the   parish    of   Aston 


liviiK 


*  John  Charnells  of  Snarston  Lad  married  hia  daughter 
Joyce. 


Cantlowe,  on  soil  formerly  owned  by  the  Beau- 
chamjis.  On  May  10th,  10  Henry  VII.,  a  deed 
was  drawn  up  at  Snitterfield,  commencing  : — 

"  Sciant  presentes  et  futuri  quod  ego  Johannes 
Mayowe  de  Snytterfeld  dedi,  concessi  et  hac  pre- 
sent! carta  mea  contirmavi  Roberto  Tlirokmerton 
Armigero,  Thome  Trussell  de  Billesley,  Ilogero  Rey- 
nolds de  Henley-in-Arden,  Willelmo  Wodde  de 
Wodhouse,  Thome  Ardern  de  Wyhnecote  et  Roberto 
Ardern  filio  ejusdem  Thomre  Ardern,  unum  mesna- 
gium  cum  suis  pertinenciis  in  Snytterfield."  (See 
Halliwell-Phillipps's  '  Outlines,' vol.  ii.  p.  207.) 

The  deed  is  in  the  miscellaneous  documents  of 
Stratford  -  on  -  Avon  (see  Halliwell-Phillipps's 
'Stratford  Records,'  p.  291,  vol.  ii.  No.  83).* 

This  list  of  trustees  is  worth  noting.  Thomas 
Trussel  is  identified  by  his  residence  being  given. 
He  became  sheriff  for  the  county  in  23  Hen.  VII., 
and  was  of  an  old  and  well-known  family  (see 
Harl.  Visit,  and  Dugdale).  No  Robert  Throck- 
morton in  the  county  could  have  precedence  of 
him,  save  Robert  Throckmorton  of  Coughton, 
who  six  months  later,  in  November  of  the  same 
year,  was  knighted,  "a  noble  and  pious  man," 
says  Dugdale.  He  made  his  will  in  1518,  before 
he  set  out  for  the  Holy  Land.  This  was  proved 
in  1520.  His  son  George  succeeded  him  at 
Coughton.  Edward  Arden,  of  Park  Hall,  was 
brought  up  in  his  care,  and  married  Mary,  his 
son  Robert's  daughter. 

That  a  man  of  the  same  name,  living  at  the 
same  time,  in  the  same  county,  retaining  the 
same  family  friends,  under  circumstances  suit- 
able in  every  way  to  the  second  son  of  Walter 
Arden's  will,  should  be  accepted  as  that  son, 
seems  perfectly  natural  and  just,  when  no  other 
claimant  lias  ever  been  brought  forward.  But  we 
know  that  this  Thomas  and  this  Robert  were 
Mary  Arden's  grandfatlier  and  father  ;  we  know 
that  this  property  was  that  afterwards  left  in 
trust  by  this  Robert  Arden  for  his  daughters  ; 
we  know  that  the  Shakspeares  claimed  the 
relationship,  and  that  the  heralds  allowed  it. 
Men  should  be  judged  truthful  until  proved 
guilty  of  falsehood,  and  no  proof  has  ever  been 
laid  down  against  their  statement.  I  bring 
forward  only  as  a  faint  sidelight  the  fact  that  of 
Robert  Arden's  seven  daughters  at  Wilmcote, 
the  four  younger,  Margaret,  Joyce,  Alice,  Mary, 
bore  Arden  names.  The  first  and  third,  Agnes 
and  Katharine,  had  Throckmorton  names  ;  and 
Joane  was  the  name  of  Thomas  Trussel's  un- 
known wife. 

Mr.  Nicholls's  second  objection  to  this  un- 
believed-in  Thomas,  that  he  could  not  be  a  son 
of  the  Ardens  because  he  is  styled  "  husband- 
man," is  of  little  weight.  The  word  is  an  old 
English  equivalent  for  "farmer,"  and  might  be 
applied  to  any  gentleman  resident  on  his  lands. 
In  this  sense  it  is  often  used  in  old  wills  ;  it  is 
so  used  in  Stratford-on-Avon  records,  and  in 
the  examination  of  John  Somerville,  who  stated 
that  he  had  received  no  visitors  but  "certain 
husbandmen,  near  neighbours."  (S.P.D.S.  Eliz., 
1583).  "  The  kingdom  of  heaven  is  like  unto  a 
husbondman  that  went  out  first  hi  the  morowe 
to  hire  workmen  into  his  vineyard"  (Matt.  xx.  1, 
Wycliffe).  Even  Dryden,  in  '  Threnodia  Augus- 
talis,'  .says  "  Tlie  Royal  Husbandman  appeared  "; 
and  Mr.  French  notes  other  uses  of  tiie  word  : 
"The  Ai'den  Husbandman  of  Wilmecote  in 
1523  and  1540  paid  the  same  amount  to  the 
subsidy  as  tlie  Arden  E.squire  of  Yoxall,  1.590  " 
(French,  '  Shaks.  Gen.,'  p.  423).  It  is  more 
than  probable  that  this  Thomas  married  an  un- 
ambitious wife.  There  is  even  yet  a  chance  of 
finding  her  name  through  .some  will  or  deed. 

Mr.  Nicholls's  third  assertion,  that  tiie  heralds 
scratched  out  the  arms  of  Arden  of  Park  Hall 
because  they  dare  not  quarter  them  with  those 
of  the  Shakspeares,  requires  to  be  more  fully 
dealt  with. 

Drummond,  in  his  'Noble  British  Families,' 
exemplifies  many  varieties  of  the  arms  of  Arden, 
and  traces  them  back  to  their  derivation.     He 


*  I  went  down  to  Stratford-on-Avon  in  the  spring  to  see 
if  more  information  could  be  gleaned  from  tlie  original,  but 
found  certain  changes  there  made  the  comparison  impossible. 


notes  that  "none  of  the  branches  or  sons  of 
the  Earls  of  Warwick  bore  their  arms,  but  only 
the  eldest  son,  who  was  earl"  ;  and  that  "the 
elder  branch  of  the  Ardens  took  the  arms  of 
the  old  Earls  of  Warwick,  the  younger  branches 
took  the  arms  of  Beauchamp  with  a  difference." 
Now  it  is  quite  true  that  the  Ardens  of  Park 
Hall  bore  Ermine,  a  fesse  chequy  or  and  az., 
arms  derived  from  the  Earls  of  Warwick,  and 
that  this  was  the  pattern  scratched  out  in 
Shakspeare's  quartering.  But  no  critic  seems  to 
have  noted  the  reason.  Mary  Arden  was  heiress 
not  in  the  eldest  line,  but  through  a  second 
son.  The  true  pattern  for  a  second  son  was 
three  cross  crosslets  fitch^e,  and  a  chief  or.  As 
such  they  were  borne  by  the  Ardens  of  Alvanley, 
with  a  crescent  for  a  difference.  They  were 
borne  without  the  crescent  by  Simon  Arden* 
of  Longcroft,  the  second  son  of  Thomas,  son  of 
Sir  John,  and  full  cousin  of  Mary  Arden's  father. 
It  is  true  that  among  the  tombs  at  Yoxall  the 
fesse  chequy  appears  ;  but  that  branch  gained  a 
right  to  this  after  the  extinction  of  the  elder 
line  in  1643. 

Glover's  '  Ordinary  of  Arms  '  mentions  among 
the  "marksof  cadency  "a  martlet.  Martin  Arden, 
of  Euston,  CO.  Oxford,  was  clearly  in  the  wrong 
to  assume  as  he  did  tlie  arms  of  his  elder  brother. 
William  Arden,  of  Hawnes,  in  county  Bedford, 
correctly  bore  the  three  cross  crosslets  and  the 
martlet.  The  three  cross  crosslets  fitch^e  were 
the  correct  arms,  and  the  martlet  the  correct 
difference,  for  Thomas  Arden,  as  the  second  son 
of  an  Arden  who  might  bear  Ermine,  a  fesse 
chequy  or  and  az.  Thus  Glover  enumerates 
(vol.  ii.  ed.  1780)  among  the  arms  of  Warwick- 
shire and  Bedfordshire:  "Arden  or  Arderne. 
Gu.,  three  ci'oss  crosslets  fitch^e  or  ;  on  a  chief 
of  the  second,  a  martlet  of  the  first.  Crest,  a 
plume  of  feathers  charged  with  a  martlet  or." 
It  is  strange  that  Mr.  Nicholls  omitted  to  con- 
sider this.  Camden  and  the  other  heralds  of  the 
sixteenth  century  were  only  seeking  correctness 
in  the  restitution  of  arms,  which  were  quartered 
in  John  Shakspeare's  case  on  the  right,  as  of 
the  older  and  nobler  origin. 

A  similar  contention  arose  about  Edmund 
Neville,  Edward  Arden's  nephew  (S.P.D.S. 
Eliz.  185,  72)  :— 

"  Pedigree  of  Neville  and  statement  that  he  may 
bear  Latimer's  arms.  Richard  Lord  Latimr  r's  eldest 
son  was  John,  Lord  Latimer;  his  second  son,  William 
Neville  of  Latimer.  John's  son  John,  Lord  Latimer 
died  without  m:de  issue,  leaving  four  daughters,  his 
heirs,  who  divided  his  lands,  and  may  quarter  his 
arms.  William  Neville's  son  was  Richard  Neville, 
who  married  Barbara,  sister  of  Edward  Arden  of 
Park  Hall,  and  their  son  is  Edmund.  By  the  custom 
and  usage  of  England,  after  the  decease  of  John, 
Lord  Latimer,  without  issue  male,  Richard  Neville, 
his  cousin  german,  may  bear  the  arms  of  the  family, 
n-ith<mt  distinction  or  difference." 

If  heraldry,  therefore,  has  anything  to  say  to 
this  dispute,  it  is  to  su^iport  the  claim  of  Thomas 
to  being  a  cadet  of  the  family  of  the  Park  Hall 
Ardens. 

Nothing  is  recorded  to  account  for  Shak- 
speare  allowing  the  arms  of  his  mother,  quartered 
on  his  father's  shield,  to  lapse  from  his  own.  It 
may  be  that  he  thought  the  old  meaning  of  quar- 
tering the  true  one,  "that  it  may  be  known 
whom  a  man  hath  married";  it  may  be  that, 
tender  of  his  Anne's  feelings,  who  had  no  arms 
to  (juarter,  he  let  his  spear  .shine  alone  on  his 
shield  ;  or  it  may  be  that,  having  proved  his 
pedigree,  he  felt  that 

Honours  best  thrive 
When  rather  from  our  acts  we  them  derive 
Tiian  our  fore-goers.  '  Alls  Well,'  Act  II.  sc.  iii. 

Chaklotte  Cakmichael  Stopes. 


Uramatif  Gossip. 


Previous  to  passing  into  the  liands  of  the 
Paulton  Syndicate,  the  Strand  will  reopen  on  the 
19th,  under  the  management  of  Mr.  W.  Clarke, 
a  son  of  Mr.  John  S.  Clarke,  with  a  three-act 


•  See  Fuller's  'Worthies.'     He  was  Sheriff  of  Warwick- 
shire, 12  Eliz. 


204 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


comedy  called  'New  York  Divorce.'  This 
will  be  preceded  by  a  sketch  by  Mr.  John  S. 
Clarke,  entitled  '  A  Youngster's  Adventure.' 

Ox  September  21st  Drury  Lane  will  reopen 
with  the  promised  melodrama.  In  this  Miss 
Fanny  Brough  will  play  the  part  originally 
designed  for  Mrs.  John  Wood. 

'All  Abroad,'  a  musical  comedy  by  the 
authors  of  '  The  Gaiety  Girl '  and  '  An  Artist's 
Model,'  was  produced  on  Thursday  at  the 
Criterion.  Misses  Cutler  and  Ada  Reeve,  and 
Messrs.  IMills,  De  Lange,  and  Little  took  part  in 
the  performance. 

The  Lyceum  will,  it  is  anticipated,  reopen 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Forbes  Robert- 
son on  the  14th  of  September  with  '  Romeo  and 
.Tuliet. '  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  will  then  play 
Romeo  ;  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell,  Juliet  ;  Mr. 
Coghlan,  Mercutio  ;  Mr.  Nutcombe  Gould, 
Friar  Laurence  ;  Mr.  Ian  Robertson,  the 
apothecary  ;  and  Miss  Dolores  Drummond,  the 
nurse. 

The  experiment  of  converting  the  Princess's 
Theatre  into  a  species  of  East-End  house,  at 
which  frequent  changes  of  programme  are  to 
woo  an  unsophisticated  public,  begins  happily 
enough.  'Saved  from  the  Sea,'  by  Messrs. 
Arthur  Shirley  and  Benjamin  Landeck,  with 
which  on  Saturday  last  the  house  reopened,  had 
already  faced  successfully  the  ordeal  of  pro- 
duction at  the  Pavilion  Theatre,  Whitechapel. 
Its  reception  at  its  new  home  was  not  less 
favourable  than  that  it  previously  obtained.  It 
is,  indeed,  a  piece  of  conventional  type,  in  which 
virtue  and  heroism  are  put  to  sore  straits, 
but  at  length  issue  triumphant.  Mr.  Charles 
'jlenney  played  the  hero,  of  which  he  was  the 
original  exponent.  Mr.  Lionel  Rignold,  Miss 
Fannie  Selby,  and  Miss  Harriet  Clifton  were 
included  in  the  cast. 

Miss  Olga  Nethersole  will  begin  on  the 
I9th  inst.  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington,  a 
-hort  season,  in  the  course  of  which  she  Avill 
present '  Denise,'an  adaptation,  by  Mr.  Clement 
Scott  and  Sir  Augustus  Harris,  of  the  well- 
'<nown  play  of  M.  Dumas.  With  a  repertory 
'iicluding  this  piece,  'Camille,'  'Frou-Frou,' 
■  Comedy  and  Tragedy, '  and  a  version  by  Mr. 
Henry  Hamilton  of  '  Carmen,'  Miss  Nethersole 
will  shortly  reappear  in  America. 

Miss  Dorothea  Baird  has  been  engaged  to 
play  at  the  Haymarket  Trilby  in  the  forthcoming 
idaptatioh  of  Mr.  Du  Maurier's  story. 

'  Jedbury  Junior  '  is,  we  are  told,  the  title 
'f  a  piece  of  American  origin  which  will  shortly 
le  given  by  Mr.  Penley  at  an  afternoon  repre- 
entation  at  the  Globe.  Mr.  John  Drew  was 
he  original  representative  of  the  hero. 

Mr.  John  Davidson's  adaptation  of  '  Pour 
I  Couronne,'  by  M.  Coppe'e,  to  be  produced 
)y  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  at  the  Lyceum,  will 
le  coinpre.ssed  from  five  acts  into  four. 

Mr.  C.  C.  Walker,  of  Lilleshall  Old  Hall, 
Shropshire,  has  ofiered  to  erect  a  monument  of 
lolished  granite  to  Heminge  and  Condell,  and 
lie  vestry  of  the  parish  of  St.  Mary,  Alder- 
iKinbury,  has  accepted  the  gift.  It  is  to  be 
■laced  ill  the  churchyard  in  Aldermanbury  in 
iew  of  the  passers-by  in  that  busy  thoroughfare, 
'liis  site  has  been  selected  as  Heminge  lived 
irty-two  years  in  the  parish  and  Condell  thirty 
i;ars,  and  both  are  buried  there.  Condell  out- 
ved  the  issue  of  the  first  folio  Shakspeare  four 
ears  only,  and  Heminge  seven  years. 


To   Correspondents.— W.  C— H.  M.  T.— J.  B.— S.  C.  S. 
-received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
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THE    BADMINTON    MAGAZINE 

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No.  1,  AUGUST,  1895. 


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Illustrated  by  A.  J.  Stuart-Wortley  and  A.  Thorburn 
and  from  Photographs. 
MY  FELLOW-POACHER.  W.  E.  Nonis. 

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With  Illustrations  supplied  by  the  Author. 

OLD  SPORTING  PRINTS.  HedleyPeek. 

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The  ALPINE  "  DISTRESS  SIGNAL"  SCHEME. 

C.  T.  Dent. 
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By   IDA   LEMON,    Author    of    'A    Pair   of    Lovers.' 

"  The  reader  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  impressed  by  the  reality  of  this  book.  It  is  a  tale  of  the  poor  (or  what  the  well-to 
do  clasbes  call  the  poor)  and  of  loves  which,  in  their  w.iv,  are  common  enoui^h.  But  Miss  Lemon  has  made  a  real  study  n 
her  people;  they  are  not  stagey ;  they  live  and  move  an<l  liave  their  being  in  the  most  initural  Wiiy.  The  two  poor  girl 
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Lcndon  and  New  York:  LONCMAXS,  GREEX  k  CO. 


I 


N"  3537,  Aug.  10,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


205 


AT    ALL    BOOKSELLERS'    AND    RAILWAY    BOOKSTALLS. 


BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 

Each  Work  can  he  had  separately^  uniformly  hoimd,  price  Qs. 


MY 


LATEST  ADDITIONS. 

SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS.    By  Rhoda  Broughton.    (In  the  press.) 
LADY   NOBODY.     By  Maarten  Maartens.     (Third  Edition  this  day.) 


By  Rosa  N.  Carey. 

Basil  Lyndhurst. 
Nellie's  Memories. 
Barbara  Heatlicote's  Trial. 
Heriot's  Choice. 
Queenie's  Whim. 
Mary  St.  John. 
For  Lilias. 
Not  Like  Other  Girls. 
Only  the  Governess. 
Robert  Ord's  Atonement. 
Uncle  Max.     |    Wee  Wifie. 
Wooed  and  Married. 
Lover  or  Friend  ? 

By  Mary  Linskill. 

Between  the  Heather  and  the 

Northern  Sea. 
The  Haven  under  the  Hill. 
In  Exchange  for  a  Soul. 
Cleveden. 
Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 

By  Jessie  Fothergill. 

The  "  First  Violin." 
Borderland.        |     Probation. 
Kith  and  Kin.    I     Aldyth. 
From  Moor  Isles. 

By  Florence  Montgomery. 

Misunderstood. 
Thrown  Together. 
Seaforth. 


By  J.  Sheridan  Le  Fanu. 

Uncle  Silas. 

In  a  Glass  Darkly. 

The  House  by  the  Churchyard. 

By  W.  E.  Norris. 

Major  and  Minor. 

Miss  Shafto.    |     The  Rogue. 

A  Bachelor's  Blunder. 


By  Marie  Corelli. 

The  Soul  of  Lilith. 

A  Romance  of  Two  Worlds. 

Vendetta ! 

Thelma. 

Ardath. 

Wormwood. 

By  Mrs.  Annie  Edwardes. 

Ought  We  to  Visit  Her? 
Leah :  a  Woman  of  Fashion. 
A  Girton  Girl. 
Susan  Fielding. 

By  Hawley  Smart. 

Breezie  Langton. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford. 

Aunt  Anne. 
By  Rhoda  Broughton. 

Mrs.  Bligh. 

Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower. 

Good-bye,  Sweetheart. 

Joan.  I  Nancy. 

A  Beginner. 

Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well. 

Red  as  a  Rose  is  She. 

Second  Thoughts. 

Belinda.        |       Alas ! 

"Doctor  Cupid." 


By  Helen  Mathers. 

Comin'  thro'  the  Rye. 

By  Mrs.  Alexander. 

The  Wooing  o't. 
Which  Shall  It  Be? 
Her  Dearest  Foe. 

By  Mrs.  Augustus  Craven. 

A  Sister's  Story. 


By  Maarten  Maartens. 

My  Lady  Nobody. 

An  Old  Maid's  Love. 

The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh. 

''  God's  Fool." 

The  Greater  Glory. 

By  E.  Werner. 

Success. 
Fickle  Fortune. 

By  Anthony  Trollop  e. 

The  Three  Clerks. 

By  Lady  G.  Fullerton. 

Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 

By  Baroness  Tautphoeus. 

The  Initials. 
Quits  ! 

By  Marcus  Clarke. 

For  the  Term  of  his  Natural 
Life. 

By  Jane  Austen. 

(The  only  Complete  Edition  ) 

Emma. 

Mansfield  Park. 
Lady  Susan,  and  The  Watsons. 
Northanger  Abbe}',  and    Per- 
suasion. 
Pride  and  Prejudice. 
Sense  and  Sensibility. 

By  Mary  Cholmondeley. 

Diana  TemjDCst. 

Sir  Charles  Danvcrs. 

By  Mrs.  Notley. 

Olive  Varcoe. 

By  Mrs.  Riddell. 

George  Geith  of  Fen  Court. 
Berna  Boyle. 


London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Alajesti/  the  Queen. 


206 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  Xr.VSER  contains— 
NOTES  :— 'Childe  Harold  '—The  Columbian  Exposition— "Three  Estates 
of  the  Kealm  "— Koman  Roads— Hishnp  Cotton— Humble  }!ee  — 
Burning  for  Heresy— "A  Tweedside  Kettle"— City  Parishes — Slieep- 
atealer  Handed — 'Jlie  Abbotsford  Family' — 'The  Extraordinary 
Black  Book.' 
liUERIES :— Giovanni  Fontana— Engraved  Portrait— T.  Haley— Pope 
Joan— "Grandmother's  Nightcap  "—"Link  "—The  Welshman  and 
the  Fleas  — "Oaken  "  —  Heraldic  — C.  Scot.  Bishop  of  Chester- 
Spanish  Language— Kentish  M.P.s  in  the  Long  Parliament -Pitt 
Club — Bibling  aphv — }iurial  Custom— Cherry-stones — G.  Errington 
— Spider-wort  called  ■  I'rinity  "—William  of  Wykeham— Peter  I!en- 
son- Collins's  '  Ode  to  the  Passions.' 
KEPLIES:— Pronunciation  of  Sea— Keble  and  'The  Christian  Year'— 
Old  Oil  Painting— Mrs.  Pitt,  Actress— 'The  Shaving  of  Shagpat — 
The  Tenth  Beatitude  —  Saunders —  The  Death  Microbe  —  Child 
Marriages  —  "Hecatomb"  rhymed  with  "Gloom" — "Solomon- 
gundy" — Iconoclasm  of  John  Shakespeare — Inscription  on  King — 
Spinning-wheel  — "Jockteleg"— Child  s  Poem— Rev.  G.  Piggott— 
' Reliquiae  Diluviansc' — Whister-poop— Bull-roarer  — "The  nearer 
the  Kirk,"  &c -Dalrymples,  Earls  of  Stair— St  Marie  Overie— Mrs 
Cornelys— "  Muggleswick  " — Arthur's  Cofl'ee-house— G.  J.  Johnson — 
Canterbury  —  Valse —  "  Ha-ha"  — Simon  de  Montfort',s  liones — 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest'— Sir  R,  Clarke — Miami  University — Sir  T. 
More — Lewin  Family— Prince  Charles  Edward— Rosary. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  XUMJIER  contains— 
NOTFS  :— Nelson  Relics— Lady  Katherine  Grey— Local  Anecdotes- 
John  Flamsteed— "Only  "-Letter  of  Tennyson— H.  Mossop— ■  La 
Grippe '— "  Jtattletw  ig  "  :  "  Landlady  " ;  "  Boggart " — "  Effrontei-y  "  — 
Statues— Welsh  Place-names— "  l>enting  " :  "  IMnger"— Mistakes  in 
Reference  Books — "Frightened  of" — Audrey  or  Awdry. 

QUERIES  :— "  Disghibelline"— Translation— "Plaintain"— Portrait  of 
Warren  Hastings— Gigantic  Bones— Oil  of  Eggs— Gower— Tourna- 
ments—Freemason  Female  Charity— Extiaordinary  Blunder— Wor- 
cester Cloisti-rs- 'Kalevala' — 'A  woman  with  a  past  "—Sporting 
Names  of  Birds — "Caniberwell  Fringe" — "Drink  to  nie  only  with 
thine  eyes"— Lincoln  Inventory— Goldfinches  Poisoning — Pelham 
ol  Tillington— Swimming— "Coulin." 

KEPLIES  :—Shakspeare  ;  Hilliard  Portrait— 'Legends  of  Florence' — 
Le  Despencer— A'ictoria  Cross- Lord  Mordaunt- Masons'  Marks- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament  —  Leather  Drinking  Jacks- 
Needlework  Samplers  —  "  Gavel '— Sibyl— "  Cantankerous  "-Room 
with  Lodgers  —  Massinger  —  Prof.  Blaekie  on  Scott — "Chum" — 
Changelings— Wraxall-Scratch-back-ta-urde  Lion— Pronunciation 
of  Place-names— Church  Registers — Sir  A.  Paschall — C.  C.  de  Cres- 
pigny— 'i'ip-cat- Cock-fighting— Saying  attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley— 
Captain-Lieutenant— "  Gallett" — Joe  Miller— Dryden  and  Greek — 
"Dictate  —Dumb  Bell— I'arish  Charities— Chifflnch— Pages  of  the 
Bedchamber— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS:- Sharpe's'Londnn  and  the  Kingdom '—Maugras's 
'  DucdeLauzun  and  the  Courtof  Louis  XV  '—Richardson's  ■  George 
Morland,  Painter' — Bowes's  'Notes  on  Shippo  ' — 'The  Legitimist 
Kalendar  for  1895.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  JULY  27. 
NOTES :— 'Westminster  Demolishments— "The  Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm"— 'Dictionary  of  National  Biography' — Fact  and  Fiction- 
Theodolite  or  Theodolith-Rev.  E  Marten— "Parson"— "Wederoue" 
— Leyrestowe— Toad-stones — " D(jbonnaire " — Finger  Pillory — "Un- 
cut" Books— L.  Washington. 

QUERIES:- Sir  K.  Digby  and  Green  Glass  —  "Educationalist '  — 
"  Philanthropy  "—J.  Vaughan— E.  I.  Company's  Charter — Priests' 
Orders— Sart'ord,  of  Cantertmi-y— ■  Hampshire  Visitations  ' — Sir  Gore, 
of  Sacombe— St.  Marie  Overie— Epitaph  on  Dr.  Johnson— liartiiele- 
mon's  'Morning  Hvmn  ' — 'i'idswell,  co.  Derby  —  "Reformades  " — 
Miami  University— F.  Newbold— West  P'aniily — "The  Ever  Loyal 
City  "—Church  of  Charles  the  Martyr— A.  Stewart— Sir  R.  Clarke- 
Sir  R.  Dillon 

ItEPLIES  :— Mrs  Garriek- Old  French  Map—"  Wrong  end  of  the  stick  " 
— Roberts  Family— Sydney  Papers— "  Cadowes"— Hilda— Morris  of 
Ballybiggan- I'.lunt's  ■  Dictionary  of  Theology  '-Sir  T.  Bond— Great 
Bed  of  Ware— Aldermen  of  Aldgate— Flag  to  summon  to  Church— 
"Red  Whip" — "  Dimpsy  "— Le  Despencer— Finger— Hicks  Family— 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest '—Jesse  Window— Patron  Saints  of  Churches 
— London  Patois— Copy  of  Recipe— Ploughing  Oxen— Latin  .'Vlotto— 
"Coign  of  'antage  "—Relics  Restored-Old  Joke— .Sir  W.  Petty— 
"Playing  the  wag"— "Fine-axed"— "Still  and  on"— Valse— Clans  of 
Innsbruck— Jtoyal  Anne— Charles  I  at  Little  Gidding— Stre  t  Tab- 
lets-" Muggleswick" — ''Orisons" — R.  Reynolds — Christian  Name — 
W.  Hurd,  D  D. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Sonnen8chein'3  Guide  to  Contemporary  Litera- 
ture '— Leland's  '  Legends  of  Florence  '—Hardy's  '  Denham  'li aet.s  — 
Buchheim's  Schiller's  '  Maria  Stuart '— Bickerton's  'New  Story  of  the 
Stars.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


ConUnts,  JULY  20. 

NOTES :— "Swan  Inn,"  Watford— Lincoln's  Inn  Fields— Deficient  Lines 
In  English  Verse— The  Death  Microbe— Eye-stones — Prince  Charles 
Edward— 'The  Shaving  of  Shagpat '—Death  of  Hampden— Scott's 
Hrst  Love. 

QUERIES:— Early  Scottish  Printing— Owen  O'Neil— Pagan  Histonan  : 
Arabian  King— .Mrs  Pitt,  Actress— Gilbert— The  Rosary- J'inke 
Family— Saying  attributed  to  Dr  J'riestley— Charles  s  Itesioiation 
—Termination  "argh,  "  "-ergh"— DD.  Cambridge— De  Vere  :  De 
Aton— Shakspeare  Forgeries— "  Nullum  sine  venia,"  &c  — B.  I'on- 
tenelle— Arms  of  Boothby  —  "Nepos"  and  "Sororius"  —  Frencli 
Family  — King's  Evil —  Gordon— "  Princely  Meditations  "—Child's 
Poem— T.  Chapman. 

UEPLIES  :— Lord  Mordaunt— Chum— Deputy  Philazer:  Clerk  of  the 
Outlawries— Record  Keeping— I'eiiton  —  "  Left-handedncss  "  —  Per- 
foruted  Stones  — "The  Man  in  the  Moon  "-Driving  "Pickaxe'' — 
"Spit"— Easter  Sepulchres— Supci(!rogatorvTruthfulnesH—SciMiiT's 
Bible— "Tutum  te  sistam  '— Ituihj.le  -•  Voiiiig  Lochinviu- '  Kljvrm' 
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NV3537,  Aug.  10, '95 


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Review  of  Reviews. 

GUY  BOOTHBY. 
IN  STRANGE  COMPANY.     A  Story  of  Chili  and  the 

Southern  Seas.     By  GUY  BOOTHBY,  Author  of  '  On  the  Wallaby.'    With  SIX  FULL- 
PAGE   ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Stanley  L.   Wood.      Crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,   bevelled 
boards,  5s. 
"A  capital  novel  of  its  kind — the  sensational  adventurous.     It  has  the  quality  of  life  and 
stir,  and  will  carry  the  reader  with  curiosity  unabated  to  the  end." — World. 

"  The  best  of  them  is  '  In  Strange  Company.' The  book  is  a  good  tale  of  adventure ;  it 

has  plenty  of  astonishing  incidents  which  yet  have  an  air  of  verisimilitude." 

Pall  Mall  Budget. 

The  MARRIAGE  of  ESTHER :  a  Torres  Straits  Sketch. 

By  GUY  BOOTHBY,  Author  of  '  In  Strange  Company,'  &c.  With  FOUR  FULL- 
PAGE  ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Stanley  L.  Wood.    Crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  5s. 

"  A  story  full  of  action,  life,  and  dramatic  interest There  is  a  vigour  and  a  power  of 

illusion  about  it  that  raises  it  quite  above  the  level  of  the  ordinary  novel  of  adventure." 

Manchester  Guardian. 

"Gives  a  vivid  and  lifelike  presentment  of  its  characters It  is  most  exciting.  Mr. 

Boothby's  vigorous  style  and   happy  description  giving  the  book  an  interest  entirely  apart 
from  that  of  the  adventurous." — Star. 

"In  its  ripeness  of  invention,  its  admirable  construction,  the  novelty  of  the  circum- 
stances, and  the  vividly  sustained  interest,  it  is  an  ideal  work  of  ficWon." —Shffield  Telegraph. 


OUTRAM  TRISTRAM. 
The  DEAD  GALLANT ;  together  with  the  KING  of 

HEARTS.    By    OUTRAM  TRISTRAM.    With  FULL-PAGE   ILLUSTRATIONS  by 
Hugh  Thomson  and  St.  George  Hare.     Crown  8vo.  art  linen  gilt,  5s. 
"Both  stories  are  well  written  in  faultless  English,  and  display  a  knowledge'of  history, 

a  careful  study  of  character,  and  a  fine  appreciation  of  a  dramatic  point,  all  too  rare  in  these 

days  of  slipshod  t.ciion."— National  Observer. 

MAX  PEMBERTON. 
JEWEL    MYSTERIES    I    HAVE    KNOWN.     By   Max 

PEMBERTON,  Author  of  '  The  Iron  Pirate.'    With  FIFTY  ILLUSTRATIONS  by  R. 
Caton.  Woodville  and  Fred  Barnard.    Demy  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  gilt  edges,  5s. 
"The  most  interesting  and  entrancing  'mystery'  stories  that  have  appeared  since  the 
publication  of  the  d<angs  of  Mr.  Sherlock  Holmes." — Literary  World. 


ARTHUR  MORRISON. 
MARTIN    HEWITT,    INVESTIGATOR.      By    Arthur 

MORRISON,  Author  of  'Tales  of  Mean  Streets,' &c.    With  ABOUT  FIFTY  ILLUS- 
TRATIONS by  Sydney  Paget.     Crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  5s. 
"  Most  people  like  tales  of  this  sort and  no  one  writes  them  better  than  Mr.  Morrison 

does.    The  narratives  are  written  not  only  with  ingenuity,  but  with  conviction,  which  is, 

perhaps,  even  the  more  valuable  quality." — Globe. 


BERTRAM  MITFORD. 
The  CURSE  of  CLEMENT  WAYNFLETE :   a  Story  of 

Two  Wars.    By  BERTRAM  MITFOUD,  Author  of  '  The  King's  Assegai,'  'The  Gun- 
Runner,'  &c.     With  FOUR   FULL-PAGE   ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Stanley  L.  Wood. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  ,35.  6rf. 
"Telling  us  wonderful  incidents  of  inter-racial  warfare,  of  ambuscades,  sieges,  svirprises, 
and  assaults  almost  witliout  number A  thoroughly  e.xciting  story,  full  of  bright  descrip- 
tions and  stirring  episodes." — Daily  'Telegraph. 

A    VELDT    OFiTICIAL:    a   Novel    of    Circumstance. 

With  TWO  FULL-PAGE  ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Stanley  L.  Wood.    Crown  8vo.  cloth 
gilt,  3s.  6c;. 
"Mr.  Mitford  is  a  second  Rider  Haggard,  who  generously  pours  us  out  a  flood  of 
adventure  by  sea  and  land  such  as  keeps  us  ever  on  the  rjui  vive  of  anticipation." 

Morning  Leader. 
"To  those  wlio  love  a  thrilling  story  of  genuine  adventure  amid  scenes  of   terrible 
carnage,  of  incidents  so  exciting  that  one  sometimes  holds  one's  breath  as  one  proceeds,  '  A 
Veldt  Official '  is  to  be  commended." — Scotsman. 


F.  MARION  CRAWFORD. 

TO  LEEWARD.    A  Novel.    By  F.  Marion  Crawford, 

Author  of '  A  Roman  Singer,'  '  Mr.  Isaacs,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d. 
"  Mr.  Marion  Crawford  in  his  new  novel  '  To  Leeward '  has  achieved  his  greatest  success  ; 
indeed,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  this  work  takes  a  high  place  in  the  ranks  of  modern 
fiction." — Vanity  Fair. 

AN  AMERICAN  POLITICIAN.    A  Novel.    Crown  8vo. 

cloth,  3s.  dd. 
"  An  entertaining  study  of  phases  of  life  and  types  of  character,  and  of  present  political 
aspects  and  tendencies,  by  a  keen  and  thoughtful  observer,  whose  every  new  book  is  sure  to 
be  welcomed  and  read." — Review. 

EDITH  JOHNSTONE. 
A   SUNLESS   HEART.      Third    and    Cheap    Edition. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s. 
"  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead,  in  his  article  on  '  Women  Novelists,'  writes  of  'its  intrinsic  merit,  its 
originality  and  its  pathos,  its  distinctively  woman's  outlook  on  life,  and  the  singular  glow 

and  genius  of  its  author.' Lotus  is  a  distinct  creation — vivid,  lifelike,  and  original." 

Review  of  Reviews. 
"A  remarkable  book — intensely  human,  intensely  individual,  and,  as  a  story,  intensely 
interesting.    It  probes  problems  of  life  wliich  many  who  will  find  fault  with  it  have  merely 
played  with.     It  has  pathos,  insight,  and  humour,  and  contains  chapters  which  seem  to  me 
the  work  of  genius." — Literary  World. 


FRANCIS  PREVOST. 

By  Francis  Prevost. 


Crown  8vo. 


RUST  of  GOLD. 

cloth  gilt,  5s. 

"  A  collection  of  short  stories  and  dialogues.     They  are  pointed,  bright,  strong   i 
characterization,  and  prettily  conceived." — Mar. 

"  These  clever  and  daintily  written  stories Extremely  brilliant  conversations." 

Glasgow  Herald, 
"  Worthy  of  high  commendation  and  of  being  carefully  rea.d."— Gentlewoman. 


NORA  VYNNE. 

HONEY  of  ALOES,  and  other  Stories.    By  Nora  Vy  nne, 

Author  of  '  The  Blind  Artist's  Pictures.'    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6rf. 

"  Not  only  do  they  abound  in  literary  merit,  but  in  thrilling  interest,  and  there  is  not 
one  of  them  that  is  not  instinct  with  intense  and  veracious  humanity." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"  Irresistibly  amusing,  full  of  character,  humour,  truth,  with  much  underlying  pathos. 

The  quarrel  with  which  the  chief  story  begins  is  delightfully  unreasonable,  progressive, 

inevitable,  and  the  interest  never  flags  for  a  line  to  the  thoroughly  natural  and  human  end. 
The  author  is  so  clever  that  she  makes  us  ready  to  attest  the  truth  of  her  most  venturesome 
improbabilities,  and  her  wit  is  charming" — World. 


A.  CONAN  DOYLE. 

THE  FIRST  BOOK  ABOUT  SHERLOCK  HOLMES. 

A  STUDY  in  SCARLET.    By  Conan  Doyle,  Author  of 

'  Micah  Clarke,'  '  The  Sign  of  Four,'  '  The  White  Company,'  &c.  Fifth  Edition.  Crown 
8vo.  cloth  gilt,  3s.  Gd.    With  FORTY  ILLUSTRATIONS  by  George  Hutchinson. 

"  One  of  the  cleverest  and  best  detective  stories  we  have  yet  seen Mr.  Conan  Doyle  is 

a  literary  artist,  and  this  is  a  good  specimen  of  his  skill." — London  Quarterly  Review. 


HENRY  HERMAN. 

HIS  ANGEL :   a  Romance  of  the  Far  West.    By  Henry 

HERMAN,  Author  of  '  A  Leading  Lady,'  '  The  Silver  King  '  (Play),  &c.,  and  part-Authoi 
of  'The   Bishops'  Bible,'   'One  Traveller  Returns,'  &c.      With  FOUR   FULL-PAGh 
ILLUSTRATIONS  by  George  Hutchinson.    Crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6a!. 
"  Mr.  Herman's  bright  little  American  story  '  His  Angel.' The  book  is  excellent  read- 
ing from  first  to  last." — Saturday  Review. 

"  •  His  Angel'  is  well,  even  brilliantly,  written,  very  much  after  the  style  of  Charles 
Reade's  famous  novels  of  colonial  adventure."— iJ/acA  and  White. 

WOMAN,  the  MYSTERY :  a  Tale  of  Three  Revolutions. 

With   FOUR    FULL-PAGE    ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Geo.   Hutchinson.      Crown  8vo. 
cloth  gilt,  3s.  ed. 
"A  tale  so  chock-full  of  sensation  and  thrilling  episodes  and  hairbreadth  escapes  that 
the  reader's  breath  is  fairly  taken  away  before  the  end  of  it."— Manchester  Guardian. 


THOMAS  NELSON  PAGE. 
IN   OLE  VIRGINIA;    or,    'Marse    Chan,'  and    other 

stories.    By  THOS.  NELSON  PAGE.    With  Introduction  by  T.  P.  O'CONNOR,  M.P., 
and  FRONTISPIECE  by  (icor^n  Hutchinson.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

"  Pathos  and  humour  are  mingled  wit'i  lingular  felicity Few  will  read  'Marse  Chan  ' 

with  dry  eyes." — Leeds  Mercury. 

The  BURIAL  of  the  GUNS,  and  other  Stories.    Crown 

8vo.  clotli  gilt,  3s.  6d. 

"  Very  beautiful  and  touching It  is  a  heroic  book,  and  also  a  most  pathetic  one." 

Guardian. 


London:  WARD,  LOCK  &  BOWDP^N,  Limitkd,  Salisburj^-sqiiarc,  E.G.;   and  all  Booksellers. 


EOitorial  Cominunicutions  Bliould  be  adaruaacd  to  "Iho  Editor "  — Advertisements  and   Itiislness  Letters  to  "  rhe   I'ubli.shur "  —  at  tlie  oillce,   liream's-bulldinss,  Cbancery-Iane,  E.C. 

I'rlnted  by  John  o.  Fran(,i«,  Athcmnum  Pros'!,  lireanrs-bulMin'.-,  Chanccry-'ane,  E.C.;  and  rubllsbed  by  thn  raid  ,I..itn  C    Tiivnuh  at  Hruanis-buildings,  Chanccry-lane,  I'.C. 

Agents  lor  ScoiLA.fu,  Messrs.  Uoll  &  Uradlutc  and  Mr.  John  Monzies,  Edinburgh.— Satuiday,  August  10,  1890. 


THE   ATHENJEUM 

foumal  of  O^tffliejft  anb  foreign  literature,  ^rieiue,  tf)e  fim  ^it£i,  iWueJie  antr  tl&e  IBrama* 


No.  3538. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    17,   1895. 


PEIOH 
THREEPENCB 

HBQISTBBBD  AS  A  NBW8PAPBB 


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'■pHE    OWENS    COLLEGE,    MANCHESTER. 

The  .<!enate  is  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in 
CLASSICS,  to  enter  on  his  duties  on  October  1  next. 

Applications  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  September  ?.  to  the  Regis- 
Tn.\R.  from  whom  a  statement  as  to  duties  and  emoluments  may  be 
obtained.  H.  W.  HOLDER.  Registrar 

pHESHUNT  COLLEGE,  HERTS.— The  Trustees 

>._>  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  Chair  now  vacant. 
The  Candidate  must  exhibit  competence  to  teach  Systematic  Theology. 
Apologetics,  and  Greek  (sufficient  for  London  University  Graduation) 
Age  below  forty  and  ministerial  experience  are  desired  —Testimonials 
may  be  sent  until  September  13  to  Rev.  R.  Lovitt,  M.A.,  56,  Paternoster- 
row,  London,  EC. 

OOLWICH      POLYTECHNIC      Y.M  C.L 


W 


The  Governors  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  following 
posts  — 

LECTURER  in  PHYSICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Four  Evenings 
in  the  week.    Salary  110/  for  the  Session  of  about  Eight  Months. 

LECTURER  in  MECHANICS,  visiting  the  Institute  on  Three  Even- 
ings in  the  week.    Salary  "01.  for  the  Session  of  about  Eight  Months. 

Applications  should  be  received  not  later  than  Friday.  August  23. 
Furtner  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Clehk  to 
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TJNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     DUNDEE. 

HARRIS  CHAIR  OF  PHYSICS. 

The  Council  of  this  College  will  shortly  proceed  to  apooint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR to  occupy  the  above  Chair,  which  has  been  newly  instituted 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  Harris  Bequest  The  salary  has  been  fixed  at 
4C0/  per  annum,  with  a  share  of  the  fees. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
October  15. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty  copies  of  testimonials,  should  be 
sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Wednesday,  August  21. 

R.  N.  KERB,  Secretary. 

IADIES  and  GENTLEMEN  wi.shing  to  combine 
J  Recreation  with  the  acquisition  of  COLLOQUI.VL  GERM.\N  will 
find  a  quiet  anri  refined  Home  and  the  best  opportunitv  for  Tuition  (if 
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English  comforts,  excellenttahle.  Tennis  Court.  References  in  England 
—Address  Faii  u;i>  HaiNor,  Pension  Brandt,  Godesberg,  near  Bonn-on- 
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tress of  the  Church  of  England  High  School,  6.  Upper  Baker  street, 
London ;  and  others 

'1'«YPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Irf.    per  folio 

-l  ol  72  words  References  to  Author*  —Miss  Gladdino.  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth.  8.W. 


'I'^O     AUTHORS.— MSS.    TYPE-WRLTTBN    at 

-L     moderate  terms     Work  by  post  receives  immediate  attention. 
Translations  —E.  Piorr  Surrey  chambers,  172,  Strand,  W  C. 

an'PE-WRlTING.— AUTHOR?)'  MSS.  COPIED  in 

-i.     Type-writing.     13<i    per  72  words  for  small  quantities;   less  for 
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PRIORY  HOUSE  SCHOOL.  Clapton  Common, N.E. 
—HOWARD  ANDERTON  and  W.  STANLEl'  ANDERTON,  B. A. 
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ST.     SAVIOUR'S     GRAMMAR     SCHOOL, 
SUMNER-SIREET,  SOUTHWARK 
Chartered  1502.  Reorganiwd  1895. 

Head  Master,  appointed  under  New  Scheme — 
E.  H    HENSLEY,  M  A.  Cantab. 
This  School  is  now  richly  endowed,  and  will  provide  a  good  modern 
edacation  preparatory  for  the  Universities,  the  Professions,  or  Com- 
mercial Life.    Fees  8;  a  year.    Pupils  admitted  at  any  time  at  propor- 
tional fees. 

SCHOLARSHIPS,  exempting  from  fees,  offered  for  competition. 
NEXT  TEKM  COMMENCES  MONDAY,  September  16.— Further  par- 
ticulars, tftc  ,  apply  to  Hi;.iD  M.isrER.  or  to  HENRy  L-4ngston,  Esq.,  32, 
Borough  High-street. 


THE  DURHAM  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE, 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  I.^niver- 
sity  Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  both  Men  and  Women 
Students. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  .\griculture,  Engineering.  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art.  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

The  TWENTY-FIFTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23. 189.5. 

The  Calendar  (price  Is.)  and  Prospectuses  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Secret .iRv. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


■I  he  T\V  ENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCP,. 
TKCH.NOLOGY.  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIX  IV-FIFrH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  .MEDICINE  on  October  1, 
isy,-,. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  follnwirg  Professions  :— Chemistry  Civil. 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Saiutaiv  1  ii;;int(ring.  Coal  .Mining.  Textile 
Industries.  Dyeing.  Leather  .Manufoctuic  .\!;ncuiture-  School  Teach- 
ing. Medicine,  and  Surgery,  Univer^itv  Dcgr-'es  are  also  confericdin 
the  Faculties  of  Aits,  Science.  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Ly  Idon  Hall  has  been  established  for  students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Kti.isiaia. 

nPHE      VICTORIA      UNIVERSITY. 


The  following  EXAMIN.VflONS  will  be  held  at  Owens  College. 
Manchester;  University  College,  Liverpool,  and  Yorkshiie  College, 
Leeds,  in  SEPIR.MBER  :  — 

An  ENTK.^NCE  E.VA.MINATION  in  ARTS  (Introductory  to  the 
Faculty  o(  Me<licine)  on  MOND.\Y.  September  23.  and  Following  Days 

.\n  |;NI1;ANCE  EXAMINAIION  in  AKIS  (introductory  to  the 
Facultv  of  Muiici  en  MONDAY   ^(  ii-iTiilier  23,  and  Following  Days. 

A  PKICI.IMI.N.VHY  E.VAMINAIKiN  untroductory  to  the  laculiies 
o^  Arts,  Science,  and  Law,  cjn  .MONl).\Y.  September  23,  and  Fulloning 
Days. 

1  he  Examination  Fee  (2(  ),  accompanied  by  a  list  of  the  subjects 
presented  must  he  sent  to  the  Recistkvr  from  whom  Entrance  Forms 
and  further  particulars  can  be  obtained,  on  or  before  September  U. 

Manchester,  August,  189S. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffi:UM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AJtflENS,  ANTIBES,  BEACLIEU-SUR-MBB,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  T0UB8, 
TOULON. 

Ajxd  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRART,  224,  Rue  de  RivoU,  Paris. 

TJNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY',  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON,  F  R  S  .  CO.MMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  October  3. 
at  1  P.M.  The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  slut  the  require- 
ments of  Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni- 
versity.— For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


I^HE     MARIA    GREY    TRAINING     COLLEGE 

A-  (late  5,  Fitzroy-street,  W. ), 

Salusbury-road,  Brondesbury,  London,  N  W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  PREPARATION  for  the  CAM- 
BRIDGE rEACHERS  CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Teaching  is  oflTered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  'Teachers. 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate 
of  the  National  Froebel  Union. 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  lor  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations. 

Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR  BEGINS 
SEPTEMBER  18,  1895. 

Address  Princip>l,  The  Maria  Grey  Training  College,  Salusbury-road, 
Brondesbury,  N.W. 


M 


ASON    COLLEGE,    BIRMINGHAM. 


PHYSICS  DEPARTMENT. 
Professor-J.  H.  POYNTING,  Sc.D.  F.R.S. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSIST.ANT  LECTURER  and  DEMONSTRATOR. 

The  Council  invite  applications,  on  or  before  August  31.  189.5.  for  the 
above  appointment,  vacant  in  consequence  of  the  election  of  Mr  Joha 
Burke.  B.A.  Dub  ,  to  a  Berkeley  Fellowship  in  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester 

The  duties  of  the  appointment  will  commence  on  October  1,  ISflo. 

Particulars  of  the  stipend,  conditions,  and  duties  will  be  forwarded 
on  application  to  the  undersigned,  to  whom  all  applications  for  the 
appointment  should  be  sent.  .-.T,,,T,,-r,  tt    i...>i,Ti.ir   c-        •■ 


GEORGE  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


M 


ASON     COLLEGE,    BIRMINGHAM. 

FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCE. 
SESSION  1895-96. 

THE  SESSION  WILL  COMMENCE  ON  TUESDAY,  OCTOBER  1. 

Complete  Courses  of  Instruction  are  provided  for  the  various  Exami- 
nations in  Arts  and  Science  and  the  Preliminary  Scientific  (M  B.) 
Examination  of  the  University  of  London  ;  for  Students  of  Civil, 
Mechanical,  or  Elecrical  Engineering;  and  for  those  who  desire  to 
obtain  an  acquaintance  with  some  branch  of  Applied  Science.  Students 
may,  however,  attend  any  Class  or  combination  of  Classes. 

There  is  also  a  Facultv  of  Medicine.  A  Syllabus,  containing  full 
paiticulars.  is  published  by  .Messrs  Cornish,  New-street,  Birmingham. 
Price  6(/  ;  bv  post.  Id 

A  SYLL.^BUS  of  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  containing  lull 
information  as  to  the  various  Lecture  and  Laboratory  Courses.  Lecture 
Days  and  Hours.  Fees.  Entrance  and  other  Scholarships,  Prices.  &c..  is 
published  by  Messrs  Cornish,  New-street,  Birmingham.  Price  6rf. ;  by 
post,  8(i. 

Further  information  mav  be  obtained  en  application. 
r!  S.  HEATH,  Principal. 
GEO.  H    MORLEY,  Secretiry  and  Registrar. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Svstematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Pielinunary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  Il.Sc   Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  1  and  con- 
tinue till  JULY',  1896.  .    ^     „ 

Fee  for  the  wholecourse  2U.,  or  181.  18«.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  51  Ss.  each  for  single  subjects 
There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  W.vrdk-n   or  the  Colleck,  bC 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 
Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  respectively  worth  150( ,  7.V  , 


awarded  to  the  beat  candidate 

''candiliffes  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  Twenty-five  years 
of  age  and  mist  not  ha^e  entered ?o  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 

"'one'  Ju;urop'e''n'^c"h'^ar"hip  In  Science,  value  I.W..  and  one  Pre- 
\\°n'ary"'s."ent',''h'l°  Exhibition^  «)),   ^i.l   ,be   a-aMed^to    the    best 


l>»  o(  about  th'- range  of  the  I-a-s  questions  in  that  Examination  Ihe 
Jealtreson  Exhibition  (value  2v'l  i  will  be  competed    tor  at   the  same 

time     'ihe  su cts  of  Examination  are  L.atin.  Maibcmatic*,  and  any 

one  of  the  three' following  Languages-Greek.  French  and  German 

The  Classical  subjects  are  those  ol  the  London  University  Matricula- 
tion rxaniinatlon  of  Julv.  Isi'-S 

The  successful  ran  lid'ates  in  all  these  Scholarnhlps  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  cour»f  at  St  Bartholomew  »  Hii-.i.it.'«l  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination  'The  Examination  for  these  Scholarships 
will  be  held  on  September  25.  I8»5. 

For  partlculais  application  nuiy  be  made,  personally  or  by  lct:er,  to 
the  WAnuLv  or  rnr  Coi-i-k-e,  St.  Bartholomew's  HospiUI,  E  C. 


210 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'-SoSS,  Aug.  17, '95 


UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 
and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  wUl  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
18&5. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  ol  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineerius, 
and  in  the  Department  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools — 

Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particular,  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Kicisikak. 


ABERDARE   HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  'Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (Soinerville  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  E.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 1893. 


TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE   of   SOUTH  WALES 

*^  and  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 


ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  AND  EXHIBITION  EXAMINATION, 

SEPTEMBER,  1895. 
One  Scholarship  of  3.1?.,  Four  of  -^ol,  One  of  "01 ,  Two  of  15/ ,  Five 
Craddocli  Wells'  Exhibitions,  Twelve  Exhibitions  to  cover  the  cost  of 
Tuition,  Two  Scholarships  of  20/  (open  to  Men  Students  who  have 
resided  in  the  County  of  Brecon  during  the  past  ten  years),  and  a 
Number  of  Free  Studentships  in  connexion  with  the  Counties  of 
Glamorgan,  Monmouth,  and  Cardiff,  will  be  offered  for  competition  at 
the  Entrance  Examination  in  September,  ISifo. 

For  information  in  respect  of  the  Glamorgan  Free  Studentships  apply 
to  Mr.  Walter  Hogg  Pontypridd  ;  for  those  connected  with  the  County 
of  Monmouth  to  Mr.  Evan  Small,  County  Council  Oflices,  Newport ; 
and  for  all  further  information,  and  Prospectuses  for  College  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions,  as  well  as  Cardiff  Free  Studentships,  apply  to 
J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 

University  College,  Cardiff.  July  11, 1895. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 
with  an  Introductory  Address  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D   P(JLLOf'K,  at  4  p.m 
A  Prospectus  of  the  School  and  further  information  may  be  obtained 
by  application  to  the  Dean,  at  the  Hospital. 

ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Albert  Embankment.  London,  SE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  l8S1.5-!iii  will  OPEN  on  WEDNESDAY', 
October  2.  when  the  Pn/es  will  be  distributed  at  3  p.m.  by  Sir  EDWIN 
ARNOLD.  K.C  IE  C  S.I. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz  :— One  of  l.iO/  and  One  of  60/  in  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
with  either  Physiology,  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Year's  Students  ; 
One  of  50(.  in  Anatoiny,  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  Third  Y'ear's 
Students. 

Scholarships  and  money  prizes  of  the  value  of  SOW.  are  awarded  at  the 
Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  Medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  Intermediate  M.B.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge. 

The  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  S':en  on  application  to 
the  Medical  Secretary. 

The  fees  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments.  Entries  may 
be  made  separately  to  Lectures  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special 
arrangements  are  made  for  Students  entering  in  their  Second  or  subse- 
quent Years  ;  also  for  Dental  Students  and  for  Qualified  Practitioners. 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secretary, 
whoalso  has  a  list  cf  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Eendle,  the  Medical 
Secretary.  G.  H.  MAKINS,  Dean. 

^T,   MARY'S   HOSPITAL   MEDICAL   SCHOOL, 

O  PADDINGTON,  W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  BEGINS  on  OCTOBER  1,  with  an  Intro- 
<;uctorv  Address  at  4  !■  m.  by  Mr.  A.  P  LAURIE.  The  ANNUAL 
DINNER  will  be  held  in  the  evening,  at  the  KING  S  HALL,  Holborn 
Restaurant,  Mr.  M.\LCOLM  MORRIS  in  the  Chair. 

ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  IN  NATURAL  SCIENCE. 

One  of  105! ,  Five*  of  52i.  10s.,  will  be  awarded  by  Examination  on 
September  24  and  25. 

(♦  Two  of  which  are  specially  open  to  Students  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  j 

There  are  Sixteen  Resident  Appointments  in  the  Hospital  open  to 
Students  without  expense  'Ihe  School  provides  complete  preparation 
for  the  higher  Examinations  and  Degrees  fif  the  Universities. 

The  Resi  lential  College  i«  at  present  at  .'i  I  and  .35,  Westbourne-terrace, 
W.     Terms  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Warden,  Mr.  E.   W. 

KoUOHTON. 

CLARENCE  MEMORIAL  WING. 
The  Foundation  .Stone  of  this  important  addition  to  the  Hosf)ital  was 
laid  by  H.R  H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  the  builders  are  now  at  woik 
ipon  it     This  new  wing  will  provide  a  new  Out-Patients' ])ei)artnient, 
Wzrds  for  Lying-in  Women,  and  a  Residential  College  fur  Medical 
(jfllcers  and  Students,  who  will  then  be  close  to  their  work  and  directly 
under  the  influence  of  the  Medical  .School. 
For  Prospectus  apply  to  Mr.  F.  H.  Madtien,  School  Secretary. 
G    P.  FIELD.  Dean 
A.  P.  LUFF,  Ml)  ,  Sub-Dean. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Hoys  or  f;irl»)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bisevor,  MA.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand.  London,  W.C. 

(iiANDHURST,  WOOL-WICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

yj  TUTORS  —Messrs  GAlil'.lJ'.iS.  JHRING  &  CO  ,  who  have  for 
manv  years  past  kept  an  accurate  record  of  the  most  buccessful  Tutors, 
are  prepared,  on  receipt  ot  detailed  particulars,  to  supply,  free  of 
charge,  I'rospectus  and  full  information  to  Parents,  (iuardians,  or 
i'andidates  requiring  advicr*  as  to  preparation  for  the  above  Examina- 
tions —CO,  Backville-street,  London,  W. 

TO  NOBLEMEN  and  GENTLEMEN.— The 
Advertiser,  who  is  compllirg  a  History  of  the  Stage,  is  desirous 
of  PURCHASING  any  AUTOGRAPH  LETTKHS  and  CORRESPOND- 
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the  London  and  Provincial  Theatres  from  1770  to  1812  in  which  their 
names  appear. 

Apply  to  Mr.  Blake,  7,  Mag-lala-villas,  Cliftonville,  Margate. 


THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
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§^\t9  bg  glttction 

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BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE 
RIGHT  HON.  W.  E.  GLADSTONE. 

NOTES  and  QUEIUES  for  December  lOth  and 
24th  1892,  and  JANUARY  7th  and  2l8t,  1893,  conUins  a  BIBLIO- 
ORAI'HY  of  MR.  GLADSTONE. 

Price  of  the  Four  Nnmlicrs.  l.»  4.(.  ;  or  free  by  post,  1,?.  6<f. 
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lane,  B.C. 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


211 


CHATTO  &  WINDUS'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

NEW     LIBRARY     NOVELS. 
The  PROFESSOR'SIEXPERIMENT.    By  Mrs.  Himgerford,  Author  of  The 

Three  Graces.'    3  vols,  crown  Svo.  los.  net.  ISkortly. 

The  WOMAN  in  the  DARK.    By  F.  W.  Robinson,  Author  of  '  Grandmother's 

Money,'  '  Women  are  Strange,'  &c.    2  vols,  crown  Svo.  105.  net,  {^Shortly. 

SONS  of  BELIAL.    By  William  Westall,  Author  of  '  Red  Ryvington,'  '  Trust 

Money.' i;c.     2  vols,  crown  .Svo.  IO.'J.  net.  [Shortli/. 

A  COMPANION  TO  BESANT'S  '  LONDON.' 

WESTMINSTER.    By  Sir  Walter  Besant.    With  an  Etched  Plate  of  '  The 

Towers  of  Westminster,' by  Francis  S.  Walker,  R.P.E.,  and  10;i  Illustrations  by  William  Fatten  and  others.     Demy 
Svo.  cloth  extra,  16s.  {.'Shortly. 

A  STUDY  of  SHAKESPEARE.    By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne.    Third 

Edition,  Eevised.    Crown  Svo.  cloth  e.xtra,  8s.  {Just  ready. 

SIR  HENRY  IRVING :   a  Record  of  over  Twenty  Years  at  the  Lyceum.    By 

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The  IMPRESSIONS  of  AUREOLE :  a  Diary  of  To-day.    Choicely  printed  on 

blush-rose  paper,  and  handsomely  bound.     Crown  Svo.  6s.  \_f<hortly. 

DAGONET  ABROAD.    By  George  R.  Sims,  Author  of '  Mary  Jane's  Memoirs,' 

&c.     Crown  Svo.  cloth  extra,  .'5.5.  Krf.  {shortly. 


Crown  Svo.  cloth  extra,  38.  6d.  each. 

CLARENCE.    By  Bret  Harte.    (A  Companion 

story  to  '.\  Waif  of  the  Plains'  and    Su^v.')    With  8  Illustrations 
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A    COUNTRY   SWEETHEART.     By  Dora 

RUSSELL.  [Slwitly. 

"  It  is  a  bright,  clerer  stor.v.  which  shows  a  considerable  knowledge 
of  human  nature. ..  .The  story  is  interesting,  aud  written  pleasantly, 
without  padding.  "—.V(.Hf/i«sto-  (Junrdi^m. 

OTHELLO'S    OCCUPATION.     By    Mary 

.\NDEKSOX. 
"Miss  Mary  Anderson'; 
adventures."— iitovjiy  ll'o 

VILLAGE    TALES   and   JUNGLE    TRA- 

GEDIES.      By  B.    M.    CHOKER.      With  a  Frontispiece  by  John 
Charlton. 

"Mrs.  Croker  makes  the  tales  interesting  and  attractive;  and  her 
ready  sympathy  with  the  Indian  people,  whom  we  are  gradually  coming 
to  know  through  the  inteipretation  of  some  of  our  very  best  writers, 
strikes  the  reader  afresh  in  this  volume  "—  World. 


I'omance  is  full  of  strange  and  romantic 


By  C.  J.  Cutcliffe 


HONOUR  of  THIEVES. 

HYNE. 

"  •  .A.  rattling  good  story  '  would  be  a  boy's  verdict  on  closing  '  Honour 
ol  Thieves  '  The  book  is  written  with  iiiHnite  spirit  aud  go,  and  the 
adventures  of  the  500  (XKW  are  truly  exciting  There  is  real  humour  in 
Captain  Kettle  s  poetical  ert.irts  ;  and  if.  as  Mr  Cutclitfe  Hyne  admits 
in  his  somewhat  lynieal  Preface,  his  characters  are.  with  one  exception, 
'  mostly  bad,'  their  proceediugs  make  very  amusing  reading  " 

Fall  Mall  Oa-MU. 

EHODA  ROBERTS 

By  HARRY  LINDSAY 
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of  a  type  of  which  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  may  well  beprouJ.. 
plot  IS  an  extremely  faiciuitiug  and  exciting  one  ' 


LIBRARY  EDITION  OF  CHARLES  READES  NOVELS. 
Crown  Svo.  laid  paper.  fij;uied  cloth,  35.  Gd.  each. 

PEG    WOFFINGTON;     and    CHRISTIE 

JOHNSTONE. 

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liihortly. 
*f*  Further  Volumes  will  follow  at  intervals. 

LIBRARY  EDITION  OF  THE  NOVELS  OF  SIR  'WALTER  BES-INT 

AND  JAMES  UICE. 

Set  in  new  type,  and  handsomely  printed  and  bound.    Crown  Svo.  cloth, 

3s  brf.  each. 

The  GOLDEN  BUTTERFLY. 

The   CASE    of  MR.   LUCRAFT,  and  other 

Tales.  [Shortly. 

*t*  Other  Volumes  of  the  Series  will  follow  shortly. 


NEW  SIX  SHILLING  BOOKS. 
LILITH.    By  George  Mac  Donald,  Author  of 

■Phantasies.'    Crown  Svo.  cloth  extra,  (is.  [Sept.  Vi. 


"LkTiY  KILPATRICK. 

Author  of  '  God  and  the  Man."    C 


By  Robert  Buchanan, 

own  Svo.  cloth  e.vtra,  6.5.    [Shorlltj. 


a  Welsh  Mining  Story. 


Pontyiwol  Free  Press. 

MOUNT    DESPAIR,   &c.     By   D.   Christie 

MURRAY'.    'With  a  Frontispiece  by  f;  Grenville  Manton 
"Mr.  Christie  Murray  is  among  the  writers  who  are  irresistible     His 
Tiew  atori' 8  are  stirring  beyond  the  dreams  of  those  who  have  never  read 
nim — The  style  is  brisk  and  straightforward.and  the  matter  manly  and 
strong."— Monihi(;  LeaJ^r 

IS  HE  the  MAN  ?    By  W.  Clark  RusseU. 

■For  genimie  excitement  it  will  compare  favourably  with  some  of 
the  best  work  of  the  author  of  '1  he  Woman  in  White."  The  characters 
are  well  drawn,  and  there  is  a  force  and  a  vigour  of  treatment  about 
them  that  is  rare  indeed  at  the  present  Ad.y."— Liberal. 

The  PHANTOM  DEATH,  &c.    By  W.  Clark 

RUSSELL     With  a  Frontispiece  by  H  C.  Scppings  Wright 
"We  can  cordially  recommend  it  as  Icing,  in  its  wav,  equal  to  any- 
thing that  .Mr  Clark  Russell  has  yet  written.    Higher  praise  than  this 
could  hardly  be  given  to  a  collection  ol  stories  dealing  with  life  unon 
the  %e^."—i>t>eaUr.  "^ 

The  MACDONALD  LASS.    By  Sarah  Tytler. 

■With  Allan  Ramsaj  s  I'ortrait  of  Flora  Macdonald. 
".\ll  the  nobility  and  purity,  the  heroism  and  chivalry,  of  the  saviour 
of  Prince  I  harlie  are  ilescribed  with  a  loving  tenderness  and  withal  i 
touching  pathos  that  make  this  book  one  of  .Miss  Tvtler's  best  Few 
historical  novels  :uc  more  correct  in  the  picture  they  give  of  Scotland 
at  the  period  in  i|up-ti(>n. ..  .For  beauty  of  style,  skill  in  characteriza- 
tion, vivid  pictures  of  the  period  and  of  the  country,  the  novel  before 
us  will  rank  with  any  proJuced  this  season. '•—Z,i(.f™(. 

The   PRINCE    of  BALKISTAN.     By  Allen 

UPWARD,  Author..!    The  Hucen  .ngainst  Owun. 

"  In  'The  (iuecn  again-t  Owen  the  voung  author,  whonam.d  himself 
with  a  sort  of  foreca-t  ..f  what  he  knew  was  in  him,  made  a  sudden 
startling,  and  indelible  mark  as  a  novel-writer  We  waute  1  to  hear 
fr^im  him  again  Hh  c.uise.  as  his  pseudonjm  predicted,  was  upward 
W  ell.  he  has  justiHcd  in  his  second  etlbrt  the  famous  promise  of  his  Hrst 

Ihe  I'rince  of  Halkistin  '  already  stands  forth  from  a  crowd  of  am- 
bitious competitors  as  the  story  of  the  season,  and  more  also  '  —tun 


IN  DEACON'S  ORDERS,  &c.    By  Sir  Walter 

BESANT,  Author  of  '  Children  of  Gilieon,'  &c.    With  a  Frontispiece 

by  A.  Forestier.  Crown  Svo.  cloth  extra,  (is. 
"'In  Deacon's  Orders'  contains  one  story  of  singular  power.  It  is 
the  story  which  gives  the  title  to  the  volume.  Some  of  our  younger 
writers  would  have  published  this  short  story,  if  they  had  lieen'  able  to 
write  it,  in  a  volume  by  itself,  and  it  would  have  made  their  reputation. 
It  is  a  remarkably  powerful  study  of  a  type  of  man  which  unques- 
tionably exists."— iiea/m. 

NEW  TWO-SHILLING  BOOKS. 
WI  FLIRTATIONS.    By  Margaret  Wynman. 

■idge.    .K  New  Edition. 
[Shortly. 

"  It  is  full  of  keen  observation  and  knowledge,  particularly  frank  and 
outspoken  in  its  portraiture,  while  the  sketches  of  all  the  men  with 
whom  the  heroine  has  '  carried  on  '  are  clever  and  recognizable  ;  some 
are  delightfully  daring   "—  U'orlJ 

TALES  of  the  CALIPH.    By  H.  N.  Crellin, 

Author  of  '  Romances  of  the  Old  SuragUo.'    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. 

"After  the  style  of,  and  quite  as  good  as,  most  of  the  stones  in  the 

'Arabian  Nights.'  'Tales  of  the  Caliph  '  are  certain  to  be  popular.    The 

Caliph  is,  we  need  hardly  say,  Haroun  Alraschid These  new  btories 

are  cjuite  worthy  of  the  famous  ori;;inal  series.'  —Leeds  Mercunj. 

The  ADVENTURES  of  JONES.    By  Hayden 

C.^RRUI  H.     With  17  Full-Page  Illustrations.    Fcap  Mvo.  cloth.  I's. 

"Jones  is  no  common  liar.    There  is  in  his  mendacious  edorts  an 

ingenuity,  an  originality,  and  a  courage  that,  taken  together,  almost 

amount  to  genius He  has  all  Munchausen's  ingenuity,  with  none  of 

his  brag — Mr.  Carruth's  book  is  a  work  of  genius— of  a  kind." 

Srotiman 


STORIES  OF  PAltlS  LIFE. 

The   KING   in   YELLOW.     By   Robert  W. 

(  ■II.^.MIIKKS      Long  fcap.  Svo    cloth,  '^'ilt  top.  2s.  6./.  _Shiirtlij. 

IN  the  QUARTER.    By  Robert  W.  Chambers, 

Author  ol  ■  'I'he  King  la  Yellow.'    Small  8yo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  ?s.  (id. 
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The  MINOR  TACTICS  of  CHESS  :  a  Treatise 

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Long  fcap  (>vo.  cloth,  :.'v  0.i, 
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lated upon  a  th. .roughly  original  work,  treating  with  great  Interest  and 
suggestivcness  of  a  subject  that  seemed  well-mgh  tbreadt>are  ;  and  thejr 
may  reasonably  expect  their  labours  to  lead  to  an  improvement  in  the 
practice  of  -.he  game ."— S/)fc(aior. 


London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  W. 


A  NEW  VOLUME  AND  A  NEW  STORY. 

Re.ad  the  Captivating  Study  by  B.  K.,  entitlt^d 

OF     COOT     AND     HERON, 

IN' 

THE     SEPTEMBER     NUMBER 

OF  THE 

PALL  MALL  MAGAZINE. 

Edited  by  LORD  FREDERIC  HAMILTON  and 

SIR  DOUGLAS  STRAIGHT. 

READY  MONDAY,   AUGUST    19. 

200  PAGES,  profusely  illustrated,  -with  a  PHOTOGRAVURE 

and  a  COLOURED  PLATE. 

PRICE    BIGHTEBNPENCE. 

Contents. 

Clir.ESTE.    Frontispiece A  Photogravure  Plate  after  GREUZE. 

LO\'E 1C\TIE  LBB. 

Illustrated  by  T.  Vi'.  Couldery. 

OF  COOT  and  HERON  b  K 

Illustrated  by  A.  Karraud  aud  H.  Vanderlvn. 

LINES  on  an  EDELWEISS  MUFF  MARIE  BANCROFT 

BETWEEN  FLESH  and  SPIRIT  ■«'.  H.  MALLOc£ 

Illustrated  by  Abbey  Altson. 

CO  WES  Coloured  Plate. 

After  a  Picture  by  Nora  Davison. 

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SATURDAY,  AUGUST  17,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Lord  Clyde       ^13 

Old-Age  Pensions      214 

Korea  and  the  Koreans     215 

British  Naval  History      216 

The  Tracts  of  Clement  Maydeston 217 

Aristotle's  Poetics  and  -Esthetics     218 

New  Novels  (The  Princess  Aline;  The  Love  Affairs 
of  an  Old  Maid  ;  Cause  and  Effect ;  A  Modern  Man  ; 
An  Imaginative  Man  ;  By  Adverse  Winds  ;  Fooled 

by  a  Woman)  218—219 

Books  about  Wales 219 

American  History  and  Biography      220 

Oriental  Grammars 222 

French  Literature 2J2 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      ...      223—224 

Prof.    George    Stephens-.    The  Souhces  of   the 

"  Machinery  "  of  Lovk  in  Arthurian  Romance  ; 

The  Autum.v   Publishing  Season;   Is  Egypt  so 

VERY  Old  ?  The  Congress  of  Journalists  ;  Mr. 

Constantine  Pilling     224—226 

Literary  Gossip         227 

Science— In  the  Guiana  Forest;  Library'  Table; 
Geological  Literature;  ;  Astronomical  Notes; 

Anthropological  Notes         228—229 

Fine  Arts— Chapu  ;   Eastern    Arch-eology  ;   The 
British  Archaeological  Association  ;  The  Cam- 
brian Archaeological  Association  ;  Gossi'P    229—234 
Music— Greek  Music;  Dr.  G.  F.  Root;  Gossip  234—235 
Drama— The    Variorum    Shakespeare  ;     Library- 
Table  ;  Gossip      :i.35— 236 


LITERATURE 


Colin  CampheU,  Lord  Clyde.     By  Archibald 

Forbes.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Lord  Clyde's  character  and  achievements 
have  not,  as  a  rule,  been  accurately  appre- 
ciated. By  some  he  has  been  considered 
one  of  the  great  captains  of  his  age ;  by 
others  merely  a  sturdy  soldier,  efficient  in 
actual  fighting,  but  of  little  intellectual 
capacity  or  education.  Both  estimates  are 
incorrect.  He  was  not  a  great  captain,  being 
inferior  to  several  of  his  contemporaries 
■who  learned  their  trade  in  Napoleon's  later 
campaigns — to  Sir  Charles  Napier,  Bugeaud, 
and  Radetzky,  for  example.  He  was,  how- 
ever, a  capable  commander  who  had  had 
much  experience  in  war;  an  active,  resolute 
man,  possessing  the  confidence  and  love  of 
his  troops ;  and,  above  all,  he  was  unselfish 
upright,  and  loyal.  Moreover,  he  was  much 
more  highly  educated  and  better  read  than 
it  has  been  the  fashion  to  suppose,  in  the 
matter  of  languages  more  especially  being 
above  the  average  of  his  countrymen. 

Mr.  Archibald  Forbes  has  traced  Lord 
Clyde's  career  with  accuracy  and  a  due 
sense  of  proportion,  and,  notwithstanding 
his  warm  sympathy  with  a  brother  Scotch- 
man, he  is  discriminating  in  his  criticism. 
Colin  Campbell's  real  name  was  Colin 
Macliver;  his  father  was  a  Glasgow  car- 
penter whose  family  had  gone  down  in  the 
world  on  account  of  the  Forty-five,  while 
his  mother  belonged  to  a  respectable  branch 
of  the  Cawdor  Campbells.  Several  of  his 
maternal  kinsfolk  had  held  commissions  in 
the  army,  and  one  of  his  uncles,  Col.  John 
Campbell,  appears  to  have  been  an  officer 
of  repute  and  of  good  standing  at  the  Horse 
Guards.  Colin's  early  schooling  was  re- 
ceived at  the  Glasgow  High  School,  but 
when  he  was  ten  he  was  placed  at  the  Eoyal 
Naval  and  Military  Academy  at  Gosport 
by  the  uncle  named  above.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  Col.  Campbell  took  his  nephew  to  the 
Horse  Guards,  presented  him  to  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  obtained  for  liini  the  promise 
of  a  commission.  The  Duke  remarked,  while 
making  a  memorandum  of  his  promise, 
"  Another  of  the  clan,  I  suppose  y"  and  wrote 
down  the  youngster's  name  as  Colin  Camp- 
bell, by  which  name  he  was  ever  after  known. 


The  lad  observed  to  his  uncle  that  the  Duke 
had  entered  his  name  wrongly,  but  the  canny 
old  Scotchman  told  him  that  "  CampbeU  was 
a  name  which  it  would  suit  him,  for  pro- 
fessional reasons,  to  adopt." 

On  May  26th,  1808,  Colin  Campbell,  then 
wanting  nearly  six  months  of  sixteen,  was 
gazetted  to  the  9th  Foot ;  five  weeks  later  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  and 
on  July  20th  embarked  for  Portugal.  Two 
days  after  his  disembarkation  he  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Vimiera,  where  his  regiment 
was  hotly  engaged.  In  after  life  he  was 
wont  to  relate  an  incident  of  his  baptism 
of  fire,  which  Mr.  Forbes  thus  relates  : — 

"Young  Campbell  was  with  the  rear  company 
of  his  battalion,  which  stood  halted  in  open 
column  of  companies  under  the  fierce  fire  of 
Laborde's  artillery  covering  the  impending 
assault  of  his  infantry.  The  captain  of  Camp- 
bell's company,  an  otticer  inured  to  war,  chose 
the  occasion  for  leading  the  lad  out  to  the  front 
of  the  battalion  and  walking  with  him  along  the 
face  of  the  leading  company  for  several  minutes, 
after  which  little  piece  of  experience  he  sent  him 
back  to  his  company.  In  narrating  the  incident 
in  after  years  Campbell  was  wont  to  add  :  '  It 
was  the  greatest  kindness  that  could  have  been 
shown  to  me  at  such  a  time,  and  through  life 
I  have  been  grateful  for  it.'  " 

His  battalion  subsequently  took  part  in  Sir 
John  Moore's  campaign  ;  but  he  saw  little 
fighting,  though  he  experienced  much  hard- 
ship : — 

"Lord  Clyde  used  to  relate  how  for  some 
time  before  reaching  Coruiia  he  had  to  march 
with  bare  feet,  the  soles  of  his  boots  being  com- 
pletely worn  away.  He  had  no  means  of  re- 
placing them,  and  when  he  got  on  board  ship 
he  was  unable  to  remove  them,  as  from  constant 
wear  and  his  inability  to  take  them  off  the  leather 
had  adhered  so  closely  to  the  flesh  of  the  legs 
that  he  was  obliged  to  steep  them  in  water  as 
hot  as  he  could  bear  and  have  the  leather  cut 
away  in  strips — a  painful  operation,  as  in  the 
process  pieces  of  the  skin  were  brought  away 
with  it." 

At  this  time  Colin  Campbell  was  only  just 
turned  eighteen. 

After  six  months  in  England  the  lad 
accompanied  his  battalion  in  the  Walcheren 
expedition,  from  which  he  brought  back  a 
fever  from  which  he  suffered  intermittingly 
almost  to  the  end  of  his  life.  In  1811  he 
was  present  at  Barrosa,  and  succeeding 
during  the  action  to  the  command  of  the  two 
flank  companies  of  his  battalion,  he  attracted 
the  favourable  notice  of  Sir  Thomas  Graham 
(Lord  Lynedoch)  for  the  manner  in  which  he 
handled  them.  A  little  desultory  fighting 
in  the  south  of  Spain  succeeded,  and  was 
followed  by  a  period  of  garrison  duty  at 
Gibraltar : — 

"In  the  disturbed  state  of  the  surrounding 
region  many  Spanish  families  of  rank  were  glad 
to  tind  quiet  shelter  within  the  fortress  of  Gib- 
raltar, and  their  society  was  eagerly  sought  by 
young  Campbell,  who  was  anxious  to  take  the 
opportunity  of  improving  himself  in  the  French 
and  Spanish  languages." 

Then  came  the  defence  of  Tarifa,  in  which, 
with  the  light  company  of  his  battalion,  he 
took  part. 

In  the  beginning  of  1813  he  accompanied 
a  draft  from  the  second  battalion  of  the  9th 
to  reinforce  the  first  battalion  in  Northern 
Portugal.  In  the  following  campaign  Colin 
Campbell  had  enough  fighting  to  make  up 
for  lost  time  ;  and  in  the  subsequent  ojiera- 
tions  at  San  Sebastian  he  again  attracted  the 


attention  of  his  old  phief  at  Barrosa.  On 
July  17th  he  had  his  share  in  the  desperate 
struggle  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the 
convent  and  redoubt  of  San  Bartolomeo,  and 
"in  Graham's  despatch  to  Lord  Wellington, 
among  '  the  officers  Avhose  gallantry  was  most 
conspicuous  in  leading  on  their  men  to  overcome 
the  variety  of  obstacles  exposed  to  them '  was 
mentioned  '  Lieutenant  Colin  Campbell  of  the 
Ninth  Foot.'  " 

On  July  25th  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  carry  San  Sebastian  itself  by  assault. 
Colin  Campbell  with  twenty  men  of  the  light 
company  of  his  regiment  constituted  the 
forlorn  hope  at  the  great  breach,  and  on 
reaching  the  top  he  was  shot  through  the 
right  hip,  and  fell  to  the  bottom.  Again 
ascending,  he  was  shot  through  the  inner 
part  of  the  left  thigh,  and  Graham  in  his 
despatch  said,  "I  beg  to  recommend  to  you 
Lieutenant  Campbell  of  the  Ninth,  who  led 
the  forlorn  hope,  and  who  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  breach."  In  1857,  viz., 
forty-four  years  after  the  siege,  Colin  Camp- 
bell was  Inspector- General  of  Infantry  : — 

"' While,' said  Campbell,  'I  was  inspecting 
the  dejjot  at  Chichester,  I  noticed  that  an  old 
man,  evidently  an  old  soldier  though  in  plain 
clothes,  was  constantly  on  the  ground  and 
apparently  watching  my  movements.  As  I  was 
leaving  the  barrack-yard  at  the  end  of  the  in- 
spection, he  came  towards  me,  drew  himself  up, 
made  the  military  salute,  and  with  much  respect 
said,  "  Sir  Colin,  may  I  speak  to  you  ?  Look  at 
me,  sir  I  do  you  recollect  me  ?"  I  looked  at  him 
and  replied,  "Yes,  I  do."  "What  is  my  name  V 
he  asked.  I  told  him.  "Yes,  sir;  and  where 
did  you  last  see  me?"  "In  the  breach  of  San 
Sebastian,"  I  replied,  "badly  wounded  by  my 
side."  "Right,  sir  I"  answered  the  old  soldier. 
"I  can  tell  you  something  more,"  I  added — 
"you  were  No.  —  in  the  front  rank  of  my  com- 
pany." "Right,  sir  I"  said  the  veteran.  I  was 
putting  my  hand  into  my  pocket  to  make  the 
old  man  a  present,  when  he  stepped  forward, 
laid  his  hand  on  my  wrist,  and  said  : — "  No,  sir  ; 
that  is  not  what  I  want  ;  but  you  will  be  going 
to  Shorncliffe  to  inspect  the  depot  there.  I  have 
a  son  in  the  Inniskillings  quartered  at  that 
station,  and  if  you  will  call  him  out  and  tell  him 
that  you  knew  his  father,  that  is  what  I  should 
wish."  '  " 

At  the  end  of  September,  1813,  Campbell, 
hearing  that  a  battle  was  imminent,  deserted 
with  another  officer  from  the  hospital,  and, 
limping  along  the  weary  road  to  Oryarzun, 
joined  the  regiment  in  time  to  cross  the 
Bidassoa  with  it,  and  take  part  in  the 
stubborn  fight  of  October  7th.  Again  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  owing  to  his 
gallant  conduct  his  breach  of  discipline 
entailed  no  worse  consequences  than  a  severe 
reprimand  from  his  colonel.  On  November 
9th,  1813,  he  was  promoted  to  a  company 
without  purchase  in  the  60th  Eifles,  when 
only  a  few  days  over  twenty-one.  After  the 
peace  of  1814,  he  gradually  rose,  purchasing 
two  of  his  steps,  to  an  unattached  lieutenant- 
colonelcy.  In  May,  1835,  he  was  given 
the  command  of  the  98th,  and  in  1811  he 
sailed  with  that  regiment  to  China.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  war  at  the  end  of 
1842  he  became  commandant  of  Hong 
Kong,  C.B.,  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  Queen. 
In  January,  1844,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  garrison  of  Chusan,  with 
the  rank  of  brigadier  of  the  second  class. 

In  July,  1846,  he  sailed  with  his  regi- 
ment for  India,  and  soon  after  hia 
arrival  was  posted  to  Lahore.  In  the 
cold  wer-.ther    of    1848   he,  with  the   rank 


214 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


of  brigadier  -  general,  commanded  a  divi- 
sion in  Lord  Gough's  army,  and  had  his 
advice  been  followed,  viz.,  that  the  Sikhs 
should  not  be  attacked  until  their  position 
had  been  carefully  reconnoitred,  Chillian- 
■wallah  would  probably  have  been  a  less 
costly  victory.  As  it  was  the  left  brigade, 
personally  commanded  by  Campbell,  did 
much  to  defeat  the  foe.  Changing  front  to 
his  right  under  a  close  fire,  he  rolled  vip  the 
Sikh  right  wing,  capturing  thirteen  guns,  and 
was  wounded  in  the  arm  by  a  sword  cut. 
At  Goojerat  he  showed  that  Chillianwallah 
had  not  been  without  its  lessons  to  him,  and 
we  are  f  ui'nished  with  a  key  to  his  conduct 
in  the  later  operations  of  the  Mutiny : — 

"I  was  ordered  to  storm  this  nullah  ;  but  to 
have  done  so  with  infantry  would  have  occa- 
sioned a  useless  and  needless  sacrifice  of  life. 
Recognising  that  the  result  could  be  obtained 
by  gun-fire  without  risking  the  life  of  a  man,  I 
proceeded  on  my  own  responsibility  to  employ 
my  artillery  in  enfilading  the  nullah  ;  and  after 
thus  clearing  it  of  the  enemy,  I  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  the  whole  of  our  left  wing  pass 
this  formidable  defence  of  the  enemy's  right 
wing  without  firing  a  shot  or  losing  a  man.  We 
had  too  much  slaughter  at  Chillianwallah  because 
due  precaution  had  not  been  taken  to  prevent 
it  by  the  employment  of  our  magnificent  artil- 
lery. Having  felt  this  strongly  and  expressed 
it  to  the  Commander-in-Chief  in  warm  terms,  I 
had  determined  to  employ  this  arm  henceforth 
to  the  fullest  extent  ;  and  I  did  so,  accordingly, 
in  the  battle  of  Goojerat." 

At  the  end  of  1851  and  beginning 
of  1852,  Sir  Colin  —  he  had  been  made 
a  K.C.B.  after  the  second  Sikh  war  — 
carried  out  a  successful  little  campaign 
against  the  Momunds.  He  had,  however, 
hardly  returned  to  Peshawur  when  he  was 
recalled  to  the  field  by  another  outbreak  on 
the  part  of  those  Yery  same  Momunds,  and 
again  beat  them.  Soon  after  he  inflicted 
severe  punishment  on  the  Ootman  Kheyls. 
Pressed  by  the  Punjab  Government  to 
invade  the  Swat  territory,  he  refused  to  do 
so  unless  reinforced  by  2,500  men.  This 
reinforcement  being  refused,  he  returned  to 
Peshawur.  For  this  conduct  he  received  a 
reprimand,  to  which  we  can  only  apply 
the  French  word  "brutal,"  from  Lord 
Dalhousio,  who  ventured  to  say  of  the 
man  whom  Napier  called  "  the  war-worn 
Sir  Colin"  that  "he  had  manifested  over- 
cautious reluctance,  almost  amounting  to 
timidity,"  in  refusing  to  invade  Swat.  Sir 
Colin  penned  a  dignified  remonstrance,  and 
I'csigned.  Lord  iJalliousie  made  a  half  sort 
of  apology,  but  the  old  soldier  would  have 
none  of  it,  and  returned  to  England. 

Henceforth  his  career  is  so  well  known 
that  few  remarks  are  called  for.  On 
one  point  we  disagree  with  Mr.  Archibald 
Forbes,  who  maintains  that  Sir  Colin's 
anger  with  Windham  for  his  conduct 
at  Cawnpore  was  justified,  for  that  Wind- 
ham had  not  followed  the  instructions 
of  the  Commander-in-Chief.  We  contend, 
on  the  contrary,  that  Windham  had  carried 
out  the  spirit  if  not  the  letter  of  Sir  Colin's 
orders.  It  is  true  that,  instead  of  adhering 
to  the  passive  defensive,  he  had  marched 
to  meet  the  foe ;  but,  especially  with  an 
Oriental  enemy,  the  offensive  defensive  is 
often  the  wisest  course,  and  it  must  bo 
remembered  that  Windham  had  neither  the 
men  nor  the  time  to  fortify  his  position 
properly. 


By  the  young,  thoughtless,  and  im- 
perfectly informed,  Sir  Colin's  sometimes 
cautious  tactics  were  condemned  at  the 
time,  and  he  was  nicknamed  "  Old  Kubber- 
dar,"  "Kubberdar"  being  the  Hindustani 
for  "  take  care."  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes 
shows  how  little  this  nickname  in  its  offen- 
sive sense  was  deserved  : — 

"Sir  Colin  Campbell  was  unquestionably  a 
delil)erate  man.  This  was  not  so  in  his  original 
nature,  which  was  quick  and  ardent ;  but  in  the 
course  of  his  long  military  life  he  had  seen  much 
evil  come  of  hurry.  Fighting  man  as  he  was, 
there  probably  never  was  a  greater  economist 
of  the  lives  of  his  soldiers.  When  absolute  need 
was,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  avert  failure  at  the 
cost  of  men's  lives,  as  he  showed  in  the  long  and 
bloody  fight  under  the  walls  of  the  Shah  Nujeef  ; 
but  whenever  and  wherever  there  was  the  pos- 
sibility, his  most  earnest  anxiety  was  to  spare 
his  men  to  the  utmost  of  his  endeavour." 

One  thing  is  certain,  namely,  that  if  sundry 
thoughtless  young  officers  criticized  him, 
his  men  appreciated  him,  and  the  93rd 
Highlanders  bore  for  him  a  love  hardly 
exceeded  by  the  affection  of  the  Old 
Guard  for  Napoleon. 

In  conclusion,  we  may  call  attention 
to  the  fact  that  he  was  scarcely,  as  has 
been  supposed,  an  instance  of  neglected 
merit.  As  times  went  he  was  not 
an  unlucky  man.  Purchasing  only  his 
majority  and  an  unattached  lieutenant- 
colonelcy,  he  rose  in  twenty-six  years'  ser- 
vice, and  at  the  age  of  forty-one,  to  the 
command  of  a  regiment.  Between  1842 
and  1852  he  held  a  higher  command  than 
that  of  colonel,  holding  during  the  last  seven 
years  the  position  of  a  general  officer.  It  is 
true  that  he  had  been  forty-five  years  in  the 
army  before  he  became  a  major-general; 
but  within  little  more  than  eight  years 
afterwards  he  had  risen  to  the  rank  of 
Field-Marshal,  and  had  been  made  a 
peer.  That  he  committed  occasional  mis- 
takes as  a  general  is  undeniable,  but  no 
general  has  been  without  flaws.  He  had 
also  his  moments  of  temper  and  injustice  ; 
what  man  has  not  ?  But,  take  him  all  in  all, 
he  was  a  sound  general,  a  brave  man,  and  a 
true  friend. 


The  Prohlein  of  the  Aged  Poor.     By  Geoffrey 

Drage.  (Black.) 
The  reports  of  the  majority  and  the  several 
minorities  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  consider  "  whether  any  altera- 
tions in  the  system  of  Poor  Law  relief  are 
desirable,  in  the  case  of  persons  whose 
destitution  is  occasioned  by  incapacity  for 
work  resulting  from  old  age,  or  whether 
assistance  could  otherwise  be  afforded  in 
those  cases,"  served  rather  to  bewilder  than 
to  enlighten  the  public.  The  admirable 
report  prepared  by  the  late  Lord  Aberdare 
was  weakened  by  the  introduction  of  para- 
graphs by  way  of  compromise  in  the  vain 
hope  of  meeting  the  objections  of  the 
several  wings  of  the  minority.  The  differ- 
ences of  opinion  grow  so  pronounced  that 
even  on  such  a  subject  as  this,  which  ought 
to  unite  rathor  than  to  divide  sympathetic 
and  right-thinking  men  of  all  parties  and 
of  all  ranks,  the  I'rince  of  Wales  felt  that 
his  position  of  political  neutrality  imposed 
silence  upon  him.  Every  one  of  the  Com- 
missionei's  who  signed  the  majority  report 
signed    it   with    a  qualification,  which  he 


defined  in  an  independent  memorandum. 
Three  minority  reports  were  presented,  the 
principal  one  asking  for  the  appointment 
of  a  smaller  commission  to  prosecute 
further  a  branch  of  the  inquiry,  so  as  to 
be  "  better  able  to  deal  with  the  complicated 
technical  details  of  the  subject  in  an  im- 
partial and  scientific  spirit."  Altogether, 
the  labours  of  the  Commission  appeared  to 
the  general  reader  to  have  brought  out 
"  quot  homines  tot  sententioe";  and  those 
who  may  have  sought,  in  the  evidence  given 
before  it,  to  find  the  light  the  reports  do 
not  give,  will  probably  have  been  equally 
embarrassed. 

It  is  a  curious  instance  of  the  peculiar 
working  of  our  legislative  system  that, 
even  while  the  Commission  was  sitting, 
one  subject  embraced  in  its  inquiry  was 
dealt  with  by  legislation,  and  since  the 
presentation  of  the  reports  another  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  majority  has  been 
adopted,  and  is  now  part  of  the  statute  law. 
There  seems  to  have  been,  in  connexion 
with  these  matters,  no  general  consideration 
of  the  whole  problem  ;  and  the  two  statutes, 
if  not  destructive  of  each  other,  at  least  are 
based  upon  extremely  divergent  principles. 
The  first  is  the  Outdoor  Eelief  (Friendly 
Societies)  Act,  1894,  which  enables  a 
"Board  of  Guardians,  if  they  think  fit,  to 
grant  relief  out  of  the  poor  rates  to  any  person 
otherwise  entitled  to  such  relief,  notwithstand- 
ing that  the  said  person  is  in  receipt  of  any 
sum  by  reason  of  his  membership  of  a  friendly 
society," 

and  gives  discretion  to  the  Board  whether 
they  will  or  will  not, 

"  in  estimating  the  amount  of  the  relief  to  be 
granted  to  such  person,  take  into  considera- 
tion the  amount  received  by  him  from  such 
friendly  society." 

This  enactment,  while  it  corresponds  with 
the  actual  practice  of  many  boards  of 
guardians,  and  legalizes  that  which  they 
have  been  in  the  habit  of  doing  without 
legal  authority,  is  in  effect  a  surrender 
of  the  principle  that  the  Poor  Law  has  only 
to  deal  with  destitution.  Mr.  Drage  per- 
tinently asks : — 

"  Is  it  not  unfair  that  the  income  derived 
from  thrift,  when  it  has  taken  the  form  of  the 
accumulation  of  savings  in  a  bank,  or  their 
investment  in  a  house,  an  allotment,  or  in 
stocking  a  small  shop,  should  be  considered  to 
disqualify  for  Poor  Law  relief,  if  the  income 
received  from  a  friendly  society  does  not  ? 
But  if  every  form  of  thrift  is  to  be  similarly 
encouraged,  the  question  at  issue  is  whether 
destitution  or  merit  is  to  form  the  basis  of 
relief." 
As  the  majority  report  says  : — 

"Any  general  rate-supplementation  of  an 
inadequate  benefit  fund  would  prove  most 
injurious  to  the  general  progress  of  thrift  by 
encouraging  partial  and  inadequate  provision. " 

The  second  statute  to  which  we  refer  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  brought  under  Mr. 
Drage' s  attention ;  at  least,  we  have  not 
met  with  any  reference  to  it  in  his  work. 
It  is  the  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1895.  By 
this  Act,  which  will  come  into  operation  on 
January  1st  next,  a  friendly  society  is 
enabled  to  admit  persons  of  any  age  (above 
one  year)  as  members.  At  present,  friendly 
societies  are  divided  into  three  classes  : 
1 ,  societies  consisting  wholly  of  persons  above 
sixteen  years  of  ago;  2,  "juvenile"  societies, 
consisting  wholly  of  persons  between  three 


J 


^'S5S8,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


215 


and  twenty-one  years  of  age ;  3,  societies 
established  before  1876,  •which,  may  admit 
members  at  any  age  allowed  by  the  rules 
in  existence  at  that  date.  "When  the  new 
Act  comes  into  operation,  these  distinctions 
will  be  at  an  end,  and  it  will  be  open  to  the 
member  of  any  society,  by  beginning  early 
in  life,  to  assure  for  himself  a  competent 
provision  in  old  age.  The  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  direct  insurance  of  an  old-age 
pension  has  hitherto  been  the  great  cost  of 
any  adequate  provision.  The  operation  of 
compound  interest  is  so  powerful  that  a  few 
pence  periodically  invested  in  early  life 
would  suffice  to  secure  such  a  provision  as 
would  be  wholly  beyond  the  means  of  the 
workman  who  postpones  the  consideration 
of  the  matter  till  later  years.  Hence  the 
fusion  of  the  juvenile  and  adult  societies 
recommended  by  the  Commissioners,  and 
authorized  by  this  Act,  affords  almost  the 
only  practicable  means  of  enabling  the 
working  classes  to  provide  for  old  age  by 
the  direct  method  of  insuring  a  deferred 
annuity,  to  commence  when  ability  to  work 
has  ceased.  The  principle  of  this  measure 
is  that  of  self-help  and  of  thrift.  It  asserts 
— and  asserts,  as  we  think,  with  truth — that 
there  is  no  other  way  of  providing  for  old 
age  than  by  thrift,  self-denial,  and  fore- 
thought in  youth.  Enacted  as  it  has  been 
at  the  instance  of  the  friendly  societies 
themselves,  it  is  a  most  hopeful  indication 
of  their  desire  to  rise  to  the  emergency,  and 
to  solve  ''the  problem  of  the  aged  poor" 
by  reducing  the  number  of  the  persons  who 
will  hereafter  come  within  that  definition  to 
those  who  have  neglected  in  early  youth, 
and  been  unable  afterwards,  to  secure  for 
themselves  an  adequate  provision  in  old 
age.  Its  practical  application  will  be 
watched  with  hopeful  interest. 

It  seems  not  to  be  improbable  that  the 
same  methods  of  legislation  which  were 
pursued  in  1894  and  1895  will  be  followed 
in  1896,  and  that  a  measure  or  measures 
may  again  be  brought  forward  for  dealing 
with  some  branch  of  this  great  and  com- 
plex problem.  If  that  should  be  so,  Mr. 
Drage  will  have  rendered  a  great  service  to 
his  brother  legislators  by  this  handy  book, 
containing  an  able  and  impartial  statement 
of  the  evidence  given  before  the  Commission, 
as  well  as  of  that  collected  with  so  much 
patient  industry  by  Mr.  Booth,  and  a  clear 
and  moderate  enunciation  of  the  general 
conclusions  to  be  derived  from  those  sources 
of  information.  The  numerous  reports  and 
digests  which  Mr.  Drage  prepared  for  the 
Eoyal  Commission  on  Labour,  while  he 
held  the  office  of  secretary  to  that  Commis- 
sion, show  that  he  is  a  master  of  the  art  of 
assimilating  and  digesting  the  multifarious 
contents  of  Blue-books,  and  his  experience 
in  that  capacity  has  stood  him  in  good  stead 
in  the  present  work.  The  witnesses  before 
Eoyal  Commissions  have  not  merely  to  be 
numbered,  but  weighed  ;  and  it  is  a  difficult, 
but  most  essential  task  to  ascertain  how 
much  of  the  evidence  of  any  particular 
witness  is  a  just  conclusion,  based  upon 
real  knowledge,  and  how  much  is  suggested 
by  an  astute  questioner,  or  is  the  result  of 
immature  and  hasty  generalization.  One  of 
the  most  eminent  practitioners  in  the  art  of 
putting  leading  questions  to  witnesses  was 
the  lamented  Archbishop  Ma  gee  of  York. 
AVe  have  heard  him  propose  to  a  helpless 


witness  a  string  of  amazing  propositions, 
hardly  leaving  the  witness  time  to  inter- 
polate a  "  yes  "  or  a  "  no,"  still  less  to  offer 
any  qualification  or  explanation,  and  these 
propositions  were  duly  recorded  as  the 
witness's  own  evidence,  while  he  would 
probably  have  greatly  preferred,  if  he  had 
had  the  chance,  to  express  himself  in  dif- 
ferent language.  To  judge  from  a  specimen 
quoted  by  Mr.  Drage,  Mr.  Chamberlain,  in 
the  Aged  Poor  Commission,  runs  the  arch- 
bishop a  very  good  second.  He  induced  a 
luckless  witness  to  threaten  "  a  dangerous 
agitation  if  nothing  were  done — an  agitation 
that  the  provision  of  an  old-age  pension 
scheme  might  do  something  to  prevent" — 
a  statement  very  far  in  advance  of  the  views 
the  witness  had  expressed  when  examined 
by  the  chairman  of  the  Commission. 

There  are  two  principles  which  we  hope 
Mr.  Drage  and  his  brother  legislators  will 
keep  before  them  when  they  have  this  matter 
in  hand.  Mr.  Drage's  book  may  greatly 
help  them  to  do  so.  The  first  is  that  every 
scheme  of  State  pensions,  however  c[ualified, 
is  in  effect  a  scheme  for  the  extension  of  the 
system  of  outdoor  relief.  There  is,  indeed, 
an  existing  clause  in  the  Poor  Law  which 
enables  guardians  to  give  relief  by  way  of 
jjensioU;  though  that  clause  is,  we  believe, 
rarely  acted  upon.  The  reasons  for  and 
against  that  extension  are  reasons  for  and 
against  any  system  of  State  pensions.  Mr. 
Drage  states  with  perfect  fairness  the  effect 
of  the  evidence  on  both  sides.  It  is  well 
known  that  in  two  large  metropolitan 
unions,  Whitechapel  and  St.  George's  in 
the  East,  and  in  two  county  unions,  Brad- 
field  and  Brixworth,  outdoor  relief  has  been 
almost  wholly  abolished,  with  good  results. 
We  understand,  however,  that  in  one  of  the 
last-mentioned  unions  the  old  system  has 
since  been  resorted  to.  It  seems  clear  that 
such  abolition  must  be  attended  or  followed 
by  a  systematic  organization  of  charitable 
relief.  Mr.  Drage  agrees  with  most  of 
those  who  have  thought  out  the  question, 
that  the  real  solution  of  the  problem  is  to 
be  found  in  the  direction  of  the  extension 
of  thrift  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  better 
organization  of  charitable  relief  for  those 
who  cannot  avail  themselves  of  the  means 
of  thrift  on  the  other,  rather  than  in  any 
system  of  State  pensions.  The  second 
principle  is  that  any  system  of  State 
assistance  in  the  purchase  of  pensions 
must  necessarily  have  a  tendency  to  dis- 
courage the  investment  of  their  savings 
by  the  poor  in  other  more  really  advan- 
tageous ways,  and  also  a  tendency  in  the 
long  run  to  lower  the  standard  rate  of 
wages,  as  is  asserted  to  have  been  already 
the  case  to  some  extent,  impossible  as  that 
may  seem,  in  Germany.  As  bearing  upon 
this  point,  Mr.  Drage  furnishes  an  account 
of  the  nature  of  the  State  old-age  pension 
schemes  which  are  already  in  operation  in 
Germany  and  Denmark,  and  of  the  results 
of  those  institutions  so  far  as  they  can  be 
ascertained  at  present,  with  a  short  descrip- 
tion of  the  nature  of  the  Poor  Laws  in  each 
country. 

The  word  "not"  is  omitted  in  a  quota- 
tion from  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Webb  on 
p.  99. 


Quaint   Korea.       By   Louise   Jordan   Miln. 

(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
Some  months  ago  Mrs.  !Miln  published  a 
work  entitled  '  When  AVe  were  Strolling 
Players  in  the  East,'  in  which  she  described 
in  an  amusing  and  graphic  way  the  sights 
which  she  had  met  with  in  her  travels. 
Tempted  presumably  by  the  success  which 
this  volume  met  with,  she  has  now  been  in- 
duced to  undertake  the  more  difficult  task  of 
describing  a  kingdom  about  which  it  is  not 
uncharitable  to  say  she  knows  far  less  than 
about  the  cities  she  visited  in  her  earlier 
experiences.  '  Quaint  Korea  '  is  not  for  a 
moment  to  be  compared  either  in  descriptive 
force  or  literary  skill  with  the  earlier  work  ; 
indeed,  we  can  only  suppose  that  Mrs.  Miln, 
when  she  visited  Korea,  was  suffering  from 
some  disease  analogous  to  colour  blindness, 
for  it  is  difficult  to  recognize  in  her  en- 
thusiastic periods  the  Korea  known  to  the 
world  generally. 

The  whole  history  of  her  visit  to  the 
Hermit  Kingdom  seems  to  partake  of  a 
more  or  less  fanciful  origin.  In  an  amusing 
page  or  two  she  describes  how  she  met 
at  Shanghai  a  mandarin  who  hal  been 
especially  deputed  to  convey  an  imperial 
message  to  the  King  of  Korea.  This  gen- 
tleman, who  enjoyed  the  somewhat  un- 
accustomed name  of  Ja  Hong  Ting,  had 
formerly  held  a  post  in  a  legation  at  one  of 
the  European  courts.  W^hile  so  employed 
he  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  the 
author,  and,  according  to  Mrs.  Miln,  the 
acquaintance  so  begun  developed  in  Peking 
as  "  friendships  between  Chinese  and 
Europeans  don't  often  develope."  At  a 
subsequent  meeting  at  Shaghai,  Ja  invited 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Miln  to  accompany  him  in 
his  junk  to  Korea.  We  hear  nothing  of  the 
voyage,  which,  undertaken  in  so  strange  a 
vessel,  must  have  been,  one  would  suppose, 
fruitful  in  incidents.  Nor  is  the  reader 
told  how  long  Mrs.  Miln  remained  in  Korea. 
The  probability  is  that  her  stay  was  short, 
and  that  if  she  had  devoted  a  little 
more  time  to  studying  at  first  hand  the 
people  and  their  ways  she  woidd  most  likely 
have  modified  many  of  the  views  which  she 
now  entertains  on  those  subjects.  By  common 
consent  it  is  acknowledged  that  the  Koreans 
are  an  extremely  dirty  people :  that  their 
cooking  is  distasteful  to  the  European  palate  ; 
that  they,  more  especially  the  women,  wear 
white  clothes  of  extremely  ungainly  shapes  ; 
and  that  in  outward  appearance  both  the 
men  and  the  women  are,  as  a  rule,  unpre- 
possessing. Mrs.  Miln  holds  opposite  opinions 
on  aU  these  points.  According  to  her  the 
people  are  clean  to  daintiness  ;  as  to  their 
cooking, 

"out  of  a  few  simple  ingredients  (which  her 
Western  sister  would  scorn),  and  with  a  few 
.simple  implements  (that  that  sister  would  not 
understand)— often  almost  without  implements 
and  with  little  fire— fire  that  must  be  coaxed 
and  humoured,  and  humoured  and  coaxed— the 
poorest  Korean  woman  will  prepare  a  meal 
which  no  hungry  European,  prince  or  peasant, 
need  scorn  to  eat.  It  will  be  savoury,  whole- 
j-ome,  clean  to  daintiness,  and  pleasantly  served. " 

Mrs.  Miln  declares  that  the  ordinary  dress  of 
the  Korean  people  is  not  white,  but  blue — 
that  the  attire  of  the  fair  sex  "  is  very  much 
more  like  the  dress  of  European  women  than 
is  that  of  the  women  of  almost  any  other 
Oriental  race.' '  We  presume  the  resemblance 


216 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


■which  Mrs.  Miln  sees  is  found  iu  the  non- 
descript petticoat ;  for  neither  in  the  "  three 
pairs  of  wide  trousers  "  which  are  commonly 
"worn,  nor  in  the  short  upper  jacket,  which 
leaves  the  bosom  exposed,  can  there  be 
traced,  we  are  happy  to  say,  the  least  like- 
ness to  the  attire  of  European  women.  As  to 
the  appearance  of  the  people,  and  especially 
that  of  the  fair  sex,  Mrs.  Aliln  is  as  directly 
opposed  to  the  majority  of  other  travellers 
as  on  other  points,  and  in  enunciating  her 
views  she  attempts  to  silence  her  critics  by 
affirming  that  they  have  not  witnessed  the 
sights  and  scenes  which  she  has  been 
privileged  to  behold. 

In  the  same  spirit  she  discourses  on  the 
relations  of  the  sexes  in  Korea,  and  meets 
an}'  objector  by  the  simple  device  of  calling 
upon  him  to  "  read  Confucius."  But  even 
with  the  help  of  these  rhetorical  weapons, 
Mrs.  Miln's  assertions  do  not  carry  convic- 
tion with  them,  and  her  belief  that  one 
reason  why  China  went  to  war  with  Japan 
was  that  she  was  "unnerved  by  a  fearful 
plague "  forms  a  fitting  criterion  of  her 
knowledge  of  Oriental  nations.  We  are, 
however,  by  no  means  inclined  to  criticize 
harshly  Mrs.  Miln's  work,  and  the  remarks 
we  have  made  have  been  prompted  by  the 
feeling  of  disappointment  which  we  have  ex- 
perienced in  reading  '  (iuaint  Korea'  after 
having  thoroughly  enjoyed  the  author's 
earlier  volume. 


State  Papers  relating  to  the  Defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada.  Edited  by  J.  K.  Laugh- 
ton.     2  vols.     (Navy  Eecords  Society.) 

Letters  written  hy  Sir  Saiimel  IFood  in 
1781-2-3.  Edited  by  David  Hannay. 
(Same  publishers.) 

Index  to  James's  Naval  History,  Edition  1886. 
Prepared  by  C.  Gr.  Toogood.  Edited  by 
T.  A.  Brassey.     (Same  publishers.) 

The  Navy  Records  Society  bids  fair  to 
justify  its  existence.  The  four  volumes 
before  us  are,  each  in  its  way,  welcome, 
and  such  as  no  private  firm  would  be  at 
all  likely  to  publish.  We  are,  therefore, 
indebted  to  those  who  have  started  the 
new  society  and  to  those  who  have  sup- 
ported it. 

The  tercentenary  of  the  defeat  of  the  Armada 
was  marked  by  the  delivery  at   the  Royal 
Institution  of  an  excellent  lecture  by  Prof. 
Laughton,  which  contained  the  most  critical 
and  accurate  account  of  the  great  fleet  and 
its  fate  that  had  appeared  in  English.     He 
has  now  rendered  an  additional  service  to 
students  of   history  by  printing   the   State 
Papers  relating  to  the  most  important  event 
in  our  naval  annals,  accompanied  by  careful 
and  useful  notes,  and  pi-efixing  to  them  an 
introduction  which  traverses  much  the  same 
ground  as  his  lecture.     His  remarks  upon 
the  brief  naval  campaign  which    ended   in 
the  discomfiture  of  the  Spaniards  are  emi- 
nently worth  perusal.     lie  makes    it  quite 
clear  tliat  the  Spanish  defeat  was  due  not 
to  the  weatlier,  but  to  tlieir  ships  being  ill 
found,  deficient  alike  in  guns,  ammunition, 
and  rigging,  to  their  luck  of  seamanshij"), 
and   to   their   officers   not    being   prepared 
for  an    artillery    duel,  to  which    the    Eng- 
lish admiral  wisely  confined  himself.     The 
Spaniardsliad  filled  theirvessels  with  veteran 
troops,  and  intended  to  carry  their  enemy's 


ships  by  boarding,  as  they  had  done  at 
Lepanto  and  Terceira  ;  but  they  proved  quite 
unable  to  cope  with  the  quick-sailing  English- 
men, who  refused  to  come  to  close  quarters, 
but  crippled  their  enemy's  ships  and  deci- 
mated his  crews  by  their  rapid  fire — rapid, 
that  is  to  say,  for  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  Turks  had  experienced  at  Lepanto 
something  of  the  power  of  marine  artillery. 
The  Spaniards  in  1588  were  defeated  by 
an  enemy  who  had  carried  naval  arma- 
ments to  much  greater  perfection.  All 
this  is  lucidly  stated  by  Prof.  Laughton, 
and  illustrated  by  ample  details. 

With  Prof.  Laughton's  statement  of  the 
causes  of  the  war  it  is  less  easy  to  agree. 
He  ridicules  the  theory  that  the  origin  of  the 
war  was  religious — "a  species  of  crusade 
instigated  by  the  Pope,  in  order  to  bring 
England  once  more  into  the  fold  of  the  true 
Church" — and  declares  that  "the  war  had 
its  origin  in  two  perfectly  clear  and  wholly 
mundane  causes,"  viz.,  the  policy  of  com- 
mercial exclusion  enforced  by  the  Spanish 
Government  in  its  American  possessions, 
and  the  aid  lent  by  the  English  to  the 
king's  rebellious  subjects  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. The  first  of  these  causes,  we  cannot 
help  thinking,  was  a  secondary  ground  for 
the  expedition  of  1588.  No  doubt  the  pira- 
cies of  Drake  and  Hawkins  excited  great  in- 
dignation in  Spain — indignation  that  Philip 
could  not  wholly  disregard,  for  it  was  felt 
by  the  most  influential  classes  in  his  king- 
dom ;  but  this  provocation  he  would  no  doubt 
have  continued  to  meet  with  diplomatic  re- 
monstrance, had  not  the  second  and  much 
more  important  cause  at  last  driven  him, 
sorely  against  his  will,  to  the  dispatch  of  the 
Armada.  Indeed,  the  only  wonder  is  that 
he  endured  so  long  the  spectacle  of  Elizabeth 
openly  aiding  the  revolt  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. Many  years  before  the  Armada  set 
sail  Alva  had  ui-ged  him  to  invade  England 
as  a  measure  essential  to  the  pacification  of 
the  Netherlands  ;  yet  he  had  looked  on  while 
England  furnished  men  and  money  to  his 
rebellious  subj  ects.  But  strong  as  the  mun- 
dane motives  were  that  prompted  him  to 
strike  a  great  blow,  religion  and  politics 
were  so  much  mixed  up  in  those  days 
that  religion  had  a  great  share  in  his 
decision.  England,  rather  in  its  queen's 
despite,  had  gradually  become  the  leading 
Protestant  power ;  the  Spaniards  more  and 
more  considered  themselves  the  champion 
of  the  one  true  Church ;  and  Philip  himself 
as  he  grew  older  was  influenced  by  the  same 
feeling,  so  that  by  him  as  by  his  subjects 
the  invasion  of  England  was  looked  on  in 
the  light  of  a  crusade.  He  had  been  ex- 
tremely reluctant  to  proceed  to  extremities 
with  his  recalcitrant  subjects  in  the  Nether- 
lands ;  but  the  iconoclastic  riots  in  Antwerp 
and  other  cities  had  roused  such  a  feeling 
in  Spain,  and  so  shocked  him  personally, 
that  he  was  forced  to  send  Alva  at  the 
head  of  twelve  thousand  men  to  crush  the 
separatist  movement.  In  the  same  way 
the  king  would  willingly  have  kept  at 
peace  with  England  had  it  been  possible 
for  him  to  overlook  the  aid  she  was  openly 
giving  to  the  States  and  to  the  Erench 
Huguenots.  But  certainly  the  spirit  that 
animated  tlie  Spaniards  who  volunteered  for 
the  expedition  was  that  of  Crusaders.  The 
prevalent  sentiment  found  expression  in 
Gongora's  fine  ode  : — 


O  Island,  once  so  Catbolic,  so  strong, 

Fortress  of  Faith,  now  Heresy's  foul  shrine, 
Camp  of  train'd  War,  and  Wisdom's  sacred  school; 
The  time  hath  been,  such  majesty  was  theirs, 
The  lustre  of  thy  crown  was  first  in  song. 
Now  the  dull  weeds  that  spring  by  Stygian  pool 
Were  fitting  wreath  for  thee. 

The  Pope  gave  a  million  of  ducats  towards 
the  expense  of  the  expedition,  and  the  Pope 
certainly  did  this  in  order  to  bring  England 
once  more  within  the  obedience  of  St.  Peter. 
Cardinal  Allen's  manifesto  is  conceived  in 
much  the  spirit  of  Gongora's  ode,  and  was 
animated  by  the  hope  of  restoring  the  old 
religion.  It  seems,  therefore,  hardly  pos- 
sible to  ignore  the  religious  element  involved 
in  the  Spanish  attack  upon  this  country. 

One  interesting  point  is  omitted  by  Prof. 
Laughton,  and  that  is  the  amount  of  help 
lent  by  the  Dutch  fleet  towards  the  frustra- 
tion of  Philip's  plans.  Mr.  Motley,  with 
his  usual  impetuosity,  pronounced  that  the 
Dutch,  by  blockading  Parma  in  his  har- 
bours, prevented  any  attempt  on  his  part 
to  land  his  veterans  in  the  south-east  corner 
of  England ;  but  there  is  a  conflict  of 
evidence  on  the  subject,  and  there  appears 
to  be  reason  to  believe  that  at  the  critical 
moment  the  Dutch  fleet  was  unable  to 
maintain  the  blockade.  We  should  like  to 
have  had  Prof.  Laughton's  opinion  on  the 
question,  because  it  is  a  really  important 
question,  and  if  the  Dutch  deserve  the  credit 
of  hindering  Parma  they  ought  to  have  it. 

The  letters  of  Lord  Hood,  the  correspond- 
ence of  Lord  Robert  Manners,  and  the 
other  documents  printed  by  Mr.  Hannay, 
are  highly  instructive,  for,  as  Mr.  Hannay 
points  out,  if  we  were  so  unfortunate  as 
again  to  be  at  war  with  France,  it  is  much 
more  likely  that  hostilities  would  resemble 
the  struggle  of  the  American  War  than  of 
the  Revolutionary  War,  when  the  French 
fleet  had  been  so  disorganized  by  the  dis- 
missal of  its  best  officers  and  all  its  trained 
gunners  as  not  to  be  an  efficient  fighting 
force.  Lord  Hood's  letters  are  very  bitter 
in  tone.  He  seems  for  some  reason  or 
other  to  have  hated  Rodney,  whose  faculties, 
though  he  beat  the  Comte  de  Grasse,  were 
evidently  declining,  so  that  he  was  by  no 
means  the  man  he  had  been.  Hood's  remarks 
are  not  pleasant  reading,  nor  is  Hood's  criti- 
cism of  Admiral  Graves's  conduct.  Indeed, 
one  cannot  help  feeling  that  it  was  a  piece 
of  singular  good  fortune  for  England  that 
the  Comte  de  Grasse,  and  not  Sufiren,  com- 
manded the  French.  Had  the  Bailli  been 
on  the  North  American  station,  the  British 
fleet  would  have  probably  suffered  a  signal 
disaster.  Mr.  Hannay's  able  introduction 
is  worthy  of  careful  perusal,  and  he  has 
edited  his  documents  in  painstaking  fashion. 
We  have  detected  only  one  misprint — an 
"  of  "  for  an  ?/in  the  fourth  line  of  p.  107. 

This  is  probably  the  only  country  in  the 
civilized  world  where  a  publisher  would  dare 
to  issue  an  important  work  like  James's 
'Naval  History'  without  index.  The  Index 
Society  repaired  a  similar  sin  of  omission  on 
the  part  of  Messrs.  Longman  by  publishing 
an  index  to  Sir  G.  Trevelyan's  biography  of 
]\Lacaulay,  and,  thanks  to  Mr.  Brassey  and 
Mr.  Toogood,  the  Navy  Records  Society  has 
been  able  to  do  a  similar  service. 


N°3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


2i7 


The  Tracts  of  Clement  Maydeston,  with  the 
Remauis  of  Caxton's  Ordbiah.  Edited  by 
Chr.  Wordswortli,  M. A.  (Henry  Bradshaw 
Society.) 
Probably  few  of  our  readers  are  familiar 
•with,  the  name  of  Maydeston,  wlio,  tliough 
the  author  of  several  works  written  in 
the  earlier  years  and  published  in  the 
later  years  of  the  fifteenth  century,  has 
failed  to  find  a  place  even  in  the  last 
edition  of  Lowndes,  though  he  has  not 
eluded  the  vigilance  of  the  laborious  editor 
of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Bio- 
graphy.' He  is  there  described  as  a  member 
of  the  house  at  Hounslow  which  belonged 
to  the  Trinitarians.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
in  1410  and  priest  in  1412.  He  survived 
the  death  of  Henry  IV.,  for  in  his  narrative 
of  the  life  of  Eichard  Scrope,  Archbishop  of 
York,  he  tells  the  story  of  the  king's  body 
having  been  thrown  into  the  Thames.  It 
may  save  some  trouble  if  we  explain  that 
the  reference  in  the  biography  ought  to  have 
been  to  '  Anglia  Sacra,'  vol.  ii.  p.  392,  instead 
of  169-172. 

Maydeston  appears  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  first  two  tracts  contained  in 
the  volume  Mr.  Wordsworth  has  edited,  viz., 
the  '  Defensorium  Directorii  Sacerdotum ' 
and  the  '  Crede  Michi,'  as  well  as  of  another, 
entitled  '  Directorium  Sacerdotum,'  which  is 
advertised  as  about  to  be  published  in  the 
same  series.  It  is,  we  think,  to  be  regretted 
that  the  '  Directorium '  was  not  published 
first,  for  that  is  an  undoubted  work  of 
Maydeston's,  whereas  it  is  only  a  very  pro- 
bable conjecture  that  he  composed  the 
'  Defensorium.'  It  had  at  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century  come  into  general  use,  and 
superseded  all  previous  works  of  the  type 
designated  "  Ordinale,"  intended  to  facilitate 
the  use  and  right  understanding  of  the 
Breviary,  and  all  the  other  numerous  ser- 
vice books  of  the  Church.  That  such  a  work 
was  a  necessity  may  be  inferred  from  the 
words  of  our  own  Prayer  Book,  which  show 
what  the  English  Reformers  of  1549  thought 
of  the  difficulty  : — 

"The  number  and  hardness  of  the  Rules 
called  the  Fie,  and  the  manifold  changings  of 
the  Service,  was  the  cause  that  to  turn  the  Book 
only  was  so  hard  and  intricate  a  matter  that 
many  times  there  was  more  business  to  find  out 
what  should  be  read  than  to  read  it  when  it  was 
found  out." 

Long  before  this  time  the  heretic  "VVyclif 
had  made  an  attack  upon  the  Ordinale,  one 
of  his  tracts  being  entitled  "  Of  feigned  con- 
templative life,  of  song,  of  the  Ordinal  of 
Salisbury,  and  of  bodily  alms  and  worldly 
business  of  priests ;  how  by  these  four  the 
fiend  letteth  him  from  preaching  of  the 
gospel  "  ;  but  this  was  much  more  directed 
against  the  contents  of  the  Service  Book 
than  against  the  directions  how  to  use 
it.  This  is  evident  from  his  specially 
mentioning  "Song  and  Salisbury  use  as 
two  of  the  four  of  Satan's  deceits  ranged 
against  those  saving  instruments  the  four 
Evangelists."  We  scarcoh-  know  why  the 
editor  should  have  gone  out  of  his  way  to 
speak  of  Wyclif's  opposition,  which  was  not 
specially  directed  against  the  Ordinale  as 
such,  but  against  the  loose  practice  of  the 
priesthood  in  reciting  or  neglecting  their 
offices. 

The  'Defensorium'  occupies  twenty-two 
pages  of  this  book,  and  has  been  reprinted 


from  the  edition  of  W.  de  Worde,  1495, 
most  of  the  other  editions  having  been  col- 
lated with  considerable  care.  It  begins  on 
the  middle  of  the  last  page  of  the  '  Direc- 
torium,' after  the  words 

"  H  Explicit  ILbellus  (quod  Directorium  sacer- 
dotum appellatur)  Feliciter," 
with  the  following  : — 

"  Tf  Incipit  Defensorium  eiusdem  directorii. 
In  nomine  domini. " 

We  can  in  a  short  article  like  this  attempt 
to  furnish  only  the  barest  outline  of  Mr. 
Wordsworth's  work,  and  that  in  scarcely 
more  than  a  bibliographical  aspect.  It 
begins  with  asserting  the  distinction  which 
exists  in  the  Sarum  Ordinal  between  the 
two  kinds  of  rubrics,  the  general  and  the 
ceremonial,  the  former  being  of  obligation 
for  all  priests,  the  latter  for  those  of  the 
Church  of  Sarum  only,  and  others  who  have 
voluntarily  undertaken  to  observe  them. 

Amongst  the  mistakes  Maydeston  notices 
in  certain  copies  of  the  Sarum  Ofiice  is  the 
following : — 

"[49]  IT  Item  in  festis  sanctorum  Edwardi 
Benedicti  Leonardi  Egydii  et  huiusmodi,  «S:c., 
dicitur  in  Sequentia  sic. 

"  Aue  inclyte  j^resul  Edwarde. 

"Nunquam  [enim]  dicitur  (Aue  inclyte  con- 
fessor) in  ecclesia  Sarum." 

The  final  conclusion,  as  stated  by  himself, 
is  as  follows  : — 

"  Omnibus  premissis  sagaciter  et  diligenter 
pensatis,  consultius  et  melius  fere  dinoscitur 
sequi  verba  ipsius  ordinalis,  legendo  per  totum 
annum  omnes  lectiones  de  biblia  extractas, 
secundum  ordinem  lectionum  Non  secundum 
titulos  et  Rubricas  dominicarum  et  feriarum 
neque  per  saltum." 

The  other  tract,  entitled  '  Crede  Michi,'  is 
pretty  much  concerned  with  the  same  sub- 
ject, and,  though  its  title  would  scarcely 
seem  to  imply  as  much,  it,  as  the  editor 
observes,  "  lacks  almost  entirely  the  con- 
troversial element."  Maydeston's  name 
appears  three  times  in  this  document  as  a 
censor  of  the  decisions  of  the  Sarum  experts 
of  his  day.  Thus,  in  answer  to  a  contrary 
opinion,  he  gives  his  own  :  — 

"IF  Ego  clemens  maydeston  dico  quod  clerici 
huiusmodi  non  tenentur  habere  aliquam  me- 
moriam  pro  episcopis,  nee  sacerdotes  parro- 
chiales. " 

One  or  two  other  sections  the  editor  is 
inclined  to  ascribe  to  Clement  Maydeston. 
The  authorship  of  the  later  sections  he 
ascribes  to  an  unknown  writer,  whose 
name  is  John  Eaynton.  This  he  does 
on  the  authority  of  a  manuscript  in  the 
British  Museum  (Add.  25,456),  which  con- 
tains sections  43-192,  so  nearly  correspond- 
ing with  those  in  the  edition  of  1495  that 
they  may  be  considered  the  original,  with 
the  same  title  at  the  end,  "  Explicit  tractatus 
vocatns  '  Crede  Michi,'  "  with  the  addition 
of  "  quod  \_i.e.,  quoth]  Raynton,"  who  also 
adds : — 

Si  J/io  ponatur  et  han  simul  accipiatur, 
Et  lies  lungatur  qui  scripsit  sic  nominatur. 

At  p.  82  the  editor  has  printed  a  facsimile 
of  the  colophon  of  Wynkyn  de  Worde's 
edition  of  1495. 

These  two  tracts,  together  with  the  in- 
troduction, occupy  nearly  half  Mr.  Words- 
worth's volume,  and  are  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  '  Fragments  of  Ordinale  Sarum,' 
printed  by  William  Caxton  (1477-8).  These 
consist  of  eight  disjointed  leaves  of  a 
work    which    the     editor    conjectures     to 


have  extended  to  240  pages.  From  the 
facsimile  he  has  printed  of  one  of  these 
pages  from  the  unique  original  in  the 
British  Museum,  it  may  be  seen  how  difficult 
it  is  to  read,  and  the  editor  has  wisely 
printed  at  length  all  the  words  so  con- 
tracted. The  following  is  a  specimen  of  one 
line,  "  Fe  V.  et  sa"  de  com'ebj,"  which  ap- 
pears in  the  opposite  page  as  "  Feria  Y.  et 
sabbato  de  comemoracionibus."  It  would 
be  impossible  here  to  give  any  account  of 
the  contents  of  this  document.  We  must 
be  satisfied  to  direct  attention  generally  to 
what  may  be  found,  referring  the  reader 
to  the  work  itself  for  further  information. 
It  will  be  evident  from  what  we  have 
already  said  that  the  contents  will  be 
interesting  only  to  the  bibliographer  and 
the  liturgiologist.  It  will  be  sufficient  to 
say  that  almost  every  possible  help  to  the 
understanding  of  them  is  supplied  by  the 
preface  which  the  editor  has  placed  as  a 
separate  introduction  to  each  fragment. 

We  have  as  yet  noticed  little  more  than 
half  the  volume,  and  there  yet  remain  five 
appendixes,  of  which  we  shall  scarcely  be 
able  to  give  more  than  their  titles.  The 
first  consists  of  the  '  Eegula  de  Historiis 
Inchoandis,'  and  forms  part  of  the  same 
volume  which  supplies  the  text  of  the 
'  Crede  Michi,'  and,  as  the  editor  remarks, 
will  suffice  to  show  what  was  the  character 
of  the  Pie  or  Ordinale  before  Caxton  under- 
took to  produce  it  in  a  printed  form.  He 
assigns  to  Eaynton's  manuscript  the  ap- 
proximate date  1450-55. 

The  second  appendix  consists  of  an 
extract  from  an  early  printed  copy  of  the 
Sarum  Breviary  (Venice,  1483).  The  copy 
from  which  this  is  taken  was  formerly  in 
the  public  library  at  Cambridge,  and  has 
found  its  way  into  the  National  Library  at 
Paris,  where  it  was  identified  by  the  late 
Mr.  Henry  Bradshaw.  Its  title  is  '  Bre- 
viarium  Sarum '  (Venetiis,  Eeynald  de 
Noviomagio,  1483).  The  extract  is  headed 
as  foUows:  "The  Eegula  de  VH.  His- 
toriis, The  Pica  de  Adventu,  &c."  This 
is  followed  by  a  dissertation  by  the  editor 
'  On  Weekly  Commemorations.'  This  to 
most  persons  will  probably  be  the  most 
interesting  part  of  the  work,  giving  as  it 
does  an  account  of  the  rise  of  such  com- 
memorations, a  history  of  the  commemora- 
tions previous  to  the  fifteenth  century,  and, 
lastlj',  some  account  of  a  change  which  was 
introduced  in  the  last  decade  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  when  the  niimber  of  com- 
memorations in  churches  to  the  Blessed 
Virgin  was  raised  to  two,  and  in  some 
other  churches  to  three. 

The  fourth  appendix  is  headed  |  For- 
mula qiKT'dam  do  Commemorationibus,' 
extracted  from  dilfcrent  breviaries,  con- 
cluding with  "A  List  of  Cathedrals  and 
some  Collegiate  Churches  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  with  their  Dedications."  The 
last  contains  an  account  of  collegiate 
cliurehes  mentioned  by  Clement  Maydeston. 
The  book  concludes  with  an  excellent  index. 

AVe  feel  that  we  owe  the  editor  a  sort 
of  apology  for  not  having  entered  more 
fully  into  a  description  of  its  contents  ;  but 
it  would  have  been  impossible  to  do  so 
without  extending  this  review  to  three  or 
four  times  the  number  of  columns  we  are 
able  to  spare  for  it.  And  we  must  bo 
content  to  say  in  conclusion  that  no  pains 


218 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3538,  Aug. 


17,  '95 


appear  to  liave  been  spared  in  its  com- 
pilation, wliich  must  liave  involved  very 
heavy  labour  —  a  labour  which,  we  fear, 
Avill  not  be  repaid  to  the  editor  in  any  other 
shape  than  the  satisfaction  of  having  per- 
formed a  duty  conscientiously  and  success- 
faUy.  ^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Aristotle^ s  Theory  of  Podrt/  and  Fine  Art.    By 
Prof.  S.  H.  Butcher.    '  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

This  book,  though  it  takes  its  title  from  the 
series  of  essay's  which  form  the  bulk  of  the 
volume,  contains  in  addition  a  critical  test 
and  translation,  and  a  short  analysis  of  the 
work  of  Aristotle  with  which  they  are  chiefly 
concerned,  the  '  Poetics.'  This  is  the  more 
welcome  because  it  is  long  since  an  English 
scholar  has  edited  the  text.  It  may  be  said 
that  Prof.  Butcher  introduces  but  few  altera- 
tions of  his  own.  The  majority  of  those 
he  does  introduce  are  not  particularl}^  con- 
vincing, though  possible  enough  ;  but  the 
substitution  of  kvl  /'erpfo  jj.ijxqTLKTj^;  for  ev 
likrpM  jujxi-iTi.K?]<i  in  1459a,  17,  is  certainly 
very  attractive.  Of  the  quality  of  the 
translation  the  name  of  the  translator  is 
almost  a  sufficient  guarantee. 

The  main  interest  of  the  book,  however, 
lies  in  the  essays.  In  these  the  author 
attempts  to  evolve  a  coherent  theory  of  fine 
art  from  the  Aristotelian  writings ;  and 
though  they  treat  of  separate  questions, 
there  is  a  strong  and  organic  connexion 
between  them.  If  only  a  few  points  are 
here  referred  to,  it  is  not  because  the  rest 
are  of  less  interest. 

In  one  of  the  essays  it  is  maintained  that 
the  end  of  fine  art  is  a  certain  pleasurable 
impression  produced  upon  the  mind  of  the 
hearer  or  the  spectator;  and  this  is  defended 
against  the  objection  that  "  a  painting  or 
a  poem  like  a  natural  organism  attains  its 
end,  not  through  some  external  effect,  but  in 
realising  its  own  idea,"  by  the  argument  that 
"  a  work  of  art  is  in  its  nature  an  appeal  to 
the  senses  and  imagination  of  the  person 
to  whom  it  is  presented."  In  other  words, 
whereas  the  actual  existence  of  a  natural 
organism  is  identical  with  the  activity  of 
the  vital  functions,  the  only  thing  analogous, 
in  the  case  of  a  work  of  art,  to  the  activity 
of  the  vital  functions  is  its  effect  in  relation 
to  the  BeaTi'js.  But  while  the  objection  is 
wrong  so  far  as  it  would  make  fine  art 
independent  instead  of  subordinate,  Aristotle 
would  in  his  more  careful  moments  say  that 
the  end  of  the  artistic  activity  is  the  actual 
product,  the  picture  or  poem — as  he  says 
that  the  end  of  building  is  a  house.  The 
impression  on  the  ^earrys  is  the  end  of  a 
further  activity. 

No  treatise  on  the  '  Poetics  '  can  be  com- 
plete without  a  theory  of  KdOdpa-is.  Prof. 
Butcher's  is  a  modification  of  that  established 
by  Bernays.  He  accepts  the  liypothesis  that 
it  is  a  medical  metaphor ;  but  instead  of 
understanding  that  the  soul  is  purged  of 
pity  and  fear,  he  takes  it  to  mean  that  pity 
and  fear  are  purged  of  tlioir  "morbid  and 
disturbing  element,"  in  other  words,  of  pain. 
This  is  supported  by  a  good  deal  of  subtle 
analysis  of  the  two  emotions  as  Aristotle 
conceived  them,  and  of  tlie  effect  on  them 
of  the  conditions  of  dramatic  representation  ; 
but  what  is  not  shown — and  the  argument 
needs  it— is  that  Aristotle  liad  any  notion  of 
painless  pity  or  painless  fear.     He  defines 


both  one  and  the  other  as  kv-mj  rts  ;  and  if 
pain  is  the  genus  of  which  they  are  species, 
pain  is  clearly  essential,  not  an  accident 
which  can  be  removed. 

The  essay  on  'The  Dramatic  Unities' 
contains  an  excellent  discussion  of  the  unity 
of  action,  which  is  maintained  to  be  the 
only  unity  enjoined,  and  also  an  instructive 
and  entertaining  review  of  the  history  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  three  unities  and  its 
effect  on  literature  and  criticism.  It  may 
be  remarked  that  in  the  passage  on  which 
the  doctrine  of  unity  of  time  is  based  the 
word  oTi  (in  7}  nev  on  jidXidTa  7reipa-aL  k.t.X., 
1449b,  12)  is  taken  as  meaning  "because." 

Among  other  interestingmatters  considered 
at  some  length  in  the  book  may  be  men- 
tioned Aristotle's  position  with  regard  to 
the  relation  between  art  and  morals,  his 
conception  of  the  ideal  tragic  hero,  and  his 
subordination  of  character  to  plot.  But  the 
essay  which  strikes  the  key-note  of  the  whole 
book  is  that  on  '  Imitation  as  an  -^■Esthetic 
Term.'  "  Imitative  art,"  he  says, 
"  in  its  highest  form,  namely  poetry,  is  an  ex- 
pression of  the  universal  element  in  human  life. 
If  we  may  exjiand  Aristotle's  idea  in  the  light 
of  his  own  system — fine  art  eliminates  what  is 
transient  and  particular,  and  reveals  the  per- 
manent and  essential  features  of  the  original. 
It  discovers  the  '  form '  {elSos)  towards  which 
an  object  tends,  the  result  which  nature  strives 
to  attain,  but  rarely  or  never  can  attain." 
The  introduction  of  the  elSo's  is,  perhaps, 
evolved  from  Prof.  Butcher's  rather  than 
from  Aristotle's  mind.  At  least  it  would 
be  difficult  to  say  what  dSos  is  discovered 
in,  say,  the  '  CEdipus  Tyrannus  ';  and  when 
Aristotle  says  that  poetry  tends  to  express 
the  universal,  history  the  particular,  he 
himself  explains  the  universal  by  tw  ttoIm 
TO.  TTota  arra  crii/x/^atVet  Xeyew  'I'j  Trpdrreiv  ko.tu 
TO  e6K-os  ■>)'  TO  avay/<aroi',  and  the  particular  by 
Tt  'A\Kij3tdoy]<;  €Trpa^€V  1]  rl  eTraBiv.  But 
the  interpretation  is  clearly  so  far  right  that 
Aristotle's  theory  depicts  an  art  which  is 
not  "  three  times  removed  from  the  truth  of 
things,"  but  which,  by  taking  the  universal 
or  typical  instead  of  the  particular  as  the 
object  of  fil/jDjo-Ls,  goes  some  way  towards 
satisfying  the  Platonic  conditions. 

It  was  once  said  by  one  learned  professor 
of  another  that  he  knew  enough  of  philo- 
sophy to  lecture  on  literature.  There  would 
be  a  half-truth  in  the  gibe  if  applied  to 
Aristotle,  with  all  respect,  be  it  said,  for 
both  his  philosoj)hy  and  his  criticism.  No 
one  else,  perhaps,  has  combined  in  the 
same  degree  precision  in  the  statement  with 
laxity  in  the  application  of  philosophic 
terms.  Hence,  particularly  in  interpreting 
a  work  like  the  '  Poetics,'  it  is  almost  as  easy 
to  take  too  much  as  too  little  account  of  his 
general  doctrine.  His  criticism  is  chiefly 
valuable  as  being  philosophical ;  but  the 
philosophy  of  his  criticism  and  the  philo- 
sophy of  his  philosophy  are  not  f|uite  the 
same.  Prof.  Butcher,  though  his  treatment 
of  particular  points  may  not  always  com- 
mand assent,  has  succeeded  admirably  in 
reproducing  the  spirit  in  which  Aristotle 
deals  with  sosthetic  (questions. 


NEW  NOVELS. 
T/ic  Princess  Aline.     By  Eichard    Harding 

Davis.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Mil.  Davis  is  nothing  if  not  smart,  and  this 
last  little  Jen  d\'sj)rit  of  his  is  no  exception 


to  this  rule.  He  is  excellent  here  as  before 
in  a  bright,  clever  little  tale  about  nothing 
in  particular,  which  depends  for  its  attraction 
on  the  typically  American  smartness  of  the 
dialogue,  and  on  the  hero's  ingenuity  in  the 
minor  stratagems  of  life.  Mr.  Davis  is  never 
at  fault  in  his  writings — perhaps  that  is  a 
reason  why  he  strikes  his  critics  as  slightly 
unsatisfactory  ;  he  forms  a  perfectly  clear 
idea  of  what  his  limited  aim  is  to  be,  and 
succeeds  in  it  as  far  as  it  goes  admirably, 
and  he  describes  better  than  most  people 
the  superficial  side  of  the  fairly  selfish  and 
thoroughly  companionable  New  Yorker.  At 
least  Mr.  Davis  is  never  banal,  even  if  he  is 
read  to  be  forgotten  almost  directly  after- 
wards. 

T/ie  Love  Affairs  of  an  Old  Maid.     By  Lilian 

Bell.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
It  seems  hardly  credible  that  this  book 
should  have  been  written  by  the  same 
author  as  'A  Little  Sister  to  the  Wilder- 
ness,' reviewed  in  these  columns  a  few  weeks 
ago.  That  book  was  particularly  lacking 
in  the  sense  of  humour  and  fitness  which  is 
almost  the  first  requisite  of  an  author  who 
writes  about  sentimental  matters  ;  without 
this  sense  rhapsodies  of  sentiment  are  apt 
to  appear  unreal  or  nauseous.  But  here 
there  is  no  deficiency  in  this  respect.  The 
descrijDtion  of  the  love  affairs  of  which  this 
charmingly  wise  and  sympathetic  old  maid 
is  elected  the  confidant  is  never  overdone, 
and  furnishes  in  a  quietly  humorous  way  a 
brilliant  sketch  of  the  types  of  amorous  men 
and  women  in  her  circle,  which  would, 
however,  be  almost  equally  applicable  to 
any  circle  in  England.  The  cleverest  sketch 
is  that  of  Charlie  Hardy,  who  spends  his 
life  drifting  into  love  affairs  which  are 
unstable  and  equally  disastrous  to  himself 
and  his  victims.  The  conversation  in  which 
he  reveals  the  nakedness  of  his  silly  soul  is 
most  remarkable  for  the  comprehension  of 
the  man's  character  and  for  countless  little 
subtle  details  which  would  escape  any  but 
the  most  penetrating  observer,  such  as  the 
touches  about  his  horror  of  a  quarrel,  and 
about  his  deprecating  and  wriggling  self- 
conceit.  The  picture  is  so  perfect  that  it 
becomes  almost  cruel  with  the  cruelty  of  one 
of  Mr.  Meredith's  pitiless  unmaskings  of 
folly.  But  the  author  can  also  appreciate 
and  describe  a  fine  character,  as  she  shows 
in  her  slight  sketch  of  Louise,  the  latest 
sacrifice  to  Charlie  Hardy's  vanity,  and  in 
several  of  the  other  characters.  The  book 
is  otherwise  so  excellent  that  it  is  a  pity 
it  should  be  disfigured  by  the  foolish  apo- 
strophes of  the  old  maid  to  her  cat. 

Cause  and  Effect.  By  EUinor  Meirion. 
"  Pseudonym  Library."  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Tins  story  leaves  the  impression  of  being 
unfinished.  It  is  the  accoimt  of  a  love 
episode  in  a  girl's  life — a  young  and  rather 
stiff  English  girl  in  a  foreign  hotel,  a 
brilliant  young  Russian  with  whom  she 
falls  in  love  and  who  jilts  her — and  there 
it  ends.  To  make  the  story  interesting  the 
author  should  have  shown  how  the  character 
of  the  girl,  which  is  rather  vague  through- 
out, becomes  modified  by  this  one  interesting 
event  in  her  life ;  loft  as  it  is,  there  seems 
no  particular  point  in  the  story — in  fact,  it 
reads  very  much  like  the  account  of  an 
episode  in  real  life  by  some  fairly  intelligent 


N»3538,  Aug.  17/95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


219 


observer  who  lias  not  taken  the  trouble  to 
investigate  the  circumstances  to  the  end. 
The  weak  but  fascinating  Eussian  is  ade- 
quately described,  but  we  must  confess  to 
being  heartily  tii'ed  of  the  pack  of  censorious 
and  narrow-minded  Englishwomen  who  are 
caricatured  no  better  here  than  in  countless 
other  novels. 

A  Modern  Man.    By  Ella  MacMahon.    "Iris 

Series."  (Dent  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  woman's  book  in  the  worst 
sense — that  of  a  woman  who  writes  about 
men  without  knowing  much  of  what  men 
are  like.  It  is  not  that  the  volatility  of 
the  hero's  affections  is  unnatural,  but  no 
man  would  say  some  of  the  idiotic  things 
that  are  put  into  Byng's  mouth,  or  act  in 
the  idiotically  despicable  way  he  does.  But 
the  whole  story  is  absurd.  An  author  has 
no  right  to  spring  Sybil's  love  for  Upton 
suddenly  upon  the  reader,  without  the 
slightest  previous  siaggestion  of  it,  in  order 
to  make  Byng  appear  ridiculous  ;  though  the 
actors  may  be  deceived,  the  audience  never 
should  in  a  case  of  that  kind,  otherwise  the 
device  appears  simply  like  a  clumsy  con- 
trivance to  elude  a  difficulty.  The  book  is 
altogether  commonplace. 

An  Imaginative   Man.      By  E.  S.  Hichens. 

(Heinemanu.) 
The  author  of  that  sillj^  book  '  The  Green 
Carnation  '  now  challenges  attention  with  a 
work  which  relies  on  no  adventitious  aids 
to  popularity.  '  An  Imaginative  Man ' 
requires  no  knowledge  of  existing  person- 
ages, notable  or  notorious,  on  the  part  of 
the  reader.  It  is  simply  a  study  of 
character.  Mr.  Hichens,  in  short,  has  set 
himself  the  arduous  task  of  attempting  to 
enlist  the  interest  of  his  readers  in  a  culti- 
vated man  who  is  practically  destitute  of 
natural  aSections.  Denison 
"had  never  loved  his  kind,  and  never  even 
followed   the  humane  fashion  of  pretending  to 

love  them It  amused  him  to  observe  them 

under  circumstances  of  excitement,  terror,   or 

pain,  at  a  climax  of  passion  or  of  despair He 

liked  people  when  they  lost  their  heads,  when 
they  became  abnormal.  Anything  bizarre 
attracted  him  unnaturally." 

This  precious  personage  marries  a  charming 
and  devoted  wife,  because  he  imagines 
there  is  some  enigma  about  her.  Having 
discovered  her  to  be  true,  simple,  and 
normal,  his  interest  turns  to  contempt  and 
even  hatred.  After  amusing  himself  in 
Egj-pt  by  watching  the  rebellion  against 
fate  of  a  boy  who  is  dying  of  consumption, 
he  dashes  out  his  own  brains  against  the 
Sphinx,  of  which  he  had  become  passion- 
ately enamoured.  Denison  is  not  convincing, 
he  is  not  even  plausible ;  he  serves  no  other 
purpose  than  to  excite  amazement  tempered 
with  disgust.  'An  Imaginative  Man'  is 
the  sort  of  book  that  fully  justifies  the 
truculent  methods  of  Max  Nordau.  For 
here  is  the  unedifying  spectacle  of  a  writer 
devoting  all  his  powers  of  literary  expres- 
sion to  the  complacent  delineation  of  a 
diseased  and  monstrous  character.  The 
only  redeeming  feature  in  a  wilderness  of 
fine  writing,  tortured  epigram,  and  would-be 
subtle  dialogue  is  the  assurance  that  Enid 
Denison  is  finally  released  while  still  in  the 
flower  of  youth  from  the  odious  hero  of  this 
preposterous  and  dreary  novel. 


i?y  Adverse    Ulnds.     By  Oliphant  Smeaton. 

(01ij)hant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier.) 
Gaudeamus,  not  guadeamus,  Mr.  Smeaton. 
There  is  a  strong  reek  of  student  reminis- 
cence in  this  curiously  pedantic  romance. 
When  Robert  Armitage  was 
"unable  to  sleep  by  reason  of  the  persistent 
lashings  of  remorse  over  his  conduct  to  his  poor 
little  wife,  he  lit  his  gas  and  tried  to  read  an 
excellent  article  by  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  Con- 
temporary Review  on  Homeric  criticism." 

To  plunge  into  the  study  of  Schelling  or 
Fichte  is  his  diversion  when  released  from 
the  drudgery  of  the  office  of  his  journal 
in  Melbourne.  Yet  even  he  recoils  in  a 
measure  from  the  perfections  of  Kate 
Lindesay : — 

"  The  Professor  having  made  some  incidental 
reference  to  Lotze's  '  Microcosmus,'  she  tui-ned 
somewhat  abruptly  from  her    companions  and 
asked  him  if   he  had  read  an  article  on  Lotze's 
philosophy  in   a   recent   number   of   the   Nene 
Preussische    Zeituncj.      On     an     answer     being 
returned  in  the  negative,  she  at  once  proceeded 
to  give  him  a  rapid,  pithy  resume  of  the  pajaer, 
revealing  an  acquaintance  with  the  subject  at 
once  familiar  and  profound." 
After   this,   it   is   rather   sad   to   find   that 
Robert,    even    in    his    girlhood,    was    not 
attracted  by  the  bride  his  father  intended  to 
provide  for  him  :    "  Robert,  though  he  has 
not  seen  her  for  some  time,  even  as  a  scho  d- 
girl   recoiled   from   her."       On   the  whole, 
Robert  is  right  in  preferring  the  unsojihis- 
ticated   Elsie,  though  his  moral  cowardice 
and   duplicity   work   much    grief    to   both 
the  (other  ?)  girls,  creatures  far  nobler  than 
himself.     The  extreme  unlikelihood  of  even 
so  moonstruck  an  original  as  the  Professor 
devising   such   a   plan   as   the    compulsory 
wedding  of  his  son  to  his  friend's  daughter 
is  a  serious   drawback  to  the  plot.     How- 
ever,  all  ends  miraculously   well,  and  the 
learned  and   otherwise    admirable   Kate  is 
consoled  by  an  Australian  statesman,  whose 
heart,  like  her  own,  is  a  little  damaged.  It  is 
imj-jossible  to  force  a  smile  at  the  imbecile 
jargon  of  Rab  Campbell,  the  old  and  faithful 
servant ;  and  a  Scotsman  should  have  known 
the    native    origin     of     the    saying,    here 
strangely   called  the    "three    maxims"    of 
Talleyrand,    "They  say;    What  say  they? 
Let  them  say." 

Fooled  hj  a  Woman.     By  Mrs.  Edward  Ken- 

nard.  (White  &  Co.) 
The  lachrymose  victim  of  the  ferocious 
Bianca  is  too  utterly  without  backbone  to 
arouse  the  slightest  sympathy.  When  it  is 
conclusively  proved  that  he  did  not  commit 
the  murder  for  which  he  is  condemned, 
instead  of  boldly  meeting  the  world  on  liis 
discharge,  he  poses  as  a  blighted  being 
in  a  solitary  cottage  on  a  moor.  Susan 
Cornish  displays  more  imagination  than 
common  sense  in  feeling  attracted  by  so 
feeble  a  nonentity.  Her  father  John  Cor- 
nish (called  Norris  on  one  occasion)  is  a 
trifle  more  probable.  Rustic  fathers  of  his 
sort  do  occasionally  bully  their  daughters 
in  the  matter  of  matrimony.  The  wicked 
Italian  is  not  only  a  tigress,  but  a  lioness  : 

"Bianca resembled  a  wild  animal  of  tlie 

desert,  a  tigress  in  her  native  jungle.  Hleek 
.she  was,  and  subtle,  fair  to  see,  and  beautiful 
with  a  species  of  leonine  grace,  but  merciless 
and  vindictive." 

No  wonder  that,  assisted  by  "a  strange 
concatentation  [«iV]   of    untoward    circum- 


stances," she  is  too  much  for  the  miserable 
George  Norreys.  But  why  he  should  grovel 
and  proclaim  his  unworthiness  of  simple 
Susan  we  fail  to  understand.  We  like 
Mrs.  Kennard  better  in  her  sporting  mood. 


BOOKS    ABOUT    WALES. 

From  SnoiLxlon  to  the  Sea :  Stirring  Stories  of 
Xorth  and  South   Wales.     By  Marie  Trevelyan. 
(Hogg. )  —Wales,  with  its  romantic  history  and 
picturesque  scenery,  has  hitherto  received  but 
scant  attention  at  the  Iiands  of  modern  English 
story-tellers.     No   other   part   of  the   kingdom 
that  can  claim  anything  like  a  separate  indi- 
viduality of  life  and  language,  of  customs  and 
traditions  -  from  Ultima    Thule  to  the  Delect- 
able   Duchy  —  lias     been     so    neglected,    and 
remains  so  unrei)resented  in  nineteenth  century 
fiction,  as  the  Principality  of  Wales.      On  this 
account,  and  apait  from  the  merit  of  her  work 
— which  is  at  least  of  a  promising  nature — Miss 
Marie  Trevelyan  deserves  well  for  her  renewed 
attempt  at   depicting   Welsh   life   through   the 
medium  of  the  short  tale.     Her  maiden  effort, 
in    'Glimpses   of   Welsh   Life   and   Character,' 
which  was  received  with  much  appreciation  on 
its  appearance  some  two  years  ago,  is  now  suc- 
ceeded by  a  further  collection  of  short  stories, 
founded  upon  Welsh   traditions  and  folk-lore. 
The   fanciful   title   of    this   work   is   meant   to 
indicate  that   the   scenes  of   its  score  of   tales 
range   from    "the    lofty   summit   of    Snowdon 
to     the     shore    of     the    solitary    sea,"    while 
ghosts,     dreams,    and     witchcraft     form    their 
so-called   "stirring"   element.     Several  of   the 
pneter-natural  phenomena  which  are  here  pre- 
sented are  not  all  so  characteristically   Welsh 
that    they  can  be    easily    recognized    as   such 
without  the    adventitious    aid  of  a  setting   of 
Welsh  scenery  or  a  labelling  of  Welsh  names. 
Besides,  the  more  distinctively  Welsh  represen- 
tatives of  the  spirit  world  are  omitted  :    corpse 
candles  and  phantom  funerals,  once  the  objects 
of  universal  belief  in  Wales,  are  not  even  once 
mentioned  ;  only  a  passing  reference  is  made  to 
the    howling    wraith   and    barking   airhounds, 
while  the  white  lady  of  so  many  Welsh  legends 
appears  in  Lundy  Island — outside  Welsh  terri- 
tory.    But  it  would  have  been  a  distinct  advan- 
tage to  the  book  if  the  "spirit"  element  had 
been  more    conqiletely  omitted  ;  for  doubtless 
the    writer    has    made    a    serious   mistake    in 
attempting  the  ghost  story,  which,  in  anytliing 
emanating  from  Wales,  is  a  poor  substitute  for 
the     supernatural     m;igic    of    the    old    Welsh 
'  Mabinogion.'  Her  strength,  as  seen  in  portions 
of  this,  and  also  in  her  former  book,  lies  in  her 
treatment  of  nature  and  nature's  children — the 
simple  life  of  the  common  folk  of  Wales.      She 
is  most  at  home — and  therefore  at  her  best — in 
describing  that  country  life  the  sentiments  and 
traditions  of  wliich  remain   Welsh,  thougii   its 
every-day  speech  is  fast  becoming  English.    Her 
timely   rescue  of    these    heirlooms    of    former 
generations  in  the  border  district  is  far  more 
valuable  than  any  imaginary  conversations  with 
the  gho-sts  of  Llewelyn  and  Glendower.      "To 
itinerant  preachers,  to  the  humble  and  primitive 
peasantry,  to  the  grandsire  who  liolds  the  place 
of  honour  in  the  fireside  coiner  of  the  settle, 
and  to  grand-dames  who,  whUe  knitting,  croon 
at  eventide   over   tlie    long   ago,"    the    writer 
acknowdedges    herself    indebted    for    the     tra- 
ditional materials  of  her  tales.     The  historical 
matter  which  is  interwoven  into   some  of  them 
is,    on   the   other  hand,   the  result    of   careful 
research,   and,  as  an  instance  of  an  unknown 
fact  brought  to  light  here,  her  statement  that 
the  custom  of  Beltane  fires  survived  in  the  Vale 
of  Glamorgan    to   the  end  of  the   seventeenth 
century,  if^not  later,  ought  to  be  interesting  to 
students   of   mythology.     But   this   district    of 
Glamorgan,  the  fringe  of  which  was  touched  by 
Mr.  Blackmoro  in  his  '  Miiid  of  Sker,'  is  parti- 
cularly rich  in  survivals,  whether  of  custom  or 
of  old-world  folk,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 


220 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^'SSSS,  Aug.  17, '95 


author  will  continue,  in  her  devotion  to  this 
locality,  to  give  further  pictures  of  its  past  and 
passing  life.  Unfortunately  numerous  errors 
occur  in  the  spelling  of  Welsh  words,  a  glossary 
of  which  would  have  been  useful  to  the  English 
reader.  Some  of  these  are  interesting  to  the 
philologist,  as,  for  instance,  "boba,"  which 
appears  to  be  a  Glamorgan  name  for  grand- 
mother. The  publisher  has  done  his  part  credit- 
ably, and  the  cover  of  the  book  is  blazoned 
with  the  arms  of  Llewelyn,  the  last  prince 
of  North  Wales,  and  of  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  the 
last  king  of  South  Wales,  supported  by  a  red 
dragon,  the  national  emblem  of  all  Wales. 

Beggars  on  Horseback :  a  Riding  Tour  in  North 
Wales.     By  Martin  Ross  and  E.  CE.  Somerville. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) — An  absence  of  physical 
comfort,    coupled   with    a   certain    sentimental 
picturesqueness,  appears  to  be  the  main  charac- 
teristic of  a  ladies'  riding  tour.     This   method 
of  touring  may  have  been  adopted  as  an  uncon- 
scious protest  against  the  cycling  mania,  but  it 
also  possessed  the  practical  advantage  of  enabling 
the   riders    to  traverse  districts  inaccessible  to 
cyclists,  though  it  is  more  likely  that  the  chief 
motive  sprang  from  a  desire  to  do  something 
about  which  a  book  might  be  written.     Others 
have  recorded  their  experiences  of  "rides  in  a 
dog-cart"  and  of  "adventures  in  a   phaeton" 
— in  fact,  almost  all  the  methods  of  travelling 
have,   from  the  literary  point  of  view,  been  ex- 
hausted ;  then  why  not  beguile  the  public  with 
an   account   of  a   tour  on  horseback  ?     But  to 
spend    a    fortnight    attired    in    riding    habits, 
mounted  on  shying  but  sluggish  ponies,   with 
holdalls  hanging  like  wallets  over  the  saddles, 
and  to  creep  along  the  dusty  roads  under  the 
intermittent  shelter  of  unmanageable  umbrellas, 
presenting  the  appearance  of  "a  pair  of  fungi 
on  four  legs,"  now  parched  and  baked  in  the 
heat  of  the  dog-days,  now  deluged  and  drenched 
by  the  downpour  of  Welsh  thunderstorms — all 
this  has  nothing  to  recommend  itself  to  others 
for  imitation.    The  route  selected  was,  however, 
exceptionally  well  chosen,  and  for  the  most  part 
was  quite  outside  the  beaten  track  of  tourists. 
For  instance,  very  few  have  ever  traversed  the 
country  lying  between  Welshpool  and  Dolgelly, 
going  by  way  of  Cann  office  and  Dinas  Mawddwy ; 
but  those  who  have  done  so,  at  least  in  good 
weather,  have  been   well  rewarded.     For  such 
persons   the  faithful  descriptions  of  this  little 
book  will  revive  many  a  pleasant  memory.    The 
writers  themselves  were  reminded  of  the  scenery 
of  Connemara,  "of  such  a  greenness  were  the 
hills  ;  not  a  tree  broke  the  tender  barrenness  of 
the  outlines  ;  big  and   mild,  with  the  magnani- 
mous curves  of  the  brows  of  an  elephant,  the 
hills  stood  clothed  in  the  sweet  short  grass." 
Further  on,   "  the  road   rose  to  higher  levels, 
and  we  began   to   meet    people  again — people 
of  a  politeness  incredible,  almost  unnerving,  to 
those  whose  belief  in  their  own  appearance  has 
been  sapped   by  various  adversities,  especially 
the  insecurity  of  hairpins."     This  is  a  fair  speci- 
men of  the  style  in  which  the  book  is  written, 
a  style  which  is  all  the  more  vivid  owing  to  the 
grotesqueness  of  many  of  its  similes.     A  genuine 
Irish  humour  pervades  the  work,  but  one  could 
have  wished  that  the  place-names  had  not  also 
been   Hibernicized — almost  out  of  recognition. 
Such  forms  as  "Mahntooroch  "  (for  Maentwrog), 
"Thynn-y-Groes,"   "  Trow.sefunneth,"    "  Peny- 
gwrd,"  and   "  Bettwys  "  will  only  serve  to  irri- 
tate the  Welsli  reader  and  puzzle  the   tourist. 
But  if  the    Welsh    orthography   has    not    been 
faithfully  reproduced,  many  of  the  incidents  of 
the  road  have,  with  the  help  of  Miss  Somer- 
ville's  pencil,  thougli  the  sketching,  when  done 
on  horseback,    must  have   been   attended   with 
such   difficulties   as    only    war    correspondents 
usually  experience. 

Bye-Gones  relating  to  Wales  and  tlic  Border 
Counties,  1893-/f.  (Oswestry,  Woodall,  Min- 
shall  &  Co.;  London,  Stock.)— The  biennial 
task  _  of  ^  rescuing  tlio  fugitive  "notes  and 
queries"  which  ajtpcar  from  week   to  week  in 


the  Oswestrij  and  Border  Connties  Adv€rtv:er 
has  once  more  been  performed  by  the  issue  of 
another  volume  of  'Bye-Gones,'  which  has 
now  reached  the  twenty-tifth  year  of  its  pub- 
lication. Its  gossipy  freshness  continues  un- 
abated, and  several  new  features  of  interest 
found  in  the  present  number  prove  that  the 
varied  resources  of  the  Welsh  borders  are  far 
from  being  exhausted.  It  is  a  hopeful  sign 
that,  contemporaneously  with  the  establishment 
of  parish  councils,  the  attention  of  its  con- 
tributors should  be  turned  to  the  publication 
of  such  parochial  muniments  as  terriers  and 
registers,  whose  lot  in  the  past  has  too  often 
been  one  of  careless  custody  and  ultimate  de- 
struction. Some  suggestive  information  as  to 
Welsh  agricultural  customs  may  be  gleaned 
from  the  terriers  which  are  here  printed,  while 
one  of  them  has  a  literary  interest  as  being  in 
the  handwriting  of  the  author  of  'Bardd  Cwsg,' 
perhaps  the  best  prose  classic  in  Welsh,  of 
which  Borrow's  '  Sleeping  Bard  '  is  a  transla- 
tion. Extracts  from  the  municipal  records  of 
two  small,  but  ancient  boroughs — Oswestry  and 
Montgomery — are  also  published  ;  and  in  the 
absence  of  adequate  legislative  provision,  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  local  patriotism  which 
'Bye-Gones'  so  freely  inspires  will  continue 
jealously  to  guard  and  preserve  all  similar 
documents,  and  to  publish  from  time  to  time 
whatever  is  most  valuable  in  them.  The  matter 
in  this  volume  which  is  likely  to  prove  of  most 
interest  to  the  general  public  consists,  however, 
of  recollections  of  the  eccentric  "ladies  of  Llan- 
gollen," with  extracts  from  their  diary  and  a 
series  of  letters  addressed  to  them  from 
1760  to  1820  by  men  and  women  of  note. 
Among  their  visitors  were  Madame  de  Genlis 
(who  has  given  an  account  of  her  stay  in 
'Souvenirs  de  Felice')  and  "Pamela,"  after- 
wards married  to  the  unfortunate  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald,  and  on  another  occasion  Fitzgerald 
himself,  at  a  time  when  a  reward  was  offered 
for  his  capture.  Among  the  letters  which  are 
here  published  are  some  from  Wellington, 
Castlereagh,  Burke,  Canning,  Southey,  Wilber- 
force,  and  Lady  Morgan,  most,  if  not  all,  of 
whom  had  also  visited  the  ladies  at  their  home. 
This  charming  record  of  their  pure  and  dis- 
interested friendship  deserves  to  be  more  widely 
known  than  it  can  possibly  be  through  the 
medium  of  a  quasi-antiquarian  journal.  The 
volume  is  supplied  Avith  a  copious  index,  and  is 
carefully  edited,  only  that  a  little  more  weeding 
might  have  been  done,  so  as  to  eliminate  the 
more  trivial  notes,  thereby  reducing  the  bulk 
of  the  whole. 

The  Worlcs  of  the  Rer.  Griffith  Edwards,  late 
Vicar  of  Llangadfan,  Montgomeryshire.  Edited 
by  the  Rev.  Elias  Owen,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Vicar 
of  Llanyblodwel,  Oswestry. — Parochial  Histories 
of  Llangadfan,  Garthbeibio,  and  Llanerfyl,  Mont- 
gomerysJiire,  together  ivith  Welsh  and  English 
Poetry.  (Stock.) — Fifty  years  ago  the  writer 
whose  works  are  here  collected  had  attained  a 
fair  reputation  as  a  Welsh  jJoet,  and  published 
the  best  specimens  of  his  art  in  a  small  volume 
the  contents  of  which  are  here  reproduced,  pro- 
bably more  on  account  of  the  expressed  desire 
of  the  author  than  of  any  special  merit  which 
his  poems  possess.  Subsequently,  as  vicar  of  a 
remote  Montgomeryshire  parish,  he  began 
to  compile  the  history  of  his  own  and  two 
neighbouring  parishes,  and  these  histories,  re- 
printed from  the  'Montgomeryshire  Collections,' 
together  with  a  few  editorial  notes  and  a  brief 
memoir,  make  up  the  remainder  of  the  present 
volume.  What  is  most  noteworthy  about  these 
latter  productions  is  the  circumstances  which 
apparently  occasioned  their  writing.  It  seems 
to  have  been  the  custom  of  a  former  bishoj)  of 
St.  Asaph  to  present  to  his  clergy,  as  they  be- 
came incumbents  of  livings,  a  MS.  book  with 
the  request  that  they  would  forthwith  com- 
mence to  write  the  history  of  their  respective 
parishes.  "Many  of  these  MS.  books,"  we  are 
informed  by  the  editor,  "  with  most  interesting 


entries  in  them,  are  preserved  in  the  diocese 
of  St.  Asaph,  and  perhaps  it  is  to  the  foresight 
of  Bishop  Short  that  we  owe  the  histories 
Mr.  Edwards  wrote,  as  well  as  other  parochial 
histories,  in  the  diocese  of  St.  Asaph."  This 
is  at  least  an  example  of  local  antiquarian  re- 
search which  it  were  well  for  the  Welsh  clergy 
to  have  followed  far  more  widely  than  they  have 
done.  Outside  the  diocese  in  question  there  are, 
however,  scarcely  a  dozen  Welsh  parishes  whose 
histories  have  been  written  by  their  own  incum- 
bents. Had  it  been  otherwise  the  relation  of 
the  Welsh  people  to  their  Church  would  now 
be  different  from  what  it  is,  for  in  them  the 
love  of  old  associations  and  of  antiquarian 
studies  is  so  strongly  developed  as  to  take 
a  place  among  their  more  prominent  national 
characteristics.  The  work  of  parish  historian 
may  be  regarded  as  naturally  appertaining  to 
the  office  of  an  incumbent  in  virtue  of  his  being 
the  custodian  of  parochial  muniments,  of  registers 
and  terriers,  of  tithe-maps,  and  of  enclosure 
awards,  which,  however,  have  in  many  cases 
been  culpably  allowed  to  perish,  instead  of  being 
utilized  as  in  the  present  instance.  Of  Mr. 
Edwards's  special  work  little  need  be  said. 
The  three  parishes  whose  history  he  has 
written  are  situated  in  the  recesses  of  the 
Montgomeryshire  hills,  in  a  region  practically 
undiscovered  by  the  modern  tourist.  This  very 
isolation  has  been  the  means  of  preserving 
traditions  and  superstitions  interesting  alike  to 
the  historian  and  the  folk-lorist,  for  the  habits 
of  the  people,  we  are  told,  have  not  greatly 
changed  for  the  last  few  hundred  years.  The 
district  is  also  rich  in  neolithic  remains,  which 
are  here  very  fully  treated,  and  of  which 
numerous  plans  and  illustrations  are  given. 
But  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  work  does 
not  contain  a  map  on  which  the  exact  situation 
of  each  object  of  historical  interest  might  have 
been  marked.  This  would  have  greatly  enhanced 
the  interest  of  the  work  to  those  unacquainted 
with  the  district,  while  it  would  also  have  formed 
a  valuable  nucleus  for  an  archaeological  survey  of 
the  whole  county.  Ample  evidence  is  adduced 
in  this  work  that  life  was  not  highly  valued  in 
this  district  in  times  not  long  passed  away. 
There  is,  however,  one  interesting  incident, 
illustrative  of  its  former  lawlessness,  which 
seems  to  have  escaped  both  author  and  editor. 
With  his  usual  tendency  to  exaggeration, 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury,  in  his  autobio- 
graphy, refers  to  his  father's  great  courage, 
"  whereof  he  gave  proof  when  he  was  so  bar- 
barously assaulted  by  many  mea  iu  the  church- 
yard at  Llanerfyl  at  what  time  he  would  have 
apprehended  a  man  who  denied  to  appear  to 
justice"; 

but 

"notwithstanding  his  skull  was  cut  through  (with 
a  forest  bill)  to  the  pia  mater  of  the  brain,  he  saw 
his  adversaries  fly  away,  and  after,  walked  home  to 
his  house  at  Uyssyn,  where,  after  he  was  cured,  he 
offered  a  single  combat  to  the  chief  of  the  family 
by  whose  procurement  it  was  thought  the  mischief 
was  commenced." 

The  coward  naturally  fled,  but  what  is  more 
important  is  that  the  intrepid  Herbert,  "  not- 
withstanding the  said  hurt,  attained  that  health 

and  strength  that  he became  the  father  of 

many  children,"  of  whom  the  autobiographer 
was  the  most  distinguished. 


AMERICAN    HISTORY   AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

The  Struggle  in  America  between  England  and 
France  (Sampson  Low)  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Justin  Winsor,  of  which  the  author's  name  is 
a  sufficient  recommendation.  The  narrative 
'  History  of  America  '  which  he  edited  is  one  of 
the  best  works  which  deal  with  the  North 
American  continent.  The  present  volume  is  full 
of  facts  ;  and  the  maps  and  illustrations  arc 
quite  as  instructive  as  the  text,  while  they 
largely  help  to  elucidate  and  adorn  it.  Perhaps 
the  reader  who  has  been  disqualified  by  works  of 
fiction  or  articles  in  magazines  for  concentrating 
his  mind  upon  aserious  production willpronounce 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


221 


the  pages  of  Mr.  Winsor  rather  heavy,  for  they 
are  too  crowded  with  dates  and  details  to  be 
quite  easy  reading,  and  the  writer  has  not 
done  himself  justice  as  a  narrator  owing  to 
the  compression  of  his  material.  He  might 
have  expanded  his  story  with  advantage,  yet 
the  value  of  the  work  to  the  student  of  American 
history  would  not  be  increased  by  a  large  quan- 
tity of  fine  writing.  A  solid  book  has  a  chance 
of  surviving  the  light-headed  history  which 
pleases  the  light-headed  reader,  and  this  work 
deserves  a  place  among  those  to  which  the  man 
of  letters  may  turn  with  advantage,  and  the 
student  with  the  certainty  of  receiving  instruc- 
tion. We  have  commended  the  tone  of  the  work 
and  the  quality  of  the  maps  and  illustrations, 
and  we  must  add  that  the  index  deserves  as 
cordial  praise. 

The  Winning  of  the  West,  by  Mr.  Theodore 
Roosevelt  (Putnam's  Sons),  is  the  third  volume 
of  a  work  which  will  be  praised  the  most 
highly  by  those  who  have  the  best  acquaint- 
ance with  its  subject.  If  the  history  of  the 
United  States  were  written  with  the  ability 
which  Mr.  Roosevelt  displays,  the  most  un- 
satisfactory work  of  Bancroft  would  be  super- 
seded. We  have  praised  the  style  of  Mr. 
Roosevelt  on  other  occasions  ;  this  volume  is 
as  well  written  as  its  predecessors,  and  we  shall 
now  emphatically  add  that  the  pleasure  he  has 
afforded  us  in  the  arrangement  of  his  material  is 
equally  great.  Indeed,  the  mastery  of  his  sub- 
ject in  this  volume  is  remarkable.  Sometimes 
his  assertions  appear  startling,  as  when  he 
writes,  "The  most  ultimately  righteous  of  all 
wars  is  a  war  with  savages,"  an  assertion  akin 
to  General  Sherman's  that  "the  only  good 
Indian  was  a  dead  Indian,"  and  yet  the  instances 
which  Mr.  Roosevelt  cites  entirely  prove  his 
case.  Again,  he  remarks  "that  people  have  a 
very  misty  idea  as  to  the  worth  of  wild  lands  "; 
though  a  truism,  few  who  emigrate  from  this 
country  to  America,  and  as  few  who  migrate 
from  the  Eastern  States  of  America  to  the 
Western,  give  heed  to  it,  and  clearly  recognize 
that  the  land  which  they  acquire  in  the  West 
becomes  valuable  solely  owing  to  their  labour. 
He  has  done  a  service,  of  which  Bancroft  was 
incapable,  in  showing  how  the  British  officers 
who  held  the  North- Western  forts  did  their 
duty.  We  hope  that  all  who  are  desirous  of 
learning  the  course  of  American  history  after 
the  cessation  of  the  Revolutionary  War  will 
carefully  read  Mr.  Roosevelt's  work. 

The  History  of  the  United  States,  by  Mr. 
James  Ford  Rhodes  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  is  now 
n  its  third  volume,  and  this  volume  is  even 
better  than  those  which  preceded  it.  Mr. 
Rhodes  not  only  takes  great  pains,  but  he  has 
the  art  of  giving  pleasing  literary  expression  to 
his  conclusions.  He  is  practical  in  his  views. 
Many  writers  have  used  censorious  words  when 
describing  eating  and  drinking  in  America,  and 
few  Americans  have  had  the  good  sense  or  the 
courage  to  admit  what  was  well  founded  in  the 
remarks.  It  is  no  discredit  to  any  country  that 
the  food  should  be  better  than  the  cooks  ;  but 
the  American  critics  of  European  writers  who 
did  not  relish  the  cookery  have  used  very  strong 
language  in  denunciation  of  the  insulters  of 
their  institutions.  Yet  the  fact  remains  that 
game,  fowl,  and  fish  are  more  easily  obtainable 
in  a  new  country  than  the  cooks  who  can 
convert  the  bounties  of  nature  into  what 
serves  for  the  enjoyment  of  man.  In 
the  western  and  wilder  parts  of  America 
the  food  is  fried  and  rendered  unpalat- 
able ;  in  New  York  and  other  cities  in  the 
East  the  cooking,  in  the  best  hotels,  is  as  good 
as  in  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  or  Buda-Pesth. 
The  changes  in  social  life  and  conditions  since 
the  Civil  War  are  registered  by  Mr.  Rhodes. 
He  does  not  point  out  that  many  of  them  are 
the  results  of  travel  in  and  acquaintance  with 
Europe.  The  New  World  has  much  to  learn  from 
the  Old,  and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  New  that 
it  has  proved  to  be  an  apt  pupil.     We  cannot 


end  without  praising  the  admirable  manner  in 
which  economic  questions  are  discussed.  Mr. 
Rhodes  can  teach  his  countrymen  much  about 
the  tariff  which  they  would  profit  by  acquiring. 

Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Downfall  of  Ame- 
rican Slavery,  by  Noah  Brooks  (Putnam's  Sons), 
is  an  addition  to  the  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations  " 
series  which  merits  praise.  The  books  about 
Lincoln  are  many  in  number  and  various  in 
value,  the  voluminous  one  by  his  private  secre- 
taries being  the  most  imposing,  the  smaller  one 
by  Mr.  Morse  being  the  most  satisfactory.  Yet 
Mr.  Brooks  has  proved  his  title  to  add 
another.  He  possesses  the  qualification  of  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  Lincoln,  and 
he  tells  the  story  of  his  great  friend's 
life  with  praiseworthy  reticence  and  a  can- 
dour which  is  equally  admirable.  One  of  the 
facts  stated  by  Mr.  Brooks  has  not  received 
sufficient  notice.  It  is  that  when  Lincoln  had 
done  the  Whig  party  great  and  recognized 
political  service,  he  was  refused  the  office  which 
he  sought  for  as  a  reward,  that  of  Commissioner 
of  the  General  Land  Office,  while  he  was  oflered 
the  Governorship  of  Oregon  Territory.  An  in- 
ducement to  accept  it  was  the  prospect  of  Oregon 
being  soon  admitted  as  a  State  and  the  proba- 
bility of  his  being  sent  to  Congress  as  its  senator. 
However,  in  obedience  to  his  wife's  emphatic 
objection  he  declined  the  bait.  In  this  case  his 
wife's  influence  proved  of  greater  ultimate  benefit 
to  his  country  than  to  himself.  Many  illustra- 
tions give  an  added  interest  to  the  text,  yet  the 
facsimile  of  the  immortal  address  at  Gettysburg 
is  worth  them  all  put  together. 

We  have  made  with  extreme  pleasure  the 
acquaintance  of  A  Veteran  of  1S12  (Bentley  & 
Son).  The  lady  who  has  written  the  book 
omits  to  state  her  relationship  to  its  subject ; 
whateveritbe,  she  has  related  the  career  of  James 
Fitzgibbon  very  well,  and  done  justice  to  a  man 
who  deserved  it.  Fitzgibbon  was  born  at  Glin, 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Shannon,  in  1780. 
His  father  was  the  owner  of  a  small  freehold, 
upon  which  he  lived,  but  which  did  not  produce 
enough  to  enable  him  to  provide  for  his  family. 
James  entered  the  British  army  as  a  private  in 
1799,  after  having  served  as  a  volunteer  to 
oppose  the  French  when  the  invasion  of  Ireland 
was  expected.  He  was  made  a  sergeant  soon 
after  joining  the  49th  Regiment,  which  took  part 
in  the  unfortunate  Walcheren  expedition.  He 
was  made  prisoner  in  the  first  encounter.  After 
being  exchanged,  he  returned  to  his  company, 
which  was  sent  on  board  one  of  the  men- 
of-war  which  fought  at  Elsinore  ;  he  saw 
Nelson,  and  records  :  "  He  appeared  the 
most  mild  and  gentle  being,  and  it  was 
delightful  to  me  to  hear  the  way  the  sailors 
spoke  of  him."  Fitzgibbon  afterwards  went  to 
Canada,  obtained  a  commission,  played  a  con- 
spicuous and  gallant  part  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
resolved  to  make  the  New  World  his  home. 
However,  reverses  of  fortune  rendered  him  glad 
to  become  a  Military  Knight  of  \^'indsor,  where 
he  expired  on  the  10th  of  December,  18G3.  The 
story  of  his  life  is  exceedingly  interesting  ;  it  is 
well  told  and  deserves  to  be  widely  read. 

The  Diary  of  Anna  Green  Windoiv  (Constable 
&  Co.)  is  a  small  book  wherein  life  in  the  town  of 
Boston  in  1771,  as  seen  through  tlie  eyes  of  a 
girl  of  ten,  is  vividly  brought  before  the  reader, 
it  has  the  interest  of  '  A  Girl's  Life  Eighty 
Years  Ago,'  which  was  published  in  1888,  and 
gave  a  picture  of  New  England  life  in  bygone 
days.  Eliza  Southgate,  the  girl  in  question, 
was  born  twelve  years  after  Anna  Green 
Winslow  began  her  diary.  Anna's  parents  were 
New  Englanders,  .she  herself  being  the  direct 
descendant  in  the  sixth  generation  of  Mary 
Chilton,  who  first  stepped  on  shore  when  the 
Pilgrims  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  founded  New 
Plymouth.  When  the  Revolutionary  War  broke 
out  her  father  remained  faithful  to  King  George, 
fought  for  him,  and  died  at  Quebec  in  1801. 
His  wife  and  he  were  in  Nova  Scotia  when  they 


sent  their  daughter  Anna  to  Boston  in  1770  to 
be  educated  under  the  supervision  of  her  aunt 
Deming.  Anna  Winslow  was  a  lively  little 
Puritan  ;  she  enjoyed  the  afternoon  lecture  on 
Thursday,  but  she  also  enjoyed  any  amuse- 
ment that  she  could  join  in.  It  is  said  in  the 
useful  preface,  or  "  foreword  "  of  the  editor, 
Alice  Morse  Earle,  that  Anna's  grandfather  was 
born  on  a  Sunday,  and  that  it  was  considered 
fortunate  he  should  have  been  baptized,  as 
some  Puritan  ministers  refused  the  rite  of 
baptism  to  children  who  had  disregarded  the 
sanctity  of  the  Sabbath  by  entering  the  world 
in  the  course  of  it.  Little  Anna  was  delicate, 
and  died  of  consumption  in  1779.  What  she 
wrote  in  her  diary  endears  her  to  the  reader, 
while  it  affords  a  glimpse  of  New  England  life 
in  "the  old  colony  days."  The  book  should  be 
in  the  hands  of  every  lover  of  children.  ■.^ 

The   History   of  Canada,    by   Dr.    Kingsford 
(Toronto,    Rowsell    &    Hutchinson  ;     London, 
Kegan  Paul   &   Co.),  has   reached   its  seventh 
volume,  which  is  as  worthy  of  praise  as  those 
that  preceded  it.     In  the  preface  Dr.  Kingsford 
expresses  disappointment  that  his  work,  though 
praised  in  the  press,  has  not  had  the  reception 
which  he  expected ' '  in  the  mother  country  which, 
in  Canada,  we  still  call,  and  long  hope  to  call. 
Home."     We  regret  this  ;  but  Dr.  Kingsford  is 
not  the  first  historian  who  has  learnt  that  it  is 
easier  to  write  a  good  work  than  to  obtain  pur- 
chasers for  it.     When  the  work  is  completed, 
its  sale  in  this  country  may  be  larger.     More- 
over, we  shall  be  able  then  to  deal  with  it  as  a 
whole  ;    at  present  we  can    but   note  the  cha- 
racter of    each    succeeding  volume.     This    one 
treats  the  period  between  1779  and  1807.     The 
most   interesting  part   is   that   relating   to  the 
close   of   the    Revolutionary   War   and   to    the 
establishment  of  local  government  in  Canada. 
Dr.  Kingsford  makes  it  clear  that  if  the  disaster 
at  Yorktown  had  been  postponed,  the  people  of 
Vermont  would    have   cast   in    their   lot   with 
Canada ;  he  also  sets  forth  the  schemes  for  the 
invasion    of  Canada  by  the  French   after    the 
Revolution  in  France  had  inspired  a  longing  to 
uphold  the  so-called   rights  of   man  by  whole- 
sale conquest  and   annexation.     He   repeats  a 
statement  which   he  says  he   read   somewhere 
regarding  George   III.   having   been   told   Fox 
was  a  Republican  in  principle,  and  Burke  being 
urged  to  speak  on  the  occasion  of  the  severance 
between   him  and  Fox  in  the  hope  that  Fox 
would  make  an  imprudent  speech.     The  king's 
foolish    hatred    of  Fox  required    no  incentive. 
Dr.  Kingsford  ought  to  have  quoted  his  autho- 
rity.    Many  severe  comments  are  passed  upon 
theaction  of  the  Colonial  Office,  and  the  following 
instance  is  given  as  a  specimen  of  dilatoriness, 
which,  how^ever,  was  less  mischievous  than  mis- 
placed interference  on  other  occasions.  Thecathe- 
dral  of  Quebec  was  finished  in  1804.    Two  years 
previously   the   commissioners    had    petitioned 
the  Crown  for  a   grant    of   communion   jJate, 
and  did  so   on   the    ground    that  it  had   been 
customary  in  the  old  Provinces  to  make  such  a 
gift.     The  request  was  acceded  to,  and  Messrs. 
Rundell    &  Bridge  were    entrusted   with   pre- 
paring  the   platet     The  chalices  were   finished 
in  1803,  but  they  were  not  delivered  at  Quebec, 
through  the  intermediary  of  the  Colonial  Office, 
till  1809.     The  concluding  sentence  of  the  third 
chapter    of    the     twenty-fourth     book    merits 
quotation:     "Armed    with   the    proof     of    the 
justice  and  fairness  of  her  course,  Canada  may 
count    upon    the    unflinching    support   of   the 
mother  country  in  all  that    is    legitimate  and 
riglit  ;  but  we  can   never  forget  that  we  have 
on  our  side  obligations  and  duties  of  which  we 
can  never   divest  ourselves."     These    excellent 
words  ought  to  be  pondered  by  those  Canadians 
who,  not  satisfied  with  almost  unfettered  power 
to  legislate  for  themselves,  desire  to  legislate  to 
the  detriment  of  authors  in  other  parts  of  the 
British  Empire.  '"' 

James  Henry   Chapin,    a  Sketch   of  his   Life 
and   Work  (Putnam's  Sons),  is   the   title  of  a 


222 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


volume  written  by  Dr.  Weaver,  his  friend  and 
colleague.  Dr.  Chapin  appears  to  have  been 
an  excellent  man  who  laboured  diligently  in  his 
vocation,  despite  feeble  health,  yet  whose  life 
was  not  cut  short  untimely,  as  he  was  born  in 
1832  and  lived  till  1892.  He  had  a  coat  of  arms, 
which  is,  of  course,  one  of  the  privileges  of  a  true 
American  citizen;  but  hepossessedlittleelsewhen 
he  began  life,  and  he  had  hard  struggles  for  his 
daily  bread  and  for  more  useful  coats  than  any 
which  the  Heralds'  College  supplies.  He  joined 
what  is  styled  the  Universal  Church,  and  sur- 
vived till  the  celebration  of  its  centenary.  He 
was,  we  believe,  one  of  the  shining  lights  in 
that  ecclesiastical  body.  We  have  nothing  to 
do  here  with  theological  questions,  yet  it  may 
be  useful  to  explain  that  the  adherents  of  this 
form  of  religion  hold  the  doctrine  of  universal 
salvation.  When  this  was  intimated  to  a  devout 
Presbyterian  old  lady,  she  was  greatly  shocked, 
and  exclaimed,  "  But  we  hope  for  better  things." 
Dr.  Chapin  laboured  hard,  and  made  a  repu- 
tation for  himself.  He  frequently  visited 
Europe,  as  is  the  custom  of  popular  American 
preachers,  and  he  followed  the  bad  example 
of  his  brethren  in  writing  superficial  books  of 
travel.  It  is  doubtful  whether  he  merited  a 
biography,  yet  Dr.  Weaver  has  displayed 
a  power  of  condensation  which  deserves  recog- 
nition. 

TJie  Life  of  Charles  Loring  Brace,  chiefl]i  told 
in  his  oii-n  Letters,  edited  by  his  daughter 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  is  one  of  the  many  books 
which  it  would  be  harsh  to  condemn  and  wrong 
to  praise.  If  the  words  of  Horace  were  taken  to 
heart  in  America  and  this  country,  many  good 
men  would  dread  having  anything  written  about 
them  after  death  :  "  Nee  vixit  male  qui  natus 
moriensque  fefellit."  Mr.  Loring  Brace  did 
excellent  service  in  caring  for  the  waifs  and 
strays  of  New  York,  he  was  a  sincere  and  un- 
ostentatious philanthropist,  and  his  exertions 
on  behalf  of  the  pariahs  of  civilization  were 
most  creditable.  He  was  trained  to  enter  the 
ministry,  but  we  cannot  discover  the  form  cf 
religion  of  which  he  was  a  minister.  He  writes 
about  "  our  New  England  religion  ";  but  since 
the  Puritans  ceased  to  have  the  upper  hand  in 
New  England,  many  forms  of  belief  and  unbelief 
have  flourished  there.  Reference  is  made  to  his 
supporting  himself  by  teaching,  and  afterwards 
he  is  described  as  travelling  through  Europe  and 
spending  some  time  in  Germany.  He  visited 
Hungary  when  the  Austrians  were  keeping  it 
in  subjection,  and  he  was  thrown  into  prison 
as  a  Hungarian  sympathizer.  After  being 
released  and  returning  home  he  visited  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  enjoyed  life  free  from  terror 
of  arrest  for  speaking  his  mind.  He  wrote 
bo'oks  which  were  praised  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  the  'Gesta  Christi '  and  'The  Un- 
known God  '  being  the  most  noteworthy.  He 
did  good  to  the  poor  children  in  his  day  and 
generation,  and  he  was  praised  for  his  labours. 
Born  at  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  on  June  19th, 
1826,  he  died  at  Campfer,  in  the  Engadine, 
on  August  11th,  1890. 

Becollections  of  a  Virginian,  in  the  American, 
Inaian,  and  Civil  Wars  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
are  by  General  Maury,  whose  uncle  wrote  the 
'Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea.'  The  author 
of  this  ]>leasant  book  was  a  cadet  at  West  Point 
when  Hancock  and  McClcllan,  Jackson  and 
Grant,  were  cadets,  and  he,  .along  with  Jackson, 
■was  y)itted  against  his  old  comrades  during 
the  Civil  War.  He  had  several  connexions  of 
historic  fame  in  Virginia.  He  states  that  many 
Virginians  of  note,  among  them  members  of  his 
family,  were  strongly  in  favour  of  freeing  the 
slaves,  and  that  some  set  the  example  ;  yet  the 
wisdom  of  the  few  did  not  lessen  the  wicked- 
nes.s  of  the  many,  and  when  John  Brown  made 
his  ill-starred  attempt,  the  voice  of  Virginia  was 
loud  in  approval  of  his  execution.  Fredericks- 
burg, where  General  Maury  was  born,  used  to 
be  a  place  of  considerable  importance.  An 
academy  for  the  education  of  young  ladies  was 


in  high  rejjute  there.  A  planter  sent  his  only 
daughter  to  the  school,  and  he  was  astounded 
to  receive  letters  praising  her  "room-mate" 
Dick  H.  He  hastened  to  the  school,  and  found 
to  his  relief  that  a  Miss  Richardetta  H.  was 
commonly  called  Dick.  It  is  added  that  Dick  H. 
is  now  the  wife  of  an  ex-general  of  the  Con- 
federacy. General  Maury's  career  was  a  stirring 
one  before  the  Civil  War  and  during  it.  After 
the  restoration  of  peace  he  represented  his 
country  as  minister  to  Colombia.  His  recollec- 
tions are  agreeably  written,  and  they  are  well 
worth  reading. 


ORIENTAL    GRAMMARS. 


A  GOOi)  and  practical  guide  to  students  pre- 
paring for  L^pper  India  is  forthcoming  in  the 
Manned  of  the  Btingdlt  Language,  comprising  a 
Bengdlt  Grammar  and  Lessons,  with  Various 
Appendices,  including  an  Asamcse  Grammar, 
by  G.  F.  Nicholl,  M.A.  (Allen  &  Co.).  It  is 
divided  into  three  parts,  i.e..  Grammar,  Lessons 
and  Exercises,  and  Appendices,  the  last  being 
subdivided  into  (1)  an  exposition  of  moneys, 
weights,  and  arithmetic  ;  (2)  extracts  from  native 
newspapers  ;  (3)  specimens  of  local  literature  ; 
and  (4)  petitions  and  other  forms  of  native  hand- 
writing. The  Asamese  Grammar  adds  much, 
moreover,  to  the  value  of  the  whole  publication. 
In  the  many  passages  given  for  translation  into 
Bengali  (notably  the  Times  money  articles  at 
pp.  191  -  3),  English  -  learning  natives  might 
find  beneficial  exercise.  That  these  would  be 
generally  wholesome,  as  well  as  educationally 
instructive,  may  be  inferred  from  the  following 
example  selected  from  the  periodical  Akhtar,  to 
be  translated  (or  retranslated)  into  the  ver- 
nacular:— 

"The  Queen  occasionally  takes  walks  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Balmoral  Castle.  She  lately  went  out 
as  usual,  and  came  to  a  place  where  a  woman  was 
working  in  a  potato  field.  The  Queen  inquired  of  the 
woman  why  she  worked  alone.  .She,  not  recognizing 
the  Queen,  replied,  '  What  was  I  to  do,  m}'  lady  ? 
My  companions  were  told  that  the  Queen  would  pass 
this  way,  so  they  went  to  see  her.'  The  Queen  in- 
quired, 'Why  did  you  not  go  ?'  The  woman  rejjlied, 
'  How  can  I  go  ?  I  cannot  leave  my  work  simply  to 
see  the  Queen.  Did  I  go,  what  good  would  it  do  me? 
My  luckless  companion?,  who  have  left  off  work  to 
go  and  see  the  Queen,  forfeit  to-day's  pay ;  but  I  am 
a  poor  woman,  and  have  five  children  to  provide  for. 
I  have  an  excellent  husband,  too  ;  so  it  would  be 
wrong  to  go.'  The  Queen,  on  hearing  her  rep])%  took 
the  purse  of  the  lady  in  attendance  and  gave  what- 
ever was  in  it  to  the  poor  woman,  saying,  '  When 
your  companions  come  back  from  seeing  the  Queen, 
tell  them  that  they  went  to  see  the  Queen,  while  the 
Queen  came  to  see  yoy.'  " 

In  the  first  part  of  a  Grammar  of  the 
Persian  Language  (Williams  &  Norgate),  treat- 
ing of  'Accidence,'  Mr.  Platts  has  put  to- 
gether the  substance  of  lectures  delivered  to 
students  during  the  past  ten  years  at  Oxford. 
That  Forbes's  'Grammar'  is  behind  the  age, 
as  he  states  in  his  preface,  is  in  many  re- 
spects certain  ;  but  something  equally  suc- 
cinct and  plain  (or  even  plainer),  with  modifi- 
cations suited  to  the  day,  might  still  be  useful 
as  a  "first  book,"  which  Mr.  Platts's  grammar 
would  rather  supplement  than  supersede.  It  is 
not  that  the  volume  under  notice  is  wanting  in 
elementary  instruction  ;  but  it  is  more  or  less 
discursive,  and  its  very  careful  and  comprehen- 
sive mode  of  teaching  "beginnings"  is  more 
likely  to  attract  the  attention,  and  impart  new 
zest  to  the  studies,  of  those  who  have  passed  tlie 
stage  of  preparation,  than  to  satisfy  the  require- 
ments of  pupils  who  are  only  breaking  ground. 
The  abundance  of  explanatory  detail  invites 
argument,  whereas  the  study  of  all  languages 
must  commence  with  the  accejitance  of  certain 
indisputable  facts  which  have  to  be  impressed 
upon  the  learner's  mind  before  he  can  presume 
to  question  or  criticize.  One  example  in  the 
first  section  will  suftice.  For  the  letter  repre- 
sented in  the  alphabetical  table  by  the  three- 
fold vav,  ?('«!(',  and  iva'o,  Mr.  Platts  explains 
that  its  pronunciation  in  Persian  lies  "some- 
where between  lo  and  v."    So  far  no  one  need 


cavil;  but  he  adds:  "When  moved  by  the 
short  vowel  a  and  followed  by  a  long  vowel,  it 
is,  generally  speaking,  better  represented  by  ic, 
<^-9-i  M^l  jaicdb  ;  but  in  other  cases,  especially 
when  it  bears  the  short  vowel  i  or  u,  it  is  pro- 
nounced also  as  V."  Whatever  may  be  the  force 
of  this  interpretation,  the  exceptions  taken  to 
it  in  practice  (as  in  ivatnn,  irasl,  and  javdhir, 
vdhidat,  t'vd)iam,  Szc.)  by  eminent  Orientalists 
are  so  many  that  it  can  hardly  be  accepted  as  a 
recognized  rule.  Might  it  not,  on  the  other  hand, 
be  contended  that  Turkish  influences  in  the 
north  of  Persia  liave  popularized  the  v,  whereas 
the  Arabic  surroundings  in  the  south  have 
favoured  the  w,  as  in  India  ?  Having  said  thus 
much  with  no  wish  to  depreciate  the  author's 
labours,  we  may  cordially  thank  him  for  an 
excellent  sequel  to  Forbes's  and  other  grammars 
of  a  language  which  deserves  to  be  better  knov^n, 
in  England.  The  work  is  full  of  new  and  in- 
teresting matter,  and  may  be  especially  recom- 
mended to  advanced  Persian  scholars  who  seek 
enlightenment  on  details  which  they  may  have 
hastily  passed  over  while  preparing  for  one  or 
more  of  the  prescribed  examinations. 


FRENCH    LITERATURE. 


TuRGOT,    to    whose   Life    and    Writings  Mr. 
\V.  Walker  Stephens  has  just  devoted  a  hand- 
some volume  (Longmans  &  Co.),  was  already  a 
sufficient  example  of  the  famous  Miltonic  inter- 
ruption, "But  not  the  praise."     His  life  was- 
short  as  lives  go  ;  and  it  was  ended  in  some- 
thing like  political  eclipse.    But  both  in  his  own 
days  and  since,  almost  everybody  whose  praise 
was  worth  anything  has  conspired  to  praise  him ;. 
and  few  people  will  think  him  really  unlucky  in 
having  been  ousted  from   the  helm  just  before 
the  ship  actually  came   to   the  breakers.     His- 
praise,   indeed,  has   been   so   much   in   all   the 
political  churches  (for  even  reactionaries  have 
had  few  hard  things  to  say  of  Turgot)  that  there 
has  been  some  danger  of  a  revolt,  out  of  mere 
unreasonable  weariness  of  hearing  it.     And  this- 
might  be  helped   by  the  fact  that  Turgot's  own 
works,  though  very  important,   can  hardly  be 
said  to  have   some   at   least   of  the  attractions- 
which  make  work  very  interesting.    He  is  some- 
thing  of   a   doctrinaire  ;    his  writing  is,   for   a 
Frenchman  of  his  day,  remarkably  deficient  ir^ 
the  graces  ;  and  even  his  matter,  valuable  as  it 
is,  suflers  from  the  fact  that  most  of  it  has  long 
become  the  thousand-times-cooked-up  common- 
place of  press  and  platform.     Some  may  think 
that  for  English  readers  his  fame  might  have 
been    safely  left   to   Mr.  Morley's  well-known 
essay,  completing  the  references  of  Carlyle  and 
others  ;  but  3Ir.  Stephens,  though  a  great  ad- 
mirer and  quoter  of   that   essay,   has    thought 
proper  to  support  it,  as  it  were,  with  a  volume 
of  evidence  and  abstract.     The  thing  is,  in  its- 
way,  distinctly  well  done,  always  supposing  that 
it  was  worth  the  doing  ;  and  if  the  writer  dis- 
plays  little    brilliancy,    either   in    style   or   in 
occasional  expressions  of  opinion,  it  is  fair  to 
remember  that  the  kind  of  work  he  has  under- 
taken is  much  more  suitable  to  a  plodding  hand 
than  to  a   brilliant  one.     But  we  confess  our- 
selves to  be  rather  of  the  opinion  that  in  the 
case  of  writers  eminent  in  position  and  not  ex- 
tremely voluminous  there  need  not,  and  should 
not,  be  any  middle  step  between  the  intelligent 
critical  essay  on  a  sufticient  scale  and  the  ori- 
ginal.    The  former  will  always  suffice  for  the 
general  reader  ;   the  student    should  never  be 
contented  with  anything  short  of  the  latter. 

There  have  been  few  recent  examples  of  the 
kind  of  actress  sometimes  unjustly  regarded  as 
the  normal  kind  more  typical  tlian  Aime'eDescle'e, 
the  incarnation  of  Frou-Frou.  M.  Paul  Duplan,  in 
publishing  lier  Lcttrcs  a  Fanfan  (Paris,  Calmann 
Le'vy),  and  connecting  them  with  a  pleasantly 
and  sympathetically  written  nsirrative,  has  done 
his  best  to  show,  and  has  not  succeeded  ill  in 
showing,  that  the  (piia  mnllmn  amacit  apology 
applies  liere  also,  and  may  be  reinforced  to  the 


N-'SSSS,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


223 


effect  that  she  not  merely  loved,  but  was  herself 
lovable.  "  Fanfaii"  was  a  distinguished  cavalry 
•officer,  whose  name  is  not  mentioned  and  whose 
letters  are  not  printed  ;  but  it  is  clear  that  the 
duty  of  forgiveness,  which  is  popularly  and 
rather  hastily  supposed  to  fall  rather  on  the 
woman  than  the  man,  had  to  be  exercised  by 
him  in  very  abundant  measure.  M.  Alexandre 
Duma.s  Jils  figures  amiably  in  one  or  two  letters 
to  this  extremely  stray,  but  not  wholly  indocile 
sheep,  who  did  so  much  to  make  his  plays  a 
success  ;  and  there  is  a  most  charming  portrait 
frontispiece,  which  will  disjjense  anybody  from 
puzzling  over  the  question  why  people  sliould 
take  the  trouble  to  compose  apologies  for  Aime'e 
Descle'e. 

"Is  it  thou,  dear  Elise  ?  Oh,  thricj  happy 
day  !  Let  Heaven  be  blessed  that  restores 
thee  to  my  prayers.  Thou  who,  from  Benjamin, 
like  myself,  descended,  was  [sic]  from  my 
infancy  the  constant  companion,"  &c.  If  any- 
body requires  a  prose  translation  of  Racine's 
Esther  done  in  this  fashion,  he  will  find  it 
written  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Daril,  and  published  by 
Messrs.  Netherton  &  Worth,  of  Truro.  We 
should  have  thought  the  temptation  to  write 
this  small,  and  the  chance  of  its  being  read 
almost  infinitesimal.  And  if  it  was  to  be  done, 
it  would  have  been  just  as  well  to  translate 
*'Que  son  nom  soit  be'ni,"  "ilJai/  his  name," 
and  not  "  That  his  name." 

Three    French    books   which   have    recently 
appeared  give  very  different   Frencli  views  of 
the   British   character.     One — which    we    shall 
not  notice,  because  it  is  a  mere  pretty  book  of 
travels  in  Spain,  not  superior  to  several  which 
exist  in  our  own  tongue — gives,  under  the  heading 
'Gibraltar,'  the  impressions  of  a  distinguished 
French  writer,   which  are   most  favourable   to 
our  race.     In  another,  of  which  we  shall  have 
to  write  to-day,  the  gi'eat  Napoleon,   in  early 
letters  and  essays,  shows  his  profound  interest 
in  our  people  and  liis  desire  at  all  times  to  distin- 
guish between  the  generosity  of   their  natures 
and  what  he  thought,  or  professed  to  think,  the 
brutality   of  their  rulers  ;    while   a   book   now 
before  us,  published  by  M.  Savine,  of  Paris,  and 
written  by  one  M.  Louis  Martin,  under  the  title 
L'Ancilais  est-il  un  Juif?  expresses  the  view  of 
the  Briton  now  popular  in  France.     We  should 
not  have  thought  it  necessary  to  notice  the  last- 
named  book  had  it  not  been  thoroughly  charac- 
teristic of  the  latest  phase  of  what  politeness 
leads  us  to  call  French  thought  in  what  appa- 
rently is  the  dominant  section  in  the  community 
in  some  parts  of   France.     The  author  thinks 
that  the  French  Protestants   and   the  French 
Jews  are  the  agents  and  imitators  of  England  ; 
that  the  English  of   France,  as  well   as   these 
two  other  classes  of  her  population,  should  be 
expelled,  if  not  massacred.      He  is  under  the 
impression  that  Freemasonry  was  invented  by 
England  for  the  conquest  of  the  Continent,  and 
that  Mark  Masonry  is  devil  worship  pure  and 
simple.     He  happily  seems  not  to  have  heard 
of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Foresters,   but  he  is 
convinced  that  the  Manchester  Unity  constitutes 
a  sort  of  subordinate  branch  of  Masonry,  filled 
with  substantially  the  same  abominable  ideas  ; 
and   he   doubts    the   Catholicism   of   the   Irish 
people,    because    he    has   discovered    statistics 
which  show  him  that  there  are  more  IMasons  in 
Ireland,  in  proportion,  than  even  in  England. 
He  apparently  has  not  heard  of  "  Lo5-al  Ulster." 
All  revolutionary  movements  are  suspected  by 
him,    as    he   is    persuaded   that   Kossuth    and 
Mazzini,  as  well  as  most  other  Liberal  leaders, 
have  been  Jews.     That  he  is  anxious  to  expel 
the  Jews  from  Algeria  (in  some  parts  of  wliicli 
we  fancy  that  there  would  for  a  time  be  little 
left    if   they    were   gone)  ;    that    he    thinks  the 
British   "a  feminine  people,"  and  the  Jews  a 
people  struck  with  a  national  paralysis  ;  that  he 
holds  that   no  Englishman  can  do  the  work  on 
the  land  that  is  done  by  any  Frenchwoman,  are 
consequences  of  his  views  with  which  we   will 
not  trouble  ourselves.     "Albion  and  Israel  are 


the  enemy."  "German  bullets  are  a  thousand 
times  to  be  preferred."  The  only  really  amusing 
passage  that  we  have  discovered  in  the  volume 
is  one  which  declares  that  "it  was  not  strange 
that  Darwin,  judging  man  by  the  Englishman, 
should  have  seen  no  difference  between  the 
man  and  the  monkey." 

We  pass  to  a  more  serious  work,  published  by 
M.    Ollendorff  in   two    volumes — M.    Fre'de'ric 
Masson's  Napoleon  inconnu.      This  publication 
consists   of   many  writings  of   Napoleon,  some 
known   and    some    hitherto    unknown,    dating 
between  1786  and  1793.     The  source  from  which 
they   have    been    drawn    is    the    Ashburnham 
manuscripts.      Even  the  best  of   the   writings 
of   the  great  Napoleon   are  so   inferior  to   his 
reputation  as  to  amaze  the  reader  and  to  leave 
a  sense  of  stupefaction  as  to  the  possibility  of  so 
rapid  a  development  in  tlie   young  general  as 
that  which  must  have   taken  place  before  the 
Consulate.     The  papers  now  published  for  the 
first  time  are  even  more  trivial  and  foolish,  more 
like  the  school  work  of  a  backward  boy,  than 
those    which    were    already   known.       We    are 
struck,  however,  by  the  hard  work  which  they 
reveal.      No    doubt    there   were    in    existence 
stories  of    the   young   Napoleon's   application  ; 
but  he  has  not  generally  been  thought  to  have 
been  one  who  laboured  steadily  in  a  dull,  plod- 
ding manner  when  at  the  military  school,  when  at 
his  home  in  Corsica,  and  when  serving  as  a  sub- 
altern.    The  publication  of  M.  ]\Iasson  shows  a 
large  amount  of  inferior  work  of  a  description 
such  as  is  turned  out  by  boys  who  become  exhi- 
bitioners and  then  schoolmasters,  if  not  fellows 
of  their  colleges.      It  is   emphatically  not  the 
work  which  one  would  imagine  portended  dis- 
tinction,  let  alone  supreme  gifts.      The   intel- 
lectual development  of   Bonaparte  was  always 
said  to  have  taken  place  at  Brienne.     But  these 
volumes  take  us  many  years  past  Brienne,  and 
into  the  revolutionary  period.     In  fact,  none  of 
these   writings  dates   from   the  Brienne  period 
(1779-84),  and  his  writings  of  1789  are  merely 
childish.     M.  Masson's  notes  are  excellent. 

M.  Ollendorff  also  publishes  Journal  de  Marche 
du  Grenadier  Pils  (ISO4-ISI4),  recueilli  et  annate 
par  M.  Eaonl  de  Cister)ies.     One  Pils,  who  calls 
himself   a   grenadier,   might  rather  have    been 
described    as   historiographer    and    painter    in 
ordinary  to  Oudinot.     He  was  more  of  a  butler 
than  he  was  a  grenadier,  although  as  a  soldier 
servant  he  no  doubt  was  borne  on  the  rolls  of 
the  army.     He  was,  in  fact,  the  mounted,  faith- 
ful body-servant  of   the  marshal,  and  was  fre- 
quently in  close  contact  with  Napoleon  and  with 
many  of  the  other  marshals,  as,  for  instance,  at 
the  end  of  the  retreat  from  Moscow  and  passage 
of  the  Beresina.     There  is  little  in  the  journal 
which  is  of  value  or  of  real  interest  except  its 
illustrations,  but  these  are  admirable.     Pils  left 
a   son  who  became   an   historical   painter    and 
member  of  the  Institute  ;    but  the  father,  too, 
had  real  genius  as  an  artist.      He  might  have 
been  a  master  of  caricature,  and  he  might  pos- 
sibly have  been  trained  into  a  very  considerable 
personage  in  the  world  of  art.      Many  of  his 
hurried  sketches,  taken  on  the  field  of  battle, 
contain  horrible  mistakes  of  drawing  ;   but  they 
have  a  movement,  and,  indeed,  a  power,  which 
are  most  remarkable,  and  some  of  them  show 
notions  of  composition  which  would  almost  suffice 
to  put  Pils  in  the  first  rank.      The  wars  of  the 
Empire  are  brought  before  us  by  a  few  scratches 
in  a  way  in  whicli  one  might  imagine  them  to 
have  been  noted  by  a  great  Japanese  artist  liad 
he    been   present    at    them.      We    have    never 
come  across  any  drawings  of  the  years  of  tlie 
great  war  which  bring  out  better  the  extraordi- 
nary costumes  of  the  period  ;   and  one  of   the 
oddest  represents,  in  the  costume  of  the  Hussars 
of  the  Guard,  a  gentleman  well  remembered  by 
the  writer  of  this  notice   and   by  many  other 
Englishmen  in  more  civilized  costume  in  London 
in   recent   times — the   .son    of   Talleyrand   and 
grandfather  of  the  present  British  Secretary  of 
State  for  War — de  Flahaut. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 
Edmund  Biirke's  Connexion  irith  Bristol,  from 


17 7. 'i  till  1780  (Bristol,   Bennett),   is  a  subject 
about  which  Mr.  G.  E.  Weare  relates  all  that  is 
known,  and  by  so  doing  he  has  supplied  much 
curious   information    concerning   an    important 
episode  in  Burke's  career.     It  was  highly  credit- 
able to  the  burgesses  of  Bristol  to  elect  as  their 
representative  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  the 
age.     Burke  was  fiattered  by  their  choice,  and 
he  made  the  sacrifice  of  a  seat  for  which  he  had 
already  been    chosen   in   order   to   undergo  the 
drudgery  of  a  contested  election.     All  the  in- 
cidents in  the  election  are  set  forth  by  Mr.  Weare 
from    contemporary   documents.       He   exposes 
the  fabrication  that  Cruger,  the  senior  member, 
ever  said   "ditto"  to  the  junior.     Mr.  Cruger 
spoke  first  and  he  spoke  well,  yet  a  legend  has 
a  charmed  life,  and  many  may  yet  repeat  as  a 
fact  the  fiction  that  Mr.  Cruger  said  "  ditto  "  to 
Burke.      It   was   less    creditable    that    Bristol 
should  have  been  disinclined  to  re-elect  Burke 
in     1780 ;     hence    he    did     not     stand    again. 
The    city    has    made    atonement    by   erecting 
a   bronze   statue   to    his    memory.     Edinburgh 
was   as   unjust  to  Macaulay,   though   that  city 
made  partial  amends  by  returning  him  to  Parlia- 
ment at  a  later  day  without  solicitation  on  his 
part ;  but  the  further  and  deserved  compliment 
of  a  statue  has  not  yet  been  paid  to  him.     By 
not  re-electing  Burke  in  1780  the  burgesses  of 
Bristol    happily   failed    in    keeping   him  out  of 
Parliament.      He   honoured   Malton  by  repre- 
senting it.     Mr.  Weare's  work  is  carefully  com- 
piled, and  deserves  a  place  in  the  literature  of 
which  Burke  is  the  subject  and  the  centre. 

Mr.   John   Heywood  publishes  Part   I.    of 
Civic   Life,    which    deals     with     '  Government, 
Local  and  Central,'  by  Mr.  Alfonzo  Gardiner. 
There  are  a  few  errors  in  this  volume  which 
somewhat  detract  from  its  usefulness,  but,  on 
the  whole,  it  is  well  executed.     A  foot-note  at 
p.   21  suggests  that  London  vestries    resemble 
Parish  Councils  in   their  duties,  while  London 
District  Boards  resemble  District  Councils.  This 
is  not  the  case,  and  we  fear  that  the  author  has 
not  in  his  mind  a  clear  conception  of  the  points 
in  which  the  powers  of  the  vestries  in  Schedule 
A  of    the    Metropolis  Local  Management  Act 
differ  from  those  of  the  District  Boards  in  the 
metropolis.     It  would  be  more  accurate  to  say 
that     both    vestries    under     Schedule    A    and 
the   District   Boards    resemble  Urban   District 
Councils    more    nearly   than    they    do    Parish 
Councils.     In  some  points    they  possess  much 
higher  powers  than  either,  and  indeed  powers 
which  exceed  tliose   of    Town  Councils   under 
the  Municipal  Corporations   Act.     In    another 
Ijassage  the  author  assumes  that  all  "populous 
areas "   other   than   those    governed    by   Town 
Councils  form   Urban  Districts,  and  are  under 
Urban  District  Councils.     This  is  not  the  case. 
There  are  many  small  towns  which  are  "  rural," 
and,  on  theother  hand,  therearemanypurelyrural 
parishes  whichare  under  Urban  District  Councils. 
Mr.  Gardiner  speaks  of  the  division  of  counties 
in  1885  into  ''electoral  districts,  "and  in  another 
passage  uses  the  same  phrase  with  capitals,  bufe 
without  quotation  marks.     The  proper  term  is 
"divisions,"    and   the    phrase   "electoral    dis- 
tricts "  has  never,  we  believe,  been  used  in  an 
Act  of  Parliament  with  regard  to  the   county 
divisions.     As  an  example  of  Supply— indeed, 
as  the  next  example  after  the  navy  and  army — 
the  author  names  "  paying  the  judges."     The 
judges,   however,   are    paid,    not    by    votes    in 
Su])ply,  but,  under  the  provisions  of  a  statute, 
from    the    Consolidated    Fund,   so    that    their 
salaries  do  not  come  under  revision  or  criticism 
by  Parliament.     Mr.  Gardiner,  speaking  of  the 
cost  of  the  army  and  navy,  says  "  the  army  re- 
quires twenty  millions,  and   the  navy   sixteen 
millions."     Tlie  army  costs  more  than  sixteen 
millions,  but  it  would  have  been  more  accurate 
to    reverse    the    figures    than    to    give     them 
as    Mr.    Gardiner    does.      Without    including 


224 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


any  Indian  charges,  for  which  India  pa3's,  the 
army  does  not  cost  twenty  millions,  and  the 
navy  in  the  present  year  costs,  with  loan  money, 
fully  that  sum. 

Mr.  C.  a.  Dana,  in  his  three  lectures  on  The 
Art  of  Newspaper  Mahhig  (Fisher  Unwin), 
assumes  that  newspaper=daily  paper  ;  and  it 
may  be  even  said  that  he  regards  American 
journals  as  the  only  ones  worth  reading.  It 
has  never  struck  him  that  in  the  French  jtapers, 
■which  he  deems  "altogether  on  a  lower  plane," 
the  leading  articles,  at  least  in  the  best  of  them, 
are  written  in  much  more  polished  style,  the 
criticism  of  art  and  music  and  the  drama  is 
infinitely  more  competent  than  ia  the  journals 
of  New  York,  and  that  there  are  no  such  reviews 
of  books  to  be  found  in  those  enterprising 
papers  as  M.  Sorel,  for  instance,  contributes  to 
Lc  Temps.  Mr.  Dana,  in  fact,  has  fixed  on  the 
Herald  and  the  Tribune  as  the  perfect  type  of 
journalism,  and  he  thinks  any  that  differ  from 
that  type  are  necessarily  inferior.  But  if  the 
reader  allows  for  this  prejudice,  in  which  Mr. 
Dana  is  only  carrying  out  his  own  maxim, 
"You  must  be  for  the  Stars  and  Stripes  every 
time,  or  the  people  of  this  country  won't  be  for 
you,"  he  will  find  much  in  these  lectures  that  is 
true  and  sensible.  The  following  is  an  example  : 

'■1  never  saw  a  newspaper  man  who  knew  too 
much,  except  those  who  knew  too  many  tljings  that 
were  not  so.  I  am  myself  a  partisan  of  the  strict, 
old-fashioned  classical  education.  The  man  who 
knows  Greek  and  Latin,  and  knows  it,  I  don't  mean 
who  has  read  six  books  of  Virgil  for  a  college  ex- 
amination, but  the  man  who  can  pick  up  Virgil  or 
Tacitus  without  going  to  his  dictionary  ;  and  the 
man  who  can  read  the  Iliad  in  Greek  without 
boggling,  and  if  he  can  read  Aristotle  and  I'lato  all 
the  better— that  man  may  be  trusted  to  edit  a  news- 
paper.    But,  above   all,  he   should  know  his  own 

language,  the  English    language The    man  who 

is  going  to  publish  a  daily  manual  of  news  and  facts 
and  ideas  and  truths,  or  even  lies  in  that  language, 
should  know  the  language  thoroughly." 
Mr.  Dana  gives  the  reader  a  lively  idea  of  the 
great  activity  and  ingenuity  displayed  by  the 
newspapers  of  the  United  States  ;  but  his 
defence  of  their  habit  of  filling  so  much  of  their 
space  as  they  do  with  accounts  of  murders, 
rapes,  and  adulteries  is  sophistical,  and  poor 
sophistry  into  the  bargain. 

We  have  on  our  table  Laurence  Oliphant: 
Supplemerdary  Contributions  to  his  Biography, 
by  C.  N.  Scott  (Leadenhall  Press),— i^oWes  and 
Fabulists,  by  T.  Newbigging  (Stock),  —  T/ie 
Socialist  State,  its  Nature,  Aims,  and  Condi- 
tions, by  E.  C.  K.  Gonner  (Scott), — Comfort 
in  the  Home,  by  M.  J.  Loftie  (Leadenhall  Press), 
— The  Sexes  Compared,  and  otlier  iJssays,  by  E. 
von  Hartmann,  translated  by  A.  Kenner  (Son- 
nenschein), — Chemical  Analysis  of  Oils,  Fats, 
Waxes,  from  the  German  of  Prof.  R.  Benedikt, 
revised  by  Dr.  J.  Lewkowitsch  (Macmillan), — 
Can  She  Forgive?  by  E.  S.  Curry  (S.P.C.K.), 
— A  Harp  from,  the  Willoirs,  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Moore  (Parker), — A  Collection  of  Poems  and 
Songs,  by  J.  C.  Trott(' Halifax  Guardian'  Print- 
ing Works),  —  Tears  in  Heaven,  and  other 
Verses,  by  J.  Lees(R.T.S.), — Songs  of  ilic  Pines, 
by  J.  E.  Caldwell  (Toronto,  Briggs), — A  Song 
of  the  Sea,  My  LoAy  of  Dreams,  and  olher 
Poems,  by  Eric  Mackay  (Methuen), — Piest, 
3Ieditation,  and  Prayer,  by  the  Rev.  11.  Jones 
(S.P.C.K.), — God  and  a  Future  Life,  liy  the 
Rev.  J.  F.  Stevenson  (Dickinson),  —  TIte  Prayer 
Book,  by  E.  C.  Wickham,  D.D.  (Rivington),— 
and  A  First  Book  on  Church  Principles,  by  T.  P. 
Garnior  (S.P.C.K.).  Among  New  Editions  we 
have  Swnday  Mornings  at  Norwood,  by  the 
Rev.  S.  A.  Tipple  (AUerison), — First  PritudjAes 
of  Chemistry,  by  S.  Cooke  (Bell), — and  Baby's 
Becord,  by  R.  I.  Woodhouse  (Leadenhall  Press). 


LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS. 

BNGLIBH. 

T^eology. 

OcUve  Sermorib  preaclied  in  Bristol  Cathedral,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 

/■'ine  Art. 
Mutlx-r'a  (R  )  History  of  Modern  PaintinL',  Vol.  1,  IW  net. 
Paris  Salon  of  H!9o,  4to.  f>l  cl. 


History  and  Biography . 
Woods  (Mrs.  R.  W.),  an  Every-Day  Life.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
You;ig's  (1{.  A  )  Mutiny  of  the  Bounty  and  Story  of  Pitcairn 

Island,  17;*U-lt>94,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Philology. 
Carroue's  (P.)  A  New  Book  of  Commercial  French  Grammar, 

12rao.  4/o  cl. 
Gieen's  (I.ieut.-Ool.  A.  O  )   A  Practical  Hindustani  Gram- 
mar, Part  1.  cr.  8vo.  8/6  cl.  ;   Part  2,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Harcourt's  (L.)  German  for  Befjiniiers,  8vo.  2/6  net. 
Pirrie's  (W.)  A  Technical  Dictionary  (English- French   and 

French-English;  of  Sea  Terms,  Phrases,  and  Words,  6/ 
Thompson's  (D.  W  )  A  Glossary  of  Greek  Birds.  8vo.  10/  net. 
Vergil  in  the  Middle  Ages,  by  I).  Cnmparetti,  translated  by 

E.  F.  M.  Benecke,  cr.  8vo.  7,6  cl. 
Science. 
Appleby's   (C.    J.)    Illustrated    Handbook    of    Machinery, 

Section  4,  8vo.  3/6  cl.;  Section  6,  Pait  A,  8vo,  2,6  d. 
Gierke's  (A.  M.)  The  Herschels  and  Modern  Astronomy,  3/6 
Collet's  (H.)  Water  Softening  and  Purification,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl, 
Gaeveuitz's   (Dr.   G.   von  Scbulze)  The    Cotton    Trade  in 

England  and  on  the  Continent,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Ransome's  (J.  S.)  Modern  Wood-Working  Machinery,  3/6  cl. 
Reynolds's  (M.)  First  Principles  of  the  Locomotive,  illus- 
trated, cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Richardson's  (R.)  The  County  of  Edinburgh  or  Midlothian, 

Its  Geology,  &c.,  8vo.  2/  net,  limp  cl. 
Snell's  (S.)  Eyesight  and  School  Life,  illustrated,  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Thompson's  (S.  P.)  Polj-phase  Electric  Currents  and  Alter- 
nate Current  Motors,  Hvo.  1:^/6  cl. 
Usher's  (J.  T.)  The  Modern  Machinist,  cr.  8vo.  9/  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Bourne's  (A.  M.)  A  Mvsterj'  of  the  Cordillera,  illus.  3/6  net. 
Connell's  (F.  N.')  The  House  of  the  Strange  Woman,  4/  cl. 
Dawe's  (W.  C.)  Yellow  and  White,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  net,  cl. 
Dialogues   of   the   Day,  edited   by    Oswald   Crawfurd,  aiid 

written  by  A.  Hope  and  others,  imp.  16mo.  bl  cl. 
Ellis's  (E.  J.I  The  Man  of  Seven  Offers,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Ellis's  (B.  a.)  The  Patli  in  the  Ravine,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Miller's   (Rev.  J.  R  )  Hume  Making,  or  the  Ideal  Family 

Life,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Roth  well's  (C.)  The  Stolen  Bishop,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Sherard's  (R.  H.)  Jacob  Niemand,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
Slooke's  (E.  M.)  Not  Exactly,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  el. 
Weyman's  (S)  From  the  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of  France, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOBEIGN, 
TheologT/. 
Benedict!  Regula  Monachorum,  rec.  E.  Woelfflin,  Im.  60. 
Boedder  (B.) :  Theologia  Naturalis  sive  Philosophia  de  Deo, 

3m.  hi). 
Callinici  de  Vita  S.  Hypatii  Liber,  3m. 
Grunwald   (M  )  :  Die   Kigennanien  des  Alten  Testamentes 

in   ihrer  Bedeutung   f.  den   hebraifchen  Volksglauben, 

2ra.  60. 
Klueger  (H.) :    lib.   Composition    der    Halacha-Sammlung 

Edujot,  3m. 
Mirbt  (C  )  :  Quellen  zur  Geschichte  des  Papstthums,  4m. 
Sancti  Thonj;e  Aquinatis    Compendium  TheologiK,   iibers. 

v.  F.  Abert,  6m.  80. 
Steinmeyer  (F.  L.) :  Studien  lib.  den  Brief  des  Paulus  an 

die  Romer,  Part  2,  2m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology . 
Archiiologische    Studien     zum     christlichen    Altertum    u. 

Mittelalter,  hrsg.  v.  J.  Ficker,  Part  1,  Im. 
Goldschmidt  (A.)  :    Der  Albanipsalter  in  Hildesbeim  u.  s. 

Beziehuiig  zur  Kirchensculptur  des  12  Jahrli.,  9m. 

Philosophy . 

Diihring    (B  ; ;    Gesanimtcursus  der  Philosophic,   Part  2, 

9m. 

Philology, 
Anonymi  Christiani    Hermippus    de   Astrologia    Dialogus, 

edd.  G.  Kroll  et  P.  Viereck,  Im.  80. 
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seines  Geschichtswerkes,  2m.  50. 
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Musici  Scriptores  Gra-ci,  rec.  C.  Janus,  9m. 
Plautl  Com(£di»,  rec.  F.  Leo,  Vol.  1,  18m. 
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14m.  40. 

Science. 
Hallier  (E  ) :  Die  Pestkrankheiten  der  Kulturgewiichse,  8m. 
Kronecker's  (L.)  Werke,  hrsg.  v.  K.  Hensel,  Vol.  1,  28m. 
Pliicker's  (J.)    Wissenschaftliche   Abhandlungen,   hrsg.  v. 

A.  Schoenilies  u.  F.  Pockels,  Vol.  1,  2Um. 
Stiickel  (P.)  >i.  Bngel  (F.)  :  Die  Theorie  der  Parallellinien 

vou  Euklid  bisauf  Gauss,  9m. 


PROF.  GEORGE  STEPHENS. 
The  death  of  Prof.  George  Stephens  at  the  ripe 
age  of  nearly  eighty-two  will  be  equally  regretted 
in  England  and  in  Scandinavia  ;  indeed,  it  is  hard 
to  say  which  nationality  has  the  better  claim 
upon  him.  An  Englishman  by  birth  (he  was 
born  at  Liverpool  on  December  13th,  1813),  he 
quitted  his  native  land  for  Sweden  in  1833,  and 
after  residing  there  for  the  next  eighteen  years 
removed  to  Copenhagen,  where,  in  1855,  he  was 
made  professor  at  the  university,  a  post  which 
he  held  till  his  death.  During  his  residence  in 
Sweden  he  interested  himself  chieHy  in  biblio- 
graphy, archaeology,  and  early  Swedish  folk- 
lore, pul)li.shing,  as  the  results  of  his  labours, 
'  Bihaiig  till  Frithiofs  Saga,'  1841;  '  Svenska 
Folksagor  och  Afventyr, '  1844;  '  Fiirteckning 
ofvor  de  forniimsta  Brittiska  och  Fran.syska 
handskrifterna  uti  Kongl.  Bibliotek  i  Stockholm,' 
1847;    'Ett   forn   svenskt  Legendarium,'   etc., 


1847-8  ;  and  '  Sveriges  historiska  och  politiska 
Visor,'  1853.  But  his  magnum  opits  is  uft- 
doubtedly  '  The  Old  Northern  Runic  Monu- 
ments of  Scandinavia  and  England,'  which 
appeared  in  London  and  Copenhagen  in  1866-67. 
This  work  presented  to  the  public  for  the  first 
time  a  complete  collection  of  the  oldest  Runic 
inscriptions,  most  accurately  and  artistically 
reproduced,  and  has  ever  since  been  of  incalcul- 
able service  to  Northern  scholars.  Indeed,  it  was 
by  the  aid  of  the  drawings  in  Stephens's  book  thak 
Prof.  Bugge  was  enabled  to  complete  his  epoch- 
making  interpretation  of  the  Golden  Horn 
inscription.  Henceforth  the  Runes  became 
Prof.  Stephens's  favourite  study,  and  the  last 
thing  he  wrote,  '  The  Runes,  whence  came 
They  ? '  published  in  London  only  twelve  months 
ago,  shows  that  the  veteran  scholar's  interest 
in  the  subject  was  to  the  last  as  keen  as  evei*. 
Occasionally  the  genial  professor  made  excur- 
sions into  the  domain  of  belles-lettres.  Thus  in 
1857  he  brought  out  at  Copenhagen  a  melo- 
drama entitled  '  Revenge  ;  or.  Woman's  Love'; 
he  had  previously  attempted  to  familiarize  the 
Danes  with  the  dramas  of  Shakspeare  by 
issuing  a  '  Shakspeare  Story-Teller, '  which  ran 
through  three  editions  ;  and  he  celebrated  the 
Burns  centenary  with  an  enthusiastic  poem, 
entitled  '  Tlie  Ptescue  of  Robert  Burns.'  None 
of  these  productions  has,  perhaps,  any  very 
great  literary  value,  but  they  all  afford  eloquent 
testimony  to  the  versatile  many-sidedness  of 
the  man.  I  may  add,  finally,  that  Prof. 
Stephens  took  a  keen  interest  in  currenfe 
politics,  both  English  and  Danish.  I  have 
before  me  an  address  of  his  to  the  electors  of 
Fredriksborg  in  1858  ;  and  as  late  as  1885  the  old 
man  published  a  satirical  skit  in  verse  against  tho 
English  Radicals  of  the  Birmingham  school, 
entitled  '  The  Image  of  Clay  that  the  Screw- 
maker  Set  Up.'  R.  NiSBET  Bain. 


THE   SOURCES    OF    THE  "MACHINERY"   OF  LOVE 
IN   ARTHURIAN  ROMANCE. 

I  CONFESS  that  I  did  not  apprehend  the  poini 
which  Mr.  Courthope  was  seeking  to  establish, 
viz.,  that  it  is  the  love  element  in  twelfth  cen- 
tury Arthurian  romance  which  must  be  derived 
from  the  East,  and  cannot  be  of  Celtic  origin-. 
I  am  sincerely  glad  to  find  that  this  is  the  point 
at  issue,  as  I  venture  to  hope  I  shall  be  able 
to  fully  win  Mr.  Courthope  over  to  what  I  hold 
to  be  the  correct  view.  As  some  compensation 
for  the  task  of  reading  the  following  remarks, 
may  I  refer  him  to  M.  Gaston  Paris's  admirable 
article  on  the  Tristan  and  Iseult  story  {Bevue 
de  Paris,  1894),  in  which  he  will  find  the 
Celtic  element  in  the  modern  ideal  of  romantic 
love  set  forth  with  an  authority,  an  eloquence, 
a  convincing  charm,  to  which  I  could  never 
pretend. 

The  "system  of  irregular  love-making,"  to 
use  Mr.  Courthope's  words,  it  is  which  troubles 
him.  "You  do  not  find  it,"  he  says,  "in 
'Beowulf,'  or  in  the  chansons  de  geste,  or  in 
Wace's  'Brut,'  or  in  Benoit  de  Ste.  More." 
It  is  singular  that  the  last  example  did  not 
embarrass  Mr.  Courthope.  He  traces  the  in- 
truding element  to  late  classic  antiquity,  yet 
Benoit 's  poem,  the  subject-matter  of  which  is 
wholly  late  classic,  does  not  contain  it.  Singular, 
too,  that  he  did  not  remember  that  Geoffrey 
does  lay  stress  upon  tlie  infidelity  of  Arthur's 
wife.  Mr.  Courthope  seems,  indeed,  to  have 
thought  of  Celtic  literature  as  affording  a  possible 
explanation  of  this  perplexing  element.  But 
he  had  the  high  authority  of  Mr.  Nash  to  the 
effect  that  in  older  Welsh  poetry  there  is  not 
one  single  poem  or  ballad  which  can  be  said  to 
have  a  hero  or  heroine.  I  can  only  wonder  that 
Mr.  Courthope  did  not  think  of  verifying  this 
assertion.  Skene's  '  Four  Ancient  Books  of 
Wales  '  is  not  unfindable,  scarce  though  it  be. 
And  I  must  again  point  out  that  were  Mr. 
Nash's  assertion  strictly  true,  it  would  bo 
irrelevant    to     the    point    at    issue.     No    fair 


N"  3538.  Aug.  17,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


225 


argument  as  to  the  nature  of  romantic  prose 
narrative  can  be  drawn  from  poems  which 
are  mostly  of  an  encomiastic,  mj'thico-historical, 
and  didactic  character.  But  though  old  Welsh 
poetry  yields  little  in  the  shape  of  direct 
romantic  narrative,  it  does  yield  witness  to 
feelings  and  a  temper  of  spirit  which  are 
essential  to  the  romantic  ideal.  I  allude  more 
particularly  to  the  poems  ascribed  to  Llywarch 
Hen.  Matthew  Arnold  has  insisted  so  fully 
upon  this  point  that  I  am  amazed  Mr.  Courthope 
should  have  overlooked  it. 

If,  instead  of  seeking  to  explain  the  romances 
from  poetry  which  belongs  to  entirely  different 
categories  of  literature,  Mr.  Courthope  had 
turned  to  Welsh  prose  romance  as  translated 
by  Lady  Charlotte  Guest,  he  would  have  found 
the  passion  of  love  handled  with  a  delicacy, 
charm,  and  grace  altogether  foreign  to  '  Beowulf  ' 
or  to  the  chansons  de  geste.  True,  in  none  of  the 
Welsh  tales  which  are  older  than  the  contact  of 
Wales  with  French  literature  is  the  "  irregular" 
element  much  insisted  upon.  But  it  must  be 
recollected  that  we  possess  a  mere  fragment  of 
the  great  story  treasure  which,  as  is  evident  from 
allusions  in  what  has  been  preserved,  must  at 
one  time  have  existed  in  Wales.  As  a  whole, 
Welsh  literature  is  late,  meagre,  and  has  kept 
little  that  is  archaic.  It  is  in  Irish  literature 
that  Mr.  Courthope  would  have  found  the 
solution  of  the  problem  which  perplexed  him. 

Irish  heroic  tales,  preserved  by  MSS.  of  the 
eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  themselves 
copied  from  older  MSS. — tales  the  com- 
position of  which  must  be  assigned  to  the 
seventh  and  following  centuries,  and  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  which  is  as  a  rule  older  than  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  into  Ireland— give 
great  prominence  to  the  passion  of  love  ;  in 
especial  we  find  in  them  heroines,  both  divine 
and  human,  who  give  up  all  for  love's  sake, 
■who  do  not  wait  to  be  wooed,  but  boldly  take 
the  initiative,  who  regard  themselves  of  equal 
worth  and  dignity  with  the  heroes  upon 
■whom  they  bestow  their  love,  who  claim  full 
liberty  to  cancel  love's  bond  if  they  are  injured, 
oflFended,  or  even  if  they  only  change  their  mind 
and  prefer  another  lover.  In  other  words  Irish 
literature,  alone  of  all  the  post-classic  literatures 
of  Western  Europe,  yields  prototypes  of 
Guinivere  and  Iseult,  of  Ninian  or  Orgueil- 
leuse.  In  addition  to  the  references  given  in 
my  'Legend  of  the  Holy  Grail'  (chap,  x.),  I 
may  quote  one  instance  from  my  forthcoming 
■work  on  the  '  Celtic  Paradise.'  The  '  Sick-Bed 
of  Cuchulinn  '  is  a  hero  tale,  in  its  present  form 
not  later  than  the  end  of  the  tenth  century. 
It  tells  how  the  greatest  of  Irish  heroes  was 
wooed  by  Fann,  wife  of  Manannan,  the  Irish 
sea-god.  She  bids  him  to  her  in  Faery,  and 
■when  he  returns  to  earth  would  follow  him. 
But  his  mortal  wife,  Emer,  is  jealous  ;  god- 
dess and  mortal  meet,  and  there  is  strife  over 
the  hero.  The  fairy  queen  yields  to  the  mortal, 
and  she  sings  : — 

■Woe  !  to  give  love  to  a  person, 

If  he  does  not  take  notice  of  it ; 

It  is  better  to  be  turned  away 

Unless  one  is  loved  as  one  loves. 
Manannan  then  appears,  visible  to  her  alone, 
bids  her  welcome,  and  gives  her  choice  to  stay 
with  Cuchulinn  or  go  with  him.  She  answers, 
"  There  is,  by  our  word,  one  of  you  whom  I 
would  rather  follow  than  the  other,  but  it  is 
with  you  I  shall  go,  for  Cuchulinn  has  abandoned 
me." 

Do  I  then  claim  that  the  "  sj'stera  of  irre- 
gular love-making,"  so  fully  exemplified  in 
French  twelfth  century  romance,  is  wholly  of 
Celtic  origin  1  By  no  means.  It  is  a  product 
of  historical  and  social  conditions  peculiar  to 
that  century.  To  quote  M.  d'Arbois  de  Jubain- 
ville  :  "Ce  fait  litt^raire  (I'apparition  de 
I'epop^e  amoureuse  et  f^erique  de  la  Table 
Ronde)  est  contemporain  d'un  fait  juridique 
d'une  haute  importance,  la  reconnaissance  du 
droit  des  femmes  k  la  succession  des  royaumes 
et   des    fiefs"  {Bev.   Celt.,   x.    143).      Women 


thus  became  the  source  of  riches  and  power  ; 
poets  wrote  henceforth  as  much  for  them  as  for 
warriors  solely  interested  in  fighting.  A  new 
literature  was  necessary.  If  I  may  quote  words 
I  wrote  eight  years  ago:  "  I  do  not  for  one 
moment  imply  that  the  romantic  literature  of  the 
Middle  Ages  was  what  it  was,  wholly  or  even 
mainly  in  virtue  of  its  Celtic  affinities.  That 
literature  was  the  outcome  of  the  age,  and  some- 
thing akin  to  it  would  have  sprung  up  had  Celtic 
tradition  remained  unknown  to  the  Continent. 

What  is  claimed  is  that  the  spirit  of  the  age, 

akin  to  the  Celtic,  recognized  in  Celtic  tales  the 
food  it  was  hungering  for."  In  especial  the 
"new  woman  "  of  twelfth  century  society  re- 
cognized her  ideal,  and  could  at  that  time  have 
recognized  it  nowhere  else,  in  the  Breton  lays, 
which  are,  in  their  essential  conception  of  the 
love-passion,  closely  akin  to  the  Irish  tales  of 
Deirdre  and  Blathnaid,  of  Fann  and  Emer  and 
Grainne,  and  all  the  other  heroines  to  whom 
love  was  an  overmastering,  all-absorbing  feel- 
ing, the  course  and  result  of  which  are  to  be 
decided  by  the  woman  equally  with  the  man. 

Now  for  Mr.  Courthope's  explanation  of  the 
"  irregular  "  element.  It  must  have  come  from 
Greek  novels  because  Chrestien  was  acquainted 
with  them,  and  he  must  have  been  acquainted 
with  them  because  an  incident  of  '  Cliges '  is 
borrowed  from  a  novel  of  Xenophon.  Surely 
a  fragile  basis  for  a  theory.  For  what  is  the 
evidence  of  borrowing  ?  Solely  the  likeness  of 
the  two  episodes,  a  fact  which  of  itself  proves 
nothing.  The  incident  may  be,  most  probably 
is,  centuries  older  than  Xenophon,  and  may  have 
reached  Chrestien  by  countless  other  channels. 
As  a  mere  matter  of  fact  it  strongly  resembles 
an  incident  in  Marie's  'Lay  of  Eliduc,'  itself 
the  source  of  'He  et  Galeron,'  a  romance,  like 
'  Cliges,'  semi-classico-Oriental  in  locale  and  per- 
sonages. I  have  tried  to  show  (Folk-lore,  March, 
1892)  that  '  Eliduc  '  is  purely  Celtic  in  character, 
and  resembles  in  its  main  donnee  the  Irish  hero 
tale  to  which  I  have  already  alluded,  '  Cuchu- 
linn's  Sick-Bed.' 

It  is  strange  that  Mr.  Courthope  should  not 
have  noticed  that  the  "Greek  novels  "  have,  as 
a  rule,  a  well-defined  love  machinery  of  their 
own,  and  one  which  is  entirely  different  from 
that  of  the  Arthurian  romances.  I  cannot  claim 
any  special  knowledge  of  this  literature,  but,  if 
I  am  not  mistaken,  it  contains  no  personages 
corresponding  to  Lancelot  or  to  Tristan,  to 
Ninian  or  to  Orgueilleuse. 

To  sum  up  :  the  Arthurian  romance  is  Celtic, 
not  only  in  virtue  of  the  Celtic  origin  of  its 
heroes  and  heroines,  of  the  scenes  and  events 
among  which  they  move,  but  as  presenting  a 
type  of  womanhood,  as  exhibiting  special  phases 
of  emotion  and  passion,  the  nearest  analogues 
to  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  romantic  hero 
tales  of  the  Irish. 

The  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries  were  an 
age  of  vigorous  expansion  among  all  branches 
of  the  Celtic  race.  In  Ireland  a  period  of 
intense  literary  activity,  the  influence  of  which 
was,  I  believe,  felt  throughout  the  Celtic  world, 
followed  the  absorption  of  the  Norse  element ; 
in  Wales  the  overthrow  of  the  Saxon  enemy, 
first  by  the  Danes  and  then,  definitely,  by  the 
Normans,  reanimated  the  national  spirit,  and 
brought  the  Welsh  into  contact  with  fresh 
sources  of  intellectual  and  imaginative  life  ;  the 
participation  of  the  Bretons  in  the  Norman 
conquest  of  England  brought  them  into  renewed 
and  fertile  contact  with  the  parent  Celtic  stock, 
and  gave  them  an  assured  standing  in  the  Anglo- 
Norman  world.  At  the  same  time  a  change  in 
the  social  position  of  women  necessitated  a 
change  in  the  literary  and  moi-al  ideals  of  the 
day.  Finally,  the  marvellous  adventure  of  the 
Crusades  predisposed  the  minds  of  men  to 
the  romantic  in  its  most  fantastic  aspects.  The 
outcome  of  these  various  movements  and  ten- 
dencies was  the  Arthurian  romance — Celtic 
myths  and  heroic  sagas,  some  of  immemorial 
antiquity,  transformed  according  to  the  spirit. 


and  to  meet  the  moral  and  artistic  needs,  of  the 
time.  Alfred  Nxjtt. 


THE  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus's  announcements 
of  new  books  include  the  following  three-volume 
novels  :  '  Married  or  Single  ? '  by  B.  M.  Croker, 
— 'The  Professor's  Experiment,'  by  Mrs.  Hun- 
gerford, — '  The  Voice  of  the  Charmer,'  by  L.  T. 
Meade, — 'The  Woman  in  the  Dark,'  by  Mr 
F.  W.  Robinson, — '  Heart  of  Oak  :  a  "Three 
Stranded  Yarn,'  and  'The  Tale  of  the  Ten,' 
both  by  Mr.  Clark  Russell,  —  '  A  Woman 
Intervenes,'  by  Mr.  Robert  Barr, — and  a  novel 
in  two  volumes  by  Mr.  Westall,  '  Sons  of 
Belial.'  The  same  firm  promise  '  Westminster,' 
by  Sir  Walter  Besant,  a  companion  to  his  mono- 
graph 'London,'  with  an  etched  plate  of  'The 
Towers  of  Westminster  '  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Walker, 
and  other  illustrations;  and  '  As  We  Are:  as 
We  May  Be,' by  the  same  author, — 'Diary  of 
a  Citizen  of  Paris  during  the  Terror,'  by  Edmond 
Bire,  translated  by  Mr.  J.  de  Villiers, — '  Moor- 
land Idylls,'  by  Mr.  Grant  Allen,— 'Phil  May's 
Sketch-Book, '  fifty  full-page  cartoons  by  Phil 
May, — 'The  Impressions  of  Aureole:  a  Diary 
of  To-day,' — '  Dagonet  Abroad,' by  Mr.  G.  R. 
Sims,  —  'The  French  Revolution,'  Vols.  III. 
and  IV.,  completing  the  work,  by  Mr.  Justin 
Huntly McCarthy, — a  thirdseriesof  'Eighteenth 
Century  Vignettes, 'by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson, — also 
cheap  popular  editions  of  numerous  novels,  '  At 
Market  Value,'  by  Mr.  Grant  Allen,  and  others. 

Mr.  Fisher  LTnwin  will  publish  the  following 
belles-lettres  in  the  coming  season  :   '  Old  Dutch 
Masters,'  by  Mr.  J.   C.   Van    Dyke,   with  en- 
gravings and  notes  by  Mr.  T.   Cole, — 'Archi- 
tecture in   Italy  from  the  Sixth  Century  to  the 
Eleventh,'  by  Signor  R.  Cattaneo,  translated  by 
the  Contessa  I.  Curtis-Cholmeley  in  Bermani, 
• — 'The  Tavern  of   the  Three  Virtues,'  trans- 
lated from  the  French  of  St.  Juirs,  illustrated 
by  M.  D.  Vierge,  and  with  a  critical  '  Essay  on 
the  Art  of  Vierge  '  by  Mr.  Gosse,— the  second 
volume  of  Madame  Villari's  translation  of  her 
husband's  'History  of  Florence  for  the  First  Two 
Centuries,'- — '  Studies  in  the  France  of  Voltaire 
and  Rousseau,'  by  Mrs.  F.  Macdonald, — 'Frois- 
sart,'  by  Madame  Darmesteter,  translated  from 
the  French  by  Miss  Poynter, — 'English  Essays 
from  a  French   Pen,'  by  M.  J.  J.  Jusserand, 
illustrated,  —  '  Essays    and    Notices,    Philoso- 
phical     and      Psychological,'      by      Mr.      T. 
Whittaker,  —  'Continental    Governments,'    by 
Mr.  A.  Shaw,  — 'The  Illustration  of  Books  :  a 
Manual  for  the  Use  of  Art  Students,'  by  Mr. 
Joseph    Pennell,    illustrated   with   diagrams, — 
'The  Birds  of  Ontario,'  by  Mr.  T.  Mcll wraith, 
— '  Good  Reading  about  Many  Books  (for  1895),' 
by  their  authors,  with  portraits  and  facsimiles, 
—  and  '  The  Paris  Salons  of  1895,'  reproductions 
of  the  pictures,  with  notes  translated  from  the 
French.     Also  the  following  works  of  travel  : 
'An  Artist  in  the  Himalayas,'  by  Mr.  A.  D. 
McCormick,    illustrated     by    his    sketches,  — 
'  Outre-Mer  :    Impressions  of  America,'  trans- 
lated from  the  French  of  M.  Bourget, — 'Two 
Seasons   in   Switzerland,'   by    Dr.    H.    Marsh, 
R.N.,    illustrated    by    Mr.    O.    Williamson, — 
'Napoleon's    Last  Voyages,'  being  the  diaries 
of  Admiral  Sir  T.  Ussher,  R.N.,  K.C.B.  (on 
board    the    Undaunted),    and    J.    R.    Glover, 
secretary    to     Rear  -  Admiral     Cockbum     (on 
board   the   Northumberland),    with   notes   and 
illustrations, — 'Algerian   Memories,'  a    bicycle 
tour   over   the  Atlas  to    Sahara,    by  Mrs.    and 
Dr.    Workman, — 'The    Riviera,    Ancient    and 
Modern,'  by  M.   Charles  Lcntheric,   translated 
by  Dr.  C.  West,  —  and  '  Archieological  liambles 
in  Rome  and  Pompeii,'  by  M.  Gaston  Boissier, 
translated  by  Mr.  H.  Fisher.     Also  the  follow- 
ing novels  :   '  The  Herb  Moon,'  by  John  Oliver 
Hobbes.   illustrated, — 'Krishna  Kanta's  Will,' 
a   tale   of   Bengali    life,    by   the    late   Bankim 
Chandra  Chatterjee,  translated  by  Mrs.  Kjiight. 
— '  Grania  Waile  :  a  West  Connaught  Story  of 


226 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


the    Sixteenth   Century,'  by  Fulmar  Petrel, — 
'Among  the  Gnomes,'  an  occult  tale  of  adven- 
ture in  the  Untersberg,   by  Dr.  F.   Hartmann, 
— '  The  Chain  of  Gold  ;  or,  in  Crannied  Rocks,' 
a,  tale  of  adventure  on  the  wild  west  coast  of 
Ireland,  by  Mr.    Standish  O'Grady,  illustrated 
by  Miss   E.   Capper, — 'Silent  Gods  and  Sun- 
Steeped   Lands,'  by  Mr.   R.  W.   Frazer,   illus- 
trated by  Mr.  A.  D.  McCormick,— 'The  Whaups 
of  Durley,'by  Mr.  W.  C.  Fraser,— 'XX.  Stories, 
by  XX.   Tellers, '  selected  by  Mr.  L.  Wagner, 
— '  The  Little  Plain  Woman,'  and  other  stories, 
by  Miss  Lilian   Street,  ornamented  by  Mr.   H. 
Jackson, — '  Wilmot's  Child,'   a   domestic   inci- 
dent,  by  Atey  Nyne,  Bachelor  and  Student, — 
*  Samson's  Youngest, 'and  other  stories,  by  Mi's. 
Marian   Bower, — '  Effie   Hetherington,' by  Mr. 
Robert  Buchanan,—'  The  Ebbing  of  the  Tide,' 
by  Mr.  L.  Becke,— '  At  the  Sign  of  the  Guillo- 
tine,' by  Mr.  Harold  Spender, — 'But  and  Ben,' 
by  Mr.  J.  H.  Crawfurd,  —'Under  the  Laurels,' 
by   the    late    Miss    Mackenzie    Kettle, — 'Joe 
Ford,'  by  Miss  N.  L.  Cooper, — '  For  Honour  of 
the  Flag, 'by Mr.  Clark  Russell, — 'Diana's  Hunt- 
ing,' by  Mr.  Robert  Buchanan, — '  Sir  Quixote  : 
a  Romance  of  Grey  Weather,'  by  Mr.  Buchan, 
—  'Love    in    a     London     Lodging,'     by    Mrs. 
F.  A.  Howden, — 'A  Trial   and   its   Issue,'  by 
Mrs.    Cussac, — 'On  the  Gogmagogs,'   by  Mrs. 
AUfrey, — five  new    stories    in    the   "Autonym 
Library  ":  to  wit,  '  Kaffir  Stories,'  by  Mr.  W.  C. 
Scully  ;  'Molly  Darling,'  by  Mrs.  Hungerford  ; 
*A   Game   of    Consequences,'    by    Mr.    Albert 
Kinross;     'Sleeping    Fires,'    by    Mr.    George 
Gissing  ;     and    'The    Red    Star,'   by   Miss   L. 
McManus, — two  new  stories  in  the  "  Pseudonym 
Library,"  which  will  henceforth  be  illustrated  : 
to  wit,   '  Toxin,'  by  Ouida  ;  and  '  When  Wheat 
is  Green,'  by  Jos.  Wilton, — in  the  "Children's 
Library,"    'Pax    and   Carlino,'   by   Mr.    Ernst 
Beckmann,    illustrated.       Also     the    following 
poetry  :   '  Poems, '  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats,  being  his 
collected  works,  with  designed  title-page  by  Mr. 
Granville  Fell, — '  Hans  Breitmann  in  Germany 
(Tyrol),' by  Mr.  Leland,— and  Schiller's  'Song 
of  the  Bell,'  translated  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Barham, 
illustrated  by  Mr.  W.  Alison  Phillips.     In  the 
"Mermaid  Series,"  illustrated,  'The  Best  Plays 
of  George  Chapman,'  edited  by  Mr.  W.  Lyon 
Phelps  ;    and   '  The  Select  Plays    of   Sir  John 
Vanbrugh,'    edited    by    Prof.    Swain, — in    the 
*' Cameo    Series,"    '  Flamma  Vestalis,'  by  Mr. 
Eugene  Mason,  with  a  frontispiece  after  Sir  E. 
Burne- Jones.     Four  new  volumes  will  appear 
in  the  "  New  Irish  Library  ":  to  wit,  '  The  Life 
of  Patrick  Sarsfield  (Earl    of  Lucan),'  by  Dr. 
Todhunter  ;  'Swift  in  Ireland,'  by  Mr.  R.  A. 
King  ;  '  A  Short  Life  of  Thomas  Davis,'  by  Sir 
Gavan   Duffy  ;    and    '  Owen   Roe   O'Neill,'   by 
Mr.    J.   F.    Taylor,    Q.O.     Two    new    volumes 
will  appear  in    the    "Story  of   the   Nations," 
namely,    '  Bohemia, '    by   Mr.    C.    E.    Maurice, 
and    *  The    West     Indies     and     the     Spanish 
Main,'  by   Mr.    Rodway,    author    of    'In    the 
Guiana     Forest,'  —  and     two     new     volumes 
in     the      "  Criminology     Series,"      '  Criminal 
Sociology,'    by     Prof.     E.     Ferri,    and     'Our 
Juvenile    Offenders,'    by     the     Rev.     Douglas 
Morrison.     Works  of  a  miscellaneous  character 
include   'Inmates   of   my  House  and  Garden,' 
by  Mrs.   Brightwen,   illustrated  by  Mr.  Theo. 
Carreros, — 'Dog   Stories   from    the   Spectator,' 
with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  St.  Loe  Strachey, 
— 'The  Brownies  through  the  Union,'  written 
and  illustrated  by  Mr.  Palmer  Cox, — 'Russian 
Politics,'  by  Mr.   Herbert  M.  Thompson,  illus- 
trated, —  '  A   Little    History  of   China,  and  A 
Chinese   Story,' by  Mr.  A.   Brebncr,—' Public 
Speaking  and  Debate  :  a  Manual  for  Advocates 
and  Agitators,'  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Holyoake,— '  The 
Wagner  Story-Book,'  by    Mr.   William  Henry 
Frost,  illustrated,—'  Electricity  for  Everybody,' 
illustrated,— and  the  autumn  part  of  the   Ever- 
green.     Mr.   Unwin   will    also    issue    the   first 
volume    of    a    new    illustrated    series,     "  The 
Children's  Study,"  'A  Child's  History  of  Scot- 
land,'by  Mrs.  Oliiihant. 


IS   EGYPT  SO  VEEY  OLD? 

August  10,  1895. 
Pkof.  Petrie  has  a  perfect  right  to  leave  my 
scheme  to  "find  its  own  level";  but  I  must 
protest  against  his  "dogmatic  assertion  "  that 
it  is  "quite  impossible,"  unless  he  accompanies 
his  assertion  by  one  at  least  of  the  "elementary 
facts  "  to  which  he  refers.  I  have  been  unable 
to  find  any  discrepancy  in  the  said  scheme  after 
a  most  careful  examination  of  the  Professor's 
own  recently  published  'History,' as  well  as 
of  the  works  of  the  most  important  of  his 
predecessors.  I  did  not,  however,  gather  from 
that  history  that  "  not  a  single  element  of  the 
chronology  of  Manetho  is  contradicted  by  the 
monuments."  On  the  contrarj',  I  found  that 
Prof.  Petrie  never  mentions  Manetho's  grand 
total  of  3,555  years  ;  that  he  adopts  the  Turin 
papyrus  reckoning  of  213  years  instead  of 
Manetho's  IGO  for  the  twelfth  dynasty  ;  that 
he  uses  the  demonstrably  unauthentic  number 
of  Eusebius  for  the  sixteenth  ;  and  that  when- 
ever convenient  he  throws  over  Manetho's 
authority  altogether.  Is  it  fair,  without  a 
shadow  of  accompanying  proof,  to  throw  into  the 
scale  against  me  the  whole  weight  of  an  authority 
so  deservedly  acquired  as  that  of  Prof.  Petrie  '? 
And  is  it  not  a  petitio  principii  to  assume  that 
the  end-to-end  reckoning  of  Manetho's  dynasties 
is  "the  chronology  of  Manetho"?  An  Egypto- 
loger with  an  hypothesis  to  maintain  may  ignore 
the  3,555  years'  total,  just  as  he  may  evade 
the  direct  statement  of  the  Turin  papyrus  that 
755  years  elapsed  between  the  epoch  of  Menes 
and  the  end  of  the  sixth  (or  rather  the  seventh) 
dynasty  ;  but  he  cannot  ignore  or  evade  the 
irresistible  laws  of  logic.  Either  the  Turin 
papyrus  must  be  thrown  over  altogether,  or  the 
assertion  that  Manetho  is  uncontradicted  by 
the  monuments  must  be  abandoned. 

In  conclusion,  I  appeal  to  the  learned  pro- 
fessor to  state  one  or  more  of  the  elementary 
facts  which  render  ray  scheme  impossible  ;  or 
at  least,  if  one  such  fact  requires  too  much 
space,  to  give  a  reference  as  to  where  such  fact 
is  to  be  found.  I  know  the  great  value  of  his 
opinion.  I  know  also  that  hypotheses  appa- 
rently as  well  founded  as  his  have  proved  to  be 
erroneous  on  careful  testing.        F.  G.  Fleay. 


There  will  necessarily  be  a  divergence  of 
opinion  as  to  the  set  of  any  particular  tendency, 
in  a  matter  of  such  present  obscurity  as  that  of 
Egyptian  chronology.  Prof.  Peti'ie  apparently 
considers  that  the  prevailing  opinion  inclines  to 
what  may  be  termed  the  hypothesis  of  all  the 
dynasties  being  successive,  and  also  to  the 
acceptance  of  the  high  figures  that  have  been 
assigned  by  some  Egyptologists  to  the  earlier 
ones.  It  may  be  so,  but  at  any  rate  he  will 
scarcely  find  support  in  the  recent  edition  of 
the  Berlin  Catalogue.  And  no  one,  it  is  pre- 
sumed, will  deny  that  the  Director  of  the  Berlin 
Museum  fairly  represents  the  modern  school  of 
German  Egyptology. 

After  all,  the  important  point  is  not  what  A 
or  B  considers  to  be  the  prevailing  opinion,  but 
what  is  the  nature  of  the  evidence  on  which 
any  of  these  various  hypotheses  are  based. 
Pi-of.  Petrie  appeals  to  the  monuments.  Sup- 
posing a  hundred  years  hence  an  English 
monarch  were  to  erase  the  name  of  Her  Majesty 
from  the  tablets  on  the  monuments  erected 
during  her  reign  and  substitute  his  own,  would 
the  Professor  assert  that  then  the  Englishman's 
word  remained  as  good  as  his  bond  ?  He  would 
doubtless  agree  that  the  act  indicated  a  general 
laxity  of  veracity  at  the  end  of  the  twentieth 
century.  Well,  this  appropriation  of  monu- 
ments was  a  common  practice  with  the  Pharaohs. 
Hence  the  value  of  their  inscriptions,  and  those 
of  their  officials,  as  statements  of  facts,  cannot 
be  taken  on  trust.  If,  instead  of  occupying  his 
present  distinguished  position — which  he  holds 
with  such  universal  approval  —  Prof.  Petrie 
was  a  Q.C.  practising  in  the  law  courts,  it  is 
more  than  doubtful  whether  he  would  support 


a  case  before,  say,  Mr.  Justice  Hawkins  by  a 
document  of  the  nature  of  a  Pharaonic  inscrip- 
tion. At  any  rate,  if  he  did  so,  he  would 
probably  have  to  endure  a  bad  quarter  of  an 
hour  while  the  learned  judge  M'as  dissecting 
that  evidence.  X. 


THE   CONGRESS   OF  JOURNALISTS. 

From  September  13th  to  17th  will  be  held 
at  Bordeaux  the  second  International  Congress 
of    Journalists.     This    Congress   will    be    par- 
ticularly occupied  in  discussing    the  details  of 
the  excellent  project  first  mooted  at  the  first 
Congress,  held  at  Antwerp  in  July,  1894,  to  the 
effect  that  the  various  press  associations  of  all 
countries  should  form  themselves  into  a  Bureau 
Central  des  Associations  de  Presse,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  friendly  feelings  and  common 
action   between  them    in  regard  to  all    purely 
professional  questions,   irrespective    of   creeds, 
political  opinions,  races,  and  nationalities.    The 
idea  was  approved  in  principle,  and  a  committee, 
under  the  presidency  of  Herr  W.  Singer,  editor 
of  the  Neues  Wiener  Tageblatt,  was  chosen,  from 
among  the  journalists  of  all  countries,  to  draw 
up  a  scheme  of  statutes.     This  committee  met 
in  May  in  Paris  to  consider  these  statutes  and 
to  approve  the  preliminary  report,  whose  com- 
pilation is   due   to   Signor   E.    Torelli-Viollier, 
editor    and    proprietor   of    the    Corriere    delta 
Sera    of   Milan,    a   gentleman   to   whose    exer- 
tions  the   fact   that   this    most   useful   project 
is  likely  to  be  carried  through  is  mainly  due. 
At  Bordeaux  these  statutes  will  be  presented 
to  the  Congress  for  their  final  approval.     Eng- 
land is  represented  on  the  committee  by  Mr.  T. 
Crosbie,  President  of  the  Institute  of  Journalists; 
and   Mr.    Herbert   Cornish,    Secretary   of    the 
Institute.     The  Board  of  the  Institute  of  Jour- 
nalists —  who,   with    characteristic  English  in- 
dividualism,  failed   at  first  to  grasp  the  great 
importance  and  utility  of  the  proposed  Bureau — 
have  now  decided,  with  certain  reservations,  to 
give  their  adhesion   to  the  project,  and    have 
voted  to  be  represented  at  Bordeaux  by  thirty 
delegates  and  also  to  give  40?.  towards  the  ex- 
penses of  the  Congress.     But  this  adhesion  of 
the  Board  does  not  imply  the  adhesion  of  the 
Institute,  which  is  divided  into  a  great  number 
of  sections,  which  have  all  their  own  autonomy. 
The  Bureau  Central,  as  its  name  implies,  is  an 
association  of  which  the  members  are  not  indi- 
viduals, but  associations,  i.  e.,  an  association  of 
press  associations.    The  Congress  represents  the 
legislative  power,  the  Managing  Committee  the 
executive  faculty.     Every  state  is  represented 
on  the  latter  in  proportion  to  its  importance, 
while  care  is  taken  not  to  make  it  too  large, 
hence  clogged  in  its  working.     The  special  aims 
the  Bureau  has  in  view  are  to  facilitate  profes- 
sional  international    intercourse,   to   study    or 
deal  with  international  legislation  as  it  affects 
the  press,  to  create  a  central  inquiry  bureau  for 
writers  and  editors,  to  arbitrate  between  journals 
and  journalists,  to  obtain  facilities  for  journalists 
away  from  home  in  the  shape  of  information, 
protection,  &c.,  and  generally  to  raise  the  moral 
and  social  status  of  a  profession  whose  importance 
to  the  world  at  large  is  daily  increasing  and  on 
whom  it  is  daily  more  dei)endent. 


MR.   CONSTANTINE   PILLING. 

August  i;?,  1895. 

Scientific  bibliography  has  sustained  a 
serious— I  had  almost  said  an  irreparable— loss 
in  the  death  of  Mr.  James  Constantine  Pilling, 
who  died  on  the  26th  of  last  month  while  stay- 
ing with  his  family  at  Olney,  Md.  The  deceased 
gentleman  was  born  at  Washington  on  No- 
vember ICth,  1846,  and  after  graduating  at 
Gonzaga  College  was  employed  in  Morrison's 
book-store,  where  ho  learnt  shorthand  and  soon 
became  one  of  the  ablest  stenographers  in  the 
States.  For  some  years  he  worked  as  a  reporter 
in  the  Law  Courts,  in  Congress  committees,  and 
especially  in  the  various  commissions  established 


N"  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


227 


for  the  settlement  of  claims  resulting  from  the 
Civil  War.  In  1875  he  joined  the  survey  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  under  Major  J.  W. 
Powell,  an  organization  which  gave  a  large  share 
of  attention  to  the  Indian  tribes,  and  from  that 
time  till  1880  he  was  almost  continuously  in  the 
West  among  the  native  tribes,  engaged  in 
tabulating  vocabularies  of  their  languages  and 
collecting  folk-lore.  The  hardships  and  priva- 
tions that  Mr.  Pilling  cheerfully  endured  during 
this  portion  of  his  career  undermined  his  health 
and  sowed  the  seeds  of  the  malady  to  which  he 
subsequently  succumbed.  In  1881  Mr.  Pilling 
was  made  chief  clerk  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  but  he  did  not  abandon  his 
ethnological  researches,  and  as  a  member  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology  continued  till  his  death 
to  give  all  the  strength  and  time  at  his  command 
to  linguistic  and  ethnological  work.  During  the 
next  fourteen  years  he  compiled  a  series  of  exhaus- 
tive catalogues  of  the  literature  relating  tothe  lan- 
guages of  ne^^rty  all  the  North  American  Indians 
■with  extraordu^iarj' rapidity,  and  yet  with  a  care- 
fulness and  completeness  which  have  rarely 
been  equalled  and  never  surpassed.  Indeed, 
all  his  work  in  this  department  is  justly  con- 
sidered by  specialists  as  permanent,  if  not  final ; 
and  in  England,  France,  and  Germany,  as  well 
as  in  America,  he  will  always  be  regarded  as  the 
great  authority  on  North  American  Indian  bib- 
liography. A  mere  list  of  his  publications  would 
take  up  nearly  half  a  column  in  the  Athencenm. 
It  is  said  that  Mr.  Pilling's  death  was  caused 
by  locomotor  ataxia,  from  which  he  had  been 
suffering  for  nearly  fifteen  years,  yet  the 
news  of  his  death  came  upon  his  friends 
in  England  as  something  of  a  shock.  It 
was  only  in  the  beginning  of  the  pre- 
sent year  that  he  had  planned  another  visit 
to  Europe  ;  and  the  writer  of  these  lines,  who 
has  frequently  had  the  privilege  of  working 
with  him,  was  confidently  anticipating  his 
arrival  in  England  from  week  to  week.  Let  me 
add  that  Mr.  Pilling  was  a  most  delightful  and 
entertaining  companion.  His  enthusiasm  was 
contagious,  his  good  humour  imperturbable  ; 
he  had  a  keen  but  always  kindly  sense  of  the 
ridiculous,  had  read  much,  and  had  travelled 
widely  and  intelligently.  His  loss  will  be 
deeply  deplored  by  a  large  and  ever-increasing 
circle  of  private  friends.        R.  Nisbet  Bain. 


Uiternrg  Gossip. 

Mr.  Murray  -will  publish  in  the  autumn 
the  memoirs  of  Lady  Eastlake,  consisting 
chiefly  of  extracts  from  her  letters  and 
journals.  The  position  -which  Lady  East- 
lake  held  for  many  years  in  London  society', 
and  her  remarkable  abilities  as  an  artist, 
an  art  critic,  and  an  author,  are  so  well 
known  and  recognized  as  to  form  a 
guarantee  for  the  exceptional  interest  of 
her  reminiscences.  For  the  greater  part 
of  her  life  she  made  a  regular  practice  of 
recording  in  detail  the  events  in  which  she 
took  part  or  of  which  she  was  a  witness, 
and  her  reminiscences  of  the  distinguished 
people  she  met.  The  work,  which  is  edited 
by  her  nephew  and  executor,  Mr.  Charles 
Eastlake  Smith,  will  be  illustrated  by  fac- 
similes of  her  drawings. 

A  SL-RpRisE  awaits  the  public  in  the  shape 
of  a  volume  of  prose  by  Coleridge.  It  con- 
sists of  selections  from  the  poet's  note-books, 
which  will  be  published,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Coleridge  family,  by  Mr.  Heinemann, 
with  the  title  '  Anima  Poette.'  These  take 
the  shape  of  aphorisms  on  a  great  variety 
of  subjects,  but  chiefly  philosophical  and 
religious. 

Mr.  Murray  intends  to  publish  shortly  a 
volume  by  Mr.  D.  G.  Ilogarth,  entitled ''  A 


Wandering  Scholar  in  the  Levant.'  The 
six  chapters  which  make  up  the  volume 
treat  of  Anatolia,  the  valley  of  the  Upper 
Euphrates,  Egypt,  and  Cyprus,  and  contain 
the  experiences  and  impressions  of  six  years 
of  travel.  The  quest  of  antiquities  brings 
an  explorer  into  intimate  contact  with  many 
peoples  and  many  little-known  regions,  and 
besides  much  that  is  archaeological,  much 
also  will  be  foimd  in  this  volume  that  con- 
cerns modern  days  and  problems  social  and 
political. 

The  Hakluyt  Society  will  issue  almost 
immediately  a  volume  from  the  pen  of  its 
president,  Mr.  Clements  E.  Markham,  con- 
sisting of  a  translation  of  the  joui-nal  kept 
by  Pedro  Sarmiento  during  his  voyage  to 
Magellan's  Strait  in  1579-80,  supplemented 
by  documents  procured  from  the  archives  at 
Madrid.  Another  of  the  Society's  volumes, 
which,  under  the  joint  care  of  Mr.  C.  A. 
Gosch  and  Mr.  Miller  Christy,  deals  with 
the  Arctic  voyages  of  Jens  Munk  and 
James  Hall,  is  in  the  press,  and  may  be 
expected  shortly  ;  while  a  commencement 
has  also  been  made  with  the  printing  of 
Dr.  Eobert  Brown's  long-expected  edition 
of  the  'Travels  of  Leo  Africanus.' 

Mr.  Elkix  Mathews  promises  by  early 
autumn  a  new  play  by  Michael  J'ield,  en- 
titled '  Attila,  my  Attila.'  It  deals  with  the 
strange  and  desperate  adventures  of  Honoria, 
daughter  of  the  famous  Empress  Galla  Pla- 
cidia.  This  young  princess  may  reasonably 
be  regarded  as  the  New  VVoman  of  the  fifth 
century,  and  it  is  from  this  point  of  view  that 
Michael  Field  has  presented  her  audacities 
and  their  punishment.  The  title-page  will 
reproduce  a  medal  which,  in  Gibbon's  words, 
"exhibits  the  pleasing  countenance  of 
Honoria,"  together  with  one  that  represents 
her  mother.  Messrs.  Folkard  will  print  the 
volume,  which  will  be  uniform  with  the 
author's  '  Stephania.' 

The  history  of  English  coast  lighting  will 
receive  attention — we  believe  for  the  first 
time — early  in  September,  in  a  volume  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Hardy,  F.S.A.,  entitled  '  Light- 
houses, their  History  and  Romance,'  pub- 
lished by  the  Religious  Tract  Society.  The 
book  will  contain  many  illustrations,  in- 
cluding a  couple  of  facsimiles  of  seventeenth 
century  pictures  of  the  lighthouses  at 
Dungeness  and  St.  Agnes,  Scilly,  and  jiic- 
tures  of  some  early  lightships.  Mr.  Hardy 
has  had  access  to  the  Trinity  House  muni- 
ments in  compiling  his  work,  so  that  it 
should  contain  much  curious  and  novel  in- 
formation. 

Mr.  Nimmo  is  going  to  bring  out  a  new 
edition,  in  six  volumes,  of  the  translation 
of  Montalembert's  well-known  book  '  Monks 
of  the  "West  from  St.  Benedict  to  St.  Ber- 
nard,' which  Messrs.  Blackwood  originally 
brought  out  in  the  sixties.  To  this  new 
edition  an  introduction  will  be  prefixed  from 
the  pen  of  the  learned  Benedictine  historian 
Dr.  Gasquet. 

The  Council  of  the  Teachers'  Guild  has 
resolved  that,  "  in  view  of  recent  legislation, 
it  is  desirable  to  form  a  committee  repre- 
sentative of  all  bodies  intimately  connected 
with  secondary  education  politics."  There 
has  been  very  little  "recent"  legislation 
affecting  secondary  schools,  outside  Wales, 
and  one  would   rather  have  expected  the 


Guild  to  base  its  action  on  the  prospect  of 
new  and  dubious  legislative  proposals. 

There  is  talk  of  a  weekly  newspaper 
which  is  to  concern  itself  mainly  with  "  edu- 
cation politics,"  especially  from  the  stand- 
point of  teachers  in  secondary  schools.  The 
masters  of  such  schools,  however,  depending 
largely  as  they  do  uj)on  the  pleasure  of  their 
independent  head  masters,  have  not  the  samo 
distinct  class  interests  as  the  elementary 
teachers,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  there  is  any 
real  scope  for  a  militant  j^olitical  organ  to 
promote  their  professional  welfare.  The 
educational  monthlies  appear  adequately  to 
protect  their  interests. 

Perhaps  the  queerest  outcome  of  the 
tendency  to  excessive  organization  in  the 
educational  sphere  is  a  proposal,  apparently 
emanating  from  Young  Oxford,  to  create  an 
association  "to  watch  the  bearing  of  legis- 
lative or  other  projects"  on  the  work  and 
interests  of  the  universities.  An  association 
for  the  preservation  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
is  a  distinctly  novel  idea. 

Mr.  Patchett  Martix,  the  well-known 
Anglo  -  Australian  journalist,  is  going  to 
venture  upon  the  publication  of  a  volume  of 
poems,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Withered 
Jester,  and  other  Verses.'  The  title-page 
will  be  designed  by  Mr.  Phil  May,  and  the 
volume  will  contain,  in  addition,  four  full- 
page  photogravures  by  Mr.  Hume  Nisbet, 
while  the  large-paper  edition  will  contain 
a  reproduction  of  the  bust  of  Shelley  by  an 
American  sculptor,  Cavaliere  M.  Ezekiel. 

Mr.  H.  Thorxhill  Timmixs,  who  some 
time  since  brought  out  a  work  on  Hereford- 
shire, will  publish  shorth',  through  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock,  '  Nooks  and  Corners  of  Pem- 
brokeshire.' The  work  takes  particular 
notice  of  the  antiquities,  historical  buildings, 
and  scenery  of  the  county.  It  will  be  fully 
illustrated  by  sketches  and  maps  from  the 
author's  pencil,  and  will  contain  much 
curious  local  information  gleaned  in  the 
course  of  his  personal  researches. 

Mr.  Stanley  Weymax's  new  book,  en- 
titled '  From  the  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of 
France,'  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Cassell  &  Co.  on  Monday,  September  2nd, 
and  will  be  issued  simultaneously  in  the 
LTnited  States. 

Messrs.  Mudie  have  had  so  successful  a 
half  3'ear  that  they  have  bestowed  a  hand- 
some bonus  upon  every  one  in  their  employ. 

The  Institut  de  France  will  celebrate  the 
first  centenary- of  its  creation  on  October  2ord 
to  26th.  All  foreign  members  and  corre- 
spondents are  invited  to  the  festivities  on 
the  occasion.  We  believe  that  Prof.  Max 
Miiller  will  be  present. 

Prof.  Berxardakis  announces  the  dis- 
covery of  some  ancient  Greek  MSS.,  viz., 
an  epic  poem  on  the  rape  of  Helen,  a  trea- 
tise, of  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium,  a  letter 
of  the  Emperor  Arcadius  to  the  Pope  con- 
cerning the  exile  of  St.  John  Chrysostom, 
the  Pope's  rejily  to  this  letter,  an  extract 
of  a  treatise  of  Plutarch,  and  a  collection 
of  Latin  fables. 

The  new  novel  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells, 
author  of  '  The  Time  Machine,'  will  be 
published  in  the  early  autumn  by  Messrs. 
J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.  It  will  be  entitled  'The 
Wonderful  Visit,'  and  deals  in  a  satirical 


228 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N»  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


form,  now  humorous  and  now  pathetic,  with 
the  life  and  impressions  of  a  visitor  from  an 
unknown  world. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Charities,  County  of  London — Parish 
of  Woolwich  {-id.),  Parish  of  Lee  {od.)  ;  and 
Education,  Inspectors'  Eeports  for  1894, 
Training  Colleges  {9d.). 


SCIENCE 


In  the   Guiana  Forest.     By  James  Eodway. 

(Fisher  Unwin.) 
This  book  is  no  ephemeral  publication,  but 
one  which  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  library 
by  the  side  of  the  works  of  the  great  trio  of 
writers  on  tropical  America — Wallace,  Bates, 
and  Belt.  Mr.  Eodway  is  a  botanist  in  the 
first  place,  but  he  is,  moreover,  a  naturalist 
of  wide  grasp,  and  therein  he  possesses  an 
advantage  over  Waterton,  who,  while  tho- 
roughly loving  the  forest  and  its  Hfe,  could 
appreciate  only  its  zoology. 

"More  and  more  every  day  it  becomes  neces- 
sary for  the  naturalist  to  go  beyond  his  own 
special  province.  The  entomologist  must  know 
something  of  the  plants  on  which  insects  feed, 
and  the  botanist  a  great  deal  about  the  fertilising 
agents  continually  at  work  among  the  flowers. 
He  who  sees  only  one  aspect  of  nature  can  never 
fully  appreciate  the  beautiful  adaptations  of  one 
to  another  and  their  perfect  interdependence." 

Nowhere  is  the  struggle  for  existence  so 
impressive  as  it  is  in  a  South  American 
forest ;  and  although  this  strife  has  been 
described  before,  the  author's  own  words 
may  be  quoted  in  order  to  show  his  terse 
and  powerful  style  : — 

"Nature  has  been  lavish  with  her  gifts.  Heat, 
light,  and  moisture  have  been  plentifully  be- 
stowed, yet  few  trees  can  get  room  to  assimilate 
as  much  of  the  two  latter  as  they  need.  The 
forest  is  densely  populated — more  so,  in  fact, 
than  ever  any  city  was,  or  could  be.  The 
trees  have  succeeded  in  defending  themselves 
against  almost  every  animal  ;  it  is  true  that  the 
sloth,  and  certain  species  of  ants  and  cater- 
pillars, almost  strip  them  of  their  leaves,  but 
not  a  single  animal  appears  to  gnaw  at  their 
bark.  Even  the  young  seedlings  are  free  from 
outside  enemies,  and  have  every  possible  oppor- 
tunity of  gaining  a  position  if  their  elders  give 
them  a  chance.  The  light  is  therefore  one  be- 
tween tree  and  tree  ;  not  even  species,  but 
individuals.  And  not  only  is  it  a  battle,  but  a 
fight  for  life  which  has  to  be  continued  day  after 
■day  and  year  after  year  without  cessation.  There 
never  was,  nor  ever  can  1)C,  a  truce.  Every  tree 
has  chosen  its  own  weapons  of  offence  and 
defence,  and  taught  itself  how  to  wield  them  to 
the  best  advantage.  Why  one  should  choose 
to  strangle  his  enemy,  another  to  suck  his  blood, 
and  a  third  to  smother  him,  it  is  hard  to  say, 
but  such  dilferences  exist." 

Passing  to  the  Indian,  "  tiic  man  of  the 
forest,"  Mr.  Eodway  sliows  that,  at  least  as 
regards  Guiana,  he  is  a  most  pleasant  fellow, 
•generally  kind  and  obliging;  while  if  his 
wishes  do  not  correspond  witli  yours,  his 
opposition  is  only  passive.  This  does  not 
hold  good  for  the  wliole  of  tropical  South 
America,  for  in  many  places  the  Indians 
have  been  rendered  liostile  by  the  shameful 
aggressions  of  the  Spaniards  and  Portu- 
guese and  their  half-breed  descendants  ;  but 
in  British  Guiana  tlio  Indians  have  been,  as 
a  rule,  fairly  treated.  It  is  true  that  tlieir 
numbers  are  steadily  decreasing,  owing  to 
the  introduction  of  new  forms  of  disease  by 


the  white  man,  and  the  intrusion  of  pro- 
spectors for  gold,  who  have  lately  pressed  for- 
ward as  far  as  the  frontier  of  Venezuela.  The 
forest  Indian  will  not  hunt,  fish,  nor  till  more 
than  is  absolutely  necessary ;  he  will  not 
work  for  wages,  while  he  will  die  rather 
than  live  as  a  slave ;  he  is,  in  fact,  merely 
one  of  the  species  of  living  things  in  the  forest, 
and  not  a  lord  of  creation.  He  has,  how- 
ever, the  elements  of  a  rude  civilization,  and 
Mr.  Eodway  seems  to  have  been  successful 
in  learning  some  of  the  workings  of  the 
brown  man's  mind,  apart  from  mere  super- 
stitions. Excellent  is  his  description  of 
Indian  life  from  childhood  to  man's  estate, 
and  the  tests  of  physical  endurance  which 
have  to  be  undergone  before  the  youth  may 
take  a  wife ;  one  of  these  trials  being  the 
bite  of  the  manuri,  an  emmet  over  an  inch 
long,  which  produces  acute  pain  and  fever 
for  eight  hours.  This,  with  other  insect 
plagues,  as  well  as  forest  creatures  in  general, 
are  described  in  a  most  attractive  chapter, 
while  further  on  various  instances  are  men- 
tioned of  the  interdependence  of  plants  and 
animals. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  book,  however, 
consists  of  the  description  of  the  struggle 
for  life  between  the  various  species  of  plants 
and  the  denizens  of  the  shores  and  creeks, 
these  being  illustrated  by  a  number  of  capital 
photogravures.  The  results  of  the  agency 
of  the  courida  (Avicennia)  and  the  mangrove 
(Ehizophora)  are  nowhere  better  discernible 
than  along  the  coast  between  the  delta  of 
the  Orinoco  and  the  mouth  of  the  Amazons, 
where  thousands  of  miles  of  land  have  been 
raised  and  bound  together  by  the  action  of 
these  plants.  "For  fifty  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Guiana"  —  and  as  regards  the 
Amazons  Mr.  Eodway  might  safely  have 
said  seventy — "the  sea  is  tinged  by  thou- 
sands of  tons  of  suspended  matter  brought 
down  from  mountain  and  forest  by  the  great 
rivers."  But  all  this  would  merely  produce 
shifting  banks  of  mud  and  sand  had  not 
the  courida  and  the  mangrove  come  to  the 
rescue.  A  glance  at  the  illustration  facing 
p.  174  shows  what  a  pei-fect  fascine  dam  is 
formed  by  the  matted  roots  of  the  courida, 
while  a  little  within  the  mouths  of  the 
rivers  is  seen  the  work  of  the  mangrove. 
By  the  way,  there  is  a  trifling  and  obvious 
slip— the  only  one  we  have  noticed — in  the 
lettering  of  the  plate  at  p.  182,  which  should 
be  mangrove  for  "  mango  "  swamp.  Into  the 
causes  of  the  struggle  for  existence,  and  the 
various  ways  in  which  this  is  worked  out, 
we  cannot  enter;  but  the  author's  tentative 
theories  deserve  every  consideration.  We 
have  seldom  read  a  work  so  thoroughly 
educational,  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word, 
or  one  in  which  information  is  so  pleasantly 
conveyed.  A  superfluous  and  superficial 
introduction  by  Mr.  Grant  Allen  serves 
to  enhance  by  contrast  the  merits  of  Mr. 
Eodway's  perspicuous  style. 


Nearly  thirty  years  ago  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley 
brought  out  a  volume  on  '  The  Physiology  and 
Pathology  of  Mind,'  wlucli  excited  a  good  deal 
of  interest.  It  was  a  work  wliicli  gave  a  clear 
and  well-written  account  of  the  theory  of  mind 
and  mental  disorder  on  a  basis  of  the  frankest 
materialism.  The  volume  was  afterwards  split 
up  into  two  treatises.  The  author  now  issues, 
through  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.,  a  second 
edition  of  the  second  part,  under  the  compre- 
hensive title  of  TJie  rathol(>:jy  of  Mind :  a  Study 


of  its  Distem2)€rs,  Deformities,  and  Disorders; 
but  he  explains  that  while  he  retains  the  old  title, 
his  book  is  virtually  a  new  one,  since  much  of 
the  old  matter  has  been  omitted,  much  fresh 
matter  added,  the  form  of  its  presentation 
changed,  and  the  text  entirely  rewritten.  As 
an  author  whose  reputation  has  been  so  long  and 
so  well  established,  Dr.  Maudsley  has  had 
what,  in  spite  of  his  mild  protest,  must  have 
been  the  satisfaction  of  observing  that  the 
opinions,  and  even  the  terms  and  phrases,  of 
his  earlier  work  have  been  reproduced  in  the 
professedly  original  books  and  articles  of  subse- 
quent and  contemporary  writers.  The  present 
treatise  has  remarkable  literary  qualities,  and 
discusses  its  subject  in  a  broad  spirit  ;  but  it  is  so 
severely  technical,  so  much,  indeed,  of  a  medical 
work,  that  we  are  unable  to  give  it  any  con- 
siderable notice  in  these  columns.  It  deals 
specifically  with  such  branches  of  its  subject  as 
the  etiology,  the  symptomatology,  the  clinical 
varieties,  the  morbid  anatomy,  and  the  treat- 
ment of  insanity.  Dr.  Maudsley's  definition  of 
insanity  is  "  such  derangement  of  the  leading 
functions  of  thought,  feeling,  and  will,  together 
or  separately,  as  disable  the  person  from  think- 
ing the  thoughts,  feeling  the  feelings,  and  doing 
the  duties  of  the  social  body  in,  for,  and  by 
which  he  lives."  Sanity  or  insanity  would  thus 
come  to  be  a  condition  of  mind  purely  relative 
to  the  environment  ;  and  it  would  be  difficult  to 
say  whether  any  living  being  could  be  pro- 
nounced perfectly  and  permanently  sane,  if  he 
were  to  be  rigorously  judged  by  this  standard. 
The  book  is  not  without  its  polemical  aspect, 
though  it  is  by  no  means  so  controversial  as 
some  of  the  author's  other  productions.  Much 
of  it  might  advantageously  be  read  in  connexion 
with  Nordau's  'Degeneration.' 


GEOLOGICAL    LITERATURE. 

Collected  Papers  on  some  Controverted  Questions 
in  Geology.  By  Joseph  Prestwich,  D.C.L.  (Mac- 
millan &  Co.) — In  this  delightful  volume  Prof. 
Prestwich  has  reprinted  six  papers  of  more  than 
mere  technical  intei'est  written  by  him  at  various 
times  during  the  last  ten  years.  These  essays 
are  well  known,  and  were  contributed  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  the  Journals  of  the  Geological 
Society  and  Anthropological  Institute ;  but  many 
readers  to  whom  some  of  these  publications  may 
be  difficult  of  access  will  be  glad  to  possess  them 
in  the  attractive  form  in  which  they  now  appear. 
Prof.  Prestwich  holds  a  position  unique  among 
geologists  :  he  is  the  last  of  the  old  heroes,  but 
he  still  holds  an  honoured  place  in  the  ranks 
of  the  younger  braves.  His  carefully  considered 
words  on  some  of  the  less  settled  points  of 
geological  doctrine  will  be  welcome  to  all.  The 
subjects  treated  of  are  Uniformitarianism,  in 
regard  to  which  his  moderate  views  are  much 
more  nearly  those  of  the  present  day  than  he 
seems  to  think  ;  The  Date,  Duration,  and  Con- 
ditions of  the  Glacial  Period  with  reference  to 
the  Antiquity  of  Man  ;  The  Plateau  Flint  Im- 
plements of  Kent  (with  several  excellent  plates); 
The  Agency  of  Water  in  Volcanic  Eruptions  and 
the  Primary  Cause  of  Volcanic  Action  ;  The 
Thickness  and  Mobility  of  the  Earth's  Crust ; 
and  Underground  Temperature.  Three  feelings 
are  uppermost  after  the  perusal  of  this  charming 
book— admiration  for  its  scientific  ability,  ad- 
miration for  its  li'^erary  perfection,  and  admira- 
tion again  for  the  exquisite  courtesy  to  opponents 
which  it  exhibits  throughout. 

Annals  of  British  Geology,  ISHl.  By  J.  F. 
Blake,  M.A.  (Dulau  &  Co.)— Once  more  we 
gratefully  welcome  Prof.  Blake's  '  Annals  of 
British  Geology.'  To  all  that  we  have  said  in 
praise  of  previous  volumes  of  this  most  valuable 
record  the  present  issue  is  fully  entitled.  If 
there  be  any  noticeable  dillerence,  it  is  in  the 
direction  of  improvement,  and  the  author  (Mr. 
Blake,  very  properly,  declines  to  be  regarded 
as   a   mere   compiler)   has,    with    characteristic 


N°3538,  Aug.  IT, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


229 


good  humour,  adopted  several  slight  emenda- 
tions of  method  which  friendly  critics  have  from 
time  to  time  suggested  to  him.  As  usual,  the 
'Introductory  Review,'  in  which  the  general 
results  of  the  year's  geological  work  are  summed 
up,  is  admirable  for  its  grasp,  acumen,  and 
brevity.  Its  able  criticism  loses  nothing  by  being 
pitched  in  a  somewhat  softer  key  than  was  the 
case  in  some  of  the  earlier  'Annals.'  Mistakes 
— few  formerly,  and  now  fewer — include  merely 
such  slips  as  the  following:  "M."(t.  e..  Mon- 
sieur) instead  of  A.  as  Daubree's  initial  (p.  3)  ; 
"B."Lake  instead  of  F.  Lake  (p.  36);  "first 
of  a  Calamite  "  ior  fruit  of  a  CaUimite  (p.  219)  ; 
"below"  for  above  (p.  252);  "  Weifen "  for 
Werfen  (p.  305);  "Matheson"  for  Matheron 
(p.  348),  &c.  We  are  glad  to  note  that  an 
increased  subscription  list  has  rendered  possible 
the  continued  publication  of  this  laborious  and 
useful  work.  We  trust  that  a  further  increase 
will  ensure  its  permanence.  In  a  circular  ac- 
companying his  book  Prof.  Blake  claims  that 
the  papers  noticed  by  him  "are  not  'ab- 
.stracted '  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word, 
but  rather  condensed,  so  that  though  somewhat 
liarder  reading,  the  work  gives  all  the  essential 
information  that  could  be  obtained  from  the 
original  papers."  This  description  may  be 
admitted  as  fairly  applicable  to  many  of  the 
abstracts,  but  it  cannot  in  the  nature  of  things 
•be  true  of  all.  No  living  man  could  deal  with 
over  700  papers  in  353  pages  so  that  it  could 
be.  Prof.  Blake  is  a  master  in  the  art  of  boiling 
down,  but  he  is  not  superhuman. 


ASTRONOSIIC'AL   NOTES. 


The  volume  of  Gi-eenivich  Observations  for  1892 
has  recently  been  i:)ublished,  together  with  the 
usual  separate  copies  of  Eesults,  astronomical, 
spectroscopic  and  photographic,  and  magnetical 
and  meteorological.  No  essential  change  has 
been  made  in  the  arrangement,  and  there  is  on 
this  occasion  no  appendix. 

A  Catalogue  of  1713  Stars,  from  observations 
made  at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  during  the  years  1879  to  1885,  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Gill,  Her  Majesty's  Astronomer 
there,  has  also  recently  appeared.  There  are 
two  appendices,  one  containing  a  catalogue  of 
104  southern  circuinpolar  stars,  from  observations 
made  between  1881  and  1888,  the  other  the 
results  of  a  series  of  separate  observations  of 
a  and  [3  Centauri. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL   NOTES. 

The  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute 
for  August  contains  the  papers  read  at  tlie 
meetings  in  February  and  March.  Mr.  A.  L. 
Lewis,  in  describing  the  prehistoric  remains  of 
East  Cornwall,  corrects  the  errors  of  previous 
observers,  and  supplies  several  omissions.  One 
of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  is  King  Arthur's 
Hall,  near  St.  Breward.  Here  a  bank  of  earth 
encloses  an  oblong  space,  159  ft.  by  G4  ft.  at  its 
narrower  end,  68Ht.  at  the  wider,  the  inner 
side  of  the  bank  being  lined  with  stones,  of 
which  fifty-five  remain.  Tiie  iStannon  circle 
and  the  Leaze  circle  in  the  same  district  have 
not  before  been  described.  Mr.  Lewis  finds  in 
these  monuments  a  relation  to  the  neighbouring 
Jiills  which  indicates  that  they  were  placed  with 
special  reference  to  the  position  of  the  rising 
sun  at  certain  periods  of  the  year.  Dr.  Beddoet 
in  a  paper  on  the  northern  settlements  of  the 
West  Saxons,  gives  details  of  the  colour  of  the 
hair  and  eyes  of  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Cotswolds,  from  observations  taken  at 
Moreton-in-Marsh  (or,  as  it  should  be  called, 
Moreton-in-March,  being  on  the  boundary  of 
three  counties,  and  not  on  marshy  land  at  all), 
Cirencester,  Bradford-on-Avon,  and  elsewhere. 
From  the  comparative  distribution  of  blond  and 
dark  elements,  he  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that 
the  West  Saxons  settled  numerously  on  the 
Upper  Thames  before  they  began  to  interfere 
with  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bristol  Avon.     Dr. 


Winfield  S.  Hall  traces  from  Quaker  schools  in 
Philadelphia  the  changes  in  the  proportions  of 
the  human  body  during  the  period  of  growth. 
He  formulates  the  following  results  :  (1)  That 
when   the    vertical    dimension   of    the    human 
body    is    undergoing    an    acceleration    of     its 
rate    of     growth,     the     horizontal    dimensions 
undergo  a  retardation  of  their  rate  of  growth, 
and     that    conversely,    when     the     horizontal 
dimensions  of  the  human  body  are  undergoing 
an    acceleration   of   their   rate   of   growth,    the 
vertical   dimension   undergoes  a  retardation  of 
its  rate  of  growth  ;  (2)  that  the  weight  at  dif- 
ferent ages  during  the  period  of  growth  varies 
either  as  the  product  of  the  height  X  the  inter- 
acromial  breadth  X   the  depth  of  abdomen,  or 
as  the  product  of  the  height   X   the  depth  of 
chest  squared  ;  (3)  that  the  capacity  of  the  lungs 
at  different  ages  varies  as    the  total  muscular 
strength.     Mr.   J.   T.   Last    writes  with    great 
authority  on  the  subject  of  the  languages  sjioken 
in  Madagascar,  and  traces  the  Malagasy  people 
and  language  to  their  true  source  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago.     Mr.   W.   L.   H.   Duckworth  fur- 
nishes the  dimensions  of  ten  skulls  of  Esquimaux 
in    the    Cambridge    University  Museum,    cha- 
racterized by  the  small  size  of  the  nasal  bones  ; 
by  the  form  of  the  foramen  magnum,  which  is 
long,    and   in   some   cases   almost   pyriform,    a 
backward    prolongation     encroaching     on    the 
squamous  part  of  the  occipital  bone  ;  and  by  the 
tendency   to   reduplication    of   the   infraorbital 
foramina   with    persistent   infraorbital   sutures. 
Mr.   M.   V.  Portman,   officer  in  charge  of  the 
Andamanese     at    Port     Blair,    contributes     a 
valuable  practical  article    on    photography  for 
anthropologists,    supplemental    to    chap.   lx\ii. 
of   the  'Notes  and  Queries  on  Anthropology.' 
IMr.  E.  Tregear,  chief  inspector  of  factories  for 
New  Zealand,  makes  the  interesting  suggestion 
that  the  sexual  taboo  which  imposes  seclusion, 
and  therefore  rest  and  a  time  of  recuperation, 
upon  women  in  many  savage  races  after  child- 
birth and  during  the  catamenia,  may  have  had 
an  origin  in  consideration  for  female  weakness, 
as   it   must  have   a   beneficial   eflect  upon  the 
health  of  the  woman  and  indirectly  of  her  oft'- 
spring.  The  useful  bibliographical  notes  on  new 
books  are  continued  by  the  secretary. 

The  Tenth  and  Eleventh  Annual  Reports  of 
the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  have  been   published. 
The  Tenth  Report,  besides  the  usual  exposition 
by  Major  Powell,  the  Director,  of  the  operations 
of  his  bui'eau  during  the  year  to  which  it  relates, 
contains  a  work  on  the  '  Picture  Writing  of  the 
American  Indians,'  which  had  been  in  prepara- 
tion by  Col.  Garrick  Mallery  for  several  years. 
This  will  readily  appear  from  the  fact  that  it 
occupies  822  pages  quarto,  and  is  embellished 
by  54  plates  and  1,290  woodcuts.  A  preliminary 
paper  by  the  .same  author  appeared  in  the  Fourth 
Report  of  the  Bureau,  and  was  noticed  in  the 
Atlieiueum  on  November  24th,  1888  (No.  3187). 
The  present  work  is  not  a  second  edition  of  that 
essay,  but  is  a  continuation  and  elaboration  of 
the  same  subject.  Of  the  83  plates  in  that  paper 
not   one   is    now   reproduced,    although    3   are 
presented  with  amendments  ;  thus  51  of  the  54 
plates  in  the  present  volume  are  new.     The  two 
together  present  an  exhaustive  account  of  the 
interesting  subject  to  which  they  relate.     Major 
Powell  remarks  that  one  object  of  the   publica- 
tion  of  the   preliminary   paper    was   to   excite 
interest  in  the  study,  and  that  since  its  distribu- 
tion pictography   in    its    various    branches    has 
become,  far  more  than  ever  before,  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  publications  of  learned  societies, 
in  the  separate  works  of  anthropologists,  and  in 
the  notes  of  scientific  explorers.     The  limits  of 
this  column  do  not  allow  of  the  adequate  de- 
scription of  the  contents  of  a  volume  of  so  much 
importance,  and  we  shall  therefore,  if  an  oppor- 
tunity oflers,   recur  to   the  subject  in  a  more 
formal  notice. 

The  accompanying   papers   to    the    Eleventh 
Report  are  three,  which,  for  the  same  reason,  can 


only  be  briefly  noted.  The  first  is  by  Mrs.  M.  C. 
Stevenson,  the  relict  of  Col.  James  Stevenson, 
on  the  researches  of  her  husband  and  herself 
relating  to  the  pueblo  of  Sid,  in  New  Mexico, 
commenced  in  the  year  1879.  Mrs.  Stevenson 
shared  the  daily  life  and  habits  of  the  people 
for  long  periods,  and  was  enabled  to  obtain 
information  as  to  their  customs,  ceremonies, 
and  beliefs  which  could  only  be  acquired  by  a 
woman  living  in  friendly  sympathy  with  their 
women.  The  second  is  by  Mr.  Lucien  M. 
Turner  on  the  tribes  inhabiting  the  Ungava 
district  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Territory,  58°  N. 
latitude,  where  the  Esquimaux  or  Innuit 
inhabit  the  right  bank  of  the  Koksoak  river, 
and  the  Nascopie,  an  Algonquian  tribe,  are 
settled  further  inland.  These  Esquimaux  are 
neither  dwarfish  nor  dark,  and  are  not  addicted 
to  the  drinking  of  oil  or  the  eating  of  raw  meat. 
The  third  is  by  the  Rev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey  on 
the  religious  beliefs  and  ceremonies  of  the 
Siouan  family,  including  the  Dakota  and  other 
allied  tribes.  Though  unwilling  to  commit 
himself  to  a  general  denial  of  the  assertion  that 
the  North  American  Indian  was  a  believer  in 
one  Great  Spirit  prior  to  the  coming  of  the 
white  race,  Mr.  Dorsey  has  been  forced  to 
conclude  that  it  needs  considerable  modification, 
at  least  so  far  as  it  refers  to  these  tribes.  The 
student  of  uncivilized  races  must  ever  be  on 
his  guard  against  leading  questions  and  their 
answers.  It  is  safer  to  let  the  Indian  tell  his 
own  story  in  his  own  words  than  to  so  question 
him  as  to  reveal  what  answers  are  desired  or 
expected. 

Under  the  title  Crania  Helvetica  Antiqua, 
Prof.  Dr.  Studer  and  Dr.  Bannwarth,  of  the 
University  of  Berne,  have  issued  in  quarto  size, 
through  the  publishing  firm  of  J.  A.  Barth,  of 
Leipzig,  a  portfolio  of  116  photographs  of  skulls 
discovered  in  the  pile-dwellings  of  the  ston«3 
and  bronze  ages  in  the  lakes  of  Switzerland, 
with  an  explanatory  text  in  German.  The 
brachycephalic  type  prevails  in  those  of  the 
stone  ages,  the  dolichocephalic  and  mesocephalic 
in  those  of  the  bronze  age,  and  partially  of  the 
later  stone  age.  The  separate  specimens  figured 
number  about  forty,  and  are  photographed  full 
size. 

Dr.  Bannwarth  is  also  issuing  through  the 
same  publisher  a  series  of  anthropological 
wall  pictures,  consisting  of  nine  photographs, 
64x84  cm.  in  size,  of  typical  forms  of  skull. 
The  first,  a  fine  photograph  of  a  typical  or- 
thognathous  brachycephalic  skull,  may  be  sub- 
scribed for  separately  at  4  marks  per  copy  ;  the 
eis;ht  following  ones  for  28  marks  additional. 


FINE    ARTS 


Chapic  :  sa  Vie  et  son  (Euvre.  Par  0.  Fidiere. 

Avec  Illustrations.  (Paris,  Plon.) 
During  the  first  half  of  this  century  France 
produced  a  number  of  fine  painters,  sculiitors, 
and  architects,  but  it  is  questionable  if  any 
one  of  them  surpassed  the  jjeasant's  son 
Henri  Michel  Antoine  Chapu,  who  was  born 
at  Mee,  near  Melun  and  Corbeil,  on  Sep- 
tember 29th,  1833.  In  that  future  which 
will  bo  better  qualified  to  judge  artists  than 
we  are  Chapu  will  undoubtedly  keep  his 
place  alongside  of  Barrias,  with  whose 
brilliant  'Mozart  jeune'  his  '  Jeune  Des- 
marres  '  may  be  matched  without  fear,  while, 
on  other  grounds,  some  of  his  work  may  be 
compared  with  Bonnassieux's  '  Mt'-ditation,' 
which  the  Commune  burnt  in  1871,  and  of 
wliich  the  version  now  in  the  Luxembourg  is 
a  full-size  repetition  by  the  sculptor.  The 
career  of  such  a  master  was  worth  record- 
ing, especially  by  one  who,  like  M.  Fidiere, 
knew  him  intimately,  and  is  well  informed 
about  art.     Accordingly,  we  are  glad  to  find 


230 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


in  the  work  before  us  a  careful,  sj'mpatlietic 
biography.  That,  like  most  biographies  of 
Frenchmen  written  by  their  friends,  it  is 
slightly  gushing  is  hardly  a  fault,  for  it  is 
sincere  and  ■well  informed. 

Chapu's  parents  seem  to  have  taken  him 
to  Paris  with  a  view  to  cultivating  those 
artistic  faculties  which  he  had  displayed 
from  an  early  age.  The  family  was  very 
poor  at  this  time,  and  the  father  and  mother 
acted  as  concierges  of  the  Marquis  de  Vogiie 
at  his  hotel  in  the  Eue  de  Lille.  The 
marquis,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  sort  of 
patron  of  the  Chaj)us,  contrived  that  the 
boy  should  study  drawing  in  the  Ecole  d' Art 
Decoratif.  Winning  a  prize  at  this  aca- 
demy, he  gained  admission  to  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux- Arts,  which  was  a  great  step  for  him, 
although  for  a  while  he  hesitated  whether 
to  adopt  architecture  or  sculpture  for  his 
future  profession.  Ultimately  selecting  the 
latter  art,  he,  in  a  haj)py  hour,  entered 
the  atelier  of  Pradier,  where  the  extreme 
diffidence  of  the  "  jeune  homme  de  dix-sept 
ans,  d'apparence  chetive,  timide  et  pauvre- 
ment  vetu  d'une  petite  blouse  d'ecolier,"  did 
not  protect  him  from  the  rough  pranks  of 
his  fellow  pupils,  and  deceived  even  Pradier 
himself,  who,  however,  soon  began  to  take 
a  warm  interest  in  the  studious  and  modest 
lad,  who,  it  seems,  had  by  1850  already 
won  so  much  notice  that  his  Department 
(the  Seine  et  Marne)  was  induced  to  en- 
coiu'age  him  by  means  of  grants  which 
(1850-51)  amounted  to  1,000  fr.  Pradier 
died  in  1852,  and  so  Chapu,  bound  to 
find  a  new  master,  worked  under  Duret 
in  the  daytime,  while  in  the  evenings 
he  frequented  the  drawing  school  of  Leon 
Cogniet,  where  so  many  excellent  masters  of 
the  three  great  arts  have  learnt  their  pro- 
fession. Four  years  Chapu  devoted  to  prac- 
tice and  studies  in  schools,  and,  \i\ih.a,medaiUe 
of  '  Neptune  faisant  naitre  un  Cheval,'  he 
won  the  Second  Grand  Prix  de  Rome  in 
1851.  That  a  pupil  of  Pradier,  who,  later, 
produced  the  noble  '  Mercure,'  should  ever 
have  been  attracted  by  a  work  like  the 
'  Milon  de  Crotone '  of  Paget,  which  he 
studied  deeply  in  the  Louvre,  is  only  to 
be  explain  3d  by  considering  the  learning 
and  elaborate  technique  of  the  eighteenth 
century  master ;  that  what  M.  Pidiere 
aptly  calls  "les  graces  mievres  des  artistes 
du  dix  -  huitieme  siecle"  should  attract 
Chapu  was  hardly  to  be  expected.  Not- 
withstanding a  disaster  which  befell  his 
A'ery  vigorous  and  original  bas-relief  of 
'  Cleobis  et  Biton,'  with  which  he  competed 
for  the  Prix  de  Eome  in  1855,  the  judges 
declared  unanimously  in  his  favour,  and 
the  end  of  January,  1856,  saw  the  pupil 
established  in  the  Villa  Medicis,  where  he 
remained  for  five  years. 

M.  Fidiere  indicates  that,  although  he 
had  gained  the  highest  distinction  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux- Arts  had  in  its  power  to  bestow, 
Chai^uy  had  enjoyed  anything  but  a  good 
elementary  education.  Having  before  him 
some  of  the  sculptor's  pious  and  affectionate 
letters  written  from  Pome  to  his  parents, 
the  biographer  remarks  that  the  hand- 
writing is  bad,  and  the  spelling  often  capri- 
cious, although  the  letters  have  the  charm  of 
absolute  sincerity.  Nevertheless,  this  youth, 
whom  some  would  call  an  ignoramus,  became 
one  of  the  best  and  most  learned  artists  of  the 
great  and  learned  French  school  of  sculpture, 


achieved  a  grand  reputation,  and  won  many 
public  honours.  The  fact  seems  to  be  that, 
like  the  great  masters  of  old,  he  began  his 
artistic  training  when  quite  a  child,  and 
continued  it  almost  exclusively  during  his 
boyhood  and  youth. 

"  At  twenty- two  years  of  age  he  was  already 
sensible,  iDethodical,  economical  in  his  relations, 
I^rudent,  a  good  comrade  notwithstanding,  who 
never  refused  to  open  his  modest  exhibitioner's 
purse  to  his  fellow  students.  Wliile  the  great 
majority  of  his  comrades  abandoned  themselves, 
with  the  impetuosity  of  youth,  to  the  easy  plea- 
sures of  Roman  life,  he  kept  aloof  from  them  in 
his  atelier,  working  and  meditating  ;  and  his 
cenobitic  existence,  his  gentle,  polished  manners, 
as  well  as  his  beardless  face,  secured  him  the 
nickname  of  '  Monsieur  I'Abbe'.'  " 

An  illustration  gives  a  lively  idea  of  the 
cubicle  in  the  Villa  Medicis  where  Chapu 
lived.  y^h.\\Qoih.ev 2)ensionnaires  de liomeiound 
vent  for  some  of  their  energy  in  dancing 
and  going  to  balls,  he  spent  the  evenings  in 
drawing,  and  in  j)utting  into  practice  the 
instruction  of  his  teachers.  The  library  of 
the  Villa  not  sufficing  for  his  wants,  he  pro- 
cured from  home  translations  of  Virgil  and 
other  favourite  classics,  including  Ossian, 
and,  strange  to  say,  "les  'Nuits'  d' Young." 
No  doubt  the  stately  commonplaces  of  the 
English  bard  satisfied  for  the  time  certain 
yearnings  of  the  serious  and  thought- 
ful young  sculptor,  but,  apart  from  this, 
the  '  Night  Thoughts '  is  not  exactly  the 
book  one  would  expect  a  French  artist  to 
think  highly  of.  Our  author,  by  way  of 
illustrating  the  powers  and  technical  skill 
of  the  pe?isio)inaire,  gives  us  a  cut  of  Chapu's 
premier  envoi  de  Home,  1857,  a  bas-relief 
which  the  regulations  of  the  Academie  de- 
manded of  its  prizemen.  '  Le  Christ  aux 
Anges '  is  a  group  of  great  dignity,  ori- 
ginality, and  beauty,  marked,  too,  by  a 
singularly  fine  sense  of  style  in  a  youth  of 
twenty-four,  and  in  all  these  qualities  formed 
a  very  great  advance  upon  the  '  Cleobis  et 
Biton  '  with  which  he  won  the  Grand  Prix. 
Nothing  can  be  plainer  than  that  the 
student  had  increased  his  familiarity  with 
the  great  schools  of  antiqiiity,  and  learnt 
to  prefer  the  art  of  Phidias,  or  rather  of 
Praxiteles.  AVhile  this  envoi  was  admired 
in  Paris,  where  in  due  time  it  went,  Schnetz, 
the  rapporteur  who  criticized  it  on  behalf  of 
the  Academie,  objected  that  it  lacked  some 
of  the  "  calme  et  I'onction  que  comporte  le 
sujet,  que  rien  ne  justifie  le  mouvement  des- 
ordonne  des  draperies  des  anges,"  while  he 
praised  the  modelling  of  the  naked  Christ ; 
but  Duret,  in  a  private  letter  to  his  "  pauvre 
Chapu,"  deplored  his  pupil's  errors,  his  for- 
getf  ulness  of  the  principles  of  sculi:)ture  and 
other  things,  and  stringently  advised  him 
to  "  regarder  im  peu  1' antique,"  meaning, 
no  doubt,  the  antiques  of  Rome,  as  distin- 
guished from  those  of  Athens.  M.  Fidiere 
hints  that  during  a  tour  which  he  made 
in  North  Italy  at  this  period,  Chapu 
had  been  deeply  impressed  by  the  Floren- 
tine sculptors  of  the  earlier  Renais- 
sance, such  as  Donatello  and  Cellini ;  in 
our  opinion,  there  is  more  of  Ghiberti's 
grace  and  chastened  naturalism,  developed 
in  a  semi-classic  strain,  than  our  author 
recognizes.  Soon  after  this,  the  Academy's 
regulations  requiring  from  its  pensionnaires 
a  copy  from  an  antique  statue,  Chapu  elected 
to  reproduce  the  beautiful  '  Tireur  d'Epine,' 
which  the  English  call  '  The  Boy  extracting 


a  Thorn,'  and  carried  out  his  task  with  such 
success  that  not  only  in  the  Rue  Bonaparte, 
but  in  all  Paris,  his  work  was  much  admired. 
It  was  fortunate  it  was  so,  because  one  can- 
not doubt  what  would  have  been  the  effect 
of  a  second  official  snubbing  upon  a  nature 
so  sensitive  and  reserved  as  that  of  Chapu. 

As  it  was,  the  censures  of  Duret  and  the 
cold  courtesies  of  Schnetz  with  regard  to 
the  '  Christ  aux  Anges '  depressed  Chapu, 
but  did  not  permanently  discourage 
him.  He  resolved,  as  M.  Fidiere  has 
it,  to  "  trust  to  his  owa  wings," 
and,  in  order  to  complete  his  envoi  to 
the  Academy  in  1859,  he  set  to  work 
upon  a  statue  of  Triptolemus  sowing  the 
earth.  It  seems  that  the  fine  bronze  called 
'  Le  Semeur,'  now  in  the  Pare  Monceaux, 
is  a  close  version  of  the  '  Triptoleme,'  of 
which  the  model  is  said  to  be  in  the 
magazine  of  the  Beaux  -  Arts.  The  idea 
of  the  subject  and  the  husbandman's 
figure  were  derived  from  Chapu's  seeing  a 
peasant  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rome 
at  work  in  the  fields.  "  J'ai  un  modele 
superbe,  un  Romain  des  beaux  temps," 
he  wrote  to  his  parents  about  the  '  Trip- 
toleme.' These  parents,  simple  folks  as 
they  were,  and  greatly  anxious  about  their 
son's  future,  actually  decided  to  consult 
"  ime  somnambule  "  in  the  matter,  and  he 
reassured  them  !  Chapu  himself  determined 
to  be  guided  by  the  decision  of  the  Institut, 
which  was  not  so  entirely  favoui'able  to  the 
original  and  vigorous  statue  as  might  have 
been  wished  ;  on  the  other  hand,  Theoi)hile 
Gautier,  always  appreciative  of  masculine 
and  original  art,  and  full  of  sympathy  when 
a  new  departure  and  true  genius  were  con- 
cerned, wrote  a  eulogy  of  the  work  which 
more  than  endorsed  the  good  opinion  of  the 
somnambulist  soothsayer. 

Chapu's  next  task  was  a  model  of 
'  Mercure  inventant  le  Caducee,'  which  he 
hoped  to  finish  as  a  statuette  before  the  end 
of  1859,  when  he  intended  to  visit  Greece 
at  the  conclusion  of  his  term  in  the  Villa 
Medicis.  The  political  movements  in  Italy 
intervened,  and  prevented  the  tour  in 
Greece  ;  but  in  due  time  the  '  Mercure ' 
attained  the  greatest  possible  success,  and 
Chapu,  though  greatly  reluctant  to  quit 
Rome,  arrived  in  Paris  in  September,  1861, 
and  was  forced  to  rely  on  the  slender  resources 
of  his  parents,  already  overtaxed,  and  the 
trifle  he  could  earn  by  his  profession.  He  had, 
in  fact,  little  more  than  "  ce  titre  pompeux 
de  Prix  de  Rome"  to  depend  upon,  but, 
like  many  great  masters  of  old,  no  false 
pride  prevented  him  from  turning  his  hand 
to  unheroic  and  unfamiliar  tasks,  which 
must  have  been  strange  to  a  quondam 
inmate  of  the  Villa  Medicis.  Among  the 
commissions  offered  to  him  was  one  from  a 
sausage  maker  in  the  Boulevard  St.  Ger- 
main, who,  somewhere  about  1863,  desired 
to  have,  for  ten  francs,  a  model  of  a  boar 
for  the  front  of  his  shop.  Chapu  used  also 
to  execute  models  for  ornaments  for  clocks 
and  other  pieces  of  furniture,  which  one  of 
his  friends  volunteered  to  take  and  sell  to  the 
bronze  workers.  Fortune,  however,  smiled 
on  him  when  the  minister  of  the  day  offered 
the  young  artist  8,000  francs  for  his  '  Mer- 
cure.' On  the  strength  of  this  the  sculptor  set 
up  a  modest  atelier  in  the  Rue  de  I'Abbaye, 
whence  he  issued  from  time  to  time  to  carve  in 
stone  Caryatides  and  heads  {mascarons)  upon 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


231 


the  front  of  certain,  buildings  in  Paris,  and 
was  often  to  be  seen,  like  Puget,  perched  high, 
upon  a  scaffold  and  hard  at  work,  without 
thinking  it  beneath  his  dignity  to  execute 
such  tasks.  For  one  of  his  best  friends, 
M.  Eohault  de  Fleury,  the  able  architect  of 
the  Chambre  des  Notaires  and  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  Chapu  carved  groups  in 
stone  of  children  playing  with  swans  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Hotel  Sauvage,  and  at  the 
Gare  du  Nord  a  statue  representing  the 
town  of  Beauvais.  Soon  after  this  Theo- 
phile  Gautier's  influence  secured  the  open- 
ing of  a  special  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
our  sculptor  in  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens  : 
such  a  "one-man  show"  was  in  186J:  much 
rarer  than  such  a  thing  is  now.  A  lovely 
group  in  terra-cottaof  Thetis  and  a  dolphin, 
now  the  proi")erty  of  M.  Paul  Sedille,  which 
was  exhibited  on  this  occasion,  is  especially 
commended  by  M.  Fidiere. 

Chapu's  reputation  may  be  said  to  date 
from  the  great  success  of  his  '  Mercure,' 
which  is  now  one  of  the  chief  ornaments 
of  the  Luxembourg.  For  it  the  artist  re- 
ceived, at  the  Salon  of  1863,  a  Medal  of  the 
Third  Class,  and  the  same  year  he  exhibited 
an  extremely  fine  bust  of  M.  P.  Sedille  j^er^. 
From  this  time  he  continued,  with  ever- 
increasing  success,  to  contribute  to  the 
Salon.  Among  his  masterpieces  were  the 
beautiful  quasi  -  Italian  '  Mort  de  Clytie,' 
and  fine  busts  of  the  Docteur  Des- 
niarres  and  of  the  Comte  Duchatel,  then 
of  the  Paris  Glohe,  who  had  been  Minister 
of  Finance  and  (under  Guizot)  of  the  In- 
terior, and  was  one  of  the  ablest  collectors  of 
works  of  art,  and  whose  gifts  to  the  Louvre 
preserve  his  name.    After  these  came  the 

*  Jeanne  d' Arc  ecoutant  ses  Voix,'  1870,  a 
work  of  noble  and  passionate  inspiration. 
Dui'ing  the  siege  of  Paris  Chapu  enrolled 
himself  in  the  Garde  Nationale,  and  did 
his  duty  in  the  same  way  that  many 
other  distinguished  artists  did  during  that 
time  of  peril  and  suffering.  AVhen  the 
Commune  menaced  the  finest  monuments 
of  Paris,  Chapu  exerted  himself  to  resist, 
and  he  was  in  trouble  on  that  account 
until  the  Government  troops  entered  the 
city.  It  was  in  1872  that  he  accepted 
the  commission  to  execute  the  ceno- 
taph of  Eegnault.  In  the  same  year 
he  made  the  decorative  statue  called  '  Ode,' 
one    of    the    series     at     the     Opera,     but 

*  La  Danse '  of  Carpeaux  somewhat  puts 
it  in  the  shade.  In  1876  he  finished  the 
statue  of  '  La  Jeunesse,'  which  is  the  chief 
element  of  Eegnault's  monument.  In  1879 
the  noble  '  Berryer,'  now  in  the  Salle 
des  Pas  Perdus,  was  exhibited  at  the 
Salon,  and  with  it  '  La  Pensee,'  for  which 
he  got  a  Mt'daille  d'Honneur  for  the  second 
time,  and  thus  attained  the  highest 
rank  of  his  profession.  Those  works  were 
succeeded  b}'  statues  of  Jean  Cousin,  for 
Sens  ;  Schneider,  for  Creusot ;  the  Duchess 
of  Orleans  (Helene) ;  the  Princess  of 
Wales  (for  M.  Jacobsen  of  Copenhagen, 
as  we  recorded  in  1885);  Flaubert, 
and  other  sculptures  of  high  merit  and 
renown.  In  1880  he  was  elected  Membre 
de  rinstitut,  in  place  of  Henri  Lemairo, 
although  among  his  competitors  were 
artists  no  less  famous  than  MM.  Crauk, 
Falguiere,  Millet,  and  Scho'ncwerk  ;  he 
was  then  only  forty-seven  years  of  age.  In 
1881-2  he  was  much  occupied  on  the  sculp- 


tures decorating  the  house  of  Baron  Eoth- 
schild  at  Vienna  ;  in  1883  he  did  not  contri- 
bute to  the  Salon,  whither  in  1884  he  sent 
the  statues  of  Pluto  and  Proserpine  for  the 
park  at  Chantilly ;  the  tomb  statue  of  the 
Duchesse  de  Nemours,  which  is  at  We}'- 
bridge,  followed  soon  after.  In  1887  he 
exhibited  the  noble  monument  of  M.  Du- 
panloup.  Bishop  of  Orleans,  which  is  best 
to  be  seen  in  that  prelate's  cathedral,  and 
is,  perhaps,  more  distinctly  Italian  of  the 
cinque  cento  than  any  other  of  Chapu's  works. 
In  1890  his  health,  never  of  late  jiarticularly 
robust,  was  seriously  declining,  and,  as  the 
guest  of  the  Due  d'Aumale,  he  went  for  the 
last  time  to  Italy  and  Sicily,  and  intended 
in  the  next  year  to  go  to  Greece.  But,  says 
M.  Fidiere,  "  La  mort  ne  le  lui  permit  pas." 

A  great  artist  never  fails  in  being  an 
accomplished,  learned,  and  refined  execu- 
tant. This  is  even  truer  of  sculptors  than 
of  painters,  whose  branch  of  art  admits  of 
modes  of  treatment  and  even  standards  of 
workmanship  which  do  not  pretend  to 
the  severity  of  the  more  restricted  art  in 
marble.  In  composition,  which  is  the  chief 
secret  of  high  art  in  marble,  no  modern — not 
even  Flaxman,  the  most  successful  in  this 
point  of  British  masters — excelled  Chapu. 
This  is  especially  conspicuous  in  '  L'lmmor- 
talite  '  and  '  La  Jeunesse,'  the  striking  figure 
on  Eegnault's  monument ;  in  '  Berryer,'  in 
the  Salle  des  Pas  Perdus,  one  of  the  most 
complete,  masculine,  and  sincere  of  modern 
portrait  statues  ;  and  in  '  Le  Yerrier,'  in  the 
Observatoire,  the  pedestal  of  which  is  en- 
riched with  two  very  fine  bas-reliefs.  To 
these  leading  examples  may  be  added  '  Pro- 
serpine '  at  Chantilly ;  the  admirable  por- 
trait of  the  Duchesse  d' Orleans  at  Dreux ; 
and  the  lovely  'Danseuse'  of  the  Hotel 
Pereire,  the  worthy  rival  of  Car^jeaux's 
*  La  Danse.' 

'La  Jeunesse,'  'Mercure,'  and  'Proser- 
pine '  are  as  Greek  as  any  modern  work  in 
marble  can  be.  The  first  of  these  fine 
statues,  although  quite  free  from  plagiarism, 
reminds  the  critic  of  the  art  of  the  '  Nike 
Apteros,'  and  of  the  Nike  from  Samothrace, 
standing  on  the  prow  of  a  galley,  which 
is  in  the  Louvre. 

The  following  comparison  of  Chapu  and 
Carpeaux  is  worth  quoting  :  — 

"  Carpeaux,  in  fact,  was  the  living  anti- 
thesis of  Chapu.  Capricious  and  fantastical, 
workina;  by  spurts,  and  boasting — falsely, 
it  may  be  added,  and  from  mere  bravado 
— of  only  finding  inspiration  at  the  bottom  of 
the  bottle,  Carpeaux  was  the  perfected  type 
of  the  mduvais  elcce.  Never  were  his  contribu- 
tions ready  in  proper  time,  and  more  than  once 
it  was  only  the  influence  of  the  distingui.shed 
patrons  who  took  an  interest  in  him  that  saved 
him  from  disciplinary  punishments.  Chapu,  on 
the  contrary,  exact  and  methodical,  Avas  the 
slave  of  his  engagements.  The  smallest  favour 
that  he  had  to  ask  of  Schnetz  was  for  liim  the 
cause  of  long  hesitation.  Carpeaux,  cynical  in 
his  speech,  and  careless  in  his  demeanour,  liked 
to  rail  at  the  calm  and  regular  life  of  Chapu. 
Physically,  tliey  were  not  loss  dissimilar. 
Chapu  at  twenty-five  had  scarcely  a  hair  on 
his  face;  his  countenance  was  soft  and  good,  his 
expression  was  a  trifle  timid,  the  features  were 
little  defined,  he  was  short,  and  he  looked 
feeble.  Carpeaux,  on  the  contrary,  had  rough 
and  marked  features ;  his  eyes  opened  wide,  and 
had  a  bold  look,  almost  a  look  of  brutality  ;  the 
lower  part  of  his  face  disappeared  l)eneath  a 
mou.stache  and  a  pointed  little  beard  of  a  military 
cut." 


The  very  fine  bronze '  Semeur '  of  Chapupos- 
sessed  vigour  and  energy  of  a  rare  sort,  which 
resembled,  and  yet  contrasted  strongly  with, 
the  '  Pecheur  Napolitain,'  and  as  modern 
subjects  alike  treated  after  the  life,  without 
regard  to  artistic  conventions,  these  statues 
may  fairly  be  compared,  because  they  exactly 
represent  the  difference  between  artists  who, 
in  the  same  epoch,  occupied  a  place  in  the 
foremost  ranks  of  modern  art.  That  the 
one  was  a  pupil  of  Eude,  the  other  of 
Pradier,  may  have  had  something  to  do 
with  the  difference  in  their  works.  It  speaks 
well  for  the  freedom  and  indejDendence  of 
French  official  art  criticism  and  judgment 
that,  whereas  Carpeaux  gained  the  Prix  de 
Eome  in  1854,  Chapu  obtained  the  same 
distinction  in  the  year  following,  while 
Crauk  won  it  in  1851,  and  Falguiere  in 
1859. 


EASTERN   ARCHAEOLOGY. 

Annual  Progress  Report  of  the  Archceological 
Survey  Circle,  Korth-Western  Provinces  and 
Oiulh,  for  the  Year  ending  30th  June,  1S93. 
(Government  of  India,  Public  Works  Depart- 
ment.)— Thelabours  of  theArchteological  Survey 
of  India  are  not  half  sufficiently  known  or 
appreciated  in  England,  or  even  in  India.  The 
work  is  being  continuously  carried  on  by  highly 
qualified  explorers,  and  the  results  are  of  the 
greatest  value  to  the  historian,  the  archteologist, 
and  the  student  of  art.  Yet  the  re^jorts  in 
which  these  results  are  described  are  commonly 
relegated  to  the  top  shelf,  as  tliough  they  were 
ordinary  Blue  -  books  dealing  with  the  trade 
returns  of  Honolulu.  In  the  report  last  issued, 
dealing  with  the  work  ended  in  the  summer  of 
1893,  will  be  found  a  most  interesting  and  even 
picturesque  account  of  Dr.  Fixhrer's  explorations 
in  Rajputana  and  Central  India,  whither  he 
had  gone  to  collect  materials  for  his  fortlicoming 
volume  on  the  monumental  antiquities  and 
inscriptions  of  Rajputana,  &c.  He  describes 
the  various  places  he  visited — places  full  of 
associations  to  the  student  of  Indian  history 
and  the  reader  of  Tod's  '  Rajasthan  ' — with  an 
artist's  enthusiasm  and  considerable,  if  some- 
what ornate,  literary  skill  ;  and  if  we  were  to 
recommend  guide-books  to  an  intelligent  tourist 
in  Northern  India,  we  should  certainly  place  Dr. 
Fiihrer's  report  in  the  front  place.  (3f  Ajmere, 
for  example,  he  writes  : — 

"  It  is  surrounded  hy  ramparts  pierced  b,v  eight 
lofty  gates  built  by  Jahangir  in  the  modern  style  of 
Indian  architecture.  These  stone  walls  are  carried 
along  the  crest  of  the  neighbouring  hills  ou  cue  side 
and  join  the  citadel  of  Taragarh.  The  situation  is 
strikingly  beautiful :  to  the  north  lies  the  great  lake 
of  Annasagar,  entirely  surrounded  by  hills  ;  to  the 
left,  in  the  midst  of  a  lovely  open  valley,  the  large 
oblong  lake  of  VJsal  Deo,  containing  a  little  island 
covered  with  ruins  :  to  the  west  rises  the  lofty 
fortress  of  Taragarh,  backed  in  the  distance  by  the 
blue  hills  of  the  Naga  Pahar,  which  overlook  the 
holy  lake  of  Pushkara.  The  beauty  of  the  situation 
and  the  excellence  of  its  climate  soon  made  Ajmer 
the  favourite  resort  of  the  Emperors  of  Dehli,  and 
the  valley  became  filled  with  their  masjids,  palaces, 
and  gardens." 

Then  he  describes  the  great  mosque  called  "the 
Shed  of  Two-and-a-half  Days,"  the  finest  and 
largest  specimen  of  the  early  Mohammedan 
nia.sjid  in  India,  built  by  Altam.sh  in  A.n.  1200 
on  a  high  terrace  approached  by  a  wide  flight  of 
stone  steps  (now  disappeared) : — 

"The  aspect  of  these  ruins  is  very  picturesque  : 

bushy  trees  surrounding  the  base The  whole  of 

the  seven  noble  arches  of  the  screen-wall  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  grand  jtillared  cloisters  behind 
it  are  still  standing.  The  whole  of  the  exterior  is 
covered  with  a  network  of  tracery,  so  finely  and 
delicately  wrought  that  it  can  only  lie  compared  to 
fine  lace.  The  frames  of  the  entrance  gates  are 
formed  of  Toghra  letters,  carved  in  relief  ui)on  an 
arabesque  ground,  which  has  a  beautiful  effect. " 

It  was  here  that  were  found  engraved  on  marble 
portions  of  two  Sanskrit  plays,  one  of  which 


232 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


was  written  by  no  less  a  personage  than  King 
Vigraharaja  Deva  in  1153,  and  proves  that  the 
Hindu  sovereigns  of  that   time  were  eager  to 
compete   for    poetic    fame    with  Kalidasa   and 
Bhavabhuti.   "  It  shows  the  strange  vicissitudes 
of  fortune,"  as  Dr.  Fiihrer  sadly  comments, 
"  that  the  stones  on  which  a  royal  author,  who  could 
boast  of  having  repeatedly  exterminated  the  bar- 
barians (Turuihhas  or  Musalnians)   and  conquered 
all  the  lands  between  the  Vindhya  mountains  and 
the  Himalaya,  made  known  to  his  j)eople  the  pro- 
ducts of  his  muse,  should  have  been  used  as  com- 
mon building  material    for  a  i)lace  of    Musalrauu 
worship  by  the  conquerors  of  his  descendants." 
It  is  pitiful  to  read  with  what  little  respect  the 
ancient  monuments  of  Rajputana  are  treated  by 
the   present  chiefs.     At   Mandor,   the   ancient 
capital  of  Marwar,  there  are  elaborate  carvings 
in  bas-relief  on  some  red  sandstone  clihatris  or 
cenotaphs,  and  the  floors  are  made  up  of  the 
ruins  and  inscriptions  of  older  buildings  ;  yet 
these  precious  relics  are  the  homes  of  beggars 
and   pariah  dogs,  and  nothing  is  done  to  keep 
them  from  destruction.     In  Sirohi,  at  Dailwiirfi, 
the   "city  of  temples,"  are  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  extant  examples  of  Jain  architecture, 
of  the   eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century,   of 
which  Dr.  Fiihrer  justly,  if  Teutonically,  writes  : 
"These  two  temples  are  perfect  gems  of  Indian 
art  workmanship  and  monuments  of  the  architec- 
tural, plastic,  and  decorative  arts  based  on  sound 
principles  of  design  and  imbued  with  the  hereditary 
skill  of  the  artists,  and  preserved  to  us  from  the 
ravages  of  time  and  iconoclastic  tendencies  of  the 
Musalman  rulers  of  India.    They  indicate  the  splen- 
dour of  Indian  art,  and  true  art  feeling  in  the  Hindu 
artist,  at  a  period  of  history  anterior  to  the  estab*- 
lishment  of  the    Musalmaa  rule.  And   no  one  who 
wishes  well  to  the  indigenous  arts  and  liner  handi- 
crafts of  India  need  doubt  that  it  is  possible  to 
conserve  and  perpetuate  [them]." 

We  have  no  space  to  comment  on  Dr.  Fiihrer's 
interesting  record  of  his  researches  at  Udaypur, 
the  capital  of  Mewar,  with  its  splendid  palaces 
and  endless  monuments  of  the  domestic,  sacred, 
and  military  architecture  of  its  Ri'mas  ;    or  at 
Chitor,  the  home  of  Mira  Bai,  v/hose  romantic 
history  needs   no   telling  now  ;   or  at   Mandfi, 
with  its  Jami'  Masjid  and  the  tomb  of  Hoshang 
Ghori ;  or  at  Baz   Bahadur-ka-Mahal,   the  fair 
retreat  of  Rupmati.     All   these  places  abound 
in  interest  of  a  varied  kind,  and  Dr.  Fiihrer's 
rapid   sketch   of   their   principal   features    and 
monuments   will    be   useful    to    many   classes 
of  readers,  if  ever  it  gets  outside  the  charmed 
— or  fatigued — circle  of  the  professional  Blue- 
book    audience.      The   rest   of   the    report   is 
occupied   with    Mr.     E.     W.     Smith's   account 
of    his    survey    of     Akbar's     famous    city     of 
Fathpfxr   Sikri,    illustrated   by  some    excellent 
drawings   and   photographs  —  samples    merely 
of    the    exhaustive    series    which    will     repre- 
sent    every   part    of    the    noble    city    in    the 
complete    memoir    which    is    being    prepared. 
Scarcely  any   place   in    India   contains   such  a 
collection  of  beautiful  buildings  of  the  Moghul 
period  as  Fathpur  Sikri,  and  the  report  shows 
that  Mr.  Smith  is  preparing  a  minutely  detailed 
record  of  its  treasures.     It  is   enough  to   enu- 
merate the  tombs  of  Shaykh  Salim  Chishti,  in 
whose   honour  the   city   was   built,  and  of  his 
grand.son  Islam  Khan,  the  Governor  of  Bengal  ; 
the  great  Mosque  ;  the  Buland  Darwaza,  one  of 
the    highest    and  noblest  gates  in   the    world  ; 
and   the   Stonecutters'  Mosque,    Avhere    Salim 
Chishti  lived  as  a  hermit,  surrounded,  it  is  said, 
by  wild  beasts.     The  houses  of  Abu-l-Fazl  and 
his  brother  Faizi,  Akbar's  minister  and  intimate, 
the  historian    and  poet  of  the  age,   contain    a 
painted    ceiling    Avhich     has     unhappily    been 
damaged,    because   a  generation    wliich   kjiow.s 
not  the   '  Ain-i  Akbari  '  has  turned  its  author's 
study  into  a  kitchen.     It  is  now  to  be  converted 
into  a  Dak  bungalow,  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  paintings  will  be  preserved.     We  have  not 
too    many    examples    of     early     Moghul    art. 
Tracings  of  some  of   the  frescoes  at    Fatlii)ur 
Sikri  are  rei)roduced  at  the  end  of  the  report, 
and  seem,  as  Mr.   Smith  remarks,  to  strengthen 
the  idea  that  Akbar  employed  Chinese  artists, 


as  he  also  certainly  employed  pupils  of  the 
Jesuit  missions.  Altogether  there  is  much  in 
this  part  of  the  report  to  make  one  look  forward 
with  increased  interest  to  the  great  work  on  the 
architecture  of  Fathpur  Sikri,  which  Mr.  E.  W. 
Smith  has  sent  to  the  Government  Press. 

Under  the  title  of  Coin  Collecting  in  Northern 
India,  Mr.  C.J.  Rodgers,  "Honorary  Numisma- 
tist to  the  Government  of  India,"  has  reprinted 
(Pioneer  Press)  a  series  of  articles  which  have 
been  running  through  the  Pioneer  newspaper. 
A  supplementary  article  has  been  added,  together 
with  half  a  dozen  rough  lithographic  plates.  No 
one  now  living  has  enjoyed  a  longer  experience 
of  coin-hunting  in  India  than  Mr.  Rodgers, 
whose  thirty  years'  residence  at  Amritsar  has 
brought  to  his  knowledge  most  of  the  coinages 
of  Hindustan,  and  few  better  judges  of  Indian 
forgeries  exist.  As  the  preface  very  wisely 
remarks,  "Visitors  to  India  cannot  do  better 
than  consult  these  pages  before  purchasing 
'  Indian  portable  antiquities.'  "  The  tourist  and 
general  reader  will  find  much  to  interest  him  in 
Mr.  Rodgers's  account  of  his  experiences  among 
the  tables — or  rather  the  floors — of  the  money- 
changers and  the  seats  of  the  sarrdfa.  He 
writes  with  much  vigour  and  liveliness,  does  not 
mind  slang,  and  is  fond  of  a  grim  joke.  "  The 
interest  in  coins,"  he  says, 

"  is  a  natural  one.  We  all  toil  for  coins.  We  all 
si)eud  them.  We  all  curse  the  ever-lowering  price 
of  one  of  them.  Hence  it  is  only  natural  that  we 
should  be  interested  in  the  coins  of  other  days  and 
other  countries.  '  Coins  and  inscriptions,'  tays  a 
learned  author, '  tell  no  lies.'  I  am  not  quite  sure 
about  inscriptions,  for  I  have  read  many  grave- 
stones. About  the  coins  I  am  quite  as  sure  as  I  am 
about  the  grave-stones.  One  can  easily  sift  the  chaff 
and  get  out  the  wheat.  We  then  find  that,  in  India 
especially,  coins  and  inscriptions  inake  history,  and 
do  not  simply  illustrate  it." 

Though    curiously    expressed,    Mr.    Rodgers's 
meaning  is  clear  enough,   and   he   is   right   to 
insist  on  the  great  value  of  coins  as  materials 
j  for  history.      His   interesting    chapters  should 
1  lure  others  to  follow  his   hobby   and    become 
'  collectors,  and  though  written  with  a  popular 
j  object,  they  contain  not  a  few  notes  and  criti- 
!  cisms  by  which   even    the  experienced  numis- 
I  matist  may  profit.       The    bibliography  at   the 
j  end  is   nearly   useless,   as   it   omits  dates    and 
j  place    of    publication.       The     authors    of    the 
British  Museum  catalogues  are  not  even  men- 
tioned, possibly  because  they  have  not  accepted 
all  Mr.   Rodgers's — sometimes  rather  venture- 
some—theories. 

Materiaux pour  im  Corpus  Inscriptionnm  Ara- 

Incarum.      Par    Max  van  Bercheui. — Premiere 

Partie,    Egypte ;    Fasc.    I.,    Le  Caire.      (Paris, 

Leroux.) — M.    Max   van  Berchem,   of  Geneva, 

who  has    already  made   his    mark   by    several 

learned   and  original    essays  on   the    Saracenic 

architecture  of  Cairo,  has  now  embarked  upon 

a   voyage  of  exploration    in   one    of   the   most 

neglected,    yet   most    important    provinces    of 

Arabic  antiquities.     He  has  for  some  time  been 

endeavouring  to  awaken  the  scientific  world  to 

the   urgent  necessity  of  compiling  a  corpus  of 

Arabic  inscriptions,  as  complete  and  as  elaborate 

as    the   '  Corpus    Inscriptionnm    Semiticarum  ' 

which   is  in   process  of  publication,  but  which 

can  hardly  be  expected  to  reach   Mohammedan 

times  for  many  years  to  come.     We  believe  that 

M.  Barbier  de  Meynard  and   M.  Maspero  have 

brought  the  subject  before  the   Acade'mie  des 

Inscriptions,    and  it   is   to  be   hoped  that  tliat 

body    will    add    another   to    the    innumeral)le 

benefits  it  has  conferred  on  science  and  learning 

Ijy  suj)porting  with  its  great  influence  a  project 

wliich  promises  invaluable  results  for  the  study 

of  Oriental  history  and  antiquities.     The  merits 

of  the  scheme  reciuire  no  elaborate   arguments 

to    recommend    it    to  all    who    understand   the 

value  of  liistorical  documents.     Arabic  inscrij)- 

I  tions  form  an  irrefrag.able  source  for  names  and 

dates,  for  laws  and  administrative  edicts,  for  a 

'  multitude    of   {)riccless    data   in    the    mediteval 

'  liistory  of  the  East.     They  correct,  corroborate, 


and  supplemen  the  native  annalists.  Their  col- 
lection and  publication  by  competent  hands  is 
a  clear  duty,  and  will  form  a  title  to  the  grati- 
tude of  the  learned  world.  Meanwhile,  until 
the  '  Corpus '  can  be  definitely  begun,  M.  van 
Berchem  is  doing  his  best  to  gather  materials. 
He  has  already  collected  a  large  number  of  un- 
published inscriptions  in  Egypt  and  Syria,  and 
he  now  publishes  as  a  first  instalment  the 
results  of  his  researches  at  Cairo.  Prof. 
Mehren,  twenty-five  years  ago,  did  excellent 
work  in  this  direction  ;  but  his  '  Cahirah  og 
Kerafat '  was  confessedly  a  mere  preliminary 
survey,  and  much  remained  to  be  done.  M. 
van  Berchem  has  discovered  at  Cairo  some  three 
hundred  previously  unpublished  inscriptions, 
many  of  which  are  of  great  interest.  His  present 
volume  begins  with  the  inscriptions  on  the 
Nilometer  at  Roda,  the  earliest  of  which  go 
back  to  the  year  97  of  the  Hegira,  whilst  the 
latest  include  those  engraved  by  the  French 
army  in  an  ix.  r.p.  fr.,  with  the  names  of 
Bonaparte  and  Menou.  This  will  give  an  idea 
of  the  wide  range  of  Egyptian  epigraphy, 
and  the  value  of  such  records  for  chrono- 
logy and  the  history  of  Arabic  palaeography. 
The  Tulfinid  inscriptions  include  some  curious 
Shi'ite  invocations  from  the  tombs  of 
some  descendants  of  the  Caliph  Ali  in  the 
Southern  Karafa,  besides  the  well-known  in- 
scriptions of  the  great  mosque  of  Ibn-Tfdun, 
which  practically  tell  the  history  of  the  mosque 
and  its  restorations  and  additions  during  six 
centuries.  Among  the  curiosities  of  this  period 
is  a  wooden  panel  recording  the  legal  title  to  a 
shop,  dated  268  a.h.  (or  882  a.d.).  It  would 
hardly  commend  itself  to  a  Chancery  solicitor, 
perhaps  ;  but  its  meaning  is  clear  enough  : — 

"In  the  Name  of  God  the  Compassionate,  the 
Merciful.  Blessing  from  God  and  happiness  and 
prosperity.  This  shop,  with  all  its  rights  and  appur- 
tenances, its  basement  and  stories,  belongs  to 
Ismail  b.  Ramadan  b.  Mohammad  al-Kinani,  who 
acquired  it  in  full  ownership,  by  the  favour  and 
generosity  of  God,  in  liejeb  of  the  year  2G8." 

A  title  to  another  house  and  shop  is  more  com- 
plicated, for  it  assigns  twelve  parts  out  O'f 
twenty-four  to  a  certain  cobbler,  together  with 
all  rights  of  entrance  and  egress.  These  wooden 
panels  were  presumably  copies  of  the  original 
title-deeds,  intended  to  be  hung  over  the  shop, 
but  for  what  special  object  it  is  difiicult  to 
decide.  The  Fatimite  inscriptions  of  course 
comprise  a  long  series  from  the  Azhar  and 
Hakim  mosques,  as  well  as  the  great  inscription 
on  the  Gate  of  Succour  (Bab-en-Nasr),  in  which 
M.  van  Berchem  slightly  modifies  the  reading 
already  published  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Kay.  An  in- 
scription from  the  mosque  of  Talai  b.  Ruzzik, 
of  A.H.  555,  is  interesting  as  the  latest  example 
of  Kufic  writing  on  the  walls  of  Cairo.  Twelve 
years  later  the  Fatimite  Caliphs  gave  way  to 
Saladin  and  his  dynasty,  and  the  Ayyiibite 
Naskhy  character  came  into  vogue.  Of  Saladin 
we  have  the  inscription  on  the  old  west  gate  of 
the  citadel,  which  records  the  foundation  of  the 
fortress,  with  its  battlements  "  uniting  beauty  to 
utility  and  spaciousness  to  strength,  "by  "our  lord 
the  victorious  king  Salah-ed-din  Abu-1-Muzaffav 
Yusuf  .son  of  Ayydb,"  Ac.  This  is  the  earliest 
Na.skhy  inscription  of  Cairo,  and  is  a  valuable 
link  in  the  history  of  Arabic  writing  as  well  as 
a  priceless  historical  document.  The  last  monu- 
ment utilized  in  the  volume  is  the  ruined 
Medreseh  and  tomb  of  Es-Salih  Ayytib,  the 
grandnephew  of  Saladin.  Much  praise  is  due 
to  M.  van  Berchem  for  the  scholarly  manner  in 
which  he  has  edited  and  annotated  the  texts. 
His  method  and  minute  accuracy  may  well  be 
cited  as  exanqjles  to  all  editors  of  similar  docu- 
ments, and  his  bibliographical  apparatus  seems 
to  be  exhaustive.  Here  and  there  we  notice  a 
tentative  reading  wliich  may  fairly  be  disputed  ; 
but  the  whole  work  is  so  careful,  so  complete, 
and  withal  so  modest,  that  criticism  gives  place 
to  congratulation.  The  twenty-five  phototype 
plates  leave  something  to  be  desired  in  point  of 


N°  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


233 


clearness,  but  the  difficulty  of  photographinp; 
inscriptions,  and  squeezes  of  inscriptions,  is 
notorious.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  French 
Archseological  Mission,  which  is  doing  such 
admirable  work  for  mediosval  as  well  as  ancient 
Egyptian  archseology,  may  soon  find  room  for  a 
second  instalment  of  M.  van  Berchem's  con- 
tributions towards  a  '  Corpus  Inscriptionum 
Arabicarum.' 


THK   BRITISH   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION 
AT    STOKE-ON-TRENT. 

This  Association  entered  upon  its  fifty-second 
Congress  at  Stoke  on  Monday,  the  12th,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland.  Early 
in   the   afternoon    the    members    and    visitors 
nssembled  in  the  Council  Chambers  at  the  Town 
Hall,   when   the    mayor.  Alderman   Birks,   the 
town  clerk,  Mr.  J.  B.  Ashwell,  and  the  members 
of  the   Corporation  received  the  party   with  a 
cordial  welcome  to  the  ancient  town  ;  and  Mr. 
W.  S.  Brough,  speaking  on  behalf  of  the  North 
Staffordshire  Naturalists'  Field  Club  and  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  spoke  of  the  pleasure  which  had 
been  generally  felt  by  that  body  when  the  visit 
had  been  arranged.     Mr.  T.  Blashill,  in  reply, 
thanked  the  Corporation   and   the   Society  for 
their  good  wishes  and  hospitality,  and  said  that 
the  visitors  were  hoping  to  see  much  that  would 
interest  them,    and   were    glad    to   know   that 
there  was   a  large  body   of  antiquaries  in  the 
district  under  whose  guidance  full  and  complete 
information  as  to  the  antiquities  and  remains 
in  the  neighbourhood  would  be  afforded.     The 
party  then  proceeded,   under    the  guidance  of 
Mr.  C.  Lynam  and  Mr.  W.  D.  Spanton,  to  the 
parish    church,   where    the    mural   tablet    was 
pointed   out  containing    a    portrait   of    Josiah 
Wedgwood,    "who  converted,"  as   is  recorded 
in  the  inscription  beneath  it,  "a  rude  and  in- 
considerable manufacture  into  an  elegant  art. " 
In  the  churchyard  is  preserved  a  portion  of  an 
ancient  sculptured  cross,  thought  to  be  a  relic 
of  the  old  Saxon  church.    The  carving  is  of  good 
character,  being  different  on  each  of  the  four 
sides,  and  there  is  also  an  additional  point  of 
interest  in  the  fact  that  the  stone  has  been  cut 
down  and  altered  at  a  later  time  to  form  a  lintel 
of  a  doorway.     This,  perhaps  the  oldest  relic  in 
Stoke,  was  found  by  Mr.  Lynam  some  time  ago 
not  far  from  the  site  of  the  church.   The  arches, 
which  are  a.scribed  to  the  thirteenth  century, 
now  re-erected   in  the   churchyard,   the   altar- 
stone,   and   the  font  of  the  old    church    were 
pointed  out  as  they  stand  in  close  proximity  to 
the  present  church,  but  heavy  rain  prevented 
the  party  from  examining  these   objects  very 
closely.    The  party  tlien  were  conveyed  to  Bury 
Bank  Camp,  where  Mr.  Lynam  read  notes  on 
the  history  of  the  site,  showing  it  to  have  been 
a    Saxon   castle,   in   plan  an   irregular   ellipse, 
about   140    by   100    yards    in    diameter,    and 
enclosing    between    three    and    four    acres    of 
ground,  in   which   is   the   raised   mound,  with 
its  concomitant  vallum  and  fosse,  and  having 
its  entrance  on  the  north-west  side.     Plot,  the 
historian  of  Staffordshire,  appears  to  have  con- 
nected this  site  with  the  residence  of  Wlphere, 
king  of    Mercia,  and  there  is  evidence   which 
tends  to  show  that  WIpheres-ceaster,  mentioned 
in   an    early   chronicle,    may   have    been    this 
very  spot.     The  party  were  theu  conveyed  to 
Trentham     Hall,    and,    after     inspecting     the 
monuments    in    the    parish  church,    were  con- 
ducted  round  to  see  the  numerous  objects  of 
art  in  the  principal  rooms  of  this  stately  build- 
ing.    The  pictures    proved  a  great  attraction, 
and   among    other  objects  of   literary   interest 
there  was  shown  an  album  containing   a  fine 
collection    of    water  -  colour    drawings     by    T. 
Horner,  representing  views  in  Glamorganshire, 
executed    in    1819.     Trentham    has    been   fre- 
quently described,  and  formed  the  tlieme  of  an 
illustrated   account    by    the    late    S.    C.    Hall. 
F.S.A.,    and    Llewellynn    Jewitt,    F.S.A.,    in 
the  Art  Journal.     In  the  evening  tlare  was  a 
public  reception  in  the  A.ssembly  Room  of  the 


Town  Hall  by  Mr.  Wells  Bladen,  the  presi- 
dent, and  members  of  the  Field  Club,  after 
which  Mr.  W.  S.  Brough  read  an  inaugural 
address,  chiefly  dealing  with  the  prehistoric 
and  Roman  periods  of  the  life  of  the  town. 
He  recounted  a  theory  that  the  meaning  of 
Stafford  is  the  ford  that  may  be  crossed  with 
the  staff'  only  ;  but  we  fear  this  is  open  to  much 
controversy.  Mr.  A.  Scrivener  then  exhibited 
a  large  collection  of  photographic  slides  of  the 
principal  structural  objects  of  antiquity  in  the 
county. 

On  Tuesday  the  party  visited  the  Cistercian 
Abbey  of    Hulton,    A  which  no  vestiges  were 
known  before  1885,  when  some  excavations  at 
a    farmhouse    revealed    that    it   was    standing 
exactly  at  the  crossing  of  the  nave  and  tran- 
septs of  the  abbey  church.     The  Rev.  Walter 
Sneyd,  owner  of  the  site,  set  about  to  explore 
the  vestiges  thus  revealed,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  carved  stones  and  other  relics  were 
recovered.     Mr.  C.  Lynam  explained   the  plan 
of   the  abbey  buildings,   and  pointed  out  the 
position  of  the  ancient  fishponds,   fed  by  the 
mill-stream    not    far    away.       Several    of    the 
carvings    have    been  removed    to  Keele  Hall, 
the  seat    of    the  Sneyd    family,    among    them 
an    elegant    coffin    lid    of    a    member   of    the 
Audeley    family,   as    it    is  supposed.      In  one 
grave   which   was  laid  open  during  the  course 
of    the    operations    was    found    the    body    of 
a   lady    with   the    hair  quite  perfect   and   un- 
decayed.     A  similar  discovery  of  hair  unharmed 
by  a  much  longer  period  of  inhumation  may  be 
referred  to  among  the  Roman  graves  preserved 
in  the  York   Rluseum.     The    care  with  which 
certain  important  parts  of  the  foundations  here 
have  been  covered  up  in  small  chambers  in  the 
ground  fitted  with  iron  flaps,  whereby  inspection 
can  be  made  at  any  time,  is  a  very  praiseworthy 
point,  and  one  which  might  be  imitated  with 
advantage  in  many  other  places.     Leek  Church 
was  then  visited,  and  Mr.  Lynam  gave  a  long 
and  critical  account  of  his  investigations  into 
the  history  of  the  fabric,  which  possesses  many 
remarkable    features.      The   peculiarity  of   the 
stonework,  which  has  small  work  in  some  parts, 
contrasting  with    large  blocks   in  other  parts, 
was  discussed,  and  theories  were  advanced  to 
account  for  the  variety.     The  original  plan  of 
the  church  is  not  well  ascertained,  and  the  two 
large   rose  windows    in    the  north   and   south 
aisles — a  very  unusual  feature  in  a  church  with- 
out transepts — were  examined  with  attention. 
The  bases  of  the  walls  indicate  more  than  one 
level,  and  the  character  of  their  mouldings  varies 
considerably.     The    well-known  crosses  in  the 
churchyard  were  the  centres  of  much  attraction. 
Mr.  Lynam  considers  the  tall  cylindrical  shaft, 
from  which  the  arms  of    the  cross  at  the  top 
are  now  broken  off,  to  be  very  early  Norman 
or   slightly   pre-Norman   work.     This   shaft   is 
embellished  with  knot-work,  key-patterns,  and 
other  conventional  details  so  generally  found  on 
relics  of  this  class,  with  which  Staffordshire  has 
been  well  endowed.     The  sliaft  of  another  cross 
in  the  churchyard,  and  the  head  of  a  third  cross 
detached  from  its  shaft,  were  also  pointed  out. 
Two  interesting  sepulchral  slabs,  one  of  which 
bears  an  incised    patriarchal  cross,   have  been 
found    used    up    in    the   fabric   of  the   porch. 
Among   minor  details  of    interest    here  is  the 
rectangular  brass  to  the  memory  of  John  Ashen- 
hnrst  (who  died  October  20th,  1597),  his  four 
wives,  and  their  numerous  progeny.    Dieulacres 
Abbey,  the  next  place  of  visitation,  now  exists 
only  in    a    few  fragmentary  pillars,  and  some 
disjf)inted  fragments  of  carved  stone,  which  have 
been  used  to  ornament  the  walls  of  the    farm 
buildings  which  occuj)y  the  site  of  the  abbey. 
Here  lies  buried  beneath  the  roadway  the  heart 
of    Ranulph,   Earl    of    Chester.     The  Rev.   W. 
Beresford  described  the  principal  points  of  its 
history,  and  made  some  curious  remarks  upon 
the  etymology  of  the  neighbouring  district,  which 
he  considered  to  have  played  an  important  part 
in  the  history  of    the  Mercian  kingdom.     The 


party  were  then  conveyed  to  Rushton  Church, 
an  interesting  timber    edifice    of    very  limited 
dimensions,    built  with    massive   oaken  beams, 
which  give  the  visitor  the  idea  of  his  being  in 
the  hold  of  a  ship.     Some  parts  of  the  church 
have  been  referred  to  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  there  are  stones  outside  the  porch  which 
have  been  considered  to  belong  to  the  Druidic 
circle  which  stood  here   before  the  erection  of 
the  church.     Here,  too,  St.   Chad,  the  apostle 
of  Christianity  in  this  district,  preached  success- 
fully to  the  pagans  of  the  wilderness.     Some 
remarkable  grooves  in  the  side  beams  seem  to 
show  that  panels  of  oak  were  fixed  to  form  the 
outer  walls  of  the  original  building.     The  next 
halting  -  place  was   at    the  Bride    stones,   near 
Biddulph,    a   long    and   large   cist   of   unhewn 
stones,  forming  a  kind  of  boat-shaped  chamber 
or  grave,    with  monoliths    erect    set   about  it. 
Burnt  bones  and  other  fire-scarred  relics  indicate 
cremation  here.     The  unique  character  of  this 
ancient  objectxmarked  it  out  for  much  interest- 
ing examination  ;    but  as  there  is    nothing  of 
certain  record  concerning  it,  the  antiquary  is  left 
to  theories  and  conjectures  as  to  its  age  and 
use.     A  few   minutes    were    all    that  could  be 
devoted  to  the  inspection    of    the  old   hall  of 
Biddulph,   where  there  are    some    elegant  ex- 
amples of  stonework  of  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  some  being  of  a  remarkably  capricious 
character.    At  the  evening  meeting  three  papers 
were  read  :  (1)  On  '  Staffordshire  Folk-lore,'  by 
Miss  C.  S.  Burne,  who  showed  how   folk-tales 
resuscitated  the  dry  bones  of  prehistoric  archaeo- 
logy.      Staffordshire    affords     many    traces    of 
savage  thought  and   feelings  still   active,  such 
as  the  transformation  of  the  spirits  of  the  dead 
into  animals,   the  belief  in    elemental    spirits, 
and  the  power  of  woodland  spirits   to  avenge 
themselves  for  offences  committed  against  their 
cultus.    (2)  Rev.  W.  S.  Lach-Szyrma  contributed 
an  historical  paper  on  '  St.  Chad  and  Lichfield  '; 
and  (3)  Mrs.  Collier  a  paper  on  the  '  History  of 
the  'Town  and  Priory  of  Stone,'  celebrated  for 
its  two  ancient  martyrs,  Wlfad  and  Rufin,  the 
converts  of   Chad,  slain   by  their  father   King 
Wlphere  for  their  adherence  to  the  new  faith. 


the   CAMBRIAN   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION 
AT   LAUNCESTON. 

The  forty  -  ninth  annual  meeting  of  the 
Cambrian  Archaeological  Association  began  on 
Monday,  by  invitation  of  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion of  Cornwall,  at  Launceston.  The  situation 
of  Launceston,  near  the  borders  of  Corn- 
wall and  Devonshire  and  midway  between 
the  English  and  Bristol  Channels,  makes  it  an 
excellent  centre  for  archaeological  exploration. 
The  wild  districts  of  Dartmoor  on  the  west,  and 
the  similar  uncultivated  tracts  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Cheesewring,  where  the  same 
geological  granite  formation  occurs  on  the 
Cornish  side  of  the  Tamar,  are  strewn  with  a 
profusion  of  hut  circles,  enclosures,  menhirs, 
avenues,  stone  circles,  and  other  prehistoric 
remains.  Besides,  a  large  number  of  early 
Christian  inscribed  monuments  and  crosses 
with  Hiberno-Saxon  ornament  are  to  be  found 
within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles  of  Launceston  ; 
while  the  numerous  parish  churches,  although, 
perhaps,  not  so  generally  interesting  as  those 
in  other  parts  of  England,  possess  features 
characteristic  of  the  locality,  and  mediajval 
military  architecture  is  represented  by  the 
castles  of  Launceston  and  Tintagel.  Excur- 
sions to  the  north  coast  of  Cornwall,  which 
a  few  years  ago  could  not  be  made  in  one 
day  from  Launceston,  are  now  rendered  easy 
in  consequence  of  the  recent  opening  of  the 
London  and  South- Western  Railway  as  far  as 
Wadebridge. 

A  committee  meeting  of  the  Cambrian 
Archaiological  Association  was  held  for  the 
transaction  of  private  business  on  Monday, 
l)ut  the  real  work  of  tlie  week  commenced 
with  the  excursion  on  Tuesday,  the  1.3th,  to 
Tintagel.     A  party  of  about  fifty  assembled  at 


234 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3538,AuG.  17  '95 


9.20  A. 51.  at  the  London  and  South- Western 
Railway  station,  and  were  conveyed  by  train  to 
Caraelford,  where  carriages  were  ready  to  drive  to 
Tintagel,  making  a  slight  detour  to  visit  Lante- 
glos,  Worthyvale,  and  Waterpit  Down.  The  party 
were  led  throughout  the  day  Ijy  the  Rev.  W. 
lago,  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Institution  of 
Cornwall,  who  proved  an  excellent  director  in 
every  way,  although  he  would  allow  no  disputa- 
tions over  his  readings  of  anything  in  the  shape 
of  an  inscription. 

Lanteglos  Church  is  a  good  example  of  the 
usual  Cornish  typo,  having  a  nave  and  chancel 
of  the  same  width  throughout,  and  aisles  extend- 
ing the  full  length  of  the  building.  It  is  worthy 
of  a  visit,  more  on  account  of  its  charmingly 
secluded  position  in  a  beautifully  wooded  dell 
than  because  of  its  architectural  merit.  The 
well-known  Anglo-Saxon  syhstel,  as  it  is  called 
in  the  inscrijjtion,  which  ^^Iselth  and  Genereth 
erected  for  the  soul  of  ^Elwyne  and  for  their 
own  souls,  received  a  considerable  amount  of 
attention.  The  Rev.  W.  lago  translated  sybstel 
as  family  pillar,  or  stele,  and  mentioned  that  the 
name  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  of  Tintagel  at 
the  time  of  Domesday  Book  was  ^-Elwyne.  This 
inscription  is  remarkable  as  not  being  in  Latin, 
but  in  the  vernacular,  and  as  containing  forms 
of  Saxon  letters  found  more  often  in  the  MSS. 
than  cut  on  stones.  Another  inscribed  stone 
of  considerably  earlier  date  was  inspected  at 
Worthyvale,  and  an  inscribed  and  ornamented 
cross-shaft  on  Waterpit  Down.  The  latter  was 
for  a  long  time  in  use  as  a  pivot  for  the  vertical 
shaft  of  a  horse  threshing  machine  to  turn  in 
at  Trekeek  Farm.  It  is  now  erected  in  its  old 
base  by  the  roadside. 

The  rest  of  the  day  was  devoted  to  the 
examination  of  Tintagel  Church  and  Castle. 
The  history  of  the  castle  and  its  associations 
with  King  Arthur  are  too  well  known  to  be 
repeated  here.  The  Rev.  W.  lago  has  recently 
discovered  a  Roman  inscribed  stone  in  Tintagel 
churchyard,  which  has  since  been  placed  within 
the  church.     The  letters  on  it  appear  to  read — 

IMP      c     G 

VA 

Lie   LICIN 

The  only  other  Roman  inscription  in  Cornwall 
is  at  St.  Hilary. 

Standing  in  front  of  the  Wharncliffe  Arms 
Hotel  at  Trevena  is  a  Saxon  cross,  erected  to 
the  memory  of  ^Inat.  This  and  the  Lanteglos 
sybstel  seem  to  indicate  that  there  was  more 
Saxon  than  Irish  influence  in  this  part  of 
Cornwall  in  the  century  or  two  immediately 
before  the  Con(]uest. 

An  evening  meeting  was  held  in  the  Guild- 
hall at  Launceston,  at  which  the  Mayor  wel- 
comed the  members  as  visitors  to  the  town  on 
behalf  of  the  Corporation.  Mr.  John  D.  Enys, 
President  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall, 
spoke  on  behalf  of  the  body  over  which  he 
presides,  and  the  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould  spoke 
for  the  local  committee.  The  President,  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Halsbury,  was  prevented  from 
attending  by  his  parliamentary  duties,  and  his 
inaugural  address  was,  in  his  absence,  read  by 
the  Secretary.  Prof.  Sayce  made  some  very  sug- 
gestive and  valuable  remarks  with  regard  to  the 
Phoenicians  and  the  tin  trade.  He  mentioned 
that  a  beautiful  amber  ornament,  studded  with 
gold  rivets,  had  been  found  in  a  round  barrow 
of  the  Vjronze  age  in  Cornwall,  showing  that 
there  must  have  been  a  trade  route  between  this 
country  and  the  Baltic  at  a  very  early  period. 
Amber,  he  said,  was  also  found  in  places  where 
the  Pluiunicians  had  settled  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  He  argued,  therefore,  that 
the  tin  was  not  carried  from  Cornwall  to 
Phcenicia  entirely  by  sea,  but  probably  was 
taken  eastward  over  land,  then  across  the  sea 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  and  thence  by  an 
amber  trade  route  to  the  south.  Thus  only 
could  he  account  for  the  fact  that  there  was  so 
little  trace  of  Mediterranean  art  culture  in  this 
country,  because  the  influence  must  have  been 


greatly  lessened  by  the  circuitous  nature  of  the 
trade  route  for  tin. 


The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  N.  N.  Solly, 
who  wrote  '  A  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  David 
Cox,'  and  in  1873  published  it  with  photo- 
graphic illustrations  ;  in  1875  he  likewise  pub- 
lished '  A  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  W.  J.  Miiller.' 
Beyond  that  sort  of  enthusiasm  which  makes  a 
man  industrious  and  often  disturbs  the  balance 
of  his  judgment,  Mr.  Solly  had  no  special 
qualifications  for  these  tasks.  He  was  born  in 
1811,  and  died  on  the  8th  inst. 

We  regret  to  record  the  death  on  the  9th 
inst.,  and  in  his  seventy-fourth  year,  of  Mr. 
James  Leathart,  of  Bracken-Dene,  Gateshead, 
and  of  Newcastle  -  on  -  Tyne,  one  of  the  most 
judicious  and  tasteful  collectors  of  pictures  in 
the  north  of  England,  whose  possessions  formed 
the  subject  of  '  The  Private  Collections  of 
England,'  No.  II.  {Athen.  No.  2394,  September 
13th,  1873).  They  are  (for  although  some  of 
them  have  passed  to  public  galleries,  such  as 
that  of  Birmingham,  many  still  adorn  the  walls 
of  Bracken-Dene)  almost  entirely  the  works  of 
living  or  recently  deceased  artists — paintings 
of  a  decided  and  high  character,  by  men  whose 
reputations,  great  as  they  now  are,  may  outlast 
the  fashions  of  the  hour,  and  represent  to  pos- 
terity the  most  living,  poetical,  and  accomplished 
artistic  developments  of  this  age  and  country. 
The  gallery  comprises  some  of  the  best  works 
of  Rossetti,  F.  Madox  Brown,  Albert  Moore, 
P.  I'.  Poole,  R.  B.  Martineau,  Mark  Anthony, 
David  Scott,  Sir  J.  E.  Millais,  Sir  F.  Leighton, 
Sir  E.  Burne-Jones,  and  Mr.  W.  Holman  Hunt. 

The  Louvre  has  obtained  a  very  fine  portrait 
of  a  young  man,  painted  by  Palamedes,  dated 
1655,  and  given  to  the  French  nation  by  M. 
Sedelmeyer.  LTntil  now  the  Louvre  possessed 
no  picture  by  this  master.  A  small  salon  has 
been  opened  in  this  palace  in  which  are  installed 
some  English  pictures,  including  a  very  good 
Wilson. 

We  are  not  aware  that  any  attempt  has 
hitherto  been  made  to  form  a  classified  collec- 
tion of  representations  in  facsimile  of  the  Egyp- 
tian hieroglyphs.  This  useful  work  has  lately 
been  inaugurated  by  Prof.  Flinders  Petrie  for 
the  use  of  the  students  of  his  class  at  University 
College,  Gower  Street.  It  is  intended  to  include 
in  the  series  water-colour  paintings  of  the  hiero- 
glyphic characters  of  all  periods,  drawn  straight 
from  the  monuments.  Prof.  Petrie  has  entrusted 
Miss  F.  Paget  (a  niece  of  the  late  Rev.  Greville 
Chester,  who  rendered  such  valuable  service  to 
the  knowledge  of  Egyptian  art)  with  the  task 
of  executing  the  paintings. 

In  Rome  the  excavations  round  the  Colosseum 
have  brought  to  light  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
portico  which  formed  part  of  the  facade  of  the 
Baths  of  Titus. 

At  Delphi  a  head  of  Hera  has  been  discovered 
of  archaic  period,  and  the  head  of  a  bull,  both 
almost  uninjured. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  M.  Miintz  made  some  inteiesting 
criticisms  upon  the  recent  exhibition  of 
"swords  of  honour  "  at  Berlin,  and  the  mono- 
graph of  Dr.  Lessing  upon  these  Ehrendegcn. 
He  has  succeeded,  after  diligent  researches,  in 
the  discovery  of  the  price  of  several  of  these 
"  gala- weapons,"  as  he  calls  them,  and  also  the 
names  of  the  goldsmiths  by  whom  they  were 
wrought.  The  sword  and  hat  which  the  Duke 
of  Anjou  received  from  Pope  Urban  V.  in  13G5 
cost  324  gold  gulden.  In  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury tiie  Popes  began  to  be  more  economical. 
Alexander  VI.  spent  only  80  gulden  upon  a 
sword  of  honour,  but  the  cost  rose  nearly  to  the 
old  level  under  Paul  III.,  250  gulden  in  one 
instancCjWhilc  he  afterwards  surpassed  Urban  V  , 
for  ujjon  a  sword,    hat,  and  girdle    of  honour 


he  spent  340  gold  gulden.  The  last  Papal  sword 
of  honour  with  hat  was  bestowed  in  1825  on  a 
French  prince,  the  Duke  of  Angouleme.  Since 
that  period  the  sword  and  hat  of  honour  always 
figure  in  the  Papal  Chapel  at  the  feast  of 
Christmas,  near  the  altar ;  but  they  are  not  con- 
ferred upon  any  one,  but  serve  only  to  preserve 
the  memory  of  an  ancient  custom.  The  Golden 
Rose,  on  the  other  hand,  has  maintained  itself 
in  use  until  our  own  day,  perhaps  because 
women,  instead  of  men,  are  distinguished  by  this 
Papal  gift.  M.  Miintz  has  tracked  down  the 
history  of  some  twenty  swords  of  honour  in 
the  public  museums  and  private  collections  of 
Italy,  Germany,  Austria,  England,  Scotland, 
and  Switzerland,  and  has  searched  for  the 
names  of  the  artists  in  the  archives  of  the 
Vatican.  He  has  found  that  the  swords  in 
the  museums  of  Edinburgh  and  Vienna  and 
the  City  Library  of  Zurich  were  the  work  of 
Domenico  Sutri,  goldsmith  to  Julius  II. 


MUSIC 


GREEK   MUSIC. 

In  an  article  that  has  just  appeared  in  the 
Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Helleniqne,  MM. 
Henri  Weil  and  Theodore  Reinach  have  put 
together  all  the  scraps  of  music  found  at  Delphi, 
and  made  them  into  a  couple  of  hymns.  The 
first  of  these  was  published  in  a  somewhat  dif- 
ferent shape  a  year  ago,  and  received  its  share 
of  criticism.     The  second  is  substantially  new. 

M.  Reinach  has  transci^ibed  this  second  hymn 
into  the  modern  notation  for  performance  on  the 
pianoforte  and  other  instruments  with  keys. 
And  if  a  transcript  was  demanded  for  this 
purpose,  nothing  better  could  be  done.  But 
he  might  have  given  the  reader  a  hint  that  such 
a  transcript  must  distort  the  music. 

The  ancient  notation  was  arranged  for  one- 
and-twenty  notes  within  the  octave,  each  of  the 
seven  original  notes  being  followed  by  two  sup- 
plementary notes.  Let  us  call  them  a,  Oi,  a^, 
h,  6i,  h,  c,  Ci,  Co,  d,  di,  d.^,  e,  fj,  Co, /,  /i,  /o)  9t 
g^,  (/.,.  The  notes  that  occur  in  the  hymn  are 
o,  a'l,  a.,,  b,  b^,  d,  rfj,  c,  Ci,  g.  In  the  tran- 
script a  is  treated  as  a,  %  as  b  fiat,  a.,  as  B, 
b  as  B,  fcj  as  c,  d  as  D,  di  as  E  flat,  e  as  e,  e^  as  F, 
g  as  G. 

Thus  the  transcript  actually  gives  b  for  a-2  as 
well  as  b,  and  would  have  to  give  d,  e,  g,  and  a 
for  Co,  cL,  /o,  and  ^o  as  well  as  d,  c,  g,  and  a,  in 
case  those  notes  occurred.  Similarly,  it  would 
have  to  give  c  and  f  for  c  and  /  as  well  as  b^  and 
Cj.  And  it  implies  that  d  flat  would  stand  for 
b-2  and  Ci,  and  G  flat  for  Cj  and/i. 

Yet  the  ancients  seem  to  have  distinguished 
their  notes  most  carefully.  Take  cu  and  b,  for 
example.  In  the  Hypo-Lydian  chromatic  scale 
the  third  note  of  the  conjunct  tetrachord  is  Oo, 
while  tlie  first  note  of  the  disjunct  tetrachord 
is  6.  But  in  the  Hypo-xEolian  chromatic  scale 
both  these  notes  are  a...  And  such  a  variation 
would  be  meaningless  if  Oo  and  b  were  both  of 
theni  equivalent  to  b. 

This  point  affects  the  seven  supplementary 
notes  that  have  the  suftix  o,  and  two  of  those 
that  have  the  suflix  j.  The  transcript  supposes 
that  these  nine  were  interchangeable  with  others, 
and  practically  ejects  them  from  the  list.  As 
for  the  remaining  twelve,  a,  rtj,  b,  c,  Ci,  d,  dj,  e, 
f,  /",,  g,  (/„  it  supposes  that  they  represent  the 
twelve  notes  of  the  tempered  scale,  where  every 
note  is  placed  a  semitone  above  the  note  below. 

Yet  the  Greeks  knew  nothing  of  the  tempered 
scale.  In  place  of  twelve  mean  semitones  of 
100  they  had  two  of  "90,  five  of  "99,  and  five 
of  1  05.*  But  that  was  only  in  the  simplest 
scales  of  all.  And  here  the  presence  of  cu  with 
Oo,  and  then  of  bi  and  c„  is  an  indication  of  one 
of  the  more  complicated  forms  of  the  chromatic 
scale,  or  possibly  the  enharmonic.  

*  For  the  evidence  on  wliieli  I  bnso  that  statement  I  must 
refer  the  reader  to  an  article  of  mine  in  the  curreut  number 
of  the  New  Quarterly  Musical  lieview. 


N**  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


235 


Now,  suppose  that  the  notes  of  the  hymn 
were  arranged  according  to  the  scheme  of 
Archytas,  as  given  in  Ptolemy's  'Harmonics,' 
i.  13.  The  following  row  of  figures  will  show 
the  diflerence  of  pitch  between  each  pair  of 
notes  : — 


■63         40 

b 

0>        63 

b. 

cai 

d 

■63 

di      e 

111       -03 

^^.■a^2 

a 

04 

Compare    this 
the  transcript  : — 

wi 

th 

the 

scheme 

adopted 

in 

100         100 

100 

hi 

2  00 

d 

100 

di      e 

itx)    IOC 

ci       g 

2  00        2 

a 

00 

With  that  arrangement  of  the  notes  the  hymn 
assumes  another  character.  There  is  all  the 
difference  in  the  world  between  ascending  from 
a  to  a,,  a.,,  and  b  by  three  steps  of  "63  and  '49 
and  "92,  and  ascending  to  Oj  and  a.^  by  two  steps 
of  I'OO  and  100,  and  then  repeating  o-  as  b. 

Of  course  I  should  not  venture  to  assert  that 
this  piece  of  music  followed  the  rules  of  Archy- 
tas. Only  it  may  have  followed  them  ;  and  if 
it  did  not,  it  must  have  followed  some  others  of 
that  sort.  It  cannot  have  followed  the  rules 
adopted  in  the  transcript,  for  they  are  wholly 
modern.  Cecil  Tokk. 

DR.    G.    F.    ROOT. 

Intellige>'ce  has  reached  this  country  of  the 
sudden  death,  at  Bailey's  Island,  Maine,  U.S., 
on  the  6th  inst. ,  of  Dr.  George  Frederick  Root, 
an  American  musician,  who  during  a  long  and 
eventful    life    gained    fame    as     a     composer, 
teacher,   conductor,   organizer    of   conventions, 
and  music  publisher.     The  bare  list  of  English 
reprints  of  his  works,  indeed,  covers  no  fewer 
than  twenty-four  pages  in  the  Catalogue  of  the 
British  Museum.     Dr.  Root,  who  was  born  in 
1820  in   Massachusetts,  was  a  labourer  on  his 
father's  farm  till  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age, 
when  he  went  to  Boston  to  study  music,  after- 
wards proceeding  to  New  York,  and  finally,  in 
1850,  to  Paris.     It  is  typical  of  the  man  that 
two  years  after  he  began  his  studies  at  Boston, 
his    teacher    Johnson,    recognizing    his     great 
abilities,  took  him  into    partnership.      On  his 
return   from  the   French    capital    Dr.    Root's 
career  as    a  composer    began,   and    his    songs, 
'Hazel    Dell,'   'Rosalie,    the  Prairie    Flower,' 
''The    Vacant    Chair,'    and    "Just  before    the 
battle,   mother,"  have    been   popular   on    both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic  for  upwards  of  thirty  years. 
Dr.    Root    was    also    the     acknowledged    war 
musician  of  the  Federal    army.      His   '  Battle 
Cry  of  Freedom,'  first  sung  by  the  Hutchinson 
family  at  the  great    mass    meeting   in    Union 
Square,  New  York,  in  1801,  was  the  Northern 
reply  to  T.  F.  Seward's  famous  "Rally  round 
the    flag,   boys,"   while    his    "Tramp,    tramp, 
tramp,   the  boys  are    marching,"  was  adopted 
by  the  Federal  army,  and  has  since,  curiously 
enough,    become  the   melody   of    the    Nation- 
alist song,  '  God  save  Ireland. '     Dr.  Root,  how- 
ever,  did  far  more  useful  work  for  music.     In 
1852  he,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Lowell  Mason, 
founded     the     first    of     the     Normal    Musical 
Institutes  in  New  York.  These  institutes,  which 
are  now  numerous,  were  designed  to  give  counsel 
and  instruction  to  those  desirous  of  entering  the 
profession  as  teachers.     In   1860  he  started  as 
a  music  publisher  in   Chicago,  in    partnership 
with  Mr.   Cady,   and  one  of  his  Church  music 
books,  'The  Triumph,' issued  in  1868,  paid,  it 
is  said,  in  three  years  a  profit  of  over  10,000/. 
In  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871  the  firm  lost  all  their 
stock,  declared  to  be  worth  40,000/.     Mr.  Cady 
then  went  to  New  York   and  Dr.  Root  retired 
from  business,  afterwards  transferring  his  copy- 
rights   to     the     John     Church   Company,     of 
Cincinnati.  His  '  Shining  Shore  '  is  .still  popular 
with  Sunday  schools,  while  among  his  collec- 
tions of  Church  and  Sunday-school  music  '  The 
■Sabbath  Bell,'  'Diapason,' and   'Pure  Delight' 
are  well  known  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 
Dr.  Root,  who  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Mus.Doc.  in  1881  from  the  University  of  Chicago, 
was  at  the  time  of  his  death  about  to  celebrate 
his  golden  wedding,  his  wife,  ne'e  Mary  Olive 


Woodman,  whom  he  married  in  his  early  Boston 
days,  being  a  lady  of  remarkable  musical  and 
literary  abilities. 


There  was  more  of  earnest  effort  than  of 
artistic  fulfilment  in  the  inauguration  of  the 
series  of  promenade  concerts  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Robert  Newman  at  the  Queen's  Hall 
last  Saturday.  No  fault  could  be  found  with 
a  programme  that  included  Wagner's  '  Rienzi ' 
Overture,  Liszt's  'Hungarian  Rhapsody,'  No.  4, 
Thomas's  '  Mignon  '  Overture,  Cyrill  Kistler's 
Chromatic  Concert  Waltzes,  and  nothing  what- 
ever that  could  be  described  as  vulgar  or  mere- 
tricious. Kistler's  waltzes,  founded  on  themes 
from  his  comic  opera  '  Eulenspiegel,'  are,  if  not 
beautiful,  ingenious  and  effectively  scored.  The 
constant  employment  of  sections  of  the  chro- 
matic scale  has  a  novel  and  curious  effect.  The 
management  has  been  rather  parsimonious  as 
regards  the  orchestra.  The  strings  certainly 
need  reinforcement  ;  and  if  this  cannot  be  done, 
Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood,  who  is  an  energetic  and 
skilful  conductor,  should  direct  his  brass  and 
percussion  to  moderate  their  zeal,  as  the  proper 
balance  of  tone  on  the  opening  night  was  not 
secured.  Moreover,  it  was  inartistic  to  permit 
vocal  selections  from  the  operas  of  Gounod, 
Saint-Saens,  and  Leoncavallo  to  be  accompanied 
on  a  pianoforte,  the  orchestra  remaining  silent. 
There  was  nothing  of  special  note  in  the  pro- 
gramme of  the  first  so-called  "classical  "  night 
on  Wednesday.  Fair  interpretations  were  given 
of  Schubert's  '  U^nfinished '  Symphony  in  b 
minor,  Beethoven's  'King  Stephen  '  Overture, 
and  Weber's  to  '  Der  Freischiitz  ';  but  there 
were  no  instrumental  solos. 

The  tour  of  the  Carl  Rosa  Company  will 
commence  at  Dublin  next  Monday.  We  last 
week  gave  a  list  of  the  troupe.  During  the 
first  six  days  of  the  season  the  management 
propose  to  mount  in  English  no  fewer  than 
eight  operas,  viz.,  'Carmen,'  'Faust,'  'Hansel 
and  Gretel,'  '  Cavalleria  Rusticana,'  'Der  Frei- 
schiitz,' 'La  Fille  du  Regiment,'  'Trovatore,' 
and  'Son  and  Stranger.'  The  last-mentioned 
work  is  doubtless  Chorley's  version  of  Men- 
delssohn's '  Heimkehr  aus  der  Fremde,'  pro- 
duced in  English  at  the  Haymarket  in  1851, 
with  Madame  Bodda-Pyne  in  the  chief  part. 

We  understand  that  the  works  to  be  per- 
formed during  the  coming  season  by  the  Royal 
Choral  Society  at  the  Albert  Hall  are  'Elijah,' 
'Messiah,'  'Creation,'  'Israel  in  Egypt,'  'Judas 
Maccabteus,'  'Redemption,'  'St.  Paul,' Berlioz's 
'Faust,'  and  probably  also  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's 
'Invocation  to  Music' 

The  late  Benjamin  Godard's  opera  '  La 
Vivandiere ' — the  last  two  acts  of  which,  left 
unfinished  by  the  composer,  have  been  orches- 
trated by  M.  Paul  Vidal — has,  it  is  reported  on 
good  authority,  been  secured  by  Sir  Augustus 
Harris  for  the  next  season  atCovent  Garden.  The 
part  of  the  heroine  Marion,  recently  undertaken 
at  the  Paris  Op^ra  Comique  by  Mile.  Delna, 
will  in  London  be  sung  by  Madame  Calve'.  The 
librettist  is  M.  Henri  Cain,  author  of  the  book 
of  '  La  Navarraise,'  and  the  opera  is  again  upon 
a  military  subject,  though  in  three  acts.  "The 
period  is  that  of  the  French  Revolution,  in 
which  father  and  son  take  different  .sides,  only 
by  accident  avoiding  a  meeting  on  the  field  of 
battle.  The  father — a  Royalist,  who  when  his 
son  become^  a  Republican  disinherits  the  young 
man  and  turns  his  Jiance'e  out  of  doors — is  even- 
tually captured,  but  escapes  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  the  good-hearted  vivandiere.  In 
Paris  the  two  pathetic  situations  in  the  second 
act  have  been  particularly  appreciated.  In  the 
one,  Jeanne,  the  f(mce'e,  is  teaching  the  rough- 
tongued  army  follower  a  prayer,  and  in  the 
other  an  illiterate  boy  bugler  begs  the  rirrni- 
diere  to  read  to  him  the  farewell  letter  which  he 
has  just  received  from  his  aged  mother. 


The  French  Government  have  commissioned 
various  sculptors  to  provide  a  series  of  marble 
busts  of  distinguished  musicians  to  be  placed  in 
the  lobbies  of  the  Paris  Grand  Opera.  That  of 
Madame  Malibran  has  been  entrusted  to  M. 
Callot,  that  of  Gounod  to  M.  Corbel,  that  of 
Berlioz  to  M.  Feinberg,  and  that  of  Carafa  to 
M.  Frere.  It  seems  also  that  Fontenelle,  the 
celebrated  eighteenth-century  operatic  librettist, 
is  to  be  similarly  honoured,  a  bust  of  him  being 
entrusted  to  M.  Le'on  Pilet. 

M.  NiKi.scH  has  now  definitely  resigned  the 
post  of  conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  at  Buda- 
Pesth,  and  his  resignation  has  been  accepted, 
his  duties  terminating  on  the  1st  inst.  M. 
Nikisch  will  henceforward  reside  principally  in 
Berlin,  where  he  will  conduct  the  local  Phil- 
harmonic concerts,  but  he  will  probably  j^ay  one 
or  more  visits  to  England  in  the  course  of  the 
year. 


DRAMA 


A  New  Variorum  Edition  of  Shah' ^2)0 are. 
Edited  by  Horace  Howard  Furness. — 
Vol.  X.  A  Midsommer  JViffhfs  Dream. 
(Philadelpiiia,  Lippincott  Co.) 
In  adding  '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream ' 
to  his  handsome  and  authoritative  '  Variorum 
Shakespeare '  Mr.  Furness  has  been  con- 
fronted with  fewer  difficulties  than  met  him 
in  the  preceding  volumes.  Of  no  other 
drama  of  Shakspeare  do  we  possess  texts  of 
greater  or  of  equal  value.  A  consensus  of 
editors  bears  testimony  to  the  condition  in 
which  the  text  has  reached  us.  Knight 
first  showed  definitely  the  excellency  and 
accuracy  of  the  folios  and  quartos.  His 
words,  quoted  by  the  latest  editor,  establish- 
ing that  the  original  of  these  quarto  editions 
was  printed  from  a  genuine  cojiy  and  care- 
fully superintended  through  the  press,  are  : 
"The  text  appears  to  us  as  perfect  as  it  is 
possible  to  be,  considering  the  state  of  typo- 
graphy of  that  day.  There  is  one  remarkable 
evidence  of  this,  'i'he  Prologue  to  the  interlude 
of  the  Clowns  in  the  Fifth  Act  is  purposely 
made  inaccurate  in  its  punctuation  throughout. 
The  speaker  '  does  not  stand  upon  points.'  It 
was  impossible  to  have  effected  the  object 
better  than  by  the  punctuation  of  [Q-]  ;  and  this 
is  precisely  one  of  those  matters  of  nicety  in 
which  a  printer  would  have  failed,  unless  he 
had  followed  an  extremely  clear  copy  or  his 
proofs  had  been  corrected  by  an  author  or  an 
editor." 

Subsequent  editors  have  accepted  this  view, 
inspiring  thus  some  curiosity  (never  presum- 
ably to  be  gratified)  as  to  the  cause  of  this 
exceptional  good  fortune  on  the  part  of  the 
play  and  the  identity  of  the  corrector  or 
editor.  That  the  folios  must  have  been 
printed  from  a  stage  or  acting  copy  is 
proved  by  the  direction,  V.  i.  134  Furness, 
V.  i.  125  Cambridge  ed.,  "Tawj-er  with  a 
Trumpet  before  them."  For  "  Tawyer  " 
Collier's  amended  folio  substituted  plausibly 
Presenter.  Tawyer  was,  however,  the  name 
of  a  subordinate  in  the  pay  of  Heming, 
whose  burial  as  "Mr.  Heminges  man"  Hal- 
liwell-Phillipps  discovered  in  the  records  of 
St.  Saviour's,  and  who  doubtless  played  upon 
this  occasion  the  part  of  the  presenter. 

Mr.  Furness's  notes  are  numerous  and 
satisfactory.  His  fidelity  to  the  first  folio 
is  unfailing  and  exemplary.  "When  a  mis- 
take so  obvious  is  made  as  the  substitution 
of  "grizy"  for  grizhj,  it  is  preserved  in 
the  text,  and  tlie  emendation  of  the  sub- 
sequent foUos  and  the  quartos    is  printed 


236 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N»  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 


in  a  foot-note.  This  is,  of  course,  the  only 
plan  to  be  adopted,  the  slight  difficulty  to 
general  readers  involved  in  its  maintenance 
being  more  than  balanced  by  the  gain  to 
students.  Mr.  Furness's  estimate  of  the 
value  of  the  three  important  texts  is  that 
Fisher's  registered  quarto,  mentioned  as  the 
first  quarto,  has  the  better  text  and  inferior 
typography.  The  second  and  unregistered 
quarto  corrects  some  of  the  errors  in  the 
first,  "  is  superior  to  it  in  stage  directions, 
in  spelling,  and  occasionally  in  the  division 
of  lines,  but  is  inferior  in  punctuation." 
The  first  folio  was  printed  from  a  stage  or 
prompter's  copy  of  the  second  quarto.  The 
supposition  that  we  may  recognize  now 
and  then  in  the  corrections  the  hand  of  the 
author  is  nothing  more  than  a  bare  possi- 
bility. The  idea,  first  started  by  Chetwood, 
of  a  third  quarto,  Mr.  Furness  in  common 
with  Mr.  Aldis  "Wright  deliberately  scouts. 

In  dealing  with  the  date  of  composition, 
and  in  some  other  places,  the  latest  editor, 
though  sensible  of  the  service  Mr.  Fleay 
has  rendered  to  our  knowledge  of  Shak- 
speare,  comments  adversely  upon  his  employ- 
meat  of  conjecture,  and  his  readiness  to 
carp  at  Halliwell-Phillipps.  There  is  some- 
thing more  than  subacidity  in  his  comment 
upon  Mr.  Fleay's  assertion  that  "hill  and 
dale,  bush  and  brier,"  supposed  by  Halliwell- 
Phillipps  to  have  been  taken  by  Shakspeare 
from  Spenser,  "  are  commonplaces  of  the 
time":  "They  have  been  commonplaces 
ever  since,  unquestionably,  and  doubtless 
Fleay  could  have  furnished  many  examples 
from  contemporary  authors,  or  he  would 
not  have  made  the  assertion."  This  is  a 
kind  of  rebuke  to  which  contemporary 
critics  and  commentators  lay  themselves 
open.  A  single  instance  from  literature 
would  have  carried  more  weight  than  this 
vague  and  yet  sweeping  assertion.  Dr. 
Murray's  exjjlorers  for  his  new  dictionary 
afiord  no  such  instance.  Halpin's  most 
ingenious  and  plausible  theory,  derived  from 
Boaden,  that  Oberon's  vision  found  its  origin 
in  *  The  Princely  Pleasures  at  Kenil worth,' 
finds  little  favour  in  the  eyes  of  Mr.  Furness, 
who  holds  that  "  the  little  western  flower  " 
must  be  a  genuine  flower.  His  argument 
is  not  quite  so  convincing  to  us  as  it  is  to 
himself.  To  go  into  many  of  the  innu- 
merable points  on  which  the  edition  throws 
light  is  impossible.  Each  of  the  suc- 
ceeding volumes  is  a  corpus  of  all — good, 
bad,  or  indifferent — that  has  previously  been 
said,  and  is,  as  such,  of  value  to  the  student 
scarcely  to  be  overrated,  and  present  and 
future  students  are  to  be  congratulated  on 
the  progress  of  the  edition.  Like  two  or 
three  previous  volumes,  the  present  book, 
with  its  "In  Memoriam"  dedication,  bears 
touching  proof  of  the  sincerity  of  the  author's 
lamentation  for  the  associate  and  cheerer 
of  his  labour. 


Tlie  Fird  Step :  a  Dramatic  Moment.  By 
William  Heinemann.  (Lane.) — In  'The  First 
Step'  Mr.  Heinemann  has  sought  "to  snatch 
one  dramatic  moment  out  of  a  story  of  to-day, 
and  to  observe  in  its  treatment  economy  as  well 
as  the  dramatic  unities."  What  he  has  accom- 
plished is  to  present  the  reverse  of  those  pictures 
of  boheniian  life  wliich  Murger  and  Beranger 
loved  to  i)aint.  He  exhibits  an  unconventional 
liaison  between  a  young  dramatist  and  a  quasi- 
griseite,  and  the  climax  is  obtained  when  the 
hero  in  a  Gt  of  drunkenness  dashes  on  the  floor 


the  girl  who  shares  his  life.  The  action  is 
realistic,  faithful  in  a  sense,  painful,  and  de- 
pressing. Mr.  Heinemann  reserves  the  dramatic 
rights  of  his  piece.  It  is  conceivable  that  it 
might  be  in  request  for  that  "  Serbonian  bog" 
the  Independent  Theatre.  It  might,  indeed, 
under  existing  conditions,  find  its  way  to  the 
regular  stage,  being  neither  more  unconven- 
tional nor  less  edifying  than  some  recent  studies 
in  black  which  have  found  their  way  to  West- 
End  houses. 


The  season  at  the  Adelphi  closed  rather 
abruptly  on  Saturday  last.  The  vacation  will, 
however,  be  short,  since  the  house  will  reopen 
early  next  month  with  *  The  Swordsman's 
Daughter,'  as  the  new  adaptation  by  Messrs. 
Brandon  Thomas  and  Clement  Scott  is  to  be 
called. 

'  The  Benefit  of  the  Doubt  '  is  the  title 
bestowed  on  the  new  three-act  play  by  Mr. 
Pinero  with  which  the  Comedy  will  shortly 
reopen.  In  addition  to  Miss  Winifred  Emery, 
wha  will  reappear  after  her  long  and  trying  ill- 
ness, Mr.  Cyril  Maude,  Miss  Rose  Leclercq, 
Miss  Lily  Hanbury,  Miss  Henrietta  Lindley, 
Miss  Esme  Beringer,  Mr.  Leonard  Boyne, 
and  Mr.  J.  G.  Grahame  have  been  engaged. 

The  Trafalgar  Square  Theatre,  at  which  a 
new  drama  by  Mr.  Walter  Frith,  entitled  'The 
Advocate,'  is  promised,  is  to  be  rechristened 
the  Duke  of  York's.  No  theatre  so  entitled 
is  recalled,  but  the  name  will  bring  back 
memories  of  the  famous  company  —  includ- 
ing at  the  outset  Betterton  and  his  wife. 
Smith,  Sandford,  Medbourn,  Young,  Norris 
and  his  wife,  Mrs.  Davenport,  Mrs.  Davies, 
Mrs.  Long,  Mrs.  Gibbs,  Mrs.  Holden,  and 
Mrs.  Jennings — which,  in  1661-16(52,  under  the 
patent  of  Sir  William  D'Avenant,  acted  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  as  the  Duke  of  York's 
servants.  Comparison  will  not  necessarily  be 
challenged. 

The  promised  production  ac  the  Grand 
Theatre  of  the  new  version  of  '  Denise  '  is  fore- 
gone, and  Miss  Olga  Nethersole's  appearance  at 
that  house  will  take  place  in  'Camille.' 

The  publisher  of  the  "  Memorial  Edition  of 
Shakespeare's  Plays,"  which  we  reviewed  last 
week,  writes  to  deny  it  is  "Bowdlerized." 
"  The  object  of  the  editor  was,"  he  says, 
"to  avoid  doctoring  the  text.  The  '  Memorial  Edi- 
tion '  is  substantially  a  wliole  text,  the  sentences 
usually  omitted  being  printed  in  smaller  type,  thus 
enabling  the  reader  at  once  to  compare  the  acting 
with  the  full  text ;  only  a  few  words  are  omitted. 
This  edition  is  specially  useful  for  family  reading 
and  for  Shakespearean  reading  societies." 
But  if  "a  few  words  are  omitted  "  surely  our 
charge  is  correct,  and  the  publisher  has  been 
doctoring  the  text.  Bowdler's  edition  was 
intended  for  family  reading. 

The  pieces  to  be  produced  at  the  Comedie 
Francjaise  next  winter  are,  it  seems,  to  be  '  Les 
Tenailles,'  a  drama  in  three  acts,  by  M.  P. 
Hervieu  ;  the  '  Fils  de  I'Aretin '  (four  acts  in 
verse),  by  M.  H.  de  Bornier ;  '  La  Route 
de  Thebes,'  by  M.  Alexandre  Dumas  ;  the 
'  Frddegonde  '  of  M.  A.  Dubout,  and  '  Manon 
Roland  '  of  MM.  Bergerat  and  C.  de  Sainte 
Croix.  M.  Mounet  Sully  is  also  j)ressing  for 
the  production  of  '  Othello  '  in  Aicard's  transla- 
tion. The  socie'taires  of  the  Comedie  intend  to 
present  M.  Got  with  a  golden  branch  of  laurel, 
on  each  leaf  of  which  is  engraved  the  name  of 
one  of  his  roles. 


To    Correspondents.— D.   P.— L.  H.  S.— A.  B.— A.  H.— 
C.  A.  W.-H.  p.  M.— E.  H.  B.— received. 


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N°  3538,  Aug.  17,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


239 


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NOTES  AND  QUERIES.     (Eighth  Series.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  xmrSER  contains— 
NOTES  ;— Archbishop  Wake— .\lmondbary— •  Eiknn  Basilike  — 'Hnman 
Hjhernation' — Coincidences— Thunderbolts  as  Door-props  —  Hops 
—Prices  in  16o2-3  —  Lancers  in  the  Kritish  Army  —  Ithyme  to 
"  Chimney  "—Errors  in  Catalofruing— Epitaph— To  Ci'.re  a  Cough— 
"  Taking  a  rise  "-Church  of  St.  Giles,  Ciipplesate— Barton  Booth- 
Quotation  Verified. 
qrEUIES  — Addams  :  Ashley:  Dehew :  Morton:  Saxton  :  Talbot— 
Kobinson  :  Busby  — K  Uusby—Wesscx— Lieut -Col  de  Ruvien<5  — 
Dante's  Geography— ■  Hoo.hce.haveatall  "—Wellington's  Estimate 
of  Napoleon— Law  of  Ucforni— .\rnis  of  Canterburv— List  of  Wills 
Proved— History  of  St  Pancras— Portrait  of  J)r  Richmond— Siege 
of  Vienna— 'A  Pot  of  Ink  "—'Hoiterer'— Nightmares— Earl  of 
Halifax— .\nthors  Wanted 
:EPLIES  :— Greai  Bed  of  Ware- Stolen  Relics  Restored— Le  Despencer 
—Gower  — Cromwell  in  Wales  — Theodolite —  Barras  —  Iturbide— 
Hlghgate  in  Last  Century— Rev.  J.  Marriott— Epitaph  on  Dr  John- 
Bon-Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson— Philanthropy— Finger  Pillory- 
Jesse  Windows— Evance—Filliwilly'—Giaham  of  Gart-ir— First 
Atlantic  Steamship-Hnothbv  .\ims— "Still  and  on  '— '  Education- 
aliBt'— Cornish  Custom—'  Frankenstein  — •  Fine  axed  "-Vestment 
}lrasse«—So-ho— Leonardo  da  Vinci— Fish-head  Shaped  Windows- 
Sedan  Chair— Sir  Gore  of  Sacombe— Nautical  Punch-bowl— Kum— 
"  Iteformades"— Old  French  Map— Dumb  Bell-SeTen  Wonders  of 
the  World. 
NOTES  on  BOOKS  :-Gurteen's  'The  Arthurian  Epic'- Raker's  'The 
Model  Repnblie  — Napper's  '  Cxsar  in  Surrey  —Howard's  'Eliot 
Papers  '— '  Bibliographica.'  Part  VI.—'  L'Interm<;diaire.' 


Co)i(fii(s.  AUGUSTS. 

NOTES  :— Nelson  Relics— Lady  Katherine  Grey— Local  Anecdotes- 
John  Flamsteed— "Only  "—Letter  of  Tennyson- H.  Mossop— ■  La 
Grippe'— •  Battlctwig":  "Landlady  ":  ••  Boggart  "—"  Ettrontcry  "— 
Statues— Welsh  I'lace-names-" Denting":  "  Ringer,  "&e 

QVEHIES:— •  Di-ghibellinc  "-Translation— "Plaintain"— Portrait  of 
Warren  Hastings— (ilgantic  Hones— Oil  of  Eggs— Gower— Tourna- 
mcnts— Freemason  Female  Charity— Extraordinary  Blunder- Wor- 
cester Cloisters— 'Kale\ala'—"  A  woman  with  a  past  "—Sporting 
Names  of  Birds- 'Camberwell  Fringe  "—■■  Drink  to  me  only  with 
thine  eyes'  — Lincoln  Inventory— Ool<iHnches  Poisoning.  &c. 

REPLIES  —Shakspcare  ;  Hilliard  Portrait— '  Legends  of  Florence'— 
Le  Despencer— Victoria  Cross-Lord  Mordaunt- Masons'  .Marks- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament  — Leather  Drinking  Jacks- 
Needlework  Samplers  — "Gavel  '—Sibyl  — ■•  Cantankerous  "—Room 
with  Lodgers  —  .Slassinger  —  I'rof  Blackie  on  Scott— "Chum '" — 
Changelings— Wraxall— Scratch-back— (  aurde  Lion— Pronunciation 
of  l'lace-names-(  hurch  Registers— Sir  A  Pasthall-C  C.  de  Cres- 
pigny-Tip-cat— Cock-fighting-Saving  attributed  to  Dr  Priestley- 
Captain  Lieutenant— ■  Gallett  "—Joe  Miller— Dryden  and  Greek,  &c. 

NOTES  on  B  lUKS—Sharpes  '  London  and  the  Kingdom '—Maugras's 
'  Duc<'eLau/un  and  the  Court  of  Louis  XV.  — Richardsons  '  George 
Morlaiid,  Painter '— Bowes's  'Notes  on  shippo,'  &c. 


ZAST  WEEK'S  NUJIBEB  contains— 

NOTES:— 'Childe  Harold '—The  Columbian  Exposition— "Three  Estates 
of  the  Realm  "—Roman  Roads— Bishop  Cotton— Humble  Hee  — 
Burning  tor  Heresy— ■■  A  Tweedside  Kettle  "-City  Parishes— Sheep- 
stealer  Hanged— 'The  Abbotsford  Family'— 'The  Extraordinary 
Black  Book.' 

QUERIES:— Giovanni  Fontana— Engraved  Portrait— 'T  Halev- Pope 
Joan— "Grandmother's  Nightcap  "—"  Link  "—The  Welshnian  and 
the  Fleas  — "Oaken  "-Heraldic- C.  Scot,  Bishop  of  Chester- 
Spanish  Languige- Kentish  M.P.s  in  the  Long  Parliament-Pitt 
Clul)— Bibliog  aphy— Burial  Custom— Cherrv-stones-G.  Errington 
-Spider-wort  called  "Prinity  "—William  of  Wykeham— Peter  Ben- 
son—Collinss   Ode  to  the  Passions. 

REPLIES  —Pronunciation  of  Sea— Keble  and  "The  Christian  Year'— 
Old  Oil  Painting— Mrs.  Pitt.  Actress— "The  Shaving  of  Shagpat  "- 
The  'Tenth  Beatitude  —  Saunders  —  The  Death  Microbe  —  Child 
Marriages— "Hecatomb  "  rhymed  with  "  Gloom  "—"  Solomon- 
gundy" — Iconoelasm  of  John  Sh:ikcspeare — Inscription  on  Ring — 
spinning-wheel  — "Jocktelpg"  -Child  s  Poem— Rev.  G.  Piggott— 
'ReliquiiC  Diluvian;e"—Wbistpr-p()op— Bull-roarer  — "The  nearer 
the  Kirk,""  &c —Dalrymples,  Earls  of  Stair— St  Marie  Overie— Mrs. 
Cornelys— "Mugglesniek' — .\rthurs  Colfee-house— G.  J.  Johnson — 
Canterbury  —  Valse  — "Ha-ha"  —Simon  de  Montforts  Bones  — 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest —Sir  R.  Clarke— Miami  University— Sir  T. 
More- Lewin  Family— Prince  Charles  Edward— Rosary. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Murray's  'New  English  Dictionary '-Magazines 
and  Reviews. 


Cnuteiits.  JULYir. 

NOTES  :— Westminster  Denioiishments— "The  'Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm  "—■  Dictionary  of  Nafonal  Biography '—Fact  and  Fiction— 
'Theodolite  orTheodolith—Itev  K  Marten— 'Parson  "'— "  Wederoue  " 
—Leyrestowe— "Toad-stones-"  Dc'bonnaire  ""-Finger  Pillory,  &c. 

QUERIES:  — Sir  K.  Digby  and  Green  Glass  —  "Educationalist  "— 
"Philanthropy  "_ J  \aiighan-E  I.  Conipanvs  Charter— Priests" 
Orders— .■^alloid.  of  Canterbury—'  Hampshire  Visitations  —Sir  Gore, 
of  Sacombe— St.  Marie  Overie— Epitaph  on  Dr.  Johnson— Barthele- 
mon  s  'Morning  Hymn  —  lidswcll,  co  Derby —  "  Reformades  '— 
Miami  University— F.  Newboll— West  Family.  &c. 

REPLIES  :— .Mrs  Garrick-Old  French  Map— "  Wrong  end  of  the  stick  ' 
—Roberts  Family— Sydney  Papers— "  Cadowes"— Hilda-Morris  of 
Ballybiggan— Blunts  "  Dictionary  of  Theology  "—Sir  T  Bond— Great 
Bed  of  Ware- .\ldernien  of  Aldgate— Flag  to  summon  to  Church— 
"Red  Whip"— 'Dimpsv '— Le  Hcspencer— Finger— Hicks  Familv— 
'  Flowers  of  the  Forest  —Jesse  Window-l>atron  Saints  of  Chui  ciies 
—London  Patois— Copy  of  Recipe— Ploughing  Oxen -Latin  .Motto— 
"Coign  of  Vantage'— Relics  Hestored-old  Joke— Sir  W  Petty- 
"Playing  the  wag"— "Fine-axed  —still  and  on  ""—Valse -Clans  of 
Innsbruck— Itoyal  .^nne— Charles  I    at  Little  Gidding,  «c 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Sonncnschein's  Guide  to  Contemporary  Litera- 
ture '— Lclands  '  Legends  of  Florence  — Hardys  '  Denham  "Tracts  — 
Buchheim's  .^chiller's  '  .Maria  Stuart '  &c. 


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some  other  books  on  Nelson,  it  makes  the  reader  feel  that 
the  author  knows  by  experience  what  actually  happens  or* 
board  a  man-of-war." 

ENGLISH  MEN  OF  LETTERS.— New  Volume. 
Crown  Svo.  3s.  6(/. 

FIELDING.    By  Austin   Dobson.— 

THACKERAY.      By     ANTHONY     TROLLOPE.— 
DICKENJ.     ByA.  W.  WARD.    Vol.9 


The    CHURCH 


Svo.  6d. 

and 


DISSENT    in 


WALES.     The  Causes   of  the   Present   Agitation,  witb 
Suggestions    fur    its    Mitigation.     By   the   Rev.   H.   A. 
MORGAN,  D.D.,  Master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge. 
ARcnBiSHor  of  Canterbvky  (at  the  Canterbury  Diocesan 

Conference): — "It  does  appear  to  me  to  be  a  most  sober, 

temperate,  and  excellent  paper." 

(MACMILLAN  i  BOWES,  Cambridge.) 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.  London. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    BENJAMIN     DISRAELI, 
EARL  OF  BEACONSFIELD,  1820  to  1892. 

NOTES  and  QUERIES  for  April  29th,  Mat  13tb, 
27th,  JUNE  10th,  24th.  and  JULY  8th,  1893.  contains  a  KIBLIO- 
GRAPHY  of  the  EAKL  of  KE.\CONSFIELD.  I'his  inclndes  KEYS  to 
•TITIAN  GKEY,'  'COMNGSBY,'  'LOiHAIll,' and  '  EMJYMION.' 

Price  of  the  Six  Numbers,  2s. ;  or  free  by  post,  2s.  3d. 

John  C.  Prancis,  Notes  and  Qtterics  Office,  Eream'a-bulldings,  Chancery- 
lane,  E.G. 


A 


LLBN'S      SOLID      LEATHER 

PORTMANTEAUS. 
ALLEN'S  VICTORIA  DRESSING  BAG. 
ALLEN'S  STRONG  DRESS  BASKETS. 
ALLEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 

37,  West  Strand,  London.    Discount  10  p-r  cent. 

NO  TOURIST'S  OUTFIT  IS  COMPLETE 


V 


I     N      0      L     I     A 


CREAM 


SUNBURN,  INSECT  BITES,  ITCHING,  kc. 

DINNEFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 
The   hest  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

hrai>a(;hr,  OOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 

And  Sateit  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitlttlong, 

Children,  and  Infkoti, 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA, 


2iO THE     ATHEN^UM N"  3538,  Aug.  17, '95 

M  R.     M  UJR^^AjrS     lTs  T. 

BEADY  NEXT  WEEK. 

With  Illustrations  and  Map,  crown  8vo.  7s.  6rf. 

THE       NEW       FOREST. 

A  Short  Account  of  its  History,  Traditions,  Folk-lore,  Natural  History,  Sports  and  Games,  8cc. 

By  ROSE  C.  DE  CRESPIGNY  and  HORACE  G.  HUTCHINSON, 
Author  of  '  Golf  in  the  Badminton  Series. 


With  Maps  and  Illustrations,  8vo.  ISs. 

COLONEL  SIR  ROBERT  SANDEMAN :  his  Life  and  Work  on  our  Indian  Frontier.    A  Memoir, 

with  Selections  from  his  Correspondence  and  Official  Writings.    By  THOMAS  HENUY  THORNTON,  C.S.I.  D.C.L.,  formerly  Secretary  to  the  Punjab  Government,  and  some- 
time Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Government  of  India. 
"  His  great  work  was  the  pacification  of  Belucbistan,  where  he  ruled  in  almost  patriarchal  fashion,  '  a  terror  to  the  evil-doer,  but  to  the  loyal  the  embodiment  of  right  and  justice, 

calling  always  for  affectionate  devotion.'    The  name  of  '  Senaman  Sahib  '  will  long  be  remembered  with  love  and  reverence  in  the  hills  of  Belucbistan.    He  died,  as  he  had  lived,  in  the 

discharge  of  his  duty— a  brave  and  honourable  soldier,  and  a  true  irienA."— Daily  News. 

Crown  8vo.  12s. 

The  CRIMEAN  WAR,  from  FIRST  to  LAST.    Extracts  from  the  Private  Letters  and  Journals  of 

General  Sir  DANIEL  LYSONS,  G.C.B.,  Constable  of  the  Tower.    With  Illustrations  from  the  Author's  own  Drawings  and  Plans. 
"  The  narrative  is  artless  but  vivid  in  its  simplicity,  and  the  letters  are  full  of  interest,  as  all  faithful  representations  of  stirring  episodes  must  be," — Times. 
"A  simple  and  stirring  account  of  battle  and  adventure." — Spectator. 


Crown  8vo.  6s. 

A  VAGABOND  in  SPAIN.    An  Account  of  a  Journey  on  Foot.    By  C.  B.  Luffmann. 

"  He  saw  all  sides  of  Spanish  existence.    At  one  time  we  see  him  sitting  disconsolately  on  some  rural  doorstep,  or  hungrily  climbing  some  garden  wall  over  which  hangs  the  tempting 
fruit;  at  another  sitting  comfortably  in  his  box  in  some  theatre  and  hobnobbing  with  the  actors  and  actresses." — Daily  Aew.i. 

"  One  of  the  freshest,  brightest,  and  most  original  volumes  of  travels  it  has  been  our  pleasant  task  to  read  for  many  days." — Glasgow  Herald. 

Small  crown  8vo.  6s. 

PROGRESSIVE   REVELATION;   or,  Through  Nature  to  God.     By  E.  M.  Caillard,  Author  of 

'  Electricity,'  '  The  Invisible  Power  of  Nature,'  &c. 
"  Miss  Caillard  has  produced  a  volume  of  great  merit ;  she  has  a  strong  sense  of  reverence  and  of  the  awe  and  mystery  of  the  universe,  but  she  has  trained  her  mind  by  the  study  of 

modem  science;  and  in  the  union  of  these,  with  very  considerable  powers  of  thought  and  exposition,  lies  the  chief  merit  of  her  thoughtful  volume We  can  honestly  commend  her 

iiook." — Spectator. 

With  many  Illustrations,  8vo.  21s. 

The  EVIL  EYE.    An  Account  of  this  Ancient  and  Widespread  Superstition.    By  Frederick  Thomas 

ELWORTHY. 

"  A  book  teeming  with  curious  and  valuable  information As  Mr.  BIworthy  justly  observes,  the  origin  of  the  belief  in  the  Evil  Eye  is  lost  in  the  obscurity  of  prehistoric  ages,  and 

it  must  be  set  down  as  one  of  the  hereditary  and  instinctive  convictions  of  mankind.  His  admirable  work  on  the  subject,  the  interest  of  which  is  enhanced  by  nearly  two  hundred  excellent 
engravings,  should  figure  in  every  public  and  private  library  in  the  three  kingdoms." — Daili/  Telegraph. 

"  Here  is  an  abundant,  an  inexhaustible  magazine  of  illustrations an  astonishing  volume.    He  is  copious,  accurate,  entertaining  ;  a  travelled  man a  reader  of  tomes  inaccessible 

to  the  many,  an  observer  also  of  the  strange  things  which  happen  at  his  own  door  in  the  West." — Speaker. 

Crown  8vo.  6s. 

SUNSHINE  and  HAAR.    Some  Further  Glimpses  into  the  Life  at  Barncraig.    By  Gabriel  Setoun, 

Author  of  '  Barncraig.' 
"  A  second  book  from  the  author  of  '  Barncraig '  should  convince  those  left  unpersuaded  by  the  earlier  volume — if  any  such  there  be — that  a  new  writer  has  come  among  us  with  a 
notable  gift  of  sympathy  and  insight  into  the  hearts  and  lives  of  homely  people." — Scotsman. 

"  A  combination  of  the  tragic,  the'pathetic.  and  the  humorous,  surpassing  aught  compassed  by  two  or  three  of  his  contemporaries  who  have  attained  far  greater  popularity." 

Black  and  White. 

MURRAY'S     HANDBOOKS. 

Mb.  MURRAY  begs  to  call  attention  to  the  INDEX  and  DIRECTORY  with  -which  his  Handbooks  are  supplied.     These  contain  all  information  as  to 
Hotels,  Conveyances,  &c.,  and  are  constantly  kept  up  to  date,  so  that  purchasers  of  his  Guide-Books  are  always  supplied  with  the  very  latest  information. 

SHORTLY,  with  numerous  Maps,  crown  8vo. 

A  HANDBOOK  for  ASIA  MINOR,  TRANSCAUCASIA,  PERSIA,  &c.    An  entirely  New  Work. 

Edited  by  Major-General  Sir  CHAKLKS  WILSON,  R.E.  G.C.B.   With  assistance  from  Col.  CHERMSIDB,  RE   C.B.,  Mr.  D.  G.  HOGARTH,  Prof.  W.  RAMSAY,  Col.  EVERETT, 
C.M.G.,  Lieut.-Col.  HARRY  COOPER,  Mr.  DEVKY,  and  others. 

NEXT  WEEK,  crown  8vo.  7.s.  U. 

A  HANDBOOK  for  DEVON.    A  New  and  thoroughly  Revised  Edition,  with  New  Set  of  Maps  and 

Plans. 

JUST  OUT,  crown  8vo.  6.?. 

A  HANDBOOK  for  GLOUCESTERSHIRE :  Gloucester,  Cheltenham,  Bristol,  Tewkesbury,  &c.    A 

New  and  Revised  Edition,  with  Map  and  Plans. 

EUROPEAN    HANDBOOKS    FOR    SUMMER    TRAVEL. 

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Printed  \>y  John  C.  FttAncH,  Athena;um  Pre«9,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancerj-lane,  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  the  said  John  C.  Fiunuis  at  Brcam's-buildinffs,  Chancery-lane,  B.C. 

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THE   ATHEN^TJM 

foumal  Of  a^nglisift  autr  jToretgn  ICiUrature,  ^rienre,  tfte  jTme  artsi,  i^lusin:  antr  tfte  ©rama^ 


No.  3539. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    24,   1895. 


FBIOB 

THREEPENGB 

BBGISTBRBD  A3  A  NBWSPAPBB 


CAKDIFF  TRIENNIAL  MUSICAL  FESTIVAL, 
SEPTEMBER  13,  19,  20,  and  21,  1895. 
Principal  Vocalists :— Madame  ALBANI,  Miss  ELLA  RU-SELL,  Miss 
FLORENCE   OLIVER,    Miss   CLARA    BUTT,   Mr    BEN 
DAVIES,   Mr.    WHITNEY    MOCKRIDGE,  Mr.  WATKIN 
MILLS.  Mr.  PLUNKET  GREENE,  Mr.  U.  FfRANGCON 
DAVIES,  Mr.  DOUGLAS  POWELL. 
■WEDNESDAY  MORNING    ..    Tinel's   'ST.   FRANCIS'  and  Wagner 
Selection. 
EVENING     ..    Mendelssohn's  ' ST.  PAUL  ■ 
THXIBSDAY      MORMNG    ..     Verdis     REQUIEM,'    Stanford's    Ode 
'Tlie  BARD,'  and  David   Jenkins's 
'PSALM  of  LIFE.' 
EVENING      ..     Berlioz,  s    FAUST.' 
raiUAY  MORNING    ..    Spohr's 'LAST  JUDGMENT' and  Bee- 

thoven's 'CHORAL  SYMPHONY ' 
EVENING     ,.    Sullivan's  'LIGHT  of  the  WORLD.' 
SATURDAY      MORNING    ..     'The  MESSIAH' 

EVENING      .,     MISCELLANEOUS  CONCERT. 
Conductor— Sir  JOSEPH  BARNBY. 
Detailed    Programmes    may   be    obtained    on   application   to    the 
Seceetaeies,  Festival  Offices,  18,  High-street,  Cardiflf. 

LEEDS     MUSICAL     FESTIVAL,     1895. 
OCTOBER  2,  3,  4,  and  5. 
FIRST  SEATS  :  Ground  Floor— 

MORNING  £110 

EVENING  0  13    0 

SECOND  SEATS:  Ground  Floor— 

MORNING  0  10    6 

EVENING  0    8    0 

FIRST  SEATS  are  obtainable  for  every  Concert,  except  Wednesday 
Morning.    (MESSIAH) 

A  few  FIRST  SEATS  in  the  GAXLERY  for  SATURDAY  EVENING 
ONLY. 

ALL  SECOND  SEATS  for  the  MORNING  CONCERTS  are  SOLD. 
SECOND  SEATS  can  be  had  for  EACH  EVEN  ING. 
Applications  must  be  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  value  of 
the  Tickets  required. 
Full  Programmes  can  now  be  obtained. 

TICKET  OFFICE  open  from  ID  to  5.    Saturdays  from  10  to  1. 
All  communications  should  be  made  to 

Aid    FRED.  R.  SPARK,  Hon.  Sec. 
Festival  O.^ce,  42,  Great  George-street,  Leeds, 
August  20,  1895. 


HE       ATHENIAN        SOCIETY. 


This  Society  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  to  its 
members  English  Translations  of  Greelt  Authors,  Classical  and  post- 
Classical. 

As  is  well  known,  no  complete  Translations  exi.st  of  several  Greek 
Authors  of  the  Classical  period,  and  the  object  of  the  Athenian  Society 
is  to  supply  this  desidei-atum. 

Many  lovers  of  books,  owing  to  pressure  of  other  occupations,  have 
not  the  leisure— perhaps  not  the  inclination— to  devote  themselves  to 
the  study  of  the  dead  languages  with  the  assiduity  necessary  in  order  to 
acquire  such  familiarity  with  them  as  to  make  the  perusal  of  Greek  and 
Latin  Authors  a  pleasure  and  not  a  task.  It  is  hoped  that  the  Transla- 
tions which  the  Society  proposes  to  issue  will  supply  such  readers  with 
what  they  require  and  will  enable  them  to  enjoy  an  ancient  classic  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  works  of  an  English  author. 

The  Tianslations.  which  will  in  all  cases  be  the  work  of  competent 
and  experienced  scholars,  will  be  accompanied  by  the  Greek  text, 
printed  from  the  best  and  most  recent  English  and  Continental  editions  ; 
short  and  comprehensive  Introductions  will  be  prefixed,  giving  a  short 
account  of  all  that  need  be  known  concerning  the  life  and  works  of  the 
author,  taken  from  the  best  authorities,  and  explanations  of  manners, 
customs,  and  historical  allusions  will  l>e  added  where  necessary. 

The  Subscription  to  the  Society  is  21.  2s.  per  annum,  payable  in 
advance,  entitling  members  to  the  free  delivery  of  all  volumes  issued 
during  each  year  of  membership. 

Two  volumes  of  Translations  will  be  issued  each  year,  the  first  of 
which,  Lucian.  translated  from  the  Greek  for  the  first  time.  I  vol  demy 
8vo.  (over  500  pages),  handsomely  bound  in  half-vellum,  gilt  extra,  will 
be  ready  for  delivery  to  members  immediately. 

For  further  particulars.  Prospectuses,  and  Forms  of  Application  for 
Membership,  apply  to  G.  A.  Jackson,  Secretary  of  the  Society,  3,  Soho- 
square,  London,  W. 

ADVERTISER,  well  educated,  seeks  responsible 
POST  in  PUBLISHING  HOUSE  or  LITERARY  AGENCY, 
where  a  knowledge  of  Practical  Printing  is  essential.  Three  years  as 
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F.  W.  Sears,  Advertising  Offices,  las.  Fleet-street,  London,  EC. 

AS  SECRETARY  (Public  or  Private)  or 
LIBRARIAN,  by  LADY  ('28)  of  Literary  and  Journalistic  know- 
ledge, trained  to  habits  of  method,  punctuality,  dispatch,  and  general 
management.  Good  references.— Address  Miss  M.  A.  CAaaoLL,  Post 
Office,  Bnshey  Heath,  Herts. 

TO  NEWSPAPER  PROPRIETORS  using  their 
OWN  I'LANT  —The  late  I'RINTER  of  the  Wteklv  DispoU-h  and 
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more  PAPERS.— Address  W.  P.  Stini,,  28,  fremlett-grove.  Junction- 
road,  Upper  Holloway,  N. 

ABERGELE    INTERMEDIATE    SCHOOL. 
BOYS  and  GIRLS. 
WANTED,  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS.    Salary  1001   per  annnm.    Non- 

-    -     .  ,  .   „    inr  full  D! " 

dale,  Abergele,  North  Wales. 


nPHE    OWENS    COLLEGE,    MANCHESTER. 

The  Senate  is  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in 
CLASSICS,  to  enter  on  his  duties  on  October  1  next. 

Applications  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  September  2,  to  the  Reois- 
■mAR.  from  whom  a  statement  as  to  duties  «prt  emnlnmenta  may  be 
obtained.  H.  W.  HOLDER,  Registrar. 

UDDERSFIELD    TECHNICAL     SCHOOL. 


H 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  PRINCIP.VL  of  the  above 
School,  vacant  through  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Turpin  as  Head  Master 
of  the  Intermediate  and  Technical  Schools,  Swansea.  The  Principal 
will  be  respnn.slblc  for  the  organi7.ation  and  discipline  of  the  whole 
■School,  both  in  its  l>aT  and  Evening  Classes.  He  will  t>e  required  to 
taki-  part  in  the  instruction,  and  must  therefore  have  made  some 
branch  or  branches  of  Science  taught  in  the  School  his  especial  study 
Salary  4IX):. 

Applications  must  he  sent  in  on  or  before  September  7,  1896.— For 
Forms  of  Application  and  Schedule  of  Duties  apply  to 

THOMAS  THORP,  SecreUrx. 


NORTH  WALES.— Cure  of  Stammerin.o;,  Voice 
Training.  &C.-COMPANION-PUPIL  WANTED  at  liETTWS-Y- 
COED  in  SEPI'EMBER— Rev.  C.  R  Taylor,  M  A  LL  H,  Lecturer  in 
Public  Speaking  in  King's  College,  London,  North  Holmwood  Vicarage, 
Dorking. 


TRANSLATION. —  Competent  Scholars,  accus- 
tomed to  Literary  Work,  having  leisure  to  UNDERTAKE 
TRANSL.ATIONS  from  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  German  —Authors 
are  requested  to  write  to  C  M.  B.,  care  of  Wiliing's  Advertising  Odices, 
102,  Piccadilly,  W. 

A  FRENCH  PROFESSOR  (Graduate)  wishes  to 
meet  with  an  Enerlish  Gentleman  to  whom  he  might  address 
English  Replies  in  return  to  Letters  written  in  French  with  a  view  to 
the  mutual  Correcting  of  their  Correspon'ience. — M.  Risseil,  Chatel- 
lerault,  France. 

''PO    AUTHORS.  — STORY    WANTED    of  about 

-L  65,000  words  in  length,  suitable  for  Boys,  and  also  one  of  similar 
length  suitable  for  Girls.  Must  be  thoroughly  good,  and  suitable  for 
well-known  Publishing  Firm  —Write  particulars,  in  first  case,  stating 
price  of  Story,  to  E.  A.,  3,  Warwick-court,  W  C. 

"I70R    SERIAL    USE,    a   CHRISTMAS   STORY, 

-L  about  5,000  words,  by  a  WELL-KNOWN  NOVELIST.-Address 
M.  A.,  Porlock  Weir,  near  Taunton. 

SCHOOL  TRANSFER.— The  PRINCIPALS  of  an 
old-established  DAY  and  BOARDING  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS  are 
desirous,  owing  to  advancing  years,  to  TRANSFER  their  SCHOOL, 
which  is  one  of  the  best  class.  There  are  Thirty  Boarders  and  more 
than  Forty  Day  Pupils.  The  net  profits  exceed  800/.— For  particulars 
apply  to  R.  J.  Beevor,  M  A.,  8,  Lancaster- pi  ace.  Strand. 


TYPE -WRIT  ING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'   MSS.   accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 

''PYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 

-L     of  72  words.    References  to  Authors. — Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Laas- 
downe-gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 


q^YPE- WRITING       by       CLERGYMAN'S 

X  DAUGHTER  and  Assistants.— Authors'  MSS  ,  Is.  per  1,000  words. 
Type-written  Circulars,  &c.,  by  Copying  Process,  Authors'  references. 
— Miss  SiKEs,  13,  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith,  W. 

qn^PE-WRITING. —Authors'  MS.  Typed  and  Pre- 

J^  pared  for  Publication.  Typing,  Id.  per  folio  Large  quantities  at 
considerably  lower  rates.  Dramatic  work  a  speciality. — Faucit  Darli- 
soN,  22,  Wellington-street,  W.C. 


TYPE- WRITING.  —Manuscript    Type-written 
with  accuracy  and  despatch.    Terms,  Is.  per  1,000  words;  or  for 
5.000 and  over,  9(i,  per  1,000.— H.  B.  Fenkick,  II,  Bu.xton-road,  Chingford. 


'I^YPE-WRITERS    (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 

-L  mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocks, 
Hammonds,  Yosts,  Caiigraphs,  Victors,  &c.  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
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easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free.— N. 
Tatlor,  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holbom  end).  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 


MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October 
DRAWING  for  the  PRESS.  — STUDIO  open  daily     Piivate  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.— 12,3,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


n^HE    AUTHOR    of    'EXTINCT     MONSTERS' 

(Rev.  H.  N.  HUTCHINSON,  B.A.  F.G.S  ) 
will   ifive   LECTURES   on   the   above   subject   during    the    ensuing 
Winter. 

All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Lecture    Agency, 
Outer  Temple,  Strand,  W.C. 


RECITALS. — "  A  prince  among  elocutionists." 
'He  is  a  great  artiste" — "Held  the  audience  spellbound."— 
"  In  the  front  rank  of  living  elocutionists,"  &c  — ■  Hamlet.'  '  Macbeth,' 
'  Christmas  Carol,' &c—KiRNisH  Birnsdiie,  Elocutionist,  Rochdale. 


9,  HvRT-srBEET,  Bloom.sdur V,  London, 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Covent-garden.  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  will 
Rl-SUMK  liUSINESS  as  a  PUIILISHER  on  his  onn  account  upon 
OCroHER  1  NEXT.  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Kooks.    Address  as  above. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

XTATIONAL    ART     TRAINING    SCHOOL, 

ll  SOUTH  KENSINGTON.  S.W. 

Visitors-W.  n.  RICHMOND,  RA,  F.  J.  SHIELDS,  A.R.W.S. 
Principal-JOHN  C.  L.  SPARKES,  Esq. 

The  ANNUAL  SESSION  1695-96  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  2  Art  Classes  in  connexion  with  the  Training  School  are  open 
to  the  public  on  payment  of  fees.  'Uie  Classes  for  Men  and  Women 
Students  meet  separately.  The  studies  comprise  Ornanii-nc  and  the 
Kiguie,  with  a  view  to  their  ultimate  use  in  Design  and  Coinpr>sition 
and  include  the  study  of  Plants  and  Flowers,  the  Painting  of  siiU  Life, 
and  the  Drawing  and  I'ainting  of  Ornament  and  of  the  Figure 

Candidates  for  admission  who  have  not  passed  any  Kxaniinatlon  of 
the  Department  in  Freehand  Drawing  must  pass  the  .\dniis^ion  K.xami- 
nation  in  that  subject 

This  Examination  will  be  held  at  the  School  on  September  ?t  and 
Ociol>er  8  at  11.15  am  and  G.45  r  m,  on  both  days,  and  on  subsequent 
Tuesdays  at  frequent  internals  during  the  sessioii. 

Application  for  further  information  may  be  made  In  writing  to  the 
Secretary,  Department  of  Science  and  Art,  S  W  ;  or,  on  and  afttr 
October  2,  personally  to  the  Registrar,  at  the  School,  Exhibitiun-road, 
g  w  By  order  of  the 

LORDS  OF  THE  COMMITfEE  OF  COUNCIL  ON  EDUCATION, 


FRANCE.— The  ATHENiEUM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUK,-MBK.  BIARRITX,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICB,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOUBfl, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224,  Rne  de  RlTOU.  ParU. 

NIVERSITY   COLLEGE   of   SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


U 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
1895. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Department  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools — 

Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  REcisraAiu 


ABERDARE   HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (Soraervllle  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B. A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 1895. 


COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  NEWPORT. 

NEWPORT  INTERMEDIATE  and  TECHNICAL 
SCHOOLS. 

The  Governing  Body  of  the  above  Schools  are  prepared  to  receive 
applications  for  the  appointments  of  HEAD  MASTER  and  HEAD  MIS- 
TRESS of  the  BOYS'  and  GIRLS'  SCHOOLS  respectively. 

rhe  Head  Master  must  be  a  Graduate  of  one  of  the  I'niversities  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  the  salary  paid  will  be  200/.  per  annum  and  a 
Capitation  Fee  of  21  per  year  per  Scholar     Accommodation  140. 

The  Head  Mistress  must  either  be  a  Graduate  or  hold  a  Diploma  or 
Certificate  of  one  of  the  Universities  equal  in  value  to  a  Degree 

The  salary  paid  will  be  loO(  per  annum  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of  1(.  per 
year  per  Scholar.     Accommodation  100. 

Preference  will  be  given  in  both  appointments  to  those  possessing 
previous  teaching  experience. 

The  appointment  will  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners' Scheme,  approved  by  Her  Majesty  in  Council  on  November 
23rd,  1893,  copies  of  which  can  be  obtained  (price  6d  )  at  Messrs.  Chris- 
tophers &  Son  and  Messrs.  Mullock  &  Sons,  stationers,  Newport. 

Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  experience,  accompanied 
by  copies  of  three  testimimials,  and  endorsed  "Head  Master  "  and 
•  Head  Mistress  "  respectively,  must  be  sent  to  my  Office  not  later  than 
the  L'lst  day  of  September,  189,5. 

Dated  this  17th  day  of  August,  1895 

ALBERT  A.  NEWMAN, 
Town  Clerk,  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON,  F  R.S  ,  COMMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  Octobers, 
at  1  P.M.  The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require- 
ments of  Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni- 
versity.— For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A,  Secretary. 


u 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 

The  SESSION  of  the  FACULTY  of  MEDICINE  will  COMMENCE  on 
OCTOBER  1.  Introductory  Lecture  at  4  p  m  by  Prof.  J.  ROSE  BRAD- 
FORD, M  D.  D  Sc  F  R  S 

The  Examinations  for  the  Entrance  Exhibitions  will  commence  on 
September  25. 

Scholarships,  Exhibitions,  and  Prizes  of  the  value  of  800(  are  awarded 
annually. 

In  University  College  Hospital  about  3,000  Inpatients  and  .35000 
Ou^Patients  are  treated  during  the  year.  Thirty-six  Appointments. 
Eighteen  being  Resident  (as  House  Surgeon,  House  Physician,  Obstetric 
Assistant,  &c.),  are  filled  up  by  competition  during  the  year,  and  these, 
as  well  as  all  Clerkships  and  Dressersliips,  are  open  to  Students  of  the 
Hospital  without  extra  fee. 

Prospectuses,  with  full  information  as  to  Classes,  Prizes,  sc,  may  bo 
obtained  from  the  College,  Gower-street,  W.C. 

A.  E.  BARKER,  F  RCS  ,  Dean. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH.  .MA.,  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,    LONDON. 


ENGINEERING  AND  ARCHITECTURE   DEPARTMENT. 
Assisted  by  Technical  Education  Hoard  of  London  County  CooocU 
and  by  the  Carpenters'  Company. 
SESSION  LsOS-e 
The  COURSE  of  INSTRUCTION  in   MECHANICAL,  CIVIL,  ELEC- 
TRICAL   ENGINEERINO,    and     ARCHTTKCTURK    (.'OMMENCE    on 
OC lOBER  Ist.      They  are  arranged  to  cover  periods  of  two  and  three 

'^'particulars  of  the  Courses  of  Entrance  Scholarships,  of  the  Matricula- 
tion Examination,  and  of  the  Fees,  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary. 
I'l-o/fsors. 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERINO— T.  Hudson  Beare,  MICE. 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERIN(i-J.  A.  Fleming.  F.R.S. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING-L   F.  Vernon  Harcourt,  MIC  E. 

ARCHITEC'TURE-T  Roger  Smith,  F  R  I  11  A. 

PHYSICS— G  Carey  Fost<-r,  F  R.S 

(  I1I:MISTRY-W   llamssy,  F.K  S 

APPLIED  .MATHEMATICS-K   Pearson,  M  A. 

ECONOMIC  OEOLOOV— T.  O.  Ilonney,  F.H.S. 

M.VTHEMATICS-M  J   M   Hill,  F  U  8 

The  New  Wing  of  the  College,  opened  by  H  R  H  the  Duke  of  Con- 
naught  in  May.  \^Ji.  contains  spacious  Mechanical  and  Electrical  En- 
gineering Laboi-atorics,  Workhtiops,  Drawing  Odioe,  Museum,  and 
Lecture  Theatres 

The  Laboratories  are  fitted  with  all  th»  hc»t  appllancs  for  practical 
work  and  lor  research  work  ol  11. e  most  advancei  character. 


242 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


ST.     SAVIOUR'S     GRAMMAR     SCHOOL, 
SUMNER-STREET,  SOUTHWARK. 
Chartered  1562.  Re-organized  1895. 

Head  Master,  appointed  nnder  New  Scheme — 
E.  H   HENSLEY,  MA.  Cantab. 
This  School  is  now  richly  endowed,  and  will  provide  a  p:ood  modern 
edncation  preparatory  for  the  Cniversities.  the  Professions,  or  Com- 
mercial Life.    Fees  Bl  a  year.    Pupils  admitted  at  any  time  at  propor- 
tional fees. 

ScHOLAR.'iHIPS.  exempting  from  fees,  offered  for  competition. 
NEXT  TERM  COMMENCES  MONDAY,  September  16.— Further  par- 
ticulars. &c  ,  apply  to  HiiiD  Masixr,  or  to  HxNRy  Langsion,  Esq.,  3i', 
Rorough  High-street. 

VICTORIA  CNIVERSITY. 

HE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


T 


The  TWENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ART.S  wiU  KEGLN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SlXTY-FEFfH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 
ITOo. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry,  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering.  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Inlustries.  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture.  Agriculture.  School  Teach- 
ing;, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  .\rt8.  Science.  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  lias  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrar. 

THE  DURHAM  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE, 
NEWCASTLE-U  PON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  both  Men  and  Women 
Students. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

The  TWENTY-FIFTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23,  1895. 

The  Calendar  (price  Is.)  and  Prospectuses  will  be  forwarded  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Secketary-. 

ESTMINSTER      HOSPITAL     MEDICAL 

SCHOOL,  Caxton-street,  S  W. 

The  MTNTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1. 
Introductory  Address  by  Dr  MONCKTON  COPEMAN.  at  4  p  m.,  fol- 
lowed by  Distribution  of  Prizes  by  the  Right  Hon  VISCOUNT  PEEL. 

Dinner  at  7  p  m.  at  Cafd  Monico.  Dr.  DE  HAVILLAND  HALL  in  the 
Chair    Dinner  Secretary,  Dr.  Wills. 

Two  Entrance  Scholarships,  value  60/.  and  40/.,  and  one  of  20;.  for 
Dental  Students,  on  Examination,  September  28  and  29. 

Fees  — 115/-  in  one  sum  on  entrance,  or  120/.  in  two  payments,  or  132/. 
in  six  payments.    Special  fees  for  partial  and  Dental  Students. 

The  Hospital  has  a  service  of  over  200  Beds  and  the  usual  Special 
Departments. 

Piospectus  and  all  information  on  application  to 

WALTER  G.  SPENCER,  Dean. 

UT.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

kj  Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 
when  an  Introductory  Address  will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D. 
POLLOCK,  at  4  p  m. 

The  following  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition 
in  October. 

1  A  Scholarship,  of  value  145/. ,  for  the  Sons  of  Medical  Men  who  have 
entered  the  School  as  hontljide  First- Year  Students  during  the  year 
ending  October  5,  1895. 

2.  Two  Scholarships,  each  of  value  50/.,  open  to  all  Students  who  have 
commenced  their  medical  studies  not  earlier  than  May,  1895. 

3.  'I  wo  Scholarships,  of  value  85/.,  for  Stu'lents  who  passed  or  com- 
pleted the  curriculum  for  the  Oxford  1st  MB.  or  the  Cambridge  2nd 
M  H  ,  and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  Octobers, 
1895 

4  A  .Scholarship,  of  value  85/ ,  for  Students  of  Provincial  University 
Colleges  who  have  passed  or  completed  the  curriculum  for  the  corre- 
sponding University  Examinations  in  London,  Manchester,  or  Durham, 
and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  October  5,  1895. 

The  following  Exhibitions  and  Prizes  are  also  open  to  .Students  :— The 
William  Brown  100/  Exhibition;  the  William  Brown  40/.  Exhibition; 
the  Webb  Prize  in  Bacteriology,  of  value  30/.  ;  the  Bi-ackenbury  Prize 
in  Medicine,  of  value  32/  ;  the  Brackenbury  Prize  in  Surgery,  of  value 
32/. ;  the  Pollock  Prize  in  Physiology,  of  value  18/.  ;  the  Johnson  Prize 
in  Anatomy,  of  value  10/.  10.?. ;"  the  Treasurer's  Prize,  of  value  10/  10s.  ; 
General  i"roflcieney  Prizes  for  First,  Second,  and  Third  Year  Students, 
of  10/.  10s.  each;  the  Brodie  Prize  in  Surgery;  the  Acland  Prize  in 
Medicine  ;  the  Thompson  Medal ;  and  Sir  Charles  Clarke's  Prize. 

All  Hospital  appointments,  including  the  Four  House  Physicianships 
and  Four  House  Surgeonships,  are  awarded  as  the  result  of  competition, 
and  are  open  to  Students  of  the  School  without  extra  fee. 

Nine  salaried  appointments,  including  that  of  Obstetric  Assistant, 
with  a  salary  of  100/  and  board  and  lodging,  are  awarded  yearly  to 
senior  pupils  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Medical  School  Com- 
mittee. 

Prospectuses  and  fuller  details  may  be  obtained  by  apolication  to 

ISAMBARD  OWE>f,  M.D.,  Dean. 

CT.     BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 

O  COLLEGE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY.  October  1, 1895. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College,  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  crdlegiate  regulations 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  Beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  900/  are  awarded  annually. 

The  .Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
T  aboratories  for  Practical  Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum,  Library,  &e 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  was 
formally  opened  last  summer. 

For  fuither  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Warden 
or  THE  College.  St.  Ifartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 
COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  respectively  worth  150/.,  l!,l., 
7.5/.,  Ml ,  and  20/  each,  tenable  forOne  Year,  will  he  coinpctedfor  inSep- 
tember,  189.5,  viz  ,  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75/.  will 
be  awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (If  of  suilieient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75/  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  suthcient  merit;  in  Biology  and 
Physiology. 

Candidates  for  these  .Scholarships  must  he  under  Twenty-flvc  years 
of  age,  and  must  not  lave  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 
of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  1.50/.,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition,  50/ ,  wilt  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  Twenty  Years  of  age  (if  of  sufticient  merit)  in 
I'hysics,  Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology.  The 
questions  for  the  Scholarship  of  1.50/  will  he  of  about  the  range  re- 
quired for  Honours  in  the  London  University  Prollriiinary  Scientific 
Examination,  and  those  for  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Exhibition  will 
be  of  about  the  range  of  the  Pass  questions  in  that  Examination.  The 
Jeaffreson  Kxliihiticm  f  value  20/,)  will  be  competed  for  at  the  same 
time.  The  siif.|ccis  of  Examination  are  Latin.  Mathematics,  and  any 
one  of  the  three  fnllowmg  Languages  — Greek.  French,  and  (ierman. 

'I'he  Classical  suiMi-cts  arc  those  of  the  London  University  Matricula- 
tion Examination  of  July,  1895 

The  successful  candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  .St  liartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
■ncceeding  the  Examination  The  Examination  for  these  Scholarships 
will  be  held  on  September  25,  1895. 

For  particulars  application  may  be  maile.  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Wauulji  or  tue  College,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospiul,  EC.  ' 


KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— STUDENTS 
in  ARTS  and  SCIENCE,  ENGINEERING,  and  APPLIED 
SCIENCES,  MEDICINE,  and  other  Branches  of  Education,  will  be 
ADMI'ITED  for  the  NEXT  TERM  on  TUESDAY,  October  1  next 

Students  are  classed  on  entrance  according  to  their  proficiency,  and 
terminal  reports  of  the  progress  and  conduct  of  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  to  their  parents  and  guardians.  There  are.  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions. 

Students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  subject  or 
subjects,  without  attending  the  complete  Courses  of  the  various 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  as  Non-Matriculated  Students  on  payment 
of  the  separate  fees  tor  such  Classes  as  they  select. 

The  College  has  an  entitince  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thames  Embankment,  close  to  the  Temple  Station. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  Secretary,  Kiug's 
College,  London,  W  C. 

A  SSISTANT      SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Miss 

-iA-  LOUISA  BROUGHcan  recommend  University  Graduates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers,  Foreign  Teachers,  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  &c.  — Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

»;iANDHURST,  WOOLWICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

O  TUTORS —Messrs  GABRITAS,  THRING  &  CO,  who  have  for 
many  years  past  kept  an  accurate  record  of  the  most  successful  Tutors, 
are  prepared,  on  receipt  of  detailed  particulars,  to  supply,  free  of 
charge.  Prospectus  and  full  information  to  Parents,  Guardians,  or 
Candidates  requiring  advice  as  to  preparation  for  the  above  Examina- 
tions.—36,  Sackvillestreet,  London,  W. 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  ofiering  to  place  M8S.,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.     By  order,    G  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  Is  published  monthly, 
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243 


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244 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


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N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


245 


"A  WOEK  OF  GENIUS." 

WHEN  VALMOND  CAME  to  PONTIAC.    The  Story  of  a  Lost 

Napoleon.     By  GILBERT  PARKER.     Crown  8vo.  Gs.     Third  Edition, 

"  Mr.  Parker  has  already  done  some  strong  work,  but  never  anything  nearly  so  good  as  this.  Val- 
mond  is  magnificently  drawn." — Athenceum. 

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unerringly." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

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Revolution,     By  JULIAN  CORBETT.     Crown  Svo,  Gs. 

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METHUEN'S   SIX-SHILLING 

BARABBAS 

UNDER  the  RED  ROBE 

ROUND  the  RED  LAMP 

A  CHANGE  of  AIR 

The  GOD  in  the  CAR      . 

A  MAN  of  MARK  . 

MAELCHO 

WHEN  VALMOND  CAME  to  PONTLA.C 

PIERRE  and  HIS  PEOPLE 

MRS.  FALCHION    . 

The  TRANSLATION  of  a  SAVAGE 

The  TRAIL  of  the  SWORD  . 

A  BUSINESS  in  GREAT  WATERS 

TALES  of  MEAN  STREETS 

IN  the  MIDST  of  ALARMS 

IN  the  ROAR  of  the  SEA 

MRS.  CURGENVEN 

CHEAP-JACK  ZITA 

The  QUEEN  of  LOVE 

KITTY  ALONE 

DODO  .... 

The  RUBICON . 

GALLIA     . 

HIS  GRACE      . 

MATTHEW  AUSTIN 

The  DESPOTIC  LADY 

SIR  ROBERT'S  FORTUNE 

MY  DANISH  SWEETHEART 


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246 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


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N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


247 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  U,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

somalixand       247 

Days  of  an  Angler's  Life  248 

The  Origin  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty    249 

Three  Books  on  Japan       249 

A  Commentary  on  Deuteronomy  250 

The  City  Parishes  before  1688 251 

A  New  Life  of  Laud  252 

A  New  Dictionary  of  the  French  Language     ...    253 
New  Novels  (A   Comedy   in  Spasms;    Comrades  In 

Arms) 255 

Editions  of  English  Classics    255 

Short  Stories 256 

Colonial  Verse  256 

Jewish  History         257 

Folk-lore  ^       ...    257 

French  History         258 

Our  Library  Table — List  of  New  Books      ...      258—259 
Publisher  and  Translator;  Caxton's  Sarum  Pie; 
Is  Egypt  so  very  Old  ?   A  Question  of  Sur- 
name;  The  Autumn  Publishing  Season;  The 
Sources    of   the    "  Machinery  "   of  Love   in 

Arthurian  Romance     259—260 

Literary  Gossip        261 

Science— Botanical  Literature  ;  Gossip      ...      262—263 
Fine   Arts  —  Pottery    in     the     United    States  ; 
Library    Table  ;    Casts   v.    Tapestries  ;    The 
British  Arch.eological  Association  ;  The  Cam- 
brian Archaeological  Association  ;  GossI'P  263—267 
Music— New  Publications  ;  Greek  Music  ;  Gossip 

267  -268 
Drama— Gossip 2C8 


LITERATURE 


Seventeen  Trips  through  Somdiiland :  a  Record 
of  Exploration  and  Big  Game  Shooting, 
1885  to  1893.  By  Capt.  H.  G.  C.  Swayne, 
E.E.  (Eowland  Ward  &  Co.) 
The  Horn  of  Africa,  wMcli  extends  into 
the  Indian  Ocean  and  points  towards 
Bombay,  is  the  country  of  the  Somalia, 
who  are  now  partly  under  British  pro- 
tection. Its  boundaries  on  the  north  and 
east  are  definite,  being  the  Gulf  of  Aden 
and  the  Indian  Ocean ;  those  to  the  south 
and  west  are  less  evident,  but  they  extend 
beyond  the  river  Jub,  which  faUs  into  the 
sea  near  the  Equator.  Por  ordinary  pur- 
poses it  may  be  said  that  to  the  south 
and  south-west  lies  the  land  of  the  GaUas, 
that  is  of  tribes  who  are  not  Musal- 
man,  and  to  the  west  is  Abyssinia.  The 
country  thus  enclosed  was,  prior  to  1885, 
practically  untraversed  and  unknown,  save 
on  the  coast,  and,  as  a  result  of  ignorance, 
possessed  an  evil  reputation.  Burton's  ex- 
pedition had  been  attacked  in  18.54,  and 
presumably  the  authorities  at  Aden  did  not 
encourage  adventurous  spirits  to  undertake 
journeys  which,  if  they  ended  disastrously, 
might  involve  our  Government  in  undesir- 
able and  embarrassing  entanglements.  But 
gradually  a  change  came  over  affairs  in 
these  parts  :  first  the  Egyptians  disappeared, 
and  were  replaced  by  an  assistant  resident 
and  a  few  policemen  ;  and  afterwards  the 
French  flag  vanished  from  Zeila  and  ours 
alone  was  left,  the  result  being  peace  and 
quiet  with  great  goodwill  on  the  part  of  the 
Somalis  towards  the  English.  The  nearest 
British  station  of  importance  is  Aden, 
and  hence  shooting  expeditions  were 
organized,  followed  by  journeys  for  the 
purposes  of  exploration,  from  which  natur- 
ally sport  was  not  excluded  (for  the  food 
supply  thus  obtained  was  important),  but 
was  subordinated  to  the  survey  of  routes, 
and  to  the  acquisition  of  information  re- 
specting the  country  and  its  inhabitants. 
No  work  is  ordinarily  more  attractive  to 
men  fond  of  travel  and  adventure,  or  better 
for  developing  their  most  valuable  qualities. 
For  difficulties  of  all  kinds  have  to  be  sur- 
moimted ;  thought  has  to  be  given  to  the 


proper  provision  of  all  things  necessary,  for 
their  transport,  and  for  the  comfort  and  well- 
being  of  men  and  animals  ;  then  the  selec- 
tion of  defensible  places  for  the  camp,  its 
protection,  and  the  exercise  of  men  in  the 
use  of  arms  must  not  be  neglected  ;  and, 
finally,  temper  and  judgment  must  be  under 
constant  control,  so  that  difficulties,  which 
are  certain  to  arise  within  the  camp,  may  be 
adjusted,  and  that  dangers  from  without 
may  be  met  and  overcome  by  a  judicious 
mixture  of  diplomacy  and  resolution.  No 
training  for  officers  is  more  useful ;  careless- 
ness or  neglect  is  not  punished,  when  the 
error  has  been  almost  forgotten,  by  the  offi- 
cial wigging  of  superiors — administered  in 
language  calculated  to  freeze  the  marrow  of 
the  offender,  and  in  its  stilted  periods  to 
delight  none  save  its  composer — but  by  im- 
mediate suffering  from  the  want  of  neces- 
saries unprovided.  If  food  and  water  are 
short,  the  camp,  commander  and  all,  go 
hungry  and  thirsty ;  if  carriage  is  insufficient, 
first  luxuries,  then  the  necessaries  of  life, 
have  to  be  abandoned ;  if  ammunition  is 
wrong,  or  if  temper  and  judgment  fail,  life 
itself  may  be  lost  either  when  following 
dangerous  animals  for  sport,  or  when 
threatened  by  suspicious  savages. 

If  readers  may  judge  from  the  record 
now  under  consideration,  which  through- 
out deserves  commendation  for  modesty 
and  simplicity,  Government  was  fortunate 
in  selecting  Capt.  Swayne  to  conduct  its 
surveying  and  exploring  parties,  whilst 
he  also  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
excellent  results  achieved,  and  on  the  op- 
portunities he  enjoyed  for  seeing  the 
country  and  shooting  its  game.  Between 
1884  and  1893  he  made  seventeen  journeys 
to  the  interior,  surveying  routes  and  col- 
lecting information  for  the  Intelligence 
Department  of  the  Indian  Government, 
from  whom  he  has  received  permission  to 
use  the  material  in  the  preparation  of  his 
book.  It  therefore  has  a  value  apart  from 
sport,  and  will  prove  of  great  use  to  travellers 
in  that  country,  the  majority  of  whom  for 
some  time  to  come  are,  however,  likely  to 
be  sportsmen.  And  this  for  various  reasons. 
In  the  first  place,  the  country  of  the  Somalis 
can  hardly  be  surpassed,  even  if  it  may  be 
equalled  elsewhere,  in  the  variety  of  game 
which  may  be  bagged.  Next,  its  situation 
is  convenient  both  for  men  from  England 
and  from  India ;  the  climate  is  healthy,  and 
in  the  higher  parts  of  the  land  not  unbear- 
ably hot.  AVith  some  drawbacks,  it  has  this 
advantage  over  the  Pamirs  or  more  distant 
parts  of  the  Himalaya,  that  the  sportsman 
may  go  out  in  full  expectation  of  plenty 
of  shots  and  he  will  seldom  be  disappointed, 
whereas  in  the  pursuit  of  Ovis  poli,  markhor, 
or  ibex  he  may  work  hard  for  a  week,  or 
even  for  a  fortnight,  and  never  get  a  fair 
chance. 

To  intending  visitors  it  may  at  once  be 
said  that  Capt.  Swayne's  book  is  invalu- 
able :  the  hints  on  outfit  for  trips  of  various 
periods,  the  maps  and  descriptions  of 
routes,  the  author's  accounts  of  his  sport 
and  of  his  dealing  with  the  Somalis  and 
Abyssinians,  are  all  in  their  way  excellent, 
and  the  latter,  if  carefully  read  and  con- 
sidered, may  convey  lessons  of  importance 
wlience  the  secret  of  successful  dealing  with 
wild,  uncivilized  men  may  bo  divined.  At 
times   Capt.   Swayne   and  his    little  party 


were  in  considerable  danger,  generally,  as 
might  be  expected,  when  near  the  frontier. 
It  appears  that  for  years  past  the  Abys- 
sinians have  pressed  forward  from  their 
own  country  beyond  Gildessa  and  Harar, 
and  have  established  a  fort  at  Jig-Jiga, 
which  they  sometimes  garrison  and  whence 
they  raid  the  neighbourhood,  but  which 
at  other  times  they  abandon.  They  have 
firearms,  whilst  the  Somalis  are,  under  our 
rule,  not  permitted  to  import  them,  so  that 
the  conflict  is  unequal  and  the  Abj'ssinians 
are  detested.  Under  the  circumstances  they 
are  naturally  overbearing,  and  at  Gildessa, 
Dago,  who  commanded  them,  evinced  this 
characteristic  by  endeavouring  to  detain 
Capt.  Swayne's  caravan,  which  he  sur- 
rounded by  his  armed  men.  There  was 
some  controversy,  but,  as  Capt.  Swayne's 
party  was  about  equal  to  Dago's,  prepara- 
tions for  defence  were  made,  and  fortunately, 
when  conflict  seemed  inevitable,  the  Abys- 
sinian yielded  and  the  caravan  departed 
intact.  On  another  occasion  at  Jig-Jiga, 
Banagiise,  another  Abyssinian  leader,  with 
about  400  horse  and  foot  armed  with  Reming- 
ton rifles,  endeavoured  to  arrest  Capt. 
Swayne  and  his  small  band  of  twenty  men, 
who  were  armed  with  Sniders  and  Martinis. 
It  was  a  game  of  bluff,  but  the  odds  were 
great : — 

"Calling  my  men,  twenty  in  all,  and  forming 
them  into  an  irregular  line,  I  went  out  on  foot 
into  the  valley  to  meet  Banagiise,  hoping 
devoutly  that  he  would  halt  his  people  and 
come  on  with  two  or  three  in  a  proper  manner. 
But  the  Abyssinians  continued  to  advance  ! 
I  was  intensely  annoyed  that  Banagiis^  should 
insist  on  bluffing,  and  we  all  determined  not  to 

give  in I  now  ordered  my  men  to  lie  down, 

and  advancing  with  two  of  them  I  waved  to 
Banagiise  to  come  forward  to  meet  me,  and  to 
halt   his   people.      My   signs   being    taken    no 
notice  of,  I  blew  a  whistle,  and  the  men  ran  up 
and  formed  round  me  into    a  rallying   group, 
outer  circle  kneeling  and  inner  circle  standing, 
and  a  cartridge  was  shoved  into  the  breech  of 
every  rifle.    Several  of  the  Abyssinians  dropped 
down  ready  to  fire  at  a  word  from  their  chief, 
and  my  Somalis  made  ready,  on  the  order,  to 
aim  at  the  little  man  on  the  white  horse,  riding 
in  the  middle  of  the  throng.    Banagus^  wheeled 
his  horse  quickly  and   addressed    his    people. 
He  had  at  last  been  beaten  in  the  game," 
and  he  came  forward  with  three  men,  compli- 
menting Capt.  Swayne  on  his  military  move- 
ments, thus  introducing  the  soft  words  on 
both  sides  which  turn  away  auger.      The 
result  of  these  and  similar  experiences   is 
that  Englishmen  are  at  present  very  popular 
in  the  land,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  non- 
official  visitors  will  be  careful  to  do  nothing 
to   endanger   the    existing    feeling.     Signs 
are  not  wanting  that  in  this  part    of    the 
world,  little  known  as  it  is,  political  compli- 
cations may  not  be  so  remote  as  could  be 
wished.     Abyssinian  encroachment    will  in 
all  likelihood  have  to  be  checked,  and  this 
could  probably  be  arranged  without  groat 
trouble  so  long  as  our  oflicors  had  to  deal 
with  Abyssinia   alone.      The   recent   inter- 
change   of   civilities,  and  recognition  of   a 
unity  of  religion,  between  Russia  and  Abys- 
sinia  might   lead    to   an    altered    state    of 
affairs,  and  it  is  well  that  a  watchful  eye 
should  be  kept  on  proceedings  which  may 
easily  before  long  affect  the  reality  of  the 
British  protectorate. 

Berbera  in   course   of  time  may  become 
distinctly  valuable.      It  lies   due  south  of 


2i8 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


Aden,  •which  it  supplies  with  meat  and 
with  which  station  there  is  communica- 
tion by  coasting  steamers  two  or  three 
times  a  week.  Its  trade  even  now 
is  considerable  ;  with  that  of  Bulbar, 
a  small  station  about  forty  miles  to  the 
west,  it  now  approaches  300,000/.  a  year, 
of  which  imports  are  more  than  one-half. 
Gum,  ostrich  feathers,  cattle  and  sheep, 
and  hides  are  exported,  the  last  named  to 
America,  whence  our  enterprising  cousins 
send  cotton  goods.  It  seems  strange  that 
they  should  thus  successfully  compete  with 
us  in  a  corner  of  the  world  remote  from 
their  shores  and  under  our  flag. 

Our  remarks  on  these  important  matters 
have  extended  so  far  that  those  on  sport 
must  be  brief,  and  this  matters  less  as  we 
have  previously  considered  the  subject  in 
connexion  with  Lord  Wolverton's  book, 
and  recently  in  reviewing  the  admirable 
description  of  '  Lion  Hunting  in  Somali- 
land,'  by  Capt.  C.  J.  Melliss  {Atlic7ici;um, 
No.  3533,  July  13th,  1895).  Capt.  Swayne 
was  fortunate  in  securing  many  trophies, 
and  would  appear  to  be  considerably 
over  average  as  a  shot,  even  if  allow- 
ance be  made  for  the  omission  of  his  less 
successful  experiences ;  he  was  doubly  for- 
tunate in  having  his  brother  Capt.  E.  J.  E. 
Swayne,  16th  Bengal  Infantry,  as  a  com- 
panion, who  not  only  saved  his  life  when 
wounded  and  unconscious  in  the  clutches  of 
a  lioness,  but  materially  assisted  the  volume 
with  journals  and  sketches.  In  the  matter 
of  weapons  the  author  had  "  a  double  four- 
bore  elej)hant  rifle,  carrying  fourteen  drs.  of 
powder  and  a  spherical  ball,  and  weighing 
twenty-one  pounds ;  a  double  eight- bore 
Paradox,  a  double  '577  Express,  all  by 
Holland  &  Holland ;  and  a  long  Lee- 
Mitford  magazine  rifle,  a  Martini-Henry, 
and  a  double  twelve-bore  pistol."  The  first 
weapon  we  think  almost  as  likely  to  damage 
the  sportsman  as  the  game ;  it  weighed 
221b.  when  loaded,  and  when  successfully 
fired  it  knocked  the  elephant  in  one  direction 
and  Capt.  Swayne  in  the  other,  remaining 
master  of  the  intervening  space.  If  such 
field-pieces  are  required,  they  should  be 
mounted  on  suitable  carriages,  and  be 
taken  as  artillery ;  but  we  are  glad  to  find 
that  they  are  omitted  in  the  sporting  battery 
recommended,  concerning  which  all  that 
need  be  said  is  that  it  is  sensible  and 
adequate,  erring  if  at  all  on  the  side  of 
weight  and  size  of  bore. 

The  system  of  spelling  native  names  is 
said  to  be  that  of  the  Iloyal  Geographical 
Society,  the  vowels  having  an  Italian  pro- 
nunciation. If  so,  we  are  disposed  to  think 
that  amendment  is  required,  but  without  see- 
ing the  names  in  Arabic  or  Persian  character 
we  cannot  be  certain.  It  is,  for  example, 
doubtful  whether  the  ei  of  Zoila  and 
Hargeisa  is  intended  to  be  pronounced  as  in 
weight,  in  which  case  the  i  might  with 
advantage  be  omitted ;  or  whether  they 
should  not  be  spelt  Zaila  and  Hargaisa,  the 
ai  having  the  sound  of  /  m  fire  or  tire,  wliicli 
is  assuredly  an  entirely  different  sound 
from  the  ei  of  vcight.  Capt.  Melliss  spells 
them  in  the  latter  way,  but  ho  does  not 
say  what  system  of  transliteration  ho  has 
adopted.  No  Italian  would  pronounce  ei  as 
wo  do  in  tveighf. 

The  voluino  is  well  illustrated,  partly 
from  sketches  by  the  author,  some  of  which, 


if  rather  crude,  are  at  any  rate  successful  in 
conveying  the  peculiarities  in  appearance  of 
the  animals  drawn  ;  it  is  well  turned  out  by 
the  publishers,  and  the  only  drawback  of 
any  consequence  is  that  its  bulk  is  consider- 
able, and  that  sportsmen  as  a  rule  cannot 
afford  much  space  for  books  in  their  kit. 


Days  of  my  Life  on  Waters  Fresh  and  Salt. 

By  John  Bickerdyke.  (Longmans  &  Co.) 
This  little  book  of  essays  appeals  in  the 
first  instance  to  anglers,  and  next  to  all 
lovers  of  nature.  Generally  a  book  on 
angling  is  caviare  to  the  multitude  which 
admires  birds  and  flowers,  while  what 
pleases  it  is  hardly  informing  enough 
for  the  fisherman.  The  author  of  these 
essays,  however,  possesses  a  light  touch  and 
a  graceful  habit  of  never  dwelling  long  on 
one  subject :  butterfly-like  he  flutters  from 
beauty  to  beauty  in  rural  matters,  only 
here  and  there  conciliating  anglers  by  an 
excessive  devotion  to  the  craft.  Thus  the 
book  can  be  read  with  pleasure  by  a  wide 
circle,  and  is  just  what  is  wanted  at  the  sea- 
side or  to  thrust  into  the  pocket  when  start- 
ing for  a  holiday.  Some  of  its  pages  have 
already  appeared  in  print  in  different 
journals.  Far  from  being  a  disqualification, 
this  is  a  tribute  justly  due  to  much  of  modern 
litei'ature,  which  is  largely  made  up  of  serial 
essays.  Besides,  it  often  gratifies  a  reader 
to  see  a  paper  which  he  remembers  trans- 
ferred into  more  lasting  form. 

Several  of  these  chapters  relate  to  sea- 
fishing,  a  sport  which  is  fast  increasing  in 
popularity  with  anglers.  Only  a  few  years 
ago  they  went  out  occasionally,  with  the 
rough  tackle  of  some  old  salt  who  obtained 
a  livelihood  by  selling  crabs  and  lobsters,  in 
an  attempt  to  alleviate  the  tedium  of  a  sea- 
side sojourn  with  wife  and  family.  The 
results  were  not  usually  encouraging. 
Nausea  and  boredom  speedily  claimed  their 
victims.  Now  Messrs.  Paske  and  Aflalo 
have  written  a  book  on  sea-fishing  which 
at  once  dignified  the  art.  Fishing-tackle 
makers  have  turned  their  wits  to  rendering 
the  hours  necessarily  spent  in  a  small  boat 
more  comfortable,  and  above  all  have  im- 
proved the  gear  used  until  sea-fishing  is 
rapidly  assuming  the  rank  of  a  fine  art.  It 
is  protected  and  encouraged,  too,  by  a 
British  Sea  Anglers'  Society.  When  people 
reflect  what  multitudes  of  keen  anglers  are 
precluded,  owing  to  lack  of  means  or  oppor- 
tunity, from  catching  salmon  or  trout  with 
artificial  fly  (the  highest  branch  of  the  art 
of  angling),  it  is  matter  of  much  satisfaction 
that  their  longings  in  this  direction  can  at 
least  be  gratified  by  taking  bass,  mackerel, 
codfish,  pollack,  and  herring  with  rough 
flies.  Should  such  a  fisherman  care  for 
quarry  of  a  heavier  weight,  the  conger, 
running  up  to  80  lb.,  perhaps,  would  form 
a  fair  equivalent  to  the  tarpon  of  the  Gulf 
of  Florida,  the  largest  fish  against  which 
man  has  so  far  tried  his  mettle  in  a  hand-to- 
liand  encounter.  Whatever  increases  the 
legitimate  amusements  of  tlie  people  must 
be  welcomed  by  all.  John  Bickerdyke  has 
added  several  chapters,  therefore,  on  sea- 
fishing  to  this  book,  which  cannot  fail  to 
help  its  votaries.  The  whole  mystery  of  sea- 
fishing  too  is,  we  see  with  pleasure,  treated 
in  a  volume  just  published  in  the  well-known 
Badminton  series  of  sporting  books. 


Of  John  Bickerdyke's  sea-fishing  papers, 
that  on  catching  biUets  (coal-fish)  in  the 
evening  from  the  rocks  of  the  Yorkshire 
coast  will  interest  more  than  mere  anglers. 
There  is  a  flavour  of  danger  about  the 
return  of  the  tide,  which  may  easily  cut  off 
the  fisherman,  an  instance  of  which  he  well 
describes.  We  remember,  too,  how  an  un- 
fortunate man  was  swept  bodily  away  from 
the  Brig  at  Filey  by  a  wave  much  larger 
than  usual.  John  Bickerdyke's  thoughts 
evidently  ran  in  the  same  current.  He  says 
(and  it  is  a  fair  specimen  of  his  style) : — 

"  It  was  an  impressive  scene.  Beneath  were 
the  massive  ledges  which  for  thousands  of  years 
had  borne  the  brunt  of  furious  seas  driven  by 
howling  winds  winging  their  way  unchecked 
from  arctic  regions.  The  great  sea,  solemn  and 
mournful,  now  almost  at  rest,  stretched  far 
into  the  hazy  distance,  while  the  sun  setting 
over  the  land  caused  the  cliffs  to  stand  out  dark 
and  terrible.  Here  and  there  caves  showed 
out  blackly,  and  I  could  just  make  out  the 
path,  far  above  high-water  mark,  from  wliich 
during  a  nortlierly  gale,  wlien  the  tide  was  at 
its  lowest,  a  great  wave  had  washed  two  un- 
fortunate persons  into  the  raging  waters  at  the 
foot  of  the  cliff.  No  sea  birds  were  visible,  no 
living  tiling  was  in  sight,  no  sound  was  to  be 
heard  but  the  splash  of  the  water  on  the  rocks  ; 
and,  sitting  there  far  out  in  the  sea,  with  night 
coining  on  and  the  story  of  those  two  poor 
people  running  through  my  head,  a  sort  of 
uncanny  feeling  began  to  possess  me." 

Occasionally  the  writer  touches  on  dis- 
puted points  on  fish  and  fishing,  and  holds 
the  balance  fairly  when  he  does  so.  For 
instance,  he  considers  whether  salmon  (or 
the  Salmonidse)  ever  take  flies  in  a  tide-way, 
and  faces  many  of  the  difficult  problems 
connected  with  the  common  trout.  The 
following  sensible  advice  may  be  commended 
to  many  who  possess  pools  fed  by  brooks 
and  at  present  filled  with  worthless  coarse 
fish:  — 

"  Yearling  trout  can  now  be  bought  at  101. 
per  thousand,  and  at  that  price  no  fishery 
ought  to  be  left  unstocked.  The  stream  should, 
of  course,  be  kept  as  clean  as  possible.  Gravelly 
shallows  should  be  raked  over  occasionally,  some 
(not  all)  of  the  mud  removed,  pike,  perch,  and 
chub  netted  out,  and  aged  trout  ruthlessly  slain 
by  fair  means  or  foul." 

Here  and  there  a  fisherman  would  differ 
from  John  Bickerdyke.  Thus  he  appears  to 
be  heretical  in  his  views  on  the  grayling. 
He  deems  that  these  fish  would  do  no  harm 
by  eating  the  food  which  would  otherwise 
fall  to  the  lot  of  the  trout  in  a  stream,  and 
thinks  that  trout  are  as  likely  to  eat  their 
spawn  as  they  are  to  devour  trout-spawn. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  grayling- 
increase  in  a  larger  ratio  than  do  trout. 
Save  in  a  very  large  river,  grayling  un- 
doubtedly pauperize  the  trout  supply.  In 
a  small  stream  we  have  seen  them  almost 
exterminate'  the  trout.  Let  a  would  -  be 
acclimatizer  of  grayling,  therefore,  in  a 
trout  stream  pause  before  he  possibly  does 
irreparable  mischief.  Again,  the  author 
fears  he  should  "  horrify  those  who  devoutly 
believe  in  returning  undersized  fish"  to  a 
stream.  He  advocates  in  private  waters 
"killing  everything  landed  except  finger- 
lings,"  as  he  deems  the  constant  return  of 
all  immature  fisli  causes  them  to  grow  so 
shy  and  coy  that  fly-fishing  ceases  to  be  a 
pleasure  and  assumes  the  proportions  of 
a  task.  He  instances  the  Lambourne  as 
a  case  in  point.     It  is  quite  possible   that 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


249 


other  causes  have  led  to  the  deterioration 
of  the  Lambourne  —  probably  excessive 
fishing  is  one  of  these  ;  and  certainly  there 
is  wanton  cruelty  in  killing  small  fish. 

With  regard  to  fresh-water  fishing  there 
is  a  capital  paper  in  this  book  on  the 
beauties  of  Sutherlandshire,  a  county  which 
old  anglers  have  long  appreciated.  "Loch 
Carpet  Bag,"  on  which  our  author  discourses, 
will  be  easily  identified  by  them.  "  Salmon 
Fishing  by  Phonograph  "is  an  amusing 
skit  on  the  habit  of  anglers  to  magnify  the 
size  of  their  captures.  Some  of  John  Bicker- 
dyke's  own  photographs  add  especial  grace 
to  this  pretty  volume  of  angling  sketches, 
which  cannot  fail  to  amuse  many  an  angler 
during  the  present  summer. 


Select  Pleas  in  the  Court  of  Admiralty.  By 
E.  G.  Marsden,  Vol.  I.  (Selden  Society.) 
Me:  Marsden  has  selected  as  the  sphere 
of  his  labours  a  jurisdiction  on  the  origin 
of  which,  as  his  opening  words  remind  the 
reader,  great  obscurity  prevails.  The  im- 
portance of  that  jurisdiction  in  a  maritime 
and  trading  community  imparts  no  ordinary 
interest  to  the  fruits  of  his  patient  research 
and  the  conclusions  at  which  he  has  arrived. 
As  "Admiralty"  itself  is  derived  from 
"  admiral,"  Mr.  Marsden  begins  by  dis- 
cussing the  date  at  which  that  officer  is 
first  mentioned  in  our  records,  and  he  finds 
it  in  the  appointment  of  Berard  de  Sestas 
as  "  Admiral "  of  the  Bayonne  fleet  in  1295. 
But  this  Gascon  is  run  close  by  William 
de  Leyburn  and  John  de  Botetourt,  whom 
the  Gascon  Eoll  of  1296  styles  "Amiraux 
de  nostre  navire  d'Engleterre."  Mr.  Marsden 
suggests  that  the  former  was  a  Gascon  ;  but 
in  this  it  is  difficult  to  concur.  He  was  an 
EngHsh  baron,  named  from  Leybourne  in 
Kent.  As  Leyburn  is  styled  "captain  of 
the  mariners"  in  1294-5  and  1297,  and 
"admiral"  in  1296-7,  the  stage  of  trans- 
ition seems  to  be  determined,  and  the 
appearance  of  an  Alard  as  Admiral  of  the 
Cinque  Ports  fleet  in  1300,  and  as  "captain 
and  admiral  "  thereof  in  1303,  clearly  favours 
Mr.  Marsden's  contention  that  the  name 
was  introduced  into  England  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  fourteenth  century,  while 
the  close  trading  connexion  between  Gascony 
and  the  Cinque  Ports  would  account  for 
their  early  adoption  of  the  novel  style. 

Turning  from  the  officer  to  his  official 
jurisdiction,  Mr.  Marsden  has  been  led  by 
the  evidence  he  has  so  laboriously  examined 
to  the  conclusion  that  "the  origin  of  the 
Admiralty  Court  can  be  traced  with  tolerable 
certainty  to  the  period  between  the  years 
1340  and  1357,"  and  he  holds  that  the 
cause  of  its  institution  was  the  growing 
difficulty  of  dealing  with  cases  of  spoil  or 
piracy  and  the  international  difficulties  they 
caused.  If  it  was  connected,  as  he  further 
maintains,  with  the  claim  of  our  kings  to 
the  sovereignty  of  the  sea — a  claim  which 
the  great  victory  of  Sluys  (1340)  enabled 
them  to  enforce — the  institution  of  this  new 
jurisdiction  was  a  really  national  event. 
Much  turns  on  that  "memorable  record" 
the  '  Fasciculus  de  Superioritate  Maris ' 
(1339),  which  Mr.  Marsden  describes  and 
discusses  with  special  care.  Although,  as 
was  a  common  mediocval  practice,  the  com- 
piler or  compilers  of  this  document  strove 
to  carry  back  too  far  an  Admiralty  juris- 


diction of  the  English  kings,  it  is  clear  that 
there  was  recognized  such  a  power  as  the 
"  Superioritas,"  "  Custodia,"  or  "  Admiral- 
litas  "  of  the  sea  as  early  as  the  commence- 
ment of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  further 
clear  that  the  English  denied  in  1304  that 
this  power  was  vested  in  the  French  kings, 
and  claimed  in  1322  that  it  was  vested  in 
their  own.  It  is  even  probable  that  the 
treaty  of  Bruges  implies  a  Flemish  recog- 
nition of  that  claim  in  1297.  Now  it  is 
needful,  as  it  seems  to  us,  to  distinguish 
clearly  between  a  jurisdiction  over  aU 
offences  on  the  narrow  seas,  based  on  the 
above  claim,  and  the  merely  disciplinary 
and  administrative  jurisdiction  over  the 
king's  fleet  vested  in  its  admiral.  Of  the 
latter  we  have  an  interesting  example,  far 
earlier  than  any  which  Mr.  Marsden  quotes, 
in  the  authority  conferred  on  the  "  cap- 
tains"  or  "justiciars"  of  Richard's  cru- 
sading fleet  (1190).  The  rude  code  they 
were  authorized  to  administer  must  give 
us  early  glimpses  of  that  "lex  maritima" 
we  hear  of  in  later  days.  It  is  such  juris- 
diction, and  such  only,  that  was  conferred, 
as  we  read  the  commission,  on  John  Pavely, 
"  capitaneus  et  ductor"  of  the  king's  fleet, 
in  1360.  We  are  at  issue  here  with  Mr. 
Marsden,  who  sees  in  it  the  first  notice  of 
the  erection  of  an  Admiralty  Court.  For 
such  notice  we  must  turn  to  the  commission 
given  shortly  after  to  Sir  John  Beauchamp 
as  "  Admirallus,"  which  we  do  not  render 
exactly  as  he  does,  and  in  which  we  see  a 
distinct  reference  to  an  Admiralty  jui-is- 
diction. 

Putting  aside  the  discipline  of  the  fleet, 
it  is  obvious  that,  although  the  king's  ad- 
miral would  be,  of  necessity,  the  executive 
officer  for  enforcing  his  authority  on  the 
seas,  it  by  no  means  followed  that  he  would 
be  the  judge  before  whom  maritime  cases 
would  be  tried  on  shore.  The  real  interest 
of  the  problem  lies  in  tracing  how  he  came 
to  act  in  a  judicial  as  well  as  an  executive 
capacity  over  the  cases  that  arose  from  the 
king's  maritime  jurisdiction.  It  is  here  that 
Mr.  Marsden  has  been  able  to  show,  by 
collecting  notices  of  such  spoil  and  piracy 
cases  as  are  known  before  the  erection  of 
the  new  court,  that  there  was  a  grievous 
want  of  system  both  in  the  method  of  trying 
these  cases  and  in  the  application  of  legal 
principles,  the  "lex  maritima"  or  "lex 
mercatoria "  being  distinct  from  the  law 
of  the  land.  Valuable  as  is  the  collection 
he  has  formed,  it  will  no  doubt  be  sub- 
sequently amplified. 

Rightly  laying  considerable  stress  on  the 
commission  issued  to  Murimouth  (a  fact,  we 
believe,  unknown  to  his  biographers)  and 
two  colleagues  in  1339,  to  advise  the  king 
as  to  the  settlement  of  piracy  claims,  the  pre- 
servation of  peace,  the  maintenance  of  the 
king's  sovereignty  of  the  sea,  and  the  exe- 
cution of  his  office  of  admiralty,  Mr. 
Marsden  ingeniously  suggests  that  they 
probably  advised  the  erection  of  an  Ad- 
miralty Court,  though  for  some  time  after- 
wards cases  were  tried  as  before,  nor  is  it 
till  1357  that  we  find  distinct  reference  to 
proceedings  before  the  Admiral.  But  the 
old  system  lingered  on,  and  a  petition  to 
Parliament  in  1371  against  a  novel  pro- 
cedure may,  it  is  urged,  refer  to  tlio  erection 
of  an  Admiralty  Court.  Steadily,  however, 
it  gained  ground,  till  the  statutes  of  13  and 


15  Ric.  II.  were  passed  to  set  a  limit  to  its 
powers.  It  was  Henry  VIII.  who  first 
introduced  changes  in  the  opposite  direction, 
and  extended  the  spliere  of  jurisdiction,  so 
that  under  him  the  court  increased  greatly 
in  importance.  As  the  bishop  had  his 
"  official"  for  his  court,  so  had  the  admiral 
his  judge,  the  first  on  record  having  been 
appointed  in  1482.  As  to  the  scope  of 
Admiralty  jurisdiction,  the  only  bond,  it 
seems  to  us,  between  its  many  unconnected 
subjects  is  that  of  the  sea.  Granted  that 
the  sea,  including  all  tidal  waters,  was  the 
sphere  of  its  authority,  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  accounting  for  a  court  instituted, 
Mr.  Marsden  holds,  to  deal  with  piracy, 
being  recognized  so  early  as  1364  as  possess- 
ing authority  to  deal  with  obstruction  in  a 
tidal  estuary.  Roughly  speaking,  the  idea, 
we  think,  was  to  group  all  salt-water  matters 
under  a  single  and  separate  jurisdiction 
created  for  the  purpose. 

Of  the  matters  dealt  with  by  the  court 
Mr.  Marsden  has  compiled  an  excellent 
summary.  We  note  that  the  only  jettison 
case  he  has  discovered  is  one  of  1540;  he 
may,  therefore,  be  glad  of  a  reference  to 
the  '  Liber  Albus,'  where  he  will  find 
recorded  an  interesting  case  of  jettison 
between  1275  and  1285,  in  which  the  claim 
for  average  was  decided  by  the  king  in 
council.  The  records  printed  in  the  volume 
before  us  are  arranged  in  two  groups.  The 
first  consists  of  two  cases  belonging  to  the 
Admiralty  of  the  West,  about  the  close  of 
the  fourteenth  century ;  the  second  is  com- 
posed of  extracts  from  the  records  of  the 
High  Court  of  Admiralty,  1527-1545.  The 
earliest  extant  records  of  the  court  are 
the  Act  Books,  beginning  in  1525;  but 
though  their  predecessors  have  disappeared, 
the  records  of  the  court,  it  is  pointed  out, 
from  what  we  know  of  the  1364  case  referred 
to  above,  must  have  been  kept.  We  can 
here  supplement  the  editor's  information, 
for  there  is  (or  was)  preserved  among  the 
records  of  Colchester  an  exemplification, 
made  in  19  Ric.  II.,  of  the  proceedings  in 
this  very  case,  as  "  Processus  coram  Roberto 
de  Harle  Admirallo."  The  apparatus  of 
Mr.  Marsden's  volume  is  well  up  to  the 
high  standard  set  by  the  Selden  Society. 
Not  only  are  the  cases  arranged  and  edited 
with  unusual  care,  but  the  index  of  matters,  as 
well  as  of  names,  is  of  signal  value.  He  has 
given  us  a  work  which  is  likely  to  become 
a  standard  authority  on  the  admiral's  juris- 
diction. 


THREE   BOOKS    OX    JAP.VX. 

Advance,  Japan.    By  J.  Mon-is.    Illustrated. 

(Allen  &  Co.) 
Out  of  the  East :  Reveries  and  Studies  in  Neio 

Japan.     By    Lafcadio   Heam.     (Osgood, 

McHvaine  &  Co.) 
Lotos- Time  in  Japan.     By  Henry  T.  Finck. 

Illustrated.  (Lawrence  &  Bull  en.) 
These  three  books,  each  in  its  own  manner 
and  degree,  are  excellent  examples  of  tlie 
Japanolatry  characteristic  of  this  rococo  age. 
The  civilization  of  the  AVest,  according  to 
this  decadent  school,  is  effete,  "and  the 
sociologists  of  the  Far  East,"  to  borrow 
Mr.  Finck's  language,  may  "in  a  future 
century  look  at  us  across  the  Pacific  as  we 
do  at  our  untutored  mediaeval  ancestors  in 
Euiope" — at    the    men   who    founded    its 


250 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


states,  ordered  its  peoples,  and  created 
its  art  and  literature.  To  replace  the 
New  Zealander  after  this  fashion,  how- 
ever, Japan  must  not  introduce  chimneys, 
whistles,  soot,  machinery,  and  division 
of  labour ;  and  as  this  is  just  what 
the  object  of  Mr.  Einck's  amusing  adora- 
tion is  doing  with  all  her  might  and  main, 
as  well  as  imitating  the  best  European 
models  in  the  art  of  manslaughter  for  the 
avowed  purpose  of  aggrandizement,  Europe 
and  America  may  still  come  to  recognize  in 
the  island  empire  of  the  East  a  fellow 
culprit  rather  than  a  sociological  model. 
The  odd  thing  about  writers  of  this  kind 
— or  is  it  an  odd  thing  ?— is  that  probably 
not  one  of  them  is  capable  of  reading  a 
single  line  of  Japanese,  and  that  con- 
sequently the  whole  of  Japanese  litera- 
ture, media3val  and  modern,  is  a  sealed 
book  to  them.  The  result  is  pretty 
much  what  the  result  of  an  attempt 
to  describe  French  civilization  with  no 
knowledge  of  the  language  of  Voltaire  and 
Hugo  would  be,  and  the  philosophical  and 
sociological  padding  of  these  three  volumes 
may  be  dismissed  as  profitless. 

Mr.  Morris's  book  is  a  carefully  compiled 
summary  of  the  history,  customs,  character- 
istics, and  present  position,  aims,  and  ambi- 
tions of  the  Japanese  people.  He  justly 
lauds  the  resolution  and  foresight  with  which 
the  late  campaign  in  Korea  was  conducted — 
above  all,  the  determination  of  Japan  to 
"  thrash  her  enemy  within  an  inch  of  her 
life,"  for  which  the  Celestials  will  be  duly 
grateful,  for  in  what  other  way  could  they  be 
"  aroused  to  a  sense  of  [their]  inabihty  to 
withstand  invasion  "  ?  The  most  interest- 
ing chapters  of  'Advance,  Japan,'  are  those 
which  supply  a  succinct  but  complete  history 
of  the  recent  war  with  China — of  course 
from  a  purely  Japanese  point  of  view. 

Mr.  Hearn's  book  is  a  sort  of  supplement  to 
his  '  Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan,'  which 
was  reviewed  at  length  some  time  since  in 
these  columns.  In  his  present  volume  he 
deals  with  various  pliases  of  Japanese  social 
thought  in  very  much  the  same  temper  and 
with  the  same  grace  as  in  his  earlier  work. 
In  a  fanciful  and  somewhat  extravagantly 
conceived  vein,  not  without  a  tinge  of  the 
maudlin,  he  contrasts  the  seclusion  of 
Japanese  women  and  their  subservience  to 
the  desires  and  proprietorship  of  man,  the 
subordination  of  children  to  parents,  and 
the  whole  family  life  of  Japan  with  the 
boisterous  and,  in  Japanese  eyes,  indecent 
and  impious  independence  of  the  young  men 
and  maids  of  the  West.  Such  rude  and  un- 
tutored demonstrations  as  the  Western  kiss 
or  embrace,  or,  indeed,  caress  of  any  sort,  are 
unknown  to  the  exquisite  courtesy  of  Dai 
Nippon.  Even  girls  do  not  kiss  each  other,  nor 
do  parents  over  kiss  or  embrace  their  children 
in  that  refined  society.  They  bow,  kneel, 
smile,  and  utter  polite  phrases  with  down- 
cast or  averted  eyes  and  bent  head,  and  are 
superiorly  content  with  tliis  sort  of  con- 
ventional expression  of  affection.  In  the 
chapter  on  jiujutim,  which  may  be  trans- 
lated "tricky  wrestling,"  Mr.  Hearn 
again  sets  forth  the  ineffable  virtues  of 
his  favourite  people.  lie  has  already  ex- 
plained that  Japanese  indifference  to  the 
art,  poetry,  philosophy,  and  religion  of  the 
West  is  merely  a  sign  of  Eastern  pre- 
eminence in  esthetics.    In  the  qualities  that 


make  a  people  great  the  Japanese  are 
equally  supreme.  Their  "national  spirit" 
is  such  that  "  so  trite  a  word  as  patriotism 
is  utterly  powerless  to  represent  it.' '  Never- 
theless, they  are  able  to  keep  it  under 
control,  since  this  people  becomes  the  "  more 
self-contained  the  more  profoundly  its  emo- 
tions are  called  into  play."  At  times,  how- 
ever, it  bursts  out  after  a  somewhat  strange 
fashion.  During  the  late  war  "  many  killed 
themselves  on  being  refused  the  chance  of 
military  service."  Various  instances  of  this 
form  of  "patriotism"  are  adduced,  of  which 
the  most  grisly  may  be  cited.  A  lieutenant, 
finding  nobody  to  care  for  his  motherless 
girl  after  his  dej)arture,  killed  her,  joined 
his  regiment,  sought  death  on  the  battle- 
field, and  found  it.  Of  the  stupid  and 
selfish  savagery  of  such  an  act  Mr.  Hearn 
seems  to  have  no  perception.  It  is  only 
proper  to  add  that  the  Japanese  themselves 
by  no  means  admire  the  tone  of  several  recent 
books  on  their  country,  and  would  prefer 
even  such  a  master  of  style  as  Mr.  Hearn  to 
keep  within  more  reasonable  bounds  in  his 
descriptions.  It  is  impossible  to  study  their 
modern  literature  without  being  persuaded 
of  their  desire — of  their  excessive  desire, 
indeed — to  become  Euroj)eanized  in  moral 
as  well  as  material  matters.  Mr.  Hearn,  in 
fact,  recognizes  this,  as  also  does  Mr.  Finck, 
though  the  former  labours  hard  to  show 
that  they  have  solved  the  problem  of  recon- 
ciling what,  according  to  him,  are  incom- 
patible things. 

Mr.  Finck' s  reason  for  visiting  Japan 
was  a  singular  one.  "  I  frankly  confess," 
he  writes,  "that  what  made  me  plan 
my  visit  to  Japan  was  the  knowledge 
that  all  the  women  are  built  after  this 
[Andalusian]  type."  And  there  is  accord- 
ingly a  good  deal  about  women,  their 
ways  and  wiles,  in  his  pages.  There 
is,  however,  much  else,  and  much  that  is 
profitable — for  Mr.  Finck's  own  countrymen 
especially — as  well  as  interesting  to  read, 
though  little  that  is  new.  He  writes  in  a 
spirited  manner,  often  with  smartness ; 
occasionally  he  departs  a  little  from  the 
canons  of  good  taste.  But  he  is  never 
duU,  and  his  descriptions  of  native  life  and 
character  are  those  of  a  good,  if  somewhat 
uncritical  observer.  His  account  of  a 
journey  in  Yezo,  made  under  highly  favour- 
able circumstances,  is  especially  attractive. 
But  in  '  Lotos-Time  in  Japan,'  as  in  the  other 
books  under  notice,  what  we  miss  is  what 
the  Germans  call  "  Objectivitiit."  No  doubt 
it  is  interesting  to  know  what  the  writers 
think  about  Japan,  and  how  they  fit  in  their 
experiences  with  whatever  scheme  of  society 
commends  itself  to  them.  But  surely,  in 
these  days  of  abundance  of  interpreters,  it 
would  be  possible  to  penetrate  a  little  below 
the  surface  of  things,  and  to  tell  us  what  the 
Japanese  think  and  say  about  themselves ; 
what  are  their  views,  as  expressed  among 
themselves,  of  things  in  general  and  things 
Japanese  in  particular  ;  what  progress  they 
are  making  in  matters  not  merely  of  a  mate- 
rial nature ;  what  public  oj)inion  there  is, 
liow  it  is  formed  and  expressed,  and  what 
may  be  its  mode  and  degree  of  action.  Of 
these  things  wo  learn  nothing  ;  we  have 
merely  repetitions  ad  7iaiiscam  of  the  stock 
experiences  of  the  ubiquitous  globe-trotter. 


The  International  Critical  Commentary.  — 
A  Critical  and  Exegetical  Commentary  on 
Deuteronomy.  By  the  Eev.  S.  E.  Driver, 
D.D.     (Edinburgh,  T,  &  T.  Clark.) 

"  Deuteronomy,"  as  Canon  Driver  says  in 
his  preface,  "  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
and  important  books  of  the  Old  Testament," 
and  therefore  a  commentary  upon  it  may 
appropriately  form  the  first  instalment  of 
a  new  work  on  the  Old  Testament.  The 
volume  for  which  Dr.  Driver  is  respon- 
sible consists  of  two  parts :  a  general 
critical  introduction  and  a  detailed  com- 
mentary on  the  Hebrew  text.  The  former 
will  doubtless  arouse  greater  interest,  but 
the  permanent  value  of  the  work  will  pro- 
bably be  found  to  depend  on  the  latter. 
As  there  are  hardly  now  any  burning  critical 
questions  depending  for  their  solution  on 
further  study  of  the  Book  of  Deuteronomy, 
Canon  Driver  has  thought  it  sufficient  to 
supply  a  careful  statement  of  the  grounds 
on  which  the  results  already  attained  by 
criticism  rest.  Proceeding  pretty  nearly  on 
the  lines  of  his  previous  discussions  of  this 
book,  he  furnishes  at  the  outset  a  sum- 
mary of  its  contents,  and  compares  them 
with  what  the  other  strata  of  the  Hexa- 
teuch  present.  After  an  interesting  de- 
scription of  the  scope  and  character  of  the 
work,  he  turns  to  tlxe  questions  of  author- 
ship, date,  and  structure.  Adducing  ten 
reasons  in  support  of  his  assertion,  he 
proves  that  there  was  a  special  Deuteronomic 
author,  who  wrote  in  the  seventh  century  b.c. 
Whether  this  author  wrote  tmder  Manasseh 
or  Josiah  Dr.  Driver  leaves  undecided,  but 
he  appears  still  to  incline  to  the  earlier  date. 

On  the  question  of  structure  Dr.  Driver's 
general  results  are  somewhat  similar  to 
those  stated  in  his  '  Introduction.'  Chapters 
v.-xi.,  and  on  the  whole  i.-iv.,  are  assigned 
to  the  same  author  as  xii.-xxvi.  and  xxviii., 
chiefly  on  the  ground  of  style.  However, 
a  somewhat  detailed  account  is  given  of  the 
discussions  connected  with  the  subject,  and 
the  hand  of  a  later  writer  is  recognized  in 
chaps,  i.-iv.,  and  to  a  much  greater  extent 
in  the  closing  chapters  of  the  book.  The 
analytical  table  exhibiting  the  critical 
results  is  more  thoroughly  worked  out  than 
that  printed  in  his  previous  work. 

The  last  part  of  the  introduction  contains 
some  thirteen  pages  devoted  to  an  account 
of  the  language  and  style  of  Deuteronomy. 
Here  the  writer  finds  scope  for  displaying 
his  well-known  wide  and  accurate  knowledge 
and  delicate  appreciation  of  the  genius  of 
the  Hebrew  language,  and  his  readers  are 
suppHed  with  many  carefully  constructed 
lists  of  words  and  expressions.  The  list 
furnished  in  his  '  Introduction '  is  repro- 
duced, but  with  some  important  addi- 
tions in  both  its  parts,  the  forty-one 
items  having  grown  to  seventy.  The  first 
sixteen  of  them  form  a  class  by  themselves, 
in  connexion  with  which  Dr.  Driver  gives 
his  exposition  of  the  growth  of  the  cha- 
racteristic Deuteronomic  style.  The  ques- 
tion of  archaisms  is  most  carefully  and 
satisfactorily  dealt  with,  occasion  being 
taken  to  reply  to  the  recent  work  'Lex 
Mosaica.'  Finally,  the  iufluenco  of  Deu- 
teronomy on  later  writers  is  considered,  a 
useful  selection  of  parallels  with  Jeremiah 
being  adduced.  The  condition  of  the  text 
is  naturally  left  to  be  treated  as  occasion 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


251 


requires  in  the  detailed  commentary.  A 
list  of  deviations  from  the  Massoretic  text 
would,  however,  have  been  useful  to  the 
student. 

The  main  strength  of  the  writer  has  been 
expended  on  the  commentary  itself.  This 
is  contained  in  not  fewer  than  426  closely 
printed  pages.  Neither  the  Hebrew  nor 
the  English  text  is  printed,  except  in 
chaps,  xxxii.  and  xxxiii.,  though  a  very 
considerable  part  of  it  is  translated  in  the 
notes.  The  comment  consists  of  two  per- 
fectly independent  portions  :  the  primary 
exposition,  in  clear  legible  type,  and  a  series 
of  more  technical  and  philological  discus- 
sions, in  a  considerably  smaller  type  (perhaps 
too  smaU),  at  the  foot  of  each  page.  Several 
details  of  the  critical  analysis  are  here  dealt 
with,  niceties  of  language  pointed  out,  and 
proposed  emendations  of  text  considered, 
always  in  a  cautious  spirit,  not  seldom  with 
a  reserve  of  judgment.  Of  valuable  notes 
on  the  subject-matter  we  may  mention, 
somewhat  at  random,  the  notes  on  the 
seventh  year  and  on  tithes.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  are,  of  course,  places  where  the 
reader  would  have  liked  greater  fulness.  To 
instance  only  one  :  we  miss  in  the  valuable 
note  on  ^''"13  any  account  of  the  view 
that  has  found  considerable  support,  that 
"  covenant "  is  not  the  original,  but  a  derived 
meaning  of  JTii^. 

A  few  words  may  be  devoted  to  the 
important  chapters  xxxii.  and  xxxiii., 
which  contain  the  Song  and  the  Blessing. 
As  to  the  date  at  which  the  former  was 
composed.  Dr.  Driver  says  :  — 

"Though  the  literary  individuality  of  the 
poet  is  strong,  and  there  are  consequently  few 
verbal  parallels,  the  general  thought  of  the  poem, 
and  its  predominant  ideas,  have  decidedly 
greater  affinities  with  the  prophets  of  the 
Chaldaean  age,  than  with  the  earlier  prophets, 
Amos,  Hosea,  Isaiah,  or  Micah." 

He  suggests  that  the  Song  may  have 
been  inserted  in  the  work  of  the  Jehovist 
( JE)  after  the  completion  of  the  compilation 
of  that  work. 

In  the  case  of  the  Blessing  Prof.  Driver 
adheres  more  closely  to  his  former  position. 
The  references  to  Joseph  and  Judah  are 
taken  to  indicate  that  the  author  belonged 
to  the  northern  kingdom.  The  Blessing  is 
regarded  as  having  probably  from  the  first 
been  put  in  the  mouth  of  Moses,  and  it  is 
suggested  that  it  may  have  been  taken  from 
some  collection  of  ancient  national  hymns 
after  Deuteronomy  had  reached  its  present 
form.  The  state  of  Israel  presupposed 
would  correspond,  it  is  argued,  with  a  date 
shortly  after  the  disruption  of  the  monarchy 
under  Jeroboam  I.,  which  accordingly  our 
author  favours.  He  seems,  however,  to 
turn  with  relief  from  such  speculations  to 
a  detailed  examination  of  the  text,  and  it  is 
here  we  find  him  at  his  best. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  this  volume  of 
Prof.  Driver's  is  marked  by  his  well-known 
care  and  accuracy,  and  that  it  will  be  a 
g^eat  boon  to  everyone  who  wishes  to  acquire 
a  thorough  knowledge  either  of  the  Hebrew 
language  or  of  the  contents  of  the  Book  of 
Deuteronomy  and  their  significance  for  the 
development  of  Old  Testament  thought. 


Wills,  Leases,  and  Memoranda  in  the  Booh  of 
Records  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Christopher  le 
Stocks,  in  the  City  of  Londo7i.  Edited  by 
Edwin  Ereshfield.     (Privately  printed.) 

The  Account  Booh  of  the  same  Parish,  1662- 
1685.  Edited  by  Edwin  Ereshfield. 
(Privately  printed.) 

The  Account  Boohs  of  the  Parish  of  St. 
Bartholomeiv  Exchange,  in  the  City  of  Lon- 
don, 1596-1698.  Edited  by  Edwin  Eresh- 
field.    (Privately  printed.) 

If  it  were  not  for  private  enterprise  the 
archives  of  many  a  City  parish  would  re- 
main sealed  books  to  the  general  reader, 
and  much  of  the  inner  life  of  the  London 
burgess — his  life  as  a  member  of  the  Church 
and  as  a  parishioner — would  be  lost  to  us. 
There  appeared  not  so  long  ago  in  the  pages 
of  a  contemporary  a  list  of  parish  records 
of  the  City  hitherto  published  or  privately 
printed.  The  list  was  a  long  one,  and 
showed  that  the  value  of  such  records  was 
not  underrated.  It  at  the  same  time  showed 
only  too  plainly  that  a  large  percentage  of 
the  work  done  in  this  direction  is  due  to 
private  enterprise.  Foremost  of  those  who 
have  spared  neither  money  nor  labour  in 
making  the  contents  of  their  own  parish  books 
better  known  stands  Dr.  Edwin  Ereshfield, 
and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  know  that  his  son 
has  already  given  promise  of  studiously 
following  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father. 

It  is  now  just  ten  years  since  Dr.  Fresh- 
field  edited  and  printed  an  instalment  of 
parish  accounts  from  1575  to  1662  kept 
by  the  churchwardens  of  the  church  of  St. 
Christopher  le  Stocks.  The  church  no  longer 
exists.  It  was  one  of  the  first  churches  to 
be  destroyed — voluntarily  destroyed  —  for 
purposes  of  improvement,  and,  we  are  sorry 
to  say,  it  has  not  been  the  last.  A  portion 
of  the  Bank  of  England  stands  on  the  site 
of  the  old  church,  and  the  parish  is  now 
joined  to  that  of  St.  Margaret,  Lothbury. 
In  1886  Dr.  Ereshfield  edited  a  volume  of 
vestry  minutes  of  the  same  parish,  to  which 
he  appended  some  extracts  from  the  parish 
'Book  of  Records,' leaving  the  rest  of  the 
book  to  be  dealt  with  at  some  future  time. 
In  the  first  of  the  three  volumes  now  before 
us  he  again  turns  his  attention  to  this  '  Book 
of  Eecords,'  and  supplies  transcripts  of  the 
more  interesting  deeds  and  wills  of  which 
the  book  is  composed.  One  of  these  wills 
it  is  especially  pleasing  to  find  here  printed 
in  extenso,  inasmuch  as  the  enrolment  in  the 
Court  of  Husting,  according  to  Dr.  Sharpe 
(*  Calendar  of  Wills,'  ii.  458),  is  imperfect. 
Another  will,  that  of  John  Plonket,  is 
curious  on  account  of  the  precise  terms  of 
the  witnessing  clause,  describing  as  it  does 
the  place,  hour,  and  even  the  habiliments 
worn  by  the  testator  at  the  time  of  executing 
the  document,  in  a  manner  we  do  not  re- 
member having  seen  before. 

In  the  second  volume  the  editor  con- 
tinues his  transcript  of  parish  accounts  from 
1662  down  to  1685.  We  instinctively  turn 
to  the  years  of  the  Plague  and  the  Fire  to 
see  how  the  parish  fared.  The  first  item 
we  come  across  is  a  payment  of  8.s.  ^d.  to  a 
bricklayer  for  "  covering  of  graves  " — a  pre- 
caution, in  all  probability,  against  the  spread 
of  infection.  Another  entry  is  that  of  an 
allowance  of  bl.  to  one  of  the  churchwardens 
for  "  his  extraordynary  charge  in  y'  tyme  of 
contagion."     We  find,    again,  the  sum  of 


3?.  15.S.  6^.  paid  to  a  watchman  "in  y^  sick- 
nes  tyme  and  to  severall  persons  at  severall 
tymes  for  watching  in  and  aboute  the 
church  since  the  Eyre."  The  church  was 
severely  damaged,  but  not  destroyed,  by  the 
Fire,  and  watchmen  were  necessary  not  only 
to  guard  against  any  renewed  outbreak, 
but  also  to  keep  an  eye  on  the  goods  de- 
posited in  the  sacred  edifice  for  safety's 
sake.  Among  other  items,  one  cannot  help 
remarking  the  numberless  payments  made 
in  connexion  with  putting  out  to  nurse, 
clothing,  and  educating  bastard  children 
found  in  the  parish.  These  nameless  waifs 
and  strays  were  generally  distinguished  by 
the  surname  of  Christopher,  the  name  of  the 
patron  saint  of  the  parish  church  being  be- 
stowed upon  them  for  want  of  a  better.  They 
imposed  a  heavy  burden  upon  the  parish, 
and  is  is  not  surprising  to  find  the  church- 
wardens taking  particular  pains  to  rid  the 
parish  as  speedily  as  possible  of  "big 
bellyed  women "  as  well  as  the  sick  and 
others  likely  to  require  parish  relief.  The 
parishioners  had  quite  enough  to  do  to  keep 
pace  with  the  frequent  collections  that  were 
made  for  the  relief  of  wounded  soldiers  and 
sailors  in  the  Dutch  war,  as  well  as  in 
answer  to  kings'  briefs  in  aid  of  other  towns, 
and,  not  unfrequently,  of  other  countries. 
Touching  the  nature  of  these  briefs,  and  the 
various  objects  for  which  they  were  issued, 
we  cannot  do  better  than  refer  our  readers 
to  a  paper  read  by  the  late  Cornelius 
Walford  before  the  Eoyal  Historical  Society 
{Transactions,  vol.  x.),  and  afterwards  pri- 
vately printed  in  book  form  and  noticed  in 
these  columns  (July  29th,  1882). 

The  church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Little, 
or  "by  the  Exchange,"  formerly  standing 
at   the   corner   of   Bartholomew  Lane  and 
Threadneedle  Street,  immediately  opposite 
the  church  of  St.  Christopher  le  Stocks,  is 
another  City  church  laid  low  by  the  destroyer. 
The  destruction  took  place  in  1840  in  order 
to   make  way  for   the   improvements   con- 
sequent upon  the  rebuilding  of  the  Eoyal 
Exchange.    The  tower,  which  was  of  quaint 
design,  was  rebuilt,  and  may  still  be  seen 
standing  close  by  the  Metropolitan  Railway 
Station  at  Moorfields,  forming  the  tower  of 
the  church  of  St.  Bartholomew,  IMoor  Lane. 
The  parish  of  St.  Bartholomew  by  the  Ex- 
change,   like    that   of    St.    Christopher    le 
Stocks,  has  been  united  with  St.  Margaret's, 
Lothbury.     This,   and   much  more  in  con- 
nexion with  the  history  of  the  parish,  has 
been  fully  set  out    by    Dr.    Ereshfield  in 
his  valuable  introduction  to  a  transcript  of 
the  vestry  minute  books  from  1567  to  1676, 
which  he  generously  caused  to  be  printed 
in  1890.     He  now  furnishes  a  transcript  of 
the  church  account  books  between  1596  and 
1698.      The   two   transcripts   ought   to   be 
studied   together,   for   many  of    the   items 
occui-ring  in  the  volume  now  before  us  (we 
may  instance,  more  especially,  the  various 
payments  made  to  Dr.  Grant  and  Thomas 
Cawton,  successively  ministers  of  the  church 
of  St.  Bartholomew)  are  scarcely  intelligible 
without  reference  to  the  vestry  book.     Grant 
was  a  High  Churchman  and  refused  to  sign 
the    Solemn  League  and    Covenant  —  the 
"  Sacred  Covenant  "  as  it  is  styled  in  these 
accounts.     For  this  offence  he  might  have 
been  ejected,  as,  indeed,  his  neighbours  at 
St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury,  and  St.  Christopher 
le  Stocks  were.     Instead  of  ejectment,  how- 


252 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


ever,  milder  measures  were  resorted  to,  and 
lie  was  induced  to  resign  liis  benefice  for  an 
annuity  of  50/.  The  deed  of  resignation  was 
executed  on  January  20th,  1645,  or  ten  days 
after  Archbishop  Laud  had  been  brought 
to  the  scaffold,  and  on  February  16th 
following  Thomas  Cawton  was  appointed 
his  successor.  That  Dr.  Grant  was  in  some 
sort  of  pecuniary  difficulty  shortly  before 
his  retirement  is  attested  by  the  following 
entry  in  the  account  book  : — 

"Paid  for  doctor  Grant  which  I  did  in  gage 
n)y  selfe  for  when  Ezechiell  Roberts  arested 
him  for  five  pound  dew  to  him  for  readinge 
service  in  the  Church  six  months  but  because  I 
find  noe  president  in  the  like  case  I  reffer  myself 
heerinOS.  10.  00." 

Grant's  annuity  was  regularly  paid  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  took  place  at 
the  close  of  1653  or  early  in  the  following 
year.  By  his  own  particular  desire  he  was 
buried  in  the  chancel  of  his  old  church,  his 
funeral  expenses  (10/.)  being  borne  by  the 
parish.  Cawton  in  the  mean  time  got  into 
trouble  more  than  once  on  account  of  his 
Royalist  leanings,  and  had  to  flee  the 
country. 

Down   to    1681    a    yearly    inventory   of 
church    property  is   printed   as    it    passed 
into  the  hands  of  successive  churchwardens  ; 
and  most  interesting  and  instructive  it  is  to 
mark  the  gradual   increase  of  communion 
plate,    and    of    the    number    of    surplices, 
gowns,  pulpit  cushions,  domestic  and  other 
implements,    more     especially    those     that 
would  be  useful    in    case    of    outbreak   of 
fire,   as  well  as  the   number    of    books  in 
the  vestry  library.     Among   the    latter  we 
notice  Anthony  Munday's  edition  of  Stow's 
'Survey,'  purchased  in  1617-18  for  13s.  4d. 
This,  together  with  other  books,  comprising 
'Erasmus's  Paraphrases  '  and  Bishop  Jewel's 
■works,  as  well  as  one  of  the  church  bells, 
were  lost  in  the  Great  Fire.     The  church 
possessed  a  good  peal   of   bells,  but  they 
appear  to  have  been  in  constant  want  of 
repair.     They  were   also    in    constant  use. 
When    a    parishioner    died,    the   fact   was 
notified  by  a  "  knell,"  for  which  Is.  8d.  was 
charged;  if  an  "afternoon  knell"  was  re- 
quired, a  charge  of  3s.  id.  would  be  made. 
If  the  deceased  was  in  good  circumstances, 
he  would  probably  be   honoured  with  the 
'*  great  bell,"  the  tariff  for  which  was  6s.  8d., 
in  later  times  reduced  to  5s.     A  "  peal  "  for 
the  dead  was  comparatively  cheap  at  Is.   The 
number  of  foundlings  that  the  parish  had 
to  provide  for  was  scarcely  less  than  in  the 
neighbouring  parish  of  St.  Christopher,  and 
occasioned  similar  diflicuJties.     Individuals 
bearing  such  quaint  names  as  "Mary  Bar- 
tholomew Lane,"  "Laurence   Thridnedle," 
and    "  Bartholomew    Exchange "    were    a 
constant  source  of    anxiety  to  the  church- 
wardens for  the  time  being. 


Leaders  of  Religion.  —  William  Laud.  By 
William  Holden  Hutton,  B.D.  (Methuen 
&Co.) 
This  is  an  admirable  and  excellent  book, 
reasoned  in  its  enthusiasm,  broad  and 
scholarly  in  its  survey,  and  accurate  to  a 
degree.  It  would  be  almost  impossible  for 
an  Anglican  of  to-day  not  to  be  committed 
to  sympathy  with  Laud,  yet  this  natural 
feeling  does  not  disfigure  Mr.  Hutton's  pages 
nor  warp  his  judgment,  as  was  the  case  with 


Mr.  Simpkinson's  volume  recently  reviewed 
in  these  pages.  There  is  no  attempt  to 
plead  a  cause  or  to  forge  a  defence  or  to 
retaliate  by  caricature.  It  is,  indeed,  one 
of  the  most  signal  tributes  to  the  influence 
of  the  example  and  work  of  the  great  his- 
torian of  the  Commonwealth  to  find  one 
who,  like  Mr.  Hutton,  is — as  an  Anglican 
and  as  the  guardian  at  St.  John's  College 
of  the  chief  Laudian  relics  and  traditions 
— committed  to  a  preconceived  opinion,  so 
scholarly  and  severely  historic  in  his  method 
and  temper.  The  temptation  was  not  small 
on  the  occasion  of  a  Laud  Commemoration 
to  turn  back  the  gibe  upon  the  "uncritical 
impetuosity  which  a  generation  ago  over- 
whelmed with  contumely,  sarcasm,  and  un- 
historical  rhetoric  the  name  of  William 
Laud."  But  there  is  no  trace  in  this  book 
of  the  dictate  of  such  a  feeling. 

The  work  is  necessarily  brief,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  requirements  of  the  series  of 
which  it  forms  part.     A  single  chapter  of 
little  more  than  thirty  pages  suffices  for  the 
first  sixty  years  of  Laud's  life — up  to  his 
election  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury. 
The  chapter  is  none  the  less  excellent,  but 
by  reason  of  its  being  so  extremely  condensed 
some  points  of  importance — such  as  Laud's 
relations  with  Williams,    the  Lord  Keeper 
— are  passed  over  entirely,  while,  again,  a 
little  confusion  is  apparent  in  one  or  two 
details.     We    dissent    strongly    from    Mr. 
Hutton's  dictum   that   the  whole   question 
of  Laud's  quarrel  with  Williams  is  scarcely 
worth  elucidation.    It  would  afford  a  crucial 
test  and  illustration  of  character,  and  one,  we 
venture  to  think — in  spite  of  the  condemna- 
tion   of    Hacket's   authority — exceedingly 
unfavourable  to    Laud.     With  regard    to 
details,    again,    there    is   some   slight   con- 
fusion between  the  quarrel  with  Dr.  Airay, 
the  Vice- Chancellor,  on  account  of  the  sermon 
at  St.  Mary's,  October,  1606,  and  that  with 
Eobert  Abbot  six  years  later.     The  words 
which    Mr.  Hutton    unconsciously    quotes, 
"  Men  pointed  their  fingers  at  Laud  in  the 
church,  and  it  was  counted  heresy  to  speak 
to  him,"  are  spoken  by  Wood  of  the  former, 
and  not  of  the  latter  quarrel.     Further  than 
this,   it  is  ascertained  that  with  regard  to 
this  former  quarrel    the  Chancellor  of  the 
University — the  Earl  of  Dorset — had  written 
to  Dr.  Airay  in    Laud's  behalf    lefore  re- 
ceiving    the     testimony    of     Sir    William 
Paddy's  letter,  which  Mr.  Hutton  treats  as 
the  cause  of  the  Chancellor's  intervention  in 
the  dispute.     As  to  the  latter  quarrel,  that 
with  Abbot,  the  brother  of  the  archbishop, 
Mr.   Hutton    says,   "  we^  have  no  details." 
Besides,  however,  the  letter  of  Laud  him- 
self to  Bishop  Neile  (in  Pushworth,  i.  62), 
there  is  a  note  in  the  State  Papers  Domestic 
(James  L,  Ixxx.  124)  from  which  it  appears 
that  Laud  was  summoned  to  London,  and 
that   after  some    stay  he   was   allowed  to 
return  to  Oxford  quite  evidently  justified, 
and  after  receiving  something  very  like  an 
apology  from  both  the  archbishop  and  his 
brother. 

A  more  important  point — as  involving  the 
question  of  Laud's  veracity — emerges  in 
connexion  with  Mr.  Hutton's  account  of  the 
struggle  which  attended  I  aud's  election  to 
the  presidency  of  St.  Jolin's  College.  In 
the  Lambeth  MS.  No.  943  there  are  three 
documents  (folios  55,  57,  59)  relating  to  this 
question.      From    those    papers    it    would 


appear  that  Laud  was  never  brought  into 
question  in  the  matter  at   all.     The  exact 
order  of  events  seems    to   have  been  this. 
Pichard   Baylie,    one   of   the    fellows,   was 
expelled  by  the  vice-president  of  St.  John's 
for  having  at  the  election  torn  one  of  the 
scrutators'  schedules  out  of  the  scrutator's 
hand.     The    matter   was    referred    to    the 
Bishop  of  Winchester    as  visitor.     He  re- 
ported on  the  28th  of  June,  1611,  that  he 
could  not  take  Baylie  as  "utterly  deprived 
of  his  fellowship  before  it  be  proved  that 
the  said  scrutators  were  lawfully  chosen  and 
did  lawfully  proceed  "  in  their  office  in  the 
election.     This  report  was  evidently  made 
to  the  king,  who  appears  to  have  referred 
it  back  again  to  the  bishop  with  a  request 
to   inquire   into   the    circumstances   of   the 
election.     In  accordance  with  this,  on  the 
30th  of  August,   1611,  the  examination  of 
Tuer,  Juxon,  Jackson,  Tillesley,  and  Downer 
took  place  before  the  bishop  at  Waltham. 
And    it    was     subsequently     to    this     ex- 
amination that  the   matter  was    argued  in 
September    before    the    king    himself.     It 
is  quite   apparent  that    the   sympathies  of 
the     Bishop     of    Winchester     were     with 
Laud's    adversaries.     Dr.   NeweU,    writing 
to   Laud   on  the  4th  of  October  following 
(1611),  says  to  him  :   "I  am  persuaded  you 
hit  right  that  the  king  hath  put  my  Lord 
of  Winchester  to  a  business  that  goeth  much 
against  his   stomach."     The  point  to  note, 
however,  is  that  in  the  examinations  before 
the  bishop  at  Waltham  a  fact  was  divulged 
which    distinctly    contradicts    a    statement 
made  by  Laud    himself.      Writing   of   the 
affair  many  years  afterwards.  Laud  says  in 
his  diary : — 

"  This  is  certain.  I  made  no  parly  there  for 
being  in  nomination  for  that  headship.  I  lay 
then  so  sick  at  London  that  I  was  neither  able 
to  go  doivn  nor  so  much  as  write  to  my  friends 
about  it." 

Mr.  Hutton  himself  quotes  the  passage.  In 
opposition  to  the  latter  part  of  this  state- 
ment, the  fifth  article  of  examination  and 
deposition  referred  to  declares  as  follows  : — 

"  Lastlie,  whether  I  [Tuerjknew  of  Mr.Towse 
his  coming  dowiie,  and  when  and  whether  hee 
would  give  Doctor  Laud  his  voyce.  My  answer 
was  that  I  knew  of  it  on  Thursday  before  y^ 
election,  about  4  of  y®  clocke  in  y^  afternoone, 
when  as  himselfe  came  that  night,  and  it  was 
thought  hee  would  give  his  voice  to  Dr.  Laude 
becmise  he  came  downe  with  him." 

It  seems  impossible  to  reconcile  this  dis- 
tinct statement  with  Laud's  equally  distinct 
entry  in  his  diary.  Laud  wrote  years  after 
the  event,  but  the  assertion  he  makes  is  too 
exact  and  concise  to  admit  of  a  plea  of  lapse 
of  memory.  As  implying  an  imputation  on 
Laud's  veracity  we  should  be  glad  to  have 
a  fuller  elucidation  of  the  matter. 

There  is  another  point,  of  possibly  not 
minor  importance,  on  which  we  venture  to 
differ  from  Mr.  Hutton.  The  charge  of 
altering  the  Coronation  Oath  on  the  occasion 
of  the  coronation  of  Charles  I.  broke  down 
at  Laud's  trial.  Mr.  Hutton  quite  rightly 
says  his  special  part  in  the  coronation  lay 
in  the  ordering  of  details,  but  we  dissent 
from  the  opinion  that  the  revision  of  the 
service  is  not  to  be  attributed  chiefly  to  him. 
Laud's  pragmatic  disposition  might  easily 
warrant  the  contrary  assumption,  which  we 
regard  as  indicated  by  his  own  words  in  his 
diary : — 


N"  3539,  Aug. 


24,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


253 


"We  met  at  Whitehall  to  consult  of  the  cere- 
monies of  the  coronation.  I  sent  my  servant 
to  bring  my  books,  who  brought  them.  That 
night  I  placed  them  in  order  in  my  study,  and 

it  was  high  time The  D[uke]  of  B[ucking- 

ham]  brought  me  to  the  king,  to  whom  I  showed 
my  notes,  that  if  he  disliked  anything  therein, 

&c I  had  a  perfect  book  of  the  ceremonies 

of  the  coronation   made  ready,  agreeing  in  all 
things  with  the  king's  book." 

The  ultimate  judgment  to  be  passed  upon 
such  manifestations  of  Laud's  many-sided 
■activity   largely   depends    upon    the    indi- 
vidual bias.     It  is  permissible  to  attribute 
whatever  political  system  he  had  conceived 
to  his  Aristotelian  training,  and  to  treat  his 
Church   system    as    equally   definite  in   its 
scope  and   theoretic  conception — in  Laud's 
own  mind,  that  is.     But  all  this  is  the  formu- 
lation   of    an  afterthought.      Laud  was   a 
creature  and  a  creation  of  the  Stuart  regime. 
That  he  was  called  to  play  a  part  in  the 
highest   councils  of   the  nation,  instead  of 
remaining  a  busy  dean  or  college  don,  was 
due   to    the   favouritism    of    the   Duke   of 
Buckingham,  and  his  greatness  bore  to  the 
last  the  taint  of  its  origin.     This  is  to  say 
nothing  of  his  errors  of  judgment,  but  to 
speak  only  of  the  influence  exercised  upon 
his   activity   by   the   nature  of  his   call  to 
power,     and     the     atmosphere     he     daily 
breathed.    He   was    a  non-resident  bishop 
for  3'ears  ;    there  are  letters  from   his  pen 
which     would      stamp     a     man     of     less 
ascertained  probity  with  the  infamy  of  an 
informer  ;  and  when  in  power,  with  all  his 
strivings   and  desire  for  good,  he  showed, 
too,     aU     the     lack     of     sympathy    with 
the    governed    which     is     the     inevitable 
accompaniment  of  semi-irresponsible  power. 
What,  for  instance,  could  have  been  more 
■arbitrary  and  unsympathetic  than  his  atti- 
tude to  the  Huguenot  and  Walloon  churches 
in  England  and  the  Channel  Islands  ?    Mr. 
Hutton  does  not   refer  to  this  episode,  but 
the  readers  of  Baron  de  Schickler's  monu- 
mental '  Eglises  du  Eef uge '  wiU  hardly  rise 
from  the  perusal  without  a  feeling  of  strong 
indignation  against  it   as  a  blot  upon  the 
fair  fame  of  England's  hospitality.     In  its 
totality    Laud's    activity   was    that    of    a 
busy,     pragmatic     political     servant ;     his 
churchmanship  grew  out  of  his  statesman- 
ship,    and     both     display    that     lack     of 
insight    which    was    due    simply    to    the 
origin  of   his  power — unconstitutional  and 
semi  -  irresponsible.        Mr.      Hutton     sees 
quite   well   that   the   claim   of    originality, 
whether    in   churchmanship    or    statecraft, 
is    not    to    be   made   for   Laud.      His    de- 
fence is  accordingly  on  a  lower   plane — of 
humanity,  probity,  weU-intentioned  activity. 
We  can  yield  it  with  grace  and  infinite  sym- 
pathy, especially   with    the   record    of  the 
-archbishop's  brave   and   cruel    end   before 
us.      For  though    he   stands  to    all    time 
as  the  last  great  warning  of  the  danger  of 
mixing   irresponsible    churchmanship   with 
irresponsible  statecraft,  the  blame  was  not 
in  him,  but  in  his  untimely  birth.     As  the 
servant  of  a  later  rule  his  mental  attitude 
would  have  been  very  different.     As  it  is, 
Mr.  Hutton  makes  no  greater  demand  than  a 
reasoned  judgment  and  sympathy  can  freely 
admit.      He  puts  forward  no  exaggerated 
«laim  for  his   hero's  political  activity,  nor, 
again,   for  the   formulating   effects    of   his 
churchmanship.      He  tells   fully,    yet  with 
admirable  succinctness,  the  story  of  Laud's 


regeneration  of  Oxford ;  and  he  has  made 
important  additions  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  details  of  the  archbishop's  trial  by  his 
use  of  one  of  the  Clarke  MSS.  at  Worcester 
College  —  the  mine  from  which  Mr.  Firth 
has  digged  such  rich  ore  for  our  Common- 
wealth history.  As  a  combination  of  suc- 
cinctness, rigid  detailed  and  documentary 
exactness,  and  sane  and  polished  scholar- 
ship Mr.  Hutton's  book  stands  quite  un- 
equalled among  the  biographies  of  our  last 
great  statesman-archbishop. 


Dictionnaire  general   de    la   Langue  francaise 
du    Commencement    du    dix-septieme    Siecle 
jusqu'd  nos   Jours.      Par  Ad.  Hatzfeld  et 
Arsene  Darmesteter,  avec  le  Concours  de 
M.  Ant.  Thomas.— Yol.  I.  A-F.    (Paris, 
Delagrave.) 
In  the  year  1871  M.  Hatzfeld,  a  teacher  at 
one    of    the    Parisian    Igcees,    and    Arsene 
Darmesteter,     at    that   time   a  student    of 
twenty-five,    who    as    yet   held    no   official 
employment,    united    their   efforts    in    the 
composition  of    a  French  dictionary  which 
should  contain  in  a  reduced  form  all  that 
is  essential  in  Littre's   '  Dictionnaire  de  la 
Langue   fran^aise,'    with    the    addition   of 
several  important   elements    not   contained 
in  the  latter,  and  also  be  more  methodically 
and    logically    arranged.      For    seventeen 
years   the    joint   work    proceeded    without 
interruption,  each  of  the  two  authors  taking  a 
special  department,  and  still  revising  the  part 
for  which  the  other  colleague  was  respon- 
sible, so  as  to  secure  perfect  unity  in   the 
whole  dictionary.  M.  Hatzfeld  had  taken  as  his 
province  the  choice  of  words  and  examples, 
with  the  definition  and  classification  of  the 
meanings.    Darmesteter,  whose  other  works 
had  gradually  won  for  him  a  place  among 
the  chief  authorities  on  Romance  philology, 
dealt  with  the  etymological  and  historical 
side.     When  this  distinguished  and  genial 
man  died  in  1888,   the  compilation  of  the 
dictionary  was  almost  completed,  the  print- 
ing   had   been    commenced,    and    the   two 
authors,  while  correcting  the  proofs  of  the 
first  part,  were  devoting  to  the  whole  work 
the  minutest  supervision,  in  order  to  fill  gaps, 
to  maintain  due  proportion  everywhere,  and, 
above   all,  to   establish    complete  harmony 
between  the  beginning,  which  was  compiled 
many  years  before,  and  the  end,  which  was 
written  when  the  authors  had  a  firmer  grasp 
of  their   subject    and    their   method.     The 
nature  of  the  work   required   the  constant 
supervision  of  some  one  possessing  a  special 
knowledge  of  Old  French.     At  the  sugges- 
tion of  M.  Gaston  Paris,  the  choice  fell  on 
a  young  scholar  educated  at  the  Ecole  des 
Chartes,  M.  Antoine  Thomas,  and  thanks  to 
him,  it  became  possible  to  continue  the  work 
without  interruption.     He  proved  as  good  a 
substitute  for  Darmesteter  as  it  was  possible 
to  find. 

A  comparison  between  the  Hatzfeld- 
Darmesteter  -  Thomas  dictionary  and  that 
of  Littre  is  but  natural.  Both  cover  the 
same  ground,  they  deal  with  the  classical 
and  modern  periods  of  French  literature, 
and  thus  contain  many  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  century  words  which  are  no 
longer  in  use,  but  which  educated  people 
are  bound  to  know.  Both  devote  consider- 
able space  to  scientific,  artistic,  and  tech- 
nical terms,  and  both  accord  special  atten- 


tion to  the  origin  of  words  and  the  history 
of  their  forms  and  meanings ;  but  in  this 
last  particular,  as  well  as  in  several  minor 
points,  the  new  dictionary  is  a  considerable 
advance  on  the  old  one.     This  comparison 
in    no   wise    implies     any   depreciation   of 
Littre's   gigantic    work.      We,    more   than 
twenty  years   ago,  dealt  in  these   columns 
with  the  '  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue  fran- 
gaise,'   and  we  would  not  retract  a  single 
word  from    the    almost    unreserved  eulogy 
we  then  bestowed  upon  it.     Littre  was  the 
first  to  introduce  into  French  lexicography 
the  notion  of  the  history  of  the  language. 
He  was  one  of  the  few  persons  (half  a  dozen 
at  most)  in  France  possessing  a  real  know- 
ledge of  Old  French  and  Old  French  litera- 
ture. And  this  knowledge  he  had  acquired  by 
himself  alone — for  there  was  no  one  then  to 
teach   him   French    philology — in  order  to 
secure  an  historical  foundation  for  his  dic- 
tionary.    He  had  to  collect,  by  an  immense 
course  of  reading,  all  the  examples  of  the 
ancientperiod  of  thelanguage,  and  the  greater 
part   of    those   belonging    to   the   classical 
period ;     and    the    co-ordination    of    these 
enormous   stores    of    material   remains,    in 
spite  of  some  defects,   an  admirable  piece 
of  work,  for  which  no  existing  dictionary  in 
any  language  whatever  could  have  served 
as  model.     But  Hatzfeld  and  Darmesteter 
profited    by  the  experience  of    their  illus- 
trious forerunner,  as  well  as  by  the  enor- 
mous mass  of  material  which  he  had  col- 
lected and  classified,  and  at  the  end  of  their 
introduction    they    gratefully   acknowledge 
the  debt  they  owe  him.     Moreover,  in  the 
last  twenty  -  five  years,  countless    publica- 
tions, by  which  Littre  could  no  longer  profit, 
have  considerably  increased  our  knowledge 
of  the  history  of  the  French  language.    The 
'  New  English  Dictionary,'  compiled  by  Dr. 
Murray,  which  will    exercise    a  legitimate 
influence  on  all  the  great  dictionaries  of  the 
future,  began  to  appear  too  late  for  MM. 
Hatzfeld  and  Darmesteter  to  profit  by  it, 
although  we  know  that  Darmesteter,  during 
the  last  year  of  his  life,  when  the  '  Diction- 
naire general'  was  going  to  press,  studied 
the  first  part  of  it  with  the  greatest  care.     In 
any  case,  the  authors  were  in  a  much  better 
position  than  Littre,  and  it  is  not  surprising 
that  in  several  respects  they  have  excelled  him. 
Littre    will,    however,    always    retain    his 
superiority  as  an  incomparable  storehouse 
of  examples.     He  had  four  quarto  volumes 
at  his  disposal — nay,  five  even,  if  we  include 
the  supplement — while  MM.  Hatzfeld  and 
Darmesteter  had  undertaken  to  compile  a 
dictionary   of   a  handier   character  in   two 
octavo  volumes,  containing  from  twelve  to 
thirteen  hundred  pages  each.    Consequently 
they  were  rathor  limited  as  to  the  number 
of     examples.      Yet    the    selection    as    a 
rule   is   excellent.      Every   example    is   an 
actual  proof.     It  is  the  method  which  is  the 
strong  point  of  their  undertaking.  In  Littre's 
dictionary  the  historical  point  of   view,  so 
powerfully  set  forth    in    the    introduction, 
undoubtedly    influences    the   whole   work; 
but,     from     practical     considerations     we 
believe,    the    method   is    not   strictly    his- 
torical.    The  first  meaning  stated  by  Littre 
is  often  not  the  most  ancient  and  the  closest 
to  the  etjTnology,  but  the  one  in  most  com- 
mon use.     Littre  follows  so  far  the  practice 
of   those  dictionaries  which  have  only  the 
modern  usage  in   view.    The  consequence 


254 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24, '95 


is  that  the  further  meanings  can  no  longer 
be  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  chrono- 
logical   appearance.      Littre  was  conscious 
of  this   disadvantage,   and    tried  to  find  a 
partial  remedy  for  it  by  putting  paragraphs 
at  the  end  of  each  article,  headed  respectively 
"  Historique  "  and  "  Etymologic."    But  the 
remedy  is  never  complete,  especially  as  the 
"historical"    paragraph    contains    nothing 
but  a  series  of  examples  prior  to  the  seven- 
teenth century  unaccompanied  by  any  ex- 
planation.    If,  as  frequently  happened,  the 
meaning  of  a  word  underwent  changes  in 
the  oldest  period  of  the  language,  the  reader 
must  take  the  trouble  to  find  them  out  him- 
self by  reading  the  examples.     Moreover, 
the  historical    treatment  of  words   created 
after  the  sixteenth   century   is  lacking   in 
Littre  ;  and  when — a  frequent  occurrence — 
no  example  is  quoted,  the  reader  is  not  only 
not  told  who  introduced  the  word  (which, 
it  must  be  confessed,  is  in  most  cases  im- 
possible to  discover),  but  he  is  not  informed 
whether  it  came  into  use  during  the  seven- 
teenth, or  eighteenth,  or  nineteenth  century. 
This  is  the  case — to  confine  ourselves  to  a 
small  number  of  pages — with  the  words  accom- 
modation, accumulation,  acidification,  acidifier, 
acotistique,  actionnaire  (shareholder),  adapta- 
tion, additionner .     In  Hatzfeld-Darmesteter 
all  these  words  are  accompanied  by  dated 
examples,  or   at   any  rate   by  a   reference 
to   an    earlier    dictionary,    which    certifies 
their  earliest  appearance  in  the  language. 
Of    course    no    one    expects    the    authors 
to  have  read    everything,  and   it   is   quite 
possible  that  fresh  researches  may  bring  to 
light  more  ancient  testimonies  than  those 
which  they  quote  as  the  first  in  point  of  time  ; 
all  the  same  it  is  a  fact  that  in  many  cases 
they  have  discovered  the  remotest  example  of 
a  word,  that  in  other  cases  they  have  come 
very  near  it,  and  that,  in  short,  they  have 
undertaken    for    the   modern    part   of    the 
vocabidary,    which     includes     almost     the 
whole    vocabulary  of    science,   a    piece    of 
work    which    no    one     before    them     had 
even  attempted.      We    may  here    remark 
that  they  have  made  excellent  use  of  older 
dictionaries  (Robert   Estienne,  Nicot,   Cot- 
grave,  Eichelet,  the  various  editions  of  the 
dictionary  of  the  French  Academy) — autho- 
rities which  Littre,  by  a  curious   omission, 
almost  entirely  neglected. 

At  the  head  of  each  article,  side  by  side 
with  the  most  ancient  authority,  stands  the 
etymology,  i.e.,  the  Latin,  Greek,  or  German 
word,  as  the  case  may  be,  whence  the  French 
word  is  derived,  either  by  natural  transfor- 
mation or  by  actual  adoption.  The  authors 
differ  from  Littre  in  ofi'oring  no  explanation 
of  the  phonetic  or  analogical  process  by 
which  a  Latin  word,  for  example,  became  a 
French  word.  The  necessary  explanations 
will  be  given  once  for  all  in  the  '  Traite 
de  la  Formation  do  la  Langue,'  Darme- 
steter's  own  special  work,  which  is  to  be 
printed  and  inserted  at  the  beginning  of 
the  dictionary.  This  treatise,  which  its 
author  happily  loft  nearly  complete,  is 
divided  into  numbered  paragraphs,  to  which 
reference  is  made  in  the  dictionar}'.  Thus 
the  etymology  of  the  word  cherreuil  is  given 
aa  follows:  "From  Low  Latin  caprio'lmi, 
classic  capre'olum,  becomes  '^'capryol,  chevruel, 
chevreul,  %%  379,  84G,  420,  320,  and  291." 
These  numbers  sliow  that  in  the  paragraphs 
referred  to  these  points  will  be  explained : 


(1)  The  displacement  of  accent  observed  in 
capriohim  instead  of  capreolum ;  (2)  the 
transformation  of  e  into  /,  afterwards  y, 
by  contact  with  a  vowel ;  (3)  the  loss  of 
the  atonic  termination  {urn) ;  (4)  the  trans- 
ition from  p  to  V ;  (5)  the  transition  from 
ca  to  die  ;  (6)  the  transition  from  o  to  ue, 
and  afterwards  to  eu.  It  is  an  obvious 
advantage  to  group  that  kind  of  informa- 
tion in  a  special  treatise,  for  the  perpetual 
repetitions,  which  otherwise  occupy  so 
much  space,  are  obviated,  and  a  clearer  con- 
ception of  the  etymological  process  is  formed. 
There  is  but  one  objection,  viz.,  that  by 
the  time  Darmesteter's  treatise  will  be  sent 
to  the  printers  it  will  probably  be  necessary 
to  alter  it  in  certain  parts,  in  order  to 
bring  it  into  line  with  the  advances  of 
science,  and  as  a  result  the  harmony 
between  it  and  the  dictionary  may  not  be 
complete.  Thus  in  the  present  instance  we 
should  probably  admit  a  phase  in  which 
Latin  p  might  become  h,  thus  cahryol  instead 
of  capryol.  But  in  such  an  extensive  work, 
the  publication  of  which  requires  several 
years,  no  one  can  hope  to  avoid  all  incon- 
sistencies. 

After  the  etymology  and  the  oldest  known 
instance  of   the  word,  which   stand    at  the 
head    of    the    article,    follow    the    various 
meanings  in  the  order  of  their  chronological 
production,  not  neglecting  even  those  which 
have  disappeared.     Thus  the  first  meaning 
given    to    chetif   is    "  prisoner,"    although 
nowadays  chetif  is  not  used  in  this  sense. 
In   Littre   the   meaning    of    "captive"    or 
"prisoner"  is  consigned  to  the  etymological 
section,  at  the  very  end  of  the  article.    Here 
we  are  brought  face  to  face  with  the  difficulty 
of  constructing  a  dictionary  of  the  modern 
period  of    the  language    according   to  the 
historical     method.      Littre     excludes    the 
meaning   "prisoner,"  because  it  no  longer 
bore  this  sense  in  the  seventeenth  century ; 
Hatzfeld-Darmesteter  were   obliged   to   in- 
clude it  because  it  is  the  original  meaning 
of  the  word,  from  which  the  other  senses 
were  derived.     Littre  remained  faithful  to 
the    object    of    his    dictionary ;    Hatzfeld- 
Darmesteter    remained     faithful     to    their 
scheme,   which  is  an    essentially  historical 
one.      Of    course,    this    kind    of     difficulty 
does  not  occur  in  dictionaries  which  com- 
prise all  phases  of  a  language,  such  as,  to 
quote   the   most    perfect    type,    the    '  New 
English  Dictionary.'  The  chronological  classi- 
fication of  the  meanings  seems  to  us  estab- 
lished with  the  greatest  accuracy  ;  as  a  rule, 
it  is  better  than  Littre's.     It  cannot  yet  be 
perfect.     In  many  instances  it  is  impossible 
to  trace  out  the  cause  of  evolution  in  word- 
signification  ;  in  other  instances  two  or  three 
new  senses  may  have  come  into  being  at  the 
same  time,  and  yet  the  editor   of  the   dic- 
tionary  has  to  classify  them  one  after  the 
other.      In  future  dictionaries  certain  words 
having  many  significations  will  probably  have 
their  senses  arranged  in  the  shape  of  genea- 
logical tables.     But  the  time  for  this  has  not 
yet  come,  and  these  tables  would  occupy  too 
much  space  in  a  work  intended  for   prac- 
tical use.    The  definition  of  meanings  is  most 
carefully  executed.     As  far  as  possible  the 
authors  avoid  definition  by  synonyms.   They 
even  go  so  far  as  to  declare  in  their  intro- 
duction that  synonyms,  properly  speaking,  do 
not  exist.     They  are  right  in  principle,  and 
it  would  bo  a  good  thing  if  this  conviction 


were  shared  by  literary  men.  But  as  a  matter 
of  fact  the  shades  of  meaning  are  incessantly 
being  modified,  and  for  many  words  each 
generation  would  require  a  new  definition. 
The  best  definitions  are  those  which  the 
reader  makes  for  himself  by  comparing 
the  examples. 

As  far  as  the  literary  language  is  con- 
cerned, the  '  Dictionnaire  general '  seems  to 
come  very  near  perfection.  As  to  the  business 
language  of  the  present  day,  it  is  difficult  to 
satisfy  every  one.     Every  science,  every  art, 
every  trade,  possesses  its  own  special  vocabu- 
lary, which  cannot  be  introduced  in  its  entirety 
into  the  general  dictionary  of  the  language. 
It  is  necessary  to  make  a  choice,  and  thi& 
choice    is    bound  to    be  an    arbitrary  one. 
The   authors   say   in  their   preface :   "  The 
true  lexicon  of  a  language  consists  of  those 
words  only  which  have  a  fixed  meaning  in 
written  or    spoken  language."     This   is   a 
very  wide  definition :    electricians,  hatters, 
cabinet-makers,  photographers,  use  an  in- 
finite number  of  words,  which  have  a  fixed 
meaning  in  their  language,  whether  it  be- 
written  or  spoken,  and  which  are  yet  not 
all,   nor  even  in  greater  part,   included  in 
either  Littre  or  Hatzfeld-Darmesteter.     We 
might  quote  a  long  string   of    such  here. 
Then  there  are  the  neologisms,  many  of  which 
have  their  origin  in  slang,  and  by  means  of 
newspapers,  plays,  or  novels,  finally  make 
their  way  into  the  current  language.     Dar- 
mesteter  was  no  enemy  of  these  parvenus, 
since  he  wrote  in  1877  a  remarkable  book, 
'  De  la  Creation  actuelle  des  Mots  nouveaux 
dans  la  Langue  fran9aise.'     It  is  impossible 
here  to  lay  down  any  fixed  rules.    Consider- 
able  liberty  must  be  left  to  the  discretion 
and  taste  of  those  who  compile  dictionaries. 
Littre,  himself  a  physiologist  and  interested 
in     mathematical,    physical,    and     natural 
science,  was  the  first  to  include  in  a  French 
dictionary  a  large  number  of  words  proper 
to    these    sciences.      Moreover,    thanks    to 
voluntary  collaborators,  he  found  a  place  for 
a  number  of  words  belonging  to  particular 
businesses  and  trades.     MM.  Hatzfeld  and 
Darmesteter  have  also  made  a  very  Hberal 
choice,  which  is  not  identical  with  that  of 
Littre.      Neither    of    them   has   proved   so 
liberal  as   the   'New   English   Dictionary.' 
But  it  is  necessary   to   bear  in   mind    the 
historical  conditions,  which  are  different  in 
English   and    French.      Literary    habit   in 
France     still    tends     to    the    exclusion    of 
technical   terms,   and   neologisms   have    to 
linger    long    before    they   are   thoroughly 
naturalized.     A  well  -  educated  Frenchman 
pulls  a  face  when  he  hears   such  a  word 
as  altruisme,  aUruistc,  or  other  horrors  in- 
vented by  the  Positivist  School,  which  yet 
is  French  enough  in  its  origin.   This  is  why 
MM.   Hatzfeld    and    Darmesteter  confined 
themselves  to  admitting  altniisme  by  itself, 
while  the  '  New  English  Dictionary '  has  a 
score  of  words  belonging  to  the  same  family. 
We  can  but  express  our  good  wishes  for 
the  speedy  completion  of  the  '  Dictionnaire 
general,'    for    it   will    supply  the    literary 
public,    in   a  convenient   shape   and    at    a 
moderate  price,   with   researches   that    are 
really  original  and  founded  on  philological 
principles.      It  is  more  than  a  dictionary : 
it  is  a  sort  of  oncyclopoodia  of  the  French 
language. 


N»  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^JM 


255 


NEW  NOVELS. 
A  Comedy  in  Spasms.  By  "Iota."  (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.) 
There  is  no  question  as  to  the  aptness  of 
the  title  which  the  author  of  'A  Yellow  Aster ' 
has  bestowed  uj^on  her  story  in  the  "Zeit- 
geist Library."  It  deals  with  spasms  of  good 
and  evil  fortune  from  the  first  page  to  the 
last,  and  it  is  spasmodic  even  in  its  manner 
■of  construction  and  narration.  The  author 
varies  in  style  between  the  epigrammatic  and 
the  commonplace  ;  she  qualifies  the  language 
of  intense  passion  with  the  newest  of  new 
slang.  Her  heroine  is  described  by  one 
•of  her  friends  as  "gusty  about  the  moral 
sense,"  and  speaks  of  herself  as  half  dis- 
posed to  "magenta  sins" — a  poor  sort  of 
plagiarism  on  the  Hebrew  seer,  who  knew 
nothing  of  aniline  dyes.  But  Elizabeth 
Marrable  did  herself  as  much  injustice  by 
talking  in  that  way  as  "Iota"  does  herself 
by  forcing  her  slang,  and  constructing  jokes 
out  of  Scrij^tural  turns  of  expression.  This 
indication  of  feebleness  was  commented  on 
in  these  columns  when  '  Children  of  Cir- 
cumstance' was  reviewed,  and  apparently 
it  is  the  only  point  in  regard  to  which 
^'lota"  has  declined  to  profit  by  the  counsel 
of  a  well-intentioned  critic.  Her  method  of 
story-telling  has  unquestionably  improved  : 
she  is  more  shajDely,  more  natural,  less 
strained.  Spasms  notwithstanding,  intensity 
granted  and  allowed  for,  she  has  drawn  in 
Elizabeth  a  type  of  which  nature  produces 
many  examples  —  quick  -  witted,  a  clever 
talker,  easily  fallen  in  love  with,  capable 
of  great  sacrifices  for  relatives  who  do  not 
appreciate  her,  and  capable  of  both  self- 
abandonment  and  splendid  renunciation  for 
a  man  really  worthy  of  her  love.  "  Gusty  " 
no  doubt  she  is,  but  an  excellent  sort  of 
heroine  nevertheless.  As  for  "magenta 
sins,"  she  only  talks  of  them.  There  is  no  lack 
of  colour  in  her  temptations  ;  but  we  should 
not  have  called  Elizabeth  a  heroine  if  she 
had  been  steeped  to  the  lips  in  aniline  dyes. 
Nor  should  we  have  called  "Iota"  a  good 
novelist,  on  this  and  previous  occasions,  if 
she  had  not  produced  and  confirmed  the 
impression  that  she  can  read  her  own  sex 
shrewdly,  and  describe  it  with  pathetic  sin- 
cerity. 

Comrades  in  Arms  :  a  Military  Romance.  By 
Arthur  Amyand.  (Osgood,  McHvaine  & 
Co.) 

The  author  possesses  over  most  previous 
writers  of  military  romance  the  advantage 
that  he  is  acquainted  with  the  details  of 
a  soldier's  life,  and  in  fact  he  apologizes  in 
his  preface  for  going  too  much  into  them. 
He  says  that  he  desires  "  to  give  a  fair  idea 
of  the  stuff  of  which  our  officers  and  men 
are  made,"  to  stimulate  the  interest  of  the 
public  in  soldiers,  and  to  secure  sympathy 
for  reserve  men  in  their  struggle  for  a 
livelihood.  Still,  this  meritorious  purpose  of 
his  is  fairly  well  subordinated  to  the  primary 
object  of  amusing  the  reader.  The  book 
may  be  divided  into  two  jiarts,  the  one 
dealing  with  barracks,  the  other  with 
battle,  and  both  are  treated  with  spirit  and 
truth  to  nature,  officers  and  men  being  ahke 
represented  as  they  really  are  in  life,  and 
not  as  they  exhibit  themselves  in  melodrama, 
nor  as  John  Strange  Winter  imagines  them 
to  be.  There  is,  as  is  suitable  in  such  a  case. 


a  dash  of  love-making,  and  it  will  pro- 
bably annoy  the  new  woman  to  find 
that  of  the  two  villains  of  the  story 
one  is  a  female.  The  other,  an  officer,  is, 
indeed,  an  arrant  scoundrel ;  yet,  scoundrel 
as  he  is,  the  author  makes  him  die  a  hero's 
death,  thus  giving  an  illustration  of  the 
fact  —  too  often  denied  —  that  a  mean 
rascal  is  not  necessarily  a  coward.  There 
is  plentj^  of  incident  throughout  the  book  ; 
but  although  the  dcnoument  is  reached  by  a 
series  of  startling  stages,  not  one  of  them 
is  impossible,  although  some  of  them  are 
improbable.  There  is  none  of  the  rollicking 
fun  of  Lever ;  in  fact,  there  is  an  absence 
of  light  touches ;  but,  in  compensation,  a 
soldier's  life  is  represented  as  it  really  is, 
and  the  civilian  reader,  when  he  comes  to 
the  last  page,  will  probably  have  a  higher 
opinion  of  the  British  army  than  he  has 
hitherto  held. 


EDITIONS    OF    ENGLISH    CLASSICS. 

Library  of  Early  English  Writers.     Edited  by 
C.     Horstman. — Vol.    I.     Yorkshire     Writers: 
Richard  Eolle  of  Hampole,  an  English  Father  of 
the  Church,  and  his  Folloivers.     (Sonnenschein 
&  Co.) — We  have  not  seen  any  prospectus  of  the 
series  of  which  this  is  the  first  volume,  but  it 
seems  to  be  intended  to  consist  of  religious  and 
hagiological   anecdota    similar   to    those   which 
form  the  chief  contents  of  the  editor's  former 
publications.     Dr.  Horstman  (who,  we  observe, 
has  altered  the  spelling  of  his  name)  has  already 
established  a  strong  claim  on  the  gratitude  of 
Middle  English  students    by  the   amazing   in- 
dustry which  he  has  devoted  to  the  editing  of 
texts  which  are  unquestionably  of  great  linguistic 
importance,  though  few  persons  will  agree  with 
liis  enthusiastic  estimate  of  their  literary  merit 
or  of  their  value  as  documents  for  the  history  of 
religious   thought.     The    present   volume   con- 
tains 442  pages  of  text,  edited  from  the  MSS. 
in  Dr.  Horstman's  usual  painstaking  manner. 
Most  of  the  pieces  are  new,   though  some   of 
them  were  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  and 
Pynson.     In   several   instances    two   or    three 
parallel  texts  are  given  in  full,  while,  in  other 
cases  the  variant  readings  are  given  at  the  foot 
of  the  page.     Unfortunately  there  is  no  table 
of     contents,    so     that     it    is     by    no    means 
easy    to     find     out     what     the     volume     con- 
tains,   especially    as    its   arrangement   is   any- 
thing but  methodical.     Of  the  pieces  assigned 
to    Richard  Rolle    himself,    the    principal    are 
three    devout    epistles,  a    meditation    on    the 
Passion,    thirteen     short    poems    (which    have 
really   considerable   beauty),    and    treatises  on 
daily   work  and    on    prayer.     There    are    also 
anonymous    translations    of     St.    Edmund    of 
Canterbury's    '  Speculum '    and    St.    Bonaven- 
ture's    '  De   Mysteriis  Passionis.'      The   rather 
ingenious   allegory   called   '  The  Abbey  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,'  which  was  printed  by  Wynkyn  de 
Worde,  is  given  from   the  Thornton  MS.  with 
the  various   readings  of  the  other  copies.     Dr. 
Horstman  considers  it  to  be  probably  the  work 
of  Rolle.     '  The  Charter  of  the  Abbey  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,'  which  is  now  printed  for  the  first 
time    from    a    Bodleian   MS.,    is   of    different 
authorship.     A   most   curious    '  Revelation    re- 
specting   Purgatory,'   composed    in    1422,    and 
written,  like  most  of  the  other  contents  of  the 
book,  in   Northern   dialect,  is   taken  from  the 
Thornton  MS.     The  volume  has  some  strange 
eccentricities  of  form.     We  have  already  men- 
tioned the  embarrassing  absence  of  a  table  of 
contents  ;    another   odd    feature   is   that    from 
p.   242  to  p.   200,  and    again  from  p.    3.38  to 
p.  362,  the  left-hand  pages  are  without  headings. 
The  introduction,  which  is  not   badly  written, 
though  containing   some    fanciful   observations 
about  the  "  Frank  "  and  "  Saxon  "  races,  ends 
with  the  words  "  To  be  continued  "  ! 


Old  English  Ballads.  Selected  and  edited 
by  F.  B."  Gummere.  (Ginn  &  Co.)  — This 
handy  and  well-printed  volume  contains  fifty- 
four  of  the  best  examples  of  English  and 
Scottish  ballad  poetry,  the  texts  being  taken 
from  Prof.  Child's  magnificent  collection.  The 
'  Lytell  Geste  '  and  three  other  Robin  Hood 
ballads  are  placed  at  the  beginning ;  of  the 
remainder  all  except  two  or  three  belong  either 
to  Scotland  or  to  the  Border.  Prof.  Gummere 's 
introduction  is  written  with  an  affectation  of 
sprightliness  which  is  sometimes  rather  irri- 
tating, but  it  is  readable,  and  displays  com- 
petent knowledge  and  sound  judgment.  The 
notes  are  brief  and  to  the  j)oint,  and  the  glos- 
sary is  adequate.  One  or  two  trivial  slips  re- 
quire correction.  In  '  The  Gay  Goshawk  '  Prof. 
Gummere  absurdly  prints  "the  streen "  for 
yestreen,  and  inserts  the  non-existent  word 
streen  in  the  glossary.  In  the  notes  to  '  Mary 
Hamilton,'  after  explaining  that  the  expression 
"  held  up  "  means  "  took  up,  recognized  as  his 
child  by  lifting  her  up  in  his  arms,"  he  con- 
tinues as  follows  :  "  Saxo  Grammaticus,  speak- 
ing of  a  child  whom  a  man  had  begotten,  uses 
the  phrase  'quem  sustulerat.'  See  the  editor's 
'  Germanic  Origins,'  p.  189."  Prof.  Gummere 
ought  surely  to  know  that  the  use  of  a  classical 
idiom  by  such  an  ambitious  Latinist  as  Saxo  is 
no  evidence  whatever  as  to  Germanic  custom. 
The  word  wane  in  "where  is  thy  wonyng 
wane  "  ('Lytell  Geste,'  148)  cannot  be  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  getcuna ;  it  may  represent  either  the 
Old  Norse  vanr,  "accustomed,"  or  vane, 
"dwelling" — probably  the  former.  The  pages 
of  text  have  no  other  heading  than  the  word 
"Ballads";  it  would  have  been  a  convenience 
to  the  reader  if  the  titles  of  the  pieces  had  been 
placed  at  the  top  of  the  page. 

Dr.  Biilbring  has  edited  for  the  first  time 
Defoe's  Of  jRoyall  Edncacion  (Nutt),  which 
forms  a  supplement  to  '  The  Compleat  English 
Gentleman,'  printed  by  Dr.  Biilbring  a  few- 
years  ago.  It  is,  of  course,  desirable  that  any 
existing  manuscript  of  Defoe  should  be  pub- 
lished, but  it  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  much 
that  is  of  interest  in  this  fragment.  The  greater 
part  of  the  pamphlet  consists  of  examples  of  the 
want  of  care  taken  in  the  past  in  the  educatio.x 
of  the  children  of  princes  and  nobles,  and  one 
of  the  most  striking  passages  is  in  praise  of 
Henry  VIII. ,  notwithstanding  his  failings. 
Education  cannot  in  any  case,  says  Defoe,  "  be 
chargeable  with  the  accidents  of  a  person's 
temper,  circumstances,  or  even  vices  and  errors. 

He  would  have  been  far  worse  had  he  not 

been  taught  at  all."     The  student  of  Defoe's 
style  will  find  here  most  of  the  phrases  so  com- 
mon to  this  author,  such  as  "I  say,"  "neither 
or,"  "in  a  word,"  "as  above."     Dr.  Biil- 
bring seems  to  find  his  chief  interest  in  sup- 
porting Prof.  Minto's  opinion  that  Defoe  was 
"  perhaps  the  greatest  liar  that   ever  lived  "  ; 
but    his   arguments  in    the    present   case    are 
inconclusive.      Defoe   says  he  feared  that  the 
piece    would    be    taken    as     a    satire    on    his 
own  times  ;  but   he  could    prove   that  "  these 
sheets  have    been   written    many  years   ago," 
and   were    designed   to    be   published    for   the 
use  of    the  Duke  of   Gloucester,  who  died   in 
1699.      Now  Dr.   Bulbring    shows    that   Defoe 
used  Rennet's   '  History,' which  was  not  pub- 
lished until  1700;  but  the  matters  to  which  he 
attaches  real  importance  are  certain  allusions  to 
George  II.  and  the  "  late  "  Queen  Anne.  These 
allusions,  however,  are  on  folios  99  and   100  of 
the   manuscript,  subsequent   to   the  statement 
about  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  it  is,  there- 
fore, very  possible  that  these  folios,  which  have 
no   connexion   with    the    fragment    that    goes 
before,    were   written    about   1728,    while    the 
remainder   was   of   earlier  date.     In    fact,  Dr. 
Biilbring  says  that  the  sheet  99,  100,  seems  to 
have  been  originally  meant  for  a  preface  ;  and 
a  preface  is  usually  written  after  the  rest  of  a 
book.     "The  text  on  leaves  67-96,"  he  adds, 
"  is  much  older  than  what  follows." 


256 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


A  Book  of  Elizabethan  Lyrics.  Selected  and 
edited  by  Felix.  E.  Sclielling.  (Ginn  & 
Co. )  —  This  is  a  very  good  selection  of 
Elizabethan  songs  and  shorter  poems,  with  a 
well-informed  introduction  discussing  "The 
Elizabethan  Lyric"  and  "Elizabethan  Lyrical 
Measures,"  concluded  by  a  body  of  more  or  less 
useful  notes.  For  the  selection,  and  so  for  the 
collection,  hearty  praise  may  be  given.  Con- 
trasted with  similar  books  compiled  at  the  be- 
ginning of  this  century,  and  even  with  similar 
books  compiled  a  generation  ago,  it  afibrds 
highly  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  wider  and 
the  minuter  knowledge  of  our  older  literature 
that  now  prevails,  and  not  only  of  more  exten- 
sive reading,  but  also  of  a  more  catholic  taste. 
Thanks  to  Mr.  Bullen  and  others  who  have 
worked  in  the  same  held,  many  an  exquisite 
specimen  of  lyrical  poetry  has  been  brought  to 
light  from  out-of-the-way  volumes,  and  become, 
we  may  confidently  say,  "  a  joy  for  ever."  To 
borrow  Dr.  Johnson's  phrase  about  his  college 
at  Oxford  and  to  apply  it  much  more  worthilj', 
Elizabethan  England  was  "a  nest  of  singing 
birds."  But  for  most  people — for  nearly,  if  not 
quite  everybody — the  wonderfully  sweet  and 
various  melody  that  then  filled  the  air  had 
ceased  to  be  heard.  Some  fine  voices  still 
haunted  and  fascinated  us,  and  we  marvelled 
how  their  notes  could  "flow  in  such  a  crystal 
stream";  but  many  others,  not  less  lovely  and 
thrilling,  did  not  reach  our  ears.  Now  once  more 
these  others  join  audibly  in  the  divine  concert. 
Zioovatv  dr]86ve<;.  And  the  more  widely  and 
intelligently  men  are  won  to  listen,  the  better. 
Thus  such  a  treasury  as  this  before  us  deserves 
a  most  kindly  welcome.  We  might,  perhaps, 
criticize  som»e  points,  both  in  the  introduction 
and  the  notes — e.g.,  we  might  decline  to 
believe  that  "spirit,"  in  the  third  line  of 
Spenser's  'Prothalamion,'  is  "the  object  to 
the  verb  play," — or  we  might  regret  that  no 
explanation  is  vouchsafed  of  lines  154-5  of  the 
same  poem,  which  will  certainly  puzzle  most 
readers  : — 

Joy  Lave  tbou  of  tliy  noble  victory, 
And  endless  happiness  of  thine  own  name 
That  promises  the  same  ; 

but  such  points  are  not  numerous,  and  are 
altogether  insignificant  by  the  side  of  the  main 
part  of  the  volume,  which  is  delightful. 

Headings  in  Goicer.  By  Morton  W.  Easton. 
"Publications  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania." (Ginn  &  Co.) — This  pamphlet  contains 
merely  a  collation  of  Pauli's  text  of  the  '  Con- 
fessio  Amantis '  with  the  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  unsatisfactory  character  of 
Pauli's  edition  is  well  known,  and  probably 
most  scholars  who  possess  a  copy  of  it  have 
corrected  in  the  margin  many  of  its  obvious 
blunders.  As  it  may  be  a  considerable  time 
before  any  trustworthy  edition  is  published. 
Prof.  Easton's  collation  is  v/elcome,  though  it 
does  not  include  the  very  important  MSS.  of 
the  Bodleian,  and  even  with  regard  to  those  in 
the  British  Museum  is  confessedly  far  from 
complete.  The  preface  contains  some  indica- 
tions that  Prof.  Easton's  knowledge  of  Middle 
English  is  not  very  thorough.  He  is  surprised, 
for  instance,  to  find  "strenthe"  written  for 
stremjlh,  and  "  wordl "  for  world,  though  he 
correctly  perceives  that  these  are  not  likely  to 
be  mere  errors  of  transcription.  There  is  a 
comical  na'iveU  in  the  remarks  about  Prof. 
Morley's  "popularized"  edition  ;  it  seems  that 
it  was  only  after  "a  very  careful  reading  of 
about  half  the  book"  that  Prof.  Easton  dis- 
covered that  it  was  not  worth  while  to  go  any 
further.  We  should  have  thought  tliat  a 
perusal  of  two  pages  of  the  text,  or  indeed  of 
the  preface  alone,  would  have  been  quite  suffi- 
cient to  enable  him  to  arrive  at  this  conclusion. 


SnOKT   STORIES. 

Told  on  the  Pagoda :  Talcs  of  Burmah.  By 
Mimosa.  (Fisher  Unwin.)  —  "  Mimosa's  "  little 
collection  of  Burmese  stories,  while  lacking  the 


grip  and  vitality  of  Mr.  Kipling's  and  Mrs. 
Steel's  robuster  efi'orts,  is  a  pleasant  contribu- 
tion to  the  rapidly  growing  pile  of  Anglo- 
Oriental  fiction.  It  is  charmingly  illustrated 
with  reproductions  (from  photographs)  of  scenes 
in  Mandalay  and  elsewhere,  and  the  dainty 
black-eyed  damsel  of  the  frontispiece  might 
well  have  inspired  the  '  Barrack-Room  Ballad ' 
whicli  has  already  become  a  classic.  We  can 
imagine  her  taking  her  little  banjo  and  singing 
"  Kul-lalla-lo  "  in  a  way  which  would  "fairly 
knock  "  (as  he  would  express  it)  the  too-sus- 
ceptible Thomas  Atkins.  "Mimosa"  writes 
good  plain  English,  on  the  whole,  without  much 
straining  after  verbal  effects,  and  her  touches  of 
local  colour  are  very  happy.  Here,  for  instance, 
is  a  vivid  description  of  the  sweltering  streets 
of  Rangoon,  from  '  The  Vigil  of  Mah  May  ': — 

"For  two  years  past  she  had  squatted  behind  her 
tra)',  in  the  hot,  hard,  cruel  glare,  wheu  the  sun 
beat  on  the  fiat-roofed  white  houses  mercilessly  ; 
when  even  the  river,  with  its  forests  of  ships,  seemed 
to  cease  to  flow  ;  when  all  things  were  gasping  and 
weary  and  the  gharry  wallahs  slept  soundly,  and  the 
poor  lean  ponies  tried  to  flick  the  flies  off  their 
backs  with  their  tails ;  when  the  Indian  shop- 
keepers stretched  themselves  on  wooden  beds  just 
in  the  shadow  of  their  doorways  and  snored  away, 
dreaming  of  rupees  and  curry  ;  while  only  the 
pariah  dogs  scratched  and  smelt  in  the  road  for 
something  to  eat.  No  one  stirred,  the  drowsy 
influence  of  the  heat  seemed  universal." 

'  The  Woman,  the  Man,  and  the  Nat '  is  an 
amusing  scrap  of  folk-lore,  a  "Nat"  being  the 
"tree-spirit"  of  the  country,  of  whose  habits 
and  habitats  Dr.  Frazer  has  written  so  much 
and  so  learnedly.  "  It  is  a  custom  very  strictly 
adhered  to,"  says  "Mimosa,"  "that  before 
any  tree  can  be  touched  the  permission  of  the 
spirit  must  be  asked  and  obtained."  '  The 
Priest's  Petition  '  is  a  little  too  involved  in  the 
telling — but  that  is  a  common  fault  with 
Oriental  stories,  from  the  '  Arabian  Nights ' 
downwards.  It  is,  perhaps,  in  '  The  Command 
of  the  King  ' — with  its  picturesque  account  of 
the  chess-loving  monarch,  who  took  to  betting, 
and  set  his  foreign  favourite  impossible  tasks 
— that  "  Mimosa  "  is  seen  at  her  best. 

Biist  of  Gold,  by  Francis  Prevost  (Ward, 
Lock  &  Bowden),  is  not  bettered  by  the  exagge- 
rated pretentiousness  of  its  style.  The  writer 
evidently  takes  Mr.  Meredith  as  his  or  her  model, 
but  appears  to  imagine  that  a  laboured  involution 
of  style  and  an  elaborate  concealment  of  the 
obvious  in  a  cloud  of  paradox  are  the  secret  of 
the  exemplar's  art.  A  sentence,  for  example, 
like  the  following  becomes  an  impertinence  if 
any  one  takes  the  trouble  to  decipher  it  and  see 
what  the  author  really  means  : — 

"  Madge  Guest  may  have  phrased  it  otherwise, 
but  she  knew  that  the  constancy  of  a  man's  affec- 
tion is,  as  a  rule,  inversely  proportioned  to  its  reflec- 
tion in  a  woman,  and  that  his  pleasure  in  trifling 
with  hers  is  very  delicately  disproportioned  to  his 
chance  of  success." 

The  fact  is  that  Francis  Prevost  does  not  strike 
one  as  an  author  whose  dicta  are  worth  the 
amount  of  consideration  which  such  a  sentence 
requires,  and  the  consequence  is  that  a  good 
deal  of  his  wisdom  is  wasted.  The  stories  them- 
selves are,  on  the  whole,  disappointing.  They 
are  clever,  and  generally  open  in  a  promising 
and  almost  exciting  manner,  but  their  endings 
do  not  fuUil  the  promise.  Perhaps  this  is  due 
to  the  subject,  for  they  are  all  studies  of  the 
feebly  inefl'ectual  man,  conmion  enough  in  real 
life,  who  sins  feebly,  but  never  carries  out  his 
poor  little  sins  to  a  successful  issue.  They  are 
all  the  sort  of  men  who  want  the  lesson  of  '  The 
Statue  and  the  Bust'  drummed  into  them. 
Such  heroes  are  really  almost  too  feeble  to  be 
made  even  the  subject  of  fiction,  as  the  only 
way  of  treating  them  is,  as  Francis  I'revost  does, 
by  the  method  of  hair-splitting  subtleties, 
in  order  to  bring  out  the  small  modicum  of 
interest  in  them  ;  and  the  consequence  is  rather 
provocative  of  irritation  at  the  subject  than 
admiration  of  the  propriety  of  the  presentation. 


There  are  also  four  dialogues,  the  first  of  which 
is  wittily  turned  and  amusing. 

We  have  often,  in  noticing  the  clever  books 
of  M.  Ricard,  suggested  that  he  ought  to  write, 
because  he  could  write,  a  great  novel.  We  are 
almost  inclined  to  withdraw  our  suggestion  on 
reading  his  new  volume,  for  his  short  stories  are 
so  powerful,  so  artistic,  and  contain  so  mucli 
more  thought  and  work  than  do  those  of  his 
rivals,  that  we  admit  that  possibly  he  may  be 
doing  that  for  which  he  is  most  fit.  A  Prixfixe 
et  a  la  Carte,  published  by  M.  Calmann  L6vy, 
consists,  as  its  name  implies,  of  stories  about 
restaurant  life,  many  of  them  not  at  all  suited 
to  what  is  called  English  taste,  but  all  of  them,, 
or  almost  all  of  them,  so  powerful  that  even 
those  who  do  not  usually  read  the  French  short 
story  of  the  day  may  forgive  the  "  suggestive- 
ness,"  and  even  the  occasional  obscenity,  for  the 
substance.  There  is  one  passage  on  the  genera- 
tion of  the  day,  as  contrasted  with  the  imme- 
diately preceding  generations,  which  is  indeed 
remarkable  in  its  serious  observation  and  philo- 
sophy when  we  consider  that  it  was  probably 
written  for  a  fashionable  daily  paper.  M.  Ricard 
points  out  in  it  the  substitution  as  regards  suc- 
cess with  the  mob  of  will  for  ideas  ;  how  the 
generations  of  1838  and  1848  were  led  by  ideas, 
and  how  in  the  present  day  ideas  have  lost  their 
hold.  A  good  many  readers  will  be  interested 
in  a  remarkable  word-portrait  of  Mile.  Yvette 
Guilbert,  from  which  it  would  seem  that  M.  Ricard 
has  found  in  her  what  her  greatest  admirers  find, 
a  something  which  sets  her  entirely  apart  from, 
the  ordinary  music-hall  singer,  and  makes  her  a 
preacher  not  inferior  to  the  greatest  of  all  time, 
but  a  something  entirely  lost,  as  M.  Ricard  says, 
upon  the  vast  majority  of  those  who  go  to  hear 
her,  who,  so  far  as  they  find  in  her  anything 
beyond  that  which  they  find  elsewhere,  are 
aware  of  no  fresh  sensation  except  that  of  a 
certain  horror. 

It  is  the  rule  in  France  that  great  writers  are 
expected  to  contribute  prefaces  to  their  imi- 
tators' books.  Thus  M.  Anatole  France  is  laid 
under  contribution  by  "Brada,"  who  in  Jeunes^ 
Madamcs,  published  by  M.  Calmann  Levy,  has 
sketched,  by  the  method  of  short  stories,  the 
young  women  of  Paris  society.  In  Brada's 
world  there  is  no  suffering — all  are  beautiful  in 
body,  and  in  mind  devoted  to  the  gospel  of 
Self. 


COLONIAL   VERSE. 

'Neath    Austral     Skies.      By    Edward     Booth 

Loughran.     (Melville,  Mullen  &  Slade.) 
Later    Canadian    Poems.      Edited    by    J.    E. 

Wetherell,  B.A.     (Toronto,  the  Copp,  Clark 

Company.) 
The  Dread  Voyage  :  Poems.  By  William  Wilfred 

Campbell.  (Toronto,  Briggs.) 
Colonial  poets  are  generally  so  very  colonial, 
and  Mr.  Loughran  is  not  an  exception  to  the 
rule.  He  has  numerous  addresses  "  To  Austra- 
lia"; he  cries  "Unite  !  Australians!"  he 
celebrates  the  "Melbourne  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition"; he  declares  that  "Australia  guards 
her  own  !  "  Now  some  of  this  is  very  fairly 
well  done,  but  it  is  a  kind  of  writing  which  must 
either  be  done  at  the  white  heat  (and  how  many 
people  are  there  who  can  write  verse  under  such 
conditions  ?),  or  else  it  must  be  frankly  colloquial 
and  humorous,  like  James  Russell  Lowell's. 
Mr.  Loughran  has  admirable  intentions  and  a 
certain  amount  of  vigour.  His  best  verse  is  of 
a  much  gentler  order  than  the  main  part  of  his 
volume.  The  piece  called  '  The  Silent  Years ' 
is  distinctly  happy.  But  he  need  not  indulge 
elsewhere  in  such  lines  as 

His  own  by  purch—li'in— marriage. 

'Later  Canadian  Poems'  is  a  "little  an- 
thology "  containing,  Mr.  Wetherell  its 
editor  tells  us,  "selections  from  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  best  known  of  our  younger 
Canadian  poets."  The  one  of  these  poets 
who  no   longer  lives  was    born   in   1804,  and 


N**  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


257 


died  in  1885  ;  all  the  others  have  their  birth- 
dates  in  from  1860  to  1862  :  thus,  though  they 
are  young,  they  are  not  young  enough  for  their 
poetry  in  a  representative  volume  of  the  present 
day  to  be  accepted  as  juvenile  promise.  We  have 
to  take  the  selections  of  their  verse  now  put  forth 
as  the  measure  of  the  poetic  powers  of  their  in- 
tellectual manhood.  And  it  cannot  be  said  that 
any  one  of  them  displays  poetic  powers  in  a 
special  degree.  All  have  good  ability  for 
writing  verse,  and  all  show  they  possess 
literary  taste  and  discrimination.  They  have 
not,  either  collectively  or  individually,  any 
distinctive  quality.  The  list  of  them  is  as 
follows  : — George  Frederick  Cameron,  William 
Wilfred  Campbell,  Bliss  Carman,  Archibald 
Lampman,  Charles  George  Douglas  Roberts, 
Duncan  Campbell  Scott,  Frederick  George 
Scott.  A  portrait  of  each  is  prefixed  to  his 
poems,  and  all  the  portraits  have  characteristic 
personality  and  look  as  if  they  were  good  like- 
nesses. There  is  a  supplement  to  the  volume, 
in  which  are  scattered  some  poems  by  women  : 
— E.  Pauline  Johnson,  S.  Frances  Harrison, 
Agnes  Maule  Machar,  Ethelwyn  Wetherald, 
Isabella  Valancy  Crawford,  and  Sara  Jeannette 
Duncan.  Most  of  these  poems  have  the  grace 
of  tenderness  and  the  pretty  sadness  of  womanly 
pensiveness.  Two  or  three  of  those  by 
E.  Pauline  Johnson  (especially  'Re- voyage,' 
'  The  Song  my  Paddle  Sings, '  '  At  Husking 
Time ')  possess  originality,  verce,  and  feeling — 
have,  indeed,  a  touch  of  the  poetic  spontaneity 
which  is  lacking  in  the  contents  of  the  main 
portion  of  the  volume.  In  spite  of  an  unfortu- 
nate effort,  'As  Redmen  Die,'  so  singularly 
feeble  and  ill  expressed  that  it  seems  in- 
credible that  the  person  who  wrote  it  could 
ever  arrive  at  even  a  perception  of  what  is 
poetry,  it  seems  likely  that  Miss  Johnson,  if  she 
is  a  beginner — as  to  which  there  is  no  informa- 
tion, the  supplement  not  giving  dates  —  will 
in  her  development  show  that,  though  the  gift 
may  be  limited,  she  has  a  genuine  poetic  gift. 
She  is  decidedly  the  most  noticeable  writer  in 
the  volume. 

Mr.  W.  Campbell,  in  all  the  contents  of  his 
volume  named,  from  a  short  mysterious  lyric 
scarcely  worth  the  especial  honour  for  which  it 
is  chosen,  'The  Dread  Voyage,'  shows  much 
literary  control  of  diction  and  a  good  amount 
of  poetic  fancy.  But  a  perusal  of  the  whole 
volume  leaves  an  impression  of  his  lacking 
material  for  his  poems  :  his  themes  do  not 
seem  inevitable,  like  those  of  a  poet's  inspira- 
tion, or  a  thinker's  deep  impressions,  or  a 
songster's  impulse,  but  as  if  they  were  the 
result  of  searchings  for  something  on  which  to 
employ  the  poetic  faculty,  and  as  if  any  other 
would  have  served  the  purpose  equally  well. 
Fuller  thought,  deeper  feeling,  are  needed  to 
give  his  expression  that  tone  of  reality  without 
which  verse,  no  matter  how  able,  fails  to  gain  a 
hold  on  the  required  sympathies  of  the  reader. 
There  is  no  reason  to  assume  that  he  has  not 
these  to  give  his  work,  if  he  will.  An  excessive 
use  of  alliteration  in  the  crude  consecutive  form 
vexes  the  ear  in  Mr.  Campbell's  verse  :  he 
gives  us,  to  take  an  instance,  in  the  compass  of 
three  lines  "brawling  brooklets,"  "murmurous 
mirth,"  "  life's  leash,"  "young  year  ";  and  this 
duplication  of  consonants  goes  on  incessantly. 
The  alliteration  which  can  be  so  great  an  oral 
charm  is  the  returning  to  dominant  initial  con- 
sonants before  their  sounds  have  quite  died  out 
in  the  ear,  not  the  hammering  at  them  in  con- 
secutive words  ;  it  uses  some  interval,  according 
to  its  rhythm,  if  it  be  but  of  one  short  word. 
Of  course  there  are  cases  of  this  more  musical 
alliteration  also  in  Mr.  Campbell's  poems — 
and  indeed  some  mud  occur,  if  but  accidentally, 
in  any  harmonized  writing,  sound  suggesting 
responsive  sound,  whether  the  writer  be  con- 
scious of  it  or  not— but  it  is  the  hammering 
alliteration  which  he  especially  adopts,  and  it 
fills  his  verse  with  uncomfortable  staccato 
passages.     Objection  must  be  taken  to  sundry 


dialect  solecisms  —  such  as  "back  of"  for 
behind  —  and  to  occasional  strainings  after 
grandiose  expression — as  "  some  golden  majesty 
of  stairs."  The  study  after  Tennyson,  'Sir 
Lancelot,'  is  so  entirely  imitative  that  it  is 
strange  that  the  exercise  should  have  been 
given  a  place  among  Mr.  Cainphell's  published 
poems  ;  but  the  other  contents  of  the  volume 
are  written  with  the  due  self-reliance  of  one 
who  has  no  longer  to  look  to  imitation,  but  to 
self-development,  for  the  strengthening  of  his 
powers. 


JEWISH   HISTORY. 


The  Itevucdcs  £txidesjuives,  a  quarterly  publica- 
tion in  Paris,  which  has  now  reached  its  thirtieth 
year,  publishes  under  its  auspices  works  of  im- 
portance relating  to  Jewish  history  and  litera- 
ture. Amongst  these  are  '  Le  Temple  de  Jeru- 
salem,' by  MM.  Perrot  et  Chipiez  (1889),  and 
'Gallia  Judaica,  Dictionnaire  g^ographique  de 
la  France  rabbinique  au  Moyen  Age,'  by  Henri 
Gross  (nearly  finished).  The  well-known  clas- 
sical historian  M.  Thdodore  Reinach  has  just 
brought  out,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Societe' 
des  Etudes  juives,  an  interesting  collection  of 
opinions  on  the  Jews  in  classical  times,  viz.,  from 
Herodotus  (fifth  century  b.c.)  to  Rutilius  Numa- 
tianus  (416  a.d.),  altogether  215  pieces,  and  one 
by  the  Pseudo-Acron  of  doubtful  date.  This  is 
the  most  complete  collection  that  has  ever  been 
issued,  and  the  Greek  and  Latin  texts  are  more 
correct  than  those  supplied  by  the  predecessors 
enumerated  by  M.  Reinach  in  the  preface,  pp.  xx 
and  xxi,  note ;  but  we  miss  here  the  mention 
of  the  '  Bibliothek  griechischer  und  romischer 
Schriftsteller  liber  Judenthum  und  Juden  in 
neuen  Uebersetzungen,'  4  vols.,  Leipzig,  1865- 
1870.  The  text  is  translated  into  French  in 
columns  parallel  with  the  originals,  with  copious 
notes,  philological  as  well  as  historical.  Speak- 
ing of  the  method  of  his  book,  M.  Reinach  says 
that  the  idea  of  such  a  collection  is  not  new  ; 
it  is  probable  that  the  treatise  on  the  Jews 
of  Alexander  Polyhistor,  if  it  existed,  would 
have  been  the  basis  of  such  a  collection  con- 
cerning the  Jews.  After  him  comes  Josephus 
in  his  treatise  'Contra  Apionem,'  who  quotes 
opinions  for  or  against  the  Jews.  M.  Reinach 
discusses  in  the  preface  the  reason  of  the  hatred 
shown  to  the  Jews  by  Greek  and  Roman  authors. 
He  says  : — 

"  C'est  une  erreur  de  croire  qu'elle  [the  literature] 
ait  ete  d6s  I'origine  et  uniforniemeut  hostile  aux 
juifs.  II  y  avait  dans  le  judaisme  des  cotes  qui  ne 
pouvaient  manquer  de  lui  conciher  de  I'interet,  la 
sympathie  meme  des  lettres.  Presque  tous  etaient 
libres  penseurs,  et  conduits  par  la  reflexion  philo- 
sophique  a  uue  sorte  de  vague  monotheisme  ou  de 
pantheisme,  qui  se  conciliait  en  pratique,  mais  non 

en  theorie,  avee   le  polytheisme  vulgaire Mais 

si  le  principe  de  la  religion  juive  ne  pouvait  que  lui 
valoir  respect  et  sympathie,  d'autres  traits  de  la 
physionomie  morale  du  judaisme  n'ont  pas  tarde 
iidetruire  cette  bonne  impression.  lis  jieuvent  se 
resumer  en  deux  grands  chefs  d'accusation  :  par- 
ticularisme  religieux,  particularisme  social." 

The  religious  particularism  shown  by  the  Jews 
consisted  mostly  in  not  recognizing  the  gods 
of  the  nations  amongst  whom  they  settled, 
and,  moreover,  they  did  not  permit  Gentiles 
to  have  any  access  to  their  sanctuary.  The 
social  particularism  was  marked  by  an  isolation 
which  is  naturally  the  consequence  of  moral  law 
dependent  on  the  religious  law,  hygienic,  civil, 
and  politic.  This  isolation  is  expressed  by 
Haman  in  the  book  of  Esther  (iii.  8)  in  the 
following  words:  "There  is  a  certain  people 
scattered  abroad  and  dispersed  among  the  people 
in  all  the  provinces  of  thy  kingdom  ;  and  their 
laws  are  diverse  from  all  people  ;  neither  keep 
they  the  king's  laws."  This  isolated  position  of 
the  Jews  in  a  foreign  country  was  contrary  to 
the  Greek  genius.  Gradually  this  antagonism 
of  the  two  races  produced  absurd  ideas  con- 
cerning the  Jews.  Manetho  began  to  say  of 
them  that  they  were  unclean  and  leprous.  The 
lawgiver   Moses  was  even   attacked  by  calling  I 


him  Alpha,  which  means  "  afi'ected  with  tetters." 
M.  Reinach  has  done  well  not  to  touch  the  texts 
concerning  the  Jews  in  the  fathers  and  the  Chris- 
tian chroniclers,  who  attack  the  .lews  in  another 
sense  ;  he  says  :  "  C'est  le  judaisme  du  dehors 
que  nous  avons  voulu  montrer."  As  to  the 
juridical  and  epigraphic  texts,  they  will  appear 
in  the  volume  of  '  Pontes  Rerum  Judicarum  ' 
which  M.  Reinach  has  in  hand  and  will  soon 
publish. 

The  first  volume  of  the  Tranmctions  of  the 
Jewish  Historical  Society  of  England  (Wert- 
heimer  &  Lea)  contains  an  interesting  paper 
on  the  Domus  Conversorum  by  Mr.  Trice 
Martin,  another  on  Crypto-Jews  under  the 
Commonwealth  by  Mr.  L.  Wolf,  and  also  one 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs  on  Little  St.  Hugh  of 
Lincoln,  which  sve  have  already  criticized  (Athen. 
No.  3487).  Mr.  .Jacobs  has  revised  and  im- 
proved his  ingenious  essay,  but  he  has  not 
taken  the  trouble  to  look  up  the  reference  to 
Socrates  with  which  we  furnished  him.  He 
says  our  reference  was  to  Eusebius  I 


FOLK-LORE. 

Natural     History     Love     and     Lerjend.     By 
F.  Edward   Hulme.     (Quaritch.)— Mr.    Hulme 
puts  into  the  sub-title  of  this  book  the  character 
of  its  contents  :   "  Some  few  examples  of  quaint 
and   bygone   beliefs,   gathered   in    from   divers 
authorities,  ancient  and  mediseval,   of   varying 
degrees  of  reliability."     Evidently  all  depends 
upon  the  skill  of  the  gatherer,   and  when  we 
find  that  authorities  are    quoted    regardless  of 
their  dates  and  of  their  trustworthiness,  with  the 
thinnest  possible  threads  to  connect  the  several 
passages  together,  it  is    evident  that  the  book 
is  worthless  for   every  purpose   except  that  of 
amusement.   Mr.  Hulme  does  not  seem  to  be  able 
to  advance  beyond  the  title-pages  of  the  books 
he  quotes,  and  he  is  eloquent  on  their  behalf 
twice  over  within  the  first  dozen  pages  of  his 
book.     Indeed,  it  is  as  a  lover  of  old  editions  of 
rare  books  that  Mr.  Hulme  has  any  claims  what- 
ever  upon   his  readers.      'The   Book  of   John 
Maundevile,  Knyght  of  Inglelond,'  is  attractive 
reading  enough,  and  it  does  not  lose  this  cha- 
racter by  being  placed  side  by  side  with  other 
books  of  the  class,  especially  when  we  are  not 
asked   seriously   to   discuss   tlie    value    of    the 
evidence    it   aflbrds.     Mr.    Hulme   cannot  get 
over   the   fact  that  travellers   of  two  hundred 
years  ago  were  acquainted  with  matters  that  are 
now  thought  much  of.     Thus  that  cocoa  should 
now  be  considered   a   stimulant  of   undoubted 
power  strikes  him  as  remarkable,  because  "on 
taking   down   Burton's   '  Miracles   of   Art   and 
Nature  '  from  our  bookshelf  we  find  that  over 
two  hundred  years  ago  (our  copy  is  dated  1678)- 
all  this  was  as  thoroughly  known  as  it  is  to- 
day."   Of  pigmies  and  their  early  historians  Mr. 
Hulme  has  much  to  say  ;  and  he  passes  on  to 
hairy  men,  giants,  and  men  with  tails,  without 
any   break   in    his    narrative.     Then    comes   a 
chapter  which,  according  to  the  analysis  of  its 
contents,  commences  with   "the  lion,   king   of 
beasts,"  and  finishes  with  rats  and  mice,  but 
continues   with    a    word    or    two   on    oysters, 
mussels,    and  cockles   thrown   in   at   the    end. 
The   fact   is,   the    book  does    not   touch   upor» 
either    the     history    of    science     or    the    his- 
tory of  tradition  and  belief,  and  it  might  have 
been   useful   to  both  if   the   author   had   gone 
about  his  work  systematically.     It  would  be  a 
great  boon  to  know  how  far  medi;eval  writers  on 
natural  history  are   simply  copying  from  Pliny 
or  other  classical  authors,  and  how  far  they  are 
recording   ideas   of  their   own   days  ;  but  Mr. 
Hulme  affords  no  help  here,  though  he  seems 
to  appreciate  the  fact  that  Pliny  is  responsible 
for  much  that  is  found  in  the  later  writers.   The 
time  has  gone  by  wlien  those  who  are  interested 
in    "lore   and  legend"   are   satisfied    with  un- 
digested materia],  and   Mr.  Hulme  has,  we  are 
sorry  to  say,  missed  a  chance  of  being  useful  to 
student.'. 


258 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


Louisiana  Folk-tales  in  French  Dialect  and 
Eiujlish  Translation.  Collected  and  edited  by 
Alette  Fortier.  (Boston,  U.S.,  American  Folk- 
lore Society.) — This  is  the  second  of  the  extra 
publications  of  the  American  Folk-lore  Society, 
and,  like  its  predecessor,  it  is  presented  to  the 
student  in  a  shape  that  will  command  respectful 
attention.  Dr.  Fortier  has  been  guided  in  his 
work  by  the  best  folk-lore  authorities,  and  he 
has  been  careful  to  observe  all  the  recognized 
rules  which  have  from  time  to  time  been  laid 
down.  There  are  two  sections,  animal  tales  and 
Mlirchen.  The  tirst  are  probably  of  negro  origin, 
the  latter  of  European  origin.  The  animal  tales 
are  capital  reading.  They  have  the  usual  ele- 
ments of  this  class  of  tales,  the  big  stupid 
animals  being  outwitted  by  the  smaller  animals  ; 
but  the  events  are  placed  differently  from  those 
in  most  other  collections,  and  there  is  a  refined 
touch  about  the  narrative  which  may  be  due  to 
the  French  language  in  which  they  are  told. 
The  Miirclien  are  highly  interesting  specimens 
of  this  branch  of  folk-lore.  There  are  variants 
of  well-known  types  and  some  few  rarer  types 
which  we  think  deserve  vor}'  minute  investiga- 
tion. The  story  of  the  statue  of  St.  Anthony 
is  one  of  these.  It  contains  an  incident  which 
is,  so  far  as  we  know,  new  to  the  folk-tale,  but 
which  is  well  known  in  folk  custom.  A  young 
girl  prayed  to  St.  Anthony  to  secure  the  love  of 
a  man  she  admired,  but  in  vain  until,  on  the 
advice  of  the  cook,  she  bored  holes  in  the  ears 
of  the  statue  to  make  the  saint  hear.  The  story 
does  not  make  this  piece  of  animistic  faith  the 
direct  cause  of  success,  but  ends  prosaically 
enough,  and  we  thus  have  the  characteristic 
of  a  primitive  belief  leading  up  to  a  rational 
denoAment  in  an  example  of  extreme  simplicity. 
Which,  therefore,  is  the  older  ?  It  seems  to  us 
possible  that  in  this  story  we  have  come  across 
one  of  those  beliefs  which,  if  properly  under- 
stood, explain  a  great  deal  of  early  thought. 
To  deal  with  the  image  of  a  saint  as  if  it 
were  the  saint  himself  is  well  known  in  French 
folk-lore  by  the  example  of  the  peasants  beating 
the  images  when  their  prayers  have  not  been 
answered  ;  and  perhaps  in  this  folk-tale  from 
Louisiana  we  may  have  hit  upon  one  of  the 
principal  causes  for  the  development  of  sculp- 
ture. The  rude  beginnings  of  this  art  in  the 
sacred  block  which  represented  the  god  have 
been  traced  out  by  the  trained  archaeologist, 
but  the  motive  power  of  improvement  will  have 
been  supplied  by  folk-tales,  if  it  can  be  sug- 
gested that  devotees  would  constantly  endeavour 
to  make  their  gods  more  perfect  in  order  to  maks 
them  better  able  to  assist  their  worshippers. 
'The  Men  who  became  Birds'  is  a  very  good 
version  of  a  widespread  tale  sobered  down  to 
the  level  of  its  last  relators.  A  Hudden-and- 
Dudden  story  is  given  in  '  John  Green  Peas  '  ; 
and  '  The  Singing  Bones '  is  a  variant  of  the 
incident  of  the  bones  of  children,  cooked  for 
eating,  telling  of  their  murderer.  The  riddle 
which  is  answered  correctly  by  Jean  Sotte,  and 
which  gains  him,  therefore,  the  daughter  of  the 
king  for  a  wife,  is  very  well  known  in  the  Eng- 
lish nurseries  of  to-day,  and  it  would  be  in- 
teresting to  know  whether  this  is  a  genuine 
portion  of  the  original  story.  There  is,  indeed, 
a  splendid  lot  of  material  in  these  stories  by 
which  to  study  the  effect  of  transmission 
upon  the  incidents  and  setting  of  Miirchen ; 
but  no  one  could  do  this  unless  he  were  on 
the  spot  to  inquire  into  some  of  the  minuter 
shades  of  incident  and  exjjression.  Dr.  Fortier 
should  add  to  the  debt  he  has  put  us  under  for 
his  collection  by  examining  the  life-history  of 
each  tale. 


FKENCU    HISTORY. 

Mr.  Hassall  may  be  congratulated  on  his 
volume  on  Louis  XIV.  and  Vie  Zenith  vf  the 
French  MonarcJiy  (Putnam's  Sons),  which  is  one 
of  the  most  satisfactory  of  the  series  called 
"  Heroes  of  the  Nations."  Mr.  llassall  lias, 
of  course,  not  attempted  original  research,  which 


would  be  out  of  place  in  a  volume  for  popular 
reading,  but  he  has  consulted  the  latest  writers 
upon  the  Fronde  and  the  epoch  of  Louis  XIV., 
such  as  MM.  Reynald,  Che'ruel,  A.  Geffroy 
Rousset,  and  Lefebre  -  Pontalis  ;  and  he  has 
arrived  at  a  clear  and  impartial  estimate  of  the 
character  and  conduct  of  the  Roi  Soleil.  Louis 
has  at  all  times  been  underrated  in  this  country 
because  he  persecuted  Protestants  and  sup- 
ported James  II.,  and  it  was  therefore  much  to 
be  desired  that  a  book  intended  for  the  general 
public  should  be  free  from  prejudice.  This 
Mr.  Hassall's  monograph  decidedly  is.  He 
does  not  slur  over  Louis's  faults,  but  he  does 
justice  to  his  great  qualities.  For  instance,  he 
clearly  sees  that  somehow  or  other  the  Grand 
Monarque  greatly  overrated  the  political  im- 
portance of  the  Huguenots,  and  that  this  mis- 
take had  much  influence  on  him  when  he  was 
persuaded  to  revoke  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Mr. 
Hassall  might  perhaps  have  added  that  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  Louis  was  ever  allowed  to 
know  of  the  amount  of  emigration  that  the 
revocation  produced.  He  had  been  assured 
that  the  Huguenots  would  not  dare  to  re- 
sist his  will,  but  would  turn  Catholic  if  only 
he  took  the  decisive  step  ;  and  probably  he 
was  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  signal  manner 
in  which  the  prediction  was  falsified.  Mr. 
Hassall  is,  as  a  rule,  accurate  and  careful,  but 
occasionally  there  are  traces  of  haste.  By  a 
slip  of  the  pen,  he  represents  Dijon  as  only 
fifty  miles  from  Paris.  "  Marechale  de  Riche- 
lieu "  is,  of  course,  a  misprint  for  Marechal  de 
Richelieu.  Descartes  was  hardly  one  of  the 
great  men  who  adorned  the  age  of  the  Grand 
Monarque,  seeing  that  he  died  in  1650.  In 
the  genealogical  table,  by  an  odd  oversight, 
Louis  XVI.  is  made  out  to  be  the  son  of 
Louis  XV. ;  and  the  reader  will  fail  to  under- 
stand who  was  the  "Prince  Savoy"  who  was 
father  of  the  Count  of  Soissons.  Of  course  Mr. 
Hassall  means  Prince  Thomas  of  Savoy.  But 
these  are  all  trifling  oversights. 

Les  Etats  de  Normandie,  lews  Origines  et 
lew  Deceloppement  au  XIV^  Siecle.  Par  A. 
Coville.  (Paris,  Imprimerie  Nationale.) — This 
is  one  of  those  learned  monographs  by  which 
the  present  generation  of  French  historians  has 
distinguished  itself  so  greatly.  Based  through- 
out on  original  research  and  the  study  of  con- 
temporary documents,  its  method  is  admirable 
and  its  conclusions  sure.  The  only  really  good 
work  that  has  hitherto  been  done  on  the  sub- 
ject is  that  of  M.  Charles  de  Beaurepaire,  and 
the  field  specially  selected  has  been  left  as  yet 
untouched  by  him.  The  undoubted  fascination 
exercised  by  the  history  and  institutions  of 
Normandy  is  easily  explained  by  its  possession 
of  a  distinctive  life  and  people.  Its  special 
privileges  as  a  province  of  France  are  still 
proudly  remembered,  and  the  tendency,  as  in 
similar  cases,  to  antedate  their  existence  has 
obscured,  no  doubt,  their  origin.  M.  Coville 
makes  it  absolutely  clear  that  between  the 
councils  of  the  Norman  dukes  and  the  first 
appearance  of  the  Norman  Estates  the  break  of 
continuity  is  complete.  He  shows  that  the  latter 
came  into  being  in  the  fourteenth  century  as 
the  representatives  and  defenders  of  the  special 
provincial  privileges  granted  by  the  famous 
charte  J^lormande  of  1315.  Obscure  as  are  the 
actual  circumstances  leading  to  its  grant,  it 
closed  a  long  struggle  on  financial  questions 
with  the  Crown  by  defining  and  limiting  its 
rights,  though  leaving  certain  exceptions  capable 
of  raising  difficulties.  But  unlike  our  own 
charter  of  just  a  century  previous,  it  did  not 
define  the  assembly  to  which  the  Crown  should 
have  recourse  when  it  needed  supplies  beyond 
those  to  which  its  standing  right  was  recognized. 
The  Norman  Estates  had  tliis  much  in  common, 
however,  with  our  own  complete  I*arliament,  that 
their  origin  was  connected  with  financial  neces- 
sities. It  is  in  1337  that  we  first  hear  of  their 
assembling,  when  the  Crown's  demand  for 
money  was  urgent  ;  and    two    years  later    the 


result  of  their  determined  attitude  was  the 
second  charte  Normande,  confirming  and  ex- 
tending the  privileges  in  return  for  the  extra- 
ordinary offer  of  the  Normans  to  conquer 
England  with  a  fleet  and  24,000  men  of  their 
own.  To  this  wild  dream  the  battle  of  Sluys 
put  an  end,  but  the  privileges  remained.  We 
note  that  the  author  makes  no  reference  to  the 
texts,  three  in  number,  of  the  above  remarkable 
contract  printed  in  the  Rolls  Series  edition  of 
Avesbury  and  Murimouth.  He  relies  on  "J. 
210,  No.  4,"  in  the  archives  of  France.  Now 
this  MS.,  as  we  know  it,  is  scarcely,  as  he  says, 
the  actual  "  traite,"  which  it  merely  recites,  and 
to  which  it  is  subsequent.  More  serious  is 
the  difficulty  raised  by  his  statement  that  the 
agreement  "  fut  conclu  dans  une  reunion 
d'Etats,  tenue  k  Rouen  le  23  mars,  1339."  For 
the  words  in  the  document  are,  we  believe,  "  Ce 
fut  fet  au  boys  de  Vincenn[es]  le  vint  «&  troiz 
jours  de  Mars."  This  might  even  lead  us  to 
doubt  if  there  was  any  assembly  of  the  Estates, 
as  he  alleges  (pp.  48,  257),  on  that  date. 
We  hope  that  so  distinguished  a  scholar 
will  explain  what  seems  a  discrepancy.  M. 
Coville  traces  the  career  of  the  Estates  in  their 
varied  activity  through  the  struggle  with  Ed- 
ward III.,  and  claims  for  them  an  important 
share  in  the  French  defence  by  the  large  sub- 
sidies they  were  able  to  raise  without  complaint. 
But  he  shows  us  how  this  outburst  of  provincial 
energy,  rendered  possible  by  the  exigencies  of  the 
time,  was  no  match  in  the  long  run  for  the  power 
of  the  French  Crown,  while  the  undetermined 
constitution,  functions,  and  place  of  meeting  of 
these  assemblies  rendered  their  position  unstable. 
Suppressed  at  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, they  were  revived  in  the  fifteenth  under 
the  English  rule  ;  but  though  then  assuming  a 
more  regular  form,  and  proving  again  most  use- 
ful as  a  means  of  raising  supplies,  their  career 
became  comparatively  tame  and  uneventful. 
More  than  a  third  of  this  learned  study  is 
devoted  to  jyieces  justijicatives  and  appendices  of 
undoubted  value,  including  one  on  the  ducal 
councils  previous  to  the  union  of  Normandy 
with  France.  There  is  also  a  good  index  of 
names  and  places.  We  only  regret  that  Sir  F. 
Palgrave,  who  is  charged  with  "une  singuliere 
assurance,"  is  made  to  assert  that  the  Duke 
"  sat  in  insolated  [sic]  dignity,"  that  "he  gawe 
the  law,  he  mad  the  law."  It  must  not,  how- 
ever, be  supposed  from  this  that  the  author  is 
ignorant  of  our  tongue. 

Mr.  Bentley  has  issued  in  five  handsome 
octavos  a  new  edition  of  Mr.  Shoberl's  transla- 
tion of  Thiers's  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 
We  can  hardly  think  the  preface,  full  of  com- 
monplaces of  dubious  value,  was  worth  retain- 
ing ;  but  Thiers's  brilliant  narrative  is  excel- 
lently adapted  to  the  general  reader,  and  the 
numerous  notes  add  considerably  to  the  value 
of  the  work.  There  are  besides  copious  illustra- 
tions.    The  portraits  are  the  best  of  them. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Tlie  Writings  of  Thomas  Paine  (Putnam's 
Sons),  which  have  been  collected  with  loving 
care  by  Mr.  Moncure  D.  Conway,  are  to  fill 
four  volumes,  and  three  have  appeared.  It  is 
impossible  not  to  be  struck  with  the  painstaking 
way  in  which  Mr.  Conway  has  done  his  work, 
yet  it  may  be  questioned  whether  every  page 
from  Paine's  pen  really  deserves  to  be  rescued 
from  oblivion.  Men  greater  than  he  have 
suffered  from  the  zeal  of  injudicious  admirers. 
Too  many  volumes  spoil  a  writer's  reputation. 
When  the  new  edition  is  completed  we  can 
criticize  it  as  a  whole  ;  but  at  present  we  can 
do  little  more  than  note  the  contents  of  the 
volumes  which  are  published.  Mr.  Conway 
seems  to  think  that  an  apology  is  needed  for  the 
tardy  api)earancc  of  the  work  upon  which  he 
has  expended  much  labour  ;  he  considers  its 
contents  second  to  none  in  importance  among 
the  materials  for  writing  the  true  history  of  the 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


259 


Revolutionary  War  in  America.  Indeed, 
'Common  Sense'  and  'The  American  Crisis,' 
by  Paine,  had  an  influence  in  the  American 
colonies  quite  as  noteworthy  as  the  efforts  of 
the  armed  men  who  withstood  the  troops  of 
King  George.  His  'Rights  of  Man,'  which 
appears  in  the  second  volume  of  this  edition, 
though  as  well  written,  and  as  unscrupulous 
in  assertion,  did  not  produce  a  tithe  of  the  effect. 
Not  thinking,  as  Mr.  Conway  does,  that  Paine 
would  have  been  hanged  if  he  had  stood  his  trial 
in  London,  we  regret  that  he  escaped.  Erskine 
would  doubtless  have  added  to  his  laurels  in 
defending  him,  and  the  result  of  a  trial,  if  ad- 
verse to  the  Crown,  would  have  contributed  to 
the  dissemination  of  Paine's  opinions.  Many 
persons  may  have  thought  the  less  of  his 
opinions,  as  well  as  of  him,  because  he  evaded 
his  trial.  By  going  to  Paris  he  did  not  go  to  a 
safe  asylum.  He  was  treated  far  more  harshly 
by  the  revolutionary  Frenchmen,  whose  cause 
he  espoused,  than  by  his  fellow  countrymen, 
whom  he  took  a  tiendish  delight  in  vilifying. 
That  he  escaped  massacre  in  Paris  was  as  great 
a  miracle  as  any  of  the  miracles  which  he  would 
have  turned  into  ridicule.  Mr.  Conway  is  very 
severe  upon  the  representative  of  the  United 
States  in  Paris  at  the  time  when  Paine  was  in 
prison  and  in  danger  of  death,  yet  Gouverneur 
Morris  may  not  have  been  so  utterly  wicked  as 
Mr.  Conway  would  have  us  believe.  He  scarcely 
makes  due  allowance  for  the  fact  that  Paine  was 
an  unpleasant  man  to  have  dealings  with  or  to 
act  for,  either  in  prison  or  out  of  it.  His  readers 
in  America  were  more  impressionable  than  those 
in  Europe.  On  the  one  side  of  the  Atlantic  he 
was  a  power ;  on  the  other  he  was  a  mere 
pamphleteer.  However,  those  who  wish  to  add 
his  works  to  their  libraries  will  not  err  in  choos- 
ing this  edition. 

M.  Felix  Alcan,  of  Paris,  publishes  Lcs 
trois  Socialismes,  by  Paul  Boilley,  a  not  very 
useful  book.  The  author  thinks  that  Marxist 
Socialism  has  already  seized  the  control  of  the 
democratic  current  in  all  countries  where  indus- 
trialism is  predominant.  We  can  hardly  admit 
that  it  has  seized  the  control  even  of  the  de- 
mocratic current  among  the  industrial  democracy 
in  the  United  States  ;  for,  although  many  work- 
men in  the  United  States  are  Marxian  Socialists, 
they  do  not  appear  to  be  predominant.  As 
regards  the  other  great  manufacturing  country 
of  the  world,  Great  Britain,  no  statement  can 
be  more  false,  as  witness  the  polls  of  Socialist 
candidates — or  even  of  candidates,  not  avowed 
Socialists,  holding  Marxian  views — at  the  elec- 
tions in  this  country.  We  fear  that  the  author 
must  go  to  school  about  his  facts  ;  and  his 
theories  are  so  dull  in  the  form  of  their  expres- 
sion that  we  think  he  will  produce  no  effect 
upon  the  public  mind,  even  in  France. 

SiGNOR  Raffaello  BaPvBiera  has  given  an 
account  in  II  Salotto  della  Contessa  Maffei 
a  la  Societa  Milanese  {1831^-1886)  of  a  noted 
salon,  of  which  the  presiding  genius  was 
Madame  Maffei,  the  wife  of  Andrea  Maffei,  a 
Milanese  poet,  from  whom  she  separated  twelve 
years  after  her  marriage.  Balzac  was  the  most 
distinguished  among  the  foreigners  who  figure 
in  Signor  Barbiera's  book,  and  as  he  did  not 
keep  to  himself  his  low  opinion  of  Italian 
novelists,  he  excited  a  good  deal  of  animosity 
among  the  Milanese,  while  the  Austrian  police 
looked  on  him  as  a  firebrand — another  Byron,  in 
short — so  he  had  rather  a  stormy  visit.  However, 
he  got  on  well  with  Madame  Maffei  and  most 
of  her  coterie  ;  he  presented  her  with  the  proof- 
sheets  of  his  '  Martyres  ignore's,'  and  dedicated 
a  tale  to  her.  Among  Italian  friends  of  Madame 
Maffei  were  Aleardi,  Manzoni,  and  Signor 
Verdi.  The  publishers  are  Fratclli  Treves,  of 
Milan. 

The  "Cambridge  Edition  "of  The  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  H.  TV.  Longfelloic,  which 
Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons  have  sent  us,  has 
the  advantage  of  being  founded  on  the  "  River- 


side Edition  "  of  Longfellow's  writings  which 
appeared  in  1886.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of 
only  iilling  one  octavo  volume,  but  it  is  not 
printed  on  such  good  paper  as  it  might  have 
been.  The  typography,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
commendable.  The  translation  of  the  '  Divina 
Commedia  '  is  not  included.  Still  this  is  the 
most  complete  edition  published  in  this  country 
of  Longfellow's  original  verse.  —  The  Golden  Bool: 
of  Coleridge  (Dent  &  Co.)  is  a  delightful  volume 
of  selections  by  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke,  who  has 
also  prefixed  an  introduction  which  contains 
much  really  excellent  criticism. 

The  issue  of  the  "Author's  Favourite 
Edition "  of  the  Waverley  Novels,  which 
Messrs.  Constable  had  the  happy  thought  of 
bringing  out,  has  reached  Old  Mortality. — The 
second  volume  of  Eomola  and  the  first  of  Scenes 
from  Clerical  Life  are  the  latest  additions  made 
by  Messrs.  Blackwood  to  their  pleasant  reprint 
of  George  Eliot's  novels  called  the  "  Standard 
Edition." 

The  eleventh  edition  of  that  authoritative 
little  work  The  Chairman's  Handbook,  by  Sir 
Reginald  Palgrave,  has  reached  us  from  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  &  Co. 

We  have  on  our  table  A  Manual  of  Public 
International  Law,  by  T.  A.  Walker,  LL.D. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press),  —  Life  and 
Letters  of  Elizabeth  L.  Comstock,  compiled  by 
her  Sister  (Headley  Brothers), — The  Tragedy 
of  Morant  Bay,  by  E.  B.  Underbill,  LL.D. 
(Alexander  &  Shepheard),  —  Selections  from 
Phadrus,  Books  I.  and  II.,  edited  with  Notes 
by  S.  E.  Winbolt  (Blackie), — Epicurean  Science 
and  Poetry,  selected  from  Lucretius,  by  I.  B. 
Muirhead  (Bale), — A  First  French  Course,  by 
J.  J.  Beuzemaker  (Blackie), — Reflections  of  a 
"  Wall- Flower,"  by  L.  Washington  (Gay  & 
Bird),— Dear  Granny,  by  C.  E.  M.  (S.P.C.K.), 
— The  Palace  of  Ideas,  by  L.  A.  Riley  (Hogg), 
— The  Religion  of  the  Crescent,  or  Islam,  by  the 
Rev.  W.  St.  Clair-Tisdall  (S.P.C.K.),— On^ines 
of  Social  Theo'ogy,  by  AV.  D.  Hyde,_  D.D. 
(Macmillan), — Christianity  and  Agnosticism,  by 
H.  Wace,  D.D.  (Blackwood), — Pancatantra, 
Arische  Levenswijsheid  nit  het  Oude  Indie,  by 
H.  G.  van  der  Waals  (Leyden,  Kapteijn), — 
and  Ecce  Aiicilla  Domini,  by  E.  R.  Charles 
(S.P.C.K.).  Among  New  Editions  we  have 
Lives  of  Indian  Officers,  by  Sir  J.  W.  Kaye 
(W.  H.  Allen),— r/te  Theory  of  Light,  hy  T. 
Preston  (Macuiillan),  — Tableau  Q^^conomique,  by 
F.  Quesnay  (Macmillan),  — and  Marjorie  Duding- 
stoune,  by  W.  F.  Collier  (Oliphant,  Anderson  & 
Ferrier).  Also  the  following  Pamphlets  :  Eng- 
lish Orders:  Whence  Obtained,  by  the  Rev. 
J.  B.  Smith  (Skeflington),— T/ie  Singing  Voice 
of  Boys,  by  the  Rev.  H.  Holloway  (Simpkin), — 
Sketches  of  Wonderland,  by  O.  D.  Wheeler  (St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  C.  S.  Fee),— The  Natural  Game 
Preserves  of  North  America  (issued  by  the 
Passenger  Department  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad,  St.  Paul,  Minn.), — Some  Thoughts  on 
Socialism,  by  the  Rev.  A.  Burnell  (Stock), — 
Three  Divine  Sisters,  by  R.  Tuck  (Alexander 
&  Shepheard), — and  Peddie's  Dictionary  of  Con- 
fectionery (Smith  &  Ainslie). 


LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

TTieology. 
Bennett's  (W.  H.)  The  Book  of  Jeremiah,  Chapters  21-52, 

8vo.  7/6  Cl.     (Expositor's  Bible.) 
Chase's  (F.  H.)  The  Syro-Latin  Text  of  the  Gospels,  7/6  net. 
King's   (Rev.   J.)   Ten  Decades,   the  Australian  Centenary 

Storv  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Welsh's  (Hev.  E.  B.)  In  Relief  of  Doubt,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Hailstone's  (H.)  Verses  and  Translations,  12mo.  3/  cl. 
Shakesjjeare,  The  Reader's  :  The  Historical  Plays,  condensed 
by  D.  C.  Bell,  cr.8vo.  3/6  cl. 

PMlosophi/. 
Stanley's  (H.  M.)  Studies  in  the  Evolutionary  Psychology 
of  Feeling,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
De  Crespigny's  (R.   C.)  The    New  Forest,  its  Traditions, 

Inhabitants,  and  Customs,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  ci. 
Ransorae's  (C  )  An  Advance<l  History  of  England,  7/6  cl. 
Sewell's  (E.  M.)  Outline  History  of  Italy  from  the  Fall  of 
the  Western  Empire,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 


Philology. 
Jannaris's  (A.  N.)  Concise  Dictionary  of  the  English  and 

Modern  Greek  Languages  (English-Greek),  12mo.  10/6 
Kotzebue's   (A.  von)  Die  deutschen  Kleinstadter,  Lustspiel 

in  vier  Acten.  ed.  by  Matthews  and  Witherby,  IBmo.  2/ 
Schraramen's  (Prof.  J  )  Legends  of  German  Heroes  of  the 

Middle  Ages,  with  Notes  by  A.  R.  Lechner,  l**mo.  2/  cl. 
Storm's  (T.)  Immensee,  with  Notes  by  H.  S.  B.  Webb,  2/  cl. 

Science. 
Beck's  (C  )  Manual  of  the  Modern  Theory  and  Technique  of 

Surgical  Asepsis,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net. 
Hewitt's  (J.  F  )  The  Ruling  Races  of  Prehistoric  Times  in 

India,  &c  ,  Vol.  2,  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Lassar-Cuhn's   (Dr.)  Laboratory  Manual  of    Organic  Che- 
mistry, cr.  8vo.  8,6  cl. 
Loney's  (S.  L.)  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry,  4/6  cl. 
Nocard's  (E.)  The  Animal  Tuberculoses  and  their  Relation 

to  Human  Tuberculosis,  trans,  by  H.  Scurlield,  4/  cl. 
Sleman's  (Surgeon-Captain)  The  'Volunteer  Surgeon's  Guide, 
12mo.  3/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
All  Expenses  Paid,  12mo.  2/6  net. 

Cameron's  (Mrs.  L.)  A  Bad  Lot,  a  Novel,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Cuninghame's  (Lady  F.)  A  Sin  of  the  Soul,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Gribble's  (P.)  The  Red  Spell,  12mo.  2/  cl.     (Acme  Library.) 
Griffith's  (G.)  The  Angel  of  the  Revolution,  cheap  ed.,  3/6 
Hamer's  (S.  S.)  Dean  Hurst,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Le  Panu's  (J.  S.)  The  Cock  and  Anchor,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Engaged  to  be  Married,  a  Tale  of  To-day,  3/6 
Munro's  (J.  Stark)  Letters  to  Herbert  Swanborough,  edited 

by  A.  C.  Doyle,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Russell's  (F.  M."M.)  A  Social  Failure,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Trydell's  (Major  W.  F.)  The  Quartermaster's  Guide,  2/6  cl. 
Winter's  (J.  S.)  A  Seventh  Child,  a  Novel,  12mo.  2/  bds. 
Woman,  The,  who  Didn't,  by  'Victoria  Crosse,  12mo.  3/6  net. 
(Keynotes  Series.) 

FOREIGN. 
TTieology. 
Heinrich  (J.    B.) :  Dogmatische  Theologie,    fortgefiihrt  v. 
C.  Gutberlet,  Vol.  7,  Part  2,  3m.  40. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Revillout    (B.)  :    Lettres    sur    les    Monnaies    egyptiennes, 
25fr. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Boukay  (M.) :  Nouvelles  Chansons,  3fr.  50. 

Music. 
Barde  (A.) :  Chansons  cruelles,  Chansons  douces,  Musique 
de  M.  Legay,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Denis  (A.) :  Le  Club  des  Jacobins  de  Toul  (1793-5),  3fr. 
Dornis  (J.)  :  Leconte  de  Lisle  intime,  2fr. 
Ducere  (E.) :  Les  Corsaires  sous  I'ancien  Regime,  12fr. 
Hiort-Lorenzen  (H.  R.):  Livre  d'Or  des  Souverains,  12fr.  50. 
Mourin   (E.) :    Histoire  des   Dues  de  Lorraine  et  de  Bar, 

3fr.  50. 
Winckler  (H.) :  Volker  u.  Staaten  des  alten  Orients,  Vol.  2, 
Part  1,7m.  50. 

Philology. 
Feer  (L.)  :  Le  Chaddanta-Jataka,  4fr. 

Grasserie  (R.  de  la)  :  L'Origine  des  Racines  des  Langues,  lOfr. 
Jubainville  (H.  D'Arbois  de)  :   Cours  de  Litterature  celtique. 
Vol.  8,  8fr. 

Science. 
Brefeld  (O.)  :    Untersuchungen  aus  dem  Gesammtgebiete 

der  Mykologie,  Part  12,  24m. 
Dupont  (H.) :  Mines  sous-marines,  Torpilles,  et  Torpedos, 

2fr. 
Heyder  (F.):  Die  elektrolytische  Reduktiou  aromatischer 

Nitrokorper.  Cm.  80. 
Michael  (E.) :  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  8m. 

General  Literature. 
Heinemann  (K.) :  Goethe,  2  Halbbd.,  3m. 
Journal  (Le)  de  la  belle  MeuniSre,  3fr.  50. 


PUBLISHER  AND   TRANSLATOR. 

Five  Oaks,  Billingshurst,  Sussex,  Aug.  IP,  1895. 

I  CRAVE  the  hospitality  of  your  columns  to 
call  attention  to  the  proceedings  of  Messrs. 
Hutchinson  &  Co.,  and  will  be  as  brief  as 
possible. 

I  sent  that  firm  a  volume  of  Gyp's  called  '  Una 
Passionnette,'  with  the  suggestion  that  I  should 
translate  it  for  them.  They  kept  it  between 
three  and  four  months  without  giving  me  any 
answer,  although  they  frequently  wrote  to  me 
during  that  time  on  other  subjects. 

When  I  at  last  called  on  them  and  pressed 
them  for  a  reply,  they  at  first  put  me  off,  but 
they  eventually  told  me  they  were  going  to 
bring  out  the  volume,  and  had  given  the  trans- 
lation to  some  one  else,  who,  according  to  Mr. 
Hutchinson's  own  .statement  to  me,  worked  at  a 
cheaper  rate  than  I  did.  The  very  next  morning 
I  received  a  letter  from  M.  Calmann  Levy 
saying  he  had  .sold  them  the  copyright.  Even 
then  they  did  not  return  me  the  book  ;  indeed, 
they  only  did  so  when  they  received  a  letter 
from  my  lawyers. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  are,  of  course,  at  liberty 
to  have  their  translations  done  by  whom  they 
please.  That  is  not  the  point.  It  is  this  :  Is  it 
in  accordance  with  the  courtesy  existing  between 
publishers  and  translators  for  the  former  to 
keep  a  volume  for  months,  apparently  under 


260 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


consideration,  thus  preventing  the  person  who 
submitted  it  offering  it  to  any  other  firm,  and 
then  to  finally  secure  the  copyright  and  refuse 
not  only  the  work,  but  any  kind  of  compensa- 
tion, to  the  person  bringing  the  idea  ?  I  em- 
phatically say.  No,  without  fear  of  contradiction 
from  either  publishers  or  translators  ;  and  yet 
that  is  what  I  have  had  to  put  up  with  from 
the  firm  in  question,  because,  my  lawyers 
advise  me,  if  I  bring  an  action  I  shall  be  non- 
suited, as  there  was  no  contract.  Of  course  ! 
Edward  Vizetelly. 


CAXTON'S   SARUM   PIB. 


Tyneham,  Wareham. 

I  HAVE  to  thank  you  for  a  notice  of  '  Clement 
Maydeston's  Tracts,'  which  I  have  edited  for 
the  Henry  Bradshaw  Society. 

I  hear  to-day  from  a  correspondent  that  two 
letters  were  published  in  the  Athena'um  (July 
.21st  and  28th,  1877)  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Edward 
Scott,  Keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum  and  Egerton  Librarian,  on  the  subject 
of  the  fragments  of  Caxton's  "  pye  of  two  and 
three  commemorations  of  Salisbury  use." 

Unfortunately  I  have  never  seen  those  letters ; 
but  I  should  have  been  glad  to  read  them  and 
to  refer  my  readers  to  them,  had  I  known  of 
their  existence  ;  the  more  so  because  I  infer 
that  Mr.  Scott  was  the  first  to  identify  the 
j)laces  in  the  almanac  to  which  the  several  pieces 
belong.  Thereby  later  students  (and,  no  doubt, 
I  myself  among  them)  have  been  saved  the 
initial  trouble  of  finding  out  the  bearings  of  the 
several  fragments  which  have  now  been  printed 
in  full.  As  is  hourly  the  case  (in  libraries  and 
railroads  almost  more  than  in  other  places),  we 
have  been  quite  unconscious  of  our  benefactor's 
identity,  when  progress  has  been  made  easy  by 
unknown  hands. 

Allow  me  to  this  extent  to  acknowledge  my 
xiebt  to  him  for  having  arranged  and  named  the 
fragments,  and  to  take  this  first  possible  oppor- 
tunity of  referring  your  readers  to  his  letters 
themselves.  Chr.  Words\vorth. 


IS   EGYPT  so  VERY  OLD? 

University  College. 
I  HAVE  already  stated  that  the  subject  of 
Egyptian  chronology  involves  too  many  points 
to  be  discussed  in  a  journal ;  and  I  have  there- 
fore sent  a  private  letter  to  Mr.  Fleay,  giving 
him  the  references  which  he  requires. 

W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie. 


who  married  in  1363  the  Princess  Florentina  of 
Denmark,  had  the  Duchy  of  Oldenburg  with  her 
as  dowry,  being  a  portion  of  the  royal  demesnes. 
Careful  research  in  the  British  Museum  library 
among  Scandinavian  and  other  histories,  with 
the  valuable  aid  of  the  letters  in  the  AthencEum, 
has  completely  established  this  very  difficult 
historical  position — all  but  lost  in  the  glooms  of 
Northern  antiquity. 

That  which  is  now  inquired  is,  if  any  one  can 
tell  on  good  evidence  the  surname  or  surnames 
of  the  Earls  of  Stratherne  in  Scotland  before  the 
earldom  fell  into  the  families  of  the  Grahames 
and  of  the  royal  Stuarts.  Sir  Maurice  Murray, 
Lord  of  Clydesdale,  was  Earl  of  Stratherne  im- 
mediately before  them,  created  so  October  31st, 
1345  ;  and  John  de  Warenne,  Earl  of  Surrey, 
held  the  same  title  for  some  time  previously. 
So  far  back  there  is  no  difiiculty  ;  but  what  were 
the  surnames  of  the  Earl  Malises  (first  name), 
Earl  Roberts,  &c.,  who  preceded  those  men- 
tioned— Sparre,  Grahame,  or  other  ? 

Thomas  Sinclair. 


A  question  of  surname. 

Woodlane,  Falmouth. 
The   success   of   a   recent   historical   inquiry 
Ainder    the    heading    '  The  House    of    Olden- 
burg,'  for    which    the    Athemeum    generously 
opened  its  columns,  encourages  the  putting  of 
another  difficult  theme  for  solution.     It  is  now 
certain  that  the  Duchy  of  Oldenburg  which  the 
Earls  of  Orkney  held  was  not  the  Westphalian 
principality,  but  the  province  in  HoJstein  on 
the  Baltic  that  anciently  went  by  the  name  of 
Wagria,   the  population  of  it  almost   unmixed 
Slavs.     It  is  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Angeln, 
from  which,  Freeman  and  other  historians  say, 
the  English  came  originally.     In  the  fourteenth 
century  Oldenburg  was  the  chief  town  of  Wagria, 
and  gave  its  name  to  the  surrounding  country 
almost  conterminously  with  that  province.     The 
fertility  and  beauty  of  the  district,  as  compared 
with  Oldenburg  and  Delmenhorst   counties  in 
Germany,  are  well  known  to  those  interested 
in   the   places.     The   Hanse  town  of    Lubeck, 
which  had  no  commercial  rival  except  Hamburg, 
is  on  the  southern  border  of  the  ancient  Duchy 
of  Scandinavian  Oldenburg,  if,  indeed,  at  some 
periods  it  was  not  included  within  it.     Wagria, 
■or  Oldenburg  in  Denmark,  would  never  submit 
to   the   Dukes   of    Holstein    or    Holsatia,    but 
accepted    for    long    periods    the    rule    of    the 
sovereigns  of  Scandinavia.   The  Earl  of  Orkney, 


THE  autumn   publishing  SEASON. 

The  announcements  of  Messrs.  Methuen  & 
Co.  include  '  English  Lyrics,' selected  and  edited 
by   W.  E.    Henley,  —  '  The  Poems   of   Robert 
Burns,'  edited,   with  introduction,   by  Andrew 
Lang,    with    portraits, — '  Vailima   Letters,'   by 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  with  an  etched  portrait 
by   Mr.   Strang,    and   other   illustrations, — two 
new  volumes  of  the  "English  Classics,"  edited 
by  W.  E.   Henley  :  Walton's  '  Lives  of  Donne, 
Wotton,    Hooker,    Herbert,    and    Sanderson,' 
with   an   introduction   by  Vernon   Blackburn ; 
and  Johnson's    'Lives   of  the  English  Poets,' 
with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  Hepburn  Millar, 
and  a  portrait, — 'A  Primer  of  Tennyson,'  by 
Prof.  Dixon,  of  Mason  College, — a  new  romance 
by    Miss   Marie   Corelli,  — "The   Chronicles    of 
Count    Antonio,'    by   Anthony    Hope,  —  'An 
Adventurer    of    the   North,'    by    Mr.     Gilbert 
Parker,  —  '  A  Flash  of  Summer,'  by  Mrs.  W.  K. 
Clifford,— 'Noemi,'  by   Mr.    Baring  -  Gould, — 
'The    King    of    Andaman,'   by   Mr.   Maclaren 
Cobban,— 'An   Electric    Spark,'  by  Mr.   Man- 
ville  Fenn, — 'The  Queensberry  Cup,'  by  Mr. 
Phillips  Woolley,— '  The   Stolen  Bacillus,  and 
other    Stories,'   by   Mr.    H.  G.  Wells,  — 'The 
Moving  Finger  :  Chapters  from  the  Romance  of 
Australian  Life,' by  Mary  Gaunt,— 'The  Gods 
give   my   Donkey   Wings,'   by   Mr.    E.    Angus 
Abbott, — 'Old  English   Fairy  Tales,'  collected 
and  edited  by  Mr.  Baring-Gould,  with  numerous 
illustrations    by  F.   D.   Bedford, — 'A  Book  of 
Nursery  Songs   and   Rhymes,'  edited    by  Mr. 
Gould,  and  illustrated  by  the  students  of  the 
Birmingham  Art  School, — '  A  Book  of  Christ- 
mas    Verse,'     edited     by     the     Rev.     H.     C. 
Beeching,    and    illustrated    by    Mr.    Crane,— 
'  The  Christian  Year,'  with  an  introduction  and 
notes  by  Mr.  W.  Lock,— the  first  volume  of   a 
treatise    on    'The    XXXIX.    Articles   of    the 
Church  of   England,'    by   Principal   Gibson, — 
Vol.  I.   of  'The  Doctrine  of  the  Incarnation,' 
by  Mr.  R.  L.  Ottley,  Principal  of  Pusey  House, 
—  'The    Worship   of    the   Romans,'    by   Prof. 
Granger,    of    Nottingham,  — '  The    Theory    of 
Knowledge,'  by  Mr.   L.   T.   Hobhouse,— '  The 
Philosophy  of  T.    H.    Green,'  by  Mr.   W.   H. 
Fairbrother,— Vol.  I.  of  '  The  School  of  Plato  : 
its    Origin    and    Revival     under    the    Roman 
Empire,'  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Bussell, — 'The  Greek 
Theory   of  the    State    and   the  Nonconformist 
Conscience,'  by  Mr.  C.   J.  Shebbeare, — a  new 
edition   of  Gibbon's  '  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,'    by  Prof.  Bury,- 'The  Cam- 
paign of  Waterloo,'  by  Mr.  E.  L.  S.  Horsburgh, 
— 'Egyptian  Decorative  Art,'  by  Prof.  Flinders 
Petrie, — Part  II.   of   'Egyptian    Tales,'  trans- 
lated and  edited  by  Mr.  Petrie, — '  The  Life  of 
Sir  Thomas  More,'  by  Mr.  W.  H.   Hutton,— in 
the  series   of  "Leaders   of    Religion,"    'John 
Howe, '  by  Dr.   R.  F.   Horton  ;  and  '  The  Life 
of  John  Knox,'  by  Mr.   F.  M'Cunn,—' South 


Africa:  its  History  and  its  Future,'  by  Mr. 
Basil  Worsfold, — '  The  Pianoforte  Sonata  :  its 
Origin  and  Development,'  by  Mr.  Shedlock, — 
'Insect  Life,'  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Theobald,— '  The 
Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,'  by  Mr.  Bow- 
maker,  and  '  Bargaining  :  a  Chapter  of  Modem 
Economics,'  by  Dr.  W.  Cunningham,  in  the 
"Social  Questions  Series," — the  'Electra' 
and  '  Ajax '  of  Sophocles,  translated  by  Mr. 
Morshead,  and  the  '  De  Natura  Deorum,'  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  Brooks, — '  Steps  to  Greek,'  by 
Mr.  A.  Stedman, — 'A  Sketch  of  French  Lite- 
rature for  Army  and  Certificate  Examinations,' 
by  Mr.  C.  E.  Prior, — and  '  Demosthenes  against 
Conon  and  Callicles,'  edited  by  Mr.  Darwin 
Swift. 

The  autumn  list  of  Messrs.  H.  Grevel  &  Co. 
contains,  in  the  series  styled  "Histories  of  the 
Non-Christian  Religions,"  '  The  Religion  of  the 
Ancient  Egyptians,'  by  Prof.  A.  Wiedemann, 
with  illustrations,  —  'Celebrated  Singers,'  by 
A.  Ehrlich,  with  100  portraits,  —  '  Ancient 
Sculpture,'  a  short  history  of  the  sculpture 
of  the  Asiatic  East,  Greece,  and  Italy, 
by  M.  Paul  Paris,  with  200  illustrations, 
—  'Bismarck's  Table  Talk,'  edited,  with 
an  introduction  and  notes,  by  Mr.  Charles 
Lowe, — a  translation  of  Father  Kneipp's  books 
'  My  Will :  a  Legacy  to  the  Healthy  and  Sick,' 
and  'The  Cure  and  Treatment  of  Children  in 
Sickness  and  in  Health,' — and  in  the  series 
called  "  Meggendorfer's  Movable  Toy-Books," 
'Scenes  of  Animal  Life'  and  'Comic  Faces,' 
both  with  movable  figures. 


THE   sources     of    THE  "MACHINERY"  OF  LOVE 
IN   ARTHURIAN  ROMANCE. 

I  AM  indebted  to  Mr.  Nutt  alike  for  the 
pleasure  which  his  remarks  on  the  above  sub- 
ject have  given  me  and  for  the  courtesy  which 
he  has  shown  in  the  conduct  of  his  case.  As 
he  has  stated  his  view  very  completely  for  the 
benefit  of  the  readers  of  the  Athemeum,  and  as 
he  is  under  no  obligation  to  exhibit  my  opinion 
in  an  equally  favourable  light,  perhaps  I  may 
be  allowed  to  explain  why,  in  spite  of  his  con- 
fident expectation,  I  am  not  at  present  prepared 
to  acknowledge  myself  his  proselyte. 

The  question,  as  it  is  raised  in  my  '  History 
of  English  Poetry,'  relates  to  the  causes  which 
determined  the  successive  forms  of  the  romance, 
and  particularly  to  the  introduction  of  love  as 
part  of  the  machinery  of  the  mediaeval  romances 
— the  starting-point  from  which  this  machinery 
passed  into  the  poetical  drama  and  the  modern 
novel.  I  have  treated  the  question  as  if  the 
romance  were  a  point  in  the  evolution  of  the 
art  of  poetry  from  its  oral  to  its  written  form, 
the  various  stages  in  the  development  being  the 
primitive  lay  of  the  minstrel,  the  chanson  de 
(teste,  the  romance  of  adventure,  the  last  of 
which  eventually  combined  the  machinery  of 
magic  and  marvel,  found  in  the  Celtic  lays,  with 
the  machinery  of  love,  found  in  the  Greek  novel. 
Mr.  Nutt,  on  the  other  hand,  as  I  understand 
him,  contends  that — as  far  as  the  mere  question 
of  art  is  concerned  —  the  machinery  of  the 
Arthurian  romances,  whether  adventurous  or 
amorous,  is  derived  from  earlier  Celtic  legend, 
without  any  aid  from  foreign  literary  models. 
At  the  same  time  Mr.  Nutt  and  I  ('  His- 
tory of  English  Poetry,'  pp.  118-19)  both  hold 
that  the  form  of  the  Arthurian  romances  was 
largely  determined  by  the  feudal  atmosphere  in 
which  they  were  composed.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  we  are  agreed  in  thinking  that 
these  romances  contain  an  ethnic,  a  social,  and 
an  artistic  element,  which  unite  to  form  the  sum 
total  of  the  composition  ;  but  that  we  differ  as 
to  the  proportions  in  which  the  elements  are 
mixed  and  the  sources  from  which  they  are 
derived. 

Now,  as   regards   the  ethnical  element,  Mr. 

Nutt  tolls  me  that,  if  I  had  looked  in  the  poems 

ascribed  to  Llywarch  Hen,  I  should  have  found 

"feelings   and  a   temper   of  spirit   which    are 

I  essential  to   the  romantic  ideal ";  and  that  I 


N<*3539,  Aug.  24, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


261 


ought  to  have  read  (I  do  not  know  why  he 
should  suppose  I  have  not)  Lady  Charlotte 
Guest's  translation  of  the  '  Mabinogion,' where 
"  the  passion  of  love  is  handled  with  a  delicacy, 
eharm,  and  grace  altogether  foreign  to  '  Beo- 
wulf.' "  He  seems,  however,  to  admit  that  these 
considerations  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  kind  of 
love  business  about  which  we  are  inquiring,  and 
he  goes  on  to  say  that  the  elementary  form  of 
this  "machinery"  must  be  looked  for  in  the 
ancient  MSS.  of  Irish  literature,  which  "alone  of 
all  the  post-classic  literatures  of  Western  Europe 
yields  prototypes  of  Guinevere  and  Iseult."  I 
am  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Nutt  is  going  to  tell 
us  about  these  "  heroines  who  give  up  all  for 
love  "  in  his  forthcoming  volume  on  the  '  Celtic 
Paradise,'  which  I  look  forward  to  reading  with 
as  much  pleasure  as  I  have  derived  from  his 
'  Legend  of  the  Holy  Grail. '  Perhaps  I  may 
then  be  persuaded  to  embrace  his  opinions. 
Mean  time  the  sample  of  Irish  poetry  he  cites 
does  not  in  any  way  help  towards  my  conversion. 
The  lines  from  the  '  Sick-Bed  of  Cuchulinn  '  are 
like  all  the  translated  specimens  of  Celtic  poetry 
with  which  I  am  acquainted,  delicate,  fanciful, 
spirituel.  They  are  clothed,  in  fact,  with  that 
atmosphere  of  feerie  which  seems  to  me  the 
characteristic  feature  in  the  Celtic  imagination, 
and  in  my  judgment  Mr.  Nutt  does  an  injury  to 
his  Celtic  clients  in  finding  anything  in  common 
between  their  charming  nanete  and  the  love 
business  of  the  Arthurian  romances.  The  latter, 
indeed,  is  exceedingly  human,  and  adds  much 
to  the  dramatic  interest  of  the  narrative  ;  but 
it  is  coarse-grained,  carnal,  prosaic,  and  stamps 
itself,  I  think  unmistakably,  as  the  production 
of  another  age  and  a  different  race.  I  cannot 
imagine,  for  instance,  that  a  Celt  would  have  ever 
formed  such  a  conception  as  the  diabolical 
conduct  of  Iseult  to  Brangwaine  described  in 
the  romances. 

Mr.  Nutt  himself  sees  this,  and  endeavours  to 
furnish  an  explanation.  He  says,  with  admirable 
candour,  "That  literature  [the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance]  was  the  outcome  of  the  age,  and 
something  akin  to  it  would  have  sprung  up  had 
Celtic  tradition  remained  unknown  to  the  Con- 
tinent." But  this  argument  seems  to  me  almost 
destructive  of  Mr.  Nutt's  main  position.  For  if 
the  Arthurian  romances  reflect,  as  I  think  they 
do,  very  completely,  the  dominant  social  spirit 
of  the  age,  that  spirit,  on  the  whole,  was  cer- 
tainly not  Celtic,  but  Teutonic,  or  Latin- 
Teutonic,  in  the  broad  sense  of  the  word. 
"What  is  claimed  is,"  says  Mr.  Nutt,  "that 
the  spirit  of  the  age,  alnn  to  the  Celtic, 
recognized  in  Celtic  tales  the  food  it  was 
hungering  for."  But,  as  I  have  just  said,  the 
Celtic  love  sentiment  is  as  different  as  possible 
from  the  sentiment  of  the  Arthurian  romances. 
In  my  opinion  the  sentiment  of  these  romances 
is  merely  a  variety  of  that  code  of  love  which — 
as  I  have  endeavoured  to  point  out  in  my  his- 
tory—is the  product  of  the  blended  Catholicism 
and  chivalry  of  the  Middle  Ages.  The  finest 
flower  of  the  sentiment  is  to  be  found  in  the 
songs  of  the  troubadours  ;  its  rapid  degeneration 
may  be  traced  in  the  thinly  veiled  meaning  of 
that  allegory  which  was  being  embodied,  almost 
contemporaneously  with  the  romances  of  the 
Round  Table,  by  William  de  Lorris  in  the  first 
part  of  the  '  Roman  de  la  Rose  ' — a  conception 
of  love  compounded  from  the  '  Ars  Amatoria  ' 
of  Ovid  and  the  casuistry  of  Andre  le  Chapelain, 
in  his  book  '  De  Amore  ';  an  imaginative  repast 
intended  to  satisfy  the  taste  of  the  castle  and 
the  Cours  d'Amour,  and  indicating  the  rapid 
progress  in  refinement  and  corruption  of  feudal 
society  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

Leaving,  however,  the  necessarily  obscure 
question  of  the  source  of  the  spirit  that  dominates 
the  Arthurian  romances,  I  come  to  the  artistic 
question — a  region  in  which  we  are  fortunately 
able  to  deal  with  positive  evidence — namely, 
what  is  the  source  of  the  machinery  of  love 
which  plays  so  important  a  part  in  modem 
romantic  literature,  epic  or  dramatic,  by  pro- 


viding  the    fable,    complicating   the    plot,   and 
contriving  the  denoihnent ;  in  the  same  way,  for 
example,  as    love   helps    to    bring    about    the 
downfall  of  the  Round  Table,  or  to  produce  the 
tragedy  of  Romeo  and  Juliet.     Now  upon  this 
point  Mr.  Nutt  must  allow  me  to  say  that  his 
enthusiasm  for  the  Celts  has  prevented  him  from 
doing  justice  to  his  powers  as  a  critic.      He  has 
not  cited  a  single  instance  of  old  Celtic  poetry 
or  fiction  in  which  this  machinery  is  employed, 
and  his  attempt  to  grapple  with  the  evidence  I 
have  adduced    to  show  that   the  machinery  is 
derived  from  another  quarter   is  feeble  in  the 
extreme.     As  far  as  I  am  aware,  there  is  not 
the   shadow   of   a   doubt   that    this   machinery 
appears  for  the  first  time  in  modern  poetry  in 
the  romances  of  Chrestien  de  Troyes  ;  but  there 
is  probably  no  one  who  supposes  that  Chrestien 
invented  it  without  the  help  of  a  model.     If, 
therefore,    we   find   a   very   close    resemblance 
between  the  machinery  of  '  Guillaume  d'Angle- 
terre '  and  '  Cliges  '  on  the  one  hand,  and  the 
machinery  of  the  Greek  novels  on   the  other, 
there  is  a  fairly  strong  presumption  that  Chres- 
tien had  studied,  and  in  many  respects  imitated, 
the  latter.     This  inference  is  confirmed  by  the 
fact  that  in   '  Cliges '  Chrestien  has  adapted  a 
whole     episode    from     the    '  Habrocomas    and 
Anthia '  of  Xenophon  of  Ephesus.     Now  how 
does  Mr.  Nutt  deal  with  this  ?  "  W^hat,"  he  asks, 
"  is  the  evidence  of  the  borrowing  ?     Solely  the 
likeness  of  the  two  episodes,  a  fact  which  of 
itself   proves  nothing.     The  incident   may  be, 
most  probably  is,  centuries  older  than  Xenophon, 
and  may  have  reached  Chrestien  by  countless 
other  channels."     Yes  ;   and,  of  course,  Shak- 
speare  may  have  dreamed  the  plot  of  the 'Comedy 
of  Errors,'  but  on  the  whole  it  is  more  reason- 
able to  suppose  that  he  was  acquainted  with  the 
'  Mensechmi '  of  Plautus,  either  in  the  original 
or  a  translation.      The  evidence   of  borrowing 
on  the  part  of  Chrestien — and  this  will  be  readily 
intelligible  to  any  one  familiar  with  the  ways 
of  poetical  inventors- — is  this.   In  the  first  place, 
he  gets  from  Xenophon  the  general  principle  of 
the  plot,  which  is,  to  keep  two  faithful  lovers 
apart  from  each  other  by  a  number  of  thrilling 
adventures,    and    to    bring    them   together    in 
the   end  ;    in    the    second    place,    he    borrows 
many     of     the     incidents     of     the     plot  ;      in 
the     third     place,     he     attempts     deliberately 
to  improve  the   machinery  of  his  predecessor. 
Among    the    adventures   to    which    Xenophon 
exposes    his    heroine,    Anthia,    is   the   danger 
of   being    compulsorily   married    to    a    certain 
Perilaus.     Supposing  her  beloved  Habrocomas 
to    be   dead,  she   applies   to  one  Eudoxus   for 
poison,  that  she  may  join  her  lover.     Eudoxus, 
seeming  to  comply  with  her    request,    merely 
gives  her  a  sleeping  potion,  under  the  influence 
of  which  she  is  buried  in  a  tomb  ;  from  this  she 
is,  of  course,  eventually  released,  and  after  a  while 
is  happily  united  to  Habrocomas.   Chrestien  goes 
beyond   Xenophon.      He    actually  marries  his 
heroine,  Fenice,    to    the  wrong  man,    but    he 
extricates  her  from    the  situation  by  adminis- 
tering to  the  husband  a  magic  draught  which 
produces  in  him  a  surprising  illusion  ;  and  he 
afterwards  makes  use  of  Xenophon's  sleeping 
potion  for  the  purpose  of  causing  Fenice  to  be 
buried  in  a  tomb — the  plan  is  arranged  between 
her  and  Cliges — from  which  she  is  carried  off  by 
the  hero.  This  is  what  Mr.  Nutt  (who  admits  that 
he  is  not  familiar  with  the  Greek  novels)  calls 
merely    "a   likeness    between  two  episodes,   a 
fact  which  of  itself  proves  nothing" !    Mr.  Nutt, 
on  this  one  occasion,  reminds  me  of  the  author 
of  'The  Spanish  Armada,'  who,   having  intro- 
duced into  his  drama  the  line 

Perdition  catch  my  soul,  but  I  do  love  thee ! 
and  having  been  reminded  that  there  was  "some- 
thing like  it  in  'Othello,'"  observes  :  "  Gad  !  now 
you  put  me  in  mind  on  't  I  believe  there  is — but 
that 's  of  no  consequence  ;  all  that  can  be  said 
is  that  two  people  happened  to  hit  on  the  same 
thought— and  Shakspeare  made  use  of  it  first, 
that's  all." 


I  cannot,  indeed,  prove  to  Mr.  Nutt  that 
Chrestien  has  embodied  in  '  Cliges  '  the  exact 
words  used  by  Xenophon  in  any  passage  of 
'Habrocomas  and  Anthia,'  but  I  think  I  can 
convince  the  readers  of  the  Athena'um  that 
he  not  only  imitated  the  structure  of  the 
Greek  story,  but  had  perused  the  text  in  detail, 
whether  in  the  Greek  or  in  some  translation 
signifies  nothing.  When  Habrocomas  and 
Anthia  are  finally  brought  together,  Xenophon 
ends  his  tale  with  a  passage  of  which  the 
following  is  a  literal  translation  : — 

'•But  when  the  rest  were  all  asleep,  and  deep 
silence  reigned,  Anthia,  embracing  Habrocomas, 
said  :  '  My  good  lord  and  husband,  I  have  recovered 
thee  after  long  wanderings  by  land  and  sea.  [She 
then  recites  to  him  all  the  dangers  to  which  her 
fidelity  was  exposed.]  For  thy  sake  1  have  remained 
a  virgm,  having  contrived  every  device  to  preserve 
my  maiden  honour.  But  thou,  Habrocomas,  hast 
thou  too  kept  thy  vow  ?  Or  has  any  woman  ap- 
peared more  beautiful  in  thy  sight  than  I  ?  has  any 
led  thee  to  forget  thine  oaths  and  me  ? '  So  saying, 
she  kissed  him  repeatedly,  and  he  replied  :  '  I  swear 
to  thee  by  this  sweet  day,  so  long  desired,  so  long 
delayed,  that  no  maiden  has  ever  seemed  fair  to 
me,  nor  has  any  woman  found  favour  in  my  sight ; 
but  thou  hast  received  back  thy  Habrocomas  pure 
and  spotless  as  when  thou  didst  leave  him  in  prison 
in  Tyre.'  " 

When  Cliges  and  Fenice  come  together  after 
long  separation  they,  too,  hold  a  conversation, 
of  which  it  will  be  sufficient  to  give  the  abstract 
furnished  by  the  'Histoire  littdraire  de  France,' 
but  the  details  of  which  will  be  found  by  the 
curious  reader  in  vv.  5137-5280  of  the  poem  : — 

"Un  jour  qu'lls  s'entretenaient  doucement,  elle 
lui  demanda  si  dans  ses  voyages  il  avait  aime  dame 
ou  pucelle.  Je  ne  sais,  repondit-il,  car  je  ne  fus 
avec  mon  corps  en  Bretagne  ;  j 'avals  laisse  mon 
coeur  en  Allemagne  ;  j'ignore  ce  qu'il  deviant,  mais 
sitot  que  j'ai  ete  pr^s  de  vous,  je  I'ai  retrouv6.  II 
demande  w,  son  tour  a  Fenice  si  le  pays  lui  plait. 
Jusqu'a  present,  dit-elle,  il  a  ete  pour  moi  sans 
charmes,  et  ce  n'est  que  depuis  votre  retour  que  je 
le  trouve  charmant." 

She  then  explains  to  him  the  device  by  which 
she  had  preserved  her  honour,  just  as  Anthia 
explains  to  Habroconvas. 

The  reader  will  see  from  this  how  Chrestien, 
an  admirable  and  inventive  poet,  has  transmuted 
the  simplicity  of  the  Greek  into  the  style  of 
extravagant  compliment  first  employed  by  the 
troubadours.  In  the  Arthurian  romances, 
where  the  body  of  the  incidents  and  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  story  are  derived  from  Celtic 
sources,  the  signs  of  the  Greek  influence  are, 
of  course,  much  less  marked  ;  but  I  have  given 
some  references  in  my  history  to  show  that  the 
Greek  novels  were  in  all  probability  as  well 
known  to  the  authors  of  these  later  fictions  as 
they  certainly  must  have  been  to  Chrestien. 

W^    J.    COURTHOPB. 


ltt.iteiarg  €5ossip. 

A  NEW  and  thoroughly  revised  edition  of 
the  treatise  on  '  Cycling  '  contributed  to  the 
"  Badminton  Library "  by  the  Earl  of 
Albemarle  and  Mr.  Lacy  Hillier  will  be 
published  during  September.  The  book 
has  been  almost  entirely  rewritten,  and  is 
brought  up  to  date  in  every  detail,  so  far 
as  it  has  been  possible  to  do  so.  Many  of 
the  illustrations  are  new  to  this  edition,  and 
racing  records  are  brought  up  to  the  Ist  of 
last  January. 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  is  engaged  upon  a 
biography  of  John  Gibson  Lockhart,  son- 
in-law  and  biographer  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
and  has  already  obtained  the  use  of  many 
interesting  letters  and  of  original  material 
from  the  present  representatives  of  the 
family.  Mr.  Lang  is  anxious  to  see  any 
similar  papers  relating  to  Lockhart  or  to 
his  literary  contemporaries  which  may  be 
in  the  possession  of  others,  and  would  be 
glad  if  they  could  bo  sent  to  Mj.  Nimmo, 


262 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


of  King  AVilliam  Street,  Strand,  who  -will 
publish  the  -work,  and  who  will  under- 
take to  return  all  such  material  as  may 
be  sent. 

Mr.  La:xg's  Christmas  book  will  be  '  The 
Eed  True  Story  Book.'  Mr.  Henry  J.  Ford 
is  to  illustrate  it. 

A  voLrME  of  sermons  by  the  late  Eev. 
John  Hamilton  Thom,  '  A  Spiritual  Faith,' 
is  promised  by  Messrs.  Longman.  A 
memorial  preface  will  be  contributed  by  the 
Eev.  Dr.  Martineau. 

Messes.  Loxgj[an  have  in  the  press  a 
volume  entitled  '  Studies  of  Childhood,'  by 
Prof.  James  Sully,  which  will  consist  of 
various  essays,  reprinted  papers  dealing 
with  the  imagination  of  children,  their 
thoughts,  their  language,  their  fears,  their 
drawings,  and  other  similar  subjects. 

Mr.  Jonx  Jo^^ES,  head  master  of  the 
Ystrad  Meurig  School,  writes  to  a  local 
paper  to  say  that  the  old  custom  of  teaching 
the  boys  Latin  through  Welsh  is  still 
observed  by  him.  "The  pastorals  of  the 
old  founder  of  Ystrad  Meurig  School,"  Mr. 
Jones  says,  "  are  now  used  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  I  intend  to  bring  out  an  edition 
of  the  poems  for  use  in  higher  schools." 

A.  K.  H.  B.  has  in  the  press  a  volume  of 
'  Occasional  and  Immemorial  Days,'  which 
Messrs.  Longman  are  to  issue. 

The  same  firm  promise  '  The  Snow 
Garden,  and  other  Fairy  Tales  for  Children,' 
by  Miss  Elizabeth  Wordsworth,  author  of 
'  S.  Christopher,  and  other  Poems,'  &c., 
with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Trevor  Haddon ; 
'  A  Financial  Atonement,'  by  Mr.  B.  B. 
West,  author  of  '  Half  Hours  with  the 
Millionaires,'  '  Sir  Simon  Vanderpetter,'  &c.; 
and  '  The  Democratisation  of  Parliament,' 
by  Mr.  Lowes  Dickinson,  author  of  *  From 
King  to  King,'  '  Eevolution  and  Eeaction  in 
Modern  France,'  &c. 

The  Badminton  Magazine  for  September 
will  contain  an  article  by  Mr.  H.  Perkins, 
secretary  of  the  M.C.C.,  and  Mr.  C.  W. 
Alcock,  the  secretary  of  the  Surrey  Club, 
in  which  each  writer  draws  up  an  ideal  list 
of  the  best  eleven  of  gentlemen,  the  best 
eleven  of  players,  and  the  best  representa- 
tive eleven  of  England. 

Mr.  a.  J.  Hogg  writes  : — 

"It  may  interest  some  of  your  readers  to 
learn  that,  in  addition  to  the  copy  in  Dr.  Rad- 
cliffe's  Library  at  Oxford,  mentioned  by  the  late 
Rev.  Richard  Hooper  in  your  issue  of  the 
4th  of  November,  189.3,  there  is  in  existence  a 
second  copy  of  the  third  edition  of  Mrs. 
Glasse's  'Art  of  Cookery.'  The  book  has  been 
in  my  hands  for  many  years,  and  appears  to 
have  come  into  the  possession  of  a  female 
ancestor  of  mine  in  1749  (the  year  following 
the  date  of  publication)  ;  it  is  in  its  original 
calf  binding,  and  quite  perfect  and  in  good 
condition." 

Mr.  Granville  H.  Cunningham,  of  Mon- 
treal, is  reprinting,  with  additions,  from  the 
Westminster  Review,  three  articles  on  '  A 
Scheme  for  Imperial  Federation :  a  Senate 
for  tho  Empire.'  Sir  Frederick  Young 
supplies  an  introduction.  Messrs.  Long- 
man are  the  publishers. 

The  University  Court  of  Wales  has  taken 
offices  in  Newport,  which  will  henceforth  be 
the  headquarters  of  the  University  autho- 
rities. The  arrangement  is  spoken  of  as 
temporary.     Its  main  advantage  is  said  to 


be  that  none  of  the  three  university  colleges 
receives  prominence  over  the  other  two. 

The  governors  of  St.  Saviour's  Grammar 
School  have  declared  their  intention  to  pro- 
vide new  buildings  suitable  for  not  fewer 
than  two  hundred  boys  "  on  a  site  easily 
accessible  from  St.  Saviour's  parish."  There 
appears  to  be  some  feeling  of  dissatisfac- 
tion with  this  removal  of  the  school  from 
the  spot  where  it  was  located  in  Bishop 
Sumner's  time,  when  the  original  site  was 
merged  in  the  Borough  Market ;  and, 
with  the  example  of  Charterhouse  before 
them,  Londoners  may  be  excused  for  fearing 
lest  they  are  to  be  robbed  of  more  schools. 

The  well-known  Celtic  scholar  Father 
Henebry,  formerly  of  Maynooth,  has  been 
elected  to  the  Celtic  Chair  in  the  Catholic 
University  of  Washington.  Father  Henebry 
has  resided  for  some  years  past  in  Man- 
chester. 

Longman^  Magazine  for  September  con- 
tains the  first  part  of  an  article  entitled 
*  The  New  Centurion,'  dealing  with  the  use 
of  a  newly  invented  system  of  working 
heavy  guns  as  quick-firers,  by  Mr.  James 
Eastwick. 

The  deaths  are  announced  of  Prebendary 
Sadler,  the  author  of  various  exegetical  and 
devotional  commentaries  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment ;  of  Bailie  Maxwell,  of  Dundee,  the 
author  of  a  *  History  of  Old  Dundee ' 
{i.  e.  from  the  Eeformation  to  the  siege  by 
Monk) ;  and  of  M.  Geffroy,  the  Director  of 
the  French  School  at  Eome.  M.  Geffroy 
was  an  authority  on  Scandinavian  history, 
but  his  best- known  performance  was  his 
edition,  made  in  conjunction  with  M.  Arneth, 
of  the  '  Secret  Correspondence  of  Marie 
Antoinette.' 

We  should  have  recorded  last  week  the 
decease  of  a  constant  reader  of  this  journal. 
Baron  Tauchnitz,  full  of  years  and  honours. 
The  name  of  no  other  German  publisher  was 
half  so  well  known  to  the  British  public ; 
and  he  long  ago  took  the  place  of  Galignani 
as  a  reprinter  of  English  books.  Galignani 
seldom  gave  the  British  author  a  farthing, 
although  he  offered  Scott  a  hundred  guineas 
for  the  advanced  sheets  of  his  'Life  of 
Napoleon ';  but  from  the  outset  the  Baron 
was  careful  to  pay.  He  was  also  wise  in 
choosing  a  handy  shape,  suitable  for  the 
pocket,  instead  of  Galignani's  rather  cum- 
bersome octavo ;  but  at  first  he  used  small, 
shabby  type.  However,  after  a  time  he 
was  wise  enough  to  adopt  a  clear,  readable 
type,  and  his  volumes  became  favourites, 
although  the  reader,  instead  of  getting  a 
whole  novel  in  one  volume  for  eighteen- 
pence,  as  he  had  done  at  first,  had  to  pay 
four  and  sixpence  for  it  divided  into  three. 
The  Baron  was  a  most  amiable,  honourable 
man,  and  a  favourite  with  all  who  knew 
him. 

According  to  reports  received  from 
Dresden,  the  congress  of  the  Association 
litterairo  et  artistique  Internationale,  to  bo 
held  there,  as  we  announced  before,  from 
September  21st  to  September  29th,  promises 
to  be  a  success.  Upwards  of  seventy  French 
writers  have  already  signified  their  intention 
of  attending,  and  so  have  a  number  of 
authors  both  from  this  and  other  countries. 
It  is  considered  of  great  importance  that 
several  governments  of  states  which  have 


joined  the  Berne  Convention  have  decided 
on  sending  special  representatives. 

The  experiment  started  last  year  in 
Belgium  in  connexion  with  the  Free  Uni- 
versity of  Brussels  to  diffuse  knowledge 
throughout  the  country  by  a  sort  of 
travelling  university,  somewhat  resembling 
our  University  Extension  movement,  seems 
to  have  been  successful.  Twenty  -  one 
courses  of  lectures,  delivered  in  fourteen 
places,  were  attended  in  all  by  3,500 
students,  and  the  committee  of  manage- 
ment has  decided  in  consequence  to  make 
arrangements  for  next  session  for  the 
delivery  of  ninety-six  courses  by  about  fiity 
professors. 

A  PROFESSORIAL  chair  for  the  history  of 
Alsace  has  been  founded  in  the  Sorbonne, 
and  has  been  accepted  by  Dr.  Eudolf  Eeuss, 
formerly  Eectorof  the  Protestant  Gymnasium 
at  Strasbourg,  and  librarian  of  the  city  library. 
Dr.  Eeuss  is  a  son  of  the  renowned  Protestant 
theologian  and  critic,  and  has  published 
several  works  on  Alsatian  history,  archaeo- 
logy, and  folk-lore.  He  will  be  the  fourth 
Alsatian  holding  high  academical  office  in 
the  University  of  Paris.  M.  Himly,  the 
professor  of  geography ;  M.  Lange,  the 
professor  of  the  German  language  and 
literature ;  and  M.  Lichtenberger,  the  pro- 
fessor of  Protestant  theology,  were  all  born 
in  Strasbourg. 

Messrs.  Jarvis  &  Foster,  of  Bangor,  will 
shortly  publish  a  reprint  of  the  rare  first 
edition,  published  in  1703,  of  'Y  Bardd 
Cwsc,'  by  "Elis  Wynn  o'r  Las  Ynys,"  of 
which  Borrow's  'Sleeping  Bard'  is  a  free 
translation.  The  text,  which  will  be  anno- 
tated by  Prof.  J.  Morris  Jones,  of  Bangor, 
is  one  of  the  best  models  of  Welsh  style 
and  orthography,  but  has  suffered  much 
from  the  emendations  of  former  editors. 
A  cheaper  edition  will  be  issued  later  by 
the  same  publishers. 

Mr.  James  Hilton,  who  has  already 
issued  two  large  books  on  '  Chronograms,' 
is  engaged  on  a  third  volume  on  the  same 
subject.  It  will  treat  of  many  forms  of 
chronograms  met  with  in  books,  maps,  plans, 
and  in  metal  and  stone  inscriptions,  and  will 
be  fully  illustrated  with  facsimiles,  views, 
&c.  The  work  will  be  pubHshed  shortly  by 
Mr.  EUiot  Stock. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Accounts  of  the  British  Museum 
(9f?.) ;  the  Sixty-first  Eeport  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  National  Education  in  Ireland 
(3(^.) ;  Abstract  of  Accounts  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen  ;  and  five  Eeturns  relating 
to  Endowed  Charities  in  the  West  Eiding  of 
Yorkshire  {\\d.  each). 


SCIENCE 


botanical  literature. 
A  Student's  Text-Book  of  Botany.  By  Sydney 
H.  Vines,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 
— Whilst  of  late  years  there  has  been  an  over- 
abundant supply  of  elementary  botanical  treatises 
destined  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  laboratory 
or  the  examination  room,  English  literature  has 
not  been  enriched  with  an  original  text-book 
like  the  present.  True,  there  have  been  plenty 
of  translations  from  the  (ilerman,  many  of  them 
diffuse,  wordy,  ill  arranged,  contahiing  pearls  of 
price,  but  necessitating  irksome  search  and 
careful  winnowing  to  find  them.     The  progress 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


263 


of  botanical  research  has  been  so  active  during 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  discoveries  have 
followed  one  upon  another  so  rapidly,  new  ideas 
have  been  promulgated  in  such  profusion,  that 
it  has  hardly  been  possible  to  take  a  correct 
survey  of   the   condition   of    the   science   as   a 
whole,   to   eliminate   that   which    is    relatively 
unimportant,  and  to  set  forth  clearly  and  dis- 
tinctly that  which  is  essential  and  cardinal.     In 
morphology,  which  forms  the  first  part  of  Dr. 
Vines's  text- book,  we  have  got  rid  of  the  notion 
of  special  types,  and  Goethe's  doctrine  of  meta- 
morphosis has  itself  undergone  change,  although 
it  must  be  admitted  that  the  study  of  general 
evolution  and  of    special  development,   hardly 
known  in  Goethe's  time,  has  confirmed  in  many 
ways  the  correctness  of  his  views.     As  to  the 
intimate  structure  of  plants,  dealt  with  in  the 
second  part  of  this  volume,  improvements  in 
the  microscope  and  in  the  methods  of  research 
have  led  to  a  vast  development  of  our  know- 
ledge.    To  the  Germans  especially  we  owe  the 
systematic,  orderly  arrangement  of  the  tissues 
founded  upon  their  origin  and  mode  of  develop- 
ment.    To  theni  also,  in  conjunction  with  the 
French,    we     are     chiefly    indebted     for     our 
knowledge   of    what    goes    on    in    the    course 
of     the    development     and     multiplication     of 
the  cell-nucleus.     The  subject  of  classification 
has  been  profoundly   influenced  by  Darwinian 
doctrines,  which  have  supplied  a  firmer  basis 
for  speculations  on  the  ancestry,  the  course  of 
development,  and  the  present  relationships  of 
plants  than  was  before  possible.    Great  advance 
also  has  been  made  in  the  knowledge  of  thallo- 
phytes,    and     specially    in     their    life-history. 
Accordingly   we    find   in    the   present    volume 
much  more  space   devoted   to   alg;e  and  fungi 
than  was   formerly    customary.     In  a  book  of 
reference  this  is,  of  course,  necessary,  but  in  a 
student's    handbook    the    insertion    of    details 
concerning  plants  of  no  special  significance   as 
regards    their   structure   or    life-work  —  plants 
which  the  reader  is  never  likely  to  meet  with — 
is  open  to  question.     In  some  departments  of 
classification  great  progress  has  been  made  in 
our  knowledge— progress  so  great  that  the  word 
"  cryptogams  "  is  now  a  misnomer,  and,  indeed, 
is  rapidly  becoming  obsolete.     The  investigation 
into  the  life-history  of  these  organisms  has  been 
most   important  as  regards  the   demonstration 
of  the  general  phenomena  of  sexuality,  which 
are  shown  to  be  in  all  essentials  uniform,  alike 
in  the  animal  and  in  the  vegetable  kingdoms. 
These  investigations,  moreover,  have  done  much 
to  reveal  the  relationships  between  the  various 
groups,  and  to  bridge  over  the  gaps  between 
the  lower  and   the  higher  organisms.     Another 
point  upon  which  much  stress  is  now  laid  is  the 
so-called  alternation  of  generations.    The  sexual 
and   the   asexual   stages    of    plants    are    often 
markedly   different,    but   to  deduce    from   this 
circumstance  the  doctrine  that  the  morphology 
of    the   two  conditions    is    not   essentially  the 
same,    and    that    there    is    no    real    homology 
between   the    two     states,    is   surely    to    push 
the    doctrine    too    far.       The    phenomena    of 
"apospory"     and     of    "apogamy"    seem    to 
us  to  be    opposed  to  this  view.     In   apospory 
vegetative  reproduction  is  substituted  for  repro- 
duction by  an  asexual  spore,  as  when  a  fern- 
prothallus  issues  immediately  from  the  ordinary 
frond  instead  of  from  a  spore.     In  apogamy  re- 
production  by  ordinary  asexual  spores  is  sub- 
stituted   for    reproduction    by   sexual    spores. 
Between  the    prothallus   produced,    bud  -  like, 
from  the  frond,  and  the  bud  issuing  from  the 
prothallus,    the    difference,  thougli    great,  can 
hardly  be  fundamental.     In  the  account  of  the 
natural  orders  the  older  text-books  have  still 
greatly  the  advantage  in    their   more  orderly, 
concise  descriptions,   admitting   of  ready  com- 
parison, and  in  their  clearer  and  fuller  indica- 
tions of  the  affinities  of  each  group.    This  point, 
indeed,  as  also  tlie  geographical  distribution  of 
the  several  orders  and  their  geological  relation- 
ships, is  almost  entirely  ignored  in  Dr.  Vines's 


volume.  The  last  division  of  the '  Text-Book '  indi- 
cates no  less  clearly  than  the  preceding  portions 
the  great  advance  that  has  been  made  in  our 
knowledge  of  the  physiology  of  plants.  This  has 
been  mainly  due  to  the  advance  of  chemical 
knowledge.  Much  is  known  of  the  chemistry 
of  dead  plants  and  of  vegetable  products,  but 
much  more  requires  to  be  ascertained  concerning 
the  processes  and  changes  which  go  on  in  the 
living  plant.  The  explanation  of  what  used  to 
be  called  the  "ascent  of  the  sap"  is,  for 
instance,  still  the  subject  of  controversy.  If 
this  is  so  with  regard  to  a  phenomenon  so  readily 
observable,  what  must  it  be  in  the  case  of  the 
discussions  on  heredity  based  on  the  nature  of 
"  ids,"  which  may  or  maj'  not  be  the  "  material 
units  which  seem  to  constitute  the  physical  basis 
of  heredity  "  ?  Dr.  Vines  is  more  at  home  in 
the  physiological  portions  of  his  subject,  but 
the  book  as  a  whole  is  a  valuable  addition  to 
educational  literature. 

A  Handbook  of  Systematic  Botany.     By  Dr. 
Warming.     With  a   Revision  of  the  Fungi  by 
Dr.  E.  Knoblauch.     Translated  and  edited  by 
M.  C.  Potter,  M.A.,  F.L.S.     (Sonnenschein  & 
Co.)— Intentionally    or    not,    this    book    com- 
pensates   for   the    meagre    way   in  which   cer- 
tain   portions    of     Dr.    Vines's     '  Text-Book  ' 
are  treated.     Prof.  Warming's  contributions  to 
morphology  and  systematic  botany  are  highly 
valued  by  botanical  workers,  who  will  welcome 
this  translation  of  his  handbook  of  systematic 
botany.     Dr.   Warming's   own  work   has   been 
prefaced    by    a    revision    of    the    thallophytes 
contributed  by  Dr.  Knoblauch.    This  is  of  value 
to   students   as   embodying  the  researches  and 
opinions  of  Brefeld  and  others.     A  chapter  on 
the    transition    from    the    cryptogams   to   the 
phanerogams    is  highly  interesting,  and    gives 
a  clear  account  of  one  of  the  most  important 
portions  of    morphology  and  phylogeny.     The 
conifers  are  assumed  to  have  originated  from  an 
extinct  group  of  ferns  allied  to  marattias  and 
ophioglossums,  rather  than  from  a  group  allied 
to  selaginellas  as  generally  supposed.  The  editor, 
in  alluding  to  the  discovery  by  Treub  of  the 
mode  of  fertilization  in  Casuarina  (since  con- 
firmed by  Miss  Benson  in  some  of  the  Amen- 
tacese),   very  wisely,  as  we  think,  hesitates  at 
present  to  make  the  "  chalazogams  "  a  separate 
subdivision.     For  physiological   purposes   such 
a  term  is   absolutely  necessary,   but    the  true 
value    of   the  "character"    furnished    by   fer- 
tilization through    the    chalaza   for    systematic 
purposes    has    yet     to    be     shown,    and    will 
demand      much      more      extensive      compara- 
tive research   than    it    has    yet    had  before   it 
can   be   safely   made   to  serve   as   a   means   of 
distinguishing  one    group   from  another.     The 
arrangement  of  the  natural  orders  adopted  by 
Dr.  Warming  is  naturally  more  in  accordance 
with  morphological  data  and  the  teachings  of 
evolution  than  are  the  various  modifications  of 
the  Jussieuan  system  which  have  been  mainly 
adopted  in  this  country.     It  is  a  striking  testi- 
mony to  the  sagacity  of  the  older  systematists 
that  so  little   change   has    taken   place   in  the 
limitations  of  the  natural  orders,  and  indeed  of 
the   higher  groups   also.      Rearrangement   has 
been  attempted  by  many  more  or  less  success- 
fully, but  the  constitution  of  the  primary  groups 
remains  unaffected.      The  book  is  abundantly 
illustrated,  and  while  some  of  the  illustrations 
are   old  friends,  the  majority  are  less  familiar 
and  have  not  done  duty  in  successive  genera- 
tions of   text-books,  at   least  in   this   country. 
We    commend    the     book    to    the    notice    of 
those    who   require   to   obtain   a  good   general 
knowledge  of  the  application  of  morphology  to 
purposes  of  classification. 


The  annual  festival  of  the  Swiss  Alpine  Club 
will  be  held  at  Schwyz  from  September  7th  to 
'Jth  inclusive.     The  delegates  from  the  various 


sections  meet  on  the  7th  to  decide  on  the  ques- 
tions of  the  admission  of  women  members  to 
the  club,  the  participation  of  the  S.A.C.  in  the 
forthcoming  Swiss  National  Exhibition,  the 
withdrawal  of  licences  from  faulty  guides,  and 
the  suppression  of  the  Wilddieberei  (poaching) 
which  has  made  so  much  havoc  of  late  amongst 
the  wild  animals. 

We  have  received  the  number  of  the  Memorie 
della  Societd  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani  for 
June.  Prof.  Tacchini  gives  the  results  of  his 
observations  of  the  solar  phenomena  during  the 
second  quarter  of  the  present  year.  With  re- 
gard to  the  protuberances,  he  finds  that  their 
number  was  slightly  greater  than  in  the  pre- 
vious quarter,  but  that  their  manifestation  was 
less  intense.  A  note  by  Prof.  Mascari  on  the 
frequency  of  the  solar  spots,  as  observed  at 
Catania  in  1894,  seems  to  indicate  that  a 
maximum  had  been  attained  before  the  end  of 
1893.  A  very  large  spot,  nearly  four  times 
the  diameter  of  the  earth,  was  seen,  we  may 
remark,  about  the  end  of  last  April. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  United  States. 
By  E.  A.  Barber.  Illustrated.  (Put- 
nam's Sons.) 
By  complaining  that  "  our  own  chroniclers  " 
have  neglected  to  write  a  history  of  the 
ceramic  art  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Barber  is,  perhaps,  in  danger  of  justi- 
fying the  suspicion  of  foreigners  that 
there  is  nothing  in  it  to  be  written  about. 
However,  he  declares  that  the  pottery  of 
his  native  land  is  almost  as  ancient  as  that 
of  Great  Britain,  and  has  been  developed 
in  almost  parallel  lines  ;  and  his  claim 
that  his  volume  is  not  a  mere  compilation, 
but  based  on  thorough  personal  investiga- 
tions, is  sustained  by  nearly  every  one  of 
its  pages,  some  of  which  are,  on  that 
account,  full  of  interest.  Indeed,  the  work 
may  well  serve  as  a  foundation  for  larger 
histories  and  treatises  of  the  purely 
technical,  or  rather  a  commercial  kind, 
so  far  as  regards  what  Yankee  potters 
and  china  makers  have  done  in  recent 
times.  That  these  times  are  really  very 
recent  wiU  become  evident  in  the  course  of 
this  review. 

Mr.  Barber  discredits  the  old  legend  that 
all  the  bricks  used  in  North  America  until 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  went 
from  Europe.     There  is  no  doubt,  however, 
although  our  author  has  overlooked  the  cir- 
cumstance, that  bricks  were  taken  as  ballast 
from  Holland  to  New  York  in  the    seven- 
teenth century — we  suppose  the  "  rubbed  " 
red    bricks    of    Holland,  wliich,   partly   on 
account   of  their   colour  and  fineness,  and 
partly   from    their    home-like    look,    were 
dear  to  Dutchmen.     English  bricks  served 
the  same  purpose,  and,  though  not  so  fine, 
would  be  extensively  used  within  reach  of 
tidal  waters.     On  the  other  hand,  it  is  re- 
corded that  bricks  were  made  in  Virginia 
in  1G12.     Of  course,  where  wood  abounded, 
and   stone  could  bo  had   for   the  working, 
the  need  for  bricks  was  limited.     Still  the 
demand  for   them   exercised   an   important 
influence  on  the  development  of  the  manu- 
facture  of    finer    pottery,    and    with    this 
the   whole    history    of    the    potter's    craft, 
with  which  this  book  is  concerned,  is  asso- 
ciated.    "We  should  have  thought  it  hardly 
needful  for  Mi'.  Barber  to   assure  us  that 
previously  to  1753  bricks  were  extensively 


264 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


made  in  the  States.  That  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  roofing  tiles  used  in  those 
days  came  from  Holland  is  quite  certain — 
indeed,  quantities  of  them  were  imported 
into  England,  especially  into  the  eastern 
counties,  until  quite  recently,  and  they  may 
he  still  imported  for  anything  we  know  to 
the  contrary. 

As  to  pottery  of  a  less  crude  kind,  it  was 
recorded    in    1697    that,    in    Philadelphia, 
"  potters  have  sixteenpence  for  an  earthen 
pot  which  may  be  bought  in  England  for 
fourpence."     This  is  a  significant  statement. 
Mr.  Barber  has  learnt  that  the  Eawlinson 
MSS.    in   the   Bodleian    contain  an   inven- 
tory   of    property  to    be    sold    somewhere 
about    1685    at    Burlington,    New   Jersey. 
One   D.   Coxe  had   spent  2,000/.  there   on 
making  "white  and   chiney  ware,"   which 
he  sold  in  great  quantities  in  New  England, 
Barbados,  and   Jamaica  ;    but   in   1691   he 
disposed   of   his   interest  in   the   "  pottery- 
house."     It  is  probable  that  the  "chiney" 
of    the    Burlington   works    resembled    the 
cream-coloured  or  white  stone  ware  which, 
many  years  before,  had  been  made  in  Eng- 
land.    It  seems  quite  clear,  however,  from 
the  report  of  Budd  v.  Eandall  in  a  New 
Jersey   court,    1685,    that   English   pottery 
was  then  much   preferred  to    the    colonial 
■ware.      The  former  was  the  "white  stone 
ware"  of  which  Wedgwood,  even  in  1760, 
sent  immense  quantities  to  North  America 
and  the  Islands.     The  factory  in  New  Eng- 
land which  threatened  to  deprive  the  ' '  great 
potter  "  of  his  Western  market  came  to  grief, 
and,  soon  after,  he  imported   quantities  of 
the  American  clay  to  England  and  used  it 
freely. 

We  knew  long  ago  it  was  with  clay — a  sort 
ofJcaolin — brought  from  North  Carolina  that 
the  first  attempts  of  the  English  porcelain 
makers  were  conducted,  that  is,  a  quarter  of 
a  century  before  Cookworthy  discovered 
"  mountains  of  it  [the  china  clay]  so  near 
as  Cornwall."  As  early  as  1745  Cookworthy 
knew  of  the  Carolinian  material  as  existing 
"in  the  back  of  Virginia,"  and  this  it 
seems,  one  hardly  sees  how,  he  learned  from 
Du  Halde.  He  bought  the  whole  clay-pro- 
ducing country  of  the  Indians. 

The  examples  produced  in  the  States  of 
wares  decorated  in  slip  and  sgraffiato  wares 
during  the  second  and  third  quarters  of  the 
last  century  are  so  nearly  like  those  made  in 
Staffordshire  that,  but  for  the  inscriptions 
on  some  of  them,  it  would  be  easy  to  suppose 
them  to  be  English.     German  potters  seem 
to  have  been  at  work  in  Pennsylvania  about 
1762,  and  on  p.  71  our  author  figures  a  fine 
specimen  with  an  inscription  in  German  and 
the   date    1769.     An   ugly  mug  with  two 
handles,    the  "spread    eagle"    in   the   act 
of   screeching    "  Leberty,"  bears    the    date 
1809,  and  seems  to  be  the  earliest  appearance 
of  the  bird  as   a   ceramic    ornament.     The 
uncouthness  of   the   vessel — it  is  a   puzzle 
mug — goes  far  to  prove  the  backward  state 
of  the  common  ware  of  the  United  States 
even  at  that  late   date.     It  is  a  fact  that 
various  dishes  decorated  in  slip  and  ngraffiato 
ware  figured  in  this  volume,  and  dated  so 
late  as  1847  {vide  pp.  80,  81),  are  ruder  and 
uglier  than  Staffordshire  was  accustomed  to 
turn  out  not  loss  than  150  years  before.    On 
the  other  hand,  specimens  in  much  better 
taste  were  made  in  the  States  before  1847. 
The  whole  history  of  the  ceramic  craft  in 


the  United  States  indicates  that  numerous 
attempts    were    made    there   at  producing 
every  fine  variety   of    pots,  and  later  por- 
celain, including  those  we  have  mentioned, 
but  fruitlessly,  while   the   supply  of    such 
ware   came  from   England,    and   in  a   less 
degree    from    Holland.      In    a    few   cases 
work  as  good  as  England  could  produce  at 
the  same  time  seems  to  have  been  achieved ; 
but,   commercially,   there  was  nothing  but 
failure.     It  does  not  appear  probable  that, 
at  any  rate  till  a  much  more  recent  date 
than   that    at    which   white   ware   was    in 
vogue,  true  porcelain  was  made  at  all  in 
the  United  States.     This  was  while  kaolin 
of   an  excellent  quality  was  being  largely 
exported  to  England  as  well  as  to  France, 
where  it  seems  to  have  been  used  at  Rouen. 
In  regard  to  the  commoner  white  and  other 
similar  wares   the    case  was    different,  for 
even   in    1824   the   Franklin   Institute  was 
able  to  report  a  growing  improvement  both 
in  the  quality  and  forms  of  the  goods  manu- 
factured, and  one  Abraham  Miller,  of  Phila- 
delphia, produced   Rockingham   and  other 
pots  with  much  felicity.     He  died  in  1858. 
Whatever   success  was  attained  seems   in- 
variably to  have  been  parallel  to,  but  more 
or  less  subsequent  to,  what  was  being  done 
in  Europe,  and  mostly  in  England.     Some 
of  the  examples  produced  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Atlantic  about  1830,  or  even  earlier, 
are  good  in  form  and  taste ;  for  instance, 
the   so-called    Hemphill    Pitcher   which   is 
engraved  on    p.    136  by  Mr.   Barber  is  at 
once   pure    and    elegant.      But    the    com- 
mercial results  were  bad,  and  we  are  told 
that   even    so   late    as    1838    one    Thomas 
Tucker,    of    Philadelphia,    an   enterprising 
person   who  had   made  a  certain  quantity 
of  fine  porcelain,  "discontinued  the  manu- 
facture,   and   engaged   in   the   business   of 
importing    china    from     Europe."      Other 
failures   of   the   same   nature  are   recorded 
by   our   author.      The    boldest   of   all   the 
makers  of  fine  pots  in  the  United  States  was 
Mr.  James  Clews,  who,  c.  1829,  went  from 
Biirslem,  as  other  potters  had  done  before 
him.      Until  that  time  he  had  been  accus- 
tomed to  supply  the  Transatlantic  market  on 
a  large  scale  ;  and  he  set  up  works  at  Troy, 
Indiana,  made  an  inferior  sort  of  ware,  and, 
like  others  before  him,  failed.     He  returned 
to  England,  and  died  in  1856.     The  Troy 
company   procured   another   manager,  who 
likewise  did  not  prosper.    Other  unfortunate 
ventures  were  made  in  various  places,  but, 
except  a  family  of  Germans   named  Boch, 
who  seem  to  have  succeeded  in  producing 
what  Mr.  Barber  calls  porcelain  hardware, 
the  records  of  such  efforts  are  but  notices 
of  disaster. 

At  last  Mr.  Barber  is  fain  to  admit  that 
"  the  existence  of  a  true  ceramic  art  in  this 
country  [the  United  States]  may  be  said  to  have 
commenced  with  the  Fair  of  1876,  because 
greater  progress  has  been  made  since  that  im- 
portant industrial  event  than  during  the  two 
centuries  which  preceded  it." 

To  the  show  at  Philadelphia,  it  appears,  a 
Mr.  John  Bennett,  previously  employed  at 
Messrs.  Doulton's  works  at  Lambeth,  who 
had  settled  in  the  City  of  Brotherly  Love 
and  New  York,  contributed  some  extremely 
good  examples.  Other  potters  have  been 
nearly  abreast  of  this  gentleman,  and  on 
the  whole  it  seems,  on  Mr.  Barber's  show- 
ing, that  pottery  (he  is  not  so  clear  in  what 


he  says  about  porcelain)  of  which  no  Euro- 
pean country  would  be  ashamed  is  made 
in  the  States.  The  makers,  however,  are 
nearly  all  English-born. 

We  have  devoted  to  this  work  an  amount 
of  attention  which  its  new  and  ambitious  title 
and  handsome   appearance   seemed   to  de- 
mand.     But   Mr.  Barber,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, lacks  literary  skill,  and  is  unable  to 
arrange  in  an  orderly  fashion  the  materials 
his  great  industry  collected.     He  does  not 
always  make  it  quite  so  clear  as  one  could 
wish  whether  he  is  writing  about  pottery 
proper  or  porcelain.     He  almost  invariably 
calls  the  handicraft  of  the  potter  an  art ;  and 
owing  to  this  trick,  in  which  nearly  all  the 
historians  of  ceramics  indulge,  his  readers 
are  occasionally  at  a  loss  to  know  whether 
he   refers   to  the   making   of    a    "pot"  or 
to  its  decoration.     A  great  deal  too  large  a 
part  of   his  volume  is  occupied  by  notices 
of  very  obscure   manufacturers,  and   even 
tradesmen,  who  did  nothing  to  advance  the 
craft.    The  greater  number  of  these  needless 
notices  are  such  as  might  have  been  com- 
piled from  trade  circulars.      On   this    and 
other  grounds  we  should  advise  him,  when 
a  second  edition  is  called  for,  to  cut  out  at 
least  a  third,  if  not  a  half,  of  his  book. 

We  have  read  with  more  satisfaction  than 
any  other  section  afforded  an  account  of 
"aboriginal"  pottery,  which  the  writer  has 
compiled  largely  from  the  publications  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution.  As  is  well 
known  to  students  of  the  most  ancient 
ceramics,  these  relics  of  the  Indian  races 
or  their  predecessors  indicate  that  their 
makers  were  on  a  level  in  civilization  which 
was  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Stone 
Period.  The  rude  vessels  have  much  in 
common  with  instances  deriving  from  Celtic, 
Scandinavian,  or  other  sources,  and  are 
such  as  have  been  found  in  many  coun- 
tries. Nevertheless  they  have  a  certain 
amount  of  character  of  their  own.  The 
modern  Cherokees  still  make  pots  that 
differ  very  slightly  from  those  prehistoric 
examples  which  are  to  be  found  in  great 
abundance  in  the  museums  of  the  States. 


Messrs.  Longman  have  sent  us  a  fourth 
edition  of  the  late  Dr.  Collingwood  Bruce's  ex- 
cellent Handbook  of  the  Roman  Wall,  which  has 
been  edited  by  Mr.  Robert  Blair,  an  antiquary 
most  competent  for  the  task.  We  are  glad  to 
welcome  this  revised  reprint,  which  has  been 
too  long  delayed. 


CASTS  V.  TAPESTRIES. 
Kelmscott  House,  Hamraersmitb,  Aug.  13,  1895. 
In  your  '  Fine-Art  Gossip '  of  last  Saturday 
there  is  a  note  on  the  management  of  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  which  I  should  be  sorry 
to  think  had  really  received  your  approval.  I 
mention  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  not 
have  noticed  it,  that  it  is  an  attack  on  the 
shifting  of  the  tapestries  into  the  great  hall,  and 
of  the  plaster  casts  of  classical  sculpture  into 
the  gallery  contiguous. 

To  go  into  the  matter  in  some  detail,  and 
take  the  disingenuous  hints  in  this  note  point 
by  point,  I  begin  by  saying  tliat  I  was  not 
aware  that  the  hall  was  built  for  the  exhibition 
of  plaster  casts  of  sculpture  ;  but  if  it  were,  I 
must  say  I  consider  that  it  was  ill  adapted  for 
such  a  purpose  ;  that  wlicn  they  filled  the  hall 
it  was  by  no  means  easy  to  see  them  as 
they  should  be  seen,  whereas  the  Museum  has 
without  doubt  no  place  wlierc  the  tapestries 
I  could  be  so  well  seen  ;  and  also  I  quite  deny 


N**  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


265 


that  the  plaster  casts  are  ill  placed  in  the 
gallery  where  they  now  are.  Next,  though  the 
collection  of  tapestries  may  be  "relatively" 
small,  yet  it  quite  tills  the  hall,  and  heretofore 
the  management  of  the  Museum  had  not  been 
able  to  find  any  place  for  the  tapestries  where 
they  could  be  seen. 

Next  as  to  the  relative  claims  for  space  in  the 
Museum  between  these  two  sets  of  exhibits  : 
I  can  easily  understand  that  if  it  were  a  ques- 
tion of  the  placing  a  great  collection  of  original 
works  of  classical  sculpture,  there  would  be  a 
strong  feeling — general,  though  perhaps  not 
universal — that  everything  else  sliould  give  place 
to  it.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  on  the 
one  hand  the  "sculpture"  mentioned  in  your 
note  is  7iot  original,  but  only  mechanically 
reproduced.  I  do  not  say  that  it  is  not  useful 
for  study  (though  surely  sometimes  misleading), 
but  it  can  be  reproduced  to  almost  any  extent, 
so  that  every  large  school  of  art  throughout  the 
country  can  have  abundant  specimens  of  it,  if 
that  be  thought  desirable.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  tapestries,  whatever  their  artistic  merit  may 
be,  are  original  and  are  not  reproducible,  and 
it  is  very  rarely  indeed  that  any  fine  specimens 
come  into  the  market ;  to  sacrifice  them,  there- 
fore, to  the  claims  for  space  of  the  mere  repro- 
ductions of  works  of  art  would  be  a  criminal 
blunder,  if  such  an  arrangement  were  to  be 
considered  permanent ;  and  I  know  very  well 
that  many  "educated  lovers  of  art"  heartily 
thank  the  present  Director  for  removing  the 
disgrace  which  even  the  temporary  neglect  of 
the  tapestries  cast  on  the  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

I  deprecate  making  this  subject  a  field  for 
the  battle  of  the  styles  ;  but  I  must  say  a  word 
or  two  as  to  what  the  "relatively  small"  col- 
lection of  tapestries  at  South  Kensington  really 
is.  This  is  necessary  in  my  reply  to  your  writer, 
as  he  clearly  has  not  seen  it,  or  lie  would  scarcely 
venture  to  assign  it  the  "age  of  Louis  XIV. 
and  the  preceding  age,"  meaning,  I  suppose, 
from  c.  1580  to  c.  1680.  It  is  an  extremely 
judicious  and  happy  selection  of  the  best  period 
of  tapestry-weaving  (for  it  is  not  needlework), 
say  from  1490  to  1530,  with  a  fringe  of  a  few 
pieces  which,  though  later,  are  remarkable  for 
design  and  execution  characteristic  of  the 
material  in  which  they  are  worked.  In  short, 
it  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  medijBval  or 
"Gothic"  pieces,  which  have  very  little  sign 
of  the  approach  of  the  French  Renaissance  (and 
that  only  in  a  few  of  them),  and  none  at  all  of 
the  Louis  XIV.  style,  for  which,  personally, 
I  have  as  strong  a  distaste  as  the  writer  of  the 
note  can  have. 

This  collection  therefore  gives  us  a  thoroughly 
fine  example  of  the  most  important  wall  decora- 
tion of  the  later  Middle  Ages,  and  contains 
some  of  the  very  best  designs,  made  for  what- 
ever purpose,  by  the  artists  of  that  period,  and 
coloured  with  a  beauty  and  success  that  mediieval 
artists  only  were  capable  of.  To  neglect  such 
a  school  of  decorative  art  would  have  been  an 
unpardonable  mistake  on  the  part  of  the  South 
Kensington  authorities,  and  I  cannot  conceive 
of  objection  being  made  to  the  acquirement  of 
it,  and  the  effective  exhibition  of  it  when  ac- 
quired, except  by  those  who  would  really,  if 
they  could,  have  nothing  shown  to  the  public 
save  examples,  or  reproductions  of  examples, 
of  classical  art.  Against  such  narrow  pedantry 
I  protest  with  all  my  heart. 

William  Morris. 
*i(.*  There  can  hardly  be  anyquestion  regarding 
the  relative  merits  of  the  hall  and  tlie  gallery  as 
places  for  exhibiting  works  of  art.  Had  it  been 
otherwise,  the  casts  would  never  have  been 
made  to  give  way  to  the  tapestries.  We 
believe  the  hall  was  built  to  contain  the 
casts,  which  actually  occupied  it  for  a  number 
of  years,  and  were  seen  there  in  a  direct  light, 
which  they  do  not  now  enjoj'.  We  trust  Mr. 
Morris  does  not  wish  us  to  prefer  the  art  of 
tapestries  of  any  period  to  that  of  sculptures 


representing  the  choicest  remains  of  antiquity. 
Nor  are  we  disposed  to  admit  that  for  purposes 
of  study  these  casts  are  at  all  less  valuable  than 
the  originals  would  be.  Mr.  Morris's  plea 
for  the  tapestries  as  "originals"  would  apply 
to  the  cartoons  or  other  drawings  from  which 
they  were  wrought,  but  it  is  scarcely  appropriate 
in  reference  to  tapestries  which  are  hardly  more 
"originals"  than  the  casts.  Accordingly,  the 
tapestries  in  the  Sixtine  Chapel  are  much  less 
regarded  than  the  cartoons  from  which  they 
were  copied.  In  an  educational  museum,  such 
as  South  Kensington,  the  relative  values  of 
two  classes  of  art  must  needs  be  a  ruling 
factor.  If  there  be  any  disgrace  in  the  matter, 
it  falls  on  those  who  did  not  provide  a  proper 
place  for  showing  the  tapestries.  As  to  the 
"disingenuous  hints"  Mr.  Morris  has  dis- 
covered in  our  suggestion  that  the  casts  should  be 
replaced  and  the  tapestries  properly  exhibited, 
we  have  not  been  able  to  find  them.  We 
should,  however,  have  written  that  the  tapestries 
are  of  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  preceding 
ages,  not  "  preceding  age." 

THE    BRITISH  ARCH^OLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION 

AT   STOKE-OX-TRENT. 

II. 

On  Wednesday,  the  14th,  the  Association 
visited  Lichfield.  Mr.  A.  Scrivener  exhibited 
a  large  plan  of  the  cathedral  church,  showing 
the  chronological  history  of  the  several  parts  of 
the  edifice.  He  places  the  Norman  choir  at 
about  A.D.  1200  ;  the  south  transept,  1220 ; 
the  north  transept,  1240  ;  the  nave,  1250  ;  the 
west  front,  1275  ;  the  Lady  chapel,  1300  ;  and 
the  presbytery,  1325.  Afterwards  the  icono- 
clastic Dean,  Dr.  Luckock,  conducted  the 
party  round  the  various  points  of  archaeological 
interest,  among  which  are  the  early  carved 
corbels  in  the  north  transept  ;  the  window 
heads  in  the  same  ;  the  duplex  character  of  the 
centre  pillar  in  the  chapter  house,  which  passes 
up  through  the  ceiling  and  supports  the  roof 
of  an  upper  chamber  ;  the  numerous  and  dif- 
ferently designed  arcades  which  are  placed  in 
many  parts  of  the  fabric  ;  an  aumbry  with  inner 
recess  of  restricted  dimensions  in  the  north- 
east corner  ;  the  ancient  stained  glass  in  the 
Lady  chapel,  somewhat  flouted  by  the  introduc- 
tion into  the  two  westernmost  windows  of  later 
stained  glass  of  an  entirely  different  character 
and  style,  one  merit  of  which  seems  to  have 
been  that  it  was  bought  as  a  cheap  bargain, 
having  been  found  to  contain  nearly  the  desired 
amount  of  square  feet.  Interesting  as  these 
windows  undoubtedly  are  by  themselves,  they 
are  here  discountenanced  by  the  older  glass  in 
their  vicinity.  The  monument  to  the  "  sleeping 
children,"  executed  by  Chantrey  in  1817,  which 
forms  the  theme  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
elegies  of  Jean  Ingelow,  could  not  but  claim  the 
attention  of  the  visitors,  some  of  whom,  how- 
ever, severely  criticized  the  work.  Sir  John 
de  Stanley's  tomb-slab  in  the  south  wall  of  the 
chancel  is  said  to  be  the  only  one  now  left  in 
its  original  place.  In  the  Consistory  Court  is 
a  fragment  of  walling,  perhaps  Saxon  or  of  the 
earliest  date  of  the  erection  of  the  church  ;  here 
in  a  corner  are  the  remains  of  a  pavement  of 
squares  of  coal,  a  material  rarely  used  in  this 
way.  The  Gospels  of  St.  Chad,  a  relic  of 
LlandafF,  but  now,  like  the  '  Liber  Landa- 
vensis,'  removed  far  away  from  its  ancient  de- 
pository, attracted  attention  of  the  visitors  in 
the  library,  where  also  a  selection  of  charters 
and  other  documents  was  displayed. 

From  Liclifield  the  party  proceeded  to  Tam- 
worth  Church,  where  the  rector  and  Mr.  Thos. 
Blashill  explained  the  various  points  of  archi- 
tectural history  exhibited  by  the  edifice.  Here  in 
the  south  wall  of  the  chancel  are  some  few  courses 
of  thin  stones  alternating  with  thicker  slabs, 
a  style  of  work  which  is  considered  to  be  indi- 
cative of  great  anticjuity,  and  may  be  perhaps 
referred  to  a  date  not  far  from  that  of  the 
refoundation  for  canons  by  King  Edgar,  circa 


963.  Some  of  the  tomb-slabs  are  worthy  of 
notice,  viz.,  those  of  Sir  John  de  Ferrers  and 
Dame  Dorothy  his  wife  ;  Lady  Jane  de  Fre- 
ville  ;  and  Sir  Baldewine  de  Freville,  Lord  of  the 
Castle  of  Tamworth,  and  Dame  Jane  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Green.  These  tombs 
have  suffered  considerably  since  they  were 
described  by  the  veteran  historians  of  the 
building.  The  outer  wall  of  Tamworth  Castle 
was  visited  by  the  party,  some  of  whom,  how- 
ever, were  unwilling  to  make  their  way  to  a  site 
admission  to  which  was  unfortunately  not  to  be 
obtained.  These  latter  were  nevertheless  re- 
compensed by  viewing  the  extensive  collections 
of  Egyptian  antiquities  which  Mr.  MacGregor 
has  been  gathering  for  many  years,  with  the 
result  of  acquiring  one  of  the  largest  private 
museums  of  these  objects.  The  evening  meet- 
ing was  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of  a  further 
series  of  photographic  slides  of  county  anti- 
quities. 

Thursday,  August  15th,  proved  to  be  a  very 
long  day  of  excursions.  At  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  Mr.  W.  de  Gray  Birch,  F.S.A.,  gave  an 
account  of  the  ancient  charters  of  the  town, 
whereby  it  is  constituted  a  Liber  B^irgns,  and 
a  guild-merchant  is  established  by  royal  grant, 
with  liberty  to  hold  a  fair  for  three  days,  viz. , 
on  the  eve,  the  day,  and  the  morrow  of  the 
Blessed  Trinity.  Some  of  the  private  grants 
give  names  of  the  old  streets,  lanes,  and 
hamlets.  These  deeds  are  in  a  somewhat 
decayed  condition,  and  want  attention  in  this 
respect.  There  are  two  corporation  books,  in 
which  the  entire  history  of  the  borough  is,  as 
it  were,  enwrapped.  The  maces  of  this  corpora- 
tion were  also  examined.  The  party  then  pro- 
ceeded to  the  site  of  a  Roman  camp  at  Chester- 
ton, which  was  described  by  the  Rev.  T.  W. 
Daltry.  This  is  evidently  Roman,  from  its 
quadrangular  formation  as  well  as  from  its 
name.  The  massive  earthworks  of  the  vallum 
and  foss  are  still  visible,  and  there  are  traces 
of  other  parts.  Erdeswick,  Camden,  Plot, 
and  others  have  described  this  camp  with 
considerable  detail.  It  is  curious  that  no 
Roman  or  other  relics  of  early  date  have  ever 
been  found  in  the  camp,  although  trenches  and 
holes  have  been  made  in  several  places,  from 
which  it  may  be  inferred  that  it  was  never 
occupied  for  any  length  of  time,  and  there  could 
never  have  been  buildings  upon  it  as  at  Uri- 
conium  in  the  neighbouring  county  of  Salop. 
But  a  small  wrought-iron  crucible  of  uncertain 
date  was  found  not  long  ago  and  exhibited  to 
the  visitors.  This  camp  has  been  thought  by 
some  to  be  Mediolanum  of  the  tenth,  and 
perhaps  also  of  the  second  Antonine  Itinerary, 
supposing  these  two  to  be  the  same,  which  is 
not  certain.  About  three  miles  from  Chester- 
ton two  earthen  jars  were  ploughed  up  in  a  field 
near  the  colliery  at  Leycett,  containing  about 
two  thousand  Roman  copper  coinsof  Constantine, 
Crispus,  Licinius,  Diocletian,  Maximian,  Post- 
humus,  Tetricus,  and  Victorinus.  The  situation 
of  the  camp  is  noteworthy,  as  dominating  the 
surrounding  land  and  standing  clear  of  higher 
hills  around,  so  that  no  hostile  force  could  well 
approach  without  being  observed  at  a  consider- 
able distance.  The  party  then  proceeded  to 
Heighley  or  Heleigh  Castle.  Here  the  chief 
points  of  interest  are  the  remains  of  a  portion 
of  the  keep,  and  some  walling  of  cellars  show- 
ing the  spring  of  the  stone  groining,  which  is 
attributed  to  a  Norman  transitional  period. 
The  fact  that  there  is  a  similar  detail 
in  Madeley  Church,  not  far  off,  suggests  that 
the  church  and  the  castle  were  built  about 
the  same  time.  In  the  afternoon  a  visit  was 
paid  to  the  camp  known  as  Bury  Walls,  in 
Hawkstone  Park,  a  work  of  British  origin, 
subsequently  occupied  by  the  Romans,  as  shown 
by  coins  and  other  Roman  remains  found  there. 
Mr.  Daltry  read  a  paper  on  the  history  of 
Redcastle,  in  the  same  park,  written  by  Mr. 
W.  Phillips,  of  Shrewsbury.  Here  the  principal 
object  of  interest  was  a  circular  tower  or  keep, 


266 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24, '95 


cut  for  about  40  ft.  in  solid  rock,  and  continued 
upwards  with  masonry  of  various  ages  to 
a  height  of  above  100  ft.  from  the  base. 
Beneath  the  tower  is  a  well,  measuring  10  ft. 
in  diameter,  and  more  than  100  ft.  in  depth. 

In  the  evening  Mr.  W.   de  Gray  Birch  read 
a    paper  entitled  '  New  Contributions  towards 
the  History  of  the  Abbey  of  Burton-on-Trent,' 
in  which  he   furnished   a    detailed   account   of 
the  register   of    the  Anglo  -  Saxon  charters   of 
the     abbey,     belonging    to     Mr.    Wynne,    of 
Peniarth  ;  the  twelfth  century  list  of  MSS.  in 
the  abbey  library,  lately  found  written  on  the 
fly-leaf  of  a  copy  of  the  works  of  St.  Augustine, 
formerly  preserved    there  ;    the    miscellaneous 
chronicles  and  deeds  in  the  British  Museum  ; 
and   the   large   collection   of    ancient    charters 
relating    to     the     abbey,     purchased    by     the 
Museum    with    the    Stowe    MSS.  some    years 
ago.       These     records      contribute     to     throw 
much  new  light  on  the  history  not  only  of  the 
abbey,  but  also  of  the  town  itself  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood.    One  deed,  for  example,  is  a  notice 
by  the  abbot  that  King  John  has  granted  leave 
to  the  abbey  to  build  a  town  there,  and  that  all 
who  accept  burgages   from  the   abbey  in  that 
street  which  runs    from   the    Great  Bridge  at 
Burton  to  the  New  Bridge  at  Horningelawe,  or 
Horninglow,  shall  pay  rent  at  the  rate  of  twelve- 
pence  per  burgage,  a  burgage  being  defined  as 
24  by  4  perches.  The  date  of  this  deed  founding 
the  town  of  Burton-upon-Trent  is  between  1200 
and  1210.     Miss  E.   Bradley  read  a  paper  on 
'St.  Chad,  the  First  Bishop  of  Lichfield,' and 
drew    especial    attention    to   the   ancient  MS. 
known   as  St.    Chad's    Gospels.      The  writer's 
derivation  of  the  name  of  the  city — in  which  she 
follows  the  old  and  now  exploded  Lich-feld,  or 
"field  of  corpses,"  i.  e.,  martyrs — was  criticized 
by  Mr.  Birch,  -who  referred  to  the  brilliant  dis- 
covery by  Mr.  H.  Bradley  of  the  true  derivation 
from  Caer  Loyt   Coyt,  the   thirty-third  civitas 
contained  in  Nennius's  list,  mentioned  by  Mr. 
E.  Phillimore  in  his   edition  of   the   '  Annales 
Cambria3'(Har].  MS.  3859)  for  theCymmrodorion 
Society;  but  the  popular  and  erroneous  derivation 
was  maintained  by  the  Rev.  W.  Beresford,  author 
of  a  recent  history  of  this  city.     Mr.   Thomas 
Blashill  read  a  paper  on  the  '  Ancient  Arrange- 
ment for  the  Tillage  of  the  Common  Fields,'  in 
which   he  showed   the   curious  results    of    his 
investigation  of  the  old  evidences  of  ploughing 
in  furrows  slightly  S-shaped.   The  Rev.  W.  Beres- 
ford's  paper  was  upon  '  A  Bit  of  Lost  History,' 
being  some  account  of  the  life  and  doings  of 
William  of  Cheddleton  in  the  time  of  Edward  II. 
and  Edward  III. 

Friday,  the  16th  inst. ,  was  almost  as  heavy  a 
day  as  the  preceding  in  the  matter  of  excursions. 
The  party  first  proceeded  to  Chartley  Castle  by 
way  of  Uttoxeter,  seeing  on  the  way  a  specimen 
of  the  herd  of  wild  cattle  preserved  in  Chartley 
Park.  Mr.  A.  Scrivener,  to  whom  the  Asso- 
ciation is  much  indebted  for  assistance  during 
the  week,  read  a  well- written  paper  on  the 
history  and  architecture  of  the  castle,  and  ex- 
hibited a  plan  and  section  drawn  to  scale.  The 
mound,  59  ft.  diameter  to  the  west  of  the 
earthworks,  having  a  deep  ditch  50  to  100  ft. 
wide,  has  been  artificially  raised,  and  the  natural 
escarpment  of  the  hill  sharpened.  To  the  cast 
is  a  horseshoe-shaped  plateau  of  less  elevation. 
Hugh,  Earl  of  Chester,  Agnes,  wife  of  William 
Ferrers,  Earl  of  Derby,  and  others  held  it,  and 
at  one  time  the  repairs  devolved  on  the  Crown. 
The  manor  house,  close  to  the  castle,  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill,  was  built  by  Walter  Devcreux  about 
147-'5.  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  was  lodged  at 
Chartley  for  a  time,  when  removed  from  Tut- 
bury.  After  proceeding  to  Alton  to  inspect  the 
earthworks  of  an  ancient  British  camj),  the 
members  visited  Croxdcn  Abbey,  which  was 
described  l)y  Mr.  C.  Lynam,  the  local  secretary, 
who  was  quite  indefatigal)le  in  his  exertions 
during  the  week  to  explain  tlie  various  points  of 
interest  visited  by  the  party.  Tlie  ruined  con- 
dition of  this  fine  Cistercian  architecture  (now 


converted  into  farm  buildings  in  a  great  measure) 
has  now  reached  a  point  of  some  danger  to  those 
who  wander  beneath  tottering  voussoirs  and 
stones  loosened  by  the  disintegrating  power  of 
the  ivy  and  other  creeping  plants.  The  plan 
here  can  be  fairly  well  made  out  ;  but 
there  was  some  difference  of  opinion  regard- 
ing the  position  of  some  of  the  apartments. 
Checkley  Church  was  next  visited,  where 
the  vicar  discoursed  on  the  standing  stones, 
covered  with  ancient  sculpture,  in  the  church- 
yard. He  considers  them  to  be  commemorative 
of  the  companion  of  St.  Guthlac,  named  Bec- 
celm,  who  found  his  way  to  these  parts  after 
the  deposition  of  his  master.  These  stones 
have  been  critically  described  by  Dr.  G.  F. 
Browne,  Bishop  of  Stepney.  The  carvings  of 
the  old  font  here  are  most  remarkable  ;  and 
there  is  some  fine  old  stained  glass  in  the 
chancel  windows.  At  the  evening  meeting 
Mr.  C.  H.  Compton  read  a  paper  on  '  The  His- 
tory of  Croxden  Abbey  derived  from  the 
Chronicle.'  Mr.  Birch  drew  attention  to  the 
actual  condition  of  the  remains,  and  suggested 
that  some  endeavour  should  be  made  to  avert 
further  ruin.  Dr.  Phene  followed  with  a  paper 
on  some  '  Earthworks  in  Central  Britain,'  illus- 
trated with  numerous  diagrams. 

On  Saturday,  an  excursion  to  Ham,  which  had 
been  proposed,  was  abandoned  in  favour  of  a 
visit  to  the  Wedgwood  exhibition  at  Burslem 
and  to  the  Wedgwood  potteries,  where  some 
of  the  original  designs  of  Flaxman  were  shown 
to  be  still  in  use  for  preparing  the  decoration 
of  this  artistic  ware.  The  closing  meeting  took 
place  at  the  Quarry  House  at  Hartshill. 


THE   CAMBRIAN   ARCH^OI.OGICAL  ASSOCIATION 

AT   LAUNCESTON. 

II. 

The  excursion  on  Wednesday,  August  14th,  was 
to  Warbstow  Barrow,  eleven  miles  north-west 
of  Launceston.  The  first  stop  on  the  way  was 
made  at  Laneast  Church.  The  ground  plan 
consists  of  a  nave,  chancel,  north  transept,  south 
aisle,  south  porch,  and  western  tower.  This  is 
the  ordinary  type  of  the  district,  and  as  this 
arrangement  was  common  to  nearly  all  the 
churches  visited  we  shall  not  again  mention  the 
plan  unless  it  differs  in  some  essential  point. 
The  churches  were  probably  in  the  first  instance 
either  cruciform  Norman  structures  or  had  only 
a  nave  and  chancel  of  the  same  width,  the  line 
of  demarcation  between  the  two  being  an 
elaborately  carved  oak  screen.  In  Perpendicular 
times  the  churches  were  enlarged  by  substituting 
an  arcade  of  four  centred  arches  for  the  south 
wall,  and  adding  a  south  aisle  which  swallowed 
up  the  south  transept.  The  western  towers, 
with  embattled  tops  and  heavy  pinnacles  at  the 
four  angles,  and  the  southern  porch,  sometimes 
having  a  parvise  above,  were  also  Perpendicular 
additions.  As  regards  the  materials  out  of  which 
the  churches  are  built,  the  use  of  granite  in  any 
great  quantity  came  in  with  the  Perpendicular 
style,  most  of  the  earlier  architectural  details 
being  of  freestone.  The  Perpendicular  arcade 
columns  are  generally  of  the  same  section,  witli 
four  rounds  and  four  hollows,  and  are  cu'  out 
of  a  single  piece  of  granite.  The  capitals  are  of 
the  well-known  Cornish  pattern,  ornamen  ed  with 
a  sort  of  scjuare  flower  instead  of  foliage.  Elvan 
from  the  trap-dyke  formation  is  a  local  material 
extensively  employed  in  Cornwall  for  building 
purposes,  as  well  as  many  kinds  of  slate  and 
volcanic  rocks. 

Laneast  Church  is  remarkable  chiefly  for  its 
fine  Norman  font,  cradle  roofs  with  carved 
bosses,  carved  rood  screen,  and  l)cnch  ends  with 
the  emblems  of  the  Passion  and  other  devices 
upon  them.  There  are  a  few  bits  of  old 
stained  glass  in  the  chancel  windows,  but  very 
fragmentary  in  character.  On  <me  is  part  of 
the  Crucifixion,  and  on  another  the  head  of  St. 
Christopher  carrying  the  Infant  Saviour.  Here, 
as  in  many  of  the  other  clnirches  visited,  are  to 
be  seen  the  stocks  formerly  used  for  the  punish- 


ment of  certain  offences.  Laneast  Church, 
although  in  good  repair,  has  lost  none  of  that 
flavour  of  antiquity  which  so  rapidly  disappears 
when  the  restoring  architect  comes  on  the  scene, 
scraping,  polishing,  and  furbishing  up  anew 
in  all  directions.  "The  late  Prof.  J.  C.  Adams, 
the  discoverer  of  Neptune,  was  born  in  this 
parish  in  1819,  and  there  is  a  brass  to  his 
memory  in  the  church. 

Warbstow  Barrow  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant earthworks  in  Cornwall,  and  as  it  is 
situated  very  near  the  watershed,  the  view  in 
all  directions  commands  a  wide  stretch  of 
country.  The  antiquaries  present  were  unable 
to  throw  much  light  upon  the  age  of  the  camp, 
and,  indeed,  it  would  be  hazardous  to  express 
an  opinion  without  excavation.  The  wide  ring 
space,  varying  from  one  to  two  hundred  feet 
wide,  between  the  outer  and  inner  lines  of  forti- 
fication, is  a  feature  which  requires  explanation. 
Warbstow  Church  is  dedicated  to  the  Saxon 
St.  Werburgh  and  has  a  good  Norman  font, 
similar  in  design  to  the  one  at  Laneast. 

At  Treneglos  Church,  visited  on  the  return 
journey,  is  a  curious  sculptured  Norman  tym- 
panum, having  a  conventional  tree  flanked  by 
two  beasts  upon  it;  and  at  Egloskerry  are  two 
others,  one  with  the  Agnus  Dei  and  the  other 
with  a  dragon.  These  were  lucidly  described 
by  Mr.  Arthur  G.  Langdon. 

Thursday  was  devoted  to  Dartmoor,  the  party 
going  by  train  to  Tavistock,  and  thence  by 
carriage  by  Merivale  Bridge  and  Post  Bridge 
to  Grimspound.  The  excursion  was  under  the 
guidance  of  the  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould  and  Mr. 
R.  Burnard,  of  Plymouth,  by  whom  the  pre- 
historic antiquities  of  Dartmoor  are  being  sys- 
tematically explored  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Devonshire  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science.  Luckily  the  day  was  exceptionally 
fine,  otherwise  a  drive  in  open  carriages  thirty 
miles  and  back  across  this  wild  region  could  not 
have  been  attempted.  A  shorter  alternative 
route  had  been  provided  in  case  of  emergencies, 
but  under  the  circumstances  the  members 
unanimously  chose  the  longer  journey.  A  pull 
of  some  miles  up  hill  brought  the  carriages 
out  of  the  cultivated  country  into  moorland, 
where  the  first  object  that  arrested  the  attention 
of  the  party  was  a  granite  tor  bearing  an  extra- 
ordinary natural  resemblance  to  the  Egyptian 
Sphinx  of  Gizeh.  A  little  further  on  the  huge 
unsightly  block  of  Dartmoor  Prison  came  into 
view.  Two  parties  of  convicts  were  seen 
returning  from  work,  with  guards  at  a  distance 
on  each  side,  armed  with  loaded  rifles  for  the 
purpose  of  shooting  down  any  "unfortunate 
nobleman  languishing  in  Dartmoor  prison " 
who  should  feel  so  far  discontented  with  his 
lot  as  to  attempt  to  escape.  The  sight  was  an 
extremely  painful  one,  and  suggested  com- 
parisons between  the  culture  of  the  ancient 
neolithic  inhabitants  of  the  district  and  the 
so-called  civilization  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
not  altogether  favourable  to  the  present  Jin  de 
siecle  generation. 

The  antiquities  inspected  during  the  day  com- 
prised the  stone  rows  or  avenues,  the  stone 
circle,  menhir  and  kist-vaen,  near  Merivale 
Bridge  ;  the  cyclopean  or  clapper  bridge  at 
Post  Bridge  ;  and  the  Headland  stone  rows  and 
Grimspound. 

The  stone  rows  belong  to  the  same  class  of 
megalithic  remains  as  the  alignments  at  Carnac 
in  Brittany,  on  which  the  late  Mr.  Fergusson 
and  others  have  wasted  so  much  futile  sjjccula- 
tion.  The  stones  composing  the  rows  at  Meri- 
vale Bridge  are  small,  and  for  this  very  reason 
they  have  escaped  being  thrown  down  where 
larger  stones  have  sufl'ered.  Conseciuently  the 
rows  are  cxce{)tionally  perfect,  and  the  general 
cftect,  due  chiefly  to  the  contrast  of  the 
shining  white  colour  of  the  granite  with  a 
background  of  velvety  grcon  turf,  is  much  more 
imposing  than  would  be  imagined,  considering 
the  miniature  scale  of  tlie  whole. 

Grimspound     has     been     recently    explored 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


267 


by  Mr.  Baring  -  Gould  and  Mr.  Burnard, 
whose  explanations  of  the  various  points  of 
interest  on  the  spot  were  much  appreciated. 
The  area  within  the  pound  or  enclosure 
is  about  four  acres,  and  there  are  several  hut 
circles  scattered  about  in  different  directions. 
One  of  these,  which  may  be  taken  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  rest,  was  laid  bare  a  few  days 
previously,  specially  to  show  the  visitors  the 
extremely  primitive  arrangements  of  these  rude 
dwellings.  The  domestic  appliances  consisted 
of  a  sleeping  place  paved  with  stone,  and  raised 
a  few  inches  above  the  floor  ;  a  hearth  with  the 
cooking  hole  beside  it ;  and  a  block  of  stone  that 
might  serve  as  a  table,  an  anvil,  or  for  keeping 
an  unruly  squaw  in  order,  as  occasion  might 
require.  One  of  the  most  interesting  discoveries 
made  in  excavating  Griraspound  is  that  the  sur- 
rounding wall  is  double  with  a  space  between, 
as  in  the  Pictish  towers  of  the  north-east  of 
Scotland.  The  enclosure  was  evidently  intended 
more  for  protection  against  wild  beasts  and  the 
herding  of  cattle  than  as  a  defensive  structure. 
The  absence  of  pottery,  polished  celts,  grinding 
stones,  metal,  and  spindle  whorls  indicates  that 
the  neolithic  people  of  Dartmoor  had  not  reached 
nearly  to  the  highest  grade  of  stone-age  culture. 
On  returning  to  Tavistock  a  hurried  visit  was 
paid  to  the  early  Christian  inscribed  stones  in 
the  rectory  garden.  The  inscription  on  the 
MACCO  DfiCHETi  stone  has  been  recut  in  the 
most  barbarous  fashion  recently. 

A  highly  successful  excursion  was  made  on 
Friday  to  the  Cheesewring,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Rev.  W.  lago.  On  the  outward  journey 
the  newly  discovered  Ogam  inscribed  stones  at 
Lewannick  (mentioned  some  time  back  in  the 
Athenceum)  attracted  a  considerable  amount  of 
attention,  and  quite  a  heated  discussion  took 
place  between  experts  as  to  whether  a  o  could 
be  a  G  if  it  had  not  a  curly  tail.  Mr.  Arthur  G. 
Langdon  and  Mr.  F.  H.  NichoUs,  the  discoverers 
of  the  stones,  were  both  present.  The  former, 
by  the  aid  of  outlined  rubbings,  explained  very 
clearly  the  difhculties  attendant  upon  the  read- 
ing of  Ogam  inscriptions.  This  was  exemplified 
by  the  second  stone,  which  has  the  name 
VLCAGNi  written  in  Ogams  reading  from  left  to 
ght  on  one  angle,  and  from  right  to  left  thus, 
INGACLV.  Each  of  these,  if  turned  upside  down 
so  that  the  Ogam  scores  faced  the  opposite  way, 
would  give  two  other  possible  readings,  viz., 
IQGASDV  and  vdsagqi.  The  latter  two  were  put 
out  of  court  at  once  by  their  unintelligibility. 

At  the  evening  meeting  held  in  the  Guildhall 
on  Friday  short  addresses  were  delivered  by 
the  Rev.  S.  Baring -Gould  and  the  Rev.  W. 
•  lago.  A  very  fine  series  of  drawings,  prepared 
by  Mr.  A.  G.  Langdon  for  the  illustration  of 
his  work  (now  in  the  press)  on  the  '  Old 
Cornish  Crosses,'  was  hung  on  the  walls.  The 
proceedings  terminated  with  the  usual  votes  of 
thanks. 

Saturday  morning  was  devoted  to  the  Castle, 
town  walls,  and  churches  of  Launceston. 

We  cannot  conclude  this  account  without 
mentioning  that  the  success  of  the  arrange- 
ments for  this  meeting  is  due  almost  entirely 
to  the  unremitting  energy  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Lang- 
don and  the  two  local  secretaries,  Mr.  Otho  B. 
Peter  and  Mr.  T.  C.  Reed.  A  profusely  illus- 
trated programme,  edited  by  Mr.  J.  Romilly 
Allen,  added  much  to  the  convenience  of  the 
members. 


Miss  Christian  Maclagax  has  presented  to 
the  British  Museum  her  rubbings  from  the 
sculptured  stones  of  Scotland,  297  in  all.  The 
catalogue  will  be  completed  in  September. 

Mr.  George  Redway  will  publish  in  the 
autumn  a  series  of  illustrated  books  dealing 
with  ex-libris,  autographs,  porcelain  and  pottery, 
old  violins,  engravings  and  drawings,  books,  and 
bric-d-brac  generally.  The  series  will  be  called 
*'The  Collector  Series,"  and    among  the  con- 


tributors to  early  volumes  are  Mr.  Joseph  Grego, 
Mr.  Laurence  Housman,  Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard, 
Mr.  Thomas  J.  Wise,  Mr.  W.  Carew  Hazlitt, 
Mr.  James  Orrock,  Mr.  W.  J.  Hardy,  and  Mr. 
J.  H.  Slater. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Slater  is  to  edit  a  serial  publica- 
tion giving  special  reports  of  sales  by  auction  of 
all  objects  of  artistic  and  antiquarian  interest 
other  than  books  (which  he  deals  with  in  '  Book- 
Prices  Current ').  Mr.  George  Redway  is  to 
publish  the  new  venture,  which  will  be  called 
27(6  Collector. 

Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore  is  going  to  issue, 
through  Messrs.  Bell,  a  volume  on  the  art  of 
etching  as  it  has  been  understood  in  England 
by  its  finer  practitioners,  from  Turner  and  Girtin 
to  Sir  Seymour  Haden  and  Mr.  Whistler.  The 
work  of  Girtin,  Crome,  Cotman,  and  Geddes 
will  be  dwelt  on  more  particularly. 

The  foundations  of  a  Roman  watch-tower, 
hitherto  unknown,  according  to  the  Schweizer 
Freie  Presse,  have  been  discovered  in  the 
Heimenholz,  a  wood  near  Rheinfelden.  It  is 
the  twenty-seventh  in  the  series  of  similar 
buildings  extending  from  the  Lake  of  Constance 
to  Bale  along  the  course  of  the  Rhine. 


MUSIC 

NEW   PUBLICATIONS. 

Borodin  and  Liszt.  By  Alfred  Habets.  Trans- 
lated, with  a  Preface,  by  Rosa  Newmarch. 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.)^It  is  scarcely  an  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  the  preface  of  the  translator  is 
the  most  interesting  portion  of  this  volume.  It 
consists  of  a  succinct  and  just  description  of  the 
rise  and  progress  of  music  in  Russia,  regarded 
not  so  much  from  a  national  as  from  an  artistic 
point  of  view.  It  was  not  until  the  present 
century  that  the  Muscovite  Empire  produced 
any  composers  whose  music  can  be  said  to  con- 
tain artistic  impress  ;  and  even  now,  in  spite  of 
such  men  of  unquestionable  genius  as  Glinka, 
Balakireff,  Rubinstein,  Tschaikowsky,  and 
others,  Russian  amateurs  are  still  disposed,  like 
the  majority  in  our  own  country,  to  decry  native 
productions,  and  to  reserve  unqualified  admira- 
tion for  those  imported  from  abroad.  Progress, 
however,  is  being  made,  and  we  entirely  agree 
with  the  following  remarks  of  the  translator  : — 

"Formal  excellence,  precision  of  thought,  a 
clearly-defined  contour,  are  not  the  qualities  we 
must  expect  at  present  from  the  music  of  a  race 
whose  home  is  in  that  vast  region  of  limitless 
horizons  'where  men  and  ideas  are  alike  nomadic' 
It  has  also  its  compensating  charms,  if  we  accept  it 
as  an  exotic  growth  of  rare  interest  and  beiiutj' 
exhaling  an  unaccustomed  perfume  ;  expanding,  as 
yet  perhaps,  from  no  great  depth  of  root,  but 
superior  in  vitality  to  the  etiolated  flowers  of  art 
which  are  now  appearing  in  countries  overshadowed 
by  a  great  tradition." 

Alexander  Borodin  was  born  in  St.  Petersburg 
in  1834,  and  died  early  in  1887.  He  was 
descended  from  the  last  kings  of  Imeretia  in  the 
Caucasus,  who  in  their  turn  claimed  descent 
from  David,  and  quartered  in  their  arms  the 
harp  and  tlie  sling.  Borodin  was  a  pliysician  and 
surgeon  by  profession,  and  a  musician  by  love 
and  talent  for  the  art.  We  fear  his  operas  are 
written  too  much  in  the  old-fashioned  style  of 
form  il  numbers  to  obtain  acceptance  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  l)ut  his  .symphonies  contain  beauties 
which  could  not  fail  to  be  recognized.  With 
respect  to  Liszt,  who  entertained  a  very  high 
opinion  of  him,  we  have  letters  addressed  to 
his  wife  and  others  concerning  the  Weimar 
virtuoso,  and  showing  the  true  nature  of  the 
man,  tender,  yearning,  and  full  of  that  spirit  of 
combined  romanticism  and  melancholy  so  cha- 
racteristic of  the  Ru.ssian  nature.  Portraits  of 
the  two  artists  are  included  in  the  volume. 

MozarCs  Don  Giovanni:  a  Commentanj.  By 
Charles  Gounod.  (Cocks  &  Co.) — This  is  a 
translation  from  the  third  French  edition,  by 
Windeyer  Clark   and  J.    T.   Hutchinson,   of  a 


treatise  which  is  more  of  a  rhapsody  than  a 
critical  essay.  The  composer  of  '  Faust '  and 
'The  Redemption'  regards  'Don  Juan'  as  "a 
work  without  blemish,  of  uninterrupted  perfec- 
tion," and  he  dedicates  his  book  "to  young 
composers,  and  to  those  who  take  part  in  the 
interpretation.''  Though  the  French  master 
was  very  little  in  sympathy  with  Wagner,  he  is 
at  one  with  him  in  the  assertion  that  "it  is  too 
often  the  absence  or  poverty  of  ideas  which 
leads  to  that  abuse  of  modulation  so  frequent 
in  a  multitude  of  modern  compositions.  Tonal 
unity  is  dreaded  as  a  weakness,  and  composers 
launch  out  into  endless  harmonic  digressions, 
the  inevitable  result  being  most  wearisome 
monotony."  Gounod  was  nothing  if  not  an 
enthusiast,  and  his  eloquent  words  concerning 
an  immortal  masterpiece,  if  savouring  at  times 
of  extravagance,  are  calculated  to  exercise  a 
stimulating  and  healthy  influence  on  musical 
students. 

The  Elements  of  Plain  Song.  Compiled  from 
a  Series  of  Lectures  delivered  before  Members 
of  the  Plainsong  and  Mediaeval  Music  Society. 
Edited  by  H.  B.  Briggs.  (Quaritch.)  —  The 
study  of  plain  song  has  advanced  considerably, 
though  it  can  scarcely  be  said  rapidly,  within 
the  last  fifty  years,  the  commencement  of  the 
revival  dating  almost  simultaneously  with  the 
Tractarian  movement.  But  it  is  the  opinion 
of  the  editor  of  the  present  handsomely  printed 
small  quarto  volume  that  until  Dom  Pothier's 
'  Les  Melodies  Gr^goriennes  '  appeared  in  1880 
we  had  little  more  than  a  parody  of  the  art, 
derived  from  corrupt  foreign  sources.  Complete 
unity  of  opinion  and  judgment  on  a  subject 
containing  so  much  that  is  necessarily  obscure 
is  scarcely  possible.  As  it  is  naively  said,  "it 
might  seem  presumptuous  to  difler  from  certain 
named  authorities,  were  it  not  for  one  consoling 
thought,  viz.,  that  they  difi'er  among  themselves." 
Two  influences  have  retarded  the  success  of 
what  some  naturally  deem  a  retrograde  move- 
ment. The  first  and  most  important  is  the 
pedantry  of  the  staunch  supporters  of  plain 
song,  or,  to  give  it  a  more  popular  definition, 
Gregorian  music.  Why  the  methods  adopted 
at  a  barbaric  period,  when  musical  art  was  in  its 
infancy,  should  alone  be  deemed  lawful  in  the 
service  of  the  sanctuary  is  hard  indeed  to  de- 
termine. Mr.  Briggs  says  that  "the  religious 
revival  of  the  past  half  century  was  accompanied 
in  its  early  years  by  the  recognition  of  plain 
song  as  essentially  the  proper  music  for  the 
Church's  services."  Why  this  should  be  so  we 
do  not  profess  to  know.  Imitations  of  mediaeval 
architectural  and  decorative  art  are  not  regarded 
as  absolutely  necessary,  though,  of  course,  they 
may  be  advantageously  employed,  and  similar 
remarks  will  apply  to  plain  song.  The  other 
objection  is  the  persistent  tendency  to  ornament 
the  Gregorian  tones  with  modern  chromatic 
harmonies  for  organ,  and  even  for  voices.  We 
thoroughly  agree  that  "chromatic  plain  song  is 
a  mere  hybrid,  the  offspring  often  of  Gregorian 
or  High  Church  tendencies  on  the  part  of  the 
parson  coupled  with  a  limited  knowledge  of 
more  modern  music  on  the  part  of  the  organist 
and  choir  —  pleasing  neither  and  intrinsically 
abominable."  This  volume  is  one  that  should 
certainly  be  in  the  hands  of  all  musicians  con- 
nected with  churches  where  the  liturgy  is  asso- 
ciated with  modes  instead  of  modern  scales,  as 
it  contains  everything  that  it  is  necessary  to 
know  concerning  a  branch  of  study  beset  with 
difficulties  and  surrounded  by  prejudices  on 
both  sides. 

Text-Bool;  of  Anrilican  Service  Music.  By 
Atherton  Knowles.  (Stock.) — Church  musicians 
are  accustomed  to  describe  as  "  Services"  set- 
tings of  the  morning  and  evening  canticles  in 
free  as  distinct  from  chant  form.  There  is  little 
that  is  original  in  the  present  treati.se,  such 
authorities  as  Burney,  Hawkins,  W.  Hayes, 
Ci'otch,  S.  S.  Wesley,  and  W.  A.  Barrett  being 
freely  drawn  upon  ;  but  it  is  a  handy  little 
volume,   tracing  the  development  of  this  form 


268 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N*>  3539,  Aug.  24, '95 


of  sacred  musical  art  from  Tallis,  who  may  be 
regarded  as  its  founder  ;  through  the  glories  of 
Gibbons,  Purcell,  Blow,  and  Croft ;  the  decline 
of  English  Church  music,  which  commenced 
with  Greene  and  Boyce,  and  continued  until 
the  lowest  ebb  was  reached  with  Clarke  Whit- 
field and  Jackson  of  Exeter  ;  and  the  splendid 
revival  during  the  present  century,  in  which 
Attwood,  Goss,  and  Henry  Smart  were  pioneers. 
At  the  present  time  there  are  very  many  workers 
in  a  field  which  seems  to  be  inexhaustible.  As 
to  the  value  of  their  labours  it  must  be  left  for 
posterity  to  judge  ;  but  at  no  period  since  the 
foundation  of  the  Church  of  England  has  the 
setting  of  the  Te  Deum,  the  Magnificat,  and 
the  other  canticles  occupied  the  attention  of 
musicians  so  largely  as  at  the  present  time. 


GREEK   MUSIC. 

August  19,  1895. 

The  impeachment  of  M.  Reinach  in  your  last 
issue  for  his  transcription  of  the  Greek  musical 
notation  into  modern  rests,  apparently,  upon 
two  assumptions  :  — 

1.  That  the  system  that  divides  the  octave 
into  twelve  equal  parts  was  unknown  to  the 
Aristoxenians. 

2.  That  two  sounds  of  the  same  absolute 
pitch  could  not  have  been  expressed  in  the  same 
hymn  by  two  different  Greek  symbols. 

Neither  of  the  above  contentions  is  in  any 
way  new  ;  and  although  it  is  not  to  be  supposed 
that  your  correspondent  has  the  least  desire  to 
lay  claim  to  what  is  not  his  own,  it  might  have 
been  better  if,  instead  of  referring  your  readers 
on  the  first  point  to  a  recent  article  of  his  own, 
he  had  informed  them  that  the  opinion,  as  set 
forth,  of  the  Aristoxenian  tuning,  is  at  least  as 
old  as  Meibom  and  Dr.  Wallis.  See,  for 
instance,  the  latter's  '  Generum  Synopsis  secun- 
dum Aristoxenum  '  in  the  quarto  (1682)  edition 
of  Ptolemy,  p.  299.  The  same  view,  in  more 
recent  times,  was  upheld  by  A.  J.  H.  Vincent 
(see  his  very  accurately  drawn  diagram  on 
p.  400  of  part  ii.  of  the  '  Notices  et  Extraits  des 
Manuscrits  de  la  Bibliotheque  du  Roi,'  vol.  xvi., 
1847).  Other  specialists  (such  as  F.  Bellermann 
and  R.  Westphal),  after  full  sifting  of  the  evi- 
dence, incline  to  the  opinion  that  equal  tem- 
perament was  known  to  the  Aristoxenians  in 
their  actual  musical  practice,  despite  the  ad- 
mitted fact  that  expressions  inconsistent  with 
that  temperament  are  to  be  found  in  the 
theoretical  writings  of  Aristoxenus  himself. 

Supposing,  however,  that  the  older  is  after 
all  the  truer  view,  the  practical  accuracy  of  the 
transcript  remains  unaflected.  For  our  musical 
notation  is  by  no  means  bound  up  with  equal 
temperament,  which,  indeed,  finally  estab- 
lished itself  in  England  only  within  the  last 
forty  or  fifty  years.  Handel's  diatonic  scale 
differed  far  more  from  equal  temperament  than 
the  "Wallis  -  Aristoxenian  scale.  So  do  the 
melodic  scales  constantly  played  at  the 
present  day  by  solo  violinists.  But  I  never 
heard  of  any  one  asserting  that  to  write  the 
*'  Hallelujah  Chorus  "  or  a  violin  concerto  in 
modern  notation  is  to  "  distort  "  the  music. 

As  regards  the  second  point  :  When  the 
Greek  musical  notation  was  first  fully  analyzed 
in  1847  by  Vincent,  Bellermann,  and  Fortlage, 
the  first-named  expressed  the  view  now  adopted 
by  Mr.  Torr,  while  the  two  latter  investigators 
(with  the  subsequent  concurrence  of  Westphal, 
Gevaert,  and  Monro)  consider  that  the  Greek 
notation,  in  the  classical  age,  had  in  fact 
arrived  at  the  stage  of  development  in  which 
our  own  notation  is  at  present.  In  the  beginning, 
c  sharp  and  d  fiat  meant  two  distinct  things  ; 
in  the  keyed-instrument  and  concerted  music 
of  to-day  they  nearly  always  mean  the  same 
thing.  But  as  they  are  still  theoretically  dif- 
ferent, musicians  continue  to  "carefully  dis- 
tinguish "between  the  two  signs,  always  writing 
c  sharp,  for  instance,  in  the  scale  of  D  major  or 
minor,  and  n  flat  in  the  scale  of  f  minor.  It  is 
believed  by  those  best  competent  to  judge  that 


the  Greek  musical  notation,  at  the  period  when 
the  Delphic  hymns  in  question  were  probably 
composed,  exhibited  the  same  inconsistency 
between  theory  and  practice,  the  theoretical 
distinction  being  the  survival  of  a  more  ancient 
practical  distinction.  Whether  this  be  the 
truth  or  not  can  only  be  established  by  long 
and  critical  arguments,  involving  many  complex 
and  some  perhaps  insoluble  questions  of  chro- 
nology. 

The  merits  of  the  rival  views  I  by  no  means 
intend  to  enter  upon  here.  But,  in  fairness  to 
M.  Reinach,  it  will  be  well  to  bear  in  mind  that 
both  the  points  raised  by  Mr.  Torr  have  been 
maturely  weighed  by  experts,  and  that  by  them 
judgment  has  been  passed  unfavourable  to  his 
contentions.  Ernest  Bergholt. 


The  orchestra  at  the  Queen's  Hall  has  been 
enlarged  and  has  much  improved  since  the 
opening  night  of  the  promenade  concerts.  Ex- 
cellent performances  of  Mendelssohn's  '  Italian  ' 
Symphony  and  Schubert's  '  Rosamunde  '  Over- 
ture were  secured  on  Wednesday  evening,  and 
the  programme  included  two  interesting  novel- 
ties. The  first  was  a  graceful  Meditation,  cha- 
racteristically scored,  from  Massenet's  opera 
*  Thais,'  and  the  other  the  Overture  to  Rimsky- 
Korsakoff's  opera  '  La  Nuit  de  Mai,'  a  piece  in 
which  the  nationality  of  the  composer  is  stamped 
on  every  page  of  the  principal  movement. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Dr. 
Done,  for  many  years  organist  of  Worcester 
Cathedral.  He  was  not  a  powerful  player,  and 
he  was  certainly  not  in  his  right  place  as  con- 
ductor of  the  Three  Choir  Festivals.  But  he 
was  most  earnest  in  his  work,  and  as  a  man  he 
was  greatly  and  deservedly  respected. 

Mr.  Charles  MACPHBRSONhas  been  appointed 
assistant  organist  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  in 
place  of  Mr.  Hodge,  recently  deceased,  and  Dr. 
J.  G.  Bennett  organist  and  choirmaster  of 
Lincoln  Cathedral.  Both  appointments  are 
eminently  judicious. 

According  to  the  Sahhurger  Volksblatt,  Miss 
Fanny  Davies  played  on  the  16th  inst.  at  Berch- 
tesgaden,  near  Salzburg,  at  a  concert  given  in 
the  royal  palace,  by  permission  of  the  Princess 
Marie  of  Saxe  Meiningen,  for  the  augmenta- 
tion of  the  fund  for  building  a  Protestant 
church.  Miss  Davies  was  heard  in  solos  by 
Schumann  and  Liszt,  and  in  one  of  the  new 
clarinet  sonatas  by  Brahms,  in  which  Herr 
Miihlfeld  took  part.  A  composition  for  the 
clarinet  by  the  Princess  Marie  herself  was  also 
played.  Herr  Staudigl,  son  of  the  celebrated 
vocalist,  and  his  wife,  Frau  Gisela  Staudigl, 
were  the  vocalists. 

A  NEW  opera  entitled  '  Mataswintha,'  by  the 
Polish  pianist  and  composer  Scharwenka,  of 
whom  little  has  been  heard  of  late,  is  shortly 
to  be  produced  at  the  Weimar  Grand  Ducal 
Theatre. 

SiGNOR  Verdi  is  still  at  work,  and  has  recently 
completed  a  mass  in  commemoration  of  the 
seventh  centenary  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua, 
and  has  also  written  the  music  to  several  hymns 
to  the  Virgin  Mary,  the  verses  being  by  Signer 
Boito. 


DRAMA 


The  slackest  of  remembered  Augusts,  so  far  as 
things  theatrical  are  concerned,  seems  likely  to 
befollowedbythobusiestof  recorded  Septembers. 
Rarely,  indeed,  has  a  month  at  any  period  of  the 
year  been  crowded  with  so  many  events  of  im- 
portance as  will  be  witnessed  during  next  month 
if  the  promised  theatrical  programme  be  carried 
out.      It  is    a  curious    phase    in    the   past,  or 


passing,  season  that  not  one  of  our  more  im- 
portant houses  has  during  July  and  August 
come  under  what  can  be  justly  described  as  a 
summer  management.  The  Garrick,  the  Lyceum, 
and  the  St.  James's  will  shortly  pass  into  hands 
other  than  those  of  their  accredited  managers. 
In  the  case  of  the  two  houses  first  named  the 
tenure  of  the  house  is  so  long  that  the  season 
can  scarcely  be  regarded  as  intercalary. 

It  is  curious  that  whereas  a  score  years  ago 
melodrama  of  the  most  pronounced  kind  was 
held  the  one  form  of  entertainment  calculated 
to  prevail  against  summer  heats  and  dispersal, 
the  place  of  this  is  now  taken  by  what  may  be 
called  extravaganza.  Of  the  few  theatres  re- 
maining open  all,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
are  occupied  with  the  lightest  conceivable  form 
of  entertainment.  A  curious  change  of  taste  is 
indicated  by  this.  At  the  middle  of  the  cen 
tury  the  country  visitor  returned  home  boast- 
ing of  having  seen  Charles  Kean,  Webster,  or 
Buckstone.  His  present  anxiety  is  to  be  able 
to  talk  about  Miss  May  Yohe,  Miss  Lettie  Lind, 
or  Mr.  Arthur  Roberts.  The  lesson  of  the 
change  we  are  not  careful  to  read ;  we  are  con- 
tent to  draw  attention  to  the  facts. 

After  a  run  even  shorter  than  was  antici- 
pated, 'Qwong  Hi'  has  been  withdrawn  from  the 
Avenue.  The  house  will,  it  is  said,  shortly 
witness  a  revival  of  '  The  Private  Secretary. ' 
A  new  comedy  drama  and  a  farce  by  Mr.  R.  C. 
Carton  are  also  said  to  be  in  contemplation. 

A  GOOD  many  changes  of  programme  have  been 
made  at  the  outlying  theatres.  'A  Woman's 
Victory,'  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Brabner,  has  been  pro- 
duced by  Miss  Marie  Dagmar  at  the  Pavilion  ; 
the  long-promised  production  of  '  Camille '  has 
introduced  Miss  Nethersole  to  the  public  at  the 
Grand;  and  'The  New  Barmaid,'  by  Messrs. 
Bowyer  and  Sprange,  has  been  given  at  the 
Metropole.  Miss  Hall  Caine  has  appeared  at 
the  Elephant  and  Castle  in  '  The  Home  Secre- 
tary.' 

'Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  !'  is  the  title  bestowed 
temporarily  upon  the  drama  of  Sir  Augustus 
Harris,  Mr.  Cecil  Raleigh,  and  Mr.  Henry 
Hamilton,  in  preparation  at  Drury  Lane.  The 
plot  will  deal  in  part  with  incidents  in  the  recent 
war  in  Matabeleland. 

'  Tommy  Atkins  '  is  the  title  of  the  new  piece 
by  Messrs.  Shirley  and  Landeck  which  will 
shortly  at  the  Princess's  replace  the  '  Saved 
from  the  Sea  '  of  the  same  writers. 

Miss  Kate  Phillips,  Miss  Sophie  Larkin, 
Mr.  Bromley-Davenport,  and  Mr.  W.  Blakeley 
have  been  secured  for  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier's 
forthcoming  experiment  at  the  Royalty. 

In  a  vulgar,  extravagant,  and  not  very  in- 
telligible farce  adapted  from  the  French,  and 
prosaically  and  unhappily  entitled  '  New  York 
Divorce,'  Mr.  Wilfred  Clarke,  a  son  of  Mr. 
John  S.  Clarke,  made  his  appearance  on 
Monday  at  the  Strand.  The  young  actor 
has  much  of  his  father's  method,  and  shows 
an  intensity  in  comedy  which,  since  that 
father's  retirement,  seemed  lost  to  the  stage. 
His  performance  of  a  jealous  husband  com- 
pelle.l  to  watch  his  wife  bestowing  embraces 
upon  another  man  was  genuinely  fine.  Mr. 
Clarke  promises  to  be  a  distinct  acquisition  to 
the  stage.  In  a  slight  and  old-fashioned  piece, 
entitled  'A  Youngster's  Adventure,' the  author- 
ship of  which  is  claimed  by  his  father,  Mr. 
Clarke  displayed  his  power  to  charge  a  rustic 
part  with  tenderness  as  well  as  earnestness. 
Miss  Marie  Hudspeth  acted  with  true  comedy 
feeling,  and  Mr.  A.  Wood  and  Miss  Nancy  Noel 
were  seen  to  advantage. 

Mr.  Toole  announces  for  September  3rd  his 
reappearance  on  the  stage  and  his  resumption 
of  his  original  character  in  'Thoroughbred.' 


To     CORRESPONDICNTS.— H.     II.  — II.     B.     M.— J.     J.     W.— 

A.  II. — rt-ceived. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communicationf. 


N^  3539,  Aug.  24, '95 THE    ATHEN^UM 269 

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270 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N^'SSSQ,  Aug.  24,'95 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 


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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS   WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 
NOTES :— Early  Life  ol  Anne  lioleyn— Tlie  Columbian   Exposition— 
"  The  Three  Estates  "— William— Street  signs-Spurgeon— Philip  II. 
of  Spain— Burial  of  Sir  John  .Moore— Weldon  Familj-— The  Evil  Eye 
—Language— Mary  Magdalene. 

QUERIES  :—Sliakspeare— Stamp  .\et,  1783—'  The  King  s  Quhair  '—Baron 
Metge  — Dunealf— The  Pretender- "  Madam  "—"  Myriad-minded  "— 
Portrait — Population  of  Itoman  Britain— Society  tor  the  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge— Does  the  Sun  put  out  the  Fire?— Grace  Church 
—Four  Living  Great-gi-andmothers  —  "Banana"  —  Closaraont  —  J. 
Kogers,  Vicar  ol  Bradiord- Barclay's  '  Euphormio.' 

RErLIES:—"Oaken"— Errors  in  Cataloguing  — Graham  of  Gartnp- 
Leyrestowe— "D^bonnaire  " — Tournaments— 'The  Shaving  of  Shag- 
pat ' —Pronunciation  of  Sea —  "  Dog's-eared  and  turned  down  "— 
Leatlier  Jacks- "Coulin"— Sliakspeare  :  Hilliard  Portrait— "  Does 
your  mother  know  you're  out?"  — Hicks  Family —  Churching  of 
Women  — "Frightened  of "  — Luminous  Carbuncle  —  Goldfinches 
Poisoning- William  of  Wykeham—"  Grandmother's  Nightcap"— 
Oil  of  Eggs— "Ever  Loyal  City"— Burning  for  Heresy— Kalevala — 
Parish  Charities— Bishop  Cotton— "Parsoa"-'  The  Beggar's  Opera' 
—'  (hum"  — Mrs.  S.  Williams  — Date  of  the  Equinox— Ariosto— 
Visiting  Card.s— "Links" —  The  Flowers  of  the  Forest' — Church  of 
Charles  the  Martyr. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Bellezza's  '  Introduzione  alio  Studio  del  Font! 
Italian!  de  G.  Chaucer  '— Larkin's  '  Elliptical  Orbits  '— '  Edinburgh 
Keview '— Archwologieal  Publications 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEKS  NUMBER  contains— 
NOTES  :— Archbishop  Wake— Almondbury— 'Eikon  Basilike  —'Human 
Hybernation'— Coincidences— Thunderbolts  as  Door-props  —  Hops 
— Prices  in  1602-3 — Lancers  in  the  British  Army  —  Rhyme  to 
"Chimney  "-Errors  in  Cataloguing— Epiiaph—To  Cure  a  Cough— 
"  Taking  a  rise  "—Church  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate— Barton  Booth- 
Quotation  Verified. 

QUERIES:- Addams  :  Ashley:  Dehew  :  Morton;  Saxton  :  Talbot— 
Robinson:  Busby— R.  Busby— Wcssex— Lieut. -Col  de  Ruvignf  — 
I>ante's  Geography—"  Hoo.hee,  have  at  all  "—Wellington's  Estimate 
of  Napoleon — Law  of  Reform — Aims  of  Canterbury— List  of  Wills 
Proved— History  of  St  Pancras— Portrait  of  Dr  Richmond— Siege 
of  Vienna— "A  Pot  of  Ink" — "Holterer"- Nightmares— Earl  of 
Halifax— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Grea;  Bed  of  Ware— Stolen  Relics  Restored— Le  Despeneer 
— Gower  —  Cromwell  in  Wales  —  Theodolite  —  Barras  —  Iturbide^ 
Highgate  in  Last  Century— Rev  J.  Marriott— Epitaph  on  Dr.  John- 
son—Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson— Philanthropy— Finser  Pillory- 
Jesse  Windows — Evance—'Tilliwilly  "—Graham  of  Garcur— First 
Atlantic  Steamship— Boothby  Arms — "Still  and  on" — "Education- 
alist "—Cornish  Custom—'  Frankenstein  —  "  Fine-axed  '"— Vestment 
Brasses- So-ho — Leonardo  da  Vinci— Fish-head  Shaped  Windows — 
Sedan  Chair— Sir  Gore  of  Sacombe — Nautical  Punch-bowl — Rum— 
"Reformades" — Old  French  Map— Dumb  Bell— Seven  Wonders  of 
the  World. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Gurteen"s  'The  Arthurian  Epic  "-Baker's  'The 
Model  Republic'— Napper"s  'Caesar  in  Surrey '-Howard's  'Eliot 
Papers '— '  Bibliogiaphica, '  Part  VI.—'  L'lntermMiaire.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  AUGUSTIO. 
NOTES:— 'Childe  Harold"— The  Columbian  Exposition— "Three  Estates 
of  the  Realm"— Roman  Koads— Bishop  Cotton— Humble  Bee  — 
Burning  for  Heresy— "A  Tweedside  Kettle  "-City  Parishes— Sheep- 
stealer  Hanged—'  'The  Abbotsford  Family '— '  The  Extraordinary 
Black  Book." 

QUERIES:— Giovanni  Fontana— Engraved  Portrait— T  Haley— Pope 
Joan — "Grandmother's  Nightcap" — "Link" — The  Welshman  and 
the  Fleas  — "Oaken"  — Heraldic  — C  Scot,  Bishop  of  Chester— 
.Spanish  Language— Kentish  M.P.s  in  the  Long  Parliament -Pitt 
Club — Bibliography — Burial  Custom— Cherry-stones— G.  Errington 
— Spider-won  called  "  Trinity  " — William  of  Wykeham— Peter  Ben- 
son—Collins's  'Ode  to  the  Passions.' 

REPLIES:— Pronunciation  of  Sea— Keble  and  'The  Christian  Year '— 
Old  Oil  Painting— Mrs.  Pitt,  Actress- 'The  Shaving  of  Shagpat'— 
The  Tenth  Beatitude  —  Saunders  —  The  Death  Microbe  —  Child 
Marriages  — "Hecatomb"  rhymed  with  "Gloom" — "Solomon- 
gundy" — Iconoclasni  of  John  Shakespeare— Inscription  on  Ring — 
Spinning-wheel  — "Jockteleg"— Child  s  Poem— Rev.  G.  Piggott— 
'Reliquije  Diluviana>" — Whister-poup— Bull-roarer  —  "The  nearer 
the  Kirk,'"  &c — Dalrymples,  Earls  of  Stair— St  Marie  Overie— Mrs. 
Cornelys— "Muggleswick" — Arthur's  C<'ttee-house— G.  J.  Johnson — 
Canterbury  —  Valse  —  "  Ha-ha"  — Simon  de  ISIontforfs  Bones  — 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest '-Sir  R.  Clarke— Miami  University- Sir  T. 
More— Lewln  Family— Prince  Charles  Edward— Rosary. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  AUGUST 3. 
NOTFS  :— Nelson  Relics- Lady  Katherine  Grey— Local  AnecJotes- 
John  Flamstoed— "Only  "—Letter  of  Tennyson— H  Mossop— 'La 
Grippe  ' — "  Battletwig  " :  "  Landlady  "  :  "  Boggart  " — "  Effrontery  ""— 
Statues— M'elsh  Place-names— "Denting  ":  "  Ringer"— Mistakes  in 
Reference  Books- "Frightened  of  "—Audrey  or  Awdry. 

QUERIES  :— "  DiBghibelline"—Tianslation—"PIaintain"— Portrait  of 
Warren  Hastings— Gigantic  Bones— Oil  of  Exs-'s— Gower— Tourna- 
ments—Freemason  Female  Charity— Extraordinary  blunder- Wor- 
cester Cloisters— '  Kalevala  ' — "A  woman  with  a  past  "—Sporting 
Names  of  Birds- "Camberwell  Fringe" — "Drink  to  me  only  with 
thine  eyes"— Lincoln  Inventory— Goldfinches  Poisoning— Pelham 
of  Tillington— Swimming— "Coulin." 

REPLIES  :— Shakspeare  :  Hilliard  Portrait—'  Legends  of  Florence  '— 
Le  Dpspcncer— Victoria  Cross— Lord  Mordaunt- Masons'  Marks- 
Translations  of  the  New  Testament  —  Leather  Drinking  Jacks- 
Needlework  Samplers  —  "Gavel '— Sibyl— "  Cantankerous" — Room 
with  Lodgers  — Massinger  — Prof  Blackie  on  Scott— "Chum  "— 
C^hangclings- Wraxall  -Scratch-back— i  O'urde  Lion  — Pi'onunciation 
of  I'lace-names— Church  Registers— Sir  A  Piisihall- C.  C.  de  Cres- 
pigny— Tip-cat— Cock-fighting— Saying  attributed  to  Dr.  l*riestley  — 
Captain-Lieutenant-"  Gallett"— Joe  Miller— Drydcn  and  Greek— 
"  Dictate  "—Dumb  Bell -Parish  Charities— Chlfflnch— Pages  of  the 
Bedchamber— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Sharpo's  '  London  and  the  Kingdom  "— Mangras"s 
'  Diicde  Lau/.un  and  the  Court  of  Louis  X^^'— Richardson's  '  George 
Morland,  Painter —Bowc8'»  'Notes  on  Shlppo'— 'The  Legitimist 
Kalendar  for  W'lr,: 

NoU'.cs  to  Correspondents. 


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In  2  vols,  crown  Svo.  with  2  Portraits,  24«. 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


Published  by  John  C.  Francis, 
Bream's  -  building.s   Chancery- lane,    E.G. 


"  No  other  fifty  years  of  English  literature  contain 
so  much  to  interest  an  English  reader."— Ei'eeman, 

"  A  fascinating  page  of  literary  history." 

llliiitrated  London  News. 

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era  of  English  literature." — Standard. 

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comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation." — Leeds  Mercury. 

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once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

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of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremelj'  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happ}'  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr, 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"  The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical   sketch  of  the  life   of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  wliich  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury, 

"The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  Tlie  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  tlie  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Dost. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  susjtect  thnt  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

Liverpool  Mercury. 

"  No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  i)ersons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  intlicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  bo  of  incalculable  service." 

Doohseller. 

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deals.  We  confess  that  wo  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner, 


London  :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  k  SON, 

New  Burlington-street,  W., 
Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  ller  Rlojisty  the  Queen. 


N"  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


271 


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I     N     O     L     I     A 
roR 
SUNBURN,  INSECT  BITES,  ITCHING,  &c. 


DI  N  N  E  F  O  R  D'S      MAGNESIA. 
The   best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HBAKTBURN, 

HBADACUK,  GOLT. 

and  I.NDIOKHTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  tor  Delicate  Constltations, 
Children,  and  Infanu. 

DINNEFOKD'S        MAGNESIA, 


272 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3539,  Aug.  24,  '95 


CLARENDON     PRESS    LIST. 


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SATURDAY,   AUGUST    31,   1895. 


PBIOH 
THRBEPBNGB 

BBGISTBBBD  AS  A  NBWSPAPBB 


BRITISH         MUSEU  M.— 
The    READING    ROOMS    will    be   CLOSKD    from    MONDAY, 
September  2,  to  THURSDAY,  September  5,  inclusive. 

E.  MAtNDE  THOMPSON,  Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary. 
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LADY  seeks  ENGAGEMENT  as  AMANUENSIS 
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A  FRENCH  GENTLEMAN,  B.-^s-L.  and  Officier 
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DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

T30YAL    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE,    DUBLIN. 


V 


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-For  particulars  apply  to  Slc  rctiry.  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin. 

ACANT   PROFESSORSHIP.— The  Trustees  of 

CHESHUNT  COLLEGE.  HERTS,  are  prepared  to  receive  appli- 
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UDDERSFIELD    TECHNICAL    SCHOOL. 


H 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  PRINCIPAL  of  the  above 
School,  vacant  through  the  appointment  of  Dr  furpin  as  Head  Master 
of  the  Intermediate  and  Technical  Schools.  Swansea.  The  Principal 
will  be  responsible  for  the  organization  and  discipline  of  the  whole 
School,  both  in  its  Day  and  Evening  Classes.  He  will  be  required  to 
take  part  in  the  instruction,  and  must  therefore  have  made  some 
branch  or  branches  of  Science  taught  in  the  School  his  especial  study. 
Salary  400i. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  on  or  before  September  7,  1895.— For 
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THOMAS  THORP,  Secretary. 

COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  NEWP(jRT. 

NEWPORT  INTERMEDIATE  and  TECHNICAL 
SCHOOLS. 

Th&  Governing  Body  of  the  above  Schools  are  prepared  to  receive 
applications  for  the  appointments  of  HEAD  MASTER  and  HEAD  MIS- 
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United  Kingdom  and  the  salary  paid  will  be  2001.  per  annum  and  a 
Capitation  Fee  of  2(  per  year  per  .Scholar.    Accommodation  140 

The  Head  Mistress  must  either  be  a  Graduate  or  hold  a  Diploma  or 
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Preference  will  be  given  in  both  appointments  to  those  possessing 
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The  appointment  will  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  Charity  Com- 
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Applications,  stating  age.  qualifications,  and  experience,  accompanied 
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2Ut.  day  of  September.  1895 

Dated  this  17th  day  of  August,  1895 

ALBERT  A.  NEWMAN, 
Town  Clerk,  and  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 

SCHOOL  TRANSFER— The  PRINCIPALS  of  an 
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MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
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New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.  — The  NEXT 
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kindly  allowed  to  Mrs.  Benson,  Lambeth  Palace;  Professor  Ruskin, 
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Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  E.  B.^vnes. 

PRIORY  HOUSE  SCHOOL  (GIRLS),  57,  Clapton 
Common.  N  E.    Principal-Miss  A  B  ANDERTON.  B  A.  (Lond.). 
MICHAELMAS  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  16. 


PRIORYHOUSE  SCHOOL,C]aptonCommon,N.E. 
—HOWARD  ANDERTON  and  W.  STANLEY  ANDERTON,  B.A. 
(Lond),  TRAIN  and  EDUCATE  BOYS,  the  Sons  of  Gentlemen.  The 
School  is  healthily  situated,  facing  Clapton  Common.  Playing  Field. 
The  MICHAELMAS  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY',  September  17. 

ST.     SAVIOUR'S     GRAMMAR     SCHOOL, 
SUMNER-STREET,  SOUTHWARK. 
Chartered  1562.  Re-organized  1895. 

Head  Master,  appointed  under  New  Scheme— 
E.  H    HENSLEY,  M  A.  Cantab. 
This  School  is  now  richly  endowed,  and  will  provide  a  good  modern 
education  preparatory  for  the  Universities,  the  Professions,  or  Com- 
mercial Lite.    Fees  8i  a  year.    Pupils  admitted  at  any  time  at  propor- 
tional fees. 

SCHOLARSHIPS,  exempting  from  fees,  offered  for  competition. 
NEXT  TERM  COMMENCES  MONDAY,  September  16  —Further  par- 
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BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  Y'ork -place.  Baker-street,  W. 
The    SESSION  will   BEGIN   on  THURSDAY,  October  3.      The  In- 
augural Lecture  by  Professor  HERKOMEB,  R.A.,  on  'Art  Tuition,' at 
4.30  P.M.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  York-place,  Baker-street,  VV. 
Principal  —  Miss    EMILY     PENROSE. 
HYGIENE  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
The  Course  of  Instruction.  Practical  and  Theoretical,  in  above  sub- 
jects will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  Octot)er. 3— Further  information  on 
application.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN. 
8  and  9,  Y'^orkplace.  Baker-street,  W. 
Founded  1849.    Principal,  Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
SESSION  1895-6. 
The  SF..SSION   in  the  COLLEGE,  the    TRAINING  DEPARTMENT, 
and  the  ART  ^CHOOL  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  3.  1895 
Students  are  expected  to  enter  their  Names  on  Wednesday.  October  2. 
The  Inauguial  Lecture  will  be  delivered  by  Prof  HERKO.MER.  R  A  , 
on  the  first  day  of  Term,  at  i.'.iO  p.m.    Courses  in  preparation  for  all  the 
Examinations  in  .^rts  and  Science  at  the  University  of  London.    Lec- 
tures in  all  branches  of  Higher  Education.    Students  can  reside  in  the 
College     The  An  School  is  open  from  10  till  4.     All  inquiries  to  be 
made  of  the  Principal. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  York-place.  Baker-street,  W. 
Founded  1849.    Principal,  .Miss  EMILY  I'ENROSE. 
HYGIENE  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
A    COURSE   of   SCIENTIFIC    INSTRUCTION    in    HYGIENE    and 
PUBLIC  HEALTH,  qualifying  Women  to  be   Teachers.  Lecturers,  and 
Inspectors,  will   1IK(;IN  in  OCTOBER,  and  extend  over  the  Session 
The  Course  will  be  both  Theoretical  and  Practical,  and  will  embrace 
lectures  on 

HYGIENE  —L'uis  Parked,  MD  Lond,  D  P  H.  With  Practical 
Demonstration  In  the  College  Laboratories  and  at  the  Parkes 
Museum. 


CHEMISTRY— Holland  Crompton,  F  C  S, 
PHYSICS  -F  Womack.  B  Sc  Lond. 

I»ractical  Work  In   the  Chemical  and  Physical   Lalioratories  of  the 
College.    Paniculars  to  be  obtained  from  the  Pkinxipvu 

LUCY  J.  KUSSBLL,  Honorary  .Secretary. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-8UR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNF^SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLB.  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  8ALNT  RAPHAEL.  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  RlTOU,  Parig. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

NATIONAL    ART     TRAINING    SCHOOL, 
SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  8.W. 
Visitors- W.  B.  RICHMOND,  RA.  F.  J.  SHIELDS,  A.R.W.8. 
Principal— JOHN  C.  L.  SPARKES,  Esq. 
The  ANNUAL  SESSION  1895-96  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNE,SDAY, 
October  2.    Art  Classes  in  connexion  with  the  Training  School  are  open 
to  the  public  on  payment  of  fees.     The  Classes  for  Men  and  Women 
Students  meet  separately.     'The  studies  comprise  Ornament  and  the 
Figure,  with  a  view  to  their  ultimate  use  in  Design  and  Composition, 
and  include  the  study  of  Plants  and  Flowers,  the  Painting  of  Still  Life, 
and  the  Drawing  and  Painting  of  Ornament  and  of  the  Figure. 

Candidates  for  admission  who  have  not  passed  any  fcxamination  oX 
the  Department  in  Freehand  Drawing  must  pass  the  Admission  Exami- 
nation in  that  subject. 

This  Examination  will  be  held  at  the  School  on  September  ?4  and 
October  8.  at  11.45  a..m  and  6.45  p  m.  on  both  days,  and  on  subsequent 
Tuesdays  at  frequent  intervals  during  the  Session. 

Application  for  further  information  may  be  made  in  writing  to  the 
Secretary.  Department  of  Science  and  Art.  S  W. ;  or.  on  and  after 
October  2,  personally  to  the  Registrar,  at  the  School,  Exhibition-road, 
S  W  By  order  of  the 

LORDS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  OF  COUNCIL  ON  EDUCATION. 

UNIVERSITY      of       LONDON. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 
LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
SPECIAL  CLASSKS  are  held  in  the  sublects  required  for  the  PRE- 
LIMINARY SCIENTIFIC  MB.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course,  Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  MB  (Lond  )  and 
Primary  F  R  C.S.  and  other  Examinations 

These  Classes  will  COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCO'lT,  Warden. 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

PHB  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


The  TWENTY'-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE. 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFrH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 
1895. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry  Oivil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering.  Coal  Mining.  'Textilo 
Industries.  Dyeing.  Leather  Manufacture.  Agriculture.  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  ia 
the  Faculties  of  Arts.  Science.  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  ma  y  be  had  from  the  Recistr  vr 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON,  FRS  .  COMMENCES  on  THURSUAY,  October  .5. 
at  1  p.M  The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require- 
ments of  Students  readinif  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni. 
versify.— For  SyUabus-apply  to 

%-  J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M. A.,  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 


The  SESSION  of  the  F.VCULTIES  of  ARTS  and  LAW^S  and  of 
SCIENCE  (including  the  Indian  and  Oriental  Schools  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Fine  Arts)  will  BEGIN  on  WEDNESDAY'.  October  •->.  Prof. 
W.  F  R.  ■WELDON.  F  R  S  .  will  make  a  Report  on  the  Scientific  Work 
of  the  past  Session,  and  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  by  Sir  JOHN 
ERICHSEN,  Bart.,  President  of  the  College,  at  3  p  m. 

Professors. 
F  Althaus,  Ph.D.— German. 
J.  P.   Bate,  MA.  LL.D.— Jurisprudence  and  Constitutional    Law  and 

History. 
T.    Hudson   Beare,    B.Sc.    Assoc.    M.Inst.C.E.   F.R.S.E.  —  Mechanical 

Engineering 
Cecil  Bendall.  MA— Sanskrit, 
Rev. 'T  G   Bonney,  D.Sc   LL  I)  FRS  F.G.S— Geology  and  Mineralogy 

(Y'ates  Goldsmid  Professorship). 
Frederick  Brown— Fine  .4rts  (Slade  Professorship). 
Rev  Robert  Bruce,  D  D  —Persian 

T  W  Rhys  Davids.  LL  D.  Ph  D  — Pali  and  Buddhist  Literature. 
Vacant  —Italian  Language  and  Literature 
J  A.  Fleming,  MA   1)  Sc  FRS —Electrical  Engineering. 
G.  C.  Foster.  B.A.  F.R  S— Physics  iQuain  Profe^sorshipA 
H  S.  Foxwell,  MA  —Political  Economy 
M.  J.  M.  Hill.  MA.  D  Sc  F.KS— Mathematics. 
A.  E.  Housman,  M  A  —Latin 
W.  P    Ker,  M.A.— English  Language  and  Literature  (Uuain  Prolcssar- 

ship). 
H  Lallemand,  B  -Cs-Sc— French  Language  and  Literature. 
Key.  Dr  D.  W.  Marks— Hebrew  (Goldsmid  Pro.'cbsorship). 
F  C  Montague.  M  A  -History. 
A  F.  Murison,  -M  A  LL.Ii —Roman  Ij»w. 
F   W  Oliver.  MA.  D  sc— Botany  (Uuain  Professorship). 
Karl  Pearson.  M  A   LL  B  —Applied  .Mathematics  and  .Mechanic!. 
W.  .M.  Flinders  Petrie,  DC  L— Egyptology. 
J    Arthur  Piatt,  .M  .A  —Greek 
Vacant  — Archa?ology  (Yates  Profe<sorshlp). 
J   P   I'ostgato,  M  A.  LlttD— Com  paratlve  Philology. 
W   Ramsay.  Ph  1)  F.R  S  -Chemistry      „  „     , 
E    \.  Schlifer  F  R  S -Physiology  (Jodrell  Professorship). 
T  Roger  Smith.  F  R  1  B  A  —Architecture. 
S  A  Strong.  .MA —.Arabic 
J.  Sully.  .MA.  LLD— Philosophy  of  Mind  and  Logic  (Grote  ProIe«»nr- 

L.  F  Vernon  Harcourt.  M  A.  M  Inst  C  E— Civil  Engineering  and  Sur- 
veying. 
W.  F    U.    Weldon.  M  A.   FRS  —Zoology  and  Comparative  Anaionix 

(Jodrcll  Professorship  1. 
L  L  Price   M  A  — RUtistics  (Newmarch  Lecturer) 
E.  .Moore.  1)  D— Barlow  Lecturer  on  Dai.tc 
Students  are  admitted  to  all  Clashes  without  previous  examination. 
Scholarships.  &c.,  of  the  value  of  2.0^0/    may  be  awarded  annually. 
The  rcKutations   as  to  thc.-te.  and  fuilher  information  as  to  Llnsnes, 
Prizes,  &c  ,  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  MA  ,  Sccrctur. 


274 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3540,  Aug.  31,  '95 


THE  DURHAM  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE, 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  UniTer- 
sity  Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Stuilenis  of  both  Bexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science. 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture.  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c. 

Kesidential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  AYomen  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

25th  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23. 1895. 

Full  particulars  of  the  Vnivei-sity  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.).— Prospectus  on  application  to 
the  Secretary. 

NIVERSITY  COLLEGE   of   SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


u 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
95. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Departr.-ent  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools- 
Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Registrar. 


B 


ABERDARE  HALL, 

This  Hall  ol  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (Somerville  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 1895. 

ILSIZE    COLLEGE,    HAMPSTEAD 

(for  LUJIES), 
43,  Belsize  Park-gardens,  N.W.    Established  I87I. 

Classes  for  General  Education,  under  the  teaching  and  supervision  of 
the  Principals.  Resident  English  and  Foreign  Governesses.  Pupils 
prepared  for  University  Examinations,  &c.  Entire  charge  taken  of 
Pupils  from  India  and  the  Colonies. 

Professors  and  Lecturers  in  attendance  :— 
English  Language  and  Literature,  J.  N.  HETHERINGTON,  Esq., 
F  R.G  S— Ancient  and  Modern  History,  H.  E.  MALDEN,  Esq.,  MA. 
F.R  Hist  S.— Science,  H  CAMPBELL,  Esq,  M.D.  M.K.C.P.— French, 
A.  HUGUENET,  Esq.,  MC.P.,  Officier  de  TAcad^mie,  University  de 
France,  French  Master  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  and 
occasional  Examiner  to  H.M  Civil  Service  Commission —German,  Dr. 
C  A  REINECKE,  University  of  Gottingen  and  City  of  London  College 
— Landscape,  Perspective,  and  Model  Drawing  from  the  Cast  and  Living 
Model,  in  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  ALFRED  HARUY,  Esq  ;  Miss  ROPE 
—Pianoforte,  WALTER  MACFAKREN,  Esq..  RAM.  ;  WALTER 
FITTON,  Esq.,  R  A  M.— Solo  Singing,  Choral  Singing,  R.  H.  CUM- 
MINGS,  Esq,  R.A.M.— Harp,  F.  LoCKWOOD,  Esq —Violin,  ELLIS 
ROBERTS,  Esq  —Dancing  and  Calisthenics,  Mrs.  BURCH.— Musical 
DrUl,  Miss  CHREIMAN. 

CLASSES  REOPEN  SEPTEMBER  23, 1895. 
For  terms,  reference,  &c.,  apply  to  the  Principals. 


u 


NIVERSITY      of     ST.      ANDREWS. 


Chancellor- His  Grace  the  DUKE  of  ARGYLL,  K  T.  LL.D. 

Rector— The  Most  Honouiable  the  MARQUESS  of  BUTE,  K.T.  LL.D. 

Principal— JAMES  DONALDSON,  MA.  LL.D. 

OPENING  OF  SESSION  1895-%. 

UNITED  COLLEGE. 

This  College  will  be  formallv  opened  on  TUESDAY,  October  8,  and 
the  W^NTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  WEDNESOAY,  October  9. 

The  Preliminary  Examinations,  with  which  the  Examinations  for 
Bursaries  are  combined,  will  commence  on  September  27.  Schedules 
of  admission  will  be  supplied  by  the  Secretary  up  to  September  20. 

There  are  Forty-six  Bursaries  va^int,  langing  in  value  from  40!.  to 
5(,  10s.  Of  these  Thirty-one  are  tenable  by  Men  only,  Tliirteen  (of 
which  Seven  are  restricted  to  Medical  Students)  by  Women  only,  and 
Two  (the  Berry  Bursaries  of  40(  each)  by  either  Men  or  Women. 

In  the  course  of  the  Session  Eight  Scholarships  will  be  competed  for, 
Five  ol  which  are  open  to  both  sexes.  They  range  in  value  from  1001. 
to  35i. 

ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE. 

This  College  will  be  opened  on  TUESDAY,  October  29.  The  E.Kami- 
nations  for  Bursaries  will  be  held  on  October  23  and  :;6.  Intimation  of 
candidature  is  not  necessary.  There  are  Seven  competitive  Bursaries 
vacant,  ranging  in  value  from  40(.  to  71.  At  the  close  of  the  Session 
Two  Scholarships  of  100(.  each  and  one  of  211.  will  be  open  to  com- 
petition. 

The  Classes  in  :he  University  are  open  to  .Students  of  both  sexes,  and 
include  Latin,  Greek,  English,  French,  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Logic  and 
Metaphysics,  Moral  Philosophy,  Education,  Mathematics,  Natural 
Philosophy,  Chemistry,  Zoology,  Botany,  Physiology,  Systematic  Theo- 
logy, Biblical  Criticism  and  Church  History. 

Specimen  Examination  Papers  and  full  particulars  respecting  the 
Courses  of  Instruction,  Fees,  Examinations  for  Degrees,  &c.,  will  be 
found  in  the  Calendar  ol  the  University,  published  by  Messrs.  William 
Blackwood  &  Sons,  45,  George-street,  Edinburgh,  price  2s  6d.  ;  by  post, 
■2  s.  11./. 

A  general  Prospectus  for  the  coming  Winter  Session,  as  well  as 
detailed  information  re^':arding  any  department  of  the  University,  may 
be  had  on  application  to  J.  MAITLAND  ANDERSON,  Secretary. 

University  ol  St.  Anui-ews.  August  26, 1895. 

/ -<UY'S  HOSPITAL.— RESIDENTIALCOLLEGE" 

V J  —Early  application  should  be  made  to  secure  ROOMS  for  the 
WINTER  SESSION.  Rent  from  10s  to  10s.  a  week.— Apply  to  the 
Warden,  The  College,  Guy's  Hospital,  S.E. 


G 


UY'S     HOSPITAL     ENTRANCE    SCHOLAR- 

SHIP.S.— Two  Open  Scholarships  in  Science  of  the  value  of  1.7)/ 
and  C0(  ,  and  Two  in  Arts  of  the  value  of  VMil  and  .W  ,  are  otlered  for 
COMPKI'iriON  in  SEPl'UMBER  NEXT.— Full  particulars,  with  copies 
ol  Papers  set  at  the  last  Examination,  may  be  obtained  on  aj>plication 
to  the  Dr;\N,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S  E. 


G^UY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL.— The 
f  WINTEIt  Si:ssiON  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY,  October  1 
Entrance  Scholan.liir)S  of  the  combined  value  of  .'!fj0/,  are  awarded 
annually,  and  nunjcious  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  (or  competition 
by  Students  ol  I  hi-  S;'hool. 

The  number  of  I'atients  treated  in  the  wards  during  last  year  was  5.908. 

.Ml  hospital  appointments  arc  open  to  Students  without  charge,  and 
the  holders  ol  residential  appointments  arc  provided  with  board  and 
lodging 

The  College  accommodates  Sixty  Students,  under  the  supervision  ol 
a  resident  Warden. 

The  Dental  School  provides  the  full  Curriculum  required  for  llie 
LDH   England 

The  CIuIi'k  Union  Athletic  Ground  Is  easily  accessible. 

A  Handbook  ol  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Prnlcssion  will  be  lorwarded  on  application. 

For  the  Prospectus  (^f  the  School,  ccmtaining  lull  particulars  as  to 
Fees,  fourge  of  Study  advised,  regulations  ol  the  College,  &c  ,  applv, 
personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Dun,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 


UNIVERSITY     OF     ABERDEEN. 

SESSION   1895-6. 


aiancellor—ms  Grace  the  DUKE  of  RICHMOND  and  GORDON,  K,G.  D.C.L. 
lord  Hector— The  Most  Honourable  the  MARQUIS  of  HUNTLY,  P.C.  LL.D. 
Vice-chancellor  and  Princijial—Siv  WILLIAM  DUGUID  GEDDES,  LL.D.  D.Litt, 


THE  UNIVEESITY  of  ABERDEEN,  founded  in  1494-5,  possesses  under  its  Charters  the 
amplest  privileges  claimed  or  enjoyed  by  any  Academic  Institution.  It  confers  Degrees  in  ARTS, 
MEDICINE,  SCIENCE,  LAW,  and  DIVINITY,  and  also  grants  the  Diploma  in  PUBLIC  HEALTH, 
under  conditions  found  detailecl  in  the  '  Calendar.' 

Important  Additions  have  recently  been  made  to  the  University  Buildings,  and  further  University 
Extensions  are  being  carried  out  at  a  cost  of  over  100,OOOZ. 


FACULTY   OF   ARTS. 

The  SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  16,  1895,  and  CLOSES  MARCH  18,  1896. 

The  PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATION  COMMENCES  SEPTEMBER  28. 

CLASSES,  PROFESSORS,  AND  LECTURERS. 


Greek— Prof.  HARROWER,  M.A. 
Latin-Prof.  RAMSAY,  M.A.  D.C.L.  LL.D. 

English  Literature— Prof.  GRIERSON,  M.A. 

Mathematics— Prof.  PIRIE,  M.A. 

Natural  Philosophy-Prof.  NIVEN,  M.A.  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 

Logic— Prof.  ADAMSON,  M.A.  LL.D. 

Moral  Philosophy— Prof.  SORLEY,  M.A. 


M.D. 


Natural    History-  Prof.    ALLEYNE     NICHOLSON, 

D.Sc.  F.L.S. 
Botany— Prof.  TRAIL,  M.A.  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Chemistry— Prof.  JAPP,  M.A.  LL.D.  F.R.S. 
Hebrew  and  Semitic  Languages— Prof.  GILROY,  B.D. 
Modern     Languages     (French     and     German)  —  Dr.     W. 

SCHOLLB,  Ph.D. 
Education- Dr.  JOSEPH  OGILVIE,  LL.D. 


The  DEGREE  of  MASTER  of  ARTS  (M.A.)  is  conferred  after  a  Course  of  Instruction  and  Examination  extending 
over  Three  Winter  Sessions,  or  Two  Winter  and  Tliree  Summer  Sessions.  Candidates  for  the  Degree  must  attend  Full 
Courses  in  at  least  Seven  Subjects,  and  be  examined  in  these  Subjects. 


FACULTY   OF    SCIENCE. 

In  the  Faculty  of  Science  the  Degrees  granted  are  BACHELOR  of  SCIENCE  (B,Sc.)  and  DOCTOR  of  SCIENCE 
(D.Sc).  The  Classes  included  in  this  Faculty  are  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry,  Botany,  Zoology,  Geology. 
Anatomy,  and  Physiology.  The  Course  of  Study  extends  over  not  less  than  Three  Years,  and  must  embrace  at  least  Seven. 
Full  Courses  in  the  Subjects  prescribed  for  Examination. 


FACULTY   OF   DIVINITY. 

For  Courses  of  Instruction  and  Regulations  for  B.D.  Degree,  see  '  The  University  Calendar.' 


FACULTY   OF   LAW. 

During  Session  1895-96  Classes  on  Scots  Law  (Prof.  DOVE  WILSON,  LL.D.)  and  on  Conveyancing  (Mr.  JAMES 
DUGUID,  M.A.)  will  be  conducted.    The  Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law  (B.L.)  is  conferred. 


FACULTY   OF    MEDICINE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION,  1895-96,  BEGINS  OCTOBER  15. 

PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATION,  SEPTEMBER  28. 

In  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  the  Degrees  granted  are— BACHELOR  of  MEDICINE  (M.B.)  and  BACHELOR  of 
SURGERY  (Ch.B.),  which  must  be  taken  together,  DOCTOR  of  MEDICINE  (M.D.),  and  MASTER  of  SURGERY  (Ch.M.). 
The  Curriculum  extends  over  Five  Years,  Two  of  which  must  be  passed  in  this  University.  The  cost  of  Matriculation. 
Class,  and  Hospital  Fees  for  the  whole  Curriculum,  exclusive  of  the  Fees  for  the  Degrees,  is  about  901. 

The  Faculty  of  Medicine  embraces  Twelve  Chairs,  from  which  instruction  is  given  in  all  the  main  branches  of  Medical 
Science,  viz.  :— 


Anatomy— Prof.  REID,  M.D.  F.R.C.S. 

Natural  History  —  Prof .  ALLEYNE    NICHOLSON,   M.D. 

D.Sc.  F.L.S. 
Botany— Prof.  TRAIL,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Chemistry— Prof.  JAPP,  M.A.  LL.D.  F.R.S. 
Physics— Prof.  NIVEN,  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 
Physiology— Prof.  MACWILLIAM,  M.D. 


Materia  Medica— Prof.  CASH,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Pathology— Prof.  HAMILTON,  M.B.  F.R.C.S.E. 
Medicine— Prof.  FINLAY,  M.D.  F.R.C.P. 
Surgery— Prof.  OGSTON,  CM.  M.D. 
Midwifery— Prof.  STEPHENSON,  M.D.  F.R.C.S.E. 
Forensic  Medicine— Prof.  HAY,  M.D. 


Practical  Classes  in  connexion  -nith  the  above  Chairs  are  conducted  by  the  Professors,  in  Laboratories  furnished  with  ali 
the  necessary  appliances  ;  and  opportunities  are  afforded  to  Students  and  Graduates  to  extend  their  practical  knowledge 
and  engage  in  original  research. 

Instruction  is  also  given  in  Special  Departments  of  Medical  Practice  by  Lecturers  appointed  by  the  University  Court. 

Clinical  Instruction  is  obtained  in  the  Royal  Infirmary  of  Aberdeen,  the  Royal  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  Sick  Children's 
Hospital,  the  City  (Fever)  Hospital,  the  General  Dispensary,  and  Lying-in  and  Vaccine  Institution,  and  the  Ophthalmic 
Institution. 

A  Prospectus  of  the  Classes,  Fees,  &c.,  together  with  the  Regulations  for  Graduation  in  Medicine  and  Surgery,  may  be 
had  on  application  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Medical  Faculty. 


BURSARIES   AND   SCHOLARSHIPS. 

In  the  Faculty  of  Arts  there  are  251  Bursaries  of  the  aggregate  annual  value  of  4,6-'0/.,  9  Scholarships  and  Fellowship? 
of  the  aggregate  annual  value  of  725?.,  and  16  Prizes  of  the  annual  value  of  2'<2/. 

Im  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  there  are  Bursaries,  Scholarships,  Fellowships,  and  Prizes  to  the  number  of  -17,  and  of  the 
aggregate  annual  value  of  1,028?. 

In  the  Faculty  of  Divinity  there  are  38  Bursaries,  2  Scholarships,  and  .3  Pi  i/es,  of  an  aggregate  annual  value  of  816/. 

In  the  Faculty  of  Law  there  are  S  Bursaries  and  1  Scholarship,  of  an  aggrcfjate  annual  value  of  208?. 

A  University  Education  and  Degree  are  thus  placed  within  the  reach  of  many  Students  who  are  unalle  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  expensive  education  at  the  older  English  Universities. 


Full  and  Official  Information  regarding  the  University,  the  Courses  of  Instruction  given,  Degrees 
granted  in  Arts,  Divinity,  Law,  Medicine,  and  Science,  Conditions  of  Bursaries,  Scholarships,  and 
Fellowships,  and  the  Examination  Papers  will  be  found  in  'The  University  Calendar,' price  2s.  6d.,  or 
2g,  l(){d.  bv  post.     Published  by  A.  King  &  Co.,  University  Press,  Aberdeen. 

DONALDSON  ROSE  TIIOM,  Secretary  of  Senatus. 


N'  3540,  Aug. 


31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


275 


ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  Tl'ESDAY,  October  1, 
with  an  Introductory  Address  by  Mr.  GEORGE  1)    POLLOCK,  at  4  p.m 
A  Prospectus  of  the  School  and  further  information  may  be  obtained 
by  application  to  the  Dun,  at  the  Hospital. 

ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Albert  Embankment,  London,  S,E, 

The  ■WINTER  SESSION  of  1895-M  will  OPEN  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  2,  when  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  at  3  p.m.  by  Sir  EDWIN 
ARNOLD,  K CLE  C  S.I. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
tSeptember,  viz  :— One  of  loO;  and  One  of  60/  in  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
•with  either  Physiolo»v,  Botany,  or  Zoolosy,  for  First  Year's  Students  ; 
One  of  50;.  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  Third  Year's 
Students. 

Scholarships  and  Money  Prizes  of  the  value  of  300/.  are  awarded  at  the 
Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  Medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  rear  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  Intermediate  M.B.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Ho.apital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge 

The  School  Buildinss  and  the  Hospital  can  be  s;eu  on  application  to 
^he  Medical  Secretary. 

The  fees  niav  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments.  Entries  may 
be  made  separately  to  Lectures  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special 
arrangements  are  made  for  Students  entering  in  their  Second  or  subse- 
quent Years  ;  also  for  Dental  Students  and  for  Qualified  Practitioners. 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secretary, 
■who  also  has  a  list  of  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Rendie.  the  Medical 
.Secretary.  '^    "    ...i.-t»tc    .% 


PRINTING  and  PUBLISHING.— To  AUTHORS. 
—Special  attention  given  to  the  above.  Estimates  free.  Accounts 
verified  by  Chartered  Accountant.— Address  Maj»ager,  Roxbargbe  Press, 
3,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


G.  H.  MAKINS,  Dean. 


ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  B.Se  Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  COMMENCE  on  OC  I'OBER  1  and  con- 
tinue tillJULY,  1896. 

Fee  for  the  whole  course  21/ ,  or  18/.  18-.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  5/.  5s.  each  for  single  subjects. 
There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Waeden   of  the  College,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London   EC. 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 
COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  respectively  worth  150/.,  75/., 
.75/.,  50/.,  andiX)/  each,  tenable  for  One  Year,  will  be  competed  for  in  Sep- 
tember, 18y5,  viz...  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  7,5/.  will 
be  awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics  an  I 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75/  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit;  in  Biology  and 
Physiology. 

Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  Twenty-five  years 
of  age,  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 
•of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150/.,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition,  50/ ,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
•candidates  under  Twenty  Y'ears  of  age  (if  of  snthcient  meritt  in 
Physics.  Chemistry,  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology.  The 
questions  for  the  Scholarship  of  150'(.  will  be  of  about  the  range  re- 
.quired  for  Honours  in  the  London  University  Preliminary  Scientific 
Examination,  and  those  for  the  Preliminary  Scientific  Exhibition  will 
be  of  about  the  range  of  the  Pass  questions  in  that  Examination.  The 
Jeaffreson  Exhibition  (value  2U/, j  will  be  competed  for  at  the  same 
time.  The  subjects  of  Examination  are  Latin,  ^lathematics,  and  any 
one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek,  French,  and  German. 

The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matricula- 
tion Examination  of  July,  \S9o. 

The  successful  candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination.  The  Examination  for  these  Scholarships 
■will  be  held  on  September  25,  18'J5. 

For  particulars  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  WAaDE>-  OF  the  College,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Otiardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statenient  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevoe,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

<iANDHURST,  WOOLWICH,  and  UNIVERSITY 

O  TUTORS —Messrs.  GABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO  ,  who  have  for 
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Candidates  requiring  advice  as  to  preparation  lor  the  above  Examina- 
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THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
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•T^HE   AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

-L  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  J'aternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agieemeiits, 
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276 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


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SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ?    Chaps.  10,  11. 
The  FUTUKE  EMPEROE-KING. 
The  EXINGTON  BANK. 
MONTAIGNE. 
ROUNDEL. 

The  ISLAND  of  AFFLICTION. 
"BRAVA  TORERA!" 
MUSICAL  SANDS. 
MADEMOISELLE  DE  MAUPIN. 
WITH  THOMAS  INGOLDSBY  in  KENT. 
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London : 
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I 


N°3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


279 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  SI,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Pepys's  Diary 279 

Two  Suffolk  Worthies      280 

British  Battles         281 

Hieroglyphic  Bibles  282 

The  JoiNViLLES 282 

Chester  in  the  Middle  Ages      283 

Eecent  Criticism  of  Homer       284 

The  Reminiscences  of  an  Octogenarian       285 

New  Novels  (A  Magnificent  Young  Man  ;  The  Lovely 

Malincourt ;  A  Social  Failure) 286 

School-Books     287 

Sport  and  Adventure         287 

J?HE  Literature  of  the  New  Testament     288 

American  Travel       289 

Books  about  Russia 290 

Books  of  Reference  290 

Our  Library  Table— List  OF  New  Books      ...      291—292 

The  Sources  of   the  "  Machinery  "    of    Love    in 

Arthurian  Romance  ;  Caxton's  Fragments  and 

the    Sarum    Pie;     The    Autumn    Publishing 

Season;    Is   Egypt   so    very  Old?    Publisher 

AND  Translator 292—294 

Literary  Gossip        294 

Science  —  Gundelfinger    on     Conics  ;      Ornitho- 
logical Literature  ;  The  Autumn  Publishing 

Season;  Gossip     29.5—297 

Fine  Arts— Harrow  Church  ;  Recent  Biography  ; 

Casts  u.  Tapestries  ;  Gossi'P 297—299 

Music  — Library    Table;    Greek    Music;    Gossip 

299— .300 
Drama— Gossip 300 


LITERATURE 


The  Diary  of  Samuel  Pejjys.  Transcribed 
from  the  Shorth.and  Manuscript  by  tbe 
Eev.  Mynors  Bright,  with  Lord  Bray- 
brooke's  Notes.  Edited  with  Additions 
by  Henry  B.  Wheatley,  F.S.A.  Vol.  YI. 
(BeU  &  Sons.) 
There  is  little  doubt  that  to  the  greater 
number  of  readers  the  princijial  interest  of 
this  volume  will  be  the  additional  light 
which  it  will  be  supposed  to  throw  on  the 
moral  or  immoral  character  of  the  writer  of 
the  '  Diary.'  It  may,  however,  be  properly 
pointed  out  that  it  does  not  really  shed  any 
new  light  for  those  who  can  read  ordinary 
writing  in  which  all  the  fs  are  not  dotted, 
all  the  f  8  are  not  crossed ;  to  them,  even 
in  the  expurgated  edition  of  Lord  Bray- 
brooke,  and  still  more  in  the  fuller  edition 
of  Mr.  Mynors  Bright,  it  was  clear  that 
Pepys  was  far  from  faultless  in  his  inter- 
course with  the  other  sex,  or  with  those  of 
his  own  sex  who  had  the  opportunity  of 
discreetly  putting  a  good  thing  in  his  way. 
But  in  all  things  discretion  was  the  ruling 
principle,  governing  alike  his  concupiscence 
and  his  covetousness.  Here,  for  instance, 
is  a  delicious  example,  on  February  5th, 
1666/7  :— 

"  This  morning,  before  I  went  to  the  office, 
there  come  to  me  Mr.  Young  and  Wliistler, 
flagmakers,  and  with  mighty  earnestness  did 
present  me  with,  and  pre.ss  me  to  take  a  box, 
wherein  I  could  not  guess  there  was  less  than 
lOOL  in  gold  :  but  I  do  wholly  refuse  it,  and 
did  not  at  last  take  it.  The  truth  is,  not 
thinking  them  safe  men  to  receive  such  a 
gratuity  from,  nor  knowing  any  considerable 
courtesy  that  ever  I  did  do  them,  but  desirous 
to  keep  myself  free  from  their  reports  and  to 
have  it  in  my  power  to  say  I  had  refused  their 
offer." 

Here  is  another  instance  of  his  cautious  fear 
of  being  found  out,  as  well  as  a  cui-ious 
sample  of  the  cj^uaint  jargon  in  which  he 
records  his  transgressions  : — 

"  After  the  play had  a  mind  to  have  taken 

out  Knipp  to  have  taken  the  air  with  her,  and 
to  that  end  sent  a  porter  in  to  her  that  she 
should  take  a  coach  and  come  to  me  to  the 
Piazza  in  Covent  Garden,  where  I  waited  for 
her,  but  was  doubtful  I  might  have  done  ill  in 
doing  it  if  we  should  be  visti  en.semble,  scd  elle 


was  gone  out,  and  so  I  was  eased  of  my  care, 
and  therefore  away  to  Westminster  to  the  Swan 
and  there  did  baiser  la  little  missa,  and  drank, 
and  then  by  water  to  the  Old  Swan,  and  there 
found  Betty  Michell  sitting  at  the  door,  it  being 
darkish.  I  staid  and  talked  a  little  with  her, 
but  no  once  baiser  la,  though  she  was  to  my 
thinking  at  this  time  une  de  plus  pretty  mohers 
that  ever  I  did  voir  in  my  vida,  and  God  forgive 
me,  my  mind  did  run  sobre  elle  all  the  vespre 
and  night  and  la  day  suivante." 
Pretty  Betty  Michell  is  much  in  the  fore- 
ground through  the  whole  volume,  and 
appears  to  have  been  commonly  as  com- 
plaisant as  he  wanted.  Not  always,  though ; 
on  one  occasion,  having  met  her  and  her 
husband  at  the  Swan  at  Westminster, 
"old  Michell  and  his  wife  come  to  see  me, 
and  there  we  drank  and  laughed  a  little, 
and  then  the  young  ones  and  I  took  boat,  it 
being  fine  moonshine.  I  did  to  my  trouble 
see  all  the  way  that  elle  did  get  as  close  a  su 
marido  as  elle  could,  and  turn  her  mains  away 
quand  je  did  endeavour  to  take  one.  So  that  I 
had  no  pleasure  at  all  con  elle  ce  night.  When 
we  landed  I  did  take  occasion  to  send  him  back 
a  the  bateau,  while  I  did  get  a  baiser  or  two, 
and  would  have  taken  la  by  la  hand,  but  elle  did 
turn  away,  and  quand  I  said  shall  I  not  toucher 
te  answered  ego  no  love  touching,  in  a  slight 
mood.  I  seemed  not  to  take  notice  of  it,  but 
parted  kindly." 

The  fact  is  that  with  women  or  with 
money  he  was  ec^ually  devoid  of  scruple  :  it 
was  only  the  dread  of  detection  that  re- 
strained him.  His  love  of  money  and  his 
acquisitiveness  are  very  well  known.  AVe 
have  a  measure  of  their  success  in  the 
account  of  his  stock-taking  at  the  end  of 
IGGG,  that  is,  after  being  for  five  and  a  half 
years  in  office  on  a  salary  sufficiently  modest : 

"To  my  great  discontent  do  find  that  my 
gettings  this  year  have  been  573^.  less  than 
my  last :  it  being  this  year  in  all  but  2,986L  ; 
whereas  the  last  I  got  3,560L  And  then  again 
my  spendings  this  year  have  exceeded  my 
spendings  the  last  by  G44L  :  my  whole  spendings 
last  year  being  but  509?.  ;  whereas  this  year, 
it  appears,  I  have  spent  1,1.54L,  which  is  a  sum 
not  fit  to  be  said  that  ever  I  should  spend  in 
one  year  before  I  am  master  of  a  better  estate 
than  I  am.  Yet,  blessed  be  God  !  and  I  pray 
God  make  me  thankful  for  it,  I  do  find  myself 
worth  in  money,  all  good,  above  6,200?.  ;  which 
is  above  1,800?.  more  than  I  was  the  last  year." 

That  is  to  say,  in  a  year  of  danger  and  distress 
and  disaster,  this  official — who  passed  as  scru- 
pulously honest — had  about  decupled  his 
salary  by  perquisites  and  gifts  made  at  the 
public  expense.  Still,  in  fairness,  he  ought 
to  be  judged  by  the  standard  of  his  age ; 
and  though  adultery  and  peculation  have 
been  always  forbidden  by  the  laws  of  God 
and  the  Church,  the  courtly  society  of  the 
seventeenth  century  looked  on  the  one  as 
prudent  and  honourable  thrift,  on  the  other 
as  an  amiable  courtesy.  Pepys  was  certainlj' 
not  worse  than  his  age — perhaps  even  he 
was  a  good  deal  better. 

To  the  student  of  history,  however,  the 
most  valuable  part  of  the  volume  is  the 
early  indication  it  gives  of  tlie  resolve  not 
to  fit  out  a  fleet  in  the  summer  of  1667. 
There  have  been  many  speculations  as  to 
who  was  responsible  for  the  fatal  i^olic}- 
and  for  the  disaster  whicli  followed  it.  An 
attempt  was  made  to  show  that  the  disgrace 
and  loss  at  Chatham  were  due  to  the  negli- 
gence or  disobedience  of  Pett,  the  naval  com- 
missioner there.  It  was  convenient  to  re- 
present that  the  Eoyal  Charles  was  taken 


because  she  was  left  half  a  mile  too  far  down, 
the  river,  or  that  the  Dutch  fleet  ascended 
the  river  because  the  passage  was  not 
thorough!}'  blocked.  The  contention  was 
too  absurd  to  be  accepted  by  a  public  who 
knew  that  the  damage  and  the  disgrace 
were  caused  by  there  being  no  English  fleet 
at  sea.  And  six  months  before  they  occurred, 
on  December  Slst,  IGGG,  Pepys  wrote  : — 

"Public  matters  in  a  most  sad  condition; 
seamen  discouraged  for  want  of  pay,  and  are 
become  not  to  be  governed  ;  nor,  as  matters  are 
now,  can  any  fleet  go  out  next  year.  Our  enemies, 
French  and  Dutch,  great,  and  grow  more  by  our 
poverty.  The  Parliament  backward  in  raising, 
because  jealous  of  the  spending  of  the  money  ; 
the  City  less  and  less  likely  to  be  built  again, 
everybody  settling  else-where,  and  nobody  en- 
couraged to  trade.  A  sad,  vicious,  negligent 
Court,  and  all  sober  men  there  fearful  of  the 
ruin  of  the  whole  kingdom  this  next  year  ;  from 
which,  good  God  deliver  us  1  " 

On  February  17th,  1667,  he  mentions  a  re- 
port of  negotiations  to  be  carried  on  at  the 
Hague  by  the  aid  of  the  Orange  faction  ;  but 
on  the  19th  :  "  This  morning  I  hear  that  our 
discourse  of  peace  is  all  in  the  dirt ;  for  the 
Dutch  will  not  like  of  the  peace,  or  at  least 
the  French  will  not  agree  to  it ;  so  thtit  I  do 
wonder  what  we  shall  do,  for  carry  on  the 
war  we  cannot."  There  is  nothing  in  the 
'  Diary  '  that  gives  us  good  reason  to  think 
of  Pepys  as  a  man  able  or  likely  to  form  an 
independent  opinion  on  the  state  of  public 
affairs.  "What  he  heard,  or  saw,  or  had 
actual  knowledge  of,  he  could  relate  with  a 
naivete  which  is  now  almost  proverbial ;  but 
his  comments  are  generally,  if  not  always, 
secondhand.  It  may,  therefore,  be  assumed 
that  his  opinion  that  the  war  could  not  be 
carried  on,  that  no  fleet  was  to  go  out,  that 
a  grave  disaster  was  to  be  feared,  was  the 
opinion  of  the  more  capable  men  with  whom 
he  was  in  daily  intercourse — of  Batten,  of 
Penn,  and  of  Coventry,  the  last,  no  doubt, 
better  informed  than  any  of  them.  He  knew, 
however,  that  money  was  wanted,  and  was 
not  to  be  had  ;  he  knew  that  the  charge  for 
the  navy  for  the  past  two  years,  as  stated  by 
the  Navy  Board,  was  3,20''o,000/.,  whilst  the 
king  had  had  expressly  towards  the  war 
5,590,000/.  So  he  pertinently  asks.  What 
is  become  of  this  sum — 2,390,000/.?  He 
had  thus  no  difficulty  in  believing  on  Decem- 
ber 8th,  1666,  that  the  House  of  Parliament 
had  "yesterday  "  passed  "  a  Proviso  to  the 
PoU  Bill,  that  there  shall  be  a  Committee  of 
nine  persons  that  shall  have  the  inspection 
upon  oath,  and  power  of  giving  others,  of 
all  the  accounts  of  the  money  given  and 
spent  for  this  war  " — "  which  makes  the  king 
and  court  mad,"  or,  on  February  17th,  1667, 
that  "  there  will  be  a  civil  war  before  there 
will  be  anymore  money  given,  unless  it  may 
be  at  the  perfect  disposal"  of  the  Parlia- 
ment. The  whole  subject,  as  related  in 
detail  here  and  in  the  State  Papers  for  the 
period — the  one  complementary  of  the  other 
— is  one  of  the  most  painful  interest,  convey- 
ing a  lesson  and  a  warning  which  should 
never  be  forgotten. 

One  of  the  most  salient  points  in  the 
'  Diary  '  has  always  been  the  loathing  and 
disgust  with  which  Pepys  uniformly  speaks 
of  Sir  William  Penn.  As  men  went  at  the 
time,  Penn  was  an  lionest  and  capable  man, 
even  if  he  was  not  the  towering  genius  which 
liis  great-grandson  has  pictured  him  ;  but, 
as  is  well  known  to  all  readers  of  the  '  Diary,' 


280 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


words  almost  fail  Pepys  when  he  wishes  to 
portray  his  estimate  of  his  colleague.  Under 
date  May  21st,  1667,  there  is  a  peculiarly 
racy  piece  of  gossip — all  gossip,  it  will  be 
noticed,  but  gossip  which  it  suited  Pepys  to 
believe  without  question  :  — 

"  Mrs.  Turner  and  I  sat  up  till  12  at  night, 
talking  alone  in  my  chamber,  and  most  of  our 

discourse  was  of    our  neighbours She  says 

that  Sir  W.  Penn  was  a  pitiful  fellow  when  she 
first  knew  them  ;  that  his  lady  was  one  of  the 

sourest,   dirty  women  that  ever  she    saw a 

dirty  slattern,  with  her  stockings  hanging  about 

her  heels that  his  rise  hath  been  his  giving  of 

large  bribes,  wherein,  and  she  agrees  with  my 
opinion  and  knowledge  before  therein,  he  is  very 
profuse.  This  made  him  General  ;  this  got  him 
out  of  the  Tower  when  he  was  in  ;  and  hath 
brought  him  into  what  he  is  now,  since  the  king's 

coming   in Upon    the    whole,   she   told   me 

stories  enough  to  confirm  me  that  he  is  the  most 
false  fellow  that  ever  was  born  of  woman." 
All  which,  however,  did  not  hinder  him 
from  paying  his  court  to  Peg,  the  admiral's 
daughter,  in  his  accustomed  manner ;  and 
as  she  had  been  barely  three  months  married 
to  Anthony  Lowther,  the  man  of  her  choice, 
Pepys's  statement  about  her  is  either — as  we 
prefer  to  believe  it — a  brutal  lie,  or  a  very 
curious  comment  on  seventeenth  century 
manners  and  customs. 

The  editor's  work  is  so  nearly  perfect 
that  it  is  of  the  more  interest  to  point  out 
two  shps :  one  is  in  a  note  on  p.  59,  where 
he  has  permitted  the  printer  to  make  him 
answerable    for    a    grammatical    blunder  : 

"Miss  Porter considers   him   to   be   the 

same  person  as  he  who  Pepys  styles  '  an  old 
dunce'";  the  other — which,  though  very 
natural,  is  of  some  importance — is  in  the 
note  on  p.  36,  where  the  *  Domestic 
Calendar  '  is  quoted  as  saying  :  "  The  king, 
having  maturely  considered  the  charges 
brought  against  Sir  Robert  Holmes  by  Sir 
Jeremy  Smith,  finds  no  cause  to  suspect  Sir 
Robert  of  cowardice."  This  Mr.  Wheatley 
has  supposed  to  refer  to  a  counter-charge  of 
Smith's,  or  rather  Smyth's.  It  is,  in  fact, 
only  a  slip  in  the  '  Calendar,'  by  which  the 
names  have  been  transposed.  It  was 
Smyth,  not  Holmes,  who  was  acquitted  of 
cowardice.  Holmes  was  never  charged 
with  it. 


Two    Suffolk  Friends.     By  Francis    Hindes 

Groome.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
These  two  charming  sketches  are  amplifica- 
tions of  two  papers  printed  four  and  six 
years  ago  in  Blackwood,  but  in  their  present 
form  the  improvement  of  the  original 
draft  has  almost  converted  an  outline 
into  a  finished  portrait. 

East  Anglians,  during  the  last  half  cen- 
tury, have  been  always  unanimous  on  one 
point,  and  that  is  that  the  late  Archdeacon 
of  Suffolk  was  an  ideal  archdeacon  ;  they 
were  scarcely  less  unanimous  on  another 
point,  and  that  was  that  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald was  intended  to  bo  a  great  man, 
but  somehow  was  something  else.  Neitlier 
of  these  two  friends  can  be  said  to  have 
had  a  biograjihy.  The  archdeacon  was 
never  in  a  position  to  provoke  envy  and  to 
make  enemies,  for  lie  cherished  no  ambi- 
tion, and  sought  not  great  things.  From 
first  to  last  he  was  the  darling  of  tlie 
small  circle  of  choice  friends  and  kins- 
folk who  claimed  him  as  tlieir  own — a 
cultured,  courteous  English    gentleman — a 


country  parson  of  the  very  best  type,  devout, 
unsparing  of  himself,  nobly  conscientious, 
fearless  and  upright,  scrupulous  in  small 
duties — if  such  there  be — and  applying  him- 
self to  the  sterner  work  of  his  office  with  a 
single  eye  to  what  he  believed  to  be  right ; 
and  whatever  he  was  called  upon  to  do, 
doing  it  with  his  might.  How  could  even 
half  a  bookling  of  140  pages  be  made  of  such 
a  placid,  uneventful  life  as  this  ?  Never- 
theless, by  some  strange  literary  legerde- 
main, Mr.  Groome  has  managed  to  present 
a  sheaf  of  reminiscences  of  his  father 
which  we  venture  to  say  no  reader  will  be 
able  to  lay  down  who  once  opens  this 
volume,  and  none  but  will  be  glad  that  he 
has  read  it,  though  he  will  find  it  hard  to 
say  wherein  its  attraction  consists. 

The  archdeacon  was  through  all  his  life 
celebrated  as  an  inimitable  teller  of  Suffolk 
stories.  But  who  could  catch  the  twinkle 
of  the  eye,  the  tone  of  the  voice,  the  delicate 
nuances  of  stress  and  pause  and  emphasis  ? 
The  spelling  of  the  Suffolk  dialect  may  not  be 
always  phonetically  correct,  the  specimens 
of  Suffolk  grammatical  idioms  not  always 
faultless  ;  yet  somehow  we  find  ourselves 
in  this  first  sketch  talking  with  the  good 
archdeacon  and  his  Suffolk  parishioners, 
breathing  their  air,  and  hearing  their  queer 
tones,  and  as  it  were  sitting  by  their  side 
and  gossiping  with  them  without  at  all 
knowing  how  we  got  there,  and  puzzled  to 
understand  how  we  can  be  on  such  intimate 
terms  with  the  exemplary  parish  priest 
when  we  really  have  been  told  so  little 
about  him.  Archdeacon  Groome  was  cer- 
tainly a  boy  once.  It  is  not  everybody 
who  has  been  a  boy.  Some  young  people 
never  were  boys,  only  prigs  and  un- 
developed middle-aged  men.  But  the  arch- 
deacon was  a  real  boy  when  he  trembled 
to  stub-up  certain  roots  that  protruded 
from  a  sandbank  near  his  home.  "My 
brother  and  I  never  touched  them,"  he 
says  in  the  fragment  of  his  autobiography. 
"  We  believed  that  if  we  pulled  one  of 
them  a  bell  would  ring  and  the  devil  would 
appear.  So  we  never  pulled  them."  There 
is  a  real  boy!  The  vetitum  nefas  clearly 
had  its  intense  attraction  for  him,  but 
"  duty  loved  of  love,  beloved  but  hated," 
and  faith  in  the  dread  unseen  withheld  him 
from  impiety,  "so  we  never  pulled  them  "  ! 
Moreover,  he  was  a  most  genial  young 
man  too,  rejoicing  in  his  youth.  It 
does  one  good  to  hear  of  the  future 
archdeacon  and  the  future  Master  of 
Trinity  being  proctorized  one  merry  night 
as  they  returned  from  a  meeting  of  a 
musical  society,  one  of  them,  mayhap, 
with  a  key  bugle  and  the  other  with 
a  'cello,  raising  the  shocked  echoes  of 
King's  College  Chapel  and  the  Senate 
House,  and  performing  snatches  of  melody, 
or  discord,  along  King's  Parade.  By-and- 
by  we  find  this  same  too  musical  enthusiast 
a  young  curate  in  Dorsetshire,  taking  such 
hold  of  the  good  people  at  Corfe  Castle  that 
they  actually  elected  him  mayor  of  the 
borough.  Then  we  find  him  among  his 
own  Suffolk  folk,  with  that  unequalled 
faculty  of  making  those  around  him  feel  at 
their  ease,  and  inspiring  trust  and  affection 
among  high  and  low.  As  for  the  innocent 
drollery  of  his  stories,  it  was  unapproachable, 
while  the  number  of  those  stories — slight, 
but  crisp  and  short  and  happy — was  count- 


less. Mr.  Groome's  rapid  little  hints  about 
the  eccentric  and  the  amiable  characters 
that  just  look  at  us  for  a  moment  and  then 
are  gone  are  really  admirable.  Betty,  who 
inadvertently  dropped  a  toad  into  the  kettle, 
and  spoiled  the  flavour  of  her  tea  thereby ; 
Pepper,  the  acrid  old  Dissenter  who  hated 
the  parsons  as  such — "they're  here  and 
they  ain't  here,  they're  like  pigs  in  the 
garden,  and  you  can't  git  'em  out !  "  Susan, 
who  was  vehement  against  girls  that 
wouldn't  get  up  in  the  morning — "I'd 
soon  out-o-bed  har  if  I  lived  there ! " 
Harry  Collins,  who  had  fits,  and  in  one  of 
them  "  lep  out  of  the  winder  like  a  roe- 
buck ";  the  Soham  boy  whose  definition 
of  an  earthquake  was  "It  is  when  th'  'arth 
shug  asalf  and  swaller  up  th'  'arth";  or 
the  Irishman  who  happened  to  see  the 
archdeacon  coming  out  of  Marlborough 
Street  Police  Court,  and  saluted  him 
with  a  "  Good  luck  to  your  rivir- 
ence !  And  did  they  let  you  off  aisy?" — 
these  odd  dramatis  personce  do  not  appear 
as  parts  of  a  drama  at  all,  for  there  is  no 
drama  in  this  good  man's  life,  but  they 
caper  about  the  attractive  personality  so 
simply  introduced  to  us,  and  all  of  them  in 
some  impish  way  combine  to  make  us  wish 
to  know  more  than  we  ever  shall  know 
about  the  archdeacon,  and,  we  cannot  help 
adding,  about  his  son  too,  on  whom  some 
portion  of  his  father's  mantle  seems  to  have 
fallen. 

Mr.  Groome's  graceful  and  unpretentious 
"  patchwork  article,"  as  he  himself  calls  it, 
on  Edward  Fitzgerald  is  meant  as  "  in  some 
ways  a  supplement  to  Mr.  Aldis  Wright's 
edition  of  his  Letters."  It  does  not  add 
much  to  what  we  already  knew  ;  but  it 
illustrates  our  previous  knowledge  of  this 
unique  man  of  genius.  He  really  was  like 
nobody  else  unless  in  that  irresistible 
power  of  attracting  the  love  of  others  (in 
which  he  reminds  us  of  Charles  Lamb),  his 
subtlety  of  intellect,  his  absolute  and  trans- 
parent simplicity,  gentleness,  and  sincerity. 
The  letters  to  Mr.  Spalding,  curator  of  the 
Museum  at  Ipswich,  printed  here  for  the 
first  time,  are  full  of  charming  passages. 
The  plaintive  reports  of  Posh  and  his  lapses 
from  sobriety  ;  the  strong  appreciation  of 
the  innate  nobleness  of  the  poor  frail 
fisherman ;  the  droU  lament  over  two  of 
his  boatmen  whom  he  sent  from  Cowes  to 
Portsmouth  on  purpose  to  stimulate  their 
sentiment  of  loyalty,  but  "  where  they  didn't 
see  the  one  thing  I  sent  them  for,  namely. 
Nelson's  ship,  the  Victory,  but  where  they 
bought  two  pair  of  ti-ousers  which  they 
call  Dungaree";  the  story  of  Levi,  the 
fishmonger  at  Lowestoft,  who,  according  to 
immemorial  custom,  persisted  in  inquiring 
after  Fitzgerald's  brother  according  to  a 
formula  of  his  own  —  "And  how  is  the 
general,  bless  him?"  "How  many  times, 
Mr.  Levi,  must  I  teU  you  my  brother  is  no 
general,  and  was  never  in  the  army  ? " 
"Ah,  well,  it  is  my  mistake,  no  doubt. 
But  anyhow,  bless  him !  "  the  picture  of 
Fitzgerald,  when  his  eyesight  began  to  fail 
him,  playing  piquet  with  the  lad  who  was 
his  reader,  when  "  sometimes  a  tamo  mouse 
would  come  out  and  sit  on  the  table,  and 
then  not  a  card  must  be  dropped";  the 
pathetic  passage  written  seventeen  years 
before  his  death,  in  which  he  seems  to  con- 
fess, or  half  confess,  to  himself  that  his  life 


I 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


281 


might  have  been  a  happier  one — these  and 
many  more  extracts  from  the  letters  Fitz- 
gerald's friends  and  admirers  will  be  grate- 
ful for,  and  to  Mr.  Groome  they  owe  their 
thanks. 

After  all,  such  a  life  as  Fitzgerald's 
•was  a  happy  one,  and  his  work  will  last. 
There  was  no  reason  why  he  should  have 
given  way  to  self-pity  when  in  one  regretful 
moment  he  writes  :   "  My  long  solitary  habit 

of  life  now  begins  to  tell  upon  me as  I 

have  made  my  bed,  I  must  lie  in  it — and 
die  in  it."  To  say  nothing  of  his  literary 
fame,  which  is  yearly  increasing,  perhaps 
no  man  of  our  time  enjoyed  the  unreserved 
intimacy  of  such  illustrious  friends ;  and 
the  end  was  exactly  what  he  might 
have  wished  for  —  to  die  almost  in  the 
arms  of  George  Crabbe,  who  had  been  close 
as  a  brother  to  him  for  more  than  half  a 
lifetime,  falling  asleep  in  peace  at  the  quiet, 
lonely  parsonage  of  Merton,  away  from  all 
the  noise  and  roar  of  the  multitude. 


Battles  of  English  History.    By  H.  B.  George, 

M.A.,  F.E.G.S.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Tnis  book  is  in  every  way  a  good  piece  of 
work,  and  should  achieve  a  very  consider- 
able popularity.  It  is  not  a  technical  mili- 
tary manual,  nor  is  it,  on  the  other  hand,  a 
mere  unscientific  compilation  of  picturesque 
and  moving  incidents  of  war,  such  as  are  too 
many  of  the  books  with  similar  titles  on 
which  we  have  cast  our  eyes  in  earlier  days. 
Mr.  George  is  bent  on  producing  neither  a 
continuous  sketch  of  English  history  on  its 
warlike  side,  nor  a  cheap  and  easy  series  of 
battle-pictures  "with  confused  noise  and 
garments  rolled  in  blood."  His  object  is 
to  show  the  main  characteristics  of  the  mili- 
tary art  and  military  customs  in  the  chief 
epochs  of  our  history — to  point  out  how  and 
why  Hastings  or  Crecy,  Bannockburn  or 
Marston  Moor,  Fontenoy  or  Vittoria,  was 
lost  or  won.  Thus  the  book  consists,  not  of 
a  series  of  decisive  battles  in  the  historical 
sense,  but  rather  of  a  series  of  representative 
and  characteristic  battles  from  the  military 
point  of  view.  It  is  intended,  however,  for 
the  general  reader,  not  for  the  specialist, 
and  carefully  avoids  wearisome  and  minute 
technicalities.  Hence  it  forms  au  excellent 
commentary  to  be  read  along  with  the 
ordinary  histories  of  England,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  elucidating  the  inner  meaning  of 
campaigns  and  engagements  whose  why 
and  wherefore  is  not  clear  to  the  student. 
We  coidd  imagine  no  better  book  for  the 
use  of  intelligent  sixth-form  boys  in  schools 
or  undergraduates  engaged  in  the  Honour 
School  of  Modern  History.  For  the  style  is 
bright  and  lucid,  the  fights  are  narrated  so 
as  to  be  interesting  in  themselves,  and  the 
tone  of  healthy  patriotism  running  through 
the  whole  volume  does  the  heart  good. 

We  have  noted  Mr.  George's  views  con- 
cerning a  few  points  of  interest  on  which 
controversy  has  arisen  before  now.  In  his 
description  of  Hastings  he  commits  him- 
self to  the  belief  in  palisades  along  the 
front  of  Harold's  army,  qualifying  his  state- 
ment, however,  by  the  observation  that  they 
cannot  have  been  the  heavy  and  solid  struc- 
tures which  Prof.  Freeman  described,  but 
merely  a  light  abattis  of  stakes  and  wattled 
boughs.  We  do  not  remember  to  have  seen 
before   in  print  one   ingenious    hypothesis 


which  Mr.  George  makes  concerning  the 
combined  use  of  bowmen  and  men-at-arms 
by  Duke  William,  viz.,  that  the  device  could 
only  have  been  used  after  the  Normans  liad 
got  a  footing  on  the  hill  and  were  charging 
the  English  in  flank  rather  than  in  front. 
While  the  direct  frontal  attack  was  still 
going  on,  Mr.  George  suggests,  it  woidd 
have  been  too  dangerous  for  the  archers  to 
play  on  the  English  from  the  rear  of  their 
own  cavalry,  since  many  arrows  must  have 
gone  astray  and  pierced  the  knights  in  the 
back.  The  argument,  however,  is  not  quite 
conclusive ;  risky  things  of  this  kind  have 
been  done  once  and  again,  e.g.,  the  cannon- 
ading of  the  breach  at  San  Sebastian  while 
the  stormers  were  still  hanging  about  it — 
an  expedient  which  was  successful,  though 
(as  Napier  remarks)  it  cost  the  lives  of  a  few 
of  the  foremost  of  the  assailants.  There  is 
not  much  that  is  controversial  in  the  descrip- 
tions of  Lewes  and  Evesham,  the  next  two 
fights  with  which  Mr.  George  busies  himself. 
He  has  a  useful  note  or  two  about  Bannock- 
burn, where  he  utterly  refuses  to  follow 
Barbour's  *  Bruce '  in  two  of  the  most 
striking  episodes  of  the  poem — first,  in  his 
description  of  Keith's  onset  on  the  flank  of 
the  English  archery  with  his  500  men-at- 
arms  ;  secondly,  in  the  story  that  Edward  II. 
after  the  battle  was  able  to  ride  past  Stirling 
and  converse  for  a  moment  with  the  governor. 
The  last  incident  is  topographically  impos- 
sible if  we  have  the  right  site  for  the  battle 
fixed,  and  no  one  has  yet  thrown  any  doubt 
on  the  traditional  placing  of  it  along  the 
burn  and  below  the  Borestane.  The  tale  of 
Keith's  flank  attack  must  undoubtedly  be 
exaggerated  by  Barbour ;  500  horse  could 
not  have  driven  off  a  force  of  archers  which 
the  poet  himself  estimates  at  52,000  strong; 
but  we  are  loth  to  believe  that  the  whole 
episode  is  invention,  Yery  probably  there 
was  some  partial  silencing  of  the  archery  on 
one  flank  of  the  English  host,  when  King 
Edward's  horsemen  had  all  got  engaged  in 
the  dreadful  melee  in  front  of  the  Scottish 
Hue,  and  could  not  spare  attention  to  cover 
the  bowmen  in  their  rear.  For  that  the 
foot  were  lehind  the  horse  seems  absolutely 
proved  by  the  explicit  statement  to  that 
effect  in  the  Chronicle  of  Geoffrey  le  Baker, 
first  printed  a  few  years  ago  by  Sir  Maunde 
Thompson. 

In  his  description  of  Crecy  Mr.  George 
gives  what  we  believe  to  be  a  new  render- 
ing of  Froissart's  difficult  passage,  which 
speaks  of  the  English  bowmen  as  being 
drawn  up  in  the  manner  of  a  herse.  He 
holds  that  the  harrow  shape  was  formed  by 
the  archers  of  the  two  "  battles "  of  the 
Black  Prince  and  the  Earl  of  Northampton, 
thrown  forward  on  each  side  of  the  central 
bodies  of  men-at-arms.  As  his  plan  shows, 
this  formation  (vouched  for  by  the  above- 
named  Geoffrey  le  Baker)  produces  a  shape 
not  unlike  that  of  the  triangular  han-ow  or 
herse  to  which  Froissart  compares  it. 

There  is  only  one  battle  in  which  we 
think  that  Mr.  George  has  not  quite  caught 
the  general  arrangement  of  the  fight 
correctly.  Tliis  is  Flodden,  where  he  de- 
scribes the  Scots  and  English  as  each  drawn 
out  in  four  "battles"  with  a  reserve  of 
horsemen  in  rear  of  the  centre.  This  is  not 
correct :  the  English  were  in  two  main 
battles,  each  flanked  by  two  smaller  bodies. 
The    Scots    were    arrayed    in    one     large 


central  "battle,"  flanked  on  each  side  by 
four  smaller  masses,  formed  in  two  lines. 
The  king  with  the  main  battle  was  thus 
in  the  exact  centre  of  the  host,  not  in  the 
right  centre  ;  and  Bothwell  commanded  not  a 
cavalry  reserve  in  rear  of  the  king,  but  the 
rear  battalion  of  the  pair  nearest  to  the 
king's  right.  It  is  the  fact  that  he  came 
into  action  later  than  the  battalion  imme- 
diately in  front  of  him  that  makes  Mr. 
George  think  of  him  as  forming  a  general 
reserve  to  the  whole  army.  Nor  do  we 
gather  from  the  chroniclers  that  Bothwoll's 
troops  were  horse — they  were,  more  pro- 
bably, Merse  and  East  Lothian  pikemen. 

AVe  hardly  think  it  worth  while  to  men- 
tion the  very  few  slips  in  details  of  minor 
importance  which  we  have  detected  in  this 
book.  In  three  hundred  pages  a  few  such 
must  necessarily  occur.  For  example,  the 
crossbow  was  not  a  "comparatively  new 
weapon"  in  1190:  there  had  been  cross- 
bowmen  even  at  Hastings,  as  Baldric's  con- 
temporary poem  shows  (p.  51).  Glansdale 
was  a  squire,  not  a  knight  (p.  94).  Alcantara 
is  in  Spain,  not  in  Portugal  (p.  223).  The 
French  division  first  routed  at  Salamanca 
was  commanded  by  Thomieres,  not 
"Thomiere"  (p.  226).  The  Scindia  of 
1803  was  nephew  (not  son)  of  the  great 
Madaji  Scindia  (p.  301).  Laswaree  was 
fought  five  weeks  after  Assaye,  not  two 
months  (p.  303). 

But   there    is   one  blemish  in  the   book 
about  which  we  must  make  a  strong  protest 
— its  abominable  maps.     At  the  best  they 
are  most  sketchy,  not  merely  in  mediteval 
battles,    where   the   exact   placing    of    the 
troops  is  a  matter  of   uncertainty,   but   in 
modern  fights,  such  as  Vittoria  or  Waterloo, 
where  the  exact  position  of  every  battalion 
is  accurately  known.     All  the  battle  plans 
would  be  twice  as  useful  if  they  were   a 
little  more  detailed,  and  one  or  two  compli- 
cated fights  {e.g.  Oudenarde)  lack  illustra- 
tion altogether,  so  that  the   elaborate   de- 
scriptions of  them  in  the  text  are  most  dififi.- 
cult   to   follow.      But   far  worse   than   the 
battle  plans  are  the  general  sketch  maps : 
they  may  be  described  without  exaggeration 
as  a  disgrace  to  English  cartography  and 
engi-aving.     Even  the  main  outlines  of  the 
countries  are  not  accurate — note  especially 
the  map  of  India  facing  p.  294,  and  that  of 
Belgium   facing  p.  230.     The  whole  effect 
is  scratchy  and  mean,   and  when    the  eye 
investigates    the    names,    the    number    of 
uncorrected  misprints  is  appalling.     In  the 
map  of   India  alone  we  note    "  Bemares," 
"Lahone,"  "  Sutley,"  "  Moodan,"  "Beyar," 
"  Trichonopoly,"     "Khrisna,"     "  Pimtab," 
and     "Leswaree,"    for    Benares,    Lahore, 
Sutlej,       Mooltan,       Berar,      Trichinopoly, 
Krishna,   Punjab,    and    Laswaree.      There 
are  only  some  forty  names  in  the  map,  so 
that  twenty  per  cent,  are  misspelt.      In  the 
English   map   there  is  a   most   perplexing 
and  useless  alternation  of  capitals  and  italics 
in  the  names.     Why  should  Towton,  Stam- 
ford    Bridge,     Kenilworth,    Naseby,    and 
Edgehill   be   in   capitals,    while    Hastings, 
Lewes,  Tewkesbur}-,  Worcester,  and  Eves- 
ham are  not  ?     And  why  do  Flodden,  Mor- 
timer's Cross,  Cheriton,  Atherton  Moor,  and 
Nevill's  Cross — all  mentioned  in  the  text — 
fail  to  appear  altogether  ?     AVe  trust  that  a 
second  edition  of  this  excellent  book  may 
soon  be  asked  for  by  the  public,  and  that 


282 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


it  may  then  appear  garnislied  with,  a  ■wholly 
different  set  of  maps  and  plans. 


Hieroglyphic  Billes :    their   Origin  and  His- 
tory,  &,-c.     By  W.  A.   Clouston.     And    a 
New   Hieroglyphic  Bible   in   Stories    by 
Frederick  A.  Laing.     (Glasgow,  Bryce  & 
Sons.) 
This    handsome    yoliime    consists    of    two 
parts.      The     second    part,    which     is    by 
Mr.  Laing,   contains  twenty-five  leaves  on 
thick    cardboard,    and    exhibits     in     four 
squares  the  princij^al  events    of    both  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments  in  letterpress  and 
pictures   intermixed.      Deducting    the   two 
title-pages  and  the  blanks,  the  Hieroglyphic 
Bible,   as  the  author  calls  it,  may  be  de- 
scribed as  containing  184  small  pages. 

It  is  the  first  part — which  is  by  Mr. 
Clouston,  and  consists  of  316  pages — that 
will  interest  the  student  most.  Mr.  Clouston 
discusses  most  ably  and  minutely  in  a 
number  of  sections  the  rise  and  develop- 
ment of  these  picture  Bibles  in  England, 
Germany,  Holland,  France,  &c.;  traces  their 
relationship  to  each  other  as  well  as  to  the 
Latin  mnemonic  Bible  still  in  MS.  and  to 
Christian  emblems ;  and  illustrates  his  de- 
scription by  a  number  of  useful  facsimiles 
from  works  which  are  almost  unique. 

An  ordinary  reader  would  naturally  take 
the  term  "  Hieroglyphic  Bible"  to  denote 
a  Bible  in  the  language  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians,  or  the  Scrij)tures  expressed  by 
animals,  plants,  material  bodies,  and  em- 
blems representing  the  ideographs  sculp- 
tured on  Egyptian  temples,  the  sarcophagi 
and  obelisks,  just  as  a  "Chinese  Bible" 
means  the  Scriptures  printed  in  the  pictorial 
writing  of  the  Chinese.  This,  however,  is 
not  the  case.  The  name  "Hieroglyphic 
Bible  "  is  of  English  origin.  It  was  first 
given  in  the  year  1780  to  an  English  imi- 
tation of  a  German  work.  The  German 
prototype,  which  was  published  in  1687, 
was  simply  named  '  Geistliche  Herzens- 
Einbildungen,'  and  consists  of  250  Biblical 
picture  texts,  in  which  the  words  and  the 
pictorial  illustrations  are  intermixed  to  make 
up  the  required  sense. 

From  the  earliest  times  of  printing,  editors 
both  of  the  Vulgate  and  of  translations  of 
the  Bible  into  the  different  vernaculars  of 
the  people  have  found  it  profitable  to  im- 
part Scriptural  information  with  the  helj) 
of  pictorial  objects.  Hence  in  our  first 
English  Bible  (1535)  the  principal  events 
are  profusely  illustrated,  exhibiting  to  the 
eye  in  beautiful  little  pictures  the  memor- 
able deeds  which  the  text  describes  in  so 
many  words.  So  essential,  indeed,  were 
pictures  deemed  to  the  success  of  the  Bible 
that  the  publishers  of  the  second  edition  of 
the  Bishops'  Bible  (1572),  who  had  appa- 
rently returned  to  the  Gorman  publishers 
the  woodcuts  which  were  used  in  the  first 
edition  (1568),  actually  gave  an  indecent 
picture  of  Leda  and  the  swan  on  p.  115  of  the 
New  Testament,  rather  than  have  no  picture 
at  all.  If  the  history  of  this  Bible  were  not 
so  well  known,  we  should  have  been  inclined 
to  suppose  that  some  bitter  anti-Episcopalian 
had  surreptitiously  introduced  it  to  malign 
the  bishops  with  a  picture  in  their  Bible 
which  would  nowadays  expose  to  legal  penal- 
ties any  dealer  who  should  venture  to  exhibit 
it  separately  in  his  shop  window. 


With  the  first  edition  of  the  English 
Roman  Catholic  version  (Douay  and 
Eheims,  1592-1609),  however,  and  the 
editio  -princeps  of  our  Authorized  Version 
(1611),  pictorial  illustrations  ceased  to  ac- 
company the  text.  At  nearly  the  same 
period  they  were  also  discontinued  as  a 
rule  in  the  Bibles  which  appeared  in  the 
vernacvilar  in  the  different  parts  of  Europe. 

About  the  year  1680  Melchior  Matts- 
berger,  a  pious  and  wealthy  merchant  at 
Augsburg,  conceived  the  idea  of  designing  a 
certain  number  of  figures  and  emblems  in 
order  to  aid,  by  "  a  diversion  well  pleasing 
to  God,"  simple  and  virtuous  people  in 
their  study  of  the  sacred  Scriptures.  In 
his  own  naive  language  he  describes  the 
process  which  he  adopted  to  accomplish  this 
novel  design :  — 

"Having  frequently  presented  to  my  mind 
the  exact  sense  of  this  or  the  other  Biblical 
text,  I  often  thought  that  if  a  certain  word  were 
expressed  by  a  figure  it  would  still  more  lay  and 
impress  itself  as  it  were  on  the  heart.  Accord- 
ingly I  gradually  collected,  as  leisure  permitted, 
a  number  of  those  texts,  but  should  not  have 
made  so  much  progress  had  not  my  loving  God 
three  years  ago  laid  me  on  a  weary  couch 
through  the  breaking  of  a  leg.  This  afforded 
me  an  opportunity  to  pursue  the  work  still 
further  and  gather  together  250  of  those  texts, 
whereby  I  overcame  my  pains  and  not  a  day  or 
hour  was  tedious." 

The  Augsburg  Burgomaster's  humble 
venture  in  this  novel  kind  of  authorship 
became  extremely  popular.  In  1704  Henry 
von  Wiering,  wood-engraver  in  Hamburg, 
republished  the  first  part  with  some 
additional  figures  of  his  own  devising  and 
modifications  in  the  texts  of  Scripture,  en- 
titled '  Curious  or  so-called  Little  Picture 
Bible.'  Sixteen  years  later  Wiering's  imi- 
tation was  translated  into  Dutch  and  pub- 
lished at  Amsterdam  in  1720,  and  in  1743 
appeared  in  the  original  German  at  Copen- 
hagen, with  the  figures  re-engraved  on  wood 
and  the  title  somewhat  modified,  but  still 
retaining  the  expression  "Picture  Bible." 
The  same  publishers  issued  a  French  trans- 
lation of  Wiering's  work  two  years  later 
(Copenhagen,  1745),  bearing  the  simple  title 
'  Bible  en  Figures.' 

About  a  century  after  Mattsberger's 
publication,  when  it  had  become  popular 
not  only  in  Germany,  but  also  in 
Holland  and  Sweden,  its  fame  reached 
England.  It  was  then  that  Thomas  Hodg- 
son, an  enterprising  publisher,  seems  to 
have  engaged  the  assistance  of  Thomas 
Bewick,  the  celebrated  wood-engraver,  to 
produce  a  similar  little  picture  Bible  in 
English.  The  result  of  this  combined  effort 
was  published  about  1780  under  the  title  of 
'  A  Curious  Hieroglyphick  Bible,  or  Select 
Passages  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments 
represented  with  Emblematical  Figures  for 
the  Amusement  of  Youth.'  It  was  dedi- 
cated "to  the  Parents,  Guardians,  and 
Governesses  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 
How  these  guardians  of  youth  throughout 
the  United  Kingdom  were  aided  in  the 
Biblical  instruction  of  their  juveniles  may 
be  seen  from  the  pictorial  representation  of 
the  admonition,  "Keep  not  company  with 
drunkards  nor  gluttons. ^^  "We  have  here 
four  jolly  topers  in  full-bottomed  wigs,  one 
with  his  hat  on  his  head ;  another  has  fallen 
on  the  floor ;  a  third,  not  satisfied  with  the 
brew  in  the  huge  punch-bowl  on  the  table. 


is  drinking  direct  from  a  bottle ;  whilst  a 
trio  of  fat  fellows  are  doing  ample  justice 
to  a  huge  roast  of  ribs  of  beef." 

The  work  concludes  with  a  kind  of 
catechism,  containing  a  series  of  Bible 
questions  and  answers,  amongst  which  we 
have  the  following :  "  Q.  Who  crucified 
Christ?  A.  The  bloody  Jews."  So  popular 
was  this  Hieroglyphick  Bible  that  between 
its  first  issuing  from  the  press  and  1812, 
no  fewer  than  twenty  large  editions  were 
published  in  England  and  four  reprints 
appealed  in  Dublin.  Mr.  Laing,  however, 
has  not  republished  this  work,  but  compiled 
an  original  hieroglyphic  Bible  which  cer- 
tainly exhibits  far  more  taste  and  refinement, 
and  is  much  better  adapted  for  genuine  Bib- 
lical instruction,  than  those  ventures  which 
preceded  his  effort. 

To  the  bibliographer,  however,  Mr. 
Clouston's  introduction  will  be  most  valu- 
able. Whilst  other  children's  books  of 
bygone  times  have  been  more  or  less  amply 
described,  the  history  of  the  hieroglyphic 
Bibles  has  been  neglected.  By  his  inde- 
fatigable zeal  and  patient  industry,  and 
by  his  extensive  correspondence  with  the 
librarians  of  Germany  and  Holland,  Mr. 
Clouston  has  succeeded  in  giving  us  a  com- 
plete history  and  bibliography  of  the  once 
popular  hieroglyphic  Bible  throughout 
Europe.  Mr.  Clouston  and  Mr.  Laing  have 
conjointly  produced  a  work  which  is  not 
only  of  unique  bibliographical  value,  but 
which  will  be  an  ornament  in  any  drawing- 
room. 


Jean  de  Joinville  et  les  Seigneurs  de  Joinville. 

Par  H.  F.  Delaborde.  (Paris,  Picard.) 
This  valuable  monograph,  which  enjoys  the 
distinction  of  having  been  selected  by  the 
French  Government  for  publication  at  its 
expense,  is  a  further  illustration  of  the 
excellence  attained  by  the  French  school 
of  history.  A  careful  study  of  the  life  of 
the  famous  chronicler  is  made  the  nucleus 
of  the  work,  and  is  preceded  by  a  history 
of  his  forefathers  and  followed  by  that  of 
his  descendants  and  his  relatives.  A  calendar 
of  aU  the  documents  in  which  the  Joinvilles 
figure  is  appended.  To  Frenchmen  Joinville 
is  the  friend  of  St.  Louis,  which  character 
has  overshadowed  his  hereditary  office  as 
Seneschal  of  Champagne.  For  us  the  Join- 
villes have  another  and  quite  a  special 
interest,  though  one  has  to  study  this 
volume  in  order  to  discover  the  fact.  It 
was,  M.  Delaborde  suggests,  the  fact  of  the 
chronicler's  uterine  sister  Agnes  marrying 
into  the  house  of  Savoy  that  led  three  of 
his  younger  brothers — Geoffrey,  Simon,  and 
William  —  to  seek  their  fortunes  in  these 
islands.  Here,  disguised  as  the  Genvills 
or  GeneviUes  of  our  peerage  books,  their 
name  is  by  no  means  unknown.  When 
Geoffrey  de  Joinville  first  meets  us  in 
Ireland  (1252)  he  is  ah-eady  a  man  of 
consequence,  and  not  long  afterwards  we 
find  Henry  III.  bestowing  on  him  the 
hand  of  a  great  heiress,  Maud  de  Lacy, 
Lady  of  Trim,  widow  of  that  Peter  of 
Geneva  whom  the  compilers  of  peerages 
have  ingeniously  transformed  into  the 
father  of  her  second  husband.  Maud 
brought  him  not  only  her  moiety  of  the 
lordship  of  Meath,  but  her  share  of  the 
Lacy    possessions   in   England,  at  Ludlow 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


283 


and  elsewhere  in  Herefordshire  and  Shrop- 
shire. With  her,  as  Sire  de  Yaucouleurs — his 
share   of  the  Joinville  inheritance — he  en- 
dowed   the  Herefordshire    abbey  of  Dore. 
It  is  somewhat  singular  that  this  Geoffrey- 
does    not    figure    in     the    '  Dictionary    of 
National  Biography,'   considering  the  part 
he  played  for  some  half  a  century.     Accom- 
panying  Henry   III.    on   his    Gascon    and 
Welsh  campaigns,  and  Edward   I.  to   the 
Holy   Land,   he   was   made  by  the   latter 
Justiciar   of  Ireland,   and    afterwards  em- 
ployed by  him  on  diplomatic  service,  while 
he  seems   to   have  served  the  king  in  the 
field  in  every  part  of  his  dominions.     It  is 
singular  that  M.  Delaborde,  who  has  traced 
so  carefully  his  career,  has  not  discovered 
that  he  crowned  his  career    in  the  public 
service  by  being  summoned  to  the  English 
Parliament  as  a  baron  from  1299  to  1306, 
at  the  close  of  which   year  he  disappears 
from   view.      He  is   said   to   have   retired 
from  public  life  and  entered  the  Dominican 
house  at  Trim  in  1308.     Of   his  brothers, 
Simon,  Lord  of  Marnay  and  jure  uxoris  of 
Gex,  is  found  serving  under  Henry  III.,  and 
William,    a    clerk,    obtained    ecclesiastical 
preferment  in  Ireland.     Geoffrey's  son  and 
heir  Peter  predeceased  him,  a  fact  of  some 
importance,  as  explaining  why  he  was  never 
summoned  to  Parliament,  for  the  peerages 
make    him    survive  his    father.      Of    his 
three  daughters,  the  only  one  who  married 
brought  the  whole  inheritance  to  the  house 
of  Mortimer,  Earls  of  March.     Peter  had 
several  younger  brothers  unknown  to  our 
writers,  of  whom  John  was  ancestor  of  the 
Lords  of  Vaucouleurs,  and  Nicolas,  as  Lord 
of    Miglionico,    founded    the     Neapolitan 
branch   of    the    house.     Another    brother, 
Simon,    the    interesting    dispensation    for 
whose   Irish   marriage    (1290)    seems    un- 
known  to   M.   Delaborde,  had,  we    learn, 
one  son  Nicolas,  who  died  at  Trim  in  1324  ; 
but  according  to  a  Bodleian  MS.  quoted  by 
Dugdale,  he  had  also  five  daughters  who 
married  into  great  Irish  families,  while  his 
son   Nicolas   left   a   daughter   and   heiress 
who  married  a  Cusack.     We  may  supple- 
ment this  by  a  reference  to  the  Gormanston 
Register,  which  gives  Simon  ason(?o5.  v.p.) 
Geoffrey.     Yet  another  brother,  William,  is 
of  interest  because  of  the  grant  in  marriage 
to  him,   by  Edward  I.,   of  a  daughter  of 
JohnGiffard  of  Brimsfield.    Dugdale  refers 
to  this  grant,  but  as  it  is  unknown  to  M. 
Delaborde,  we  may  quote,  from  the  Patent 
EoU,  its  words  : — 

"  Grant  to  William,  son  of  Geoffrey  de  Gyen- 
vill,  for  his  father's  and  his  own  services,  of 
the  marriage  of  Matilda,  youngest  daughter  of 
John  Gyffard  of  Brymmesfeld  and  of  Maud 
Lungespee,  his  late  wife  (June  24,  1299)." 
He  became,  according  to  M.  Delaborde, 
Sire  de  Beauregard.  Nicolas  de  Joinville, 
the  king's  clerk,  who  was  presented  to  Trim 
by  Edward  in  1283,  occurs  also,  we  believe, 
as  a  canon  of  Salisbury  and  of  Hereford  in 
1294,  and  a  prebend  in  St.  Patrick's  was 
bestowed  upon  him  by  the  king  in  1295,  in 
which  year  he  went  oversea.  M.  Dela- 
borde _  claims  him  as  a  son  of  Geoffrey  the 
Justiciar,  possibly  the  one  who  went  to 
Naples. 

We  note  the  origin  of  the  JoinviUe  arms 
as  of  peculiar  interest  to  students  of  heraldry. 
The  head  of  the  family,  living  towards  the 
close  of  the  tweKth  century,  usually  styled 


himself  in  documents  brother  of  Hugh  de 
Broyes.  Hugh  was  only  his  uterine  brother, 
but  Joinville  seems  to  have  adopted  his 
(canting)  arms,  "  D'azur  a  trois  broj'es 
d'or,"  though  the  familj'  coat,  when  it  first 
appears,  is  further  "  charge  d'un  lion  issant 
de  gueules."  We  are  assured,  on  the 
authority  of  Jean  de  Joinville  himself,  that 
this  chief  was  an  augmentation  bestowed  by 
our  own  Richard  I.,  though  this,  to  English 
heralds,  will  seem  hard  to  believe.  The 
arms,  we  may  add,  of  the  English  Geoffrey 
appear  on  our  rolls  as  "Az.  3  breys  d'or, 
au  chief  erm.  demi-lion  de  goules,"  while  in 
those  of  Simon  the  field  is  "noir  "  and  the 
chief  argent. 


Chester  in  the  Plantagenet  and  Tudor  Eeigns. 
By  E.  H.  Morris.     (Privately  printed.) 

This  is  a  work  of  real  value  to  the  student 
of  municipal  antiquities  or  of  the  social 
life  in  our  mediasval  towns.  Chester  is 
fortunate  in  possessing  a  noble  series  of 
records,  of  which  we  already  knew  some- 
thing from  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  His- 
torical MSS.,  but  of  which  Dr.  Morris  is  the 
first  to  make  such  use  as  they  deserve. 

The  distinctive  feature   of  the  local  his- 
tory  must  always,  of   course,  be  Chester's 
position  as  the  capital  of  that  curious  im- 
perium  in  imperio,  the  Palatinate  of  its  earls. 
But,  while  duly  devoting  a  chapter  to  their 
history.   Dr.  Morris  does  his   best  work  in 
those  which  treat  of  the  ecclesiastical  and 
municipal  antiquities  of  Chester  itself.    The 
growth    of    the   mayor's   power    is    traced 
as  coincident  with  the  slow  decay  of  that 
of  the  Abbots  of  St.  Werburgh's,  in  spite 
of  their  great  wealth  and  once  commanding 
influence.     In  treating  of  the  local  religious 
houses.  Dr.  Morris,  who  handles  the  subject 
with   great   impartiality,    proves   from   the 
records  that  there  must  have  been  "  a  grave 
laxity  of  discipline "  among  their  inmates 
and  among  the  clergy.     The  inventories  of 
church  goods  for  Chester  under  Edward  VI. 
are,  very  properly,  printed  in  full,  and  contain 
some  interesting  information.    We  note  "  an 
olde  tunycle"   and  an  "old  dornix  "  made 
into    coverings    for   the  Communion  table, 
and   a    "  whyte    damask    cope"    similarly 
adapted  ;  also  "  vestments  of  grene  and  red 
satten  nowe  altered  into  a  carj^et  for   the 
Comunyon  table."     These   entries  are  im- 
portant for  their  bearing  on  the  use  of  the 
vestments  allowed  by  the  Commissioners  to 
remain. 

It  is  remarkable  that  at  Chester,  as  at 
London  and  some  other  places,  the  maj-or 
emerges  mysteriously,  with  no  explanation 
of  his  appearance.  Dr.  Morris  gives  us 
holders  of  the  office  continiiously  from  1257, 
but  tells  us  that  it  is  not  till  1300  that  the 
muniments  mention  a  mayor.  Equally  un- 
accountable is  the  fact  that  when  he  does 
appear  it  is  as  an  offender  whom  the  sheriffs 
are  ordered  to  arrest.  One  cannot  but  think 
that  he  represented  an  unauthorized  muni- 
cipal development.  That  development  could 
not  be  checked,  and  the  mayor  in  his  turn, 
imder  Elizabeth,  was  able  to  send  the 
sheriffs  to  prison.  The  term  "  maiors' 
peeres,"  found  on  the  records  in  1505,  has 
a  curious  echo  of  the  "peeres  "  in  medijoval 
commimes  abroad.  The  offences,  criminal 
and  social,  that  came  under  municipal  juris- 
diction  are  well  illustrated  from   the  local 


rolls.      Drinking,   sorcery,  forestalling  and 
regrating,   wrangling,   eavesdropping,  neg- 
lecting the  watch,  violation  of  the  sanitary 
regulations,  were  among  the  curiously  min- 
gled matters  with  which  the  mayor  had  to 
deal,  while  he  could  sometimes  give  his  atten- 
tion even  to  sumptuary  edicts.    It  is  interest- 
ing to  learn  that  a  marked  change  in  the 
character  of  assaults   and   riotous    conduct 
can  be  clearly  traced  on  the  rolls,  the  sword 
and  dagger,  the  knife  and  axe,  too  frequently 
in  use  under  the  Plantagenets,  giving  way 
in  the  Tudor  period  to  cudgels  or  even  fists. 
The  miracle  plays,  as  might  be  expected, 
are  dealt  with  at  some  length.     Dr.  Morris 
is  able  to  produce  some  new  evidence  from  the 
Assembly  Books  on  the  "  Whitson  plaies," 
and  on  shows,  processions,  and  other  galas 
for  the  citizens.     Bear-baiting  lingered  on 
at  Chester  till   the  close  of  the  sixteenth 
century,    and  bull  -  baiting  even   down   to 
1803.     At  Chester,  as  elsewhere,  Scrijatural 
plays  were  in  due  course  succeeded  by  the 
performances  given  by  the  c^ueen's  or  her 
nobles'  players.  And  there  is  quoted,  in  tliis 
connexion,    an    entry    which     is    striking. 
WiUiam,  Earl  of  Derby,  wrote,  December 
2nd,  1606,  begging  the  mayor  to  let  Lord 
Hertford's   men   "use   their   quallatie "   as 
plaj-ers  in  the  town  hall.     Now  this  is  the 
earl  of  whom  the  late  Mr.  James  Greenstreet 
noted  that  in  1599  he  was  said  to  be  "  busyed 
only  in  penning  comedies  for  the  commoun 
l^layers."     Some  ten  years  later  a  municipal 
order  is  directed  against  "  obscene  and  un- 
lawful! plaies   or   tragedies   in   the   Comon. 
Hall,"     and    the    Puritan     influence    was 
dominant. 

The  variety  of  trades  carried  on  in  Chester 
is  well  illustrated  by  Dr.  Morris,  and  with 
their    now   old-world   names    is    associated 
a  good  selection  of  surnames  from  the  local 
rolls.      In  this  his  example  might  be  fol- 
lowed by  other  antiquaries  with  advantage. 
The  gild  merchant,  which  seems  at  Chester 
to  have  been  synonymous  with  the  govern- 
ing  body,  preserved  certain  marks  of  an- 
tiquity, such  as  the  "  old  ancient"  (a  phrase 
which  lingers  still  on  the  lips  of  the  lower 
orders)   custom — as   it   is   described   in   an 
Assembly  Book  of  the  sixteenth  century — 
by  which    every  Sunday  the    members   of 
the  corporation  met  for  "  a  shott  or  drinking, 
every  man  to  spend  a  penny,  which  maner 
©f  meeting  ther  is  much  commended."    This 
carries  us  back  to  the  days  when  the  citizens 
of  London,  according  to  Giraldus,  "  potabant 
gildam    suam."     Dr.   Morris    has    arrived 
at   the  'conclusion   that   we  do  not  find   at 
Chester    anj'    oppression   of   the   craftsmen, 
by  the  gild.     The  real  struggle  was  against 
the  intruding  "  foreigner"  who  endeavoured 
to  trade  in  the  city  without  taking  up  his 
freedom.     "Covering"  (as  we  should  now 
say)  a  foreigner's  goods  caused  a  citizen  in 
the  days  of  Elizabeth  to  be  fined  and  to  lose 
his  franchise.    Even  in  the  days  of  Edward  I. 
there  are  entries  on  the  records  of  forestalling 
and  regrating  being  jealously  watched  and 
sharply  punished.     Business  was  regulated 
with  minute  care,  and  the  tendency  to  make 
castes  of  all  trades  and  occupations  is  plainly 
evident.     It  is  not  possible  in  our  limited 
space  to  do  justice  to  the  rich  results  of  the 
author's  labours  among  the  records,  but  we 
may   allude   to   the    "liquor"    regulations, 
because   at  Chester  we  read  of  them    even 
in  Domesday  Book.     It  is  curious  that  the 


284 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


brewing  and  selling  of  ale  was  almost  exclu- 
sively in  the  liands  of  females  till  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  which  made  "  all 
strangers  resorting"  to  Chester  "greatly 
marvill  and  thinke  it  an  unconvenyent 
use."  It  would  seem  that  "youth  and 
light-disposed  persons"  found  the  "young 
women"  who  kept  the  taverns  too  attrac- 
tive, and  a  reforming  mayor  ordered  that 
there  should  be  no  ale-wives  between  the 
ages  of  fourteen  and  forty. 

Dr.  Morris  has  accomplished  a  work  in- 
volving great  labour,  and  deserves  the  praise 
due  to  those  who  have  toiled  among  original 
records.  Nor  is  he  merely  a  local  antiquary  ; 
his  knowledge  of  general  history  is  sound, 
and  he  knows  that  the  earKest  Chester  record 
relates  to  trade  with  Dublin,  not,  as  stated 
in  the  Eeport  of  the  Historical  MSS.  Com- 
mission, to  Durham.  It  might,  perhaps,  be 
urged  that  Dugdale  has  led  him  to  accept  a 
fanciful  tale  about  "  the  Fair  of  Lincoln," 
and  we  cannot  agree  with  him  as  to  the 
Abbot  of  Chester's  champion,  for  we  read 
the  passage  he  relies  on  quite  differently. 
But  these  are  small  matters.  The  book  has 
many  illustrations,  but  of  somewhat  unequal 
merit. 


REGENT   WORKS    ON   HOMER. 

Grundfragen    der    Homcrhitih.      Yon    Paul 

Cauer.     (Leipzig,  Hirzel.) 
The   Greek  Epic.     By  G.  C.  W.  Warr,  M.A. 

(S.P.C.K.) 
It  is  gratifying  to  see  signs,  of  which  Prof. 
Cauer' s  book  is  one,  that  a  period  of  recon- 
ciliation and  harmony  may  possibly  succeed 
the  embittered  Homeric  contests  which  have 
now  lasted  well-nigh  through  the  nineteenth 
century.    Dr.  Cauer,  although  a  young  man, 
has  already  made    his    name   not   only  in 
Homeric  literature  by  his   critical  editions 
of    the    Iliad    and    Odyssey,    but    by    his 
*  Delectus    of   Greek  Inscriptions,'    and  by 
more  than  one  study  in  Latin  poetry.     As 
this  would  lead  us  to  expect,  he  brings  to 
the  work  before  us  a  breadth  of  view  which 
well  qualifies  him  for  the  task  he  has  under- 
taken.    In  contrast  to  the  specialists  who, 
particularly    in     Germany,    have     devoted 
themselves  to  lines  of  inquiry  so  narrow  as 
to  conceal  the  real  bearing  of  their  results, 
Cauer    ranges    over   the    whole    field,  and 
deals  less  with  details  than  with  the  mutual 
interdependence  of  textual  criticism,  dialect, 
history,  culture,  religion,  and  literary  style. 
He  is  thus  naturally  led  to  a  position  distant 
from  all  extremes  ;  and  though  his  tone  is 
not  in  the  main  polemical,  he  has  occasion 
to  deal  as  hard  blows   at  Ludwich  in  the 
conservative  camp  as  at  Wilamowitz  on  the 
opposite  wing.     13ut  ho  writes  throughout 
with    a   sobriety  which  inspires  confidence 
in  his  ability  to  hold  his  own. 

He  touches  but  briefly  on  the  question 
of  the  com2-)osition  of  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssey,  accepting  in  its  essentials  the 
dominant  and,  we  may  even  say,  now 
orthodox  theory  of  "crystallization" 
round  a  nucleus,  to  be  found,  for  the 
Iliad,  in  Books  I.,  XI. -XVI.,  and  portions 
of  tliose  that  follow ;  among  which  it  may 
be  mentioned  that  he  regards  the  sacrifices 
on  Patroclus's  tomb  as  one  of  the  oldest 
fragments.  Ho  is,  however,  no  believer 
in  the  very  minute  analysis  of  constituent 
elements ;    for  he    is    strongly    impressed, 


unlike  most  of  his  countrymen,  with  the 
"  want  of  logical  perspective  "  which  permits 
the  epic  poet  many  temporary  inconsistencies 
of  motive  and  view — inconsistencies  which 
must  not  be  magnified  into  arguments  for 
the  dissolution  of  the  poems. 

Passing  over  much  that  is  sound,  much 
that  is  freshly  put,  and  much,  be  it  added, 
with  which  we  do  not  agree,  we  will  dwell 
on   his   treatment   of    the   historical   back- 
ground of  the  poems ;     for     this   contains 
some  points  of  interest  which,  though  not 
entirely  new,  are  still  unfamiliar  in  England. 
Cauer  holds,  with  most  recent  inquirers, 
that  epic  poetry  arose  in  the  iEolic  colonies, 
or   was    at  least    developed    there   out   of 
poetic  materials   brought   by  the   colonists 
from  their  homes  in  Thessaly.     He  believes 
in  an  historic  siege  of  Troy,  but  not  in  an 
expedition  from  the  mainland.  The  iEolians 
settled  first,  at  a  very  early  date,  in  Lesbos 
and  the  fringe  of  coast  immediately  oppo- 
site ;  it  was  only  after  some  centuries  that 
theysucceeded,  doubtless  with  long  struggles, 
in  conquering  the  Troad  itself,  including  the 
city  of  Troy.     It  is  in  this  struggle,  long 
unsuccessful,  that    Cauer   finds   the    back- 
ground  of  historical  reality  ;  while  in  the 
fact  that,  so  far  as  we  can  judge,  the  earliest 
form  of  the  epic  told  only  of  the  siege,  and 
not  of  the  fall  of  the  town,  he  sees  a  re- 
flection of  the  actual  failure  of  the  invaders. 
The  original  homes  of  the  iEolic  colonists 
were  in  Thessaly  and  Boeotia ;  and  Cauer, 
here  following  Busolt  and  Beloch,  will  hear 
of    no    primitive    connexion    between    the 
Peloponnesus   and  the  epic.     According  to 
the  original    legend,   Agamemnon    was    a 
Thessalian  prince,  and  it  was  only  at  a  later 
time,  when  the  cultivation  of    epic  poetry 
had  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  lonians, 
that  he  was  transplanted  to  the  Pelopon- 
nesus and  made  king  of  Mycenfe. 

The  grounds  for  this  bold  theory  Cauer 
states  as  follows  :  Firstly,  if  Agamemnon, 
like  Achilles,  is  a  character  in  the  primitive 
legend,  he  must  come  from  a  land  where 
iEolic,  in  the  narrower  sense  of  the  word, 
was  spoken.     But  this  dialect  was  spoken  in 
Thessaly,  not  in  the  Peloponnesus.    Secondly, 
Agamemnon  and  his  fleet  sailed  from  Aulis. 
This     also     points     to     Northern     Greece. 
Argives  and  Achaians  are  interchangeable 
names,    therefore    they    must     have    been 
neighbouring    tribes.      The     Achaians    of 
Achilles  dwell  in  Southern  Thessaly ;  there- 
fore the  Argives  must  be  the  inhabitants  of 
the  "Pelasgian  Argos,"  the  plain  of  Northern 
Thessaly.      Thirdly,    the    standing   epithet 
[■mro/SoTov  is  only  applicable  to  this  northern 
Argos,  and  can  never  have  been  used  of  the 
Peloponnesian  city.      Finally,  there   is   the 
curious  use  of  the  phrase  Ka6'  'EAAdSa  Kal 
IjA(tov  "Apyos.     The    two   names,    originally 
used,  as  is  well  known,  of  two  divisions  of 
Thessaly,  are  applied  in  a  loose  and  almost 
meaningless  way  in  the  Odyssey  as  a  general 
expression  for  the 'whole  of  Greece.     Cauer 
follows  out  through  ]>oth  poems  the  use  of 
the  name  Argos  in  order  to  show  how  the 
moaning  gradually  expanded.      He  points 
out  that  the  connexion  of  Agamemnon  with 
Mycena)  is  very  loose,  and  is  explicitly  as- 
serted only  in  later  parts  of  the  Iliad.     The 
same  is  the  case  with  Monolaus  and  Sparta  ; 
and  even  Nestor  and  Noleus  are  uprooted 
by  the  Gorman  scholar  fromPylos,  and  trans- 
ported back  to  earlier  homes  in  Thessaly. 


The  theory  has  at  least  one  of  the  greatest 
merits  a  theory  can  have — it  is  suggestive. 
Whether  it  will  hold  water  is  another  ques- 
tion.    Of   all   Cauer' s   arguments   the   first 
seems  the  weakest.     It  is  weU  known  that 
of  the  surviving  dialects  that  which  is  most 
intimately  related  to  the  oldest  portion  of 
the  Homeric  language  is  not  the  iEolic  in 
the  narrower  sense,  but  the  Cyprian  ;  and 
this  leads  us  back  to  the  Peloponnesus  and 
Arcadia,  not  to  Thessaly.     Moreover,  Cauer 
entirely  ignores  the  fact  that,  so  far  as  we 
yet  are  aware,  it  was  in  the  Peloponnesus,  not 
in  Thessaly,  that  the  culture  which  he  dis- 
tinctly connects  with  the  poems  reached  its 
height,  so  that  it  is  fitly  named  Mycenaean. 
We  know  from  Pindar — himself  a  Boeotian, 
and  therefore  not  likely  to  give  the  preference 
to  Ionian  legends — that  the  .^olians  them- 
selves traced  back  their  origin  in  part  to 
Mycenaj.    And  a  circumstance  which  carries 
no  little  weight  is  that  the  worship  of  Helen, 
and  of  Agamemnon  under  the  title  of  Zeus, 
existed  at  Sparta.     A  "  Zeus  Agamemnon  " 
seems   to   point   to    a   Laconian   god   Aga- 
memnon even  in  the  dim  past,  before  the 
Olympian   divinities   had  come  southwards 
to  absorb  their   predecessors   and   degrade 
their   names   to  secondary  titles  and   their 
godhead  to  herohead.  Cauer  is  at  least  bound 
to  explain  how  it  comes  that  these  legends 
and  worship  can  have  been  transported  and 
so  firmly  rooted   in   Dorian  states    by  the 
ignorance  of   Ionian  rhapsodists  who  mis- 
understood  the   name   of   Argos.      In   our 
opinion  the  facts  are  satisfactorily  accounted 
for   by  the   supposition   that   the   Achaian 
race   first   settled    in   Thessaly,    and   there 
formed    the   groundwork   of    their    legend 
and    tradition ;    that    they   then    migrated 
southward   and   raised   their   power   to   its 
height  in  Mycena) ;    and  that  the  common 
stock  of  myth  and  legend  thus  developed 
was  carried  to  the  iEolian  colonies  in  Asia 
Minor,  to  be  worked  upon  in  the  successive 
developments    of     Homeric    poetry.      The 
origins  of  the  epos  go  hand  in  hand  with 
the  origins  of  religion.     The  gods  proclaim 
their   Thessalian   home  in   their  Olympian 
name,  yet  none  the  less  are  they,  by  right 
of  settlement,  more  truly  denizens  of  Central 
and  Southern  than  of  Northern  Greece  ;  and 
those  who  refuse  Agamemnon  a  home  in  the 
Peloponnesus  must  in  fairness  be  prepared 
to  hold  that  the  Olympian  festival  itself  was 
transplanted    to   Elis  by  the   ignorance   of 
Ionian  poets. 

The  whole  question  is  dangerously  fas- 
cinating, and  the  wealth  of  recent  discovery 
gives  a  faint  hope  that  it  may  yet  receive 
something  like  an  answer  on  other  than 
purely  conjectural  grounds.  In  the  mean 
time,  while  not  convinced,  we  are  grateful 
to  Dr.  Cauer  for  the  eminently  luminous 
and  skilful  way  in  which  he  has  stated 
this  hypothesis,  and,  indeed,  for  every  page 
of  his  judicious,  learned,  and  most  reason- 
able book. 

Prof.  A\'arr,  though  on  a  far  smaller  scale 
and  in  a  quite  elementary  form,  is  almost  as 
learned  and  many-sided  as  Dr.  Cauer.  His 
book  belongs  to  a  series,  "The  Dawn  of 
European  Literature,"  of  which  several 
volumes  have  already  appeared,  although  to 
his  of  course  the  first  place  properly  belongs. 
It  is  an  introduction  to  Homer  and  Hesiod 
on  a  novel  and  rather  ingenious  plan.  The 
greater  part  of  the  volume  consists  of  a  con- 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


285 


tinuous  abstract  of  the  Iliad,  the  Odyssey, 
the  '  "Works  and  Days,'  and  the  '  Theogony.' 
The  abridgment — necessarily  a  rather  bald 
one — is  diversified  at  intervals  by  blank- 
verse  or  hexameter  translations  of  the  more 
remarkable  passages ;  while  at  the  foot  of 
the  page  are  illustrative  notes  dealing  with 
literary  criticism,  archceology,  folk  -  lore, 
mythology,  and,  indeed,  with  nearly  all  the 
multifarious  questions  which  present  them- 
selves to  the  student  of  the  epos. 

The  verse  translations  are  vigorous  and 
spirited,  but  sometimes  rather  rugged  and 
hardly  inspired.     Here  is  a  specimen  from 
Hiad  I.,  where  form  is  somewhat  lacking  : — 
Wine-sodden  blusterer  !     Dog-faced,  doe-hearted  ! 
Thou  niggardest  thy  valour  at  the  bruit 
Of  arms,  and  blenchest  when  thou  shouldst  adven- 
ture 
With  us  Achcean  earls  in  ambuscade. 
Oh,  that  were  horrible  to  thee  as  death  ! 
Better  avails  thee  to  embezzle  a  gift 
From  any  warrior  of  us  all  in  leaguer 
Who  will  gainsay  thee.     Liegemen  has't  thou  nore 
But  nidd'rings  that  obey  thee,  sceptred  wolf  ! 
Or  else,  0  King,  this  ravin  were  thy  last. 

But  other  passages  run  more  smoothly,  and 
the  farewell  of  Hector  and  Andromache  is 
®n  the  whole  distinctly  good. 

The  notes  are  exceedingly  brief,  and 
almost  overburdened  with  matter.  Ad- 
dressed to  readers  ignorant  of  the  Greek 
language,  and  presumably  not  too  well 
prepared  in  the  waj's  of  Greek  thought, 
they  may  be  found  rather  indigestible.  But 
with  the  matter  of  them  there  is  no  fault  to 
find.  It  might  have  been  well,  perhajis,  to 
leave  out  a  good  deal  of  dubious  etymology 
— none  the  less  dubious  because  it  has  the 
sanction  of  distinguished  German  names. 
The  space  saved  would  be  well  used  in 
expanding  more  useful  and  interesting 
notes.  But  we  have  noticed  nothing  which 
can  be  called  erroneous,  or  at  least  indefen- 
sible ;  Mr.  TVarr's  reading  is  accurate  as 
well  as  wide,  and  is  brought  down  to  the 
latest  possible  date,  as,  for  instance,  in  the 
prominence  rightly  allotted  to  Eeichel's 
views  on  Homeric  armour. 

In  two  short  preliminary  chapters  Mr. 
Warr  discusses  the  Mycenoean  age  and  its 
relation  to  the  poems  in  full  sj-mpathy  with 
the  results  of  modern  critics.  In  his  view 
of  the  Iliad  he  follows  Dr.  Leaf — in  the 
Odyssey,  Wilamowitz.  But  such  questions 
he  touches  ujion  so  slightly  as  to  leave, 
we  should  think,  a  very  misty  idea  in  the 
unprepared  mind. 

Not  the  least  interesting,  because  the  least 
familiar,  are  the  two  chapters  on  Hesiod. 
We  note  with  pleasure  that  Mr.  Warr 
accepts  the  personal  element — the  address 
to  Perses — as  original,  and  does  not  regard 
it,  as  some  do,  in  the  light  of  a  mere  edi- 
torial addition.  He  rightly  observes  that  the 
abruptness  with  which  the  wicked  brother 
is  brought  in,  and  his  apparent  irrelevancy, 
are  strong  arguments  for  his  reality. 


Anecdotal  Reminiscences  of  an  Octo  -  nono- 
genarian.  By  Sir  G.  F.  Duckett,  Bart. 
(Kendal,  Wilson.) 
The  weakness  of  eyesight  which  has  com- 
pelled Sir  George  Duckett  to  abandon  the 
antiquarian  researches  by  which  he  has 
been  so  honourably  distinguished  has  had 
its  compensation,  as  it  has  induced  him  to 
dictate  his  reminiscences  of  a  life  which 
began    eighty  -  four   years    ago.      In    the 


long  space  of  time  over  which  his  memory 
travels  Sir  G.  Duckett  has  had  many  and 
various  experiences.  He  can  remember  hear- 
ing of  the  death  of  the  Princess  Charlotte, 
and  seeing  the  Guards,  almost  fresh  from 
the  occupation  of  France,  exercising  on 
the  ground  now  covered  by  Belgrave  Square 
and  Eaton  Square.  London  has,  indeed, 
grown  since  the  days  of  his  boyhood. 

"I  remember  to  have  heard  my  father  say 
that  he  remembered  Grosvenor  Square  a  farm  ; 
and  I  myself,  well  remember  Tyburn  turnpike, 
which  ended  all  things  in  that  direction  up  to 
the  now  disused  burial  ground." 

"Little  Duckett"  was  at  Harrow  under 
Butler,  afterwards  the  Dean  of  Peter- 
borough ;  William  Drury  was  his  tutor ; 
he  was  fag  to  the  late  Sir  Harry  Verney, 
who  then  bore  the  name  of  Calvert ;  and  he 
himself  was  one  of  those  who  made  Anthony 
Trollop e's  schooldays  a  burden  to  him,  as 
readers  of  the  novelist's  autobiography  may 
remember  :  — 

"  He  and  his  brother,  or  perhaps  he  alone, 
was  pounced  upon  by  boys  to  repeat  his  '  pedi- 
gree,' whenever  they  met  him,  and  usually  after 
each  repetition  the  repeater  received  a  kick, 
more  or  less  innocent,  more  or  less  severe.  For 
a  little  defenceless  boy  tliis  state  of  existence 
must  have  been  a  sore  trial.  The  first  lines  of 
his  pedigree  still  din  in  my  ears,  deduced  as  it 
was  from  '  Tally-Ho  Sha '  the  Norman  (?(7to) 
came  over  with  William  (he  Conqueror,  and 
whose  '  descendant  a  little  time  after  killed 
three  wolves  '  (looking  as  though  the  head  of 
the  family  had  tally -ho'd  tlie  three  wolves,  which 
the  descendant  exterminated).  '  Trois  being  the 
French  for  three,  and  loup  tlie  French  for  wolf, 
the  name  was  called  "Trois  loups,"  and  after 
many  contractions,  our  name  became  Trollope. ' 

I  was  once  caught  in  the  act  by  his  mother, 

for  Mrs.  Trollope  rented  a  house  just  out  of 
Harrow,  and  witnessed  the  whole  ceremony, 
either  being  in  ambush  among  the  laurels,  or 
in  some  other  way.  She  reported  the  matter, 
and  I  got  a  moderate  reprimand  from  my 
tutor." 

Sir  George  Duckett's  father  at  that  time 
lived  at  Theobalds,  and  the  boy 
"  caught  a  spent  salmon  in  the  Waltham  Abbey 

waters I   was    trolling  with    snap-tackle  on 

one  occasion  in  company  with  the  officer  of 
Engineers  then  in  command  of  the  powder  mills, 
at  a  part  called  'Newton's  Pool.'  I  hooked  a 
good  fish,  but  had  little  idea  of  its  being  other 
than  a  pike.  At  length,  however,  it  was  brought 
to  land,  and  turned  out  to  be  what  I  have  said, 
a  spent  salmon.  It  must  have  been  there  a  long 
time,  and  had  lost  all  the  attributes  of  a  salmon, 
in  fact  looked  like  a  long  thick  eel,  or  something 

resembling  the  sea  tish  ling,  but  less  thick it 

measured  two  feet  eight  inches.  The  marvellous 
part  of  the  matter  is,  how  could  such  a  fish  ever 
have  got  up  the  Lea  from  the  Thames.  There  are 
endless  locks  to  pass  on  this  navigable  river — 
I  can  not  say  how  many — but  there  the  salmon 
had  got,  and  few  naturalists  could  exactly  deter- 
mine what  length  of  time  it  would  take  for  a 
salmon  to  acquire  that  peculiar  figure,  long  and 
lanky,  as  I  have  said  it  was If  in  good  con- 
dition, a  fish  of  that  length  would  have  weighed 
at  least  thirty  pounds." 

When  he  was  fifteen  the  autobiographer 
was  sent  to  Gotha,  where  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  thorough  knowledge  of 
German  which  afterwards  enabled  him  to 
compile  his  valuable  '  Military  Dictionary.' 
In  182'J  he  was  sent  to  Christ  Church, 
where  he 

"  had  a  valet,  a  groom,  and  two  hunters,  a 
large  yearly  allowance,  augmented  by  sub- 
stantial ti[)s  from  my  mother,  so  that  I  put  all 
study  aside,  and  gave   m)'self  over  entirely  to 


hunting,  which  was  then  not  interdicted  as  ia 
after  days.  I  acquitted  myself  so  well  in  dif- 
ferent examinations  on  first  going  up,  that  I 
received  considerable  praise.  Whether  it  was 
this  fact,  or  that  I  never  '  knocked  in  late  '  after 
'  Tom,'  during  the  whole  nine  terms  I  was  there, 
I  never  went  near  my  college  tutor  above  three 
or  four  times." 

At  this  time 

"  Wadham    had  nothing    beyond  it    but   open 

country  ;    ploughed  land   came    close  up  to  its 

walls,  and  I  used  to  '  sweat '  my  horses  on  the 

same." 

He  certainly  hunted  with  zest : — 
"I  performed  a  feat  with  the  above-named 
mare,  and  an  Oxford  hack,  which  would  vie 
with  a  good  many.  I  rode  the  hack  fifteen  miles 
to  Charlbury,  where  my  horses  stood.  The 
hounds  met  at  a  gorse,  the  name  of  which  I 
have  forgotten  ;  they  killed  their  fox  within 
six  miles  of  Cheltenham,  which  is  forty  miles 
from  Oxford  ;  by  the  time  I  had  taken  the  mare 
back  to  Charlbury,  had  mounted  ray  hack,  and 
reached  Oxford,  I  had  covered  a  hundred  miles." 

After  leaving  Oxford  the  future  antiquary 
entered  the  Guards  ;  however,  his  father's 
reverses  forced  him  to  exchange  into  a  less 
expensive  regiment.  Some  years  later  he 
commenced  his  '  Military  Dictionary '  in 
three  languages  —  English,  French,  and 
German  ;  but  he  was  disajipointed  to  find 
how  little  encouragement  his  imdertakiug 
met  with.  The  army  at  that  time  lived 
on  the  recollections  of  the  Napoleonic  wars, 
and  the  Duke  of  Wellington  snubbed  any 
officer  who  wrote  on  military  matters.  One 
of  the  few  patrons  it  met  with  was  Prince 
Albert. 

"Having  the  MS.   of  ray  work  in  tolerably 
complete  form,  I  went  up  to  London,  taking  it 
with  me,  with  the  intention  of  asking  H.R.H. 
the  Prince  to  obtain  for  me  a  year's  leave  of 
absence  in   which    to  finish  it,   for  no  shorter 
time  could  have  sufficed.     There  was  consider- 
able opposition  to  this,  both  on  the  part  of  the 
Horse   Guards    (or   the  Duke    of   Wellington), 
and  the  Colonel  commanding  the  regiment,  but 
Royal  influence  prevailed  and  I  got  ray  leave, 
but  no  doubt  at  the  expense  of  an  awkward  mark 
against  me  by  the  Duke,  who  was  as  unforgetful 
as  unforgiving.     My  interview  with  the  Prince 
is  worth  noting.     Lord  Hardwicke,  after  a  foot- 
man had  been  summoned  to  carry  up  my  three 
vols,   of  MS.,   took  me  to  the  Prince's  room; 
he  pointed  out  eu  attendant  the  beautiful  thuigs 
it  contained,  and  soon  after  the  Prince  entered, 
and  Lord  Hardwicke   withdrew.     I  asked  the 
Prince  obligingly  to  name  any  particular  word 
which   might   occur   to    him.     This   he  did ;    I 
turned   to   the    word,  and    the  Prince  seemed 
gratified.     I   again    requested    H.R.H.     to    fix 
upon    some   other   expression,    and   the   .same 
result  ensued,  and  I  think  that  in  this  way  four 
or  five  terms  were  at  once  satisfactorily  seen  ; 
H.R.H.  then  retired,  saying  he  would  do  what 
he  could.     I  was  in  uniform,  and  Lord  Hard- 
wicke told  me  that  he  was  very  glad  that  I  had 
chosen  that  mode  of  appearing  before  the  Prince. 
My   leave    of  absence    at   length    arrived,    the 
Commander  -  in  -  Chief      remarking      that      he 
approved  of  every  step  which   had  been  taken 
by  the   Colonel   of    the   regiment,    which   was 
tacitly  tantamount  to  an  adverse  reflection  on 
myself,  and  a  censure  which  settled  my  military 
prospects." 

In  Prussia  the  young  officer's  reception 
was  different.  King  Frederick  William 
treated  him  with  much  civility,  and 
".some  years  later,  conferred  on  me  the  Great 
(iold  Medal  of  '■Science  ami  Art,'  for  my 
Military  Dictionary,  which  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  had  also  done  the  year  before  ;  the 
I'russian   Official    Gazette    in    announcing    the 


286 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


bestowal  of  that  honour,  coupled  with  it  the 
fact,  that  the  work  in  question  was  '  remarkable 
for  its  singular  and  faultless  correctness  and 
completeness  '  ;  an  announcement  not  usually 
made  by  a  Government  Gazette." 

The  dictionary  cost  no  small  labour  to  its 
compiler : — 

"  I  worked  without  intermission,  I  may  say, 
day  and  night,  and  on  two  occasions  was  so 
engrossed  in  my  undertaking,  that  I  never  went 
to  bed  at  all.  I  had  commenced  printing  my 
Dictionary  at  Berlin  ;  the  type  and  execution, 
as  far  as  the  jjrinting  was  concerned,  were  fault- 
less, but  the  total  ignorance  of  English  on  the 
part  of  the  compositors  caused  me  an  awful 
amount  of  trouble,  especially  in  the  '  division  ' 
of  words ;  they  would  divide  such  a  word  as 
'horse,' and  equally  short  words;  in  the  end, 
however,  I  reprinted  the  entire  volume  in  Eng- 
land." 

One  tiling  that  struck  Sir  G.  Duckett 
when  in  Berlin  in  1844  is  worth  mentioning: 

"  There  certainly  was  always  an  unmistakable 
ill  feeling  towards  Austria  on  the  part  of  Prussia, 
and  very  much  so  towards  some  of  the  smaller 
German  States.  I  was  sitting  next  to  an  officer 
of  the  General  StafFin  that  year  or  the  following, 
at  some  Court  entertainment,  when  he  astonished 
me  very  much  by  calling  my  attention  to  two 
officers  who  seemed  somewhat  isolated,  and 
were  sitting  together  opposite,  alluding  to  them 
in  no  very  friendly  way  ;  they  evidently  from 
their  uniform  belonged  to  some  minor  State." 

In  order  to  finish  his  magnum  opus,  Sir 
George  went  on  half  pay  ;  but  when  at  the 
cost  of  many  sacrifices  it  was  finished,  and  he 
was  again  put  on  full  pay,  he  was  rewarded 
by  being  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  cap- 
tains of  the  reserve  battalion  of  the  69th 
Regiment : — 

"My  Dictionary  had  done  me  more  harm 
than  good  as  an  English  Officer  ;  the  Quarter- 
Master  General  Sir  Willoughby  Gordon,  then 
at  the  Horse  Guards,  wrote  me,  it  is  true,  a 
most  flattering  letter,  and  so  did  Sir  George 
Murray,  with  two  or  three  of  the  best  then 
existing  old  Peninsular  Officers,  but  it  was  clear 
that  the  Authorities  could  not  appreciate  what 
they  did  not  understand,  either  French  or 
German,  and  though  I  had  undertaken  the  task 
with  a  view  to  my  own  advancement,  and  the 
benefit  of  the  service,  I  got  neither  that,  nor 
even  thanks.  They  might  have  thought  that 
my  work  was  of  more  use  to  the  foreigner  than 
to  the  English  Officer  ;  but  were  that  so,  the 
same  might  be  said  of  every  Dictionary,  never- 
theless it  showed  a  littleness  and  narrow- 
mindedness  not  much  to  the  credit  of  a  great 
country." 

His  labours  met  with  some  reward 
abroad,  but  in  England  the  compiler's 
merits  have  never  been  sufficiently  recog- 
nized : — 

"It  was  in  1850  that  the  Emperor  of  Austria 
sent  me  his  Gold  Medal  of  '■Science,'  in  recog- 
nition of  the  Work,  which  his  Ambassador  in 
England,  Baron  Roller,  had  brought  to  his 
notice,  but  without  my  knowledge.  The  same 
year  Baron  Bunsen  forwarded  to  me  from  the 
King  of  Prussia,  the  Great  Gold  Medal  of 
'  Science  and  Art  ';    and  this  was  followed   by 

the  French  Emperor's  Gold  Medal I  used  to 

see  in  the  Reports  from  Military  Correspondents 
with  the  Armies  in  the  field,  constant  use  of  my 
terms,  and  this  continued  during  the  whole 
Franco-German  War.  The  importance  of  the 
Work  seems  to  have  been  recognized  by  all, 
excepting  by  those  from  whom  it  ought  to  have 
had  its  chief  recognition.  A  paragraph  appeared 
in  the  Naval  and  Military  Gazette  sometime  in 
April  or  May  of  185C,  hi'  which,  in  an  Article 
on  the  fortress  of  Kars,  and  how  the  Authorities 
never  promoted  the  study  of  Foreign  languages, 


my  name  was  thus  brought  in — '  The  best 
linguist  in  the  whole  British  Army  (Major 
George  Floyd  Duckett)  has  been  refused  em- 
ployment over  and  over  again  ;  when  did  our 
Authorities  ever  promote  the  knowledge  and 
study  of  modern  languages'  ? The  Govern- 
ment under  Lord  Salisbury,  bestowed  on  me  a 
grant  of  200Z.  in  1890,  for  work  done  forty-eight 
years  before  ! — about  a  third  of  the  sum  which 
the  same  cost  to  print.  Being  a  '  poor  Devil ' 
I  took  it,  though  many  another  would  have 
declined  it  with  becoming  thanks." 

Disgusted  by  the  scanty  recognition  his 
dictionary  received  in  this  country,  and 
"  having,"  to  use  his  own  words, 
"in  1856  virtually  bid  adieu  to  all  things 
military,  without  either  sorrow  or  remorse,  an 
entire  change  '  came  o'er  the  spirit  of  my 
dream';  I  devoted  myself  to  other  pursuits, 
not  like  a  man  of  my  acquaintance,  who  from 
force  of  circumstances  having  left  the  Army, 
could  not  endure  to  hear  the  '  drums  and 
fifes  '  of  a  regiment,  without  being  overcome 
and  prostrate  :  my  whole  thoughts  were  now 
bent  on  '  Archosology,  Historical,  Antiquarian, 
and  Monastic  Researches,'  as  indeed  they  had 

long  been  in  Genealogical  Records Having 

thus  taken  up  traditional  and  historical  litera- 
ture, I  was  brought  again  face  to  face  with 
Latin,  which  I  had  shelved  on  going  to  Oxford. 

It  came  fully  back  tome  by  degrees,  and 

quite  so  after  I  had  concluded  the  Genealogical 
History  of  my  family  at  the  Bodleian,  some 
years  afterwards  in  1870.  It  enabled  me  in 
succeeding  years  to  edit  and  carry  out  through 
the  Press  many  volumes  of  important  Records." 

We  may  here  close  our  notice  of  an  inter- 
esting piece  of  autobiography.  The  narra- 
tive is  manly  and  modest,  and  if  it  contains 
nothing  of  extraordinary  interest,  it  gives 
a  picture  of  a  man  who  met  with  courage 
a  severe  reverse  of  fortune  that  entirely 
changed  his  prospects  almost  at  the  outset 
of  his  career,  who  has  devoted  himself 
unostentatiously  to  useful  and  meritorious 
studies,  and  who  bears  the  afiiiction  of  loss 
of  eyesight  with  a  patience  that  provokes 
admiration.  A  little  revision  of  slips  in 
style  such  as  usually  occur  in  the  course  of 
dictation  should  be  made  in  a  second  edition. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


A  Magnificent  Young  Man.   By  John  Strange 

Winter.  (White  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  great  improvement  on  most  of  the 
author's  previous  works.  It  shows  that  the 
cavalry  branch  of  the  army  still  exercises 
an  irresistible  fascination  for  John  Strange 
Winter  ;  but  the  reader  is  no  longer  wearied 
with  incorrect  details  about  the  social  life 
of  officers.  The  plot  is  so  good  that  it  is 
difficult  for  even  the  practised  novel-reader 
to  conjecture  what  will  be  the  outcome  of 
the  mystery  which  overshadows  the  life  of 
the  heroine.  When  the  explanation  is  at 
length  supplied  it  turns  out  to  be  not  only 
possible,  but  not  highly  improbable,  and  is 
in  harmony  with  the  character  of  the  hero. 
Young  Bladensbrook  of  Bladensbrook  is 
indeed  magnificent  not  only  in  physique,  but 
in  disposition,  and  altogether  a  very  lovable 
young  fellow.  His  family  pride  takes  an 
exceptionally  good  turn,  notwithstanding 
the  bringing  up  of  his  mother,  who,  though 
represented  as  a  very  clever  woman,  shows 
little  sense  in  the  manner  in  which  she  edu- 
cates her  fatherless  son.  Inconsistency  is, 
however,  essentially  a  feminine  quality,  and, 
on  the  whole,  Mrs.  Bladensbrook  is  a  fine 
character.    Her  husband,  a  squire  of  ancient 


race  and  of  large  estates,  died  young,  from 
the  kick  of  a  horse,  leaving  his  widow  sole 
guardian  of  his  one  child  : — 

"From  the  very  first  she  treated  him  as  if  he 
were  a  young  king  :  she  impressed  a  due  sense 
of  his  responsibilities  upon  him,  made  him  fully 
aware  of  the  importance  of  his  place  in  the 
Avorld,  and  always  treated  him— even  when 
correcting  him — with  a  certain  deference  which 
she  held  due  to  the  head  of  her  family  ;  and  it 
must  be  remembered  that  young  Godfrey  was 
only  three  yeai's  old  when  his  father  died.  From 
the  day  following  that  of  Ralph  Bladensbrook 's 
funeral,  the  young  squire  sat  in  his  place  and 
was  invariably  spoken  of  and  to  as  Mr.  Bladens- 
brook. It  was  characteristic  of  this  woman  that 
she  never  called  him  '  Godfrey  '  when  speaking 
of  him  to  any  one  else,  not  even  to  people  who 
were  more  than  her  social  equals  ;  she  invariably 
said  'my  son.'  Sometimes,  if  she  chanced  to 
be  speaking  to  a  very  great  lady,  she  would 
soften  it  to  'my  little  son,'  but  to  all  people 
inferior  to  herself  she  made  a  rule  of  calling 
him  'Mr.  Bladensbrook.'" 

Yet  this  proud,  self-contained,  masterful 
woman  could  show  on  occasion  the  greatest 
kindness  and  sympathy.  As  to  the  last  word,, 
it  is  applicable  to  the  author  to  a  far  greater 
extent  than  it  has  yet  been,  hence  a  con- 
siderable increase  in  the  attractiveness  of 
the  work  produced.  At  the  same  time  there 
is  a  touch  of  coarseness  and  besides  an  igno- 
rance of  social  forms  which  somewhat  mare 
the  pleasant  effect  of  an  otherwise  well- 
written  work  of  fiction. 


The  Lovely  Malincourt.     By  Helen  Mathers. 

(Jarrold  &  Sons.) 
In  '  The  Lovely  Malincourt '  Miss  Mathers 
has  worked  on  well  -  recognized  lines  of 
feminine  romance,  which  were  more 
frequently  followed  twenty  years  ago,  and 
against  which  we  have  in  the  mean  time 
witnessed  some  notable  protestation  and 
revolt.  A  young  girl,  supremely  beautiful, 
original,  and  high-minded,  is  sent  by  her 
father  from  the  depths  of  the  country  to  the 
height  of  a  London  season,  in  order  that  she 
may  see  how  bad  London  is,  and  may  come 
back  to  marry  a  neighbouring  squire.  In 
town  she  meets  a  supremely  heroic,  strong, 
chivalrous,  and  intellectual  major.  There 
is  positively  multitudinous  courting  all 
through  the  book  ;  but  the  author  tells  us 
that  "  God  sets  but  two  players  down  to  the 
great  game  of  love  " — and  that  is  the  key  to 
the  story.  The  love  is  very  intense,  reach- 
ing what  the  author  calls,  in  relation  ta 
flowers,  an  "apogee  of  sumptuous  bloom"  ; 
and  it  cloys.  Miss  Mathers  is  incidentally 
extremely  severe  on  some  of  the  newer  forms 
of  feminine  romance.  That  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at ;  but  it  is  just  as  well  to  remember 
that  much  of  the  extravagant  development 
of  women's  fiction  in  the  past  few  years  is 
an  intelligible  protest  against  the  cloying 
intensities  of  the  period  which  preceded. 


A   Social  Failure.     By  F.  M.  M.    Eussell. 

(Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) 
Miss  Russell  has  scarcely  yet  acquired  a 
sympathetic  style  of  novel-writing,  which 
may  be  due  to  the  fact  of  her  characters  and 
incidents  being  rather  imagined  and  devised 
than  actually  realized.  Everything  is  de- 
scribed and  related  in  a  dry  and  cold- 
blooded fashion,  which  is  not  calculated  to 
bring  the  reader  into  touch  with  the  men 
and  women  whose   experiences    are  being 


N-'SSiO,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


287 


recorded.  These  appear  to  be  partly  faults 
of  youth,  which  the  author  may  be  able  to 
modify  before  she  writes  another  story. 
There  are  good  bits  of  quiet  character- 
sketching  in  '  A  Social  Failure,'  which  are 
worth  more  than  the  gentleman-groom  and 
groomlike  gentlemen. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

German  Classics.    Edited  by  C.  A.  Buchheim. 
— Vol.  XII.   Goethe's  Wahrheit  und   DicJitung. 
Books    I. -IV.      (Oxford,    Clarendon   Press.)— 
This  excellent  little  volume  of  Dr.  Buchheim's 
is  hardly  to  be  reckoned  as  a  school-book,  since 
it  is  intended  rather  for  educated  persons  who 
understand    German    than    for    schoolboys   or 
schoolgirls  either.      The  notes  assume  a  con- 
siderable   familiarity   with   the    language,    and 
mainly  deal  with  points  that  may  puzzle  well- 
informed    Englishmen.       It    is    only    a    pity 
Dr.     Buchheim      did     not     edit     the     whole 
of     Goethe's     delightful    work,     and     enlarge 
his     design    so    as    to   give    a    sketch    of   the 
social   and   intellectual    condition  of    Germany 
in    the   middle    of    the    last    century,    and  an 
account  of  the  government  of  Frankfort,  and  of 
other  matters  which  come  up  in  the  course  of 
the   autobiography.     We   hope   Dr.    Buchheim 
may  do  this  at   some    future  time,   for    he  is 
excellently  qualified  for  the  task.     Meanwhile 
we  may  point  out  one  or  two  misprints  in  this 
usuallyaccuratevolume:  "Caisbrooke"  for  Caris- 
brooke,  and  "  1738  "  for  1748  as  the  date  of  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.    Another  slight  error  is 
*'  Lord  George  Anson  "  for  George,  Lord  Anson. 
The  editions  in  the  library  of  Goethe's  father 
were  probably  not  Elzevirs,  as  Dr.  Buchheim 
supposes  ;  Goethe  says  they  were  quartos,  and 
they  were  most  likely  the  Dutch  variorum  edi- 
tions.    Tridentine  we  know,  but  is  "Trident" 
ever  used  in  English  for  Trent  ?    A  more  serious 
slip  is  that  the  note  on  "gewahr  werden"  is  so 
awkwardly  worded  as  to  confuse  the  learner. 

German  Classics.  Edited  by  C.  A.  Buchheim, 
—Vol.  XIII.  Schiller's  Maria  Stuart.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.)— Dr.  Buchheim  has  long  ago 
proved  what  a  painstaking  editor  of  Schiller's 
plays  he  is,  and  in  this  volume  he  has  quite 
maintained  his  reputation.  The  introduction 
contains  an  excellent  account  of  the  genesis 
of  the  play,  the  sources  on  which  Schiller 
based  it,  and  its  gradual  construction,  some 
sensible  criticism  of  the  characters,  and  some 
judicious  remarks  on  its  suitability  for  the  stage. 
The  notes  are  full,  perhaps  too  full,  and  deal 
with  every  point  worthy  of  comment.  The  only 
note  to  which  serious  exception  can  fairly  be 
taken  is  that  which  represents  the  seminary  at 
Rheims  as  founded  "in  reality  for  the  purpose 
of  training  young  fanatics  "  to  kill  Elizabeth. 
Dr.  Buchheim  was  misled  when  he  adopted 
this  old  calumny.  He  is,  too,  a  little  mistaken 
m  saymg  the  seminary  was  founded  by  the 
Cardmal  of  Lorraine.  It  was  founded  at  Douay 
by  Cardinal  Allen,  and  when  it  was  found 
necessary  to  move,  the  Guises  helped  him  to 
establish  it  at  Rheims.  Another  of  Dr. 
Buchheim's  usually  excellent  annotations  is 
slightly  inaccurate  :  "  Elizabeth's  taunt  that  she 
[Mary]  kills  her  wooers  as  well  as  her  husbands 
can  only  refer  to  the  deaths  of  Darnley  and  of 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk."  If  Dr.  Buchheim  will 
simply  turn  to  tlie  last  chapter  but  one  of 
Scott's  '  Abbot, '  he  will  learn  that  he  is  in  error. 
However,  this  is  a  first-rate  edition. 

Lancelot  and  Elaine.  Edited  Ijy  F.  .J.  Rowe, 
M.A.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— We  liave  little  but 
praise  for  the  last  addition  to  Messrs.  Mac- 
niillan's  annotated  series  of  the  greater  poems 
of  Tennyson.  The  introductory  matter,  both 
historical  and  critical,  is  excellent.  We  do  not 
know  where  a  student  could  find  the  leading 
characteristics  of  Tennyson's  style  more  clearly 
put  or  more  aptly  illustrated.  The  allegory  of 
the  Idylls  is  lucidly  explained  and  not  exagge- 


rated.    The  notes  are  full,  scholarly,  and  inter- 
pretative,   and    especially    valuable    for    their 
liberal  quotation  of  the  parallel  passages  from 
Malory.      Grammatical  points  are  duly  subordi- 
nated to  literary  ones,  as  is  happily  becoming 
the  fashion  with  the  new  school  of  editors.    Our 
only  complaint  is  that  while   the  introduction 
is  handsomely  printed,  the  text  is   fobbed  off 
with  a  comparatively  mean  and  cramped  type, 
which  makes  it  fatiguing  to  pore  over,  and,  one 
would  think,  intolerable  to  commit  to  memory. 
Tivelfth  Night.   Edited  by  A.  W.  Verity,  M.A. 
(Cambridge,  Pitt  Press. ) — Mr.  Verity  has  already 
won  a  distinguished  name  amongst  those  who 
attempt  to  edit  English  literature  as  literature 
and  not  as  philological  material.     The  present 
volume    will   certainly   add   to    his   reputation. 
It  is  a  model  of  how  a  play  of  Shakspeare  should 
be  prepared  so  as  to  attract  and   not  to  repel 
young  students.     The  notes  are  brief — if  any- 
thing, a  trifle  too  brief,  though  it  is  easy  to  err  on 
the  other  side  ;  the  etymology  is   banished  to  a 
glossary  ;  and  the  introduction  contains,  besides 
some    admirable    literary   criticism,     a    careful 
account  of    the    sources  of    the  play  and  an 
analysis   of   the   plot.      An    appendix   contains 
some  valuable  hints  on   Shakspeare's  English  ; 
but  we  are  sorry  to  observe  the  absence  of  the 
similar   hints    on   Shakspeare's   prosody  which 
every  such  edition  should  contain.     The  know- 
ledge of  how  to  read  a  blank-verse  line  does  not 
come    by  nature,   as   the    experience  of   every 
Shakspeare  reading  party  will  show. 

Ttvelfth  Night.     Edited  by  R.  F.  Cholmeley, 
M.A.    (Arnold.) — This  neat  little  edition  is  well 
adapted  for  the  use  of  junior  forms  and  for  those 
who  have  the  ill  fortune  to  be  examined  upon 
the  play.     For  the  benefit  of  the  latter  a  capital 
set  of  questions  is  appended.     The  short  notes 
mostly  aim  at  the  explanation  of  phrases  which 
might  puzzle  a  young  student ;  the  introduction 
briefly  discusses  the  plot,  the  characters,  and 
the  date  of  the  play,  and  is  followed  by  a  useful 
outline  of  Shakspeare's  life  and  a  chronological 
list  of  his  plays.     Mr.  Cholmeley's  work  is  de- 
cidedly careful,  but  he  does   not   mention   his 
authority  for  the  improbable  statement  that  the 
songs  in  '  Twelfth  Night '  are  not  Shakspeare's. 
Milton's   Tractate  of  Education.      Edited  by 
Edward  E.  Morris,  M.A.     (Macmillan  &  Co.)— 
Milton's  golden  words  on  the  theory  of  education 
are,   one  would  think,  of  greater  interest  and 
value  to  the  teacher  than  to  the  taught.     But 
Mr.  Morris  has  added  one  to  the  plethora  of 
text-books  by  fitting  out  the  two  dozen  pages 
of  the  '  Letter  to  Master  Samuel  Hartlib '  with 
all   the   apparatus   of    introduction   and   notes. 
The  result  is  not  of  much  practical  value  as  a 
school-book  ;  but  the  introduction,  especially  the 
section  on  Milton's  style,  is  well  worth  reading. 
Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World:  Select  Letters. 
Edited  by  W.  A.  Brockington.    (Blackie  &  Son.) 
— We  do  not  think  that  this  book  was  much 
called  for.      'The  Citizen  of  the  World'  does 
not  contain  the  best  of  Goldsmith,  nor  does  it 
contain  the  best   of   eighteenth   century  social 
satire  ;   and  the  issue  of   an  annotated   edition 
surely  contemplates  a  measure  of  minute  and 
detailed  study  on  the  part  of  those  who  are  to 
use  it  which  it  is  worth  while  to  give  to  only  the 
very  best.     Such  a  book  as  this  cannot  replace 
either  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield  '  or  '  Sir  Roger 
de   Coverley,'  and,    if  added   to    these,   would 
seem  to  be  superfluous.     After  all,  it  was  only 
hackwork.     Nevertheless,  Mr.  Brockington  has 
performed  what  cannot   have  been  a  very  ex- 
citing task  with  extreme  con.scientiousness,  and 
his   introduction   contains   some   matter  which 
will  well  repay  the  perusal  of   every  lover  of 
Goldsmith. 

Mr.  George  Smith's  edition  of  the  Ilippias 
Maior  (Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.)  is  intended 
for  school  use,  and  perhaps  does  not  lay  claim 
to  any  very  substantial  value  as  a  work  of 
scholarship.  It  would,  however,  have  been 
more  useful  if  more  care   had   been  taken  in 


selecting  the  passages  requiring  annotation, 
and  generally  if  the  notes  had  been  less  in  the 
nature  of  casual  jottings.  This  characteristic 
shows  itself  sometimes  in  the  presence  of  super- 
fluous notes  like  that  on  oi'^'  6  Trarrjp  vlos  ecmv 
ovd'  6  t'tos  TraTrjp  (297  C),  where  the  talk  about 
the  Aristotelian  causes  is  as  useless  for  school- 
boys as  it  is  inadequate  for  any  one  else  ;  some- 
times in  a  certain  insufficiency,  as  when  on  i/j.oi 

iTTLTpeTroi ws  et'SoVa  (298  B),  after  giving  an 

explanation  of  the  substitution  of  accusative  for 
dative,  Mr.  Smith  says  "  it  is  rather  more  diffi- 
cult to  explain  "  cases  like  (Zcrd'  ifiepos  /x'  lurTjA^e 
A€^a6  [MoXovcnj,  but  does  not  offer  any  ex- 
planation. So,  too,  more  might  be  said  with 
advantage  on  the  passage  about  the  chrysele- 
phantine statue  of  Athene.  The  difficulty  which 
most  readers  must  have  felt  as  to  the  appro- 
priateness of  the  statement  that  Phidias  selected 
stone  as  like  the  ivory  as  possible  for  to,  /xecra 
tQv  64>6aXiicji'  is  not  even  mentioned,  though 
the  note  on  the  passage  rather  suggests  that  the 
editor  felt  it.  The  book  is  carelessly  printed. 
The  following  list  of  errata  might  probably  be 
quadrupled  in  half  an  hour's  examination : 
p.  22,  ov  Kovi>,  for  ovkovv  ;  p.  49,  ftkXriov  rj  ov, 
for  (ikXriov  rj  (tv  ;  p.  57,  yoas,  for  ^^oas ;  p.  65, 
ipo)T(o/j.€vov,  for  epofxivov  ;  p.  67,  "Schang," 
for  Schanz.  On  the  whole,  this  edition,  though 
by  no  means  the  worst  of  its  class,  cannot  be 
regarded  as  a  first-rate  piece  of  work. 

The  Court  of  Spain  under  Charles  II.,  and 
other  Historical  Essays.  By  Paul  de  Saint- 
Victor.  Edited  by  F.  Storr.  (Blackie  &  Son.) 
— These  essays  of  Paul  de  Saint- Victor  are,  it 
need  not  be  said,  written  in  admirably  clear  and 
beautiful  French,  but  it  may  be  doubtful  whether 
their  wealth  of  allusion  does  not  make  them 
unsuitable  to  schoolboys.  Mr.  Storr  in  his 
excellent  notes  has  exerted  himself  to  furnish  all 
needful  aid,  and  he  has  done  his  work  well,  but 
the  allusions  have  been  too  many  for  him.  For 
instance,  he  has  omitted  to  explain  who  was  the 
Archbishop  of  Toledo  (p.  7)  handed  over  to  the 
Inquisition  ;  nor  is  it  quite  correct  to  say,  as 
Mr.  Storr  does,  that  Don  Carlos  was  tried  by 
the  Inquisition  ;  and  the  note  on  "  Pourrissoir  " 
is  not  clear.  "Dunes"  is  not  the  name  of  a 
town,  as  Mr.  Storr  supposes  (p.  101).  Some 
of  the  allusions  in  the  upper  part  of  p.  66 
should  have  been  elucidated. 


SPORT   AND   ADVENTURE. 

A  HANDSOME  volume,  and  well  worthy  of  a 
place  in  the  country  house  at  this   season,   is 
A   Year  of  Sport  and  Natural  History,  edited 
by  Mr.   Oswald   Crawfurd  (Chapman  &  Hall), 
It  would  appear  that  the  forty-five  articles  which 
make  up  this  book  were  written  week  by  week 
for  nearly  a  year,  and  are  now  arranged  in  such 
a  sequence  as  to  present  descriptions  of  seasonal 
sport  and  studies  in  natural  history  for  each  of  the 
twelve  months.     The  illustrations  are  numerous 
and,  for  the  most  part,  good,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  such  artists  as  Frank  Feller,  Bryan 
Hook,  Cecil  Aldin,  A.  T.  Elwes,  E.  Neale,  John 
Beer,    P.     Vienzeny,    Stanley    Berkeley,    and 
G.   E.    Lodge.      ]\Ir.    Hook's   osprey   calls   for 
special  commendation,  but  we  do  not  approve 
of    the  arrangement  of  the  toes  in  his   owls  ; 
while  the  plate  by  another  artist  on  p.  73,  en- 
titled  "The  Sparrow-hawk,"   seems   to   us    to 
represent  a  merlin,  striking  — not   trussing — a 
titlark.     It  would  seem  that  the  two  birds  called 
"great  northern  divers"  on  p.   109  belong  to 
the  black-throated  species,  and  are  copied  from 
a  pair  in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  whUe 
there  are  a  few  other  trifling  slips.     As  for  the 
letterpress,  the  chapters  on  hunting  are  chiefly 
by  Mr.  H.  H.  S.  Pearse  ;   most  of  the  shooting 
and  some  of  the  fi.shing  fall  to  the  lot  of  Mr.  G. 
Lindesay  ;  Mr.  E.  T.  Sachs  takes  the  rest  of  the 
piscatorial  part ;  Mr.  A.  Trevor-Battye  discourses 
on  birds  of  prey  and  on  otter-hunting  ;  Mr.  W,  B. 
Tegetmeier  contributes  a  chapter  or  twoon  birds'- 
nesting ;  Mr.  .J.  E.  Harting  describes  some  phases 


288 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  35^0,  Aug.  31/95 


of  falconry  ;  and  there  are  some  other  contri- 
butors. As  a  whole,  the  book  is  decidedly  agree- 
able reading,  and  just  the  thing  for  the  vacation. 
From  Rifle  and  Spear  with  tJie  Rajpoots,  by 
Mrs.  Alan  Gardner  (Chatto  &  Windus),  one 
learns  with  what  ease  and  in  how  short  a  time 
a  great  part  of  India  may  be  visited,  its  scenery 
sketched  or  photographed,  and  its  sport  enjoyed 
by  those  who  set  about  the  expedition  in  a 
businesslike  way.  Col.  and  Mrs.  Gardner  left 
England  in  September,  1892,  and  returned 
apparently  in  March,  1893,  during  which  period 
they  managed  to  see  something  of  the  Punjab, 
of  Kashmir,  and  of  Central  India  and  Bombay. 
The  views  were  necessarily  superficial ;  but  they 
were  more  extensive  and  covered  more  ground 
than  those  which  in  many  instances  fall  to  the 
lot  of  persons  who  spend  half  their  lifetime  in 
the  country.  They  are  portrayed  by  Mrs. 
Gardner  in  a  lively  and  agreeable  way  which 
bears  witness  to  her  powers  of  observation  and 
fidelity  of  description,  whilst  her  sketches  show 
artistic  feeling  and  convey  excellent  impressions 
of  the  scenes  represented.  The  book  is  one  of 
travel  rather  than  of  sport ;  nevertheless,  thanks 
to  the  excellent  introductions  with  which  he  was 
furnished,  Col.  Gardner  managed  to  secure  speci- 
mens of  bears  in  Kashmir,  oorial  in  the  Salt 
Range,  gooral  in  Chamba,  black -buck  and 
ravine  deer  in  Central  India,  where  also  he  had 
plenty  of  good  pig-sticking.  Mrs.  Gardner 
shared  the  sport,  and  evidently  thoroughly  en- 
joyed the  trip.  The  volume  is  a  handsome  one, 
the  type  is  distinct,  and  the  margins  are  wide  ; 
nothing,  in  fact,  has  been  spared  to  make  it 
attractive. 

The  Butterfly  Hunters  in  the  Carihhees.  By 
Dr.  Eugene  Murray  Aaron.  (Sampson  Low  & 
Co.) — This  is  a  very  pleasant  and  instructive 
boys'  book.  It  describes  a  six  weeks'  excursion 
of  two  young  Philadelphians,  with  an  all-accom- 
plished mentor,  in  pursuit  of  butterflies  and 
bugs — of  this  latter  word  the  precise  entomo- 
logical value,  in  American,  does  not  come  out 
clearly.  The  book  should  stimulate  that  collect- 
ing propensity  which  is  often  the  handmaid  of 
observation,  for  the  sale  of  the  duplicated  speci- 
mens collected  brought  a  net  gain  of  428.55 
dollars.  The  author  vouches,  as  a  naturalist, 
for  the  substantial  accuracy  of  his  details,  i.e., 
no  fruits  are  gathered  out  of  season,  no  animal 
met  with  out  of  its  natural  geographical  limits. 
He  thinks  this  may  make  the  narrative  less  ex- 
citing, but  to  our mind  it  gives  an  air  of  reality 
•which  with  the  modern  youth  will  outweigh 
the  uncritical  profusion  of  the  '  Swiss  Family 
Robinson.'  "There  is,  besides,  no  lack  of 
variety  or  rr.ovement — we  have  curious  facts 
in  natural  history,  and  an  attractive  description 
of  the  details  of  camp  life,  and  of  the  beautiful 
scenery  in  Haiti  and  Jamaica.  The  degraded 
condition,  too,  of  the  Haitian  negro  as  compared 
with  his  Jamaican  brother  is  forcibly  brought 
out.  It  is,  perhaps,  a  mistake  altogether  to 
blacken  the  character  and  motives  of  Columbus ; 
and  geographically  we  should  question  the 
statement  that  "England  uses  Gatling  and 
Maxim  " — or  any  other — "guns  to  plough  down 
th3  natives  beyond  Sikkim  pass";  but  Sikkira 
is  a  long  way  from  the  West  Indies,  and  this  is 
a  parenthesis. 

Mr.  F.  Athelstane  Swettonham,  the  writer 
of  Malay  IShetchcs  (Lane),  has  on  the  whole 
carried  out  very  successfully  the  plan  he  pre- 
scribes for  himself — he  is  certainly  not  aggres- 
sively didactic  or  instructive.  We  find,  as 
he  emphatically  tells  us,  "in  these  pages  no 
statistics,  no  history,  no  geography,  no  science, 
real  or  spurious,  no  politics,  no  moralizing,  no 
prophecy."  He  begins,  indeed,  with  a  sketch 
of  Malay  character  rather  too  elaborate  and 
antithetic  in  style,  and  recalling  the  ordinary 
shilling  character  from  handwriting  ;  but  his 
other  chapters  describe  for  the  most  part 
characteristic  incidents  of  the  national  life  : 
delightful  picnics,  dances,  fishing  and  other 
excursions,    deriving    much    additional    charm 


from  the  setting  of  the  picture  amid  the 
beauties  of  natural  scenery,  to  which  the  writer 
is  always  keenly  alive  ;  curious  instances  of 
superstition  and  magical  performances,  of  which, 
as  of  the  social  gatherings,  the  author  claims 
that  only  his  long  and  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  people  has  made  him  cognizant ;  and, 
finally,  stories  of  quarrels,  intrigues,  and  blood- 
shed from  motives  sordid  or  vindictive,  and  yet 
arousing  no  popular  reprobation.  These  last, 
it  must  be  admitted,  are  what  most  people 
associate  with  the  name  of  Malay,  and  form 
a  serious  ofF-set  to  the  pleasanter  side  of  the 
picture.  One  very  curious  trait  of  the  national 
character  described  is  the  prevalence  of  the 
disease  named  "  latah,"  the  symptoms  closely 
resembling  those  said  to  be  produced  among 
ourselves  in  a  patient  under  hypnotic  sugges- 
tion. An  amusement  he  describes,  v/hich  he 
believes  to  be  unknown  elsewhere,  viz.,  the 
sliding  down  the  sloping  rock  above  a  waterfall 
into  the  pool  beneath,  is  practised  in  Samoa. 
Mr.  Swettenham  gives  an  account  of  the  murder 
of  Mr.  Birch,  the  Resident  at  Perak.  Here  a 
slight  infusion  of  history  and  politics  would 
have  made  his  narrative  more  intelligible,  and 
certainly  more  interesting  to  the  general  reader, 
whose  ignorance  of  Malay  matters  is,  however, 
probably  less  complete  than  the  author  supposes. 
An  "  Oflicier  d'Academie  "  ought  to  know  that  a 
Mohammedan  or  Muslim  is  not  generally  (or, 
we  imagine,  in  Malaya)  called  "an  Islam." 


THE    LITERATURE    OF    THE    NEVf    TESTAMENT. 

Notes  on  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul.  From  Un- 
published Commentaries  by  the  late  J.  B. 
Lightfoot,  D.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— This  work 
consists  of  notes  on  all  the  chapters  of  the  two 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Thessalonians,  on 
seven  chapters  of  the  First  Epistle  to  the 
Corinthians,  on  seven  chapters  of  the  Epistle  to 
the  Romans,  and  on  fourteen  verses  of  the 
first  chapter  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians. 
The  notes  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians  are 
printed  from  the  manuscript  of  the  Bishop,  just 
as  he  intended  them  for  publication.  The  other 
portions  of  the  book  are  derived  partly  from 
drafts  which  the  Bishop  left  behind  him,  and 
partly  from  the  notes  of  those  who  listened  to 
his  lectures.  The  notes  on  Ephesians  are  alone 
up  to  the  mark  of  the  Bishop's  powers.  He 
was  particularly  strong  in  the  discussion  of  the 
various  meanings  and  history  of  Greek  words. 
Whenever  a  peculiar  word  occurred  in  the  book 
on  which  he  was  commenting,  he  seems  to  have 
had  recourse  to  the  latest  edition  of  the 
'  Thesaurus  '  of  Stephanus,  to  have  turned  up 
in  the  original  texts  all  the  passages  mentioned 
there,  and  to  have  amplified  his  knowledge 
by  an  appeal  to  Suicer  or  to  similar  sources. 
He  was  thus  able  to  give  a  very  full  account  of 
the  word  and  its  usages  at  various  ages  and  in 
various  writers.  We  have  two  or  three  admirable 
examples  of  this,  such  as  his  note  on  olKovojjiia, 
in  his  treatment  of  the  verses  in  the  Epistle  to 
the  Ephesians.  But  the  same  thoroughness  is 
not  to  be  found  in  the  notes  on  the  other 
epistles.  We  can  see  that  they  were  merely 
the  preparations  for  the  final  and  complete 
process.  They  are,  for  the  most  part,  quite 
commonplace,  and  do  not  throw  new  light  on 
the  subjects  which  are  treated.  Sometimes, 
also,  mistakes  occur,  such  as  y^patrOai,  twice 
for  the  infinitive  of  ^P^o/xai.  The  Bishop 
shows  caution  in  dealing  with  all  those  subjects 
which  might  lead  to  divergence  from  ortho- 
doxy. Thus  it  is  difficult  to  deny  that  the 
Apostles  believed  that  Christ  might  reappear 
on  earth  during  their  lifetime.  This  is  how 
Bishop  Lightfoot  treats  the  question  : — 

"It  bhould  create  no  difficulty,  if  we  fiad  the 
Apostles  ignorant  of  the  time  of  the  Lord's  coming. 
However  we  may  extend  the  limits  of  inspiration, 
this  one  point  seems  to  lie  without  those  limits. 
This  is  indeed  the  one  subject  on  which  wo  should 
expect  inspiration  to  exercise  a  reserve.  It  is '  I, 
not  the  Lord,'  who  speaks  here.     For  we  are  told 


that  the  acgels  of  heaven— and  even  the  Son  Him- 
self, otherwise  than  as  God— are  excluded  from  this 
knowledge  (Mark  xiii.  32).  On  this  subject  then 
we  might  expect  to  find  the  language  of  the  Apostles 
vague,  inconstant  and  possibly  contradictory." 
Then,  again,  the  Apostle  Paul  is  very  decided 
that  celibacy  is  better  than  the  married  state. 
But  Bishop  Lightfoot  would  like  to  make  his 
words  less  emphatic  than  they  are.  He  says 
on  1  Cor.  vii.  1  : — 

"  KoXoi',  'good,''  'right,'  comp.  ver.  26  ;  not  'con- 
venient.' There  is  no  qualification  in  the  word 
itself  ;  the  qualifications  are  added  afterwards  in 
the  context.  They  are  twofold.  (1)  With  what 
limitations  is  celibacy  good  /  These  limitations  are 
given  in  verses  2  and  9.  Thus  it  is  not  good  in  all 
cases.  (2)  For  what  reasons  is  it  good  ?  These 
appear  in  vv.  26,  32  sq.  Celibacy  therefore  is  only 
so  far  better  than  marriage  in  proportion  as  it 
fulfils  these  conditions.  It  may  not,  however,  fulfil 
them  in  the  case  of  particular  men  ;  and  so  with 
them  it  is  not  better  than  marriage,  but  the  reverse. 
Further,  the  passage  must  not  be  taken  alone,  but 
in  connexion  with  what  the  Apostle  says  elsewhere, 
Eph.  V.  22-33,  where  he  exalts  marriage  as  a  type  of 
the  union  of  Christ  with  the  Church." 

The  Bishop  injured  his  critical  faculty  by  his 
regard  for  orthodoxy,  but  his  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  his  diligeixce  in  studying  its  various 
phenomena  were  great,  and  his  book  deserves 
a  warm  reception  from  all  students  of  the  New 
Testament. 

Sources  of  New  Testament  Greek ;  or,  the 
Influence  of  the  Septuagint  on  the  Vocabulary 
of  the  Neiv  Testament.  By  the  Rev.  H.  A.  A. 
Kennedy,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T, 
Clark.) — The  second  title  of  this  book  describes 
its  nature  more  accurately  than  the  first.  It  is 
not  an  inquiry  into  sources  of  New  Testa- 
ment Greek.  'The  book  treats  principally  of  the 
influence  of  the  Septuagint  on  the  vocabulary  of 
the  New  Testament,  as  if  this  were  its  prescribed 
subject,  and  it  merely  incidentally  refers  to  the 
sources.  The  thesis  which  it  maintains  is  that 
the  vocabularies  of  the  Septuagint  and  Greek 
Testament  "are  both  children  of  the  same 
parent,  namely,  the  colloquial  Greek  of  the 
time."  In  proving  this  it  is  necessary  to  show 
that  the  New  Testament  Greek  derives  some  of 
its  special  features  from  the  colloquial  Greek  of 
the  day,  and  so  far,  and  so  far  only,  has  the  book 
to  do  with  its  sources.  The  author  has  done 
his  work  very  well.  He  acknowledges  that  hia 
book  is  incomplete,  and  some  of  his  results 
provisional.  In  the  first  part  of  it  several  of 
his  vocabularies  are,  to  some  extent,  arbitrary 
selections,  and  his  own  remark  that  "mistakes 
are  often  made  by  affixing  the  stamp  of  uni- 
versal validity  to  what  are  only  the  pre- 
dilections of  individuals "  is  applicable  to  his 
inferences.  The  last  chapters  of  the  book,  from 
the  eighth  to  the  end,  where  particular  words 
are  discussed,  are  of  great  value,  and  show  sound 
scholarship  and  judgment.  Only  one  chapter 
is  devoted  to  grammatical  forms.  It  is  good  so 
far  as  it  goes,  and  it  proves  the  contention  of 
the  author.  'The  book  is  accurately  printed  in 
all  respects  except  the  accents.  Mistakes  in 
regard  to  them  will  be  found  on  pp.  31,  40, 
42,  43,  44,  71,  72,  92,  114,  121,  154,  and  172. 

Nomim  Tcstamentiim  Domini  nostri  lesu 
Clitisti  Latine,  secuiuhtm  Editionem  Sancti 
Hieronymi,  ad  Codicum  Manuscriptorum  Fidem, 
recensuit  lohannes  Wordsworth,  S.T.P.,  in 
operis  societatem  adsumto  Henrico  luliano 
White,  A.M.  Part  I.  Ease.  I.-IV.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) — Bisliop  Wordsworth  tells 
us  in  the  preface  to  St.  INIatthew  tliat  he  began 
his  preparations  for  this  edition  of  tlie  Vulgate 
in  1877,  and  commenced  writing  his  notes  and 
constituting  the  text  of  St.  Matthew  in  1883. 
In  1885  he  was  made  bishop,  and  on  finding 
that  his  episcopal  duties  interfered  with  the 
regular  and  uninterrupted  prosecution  of  his 
task,  he  assumed  as  collaborator  Mr.  Henry 
Julian  White,  wlio  henceforth  did  most  of  the 
details.  The  two  have  now  issued  the  whole 
of  the  four  gospels.  First  of  all,  the  writers 
supply  in  the  preface  to  St.  Matthew  an  account 


N    3540,  Aug.  ;U,'95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


289 


of  the  method  pursued  in  constituting  the  text  ; 
then  a  description  of  tlie  MSS.  all  of  whose 
readings  arc  cited,  and  afterwards  a  notice  of 
various  editions,  of  the  MSS.  of  Itala  and 
of  other  subsidiary  works.  The  editors  reserve 
for  a  future  fasciadus  a  discussion  of  the  re- 
lation of  the  MSS.  to  each  other.  The  principle 
adopted  in  constituting  the  text  was  not  to  give 
the  results  of  the  inspection  of  all  tlie  MSS. 
known  to  or  inspected  by  the  editors,  but  to 
select  certain  MSS.  as  representatives  of  the 
text  found  in  difierent  countries  or  amongst 
diflerent  schools  of  theology,  and  to  give  all 
the  readings  of  these  even  to  tlie  minutest 
point.  This  is  a  work  of  enormous  labour. 
The  editors  have  evidently  done  their  best  to 
be  accurate,  and  have  striven  to  reach  as  near 
as  possible  the  original  text  of  St.  Jerome.  It 
is,  of  course,  by  far  the  best  edition,  and  will 
remain  so  for  many  years.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  the  labour  would  not  have  been  more 
wisely  expended  in  the  endeavour  to  ascertain 
and  constitute  on  a  sound  basis  the  texts  of  the 
Latin  translations  of  the  New  Testament,  or  the 
fragments  of  them  still  remaining,  tliat  existed 
befoi'e  St.  Jerome's  version.  Besides  St.  Jerome's 
translation  the  editors  have  printed  below  it 
the  text  of  the  Codex  Brixianus,  which  they 
regard  as  the  nearest  approximation  to  tlie 
translation  which  St.  Jerome  had  before  him 
while  making  his  own. 

A  History  of  the  Ne^v  Testament  Times.  By 
Dr.  A.  Hausrath. — The  Time  of  the  Apostles. 
Translated,  with  the  Author's  Sanction,  fi-onithe 
Second  (Jernian  Edition  by  L.  Huxley,  B.A. 
With  a  Preface  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.  2  vols. 
(Williams  &  Norgate.)  —  Tlie  preface  to  this 
work  is  written  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.  It 
is  in  her  usual  brilliant  style.  But  it  is  not 
free  from  mistakes.  The  tirst  sentence  is  one 
of  these.  She  says  :  "In  tliese  four  volumes 
the  work  of  translating  Dr.  Hausrath 's  '  Neu- 
testamentliche  Zeitgeschichte,'  oiiginally  under- 
taken by  the  Theological  Translation  Fund  some 
seventeen  years  ago,  has  at  last  been  completed." 
It,  unfortunately,  has  not  been  completed.  The 
four  sections  that  treat  of  the  Apostle  Paul  and 
his  work  have  yet  to  be  translated,  and  the 
reader  will  look  in  vain  in  the  present  volumes 
for  the  section  'The  Early  Career  of  Paul,'  to 
which  Mrs.  Ward  alludes,  and  on  which  she 
offers  ci-iticism.  Mr.  Leonard  Huxley  has  done 
his  task  admirably.  The  reader  would  not  know 
that  he  is  reading  a  translation.  The  work  is 
profoundly  interesting,  and  Mr.  Huxloy  has  done 
everything  that  is  necessary  to  render  it  acces- 
sible to  the  English  student.  It  is  a  great 
advantage  that  the  translator  is  not  only  well 
acquainted  with  German,  but  possesses  a  com- 
petent knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek.  The 
errors  in  printing  are  few,  the  references  are 
correctly  given,  and  the  translations  from  Latin 
and  Greek  are  good. 

Sources  of  the  Apostolic  Cations,  loith  a  Treatise 
on  the  Oricjin  of  the  Readership  and  other  Loircr 
Orders.  By  Prof.  Adolf  Harnack.  Translated 
by  Leonard  A.  Wheatley.  With  an  Introduc- 
tory Essay  on  the  Organization  of  the  Early 
Church  and  the  Evolution  of  tlie  Reader  by 
the  Rev.  John  Owen.  (Black.)— Tlie  intro- 
ductory essay  occupies  the  most  prominent  place 
and  the  largest  space  in  this  book.  It  is  written 
in  Mr.  Owen's  peculiar  style.  It  is  well  worth 
reading.  It  deals  with  the  organization  of  the 
early  Church  in  a  devout  but  critical  spirit,  and 
brings  out  the  real  st;ite  of  the  case  in  a  vivid 
and  suggestive  manner.  Mr.  Owen  has  recourse 
occasionally  to  imagination  to  fill  up  blanks  or 
to  picture  the  circumstances,  and  he  has  done 
this  with  considerable  success.  Occasionally  he 
goes  beyond  his  authorities,  but  almost  always 
in  the  right  direction.  His  knowledge  of  the 
literature  is  good,  though  not  wide,  and  lie 
sometimes  makes  mistakes,  as  when  he  speaks 
of  a  Roman  general  acting  as  an  "haruspex." 
But  on  the  whole  his  information  is  accurate, 
his    judgment   is    sound,   and    his   conclusions 


are  true.  The  essay  can  be  rccomniendod 
most  strongly  to  all  who  wish  to  know  what 
was  the  state  of  matters  in  the  early  Church. 
It  is  difficult  to  see  for  what  class  of  readers 
the  translation  of  Harnack's  treatise  has  been 
made.  It  is  a  learned  dissertation  abound- 
ing in  Latin  and  Greek,  and  of  a  purely 
critical  nature.  We  should  have  supposed 
that  every  one  who  could  read  the  Latin  and 
Greek  could  also  have  read  the  Gorman.  But 
jjrobably  the  late  Mr.  Wheatley  was  supplying  a 
demand  which  he  knew  to  exist.  He  performed 
his  task  well.  It  is  exceedingly  difficult  to 
render  into  English  the  technical  terms  of 
criticism  that  occur  in  German,  and  it  would 
be  easy  to  propose  some  emendations  of  Mr. 
Wheatley 's  translations  ;  but  perhaps  he  has 
hit  the  mark  as  nearly  as  one  could  be  expected 
to  do  it.  Harnack's  treatise  is  exceedingly 
interesting,  though  we  should  not  be  inclined 
to  agree  with  all  his  conclusions.  It  is  prac- 
tically su[)plemental  to  the  dissertations  on  the 
'  Didache' '  which  appeared  in  the  same  volume 
of  the  "  Untersuchungen,"  and  both  have  to  be 
read  together,  for  continual  reference  is  made 
to  the  edition  of  the  '  Didachd. ' 

The  Greek  Tenses  in  the  Netf  Testament :    their 
Bearing  on   its  AccAirate  Interpretation.     With 
a  Rendering   of  the  Gospels  and   Notes.      By 
the  Rev.   P.  Thomson.     (Edinburgh,  Gardiner 
Hitt.)— This  book  consists  of  two  parts,  an  in- 
troduction and  a  translation.      There  are  two 
chapters  in  the  introduction,  the  first  of  which, 
'"On   the   Origin    and    Characteristics  of  New 
Testament  Greek,"  occupies  a  little  more  than 
four  pages,  and  the  second   of  which,  "  On  the 
Force  of  the  Tenses,"  fills  eighteen  pages.     The 
treatment  is  necessarily  sketchy  and  superficial; 
many  most  important  facts  are  omitted.     There 
is  no  attempt  at  a  philosophical  conception  of 
grammatical   (juestions,  and  there  is  absolutely 
nothing  new— nothing  that  cannot  be  found  in 
the  most  ordinary  grammars.     The  writer  has 
gone  to  work  witii  a   very  small  ajjparatus  of 
grammatical  study,  and  his  statements,  conse- 
quently, are  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory.     Fol- 
lowing this  compendium  is  a  translation   of  the 
four  gospels.  The  author  has  used  the  Authorized 
Version,  and  introduced  into  it  tense  renderings 
in  larger  type.      It  is  somewhat  surprising  that 
he  should  have  undertaken  such  a  task.      One 
of   the  special   faults   found  with  the   Revised 
Version  was  that  it  endeavoured  to  render  the 
tenses  in  an  exact  pedantic  way  contrary  to  true 
English  idiom.     And  to  see  how  Mr.  Thomson 
differed  from  the  Revised  Version,  we  turned  to 
the  first  chapter  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John.     In 
this  chapter  Mr.  Thomson  prints  in  large   type 
seventeen  renderings  difierent  from  those  of  tlie 
Authorized  Version.     One  of  these  has  to   do 
not  with  the  participle  idea,  but  with  the  rela- 
tion   of    the    participle    to    other  words  in   the 
sentence.     Of  the  remaining  sixteen,  fifteen  are 
translated  in  the  Revised  Version  with  the  same 
tense   equivalent   as  given    by   Mr.    Tiiomson. 
In  some  of  these   Mr.  Thomson  has  the  exact 
words  of  the  Revised  Version,  such  as  the  un- 
intelligible sentence,  "After  me  cometii  a  man 
which  is  become  before  me."      Sometimes  he 
alters  the  Revised  Version.     Thus  the  Revised 
Version  has  "  there  came  a  man";  Mr.  Thom- 
son has  "there  arose  a  man."     But  in  nearly 
every  case  the  Revised  Version  is  better  than 
Mr.    Thomson's.      His    fitness    for    discussing 
Greek    (juestions     is     seen    in    his    treatment 
of   the   tirst  part   of  his    rendering  which    the 
reader  takes  up,  viz.,  the  second  chapter  of  the 
Gospel  of  St.  Mattiiew.     In  the  second  verse  he 
translates  "  We  saw  his  star  in  the  east  and  are 
come  to  worship  him,"  exactly  as  in  the  Revised 
Version,  though  the  Greek  for  "  we  saw  "  and 
"are   come"   are   both   aorist   forms.     In   the 
fourth  verse  he  again  follows  tlie  Revised  Ver- 
sion  and  has   "  gathering  together  ";  but  appa- 
rently  mistaking  tlie   reason   why  the  revisers 
adojited    this    translation,  he    puts    in    a   note, 
'' avvayayiof   Pres.    Participle"!     The    Greek 


is  very  badly  printed,  accents  being  placed  on 
the  words  in  a  surprising  and  liberal  manner, 
and  one  letter  is  often  substituted  for  another. 
Mr.  Thomson  in  revising  his  book  discovered 
three  of  the  mistakes,  and  has  noted  them  in  his 
errata,  but  he  has  left  many  behind. 


A^IEIllCAN   TRAVEL. 


71ic  Land  of  the  MnsJwg  (Heinemann)  is  th® 
title  of   a    book  by  Mr.   H.  Somers   Somerset 
which  the  untravelled  reader  will  regard  as  a 
conundrum.     Authors  and  publishers  are  fond 
of   sensational    titles,    yet    sensation   is  dearly 
bought  at  the  sacrifice  of  intelligibility.     More- 
over, there  are  plenty  of  "muskegs"  in  other 
parts   of   the  Canadian    North-West  than  that 
which  was  traversed  by  Mr.  Somerset  and  Mr. 
Pollen.     The  closest  resemblance  in  the  United 
Kingdom   to   a    "muskeg"   is   a    peat- bog    in 
Ireland    and    Scotland.      In    appearance  it    is 
green    and  inviting,    but  the  unwary  traveller 
who  crosses  it  and  breaks  through  the  soft  and 
elastic    surface  has  infinite   difficulty  in  extri- 
cating himself.     Mr.    Somerset  and  his  fellow 
traveller  resolved  to  journey  over  the  mountains 
from   Athabasca  Landing  to  Fort  McLeod,  and 
they  succeeded    after  undergoing   many  hard- 
ships which    are  graphically    depicted.      Their 
journey  has  had  the  practical  result  of  proving 
the  worthlessness  for  the  purposes  of  settlement 
of  a  large  tract  that  was  supposed  to  be  capable 
of  supporting  many  inhabitants  in  comfort.  They 
give  prominence  to  a  fact  which  is  often  either 
concealed  or  overlooked,  that  in  North  America 
on  both  sides   of  the  boundary  line  life  is  ren- 
dered almost  unendurable  by  mosquitoes.     The 
difficulty  of  finding  subsistence  is  so  great  that 
the  whole  party  narrowly  escaped  being  starved 
to  death.      A   horse  was  killed  to  keep  them 
alive,  and  a  dog.  Boxer,  would  have  been  eaten 
also  if  it  had  not  been  too  mangy.     Some  of  the 
most  useful  pages   contain  conversations  with 
Daukhan,  their  Indian  guide.      Ho  was  curious 
to    know  about    the  wild  animals  in  England 
and  the  method  of  their  capture,  and  he   was 
gratified  with  the  description  of  a  day's  pheasant 
shooting.     More  information  about  the  natives 
and  their  ways  would  have  been  more  welcome 
than  the  monotonous  details  of  daily  experience. 
The  maps  are  many  and  good.    Tiie  illustrations, 
of  which  there  are  many,  also  would  have  been 
more  attractive  if  they  had  been  clearer  and  on 
a  larger  scale.     The  product  of  a  kodak  is  a  hint 
and  not  a  picture. 

In  the  Heart  of  the  Bitter  Boot  Mountains,  by 
Heclava  (Putnam's  Sons),  is  a  book  telling  what 
befell  "theCarlin  hunting  party."  This  party  was 
engaged  in  hunting  in  the  autumn  months  of 
1893,    as    late    as    December,    tiirough    Eastern 
Idaho  and  in   tlie  region  through  which  Lewis 
and    Clark    made    their  memorable   expedition 
across  the  North  American  continent  early  in 
the  present  century.     The  story  of  the  Carlin 
party  contains  little  that  could  not  have  been 
predicted  :      unexpected     obstacles     were     en- 
countered, food  was   scarce,  and    tlie  prospect 
of  dying  by  hunger  would  have  become  a  reality 
if  a  search  party  had  not  relieved  tlie  exhausted 
hunters.     5lr.  Carlin 's  fatlier   was  a  brigadier- 
general  who  had  been  on    service  in  Dakota, 
and  there  his  son  accjuired  a  taste  for  sport  and 
adventure.     He  is  ranked,  we  are  told,  among 
the  best  amateur  i)istol  siiots  in  tlie  country, 
and  his  wife  is  nearly  as  expert  with  the  pistol 
as  he.     He   is  said  not  to  seek   notoriety,  and 
his  wife  is  often  the  sole  witness  of  his  skill  in 
hitting  a  target.    He  had  been  accompanied  in  a 
previous  sporting  expedition  by  George  Colgate, 
who  was  an  excellent  cook,  and  was  believed  to 
be  a  t»ustworthy  guide.     Colgate  accomiianied 
the  party  headed  by  Mr.  Carlin  in  1893,  and, 
after  all  its  members   h.id  gone  too  far  to  turn 
back,  it  was  found  that  Colgate— an  Englishman 
who,  after  being  a    railway  porter,  is  said  to 
have  "accepted  a  position  in  the  household  of 
the  Hon.  ^^'illiam  E.  Gladstone  "—was  afflicted 


-tt 


290 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3540,  Aug.  31,  '95 


with  a  malady  which  required  the  daily  use  of 
instruments  to  keep  it  in  check,  and  that  he 
had  left  them  behind  him.  The  story  of  his  in- 
creasing illness  and  fate  is  gruesome.  He  was 
left  alone  to  die  when  the  others  had  to  struggle 
for  their  lives.  The  book  appears  to  have  been 
written  to  prove  that  members  of  the  party 
acted  with  humanity  towards  Colgate,  and  they 
certainly  cannot  be  blamed  for  his  unhappy 
fate. 


BOOKS    ABOUT   RUSSIA. 


Messes.  H.  S.  ISTichols  &  Co.  continue 
their  series  of  memoirs  by  the  issue  of  Secret 
Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  parti- 
cularly towards  the  End  of  the  lieign  of 
Catherine  II.  and  the  Commencement  of  that  of 
Paul  I.,  translated  from  the  French.  We 
have  to  say  of  this  volume,  what  we  have 
previously  said  of  other  items  of  this  series, 
that  it  is  somewhat  misleading  to  put  them  out 
as  though  they  were  new  books,  when  the  form 
itself  shows  that  even  the  notes  are  nearly  a 
century  old.  When  old  books  are  reprinted 
it  is  only  right  that  a  statement  should  be  given 
as  to  previous  editions  and  title-pages,  which 
will  enable  the  public  to  know  exactly  what 
they  are  buying.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  a  new 
book  is  intended,  then  notes  should  be  added 
to  what  is  old  to  bring  it  up  to  modern  require- 
ments in  respect  of  accuracy.  In  the  present 
volume,  for  example,  the  governing  race  of 
China  have  their  name  so  spelt  that  they 
appear  as  the  "  Mantschoux. "  We  find  an 
allusion  as  to  possible  future  lives  of  the 
Empress  Catherine,  which  was  a  proper  allusion 
at  the  time  when  it  was  penned,  but  which 
ought  not  to  appear  now  without  a  foot-note 
giving  the  bibliography  of  the  subject.  There 
is  a  chapter  on  female  government  which 
would  be  somewhat  offensive  to  the  Queen  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  was  penned  between 
ninety  and  a  hundred  years  ago  : — 

'•  When  women  reign,  their  lovers  tyrannize  over 
the  people,  and  all  in  power  plunder  them.  But, 
without  entering  into  the  poUtical  effects  of  petti- 
coat government,  which  may  well  be  considered  as 
the  extreme  of  baseness  or  extravagance  in  man- 
kind, I  shall  notice  only  the  influence  it  has  had 

on  society  and  the  female  sex  in  Russia From 

what  contradiction  have  the  offices  of  Empress 
and  of  Queen,  which  require  vigour  both  of  mind 
and  body,  and  knowledge  or  talents  of  every  kind, 
been  so  frequently  given  to  women  ?  " 

The  Librairie  Charles  publishes  Histoire  de 
VEtdente  Franco-liusse,  1S86-1894,  from  the  pen 
of  M.  de  Cyon,  the  well-known  Russian  writer 
in  Madame  Adam's  review  and  former  editor 
of  the  Gaulois.     This  gentleman  is   a  Russian 
doctor  of    medicine    of   some    distinction    and 
was  a  Russian  Privy  Councillor.   His  admissions 
with  regard  to  the  government  of  his  empire  are, 
therefore,  of  more  interest  than  would  be  those 
of  one  who  has  been  less  behind  the  scenes.     It 
is  worth  noting  at  this  moment,  for  example, 
that  M.  de  Cyon  allows  as  a  matter  of  course 
the  interference  of  Russian  consular  oflicials  in 
BulgarianinsurrectionsagainsttheGovernmentof 
Bulgaria,  and  in  Macedonian  insurrections  against 
the  Government  of  Turkey.  We  believe  there  is 
no  doubt,  although  the  fact  will  seem  amazing 
to  those  who  do  not  know  Russia,  that  there  is 
a  club  at  Odessa  at  which  murderous  outrages 
to     be     perpetrated    in    Bulgaria    have,    time 
after  time,  been  arranged  for  with  the  conni- 
vance of  high  ofhcials  serving  under  the  Russian 
Government.     M.  de  Cyon  makes  Alexander  II. 
an    excellent  fool.     Of  Alexander   III.  he  ex- 
presses the  same  high  ojjinion  which  has  been 
held     by    most     men,    although    the    account 
which  he  gives   of   the   relations  of  his  former 
friend  Katkof  witli    the    late   Emperor  go   to 
confirm  the  view  that  the  Emperor  was  slow 
of  understanding  and  easily  misled.     The  Rus- 
sian Ambassador  in  Paris  is  M.  de  Cyon's  hete 
noire,  and  he  calls  him  very  clearly  a  scoundrel 
who  sells  Russia  to  (Germany,  so  that  we  some- 
what wonder  that  the  book  has  been  allowed 


to  appear  in  Paris.  We  do  not  quarrel  with 
M.  de  Cyon's  belief  that  Katkof  was  the  greatest 
Russian  since  Peter  the  Great.  M.  de  Cyon's 
volume  contains  an  interesting  (and,  except  for 
misprints,  evidently  a  genuine)  letter  of  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen  to  Dhuleep,  for  whom  the 
author  was  at  the  time  acting,  and  who  shortly 
afterwards  made  his  way  into  Russia,  with  a 
passport  furnished  by  his  Fenian  friends,  under 
the  name  of  Mr.  Patrick  Casey.  There  is  an 
important  statement  in  the  volume  concerning 
the  United  Kingdom,  to  the  effect  that  after  the 
Toulon  manifestation,  when  the  establishment 
of  a  Russian  naval  station  in  French  territory 
upon  the  coast  of  Algiers  had  been  decided, 
England  intervened  and  stated  that  in  this 
event  she  would  be  forced  to  join  the  Triple 
Alliance,  and  thus  prevented  the  proposed 
action.  The  author  is  somewhat  credulous.  He 
gives  a  catalogue  of  those  who  have  come  to  their 
death  through  struggling  against  Bismarck, 
which  is  so  worded  as  to  suggest — as  do,  indeed, 
several  other  passages — that  they  were  murdered. 
This  is  his  list  :  Arnim,  Gambetta,  Chanzy, 
Skobelef,  Katkof,  Louis  II.  of  Bavaria,  the 
Emperor  Frederick,  the  Archduke  Rudolph  of 
Austria,  and  General  Miribel.  Certainly,  when 
we  remember  the  mode  of  the  death  of  Skobelef, 
it  seems  a  little  hard  to  attribute  it  to  Prince 
Bismarck,  or  even,  in  the  form  adopted  in  the 
mildest  passage  on  the  subject,  to  Prince  Bis- 
marck's evil  eye.  The  author  also  believes  that 
England  pays  large  subsidies  to  Russian  Nihilists; 
and  he  speaks  of  the  special  protection  granted 
in  England  to  persons  like  Stepniak.  We 
imagine  that  Stepniak  has  never  been  shown 
to  be  guilty  of  any  common-law  ofience,  and  we 
are  proud  in  this  country  of  the  protection  which 
our  laws  confer  upon  political  refugees. 


BOOKS   OF   REFERENCE. 


A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  Pro- 
nouncing, Etymological,  and  [Explanatory.     By 
the   Rev.    James    Stormonth.      New    Edition. 
(Blackwood    &    Sons.) — Nothing     short    of    a 
miracle   could    enable    the    persons   connected 
with  the  compilation  of  an  English  dictionary, 
even  if  they  were  a  thousand  in  number,  and 
all  competent  and    specially  trained  scholars, 
to  claim  with  any  approximation  to  truth  that 
"note  has  been  taken  of  all  new  words  that 
have  become  naturalized  English  in  the  interval " 
(of  ten  years).     The  publication  of  such  a  state- 
ment,   in  which  the  work  before  us    does   not 
stand  alone,  is  a  proof  of  defective  acquaintance 
with    language  and    the   limitations  of  lexico- 
graphy rather  than  of  dishonesty.     Of  course, 
it  is  often  open  to  an  editor   charged  with  a 
specific  omission  to  reply  that  he  did  not  con- 
sider the  word  in  question  to   "have  become 
naturalized";   but  we  fail  to  see  what  excuse 
can  be  offered  for  leaving  out  criuiode  by  one 
who  claims   credit   for  inserting  acnode,   while 
acnodal  and  crunodal  seem  to   present  a  good 
title  to  admission.      As  instances  of  scientific 
terms  introduced  in  recent  years  we  find  given 
atmolysis,    about    thirty   years   old    or    more ; 
calorescence,  same  age  ;  caloric,  twenty-five  years 
old  at  least  ;  while  among  "recent  coinages  in 
general  literature "   we    are    surprised    to  see 
ablegate  and  baccarat,   which  are  not  coinages, 
at  any  rate  in  English  (baccarat  nearly  thirty 
years  old),  and  everglade,  which  was  in  Webster's 
1841  edition.    The  vocabulary  conveys  a  general 
impression  of  lacunosity  and  inconsistency.  The 
compound  clbou'-chair  is  given,  while  the  im- 
portant biological    term   end  -  j>late   is  absent  ; 
abhorrctdly  is  given,  absently  is  to  seek.     Surely 
it  is  time  that  the  lady-help  were  recognized  as 
a  British  institution.      It    is  unfortunate  that 
Dr.  Stormonth  makes  a  point  of  his  etymological 
paragraphs,    and   thinks    that  Prof.   Skeat  has 
confirmed  his  views,  for  we  find  much  of  which 
Prof.  Skeat  would  thoroughly  disapprove.     We 
give   two   or  three   specimens   of    invertebrate 
derivation  which  need  no  comment ; — 


"  Abele [Pol.  bialo,  white] " 

"  Abet [A.-S.  a,  on  or  in  ;  betan,  to  improve,  to 

kindle  :  O.F.  abetter,  to  deceive,  to  incite  ;  Norw. 
abet,  a  bait  for  fish  ;  abeter,  to  bait  the  hook— see 
bait— Zif.,  to  allure  to  one's  own  destruction] " 

"  Chowder [Fr.  chatidiere,  a  mess,  a  potful  ; 

comp.  Scot,  chorv  or  chaw,  a  mouthful  for  chew- 
ing]  " 

'^Purblind [Dut.  puur,  simple,  only,  andEng. 

blind— &  corruption  of  Eng.  pure  blind,  that  is, 
wholly  blind ]." 

Why  an  edition  which  ' '  must  in  many  respects 
be  regarded  as  a  new  work  "  should  be  furnished 
with  an  extensive  supplement  containing  numbers 
of  words  which  have  been  already  registered  in 
other  dictionaries  is  a  profound  puzzle.  Such 
words  are  exemplified  by  ablaut,  acentric, 
adatdet,  apolaustic,  entr'acte,  Glenlivet,  kinder- 
garten, Nihilist.  However,  the  volume  is 
clearly  printed  in  pleasing  type,  well  got  up, 
and  handy,  and  may  be  ajjpreciated  as  a  piece 
of  furniture  even  by  those  who  are  competent  to 
detect  its  shortcomings  as  an  encyclopaedic 
English  dictionary. 

Ordfdrrkdet  i  de  dlsta  Islanska  Handskrifterna 
leksikaliskt  och  gramatiskt  ordnat.  Av  Dr.  L, 
Larsson,  (Lund,  Lindstedt.)  —  This  careful 
compilation  will  be  of  no  small  service  to 
students  of  the  old  Norse  language,  and  the 
author,  despite  his  apologetic  expression  of 
regret  that  his  "work  is  not  what  it  ought  to 
be,"  must  be  congratulated  on  the  result.  It 
is,  in  point  of  fact,  an  exhaustive  index  of  all 
the  Norse  words,  with  their  variants,  occurring 
in  ten  of  the  principal  existing  Icelandic  MSS., 
viz.,  Reykjaholt's  Maldage  ;  the  oldest  portion  of 
the  Icelandic  MS.  1812,  quarto,  in  the  old  royal 
collection  at  Copenhagen  ;  the  Icelandic  parch- 
ment 15,  quarto,  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Stock- 
holm ;  the  Arnamagnajan  MSS.,  237,  folio  ; 
674,  quarto,  A ;  673,  quarto,  B  ;  315,  folio,  D ;  the 
older  portion  of  645,  quarto  ;  the  Physiologus 
fragment  of  673,  quarto,  A  ;  and  the  glosses  in 
249,  folio,  L.  This  index,  which  makes  up  the 
bulk  of  the  book,  is  supplemented  by  smaller 
lists  of  foreign  (principally  Latin)  words  occur- 
ring in  the  same  MSS.,  and  a  valuable  gram- 
matical index. 

The  Constitutional  Antiquities  of  Sparta  and 
Athens.  Translated  from  the  German  of  Dr. 
Gustav  Gilbert  by  E.  J.  Brooks,  M.A.,  and 
T.  Nicklin,  M.A.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.)— The 
merits  of  Gilbert's  '  Handbook  of  Greek  Con- 
stitutional Antiquities  '  are  too  well  known  to 
need  description.  An  immense  collection  of 
facts  and  theories  is  presented  in  a  terse  and 
businesslike  style,  and  the  author  is  not  entirely 
carried  away  by  the  unbridled  licence  of  specula- 
tion which  is  the  reproach  of  German  learning. 
The  first  volume  appeared  in  a  second  edition 
in  1893,  corrected  and  enriched  by  the  results 
of  the  discovery  of  Aristotle's  '  Constitution  of 
Athens, '  and  it  is  this  volume  only  that  has  been 
selected  for  translation.  The  work  has  been 
entrusted  to  scholars  of  proved  competence,  and 
executed  with  skill  and  care.  There  are,  indeed, 
occasional  traces  of  a  foreign  original  in  the 
shape  of  sentences  and  the  use  of  words  — 
"  conscribed  as  hoplites "  is  intolerable;  but 
we  have  discovered  no  errors  and  few  mis- 
prints :  eVat^,  p.  137,  n.  1,  for  eroA  should  be 
added  to  the  corrigenda.  Gilbert  s  somewhat 
meagre  index  has  been  enlarged  ;  references 
have  been  supplied  to  the  English  versions  of 
Boeckh's  '  Public  Economy  of  Athens '  and 
Curtius's  and  Duncker's  histories  ;  and  pains 
have  been  taken  to  give  accurately  the  English 
equivalents  of  various  continental  weights  and 
measures.  One  surprising  omission  must  be 
pointed  out :  there  seems  to  be  no  mention 
anywhere  in  the  book  of  Mr.  J.  AV.  Headlam's 
sagacious  examination  of  the  early  history  of 
the  Council  at  Athens  published  in  the 
Classical  Iicvieu\  or  of  his  essay  on  election 
by  lot  at  Athens,  which  contains  the  clearest 
exposition  in  existence  of  the  practical  working 
of  the  Athenian  constitution.  It  is  also  to  be 
regretted  that  the  translators  have  adhered  to 


N"  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


291 


Gilbert's  habit  of  quoting  Aristotle's  '  Politics  ' 
by  the  lines  and  pages  of  Bekker's  octavo 
edition,  which  is  no  longer  in  general  use,  at 
any  rate  in  this  country.  The  introductory 
chapter  on  the  historical  value  of  Aristotle's 
'  Constitution  of  Athens  '  has  enjoyed  the  benefit 
of  the  supervision  of  Dr.  Sandys,  who  has  in- 
corporated references  to  Wilamowitz's  huge 
treatise  '  Aristoteles  und  A  then,'  and  to  various 
papers  that  have  appeared  in  the  last  three 
years.  Mr.  Brooks  and  Mr.  Nicklin  have  ren- 
dered a  real  service  to  classical  studies  in  our 
universities  by  undertaking  and  carrying  to  a 
successful  completion  a  tedious  and  troublesome 
task.  The  majority  of  undergraduates  either 
cannot  or  will  not  read  German,  and  teachers 
of  history  have  long  felt  the  need  of  an  English 
treatise  on  Greek  political  institutions,  with  full 
quotations  from  ancient  texts  and  adequate 
references  to  the  best  modern  literature.  Our 
only  regret  is  that  the  publishers  give  no  hint 
of  an  intention  to  complete  the  work  by  issuing 
a  translation  of  Gilbert's  second  volume,  which 
collects  the  fragments  of  information  discover- 
able about  the  other  Greek  states,  and  rounds  off 
the  subject  by  a  general  sketch  of  the  historical 
development  of  Greek  constitutions  and  a 
systematic  analysis  of  the  organization  of 
.government,  war,  and  finance. 

The  Cyclopedia  of  Names,  edited  by  Mr.  B.  E. 
Smith  (Fisher  Unwin),  is  an  American  com- 
pilation such  as  will  delight  the  public  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  intended  for  readers  of 
newspapers  and  magazines,  and  supplies  them 
with  an  immense  account  of  information,  gener- 
ally accurate.  The  articles  on  Greek  and  Iloman 
names  are,  perhaps,  the  least  scholarly,  but  it 
is  only  seldom  we  meet  with  such  a  naive  state- 
ment as  that  under  Antenor  :  "  His  friendliness 
towards  the  Greeks  in  the  end  amounted  to 
treason."  American  and  British  names  are, 
on  the  whole,  most  fully  treated  ;  Spanish  are 
better  represented  than  German,  and  German 
than  French.  Of  course  there  are  many  obvious 
and  flagrant  omissions,  but  that  is  unavoidable 
in  such  a  work.  For  example,  to  turn  to  the 
epithets,  "  The  Catholic  King  "  and  "  Defender 
of  the  Faith"  are  inserted,  but  "The  Most 
Christian  King"  and  "the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  Church  "  are  apparently  left  out. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  forward  The  Neiv 
House  of  Commons,  from  the  'Times.'  This 
publication  contains  good  short  biographies  of 
members  with  full  indexes.  We  think  that  the 
alphabetical  order  of  members  is  best,  but 
under  the  system  adopted  here  it  is,  of  course, 
easy  to  turn  to  the  names  in  the  index,  and  to 
find  them  in  the  classified  list  of  constituencies 
which  forms  the  basis  of  the  present  work. 

We  have  received  the  first  part  of  a  Nnevo 
Dizionario  Italiano -  Tedesco  e  Tedesco-Italiano 
(Leipzig,  Tauchnitz),  by  Signor  Rigutini  and 
Dr.  O.  Bulle.  We  must  reserve  expressing  an 
opinion  on  this  undertaking  till  more  of  it  is 
before  us. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 
Lxdlahies  of  Many  Lands.  By  Alma  Strettell. 
(George  Allen.)— the  aim  of  the  compiler  of 
this  most  attractive  book  has  been  not  to  make 
an  exhaustive  collection,  but  to  give  "a  few 
typical  specimens  of  the  cradle-songs  of  Europe." 
She  has  chosen  very  pretty  ones,  though  many 
of  them  are  not  so  much  cradle-songs  proper, 
like  the  French  "Do,  do,  I'enfant  do,  I'enfant 
dormira  tantot  "  (which,  by  the  way,  she  does 
not  give),  as  expressions  of  the  mother's  weari- 
ness and  longing  for  the  moment  when  the  child, 
which  has  been  more  or  less  of  a  burden  to  her 
all  day,  will  sleep  and  let  her  rest.  "  Oh,  haste 
thee,  babe  !  that  so  I,  too,  may  get  at  last  to 
sleep  !"  says  the  Italian  mother.  The  Welsh 
mother  is  still  more  explicit  : — 

'Tis  I  that  nurse  the  babe  and  rock 

His  cradle  to  and  fro  ; 
'Tis  I  that  lull  and  lullay  him. 

Unceasingly  and  low. 


On  this  day's  morn,  alack  !  he  cried 

From  midnight  until  three  ; 
But  it  is  I  that  lose  my  sleep, 

The  care  is  all  on  me. 

And  so  on  in  the  same  strain  ;  but  her  complaint 
is  nothing  to  that  of  the  Scotch  mother,  who 
sings  ; — 

Hee  O  !  wee  O  ! 

What  wad  I  do  wi'  you  'f 

Black  is  the  life 

That  I  lead  wi'  you  ! 

Ower  mony  o'  you, 

Little  for  to  gie  you  ; 

Hee  O  !  wee  O  ! 

What  wad  I  do  wi'  j'ou  ? 

Hush  and  baloo,  babie, 

Hush  and  baloo, 

A'  the  lave's  in  their  beds 

I  'm  hushin'  you. 

Unpleasant  as  this  lullaby  seems,  it,  being 
sung  to  those  who  understand  sounds  and  not 
words,  is  perhaps  the  most  sleep-compelling  of 
all.  There  is  an  English  one,  full  of  sound  and 
not  fury,  but  certainly  signifying  nothing,  which, 
as  it  undoubtedly  catches  the  beat  of  the  rockers 
of  the  cradle  as  they  alternate,  may  be  equally 
soothing,  but  as  given  by  Miss  Strettell  it  does 
not  quite  explain  itself.  The  verse  she  quotes 
is  in  reality  the  second  verse  of 

Rock-a-bye,  baby,  on  the  tree  top. 
When  the  wind  blows  the  cradle  will  rock, 
When  the  wind  stops,  the  cradle  will  fall, 
Down  goes  the  cradle,  baby  and  all. 

Miss  Strettell  omits  this  verse,  and  only  prints 
one  beginning 

Rock-a-bye,  baby,  thy  cradle  is  green  ; 
but  if  the  verse  we  give  does  not  precede  that 
given  by  her,  and  if  the  cradle  is  not  at  the  top 
of  the  tree,  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  its  being 
green.  Germany  has  a  very  good  idea  of  what 
will  induce  sleep  both  in  nursery  songs  and 
novels.     Greece  attempts  bribery  : — 

I'll  give  thee  Chios — if  thou  sleep,  with  many  a  lemon  tree, 
Yea,  Venice  with  her  florins  too,  that  thou  mayst  rule  them 

all. 
And  if  thou  sleep,  beloved  babe,  I  '11  give  thee  townships 

three. 
Three  townships  and  three  villages,  yea,  and  three  churches 

small,  &c. 

There  is  a  saying  in  the  north  of  England 
which  bids  a  child  go  to  bed  and  "sleep  for 
money  to  buy  a  cow  ";  but  this  is  sleeping  to  a 
much  better  purpose.  Ireland  is  practical  in 
lullabies,  if  in  nothing  else.  We  will  back  her 
song,  with  the  refrain, — 

Sho-keen  she,  hoo  lo  lo, 

Sho-keen  sho,  you  are  my  child, 

twice  repeated,  to  put  a  child  to  sleep  at  the 
shortest  notice.  The  Roumanian  lullabies  are 
pretty,  the  Russian  excellent.  What  shall  we 
say  of  one  of  the  Norwegian  ?  Only  this — the 
illustration  is  a  child  crying  vigorously,  and  we 
do  not  wonder,  considering  what  it  has  to  listen 
to:— 

Baby,  lullaby  ! 

If  thou  wilt  not  sleep  and  mind  me, 

Then  a  sweet  cake  I  will  find  thee. 

If  there  be  no  cake  at  hand, 

I  will  let  the  cradle  stand, 
Let  the  baby  cry  ! 

Speaking  of  the  illustrations,  they  are  very  good 
indeed,  so  far  as  feeling  for  grace  and  beauty  are 
concerned,  but  Miss(?)  Harding's  drawing  is  not 
always  good.     The  book  is  very  daintily  got  up. 

Mr.  McDermott  has  published  through 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  a  new  edition  of  his 
British  East  Africa,  a  history  of  the  formation 
and  work  of  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa 
Company.  There  are  nine  new  chapters 
inserted  in  it,  and  these  might  almost  be  said 
to  form  a  history  of  the  death  of  the  company. 

Brervery  Companies  ('Statist'  Office)  is  a 
reprint  of  a  number  of  articles  by  H.  S.  which 
appeared  in  the  Statist  last  year,  full  of  facts 
and  figures  which  have  been  revised  before 
being  reissued. 

A  PRETTY  little  volume,  containing  poems 
of  no  great  merit,  which  profess  to  be,  and 
partly  are,  concerned  with  England,  is  published 
in  London  by  Messrs.  Hachette  &  Cie.  under 
the  title  of  Entrc  Rayons  et  Ombres,  and  written 
by  M.  Gabriel  Lepr^vost.  The  author  is  friendly 
to  this  country,  and  ventures  even  to  find 
material  for  a  poem  in  'London  in  November.' 


In  '  Les  Chrysantheuies  '  he  challenges  com- 
parison with  one  of  the  finest  of  modern 
French  poems — that  under  the  same  title  by  the 
greatest  of  the  Proven9al  poets,  which  we  call  a 
French  poem  because  even  Aubanel's  French 
translation  which  accompanies  it  in  the  author's 
own  edition  is  liner  than  ]\I.  Leprdvost's  lines  on 
the  samesubject.  The  chief  interestof  the  present 
volume  is  in  a  little  preface  by  Max  O'Rell,  in 
which  he  rates  English  poetry  very  highly,  and, 
in  deference  to  French  ignorance,  includes  in  his 
list  of  the  three  poets  of  the  present  century 
Byron  and  omits  Keats.  It  is  worth  noting 
that  Max  O'Rell,  who  is  thought  sometimes  to 
be  a  severe  critic  of  the  English,  ranks  Shak- 
speare  as  high  as  we  set  him  ourselves. 

The  Librairie  Le  Soudier,  of  Paris,  publishes 
Le  President  Carnot  ct  ses  Funeraillesan Pantheon, 
by  M.  Lavialle  de  Lameillere.  The  illustra- 
tions —  from  instantaneous  photographs  taken 
at  various  spots — of  the  funeral  procession  of 
President  Carnot,  and  the  elaborate  presentments 
of  the  wreaths  sent  to  be  placed  round  the 
coffin,  are  all  wholly  without  interest.  The 
greatest  modern  funeral  procession  compares 
most  unfavourably  with  the  funeral  processions 
of  the  dukes  at  Nancy,  as  preserved  in  drawings 
in  the  local  museum. 

M.  HuGUES  Le  Roux  has  written  an  excel- 
lent volume  on  the  manners  and  customs  of 
Algeria,  under  the  ti^le  Je  diviens  Colon,  pub- 
lished lay  Calmann  Le'vy,  The  author  begins 
by  attacking  speculation,  and  writing  in  favour 
of  real  work  ;  and  he  then  proceeds  to  state  the 
adventures  of  those  who  have  settled  on  land  in 
Algeria,  showing  how  the  colonist  is  ruined  by 
a  miserable  system  of  government,  which  con- 
trasts most  unfavourably  with  that  which  he 
would  meet  with  if  he  settled  in  Australia  or 
South  Africa  under  the  British  flag,  or  even  in 
any  of  the  fertile  countries  of  South  America.  In 
the  latter  there  may  be  an  occasional  military 
revolution  ;  but  in  Algeria  there  is  the  per- 
petual pressure  of  the  functionary,  more  deadly 
to  colonization  than  even  the  political  general 
of  new  Spain. 

The  'Blacl:  and  JJlnte  '  Parliamentary  Album, 
issued  by  the  '  Black  and  White '  Publishing 
Company,  is  a  series  of  portraits  of  members,  of 
which  most,  although  not  all,  can  be  easily 
recognized.  Some  members  have  a  passion  for 
presenting  themselves  in  photographs  so  youth- 
ful as  to  show  them  as  they  were  a  quarter  of  a 
century  ago,  rather  than  as  they  are  ;  but,  on 
the  whole,  the  present  work  is  satisfactory, 
which  is  more  than  can  be  said  of  some  of  its 
predecessors.  Some  of  the  portraits  are  admir- 
able. 

We  have  on  our  table  Five   Years  in  Canada, 
by  W.    ]M.    Elkington   (Whittaker  &   Co.),  — 
England's  3Iission  to  India,  by  Bishop  Barry 
(S.P.C.K.), — A  Practical    German  Grammar, 
by  W.  Eysenbach,  revised  by  W.  C.  Collar  and 
Clara  S.  Curtis  (Ginn  &  Co.),— Jackson's  Com- 
pendium, by  J.   Jackson  (Low),  —  Government 
by  the  Peojile,  by  the  Authors  of  '  The  Story  of 
my    Dictatorship  '  (Bliss,    Sands   &   Foster), — 
Club-Land  of  the  Toiler,  by  T.  S.  Peppin  (Dent), 
—  William  'S1i(d;smre,  by  B.  Wendell  (Dent),— 
The  Rnskin  Header,   by  J.  Ruskin  (G.    Allen), 
-Tlxe  Ethics  of  Gamblin<j,  by  W.  D.  Mackenzie 
(S.S.U.),— -Dor/^  for  Rot  Climates,  by  V.  Shaw 
and  M.  H.  Hayes  {Thd.ckei:),—Pleasnrahle  Bee- 
Keepina,  by  C.   N.  White  {\rno\(\),— ^Esthetic 
Principles,  by  H.   R.   Marshall  (Macmillan), — 
From  Matter  to  Mind,  by  M.  R.  P.   Dorman 
(Kegan  Va.\A),—Fin(jerpoint  Directories,    by  F. 
Galton    (Macmillan),  —  The    Kyoto    Industrial 
Exhibition  ef  lS9o,  by  F.  Brinkley  (Kyoto  City 
Government),  —  Jioufjhly     Told    Stories,   by  J. 
Ingold  (Leadenhall  Press), — The  Crack  of  Doom, 
by  R.  Cromie  (Digby  &  Long),— T/ie  Pobratim, 
a  Slav  Novel,  by  Prof.  P.  Jones  (Nichols), — A 
Fatal  Step,  by  Gem  (Fisher  Unwin), — Tlutt  Other 
Fellow,  by  Mrs.  Louis  le  Bailly  (Digby  &  Long), 
— Zoraida,  by  W.  Le  Queux  (Tower  Publishing 


292 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


Company),  —  Scanderheg,  by  C.  C.  Halkett 
(Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster), — La  Lecsinska,  by  H. 
Buckley  (Digby  &  Long), — In  the  Old  Chateau, 
by  R.  H.  Savage  (Routledge), — The  Creed  of 
Love,  and  other  Poems,  by  Vere,  Viscountess 
Galway  (Hatchard),  —  The  Messialt  of  the 
Apostles,  by  C.  A.  Briggs,  D.D.  (Edinburgh, 
T.  &  T.  Clark),— i?c me  Questions,  by  the  Rev. 
C.  0.  Blakelock(S.P.C.K.),— i>itZu?(7eHcei';  their 
Origin,  Nature,  and  Development,  by  A.  M. 
L^picier,  D.D.  (KeganPaul), — The  Ancient  Egyp- 
tian Doctrine  of  the  Immortality  of  the  Soid,  by 
A.  Wiedemann  (Grevel), — The  Esoteric  Basis  of 
Christianit]/,  by  W.  Kingsland  (Theosophical 
Publishing  Company), — Faith  in  its  Belation  to 
Creed,  Thought,  and  Life,  by  H.  B.  Swete,  D.D. 
(S.P. O.K.), — Reasonable  Faith  and  Hope,  by 
R.  E.  Molyneux  (Longmans), — En  Rejse  til  Rus- 
land  nnder  Tsar  Peter,  by  J.  Juel  (Copenhagen, 
Oyldendalske  Forlag), — Im  Beiche  des  Lichtes,  by 
H.  Gruson  (Brunswick,  Westermann), — Fensees 
et  Maximes  d'Emmamtel  TVert}ieimer,  trans- 
lated by  Baron  Grivot  de  Grandcourt  (Paris, 
Ollendorff), — Souvenirs  de  Tante  Claii-e,  by  E. 
Naville  (Geneva,  Georg), — and LesContettrsrnsses 
modernes,  translated  by  Mile.  Julie  Zagoulaieff 
(Paris,  Ollendorft').  Among  New  Editions  we 
have  Cyril,  by  G.  Di'age  (Allen  &  Co.), — V En- 
fant de  Volupte,  by  G.  D'Annunzio,  translated 
from  the  Italian  by  G.  H^relle  (Paris,  Levy), — 
An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Elliptic  Functions, 
by  the  late  Arthur  Cay  ley  (Bell), — The  Catholic 
Religion,  by  the  Rev.  V.  Staley  (Mowbray), — and 
History  of  the  United  States,  by  E.  B.  Andrews, 
2  vols.  (Smith  &  Elder).  Also  the  following 
Pamphlets:  Old  South  Leaflets:  Bradford's 
Memoir  of  Elder  Breuster,  Bradford's  First 
Dialogue,  Winthrop's  Conch isions  for  the  Planta- 
tion in  Neui  England,  New  England's  First 
Fruits,  161/3,  John  Eliot's  Indian  Grammar 
Begun,  John  Cotton's  God's  Promise  to  His 
Plantation,  Letters  of  Roger  Williams  to  Win- 
throp,  and  Thomas  Hooker's  Way  of  the  Churches 
of  Neic  England  (Boston,  U.S.,  Old  South 
Meeting-House). 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 


Law. 
Bussell's  (W.  H.)  The  Hire-Purchase  System,  an  Epitome 
of  the  Law,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 

Fine  Art. 
Cusack's  Freehand   Ornament,  a  Text-Book  for  Teachers, 

&c  ,  by  C.  Armstront;,  4to.  3/6  net. 
Muther's  (R  )  History  of  .Motlern  Painting,  Vol.  1,  2.5/  net. 

Music  and  the  Drama. 
Carrodus's  (J.  T.)  Chats  to  Violin  Students  on  how  to  Study 

the  Violin,  or.  8vo.  2  6  cl. 
Shakespeare's  Works,  Victoria  Edition,  .3  vols.  3/6  each. 

Philosophy . 

Plato,  a  Selection  of  Passages  from  the  Translation  by  B. 

Jowett,  edited  by  >I.  J.  Knight,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  12/  cl. 

Political  Economy. 

Jones's  (R.)  Peasant  Rents,  being  tlie  First  Half  of  an  Essay 

on  the  Distribution  of  Wealth,  12ino.  3/  net. 
Nitti's  (F.  S.)  Catholic  Socialism,  trans,  by  M.  Macintosh, 
8vo.  10/6  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Le  Normand's   (Mile.   M.   A.)  The    Historical   and    Secret 
Memoirs  of  the  Empress  Josephine,  2  vols.  8vo.  21/  net. 
Usaher  (James),  Archbisliop  of  Arraagli,  Life  and  Times  of, 
by  J.  A.  Carr,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
On  Either  Side  of  the  Red  Sea,  by  H.  M.  B.,  C.  E.  B  ,  and 
T.  B  ,  or.  8vo.  10/6  net. 

Philology. 
Latin  Prose  Versions  by  Various  Scholars,  edited  by  G.  G. 

Ramsay,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Koran's  (Hev.  J.  A.)  Aids  to  French  Prose,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Science. 
Donaldson's  (H.  H.)  The  Growth  of  the  Brain,  a  Study  of 

the  Nervous  System  in  Relation  to  Kducatiou,  3/6  cl. 
Maiden's  (W.  J.)  Workman's  Tei^hnicil  Instructor,  2/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Beaumont's  (M.)  A  Ringby  Lass,  and  other  Stories,  2/6  net. 
Carleton's  (W  )  Fardorougha  the  Miser,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Carlyle's  (T.)  Thoughts  on  Life,  selected  by  R.  Duncan,  !5/ 
Corbett's  (Mrs.  G.)  Deb  o'  Maliy's,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/ cl. 
Gaunt's  CM.)  Tlie  Moving  Finger,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Gilmorf^'s  (M  )  The  Woman  wlio  Stood  Between,  3/6  cl. 
Hayler'H  (G.)  George  Procter,  the  Teetotaler,  a  Story  of  the 

Temperance  Movement,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Kennard's  (Mrs.  K.)  T)ie  Hunting  Girl,  cr.  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Kingsley'a  (C.)  Westward  l£o  !   Pocket  Eilition,  2  vols.  3/  cl. 
Kingsle.v's  (H.)  Oiksliott  Cistle.  Uniform  Edition,  3/6  cl. 
Marryafs    (Capt.)  Jacob    Faithful,    illustrated    by   H.   M. 

Brock,  cr.  8vo.  .'i/6  cl. 
Oppenheim'B  (E.  P.)  A  Daughter  of  the  Marionis,  6/  cl. 


Roberts's  (Pir  R.  H.)  Handicapped,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Russell's  (D.)  A  Country  Sweetheart,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Somerville  (E.  A.)  and  IJoss's  (M  )  The  Real  Charlotte,  6/  cl. 
VVynnian's  (M.)  My  Flirtations,  cr.  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Zola's  (E.)  The  Ladies'  Paradise,  with  Introduction  by  B.  A. 
Vizetelly,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

FOEEIGN, 

Theology. 
Frankenberg  (W.) :  Die  Composition  des  deuteronomischen 

Richterbuches,  Im.  60. 
Innocentii   XI.   Bpistola;   ad  Principes    Annis  VI. -XIII., 
edente  J.  J.  Berthier.  Vol.  2,  .50fr. 
Philosophy. 
Beitriige  zur  Geschichte  der  Philosophic  des  Mittelalters, 
hrsg.  V.  C.  Baeumker  u.  G.  Freili.  v.  Hertling,  Vol.  2, 
Part  2,  2m. 

Philology. 
Semitistische  Studien,  hrsg.  v.  C.  Bezold,  Parts  6  and  7,  21m. 

Science. 
Jaliresbericht    lib.  die  Fortscliritte    der    Chemie,   hrsg.  v. 

F.  Fittica,  1889,  Part  7,  10m. 
Seglas  (J.)  :  Lemons  cliniques  sur  les  Maladies  mentales  et 
nerveuses,  14fr. 


THE   SOURCES    OF    THE  "MACHINERY"   OF   LOVE 
IN  ARTHURIAN  ROMANCE. 

I  FEAR  this  discussion  is  getting  somewhat 
discursive,  and  I  will,  with  Mr.  Courthope's 
permission,  confine  my  remarks  to  one  definite 
statement  of  his,  namely,  "that  the  Celtic  love 
sentiment  is  as  different  as  possible  from  the 
sentiment  of  the  Arthurian  romances."  I  hold, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  the  one  is  fundamentally 
akin  to,  and  cannot  be  understood  without  refer- 
ence to,  the  other.  What  then  are  the  distin- 
guishing marks  of  the  sentiment  of  love  as  pre- 
sented in  the  Arthurian  romances  ?  It  is  con- 
sidered mainly  in  relation  to  the  personal  feelings 
of  the  lovers,  only  secondarily  in  relation  to  the 
social  aspects  or  results  of  their  conduct.  It  is 
exemplified  as  a  rule  in  the  love  of  a  married 
woman  for  some  one  else  than  her  husband 
(types,  Guinivere  and  Iseult)  ;  in  the  loves  of 
an  unmarried  woman  who  bestows  her  favours 
freely  without  any  thought  of  social  conse- 
quences (type,  Orgueilleuse) ;  in  the  loves  of 
supernatural  damsels  who  in  return  for  their 
favours  exact  the  fullest  surrender  on  the  part 
of  their  lovers  (type,  Ninian).  That  which  dif- 
ferentiates the  Arthurian  romance  from  previous 
post-classic  story-telling,  Teutonic  or  Latin,  is 
thatthe  sentiment  of  love  itself  (and  notthe  social 
complications  it  may  produce)  forms  the  story- 
teller's theme — that  the  woman  has  as  large  (or 
a  larger)  share  in  determining  the  course  and 
result  of  the  sentiment  as  the  man. 

These  characteristics  are  also  found  in  pre- 
eleventh  century  Irish  sagas.  I  cited  examples. 
Fann  is  the  type  of  the  supernatural  being  who 
is  ready  to  give  up  her  divine  husband  and 
kindred  for  her  mortal  lover,  but  who  insists 
upon  his  sole  love  in  exchange  ;  Grainne  is  the 
type  of  the  married  woman  who  gives  up  hus- 
band and  queenship  for  her  lover,  but  who 
insists,  as  Guinivere  does  in  the  case  of  Lancelot, 
that  he  shall  give  up  everything  for  her  ;  Blath- 
naid  is  the  type  of  the  married  woman  who  not 
only  gives  up  husband  and  native  land,  but 
betrays  them  to  her  lover  ;  Deirdre  is  the  type 
of  the  maiden  who  gives  up  the  hope  of  queen- 
ship  and  abandons  her  native  land  for  the  sake 
of  her  lover,  to  join  whom  after  his  untimely 
slaughter  she  kills  herself  ;  Emer  is  the  type  of 
the  maiden  wooed  by  the  greatest  of  Irish  heroes, 
but  holding  herself  equal  to  him,  and  refusing 
his  suit  until  he  has  fulfilled  her  conditions. 
In  none  of  these  stories,  save  the  last,  does  the 
question  of  marriage  arise  at  all.  The  gist  of 
the  story  lies  in  the  feelings  of  the  personages 
as  much  as  in  the  actions  caused  by  those 
feelings. 

Not  only  then  is  the  spirit  of  these  two  litera- 
tures alike,  but  the  "  machinery  "  is  also  similar. 
The  wife  who  holds  herself  superior  to  the 
marriage  bond  ;  the  maiden  who  claims  an 
equal  right  with  the  hero  of  initiating  or  deter- 
mining her  h)ve  affairs  —  these  are  the  most 
prominent  })ersonages,  personages  which  must 
have  shocked  and  horrified  the  generation 
which  brought  forth  the  cliunsoiis  de  ge.ste  as 
much  as  Ideala  or  Evadne  would  have  shocked 


the  ladies  of  1850.  Now  for  the  post-classic 
story-telling,  whether  Byzantine  or  Latin,  by 
which  Mr.  Courthope  seeks  to  explain  the  love 
element  in  the  Arthurian  romances  (his  only 
direct  argument  being  that  a  romance  which 
does  not  properly  belong  to  the  Arthurian 
cycle  at  all,  'Cligfes,'  is  based  upon  a  Greek 
model).  I  claim,  as  I  have  said,  no  special 
familiarity  with  this  literature,  and  I  am  writing 
away  from  my  books.  But,  if  I  mistake  not, 
the  love  machinery  of  the  Greek  novel  and  of 
its  Latin  imitators  is  substantially  that  of  the 
New  Comedy.  The  interest  of  the  story  lies  in 
the  separation  of  two  lovers,  who  in  the  end 
are  united,  marry,  and  live  happily  ever  after- 
wards. That  this  type  of  story  w^as  known  in 
the  Middle  Ages  I  am  well  aware  of  ;  it  has 
given  us  in  '  Aucassin  and  Nicolete  '  one  of  the 
half  a  dozen  loveliest  love  stories  in  the  world's 
literature.  But  it  is  not  the  Arthurian  type  of 
love  story.  Once  again  I  ask.  Can  Mr.  Court- 
hope  point  out  anywhere,  outside  Celtic  story- 
telling, the  prototypes  of  Guinivere,  of  Iseult, 
of  Orgueilleuse,  or  of  Ninian,  or  the  analogues 
of  their  most  characteristic  adventures  ? 

But,,  says  Mr.  Courthope,  "the  Arthurian 
romances  reflect  the  dominant  social  spirit  of 
the  age,  and  this  was  Teutonic  or  Latin- 
Teutonic."  In  so  far  as  the  Teutonic  element 
and  this  special  question  are  concerned  I 
demur.  We  possess  a  magnificent  Teutonic 
literature  contemporary  with  the  Irish  tales 
I  regard  as  the  nearest  analogues  to  the 
Arthurian  romances.  I  would  invite  Mr. 
Courthope  to  compare  again  the  stories  of  Helge 
and  Sigrun,  of  Sigurd  and  Sigrdrifa,  of  Sigurd, 
Gudrun  and  Brunhild,  with  the  characteristic 
Arthurian  love  stories.  He  will,  I  think,  agree 
with  me  that  spirit,  tone,  and  temper  are 
fundamentally  different.  And  if  we  turn  from 
romantic  fiction  to  the  semi-historical  Icelandic 
family  sagas  the  result  is  the  same,  only  more 
so.  Consider  again  the  result  when  a  genuinely 
Teutonic  mind  like  Wolfram's  deals  with  the 
Grail  story.  The  moral  and  philosophical 
beauty  of  which  it  is  so  full  is  largely  due 
to  departure  from  the  original  Celtic  type. 

It  may  be  gathered  that  I  do  not  share  Mr. 
Courthope's  opinion  of  the  "love  business  of 
the  Arthurian  romances  as  coarse  -  grained, 
carnal,  and  prosaic."  But  this  is  a  matter  of 
subjective  feeling.  I  fancy,  however,  that 
Mr.  Courthope  is  unconsciously  influenced  by 
Tennyson's  versions,  profoundly  inferior  as 
these  often  are  to  the  original  stories. 

I  trust  Mr.  Courthope  will  not  consider  me 
discourteous  in  declining  to  enter  fully  into  the 
many  interesting  questions  he  raises ;  but  I 
should  require  an  entire  Athena"\Lm,  to  do  so 
adequately.  Alfred  Nutt. 


CAXTON'S  FRAGMENTS  AND  THE  8ARUM  PIE. 

Tyneham  Rectory. 

From  one  who  has  seen  Mr.  Edward  Scott's 
letters  in  the  Athenceum  (July,  1877),  and  who 
remembers  the  circumstances,  I  hear  that  we 
owe  the  Egerton  Librarian  gratitude  for  services 
in  connexion  with  "the  rules  called  the  Pye," 
over  and  above  what  he  did  in  arranging  the 
Caxton  fragments,  to  which  I  referred  last 
week. 

Some  years  ago  I  called  attention  to  the 
Raynton  manuscript,  Brit.  Mus.  Add.  25,456, 
and  quite  recently  (after  receiving  some  de- 
scription of  it  from  the  Rev.  Walter  Frere)  I 
collated,  and  in  part  transcribed,  it  for  my 
'Tracts  of  Clement  Maydeston,'  pp.  xxxv- 
xxxvii,  239,  240,  descriptions  ;  pp.  40-80  in 
notes,  collations  ;  and  pp.  118-127,  text. 

I  understand  that  the  Raynton  MS.  was  "  in 
most  admired  disorder  "  when  it  was  purchased 
by  tiio  British  Museum,  and  when  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  present  head  of  the  Manu- 
script Department ;  and  he  found  it  perversely 
described  for  the  catalogue  accordingly.  Mr. 
Scott,   however,    himself  ascertained    its    true 


N''3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


293 


character,  and  reduced  chaos  to  kosmos  :  a  task 
of  which  we  of  a  later  generation,  who  come 
equipped  with  modern  reprints  and  indexes, 
can  barely  realize  the  magnitude. 

Thus,  when  at  last  I  had  the  opportunity, 
for  whicli  I  had  long  waited,  to  examine  what 
the  descriptions  supplied  me  by  Messrs.  Dickin- 
son and  Frere  had  in  part  made  known  to  me, 
familiar  as  I  long  had  been  with  the  '  Crede 
Michi '  and  the  Breviary  pie  or  pies,  I  found 
the  Raynton  MS.  in  proper  order,  and  fairly 
easy  to  be  comprehended,  thanks  to  the  pains 
which  (unknown  to  me)  had  been  expended 
on  it. 

So  far,  then,  as  any  credit  is  due  to  my  work, 
the  praise  is  at  least  in  great  part  due  to  those 
who  prepared  the  ground,  and  not  least  to  Mr. 
Scott.  It  was,  I  believe,  the  experience  which 
he  had  gained  in  the  task  of  overhauling  the 
Raynton  MS.  which  enabled  Mr.  Scott  to 
describe  the  Caxton  fragments,  and  to  interpret 
and  arrange  them  in  a  manner  which  no  one  else 
had  attempted  ;  for  none  could  attempt  it  with 
success  without  some  knowledge  of  the  "  pyes  of 
two  and  thre  commemoracions. " 

Chr.  Wordsworth. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  have  in  pre- 
paration '  The  Life  of  Cardinal  Manning, '  by 
Mr.  E.  S.  Purcell,— 'The  Siege  and  Relief  of 
Chitral,'  by  Capt.  Younghusbrtnd,  —  'Recol- 
lections and  Reflections,'  by  Major-General 
Molyneux, — '  The  Letters  of  Matthew  Arnold, 
1848-1888,'  collected  and  arranged  by  Mr. 
George  Russell, — '  The  Life  and  Letters  of 
Lord  Sel borne,'  edited  by  his  daughter,  Lady 
Sophia  Palmer, — 'The  Letters  of  Dr.  Hort,' 
edited  by  his  son,  Mr.  A.  Hort, — '  Selections 
from  Sir  Joseph  Banks's  Journal,'  edited  by 
Sir  Joseph  Hooker, — '  Sketches  in  Sport  and 
Natural  History,'  by  the  late  Dr.  George  Kings- 
ley,  with  memoir  by  his  son,— in  the  series 
"Foreign  Statesmen":  'Richelieu,'  by  Prof. 
Lodge, — in  the  series  "English  Men  of  Action": 
'Dundonald,' by  the  Hon.  .J.  W.  Fortescue, — 
a  people's  edition,  in  twenty-three  shilling 
volumes,  of  Tennyson's  'Poetical  Works,'  two 
volumes  to  be  published  monthly,  beginning  in 
September, — a  new  volume  of  poems  by  Miss 
Christina  G.  Rossetti,  —  'Joan  the  Maid:  a 
Drama,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Skrine,— '  Rome,' 
by  Mrs.  Oliphant,  with  illustrations  by  Messrs. 
Pennell  and  Riviere,  —  a  selection  from 
Andersen's  fairy  tales,  translated  by  Mrs.  E. 
Lucas,  with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Linley  Sam- 
bourne,— a  translation  of  Prof.  Ratzel's  '  His- 
tory of  Mankind,'  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Butler,  with 
preface  by  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor,— an  edition  de  luxe 
of  '  Westward  Ho  !  ' — '  Carved  Lions,'  by  Mrs. 
Moles  worth,  illustrated  by  Mr.  L,  Brooke,— 
'Eric,  Prince  of  Lorlonia,'  by  Lady  Jersey, 
illustrated  by  Miss  A.  B.  Woodward, —  ' A 
London  Garland,'  extracts  from  Chaucer,  Lyd- 
gate,  Dunbar,  Surrey,  Spenser,  Drayton,  &c., 
edited  by  Mr.  Henley,  with  100  illustrations  by 
the  members  of  the  Society  of  Illustrators,— 
'  The  History  of  St.  James's  Square,  and  the 
Foundation  of  the  West-End,'  by  Mr.  A.  I. 
Dasent,  —  '  Studies  in  the  Art  Anatomy 
of  Animals,'  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Thompson,— 
'The  Second  Jungle  Book,'  by  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling,  illustrated  by  Mr.  Lockwood  Kipling, 
—new  volumes  in  the  "  Cranford  Series": 
'Reynard  the  Fox,'  edited  by  Mr.  Jacobs, 
illustrated  by  Mr.  F.  Calderon  ;  and  'Undine,' 
illustrated  by  R.  M.  M.  Pitman,— in  the  "  Illus- 
trated Standard  Novels  ":  '  Peter  Simple,'  with 
an  introduction  by  Mr.  Hannay  ;  '  Pride  and 
Prejudice';  'Popular  Tales,'  by  Maria  Edge- 
worth;  and  'Sybil,'— the  following  novels: 
'Casa  Braccio,'  by  Mr.  Marion  Crawford; 
'The  Horseman's  Word,'  by  Neil  Roy; 
'A  Son  of  the  Plains,'  by  Mr.  A.  Pater- 
son;  'A  Long  Vacation,'  by  Miss  Yonge  ; 
'  Red  Rowans,'  by  Mrs.  Steel  ;   '  The  Education 


of   Antonia,'    by   Miss   F.    E.    Phillips;     The 
Herons,'    by    Mrs.    Shipton  ;     'The    Crooked 
Stick;  or,  Pollie's  Probation,'  and   'Old  Mel- 
bourne Memories,'  by  Rolf  Boldrewood  ;  '  Wild 
Rose,'  by  Mr.  Francis  Francis  ;  and  '  Veronica's 
Garden,'  by    Mr.    Austin,— in   "The   Eversley 
Series":   'The  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages,' 
by  Dean    Church;    'Sheridan's    Plays';    'The 
Works  of  William  and  Dorothy  Wordsworth,' 
edited     by    Prof.     Knight  ;     '  The    Works    of 
Matthew   Arnold,'   to    be    issued    in    monthly 
volumes  :   'Poems,'  3  vols.  ;     'Essays  in  Criti- 
cism,' first  series  ;  'Essays  in  Criticism,'  second 
series;   'American  Discourses,' — 'Lectures    on 
Political  Science,'  by  Sir  .John  Seeley, — '  Essays 
in    Historical    Subjects,'   by    the   late    Bishop 
Lightfoot, — '  A  History  of  the  17th  Lancers,'  by 
the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue, — the  third  volume  of 
a  translation  of  Holm's  '  History  of  Greece,' — 
'  Western  Europe  in  the   Fifth  Century '  and 
'Western    Europe    in    the    Eighth    Century,' 
lectures   delivered   at   Oxford   by   Prof.    Free- 
man,—  a    'History     of     the     Ptolemies,'    by 
the    Rev.    J.    P.    Mahaffy,  —  '  Ulster     as     It 
Is,'     by     Mr.      Thomas      MacKnight, — Lord 
Acton's    inaugural     lecture   at    Cambridge    on 
'The   Study   of   History,' — a   second  series  of 
'  Studies  in  Ancient  History,'  by  Mr.  Ferguson 
McLennan,  —  '  Miscellaneous  Studies,'  by  the 
late  Mr.  Pater, — 'Vacation  Rambles,'  letters, 
contributed  chiefly  to  the  Spectator,  by  Judge 
Hughes,    edited   by  his  daughter, — 'Idylls    of 
the  King,' by  the  Rev.   A.   J.  Church, — 'Ad- 
dresses,'  by   the   late    Miss   Buss,  —  'On   the 
Structure  of  Greek  Tribal  Society,'  an  essay,  by 
Mr.  H.  E.  Seebohm,— '  Herodotus,  Books  IV.- 
VI.,'  edited  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Macan,— '  A  Hand- 
book   of    Greek    Sculpture,'    by    Mr.    Ernest 
Gardner,  — '  Scholia  Aristophanica,'  by  the  Rev. 
W.   G.  Rutherford, — "The  Parnassus  Library 
of  Greek  and  Latin  Classics"  :   'Virgil,'  edited 
by  Mr.  T.  E.  Page  ;  'Homer's  Iliad,'  edited  by 
Mr.   Leaf,  Litt.D.;  '  Catullus,' edited  by   Prof. 
A.  Palmer  ;  and  '  Horace,'  edited  by  Mr.  Page, 
— '  The  Greek  Testament,'  the  text  of  Westcott 
and  Hort,   printed  in   "Macmillan    Greek,"  — 
a   translation    of    Pausanias's   '  Description    of 
Greece,'  and  commentary  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Frazer, — 
an  'Historical  Greek  Grammar,'  by  Dr.  A.  N. 
Jannaris,  —  Vol.   I.    of    a    school    edition    of 
Homer's  Iliad,  edited  by  Mr.  Leaf  and  the  Rev. 
M.  A.  Bayfield,  —  'Marcus  Antoninus  to   Him- 
self,' being    a    translation    of    'Thoughts    and 
Meditations,'    by    Principal    Rendall,  —  'Pure 
Economics,'  by  Prof.  Pantaleoni,  translated  by 
Mr.   Boston    Bruce, — 'Studies  in    Economics,' 
by  Mr.  W.  Smart,—'  A  Short  Study  of  Ethics,' 
by   Dr.   C.    F.   D'Arcy,— Vol.   V.   of   'English 
Prose,'   edited   by  Mr.    Craik,  —  'A  History  of 
Nineteenth  Century  Literature,'  by  Mr.  Saints- 
bury, — '  Facts  about  Processes,  Pigments,  and 
Vehicles,'   a  manual  for  art  students,   by  Mr. 
A.  P.   Laurie, — 'Varied  Occupations  in  String 
Work,'  by  Miss  Louisa  Walker, — a  translation 
of  Prof.  Sohm's  'Outlines  of  Church  History,' 
with  a  preface  by  Prof.  Gwatkin, — 'Documents 
illustrative     of    the    History    of     the    English 
Church,'  selected  by  Mr.  W.  J.   Hardy  and  the 
Rev.   H.  Gee,  —  'Introductory  Lectures  on  the 
Epistles  to  the    Romans   and  the    Ephesians,' 
'Lectures   on   the  Ante-Nicene   Fathers,'   and 
'The   Early  History  of   the  Ecclesia,'   by  Dr. 
Hort,  —  'Pascal,   and  other  Sermons,'  by   the 
late  Dean  of    St.    Paul's, — 'The  Songs  of  the 
Holy  Nativity, 'by  Canon  Bernard, — 'A  Manual 
of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles,'  by  the  Rev.  G.  F. 
Maclear  and  the  Rev.  W.  W.  Williams, — '  Acts 
of  the  Apostles,'  the  Authorized  Version,  with 
introduction  and  notes  by  Mr.  T.  E.  Page  and 
the   Rev.   A.   S.  Walpole, — 'A  Commentary  on 
the  Bible  for  Jewish  Children,'  by  Mr.  Claude 
Montefiore,  —  'Hulsean  Lectures,  1895, '  byBishop 
Barry, — 'Some  Thoughts  onChristian  Reunion,  a 
Charge  to  the  Clergy,'  by  the  Bishop  of  Ripon, — 
'The  Syro-Latin  Textof  the  Gospels, 'by  Dr.  F.  H. 
Chase, — "  The  Modern  Reader's  Bible,"  a  series 
of  books  from  the  sacred  Scriptures  presented 


in  modern  literary  form,  edited  by  Mr.  R.  G. 
Moulton, — 'The  Life  of  Agassiz,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Marcou,  —  Columbia  College  Studies  in 
History,  Economics,  and  Public  Law, — Colum- 
bia College  Contributions  to  Philosophy,  Psy- 
chology, and  Education, — Columbia  University 
Press  publications  :  '  Statistics  and  Sociology,' 
by  Prof.  Richmond  Mayo-Smith  ;  '  Roman 
Cases  on  Obligation,'  by  Prof.  Munroe  Smith; 
and  '  An  Atlas  of  Fertilization, '  by  Prof.  E.  B. 
Wilson, — 'The  Flower  of  England's  Face,'  by 
Mrs.  Julia  C.  R.  Dorr, — a  new  volume  of  "  Eco- 
nomic Classics,"  edited  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Ashley, — 
a  '  History  of  the  English  Language  for  High 
School  Use,'  by  Mr.  O.  P.  Emerson,— 'A  His- 
tory and  Art  of  Painting  Fans,'  by  Mr.  M.  A. 
Flory, — 'The  Theory  of  Sociology,'  by  Mr. 
F.  H.  Giddings, — '  Essentials  of  New  Testament 
Greek,'  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Huddilston, — 'New 
Orleans,  the  Place  and  the  People,'  by  Grace 
King,  — '  Lectures  on  Art,'  by  Mr.  J.  La  Farge, 
— Vol.  II.  of  '  History,  Prophecy,  and  the  Monu- 
ments,' by  Mr.  McCurdy, — 'Essays  in  Taxa- 
tion,' by  Mr.  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,— and  'Oxford 
and  her  Colleges,'  by  Prof.  Gold  win  Smith. 

The  list  of  Messrs.  Cassell  contains  '  Annals 
of  Westminster  Abbey,'  bv  Mrs.  A.  Murray 
Smith  (Miss  E.  T.  Bradley),  illustrated  by 
H.  M.  Paget  and  W.  Hatherell,  R.I.,  with  a 
preface  by  the  Dean,  and  a  chapter  on  the 
Abbey  buildings  by  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  —  'The 
History  of  Punch,'  by  Mr.  Spielmann, — 'The 
Thorough  Good  Cook,'  by  Mr.  Sala, — '  From 
the  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of  France,'  by  Mr. 
Stanley  Weyman, — 'Wandering  Heath,'  short 
stories  by  Q,  and  'Fairy  Tales  Far  and  Near,' 
retold  by  Q,  —  'Verses,  Wise  and  Otherwise,' 
by  Miss  Ellen  Fowler, — '  Memories  and  Studies 
of  War  and  Peace,'  by  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes, — 
'Britain's  Roll  of  Glory,'  by  Mr.  D.  H.  Parry, 
— 'Adventures  in  Criticism,'  by  Mr.  Quiller- 
Couch,— Vol.  IV.  of  'Social  England,'  edited 
by  Mr.  H.  D.  Traill, — '  From  Independence 
Hall  around  the  World,'  by  Dr.  Carroll  Brew- 
ster,— M.O.Eerelman's  'Horses  and  Dogs, 'trans- 
lated by  Clara  Bell, — 'Scotland,  Picturesque 
and  Traditional,  a  Pilgrimage  with  Staff  and 
Knapsack,'  by  Mr.  Eyre-Todd, — 'Picturesque 
New  Zealand,'  with  preface  by  Sir  W.  B.  Per- 
ceval,— '  Cassell's  Universal  Portrait  Gallery,' — 
in  "Cassell's  Pocket  Library,"  'A  Whirl 
Asunder,'  by  Gertrude  Atherton, — '  Tuxter's 
Little  Maid,'  by  G.  B.  Burgin,— '  Old  Maids 
and  Young,'  by  Miss  D'Esterre  Keeling, — 'An 
Old  Boy's  Yarns,'  by  Mr.  H.  Avery, — 'In  the 
Days  of  King  George,'  by  Col.  Percy  Groves, — 
'  The  White  Shield,'  by  Mr.  B.  Mitford,— '  With 
Claymore  and  Bayonet  ;  or,  the  Ross-shire 
Buffs,'  by  Col.  Groves, — 'For  Glory  and  Re- 
nown,' by  Mr.  D.  H.  Parry,— 'The  Path  in 
the  Ravine'  and  'The  Young  Ranchers,'  by 
Mr.  E.  S.  Ellis,— and  '  The  Red  Terror  :  a  Story 
of  the  Paris  Commune,'  by  Mr.  E.  King. 

Mr.  Edward  Arnold's  list  includes  '  The 
Land  of  the  Nile-Springs,'  by  Col.  Sir  Henry 
Colvile, — '  Fire  and  Sword  in  the  Sudan  :  a 
Personal  Narrative  of  Fighting  and  Serving  the 
Dervishes,  1879-1895,'  by  Slatin  Pasha,  trans- 
lated and  edited  by  Major  Wingate, — '  A  Little 
Tour  in  America,'  by  Dean  Hole, — 'Memories 
of  Mashonaland,'  by  Bishop  Knight  Bruce,— 
'Twelve  Hundred  Miles  in  an  0.x.- Waggon, '  by 
Miss  Alice  Balfour,  with  illustrations  by  the 
author, — 'The  Exploration  of  the  Caucasus,' 
by  Mr.  Douglas  W.  Freshtield,  2  vols.,— 'The 
Romance  of  Prince  Eugene :  an  Idyll  under 
Napoleon  I.,'  by  Mr.  Albert  Pulitzer, — 
'  Studies  in  Early  Victorian  Literature, 
18.37-1870,'  by  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison,— 
'Robert  Louis  Stevenson.'  by  Prof.  Raleigh, 
of  Liverpool, — 'Benjamin  Jowett,  Master  of 
Balliol  :  a  Personal  Memoir,'  by  the  Hon.  L. 
Tollemache,  —  '  Kleines  Haustheater,'  fifteen 
little  plays  in  German  for  children,  by  Mrs. 
Hugh  Boll,— 'On  the  Threshold,'  by  Miss 
Isabella  ().  Ford,  — '  Tonuny  Atkins  :  a  Tale  of 
the  Rinks,'  by  Mr.  R.  Blatchford, — 'Wagner's 


294 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3o40,  Aug.  31, '95 


Heroes,'  by  Constance  Maud,  illustrated  by  H. 
Granville  Fell, — 'Life's  Prescription,  in  Seven 
Doses,'  by  Mr.  Maclaren  Morrison, — 'Cycling 
for  Health  and  Pleasure,'  by  Mr.  L.  H.  Porter, 
revised  and  edited  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Shorland, — 
'  Strength  ;  or,  the  Development  and  Use  of 
Muscle,'  by  Mr.  Sampson, — two  new  cookery 
books  by  Col.  Kenney-Herbert,  '  Fifty  Lunches  ' 
and  'Fifty  Dinners,' — '  Poultry  Fattening,' by 
Mr.  E.  Brown,—'  Eric  the  Archer,'  by  Mr.  M. 
Hervey, — 'Dr.  Gilbert's  Daughters,'  by  Miss 
M,  H.  Mathews,— '  The  Fur  Seal's  Tooth,'  by 
Kirk  Munroe, — '  How  Dick  and  Molly  went 
round  the  World,'  by  M.  H.  Cornwall  Legh, — 
'Hunters  Three,'  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Knox,— '  The 
Secret  of  the  Desert,'  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Fawcett,— 
'Joel  :  a  Boy  of  Galilee,'  by  Miss  A.  F.  John- 
ston,— '  The  Mushroom  Cave,'  by  Miss  E.  Ray- 
mond,— '  Master  Magnus,'  by  Mrs.  E.  M.  Field, 
— and  'My  Dog  Plato,'  by  Cornwall  Legh. 

Messrs.  Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  make  the 
following  announcements  :  '  The  Constitutional 
History  and  Constitution  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land,' by  Dr.  F.  Makower,  —  'Thoughts  and 
Aspirations  of  the  Ages,'  edited  by  Dr.  W.  C. 
Coupland, — 'The  Principles  of  Psychology,'  by 
Mr.  G.  F.  Stout,—'  Ethical  Discourses,'  by  Mr. 
Leslie  Stephen, — a  translation  of  the  'Outlines 
of  Psychology  '  of  Prof.  Kiilpe,  of  Wiirzburg, 
by  Mr.  C.  B.  Titchener,— '  Studies  in  the  Evolu- 
tionary Psychology  of  Feeling,'  by  Mr.  H.  M. 
Stanley,  —  '  The  Oxford  Church  Movement  : 
Sketches  and  Recollections  by  the  late  George 
Wakeling,'  edited  by  his  son  Mr.  G.  H.  Wake- 
ling, — "The  Private  Life  of  Warren  Hastings,'  by 
Sir  Charles  Lawson, — 'The  Law  of  Civilization 
and  Decay  :  an  Essay  in  History,'  by  Mr.  Brooks 
Adams,  —  'A  History  of  the  Paris  Commune  of 
1871,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  March, — in  the  "Social 
England  Series, "edited  by  Mr. K.D. Cotes,  'The 
King's  Peace  :  a  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Eng- 
lish Law  Courts,'  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Inderwick,  Q.C., 
—  'Leigh  Hunt,'  by  Mr.  Brimley  Johnson, — 
'Dictionary  of  Quotations,'  by  Major  Dalbiac, 
M.P.,— 'Isn't  it  Wonderful?'  by  Charles  Ber- 
tram,—  'Punishment  and  Reformation,'  by 
F.  H.  Wines, —  ' Moral  Pathology,'  by  Dr. 
A.  E.  Giles,  — '  The  Social  Side  of  the  Reforma- 
tion,' by  Mr.  Belfort  Bax,  Parts  II.  and  III., 
— 'Catholic  Socialism,'  by  Dr.  Nitti,  with  a 
preface  by  Prof.  Ritchie, — in  the  "Social 
Science  Series":  ' The  Progress  and  Prospects 
of  Political  Economy,'  by  Prof.  J.  K.  Ingram  ; 
'  University  Extension, '  by  Mr.  M.  E.  Sadler  ; 
'Social  Studies,'  by  Prof .  Mavor  ;  'Parasitism, 
Organic  and  Social,'  translated  from  the  French 
of  MM.  Massart  and  Vandervelde,  with  a  pre- 
face by  Prof.  Geddes  ;  and  '  Sober  by  Act  of 
Parliament,"  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Mackenzie, — a 
translation  of  Comparetti's  '  Virgil  in  the  Middle 
Ages'  by  E.  F.  M.  Benecke, — 'Friedrich 
Froebel,'  adapted  from  the  work  of  Dr.  Hansch- 
mann  by  Fanny  Franks, — 'A  Student's  Text- 
Book  of  Universal  History,'  by  Dr.  E.  Reich, 
— 'Outlines  of  Legal  History,'  by  Mr.  A.  M. 
White, — 'The  Elements  of  Number,'  Parts  I. 
and  II.,  by  Miss  E.  A.  Sonnenschein, — in 
"Sonnenschein'sSchoolAuthors":  'Select Read- 
ings in  French  Prose  and  Verse,'  by  Prof.  Oger; 
and  'The  Prometheus  Vinctus  of  ^schylus,' 
edited  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Haines, — in  the  "Parallel 
Grammar  Series":  'First  Greek  Reader  and 
Writer,'  by  Dr.  Sandys  ;  '  Third  German  Reader 
and  Writer,'  by  Dr.  Fiedler;  'Fourth  French 
Reader  and  Writer,'  by  Prof.  H.  E.  Berthon  ; 
'  A  Dano-Norwegian  Reader,'  by  Mr.  Sargent ; 
and  'Steps  to  English  Parsing  and  Analysis,'  by 
E.  M.  and  C.  L.  Ramsay,—'  The  Public  Schools 
Year-Book  for  1894-5,'— '  Stella,  and  An  Un 
finished  Communication,'  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Hinton, 
—'Stories  for  Ten  -  Year  -  Olds, '  by  F.  W. 
Saunders,— and  '  Confession :  a  Novel,'  })y  E.  E. 
Evans. 

Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.'s  publications  for 
the  autumn  will  comprise  a  second  series  of 
•Essays  in  English  Literature,  1780-18G0,' by 
Mr.    Sain tsbury,— 'The  Wonderful   Visit,'  by 


Mr.  H.  G,  Wells,— a  volume  of  '  Ghost  Stories," 
by  Mrs.  Alfred  Baldwin,  illustrated  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Symington, — 'Milton's  II  Penseroso  and 
L'AUegro,'  with  thirteen  photogravures  by  Mr. 
W.  Hyde, — '  Zelinda  and  the  Monster,'  with 
ten  photogravures  from  the  paintings  by  Lady 
Lovelace  exhibited  at  the  New  Gallery  this 
year, — a  second  series  of  '  Fairy  Tales  from 
the  Arabian  Nights,'  illustrated  by  Mr.  J.  D. 
Batten, — '  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,'  edited 
by  Mr.  Gollancz,  and  illustrated  in  black  and  white 
by  Mr.  A.  Bell, — "Banbury  Cross  Series"  of 
children's  folk-lore  and  other  stories,  edited 
by  Mrs.  Rhys  :  nine  new  volumes  illustrated  by 
H.  Granville  Fell,  Misses  V.  and  E.  Holden, 
Mrs.  H.  J.  Adams,  Miss  A.  B.  Woodward, 
Sidney  H.  Heath,  Miss  A,  M.  Mitchell,  R. 
Heigh  way,  and  C.  Robinson, — 'Impressions 
and  Memories,'  by  Mr.  Ashcroft  Noble, — 'The 
Withered  Jester,  and  other  Verses,'  by  Mr. 
Patchett  Martin,  —  translations  of  the  his- 
torical romances  of  Henryk  Sienkiewicz  and 
of  select  novels  of  George  Sand,  —  in  the 
"Iris  Library":  'Where  Highways  Cross,' by 
Mr.  J.  S.  Fletcher  ;  'Christian  and  Leah,'  and 
other  Ghetto  stories,  translated  from  the  German 
of  L.  Kompert  ;  '  Lives  that  came  to  Nothing,' 
by  G.  Leigh  ;  and  'Bosnian  Stories,'  by  Milena 
Mrazovic, — in  "  Lyric  Poets  Series,"  edited  by 
Mr.  E.  Rhys  :  '  Sidney,'  and  'Lyrical  Poetry  of 
the  Bible,'  Vol.  II., — completion  of  "Defoe's 
Romances  and  Narratives,"  edited  by  G.  A. 
Aitken, — new  volumes  of  Balzac's  '  Come'die 
Humaine,'  translated  by  E.  Marriage  and  C. 
Bell, — four  new  volumes  of  "Romances  of 
Dumas,"  two  of  them  books  that  have  never 
before  been  translated, — and  'Old  Chester,' 
etched  and  described  by  Mr.  Crickmore. 


IS   EGYPT   SO   VERY   OLD? 

August  24,  1895. 

I  UAVE  received  a  letter  from  Prof.  Flinders 
Petrie  which,  although  it  does  not  contain  such 
a  reference  as  I  requested,  does  contain  a  most 
important  modification  of  his  original  statement. 
Referring  to  the  contemporaneity  of  Dynasties 
IV.-VI.  and  XL  in  my  table,  he  says,  "Until 
some  new  theory  of  government  is  proved,  it  is 
apparent  that  such  contemporaneousness  is  im- 
possible." With  this  emended  statement  I 
most  cordially  agree.  F.  G.  Fleay. 


PUBLISHER  AND   TRANSLATOR. 

34,  Paternoster  Row,  Aug.  27,  1895. 

We  have  read  the  letter  of  Mr.  Edward 
Vizetelly  which  appears  under  this  heading  in 
your  issue  of  the  24th  inst.,  and,  as  we  know 
the  value  of  your  space,  we  think  that  in  reply- 
ing to  it  we  had  better  confine  ourselves  to  the 
one  point  to  which  Mr.  Vizetelly  brings  his 
letter,  viz.,  that  he  considers  himself  entitled  to 
some  compensation  from  us  because  we  em- 
ployed some  one  else  to  translate  Gyp's  '  Une 
Passionnette,'  which  he  claims  to  have  intro- 
duced to  us. 

We  may  say  that  when  Mr.  Vizetelly  left 
with  us  a  bundle  of  French  books,  including 
'  Une  Passionnette,'  and  suggested  that  some  of 
them  might  be  found  suitable  for  the  English 
market,  he  could  not  have  expected  that  he 
would  be  employed  to  do  the  translation  of 
Gyp's  work  should  we  select  it  for  issue.  He 
had  previously  proposed  to  us  a  translation  of 
the  same  author's  book  '  Le  Mariage  de  Chiffon  ' 
(recently  published  by  us  in  the  "  Zeit-Geist 
Library,"  under  the  title  of  'Chiffon's  Marriage'), 
but  having  seen,  as  a  specimen,  his  translation 
of  a  portion  of  it,  we  told  him  that  we  con- 
sidered Gyp  should  be  tran.slatcd  by  a  woman, 
and  we  thereupon,  with  Mr.  Vizetelly's 
acquiescence,  gave  the  translation  to  Mrs. 
Patchett  Martin.  Now,  although  we  could  not 
avail  ourselves  of  Mr.  Vizetelly's  offer  to  do  the 
translation  of  this  book,  we  recognized  that  he 
had  been  of  some  service  to  us  in  calling  our 
attention  to  Gyp's  works,  and  we  made  him  a 


payment  for  his  trouble  which  amply  satisfied 
him. 

But  the  case  of  '  Une  Passionnette  '  is  quite 
different.  We  did  not  want  any  one  to  suggest 
to  us  the  idea  of  bringing  out  another  of  Gyp's 
books,  for  from  the  time  we  took  up  '  Chiffon's 
Marriage  '  we  always  contemplated  doing  this ; 
and  with  regard  to  '  Une  Passionnette  '  in  par- 
ticular, we  may  say  that  the  author  herself,  in 
a  letter  to  Mrs.  Patchett  Martin,  coupled  it  with 
'  Chiffon's  Marriage,'  and  proposed  that  Mrs. 
Patchett  Martin  should  translate  it. 

We  repudiate  the  statement  made  by  Mr. 
Vizetelly,  that  he  was  informed  by  us  that  we 
gave  the  translation  of  '  Une  Passionnette  '  to 
Mrs.  Patchett  Martin  because  she  worked  at  a 
cheaper  rate  than  Mr.  Vizetelly.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  we  paid  Mrs.  Patchett  Martin  for  trans- 
lating '  Le  Mariage  de  Chiffon '  exactly  the 
amount  which  Mr.  Vizetelly  proposed  we  should 
pay  him,  and  we  are  paying  her  a  similar  sum 
for  her  translation  of  '  Une  Passionnette,'  which 
we  shall  shortly  be  publishing  under  the  title 
of  'A  Little  Love  Affair.'  Our  reasons  for 
giving  the  translation  to  Mrs.  Patchett  Martin 
were  :  (1)  because  she  brought  the  book  to  us 
direct  from  the  author  ;  (2)  because  she  trans- 
lated the  previous  book  ;  and  (3)  because,  as  we 
have  already  shown,  we  considered  that  we 
should  get  from  her  a  much  better  translation 
than  from  Mr.  Vizetelly. 

We  will  only  add  that  had  Mr.  Vizetelly  but 
made  it  known  to  us,  when  he  called  for  the 
return  of  his  books,  that  the  copy  of  '  Une  Pas- 
sionnette/which  got  mislaid,  was  of  consequence 
to  him,  notwithstanding  it  would  cost  but  a 
trifling  sum  to  procure  another,  we  would  at 
once  have  obtained  a  new  copy  for  him  from  a 
bookseller.  Hutchinson  &  Co. 


Ui'tftarg  Cfosstp. 

The  new  Dean  of  Canterbury  is  going  to 
follow  up  '  Darkness  and  Dawn '  with  a 
story  of  the  days  of  St.  Chrysostom,  entitled 
'  Gathering  Clouds.'  It  will  fill  two 
volumes,  and  Messrs.  Longman  wiU  publish 
it.  From  Mr.  Leckj'  the  Dean  seems  to 
have  derived  the  notion  that  the  Byzantine 
Empire  "constitutes,  without  a  single  excep- 
tion, the  most  thoroughly  base  and  de- 
spicable form  that  civilization  has  yet 
assumed,"  so  he  probably  will  draw 
a  dark  picture  of  Constantinople;  but  we 
believe  the  best  opinion  is  now  opposed  to 
Mr.  Lecky's  view. 

Messes.  Methuen  will  publish  here  as 
soon  as  possible,  and  Messrs.  Appleton 
simultaneously  in  America,  Mrs.  W.  K. 
Clifford's  '  A  Flash  of  Summer,'  which  she 
has  enlarged  and  entirely  rewritten  since  it 
appeared  in  the  Illustrated  London  News, 
Mrs.  CliSord  contributes  '  A  Strange  Adven- 
ture' to  the  next  Fortnightly,  and  has  lately 
written  two  short  stories  for  Christmas 
numbers. 

After  the  publication  of  the  October 
number  of  the  Centtwy  Magazine  Mr.  Fisher 
Unwin  will  cease  to  be  responsible  for  the 
circulation  in  this  country  of  the  periodicals 
of  the  Century  Company.  He  will,  however, 
retain  on  his"  list  the  '  Century  Dictionary ' 
and  the  '  Dictionary  of  Names,'  and  will 
issue  the  volumes  of  the  Century  and  St. 
Nicholas  magazines  for  the  current  year. 

In  the  course  of  the  coming  season  Mr. 
Unwin  will  also  publish  in  England  the 
principal  new  works  announced  by  the 
Century  Company,  including  '  Old  Dutch 
Masters,'  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Van  Dyke  and  Mr. 
Timothy  Cole  ;  '  Personal  Memories  of  U.  S. 
Grant '  (a  library  edition  in  t\YO  volumes  of 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


295 


the  work  by  which  the  widow  of  the  famous 
general  is  said  to  have  profited  to  the  almost 
incredible  extent  of  400,000/.);  '  Life  in  the 
Tuileries  under  the  Second  Empire,'  by 
Anna  L.  Bicknell ;  '  The  Century  Cook  Book,' 
by  Mary  Eonald ;  '  Continental  Govern- 
ments,' by  Mr.  Albert  Shaw,  author  of 
'  Municipal  Government  in  Great  Britain  ' ; 
and  'The  Brownies  through  the  Union,' 
written  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  Palmer  Cox. 

The  difficulty  in  regard  to  St.  Saviour's 
School,  which  has  led  to  the  suggestion  of 
its  removal  from  the  parish,  arises  from  the 
insufficiency  of  its  endowments  to  provide  a 
new  site  and  new  buildings  for  the  accom- 
modation of  200  boys,  with  a  prospective 
necessit}'  for  extension  in  the  near  future. 
This  the  governors  are  required  to  do  by  a 
scheme  of  the  Charity  Commission,  and  the 
cost  of  land  is  high  within  the  parish.  The 
governors  are  understood  to  be  very  willing 
to  remain  in  St.  Saviour's  if  they  can  obtain 
a  suitable  site  on  terms  not  beyond  their 
resources.  The  more  sanguine  of  those  who 
are  concerned  in  secondary  education  look 
forward  to  a  time  when  a  new  statutory 
authority  will  possess  the  power  to  satisfy 
needs  of  this  kind. 

The  new  scheme  of  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners for  the  Haberdashers'  Schools 
at  Hoxton  provides  for  their  removal  to  a 
new  site  in  or  near  the  administrative 
county  of  London.  It  also  stipulates  for 
the  preservation  of  the  present  playgrounds 
as  an  open  space,  and  for  the  devotion  of 
the  existing  buildings  to  the  purposes  of  a 
technical  institute  or  other  educational 
object.  As  in  the  case  of  St.  Saviour's, 
removal  beyond  the  parish  is  not  impera- 
tive under  the  scheme,  but  the  diffi- 
culty of  obtaining  a  new  site  close  to  the 
old  one  can  scarcely  be  met  except  by  the 
grant  of  public  funds  or  by  private  munifi- 
cence. 

Mk.  Fisher  Unwix  writes  : — 

"  With  reference  to  the  list  of  my  announce- 
ments which  appeared  in  the  Atheiutu7n  for  the 
17th  inst.,  permit  me  to  make  an  alteration. 
The  book  by  the  late  Miss  R.  M.  Kettle  will  be 
entitled  '  The  Highland  Sister's  Promise,'  not 
'Under  the  Laurels.'  The  latter  is  the  second 
of  the  two  stories,  the  longer  of  which  gives  the 
title  to  the  volume.  I  am  issuing  the  work  in 
the  usual  library  form  at  6^-.,  and  hope  to  issue 
it  early  in  October. " 

Mr.  Nimmo  promises  an  edition,  with 
illustrations  by  Messrs.  Jellicoe  and  Eailton, 
of  'The  Household  of  Sir  Thos.  More.'  The 
Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton,  whose  excellent  mono- 
graph on  Laud  we  reviewed  last  week,  sup- 
plies an  introduction.  The  author  of  this 
weU-known  book  was  a  Miss  Manning, 
sister  of  Mr.  William  Oke  Manning,  to 
whom  she  affectionately  dedicated  the  fourth 
edition  ;  she  was  never  married,  and  she 
was  an  indefatigable  writer  on  historical 
and  literary  subjects.  Than  her  previous 
work,  '  Mary  Powell,'  few  books  of  its  day 
had  a  wider  circulation. 

The  ninth  session  of  the  Edinburgh 
summer  meeting,  opened  by  Lord  Eeay  on 
August  5th,  has  concluded.  The  hterary  side 
was  represented  by  Mr.  "WLUiam  Sharp, 
who  lectured  on  life  and  art ;  by  M.  1' Abbe 
Klein,  who  discussed  modern  French  Htera- 
ture ;  and  others.  xVpart  from  the  numer- 
ous scientific  courses  by  the  staff  of  former 
years,  there  were  lectures  by  Elisee  Eeclus 


on  the  evolution  of  cities,  by  Prof.  Lloyd 
Morgan  on  evolutionary  ethics,  and  by  Prof. 
Haddon  on  the  savage  mind.  There  was 
also  a  course  on  Celtic  ornament. 

A  NEW  book  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Hogan,  M.P., 
under  the  title  of  '  The  Sister  Dominions,' 
may  be  expected  at  the  beginning  of 
October.  It  will  deal  with  the  personalities 
he  interviewed  and  the  places  he  visited 
during  his  tour  of  Canada  and  Australia, 
which  occupied  the  whole  of  the  last  par- 
liamentary recess.  Messrs.  Ward  &  Downey 
are  the  London  publishers.  Australian  and 
Canadian  editions  will  also  be  issued. 

The  deaths  are  announced  of  Mr. 
Houghton,  the  eminent  American  publisher, 
a  shrewd  and  honourable  man ;  of  Dr. 
Hooppell,  the  author  of  '  Vinovia,  the  Buried 
City  in  the  County  of  Durham,' and  other 
archaeological  monograi^hs  and  some  astro- 
nomical treatises ;  and  of  Prof.  Georges, 
the  veteran  German  lexicographer. 

Mr.  Elliot  Stock  announces  for  early 
publication  a  new  volume  of  local  poetry, 
entitled  '  West  -  Country  Poets,  their  Lives 
and  Works,'  edited  by  Mr.  W.  H.  K. 
Wright,  of  Plymouth.  The  work,  which 
wiU  be  in  quarto  size,  will  furnish  bio- 
graphies of  the  chief  English  poets  who 
were  born  or  resided  in  the  West  Country. 

Mr.  G.  J.  HoLYo.iKE  has  a  new  work  in 
the  press  entitled  '  Public  Speaking  and 
Debate,  a  Manual  for  Advocates  and 
Agitators.'  It  wiU  be  published  by  Mr. 
Fisher  Unwin. 

Mr.  Hexey  Frowde  wiU  shortly  publish, 
for  the  first  time  in  a  complete  shape.  Sir 
William  Wilson  Hunter's  '  Old  Missionary,' 
which  first  appeared  in  the  Contemporary 
He  view  about  six  years  ago. 

Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden,  the 
owners  of  the  copyright  of  Hogg's  un- 
finished '  Life  of  Shelley,'  will  republish  that 
remarkable  fragment  in  one  volume,  with 
a  biographical  introduction  by  Mr.  Clement 
Shorter,  and  notes  by  Mr.  Thomas  Wise. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  have  in  the 
press,  and  wiU  publish  immediately,  '  The 
Silver  Fairy- Book :  Fairy  Tales  of  other 
Lands,'  by  a  variety  of  authors — Voltaire, 
Emile  de  Girardin,  Wilhelm  Hauf,  Xavier 
Marmier,  &c. 

Mr.  Joseph  Conrad,  author  of  'Al- 
mayer's  Folly,'  is  writing  a  new  romance 
with  the  same  local  setting,  and  some 
of  the  same  characters.  It  wiU  clear 
up  the  earlier  career  of  the  Dutch  trader 
Almayer,  and  its  chief  love  story  is  centred 
in  the  passion  of  a  young  fellow  country- 
man of  his  for  a  Malay  girl.  The  title  of 
the  romance,  which  will  be  published  by 
Mr.  Fisher  Unwin,  is  '  An  Outcast  of  the 
Island.' 

We  regret  to  hear  that  the  hope  con- 
fidently held  out  by  German  papers,  as  we 
reported  some  time  ago,  that  the  late  Prof, 
von  Sybel  had  left  in  manuscript  an  eighth 
volume  of  '  Die  Begriindung  des  Deutschen 
Reiches,'  will  not  be  fulfilled,  no  manuscript 
of  the  kind  having  been  discovered  among 
his  papers. 

LTysATisFACTORY  literary  news  reaches  us 
from  Sweden.  The  Publishers'  Union  of 
that  country,  having  been  invited  by 
the  Ministry  of  Justice  to  express  an 
opinion  whether  steps  should  be  taken  for 


joining  the  Berne  Literary  Convention, 
answered  in  the  negative.  The  reply  was 
accompanied  by  protests  from  two  Stock- 
holm publishers  who  had  proposed  that 
Sweden  should  either  join  the  Berne  Con- 
vention or  make  S2:)ecial  treaties  with  this 
country,  Germany,  Eussia,  and  the  United 
States  of  America. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Statutes  of  Oxford  University  and 
of  Cambridge  University  dealing  with  small 
points  and  priced  at  Ad.  each  ;  an  Amending 
Statute  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  at  the 
same  price  ;  the  Education  Eeport  for  Scot- 
land for  1894-5  (3<7.) ;  the  Forty-second 
Science  and  Art  Eeport  {Is.  9d.) ;  and  five 
reports  on  various  West  Eiding  charities. 


SCIENCE 


Vorlesungen  aus  der  analytischen  Geometric 
der  Kegelschnitte.  Von  S.  Gundelfinger. 
Herausgegeben  von  F.  Dingeldey. 
(Leipzig,  Teubner.) 

This  book  consists  of  lectures  delivered  by 
Prof.  Gundelfinger  at  Tubingen  and  Darm- 
stadt.    It  is  divided  into    two    parts,   the 
first  dealing  with  the  properties  of  a  single 
conic,  the   second   with  systems  of  conies. 
A  general  form  of  trilinear  co-ordinates  is 
introduced   at   once,   line    co-ordinates   are 
then  defined,  and  the  two  systems  developed 
simultaneously.    An  admirable  homogeneity 
and  symmetry  is  thus   attained,  but  com- 
pleteness   is  lost   by  an  appeal  to  results 
obtained  by  the  use  of  rectangular  Cartesian 
co-ordinates  for  the  pui'pose  of  finding  the 
invariant  relation  among  the  line  co-ordi- 
nates and  of  determining  the  angle  between 
two  straight  lines.     After  showing  that  the 
degree    and    class   of    a   curve    are    inde- 
pendent  of   the  triangle  of    reference,  the 
author   proceeds    to    the    consideration    of 
curves   of  the   second   degree    and    second 
class.     The   equal  treatment  of  these  and 
the   thoroughness   of    the   classification  of 
each  deserve   all  praise.      Throughout  the 
treatment   of    special   cases    is    a    notable 
feature.     In  connexion    with  the    circular 
points  at  infinity,  a  digression  is  made  on 
homogeneous  quadratic  forms  which  do  not 
become  negative  for  any  real  values  of  the 
variables.     The    next   paragraph    gives    a 
sketch  of  the  theory  of  invariants  of  ternary 
forms.     For  the  determination  of  the  prin- 
cipal   axes     Herr   Gundelfinger   has  intro- 
duced  a   term  of    great    convenience ;    he 
calls  the  point    at    infinity  on    a    perpen- 
dicular to  a  straight  Hne  the  "  Normalen- 
centrum"  of  the  line,  and  by  its  use  avoids 
much    circumlocution.       The    axes,    being 
determined,   are  used   as  axes   of    co-ordi- 
nates, and  one  expects  the  usual  elemen- 
tary propositions  ;  the  propositions  that  the 
focal  distance  varies  as  the  distance  from 
the  directrix,  and  that  the  sum  of  the  focal 
distances    is  constant,    are    indeed    stated, 
but  one  looks  in  vain  for  any  mention  of 
the  metrical  properties  of   diameters,   seg- 
ments   of   chords,    and   similar   properties. 
The  section  concludes  with  the  theorems  of 
Pascal  and  Brianchon,  and  the  generation 
of  conies  by  projective  pencils  and  ranges, 
but  without  allusion   to  the  triply  infinite 
linear  transformation  of  a  conic  into  itself. 
The  second  section  opens  with  the  system 


296 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


of  conies  through  the  four  points  common 
to  two  fixed  conies,  and  the  system  of  conies 
touching  the  four  common  tangents  of  two 
fixed  conies.  An  excellent  discussion  of  the 
invariants  and  covariants  of  each  system  is 
given.  Confocal  conies  are  treated  as  the 
system  inscribed  in  a  certain  quadrilateral, 
and  the  usual  equation  of  the  system  in 
rectangular  co-ordinates  deduced.  In  this 
part  one  notices  the  strange  remark  that  for 
a  parabola  the  imaginary  pair  of  foci  do 
not  exist.  The  remaining  paragraphs,  ex- 
cept the  last,  treat  systems  of  conies  whose 
equations  are  linearly  composed  from  the 
point  or  line  equations  of  any  three  conies, 
and  the  properties  of  the  Hessian  (called 
Jacobian  by  Dr.  Salmon)  and  Cay  ley  an.  The 
last  paragraph  discusses  the  systems  simi- 
larly formed  from  four  and  five  conies. 

The  object  of  the  editor  has  been  to  pro- 
vide a  text-book  which  steers  a  middle 
course  between  works  dealing  only  with 
parts  of  the  subject  and  those  ■which  range 
into  regions  not  properly  belonging  to  conic 
sections,  and  to  give  a  complete  and  uni- 
formly developed  treatise.  He  has  only 
partially  succeeded.  The  development  is 
logical  and  harmonious  ;  line  co-ordinates 
receive  their  due  share  of  attention  ;  and  he 
does  not  trespass  beyond  the  borders  of  his 
subject.  But  there  are  serious  omissions  : 
Hesse's  lectures  on  the  straight  line,  the 
point,  and  the  circle  are  assumed  to  be 
known ;  many  elementary  properties  are 
entirely  omitted ;  and  the  methods  of  re- 
ciprocation and  projection  are  not  even 
mentioned.  Except  for  these  omissions  the 
book  is  very  thorough.  It  will  specially 
recommend  itself  to  the  makers  of  examina- 
tion papers  for  pupils  brought  up  on  less 
complete  treatises. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL    LITEEATUEE. 

Birds  of  the  Wave  and  Woodland,  by  Phil 
Robinson  (Isbister),  is  the  title  of  a  work  pro- 
fusely illustrated  by  Mr.  Charles  Whymper  and 
others,  with  the  text  in  the  well-known  author's 
vivacious  style.  It  would  be  harsh  to  criti- 
cize Mr.  Phil  Robinson's  natural  history  too 
severely,  and  we  may  therefore  pass  by  some 
rather  audacious  statements ;  but  there  are 
offences  on  the  part  of  author  and  illustrator 
which  we  cannot  leave  unnoticed.  Facinpj 
p.  64  is  a  plate  of  "the  delightful  dotterel," 
representing  a  pair  of  ring-plovers  (sometimes 
called  ring-dotterels)  with  three  chicks,  among 
the  sea-worn  boulders  ;  but  the  letterpress 
refers  entirely  to  the  true  or  "  foolish  "  dot- 
terel, which  always  breeds  high  up  on  the 
mountains,  and  respecting  which  Drayton  wrote 
those  well-known  lines  in  the  '  Polyolbion ' 
which  are  seldom  quoted  correctly — certainly 
not  here.  It  is  pointed  out  that  rooks  are 
distinct  from  crows,  yet  a  plate  representing 
two  rooks  with  the  wattled  faces  indicative  of 
maturity  bears  the  legend  "  Crows  at  Sundown." 
With  reference  to  the  European  sea-eagle,  we  are 
furnished  with  a  plate  of  the  American  white- 
headed  eagle  ;  while  it  is  absurd  to  laV)el  an 
illustration  of  two  "  Mother  Carey's  chickens  " 
on  a  sea-washed  rock  "Petrels  nesting," 
unless  the  last  word  is  a  misprint  for  realhuj. 
The  black-throated  diver,  like  other  members 
of  the  family,  deposits  its  eggs  so  close  to  the 
margin  of  the  water  that  tliey  are  generally  wet 
on  the  under  side  ;  but  the  artist  has  placed 
them  half  on  end,  at  tlie  top  of  a  steep  bank. 
On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the  illustrations  are 
pretty,  and  worthy  of  Mr.  Whymper's  reputa- 
tion, but  we  cannot  conscientiously  congratulate 
him  upon  his  entire  share  in  tlie  volume. 


In  Forest  Birds  :  their  Haunts  and  Habits,  by 
Harry  F.  Witherby  (Kegan  Paul),  we  have  a 
series  of  studies  from  nature,  chieHy  the  result 
of  observations  in  the  New  Forest.  The  book 
is  small — only  ninety-eight  pages — and  is  rather 
profusely  illustrated  with  plates  taken  from 
photographs  and  woodcuts,  many  of  which  are 
not  at  all  bad  in  their  way,  though  exception 
might  be  taken  to  a  few  of  them.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  author  is  evidently  a  good  observer, 
and  amongst  other  things  he  knows  how  an 
owl  places  his  claws,  a  fact  of  which  many 
draughtsmen  of  greater  pretensions  are  ignorant. 
The  letterpress  is  distinctly  above  the  average 
of  popular  works  :  the  style  is  easy  ;  there  is 
no  superfluous  matter  ;  and  as  a  work  calcu- 
lated to  foster  a  love  for  natural  history  in 
young  people  this  booklet  is  decidedly  com- 
mendable. 

Birds,  Beasts,  and  Fishes  of  the  Norfolk 
Broadland.  By  P.  H.  Emerson.  (Nutt.) — 
Dissatisfied  with  the  representations  of  birds 
in  books  by  Bewick,  Selby,  Yarrell,  Gould, 
Dresser,  Booth,  and  others,  Mr.  Emerson  has 
illustrated  his  work  with  sixty-eight  photo- 
graphs by  Mr.  T.  A.  Cotton,  which  he  con- 
siders to  be  of  superior  merit.  Few  of  these 
are  from  the  life,  and  the  majority  are  from 
specimens  which  must  have  been  badly  mounted, 
unless  the  fault  lies  with  the  photographer. 
Of  some  of  the  smaller  ones  we  can  make 
nothing,  even  with  a  magnifying  lens  ;  those  of 
the  harriers  and  the  bittern  are,  however,  fairly 
good.  Mr.  Emerson  says  that  he  has  en- 
deavoured to  give  an  artistic  biography  of  each 
bird,  beast,  and  fish  of  the  Broad  district,  and 
as  a  specimen  of  his  style  we  take  the  following 
from  nearly  six  pages  devoted  to  the  rook  : — 

"The  burgher  among  birds,  he  has  all  the  faults 
and  virtues  of  his  class.  He  has  foresight,  cunning, 
and  organization,  but  he  is  vulgar,  greedy,  and 
commonplace.  A  thief  from  little  birds,  a  coward 
before  fighters,  he  is  a  true  representative  of  the 
big  commercial  citizen  ;  also  he  is  fond  of  his 
dinner  and  greedy  enough  for  an  alderman." 

And  so  on,  da  capo.  Then,  with  an  air  of 
having  forced  nature  to  divulge  her  secrets, 
he  tells  us,  "  No  matter  how  hard  the  winter  or 
how  tardy  the  spring,  there  will  always  be  young 
rooks  on  May  14th,"  which  is  not  so  very 
wonderful,  for,  as  he  informs  us  a  few  lines 
lower  down,  rooks  "begin  their  nesting  in 
February,"  and  they  ought  to  have  something 
to  show  for  their  time  by  the  middle  of  May  ! 
Mr.  Emerson  appears  to  have  taken  a  strong 
dislike  to  the  chaffinch,  and  here  is  the  con- 
clusion of  his  tirade  : — 

"Poor  unproductive  dullard  who  sings  once  a 
year  and  steals  the  rest  of  the  season.  Hardy  thou 
as  the  sparrow,  uselessly  and  clumsily  living  by 
thieving,  grudging  of  song,  dull  in  mien  as  a 
preacher,  gayer  in  winter,  and  gayest  for  a  brief 
l)eriod  in  spring,  thou  lover  of  winter  bachelorhood, 
thou  bird  dear  to  the  phlegmatic  German,  good- 
bye !  Once  a  year,  for  a  short  season,  you  silly  nest- 
betraying  male  are  tolerable,  but  for  the  rest  of  the 
year— well,  there  is  the  sea,  and  dear  Germany— go 
seek  it,  and  perish,  spinking  as  you  perish,  you 
living  chromolithograph." 

The  admirer  of  this  kind  of  writing  may  place 
Mr.  Emerson's  volume  upon  his  bookshelf,  but 
he  had  better  not  leave  it  upon  the  table,  for  it 
is  disfigured  by  gross  passages,  unredeemed  by 
any  scientific  value,  and  one  of  them  is  an 
offence  against  common  decency. 

Just  forty  years  ago  Dr.  Beverley  R.  Morris 
completed  his  quarto  edition  of  British  Game 
Birds  and  Wildfowl,  and  we  have  now  a  fourth 
edition  in  two  volumes,  royal  8vo.(Nimmo),  revised 
and  corrected  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Tegctmeicr,  with 
sixty  doul)le  page  coloured  plates.  The  reviser 
states  in  his  preface  that  ho  has  not  attempted 
to  alter  the  character  of  the  work,  nor  to  rewrite 
the  bulk  of  the  articles,  contenting  himself 
with  correcting  several  statements  which  sub- 
seciuent  experience  has  proved  to  be  erroneous, 
and  with  adding  much  information  recently 
acquired,  from  various  sources  duly  enumerated. 
In  this  he  has  done  wisely,  for  the  issue  of  a 


new  edition  of  an  old  but  popular  work,  with 
coloured  plates,  is  mainly  a  (question  for  the 
publisher,  who  judges— and  probably  with 
reason — that  a  considerable  section  of  the 
public  is  comparatively  indifierent  to  the  quality 
of  the  letterpress  so  long  as  it  obtains  a  picture- 
book  with  a  certain  amount  of  information — 
more  or  less  antiquated — mingled  with  gossip. 
We  do  not  envy  Mr.  Tegetmeier  his  dance  in 
fetters,  but,  on  the  whole,  he  has  done  it 
very  well — quite  well  enough  for  the  class  for 
which  the  work  is  intended.  The  first 
volume,  containing  the  game  birds  and  the 
majority  of  the  waders,  is  the  better  of  the 
two,  and  we  may  congratulate  Mr.  Tegetmeier 
on  having  represented  the  upper  and  under 
surfaces  of  the  foot  of  Pallas's  sand-grouse  with 
an  accuracy  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  a  later 
and  more  scientific  publication.  In  the  second 
volume  the  reviser  probably  found  the  task  of 
correcting  the  mass  of  error  was  beyond  his 
powers,  and  weariness  set  in  ;  one  sign  of  this 
being  the  repetition  of  the  old  mistake  about 
the  pink-footed  goose  breeding  in  the  Outer 
Hebrides.  The  story  of  the  battues  directed 
against  the  scoter  ducks  on  the  lakes  of  Provence 
is  reprinted,  although  a  glance  at  the  foot-note 
to  the  fourth  edition  of  Yarrell  would  have 
shown  that  the  bird  known  as  macreuse  in  that 
locality  is  a  coot,  and  not  the  duck  in  question. 
In  this  portion  there  is  also  a  slight  falling  off 
in  the  bibliography  at  the  end  of  each  article  ; 
for  instance,  that  to  the  harlequin  duck,  though 
valuable,  is  completely  out  of  date,  and  should 
have  been  supplemented  by  recent  information. 
The  work  is  handsomely  got  up,  well  printed, 
and  will  probably  prove  attractive  to  the  class  of 
persons  for  whom  the  name  of  Morris  has  a 
charm,  especially  when  associated  with  coloured 
pictures.  

THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  will  publish  'The  Gold 
Mines  of  the  Rand,'  by  Mr.  F  H.  Hatch  and  Mr. 
J.  A.  Chalmers, — Vol.  V.  of  'The  Cambridge 
Natural  History,' — 'An  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Sea-weeds,'  by  Mr.  George  Murray, 
— '  The  Structure  and  Development  of  the 
Mosses  and  Ferns  (Archegoniatse),'  by  Prof. 
Houghton  Canqibell, — '  The  Scenery  of  Switzer- 
land,' by  Sir  John  Lubbock,—'  A  Handbook  of 
British  Lepidoptera,'  by  Mr.  Meyrick, — 'Dic- 
tionary of  Chemical  Solubilities,'  by  Dr.  Comey, 
— 'A  System  of  Medicine,'  edited  by  Prof. 
Clifford  Allbutt, — 'A  System  of  Gynpecology, ' 
edited  by  Dr.  W.  Playfair  and  Prof.  Clifford 
Allbutt, — translations  of  Prof.  Wiedersheim's 
work  on  'The  Structure  of  Man,'  by  Mr. 
Bernard,  edited  by  Prof.  Howes  ;  Vol.  II.  of 
the  English  translation  of  Prof.  Lang's  '  Text- 
Book  of  Comparative  Anatomy';  of  the  'Ele- 
ments of  Palaeontology,'  by  Prof,  von  Zittel ; 
of  the  'Principles  of  Mechanics,'  by  the  late 
Prof.  H.  Hertz  ;  of  Prof.  Hertz's  '  Miscel- 
laneous Papers ';  of  Prof.  Lassar-Cohn's 
'Laboratory  Manual  of  Organic  Chemistry  ';  of 
Prof.  Biedermann's  '  Electro-Physiology  ';  of 
Prof.  Ostwald's  '  Scientific  Basis  of  Analytical 
Chemistry';  and  of  Prof.  Strasburger's  'Text- 
Book  of  Botany,'  — 'The  Elements  of  Co- 
ordinate Geometry,'  by  Mr.  Loney, — 'Fishes, 
Living  and  FossU,'  by  Dr.  B.  Dean,  in  the 
"Columbia  University  Biological  Series," — 
'Elements  of  Geometry,'  by  Mr.  G.  C. 
Edwards,  —  '  Alternating  Currents,'  by  Mr. 
Jackson,  — '  A  Laboratory  Course  in  Experi- 
mental Physics,'  by  Messrs.  Loudon  and 
McLennan,  —  and  '  Elementary  Text-Book  of 
Physical  Geography  for  High  Schools,'  by  Mr. 
R.  S.  Tarr. 

Messrs.  Cassell  promise,  in  "The  Century 
Science  Series,"  the  following  volumes  :  '  Justus 
von  Liebig  :  his  Life  and  Work,'  by  Mr.  Shen- 
stone  ;  '  The  Uerschcls  and  Modern  Astronomy,' 
by  Miss  A.M.  Clerk  e  ;  and  '  Charles  Lyell  :  his 
Life  and  Work,'  by  Prof.  Bonney,  —  also 
'British  Birds'  Nests,'  by  Mr.  R.  Kearton,— 


N"  3540,  Aug.  31/95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


297 


and  a  '  Popular  History  of  Animals  for  Young 
People,'  by  Mr.  H.  Scherren. 

Messrs.  Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  will  pub- 
lish Part  I.  of  a  translation  of  Drs.  Korschelt 
and  Heider's  '  Text-Book  of  Embryology  :  In- 
vertebrates,' by  Dr.  E.  L.  Mark  and  Dr.  W.  M. 
Woodworth, — '  Text-Book  of  Palseontology  for 
Zoological  Students,'  by  Mr.  T.  T.  Groom,— 
'  The  Indian  Calendar  :  containing  Complete 
Tables  for  the  Verification  of  Hindu  and 
Muhammedan  Dates  for  a  Period  of  1,G00  Years 
(a.d.  300  to  1900)  for  the  Whole  of  India,'  by 
Mr.  R.  Sewell  and  Sankara  Balkrishna  Dikshit, 
with  a  table  of  eclipses  by  Dr.  Schram,  —  a 
translation  by  Mr.  S.  A.  Moor  of  'Practical 
Plant  Physiology,'  by  Prof.  Detmer,  of  Jena, — 
'  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Zoology,'  by 
Mr.  Lindsay, — '  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Organic  Chemistry,'  by  Mr.  J.  Wade, — 'Hand- 
book of  Grasses,'  by  Mr.  William  Hutchinson, 
— '  Public  Health  in  European  Capitals,'  by  Dr. 
T.  M.  Legge, — '  A  Woman's  Words  to  Women 
on  the  Care  of  their  Health  in  England  and  in 
India,'  by  Dr.  Mary  Scharlieb,  —  'Analytical 
Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  of  Flowering  Plants,' 
by  Mr.  Thonner, — and  in  the  "Young  Collector 
Series  ":  'Fishes,'  by  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Macpher- 
son  ;  'Mammalia,'  by  the  same;  and  'Birds' 
Eggs  and  Nests, '  by  Mr.  Ruskin  Butterfield. 


Thb  words  on  Prof.  Huxley's  gravestone, 
■which  have  been  quoted  in  the  papers,  appeared 
in  a  poem  written  by  Mrs.  Huxley,  and  were 
placed  over  him  by  his  own  request. 

Thk  assistant  clerk  to  the  Geological  Society, 
Mr.  F.  E.  Brown,  died  suddenly  from  gastric 
nicer  on  the  4th  inst.  The  Society  loses  in 
him  an  official  whose  unvarying  patience,  tact, 
and  good  humour  had  made  him  deservedly 
popular  among  the  Fellows,  and  whcsescrupulous 
performance  of  his  duties  had  earned  for  him 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  official  superiors. 

During  the  autumn  of  this  year  a  monument 
is  to  be  unveiled  at  Osteel,  in  East  Friesland,  in 
memory  of  the  discoverers  of  the  sun's  spots, 
David  and  Johann  Fabricius.  The  site  chosen 
ia  the  place  in  the  cemetery  where  the  grave  of 
the  elder  Fabricius  was  discovered  about  nine 
years  ago.  David  Fabricius,  who  was  the  parish 
clergyman  of  Osteel,  was  murdered  in  1617  by 
a  turf-digger  named  Frerik  Hojer,  whom  he  had 
somewhat  imprudently  denounced  from  the 
pulpit  for  stealing  geese.  Hojer  angrily  struck 
the  pastor  with  his  spade. 

A  TOTAL  eclipse  of  the  moon  will  take  place  on 
the  morning  of  the  4th  prox.,  but  only  the  first 
portion  of  it  will  be  visible  in  this  country,  the 
moon  setting  at  Greenwich  at  5"  IS"",  eleven 
minutes  after  the  commencement  of  the  total 
phase,  and  forty-one  minutes  before  the  middle 
of  the  eclipse,  which  will  be  best  seen  in  Ame- 
rica. A  partial  eclipse  of  the  sun  will  follow  on 
the  18th,  but  it  will  be  wholly  invisible  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  best  seen  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Australia  ;  at  Sydney  somewhat 
more  than  half  the  sun's  diameter  will  be  ob- 
scured just  after  he  has  risen  on  the  19th.  The 
planet  Mercury  will  be  visible  for  a  .short  time 
after  sunset  during  the  latter  part  of  tlie  month, 
but  will  not  reach  his  greatest  eastern  elonga- 
tion until  the  1st  of  October.  Venus  will  be 
in  inferior  conjunction  with  the  sun  on  the 
morning  of  the  19th  prox.  ;  towards  the  end  of 
the  month  she  will  reappear  as  a  morning  star 
before  sunrise.  Mars  will  be  wholly  invisible 
during  September.  Jupiter  is  in  Cancer,  and 
rises  soon  after  midniiiht  ;  he  will  be  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  moon  (then  horned  and  waning) 
on  the  morning  of  the  15th.  Saturn  is  still  near 
tlie  common  boundary  of  the  constellations  Virgo 
:)nd  Libra,  but  is  very  low  in  the  heavens  after 
sunset,  and  will  gradually  cease  to  be  visible. 

A  COMET,  which  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Swift 
in   the  constellation   Pisces,    was  observed   by 


Prof.  Barnard  at  the  Lick  Observatory,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  20th  and  21st  inst.  The  approxi- 
mate place  for  the  latter  date  was  R.A.  O''  30*", 
N.P.D.  84°  21',  and  the  comet  was  in  rapid 
motion  towards  the  north-east. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Architectural  History  of  Harrow  Church. 
By  Samuel  Gardner.  (Harrow,  Welbee.) 
Although  it  is  far  from  being  a  real  archi- 
tectural history  of  the  church,  this  little 
book,  with  its  minute  description  of  details 
and  its  many  illustrations,  is  a  record  of 
the  present  condition  of  the  building  which 
will  always  have  a  value.  The  church  of 
Harrow  has  suffered  much  from  the  care- 
lessness of  its  guardians  in  the  past,  and 
perhaps  even  more  from  the  well-meant 
doings  of  those  of  later  times.  It  was  one 
of  the  earliest  to  undergo  the  baleful  process 
of  "  restoration,"  and  although,  when  the 
work  was  done  in  1846-9,  there  was  pro- 
bably no  architect  better  able  to  direct  it 
than  Gilbert  Scott,  yet  the  times  were  evil. 
Men  had  not  then  learnt  to  see  in  ancient 
buildings  anything  but  collections  of  details, 
and  their  idea  of  "restoration"  was  to 
copy  the  old  detail  in  new  work,  which  they 
did  not  hesitate  to  substitute  for  the  old 
itself,  if  the  condition  of  it  happened  not 
to  be  80  good  as  they  could  wish.  The 
co2")y  was  to  them  as  good  as  the  original, 
and  if  they  had  occasion  to  add  to  or  alter 
a  building,  they  affected  to  conceal  the  fact 
of  the  change  by  imitating  the  old  detail 
in  their  own  new  work. 

There  are,  unfortunately,  still  men,  even 
amongst  architects  of  repute,  who  know  no 
better  than  Scott  did  fifty  years  ago.  When 
the  members  of  the  Archteological  Institute 
visited  Lastingham  lately,  they  found  that 
most  curious  church  strangely  translated  by 
a  quite  recent  "restoration."  The  clear- 
story, added  in  the  fifteenth  century,  had 
been  "restored"  to  simulate  one  of  the 
thirteenth,  and  over  it  was  a  vault  copied 
from  one  of  the  eleventh  century  in  another 
part  of  the  building,  Scott  has,  without 
question,  much  to  answer  for,  but  he  never 
did  anything  so  absurd  as  this.  And,  even 
if  he  had,  the  condemnation  freely  expressed 
at  Lastingham  cannot  fairl}-  be  applied  to 
what  he  did  when  the  study  of  English 
architecture  was  scarcely  bej'ond  its  first 
stage.  He  really  did  understand  old  details 
better  than  most  of  his  contemporaries,  and 
was  singularly  skilful  in  recovering  the 
form  of  a  lost  feature  from  a  few  shattered 
remains  of  it.  And  it  may  happen  that  a 
reproduction  by  Scott  is  the  best  remaining 
evidence  of  the  former  state  of  a  building. 

We  are  led  to  this  last  remark  by  the 
newest  "  restoration "  at  Harrow,  which 
took  place  only  a  few  months  since.  The 
chancel  of  the  church  seems  to  have 
been  entirely  rebuilt  early  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  and,  as  happened  in 
very  many  cases,  it  was  completely 
transformed  in  the  fourteenth,  when  the 
narrow  lancets  had  gone  out  of  fasliion,  and 
men  wished  for  larger  windows  of  several 
lights  each,  and  a  better  field  for  the  display 
ot  painted  glass.  The  walls  were  not  pulled 
down,  but  the  lancets  were  built  up  and  new 
windows  were  inserted.  Sometimes  other 
changes   were  made,  but  the  alteration  of 


the  windows  was  by  itself  sufficient  to  trans- 
form the  building,  and  if,  as  is  often  the 
case,  the  lancets  were  quite  hidden  from 
view,  the  whole  would  appear  to  the  ordi- 
nary observer  to  belong  to  the  later  date.  It 
was  so  at  Harrow,  and  when  Scott  came  to 
"  restore  "  he  found  the  fourteenth  century 
windows  there,  but  much  mutilated  and  de- 
prived of  their  tracery.  According  to  the 
custom  of  the  time,  he  made  them  all  new ; 
and  so  they  stood  till  about  a  year  ago, 
when  it  chanced  that  a  hole  was  cut  into  the 
waU,  and  the  jamb  of  one  of  the  thirteenth 
century  lancets  was  struck.  Then  came  a 
new  "restoration."  Scott's  work  was  con- 
demned as  modern,  and  in  its  place  there 
is  now  something  which  is  more  modern 
by  half  a  century.  In  demolishing  Scott's 
work  some  further  traces  of  the  lancets 
came  to  light,  but  apparently  not  sufficient 
to  give  either  their  form  or  their  number 
with  certainty.  Moreover,  there  are  some 
buttresses  which  bothered  the  new  "re- 
storers "  a  good  deal  in  the  spacing  of  the 
windows.  They  belong  to  the  later  condi- 
tion of  the  chancel;  but  the  "restorers" 
either  did  not  recognize  their  date,  or  had 
not  courage  to  take  them  away,  and  so  they 
remain  as  part  of  the  "  restoration"  of  the 
thirteenth  century  wall,  with  which  they  had 
nothing  to  do.  Surely  it  would  have  been 
better  to  leave  Scott's  work,  which  at  least 
probably  represented  an  important  stage  in 
the  development  of  the  building,  than  to 
wipe  out  its  record  to  make  way  for  a  "  re- 
storation "  of  which  all  that  is  certain  is 
that  it  cannot  be  right,  and  which  is  archi- 
tecturally very  inferior  to  that  of  which  it 
takes  the  place. 

To  read  the  story  of  a  building  which 
has  passed  through  what  the  church  of 
Harrow  has  is  no  easy  matter.  The 
student  must  beware  lest  he  mistake  modem 
imitation  for  what  it  simulates,  and,  of  the 
modern,  he  must  distinguish  that  which 
really  takes  the  place  of  old  from  that 
which  is  merely  arbitrary  alteration  or  addi- 
tion. There  are  traps  and  pitfalls  for  him 
on  all  sides,  and  his  only  safety  is  in  a 
sound  general  knowledge  of  the  ordinary 
course  of  development  in  old  churches.  He 
cannot  understand  the  morbid  anatomy  of  a 
building  until  he  knows  the  structure  of  the 
healthy  subject.  This  is  where  Mr.  Gardner 
fails.  He  has  studied  the  building  care- 
fully part  by  part,  and  sometimes  almost  stone 
by  stone  ;  but  he  has  not  looked  at  it  as  a 
whole  and  brought  to  bear  upon  it  the  light 
of  evidence  derived  from  other  cliurches. 
Had  he  done  so,  he  would  have  known  that 
the  plan  of  the  church  shows  that  there  can 
be  no  part  of  it  now  standing  which  was 
there  at  the  consecration  in  1094,  unless  by 
chance  there  may  be  a  few  odd  stones  left 
at  the  west  corners  of  the  nave.  The  real 
history  of  the  growth  of  the  church  has  yet 
to  be  traced,  but  whoever  undertakes  to  do 
it  will  find  Mr.  Gardner's  book  useful  to 
him.  The  various  architectural  details  are 
fully  illustrated  by  blocks,  which  have  the 
merits  as  well  as  the  defects  of  process 
reproductions  from  photographs,  and  some 
are  drawn  to  scale.  There  is  a  good  plan, 
but  no  general  elevations  or  sections.  They 
would  have  added  to  the  value  of  the  book, 
which  lies  chietly  in  its  illustrations. 

The  more  important  objects  in  the  church 
are  given  as  well  as  the  fabric  itself.     The 


298 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'3540,  Aug.  31/95 


pulpit  is  one  of  them,  and  Tve  do  not  under- 
stand why  Mr.  Gardner  should  call  it 
Jacobean.  It  seems  to  us  that  it  may  well 
be  about  the  date  of  its  gift  to  the  church 
in  1708.  The  brasses,  of  which  there  are  a 
good  number,  though  they  are  in  a  very 
damaged  state,  are  reduced  from  rubbings, 
which  is  a  safe,  but  rather  coarse  method. 
Amongst  the  epitaphs  is  one  with  a  trans- 
lation which  Mr.  Gardner  has  not  been  par- 
ticularly wise  in  making  himself  responsible 
for.     The  beginning  : — 

Sta  moriture  vide  decent  te  massa  Johannis 
Birkhed  sub  lapide,  &c., 

is  "translated  by  Mr.  Niblett"  rather 
courageously : — 

"  Stay,    traveller,   hark !    the    Masses    for    the 
repose  of  John  Byrkhed  lying  here  bid  yon,"  &c. 


RECENT   BIOGRAPHY. 

The  Life  and  WorJcs  of  Alexander  Anderson, 
M.D.  By  F.  M.  Burr.  Illustrated.  (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.) — Dr.  Anderson  was,  we  are  told, 
the  first  wood-engraver  who  practised  his  art 
in  the  United  States.  By  this  we  understand 
that  no  native  of  that  country  had  been  a 
wood-engraver  by  profession  before  he,  about 
1792,  became  so.  It  is  not  credible  that  till 
then  no  blocks  had  been  drawn  upon,  cut,  and 
printed  from  in  the  States.  The  old  colonial 
newspapers  before  that  date  resembled  those  of 
the  mother  country  in  heading  advertisements 
and  the  like  with  small  prints  which  required 
so  little  skill  that  less  important  cities  than  New 
York  would  be  likely  to  possess  craftsmen 
competent  to  produce  them.  Anderson  was 
a  follower  of  Bewick,  and  the  cuts  given  in 
this  volume  as  specimens  of  his  work  show 
that  although  he  was  rather  a  weak  draughts- 
man, he  perfectly  understood,  and  was  able  to 
use  in  a  competent  manner,  the  famous  "  white 
line  "  of  his  master.  A  cut  of  a  stag  here  facing 
p.  32  might  be  taken  for  one  of  those  "pot- 
boilers" the  artist  of  Gateshead  turned  out 
of  his  shop  in  considerable  numbers.  It  seems 
that  in  1795  Anderson,  by  buying  a  copy  of 
the  '  History  of  Quadrupeds,'  was  confirmed  in 
his  vocation,  and  decided  on  the  choice  of  a 
model.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Scotsman  in 
humble  circumstances,  a  hot  republican,  who  was 
known  as  "the  rebel  printer,"  got  into  trouble 
with  the  powers  that  were,  quitted  New  York, 
and  had  his  political  faith  thoroughly  well  tested 
when  his  household  possessions  were  confiscated 
for  the  use  of  the  forces  of  his  adopted  country, 
then  sorely  in  need  of  anything  worth  laying 
hands  on.  After  the  war  was  over  John  Ander- 
son and  Alexander  his  son  returned  to  New 
York,  when  the  former  set  up  as  an  auctioneer 
and  the  son  went  on  with  his  schooling.  Soon 
after  this  a  chance  sight  of  a  set  of  Hogarth's 
'  Idle  and  Industrious  Apprentices  '  determined 
the  lad  of  thirteen  to  become  an  artist  of  some 
sort  ;  but  .lohn  Anderson  objected  so  effectually 
that  the  lad  yielded,  and  allowed  himself  to  be 
apprenticed  to  a  Dr.  Joseph  Young,  a  surgeon 
who  had  served  in  thearmy  during  the  war  against 
Great  Britain,  and  afterwards  set  up  what  is 
here  called  an  "office"  in  New  York.  There 
Anderson  seems  to  have  acted  according  to  the 
ways  of  the  time  and  place  ;  he  made  ujj  his 
master's  prescrijjtions,  carried  the  medicines  to 
the  patients,  and  sometimes  administered 
them.  After  five  years  of  this,  it  became 
imperative  that  the  pupil  should  obtain  what 
we  should  call  his  diploma.  To  this  end  he 
underwent  a  kind  of  examination,  the  de- 
scription of  which  will  be  delicious  reading  for 
young  medical  men  of  the  present  generation. 
After  a  time  the  newly  made  doctor,  who  all 
the  while  hankered  after  art,  was  appointed 
a  sort  of  resident  physician  to  the  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and,  as  a  cruel  fate  would  have 
it,    during    the    prevalence    of    yellow    fever. 


There  is  simplicity  in  the  account  of  his 
experiences  at  the  Bellevue,  which  is  at  once 
touching  and  impressive.  Great  were  the 
troubles  of  Anderson  at  this  time  and  a  little 
later,  when  death,  in  the  shape  of  "Yellow 
Jack,"  carried  ofi",  within  a  few  days  of  each 
other,  his  father,  mother,  wife,  brother,  son, 
and  a  considerable  number  of  his  patients.  A 
holiday  in  the  island  of  St.  Vincent  was  needed 
to  re-establish  his  spirits  as  well  as  his  health, 
and  marrying  his  deceased  wife's  sister  seems 
to  have  been  the  means  by  which  he  recovered. 
Wood-engraving  engaged  him  so  completely 
after  this  that  he  practically  deserted  his  gallipots 
and  made  a  considerable  venture  in  preparing 
a  set  of  Bewick-like  cuts  for  an  edition  of  '  The 
Looking-glass  for  the  Mind,'  a  juvenile  publi- 
cation which  at  that  time,  i.e.,  1800,  had  a 
prodigious  popularity.  The  local  reviewers 
boldly  declared  in  respect  to  these  cuts  that 
"Dr.  Anderson's  merit  falls  little  short 
of  Mr.  Bewick's  excellence,"  which  was 
saying  a  good  deal.  At  this  time  he 
became  intimate  with  Washington  Irving, 
who  liked  him  much — a  sort  of  liking  which, 
from  such  a  man,  was  a  compliment.  Still 
keeping  to  the  "white  line"  of  the  Bewickian 
style,  Anderson  lived  a  sort  of  Bewickian  life 
during  the  rest  of  his  days,  which  were  extended 
till  January,  1870,  when  he  was  close  upon  his 
ninety-fifth  birthday.  Dr.  Anderson's  biography 
is  not  long,  and  it  reads  like  a  lengthy  newspaper 
article.  By  a  very  great  deal  the  best  part  of 
the  volume  is  that  which  contains  his  diaries 
from  1795  to  1798.  They  are  fresh  and  amusing, 
and  throw  light  on  the  lives  of  the  middle 
classes  at  that  time.  The  diarist  repeats  a  story 
then  current  in  New  York,  that  Bewick  had 
counterfeited  the  French  assignats  for  the 
English  Government. 

Nollekens  and  Ms  Times.  By  J.  T.  Smith. 
(Bentley.) — Mr.  E.  Gosse  has  acted  as  editor 
to  this  comely  reprint  of  Jolm  Thomas  Smith's 
candid  and  ruthless  biography,  if  such  it  can  be 
called,  of  his  friend.  By  omitting  the  very 
valuable  biographical  sketches  of  other  artists 
with  which  Smith  enlarged  (it  is  ungrateful  to 
say  "padded")  his  second  volume  Mr.  Gosse 
has  made  one  volume  suffice  ;  and  he  has  added 
a  certain  number  of  useful,  if  not  recondite  foot- 
notes to  those  of  Smith— whose  annotations 
it  would  have  been  well  if  he  had  multiplied  and 
extended  so  as  to  bring  the  matters  they  refer 
to  up  to  date  ;  for  example,  as  to  Reynolds's 
throne-chair,  the  history  of  which  Smith  neces- 
sarily left  incomplete.  The  chair  was  then  in 
Sir  T.  Lawrence's  possession,  but  the  editor 
might  as  well  have  stated  that,  thanks  to  Sir  F. 
Leighton,  it  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  having  been  owned  successively 
by  four  presidents  of  that  body,  as  well  as  by 
James  Barry,  to  whom  Lord  and  Lady  Inchi- 
quin  (afterwards  Marquis  and  Marchioness  of 
Thomond)  gave  it  at  the  breaking  up  of  Sir 
Joshua's  establishment.  The  most  important 
addition  to  Smith's  work  is  a  sympathetic  and 
appreciative  sketch  of  the  history  of  sculpture 
"from  Roubiliac  to  Flaxman,"  a  study  w  hich 
we  read  with  pleasure,  although,  when  saying 
that  J.  Wilton  was  "the  first  trained  sculptor  of 
English  birth,"  Mr.  Gosse  has  made  no  exception 
in  favour  of  W.  Torel,  the  Gothic  artist  who  made 
the  lovely  statues  in  tlie  Eleanor  crosses,  and 
that  other  master  whose  sculptures  on  the  west 
front  of  Wells  Cathedral  are  worthy  of  any  age 
or  stage  of  the  art  they  so  admirably  represent. 
Besides,  we  do  not  know  on  what  authority 
Wilton  is  described  as  he  is,  and  we  doubt 
the  correctness  of  the  assertion.  The 
account  of  Bacon,  too,  although  bright  and 
good,  ought  surely  to  have  referred  to  his  fine 
bronze  group  of  '  The  Thames '  in  the  quad- 
rangle of  Somerset  House.  Nor  have  we  found 
mention  of  Richard  Wyatt  (1795-1850),  whose 
lovely  'Glycera,'  'Shepherdess  and  Kid,' 
'Nymph  of  Diana,'  and  '  Ino  and  Bacchus' 
are  wortliy  to  be  named.     The  sketch  of  John 


Thomas  Smith,  though  very  brief,  is  good ; 
valuable  likewise  are  a  useful,  if  not  exhaustive 
index,  and  some  quite  new  details  about  the 
ancestors  of  Nollekens  who  lived  in  the  Low 
Countries. 

Mr.  Douglas,  of  Edinburgh,  has  published  J.  M. 
Gray,  Memoir  and  Remains,  two  volumes  put 
together  by  Mr.  Balfour  Paul  and  Mr.  W.  R. 
Macdonald  in  honour  of  the  late  curator  of  the 
Scottish  National  Portrait  Gallery.  We  cannot 
help  wishing  that  one  of  the  editors  had  written 
a  consecutive  memoir,  but  they  have  preferred 
to  follow  the  bad  American  practice,  and  have 
published  four  diS"erent  accounts  of  Gray  by  as 
many  different  friends,  and  the  effect  is  some- 
what confusing.  J.  M.  Gray  deserved  the  feelings 
of  attachment  he  created  among  his  friends.  His 
was  a  singularly  pure  and  disinterested  nature, 
full  of  enthusiasm  for  what  is  good  and  beautiful. 
These  qualities  come  out  even  in  the  brief  articles 
reprinted  in  these  tasteful  volumes.  To  his 
merits  as  a  curator  ample  justice  was  done 
little  more  than  a  year  ago  in  these  columns  by 
Sir  George  Scharf,  who  was  soon  unhappily  to 
follow  him  to  the  grave.  Gray  started  in  life 
with  many  disadvantages  :  he  received  a  scanty 
education  and  no  artistic  training  ;  seventeen 
of  the  best  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  the 
uncongenial  atmosphere  of  a  branch  bank,  yet 
he  contrived  to  acquire  a  remarkable  fund  of 
knowledge  of  family  history  and  heraldry,  and 
to  make  himself  wonderfully  familiar  with 
Scottish  portraiture.  His  friends  will  be 
pleased  to  see  this  memorial  of  him. 


CASTS  V.  TAPESTRIES. 
Kelmscott  House,  Hammersmith,  Aug.  26,  1895. 
I  DO  not  agree  with  you  in  thinking  the  great 
hall  at  the  South  Kensington  Museum  a  good 
place  for  the  exhibition  of  casts.  Seen  as  they 
were  without  any  background  save  other  casts, 
they  gave  a  confused  effect  which  was  most  re- 
pellent. I  think  them  much  better  placed  now 
than  they  were  in  the  great  hall. 

If  you  refer  to  my  first  letter,  you  will  see  that 
there  is  no  question  of  my  preferring  any  tapes- 
tries to  any  casts.  I  assure  you  I  am  quite  as 
able  to  discriminate  between  the  fine  Gothic 
tapestries  and  the  inferior  work  of  the  early 
Renaissance,  which  is  of  little  value,  or  that  of 
Louis  XIV.,  which  is  quite  worthless,  as  I  am 
between  the  Greek  sculpture  of  the  Periclean 
or  pre-Peri clean  epoch  and  the  academic  late 
Roman  sculpture. 

As  to  the  parallel  between  the  reproduction 
of  the  tapestries  from  the  cartoons  and  the  re- 
production of  the  casts  from  the  original  sculp- 
tures, it  does  not  hold  ;  for  I  cannot  doubt  that 
the  Gothic  tapestries  are  the  artistic  completion 
of  designs  that  were  in  themselves  incomplete. 
As  to  the  Sistine  tapestries,  the  reason  that  I 
should  assign  for  their  being  of  little  account 
beside  the  cartoons  is  that,  whatever  the  merits 
of  the  latter  may  be  as  pictnres,  they  are  quite 
unsuitable  for  tapestries,  as  all  Renaissance 
designs  are.  No  doubt,  if  we  could  acquire 
any  Gothic  cartoons  for  tapestry,  we  should 
esteem  them  as  great  treasures  ;  but  they  can 
hardly  be  said  to  exist,  the  only  one  I  know 
of  being  the  piece  now  exhibited  in  the  South 
Kensington  tapestry  room,  which  is  clearly 
drawn  to  scale. 

As  to  the  relative  value  of  casts  and  originals, 
I  must  leave  you  to  your  own  opinion,  but 
mine  is  that  the  casts  are  but  a  makeshift, 
though  I  admit  they  are  in  some  cases  ne- 
cessary ;  but  at  any  rate  they  are  a  necessity 
of  which  every  large  school  of  art  can  avail 
itself. 

Your  correction  oi  aijcs  for  "age"  lands  me 
in  a  doubt  as  to  n-hicJt  of  the  preceding  ages 
you  mean.  The  thirteenth  century,  the  four- 
teenth, or  the  early  stone  age  ?  As  to  the 
disingenuousness  I  complained  of,  it  is  three- 
fold :  first,  the  implication  that  the  casts  are 
original  sculptures  ;  second,  that  the  tapestries 


N°3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


299 


belong  to  an  effete  and  degraded  style  (Louis  XIV. 
to  wit) ;  and,  third,  that  it  was  an  easy  and 
simple  matter  for  the  South  Kensington  au- 
thorities to  find  a  good  and  suitable  place  for 
the  exhibition  of  their  collection  of  magnificent 
Gothic  tapestries.  William  Morris. 


August  25,  1895. 

Once  more  the  controversy  has  arisen  as  to 
the  changed  position  of  the  collection  of  casts 
at  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

There  are  those  who  object  entirely  to  the 
present  arrangement  and  demand  that  the  casts 
shall  be  replaced.  These  be  they  whose  voices 
are  most  often  heard  in  the  controversy.  There 
are  others  who  do  not  find  the  existing  state  of 
things  so  very  bad.  May  I  suggest  that  there 
is  yet  a  third  way  1 — one  in  which  we  may  all 
agree  and  exjjress  ourselves  to  some  purpose. 

It  is  difficult  to  suppose  that  any  people  can 
be  found  who  consider  that  the  former  arrange- 
ment of  the  collection  was  good  in  itself.  With 
a  glaring  and  unpleasantly  diffused  top  light, 
the  figures  could  never  be  properly  studied. 
Crammed  together  as  they  were  in  a  space 
altogether  inadequate,  it  was  really  impossible 
to  gain  a  proper  view  of  most  of  the  casts,  and 
when,  by  some  happy  accident,  a  point  not 
altogether  disadvantageous  was  found,  what  a 
confused  medley  of  heads,  arms,  and  legs  formed 
the  background  1  It  seems  difficult  to  believe 
that  a  place  so  ill  adapted  to  its  purpose  could 
have  been  designed  to  receive  the  collection. 

Removed  from  this  court,  the  collection  now 
stands  in  a  place  we  can  as  little  wish  to 
see  its  permanent  home.  I  am,  however, 
credibly  informed  that  the  students  at  the 
Museum  are,  on  the  whole,  much  more  in 
favour  of  this  place  than  of  the  top-lit  court. 
If  I  may  speak  for  myself,  I  may  say  that  now 
I  can  with  much  more  satisfaction  and  profit 
study  the  collection  than  heretofore. 

My  proposal  is,  however,  that,  instead  of  dis- 
puting amongst  ourselves,  we  should  decline  to 
accept  either  one  or  the  other  place  as  the  per- 
manent home  for  the  casts.  Let  us  all  agree  to 
urge,  in  season  and  out  of  season,  that  the  long 
put-oflf  enlargement  of  the  Museum  be  under- 
taken, and  that  in  this  enlargement  there  be 
galleries  really  suited  to  the  display  and  study 
of  the  collection,  such  as,  for  example,  are 
the  galleries  at  Cambridge. 

SoMERs  Clarke. 

*^*  What  we  said  was,  not  that  the  hall  is  a 
perfect  place  for  the  exhibition  of  casts,  but 
that,  while  they  are  better  worth  exhibiting 
than  tapestries,  the  hall  is  better  for  the  purpose 
than  the  gallery.  We  said  nothing  about  the 
pictorial  qualities  of  the  Sistine  tapestries. 
As  we  used  the  term  "casts,"  it  is  impossible 
there  could  have  been  an  implication  on  our 
part  that  these  works  are  originals.  As  to  the 
style  of  Louis  XIV. 's  period,  it  is  beside  the 
question,  which  is,  Which  are  preferable  means 
of  study — casts  of  sculptures  or  more  or  less 
crude  and  imperfect  tapestries  of  any  age  what- 
ever ?  We  advocated  finding  the  "good  and 
suitable  place  "  Mr.  Morris  demands,  and  have 
no  more  to  say  on  this  subject. 


The  private  view  of  the  Liverpool  Autumn 
Exhibition  of  Pictures  is  to  be  held  to-day 
(Saturday)  at  the  Walker  Art  Gallery. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Department  of 
Science  and  Art,  an  octavo  volume  of  356  pages, 
has  been  published  by  the  Stationery  Office, 
and  contains  the  usual  hopeful  accounts  of  the 
doings,  expenditure,  and  prcspects  of  the  office. 
It  is  impossible  to  give  even  an  abstract  of  this 
comprehensive  document,  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  which  need  never  have  been  put  in 
type.  The  condition  of  the  Art  Training  School 
at  South  Kensington  concerns  us  most,  because 
it  is  the  centre  of  the  whole  system  of  govern- 


mental instruction  in  drawing  and  decorative  art. 
An  increase  is  noted  of  more  than  74,000  pupils 
since  the  last  report ;  South  Kensington  boasts  of 
having  issued  369  art-class  teachers'  certificates, 
94  certificates  for  "art  masters"  of  the  first 
group,  and  34  certificates  for  members  of  inferior 
groups.  The  numerous  examiners  are  candid 
and  careful,  and  what  they  say  is  not  all  praise. 
Disregard  of  the  rules  and  instructions  is,  in 
more  than  one  passage,  stringently  censured 
by  them,  and  some  of  them  comment  on  the 
obvious  ignorance  which  prevails  in  certain 
sections  of  the  very  rudiments  of  what  South 
Kensington  calls  "design":  Mr.  F.  Shields 
bitterly  deplores  the  want  of  "a  more  deli- 
cate and  acute  sensibility  to  the  beauty  of 
the  antique  examples  set  before  them  [the 
pupils]  in  the  shape  of  fine  casts,  &c.,"  while 
in  the  vast  majority  the  result  is  "mere 
vacuous  scrawlings";  Prof.  A.  Thomson  states 
that  while  the  results  of  this  year's  competition 
as  to  anatomy  compare  favourably  with  those  of 
last  year,  many  of  the  more  recent  candidates 
seem  never  to  have  prepared  themselves  for  the 
contest ;  Mr.  Aitchison  deplores  the  ' '  great 
want  of  knowledge  of  hirmonic  proportion  " ; 
and  Mr.  Onslow  Ford  declares  that  the  designs 
he  examined  are  "by  no  means  creditable  as  a 
whole." 

The  appeal  for  the  preservation  of  "Turner's 
house  "  at  Chelsea,  where  he  worked  and  died, 
deserves  the  aid  of  the  master's  admirers.  His 
birthplace  in  Maiden  Lane,  his  house  in  Queen 
Anne  Street,  his  riverside  villa  at  Hammer- 
smith (the  site  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  a 
seed-crushing  mill),  and  Sandycombe  Lodge, 
Twickenham,  where  he  lived  a  long  time,  have, 
one  after  another,  fallen  before  the  builder.  Of 
all  his  places  of  abode  the  house  in  Harley 
Street  alone,  so  far  as  we  know,  remains  un- 
threatened  and  undestroyed. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Henry  Clutton, 
the  architect,  younger  brother  of  Mr.  John 
Clutton,  and  his  partner  in  the  firm  which  had 
its  abode  in  Whitehall  Place  for  many  years. 
The  former  was  a  leading  member  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Architects,  elected  in  1838,  and  made 
Fellow  of  that  body  in  1850.  He  died  of 
gangrene,  consequent  on  an  injury  to  one  of 
his  feet.  He  was  in  the  eighty-second  year 
of  his  age. 

The  Builder  contradicts,  on  authority,  the 
reports  that  the  Duke  of  York's  Column,  Water- 
loo Place,  is  in  a  dangerous  condition,  that  its 
newel  stairs  have  partially  collapsed,  and  that 
the  joints  of  its  stonework  are  opening. 
Erected  in  1830-33,  and  of  Aberdeen  and  Peter- 
head granite,  this  monument,  the  work  of  B. 
Wyatt,  was  hardly  likely  to  have  failed  so  soon, 
although  granite  is,  in  London  at  least,  by  no 
means  so  long-lasting  a  material  as  most  persons 
think. 

M.  Ardoillon  has  been  able  to  trace  the  com- 
plete plan  of  the  ancient  harbour  of  Delos, 
which  in  the  second  century  u.c.  formed  the 
chief  commercial  emporium  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  harbour  consisted  of  two  basins, 
the  one  for  pilgrims,  the  other  for  merchants, 
called  the  sacred  and  the  profane.  The  mer- 
chants' harbour  was  divided  into  two  basins, 
corresponding  to  the  two  quarters  on  land,  one 
on  the  north,  the  other  on  the  south  of  the 
sanctuary,  the  one  consisting  of  docks  and  ware- 
house quays,  the  other  of  shops  and  bazaars  for 
traffic. 

At  Boscoreale,  among  the  remains  of  the 
Roman  villa  now  being  excavated,  has  been 
discovered  an  inscription  referring  to  the 
worship  of  the  Emperor  Augustus. 

A  FuExcH  correspondent  writes  that  the 
authorities  of  Avignon  are  urging  the  French 
Government  to  consent  to  the  destruction  of 
the  walls  on  the  river-side  of  the  city.  It 
is  not  likely  that  the  Government  will  consent 
to  their  destruction,  the  structures  themselves 


being  classed  among  "  Monuments  historiques  " 
which  are  specially  under  the  national  care. 

We  understand  that  not  more  than  900L  is 
now  required  to  complete  the  sum  needed  for 
the  protection  of  the  ruins  at  Karnak  against 
the  action  of  the  waters  of  the  Nile. 

Oxthe  22nd  inst.  the  monument  to  the  memory 
of  Heinrich  Schliemann,  to  which  we  referred 
last  April,  was  unveiled  at  Schwerin. 


MUSIC 


Songs  of  the  North.  Vol.  II.  (Cramer  &  Co.) 
— Ten  years  ago  the  first  volume  with  the  above 
title  appeared  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Harold 
Boulton,  with  music  arranged  by  Mr.  Malcolm 
Lawson.  This  publication  has  now  reached  its 
twelfth  edition,  and  the  time  was  therefore  ripe 
for  a  further  selection  from  what  the  editors 
rightly  term  the  "almost  inexhaustible  sources 
of  Caledonian  music."  They  also  claim  to  have 
made  every  effort  in  the  adaptations  to  retain 
the  essential  characteristics  of  the  traditional 
verses  and  melodies,  and  in  great  measure  this 
claim  may  be  allowed ;  although  it  must  be 
confessed  that  in  many  instances  the  ac- 
companiments unquestionably  smack  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  and,  in  fact,  could  not 
possibly  have  been  written  until  the  piano- 
forte attained  its  present  pre-eminence  as  an 
instrument  for  the  home  and  the  concert- 
room.  That  the  national  element  in  music  is 
receiving  much  recognition  at  the  present  day 
must  be  fully  and  gladly  conceded.  Abroad 
Dvorak  and  Brahms,  and  at  home  Dr.  Parry, 
Prof.  Stanford,  Dr.  Mackenzie,  and  Mr.  Mac- 
Cunn,  have  laboured  zealously  and  successfully  to 
preserve  the  characteristics  of  the  music  of  their 
respective  nationalities.  The  highlands  and  low- 
lands of  Scotland  are,  indeed,  singularly  rich  in  folk 
verse  and  music.  Oral  tradition  and  manuscripts 
in  private  hands  have  been  consulted  for  some 
of  these  airs,  and  others  have  been  taken  from 
Capt.  Eraser  of  Knockie's  book  published  in 
1816.  The  spelling  of  the  words  has,  of  course, 
been  a  difficulty,  esi^ecially  in  poems  emanat- 
ing from  the  lowlands,  owing,  to  quote  from 
the  preface,  "  the  local  and  gratuitous  variations 
sanctioned  by  custom,  and  to  the  exigencies 
of  I'hyme  and  rhythm."  With  certain  excep- 
tions the  spelling  of  the  Southron  has,  therefore, 
been  preferred,  as  it  was  considered  that  those 
most  familiar  with  the  vernacular  might  them- 
selves supply  in  singing  the  necessary  Northern 
flavour.  The  lyrics  now  given  are  fifty  in 
number,  and  the  majority  of  them  we  do  not 
remember  to  have  met  with  in  any  previous 
publication.  The  frontispiece  to  this  quarto 
volume  is  an  illustration  of  Burns's  song  ' '  Thou 
hast  left  me  ever,  Jamie,"  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Lorimer. 


GREEK  MUSIC. 

Mr.  Bergholt  informs  you  that  there  is 
nothing  new  in  the  notion  that  the  Greeks  were 
unacquainted  with  the  tempered  scale,  and  re- 
bukes me  for  putting  this  notion  forward  as 
though  it  were  my  own.  But  I  did  not  say  that 
there  was  anything  new  in  the  notion,  nor  did  I 
put  it  forward  as  my  own.  I  referred  to  an  article 
of  mine  in  preference  to  the  French  and  German 
books  he  cites,  because  that  article  contains  the 
evidence  from  Greek  and  Roman  sources  by 
which  the  notion  is  established  as  a  fact. 

Secondly,  he  says  that  modern  notation  can 
be  employed  without  the  tempered  scale.  That 
is  true  ;  but  I  have  the  best  authority  for  saying 
that  M.  Reinach  transcribed  the  hymn  into 
modern  notation  for  performance  with  the  tem- 
pered scale. 

Thirdly,  he  brings  forward  tha  argument 
that  ancient  musicians  may  have  been  content 
with  one  pitch  for  two  notes,  because  modem 
musicians  are  content  with  one  pitch  for 
two  such  notes  as  a   sharp  and  u  flat,   which 


300 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3540,  Aug. 


31, '95 


cannot  occur  in  the  same  key.  Even  if  this 
argument  were  valid,,  it  would  not  touch  the 
matt»r  in  dispute.  The  transcript  does  not  treat 
ttj  and  a.2  as  a  sharp  and  b  flat,  but  treats  a^  as 
B  flat  and  a-i  as  b  natural,  while  treating  h  as 
B  natural.  To  parallel  that,  modern  musicians 
would  have  to  be  content  with  one  pitch  for  two 
such  notes  as  b  flat  and  b  natural,  both  occurring 
in  the  same  key.  Cecil  Tore. 


We  learn  there  is  some  probability  that  the 
Carl  Rosa  Company  may  pay  a  visit  to  London 
early  in  the  new  year,  because  the  Court  Theatre, 
Liverpool,  where  the  company  usually  have  a 
two  months'  season  after  Christmas,  will  this 
year,  it  seems,  be  devoted  to  pantomime.  The 
Carl  Rosa  Company  have  not  visited  London 
since  the  spring  of  1890,  when  they  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen's  opera  '  Thor- 
grim.' 

The  London  orchestral  rehearsals  for  the 
Gloucester  Festival  will  be  held  at  St.  George's 
Hall  on  Thursday  and  Friday  next.  The  choir 
will,  of  course,  not  take  part  until  the  full  re- 
hearsals at  Gloucester  on  the  following  Monday, 
but  the  principal  vocalists  will  attend  at  St. 
George's  Hall,  when  the  novelties  and  certain 
other  items  of  the  festival  programmes  will  be 
gone  through.  Mr.  Lee  Williams's  '  Dedication  ' 
Cantata  and  Miss  Ellicott's  new  Pianoforte 
Fantasia  will  be  taken  on  Thursday  morning, 
Dr.  Harford  Lloyd's  new  Organ  Concerto  and 
Mr.  Brewer's  new  Service  in  c  on  Thursday 
afternoon,  and  Mr.  Cowen's  new  cantata  '  The 
Transfiguration  '  at  midday  on  Friday. 

For  some  time  past  rumours  have  been  in 
circulation  that  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  and  Mr. 
Gilbert  were  again  to  be  associated  in  a  new 
opera  for  the  Savoy.  We  are  glad  to  learn 
that  matters  have  now  definitely  been  settled, 
and,  indeed,  an  official  intimation  from  Mr. 
Doyly  Carte,  received  on  Wednesday  night, 
assures  us  that  the  new  opera  will  be  produced 
in  the  autumn. 

Mr.  Hugh  Blair,  the  late  Dr.  Done's  deputy, 
has  been  appointed  organist  of  Worcester  Cathe- 
dral. Mr.  Blair,  it  will  be  recollected,  conducted 
the  last  Worcester  Festival  on  Dr.  Done's  be- 
half. 

The  post  of  conductor  of  the  famous  Gewand- 
haus  Concerts  at  Leipzig,  vacant  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  Karl  Reinecke,  has  been  filled  by 
the  appointment  of  M.  Nikisch,  who  had  re- 
cently resigned  his  duties  at  Buda-Pesth.  It 
is  stated  that  M.  Nikisch's  most  formidable 
competitor  was  the  German  composer  Herr 
Hans  Sitt.  The  Gewandhaus  Concerts  date 
from  the  time  of  Sebastian  Bach,  and  they  were 
first  held  in  1743  in  a  private  house,  Johann 
Doles,  afterwards  Cantor  of  the  Thomas  Schule, 
being  conductor.  They  have,  however,  only 
been  known  by  the  name  of  Gewandhaus  since 
1781.  Their  most  famous  conductor  was  Men- 
delssohn, who  directed  the  concerts  between 
1835  and  1843.  Among  his  successors  have  been 
Dr.  Ferdinand  Hiller,  Niels  Gade,  and  Julius 
Rietz. 

Herr  Karl  GoLDiMARK's  new  opera,  which 
will  be  the  princijjal  production  at  the  Im})erial 
Opera,  Vienna,  this  year,  is  entitled  '  The 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth,'  and  is,  of  course,  based 
upon  Dickens's  novel.  The  libretto  is  from  the 
pen  of  Herr  M.  A.  Willner. 

During  the  repairs  and  redecoration  of  the 
Berlin  Hoftheater  tlie  operatic  performances 
are  taking  place  at  Kroll's  Theatre.  Here  the 
one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth  of 
Marfcchner  is  being  celebrated  by  revivals  of 
*  Hans  Heiling '  and  '  Der  Vampyr.'  At 
Dresden  the  same  composer's  '  Der  Tern  pier 
und  die  Judin  '  is  to  be  remounted. 


We  hear  that  a  cycle  of  Wagner  perform- 
ances is  in  course  of  preparation  at  the  Royal 
Opera  of  Madrid. 


DRAMA 


Somewhat  earlier  than  usual,  on  the  last  day 
of  August,  the  winter  season  at  the  theatres 
begins  with  the  reopening  of  the  Adelphi.  This 
house  has  not  been  distinguished  for  its  ob- 
servance of  seasons.  So  many  other  theatres 
follow  suit  next  week  that  the  position  of  the 
Adelphi  as  establishing  the  record  may  for  once 
be  conceded. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Henry  James, 
not  discouraged  by  the  ill  success  of  his  last 
dramatic  venture,  has  written  a  short  play  with 
which  Miss  Ellen  Terry  is  greatly  delighted. 
She  has  accepted  it  for  representation  after  her 
return  from  America  next  year. 

'  The  Passport  '  of  Messrs.  Yardley  and 
Stephenson  was  withdrawn  from  the  Trafalgar 
Theatre  (otherwise  the  Duke  of  York's)  on 
Saturday  last.  Rehearsals  of  Mr.  Frith's  new 
play,  which  is  to  be  called  '  The  Advocate,'  will 
commence  forthwith. 

'The  Masqueraders,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones,  was  produced  on  Monday  by  Mr.  Alex- 
ander and  the  St.  James's  company  at  the 
Grand  Theatre,  Islington,  as  the  first  stage 
on  their  country  tour. 

Miss  Nelly  Farren  will  shortly,  it  is  said, 
be  added  to  the  list  of  actor- managers,  and 
hopes  to  produce  at  a  London  theatre  a  domestic 
comedy  and  a  burlesque  of  '  Trilby. ' 

Among  the  pieces  destined  for  London  which 
are  to  be  accorded  a  preliminary  trial  in  the 
country  are  'Trilby,'  now  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Tree,  and  a  three-act  play  by  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond, 
which  has  been  acquired  by  Mr.  Alexander. 

The  forthcoming  piece  by  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond, 
with  which  Mr.  Elliott  will  reopen  the  St.  James's 
Theatre,  and  in  which  the  author  will  be  seen,  is 
to  be  called  'Bogey.' 

'  The  Chili  Widow  '  is  the  title  of  the 
adaptation  of  '  Monsieur  le  Directeur '  with 
which  Mr.  Bourchier  will  reopen  the  Royalty. 
It  has  already  been  tentatively  given  at 
Margate. 

The  Earl's  Court  Exhibition  now  boasts  what 
is  said  to  be  the  largest  theatre  in  the  world. 
It  was  opened  on  Saturday  last  by  an  historical 
pageant  entitled  'India,'  in  the  production  of 
which  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  Sir  George  H.  Bird- 
wood,  and  Mr.  Val  Prinsep  took  part.  Signor 
Angelo  Venanzi  is  responsible  for  the  music. 

Into  the  Wcstminder  Gazette  of  Tuesday  last 
there  is  copied  from  "The  Adventures  of  Arthur 
Roberts,  &c.,  told  by  himself  and  chronicled  by 
Richard  Morton,"  what  is  called  "A  'Johnny 
Toole  '  Story."  With  this  we  are  not  concerned. 
It  contains,  however,  this  assertion,  astounding 
to  those  who  know  him,  that  "Johnny  Toole  is 
fond  of  a  good  cigar."  Mr.  Toole,  on  the  con- 
trary, does  not  and  never  did  smoke.  This  is 
only  mentioned  as  conveying  an  idea  of  the 
general  untrustworthiness  of  stage  stories,  from 
which  those  who  seek  to  pick  out  stage  history 
have  to  suffer. 

The  suicide  is  announced  of  M.  Hippolyte 
Raymond,  a  well-known  composer  of  vaudevilles 
and  comedies. 


To  CoHRESPONDENTS.— B.  M.  H.— L.  G.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communica.  J  ins. 


Terms  of  Suescription  uv  Post. 
7'o  all  parts  of  the  I'nited  Kingdom. 

.S  (I. 

For  Twelve  Months 1"'    " 

For  Six  Months       7    8 

Fur  all  Cour.tries  uilhin  the  Postal  Irnion. 

For  Twelve  Mont  ho IN    0 

For  Six  Months       »    0 


LOW'S  STANDARD  NOVELS 

SUITABLE  FOR   THE  HOLIDAY 

SEASON. 


WILLIAM  BLACK'S  NOVELS. 

Of  the  various  FDITIONS  of  these  Celebrated  NOVELS 
upwards  of  HALF-A-MILLION  have  been  SOLD  in  the 
aggregate. 

NEW  UNIFORM   EDITION,    Specially  Revised  bv  the 
Author.      TWENTY-SEVEN    VOLS.,  in    handsome    Cloth 
Library  Binding,  HALF-A-CROWN  each  Volume. 
A  DAUGHTER  of   HETH.      With  |  The  BEAUTIFUL  WKETCH. 


a  Portrait  of  the  Author. 


SHANDON  HELLS. 


The  STRANGE  ADVENTURES  of  '  ADVENTURES  in  THULE. 


a  PHAETON. 

A  PRINCESS  of  THULE. 

IN  SILK  ATTIRE. 

KILMENY. 

MADCAP  VIOLET. 

THREE  FEATHERS 

The  M.AID  of  KILLEENA. 

GREEN  PASTURES  and  PICCA- 
DILLY. 

MACLEOD  of  DARE. 

LADY  SILVERDALES  SWEET 
HEART. 

WHITE  WINGS. 

SUNRISE 


YOLANDK. 

JUDITH  SHAKESPEARE. 

The  WISE  WOMEN  of  INVER- 
NESS- 
WHITE  HEATHER. 

SABINA  ZEMBRA. 

The  STRANGE  ADVENTURES  Of 
a  HOUSEBOAT. 

IN  FAR  LOCHABER. 

The  PENANCE  of  JOHN  LOGAN. 

PRINCE  FORTUNATUS. 

DONALD  ROSS,  of  HEIMRA. 

STAND  FAST,  CRAIG  ROY- 
STON  ! 


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BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 

Uniform  post  8vo.  Volumes,  6s.  only. 
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WULFENBERG.  |  HIGHLAND  COUSINS. 

SEA   STORIES   BY    CLARK 
RUSSELL. 

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MATE. 
JACK'S  COURTSHIP. 
A  STRANGE  VOYAGE. 
A      SAILORS      SWEETHEART. 

With  Portrait. 
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The  LOVE    AFFAIRS   of   an    OLD 

MAID.  By  LILIAN  BELL,  Author  of  'A  Little  Sister 
to  the  Wilderness.' 

"  A  go':d,  quaint,  clever  little  book,  and  it  is  charmingly 
written." — Oaili/  A'cws. 

"  The  description  of  the  love  affairs  of  which  this  charm- 
ingly wise  and  sympathetic  old  maid  is  elected  the  confidant 
is  never  overdone,  and  furnislies  in  a  quietly  humorous  way 
a  brilliant  sketch  of  the  types  of  amorous  men  and  women 
in  htr  circle,  which  would,  however,  be  almost  equally 
applicable  to  any  circle  in  England." — Athenaum. 

TWO    MISTAKES —  "  Worldlings  " 

and    '•  UNMARRIED."      By    SYDNEY    CHRISTIAN 

Author  of  '  Sarah.' 
"  The  two  tales  are  developed  with  a  clever  simplicity  and 
a  certain  quiet  humour,  and  the  second  especially  is  bright 
and  interesting."— .SV/(urrfav  Keview. 


NOW  KEADV,  price  ONE  SHILLING. 

SCRIBNER'S  MONTHLY  MAGAZINE. 

SEPTEMREU  NVMHER.     Coiltriitx. 
A    HISTORY   of  the    LAST   (iUAItTKRCENTUKY    in   the    UNITED 

Sl'AI'l-S      VI.  ••  Aiivlhinglo  Hcut  (inint,"    K.  Jienjamiu  .Andrews. 

Pres  c'ent  of  Brown'lniversity.     Witli  Porti-aits. 
\\0OI)-i'^GRAVEK,S.    C'lt^nient  Hellenpiir.    With  Full-Pago  Lngraved 

Frontispiece  by  liellenger,  and  his  Engraving  of  his  Portrait  by 

Vierge. 
AIT  LAliGE.    Henry  van  Dyke     Illustrated.    .,,^„,„,       _.        ,   ,. 
COUN'l'RY    iLUBS   and   HINT   CLVllS   in   AMERITA       Edward  S. 

Martin      Illustrated  bv  Paul    I'uvaniicr.  Corwin  K.  Liusou,  AV.  R. 

]  li-li   orsuM  Lowell    E    II   (  liild.  J    Tui cas,  and  otiiers. 
A   j'HiM-iXiU.vril      siiiiirs  (.1    liiiiv  College   Life.     AhW  Carter 

GociiUoc      Illustrations  lijC    1'  Gibson 
'Ihe  A.MAZING  MAKltlAGi:"    Chaps  :;-':0.   George  Meredith.    (To  be 

continued  through  the  year.)  _..„,.        „, 

PHOTOGRAPHY  in  FICTION      ■•  Miss  Jerry."  the  First  Picture  Piny 

Alexander  Black.     Illustrated  ■Hlth  the  photographs  use  I  on  the 

Stage  by  the  Author.  „  .,,     . 

The  ART  of  LIVING.     The  Case  of  Man.     Robert  Grant.     Illustra 

tions  by  \V.  U.  Hyde  ,      .      .,         .,  ,,  -  ,., 

■The    WHEEL   of   1  OVE."     A   Comedy  m  Narrative.      (  liaps    ,-1-. 

Aitl.ony  li<'pe.    (Ccuc.udi'd  I  fie.  &c. 

London : 

B.IMTSON  LOW.  MARHTON  &  COMPANY,  Ltd, 

fcji.  Dunstan's  House,  Fetter-lauo,  K.C. 


N"  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


301 


CHAPMAN  &  HALL'S  PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW     BOOKS. 


T.  P.  O'CONNOR. 

SOME  OLD  LOVE  STORIES.    By  T.  P.   O'Connor.    With    a 

Portrait  of  the  Author.    Crown  8vo.  5s. 
The  contents  of  this  volume  are  enlarged  and  amended  from  the  recent  remarkable  series  of  literary  articles  in  the 
Weekly  Sun,  which  has  raised  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor  at  once  to  a  high  position  among  contemporary  critics  and  essayists. 
The  love  stories  are  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and  his  Wife,  Mirabeau  and  Sophie  De  Monnier,  William    Hazlitt  and  Sarah 
Walker,  Ferson  and  Marie  Antoinette,  Carlyle  and  his  Wife. 

ANTHONY  HOPE  AND  OTHERS. 

DIALOGUES    of  the   DAY.    Edited  by  Oswald  Crawfurd,  and 

written    by  ANTHONY   HOPE.   VIOLET   HUNT,  CLARA    SAVILE  CLARK,  MARION   HEPWORTH   DIXON, 
SQUIRE  SPKIGGE,  Mrs.  ALFRED  HUNT,  Mrs.  CKACKANTHOKPE,  Mrs.  ERNEST  LEVESON,  GERTRUDE 
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*«*  Short  plays  of  six  or  eight  pages  in  length  each,  arranged  to  make  pleasant  reading,  and  dealing  with  incidents, 
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RICHARD  G.  HATTON. 

FIGURE  DRAWING  and  COMPOSITION.    Being  a  Number  of 

Hints  for  the  Student  and  Designer  upon  the  Treatment  of  the  Human  Figure.     By  RICHARD  G.  HATTON,  Head 
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students  and  designers,  for  whom  there  has  hitherto  been  no  such  manual.     "  The  book,"  says  the  Scotsman,  "  is  one  which 
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CHARLES  DIXON. 

The    GAME    BIRDS    and   WILD    FOWL   of   the    BRITISH 

ISLANDS.  Being  a  Handbook  for  the  Naturalist  and  Sportsman.  By  CHARLES  DIXON,  Author  of  'The  Migra- 
tion of  Birds.'  A  New  Edition  now  ready,  with  Coloured  Illustrations  by  A.  T.  Ehves.  Demy  8vo.  18x. 
"All  sportsmen  and  naturalists  and  all  who  love  birds,  even  if  they  do  not  claim  to  be  naturalists,  and  do  not  even 
desire  to  be  sportsmen,  will  welcome  Mr.  Charles  Dixon's  elaborate  and  comprehensive  work  on  '  The  Game  Birds  and  Wild 
Fowl  of  the  British  Islands.'  Mr.  Dixon  is  the  author  of  the  work  on  '  The  Migration  of  Birds,'  which  we  noticed  not  long 
ago,  and  of  many  other  books  relating  to  bird  life  and  the  study  of  rural  natuie.  Mr.  Dixon's  present  work  is  full  of 
interest  for  the  bird-lover,  and  full  of  information  for  the  sportsman,  besides  being  copious  and  exact  from  the  purely 
Bcientiiic  point  of  view." — Times. 


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CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited,  London. 


302 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3540,  Aug.  31, '95 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SEEIES.) 


THIS   WEEKS  XCMBEIt  eonl.nns— 
>;OTES  :— The  Myres  Macership— John  Forster— Graham  of  Gartmore 
— Bibliography  of  Sir  W.  Pettv— Luke  xii  L'O—"  .Spontaneous  Com- 
bustion"—Saye's   Court  — Koadnight—" Knowledge   is   power"— 
Peter  and  Paul— J.  Buckler. 

<1UERIES  :— Duchess  of  Richmond— "Lanky  Man"— Sunday  Markets 
—■Sash  Winaow— Mary  Elizabeth  Robinson— Baptist  Pamphlet- 
O'Brien  ;  Be  Bryan— Lincoln's  Inn— Channel  Islands— MacDougall 
of  Lome— Bears  Wood  Green— Scott's  '  Antiquary  '—Lady  Ralegh- 
Leeds  Family— " Carrion  Heath'— Grace  Curran- Ball-playing  in 
Churchyards— "  Re  volt " — Dickinson— Odd  Volume— Proposed  New 
Houses  of  Parliament— Callowhill— English  Cardinals— Authors 
■Wanted. 

IlEPLIES :- -\rms  of  Canterbury  —  Sheep-stealer  Hanged— 'Reliquiiv 
Diluviana? '— St  Mary  Overie— Valse  — Earl  of  Halifax  — Rev.  J. 
Marriott— Quarterstaft'—KreeJing  Stones— Church  Registers— Tray. 
Name  of  Dog— "Cold  Pig  —.Saying  of  'Voltaire— Finger— Lilac— 
Jiing's  Evil— "Taking  a  rise  "— Bartheleraon's  'Morning  Hymn'— 
"Wellington's  Estimate  of  Napoleon— Dalryniples.  Earls  of  .stair — 
Keble  and  the  'Christian  Year ' —  Charles  I.  at  Little  Gidding  — 
Spider-wort  called  "  Trinity  "-Burial  Custom— Portrait  of  Dr.  Rich- 
mond—Coineidcnces—Heraldic— "  Link  "— '  Flowers  of  the  Forest  '— 
Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— Errors  in  Cataloguing— Jesse  Windows— 
\\'itham— "  Running  the  gantlope.  " 

>'OTES  on  BOOKS :— Barclay's  'Stonehenge  and  its  Earthworks'— 
Robinson's  '  Old  Q  '-Howard's  '  Armorial  Book-plates.' 

3<otlces  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  XUMBER  coutams— 
>'OTES :— Early  Life  of  Anne  Boleyn— The  Columbian   Exposition— 
"The  Three  Estates  "—Witham— Street  Signs— Spurgeon— Philip  II. 
of  Spain— Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— Weldon  Family— The  Evil  Eye 
—Language— Mary  Magdalene, 

<iUERIES—Shakspeare— Stamp  Act,  178.3—'TheKing's  Quhair'— Baron 
Metge  —  Duncalf— The  Pretender—"  Madam  " — "Myriad-minded" — 
Portrait — Population  of  Roman  Britain— Society  for  the  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge— Does  the  Sun  put  out  the  Fire?— Grace  Church 
—Four  Living  Great-grandmothers  — "Banana"  — Closamont  — J. 
Rogers,  Vicar  ol Bradford— Barclay's  'Euphormio.' 

iiEPLIES :—"  Oaken  "—Errors  in  Cataloguing  — Graham  of  Gartur— 
Leyrestowe— " Dfbonnaire  "—Tournaments-' 'ihe  Shaving  of  Shag- 
pat '—Pronunciation  of  Sea —  "  Dog's-eared  and  turned  down  " — 
Leather  Jacks — "Couliu  "— Shakspeai'e  ;  Hilliard  Portrait — "Does 
your  mother  know  you're  out .— Hicks  Family —  Churching  of 
Women —  " Frightened  of"  — Luminous  Carbuncle  —  Goldfinches 
Poisoning  —  William  of  Wykeham — "Grandmother's  Nightcap" — 
Oil  of  Eggs— "Ever  Loyal  City' — Burning  for  Heresy— Kalevala— 
Parish  Charities— Bishop  Cotton— "Parson" — 'The  Beggar's  Opera' 
— "Chum"- Mrs  S.  Williams  — Date  of  the  Equinox— Ariosto— 
VisitingCards— "Links  "-The  Flowers  of  the  Forest —Church  of 
Charles  the  Martyr. 

>'OTES  on  BOOKS:— Bellezza's  ' lutroduzione  alio  Studio  del  Fonti 
Italian!  de  G.  Chaucer '—Larkin's  'Elliptical  Orbits' — 'Edinburgh 
Review '— Archa-ological  Publications. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  ACaVSI  17. 
2J0TES  :— Archbishop  Wake— .\Imondbnry— '  Eikon  Basilike  '— '  Human 
Hybernation' — Coincidences— Thunderbolts  as  Door-props  —  Hops 
— Prices  in  lGu2-3  — Lancers  in  the  British  Army  — Rhyme  to 
"Chimney"— Errors  in  Cataloguing— Epitaph— To  Cure  a  Cough— 
"  Taking  a  rise  "—Church  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate— Barton  Booth- 
Quotation  Verified. 

QUERIES:— Addams  :  Ashley:  Dehew :  Morton:  Saxton  :  Talbot— 
Robinson  :  Busby— R.  Busby— Wessex— Lieut. -Col.  de  Ruvign^  — 
Dante's  Geography—"  Hoo,  hee,  have  atall  "—Wellington's  Estimate 
of  Napoleon— Law  of  Reform— Arms  of  Canterbury— List  of  Wills 
Proved— History  of  St  Pancras— Portrait  of  Dr.  Richmond— Siege 
of  Vienna— "A  Pot  of  Ink  "—"Hotterer"— Nightmares— Earl  of 
Halifax- Authors  Wanted. 

iiEPLIES  :— Grea',  Bed  of  Ware— Stolen  Relics  Restored— Le  Despencer 
—Gower  — Cromwell  in  Wales  — Theodolite —Barras  —  Iturbide — 
Highgate  in  Last  Century- Rev.  J.  Marriott— Epitaph  on  Dr.  John- 
son—Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson- Philanthropy— Finger  Pillory- 
Jesse  Windows— Evance—"  FLlliwilly  "—Graham  of  Gartur— First 
Atlantic  Stearaship-Boothby  Arms- "Still  and  on"— "Education- 
alist"—Cornish  Custom— 'Frankenstein'— "Fine-axed"— Vestment 
Brasses— So-ho-Leonardo  da  Vinci— Fish-head  shaped  Windows- 
Sedan  Chair— Sir  Gore  of  Sacombe— Nautical  Punch-bowl— Rum— 
"Reformades"— Old  French  Map— Dumb  Bell— Seven  Wonders  of 
the  World. 

KOTEfi  on  BOOKS  :-Gurteen'8  'The  Arthurian  Epic'- Baker's  'The 
Model  Republic'- Napper's  'Caesar  in  Surrey  —Howard's  'Eliot 
Papers '— '  Bibliograpbica, '  Part  ^'I.— '  L'lntermddiaire.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Contents,  AUGUST  10. 
IJOTES :— '  Chllde  Harold  —The  Columbian  Exposition—"  Three  Estates 
of  the  Realm"— Roman  Pvoads— Bishop  Cotton— Humble  Bee  — 
Burning  for  Heresy— "  A  Tweedside  Kettle  "—City  Parishes— Sheep- 
stealer  Hanged— 'The  Abbotsford  Family'— "The  Extraordinary 
Black  Book  ' 

QUERIES— Giovanni  Fontana— Engraved  Portrait— T.  Haley— Pope 
Joan— "  Grandmother  a  Nightcap  "—"  Link  "-The  Welshman  and 
the  Fleas  — "  Oaken  "  —  Heraldic  — C.  Scot,  Bishop  of  Chester- 
Spanish  Language— Kentish  M.P.s  in  the  Long  Parliament— Pitt 
Clulj — Bibliography— Burial  Custom— Cherry-stones— G.  Errington 
-Spider-wort  called  "Trinity"— William  of  Wykeham— Peter  Ben- 
son—Collins  s  '  Ode  to  the  Passions. 

UEPLIES :— Pronunciation  of  Sea— Keble  and  'The  Christian  "V ear'— 
Old  Oil  Painting— Mrs  Pitt,  Actress— The  Shaving  of  Shagpat — 
The  Tenth  Beatitude  —  Saunders  —  The  Death  Microbe  —  Child 
Marriages  — "Hecatomb"  rhymed  with  "  Gloom"— "  Solonion- 
gundy"— Iconoclasm  of  John  Shakespeare— Inscription  on  Ring— 
Spinning-wheel  — "Jockteleg"— Child  8  Poem— Rev.  G.  Plgg(itt— 
'  Rcliquia-  i>iluvlanie '— \V  hister-poop- Bull-roarer  —  "  The  nearer 
the  Kirk,"&c  — Dalrymples,  Earls  of  Stair— St.  Marie  Overie— Mrs. 
<JorneIy8— "  Muggleswick  "-Arthur's  Cotlee-honse— G.  J.  Johnson- 
Canterbury  —  \al9e —"  Ha-ha  "-Simon  do  Montfort's  Bonen  — 
'Flowers  of  the  Forest —sir  R.  Clarke— Miami  Inivcrsity- Sir  T. 
More- Lewln  Family— Prince  Charles  Edward— Rosary. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  iJ/l.  each. 


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tains, in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies,  Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following 
Subjects : — 


English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History. 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Executions  of  1745 — The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot" — Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs — Hereward  le  Wake— Hiding- 
Places  of  Charles  II.— Where  did  Edward  II.  die?— 
Battle  between  Armies  of  Suetonius  and  Boadicea  — 
William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne— '  The  Green 
Bag" — Confidential  Letters  to  James  II.  about  Ireland — 
Anne  Boleyn's  Heart— Hubert  de  Burgh — Henry  Martin 
the  Eegicide — Lord  Hussey  and  the  Lincolnshire  Re- 
bellion. 

Biography. 

Luis  de  Camoens  —  Thomas  Bell — Cromwell — William 
Penn — Nell  Gwynne— Coleridge— Curll  the  Bookseller — 
Sir  John  Cheke — Gibson,  Bishop  of  London— Thorpe  the 
Architect— Sir  Richard  Whittington— Charles  Wolfe. 

Bibliography  and  Literary  History. 

Bhakspeariana- Chap-Book  Notes— "  Adeste  Fideles" — 
"The  Land  of  the  Leal" — John  Gilpin — 'Reynard  the 
Fox'— "Lead,  kindly  Light  "—Rabelais— London  Pub- 
lishers of  18th  Century— The  Welsh  Testament— The 
Libraries  of  Balliol,  All  Souls',  Brasenose,  and  Queen's 
Colleges,  Oxford — Key  to  '  Endymion  ' — Early  Roman 
Catholic  Magazines— Stuart  Literature — The  Libraries  of 
Eton,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge — "DameEuropa" 
Bibliography  —  Unpublished  Letters  of  Dr.  Johnson — 
"Rock  of  Ages" — 'Eikon  Basilike  Deutera  ' — William 
of  Tyre— Bibliography  of  Skating-'  The  Book  '—Notes 
on  the  '  Religio  Medici ' — Autiiorship  of  the  '  Imitatio ' 
— Tristram  Shandy — Critical  Notes  of  Charles  Lamb. 

Popular  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore. 

Slavonic  Mythology  —  Folk-lore  of  Leprosy  —  Lycan- 
thropy — North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage — West  Indian  Superstitions — "  Milky  Way  " — 
Folk-lore  of  Birds— Feather  Superstition— Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

The  Drama  in  Ireland— '  Tom  Jones'  on  the  French 
BtAge— '  Auld  Robin  Gray  '  —  *  Harpings  of  Lena  '— 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery  '  of  S.  Panta- 
leon— Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory' — "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border  " — Swift's  'Verses  on  his  own  Death — 
Tennyson's  '  Palace  of  Art  '—Ballad  of  '  William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  —  Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  •  Ode  to  Mont  Blanc '  —  Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley — '  Cross  Purposes  '—Tennyson's  '  Dream 
of  Fair  Women ' — '  Logie  o'  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings. 

"To  rule  the  roast" — "Licked  into  shape" — "Bosh" 
— Joining  the  majority— Up  to  snuff— "To  the  bitter 
end" — Conspicuous  by  his  absence  —  Play  old  Goose- 
berry—  "The  grey  mare  is  the  better  horse"  —  Bred 
and  born  —  Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  oft  with  a 
sbUling- Tin=money — Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tennis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets— American  Spelling— Snob- 
Jolly— Boycotting— Argosy— Jennet — Bedford  —  Maiden 
in  Place-names— Deck  of  Cards — Masher— Belfry — Brag 
—Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef -eater- 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes— Courtesy  Titles — Rolls  of  Arms 
— Book-plates — Earldom  of  Mar — Arms  of  the  See  of 
York — Fitzhardinges  of  Berkeley — Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde— The  Violet  in  Heraldry— Arms  of  'Vasco  da 
Gama— Seal  of  the  Templars — Earldom  of  Suffolk. 

Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape — The  'Hours'  of  Raphael — 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  —  Early  Gillrays — 
Eetzsch's  Outlines — Portraits  of  Byron — Velasquez  and 
his  Works — lassie's  Medallions — Copley's  '  Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Matters. 

The  Revised  Version — Pulpits— The  Episcopal  Wig- 
Vestments— Temporal  Power  of  Bishops— Easter  Sepul- 
chres—Canonization— The  Basilican  Rite— The  Scottish 
Office — Tulchan  Bishops — Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"—  The  "Month's  Mind"  —  Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy — Libraries  in  Churches — 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens — 
Franciscans  in  Scotland — Bishops  of  Dunkeld — Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets— The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles — Metrical  Psalms — Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Batirae  ' — Roman  Arithmetic — The  Alastor  of 
Augustus — "Acervus  Mercurii" — "  Vescus"  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175 — Oppian — Juvenal's  Satire  ii. — Transliteration  of 
Iliad  i. — Aristophanes'  '  Ranae  ' — Simplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus— Tablet  of  Cebes— Imitative  Verse— "  Felix  quem 
faciunt,"  &c. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo— "  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments— Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle— Middle 
Temple  Lane— Ormoud-street  Chapel— Roman  Villa  at 
Bandown— Ashburnham  House — Carew  Castle — Eushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh — Welton  House. 

Miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names— Election  Colours— Buried  Alive— O.  K. 
—Ladies'  Clubs— Zoedone— Berkeley-square  Mystery- 
Wife  Selling— The  Telephone— Scrutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears— Jingo— The  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
— Tobacco  in  England— Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients— Names  of  American  States— Carucate— Female 
Soldiers  and  Sailors— Mistletoe— Giants— Jewesses  and 
Wigs— Memories  of  Trafalgar— Green  Eyes— Beaumon- 
tague— Secret  Chambers  in  Ancient  Houses— The  Bona- 
parte-Patterson Marriage— Ace  of  Spades— Wig  Curlers- 
Female  Churchwarden.s— The  Opal— House  of  Keys- 
Church  Registers  —  Arm-in-arm  —  E.  O.  —  Napoleon- 
Legacy  to  Cantillon. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FEANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  F.C. 


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SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER    7,   1895. 


PBIOB 

THKEEPENCB 

BBGISTBBBD  AS  A  BBWSPAPBB 


BRITISH   ASSOCIATION    for   the   ADVANCE- 
MENT of  SCIENCE. 
IPS"\VICH  MEETING.  SEPTEMBER  11  to  18. 
President-Sir  DOIGLAS  GALTON,  K  C.B  D.C.L.  F  R  S. 
The  Journal,  President's  Address,  and  other  Printed  Papers  issued 
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Clerk  of  the  Association,  Reception  Room,  Ipswich. 

G.  GRIFFITH. 

CARDIFF  TRIENNIAL  MUSICAL  FESTIVAL, 
SEPTEMBER  IS.  19.  20,  and  21,  1895. 
PrinciptU  Vocalists :— Madame  ALBANI,  Miss  ELLA  RU.^SELL,  Miss 
FLORENCE   OLIVER.    Miss   CLARA    BUTT,   Mr.    BEN 
DA  VIES,   Mr.   WHITNEY   MOCKRIDGE,  Mr.  WATKIN 
MILLS.  Mr.  PLLNKET  GREENE,  Mr.  D.  FFKANGCON 
DAVIES,  Mr.  UOUGLAS  POWELL. 
WEDNESDAY  MORNING    ..    Tinel's   'ST.  FRANCIS'  and  Wagner 
Selection. 
EVENING     ..    Mendelssohn's 'ST.  PAUL  ' 
THURSDAY      MORNING    ..     Verdi's    'REQUIEM,'   Stanford's   Ode 
'  The  BARD.'  and  David    Jenkins's 
•  PSALM  of  LIFE.' 
EVENING     ..     Berlioz  s    FAUST.' 
FHIUAY  MORNING    . .     Spohr's  '  LAST  JUDGMENT  '  and  Beet- 

hoven's   CHORAL  SYMPHONY.' 
..  EVENING     ..    Sullivan's  '  LIGHT  of  the  WORLD.' 

SATtTRDAY      MORNING    ..     'The  MESSIAH' 

„  EVENING     ..    MISCELLANEOUS  CONCERT. 

Conductor— Sir  JOSEPH  BARNEY. 
Detailed    Programmes    may   be    obtained    on   application   to   the 
SacBSTiaiEs,  Festival  Offices,  18,  High-street,  Cardift. 

A  LADY  (History  Honours  and  Pass  School, 
Oxford)  desires  a  post  as  SECRETARY',  Private  or  Public,  or 
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place,  BriKhton. 

AS  SECRETARY  or  AMANUENSIS.— A  LADY, 
well  educated,  well  read,  quick  writer,  good  reader,  would  be  glad 
to  find  a  PO.ST  as  above.  Used  to  French  and  German  Tiunslation. 
Good  references— B.,  19,  Norwood-street,  -ishford,  Kent. 

LADY   (26)   desires  ENGAGEMENT  as  PRI- 

VATE  SECRETARY.  Trained  and  experienced  in  philanthropic 
work.  Disengaged  November  1.— Address  R,,  Women's  University 
Settlement,  Nelson-souare  S  E. 

A    DISTINGUISHED    DUTCH    PHILOLOGIST 

-^^^  (Litt.Hum.Doctor),  well  acquainted  with  the  English,  French, 
German,  Italian,  Spanish,  Swedish,  and  Danish  Languages,  would 
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Private  Secretary,  Correspondent,  Translator,  &e. 

Please  address  G.  R.,  care  of  Messrs.  Luzac  &  Co.,  46,  Great  Rnssell- 
street,  London. 


D 


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ART  MISTRESS  in  COLLEGE  or  ART  SCHOOL. 
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Address  17,  Lower  Bridge-street,  Canterbury 


LADY  (age  27),  holding  Certificates  under  the 
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GERMANY.  —  PENSION.  —  A  gentle  Family, 
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FRENCH  TEACHER— VACANCy  as  FRENCH 
PROFESSOR  in  the  EDINBURGH  SCHOOL  of  FOREIGN 
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THOMAS  W.  SHORE,  Warden. 


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TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
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MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October. 
DRAWING  forthe  PRESS.— STUDIO  open  dai  y    Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.— 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

9,  Hart-streut,  Bloomsbury,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
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OCTOBER  1  NEXT,  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS.  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.  — The  NEXT 
TERM  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  September  19.  Reference 
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Brantwood,  Coniston  ;  Sir  Spencer  Wells,  Bart.,  M.D. ;  and  others.— For 
Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  E.  Batnes. 


TREBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  .S,  Trebovir- 
road.  South  Kensington,  S.W— Advanced  Classes  for  Girls  and 
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NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  THURSDAY,  September  19.— Pro- 
spectuses forwarded  on  application. 

ST.     SAVIOUR'S      GRAMMAR     SCHOOL, 
SUMNER-STREET,  SOUTHWARK. 
Chartered  1562.  Re-organized  1895. 

Head  Master,  appointed  under  New  Scheme — 
E.  H    HENSLEY',  MA.  Cantab. 
This  School  is  now  richly  endowed,  and  will  provide  a  good  modern 
education  preparatory  for  the  Universities,  the  Professions,  or  Com- 
mercial Life.    Fees  8(  a  year.    Pupils  admitted  at  any  time  at  propor- 
tional fees. 

SCHOLARSHIPS,  exempting  from  fees,  offered  for  competition. 
NEXT  TERM  COMMENCES  MONDAY,  .September  16  —Further  par- 
ticulars, &c  ,  apply  to  Head  Master,  or  to  HuNRy  Langston,  Esq.,  32, 
Borough  High-street. 


MENTAL     PICTURES    in    EDUCATION. 
SERIES  METHOD— SYMBOLIC  METHOD, 

CENTRAL  SCHOOL  OF  FOREIGN  TONGUES, 

Howard  House,  Arundel-street,  Strand,  W.C. 
DRAMATIC  LANGUAGE  LKSS')NS— Oral  and  Written— in  French, 
German,  Greek  (Ancient  and  Modern),  Spanish.  Italian.  Hindustani, 
lessons  for  Teachers  and  a  Course  on  the  Inner  Art  of  Literature,  Sep- 
tember &-2I ;  fjiven  also  weekly.  CLASSES  BEGIN  SEPTEMBER  '23.— 
Apply  the  SKtuETAuv. 

NEW  SCHOOL,  CANARIES,  BEDFORD  PARK,  W. 

A  NEW  SCHOOL— Bovs  and  Girls  (Uav  and  Boarders),  and  for  Train- 
ing Teachers— will  be  OPENED  SEPTEMBER  16  In  this  School  all 
subjects  will  be  taught  on  the  above  methods— the  powers  of  mental 
picturing  and  logical  sequences  being  used  in  tlie  endeavour,  as  far  as 
possible,  to  follow  for  the  various  subjects  the  paths  trodden  by  the 
pioneers  and  "gifted"  children  of  the  paat.  Reference  kindly  per- 
mitted to  Prof  Alfred  Lodge.  Cooper's  hill ;  Prof  S  P  Thompson, 
1)  Sc  ;  Prof.  Geddes.  and  others  Head  Mistress  ■  Miss  PRYDE,  L  LA.. 
Educational  Directors:  HOW.ARD  SWAN  and  VICIOR  BliTIS. 
Prospectus  free  on  application. 


T^HE    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 
tyrants  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

The  centres  of  Examination  are  St.  Andrews,  .\berdeen.  Bedford, 
Belfast.  Birmingham.  Bournemouth.  Bristol,  Cambridge,  Cardiff, 
Cheltenham,  Com,  Dollar.  Dublin,  Dumfries.  Eilinburgh.  Glasgow, 
Hull,  Inverne«fi,  Leeds,  Leicester.  Liverpool.  London.  Loughborotiu'h, 
Manchester,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Oban,  Oxford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro. 

For  Prospectus.  &c  .  apply  to  the  SECRBTiar,  L.L  A.  Scheme,  the 
University,  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 


'l''HE     MARIA    GREY    TRAINING     COLLEGE 

A.  (late  5.  lltzroy-itreet,  W  I. 

Salusbnry-road,  Brondesbury,  London.  N  W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  PREPAR.^TION  for  the  CAM- 
BRIDGE TE.\'HERS' CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Teaching  is  offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers 

Kindergarten  'Teachers  are  also  prepaied  for  Che  Higher  Certificate 
of  the  National  Froebel  Union. 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations 

Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  VEXli  BEGINS 
SEPTEMBER  18.  1895 

Address  PaistiPAi.,  The  Maria  Grey  Training  College,  Salusbury  road, 
Brondesbury,  N.  W. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffi:UM  can  ba 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAUL1BU-SUK/-MER,  BIAKaiTZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLB.  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHABL,  TOUBS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  BiTOli,  Paris. 


U 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON.  F  R.S  ,  COMMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  Octobers. 
at  1  p.M  The  in8trncti<in  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require- 
ments of  Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uui- 
versity.— For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY      of       LONDON, 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 
LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
SPECI.'V.L  CLASSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  required  for  the  PRK 
LIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  MB.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course,  Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  M.B.  (Lond.)and 
Primary  F  R.C.S.  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will   COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 


\^CTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


n^HE 

The  TWENTY-SECOND  .SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  wUl  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 
l'!95.  „.    ., 

'The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineeriug,  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture.  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Ly.ldon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Reoistrab. 

THE  DURHAM  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE, 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engiueering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modem  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

25th  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23,  1895. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.) —Prospectus  on  application  to 
the  Secrfiary. 


UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE    of    WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS, 
MEN  AND  WOMEN. 
Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  rraining  Syndicate. 
Lecturer  in  the  Theory,   Practice,  and  History  of  Education- 
Prof.  FOSTER  WATSON,  MA   (Loud  ). 
Assistant  Lecturer— Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS,  B.A.  (Lond.). 
Preparation  for  (a)    Cambridge    Teachers'    Certificate,    Theory  and 
Practice;    (ii  London  University  Teachers'  Diploma;    (c)  College  ot 
Preceptors'  Diplomas. 
Composition  Fee  forthe  Session  (including  Lectures  and  Practice),  101. 
Women   Students    reside   in   the   Hall   of  Residence   for   Women 
Students.    Terms  from  31  to  4<J  Guineas. 

Men  Students  reside  in  Registered  Lodgings  in  the  tow  n.    Some  of 
the  Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board 
and  residence  to  25i.  per  annum. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to 

T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Regi8ti«r. 

FT  NIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

\J  B.ANGOR. 

(Incorporated  under  Royal  Charter,  and  a  Constituent  College  of  the 

University  of  Wales. ) 

Principal— H.  R.  REICHEL,  MA,  Fellow  of  AU  Souls'  CoUege,  Oxford 

DEPARTMENTS. 
Subjects  I   Ari.i.  I*rofessors. 

GREEK— W,  Rhys  Roberts,  MA,  late  Fellow  of  King's  College,  ^n>b 
LATIN-E.  V.  Arnold.  MA.  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
FRENCH  and  GER.MAN— Frederic  Spencer,  MA.  (Camb  ),  PhU.Uoc. 

(Leipzig). 
HIS'l'iJRY'— The  Principal.  „,  ,       .    , 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURF--Lecturer  W    Lewis  Jonee. 

M  A,  late  Scholar  of  Queens' College,  Cambridge. 
PHILOSOPHY-E  Keri  Evans,  MA.  late  Clark  Fellow  of  Glasg  UnlT. 
.MATHEMATICS-G   B   -Matbews.  M  A  ,  IVllow  of  .-t  John  sColT,  Camb. 
WKl  sH-,7    Morris. Tones   M  .V  ,  late  Scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford. 
Wiil'sil    HISTORY- Lecturer.  J.    E.    Llojd,   MA,   Lincoln   CoUege, 

Oxford. 

II.  Scien.t. 
PHYSICS— Andrew  Gray,  MA.  F.R.8.K.  _^  _  „         ._,        ,,  , 

CHEMISTRY-J  J  Dobbie.  M  .A  D  8c  .  lateClark  Fellowof  OlMg  UnlT. 
BIOL()(iY-R    W    Phillips.  M  A    (Camb),  B  Sc.  (Lend.),  Ute  Schotar 

of  St  Johns  College  (•ambridge 
ZOOLDGY-PhihpJ    White   MI)  (Edln  ). 
AGRICULIUUK— Thomas  Winter,  MA.  (Edin  ),  F.O.O. 
EDUCATION-J  A  Green.  It  A 

With  Seven  Asslsunt  Lecturers  and  Demonitntors. 
The  NEXT  SESSION  OPENS  On  0(.'T()BER  I,  1896.  Inclailva 
Tuition  Fee  10/  a  year.  Uegistratton  Fee,  \l  Is.  Laboratory  Fee* 
additional,  on  the  scale  of  II  li  per  Term  tor  six  hours  a  week.  The 
Collck-e  Courses  qualify  for  the  l>eKr(es  of  University  of  Wales,  and 
include  most  of  the  subjects  for  Degrees  ot  London  University  In  Arts 
and  Science  Special  provision  is  made  tor  Electrical  Engineering  A 
Hall  of  Itesidence  for  \\  omen  is  now  open  .At  the  Entrance  Scholar- 
ship Examination  which  commences  in  September  in  each  year)  over 
:.'<i  Schol8r^hlps  and  Extlbitlons  will  be  oUci-cJ  [or  competiiii'O  — For 
detailed  Information  as  to  Courses.  Entrance  and  other  ScboKirshipt, 
ic  ,  apply  to  the  Secretary  and  Registrar, 
UaDgor.  }.  B.  LLOYD,  U.A. 


306 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^*  354] ,  Sept.  7,  '95 


UNIVERSITY   COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 
and  MONMOVTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
95. 

The  College  Prospectns,  containirga  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  En^neerins, 
and  in  the  Departr.ent  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools- 
Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Registrar. 


ABERDARE  HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (SomerTille  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
Vnirersity  College,  Cardiff,  July  19,  1895. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

■pOYAL  COLLEGE  of  SCIENCE  for  IRELAND. 

The  NEXT  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  7 
The  Diploma  of  Associate  is  given  in  the  I'aculties  of  I.  Manufactures 
(Chemical);   II.  Engineering;    III.  Mining;   and  IV.  Applied  Physics 
(for  Electrical  Engineers.  &c. ) 

Two  Royal  Scholarships  of  50/.  per  annum,  with  Free  Admission  to 
the  Courses,  are  competed  for  each  year  by  First  Year  students. 

The  Courses  of  Chemistry.  Physics,  Botany,  Zoology,  Geology,  and 
Mineralogy  qualify  for  the  Examinations  at  t)ie  R  U  I,  and  elsewhere. 
Certificates  are  granted  to  Medical  and  other  Students  attending  the 
Courses  and  Laboratories. 

Special  Courses  to  suit  individual  Students,  and  Research  Work  in  all 
subjects. 

Chemical.  Physical.  Botanical,  Zoological,  Geological,  and  Mineralo- 
gical  Laboratories  open  for  Practical  Work. 
PROFESSORS. 
Mining  and  Mineralogy— J.  P.  OREILLY,  C.E.  MR  I  A. 
Physics— W.  F.  BARRETT.  F  R  S  E  M  R  I  A. 
Chemistry— W.  N.  HARTLEY,  FR  S  FCS  F.R  S  E. 
Zoology— A.  C.  HADDON,  MA   MR  I  A  F  Z  S. 
Rotany-T   JOHNSON.  D  Se.  F  L  S.  M.R  I.A. 
Geology-G    A.  J.  COLE,  MR  I  A.  FGS 
Applied  Mechanics  and  Mechanism— AV.  MiF   ORR.  M  A. 
Descriptive  Geometry  and  Engineering- J.  LYON,  MA. 
Fees  for  Associate  Students  from  14/.  to  25/  per  Session  according  to 
Faculty  and  year. 

Non-Associate  Students  Fees  for  Lectures,  2/.  per  Session  (except 
Mathematics,  3/.) ;  Laboratory  Fees  from  2/.  upwards. 
All  the  Courses  are  open  to  Ladies. 

Directory  of  the  College,  with  List  of  Fees  and  all  other  information, 
on  application  to  the  Secretary,  personally  or  by  letter 

NciiE —Entrance  Examinations  for  intending  Associates  will  be  held 
on  MONDAY,  October  7.  Subjects— Mathematics  and  Elementary 
Practical  Geometry 

G.  T   PLUNKETT,  Lieut -Col.  (late  RE  ),  Secretary,  RC.Sc.I. 
Stephen's-green,  Dublin. 

ESTMINSTER      HOSPITAL     MEDICAL 

SCHOOL.  Caxton-street.  S  W. 

The  WTNTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY.  October  1. 
Introductory  Address  by  Dr  MONCKTON  COPEMAN.  at  4  pm  ,  fol- 
lowed by  Distribution  of  Prizes  by  the  Right  Hon  VISCOUNT  PEEL. 

Dinner  at  7  pm.  atCaf('  Monico.  Dr.  DE  HAVILLAND  HALL  in  the 
Chair     Dinner  Secretary.  Dr  Wiils. 

Two  Entrance  Scholarships,  value  60/.  and  40! ,  and  one  of  20/.  for 
Dental  Students,  on  Examination.  September  28  and  29. 

Fees  —115/  in  one  sum  on  entrance,  or  120/.  in  two  payments,  or  132/. 
in  six  payments     Special  fees  for  partial  and  Dental  Students. 

The  Hospital  has  a  service  of  over  200  Beds  and  the  nsual  Special 
Departments. 

Prospectus  and  all  information  on  application  to 
WALTER  G.  SPENCER,  Dean 

ST.  BARTHOLOMEW'S  HOSPITAL  and 
COLLEGE, 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY.  October  1.  1895 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College,  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations. 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  Beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  900/  are  awarded  annually. 

The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  aud  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum.  Library.  &c. 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  was 
formally  opened  last  summer. 

For  further  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Warden 
OF  THE  CoLi.KOE,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  EC. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

/^.UY'S   HOSPITAL  MEDICAL   SCHOOL.— The 

\J  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY.  October  1 
Entrance  Scholarships  of  the  combined  value  of  ."00(,  are  awarded 
annually,  and  numerous  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  for  competition 
by  .Students  of  the  School. 

The  number  of  Patients  treated  in  the  wards  during  last  rear  was  5,908 

All  hospital  appointments  are  open  to  students  without  charge,  and 
the  holders  of  residential  appointments  are  provided  with  board  and 
lodging. 

The  College  accommodates  Sixty  Students,  under  the  supervision  of 
a  resident  Warden 

The  Dental  School  provides  the  full  Curriculum  required  for  the 
L  DS  England 

The  Club's  Union  Athletic  Ground  is  easily  accessible. 

A  Handbook  of  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Profession  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

For  the  Prospectus  of  the  School,  containing  full  particulars  as  to 
Fees,  Course  ot  Study  advised,  regulations  of  the  College.  &c.,  apply, 
personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Devn,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge.  S.fc' 

UT.   MARY'S   HOSPITAL   MKDICAL   SCHOOL, 

^J  PADDINGTON,  W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  BEGINS  on  OCTOBER  1,  with  an  Intro- 
dncUiry  Address  at  4  p  m  by  Mr.  A.  P  LAURIE  The  ANNUAL 
DINNER  will  be  held  in  the  evening,  at  the  KING'S  HALL,  Holborn 
Restaurant.  Mr    MALCOLM  MORRIS  in  the  Chair. 

ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  IN  NATURAL  SCIENCE. 

One  of  10.5/ .  Five*  of  52/.  10s.,  will  be  awarded  by  Examination  on 
September  24  and  25. 

(•  Two  of  which  are  specially  open  to  Students  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  ] 

There  are  Sixteen  Resident  Appointments  in  the  Hospital  open  to 
Students  without  expense  '1  he  School  provides  complete  preparation 
for  the  higher  Examinations  and  Degrees  of  the  Universities. 

The  Residential  College  is  at  present  at  ."J.'!  and  .I.').  Weslhourne-terracc, 
TV.     Terms  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Warden,  Mr.  E.  W. 

KOUOUTON. 

CLARENCE  MEMORIAL  WING. 
Tlie  Foundation  Stone  of  this  important  addition  to  the  Hospital  was 
laid  by  H  R  H   the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  the  tiuildersare  now  at  work 
upon  It     Thi.s  new  wing  will  provide  a  new  Out^ Patients'  Department. 
Wfrds  for  Lying-in  Women,  and  a  Residential  College  for  Medical 
Officers  and  Students,  who  will  then  be  close  to  their  work  and  directly 
under  the  intlm-nce  of  the  Medi(al  School. 
For  Prospectus  apply  to  Mr.  F.  H.  Madi.en.  School  Secretary, 
G.  P.  FIELD.  Dean. 
A.  P  LUFF,  M.D  ,  Sub- Dean. 


QT.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

O  Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1 , 
when  an  Introductory  Address  will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D 
POLLOCK,  at  4  p  m 

The  following  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition 
in  October. 

I  A  Scholarship,  of  value  145/. .  for  the  Sons  of  Medical  Men  who  have 
entered  the  School  as  bond  fide  First-Year  Students  during  the  year 
ending  October  5.  1895. 

2.  'I'wo  Scholarships,  each  of  value  50/ .  open  to  all  Students  who  have 
commenced  their  medical  studies  not  earlier  than  May,  1895. 

3.  Two  Scholarships,  of  value  85/ .  for  Students  who  passed  or  com- 
pleted the  curriculum  for  the  Oxford  1st  Ml)  or  the  Cambridge  2nd 
MB,  and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  Octobers, 
1895, 

4.  A  Scholarship,  of  value  85/.,  for  Students  of  Provincial  University 
Colleges  who  have  passed  or  completed  the  curriculum  for  the  corre- 
sponding University  Examinations  in  London,  Manchester,  or  Durham, 
and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  October  5,  1895. 

The  following  Exhibitions  and  Prizes  are  also  open  to  Students  ; — The 
William  Brown  100/  Exhibition  ;  the  William  Brown  40/.  Exhibition  ; 
the  Webb  Prize  in  Bacteriology,  of  value  30/. ;  the  Brackenbury  Prize 
in  Medicine,  of  value  .32/  ;  the  Brackenbury  Prize  in  Surgery,  of  value 
32/, ;  the  Pollock  Prize  in  Physiology,  of  value  18/.  ;  the  Johnson  Prize 
in  Anatomy,  of  value  10/.  10s. ;  the  Treasurer's  Prize,  of  value  10/  10s. ; 
General  Proficiency  Prizes  for  First.  Second,  and  Third  Year  Students, 
of  10/.  10s  each ;  the  Brodie  Prize  in  Surgery  ;  the  Acland  Prize  in 
Medicine  ;  the  Thompson  Medal  ;  and  Sir  Charles  Clarke's  Prize. 

All  Hospital  appointments,  including  the  Four  House  Physicianships 
and  Four  House  Surgeonships.  are  awarded  as  the  result  of  competition, 
and  are  open  to  Students  of  the  School  without  extra  fee. 

Nine  salaried  appointments,  including  that  of  Obstetric  Assistant, 
with  a  salary  of  100/.  and  board  and  lodging,  are  awarded  yearly  to 
senior  pupils  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Medical  School  Com- 
mittee. 

Prospectuses  and  fuller  details  may  be  obtained  by  apnlication  to 

ISAMBARD  OWEN.  M.D  .  Dean. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  fa  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 


GOVERNESSES  for  PRIVATE  FAMILIES.— 
Miss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNES.SES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


TO 

-L     Ll 


AUTHORS.— The     MARLBOROUGH 

LITERARY  AGENCY  offers  valuable  and  unique  advantages  to 
Writers  Send  for  Circular  explaining  its  methods.  No  Preliminary 
Fees  —Marlborough  House,  11,  Ludgate-hill,  EC. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  EstablishecJ  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors,  MSS.  placed 
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307 


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Contents  far  SEPTEMBER. 
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MISS  DE  MAUPASSANT.  By  C.  E.  RAIMOND. 

The  DEMORALIZATION  of  LIBERALISM. 

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A  WORD  In  SEASON.  By  Mrs.  LYNN  LINTON. 

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WISDOM.  By  W.  B.  YEATS. 

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CUTCLIFFE  HYNE. 

"  Told  with  unflagging  rerte  and  convincing  verisimilitude.  The 
novel is  destined  to  achieve  an  exceptionally  widespread  popu- 
larity. "—I>ai7!/  Telegraph. 

RHOD A  ROBERTS :   a  Welsh  Mining 

story.     By  HARRY  LINDSAY. 

"  The  plot  is  an  extremely  fascinating  and  exciting  one  " 

Pontypool  Free  Press. 

IS  HE  the  MAN  ?  By  W.  Clark  Russell. 

'For  genuine  excitement  it  will  compare  favourably  with  some  of 
the  best  work  of  the  author  of  'The  Woman  in  White.'  The  cha- 
racters are  well  drawn,  and  there  is  a  force  and  a  vigour  of  treatDient 
about  them  that  is  rare  indeed  at  the  present  ^2^y."— Liberal. 

The  MACDONALD  LASS.    By  Sarah 

TYTLEE.      With    Allan    Ramsay's    Portrait    of    Flora 
Macdonald. 
"  For  beauty  of  style,  skill  in  characterization,  vivid  pictures  ol  the 
period  and  of  the  country,  the  novel  before  us  will  rank  with  any 

produced  this  ^.eason." — Liberal. 

The    PRINCE    of   BALKISTAN.     By 

ALLEN    UPWARD,   Author   of    'The    Queen   against 
Owen.' 
"  One  of  the  most  audacious  books  we  have  ever  come  across  " 

Guardian. 

LIBRARY  EDITION 
OF  CHARLES  R BABE'S  NOVELS. 

Crown  8vo  set  in  new  typo,  3s  G</  each. 

PEG  WOFFINGTON;  and  CHRISTIE 

JOH.NSIO.NE 

HARD     CASH:     a     Matter -of- Fact 

Komance.                                                                                     iShortly. 
♦,♦  Others  will  follow. 

TWO-SHILLING  BOOKS. 

MY    FLIRTATIONS.       By    Margaret 

WYNMAN      With  13  lllustralions  by  Ikrnard  I'artriJge 
"It  is  full  of  keen  observation  and  knowledge,  particularly  frank 
and  outspoken  in  its  portraiture,  while  the  sketches  of  all  the  men 
with  whom  the  heroine  has    carried  on  '  are  clever  and  recognizable  i 
some  are  delightfully  daring  '—  l/nWd 

TALES    of   the    CALIPH.    By   H.   N. 

(  KKl.M.N.  .\utlmrof    Konianccs  of  the  (lid  Seraslio  ' 
"  After  the  fctyle  of.  and  quite  an  good  as.  most  of  the  stories  in  the 

'  .\rabmn  Nights,"  'Tales  of  the  CaJlph'  are  certain  to  tie  popular 

These  new  stories  arc  quite  worthy  of  the  famous  original  series." 

Leeds  Mercury. 

The   ADVENTURES   of  JONES.     By 

H.WIiKN  CAltKriH      Wuh  17  Illustrations.                                      ** 
Illy  with  none  of  his  braj; 


London  :  CHATTO  k.  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  W. 


308 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3o41,  Sept.  7/95 


WILLIAMS    &    NORGATE'S    LIST. 


THE    FRENCH    LANGUAGE. 

French  Classics  for  English  Students.    Edited,  with  Introduc- 
tion and  Notes,  by  LEON  DKLBOS,  M.A.,  of  H.M.S.  Britannia,  Dartmouth,  late  of 
King's  College.    Price  per  volume,  sewed,  i5d. ;  paper  boards,  9d. 
1.  EACINE  — Les    PLAIDEURS.    2.     COUNBILLB  —  HORACE.    3.     CORNEILLE  — 
CINNA.    4.  MOLIERE— Le   BOURGEOIS    GENTILHOMME.    5.  CORNEILLE— 
Le    CID.     6.     MOLIERE  —  Les    PR^OIEUSES     RIDICULES.     7.     CHATEAU- 
BRIAND—VOYAGE  en   AM^RIQUE.    8.  XAVIER  DE   MAISTRB  —  PRISON- 
NIBRS    du    CAUCASE,  and    Le    LEPREUX    D'AOSTE.      9.    LAFONTAINE— 
FABLES. 

10.  MOLIERE— MISANTHROPE.    By  G.  H.  Clarke.    Is. 

11.  MOLIERE— FOURBEKIES  de  SCAPIN.    By  G.  H.  Clarke.    Is. 

12.  CHANSON   DE   ROLAND— HISTORICAL,   CRITICAL,  and   GRAMMATICAL   IN- 

TRODUCTION.    Three  Passages  with  Explanatory  Notes  and  an  English  Transla- 
tion.   By  Claude  F.  Co.vdell.    Sewed,  9rf. 


Delbos.— The  Student's  Graduated  French  Reader,  for  the 

Use  of  Public  Schools.  I.  First  Year.  Anecdotes,  Tales,  Historical  Pieces.  Edited, 
■with  Notes  and  a  complete  Vocabulary,  by  LEON  DELBOS,  M.A.,  late  of  King's 
College,  London.     Seventh  Edition.     166  pp,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. 

Delbos.— The  Student's  Graduated  French  Reader,  for  the 

Use  of  Publip  Schools.     II.  Second  Year.    Historical  Pieces  and  Tales.     Edited, -with 
Notes,  by  LEON  DELBOS,  M.A.,  late  of  King's  College,  London.    Fourth  Edition. 
180  pp.,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. 
"  It  would  be  no  easy  matter  to  find  a  French  Reader  more  completely  satisfactory  in 
every  respect  than  that  of  M.  T)elhos."—Athena:um. 

"  This  is  a  very  satisfactory  collection  from  the  best  authors,  selected  with  great  care 

and  supplied  with  adequate  notes A  thoroughly  good  book  of  this  kind  should,  in  fact, 

be  calculated  to  inspire  a  taste  for  literature  in  the  student's  mind.    The  volumes  edited  by 
M.  Delbos  fairly  meet  this  requirement." — Jouriial  of  Education. 

"  The  notes  are  critical  and  explanatory.    The  book  is  well  printed  and  excellently  got 
np." — Educational  Times. 

Delbos. — Little  Eugene's   French   Reader.     For  Beginners. 

Anecdotes  and  Tales.  Edited,  with  Notes  and  a  complete  Vocabulary.  Second 
Edition.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  Is.  (d. 

Victor    Hugo. — Les    Miserables.      les    Principaux     Episodes. 

Edited,  with  Life  and  Notes,  by  J.  BOIELLB,  Senior  French  Master,  Dulwich  College. 
2  vols,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  each  3s.  M. 
"A  worthy  addition  to  our  stock  of  French  reading  books,  which  will  be  welcomed  by 

numberless  masters M.  Boielle's  notes  are  full  and  to  the  point,  his  philology  is  sound, 

and  his  translations  idiomatic." — Journal  of  Education. 

Victor  Hugo.— Notre  Dame  de  Paris.    Adapted  for  the  Fse  of 

Schools  and  Colleges.  By  J.  BOIELLB,  B.  A.,  Senior  French  Master,  Dulwich  College. 
2  vols,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  each  3s. 

"Equipped  in  the  same  excellent  manner  as  the  same  author's  'Miserables.' Makes 

an  admirable  school-book."— iScofsman. 

Foa  (Madame  Eugen.).— Contes  Historiques.    (Chagrin  de 

Louis  XV.  —  Bertrand  Duguesclin- Dupaytren— Gretry — Greuze.)  With  Idiomatic 
Notes  by  G.  A.  NEVBU.    Third  Edition.     Cloth,  2s. 

Larochejacquelein   (Madame  de).— Scenes  from  the  War 

in  the  VENDEE.  Edited  from  her  Memoirs  in  French,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and 
Map,  by  C.  BCUDAMORE,  M.A.  Oxon.,  Assistant  Master,  Forest  School,  Waltham- 
Btow.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. 

Fleury's    Histoire    de    France,  racontee  a  la  Jeunesse.     Edited 

for  the  Use  of  English  Pupils,  with  Grammatical  Notes,  by  AUGUSTS  BBLJAMB. 
Second  Edition.    12mo.  cloth,  3s.  %d. 


GRAMMARS     AND     EXERCISES. 

FOR  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  'WHERB  LATIN  IS  TAUGHT, 

Eugene's   The   Student's   Comparative    Grammar   of  the 

FRENCH  LANGUAGE,  with  an  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Formation  of  French.  For 
the  Use  of  Public  Schools.  With  Exercises.  By  G.  BUGliNE-FASNACHT,  late 
French  Master,  Westminster  School.  Twelfth  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised.  Square 
crown  8vo.  cloth,  hs. ;  or  Grammar,  3s.  ;  Exercises,  2s.  6rf. 
"In  itself  this  is  in  many  wa3'8  the  most  satisfactory  grammar  for  beginners  that  we 
have  as  yet  seen." — Athenceum. 

Eugene's  French  Method.     Elementary   French  Lessons.     Easy 

Rules  and  Exercises  preparatory  to  the  '  Student's  Comparative  French  Grammar.'    By 
the  SAME  AUTHOR.    Eleventh  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  cloth.  Is.  6d. 
"  Certainly  deserves  to  rank  among  the  best  of  our  elementary  French  exercise  books." 

Educational  Times. 

Eugene's   Comparative    French  -  English    Studies,    Gram- 

MATICAL  and  IDIOMATIC.     Being  an  entirely  Rewritten  Edition  of  the  'French 
Exercises  for  Middle  and  Upper  Forms.'    Tenth  Edition.     Cloth,  2s.  6c/. 

Boielle    (James).  —  French     Composition    through    Lord 

MACAULAY'S  ENGLISH.    Edited,  with  Notes,  Hints,  and  Introduction,  by  JAMBS 

BOIELLB,  B.A.  Univ.  Gall.,  Senior  French  Master,  Dulwich  College,  &c.     Crown  8vo. 

cloth.    Vol.   I.,   FREDERICK   the   GREAT,  3s.    Vol.   II.,   WARREN    HASTINGS, 

.-is.  6d.     Vol.  III.,  LORD  CLIVB,3j. 
"This  we  may  say  at  once  is  an  exceedingly  useful  idea,  well  carried  out,  and  one  of  the 

best  things  of  its  class  that  we  have  seen We  can  pronounce  the  equivalence  of  the  idioms 

recommended  to  be  quite  unusually  just." — HatuTdny  lieiiew. 

Delbos  (Prof.  L6on).— The  Student's  French  Composition, 

on  an  entirely  New  Plan.     With  Introduction  and  Notes.     (In  Use  at  Harrow,  Eton, 
&c.)    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  .3s.  6d. 

Delbos   (Prof.  L^on).  —  Nautical  Terms   in  English   and 

FRENCH.     With  Notes  and   Tables.     By  L.  DELBOS,  of   H.M.S.   Britannia,   Dart- 
mouth.    Second  Improved  and  Enlarged  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  .'is.  6rf. 


THE  FRENCH   LM^GUAGE-iCmtinned). 
Lemaistre  (T.).— French  for  Beginners.    Lessons,  Systematic, 

Practical,  and  Etymological.  For  the  Use  of  Schools  where  Latin  is  Taught.  Second 
Edition,  Improved  and  Enlarged.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. 

Roget  (F.  F.).-An  Introduction  to  Old  French.    By  E.  F. 

ROGET,  of  Geneva  University,  Tutor  for  Comparative  Philology,  Edinburgh.  His- 
tory, Grammar,  Chrestomathy,  and  Glossary.  Second  Edition,  with  Map  of  French 
Dialects.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s. 

Roget  (F.  F.).— First  Steps  in  French  History,  Literature, 

and  PHILOLOGY.  For  Candidates  for  the  Scotch  Leaving-Certificate  Examinations, 
the  various  Universities  Local  Examinations,  and  the  Army  Examinations.  Crown 
8vo.  cloth,  5s.  

THE   GERMAN    LANGUAGE. 

German  Classics  for  English  Students.  With  Notes  and  Voca- 
bulary. Crown  8vo.  sewed,  9d.  each. 
SCHILLER'S  LIED  von  der  GLOCKE,  and  other  Poems  and  Ballads,  by  M.  Forster. 
—SCHILLER'S  MARIA  STUART,  by  M.  Forster.— SCHILLER'S  MINOR  POEMS 
and  BALLADS,  by  A.  Vernon.— GOBTHBS  IPHIGENIB  auf  TAURIS,  by  H. 
Attwell  -GOETHE'S  HERMANN  und  DOROTHEA,  by  M.  Forster.— GOETHE'S 
EGMONT,  by  H.  Apel.-LESSING'S  EMILIA  GALOTTI,  by  G.  Hein.— LBSSING'S 
MINNA  von  BARNHELM,  by  J.  A.  F.  Schmidt— CHAMISSO'S  PETER  SCHLB- 
MIHL,  by  M.  Forster.— GRIMM'S  MARCHEN,  by  W.  J.  Hickie.— ANDERSEN'S 
BILDERBUCH  OHNB  BILDBR,  by  A.  Beck. 


Weisse's    Complete   Practical   Grammar  of  the   German 

LANGUAGE.    With  Exercises  on  Conversations,  Letters,  Poems,  and  Treatises,  &c. 
Fourtli  Edition,  almost  entirely  Rewritten.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s. 
"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  this  the  fullest  and  most  satisfactory  German 
grammar  yet  published  in  England." — Journal  of  Education. 

Weisse's  New  Conversational  Exercises  in  German  Com- 

POSITION.    With  complete  Rules  and  Directions,  with  full  references  to  his  German 
Grammar.    Second  Edition.    12mo.  cloth,  3s.  6rf.— KEY,  5s. 

Weisse's  Short  Guide  to  German  Idioms.    Being  a  Collection 

of  the  Idioms  most  in  use.    With  Examination  Papers.    8vo.  cloth,  2s. 

Weisse's  Elements  of  German.    8vo.  cloth,  3s. 

Moller  (A.).— A  German  Reading  Book.     A  Companion  to 

Schlutter's  '  German  Class  Book.'  New  Edition,  Corrected  to  the  Official  Germao 
Spelling.    With  a  complete  Vocabulary.    :2mo.  cloth,  2s. 

Ohly  (Dr.).— Manual  of  German  Composition,  with  Passages 

for  Translation  Arranged  Progressively,  and  Macaulay's  '  Frederick  the  Great'  in 
Extracts.    By  Dr.  C.  H.  OHLY^,  Bedford  Schools.    340  pp.  crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

Apel's  Short  and  Practical  German  Grammar  for  Beginners, 

with  copious  Examples  and  Exercises.    Third  Edition.    12mo.  cloth,  2s.  6rf. 

Hein's  German  Examination  Papers.    Comprising  a  Complete 

Set  of  German  Papers  set  at  the  Local  Examinations  in  the  four  Universities  of  Scot- 
land.    By  G.  HEIN,  Aberdeen  Grammar  School.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s.  6ci. 

Apel  (M.).— German  Prose  Stories  for  Beginners  (including 

Lessing's  Prose  Fables),  with  an  Interlinear  Translation  in  the  natural  order  of  Con- 
struction.    Second  Edition.     12mo.  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

Gostwick  and  Harrison.— Outlines  of  German  Literature, 

from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day.    By  JOS.  GOSTWICK  and  ROBERT 
HARBISON.    Second  Edition,  Enlarged  and  Improved.    654  pp.  8vo.  cloth,  10s. 
Just  published, 

A  Short  Historical  Grammar  of  the  German  Language.   Old, 

Middle,  and  Modern  High  German.  By  ALBERT  J.  W.  CERF,  M.A.,  First  Senior 
Moderator  and  Large  Gold  Medallist  in  Mediajval  Literature,  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
Part  I.  INTRODUCTION  and  PHONOLOGY.     4s. 

A  Shoi-t  Sketch  of  German  Literature.     Prepared  for  the 

Scottish  Leaving-Certificate  Examinations.  By  VIVIAN  PHILLIPPS,  B.A,,  Fettes 
College.    Pott  8vo.  Is.  

ARMY   SERIES. 

Edited  by  J.  T,  W.  PEROWNE,  M.A. 
Le  Coup  de  Pistolet,  &C.     By  Prosper  Merimeb.     2s.  6cl 

"  The  first  two  volumes  are  an  excellent  choice,  and  we  advise  any  one,  whether  candi- 
date or  lay,  to  purchase  the  volume  of  Merimee."— /ournai  of  Education. 

Vaillante.     By  Jacques  Vincent.     2s.  6cZ. 

"  The  books  are  well  got  up,  and  in  '  Vaillante '  an  excellent  choice  has  been  made." 

Guardian. 

Auf  verlornem  Posten  and  Nazzarena  Danti.    By  Johannes 

VON  DEWALL.    3s. 
"The  two  stories  by  Johannes  v.  Dewall  are  well  suited  for  their  purpose;  the  style 
and  diet  ion  are  not  too  diflficult  for  those  whose  acquaintance  with  German  is  not  extensive, 
and  ample  explanatory  annotation  is  provided."— -b'aiitrrfay  Bevieic. 

Contes  Militaires.    By  A.  Datjbet.    2^.  6cZ. 

"  Written  at  fever  heat  immediately  after  the  great  1870  war,  they  show  Daudet's  power 

in  many  ways  at  its  highest We  therefore  do  more  than  recommend— we  urge  all  readers 

of  French  to  get  the  st^iries  in  some  form,  and  the  present  one  is  both  good  and  cheap.     The 

paper  is  excellent,  and  the  type  clear  and  boUl A  neat  map  of  Paris  will  assist  the  reader 

in  following  the  movement  of  the  stories."- ;*'e/(oo/OTaster. 


Erzahlungen.    By  E.  Hofer.    3s. 


WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE,  14,  Henrietta-street,  Co  vent-garden,  London; 
20,  South  Frederick-street,  Edinburgh ;  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxford. 


N°  3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


309 


CKOSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SOIL'S  EDUCATIONAL  WORKS. 


DE  FIVAS'  FRENCH  CLASS-BOOKS.         COMIVIERCIAL  EDUCATION. 


DE    FIVAS,    NEW    GRAMMAR    of 

FRENCH  GKAMMAKS.     Comprising  the  substance  of 
all  the  most  approved  French  Grammars  extant,  but 
more  especially  of  the  Standard  Work,  •LaGrammaire 
des  Grammaires,'  sanctioned  by  the  French  Academy 
and  the  University  of  Paris.     With  numerous  Exercises 
and  Examples  illustrative  of  every  Rule.    By  Dr.  V.  DE 
FIVAS,  M.A..   P.E.I.S.,   &c.     Filty-third   Edition,  Re- 
vised and  Enlarged,   with  the   Author's  latest   Notes, 
Corrections,  and  Additions,  and  an  Appendix  on  The 
HISTORY  and  ETYMOLOGY  of  the  FRENCH  LAN- 
GUAGE.    448  pp.  strongly  bound,  2s.  Gd. 
%'  KEY,  3s.  6rf. 
"This  French  Grammar  has  for  a  long  time  been  recog- 
nized as  the  best  we  have  in  England,  and  it  seems  to  be 
rapidly  superseding  most  others."— Educitional  limes. 

"The  addition   of  an   Appendix  on  the   History   of  the 

French  Language,  compiled  from  the  best  authorities,  gives 

a  new  value  to  this  old-established  school-book." — Athtnuun. 

"The   best  and  most  complete  grammar  of  the  French 

language  ever  prepared  lor  English  students."— 6coJs;)zan. 

"  It  would  be  difficult  to  name  a  grammar  better  suited 
for  instilling  a  sound  knowledge  of  the  French  language." 

t<choolm'isler. 

DE  FIVAS,  ELEMENTARY  FRENCH 

GRAMMAR.     To  which  is  added  a  FRENCH  READER  : 

with  a  FRENCH-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY  of  all  the 

Words  used.     Fourth  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo.  Is.  6d.  cloth. 

"  Those  who  are  engaged  in  teaching  French  to  beginners 

could  not  base  their  teaching  upon  a  more  useful  school-book. 

The  elemectary  rules  are  explained  in  a  clear  and  coherent 

system,  and  the  selection  of  extracts  in  prose  and  verse  is 

admirably  well  adapted  for  the  study  of  junior  classes." 

licotsman. 

DE  FIVAS,  NEW  GUIDE  to  MODERN 

FRENCH    CONVERSATION;     or,    the    Student    and 
Tourist's   French    Vade  Mecum.      Thirty-first  Edition, 
Revised,  with  Additions.     18mo.  2s.  tirf.  half  bound. 
"  Compiled  with  great  labour  and  care,  and  modernized 

down  to  the  latest  changes  in  the  custom  of  ordinary  French 

speech." — Hc/uiol  Board  Chronicle. 

DE    FIVAS,    INTRODUCTION    a    la 

LANGUB  FRANCAISB  ;  ou.  Fables  et  Contes  Choisis, 
Anecdotes  Instructives,  Fails  Memorables,  &c.  Avec  uri 
Dictionnaire  de  tons  les  Mots  traduits  en  Anglais. 
Twenty-eighth  Edition.  12mo.  2s.  6d.  strongly  bound. 
"We  strongly  advise  students  who  have  read  carefully  a 
good  French  grammar  to  read  this  e.xcellent  book." 

Public  Opinion. 

DE    FIVAS,    BEAUTES    des   ECRI- 

VAINS  FRANTAIS,  Anciens  et  Modernes.    Augmentee 
de  Notes   Historiques,   G^ographiques,   Litteraires,   &c. 
Fifteenth  Edition.     ]2mo.  2s.  erf.  strongly  bound. 
"  A  better  book  for  advanced  students  it  would  be  difficult 
to  have." — Teacher. 

DE  FIVAS,  LeTRESOR  NATIONAL; 

or.  Guide  to  the  Translation  of  English  into  French  at 
Sight.     Seventh  Edition.     12mo.  Is.  erf.  strongly  bound. 
%*  Idiomatical  and  Conversational  Phrases,  Anecdotes  told 
and  untold,  and  Scraps  from  various  English  Writers. 

The  FRENCH  LANGUAGE :  a  Complete 

Compendium  of  its  History  and  Etymology.  By  E. 
KOUBAUD,  B.A.  Paris,  Editor  of  '  Cassell's  French  Dic- 
tionary.' (Written  expressly  as  an  APPENDIX  to  DE 
FIVAS'  GRAMMAR.)  Fcap.  «vo.  Is.  cloth. 
"  A  most  desirable  book  for  students  who  wish  to  perfect 
themselves  in  a  knowledge  of  French." — ichool  Guardian. 

ELEMENTARY  FRENCH  BOOKS. 
PETITES  CAUSERIES:  being  Elementary 
French  and  Englibh  Conversations  for  Young  Students 
and  Home  Teaching.     Fully  illustrated.     By  ACHILLE 
MOTIEAU.     Two  Parts.     9rf.  each  ;  or  1  vol.  Is.  6rf. 

BARBAULD,    LEgONS    pour    des 

ENFANTS  de  I'AGE  de  DKUX  ANS  jusqua  CINQ. 
Traduites  de  I'Anglais  de  Mme  B.\RBAULD  par  M. 
PASyUIliR.  Suivies  des  HYMNES  en  PROSE  pour 
les  ENFANTS.     Avec  uu  Vocabulaire.     ISmn.  2s.  cloth. 

La  BAGATELLE :  intended  to  Introduce 
Children  of  Five  or  Six  Years  Old  to  some  Knowledge  of 
the  French  Language.     18mo.  2s.  cloth. 

VOCABULAIRE     SYMBOLIQUE 

ANGL0-FRAN(,'A1S  A  Symbolic  French  and  English 
Vocabulary.  By  L.  C.  RAUONOT.  Twelfth  Edition. 
4to.  3s.  tirf.  cloth. 

FRENCH  EXAMINATION  PAPERS 

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310 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S  LIST. 


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ZINE  for  SEPTEMBEK,  1895,  contains,  among  other 
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10,  11.— The  FUTURE  EMPEROR  -  KING.  —  MON- 
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DB  MAUPIN.  — WITH  THOMAS  INGOLDSBY  in 
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A   POPULAR   NOVEL. 

WILDERSMOOE. 

By  C.  L.  ANTROBUS. 

In  3  vols,  crown  8vo. 

The  TIMES  says .— 

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swiftly,  and ,  while  the  style  is  bright,  the  dialogue  sparkling, 
there  is  an  undercurrent  of  solemnity  and  tragedy.  More 
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ings.    10s.  &d. 

Dr.     PAGE'S    INTRODUCTORY 

GEOLOGY.  Twelfth  Edition.  Revised  by 
Professor  LAFWORTH.     3s.  U. 

Dr.  PAGE'S  ADVANCED  GEOLOGY. 

New  Edition.  Revised  by  Professor  LAP- 
WORTH.  \_In  preparation. 

PLAIN    PRINCIPLES     of    PROSE 

COMPOSITION.  By  Professor  MINTO, 
Crown  Svo.  Is.  Qd. 

ENGLISH    PROSE    COMPOSITION. 

By  Dr.  JAMES  CURRIE.  Fifty-fourth  Thou- 
sand.    Is.  Qd, 

OUTLINES     of    MODERN     GEO- 

GRAFHY.  By  Dr.  ALEX.  MACKAY.  191st 
Thousand,  Revised.     Is. 

INTERMEDIATE  GEOGRAPHY.  By 

Dr.  ALEX.  MACKAY,  Eighteenth  Edition, 
Revised.     2s. 

ELEMENTARY     GRAMMAR      and 

COMPOSITION.  Containing  numerous  Exer- 
cises.    New  Edition,  Revised.    Fcap,  Svo.  Is, 

A    WORKING  HANDBOOK   of  the 

ANALYSIS  of  SENTENCES.  New  Edition, 
Revised.     Crown  Svo.  Is.  (k/. 

WOODWORK.  Designed  to  meet  the 

Requircmeotsof  the  Minute  of  the  Science  and 
Art  Department  on  Manual  Instruction.  By 
GEORGE  ST.  JOHN,  Handsworth,  Birming- 
ham.    With  100  Illustrations.     Is. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  Loudon. 


N*>3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


311 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  7,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

Prof.  Dowden's  New  Studies  in  Literature 

The  Mirror  of  Justices 

AXLKN  OF  Bath 

Cluni  and  its  Influence 

Gilder's  Five  Books  of  Song      

New  Novels  (Sir  Robert's  Fortune  ;  Not  Counting  the 
Cost;  Deb  o'  Mally's ;  At  the  Relton  Arms;  A 
Daughter  of  the  Marionis;  The  Master  of  the 
Silver  Sea ;  The  Man  of  Seven  Offers  ;  Another 
Wiclted  Woman  ;  Always  Wrong)      315- 

RuKAL  Life        

Oriental  Literature         

Our  Library  Table— List  OF  New  Books     

The  Institute  of  Journalists  ;  "  The  Streen  "; 
Publisher  and  Translator  ;  The  Autumn 
Publishing  Season  ;  '  A  History  of  the  New 
Testament  Times  ';  Bodley  ;  The  Biblio- 
graphical Conference  at  Brussels       ...      319 

Literakt  Gossip        

Science  —  The  Great  Frozen  Land  ;  Mr.  James 
Carter;  Egyptian  Astronomy  and  Exact 
Science  ;  The  Autumn  Publishing  Season  ;  A 
Prehistoric  Metropolis  in  Kent;  Astro- 
nomical Notes  ;  Gossip  323 

Fine  Arts— Catalogues  ;  Eastern  Arch.«ology  ; 
The   Portraits  of   R.   L.  Stevenson  ;    Gossrp 

326 

Music— Educational  Works  ;  Greek  Music  ;  Gossip 

329 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip       331 


PAGB 
.311 

311 
312 
313 
314 


-316 
316 
317 
318 


-321 
322 


-326 


-330 
-332 


LITERATURE 


JSfew    Studies    in   Literature.     By    Edward 

Dowden,  D.C.L.     (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
These  studies  in  literature  cover  many  sub- 
jects which  have  little  in  common  with  each 
other,   either   topically    or   chronologically. 
Some  are  studies  in  the  literature   of  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  others  of  the  early 
years  of  the  nineteenth  century  and  of  the 
present  day.     A  large  part  of  the  volume 
is  devoted  to  Goethe.     There  are  one  or  two 
studies   in    French    literature,  and    a  con- 
cluding lecture  on  the  teaching  of  English 
literature.     The  introduction  introduces  us 
to  nothing  that  follows,  but  is  an  attempt 
to  answer  the  question  proposed  in  the  first 
sentence,  "  Whither  is  literature  tending  ?" 
It  is  not  easy,  therefore,  to  deal  with  such  a 
volume  of  studies  as  a  whole.     There  is  no 
homogeneity.     The  studies  on  Goethe  with 
a  little  expansion  would  make  a  volume  of 
themselves.     But  as  they  do  not  make  any 
pretension  to  throw  new  light  on  the  "  pen- 
and-ink  Napoleon"   of  AVeimar,  they  are, 
perhaps,   best    accommodated   where    they 
are.     And  yet  if  Prof.  Dowden  could  give 
us   a   volume   on   Goethe   similar   to    that 
which  he  has  given  us  on  Shakspeare,  who 
is  there  who  would  not  be  thankful  to  him  ? 
Shakspeare  was  the  "  myriad-minded  "  one, 
it  is  true  ;  but  one  does  not  feel  tempted  to 
say  of  him  what  Gainsborough  said  of  Sir 
Joshua:    "The  man  is  so  d — d  various." 
This  criticism,   however,  applies  peculiarly 
to  Goethe.     A  complete  study  of  his  mind 
and  art  could  only  be  made  up  out  of  in- 
numerable  studies   of    his   mind    and    art 
approached  from  many  different  points  of 
■view.     In  his  present  volume  Prof.  Dowden 
studies     'Wilhelm    Meister';    "Goethe    in 
Italy,"  his  relation  to  the  French  Eevolu- 
tion,  his  friendship  with   Schiller,   and  his 
"Last    Days."     These    studies    are    frag- 
mentary at  best ;  but  so  far  as  they  go  they 
are  instructive,   and  are  in   some  points  a 
corrective   to   the   late   Sir    John    Seeley's 
admirable    little    volume.     Prof.    Dowden 
is     the     most     cautious     of      critics,     and 
when    he    does    come    to    a    conclusion    it 
is  generally  the   right  one.     Moreover,  he 
has   a   modesty   of    manner  in  stating  his 
views  which  is  rather  charming  in  so  well- 


equipped  a  critic.  There  is  nothing  pro- 
fessorial about  him,  nothing  dogmatic.  His 
attitude  to  the  reader  is  that  of  a  fellow 
student  rather  than  a  teacher.  It  is  an  atti- 
tude the  reader  is  not  slow  to  appreciate. 

Of  Prof.  Dowden's  new  studies  in  Eng- 
lish literature  we  like  best  that  on  '  The 
Poetry  of  John  Donne.'  It  is  written  with 
sympathy  and  insight,  and  shows  with  great 
clearness  what  manner  of  man  and  poet 
Donne  was.  Prof.  Dowden  does  not  believe 
in  the  existence  of  the  "  Metaphysical 
School "  of  which  Donne  has  been  con- 
sidered the  founder: — 

"Much  of  the  most  characteristic  poetry  of 
Donne  belongs  to  the  flood-tide  hour  of  Eliza- 
bethan literature  ;    to  the  time  when  Spenser 
was  at  work  on  the  later  books  of  the  '  Faerie 
Queen '   and    Shakespeare   was   producing    his 
early  histories  and  comedies.     The  delight  in 
subtleties  of  thought,  in  over-ingenious  fantasies, 
in  far-fetched  imagery,   in    curiosity,   and   not 
always   felicitous   curiosity,   of   expression,  was 
common  to  almost  all  the  writers  of  the  period." 
Accordingly  Prof.  Dowden  does  not  study 
him  as  the  founder  of  a  school,  but  finds 
readiest  access  to  his  writings   through  his 
life.      Granted   that    Donne   is    a    difficult 
writer.    Prof.    Dowden's    object    is    simply 
to   increase  the   numbers   of    Donne's    ad- 
mirers.    And  it  will  be  well  if  in  the  future 
Donne  is  more  read,  for  he  is  difficult  only 
on  the  surface,  and  has  in  him  a  lyric  vein 
as  exquisite  as  it  is  true.     Prof.  Dowden 
seems  to  be  most  at  his  ease  when  he  writes 
of  the  Elizabethans.     He  is  then  happiest 
in  his  thought  and  in  its  expression.    When 
dealing  with  his  contemporaries  he  has  not 
the  same  freedom,  does  not  exercise  the  same 
judgment.     He  contents  himself  with  being 
the    exponent    rather    than    the    critic    of 
Mr.    George     Meredith     and    Mr.    Eobert 
Bridges.       No     one    will     care     to     deny 
that    Mr.    Meredith    is    a   difficult   write^. 
"  The    delight    in    subtleties    of    thought, 
in  over-ingenious  fantasies,   in    far-fetched 
imagery,    in    curiosity,    and     not     always 
felicitous     curiosity,     of      expression,"    he 
certainly  shares  with  Donne  and   his  con- 
temporaries.    It  is  doubtful  if  Donne  ever 
wrote    anything    quite    so    "difficult"    as 
'  Jump    to    Glory    Jane.'     But    then    Mr. 
Meredith  has  more  to  give  us  than  Donne 
when  we  have  broken  the  rind  and  reached 
the   kernel.     He   can    sing    as    sweetly   as 
Donne,  but  with  a  deeper  note.     "With  ad- 
mirable lucidity.   Prof.   Dowden  traces  for 
us  the  philosophy  of  our  poet  of  the  good, 
brown  earth,  and  prescribes  it  as  a  splendid 
tonic.     Poetry  which  is  tonic  is  surely  good 
poetry.     But,   when    science    has    done    its 
worst  or  its  best,  will  poetry  not  be  more 
in  need  of  a  tonic    itself    than  capable  of 
administering    one  ?      Prof.    Dowden    con- 
siders this  question    among    others  in    his 
introduction.     He    is     generally    optimistic 
in  his  tone,   but  not    quite  so   convincing. 
He  considers  that  Mr.  Matthew  Arnold  in 
his   posthumous  volume  of   '  Essays  '   gave 
us   "a  promise  on  behalf  of   poetry  more 
deadly  than  a  threat,"  when  he   said  tliat 
in   tlie  future  poetry  would  take   the  place 
of  religion  and  pliilosopliy,  and  console  and 
sustain  those    who,    but    for    it,   would   be 
forlorn.     This    is    cold    comfort    to    Prof. 
Dowden,  who  has    a    liorrid  vision  of  the 
muse  as  "a  pale  hospital  nurse,  attending 

the    bed    of    Scepticism She    will    sjieak 

soothing  sentences  and  administer  the  tonic 


draught."  But,  surely,  this  is  hardly  what 
Mr.  Arnold  meant  his  "promise"  to  convey. 
He  was  more  or  less  expressing  in  his  own 
way  the  aphorism  of  Goethe  that  "  he  who 
hath  art  and  science  hath  religion."  And 
when  Prof.  Dowden  goes  on  to  say : — 

"The  conceptions  of  a  great  cosmos,  of  the 
reign  of  law  in  nature,  of  the  persistence  of 
force,  of  astronomic,  geologic,  biologic  evolution, 
have  in  them  nothing  which  should  paralyse  the 

emotions   or    the    imagination When    these 

and  other  scientific  conceptions  have  become 
familiar,  they  will  form  an  accepted  intellectual 
background  from  which  the  thoughts  and  feel- 
ings and  images  of  poetry  will  stand  out  quite 
as  efiectively  as  they  stood  out  from  the  anti- 
quated cosmology  of  the  Middle  Ages," — 
he  also  is  only  expressing  Goethe's  aphor- 
ism in  his  own  way,  and  there  seems  no 
good  reason  why  he  should  consider  Mr. 
Matthew  Arnold's  "promise"  more  deadly 
than  a  threat.  But  if  literature  has  nothing 
to  fear  from  science,  it  has  much  to  fear 
from  democracy.  Prof.  Dowden  is,  as  usual, 
optimistic  on  this  point ;  but  he  feels  com- 
pelled to  admit  that  in  some  of  "  our  news- 
papers and  the  humbler  periodicals  of  the 
day "  the  democratization  of  literature  is 
anything  but  admirable.  He  can  only 
express  the  hope  that  the  multitude  of 
readers,  and  especially  young  readers,  will 
by-and-by  find  their  way  to  better  things. 
There  is  no  harm  in  hoping. 

One  very  charming  essay  in  the  volume 
is  that  on  Fabris  D'Eglantine's  '  Journal  de 
mon  Voj'age.'  The  '  Journal '  is  something 
of  a  discovery,  not  having  been  previously 
published.  There  is  very  little  in  it,  but 
we  have  a  glimpse  through  it,  such  as  not 
all  histories  can  give,  into  the  past  of  a 
hundred  years  ago  and  of  a  weak  but  amor- 
ous young  man  who,  alas !  ended  his  days 
beneath  the  guillotine.  Prof.  Dowden  suits 
his  style  to  his  story,  and  these  pages  are 
not  the  least  readable  part  of  the  volume. 

In  these  'New  Studies'  Prof.  Dowden 
has  shown  himself,  as  ever,  an  earnest  and 
untiring  student  of  literature,  and  one  who 
fully  appreciates  the  high  vocation  of  the 
critic.  Without  being  heavy  he  is  strenu- 
ously painstaking.  He  is  a  careful  analyst 
of  his  subject,  and  refrains  as  much  as 
possible  from  assuming  the  role  of  judge. 
We  are  left  in  no  doubt  as  to  which  of  the 
critics  of  the  past  he  calls  his  master. 
Sainte-Beuve  is  to  him  the  prince  of  critics. 
And  if  he  seldom  or  never  indulges  in  that 
"happy  malice  of  the  pen"  which  we  find 
so  delightful  in  Sainte-Beuve  and  Mr. 
Matthew  Arnold,  we  find  some  compensa- 
tion in  the  modesty  and  bright  serious- 
ness of  his  style. 


Tlic  Jlirror  of  Justices.    By  W.  J.  Whittaker 

and  F.  W.  Maitland.  (Selden  Society.) 
OxE  cannot  but  feel  a  little  regret  that  so 
much  learning  and  labour  have  been,  in 
this  volume,  devoted  to  what  is,  after  all,  a 
legal  curiosity,  rather  tlian  a  work  genuinely 
illustrating  the  development  of  English  law. 
Jifr.  Whittaker  has  carefully  edited  the 
text,  reconstituting  it  so  far  as  possible 
from  the  unique  Corpus  Christi  MS.,  and 
Prof.  ^laitland  has  supplied  a  sparkling — 
wo  might  almost  say  a  sprightly — introduc- 
tion of  more  than  fifty  pages. 

The  interest  attaching  to  the  *  Mirroir  des 
Justices'  resembles  but  too  closely  that  of 


312 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3541,  Sept.  7,  '95 


the  pseudo-Ingulf ;  and  it  was  Palgrave, 
moreover,  to  whose  lot  it  fell  to  expose 
the  former  as  well  as  the  latter  of  these 
famous  ignes  fatui.  But  its  wild  fables  are 
imperishably  embalmed  in  the  pages  of 
Coke's  'Institutes.'  Briefly  expressed,  the 
three  questions  that  arise  in  connexion  with 
this  curious  treatise  are  as  follows :  first, 
when  was  it  composed?  second,  with  what 
object  was  it  composed?  third,  by  whom 
was  it  composed  ?  The  first  of  these  is 
successfully  approached  by  Prof.  Maitland, 
who  deduces  fi'om  the  dates  of  the  statutes 
named  in  it  that,  in  all  probability,  it  was 
composed  between  1285  and  1290.  The 
second  is  the  real  crux,  and  is  discussed  at 
great  length : — 

"The  strain  that  dominates  the  whole  book 
is  the  dislike  of  the  king's  officers  and  their 
ways  :  corrupt  are  they,  and  become  abominable 
in  their  doings  ;  there  is  none  that  doeth  good, 
no,  not  one." 

So  writes  the  Downing  Professor,  and  this, 
we  agree,  is  the  standpoint  from  which 
the  treatise  must  be  viewed.  It  was,  we 
are  aptly  reminded,  the  time  of  the  great 
judicial  scandals  of  1289.  But  apart  from 
his  zeal  for  righteousness  on  the  Bench,  the 
author  was  clearly  a  reactionary ;  he  heartily 
disliked  some  of  Edward's  reforms  ;  to  him 
they  were  merely  "  abuses "  of  the  law. 
Thus  we  have  to  deal  with  his  real  grievance 
against  judicial  corruption  combined  with 
the  prejudice  of  a  "crank"  against  cer- 
tain innovations  which  he  chose  to  deem 
"abuses."  The  burning  desire  to  "  hang 
somebody "  when  things  are  going  wrong 
was  one  in  which  it  was  not  in  those  days 
safe  to  indulge.  Our  author,  therefore, 
took  refuge  in  a  wonderful,  though  trans- 
parent device.  He  selected  some  types  of 
those  "  faus  jugemenz  "  of  which  he  had 
so  great  a  horror,  transferred  them  to  the 
days  of  Alfred,  and  boldly  asserted  that 
that  king  "in  one  year  had  forty-four 
judges  hanged"  for  being  guilty  of  them. 
Here  we  would  make  the  learned  professor 
the  present  of  a  suggestion.  Did  his  author 
derive  this  number  from  that  entry  in  the 
'  English  Chronicle '  which  described  how 
Basset  and  the  king's  thegns,  in  1124, 
"hanged  sc  many  thieves  as  never  were 
before,  that  was,  in  that  little  while,  alto- 
gether four-and-forty  men  "  ?  We  select 
this  passage  from  the  '  Mirror '  as  specially 
characteristic.  Prof.  Maitland  is  very  hard 
on  it;  he  speaks  of  "the  author's  wilful 
falsehoods."  To  our  thinking,  the  very 
absurdity  of  the  names  so  freely  introduced 
in  this  Alfred  story  is  inconsistent  with  false- 
hood. Theymay  have  been  intended  to  remind 
the  reader  that  these  things  were  an  allegory; 
the  author,  indeed,  was  admittedly,  through- 
out his  work,  reckless  of  iraisemblance .  At 
tho  same  time  his  method  of  forming  those 
fanciful  names  deserves  attention.  If 
Watling,  Billing,  and  Bermond  are  of 
obvious  derivation,  may  not  his  "Coel" 
have  been  taken  from  Colchester,  his 
"Eof"  from  Rochester,  his  "Knotting" 
from  Nottingham,  and  his  "  Franling " 
from  Framlingham  ?  If  so,  his  "Horn" 
might  bo  taken  from  Horncastle,  and  not 
imply,  as  tho  professor  hints,  a  connexion 
with  Andrew  tho  Chamberlain.  "  Wliat 
then,"  wo  read,  "  shall  wo  say  of  this  book  ? 
and  what  shall  wo  call  its  author  ?  is  he 
lawyer,     antiquary,      preacher,      agitator. 


pedant,  faddist,  lunatic,  romancer,  liar?" 
It  is  really  not  worth  our  while  to  inquire 
too  closely  ;  but  it  is,  perhaps,  hardly  fair 
to  speak  of  "a  squib,  a  skit,  a  'topical' 
medley,  a  '  variety  entertainment '  blended 
of  truth  and  falsehood."  Prof.  Maitland 
has  his  suspicions  even  as  to  "  the  solemn 
veil  of  religiosity  "  which  is  so  distinctive  of 
this  treatise,  and  doubts  the  author's  state- 
ment that  it  was  composed  in  prison.  He 
may  be  right ;  but  John  Bunyan  would  fare 
badly  at  his  hands. 

It  is  when  we  come  to  the  third  question, 
that  of  the  authorship,  that  Prof.  Maitland's 
legal  acumen  is  most  keenly  exercised.  The 
peculiar  difficulty  of  the  problem  lies  in  the 
possibility  that  the  author  purposely  misled 
his  readers,  from  precaution,  as  to  his 
identity.  Peaders  of  this  journal  need  not 
be  reminded  that  if  Junius  has  succeeded 
in  baffling  inquiry,  a  writer  of  six  centuries 
ago  must  be  even  more  difficult  to  identify. 
From  internal  evidence  we  may  fairly  con- 
clude that  the  '  Bishop  Goliath '  of  an 
earlier  reformer  is,  as  tradition  asserts,  from 
the  pen  of  Walter  Map ;  but  for  the 
tradition  that  associates  the  '  Mirror '  with 
the  name  of  Andrew  Horn  there  is  not  the 
same  evidence.  It  would  add,  no  doubt, 
to  the  interest  of  the  treatise  if  we  could 
ascribe  it  to  that  zealous  antiquary,  fish- 
monger, and  Chamberlain  of  London.  But 
without  discussing  the  evidence  for  and 
against,  so  subtly  weighed  by  the  Downing 
Professor,  we  may  mention  that  the  only 
extant  ]MS.  appears  to  come  from  Horn's 
collection,  but  is,  pretty  certainly,  a  corrupt 
copy  of  an  earlier  original.  That  the  latter 
was  the  work  of  Horn  in  his  earlier  days 
seems  to  us  most  improbable.  Laudation 
temporis  acti  is  rarely  congruous  with  youth ; 
nor  is  this  wild  farrago  like  Horn's  known 
work.  As  he  bequeathed  his  copy  to  the 
Guildhall,  he  can  hardly  have  concocted  the 
work  himself,  and  so  been  conscious  of  its 
character.  We  would,  assuredly,  rather  hold 
that  his  relation  to  the  '  Mirror '  was  that  of 
Stukeley  to  "  Richard  of  Cirencester,"  and 
that  his  only  offence  was  that  of  taking  the 
treatise  as  a  serious  production  containing 
evidence  which  he  valued  as  (unquestion- 
ably) unique.  It  was  Horn  who  set  the 
stone  rolling  and  rescued  the  work  from 
oblivion.  We  may  close  with  this  charac- 
teristic observation  of  Prof.  Maitland  : — 

"  We  feel  sure  that  in  Paradise,  or  wherever 
else  he  nuvj  he,  he  [the  author]  was  pleasantly 
surprised  when  Coke  repeated  his  fictions  as 
gospel  truth,  and  erudite  men  spoke  of  him 
in  the  same  breath  with  Glanville  and  Bracton." 

The  italics  are  our  own. 


Tlie  Life  and  Times  of  Ralph  Allen,  of  Prior 
Park,  Bath.     Introduced  by  a  Short  Ac- 
count of  LjTicombe  and  Widcombe.    With 
Notices  of  his  Contemporaries,  including 
Bishop  Warburton,  Bennet  of  Widcombe 
House,  Beau  Nash,  &c.     By  E.   E.   M. 
Peach.     Illustrated.     (Nutt.) 
Mr.    Peach   has   chosen   for   his   work   an 
attractive   subject,    though   ho  has   treated 
it   in   rather    too   serious   a   manner.     The 
oj)ening   chapters,  for   instance,  which   de- 
scribe the  environs  of  Bath  in  tho  Roman, 
Saxon,     Norman,     and     pro  -  Reformation 
periods,  were  not  required.     They  will  find 
but  few  readers,  and  they  throw  no  light 


on  the  life  and  times  of  Ralph  Allen.  Mr. 
Peach  would  have  done  better  by  giving 
some  account  of  the  social  life  and  customs 
of  Bath  in  the  eighteenth  century,  even  at 
the  risk  of  repeating  information  already 
supplied  in  his  former  works.  During  the 
time  that  Allen  lived  and  flourished  at  Bath 
it  was  one  of  the  most  fashionable  places 
of  resort  in  the  kingdom.  Nearly  all  the 
memoirs  and  correspondence  of  Allen's  con- 
temporaries abound  with  references  to  Bath, 
with  anecdotes  of  its  visitors  and  descriptions 
of  the  amusements  and  gossip  of  the  place. 
In  Mrs.  Osborn's  letters  ('Political  and 
Social  Letters  of  a  Lady  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  1890)  there  is  an  amusing  descrip- 
tion of  social  life  at  Bath  in  1721.  In  the 
Hervey  correspondence,  recently  reviewed 
in  these  columns,  some  of  Lady  Bristol's 
best  letters  were  written  from  Bath.  Horace 
Walpole  was  there  in  1766,  and  with  a 
light  touch  sketches  off  the  company  that 
he  met.  "  We  have  all  kinds  of  folk  here," 
he  writes, 

"Lord  Chatham,  the  Chancellor  [Camden],  the 
Dowager  Chancellor  [Northington],  Lady  Rock- 
ingham, Lady  Scarborough,  Lord  and  Lady 
Powys,  Lord  and  Lady  Spencer,  judges,  bishops, 
and  Lady  Vane.  It  is  my  own  fault  if  I  do 
not  keep  the  best  company,  for  the  Mayor  of 

the  town  has  invited  me  to  his  feast Lord 

Chatham  has  still  a  little  gout  in  his  arm,  but 
takes  the  air.  My  Lord  President  [North- 
ington] goes  to  the  balls,  but  I  believe  had 
rather  go  to  the  ale-house.  Lady  Vane,  I  hear, 
opens  the  balls,  since  it  is  too  late  for  her  now 
to  go  anywhere  else." 

The  mention  of  Lady  Vane  (Smollett's 
heroine)  in  close  proximity  to  the  bishops 
is  very  characteristic  of  the  writer.  Allen 
had  then  been  dead  two  years,  and  his 
widow  had  recently  followed  him  to  the 
grave.  Walpole  speaks  of  her  death  with 
something  like  regret,  and  announces  very 
decidedly  that  he  shall  not  go  to  Prior  Park, 
as  he  hears  that  Warburton  has  taken  pos- 
session. 

Gilly  Williams  was  frequently  at  Bath, 
and  in  George  Selwyn's  correspondence  are 
many  letters  from  his  friends  written  from 
that  place.  Notwithstanding  the  crowds 
of  distinguished  persons  who  thronged  to 
Bath,  few  of  them  had  anything  to  say  in 
its  favour.  Half  of  the  visitors  went  to  take 
the  waters,  the  remainder  to  play  at  cards. 
Mrs.  Montagu,  in  1740,  a  year  or  two  before 
her  marriage,  describes  Bath  as  consisting 
all  the  morning  of  "  How  d'  ye  does  ?  "  and 
all  night  of  "What's  trumps?"  Horace 
Walpole  had  a  great  dislike  to  the  place; 
Lady  Di.  Beauclerk  called  it  detestable ; 
Lady  Bristol  was  never  tired  of  abusing 
it ;  but  everybody  went  there,  and  Bath 
retained  its  fashionable  supremacy  till 
nearly  the  close  of  the  last  century.  The 
city,  too,  enjoyed  a  fair  measure  of  com- 
mercial prosperity,  and  this  was  due  in 
some  measure  to  Ralph  Allen's  develop- 
ment of  the  Bath  stone  trade. 

Ralph  Allen  was  born  about  1G94,  and, 
while  still  young,  acquired  a  largo  fortune 
by  his  contracts  for  carrying  the  "cross- 
post  "  mails,  and  by  his  purchase  of  the 
quarries  at  Hampton  Down.  His  wealth 
was  nobly  spent  in  unostentatious  charity, 
in  benefactions  to  the  city,  and  in  maintain- 
ing a  splendid  hospitality  at  Prior  Park, 
built  by  himself,  where  ho  resided  for  the 
last    throo-and-twonty    years    of    his    life. 


I 


N'>3541,  Sept.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


313 


Nearly  everybody  who  went  to  Bath  was 
entertained  by  Allen.  Eoyal  princesses 
were  feasted  at  his  table,  and  on  one  occa- 
sion stayed  some  weeks  at  his  house.  Among 
his  guests  were  Gainsborough  and  Garrick, 
Charles  Yorke,  Marshal  Wade  (whose 
daughter  was  Allen's  first  wife),  the  elder 
Pitt,  Henry  and  Sarah  Fielding,  Pope,  and 
Samuel  Richardson  the  novelist.  It  is,  of 
course,  well  known  that  Allen  was  the  ori- 
ginal of  Squire  Allworthy,  and  he  well 
deserved  the  honour. 

The  most  important  event  in  Allen's  life 
was  his  connexion  with  Pope  and  Warbur- 
ton.  His  acquaintance  with  Pope  began  at 
Bath  in  1734,  and  two  years  later  Allen  con- 
tributed towards  the  expense  of  publishing 
the  "genuine"  edition  of  Pope's  letters. 
The  acquaintance  soon  ripened  into  intimate 
friendship.  Pope  was  a  frequent  guest  at 
Hampton  Manor,  and  afterwards  at  Prior 
Park  till  towards  the  end  of  1743,  when, 
owing  to  some  dispute  between  Martha 
Blount,  then  a  guest  at  Prior  Park,  and 
Mrs.  Allen,  Pope  left  the  house  never  to 
return.  A  reconciliation  between  Pope  and 
Allen  took  place  in  1744,  and  they  met  at 
Pope's  house  at  Twickenham  a  few  months 
before  the  poet's  death.  Mr.  Peach  is  not 
able  to  throw  any  new  light  on  the  cause  of 
the  quarrel  between  the  two  ladies.  They 
were  both  of  them  proud  and  sensitive,  and 
it  is  probable  that  neither  was  quite  free 
from  blame.  Mr.  Peach  says  that  much 
was  told  us  in  Mr.  Dilke's  '  Papers  of  a 
Critic  '  about  the  quarrel  between  Pope  and 
Allen.  We  wish  that  some  reference  had 
been  given  to  the  passage,  which  we  have 
not  been  able  to  discover. 

Mr.  Peach  devotes  several  pages  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  Pope's    couplet  on  Allen.     "It 
was  in  1735,"  he  writes,  "that  the  famous 
couplet  was  written. 
Let  low-born  Allen,  with  an  awkward  shame, 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame, 

and  in  1738  that  the  epithet  loiv-horn  was 
changed  to  humble.^'  A  little  further  on  he 
adds :  "  The  couplet  first  appeared  in  the 
'  Epilogue  to  the  Satires '  which  was  pub- 
lished in  'the  folio'  edition  in  1735."  It 
was  in  1738,  not  in  1735,  that  Pope  pub- 
Hshedthe  first  of  the  two 'Dialogues,'  which 
were  not  known  as  '  The  Epilogue  to  the 
Satires  '  till  several  years  later.  In  April, 
1738,  Pope  wrote  to  AUen,  asking  permission 
to  introduce  his  name  into  a  poem,  which 
was  published  a  few  weeks  later.  In  the 
following  November  Pope  wrote  again, 
announcing  his  intention  of  changing  "  low- 
born" to  "humble."  Mr.  Peach  should 
have  told  us  when  this  alteration  first 
appeared  in  print. 

Mr.  Peach  is  very  indignant  at  these 
epithets  being  applied  to  Allen ;  and  they 
are  certainly  not  weU  chosen.  But  Allen 
himself  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
offended  at  this  allusion  to  his  humble 
parentage.  The  beauty  of  the  poetry,  more- 
over, might  well  compensate  for  the  poet's 
want  of  taste.  Few  lines  in  the  language 
are  better  known.  It  was  through  Pope 
that  Allen  in  1741  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Warburton,  at  that  time  inciimbent  of  a 
living  in  Lincolnshire.  At  Pope's  sugges- 
tion, Warbui'ton  was  invited  to  Prior  Park, 
where  the  poet  was  then  engaged  in  pre- 
paring for  the  press  his  '  New  Dunciad.' 
The  introduction  proved  most  satisfactory. 


Warburton,  about  four  yeaTS  younger  than 
Allen,  managed  to  ingratiate  himself  with 
his  host,  to  whom  he  soon  after  inscribed 
his  '  Critical  and  Philosophical  Commentary 
on  Pope's  "  Essay  on  Man."  '  The  dedica- 
tion to  "  my  worthy  friend,  Ralph  Allen," 
and  the  preface  to  the  first  edition  (1742) 
of  this  work  are  marvels  of  paradox,  of 
calm  assertion,  of  mystification,  and  of 
skill  in  mixing  up  truth  and  error  in  such 
a  manner  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  dis- 
tinguish between  them.  This  little  12mo. 
is,  in  its  own  way,  one  of  the  cleverest 
pieces  of  writing  that  Warburton  ever  pro- 
duced. In  1745  Warburton  married  Allen's 
favourite  niece,  and  eventually,  through 
Allen's  influence  with  Pitt,  obtained  high 
ecclesiastical  preferment.  Warburton  was, 
without  doubt,  a  very  remarkable  man. 
Soon  after  leaving  school,  he  was  articled 
to  a  solicitor,  but  in  1724  he  deserted  the 
law  for  the  Church, 

thereto  drawn 

By  some  faint  omens  of  the  lawn. 

He  had  always  shown  a  desire  for  literary 
distinction,  and  just  before  taking  orders 
he  published  a  volume  of  miscellanies,  con- 
taining translations  from  classical  authors 
and  an  English  version  "  Of  the  Battle  of 
the  Cranes  and  the  Pigmies.  From  the 
Latin  of  Mr.  Addison.  In  Imitation  of 
Milton's  Style."  The  contents  of  the 
volume  are  of  fair  average  merit,  and,  in 
any  case,  they  contained  nothing  objection- 
able ;  but  in  later  years  Warburton  did 
everything  in  his  power  to  suppress  the 
book.  A  MS.  note  (dated  1754)  in  George 
Steevens's  copy  of  the  book  stated  that  "it 
is  bought  up  by  his  [Warburton's]  order 
as  often  as  it  appears  in  any  public  cata- 
logue." The  volume  is  now  very  rarely 
met  with.  Another  scarce  work  by  War- 
burton is  his  '  Emendations  of  Paterculus.' 
It  is  clearly  the  work  of  an  acute  and  inge- 
nious man  of  wide  reading,  but  most  care- 
less and  ungrammatical  in  its  Latinity. 
This  attempt  at  classical  criticism  was  first 
published  in  the  number  of  Maty's  "  BibHo- 
theque  Britannique  "  for  the  third  quarter  of 
1736;  but  that  volume  is  nearly  always 
wanting. 

Warburton's  learning  was  ybtj  extensive, 
but  he  often  chose  to  write  about  subjects 
of  which  he  had  no  knowledge.  Mr.  Peach 
points  out  that  some  of  Warburton's  notes 
on  Shakspeare  betray  great  ignorance  of 
Elizabethan  literature,  and  an  English  ver- 
sion of  a  passage  of  Euripides  is  rendered 
word  for  word  from  Brumoy's  French  trans- 
lation. 

Warburton  had  originally  sided  with  the 
dunces  in  their  contest  with  Pope ;  but 
on  the  appearance  of  Crousaz's  '  Examen,' 
in  which  the  orthodoxy  of  the  '  Essay  on 
Man '  was  attacked,  the  future  prelate 
wrote  a  scries  of  papers  defending  the  poet 
from  the  charges  brought  against  him  of 
fatalism  and  infidelity.  Warburton  himself 
had  formerly  denounced  the  "rank  atheism  " 
of  the  '  Essay,'  and  this  complete  change 
of  front  must  have  tried  his  powers  of 
assurance,  remarkable  as  we  know  they 
were.  Pope  warmly  acknowledged  War- 
burton's assistance,  and  pretended  to  know 
nothing  of  his  former  connexion  with  the 
Grub  Street  writers.  Before  long  the  poet 
entered  into  close  relations  with  his  new 
ally,  sought  his  advice  in  literary  matters, 


and  practically  appointed  him  editor  of  the 
first  complete  edition  of  the  '  Dunciad.' 
Some  of  the  classical  notes  in  that  volume 
are  by  Warburton  ;  but  they  are  inferior  in 
humour,  and  even  in  scholarship,  to  Ar- 
buthnot's  contributions  to  the  earlier  edi- 
tions. This  strange  alliance  between  Pope 
and  Warburton  continued  till  the  death  of 
the  poet,  who  had  given  his  friend  many 
proofs  of  gratitude  and  friendship. 

Warburton  had  a  strange  power  of  in- 
spiring antipathies,  and  he  himself  was  a 
"good  hater."  His  chief  hostility,  strange 
to  say,  seems  to  have  been  reserved  for 
Pope's  friends,  towards  whom  he  had  the 
same  feeling  of  bitter  hatred  that  BosweU 
felt  towards  those  who  were  most  intimate 
with  Johnson. 

Warburton  could  not  conceal  his  dislike 
to  Swift.  He  hated  Bolingbroke,  who  fully 
reciprocated  the  feeling.  Towards  Martha 
Blount  his  conduct,  after  Pope's  death,  was 
unmanly,  treacherous,  and  dishonest ;  and 
though  there  is  no  evidence  on  the  subject, 
we  have  always  suspected  that  Warburton 
had  something  to  do  with  bringing  about 
the  quarrel  between  Pope  and  Allen. 

In  all  his  domestic  relations  Warburton's 
conduct  was  deserving  of  praise,  and  his 
family  life  was  happy  and  prosperous.  His 
one  great  sorrow  was  the  premature  death 
of  his  only  son,  whose  paternity  was  attri- 
buted by  the  scandal-mongers  of  those  days 
to  Thomas  Potter,  the  graceless  son  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Warburton 
died  in  1779. 

We  are  obliged  to  leave  unnoticed  Mr. 
Peach's  account  of  Pitt's  political  connexion 
with  Bath,  and  we  can  only  allude  to  the 
short  memoir  of  Beau  Nash,  which  contains 
information  that  will  be  new  to  many  readers. 
Mr.  Peach  has,  on  the  whole,  performed  his 
task  in  a  creditable  manner,  though  we  have 
noticed  some  misspellings  of  proper  names 
such  as  "  Croussaz "  and  the  "Harvey 
Letters."  Errors  of  this  sort  could  hardly 
be  expected  from  the  author  of  so  many 
works  as  are  attributed  to  Mr.  Peach  on  the 
title-page  before  us. 

We  should  add  that  the  volume  is  neatly 
got  up,  the  illustrations  are  fairly  good,  and 
there  are  clear  reprints  of  the  caricatures 
of  the  "  One- Headed  Corporation." 


Die    Cluniacenser    in    Hirer    kirchlichen  und 
allgemein- geschichtlichen     Wirlcsamkeit    bi& 
zur  Mitte    des    clftcn    Jahrhunderts,     Von 
Ernst    Sackur.      2    vols.      (HaUe,    Nie- 
meyer.) 
I^"   this    learned    and   valuable   work   Dr. 
Sackur  presents  us  with  a  history  of    the 
revival   of   monasticism   in    the   tenth   and 
eleventh    centuries.     As  the  movement  set 
on  foot  at  Cluni  was  the  most  pervasive  in 
its  influence,  it  is  the  Cluniacs  who  furnish 
the  title ;  but  their  liistory  is  only  a  part  of 
the  subject  of  Dr.  Sackur's  investigations. 
Side  by  side  with  the  Cluniac  reform,  monas- 
teries like  Brogno  in  the  diocese  of  Liege, 
and  Gorze  in  that  of  Metz,  and,  above  all, 
Fleury   on   the   Loire,   were   each   forming 
centres  for  the  purification  and  invigoration 
of  the  monastic  life,  and  exerting  personal 
authority  in  a  more  or  less  widely  extended 
circle.     The    object    of     aU    alike   was   to 
restore  the   observance  of    the    rule  of  St. 
Benedict,  and  it  was  through   the  higher 


^u 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N° 


3541,  Sept.  7,^95 


and  stricter  ideal  which,  they  sought  to 
realize  that  they  were  able  to  draw  within 
their  influence  all  the  forces  which  made 
for  religious  progress  in  an  age  just 
emerging  from  the  ruin  caused  by  Norse 
and  Danish  and  Hungarian  inroads.  But 
the  reform  in  every  case  lay  within  the 
bounds  of  the  Benedictine  Order ;  no 
establishment  of  a  new  order  entered  into 
men's  contemplation.  The  day  of  the 
emergence  of  the  Cluniac  Order  belongs  to 
a  later  period  than  that  within  which  Dr. 
Sackur's  studies  are  confined.  Nor,  again, 
has  the  characteristic  feature  with  which 
one  is  apt  to  associate  the  Cluniac  move- 
ment— the  organization  which  placed  all 
the  religious  houses  of  the  order  under  the 
control  of  the  central  monastery — yet  been 
evolved.  As  there  was  no  new  order,  so  there 
was  no  new  organization.  At  a  later  date  the 
free  independence  of  the  individual  abbeys 
in  communion  with  Cluni  disappeared.  They 
were  grouped  into  a  confederation,  or,  as  it 
is  called,  a  "  congregation."  Their  heads 
were  not  abbots,  but  priors ;  and  all  were 
subject  to  the  monarchical  rule  of  the  Abbot 
of  Cluni.  But  this,  the  salient  peculiarity 
of  the  developed  system,  was  no  j)art  of  the 
original  reform ;  nor  was  it,  except  as  a 
permanent  system,  altogether  a  novelty. 
St.  Benedict  of  Aniane — to  whose  influence, 
through  the  channel  of  a  convent  at  Poitiers 
which  handed  on  the  tradition  of  his  school, 
the  monastic  movement  of  the  tenth  century 
is  possibly  attributable — is  related  by  his 
biographer  to  have  been  set  by  the  Emperor 
Lewis  the  Pious  over  all  the  monasteries  in 
his  realm ;  but  this  seems  to  have  meant  no 
more  than  that  he  was  appointed  an  im- 
perial commissioner  to  see  that  the  monastic 
rule  was  properly  observed.  In  like  manner 
St.  Odo  himself,  the  second  abbot  of  Cluni, 
was  entrusted  by  King  Hugh  of  Italy  with 
the  superintendence  of  the  affairs  of  the 
religious  houses  about  Rome ;  and  the  his- 
torian of  Farfa  says  that  the  king  made 
him  their  "  archimandrita."  But  here, 
again,  there  was  no  notion  of  a  constitu- 
tional change  in  the  monastic  organism.  If 
Odo  was  more  than  what  we  should  call 
a  "Visitor"  of  these  monasteries,  it  was 
because  their  disorders  called  for  excep- 
tional measures.  The  revival  of  the  rule 
was  in  every  case  the  first  thing.  Organiza- 
tion came  later,  and  was  in  fact  forced  upon 
the  reformers  as  a  means  to  secure  their 
end. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  the  different 
ways  in  which  the  "  congregational  "  system 
of  Cluni  grew  up.  First  of  all  there  were 
"  cells,"  or  filial  members  of  the  abbey.  The 
parent  house  would  plant  them,  commonly 
under  a  prior,  on  different  parts  of  its  out- 
lying possessions.  The  prior  was  a  member 
of  the  capitular  body  of  the  great  abbey, 
and  ho  was  able  to  make  himself  useful  in 
connexion  with  the  management  of  its  pro- 
perty as  well  as  in  keeping  up  the  supply 
of  monks.  Such  cells  became  in  course  of 
time  common  to  the  Benedictine  Order 
everywhere.  A  second  method  of  extension 
was  by  means  of  influence  and  of  the  prestige 
of  the  ascendant  abbey.  Monks  of  Cluni 
would  be  elected  abbots  in  other  monasteries 
with  the  same  regularity  as  nowadays  vicars 
of  Leeds  are  chosen  for  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment. Often  the  recommendation  of  the 
Abbot  of  Cluni  would  bo  tantamount  to  a 


nomination,  so  deep  was  the  conviction  that 
what  men  like  St.  Odilo  advised  must  be  in 
the  best  interests  of  the  religious  life.  It 
was  only  a  step  further  to  place  new  or 
recently  founded  abbeys  under  the  direct 
control  of  Cluni  ;  and  from  this  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  definitely  organized  "  con- 
gregation" the  transition  was  easy.  But 
this  last  development  lies,  as  we  have  said, 
beyond  the  field  which  Dr.  Sackur  has 
cultivated  with  such  rare  industry  and  skill. 

It  was  not  always  that  the  attempt  of 
Cluni  to  subjugate  other  monasteries  was 
permanently'  successful.  There  is  a  curious 
history  in  connexion  with  the  abbey  of 
Pleury  or  St.  Benedict  on  the  Loire.  It 
had  been  long  ravaged  by  the  Normans, 
and  for  some  years  the  monks  lived  a  sort 
of  country  gentleman's  life,  without  any 
abbot  at  all,  or  at  least  without  any  regular 
abbot ;  for  there  seems  to  have  been  a  lay 
abbot,  one  Count  Elisiern,  who  had  been 
granted  the  monastery  in  fee,  and  who  after 
a  whUe  repented  him  of  his  ways  and  begged 
Odo  of  Cluni  to  take  the  monastery  in  hand. 
Odo  soon  made  his  appearance,  accompanied 
by  several  counts  and  bishops.  The  monks 
—  seemingly  not  knowing  who  he  was  — 
prepared  for  a  siege,  and  armed  themselves 
with  shields  and  missiles.  They  sent  an 
ambassador  furnished  with  charters  from 
Popes  and  kings  declaring  the  immunity  of 
the  convent  from  the  authority  of  any  other 
house.  They  proposed  to  appeal  to  the 
king,  some  to  murder  their  assailant.  But 
when  Odo  approached,  riding  on  an  ass,  he 
was  suddenly  recognized  as  the  great  Abbot 
of  Cluni.  All  resistance  was  forgotten,  and 
Odo  entered  into  the  possession  of  Fleury. 
Henceforward  he  ruled  it  as  abbot,  and 
under  him  and  his  successor  Archembald 
the  connexion  with  Cluni  continued,  Fleury 
becoming  the  centre  from  which  monastic  re- 
form was  diffused  in  the  province  of  Eheims 
and  in  Upper  Lorraine.  But  with  the  death  of 
Archembald  the  relation  ceased.  Cluni  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  later  development  of 
the  monastery  on  the  Loire,  when  it  stood 
out  as  a  new  and  separate  model  for 
monastic  imitation.  How  great  its  influence 
was  in  the  religious  revival  of  England  in 
the  later  years  of  the  tenth  century  is  well 
known.  Dr.  Sackur  only  glances  at  this ; 
but  the  work  of  Fleury  on  the  Continent,  as 
a  parallel  force  to  that  of  Cluni,  he  illus- 
trates with  abundant  notices. 

His  second  volume  is  almost  wholly  con- 
cerned with  the  advancing  fortunes  of  the 
Cluniac  house  down  to  the  death  of  St.  Odilo, 
though  the  parallel  streams  are  not  altogether 
left  out  of  account.  Even  near  the  beginnings 
of  Cluni  we  have  noticed  St.  Odo's  activity 
in  Italy.  As  the  monastery  grew  stronger 
its  alliance  with  the  Papacy  was  of  the 
highest  importance,  both  as  a  means  for 
exerting  influence  upon,  or  against,  the 
French  prelates  and  in  turn  for  assisting 
the  regeneration  of  the  Papacy  itself.  The 
Cluniac  influence  stretched  out  on  the  one  hand 
into  Spain,  whore  the  notices  of  the  monks' 
work  throw  a  needed  light  upon  an  obscure 
district  of  history,  and  into  the  imperial 
lands,  especially  Lorraine,  on  the  other. 
Dr.  Sackur  traces  in  detail  the  incidental 
yet  significant  features  of  the  Cluniac  move- 
ment lying  outside  the  distinctive  field  of 
religious  reform — the  impulse  given  to  litera- 
ture and  to  the  collection  and  transcription 


of  books,  artistic  progress,  and  the  improve- 
ment of  the  system  of  managing  estates. 

"We  have  spoken  of  but  a  few  of  the 
many  subjects  of  interest  suggested  by  this 
book.  It  is  not  for  any  special  novelty 
which  it  contains  that  we  heartily  welcome 
its  appearance,  but  rather  on  account  of  the 
extreme  carefulness  and  industry  with  which 
the  author  has  collected  his  materials  and 
the  sobriety  with  which  he  states  results. 
Had  he  supplied  headlines  to  his  pages  and 
enlarged  his  index  (which  is  very  accurate 
so  far  as  it  goes),  he  would  have  added  still 
more  to  the  debt  under  which  he  has  placed 
all  students  of  the  religious  and  also  of  the 
political  history  of  the  tenth  century  and 
early  part  of  the  eleventh.  "VVe  trust  that 
he  will  go  on  and  prosper  in  the  work  of 
which  he  has  laid  so  excellent  a  foundation. 


Five  Booh  of  Song.     By  Eichard  Watson 

Gilder.  (New  York,  the  Century  Co.) 
If  interesting  intentions  made  a  poet,  there 
would  be  no  doubt  about  Mr.  Gilder's  claim 
to  that  title.  If,  however,  a  writer  is  to  be 
judged  by  what  he  has  done,  rather  than  by 
what  he  has  tried  to  do,  then  we  fear  Mr. 
Gilder  has  but  small  chance  of  such  recog- 
nition outside  the  drawing-rooms  of  New 
York.  His  collected  verse  presents  him  in 
the  character  of  a  charming,  cultured,  in- 
tellectual, poetically  inclined  man,  easily 
touched  by  any  appeal  to  his  emotions  or 
sensations,  passionately  fond  of  music,  of 
beautiful  things,  and  with  a  real  interest 
and  curiosity  in  the  freaks  of  human  fate 
and  human  individuality.  He  is  wise  in 
attempting  no  difiicult  or  prolonged  under- 
takings, in  confining  himself  to  the  simplest 
metres,  and  within  the  narrowest  limits  of 
verse.  Once  or  twice  an  accident,  as  one 
may  call  it,  of  emotion,  masters  him  for  a 
moment,  and  stings  him  into  a  poignant 
sincerity,  as  in  the  Browning-like  poem 
called 

A  woman's  thought. 

I  am  a  woman — therefore  I  may  no 

Call  to  him,  cry  to  him, 

Fly  to  him. 

Bid  him  delay  not  1 

Then  when  he  comes  to  me,  I  must  sit  quiet; 

Still  as  a  stone — 

All  silent  and  cold. 

If  my  heart  riot — 

Crush  and  defy  it ! 

Should  I  grow  bold, 

Say  one  dear  thing  to  him, 

All  my  life  fling  to  him, 

Cling  to  him — 

What  to  atone 

Is  enough  for  my  sinnin 

This  were  the  cost  to  me, 

This  were  my  winning — 

That  he  were  lost  to  me. 

Not  as  a  lover 
At  last  if  he  part  from  me, 
Tearing  my  heart  from  me. 
Hurt  beyond  cure  — 
Calm  and  demure 
Then  must  I  hold  me, 
In  myself  fold  me, 
Lest  he  discox'cr  ; 
Showing  no  sign  to  him 
By  look  of  mine  to  him 
What  he  has  been  to  me— 
How  my  heart  turns  to  him, 
Follows  him,  yearns  to  him, 
Trays  him  to  love  me. 

Pity  me,  lean  to  me, 
Thou  God  above  me  1 

But  such  moments  are  rare,  and  in  the  main 
we  see  but  the  attempt  to  attain  them.     A 


N''3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


315 


certain  sincerity  tliere  always  is,  a  desire  to 
be  sincere ;  but  the  desire  is  only  the  first 
step  towards  achievement  in  this  subtle  and 
complicated  matter  of  poetical  sincerity.  In 
the  first  place,  Mr.  Gilder  appears  to  be 
too  easily,  too  lightly,  impressed.  '  Pade- 
rewski  Playing,'  '  The  Building  of  the 
Chimney,'  a  fan,  the  life-mask  of  Abraham 
Lincoln — everything  comes  home  to  his 
sympathetic  sense  of  things,  everything 
touches  him  in  the  same  superficial  manner, 
everything,  in  the  same  facile  way,  turns 
into  a  poem.  And  he  is  content  when  he 
has  but  indicated  this  impression  as  lightly 
as  he  has  received  it.  The  quality  of  slight- 
ness  in  verse  may  be  one  of  the  most 
exquisite  graces  of  almost  the  finest  kind 
of  poetry,  but  it  must  be  a  slightness  due 
to  selection,  to  diligent  filing  down,  to  an 
elaborate  art  in  the  arrangement.  A  poem 
of  Verlaine  is  slight,  just  in  the  same  way 
as  a  drawing  by  Whistler — slight  because 
of  all  that  has  been  deliberately  and  ex- 
pressively omitted.  It  is  the  choice  exclu- 
sion of  the  rich  man,  not  the  enforced 
bareness  of  penury.  But  writers  like  Mr. 
Gilder  are  slight  because  they  have  no  more 
weight  to  add.  Surely,  for  instance,  if  you 
print  a  poem  of  six  lines,  you  must,  as  a 
mere  excuse  for  doing  so,  have  something  to 
say.  But  what  does  Mr.  Gilder  say  in  such 
a  snatch  as  this  ? — 

The  smile  of  her  I  love  is  like  the  dawn 
Whose  touch  makes  Memnon  sing. 
0  see  where  wide  the  golden  sunlight  flows — 
The  barren  desert  blossoms  as  the  rose  ! 

The  smile  of  her  I  love — when  that  is  gone, 

O'er  all  the  world  night  spreads  her  shadowy  wing. 

And  in  aU  the  poems  about  music,  and  art, 
and  places  and  people  of  interest,  we  have 
the  jottings  of  a  cultured  and  impression- 
able man,  interesting  as  notes,  but  not 
really  coming  near  to  being  poetry.  Nor  is 
this  verse,  as  verse,  of  high  quality?  or  even 
negative  excellence  in  form.  Rhythm, 
epithet,  use  of  language,  are  all  ordinary, 
without  individual  felicity,  or  novelty,  or 
subtlety  ;  sometimes  they  are  extraordinarily 
infelicitous.  Mr.  Gilder  will  speak  of  "  the 
brooding  organ's  solemn  blare";  and  begin 
a  sonnet  with  the  line  : — 

0  white  and  midnight  sky  !  0  starry  hath .' 
When  a  careful  critic  like  Mr.  Stedman 
speaks  of  Mr.  Gilder's  verse  as  "a  cluster 
of  flawless  poems,"  we  are  at  a  loss  to 
understand  what  meaning  he  attaches  to  the 
use  of  words.  With  the  exception  of  two 
or  three  pieces — the  one  we  have  quoted  and 
one  or  two  others,  none  of  which  is  flaw- 
less— it  is  verse  which  cannot  seriously  be 
mistaken  for  poetry,  and  which  cannot  even 
be  placed  high  among  the  scholarly  verse 
which  does  not  aspire  to  that  honour. 


NEW  NOVELS. 
Sir   Rolerfs   Fortune.     By   Mrs.    Oliphant. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
It  is  possible  to  lay  aside  a  book  of  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  ;  it  is  to  us  impossible  to  rise 
from  reading  one  without  a  pleasant  im- 
pression of  having  been  taken  into  the  con- 
fidence of  a  wise  observer,  and  a  feeling  of 
renewed  trust  in  the  better  side  of  humanity. 
There  is  an  antiseptic  fragrance  about  her 
writing,  the  scent  of  the  old-fashioned  spice 
and  roseleaves  in  a  modern  room.  This 
quality,  inseparable  from  her  style,  gives 


her  a  right  to  speak  strongly  when  for  once 
she  is  in  a  didactic  mood.  With  regard  to 
certain  subjects  much  mooted  in  modern 
fiction, — 

"Not  that  the  elder  women — especially  those 
inconceivably  experienced  and  impartial  old 
ladies  of  society,  who  see  everything  with  the 
sharpest  eyesight,  and  discuss  everything  with 
words  that  cut  and  glance  like  steel,  and  who 
have  surmounted  all  that  belongs  to  sex,  except 
a  keen  dramatic  interest  in  its  problems— did 
not  talk  of  these  matters  after  their  kind,  as  in 
all  the  ages.  But  the  girls  were  not  told,  they 
did  not  know,  they  shrank  from  information 
which  they  would  not  have  understood  had  it 
been  conveyed  to  them  :  except,  indeed,  a  few 
principles  that  were  broad  and  general,  such  as 
that  to  marry  a  girl  to  an  old  man  or  a  wicked 
man  was  a  hideous  thing,  and  that  the  old 
doctrine  of  a  reformed  rake,  which  had  been 
preached  to  their  mothers,  was  a  scorn  to 
womankind,  and  no  longer  to  be  suggested  to 
them.  For  the  magic  of  the  Pamelas  was  over, 
and  Sir  Walter  had  arisen  in  the  sky,  which 
cleared  before  him,  all  noisome  things  flying 
where  he  made  his  honest,  noble  way.  Not 
much  these  heroes  of  his,  people  say,  not  worth 
a  Tom  Jones  with  his  stress  and  storm  of  life  ; 
but  bringing  in  a  new  era,  the  young  and  pure 
with  the  young  and  true,  and  not  a  white- 
washed Lovelace  in  the  whole  collection." 
She  contrasts  the  "  old  girl  "  and  the  "  new 
woman."  Girls  shrank  from  such  subjects 
in  the  last  generation.  Lily  Ramsay  was 
of  Scott's  era  ;  and  it  caused  fierce  indigna- 
tion in  her  warm  and  strong  Scotch  heart  to 
see  her  otherwise  admirable  Helen  of  the 
manse  fretting  herself  to  the  point  of  agony 
over  a  burly  male  lump  of  moral  infirmity, 
"  with  a  past"  written  on  all  the  features 
of  his  face.  Helen's  confident  acceptance 
of  her  mission,  however,  turns  out  to  be 
justified  in  the  end,  as  such  devotion 
does  sometimes  win  a  result  sufficient  for 
its  contentment.  For  the  main  story,  Lily 
is  a  "variant"  of  the  bonny  lass  wlio 
generally  concentrates  the  interest  of  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  tales.  She  is  in  love  with  a 
prudent  youth,  whom  her  despotic  uncle  and 
commander.  Sir  Robert  Ramsay,  K.C.B.  or 
K.B.,  regards  as  a  detrimental,  and  there- 
upon marches  his  niece  and  ward  off  to  solitude 
at  Dalrugas,  his  lonely  tower  on  the  moors. 
How  Ronald's  eye  to  the  fortune,  which 
makes  him  from  the  first  unworthy  of  Lily's 
frank  devotion,  causes  him  to  commit  one 
meanness  after  another  until  the  cruel  wrong 
of  the  abduction  of  the  child  and  his  heart- 
less conduct  at  her  uncle's  funeral  combine 
to  kill  his  wife's  love,  is  a  history  which 
tends  to  such  an  impasse  that  nothing  short 
of  Ronald's  tragic  death  can  lead  to  extrica- 
tion. Throughout  there  is  a  complete  and 
minute  contrast  of  the  two  natures,  whose 
unlikeness,  not  suspected  at  first,  was  no 
impediment  to  the  apparent  "marriage  of 
true  minds."  But  the  "  alteration,"  when 
Lily  discovers  the  reality,  is  too  piteous. 
Powerfully  drawn  as  is  this  contrast,  it 
requires  all  the  relief  to  be  obtained  from 
the  homely  characters  of  Beenio,  the  inevit- 
able handmaid  and  co-conspirator  in  certain 
plots  she  should  have  taken  no  part  in,  and 
of  the  more  original  old  grieve  and  his  wife, 
Lougal  and  Katrin.  When  Lily  has  her 
adventure  at  the  old  brig  and  is  late  in 
returning, — 

"Dougal's  fears  for  the  young  lady  were  in- 
creased by  alarms  about  his  pony,  an  older  and 
dearer  friend  than  Lily.  '  If  the  poor  beast  has 
broken  his  knees,  I  '11  ne'er  forgive  myself  for 


letting  that  bit  lassie  have  the  charge  of  him 
alone.'  '  The  charge  of  him  1  '  said  his  wife  in 
high  indignation,  'and  her  that  has  maybe 
twisted  her  ankle,  or  broken  her  bonnie  airm, 
the  darlin',  and  a'  the  fault  of  that  ill  willy 
beast.     And  it 's   us    that  has    the  chairge  of 

Aer.' A  shout  from  Sandy  on  the  top  of  the 

bank,  and  Beenie  at  the  window,  stopped  further 
proceedings.  There  was  Lily,  pale  but  smiling 
in  the  gig  from  the  inn,  and  Rory  tossing  his 
red  head,  very  indignant  at  the  undignified 
position  in  which  he  found  himself  tied  to  that 
shabby  equipage.  '  The  puir  beast,  just  nicker- 
ing with  joy  at  the  sight  of  hame,  but  red  with 
rage  to  be  trailed  at  the  tail  of  an  inn  geeg,' 
Dougal  said,  hurrying  to  loose  the  rope  and 
lead  the  sufferer  in.  He  was  not  without  con- 
cern for  Lily,  but  she  was  evidently  none  the 
worse,  and  he  asked  no  more." 
When  Katrin  is  for  sheltering  Ronald  in 
the  storm,  "What  have  you  and  me,"  says 
Dougal, 

"  'to  do  harbouring  a'  the  young  callants  in  the 
county — or  out  of  it— that  may  come  here  after 
Miss  Lily.  You've  just  got  some  nonsense 
about  true  love  in  your  head.'  'Am  I  the 
person,' said  Katrin,  'to  have  true  love  cast  in 
my  face,  me  that  have  been  married  upon  you, 
Dougal,  these  thirty  year  ?  Na,  na  !  I  'm  no 
that  kind  of  woman.'  " 

These  genuine  bits  of  nature  remind  us 
how  much  excellent  Scotch  Mrs.  Oliphant 
has  written,  and  how  long  before  the 
"  Kailyard  "  school  was  thought  of. 


Not  Counting  the   Cost.     By  Tasma.    3  vols. 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
Tasma' s  new  story  is   curiously  similar   in 
its  groundwork  to  that  of   Iota    which  we 
noticed  a  fortnight  ago.     The  heroine  comes 
from  Australia  to  Europe,  with  her  somewhat 
weak  mother  and  her  brothers  and  sister. 
In  consequence  of  the  death  of  her  father 
they  are  poor,  and  she  is  put   to  strange 
shifts    to    support    and    help    the    family. 
There,  it   is  fair   to    say,  the   resemblance 
ends.      Tasma's  heroine  does  and  contem- 
plates   some    extraordinary   things,    which 
have  to  be  judged  by  her  surroundings  and 
circumstances.     The  beauty  show  in  Paris 
is  not  a  particularly  pleasant  incident,  but 
the  author  manages  it  well,  and  gets  a  good 
deal  of  diversion  out  of  her  characters   and 
their  varied  adventures.     These  characters 
are  well  drawn,  whether  we  like  them  or 
not,  and  whatever  we  may  think  about  the 
successive  developments  of  the  story.     It  is 
not  so  well  constructed  as  some  of  Tasma's 
stories,    and    she    is   not   so   much   in  her 
element  in  Paris  as  she  was  in  Australia 
and  England.      There  is  a  little  too  much 
French  in  the  Lady  Blessington   or   Lady 
Morgan  style— only  better.    Tasma's  French 
is  real  French,  and  in  many  cases  there  is 
no  English  equivalent  for  the  phrase,  but 
in  some  few  cases  it  comes  in  where  it  is 
not  needed  at  all,  and  we  sometimes  detect 
French  English;    for  example,   "revenue" 
in  at  least  two  passages  for  private  income. 
We  are  not  sure  whence  she  has  drawn  the 
simile    "in    scarlet   flannel   like  firemen"; 
but  neither  in  England  nor  in   France  do 
firemen  wear  scarlet  flannel.    Tasma's  people 
are  real,  with  one  exception.    She  introduces 
a   hunchback,   whose   peculiarities   are,   no 
doubt,  partly  accounted  for  by  his  deformity, 
but  who  does  not  strike  us  as  being  all  flesh 
and  blood,   and  whose  total  disappearance 
when  he  gets  in  the  way  is  too  happily  con- 
venient to  be  natural.     We  are  especially 


316 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


pleased  among:  the  other  admirably  drawn 
characters  with  a  wicked  boy,  who  weeds 
the  family  garden  with  care  every  Sunday 
morning,  not  because  he  likes  the  flowers, 
but  only  to  prove  his  right  to  garden  on  the 
sacred  day.  When  no  one  interferes  with 
him  he  ceases  to  attend  to  the  beds.  Tasma 
is  still  so  colonial  that  she  uses  "will"  for 
shall  and  "would"  for  should;  but  as  not 
only  all  Austraha,  but  a  large  part  of  Ame- 
rica does  this,  and  as  the  error  is  based 
upon  Irish  and  Scotch  authority,  we  fear 
that  we  shall  have  one  day  to  bow  to  the 
majority.  Tasma's  work  is  conscientious. 
Her  novel  shows  signs  of  having  been 
thoroughly  thought  out,  and  though  its 
termination  is  hardly  managed  in  a  satis- 
factory fashion,  yet  it  is  not  more  violently 
improbable  than  are  the  conclusions  of 
most  novels  with  intricate  plots  which  have 
to  be  unravelled.  The  book  is  worth  reading 
and  worth  remembering,  above  all  for  its 
simple  delineation  of  character. 


Deb   o'   2ralhfs.     By  Mrs.  George   Corbett. 

2  vols.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
Mks.  Corbett' s  story  opens  in  the  Lanca- 
shire mill-country.  Deborah  Pendlebury  is 
a  mill-girl,  a  tall,  handsome  young  woman, 
who  is  seen  at  work  in  her  "  pinny  "  by  Mr. 
Parry  Bolton,  as  he  is  being  shown  over 
the  place  by  its  owner.  Parry  Bolton  was 
a  bad  sort,  as  men  are  wont  to  be  in  novels 
when  their  creators  saddle  them  with  some- 
body else's  surname  instead  of  a  good  old- 
fashioned  English  Christian  name — witness 
Bradley  Headstone,  Barnes  Newcome,  and 
countless  others.  But  Deborah  has  a  cha- 
racter, or  this  story  had  never  been  written  ; 
and,  besides,  she  has  been  solemnly  warned 
by  the  fate  which  befell  her  mother  through 
putting  her  trust  in  gentlemen.  She  rises 
to  be  a  governess,  and  sits  for  her  portrait 
as  a  daughter  of  the  gods,  and  leaps  into 
fame  at  the  Eoyal  Academy.  In  London 
she  meets  Mr.  Parry  Bolton  again,  as  well 
as  her  mother's  deceiver.  The  author  makes 
this  father  promptly  propose  marriage  to 
his  daughter.  The  proposal  is  very  baldly 
described,  and  it  gives  the  reader  a  serious 
qualm.  We  must  not  reveal  more  of  the 
plot ;  but  it  cannot  honestly  be  said  that 
the  reader  will  find  his  qualms  wholly  dissi- 
pated. 

At   the   Relton   Arms.     By   Evelyn    Sharp. 

"Keynotes  Series."  (Lane.) 
This,  in  many  respects  a  delightful  storj', 
suffers  somewhat  from  a  fault  not  uncommon 
in  this  age  of  hasty  writers,  of  having  an 
unfinished  appearance.  But  such  a  fault 
can  be  easily  pardoned  in  a  writer  who  can 
write  about  unconventional  love-making 
and  advanced  young  ladies  with  a  sense  of 
humour.  The  book  is  an  amusing  skit  on 
a  man  who  discourses  music  and  Socialism 
to  underbred  enthusiasts,  and  is  constantly 
falling  in  love  with  his  own  cliarms  as 
reflected  in  the  eyes  of  a  succession  of  almost 
equally  silly  damsels.  The  creature  is 
admirably  drawn,  and  the  only  wonder  is 
that  ho  is  not  seen  through  by  more  eyes 
than  those  of  the  penetrating  Lady  Joau. 
She,  indeed,  provides  excellent  fun,  and  it 
only  adds  piquancy  to  her  that  she  should 
be  likewise  infatuated  with  a  man  she 
cannot  help  despising.     The  most  genuiuo 


piece  of  humour  in  a  book  that  is  nowhere 
devoid  of  it  is  that  scene  in  the  inn  parlour 
where  Digby  finds  himself  engaged  to  two 
young  women  within  five  minutes  ;  while 
the  two  brief  colloquies  of  the  landlady  and 
her  cronies  make  one  suspect  that  the  author 
could  produce  an  admirable  study  of  village 
humour. 

A  Daughter  of  the  Marionis,     By  E.  PhiUips 

Oppenheim.  (Ward  &  Downey.) 
'  A  Daughter  of  the  Marioxis  '  is  an  ex- 
citing tale,  a  tale  of  passion,  full  of  love 
and  jealousy  and  hate  and  revenge,  all  in 
the  Italian  key.  The  Count  di  Marioni  is 
a  very  demon  of  revenge,  in  the  sense  that 
he  makes  a  sort  of  religion  out  of  revenge 
for  purely  personal  slights  or  disappoint- 
ments. He  is  moved  thereto  by  his  Italian 
blood,  by  his  family  traditions,  and  by  the 
oath  of  a  secret  political  society  which 
denounces  death  to  traitors.  He  loves  a 
beautiful  Italian  girl,  who  does  not  respond 
to  his  passion ;  so  he  picks  a  quarrel  with 
her  English  lover,  forces  him  into  a  duel, 
and  would  inevitably  have  killed  him  if  the 
lady  in  question  (a  member  of  the  secret 
society)  had  not  betrayed  him  to  the  police 
as  a  returned  exile.  She  has  twenty-five 
years  of  married  bliss,  and  then  the  count 
comes  out  of  his  dungeon,  more  set  than 
ever  upon  his  revenge.  This  is  a  prelude, 
and  the  main  plot  follows,  with  a  new  man 
and  maid  to  carry  on  the  business.  As 
already  said,  the  story  is  exciting,  and  it  is 
generally  well  written  ;  but  some  of  it  is  im- 
probable, and  the  motives  are  not  always 
adequate.  There  are  touches  of  humour  as 
well  as  of  pathos  in  the  half-mad  count, 
especially  when  he  comes  over  to  England, 
a  prematurely  aged  and  broken  man,  to  find 
the  London  branch  of  the  Order  of  the 
White  Hyacinth,  on  which  he  had  reckoned 
for  his  revenge,  reduced  to  a  little  drinking 
club  of  four,  living  comfortably  on  the 
annual  subsidy  which  his  bankers  have 
regularly  paid  them.  The  developments 
are  not  thoroughly  artistic,  and  the  end  of 
the  story  needed  a  little  more  ingenuity. 
Mr.  Oppenheim  displays  his  negligence 
by  quoting  "  Swinbourne,"  by  making  one 
of  his  characters  both  an  American  and 
an  Englishman,  and  by  locating  a  country 
house  first  in  Norfolk  and  then  in  Lincoln- 
shire. 

The   Master   of  the    Silver  Sea.     By  Morley 

Roberts.  (Ward  &  Downey.) 
This  is  quite  the  strongest  piece  of  work 
that  we  have  yet  seen  from  Mr.  Eoberts's 
pen.  It  is  a  simple  direct  tale  of  murder, 
mutiny,  and  marooning  (the  subject  itself 
tempts  to  alliteration).  Certainly  it  would 
be  difficult  to  imagine  more  cold-blooded 
and  repulsive  cruelty  more  baldly  described 
than  is  Capt.  Wade's  as  related  by  the 
author.  To  say  that  he  resembles  the 
bloodthirsty  scadogs  with  which  Capt. 
Marryat  used  to  beguile  our  childhood 
would  represent  but  a  pale  shadow  of  Mr. 
Roberts's  ruffians.  There  is  something  in- 
human about  the  man,  especially  in  the 
horrible  account  of  Jim  Heddon's  murder, 
but  the  whole  story  is  kept  so  much  on  the 
same  plane  that  the  result  is  not  inartistic. 
The  finest  scene  in  the  book  is  that  blood- 
curdling   struggle    for    life    between     the 


captain  and  the  murdered  boy's  brother. 
It  is  a  scene  recalling  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son's manner  in  such  stories  as  the  '  Merry 
Men,'  and  it  is  not  altogether  unworthy  of 
its  model. 

The  Man  of  Seven  Offers.    By  Edwin  J.  Ellis. 

(Ward  &  Downey.) 
Mr.  Ellis's  "man  of  seven  offers"  was 
a  young  man  who  made  seven  proposals 
of  marriage ;  and  Mr.  Ellis  illustrates  his 
book  with  seven  pretty  pictures  of  the 
young  women  who  received  the  proposals. 
The  story  is  fairly  amusing  and  very  flip- 
pant ;  it  is  anything  but  serious,  and  is  told 
in  what  may  be  called  the  dialogical  style, 
abounding  in  forced  and  cynical  repartees. 
It  is  rather  clever  than  interesting ;  there  is 
no  continuous  plot  worth  speaking  of,  and 
one  has  not  time  to  grow  sympathetic  with 
any  of  the  characters.  But,  taking  the 
narrative  and  the  dialogue  and  the  pictures 
all  together,  '  The  Man  of  Seven  Offers '  is 
entertaining. 

Another  Wicked  Woman.  By  Gr.  A.  Grant 
Forbes.  "  Autonym  Library."  (Fisher 
Unwin.) 
This  is  a  story  badly  put  together  about 
people  who  are  profoundly  uninteresting. 
There  is  a  provoking  air  of  vague  sketchi- 
ness  about  the  ill-concocted  scenes  which, 
while  appearing  to  suggest  latent  force, 
really  proclaims  crudity.  It  is  absurd  in 
a  study  of  such  brevity  for  a  character  to 
appear  inconsistent ;  but  so  it  is  here  in  the 
case  of  the  mentor's  wife.  The  most  satis- 
factory part  is  the  slanging  all  round  which 
they  give  one  another  at  the  end. 


Always  Wrong.     By  C.  T.  C.  James.     3  vols. 

(Ward  &  Downey.) 
Much  may  be  forgiven  Mr.  James  in  virtue 
of  his  cheerfulness  and  vivacity.  His  humour 
may  not  always  be  of  the  most  refined  order, 
but  it  is  often  mirth  -  provoking,  and  the 
writer  who  can  elicit  a  laugh  from  his 
reviewer  is  a  genuine  benefactor.  Mr. 
James  owes  little  of  his  success  to  his 
method,  which  is  largely  borrowed  from  an 
exemplar  inimitable  save  in  his  tricks  and 
eccentricities.  The  construction  of  the  narra- 
tive is  loose  and  haphazard,  the  conclusion 
is  unsatisfying  as  well  as  unconvincing,  the 
names  are  often  aggravatingly  grotesque, 
and  a  good  deal  of  the  portraiture  is  sheer 
caricature.  Still  the  book  is  indisputably 
entertaining,  and  the  character  of  the  hero, 
apart  from  the  inherent  improbability  of  his 
literary  success,  drawn  with  sympathy  and 
consistency  throughout. 


RURAL   LIFE. 


The  Country  Month  by  Month  (Bliss,  Sands 
&  Foster)  is  the  title  of  a  series  of  twelve  little 
books,  in  which  Mrs.  J.  A.  Owen  and  Prof. 
G.  S.  Boulger  endeavour  to  direct  lovers  of 
nature  to  sonic  of  the  sights  tliey  may  expect 
to  find  in  their  country  wanderings.  The  point 
of  departure  is  the  month  of  March,  with  which 
the  Romans  began  their  year — when,  although 
cold  weather  may  still  prevail,  yet  the  winter 
period  of  suspended  animation  has  passed  away, 
and,  in  the  words  of  Christina  Rossetti, 

Life's  alive  in  evcryMiiiig. 
In    these   volumes   an   introductory  chapter   is 
generally  followed  by  an  article  on  the  plant 
world  in  each  month,  chieHy,  wo  presume,  by 


N"  3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


317 


Prof.  Boulger  ;  then,  if  there  is  anything  to  be 
said  about  butterflies  and  other  insects,  these 
come  next  in  order,  as  being  largely  dependent 
upon  plants  ;  while  the  remaining  portion  is 
made  up  by  pleasant  chatty  descriptions  of 
animals,  chiefly  furred  and  feathered,  from  the 
facile  pen  of  Mrs.  Owen.  In  all  this  it  can 
hardly  be  expected  that  there  should  be  much 
novelty  for  the  scientific  reader,  but  for  the 
■general  public  we  cannot  imagine  a  more 
suitable  plan  for  conveying  information  in  an 
agreeable  form.  Quotations  and  extracts  are 
numerous,  but  their  sources  are  adequately 
acknowledged;  while  the  selections  have  been 
so  judiciously  made  that  the  work  might  be 
called  "  Half -Hours  with  the  Best  Authors  (on 
Natural  History)."  A  feature  of  the  series  is 
the  dainty  and  artistic  cover  to  each  volume, 
■designed  by  Mr.  J.  Lock  wood  Kipling. 

From    Spring   to   Fall,    by   "A    Son   of   the 
Marshes,"  edited  by  J.  A.  Owen  (Blackwood  & 
Sons),  is  yet  another  of  those  collections  of  articles 
«m country  life  with  which  we  are  already  familiar. 
There   is  plenty  of  good  stuff   in  the  present 
volume,  and  the  sketches  of  wild  animals  and 
their  habits  are  accurate  in  the  main,  as  might  be 
expected  from  one  who  has  been  a  keen  observer 
for  half  a  century  ;  but  there  is  not  a  little  pad- 
ding, although  this  can  hardly  be  avoided,  for 
the  Surrey  hills,  the  downs,  and  the  marshes  of 
Kent  have  been  described  again  and  again.     Ex- 
traneous matter  must,  therefore,  be  introduced  in 
the  shape  of  remarks  upon  red  grouse,  ptarmigan, 
and  capercailie,  about  which  the  author  appears 
to  know  little  or  nothing  from  personal  experi- 
ence.    Otherwise  he  would  hardly  have  told  us 
that  the  pursuit  of  the  second  is  so  arduous  that 
*'  a  case  of  ptarmigan  which  have  fallen  to  the 
«iportsman's  own  gun  are  highly  valued  trophies," 
for  on  many  mountains  in  the  Highlands  the 
bird    is    plentiful     enough,    and     considerable 
bags   have   been  made    in    a   day.       In  a  few 
places  they  can  even  be  driven,  like  grouse,  and 
Mr.   J.   G.   Millais  has  recorded   twenty-seven 
brace  as  obtained  in  the  Gaick  Forest  in  a  single 
drive.    In  the  matter  of  the  red  grouse  a  chance 
has  been  missed    by  the    "Son"  on  his  own 
ground,  for  he  does  not  seem  to  be  aware  that 
rather  more  than  thirty  years  ago  an  attempt 
was  made — probably  by  Mr.  Evelyn,  of  Wotton 
—  to  acclimatize  them  on  Leith  Hill  and  the 
neighbourhood,  where  we  have  seen  them.     In 
the  spring  of   1861  a  clutch  of   freshly  taken 
eggs  was  ofiFered  to  the  reviewer  by  a  country- 
man who  did   not   know  what  they  were,   and 
some  of  these  subsequently  passed  into  the  col- 
lection of  the  late  William  Bridger,  of  Guildford  ; 
but  we  do  not  think  any  birds  remained  after 
1863.     In  the  author's  remarks  about  the  bad 
feeling  which  has   sprung   up   in   that   district 
between  the  landowners  and  the  "commoners," 
and  the  fires  which  have  ensued,  coupled  with 
the  disappearance  of  the  black  game,  there  is  a 
grim    indication  of   the  propter  hoc.     The  de- 
scriptions of   the    young   otters,  the    badgers, 
and  other  creatures  are  graphic,  but  they  seem 
to  be  old  friends,  and  all  we  can  say  is  that 
when  the   "Son"  tells  us  something  fresh  we 
will  try  to  find  some  new  expressions  in  favour 
of  his  works. 


ORIENTAL   LITERATURE. 

The  two  smart-looking  parts  or  thin  volumes 
which  form  A  Practical  Hindfistdnl  Grammar, 
compiled  by  Lieut.  -  Col.  A.  O.  Green,  R.E., 
and  just  issued  by  the  Clarendon  Press, 
are  welcome  additions  to  that  Oriental  educa- 
tional literature  of  the  day  of  which,  if  the 
growth  be  somewhat  rapid,  the  quality  does 
not  seem  to  deteriorate.  How  would  our 
sires  or  grandsires,  who  presented  themselves, 
more  than  a  half  century  ago,  at  the  old  India 
House  in  Leadenhall  Street,  to  take  leave  of 
their  London  masters  before  embarkation  on 
the  round-the-Cape  voyage,  have  rejoiced  in 
receiving  such  aids  to  the  acquisition  of  Oriental 


tongues  as  are  now  set  before  succeeding  genera- 
tions !  Not  only  is  the  ably  compiled  work 
under  notice  inviting  in  outer  appearance, 
compared  to  the  weighty,  expensive,  and  de- 
pressing volumes  with  which  the  cadets  of  a 
bygone  age  were  commonly  provided  ;  but  it  is, 
as  it  professes  to  be,  practical  as  well  as  port- 
able, while  its  transliteration  is  delightfully  up 
to  date,  without  any  pedantic  non-essentials  of 
orthography.  Col.  Green  thus  explains  the 
division  and  general  character  of  his  publica- 
tion : — 

"  Part  I.  contains  a  concise  grammar  :  the  rules, 
&c.,  being  illustrated  by  copious  exercises,  to  which 
are  appended  the  '  Adventures  of  King  Az;id  Bakht,' 
to  be  usedasaReader,andaselectionof  lithographed 
manuscripts  on  various  subjects,  to  aid  the  learner 
in  acquiring  that  most  difficult  of  all  accomplish- 
ments, the  power  of  reading  native  letters  and 
petitions,  without  a  knowledge  of  which  an  ofScer 
in  India  is  more  or  less  in  the  hands  of  his  murislil. 
The  Hindustani  exercises  and  selections  being  given 
in  the  Urdu  character,  I  have  added,  in  the  form  of 
an  appendix,  a  few  remarks  on  the  Hindi  or  De- 
vanagarl  alphabet,  sufficient,  I  trust,  to  enable  the 
learner  to  read  the  selections,  &c.,  in  that  character 
which  are  given  at  the  end. 

"  Part  II.  contains  a  key  to  the  exercises  and 
stories  in  Fart  I.,  the  translations  from  English 
into  Urdu  being  both  printed  in  ordinary  Persi- 
Arabic  t}'pe,  and  lithographed  in  a  written  series  of 
gradually  increasing  difficulty,  to  accustom  the 
begiimer  to  native  handwriting.  A  free  translation 
is  also  given  of  the  '  Azad-Ba/Jit,'  and  of  the  Himil 
selections,  and  the  native  manuscripts  in  Part  I.  are 
both  translated  and  transliterated." 

With  reference  to  the  above  extracts,  we  readily 
record  our  impression  that  the  story  of  '  Azad- 
Bat/it,'  rendered  into  English  with  evident 
care,  has  been  a  happy  selection  for  the  purpose 
required;  that  the  "Exercises,"  though  pre- 
pared on  the  somewhat  grotesque  model  so 
cleverly  imitated  in  recent  numbers  of  Punch, 
will  unquestionably  prove  of  real  value  to  the 
student,  who  should  be  too  seriously  engaged 
in  determining  their  uses  to  give  attention  to 
their  ludicrous  aspects  ;  and  that  the  admirably 
lithographed  letters  and  manuscripts  supply  not 
only  excellent  essays  for  those  who  have  to 
undergo  examination,  but  suggest  to  the  ex- 
aminers themselves  many  impromptu  tests  of 
the  qualifications  of  those  who  appear  before 
them.  We  have  noted  the  careful  translitera- 
tion exemplified  in  Col.  Green's  '  Hindustani 
Grammar  ';  but  is  there  not  a  trace  of  inconsis- 
tency in  the  Franco-Italian  c  of  "Turcoman  "? 
Indeed,  we  should  have  preferred  a  dissyllable 
for  this  word,  writing  it  Tnykmdn.  One  more 
remark  in  conclusion.  Why  is  Adarbaijan  de- 
scribed,   in   the  note    at  p.   128,  Part    II.,  as 

"Formerly  a   province   of   Persia but   now 

incorporated  in  the  Russian  Empire"?  The 
Foreign  Office  map,  illustrating  the  territorial 
cessions  of  Persia  to  Russia,  west  of  the 
Caspian,  up  to  1828,  gives  no  land  south  of  the 
Aras  to  the  latter  power,  except  the  strip  of 
coast  in  the  mountainous  Talish  down  to  Astara. 
Moreover,  sixty  years  later,  or  in  1888,  the 
integrity  of  the  Shah's  dominions  in  this  sense 
was  practically  certified  by  an  understanding 
between  Great  Britain  and  Russia.  A'iarbaijan 
still  belongs  to  Persia. 

In  the  Jindlankdra,  or  .Embellishments  of 
Buddha,  by  Buddharakkhita  (Luzac  &  Co.),  we 
have  an  admirably  printed  poem  in  the  romanized 
PaU  text,  edited,  with  introduction,  notes,  and 
translation,  by  Mr.  .James  Gray,  Professor  of 
Pali  at  the  Rangoon  College.  The  reputed 
author  was  born  in  Ceylon  in  B.C.  426,  about 
the  close  of  the  long  reign  of  Artaxerxes  Longi- 
manus  in  Persia.  According  to  the  introduc- 
tion, 

"a  high  rhetorical  value  is  conceded  to  the  'Jina- 
la/ikara'  by  native  scholars.  Its  diction  is  marked 
by  elegance  and  brilliancy.  The  style  throughout  is 
concise  and  vigorous,  while  for  rhythmical  cadence 
and  variety  of  versification  it  stands  unrivalled."        i 

It  is,  moreover,  considered  "unique  as  depart-  | 
ing  from  the  conventional  style  of  the  Pi/aka 
books."     A  scheme  of  the  metres  employed  has 


been  given,  and  the  commendable  care  with 
which  the  volume  has  been  prepared  for  the  use 
of  students  is  evident  throughout  its  pages. 

A  volume  of  small  pamphlet  size — i.e.,  barely 
fifty  pages,  inclusive  of   title-page,  dedication, 
and  preface — has  been  published  during  the  cur- 
rent year  by  the  Goverdhan  Mudralaya  Printing 
Press    at    Bombay.      It    professes    to   contain 
Articles  of  the  Faith  of  Islam,  for  the  Informa- 
tion of  Englisli-knoivincf  Musalmans  and  Non- 
Mnsalmans  of  all  Castes   and   Creeds;    and  its 
author.    Shaikh   Ahmad   Munshi,    "late  editor 
of  the   Mnsalman  of  India,"   accepting   as  an 
undeniable   fact    the   proposition   that    "Islam 
holds  the  rank  of  being  one  of  the  chief  re- 
ligions of  the  world,"  has  prepared  this  epitome 
of  its  fundamental  doctrines,  "in  the  hope  that 
it  will,  to  some  extent,  supply  a  very  reasonable 
want."  For  compiling  the  ninety-two  "articles" 
recorded  he  has  had  recourse  to  the  text  of  a 
Persian   work  called    '  Takmilu'l    Imaii '    ('The 
Perfection  of  Faith  '),  adding  the  substance  of 
its  author's  comments  and  a  certain  "number 
of  additions  "  of  his  own.     Some  of  the  articles, 
it  may  be  said,  will  be  generally  admitted  by 
good  men  of  all  religions  ;  others  will  at  once 
be  rejected  by  them,  not  only  for  uncharitable- 
ness,  but  for  inconsistency.    Some  notion  of  the 
latter   failing   may   be   gathered    from   articles 
twenty-seven   to   thirty-one,  and   forty-five,   in 
which  we  read  that,   out  of  one  hundred  and 
four  books  committed  to  prophets,  one  is  the 
Taurdt  or  Pentateuch,  one  the  Zabur  or  Psalms, 
one  the  Anjil  or  Gospels,  and  one  the  Kurdn  ; 
yet,  notwithstanding  this  admission,  we  are  told 
that,   according  to   the    teaching  of  the  prophets, 
while  sinning  Musalmans  may  escape,  all  un- 
believers  in   Islam  are  doomed   to  everlasting 
punishment  !     St.   Matthew  xxv.   41  is  quoted 
in  corroboration  of  this  assertion,  and  it  is  added : 
"  Different  prophets  were   selected,  according  to 
their  natures,  to  give  through  them  different  laws 
to  mankind,  but  they  could  not  change  a  fact,  but 
must  submissively  publish  whatever  messages  they 
had  received." 

Whatever  substantial  approval  may  be  accorded 
to  this  brochure  by  Mohammedans,  we  cannot 
suppose  that  it  will  be  in  much  request  among 
others.  Its  pretentious  character  is  made  evident 
at  the  outset.  The  "all  rights  reserved"  at 
the  foot  is  supplemented,  on  the  reverse  side 
of  the  title-page,  by  the  following  notice  : — 

"  Old  copies  of  this  book  ma)'  be  offered  for  sale 
back  to  myself.  I  mav,  if  so  inclined,  buy  them 
in  at  reduced  prices.  Every  application  with  this 
object  must  be  accompanied  by  a  reply-card,  and 
a  statement  of  the  lowest  price  demanded.— Ahmad." 

The  printing  of  the  descriptive  Catalogue  of 
tfie  Sanskrit  Manuscripts  m  the  Library  of  the 
India  Office  is  making  steady  progress.     Of  the 
331  quarto  pages  which  make  up  the  fourth  part 
recently  issued,  252  deal  with  the  philosophical 
systems  ;  the  remainder  treat  of  the  books  on 
mysticism.     The  philosophical  manuscripts  have 
been  described  by  Prof.  Windisch,  of  Leipzig, 
with  the  exception  of  about  130,  which,  together 
with  those  on  mysticism,  have  fallen  to  the  share 
of   Prof.  Eggeling,  of  Edinburgh,   who    is  also 
responsible  for  the  contents  of  the  three  parts 
previously  published.   If  we  take  into  considera- 
tion the  abstruse  and  highly  technical  character 
of   the    classes  of  literature   here  described,  it 
must  be  readily  admitted  that  the  joint  authors 
of  this  part  of  the  catalogue  have  had  a  very 
difhcult  task  before  them,  and  that  they  have 
acijuitted  themselves  of  it  in  a  most  scholarly 
manner.     This    is    apparent    in    the   judicious 
classification    of    the    manuscripts,    in    the    ex- 
haustive analysis  of  the  more  important  of  them, 
in  the  correct  estimate  of  the  degree  of  trust- 
worthiness attaching  to  some,  and  in  the  critical 
accuracy  of  the  numerous  extracts  given.     As 
the  collection  is  exceptionally  rich  in  works  on 
Hindu  philosophy  (owing  mainly  to  Colebrooke's 
predilections  for  such  abstract  studies),  the  pre- 
sent issue  will  prove  a  mine  of  wealth,  as  well 
as  a  safe  guide,  to  students  interested  in  the 
subject. 


318 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Mr.  H.  S.  Nichols  continues  to  publish 
memoirs  which  we  suppose  the  public  buy,  but 
which  might  easily  be  made  more  valuable  than 
they  are.  Two  volumes  now  before  us  contain 
Mile.  Le  Normand's  work,  The  Historical  and 
Secret  Memoirs  of  the  Empress  Josephine,  and 
we  note  again  —  what  we  have  remarked  in 
the  recent  works  of  the  class  published  by 
Mr.  Nichols — that  the  addition  of  a  few  modern 
notes  would  have  made  the  book  not  only  one 
of  more  permanent  interest,  but  also,  we  should 
have  thought,  more  pleasant  even  to  the  class 
of  readers  for  whom  it  is  intended.  The  reader 
can  only  be  misled,  for  example,  by  the  notes 
which  are  signed  "Translator,"  inasmuch  as 
many  of  these  are  out  of  date  and  obviously 
inaccurate,  being  mere  reprints  from  the  original 
translation,  without  the  addition  of  any  state- 
ment to  show  the  corrections  of  which  they 
stand  in  need  ;  see,  for  example,  the  phrase, 
"This  is  admitted  even  by  Mr.  Alison." 
Neither  is  the  translation  a  good  one.  We 
have  phrases  like  "merchants"  (for  sliop 
assistants),  which  might  have  been  improved 
unless  the  object  was  to  reprint  a  book  so  valu- 
able that  it  was  important  for  historical  and 
literary  reasons  that  no  change  should  be  made 
in  the  text.  Nothing  can  justify  the  repetition 
of  such  a  blunder  as  "  Madame  Tallien,  at 
present  Princess  of  CJiimene."  Then,  too,  the 
books  are  full  of  initials  which  might  have  been 
explained  :  for  instance,  we  have  several  men- 
tions, purporting  to  be  from  the  pen  of  Jose- 
phine herself,  of  "H.  de  S.  J.  d'A.";  in  another 
place  we  have  "  R.  de  St.  Jean  d'A.";  and  in 
another  place  again  "  Regnaud  de  St.  Jean  d'A." 
Of  course  it  is  clear  to  the  reader  who  knows 
anything  of  the  modern  history  of  France  who 
is  intended,  but  it  can  hardly  be  wise  to  leave 
such  references  not  tilled  up  and  not  explained, 
unless  the  book  is  intended  to  be  an  accurate 
reprint  of  a  previous  issue,  in  which  case  that 
should  be  explained  and  set  forth.  In  the  case 
of  the  memoirs  published  by  Mr.  Nichols,  the 
preface  rarely  gives  us  the  full  facts  as  to  the 
original  publication.  In  the  present  instance 
there  is  an  improvement,  for  the  preface  names 
the  date  of  publication,  and  the  date  of  the 
appearance  of  the  American  translation  in  its 
first  and  second  editions.  The  preface,  how- 
ever, suggests  that  Alexander  I.  of  Russia 
was  justified  by  the  virtues  of  Josephine  in 
calling  her  one  whom  "France  hath  surnamed 
'the  Good.'"  This  exaltation  of  the  character 
of  the  Empress  is  drawn  from  her  own  lan- 
guage about  herself,  or  from  Mile.  Le  Normand's 
languageabout  her  patroness,  such  as  "Josephine 
shall  live  when  the  earth  shall  be  consumed." 
Of  course  modern  history  takes,  upon  the  facts 
now  before  us,  a  different  view  of  Josephine. 
She  represents  herself  as  the  faithful  wife  of  her 
first  husband— afterwards  the  devoted  spouse 
of  Bonaparte.  She  alludes  lightly  to  her  friend- 
ships with  Tallien  and  Madame  Tallien  and 
Barras  ;  and  when  she  writes  (as  doubtless  she 
did,  for  those  pages  of  Mile.  Le  Normand's 
book  probably  belong  to  the  diaries  of  Jose- 
phine) of  Bonaparte's  suspicions  with  regard 
to  her  conduct  even  after  marriage  to  him,  she 
treats  them  as  having  been  unreasoning  jealousy. 
Apart,  however,  from  the  evidence  which  exists 
upon  this  subject,  the  circumstances  of  Napo- 
leon's marriage  were  such  that  he  could  not  but 
have  felt  throughout  life,  attached  as  he  was  to 
the  woman,  tliat  all  who  surrounded  him  were 
laughing  at  him  for  making  her  an  empress 
with  the  coronation  solemnities  of  a  Ciiarle- 
magne.  Josephine  was  not  Mile.  Le  Normand's 
"celestial  woman,"  and  the  matter  has  this 
historical  importance  —  that  Napoleon  cannot 
be  fairly  judged  if  she  is  treated  as  having  been 
that  which  she  calls  herself,  or  lets  her  domestic 
sorceress  call  lier. 

Messrs.  CnAi-M.vN  &  Hall  publish  a  readable 
volume,  one  of  the  five  essays  in  which  deals  in 


a  most  interesting  fashion  with  the  unfortunate 
aunt  of  that  Marie  Louise  whose  state  entry 
into  Paris  Josephine  was  not  above  the  vulgar 
curiosity  of  witnessing.  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor  is 
not,  we  think,  quite  so  happy  in  Some  Old  Love 
Stories  as  he  has  been  in  other  work  which  has 
come  from  his  pen.  After  all,  however,  the 
stories  are  intended  not  for  the  historian,  but 
for  the  general  public,  and  the  most  essential 
point  is  that  they  should  be  well  told,  and  well 
told  they  are.  The  five  essays  are  on  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  his  wife,  on  Carlyle  and  his  wife, 
on  Hazlitt,  on  Mirabeau  and  Sophie,  and  on 
Marie  Antoinette's  relations  with  Fersen.  This 
last  is,  we  think,  the  only  one  of  the  five  which 
comes  well  within  the  title.  It  is  essentially 
an  old  love  story — one  which,  however  narrow 
and  mistaken  we  may  think  the  actors  in  it  to 
have  been  when  looked  on  as  historical  person- 
ages, is  full  of  the  attraction  for  human  sym- 
pathy which  the  old  love  story  should  possess. 
The  Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Carlyle  chapters 
are  full  of  interest  of  a  different  kind,  and  the 
Mirabeau  essay  contains  a  fine  picture  of  the 
tribune.  The  Hazlifet  chapter  is  the  one  which 
pleases  us  the  least  ;  to  many  readers  it  will  be 
only  "nasty." 

In  honour  of  the  centenary  of  Keats  Mr. 
Forman  has  issued  for  the  fourth  time  his  ex- 
cellent edition,  in  one  volume,  of  The  Poetical 
Worl's  of  John  Keats  (Reeves  &  Turner).  The 
illustrations,  by  Mr.  Low  and  others,  which  have 
appeared  in  the  United  States  accompany  this 
reprint. — Jacob  Faithftd  has  been  added  to  the 
"Illustrated  Standard  Novels  "  of  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan.  Mr.  Brock's  cuts  are  most  excellent, 
and  Mr.  Hannay's  introduction  is  a  sound  piece 
of  criticism.— Messrs.  Dent  have  sent  us  another 
instalment  of  Mr.  Aitken's  edition  of  Defoe  in 
A  Journal  of  the  Plague  Year,  a  wonderful  tour 
de  force  in  its  way. — Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  & 
Bowden  have  published  Oakshott  Castle  and 
The  Grange  Garden  in  their  handsome  reprint 
of  Henry  Kingsley's  novels.  —  Mr.  Wratislaw 
had  better  have  retranslated  the  Republic  of 
Plato  instead  of  including  a  revision  of  Thomas 
Taylor's  incompetent  version  in  "The  Scott 
Library." — The  third  volume  of  the  new  edition 
of  Prof.  Max  Miiller's  Chips  from  a  German 
Workshop  (Longmans)  contains,  besides  a 
quantity  of  philological  matter,  some  pleasant 
literary  essays  and  addresses. 

We  have  received  a  good  consignment  of  cata- 
logues, of  which  Mr.  Quaritch's  is  rich  in  geo- 
graphy, Americana,  and  voyages  of  all  descrip- 
tions ;  Mr.  Luzac's,  important  as  usual,  and 
including  a  rough  list  of  second  -  hand  books 
which  should  be  valuable  to  Orientalists  ;  Mr. 
Charles  Higham's,  a  full  catalogue  of  theological 
works.  Messrs.  George  &  Son  send  a  catalogue 
of  complete  sets  and  long  series  of  magazines 
and  books  of  reference  ;  Mr.  Francis  Edwards, 
a  general  clearance  catalogue,  one  of  the  features 
of  which  is  a  tempting  shilling  list ;  Messrs. 
Maggs,  a  good  one,  including  special  collections 
on  America,  Australia,  India,  and  the  East  ;  Mr. 
Jeffery,  one  of  considerable  variety,  not  a  few 
pamphlets  of  interest  being  among  the  items. 
Messrs.  A.  Maurice  &  Co. 's  catalogue  includes 
rare  and  valuable  editions,  and  a  remarkable 
etching  of  London,  Westminster,  and  South- 
wark  in  1543,  copied  from  the  drawing  by  Van 
den  Wyngrerde  in  the  Bodleian.  Messrs.  Dulau 
are  copious  in  the  various  branches  of  botany  ; 
and  Messrs.  Wigg  &  Son's  '  Australasian  Book- 
seller '  reminds  us  pleasantly  of  the  growing 
wants  of  our  colonial  fellow  subjects  in  a  literary 
direction. 

We  have  on  our  table  TJie  Short  Prose  Tales 
of  Voltaire,  with  Notes  by  F.  F.  Roget  (Williams 
&  Norgate),  —  Outlines  of  German  Literature  for 
Use  in,  Schools  and  Private  Study,  by  J.  A. 
Joerg  (Sonnenschein), — Studies  in  American 
Education,  by  A.  B.  Hart  (Longmans), —  The 
Seventh  Book  of  Vergil' syEneid,  edited  for  the  Use 
of  Schools  by  W.  0.  Collar  (Ginn),— ilf.  Tnlli 


Ciceronis  de  Oratore,  Book  I. ,  edited  by  W.  B. 
Owen  (Boston,  U.S,  Leach  &  Co.), — Latin 
Unseens  in  Prose  and  Verse,  Senior  Section 
(Blackie), — Commercial  Corresjwndence,  by  W.  J. 
Greenwood  (J.  Heywood), — French  Irregular 
Verbs,  with  Notes  and  Appendices,  by  M. 
Rosey  (Blackie), — Chaucer  :  Canterbury  Tales, 
edited  by  A.  J,  Wyatt  (Clive), — An  Elemen- 
tary Chemistry,  by  G.  R.  White  (Ginn), — 
jEsthetic  Principles,  by  H.  R.  Marshall  (Mac- 
millan),  —  My  Last  Will  and  Testament,  by 
Hyacinthe  Loyson  (Cassell), — Two  Essays  on 
the  Remnant,  by  J.  Eglinton  (Simpkin), — Boot 
Making  and  Mending,  edited  by  P.  N.  Hasluck 
(Cassell), — Gout  and  its  Cure,  by  J.  C.  Burnett, 
M.D.  (Epps),— T/ie  Gentle  Art  of  Nursing  the 
Sick,  by  G.  A.  Hawkins-Ambler  (Scott), — Our 
Scpiareand  Circle,  by  Jack  Easel  (Smith  &  Elder), 
— In  Quest  of  a  Name,  by  Mrs.  H.  Wylde  (Tower 
Publishing  Company), — Real  and  Unreal,  by 
C.  E.  Mallandaine  (S.P.C.K.),  —  T/ie  Netv 
Fiction,  and  other  Papers,  by  The  Philistine 
('Westminster  Gazette'  Oftice), — The  Master- 
Keif,  by  E.  F.  E.  Yeatman  and  M.  R.  Hall 
(S.'P.C.K.),— Stories  of  the  Fire  Briaade,  by  F. 
Mundell  (S.S.U.),— ne  Great  Secret,  by  H. 
Nisbet  (White  «fe  Co.), — A  Bubble:  a  Story, 
by  L.  B.  Walford  (Constable),  —  Moods  of  the 
Moment,  by  L.  W.  Lyde  (Edinburgh,  Pillans 
&  Wilson), — Poems,  by  L.  H.  Victory  (Stock), 
— The  Life  of  the  Spirit  in  the  Modern  English 
Poets,  by  V.  D.  Scudder  (Boston,  U.S.,  Hough- 
ton),—  The  City  of  the  Crimson  Walls,  and  other 
Poems,  by  S.  Foreman  (Kegan  Paul),  —North 
Country  Ballads,  by  H.  Todd  (Cox),  — 
Hettinger's  Revealed  Religion,  edited  by 
H.  S.  Bowden  (Burns  &  Gates),  —  Tol- 
stoy as  Preacher,  his  Treatment  of  the 
Gospels,  by  I.  H.  Harrison  (Scott), — A  Cloud 
of  Witnesses,  by  W.  F.  Eraser,  Second  Series 
(Wells  Gardner), — The  City  of  the  Living  God,  by 
A.  R.  Eagar,  D.D.  (S.P.C.K.),— &me  Sidelights 
on  the  Odcford  Movement,  by  Minima  Parspartis 
(Art  and  Book  Company), — Ttie  Gospel  of  St. 
Mark,  with  Notes  by  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  E. 
Lyttelton  (Longmans), — Incense,  a  Liturgical 
Study,  by  the  Rev.  M.  Fuller  (Innes), — For  Every 
Day,  arranged  by  A.  L.  J.  Gosset  (Wells 
Gardner),  —  A  Memoir  of  Mother  Francis 
Raphael,  O.S.I).,  edited  by  the  Rev.  Father  B. 
Wilberforce  (Longmans), — Anabaptism:  From 
its  Rise  at  Zwickau  to  its  Fall  at  Miinster, 
1521-1536,  by  R.  Heath  (Alexander  &  Shep- 
heard), — Quiet  Thoughts  for  Morning  Devotion, 
by  theRev.H.  S.B.  Yates (S.S.U.),— Psyc/ie,  by 
J.  Daurelle  (Paris,  Vanier), — Beitrage  zur  Escha- 
tologie  des  Islam,  by  J.  B.  Rilling  (Williams  & 
Norgate), — and  Les  Aspirations:  Poemes  en 
Prose,  by  V.  Remouchamps  (Paris,  Vanier). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Chinese  Cha- 
racteristics, by  A.  H.  Smith  (Kegan  Paul), — An 
Introduction  to  Social  Philosophy,  by  J.  S. 
Mackenzie  (Glasgow,  MacLehose), — The  Legends 
of  King  Arthur  and  his  Knights,  compiled  and 
arranged  by  J.  Knowles  (Warne), — Lessons  in 
Elemerdary  Physics,  by  B.  Stewart  (Macmillan), 
— Poems  and  Later  Poems,  by  E.  O.  Flagg 
(New  York,  Whittaker), — Tlie  Temple  Church 
and  Chapel  of  St.  Ann,  by  T.  H.  Baylis  (Philip), 
• — A  Guide  to  British  and  American  Novels,  by 
P.  Russell  (Digby  &  Long),— The  Terrible  Czar, 
by  Count  Tolstoi,  translated  by  Capt.  H.  C. 
Filinore  (Low), — Oliver's  Bride,  by  Mrs.  Oli- 
phant  (Ward  &  Downey),— and  Thomas  Boston 
of  Ettrick  :  Ins  Life  and  Times,  by  the  Rev.  A. 
Thomson,  D.D.  (Nelson). 

LIST    OP    NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theoiogy. 
Davison's  (W.  T.)  The  Lord's  Supper,  ]2mo.  2/  cl. 
Pearson's  (S.)   Scholars  of   Christ,  a  Book  for  Advancing 

Christians,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Reynolds's  (Rev.   H.   R.)  Lamps  of  the  Temple,  and  other 
Addresses  to  Young  Men,  cr.  8vo.  ;!/6  cl. 
Law. 
Glen  (R.  C.)  and  Bethune's  (A.  A.)  Law  relating  to  Streets 
and  Buildings  in  the  Metropolis,  cr.  8vo.  2r>/  cl. 
Fitie  Art. 
Descriptive  Album  of  London,  a  Pictorial  Guide,  6/  net. 


N*'3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


319 


Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Cooke's  (P.  J.)  A  Handbook  of  the  Drama,  its  Philosophy 

and  Teaching,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Mallett's  (J.  R.)  A  Life's  History,  told  in  Homely  Verse,  aud 

Miscellaneous  Poems,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Osmaston's  (F.  P.)  Dramatic  Monologues,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Sintram,  a  Northern  Drama  iu  Five  Acts,  by  a  Graduate  of 

Balliol,  12mo.  3;6  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Whittaker's    (T.)   Kssays  and   Notices,  Philosophical    and 

Psychological,  8vo.  16/  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Liebig  (Justus  von),  his  Life  and  Work,  by  W.  A.  Shenstone, 

cr.  8vo.  3;6  cl. 
Lives  of  Twelve  Bad  Men,  edited  by  T.  Seccombe,  cheaper 

edition,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Seebohm  (H.  B.)  On  the  Structure  of  Greek  Tribal  Society, 

8vo.  5/  net. 
Wolseley  (Wm.),  Admiral  of  the  Red  Squadron,  A  Memoir 

of,  by  M.  C.  Innes,  roy.  8vo.  9/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bourget's  (P.)  Outre-Mer,  Impressions  of  America,  16/  cl. 
Calvert's  (A.  F.)  The  Exploration  of  Australia,  10/6  cl. 
Oowper's  (F.;  Sailing  Tours,  Part  4,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Hanna's  (Col.  H.  B.)  Indian  Scientific  Frontier:  Where  is 

It  ?  What  is  It  ?  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Hepburn's  (Rev.  J.  D.)  Twenty  Years  in  Khama's  Country, 

cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
Tristram's  (H.  B.)  Rambles  in  Japan,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Science. 

Aldis's  (Mrs.  W.  S.)  Consider  the  Heavens,  a  Popular  Intro- 
duction to  Astronomy,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Kerr's  (R.)  Hidden  Beauties  of  Nature,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Thonner's  (F.)  Analytical  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  of 
Flovifering  Plants,  12mo.  2/  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Andom  (R.)  and  Harewood's  (T.)  The  Fortunes  of  a  Spend- 
thrift, cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Balestier's  (W.)  Benefits  Forgot,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Betts's  (W.  H.)  The  Pet  Canary,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Bird's  (H.  B.)  Chess  Novelties   and  their  Latest  Develop- 
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Boyesen's  (H.  H.)  Norseland  Tales,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Bramston's  (M.)  The  Story  of  a  Cat  and  a  Cake,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Burch's  (H.  B.)  Bab,  or  Tit  for  Tat,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Cleeve's  (L.)  The  Woman  who  Wouldn't,  a  Novel,  3/6  cl. 
Comrie's  (M.  S.)  The  Gold  of  that  Land,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Corbett's  (Mrs.  G.)  A  Young  Stowaway,  his  Surprising  Ad- 
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Debenham's  (M.  H.)  Two  Maiden  Aunts,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Goodchild's  (J.  A.)  The  Two  Thrones,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Green's  (E.  E.)  In  Taunton  Town,  a  Story  of  the  Rebellion 
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Side  of  the  Street,  a  Story,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Hampden's  (M.)  Stranger  Margaret,  a  Story,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Hardy's  (T.)  Wessex  Novels  :  The  Return  of  the  Native,  6/  cl. 
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Roberts's  (Sir  R.  H.)  A  Hasty  Marriage,  cr.  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Robins's  (G.  M.)  'To  Set  Her  Free,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  14/  cl. 
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Sitwell's    (Mrs.   I.)    In    Far    Japan,  a    Story  for    English 

Children,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
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Yonge's  (C.  M.)  The  Carbonels,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

FOBEIGN. 

Law. 
Lyon-Caen  (Ch.)  et  Delalain  (P.) :  Lois  franfaises  et  etran- 
geres  sur  la  PropriCte  litteraire  et  artistique,  2  vols.  20fr. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Clermont-Ganneau  (C) :    Etudes  d'Arch^ologie   orientale. 

Vol.  1,  Part  3,  5fr. 
Jafte  (F.):  Die  Architektur  der  Columbischen  Welt-Aus- 

stelluDg  zu  Chicago,  8m. 

liibliography. 
Catalogue  de  la  Bibliotheque   technique  du  Cercle  de  la 
Librairie  de  Paris,  5fr. 

Philosophy. 
Adickes  (E.)  :  Kant-Studien,  4m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Clausen  (J.):  Papst  Honorius  III.  (1216-1227),  5in. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Catat  (L.) :  Voyage  a  Madagascar,  30fr. 

Philology. 
Filipovic    (I.):     Taschenworterbuch    der     kroatischen    u. 
deutschen  Sprache,  Vol.  1,  Part  3,  4m. 

•Science, 
Jahrbuch  der  Chemie,  1894,  hrsg.  v.  R.  Meyer,  15m. 
MSbius  (P.  J.)  :  Neurologische  Beitriige,  Part  4.  4ra. 
Morphologische  Arbeiten,  hrsg.  v.  Prof.  G.  Schwalbe,  Vol.  5, 

Part  2,  16m. 
Pringsheim  (N.):  Oefammelte  Abh.atidlungen,  Vol.  1,  20m. 
Saccardo  (P.   A):    Sylli)ge   Fungorum   omnium   hucusque 

Cognitorum,  Vol.  II,  Part  .<,  3^ni.  .'0. 
Ziegler  (K.) :  Lehrbuch  der  allgemeinen  u  speciellen  patUo- 

logiscnen  Anatomic,  Supplement,  2m.  50. 


General  Literature. 
Blonay  (G.  de) :  Materiaux  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  de  la 

D^esse  buddhique  Tara,  2fr.  60. 
Lefdvre-Pontalis  (G.) :  Une  fausse  Jeanne  d'Arc,  Ifr.  50. 
Maupassant  (G.  de) ;  Bel  Ami,  avec  Illustrations,  3fr.  .50. 


THE  INSTITUTE  OF  JOURNALISTS. 
An  appropriation  of  four  hours  for  the  settle- 
ment of  a  year's  business,  and  of  four  other 
hours  for  the  reading  and  discussion  of  six  or 
seven  papers  on  questions  more  or  less  connected 
with  journalism,  does  not  make  too  large  a 
demand  on  those  engaged  in  a  conference  ex- 
tending over  a  week.  But  the  magnates  of  the 
Institute  of  Journalists  are  doubtless  wise  in 
giving  so  much  more  attention  to  pleasure  than 
to  business  at  the  annual  outing  of  its  members. 
The  Institute,  as  its  retiring  president,  Mr. 
Crosbie,  explained  in  his  eloquent  address  at 
Plymouth  on  Tuesday,  is  still  in  its  infancy, 
and  must  not  be  expected  as  yet  to  show  the 
vigour  and  intelligence  of  manhood.  Even  when 
it  attains  maturity,  moreover,  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  Institute  will  be  much  more  than  an 
organization  for  promoting  good  -  fellowship 
among  those  who  belong  to  it.  It  can  never  be 
a  trades  union,  or  even,  as  some  prefer  to  call 
it,  a  formidable  guild.  The  functions  of  jour- 
nalists are  so  various,  and  the  conditions  of 
their  work  are  so  diverse,  that  they  can  scarcely 
be  expected  to  organize  themselves  into  one 
compact  body.  They  are  discreet,  therefore,  in 
not  attempting  to  become  one,  and  in  giving 
themselves  up  mainly  to  enjoyment,  as  they 
have  this  week  been  doing  in  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall. 

All  the  serious  labours  of  the  Institute,  such 
as  they  were,  were  got  through  on  Tuesday 
afternoon  and  part  of  Wednesday;  and  more 
interesting,  if  not  more  important,  than  the  per- 
functory adoption  of  a  number  of  cut-and-dried 
resolutions  prepared  by  the  oligarchy  at  the 
head  of  aflairs,  was  the  series  of  papers  read 
and  briefly  talked  about.  The  most  notable  of 
these  was  one  by  Sir  Walter  Besant  on  '  Fiction 
in  Journalism,'  but  Sir  Walter  was  not  present 
to  read  it  himself,  and  the  paper  was  too  much 
in  the  nature  of  a  suggestion  that  novelists,  like 
the  writer,  should  be  employed  in  relieving  the 
dulness  of  the  great  English  newspapers  by 
supplying  them  with  several  columns  of  fiction 
per  diem.  Other  absentee  contributors  of  papers 
were  the  past  and  present  editors  of  the  Daily 
Chronicle.  For  the  rest,  a  really  able  paper  on 
'The  Ethics  of  Journalism,'  high-minded  and 
excellently  worded,  was  read  by  Mr.  James 
Annand  ;  and  two  hard-working  members,  Mr. 
Alexander  Paul  and  Mr.  Herbert  Wright,  dis- 
coursing on  '  The  Institute  of  Journalists,  its 
Uses  and  its  Limitations,'  made  out  about  as 
good  a  case  as  could  be  made  for  their  chartered 
society. 

The  retiring  president,  Mr.  Thomas  Crosbie, 
of  Cork,  concluded  his  year  of  office,  in  which 
he  has  acquitted  himself  to  everybody's  satis- 
faction, by  gracefully  superintending  the  pro- 
ceedings at  Plymouth.  His  successor  is  Mr. 
J.  A.  Willox,  M.P.,  of  Liverpool. 


"THE  STREEN"   (OR  "  THESTRBBN"). 

Strichen,  Aberdeenshire,  Aug.  26,  1895. 
I  DO  not  know  what  Prof.  Gummere's  authority 
for  "the  streen  "  is — I  have  not  access  here 
either  to  his  '  Old  English  Ballads '  or  Prof. 
Child's — but  the  form  is  not  so  absurd  as  you 
seem  to  think.  In  this  part  of  the  country 
"  the  streen  "  is  in  constant  use  as  a  parallel  to 
"the  nicht,"  "the  day"  for  to-idght,  to-day, 
though  "  streen  "  never  occurs  separately.  The 
origin  of  the  form  appears  to  be  this.  In  many 
combinations  in  the  Aberdeenshire  dialect  the 
voiced  th  is  not  pronounced  ;  xj  before  e  is  also 
silent.  From  'estreen  popular  etymology  has 
made  "  the  streen."  P.   Giles. 

*^*  An  apology  .seems  due  to  Prof.  Guramere, 
though  it  is  true  that  "  streen  "  is  not  an  in- 
dependent word.     The  analogy  of   "  thon  "  for 


yon  will  at  once  occur  to  any  one  familiar  with 
East  Coast  dialects. 


PUBLISHER  AND  TRANSLATOR. 

Five  Oaks,  Billingshurst,  Sussex,  Sept.  2,  1895. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.'s  letter,  teeming 
with  inaccuracies,  which  you  published  in  your 
last  number,  reminds  me  of  that  Greek  text 
which  says  you  may  do  what  you  will,  but  you 
will  never  get  a  crab  to  walk  straight  ;  it  in  no 
way  refutes  my  plain  statement. 

In  the  first  place,  the  volume  '  Une  Passion- 
nette '  was  not  left  with  them  in  "a  bundle  of 
French  books  " — although  it  is  true  that  I  had 
previously  submitted  several  French  works, 
mostly  illustrated,  which  were  still  with  them — 
but  was  sent  singly,  by  post,  from  here  with  a 
letter.  Their  proper  course  would  have  been 
to  have  returned  the  book  with  the  intimation 
that  they  had  already  decided  on  bringing  out 
a  translation  of  it  by  another  person.  They  did 
not  do  so.  They  kept  the  volume  by  them  for 
three  or  four  months,  without  vouchsaiing  any 
answer  ;  and  when  I,  personally,  pressed  them 
for  a  reply,  they  wrote  over  to  M.  Calmann 
Le'vy,  secured  the  copyright,  and  it  was  then, 
and  then  only,  that  they  told  me  what  they 
intended  doing.  This  was,  perhaps,  a  sharp, 
but  it  was  certainly  not  a  gentlemanly  proceed- 
ing on  their  part. 

Very  few  of  Gyp's  books  are  possible  in 
England,  as  you  are  aware.  '  Une  Passionnette  ' 
is  one  of  them,  and  during  the  time  Messrs. 
Hutchinson  &  Co.  kept  me  waiting  for  an 
answer  I  could  have  disposed  of  it  over  and 
over  again. 

As  Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  have  alluded 
to  '  Le  Mariage  de  Chiffon, '  and  admit  that  I 
called  their  attention  to  Gyp's  works,  I  may  as 
well  make  a  clean  breast  of  the  matter,  and  say 
that  the  miserable  meed  they  doled  to  me  for 
that  service  and  for  securing  to  them  the  copy- 
right of  '  Le  Mariage  de  Chiffon  '  (which  has 
now  reached  its  third  edition  I)  was  5L,  and 
they  did  so  after  I  had  refused  21.,  which  was 
the  original  offer  ;  and  this  sum  was  paid  before 
I  sent  them  the  few  pages  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  book.  They  were  sent  because  I 
had  mentioned  to  Mr.  Hutchinson  at  the  time 
I  received  the  bl.  that  I  had  written  these  few- 
pages,  and  he  said  he  would  like  to  see  them. 
There  was  never  any  question  of  sending  a 
specimen  of  the  proposed  translation,  or  of  the 
relative  merits  of  my  own  and  any  other 
person's  work. 

When,  in  obedience  to  a  request  by  letter, 
I  secured  the  copyright  of  '  Le  Mariage  de 
Chiffon  '  from  M.  Calmann  L^vy  and  handed  Mr. 
Hutchinson  the  transfer — which,  by  the  way,  is 
made  out  in  my  oxen  xiatne — he  told  me  his  reader 
said  the  work  must  be  translated  by  a  lady. 
I  confess  I  was  somewhat  taken  aback.  A 
lady  1  Why  should  a  lady  know  more  about 
Parisian  slang— or  argot  if  you  will— than  your 
humble  servant,  who,  lean  assure  you,  has  been 
through  a  thorough  course  of  it  ? 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  say  I  acquiesced 
in  the  idea  of  the  translation  of  '  Le  Mariage  de 
Chiffon  '  being  given  to  a  lady.  What  could  I 
do  ?  I  was  in  the  lion's  jaw.  I  had  to  con- 
sent, and  take  the  wretched  five-pound  note  or 
nothing. 

But  I  venture  to  suggest  that  it  is  not  a 
question  of  '  Le  Mariage  de  Chifibn  '  that  we  are 
dealing  with,  but  of  '  Une  Passionnette, '  which  is 
written  inquitcadifferentstyle,  and  which  I  could 
easily  have  sold  to  some  other  firm  during  the 
three  or  four  months  that  Messrs.  Hutchinson 
&  Co.  had  it  before  them,  apparently  under 
consideration. 

I  regret  that  I  am  obliged  to  contradict  the 
head  of  such  an  eminently  respectable  house, 
but  I  positively  afiirm  that  Mr.  Hutchinson 
told  me  himself  that  he  was  paying  the  trans- 
lator of  'Une  Passionnette'  "about  half  the 
sum  "  I  had  said  I  should  have  expected  for 


320 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


'  Le  Manage  de  Chiffuii,'  whicli  was  40L  I  am 
pleased  to  learn,  now,  that  the  statement  was 
incorrect,  and  that  the  lady  who  is  doing  the 
translation  is  receiving,  at  all  events,  reason- 
able remuneration  for  her  work. 

Edward  Vizetelly. 


THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Messrs.  Longman  announce  '  The  Life  and 
Times  of  Cardinal  Wiseman,'  by  Wilfrid  Ward, 
author    of    '  William    George    Ward    and    the 
Catholic      Revival,'  —  in     "The      Badminton 
Library":     'Dancing,'   by   Mrs.     Lilly   Grove, 
F.R.G.S.;  '  Billiards,'  by  Major  W.  Broadfoot  ; 
and   'Cycling,'  by  the  Earl  of  Albemarle  and 
G.  Lacy  Hillier,  with  numerous  illustrations  by 
the   Earl   of   Albemarle,   Joseph  Pennell,   and 
George  Moore, — '  Chess  Sparks  ;  or,  Short  and 
Bright  Games  of  Chess,'  collected  and  arranged 
by  J.   H.  Ellis,  M.A.,— 'The  Romance  of  the 
W^oods  :   Reprinted  Articles  and  Sketches,'  by 
Fred.  J.  Whishaw,— 'The  Life  of  Joseph  Wolf, 
F.Z.S.,  Artist  and  Naturalist,'  by  A.  H.  Palmer, 
■with  a  portrait  and  illustrations, — '  The  Life  of 
Ford  Madox  Brown,'  by  Ford  Madox  Hiieffer, 
with   reproductions   of   several   of    the   artist's 
pictures, — '  Frances  Mary  Buss  and  her  Work 
for   Education,'    by   Annie   E.    Ridley,  —  'The 
Life    of   Sir   Henry  Halford,   President  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,'  by  William  Munk, 
M.D.,  —  'Appenzell:     Pure    Democracy     and 
Pastoral  Life  in  Inner-Rhoden,'  a  Swiss  study, 
by  Irving  B.  Richman,  with  maps,  — '  Climbing 
in  the  British  Isles  :  Wales,'  by  W.  P.  Haskett 
Smith;   'Ireland,'  by  H.   C.    Hart,  with  illus- 
trations and   plans, — 'Studies    of    Childhood,' 
by  James    Sully, — 'Gathering   Clouds:  a  Tale 
of   the  Days    of  St.    Chrysostom, '    by    F.    W. 
Farrar,  Dean  of    Canterbury,   2  vols., — 'Occa- 
sional and  Immemorial  Days,'  by  the  Very  Rev. 
A.  K.  H.  Boyd, — 'A  Spiritual  Faith,'  sermons 
by  the  Rev.  J.  Hamilton  Thom,  with  a  memorial 
preface  by  Dr.  Martineau, — a  new  book  by  the 
author  of   'Jesus,  the  Carpenter  of  Nazareth,' 
entitled  'Joseph    the    Dreamer,'    giving   in   a 
series  of  pictures  the  story  of  the  life  of  Joseph, 
— 'The  Life  and   Times   of  John  Kettlewell,' 
with  details  of  the    history  of  the   Nonjurors, 
by  the  author  of  '  Nicholas  Ferrar  :  his  House- 
hold and   his  Friends,'  edited,   with  an  intro- 
duction,   by    Canon     Carter,  —  '  Cardinal    and 
Archbishop  Morton's  Life,'  by  the  Rev.   R.  I. 
Woodhouse,  —  'A    Book    for    Every    Woman: 
being  Suggestions   as    to    the    Management  of 
Health  from  Childhood  to  Old  Age,'  by  Jane  H. 
Walker,    out-patient    physician    to     the    New 
Hospital     f(jr    Women,  —  'Pioneer    Work    in 
Opening    the    Medical  Profession  to  Women  :  I 
Autobiographical   Sketches,'  by  Dr.    Elizabeth 
Blackwell, — '  A  Scheme    for  Imperial   Federa- 
tion :  a  Senate  for  the  Empire,'  three  articles 
reprinted  with  additions  from  the   WesUnimter 
Review,    by   Granville    H.    Cunningham,    with 
an    introduction    by    Sir    Frederick   Young, — 
'The     Democratization     of     Parliament,'     by 
G.    Lowes    Dickinson,  —  '  Pagan   Ireland  :    an 
Archajological  Sketch,'  a  handbook  of  Irish  pre- 
Christian  anticjuities,   by  W.   G.  Wood-Martin, 

—  'A  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange, 
Bank-Notes,  &c.,'  by  Henry  Dunning  Macleod, 

—  'A  Financial  Atonement,' by  B.  13.  West,— 
'Josephine  Crewe:  a  Novel,'  by  Helen  M. 
Boulton, — '  The  Red  Cockade  :  an  Historical 
Romance,'  by  Stanley  Weyman,— 'Tiie  Stark- 
Munro  Letters,'  by  A.  Conan  Doyle,— 'The 
Red  True  Story  Book,'  edited  by  Andrew  Lang, 
■with  illu.strations  by  Henry  .J.  Ford,  —  'The 
Snow  Garden  and  other  Fairy  Tales  for 
Children,'  by  Elizabeth  Wordsworth,  with  illus- 
trations by  Trevor  Haddon,— and  '  The  Adven- 
tures of  Two  Dutch  Dolls  and  a  "Golliwog,"' 
illustrated  by  Florence  K.  Upton,  with  words 
by  Bertha  Upton. 

Among  the  books  in  active  preparation  at  the 
Clarendon  I'ress  may  be  mejitioned  the  follow- 
ing.    In  Theology  :      'Liturgies,    Eastern    and 


Western,'  by  C.  E.  Hammond,   new  edition  by 
F.  E.  Brightman,  Vol.   I., — '  NouumTestamen- 
tumDominiNostrilesu  Christi  Latine,  secundum 
Editionem    S.    Hieronymi,'   edited   i)y   Bishop 
Wordsworth     and     H.     J.    White,    Part     I., 
Fasc.  v., — 'A  Hebrew  and  English  Lexicon  of 
the  Old  Testament,'  based   on    the    lexicon   of 
Gesenius,  as  translated  by  E.  Robinson,  edited 
by  Drs.  Francis  Brown,  S.  R.  Driver,  and  C.  A. 
Briggs,  Part  v., — 'A  Concordance  to  the  Sep- 
tuagint,'  by  the  late  Edwin  Hatch  and  H.   A. 
Redpath,    Part   V., — 'The   Peshito  Version  of 
the  Gospels,'  edited  by  G.  H.  Gwilliam,  Parti., 
— '  The  Memphitic  Version  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment,' edited  by  G.  Horner,  — '  Collatio  Codicis 
Curetoniani(Mus.  Brit.  Add.  14,457)  cum  Codice 
Lewisiano     rescripto     Evangeliorum,'     auctore 
Alberto  Bonus, — '  Latin  Versions  of  the  Canons 
of  the  Greek  Councils  of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth 
Centuries,'  by  C.  H.   Turner, — 'Sancti  Irenaei 
Novum   Testamentum,'  edited  by  W.  Sanday, 
D.D., — 'The  Slavonic  Version  of  the  Book  of 
Enoch,'   edited    by    R.    H.    Charles, — '  Studia 
Biblica  et  Ecclesiastica,'  Series  IV.,  edited  by 
W.  Sanday, — '  Legenda  Angliae,'  edited  by  C. 
Horstmann,  2  vols., — and  'Old  Testament  His- 
tory for  Junior  Classes, '  by  T.  H.  Stokoe.    Greek 
and  Latin  :    '  The  Revenue  Laws    of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,'  edited  from  the  papyri  by  B.  P. 
Grenfell, — 'A  History  of  Greek  Religion,'  by 
L.    R.    Farnell,    Vol.     I.,— Euripides,    'Ion,' 
edited  by  C.  S.  Jerram, — '  Horace,'  a  miniature 
text,     edited     by     E.     C.     W'ickham,  —  Ovid, 
'Heroides, 'edited  by  ArthurPalmer, — '  Lectures 
and  Essays,'  by  the  late  Prof.  Nettleship,  second 
series,  edited  by  F.  J.  Haverfield,  with  a  memoir 
by  Mrs.  Nettleship,  —  and  '  A  Short  Historical 
Grammar  of   the   Latin  Language,'  by  W.   M. 
Lindsay.    Oriental :  '  Thesaurus  Syriacus,'  edidit 
R.  PayneSmith,Fasc.  X., — 'An  Abridged  Syriac 
Lexicon, 'by  Miss  J.  Payne  Smith, — 'A  Catalogue 
of  the  Turkish,  Hindustani,  and  Pushtu  MSS. 
in  the  Bodleian  Library,'  by  H.  Ethe,  Part  II., 
— 'A  Catalogue  of  the  Armenian  MSS.  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,'  by  Dr.   S.  Baronian,  —  'A 
First   Catechism  of   the  Tamil   Language,'   by 
G.  U.  Pope,  — and  'A  Record  of  the  Buddhist 
Practices  in  India  and  the  Malay  Archipelago 
(a.d.    671-695),'    by    I-Tsing,    translated    and 
edited   by   J.   Takakusu.       General   Literature 
and  Modern  Languages  :    Sir   Thomas   More's 
'Utopia,'   edited  by  J.   H.   Lupton, — 'Studies 
in   Dante,'   by   E.    Moore,  —  'A    Treatise    on 
Maiolica,    with    a    Catalogue   of    the    Fortnum 
Collection  in   the  Ashmolean  Museum,'  by  C. 
Drury  E.   Fortnum, — '  A    Summary  Catalogue 
of  Bodleian  MSS.,'  by  F.  Madan,  Vol.  IV.,— 
'Higher     Gymnastics,'    by    W.    Maclaren,  — 
and   '  Short    German   Plays   for    Reading   and 
Acting,'    edited    by    E.    S.    Buchheim.       His- 
tory,  Biography,  Law,   &c  :    '  History   of   the 
New  World  called  America,'  by  E.  J.  Payne, 
Vol.  II., — 'The  Universitiesof  theMiddleAges,' 
by  Hastings  Rashdall,  2  vols., — Burnet's  '  His- 
tory of  my  Own  Time,'  new  edition,  by  Osmund 
Airy,   Vols.   I.   and  II., — 'Selections  from  the 
Whitefoord    Papers,'    edited     by     W.    A.    S. 
Hewins, — 'The  Landnama-Boc,'  edited  by  the 
late  G.  Vigfusson  and  F.  York  Powell, — '  His- 
tory  of   Agriculture   and   Prices,'  by  the   late 
J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers,  Vols.  VII.  and  VIII.,— 
'  Baedae   Historia    Ecclesiastica,'   edited,   with 
introduction  and  notes,  by  C.  Plummer, — and 
'  Catalogue  of  the  Rawlinson  MSS.  (D)  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,'  by  W.   D.  Macray,  Part  II. 
Engli.sh  Language  and  Literature  :   '  Bosworth's 
Anglo-Saxon   Dictionary,'  Part  IV.   Section  2, 
edited    by   T.     M.    Toller,  — 'A    Now    English 
Dictionary,' portions  of  D,  edited  by  J.  A.   H. 
Murray,    and    of    F,    edited   by    H.    Bradley, 
—  and   '  Works  attributed  to  Chaucer,'   in  one 
volume,     edited     by    W.     W.     Skeat.      Philo- 
sophy,   Mathematics,    Physical    Science,    ttc.  : 
'British  Moralists  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,' 
edited   by  L.  A.  Selby-Bigge,  2  vols.,  —  'Index 
Kewensis,'  compiled  at  tlie  expense  of  the  late 
C.  R.  Darwin,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Joseph 


D.  Hooker,  by  B.  Daydon  Jackson,  2  vols., — 
and  '  An  Introduction  to  the  Algebra  of  Quantics,' 
by  E.  B.  Elliott.  In  the  series  of  "Sacred 
Books  of  the  Ea.st":  Vol.  XXXVIII.,  '  Vedanta- 
Sutras,'  translated  by  G.  Thibaut,  Part  II.  ; 
Vol.  XLII.,  '  Hymns  of  the  Atharva-Veda,' 
translated  by  M.  Bloomfield  ;  and  Vol.  XLVL, 
'  Vedic  Hymns,' translated  by  F.  Max  Miiller, 
Part  II.  The  following  works  are  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  series  of  ''  Anecdota  Oxoniensia  ": 
Firdausi's  '  Yiisuf  and  Zalikha, '  edited  by  H. 
Ethe  ;  'Ktldva  Satapatha  Brahmajia,'  edited  by 
J.  Eggeling  ;  'The  Mantraplitha,'  edited  by 
M.  Winternitz  ;  'Mediaeval  Jewish  Chronicles,' 
edited  by  Ad.  Neubauer,  Part  II.  ;  '  The  Letters 
of  Abu  I'Ala  El  Ma'arri,'  edited  by  D.  S.  Margo- 
liouth  ;  '  Further  Fragments  of  the  Palestinian 
Version,'  byG.  H.  Gwilliam  ;  'English  Charters 
and  Deeds  recently  acquired  by  the  Bodleian 
Library,'  edited  by  A.  S.  Napier  and  W.  H. 
Stevenson  ;  and  Bale's  '  Index  Britanniae  Scrip- 
torum,'  edited  by  R.  L.  Poole. 

Mr.    David    Nutt's   announcements  for  the 
forthcoming  publishing   season  comprise  'The 
Sculptures   in  the  Lady  Chapel  at  Ely,'  illus- 
trated in  fifty-five  collotype  plates,  by  Montague 
Rhodes    James, — 'Marsh   Leaves:    Idylls  and 
Impressions,'  by  P.  H.  Emerson,  with  eighteen 
photo- etchings,  —  a   second    issue     of    '  Birds, 
Beasts,  and  Fishes  of  the  Norfolk  Broadland,' 
by  P.   H.  Emerson,—'  The  Night  of  the  Gods  : 
an  Inquiry  into  Cosmic  and  Cosmogonic  Mytho- 
logy and  Symbolism,'  by  the  late  John  O'Neill, 
with  index  to  the  complete  work,  illustrated, 
— in  the  "  Bibliotheque  de  Carabas  ":  Vol.  IX., 
'Early  English    Versions    of    the    Legend    of 
Barlaam   and  Josaphat,'  with   an    essay   upon 
the    '  Influence  of    Buddhism    upon    Christian 
Hagiology   and   the    Spread    of    the    Barlaam 
Legend  throughout  Mediaeval  Western  Litera- 
ture,'   by    Joseph    Jacobs, — in    the    "Grimm 
Library":       Vol.      III.,      'The     Legend     of 
Perseus,'     by     E.     S.     Hartland  ;     Vol.    IV., 
'  The  Voyage  of  Bran,   Son  of   Febal,  to   the 
Land    of    the    Living  :     an    Old    Irish    Saga,' 
edited    for  the  first   time  and    translated  into 
English,  with  introduction,  notes,  glossary,  and 
indices,  by  Prof.  Kuno  Meyer,  with  an  essay 
upon  the  '  Vision  of  the  Happy  Otherworld  in 
the  Mythico-Romantic  Literature  of  the  Irish 
and  upon  the  Celtic  Doctrine  of  Rebirth,'  by 
Alfred    Nutt,  —  in   the    "Northern    Library  "^: 
Vol.  II.,  'The  Foereyinga  Saga,' translated  for 
tha  first  time  into  English,  with  introduction, 
by  Prof.   F.    York    Powell,  —  in   the    "Tudor 
Library":   Vol.  VI.,  Boetius's  '  Consolacion  of 
Philosophy,'  Englished  by  Geo.  Colville,  1556, 
with  introduction  by  E.  Belfort  Bax, — in  the 
"  Tudor  Translations  ":  Vols.  IX.-XIL,  North's 
'Plutarch,'    Vols.    IIL-VI.,— '  The     Song    af 
Roland,'   a   summary   for   the    use  of   English 
readers,    with     verse     renderings     of     typical 
passages  by  Arthur  Way  and  Frederic  Spencer, 
— '  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Folk-lore,' 
by  Marian   Roalfe  Cox, — 'Greek  Folk-Poesy: 
Literal  and  Metrical  Translations  representative 
of  the  complete  Cycle  of  Roman  Folk-verse  and 
Folk-prose,'  by  Lucy  M.  J.  Garnett,  with  intro- 
duction  and   notes   by   J.    S.    Stuart  Glennie, 
2  vols., — a  second  edition  of  '  Literary  Studies,' 
by  Joseph  Jacobs, — '  Tellis  and  Kleobein,  and 
other  Poems,'  by  Robert  Brown,  jun., — 'Verses,' 
by  J.   A.  Nicklin,—' Mediaeval  Legends  (Melu- 
sina,      yEsop,      Seven      Suabians,    Fleur    and 
Blanchefleur,    Duke     Ernest),'    translated     by 
Mrs.    Leighton, — 'English    Nursery   Rhymes,' 
pictured  in  black  and  white  by  Winifred  Smith, 
illustrator  of  '  English  Singing  Games,' — a  cheap 
reissue,  without    introductions    and     notes,  of 
'Fairy  Tales  of  the  British  Empire,' collected 
and  edited   by   Joseph   .Jacobs,    illustrated   by 
J.  D.  Batten,  4  vols.,— 'Katawa7npus,  its  Treat- 
ment and    Cure,    a    Moral    Story  without   any 
Morals,' by  His   Honour  Judge  Edward  Parry, 
illustrated  by  Archie  MacGregor,— and  'Good 
Night,'  verses  by  Dollie    Radford,  pictured  in 
black  and  white  by  Louis  Davis. 


N<'3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


321 


Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons'  announcements 
for  the  coming  season  include  the  following  : 
'  The  Diary  of  his  Highness  the  Ptajah  of  Kapur- 
thala  in  Europe  and  America  in  1893,' — a  new 
edition  de  luxe  of  W.  H.  Prescott's  works,  com- 
plete in  12  volumes, — the  complete  Cambridge 
edition  of  Longfellow's  poems,  with  a  new  bio- 
graphy, chronological  order  of  the  poems,  and 
index, — Sir  John  Lubbock's  "Hundred  Books," 
completed  in  a  hundred  volumes, — 'The  New 
Every  Boy's  Book,'  a  new  book  of  sports,  with 
illustrations  and  diagrams,  edited  by  W.  A. 
Blew,  of  the  Field, — the  eleventh  edition  of 
'  Discoveries  and  Inventions  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,'  by  Robert  Routledge,  brought  up  to 
the  present  period,  with  additional  illustrations, 
— three  new  juvenile  books,  with  many  illustra- 
tions, entitled  'Every  Boy's  Stories,'  'Every 
Girl's  Stories,'  and  'Every  Child's  Stories,' — 
new  one-volume  three-and-sixpenny  novels  : 
'One  Woman's  Wisdom,'  by  Agnes  Murphy; 
'The  Woman  who  Stood  Between,'  by  Minnie 
Gilmore  ;  '  Poppsea, '  by  Julien  Gordon  ;  '  A 
Son  of  Esau,'  by  Minnie  Gilmore  ;  '  A  Sawdust 
Doll,'  by  Mrs.  Reginald  de  Koven  ;  and  '  Two 
Women  and  a  Fool,'  by  H.  Chatheld  Taylor, — 
'British  Moths,'  by  J.  W.  Tutt,  with  coloured 
illustrations, — two  new  juvenile  books  by  the 
Rev.  H.  C.  Adams,  entitled  '  Fighting  his 
Way'  and  'School  and  University,'  —  a  new 
edition  of  Alexandre  Dumas's  novels  in  monthly 
volumes  (the  D"Artagnan  edition),  —  a  new 
edition  of  Victor  Hugo's  novels  in  monthly 
volumes  (the  Notre  Dame  edition), — and  new 
editions  of  the  novels  of  Fielding,  Smollett, 
Capt.  Marryat,  and  Lord  Lytton. 

Messrs.  Philip  &  Son  are  about  to  bring  out 
'  The  Oarsman's  Guide  to  the  Navigable  Rivers 
and  Canals  of  the  British  Isles,'  by  Members  of 
the  Cruising  Club, — and  a  practical  series  of 
varied  occupations  for  children  in  the  lower 
standards:  'Clay  Modelling  for  Standards  I., 
II.,  III.,'  by  W.  H.  Wilson  and  William 
Nelson  ;  '  Water-Colour  Brushwork  for  Stan- 
dards I.,  IL,  and  III.,'  by  W.  H.  Wilson  and 
William  Nelson  ;  '  Cardboard  Modelling  for 
Standards  III.  to  VI.,' by  William  Nelson  and 
Albert  Sutcliffe. 


•A  HISTORY  OF  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT  TIMES." 
Stocks,  Tring,  Aug.  31,  1895. 
In  your  issue  of  to-day  your  reviewer  attacks 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  for  saying  that  "  in  these 
four  volumes  the  work  of  translating  Dr.  Haus- 

rath's   '  Neutestamentliche    Zeitgeschichte  ' 

has  at  last  been  completed."  He  declares,  I 
know  not  on  what  authority,  that  "it,  unfor- 
tunately, has  not  been  completed.  The  four 
sections  that  treat  of  the  Apostle  Paul  and  his 
work  have  yet  to  he  tmnslatcd,  and  the  reader 
■will  look  in  vain  in  the  present  volumes  for  the 
section  'The  Early  Career  of  Paul,'  to  which 
Mrs.  Ward  alludes,  and  on  which  she  offers 
criticism."  Permit  me  to  state  that  not  only  had 
Mrs.  Ward  seen  the  proof-sheets,  but  aU  four 
volumes  have  been  on  my  shelves  for  the  last 
two  months.  Messrs.  Williams  &  Norgate,  it 
appears,  have  as  yet  only  sent  you  two  of  the 
four  volumes.  Your  reviewer  has  jumped  to  a 
hasty  conclusion,  and  the  sole  criticism  he 
elaborates  on  the  preface  falls  to  the  ground. 
Leonakd  Huxley. 

*^(.*  Mr.  Huxleyhimself  explains  how  Messrs. 
Williams  &  Norgate  have  as  yet  sent  only  two 
of  the  four  volumes.  A  reviewer  can  review 
only  books  that  are  sent  to  him,  and  is  not 
expected  to  find  out  what  books  are  on  Mr. 
Huxley's  shelves. 


BODLEY. 

August  26,  1895. 

Some  time  since,  in  consulting  a  reprint  of  an 
article  on  Belsham  in  Dr.  Williams's  Library,  I 
found  bound  up  in  the  same  volume  a  pamphlet, 
'  Livre  des  Anglois  k  Genfeve,  with  a  few  Bio- 
graphical Notes  by  John  Southernden  Bums,' 


London,  1831.  Turning  the  leaves  of  this,  I 
came  upon  some  entries  which,  as  far  as  I  know, 
have  escaped  notice,  or  at  least  have  escaped 
the  identification  making  notice  of  avail,  and 
they  are  as  follows  :  — 

"8  of  May,  1557,  John  Bodleigh,  his  wife, 
Thomas,  John  and  Lawrence,  his  sonnes, 
Prothese  his  daughter,  John  Boggens  and 
Richard  Vivian  his  servants,  Elenor  his  maid, 
Nicholas,  brother  to  the  said  John  Bodleghe  " 
(p.  10). 

"John  Bodlegh  to  be  Senyores,  1557."  This 
amongst  the  names  of  ministers,  seniors,  and 
deacons  (p.  13). 

"  1558,  August  17,  Zacharie,  the  sonne  of 
John  Bodleigh,"  baptized  (p.  15)  ;  and,  same 
page,  August  25th,  John  Bodleigh  again 
appears,  as  godfather  to  a  little  "Anglois" 
born  in  exile. 

Now  these  would  seem  to  be  authentic  par- 
ticulars concerning  John  and  Joan  Bodleigh 
and  their  household,  on  their  flight  from  Exeter 
to  avoid  the  Catholic  difficulties  ;  and  when  it 
is  recognized  that  the  young  Thomas,  duly 
chronicled  as  one  of  the  "sonnes  "  forming  the 
English  colony,  became  our  own  Sir  Thomas 
Bodley,  the  extreme  interest  of  the  detail  will 
be  patent  to  all  who  read. 

Allow  me  to  make  one  comment.  John  Bod- 
leigh, or  Bodleghe,  or  Bodlegh  (altogether  there 
are  some  six  variants  of  the  spelling)  set  himself 
to  a  special  work  during  his  stay  at  Geneva.  It 
was  to  help  in  that  translation  of  the  Bible 
which  was  the  established  book  in  English 
families  till  King  James's  version  set  it  aside — 
the  version  which  even  came  to  be  known  as 
Bodleigh's  Bible,  because  it  was  he  who 
travelled  with  it  to  Enaland,  and  obtained 
the  licence  for  it  from  Elizabeth.  It  was  no 
bad  thing  for  Sir  Thomas  Bodley 's  book-love 
and  book-lore  that,  as  a  child,  he  was  in  the 
midst  of  such  work,  and  had  so  capable  a  father. 
I  am  late  in  communicating  these  Genevan 
notes.  It  is  that  I  embodied  them  in  a  magazine 
article  on  Bodley  the  publication  of  which  I 
expected  ;  but  as  it  would  now  seem  that  the 
article  is  lost,  since  I  can  get  no  information 
about  it  or  any  answer  to  my  inquiries,  I  ask 
you,  in  your  courtesy,  to  be  good  enough  to  find 
me  place  wherein  the  items  may  be  set  down. 

JeNNETT   HrMPHREYS. 


THE   BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  CONFERENCE 
AT  BRUSSELS. 

The  Office  International  de  Bibliographie, 
which  was  successfully  launched  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Belgian  Government  last  year, 
has  followed  the  order  of  the  day  in  initiating 
a  congress,  which  commenced  at  the  Hotel 
Ravenstcin,  Brussels,  on  Monday,  and  termi- 
nated on  Wednesday  last.  The  Congress  was 
determined  upon  far  too  late  in  the  season  to 
secure  the  international  character  to  which  its 
interest  and  its  importance  entitled  it,  although 
the  number  of  "adherences"  which  the  com- 
mittee have  received  show  that  the  sympathies 
of  English  bibliographers  at  any  rate  are  with 
the  organizers. 

Between  forty  and  fifty  members  assembled 
on  Monday  morning,  when  M.  le  Chevalier 
Lescamps-David,  the  president,  welcomed  the 
delegates.  Among  those  present  mention  may 
be  made  of  M.  Fe'tis,  the  venerable  chief 
librarian  of  the  Bibliotheque  Royale,  Brussels  ; 
M.  A.  J.  Wauters,  Stainier,  Limousin  ;  M.  J. 
Carl  ;  and  M.  Paul  Bergmans.  The  primary 
object  of  the  Congress  was  explained  by  one  of 
its  principal  organizers,  JI.  Henri  Lafontaine, 
and  this  may  be  brielly  described  as  an  attempt 
to  arrive  at  a  system  of  book-cataloguing  at  once 
simple  and  scientific.  The  system  is  known  as 
the  claxsijication  dec.imale,  the  principle  of  which 
is  due  to  Mr.  Melvil  Dewey,  the  well-known 
American,  and  upon  it  MM.  Lafontaine  and 
Otlet,  the  directors  of  the  Office,  or  Institut, 
International  de  Bibliographie,  have  formulated 


certain  improvements  in  detail.  The  whole 
range  of  human  knowledge  is  divided  into  ten 
classes  corresponding  to  the  ten  figures  0,  1, 
2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9.  Each  class  is  sub-divided 
into  ten  groups,  each  again  represented  by  a 
figure,  and  each  group  is,  in  its  turn,  again 
divided  into  ten,  also  severally  indicated  by 
figures.  I'or  example,  the  ten  primary  classes 
are  arranged  as  follows  : — 

0.  General  Works. 

1.  Philosophy. 

2.  Religion. 

3.  Sociology. 

4.  Philology. 

5.  Sciences. 

6.  Applied  Science. 

7.  Fine  Arts. 

8.  Literature. 
d.  History, 
i  further  illustration,   No.  5,   we 


To  take, 
have  : — 

50, 

51, 

52. 

53. 


Sciences  in  general. 
Mathematics. 
Astronomy. 
Physics. 

530.  Physics  in  general. 

531.  Mechanics. 

532.  Hydraulics. 

533.  Gas. 

534.  Acoustics. 

535.  Optics. 

536.  Heat. 

537.  Electricity. 

538.  Magnetism. 

54.  Chemistry. 

55.  Geology. 

56.  Palaeontology. 

57.  Biology. 

58.  Botany. 

59.  Zoology. 

All  works  concerning  electricity  will  be  537. 
The  first  figure,  5  for  example,  indicates  know- 
ledge which  comes  within  the  fifth  class  of  the 
general  division  ;  the  second  figure  determines 
the  particular  division  of  the  science  in  ques- 
tion ;  and  the  third  a  still  further  and  final 
determination,  so  to  speak,  of  its  proper  cate- 
gory. 

At  first  sight  the  decimal  system  of  book 
classification  will  doubtless  appear  extremely 
complicated,  but  it  is,  when  fully  worked  out, 
in  reality  very  simple  and  fairly  accurate.  MM. 
H.  Lafontaine  and  P.  Otlet  have  been  able  to 
give  a  practical  illustration  of  their  theory  in  a 
'  Bibliographia  Sociologica,'  in  which  over  four 
thousand  books  are  classified  and  catalogued. 

Simple  as  the  decimal  system  is,  it  was  natur- 
ally the  subject  of  much  and  severe  criticism. 
Monday's  stance  concluded,  after  much  discur- 
sive argument,  with  the  resolution  that  the  Con- 
ference considered  the  decimal  system  highly 
satisfactory  from  a  practical  point  of  view  ;  and 
that  it  (the  Conference),  in  view  of  the  general 
application  of  the  Dewey  system,  recommends 
its  integral  adoption  by  bibliographers  through- 
out the  world. 

On  Tuesday  the  work  of  the  Congress  com- 
prised as  many  controversial  points  as  might 
well  occupy  a  week.  The  chief  question  of 
the  day  dealt  with  the  institution,  or  rather 
the  creation,  of  international  bibliographical 
unions,  and  a  resolution  was  passed  to  press  the 
project  on  the  Belgian  Government. 

"The  constitution'of  the  Institut  International 
de  Bibliographie  was  discussed  at  great  length 
and  with  greater  divergence  of  opinion.  In  the 
end  it  was  unanimously  agreed  that  the  Institut 
is  to  be,  above  all,  an  association  exclusively 
scientific.  Its  functions  are  to  include  the 
classification  and  description  of  the  productions 
of  human  thought— to  determine  the  unites  biih 
liorirajjJiiqw^,  so  as  to  facilitate  and  perfect  the 
uniform  and  scientific  character  of  international 
classification.  The  Institut  is  to  hold  an  annual 
session,  at  which  the  progress  of  the  previous 
twelve  months  will  form  a  chief  feature,  and  it 
will  select  its   members  from  among  persons, 


322 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3541,  Sept.  T,  '95 


institutions,  and  associations  practically  en- 
gaged in  bibliographical  or  immediately  kindred 
work. 

Wednesday's  se'ance  was  both  brief  and  un- 
exciting. On  the  proposition  of  M.  Otlet,  the 
tables  of  the  decimal  classification  are  to  be 
translated  into  German  and  Italian.  Before 
the  Congi-ess  dissolved  M.  Deschamps  briefly 
reviewed  the  chief  points  which  had  been 
ventilated  during  the  session.  Following  this 
"dissolution"  came  an  informal  inspection  of 
the  working  rooms  of  MM.  Lafontaine  and 
Otlet  and  of  their  thirty  collaborators.  When 
it  is  stated  that  within  a  very  short  period 
they  have  practically  prepared  for  the  press 
nearly  half  a  million  titles  of  books  and 
pamphlets,  some  faint  idea  of  the  vast  under- 
taking may  be  obtained.  It  is  by  far  too 
large  for  private  enterprise,  or  even  for  a 
society  ;  and,  indeed,  it  cannot  hope  for  success 
without  the  practical  adhesion  of  the  various 
governments.  Given  this,  its  advantages  would 
be  manifold  to  every  country  in  the  world. 

On  Monday  evening  the  Conseil  Communal 
de  Bruxelles  received  the  delegates  at  a  "Raout" 
offered  by  the  capital  of  Belgium  at  the  Hotel 
de  Ville.  On  Tuesday  the  delegates  visited  the 
Bibliotheque  Royale,  under  the  guidance  of  M. 
Fetis,  and  examined  a  few  of  its  innumerable 
treasures. 


companied  the  latter  force  as  one  of  the 
press  correspondents.  He  went  over  the 
Lowarie  Pass  to  Chitral  with  General  Gat- 
acre's  advance  column,  and  returned  to  India 
through  Mastig  and  Gilgit — by  the  same 
route  over  the  Shandur  Pass  that  was  taken 
by  Col.  Kelly.  The  illustrations  are  from 
photographs  by  Mr.  Dempster,  the  chief 
telegraph  officer  with  the  Chitral  Relief 
Force,  and  by  Lieut.  Beynon,  who  was  Col. 
Kelly's  staff  officer. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  proposes  to  issue  at 
intervals  a  series  of  shilling  volumes  of 
poetry,  beginning  in  November.  The  first 
volume,  'London  Poems,'  will  be  by  Mr. 
Laurence  Binyon,  and  the  second  by  Mr. 
Robert  Bridges. 

The  October  number  of  ITarjjer^s  Magazine 
will  contain  an  article  entitled  '  Queen  Vic- 
toria's Highland  Home,'  which  gives  a  very 
interesting  description  of  the  life  of  the 
royal  family  at  Balmoral.  The  article  will 
be  illustrated  by  Mr.  Sydney  P.  Hall  and 
Mr.  Joseph  Pennell.  The  same  number 
will  also  contain  a  paper  by  Capt.  A.  J. 
Mahan,  U.S.N.,  on  '  The  Future  in  Relation 
to  American  Naval  Power.' 


Uitctari)  ffiossip. 

Messrs.  "W.  &  R.  Chambers  will  begin 
a  reissue  of  their  well-known '  Encycloptedia ' 
in  monthly  volumes,  of  which  the  first 
volume  will  appear  on  the  1st  of  November 
next.  The  ten  volumes  of  this  new  edition 
originally  appeared  between  March,  1888, 
and  February',  1893,  at  the  rate  of  two 
volumes  annually. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  will  pub- 
lish in  October  an  authoritative  volume  on 
*  De  Quincey  and  his  Friends.'  Therein  Mr. 
James  Hogg,  the  intimate  friend  and  literary 
associate  of  De  Quincey  in  his  later  years, 
draws  together,  with  the  assistance  of  sur- 
vivors, numerous  personal  recollections  and 
anecdotes  which  have  been  recorded  by 
those  who  enjoyed  the  English  Opium- 
eater's  accxuaintance.  Mr.  Hogg  adds  his 
own  reminiscences,  introducing  original 
letters,  humorous  and  pathetic ;  a  relic  of 
Oxford  days  ;  also  a  curious  story  about  the 
*  Confessions  '  and  the  '  Collected  Works.' 
Dr.  A.  H.  Japp,  the  biographer  of  De 
Quincey  and  editor  of  his  '  Posthumous 
Works,'  is  a  collahorateur  who  presents  the 
author's  career  in  a  convenient  setting, 
correcting  various  misapprehensions  by 
the  light  of  the  documents  recently  dis- 
covered. 

A  volume  of  selections  from  Mr.  Coventry 
Patmore's  works  will  be  issued  shortly  by 
Mr.  Heinemann  as  '  Poems  of  Pathos  and 
Delight.'  Mrs.  Meynell  contributes  a  pre- 
face to  the  volume  ;  and  it  will  have  for  its 
frontispiece  a  reproduction  of  the  large 
portrait  of  Mr.  Patmore,  by  Mr.  Sargent, 
exhibited  in  the  last  Academy. 

Ti  1 E  same  publisher  promises  the  immediate 
issue  of  a  book  containing  the  first  account 
of  the  recent  events  in  Chitral,  under  tlio 
title  of  '  The  Chitral  Campaign,'  which  will 
give  a  narrative  of  events  in  Chitral,  Swat, 
and  Bajour.  It  is  an  illustrated  history 
of  the  siege  of  the  fort,  of  the  advance  of 
Col.  Kelly's  force  from  Gilgit,  and  of 
march   of   the   relief   force    under   Sir 


the 


Robert   Low,  through   Swat,  Bajour,    and 
Dir.     The  writer,  Mr.  II.  C.  Thomson,  ac- 


Mr.  Rupert  H.  Morris  writes  : — 

"  Will  you  kindly  allow  me  the  opportunity 
of  saying  that  my  book  '  Chester  in  Plantagenet 
and  Tudor  Times,'  which  was  reviewed  in  your 
issue  of  August  31st,  thougli  '  privately  printed,' 
may  be  obtained  from  the  printer,  Mr.  G.  R. 
Griffith,  Chester?" 

It  is  proposed  to  celebrate  on  the  4th  of 
December  the  centenary  of  the  birth  of 
Thomas  Carlyle. 

We  are  able  to  contradict  the  statement 
that  Mrs.  Montague  Crackanthorpe  is  the 
author  of  '  The  New  Moon,'  as  well  as  the 
sequel  to  it. 

The  third  volume  of  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.'s  new  "  Novel  Series,"  to  be  published 
on  the  28th  inst.,  will  be  '  The  Coming  of 
Theodora,'  by  Miss  Eliza  Orne  White, 
author  of  '  Winterborough,'  *  Miss  Brooks,' 
and  other  works. 

'  Stories  of  Famous  Soxgs,'  giving  the 
origin  and  social  and  dramatic  history  of 
the  most  celebrated  songs  of  the  world,  is 
the  title  of  a  new  work  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Adair 
Fitz-Gerald,  which  will  commence  running 
as  a  serial  in  Lloyd^s  Weeldy  JVeios  the  first 
week  in  October.  The  author,  who  has 
been  engaged  upon  his  task  for  over  ten 
years,  wUl  later  have  it  pubKshed  in  volume 
form. 

The  Principal  and  Fellows  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  after  consultation  with  the 
framers  of  the  Intermediate  scheme  for 
Glamorganshire,  have  undertaken,  on  con- 
dition of  their  having  the  right  to  nominate 
one-fourth  of  the  governing  body  of  Cow- 
bridge  School,  to  provide  an  annual  endow- 
ment of  500^.,  of  which  sum  200^.  may  take 
the  form  of  the  stipend  of  a  fellowship  con- 
ferred upon  the  head  master. 

A  NEW  novel  by  W.  J.  Locke,  author  of 
'  At  the  Gate  of  Samaria,'  called  '  A  Comedy 
of  Contrasts,'  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Ward  &  Downey  in  the  autumn. 

We  are  informed  that  the  IFeekhj  Sum- 
mary, a  newspai)er  in  braillo  for  the  blind, 
published  every  Wednesday,  will  shortly  be 
issued  at  the  reduced  price  of  2d.  post  free, 
and    in   a  revised   and  more   entertaining 


form.     Chui'ch   House,  Wey bridge,  is   the 
address  of  the  editor. 

The  second  volume  of  Dr.  Aubrey's  '  Rise 
and  Growth  of  the  English  Nation,'  con- 
taining the  period  from  a.d.  1399  to  1658, 
will  be  issued  immediately. 

Mr.  Elliot  Stock  is  about  to  publish  a 
volume  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Heckethorn  on  the 
subject  of  '  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  and  their 
Neighbourhood,'  dealing  with  persons  and 
events  connected  with  the  locality  from  the 
earliest  times.  It  will  take  the  form  of  a 
quarto,  and  will  be  illustrated  by  drawings, 
portraits,  old  maps,  and  plans. 

Another  illustrated  paper,  the  Unicorn, 
is  announced  for  Tuesday  next.  The  price 
of  the  Unicorn  will  be  threepence.  Among 
other  artistic  contributors  will  be  found 
Messrs.  Phil  May,  Raven-Hill,  Maurice 
Greiffenhagen,  F.  H.  Townsend,  Oscar 
Eckhardt,  T.  Wright  Manuel,  G.  D.  Armour, 
and  Max  Beerbohm  (who  will  caricature), 
while  Mr.  Raven-HiU,  who  was  responsible 
for  the  production  of  the  Butterfly,  will  have 
the  directorship.  The  Unicorn  will  not, 
however,  like  so  many  of  its  contemporaries, 
depend  wholly  on  its  illustrations.  A  special 
feature  will  be  made  of  the  short  story,  and 
among  those  from  whom  stories  have  already 
been  received  are  Messrs.  H.  B.  Marriott 
Watson,  Arthur  Machen  (author  of  'The 
Great  God  Pan'),  H.  G.  Wells  (author  of 
'The  Time  Machine'),  Max  Beerbohm,  &c. 
Mr.  Stanhope  Sprigg  has  resigned  the 
editorship  of  the  Windsor  Magazine,  which 
he  has  held  since  the  venture  was  launched. 
We  understand  he  will  not  actually  retire 
until  February  28th,  1896. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Mrs.  Linnaeus 
Banks,  who  has  long  been  in  precarious 
health  and  of  late  has  produced  her  work 
at  intervals  under  serious  difiiculties,  has 
received  a  grant  of  150^.  from  the  Royal 
Bounty.  Mrs.  Stannard,  who  took  the  lead 
in  pressing  the  matter  on  Mr.  Balfour's 
consideration,  was  much  moved  by  an  act 
of  kindness  to  herself  done  by  the  elder 
novelist  some  twenty  years  ago. 

The  first  general  meeting  of  the  Library 
Assistants'  Association  was  held  on  Wednes- 
day, the  4th  inst.,  at  20,  Hanover  Square. 

Yet  another  book  on  Dante  is  being  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Guido  Biagi  and  Conte  G.  L. 
Passerini,  the  former  of  whom  is  Prefect 
of  the  Laurenziana  Library  at  Florence. 
The  '  Codice  Diplomatico  Dantesco,'  as  the 
new  work  is  called,  will  consist  of  about 
forty  parts,  each  of  which  wiU  contain  five 
phototype  plates  or  else  illustrations  on 
zinc.  The  first  limited  issue  of  three 
hundred  numbered  copies  will  be  published 
by  subscription. 

The  programme  of  the  next  Congress  of 
the  Association  Litteraire  et  Artistique 
Internationale,  just  to  hand,  mentions,  be- 
sides a  number  of  "Reporters  "  upon  various 
important  sub  j  ects  from  G  ermany  and  France, 
some  from  other  countries,  but  England 
seems  to  be  conspicuous  by  its  absence,  in 
spite  of  our  flourishing  Society  of  Authors. 
Wo  may  add  that  there  wiU  be  an  equal 
division  of  work  and  play,  four  days  being 
assigned  to  each.  The  presidents  of  the 
Dresden  Festausschuss  are  Dr.  Wolfgang 
Kirchbach,  the  dramatist  of '  Gordon  Pascha,' 
and  the  historical  writer  Dr.  H.  Schramm- 
Macdonald. 


N<'3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


323 


We  are  informed  that  there  is  some  pro- 
spect of  a  Thomas  Paine  Exhibition  in  the 
beginning  of  December  next,  at  South  Place 
Chapel.  It  will  include  not  only  early  editions 
and  portraits  of  Thomas  Paine  and  of  his 
adherents,  but  also  of  his  opponents,  the 
object  being  to  bring  together  relics, 
pamphlets,  broadsides,  pictures,  &c.,  cha- 
racteristic of  the  movements  and  agita- 
tions with  which  Paine  was  associated. 
Mr.  Moncure  Conway  is  active  in  this 
project,  and  has  already  received  promises 
of  relics  and  medals  which,  in  addition  to 
his  own  collection,  will  make  an  interesting 
exhibition,  but  it  is  hoped  that  publica- 
tion of  the  scheme  will  elicit  extensive  loans. 

We  regret  to  note  the  death  at  Blois  of 
M.  Anatole  de  Montaiglon,  professor  at  the 
Ecole  des  Chartes,  and  formerly  attached  to 
the  libraries  of  the  Arsenal  and  St.  Gene- 
vieve. Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned 
his  'Voyageur  anglais  aLyon  sous  Henri  IV.' 
He  also  published  a  complete  collection  of 
ihefabliciiix  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  collaborated  in  the  production  of 
the  "Archives  de  I'Art  frangais,"  and  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Gazette  des 
Beaux- Arts,  the  Artiste,  &c. 

M.  H.  Seyffajhrt,  the  editor  of  Pestalozzi's 
works,  has  gone  to  Switzerland  to  examine 
the  mass  of  Pestalozzi's  papers  discovered 
by  Eector  Guex.  He  has  found  amongst 
the  letters  of  the  great  educational  reformer 
two  which  he  considers  to  be  of  special 
importance.  In  one  Pestalozzi  speaks  of 
his  school  for  the  poor ;  and  in  the 
other,  which  is  addressed  to  the  Landam- 
mann  of  Canton  Yaud,  he  unfolds  in 
detail  his  fundamental  pa3dagogic  prin- 
ciples. Pestalozzi's  will  has  also  been  found 
recently  in  the  cantonal  archives.  These 
documents  are  shortly  to  be  published. 

The  dictionary  of  Alsatian  dialects, 
'Worterbuch  der  elsassischen  Mundarten,' 
which  was  commenced  some  years  ago,  by 
commission  from  the  Government,  under 
the  editorship  of  Prof.  Martin,  of  Strass- 
burg,  is  80  far  advanced  that  the  printing 
will  be  begun  next  year.  A  mass  of 
interesting  materials  has  poured  in  from  all 
parts  of  Alsace.  The  introduction  of  com- 
pulsory schooling,  with  the  use  of  High 
German  as  the  vehicle  of  instruction,  is  fast 
making  the  "  Hochdeutsch  "  the  common 
language  of  the  folk,  and  as  the  purity  of 
the  traditional  Alsatian  dialects  is  preserved 
almost  entirely  by  the  old,  it  was  high  time 
to  collect  the  fast  -  decreasing  linguistic 
treasure. 

A  suggestion  was  recently  made  in  the 
Vossische  Zeitung  by  Herr  H.  P.  Fischer, 
of  Mayence,  that  the  fifth  centenary  of 
Johann  Gutenberg's  birth  should  be  cele- 
brated on  Johannistag  of  1897.  Some 
historians  certainly  assume  1397  as  the 
year  of  his  birth,  whilst  others  place  it 
in  1398.  The  exact  year  being  thus  un- 
known, would  it  not  be  advisable  to  fix 
1900  for  the  quincentenary  celebration  ?  It 
would  then  have  a  far  better  chance  of 
assuming  an  international  character. 

The  next  general  meeting  of  the  Gesamt- 
verein  der  deutschen  Geschichts-  und  Alter- 
tumsvereine  will  take  place  from  the  loth 
to  the  18th  inst.  at  Constance. 

Among  the  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the 
week  are  the  Supplement  to  the  Forty-second 


Rei^ort  of  the  Department  of  Science  and 
Art,  which  contains  the  detailed  accounts 
of  the  examinations  in  Drawing,  &c.,  and 
costs  2.S.  3^.;  the  Eeport  of  the  Committee 
of  Council  on  Education  for  1894-5,  with 
Appendix  (-Is.  Id.);  Amending  Statutes  for 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge  {\d.),  for  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge  (1^.),  and  for 
Jesus  College,  Oxford  {Id.). 

SCIENCE 


The  Great  Frozen  Land  {Bolshaia  ZemelsTcija 
Tundra) :  Narrative  of  a  Winter  Journey 
across  the  Tundras  and  a  Sojmrn  among  the 
Samoyads.  By  Frederick  George  Jackson. 
Edited  from  his  Journals  by  Arthur 
Montefiore.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
This  interesting  work  has  in  some  respects 
the  drawbacks  of  a  posthumous  treatise. 
For  though  its  author  is,  we  trust,  well,  and 
may  be  again  at  any  hour  amongst  us,  he 
has  for  more  than  a  year  been  to  all  intents 
and  purposes  lost  to  the  world  among  the 
unknown  glaciers  of  Franz  Josef  Land. 
Indeed,  though  the  materials  for  the  volume 
had  been  thrown  into  shape  before  Mr. 
Jackson  left  on  his  Arctic  expedition,  the 
delicate  task  of  piitting  them  in  literary 
form  fell  to  Mr.  Montefiore.  This  labour 
of  love  he  has  performed  with  great  care, 
and  almost  invariably  with  good  taste,  wlule 
his  comprehensive  introduction  enables  the 
reader  to  ascertain  in  a  brief  space  the 
objects  and  results  of  his  friend's  journey, 
which  are  narrated  without  undue  prolixity. 
When  Mr.  Jackson  announced  his  intention 
to  make  Polar  explorations  from  the  base  of 
the  islands  or  continental  land  discovered 
by  Payer  and  Weyprecht,  critics  by  no 
means  unfriendly  ventured  to  remind  him 
that  mere  enthusiasm  was  no  equivalent 
for  experience.  Happily  Mr.  Jackson,  who, 
however,  was  not  a  tyro  among  the  icefields, 
had  the  wisdom  to  see  matters  in  the  same 
light.  He  therefore  postponed  his  depar- 
ture until  he  could  test  his  theories  of 
Arctic  travel  and  outfit  in  actual  explora- 
tion. Greenland  or  Spitzbergen  would,  no 
doubt,  have  supplied  the  most  suitable 
fields  for  the  rehearsal ;  but  both  were  too 
distant  and  too  difficult  of  access.  The 
accident  of  Capt.  Wiggins  sailing  for  the 
Yenesei  therefore  determined  Mr.  Jackson, 
after  the  Samoyedes  declined  to  go  further 
afield,  to  finally  select  Waigatz  Island, 
east  of  Kolguev,  and  between  Novaia  Zemlia 
and  the  Russian  mainland.  Here,  accord- 
ingly, in  the  last  week  of  August,  1893, 
he  was  landed  with  what  will  not  strike 
the  more  simply  accoutred  explorer  of  the 
old  school  as  provisions  for  board  and  lodg- 
ing of  an  unusually  ascetic  character.  Rein- 
deer venison  and  oatmeal  porridge  make  de- 
cidedlybetterfare  than  the  sea-gulls  and  seals 
on  which  the  only  English  naturalist  who 
has  passed  a  summer  in  Greenland  mainly 
subsisted.  But  Mr.  Jackson,  though  in 
time  he  found  such  luxuries  superfiuous, 
is  indignant  that  through  tlie  carelessness 
of  those  concerned  ho  was  landed  on 
Waigatz  without  any  tinned  meats  except 
a  supply  of  tongues,  and  was  compelled 
to  live  (as  the  Samoyedes  do)  bereft  of 
butter,  cheese,  vegetables,  and  bacon. 

Mr.  Jackson's  object  in  visiting  this  remote 
annexe   of   Russia   was,   first,    to   cross   to 


Novaia  Zemlia  and  the  Yalmal  Peninsula  ; 
and,  secondly,  to  test  his  power  of  enduring 
life  in  the  Far  North  by  imitating  the 
Hyperboreans  in  their  daily  existence. 
The  Novaia  Zemlian  part  of  the  pro- 
gramme it  was  found  impossible  to  carry 
out,  but  the  exploration  of  Waigatz  was 
completed  with  such  success  as  to  make 
Mr.  Jackson's  map  of  the  little  island  a 
piece  of  meritorious  geographical  work  in 
miniature.  Nor  was  the  "roughing" 
during  his  three  weeks'  stay  at  all  spoilt  by 
the  absence  of  cheese  and  butter.  In  time 
he  learned  to  become  quite  a  connoisseur  in 
reindeer  flesh,  and  to  like  it  raw  quite  as 
well  as  cooked.  Thanks  to  the  good  offices 
of  the  Russians,  the  Samoyedes — or  "  Samo- 
yads," as  he  prefers  to  call  them — who  are 
now  tolerably  Russianized,  treated  him  with 
such  kindness  that  he  assures  us  : — 

"  As  I  sat  on  the  side  of  the  sledge,  with  my 
back  to  the  howling  wind  which  sweeps  across 
these  vast  plains,  and  my  eye  on  a  thermometer 
that  often  indicated  some  tifty  or  sixty  degrees 
of  frost,  I  can  honestly  say  that  I  was  enjoying 
myself,  and  I  felt  no  irresistible  longing  for  the 
flesh  pots  of  England." 

The  picture  Mr.  Jackson  supplies  of 
Samoyed  life  is  not  enticing.  In  many 
respects  it  is  less  pleasant  than  the  more 
familiar  daily  struggles  of  the  Eskimo.  But 
if  his  appreciation  of  the  people  themselves 
is  not  quite  so  gushing  as  that  of  some  pre- 
vious travellers,  the  latest  visitor  to  Wai- 
gatz Island  is  inclined  to  speak  of  them 
with  well-earned  gratitude.  His  brief  stay 
and  almost  complete  ignorance  of  their 
language  or  of  Russian  rendered  it  difficult 
to  make  any  satisfactory  acquaintance  with 
their  ways  and  modes  of  thought.  However, 
some  useful  notes  which  Mr.  Montefiore  has 
extracted  from  Castren's  works  supply 
accurate  information  regarding  their  speech 
and  folk-lore. 

After  Mr.  Jackson  had  finished  with 
Waigatz  he  sledged  in  the  depth  of  winter, 
for  nearly  2,500  miles,  across  the  Great 
Tundra,  the  Pechora  Yalley,  and  the  Little 
Tundra — the  "Great  Frozen  Land" — to 
the  Yaranger  Fjord.  This  long  journey, 
if  accomplished  at  any  other  season  of  the 
year  than  that  at  which  alone  it  is  prac- 
ticable, would  be  of  extreme  scientific 
interest  to  a  well  -  trained  traveller.  It 
is  a  solitude  which  no  Englishman  has 
passed,  of  which  no  accurate  map  exists, 
"whose  tale  of  river  labyrinths,  ancient 
beaches,  and  lost  bays  had  never  been 
told ;  of  whose  winter  climate  no  account 
was  to  be  discovered  in  the  English 
tongue."  No  doubt  the  ubiqiutous  Russians 
and  Swedes  have  been  there.  Yet  the 
terrible  torment  of  mosquitoes,  which  plagues 
these  wastes  until  frost  binds  the  mossy 
soil,  renders  it  one  long  torture  to  examine 
them,  even  when  means  of  transit  can  be 
procured.  Mr.  Jackson's  readable  volume 
is  therefore  less  rich  in  scientific  details 
than  it  might  otherwise  have  been.  The 
author  is,  indeed,  less  a  naturalist  than  a 
sportsman,  so  that  though  he  did  not 
neglect  to  note  the  plants  and  animals  of 
the  country  visited,  his  book  is  not  of  such 
permanent  value  to  the  student  as  that  of 
Mr.  Trevor-Battye  on  Kolguev,  with  which 
it  cannot  escape  comparison.  Both  are  on 
much  the  same  region,  concern  an  identical 
race,    and    are    occupied  with    adventures 


324 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°e3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


undertaken  from  motives  not  widely  dif- 
ferent. Only,  while  Mr.  Jackson  stayed  on 
his  island  of  his  own  free  will,  and  left  it 
■when  his  business  was  completed,  Mr. 
Trevor-Battye  tarried  involuntarily  rather 
longer  than  he  had  originally  intended,  and, 
indeed,  had  some  difficulty  in  getting  away 
at  all. 

From  a  zoological  point  of  view  also,  the 
two  islands  present  some  points  of  diSer- 
■ence.  For  while  the  tundra  is  in  places 
riddled  with  the  holes  of  lemmings — which, 
though  Mr.  Jackson  does  not  say  so,  are 
presumably  found  on  Waigatz,  six  miles  or 
less  from  the  mainland — Kolguev,  on  the 
contrary,  is  entirely  without  these  little 
rodents,  and  the  Arctic  hare  so  widely  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  Polar  basin.  This 
confirms  the  conclusion,  based  on  geological 
data,  that  this  isolated  spot,  though  so  near 
the  mainland,  has  been  actually  raised  above 
the  sea  at  a  comparatively  recent  period,  and 
partakes,  therefore,  in  some  respects  of  the 
characteristics  of  an  oceanic  island.  Mr. 
Jackson's  ornithological  collection  —  made 
rather  late  in  the  year — is  of  the  usual 
Arctic  or  sub- Arctic  type.  This  section  of 
his  work  does  not,  however,  appear  to  have 
been  executed  with  the  same  care  as  the 
preceding  pages ;  for  it  contains  several 
obvious  mistakes,  both  in  spelling  the 
names  of  the  birds  and  in  more  serious 
statements  touching  identification.  But 
altogether  Mr.  Jackson's  graphic  account 
of  his  Arctic  rehearsal  is  almost  as  valuable 
to  the  geographical  student  as  the  ex- 
perience chronicled  is  likely  to  have  proved 
to  the  plucky  young  Englishman  himself. 
We  may  add  that  the  book  contains  two 
excellent  maps  and  a  number  of  illustrations 
which  add  materially  to  its  interest. 


AIR.    JAMES    CARTER. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  James  Carter, 
F.R.C.S.,  F.G.S.,  of  Cambridge,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one.  During  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
Mr.  Carter  was  in  medical  practice  in  Cam- 
bridge. Like  many  other  professional  men,  he 
devoted  his  spare  time  to  the  study  of  scientific 
and  antiquarian  subjects,  being  especially  in- 
terested in  palaeontology.  His  papers  were 
contributed  mainly  to  the  Geological  Magazine 
and  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society, 
the  chief  being  :  '  On  a  New  Species  of  Ichthyo- 
saurus from  the  Chalk  '  (1846),  '  On  OritJwp&is 
honneyi '  (1872),  '  On  a  Skull  of  Bos  pnnii- 
fienius  perforated  by  a  Stone  Celt '  (1874),  '  On 
the  Decapod  Crustaceans  of  the  Oxford  Clay  ' 
(1886),  and  'On  Fossil  Isopods,  with  a  De- 
scription of  a  New  Species  '  (1889). 

Mr.  Carter  was  recognized  as  an  authority  on 
tlie  fossil  decapod  Crustacea,  and  for  several 
years  past  had  been  engaged  in  collecting 
materials  for  a  monograph  on  that  group.  It  is 
believed  that  a  considerable  part  of  the  manu- 
.script  which  he  has  left  is  in  a  sufticiently 
complete  state  for  publication.  Until  a  few 
months  ago  Mr.  Carter  was  always  extremely 
active  and  bright,  so  that,  in  spite  of  liis 
advanced  years,  the  news  of  his  death  will  come 
as  a  shock  to  many  of  his  friends.  For  several 
years  he  served  on  the  Councils  of  the  Geo- 
logical and  the  Pakeontographical  Societies,  and 
of  the  latter  he  was  also  a  local  secretary. 

Mr.   Carter  presented    his    geological  collec- 
tion, consisting   mainly  of  local  fossils,  to  the 

Woodwardian  Museum  a  few  years  since. 

EGYPTIAN    ASTRONOMY   AND    EXACT   SCIENCE. 
September  .3,  1805. 

Will  you  allow  me  to  say  a  few  words  as  to 
a  communication  which  I  have  received  from 


the  secretary  of  the  Mathematical  Section  of 
the  Britisli  Association,  with  reference  to  a 
paper  of  mine  on  the  planisphere  of  Denderah, 
as  I  think  it  raises  a  question  of  very 
general  interest  ?  Early  in  the  century,  when 
the  planisphere  in  question  was  first  transferred 
from  Egypt  into  France,  it  formed  the  subject 
of  a  vehement  and  prolonged  dispute  wherein 
Biot,  Letronne,  and  other  eminent  saratds  took 
a  lively  part.  And  the  general  impression 
which  has  since  somewhat  hazily  prevailed  (for 
a  haze  surrounded  most  Egyptian  problems  at 
that  time)  is  that  the  planisphere  is  nothing 
but  a  zodiac,  and  is  the  expression  not  of 
Egyptian,  but  of  Greek  astronomy.  Since  that 
time,  however,  the  whole  science  of  Egyptology 
has  sjirung  up  ;  the  hieroglyphic  records  on  the 
walls  of  the  temple  at  Denderah,  from  whence 
the  planisphere  was  taken,  have  been  at  least 
partially  examined  ;  the  names  of  its  great  halls 
and  festivals  have  been  published  to  the  world 
by  Ebers;  and,  above  all,  the  invaluable  re- 
searches of  Dr.  Brugsch  have  enabled  us  to 
form  far  clearer  notions  of  the  profoundly  scien- 
tific conceptions  involved  in  the  whole  chrono- 
metrical  system  of  ancient  Egypt.  It  seemed 
to  me,  therefore,  that  the  time  has  fully  arrived 
for  fresh  investigation  of  this  important  question 
on  more  authentic  evidence,  and  for  inquiring 
whether  the  rejjresentation  of  the  heavens  in 
the  temple  of  the  heavenly  queen  may  not 
throw  some  light  on  Egyptian  science,  and  have 
afforded  a  universal  standard  of  reference  for 
Egyptian  astronomers. 

Accordingly,  I  devoted  some  considerable 
time  to  the  study  of  the  copy  possessed  by  the 
Bodleian  Library,  and  soon  found  abundant 
proof  that  the  representation  was  neither  Greek 
in  origin  nor  zodiacal  in  design.  On  the  con- 
trary, as  the  mere  presence  of  the  ostrich  and  the 
hippopotamus  would  suggest,  it  appears  to  be  of 
highly  archaic  date,  not  improbably  coeval  with 
the  foundation  of  the  original  temple,  assigned 
by  the  records  to  Khufu,  as  early  as  the  fourth 
dynasty,  though  the  hieroglyphic  inscription 
round  the  border  may  be  of  later  date.  And  a 
comparison  with  the  known  constellations  of 
Egypt  shows  that  it  is  in  truth  nothing  less  than 
a  vertical  planisphere  of  the  northern  heavens, 
as  seen  from  Denderah,  with  the  pole  of  the 
ecliptic  approximately  in  the  centre,  and  con- 
sequently that  it  forms  an  illustration  of  the 
precessional  cycle.  Further  research — and  more 
particularly  a  comparison  of  the  border  inscrip- 
tion with  the  Egyptian  titles  of  the  tenq^le 
halls — betrayed  a  functional  connexion  between 
planisphere  and  structure  ;  and  when  taken  in 
connexion  with  the  other  astronomical  repre- 
sentations in  the  existing  temple,  I  found 
that  they  served  to  illustrate  and  correlate 
the  fourfold  form  of  the  anti<|ue  calendar, 
viz.,  lunar,  solar,  sidereal,  and  preces- 
sional, while  all  date  back  to  an  astrono- 
mically defined  moment  of  time  (the  heliacal 
rising  of  Sothis  at  the  beginning  of  the  first 
Sothiac  cycle)  within  a  very  few  years  of  the 
foundation  of  the  original  temple.  And  hence 
they  tend  to  establish  a  strong  presumption  in 
favour  of  the  scientific  precision  of  the  Egyptian 
astronomical  records. 

These  results,  after  comparing  a  photograph 
of  the  copy  with  the  original  in  Paris,  and  dis- 
cussing the  whole  matter  with  a  Cambridge 
mathematician  of  the  highest  distinction,  as 
well  as  with  an  expert  in  hieroglyphics,  I 
ultimately  suljmitted  to  the  Mathematical 
Section  of  the  British  Association.  And  I  have 
received  in  reply  a  courteous  expression  of  regret 
that  the  paper  does  not  "come  within  the  pur- 
view "  of  Secti(m  A,  or  of  any  other  section  of  the 
Association,  coupled  with  a  suggestion  that  I 
should  submit  it  to  the  Archteological  Society. 
Now  I  am  well  aware  that  the  subject  involves 
a  certain  acciuaintance  with  archaeology  and 
liieroglyphicH,  but  that  merely  arises  from  the 
archaic  form  in  which  the  science  is  expressed, 
and  would  therefore  extend  to  the  whole  class 


of  the  Egyptian  astronomical  records,  the  utility 
of  which,  if  their  scientific  precision  can  once  be 
established,  is  surely  beyond  question.  As, 
therefore,  the  value  of  my  paper  is  not  ques- 
tioned, I  have  respectfully  requested  a  recon- 
sideration on  the  part  of  the  President  and 
officers,  so  that  ib  may  be  ascertained  whether 
the  constitution  of  the  Association  is  such  as  to 
preclude  any  discussion  of  Egyptian,  or,  indeed, 
of  archaic,  astronomy.  And  since,  whichever 
way  the  decision  may  go,  the  question  may  be 
expected  to  excite  some  attention  at  the  im- 
pending meeting,  I  trust  that  you  will  allow  me 
this  opportunity  of  explaining  the  circumstances, 
so  that  no  misunderstanding  may  arise. 

W.  Marsham  Adajvis. 


THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Messrs.  Longman's  scientific  announcements 
include  the  second  part  of  the  late  Mr.  Romanes's 
'Darwin  and  after  Darwin,'  entitled  "Post- 
Darwinian  Questions  :  Heredity  and  Utility," 
—  '  The  Life  and  Letters  of  George  John 
Romanes,  F.R.S.,'  written  and  edited  by  his 
wife,  with  portrait  and  illustrations, — and  'The 
Magnetic  Circuit  in  Theory  and  Practice,'  by 
Dr.  H.  du  Bois,  translated  by  Dr.  E.  Atkinson. 
Messrs.  Longman  have  also  in  preparation  a  new 
series  of  "  Physical  and  Electrical  Engineering 
Laboratory  Manuals,"  of  which  the  first  volume, 
'Elementary  Physics,' will  be  written  by  Mr. 
John  Henderson,  Lecturer  in  Physics  at  the 
Manchester  Municipal  Technical  School. 

Messrs.  Crosby  Lockwood  &  Son  announce 
'  Rural  Water  Supply  :  a  Practical  Handbook 
on  the  Supply  of  Water  and  Construction  of 
Waterworks  for  Small  Country  Districts,' by 
Allan  Greenwell  and  W.  T.  Curry, — '  Dangerous 
Goods :  their  Sources  and  Properties,  and 
Modes  of  Storage  and  Transport,'  by  H.  Joshua 
Phillips, — '  Practical  Masonry  :  a  Treatise  on 
the  Art  of  Stone-Cutting,'  comprising  the  con- 
struction, setting  out  and  working  of  stairs, 
arches,  niches,  domes,  etc.,  with  50  lithographic 
plates,  by  Wm.  R.  Purchase, — '  Refrigerating 
and  Ice-Making  Machineiy,'  by  A.  J.  Wallis- 
Tayler, — and  new  editions  of  '  The  Metallurgy 
of  Gold,'  by  M.  Eissler,  with  additional  plates 
and  chapters  on  recent  milling  operations  in 
the  Transvaal  and  the  future  outlook  in  the 
South  African  gold  -  fields  ;  and  '  Practical 
Tunnelling,'  by  F.  Simms,  edited  by  D.  K. 
Clark. 

Mr.  Upcott  Gill  will  shortly  publish  'Prac- 
tical Wildfowling  :  a  Book  on  Wildfowl  and 
Wildfowl  Shooting,'  by  Henry  Sharp,— and 
'  Hawk  Moths  (British),  a  Popular  and  Prac- 
tical Manual  for  all  Lepidopterists, '  by  W.  J. 
Lucas,  illustrated. 

Messrs.  George  Philip  &  Son's  new  and  forth- 
coming publications  include  'Philips'  Handy- 
Volume  Atlas  of  the  World,'  by  E.  G.  Raven- 
stein,  —  '  Philips'  Systematic  Atlas,'  school 
edition,  by  E.  G.  Ravenstein, — 'Topographical 
Map  of  the  Argentine  Republic,'  in  ten  sheets, 
scale  1  :  2,000,000,  by  H.  D.  Hoskold,— 'Geo- 
logical Map  of  the  British  Isles,' forming  part 
of  the  '  International  Geological  Map  of  Europe,' 
scale  1  :  1,500,000,—'  Philips'  Topographical 
Map  of  England  and  Wales,'  in  forty  sheets, 
scale  1  :  200,000,— 'Philips'  Library  Map  of 
India,'  scale  1  :  5,000,000,  — '  Philips'  Large 
Map  of  Western  Australia,'  scale  1  :  1,500,000, 
— ' Philips' New  Map  of  Liverpool,' scale  Gin. 
to  a  mile, — 'The  English  Lakes,  with  Bathy- 
metrical  Maps  and  Illustrations,'  by  Hugh 
Robert  Mill, — 'The  Exploration  of  Australia,' 
by  Albert  F.  Calvert, — '  Telescopic  Astronomy,' 
by  A.  Fowler,  —  'The  Moon,' a  full  description 
and  map  of  its  principal  physical  features,  by 
Thomas  CJwyn  Elger, — 'The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Head  and  Neck,'  illustrated  by  means 
of  movable  coloured  plates,  with  description  by 
William  S.  Furneaux,— and  'The  Ox,  its  External 
and  Internal  Organization,'  illustrated  l)y  means 
of  movable  coloured  plates,  with  description  by 
G.  T.  Brown,  C.B. 


N°3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


325 


A   PREHISTORIC   METROPOLIS    IN    KENT. 

Since  pliocene  times  the  physical  changes  in 
jl  Kent  have  been  of  such  a  nature  that  the  in- 
dications which  show  the  history  and  develop- 
ment of  the  human  race  are  fortunately  pre- 
served in  fairly  close  proximity  to  each  other. 
This  gives  intense  interest  to  certain  favoured 
areas.  One  of  the  chief  of  these  is  the  large 
parish  of  Swanscombe. 

The  direct  occupation  of  this  district  by  man 
for  very  many  successive  ages  is  clearly  shown 
by  the  great  abundance  of  worked  stones,  and 
even  by  some  of  his  remains.  Things  made  or 
marked  by  very  early  man  in  other  material 
than  stone  will  probably  be  found,  as  the  oppo- 
site county  of  Essex  has  already  yielded  genuine 
examples  of  such  relics,  dating  from  the  pliocene. 
Therefore,  as  the  conclusion  that  only  stone- 
work could  be  left  has  too  often  been  based  on 
negative  premises,  it  is  much  more  than  pro- 
bable that  when  scientists  become  more  skilled 
in  translating  the  evidence  surviving,  our  know- 
ledge and  beliefs  will  be  greatly  extended. 

On  the  surface  at  Swanscombe,  and  in  many 
of  the  surrounding  parishes,  great  numbers  of 
worked  stones  and  tools  can  still  be  found,  not- 
withstanding the  vast  quantities  that  have  been 
picked  off  by  collectors,  or  used  for  road-making 
and  similar  purposes.  These  tools  belong  to  all 
ages,  from  the  British  back  to  that  very  remote 
period  when  the  gravels  were  being  deposited 
on  the  high  plateau  of  Kent  in  pliocene  times. 
Some  of  these  ancient  gravels  remain  within 
five  miles,  and  in  one  of  the  beds  at  Ash  many 
stones  have  lately  been  found  in  situ  by  Mr. 
Harrison,  of  Ightham,  that  indicate  rude  shap- 
ing to  form,  together  with  enormous  wear  and 
use.  The  marks  on  these  stones  cannot  be 
accounted  for  by  any  natural  agency  other  than 
human,  and  the  shapes  of  many  of  them  indicate 
a  considerable  degree  of  skill,  and  sufficient  in- 
tellect to  devise  forms  best  adapted  to  attain 
certain  ends  with  the  material  available.  These 
types  in  some  cases  have  continued  through- 
out that  vast  period  of  time  called  the  Stone 
Age,  and  the  relatively  short  eras  of  bronze  and 
iron,  for  they  survive  to-day  in  steel  tools  made 
at  Sheffield  and  elsewhere. 

The  original  area  of  these  plateau-deposits 
was  large,  and  in  processes  of  denudation  some 
of  the  stones  have  been  rolled  or  carried  to 
many  of  the  lower-lying  and  more  recently  de- 
posited beds,  or  merely  left  upon  the  surface. 
Some  of  these  prepaloeoliths,  or  eoliths,  are  found 
in  many  positions  in  Swanscombe. 

In  the  gravels  and  brick  eartlis  resting  upon 
the  chalk,  which  are  being  so  extensively  worked 
in  many  of  the  parishes  fringing  the  Thames 
and  Medway,  numbers  of  stone  tools  remain, 
and  a  vast  amount  of  evidence  is  still  preserved. 
The  greater,  and  by  far  the  more  interesting, 
portion  of  this  evidence  is  being  ignorantly  and 
ruthlessly  destroyed.  Certain  of  the  recognized 
and  approved  types  of  tools  are  occasionally 
preserved,  and  a  number  of  interesting  collec- 
tions of  them  exist  in  the  public  and  private 
museums  throughout  the  world.  But  very  much 
greater  numbers  have  been  destroyed  than  have 
been  kept,  chiefly  through  the  ignorance  of 
workmen.  Many  more  of  extreme  interest  are 
lost,  it  must  be  confessed,  through  the  unwill- 
ingness of  scientific  men  to  admit  as  of  human 
workmanship  anything  but  what  they  call 
"  good  specimens  "  of  the  few  types  they  have 
as  yet  accepted.  Some  of  the  leaders  of  anthro- 
pological research  demand  irrefutable  evidence, 
and  give  nothing  the  benefit  of  the  doubt.  This 
they  do  somewhat  rashly,  considering  the  new- 
ness of  the  subject  and  the  necessarily  small 
amount  of  knowledge  yet  acquired.  This  is 
pre-eminently  a  position  in  which  any  doubt 
should  favour  preservation,  and  not  destruction. 

The  sites  of  villages  and  towns,  some  of  them 
of  large  size,  filled  with  material  evidence  of 
the  nature,  habits,  modes  of  working,  and  other 
traces  of  past  peoples,  have   been  swept  away 


through  the  modern  uses  of  cement.  The 
removal  of  ballast,  the  use  of  concrete,  and  the 
manufacture  of  cement  from  chalk  (upon  which 
the  gravel  terraces  rest)  cause  this  demolition 
to  continue  with  ever-increasing  rapidity.  The 
Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Ancient  Monu- 
ments ought  to  take  cognizance  of  this.  The 
loss  to  literature  by  the  burning  of  the  library 
at  Alexandria  is  relatively  less  than  the  loss  to 
science  of  the  evidence  already  irretrievably 
destroyed.  Some  of  these  sites  are  utterly 
demolished,  leaving  no  trace.  Others  can  only 
be  known  to  have  existed  by  the  few  stones 
preserved  by  stray  collectors,  who  may  have 
chanced  to  visit  them,  or  who  may  have  obtained 
specimens  from  intelligent  workmen.  Others 
are  as  yet  only  partly  destroyed. 

One  of  the  chief  of  the  latter  is  in  Swans- 
combe. From  the  area  of  the  site  occupied, 
and  the  vast  number  of  stones  indicating  manu- 
facture and  use  at  the  spot,  it  seems  to  have 
been  a  city  of  great  extent,  that  possibly  might 
make  it  the  metropolis  of  that  period,  and  so 
antedate  the  great  capital  that  has  gi'own  fifteen 
miles  further  up  the  river.  It  is  certain  that 
this  site  was  continuously  occupied  for  an 
enormous  period  of  time.  At  levels  ranging 
from  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  above  the  river,  on 
the  belt  of  chalk  bordering  the  valley,  is  a  huge 
deposit  of  mixed  gravel,  sand,  and  clay,  for  the 
most  part  containing  in  abundance  worked  flints 
and  flakes.  These  generally  are  of  such  a  cha- 
racter that  they  clearly  indicate  manufacture 
and  very  extensive  use  upon  the  site.  The 
majority  have  no  sign  of  abrasion  or  water- 
wear.  Some  have  evidently  fallen  from  the 
hand  of  the  maker,  and  such  edges  as  have  not 
been  used  are  as  sharp  and  fine  as  when  first 
struck  from  the  flint.  From  the  manner  in 
which  they  were  deposited  with  the  gravel,  it 
is  possible  that  the  town  was  built,  at  least  in 
part,  upon  piles.  These  implements  and  chips 
constitute  nearly  all  the  evidence  yet  recognized 
of  the  countless  generations  of  dwellers  in  this 
great  settlement.  Fortunately  some  human 
bones,  and  one  very  remarkable  skull,  have 
been  discovered  at  Galley  Hill  (in  this  parish) 
in  such  a  position  that,  apart  from  the  powerful 
evidence  of  the  very  marked  characteristics 
they  furnish,  no  doubt  can  remain  that  they 
belonged  to  the  race  of  men  then  living  in  this 
great  town. 

Man  is  essentially  a  tool-making  animal,  and 
therefore  the  development  of  our  race  can  be 
best  indicated  and  marked  by  the  evolution  and 
growth  of  tools,  both  in  make  and  use.  The 
minutest  details  of  their  present  condition  and 
position  merit  the  closest  observation.  By  "  im- 
plement "  should  be  meant  every  stone  used  to 
facilitate  man's  action,  not  necessarily  made  or 
shaped  for  use,  but  used,  indication  of  use  being 
determined  by  wear,  in  conjunction  with,  or 
altogether  apart  from,  form.  "  Evolution,  "in  this 
connexion,  should  express  a  recognized  series 
of  improvements  from  without,  imposed  by  the 
experience  of  man  upon  the  tools  he  uses. 
Simple  as  these  seem,  by  observation  of  them 
we  may  translate  a  system  of  signs,  which  has  the 
same  relation  to  thought  as  language,  by  which 
we  may  learn  much  about  our  predecessors. 
As  truly  as  Egyptian  hieroglyphs,  these  stones 
may  be  read  as  indicating  mental  processes 
brought  to  bear  on  labour  by  experience,  con- 
stantly widening  with  the  needs  and  develop- 
ments of  the  race.  Yet,  like  later  civilizations, 
those  of  old,  after  attaining  a  certain  degree  of 
practical  completeness,  reached  points  at  which 
advancement  on  the  same  lines  ceased. 

The  earliest  tools  were  doubtless  natural.  A 
stone  was  flung  at  prey  or  at  an  enemy,  or  used 
in  the  hand  to  increase  its  breaking  or  bruising 
power.  Later,  when  a  suitable  stone  could  not 
be  found  to  hand,  but  was  broken  with  another 
stone  to  make  it  fit,  the  used  stone  became  the 
first  hammer.  What  the  tool  fashioned  may 
have  been  it  is  not  yet  possible  to  determine. 

The  stones  used  throughout  this    transition 


or  prepaheolithic  time  are  frequently  very 
large,  generally  left-handed,  and  nearly  always 
rough,  but  the  ideal  shape  of  the  later  axe  is 
already  clearly  shown  in  them.  Yet  all  these 
precede  the  time  when  this  Kentish  town  was 
first  occupied.  The  Thames  (or  its  great  pre- 
decessor) then  ran  more  than  a  hundred  feet 
above  its  present  level.  With  the  myriads  of 
untravelled  stones  that  mark  it  as  a  site 
of  occupation  there  occur  occasionally  other 
stones,  of  worn  and  travelled  look,  that 
were  derived  from  the  older  gravels  already 
noted.  These  are  of  ruder  types,  or  are  worn 
only,  not  fashioned.  They  prove  earlier  occu- 
pation of  higher  sites,  and  that  man  had  already 
so  far  developed  that  with  much  skill  he 
chipped  stones,  with  beautiful  symmetry,  into 
good  forms  for  use.  The  large  proportion  of 
drills  and  graving  tools  indicates  a  very  consider- 
able development  of  art,  or  ornamentation  of 
the  softer  materials  doubtless  used.  This  town 
was  occupied  so  long  that  the  Thames  scooped 
out  its  valley  over  50  ft.  deeper,  with  no  appre- 
ciable difference  in  any  of  its  conditions.  The 
woolly  mammoth  and  rhinoceros  were  the  big 
game  of  its  hunters  throughout  this  period,  and 
their  remains  abound.  Since  the  disappearance 
of  these  great  beasts  the  river  has  cut  down 
the  valley  50  ft.  further.  In  the  clays  and 
gravels  of  Swanscombe  lies  buried  the  evidence 
of  much  of  the  lives  of  our  ancestors  during 
all  those  unreckoned  centuries.  The  men 
of  Kent  in  this  old  town,  as  perhaps  in  many 
others,  became  skilled  workers  in  flint,  and 
possibly  supplied  surrounding  tribes  and  nations, 
not  with  the  raw  material  only,  but  with  manu- 
factured goods.  Beautifully  made  axes,  knives, 
gyrators,  fabricators,  drills,  scrapers,  spoke- 
shaves,  graving  tools,  hammers,  netvveights,  and 
anchors,  with  other  improved  types  of  tools, 
indicate  a  considerable  degree  of  development 
and  civilization.  The  drills,  spokeshaves,  and 
graving  tools  speak  of  much  skill  in  working 
ivory,  bone,  and  wood.  None  of  these  softer 
materials  have  yet  been  found  worked,  but  they 
may  soon  be  recognized.  Eyes  have  to  be 
educated  before  they  can  see  truly.  Flints, 
fashioned  with  a  skill  modern  workmen  may 
envy,  and  giving  signs  of  much  wear  from  use, 
indicate  great  brain-development.  How  far 
the  brain-growth  afl'ected  the  fashion  and  utility 
of  the  stones  used,  or,  in  turn,  how  far  the 
development  of  the  stones  improved  the  mental 
and  social  conditions  of  their  users,  is  a  fascinat- 
ing and  interesting  problem. 

Fortunately  much  evidence  remains  to  us  ; 
but  it  can  be  no  longer  added  to  or  increased. 
Unhappily  so  very  much  has  been  already  igno- 
rantly destroyed  that  it  behoves  us  to  preserve 
every  stone  that  furnishes  any  indication  what- 
ever of  wear  and  use,  however  slight.  Literary 
rarities  are  properly  considered  of  great  value, 
and  duly  treasured.  The  survivals  of  words, 
customs,  or  beliefs  are  deemed  of  such  import- 
ance that  we  may  shape  through  them  our 
opinions  as  to  the  distribution  of  races,  or  inter- 
communication between  continents  so  far  apart 
as  Asia  and  South  America.  The  discovery  of 
a  Roman  villa  in  Kent  is  rightly  regarded  as  an 
event  of  importance,  and  some  eflbrt  is  made  to 
carefully  preserve  much  of  the  evidence  it  can 
yield.  More,  however,  even  there,  oruiht  to  have 
been  done.  So  should  the  slightest  indications 
of  use  left  on  stones  that  represent  a  much 
higher  antiquity  than  the  remotest  times  his- 
torically known  call  for  their  i^reservation.  The 
daily  destruction  and  removal,  without  record, 
of  the  remains  of  towns  and  villages  of  that 
remote  past,  and  of  the  great  majority  of  the 
most  interesting  stones  to  be  found  in  so  many 
localities  and  positions,  is  one  of  the  saddest 
blots  upon  the  proud  escutcheon  of  science  of 
the  Victorian  era.  H,  Stopes. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Altholoh  Faye's  periodical  comet  will  not  be 
due  in  perihelion  until  March  next,  it  will  pro- 


326 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3541,  Sept.  r, '95 


bably  come  into  view  before  the  end  of  the 
present  month.  It  passes  next  week  to  the 
southern  side  of  the  equator,  in  the  constellation 
Aquarius. 

A  small  planet,  probably  to  be  reckoned  as 
No.  406,  was  discovered  by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice 
on  the  22nd  ult. 

The  faint  comet  (a,  1895)  which  was  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Swift  on  the  night  of  August 
20th  has  been  seen  at  several  European  observa- 
tories, and  its  orbit  has  been  provisionally 
calculated  by  Dr.  Berberich,  of  Berlin,  who 
finds  that  it  passed  its  perihelion  on  the  3rd 
inst.,  and  will  make  its  nearest  approach  to  the 
earth  about  the  13th.  The  orbit  is  probably 
elliptic  with  short  period.  He  also  gives  an 
approximate  ephemeris,  by  which  it  appears 
that  the  comet's  place  for  to-night,  September 
7th,  is  R.A.  1"  5""  57%  N.P.D.  83°  42',  and  for 
the  10th  inst.  R.A.  1"  ll-"  28%  N.P.D.  83°  44'. 

The  death  is  announced,  in  his  eighty-first 
year,  of  Prof.  Daniel  Kirkwood,  formerly  of 
the  Bloomington  University,  Indiana,  and  well 
known  amongst  astronomers  for  his  researches 
relating  to  the  motions  of  small  planets,  comets, 
and  meteoric  streams. 


The  Cambridge  University  Press  are  issuing 
a  series  of  volumes  dealing  with  geographical 
and  cognate  subjects,  which  will  be  commenced 
by  Prof.  A.  H.  Keane  with  a  work  on  'Ethno- 
logy. '  This,  which  is  already  in  the  press,  will 
be  shortly  followed  by  a  volume  upon  the 
'Geographical  Distribution  of  Mammals,' from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  Lyddeker.  Mr.  H.  F.  Tozer  is 
to  write  upon  the  '  History  of  Ancient  Geo- 
graphy,' and  other  volumes  deal  with  the 
'  Renaissance  Period  of  Geographical  Discovery  ' 
(Mr.  E.  G.  Ravenstein)  and  with  '  Oceano- 
graphy'  (Mr.  J.  Y.  Buchanan).  The  series  is 
under  the  general  editorship  of  Dr.  F.  H.  H. 
Guillemard. 

The  Swiss  geographical  societies  will  hold 
their  joint  annual  meeting  this  year  at  St.  Gall 
on  September  22nd  and  23rd.  Dr.  Hans  Meyer, 
who  made  the  ascent  of  Kilimanjaro,  is 
to  read  a  paper  on  the  snow  mountains  of 
Equatorial  Africa.  The  Geographical  Society 
of  St.  Gall  is  holding  an  Oriental  Exhibition, 
which  will  remain  open  until  the  third  week  in 
September. 

The  Swiss  Naturforschende  Gesellschaft  v?ill 
hold  their  annual  congress  this  year  at  Zermatt 
from  September  8th  to  11th.  The  committees 
meet  on  the  8th,  the  sections  on  the  10th,  and 
general  meetings  will  be  held  on  the  9feh  and 
11th.  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  scien- 
tific excursions  in  the  Gomerschluchten  and  to 
Findelen,  and  for  a  day's  march  on  the  Riffel- 
alp  and  the  Schwarzsee. 

German  papers  announce  that  a  memorial 
tablet  in  honour  of  Prof.  Helmholtz  has  been 
affixed  to  the  house.  No.  8,  Haditzstrasse,  at 
Potsdam,  where  he  was  born  in  1821.  We  also 
hear  of  an  intention  to  erect  a  joint  monument 
in  memory  of  Werner  Siemens  and  Helmholtz 
in  front  of  the  Technische  Hochschule  at  Char- 
lottenburg. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  at  Stockholm, 
in  his  eighty-sixth  year,  of  Prof.  Sven  Ludwig 
Loven,  a  Corresponding  Member  of  our  Royal 
Society,  and  the  pioneer  of  scientific  expeditions 
to  Spitzbergen. 


FINE    ARTS 


CATALOOUES. 

Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Japanese  Works 
of  Art  formed  hetiwen  1860  and  189/^.  by  Sir  T. 
Lawrence,  Bart.  Edited  by  M.  B.  Huish. 
Illustrated.  (Privately  printed.)— We  could 
not   praise  too  highly  the   softness,   clearness, 


and  verisimilitude  of  the  Autotype  Company's 
hundreds  of  illustrations  to  this  handsome 
volume.  Let  it  suffice,  therefore,  that  they  are 
all  that  could  be  desired,  in  many  cases  better 
than  any  we  have  seen  before  of  the  kind,  and 
they  distinctly  affirm  the  fitness  of  the  process 
employed  for  the  purpose,  which  could  not, 
of  course,  cost  a  quarter  of  what  a  dexterous 
draughtsman  would  demand  for  work  which,  at 
best,  would  not,  so  far  as  the  fidelity  of  the  prints 
is  concerned,  be  half  so  trustworthy  or  so  good. 
The  letterpress  consists  of  a  few  words,  rarely 
more  than  a  line  or  two,  tersely  designating  and 
describing  the  more  than  two  thousand  five 
hundred  examples  which  form  Sir  Trevor 
Lawrence's  extremely  choice  and  valuable  col- 
lection of  specimens  of  the  art  crafts  in  which 
the  people  of  the  Island  Empire  excel.  His 
collection  consists  of  netsuk^s,  i.  e.,  toggles  or 
buttons  used  to  prevent  an  article  to  which  it 
may  be  attached  from  slipping  under  the  owner's 
girdle  ;  okimonos,  or  ornaments  for  recesses  ; 
statuettes,  pipes,  pipe  cases,  inkstands;  all  sorts 
of  articles  in  lacquer  ;  metals,  such  as  swords  ; 
shrines;  kakemonos,  or  hangings  (we  can  hardly 
follow  the  editor  in  calling  them  pictures)  ; 
embroideries,  articles  for  personal  use,  and 
ceramics.  Putting  aside  as  excusable  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  writer,  who  tells  us  that  "  a 
fine  netsuke  has  no  rival  in  art,"  we  are  com- 
pelled to  wonder  how,  accomplished  as  he  is, 
he  could  venture  to  say  of  these  objects — which 
artists  hardly  accept  as  art  at  all— that  "they 
will  bear  comparison  even  with  the  miniatures 
of  Greek  art."  That  depends,  need  we  say? 
upon  how  you  look  at  them.  Exquisitely  carved 
and  wonderfully  whimsical  and  spirited  in  their 
way,  it  is  something  like  a  misuse  of  know- 
ledge to  compare  a  netsuke  with  a  fine  piece 
of  Greek  work,  say  the  head  of  Proserpine 
with  the  dolphins  at  the  side  which  appears 
on  the  famous  Syracusan  medallion  and 
has  the  charioted  Victory  on  the  reverse. 
Having  delivered  ourselves  of  this  protest,  we 
pass  on  to  admire  the  best  of  the  beautiful 
lacquers  in  which  of  all  his  treasures  Sir  Trevor 
takes  the  most  delight.  In  their  way — which, 
of  course,  is  from  an  art  point  of  view  a  very 
limited  one — nothing  that  we  have  seen  in  many 
European  collections  excels  some  of  the  finest 
inros,  or  medicine  cases,  which  abound  in 
the  house  of  the  collector,  such  as  the  great 
front  of  a  chest  which  supplied  a  frontispiece 
to  this  book,  an  ancient  piece  which  used  to  be 
duly  honoured  at  Hamilton  Palace  long  before 
the  present  owner  bought  it  at  the  sale  of  the 
contents  of  that  building.  The  then  Duke  of 
Hamilton  was  a  noteworthy  buyer  at  the  Font- 
hill  sale  in  1823,  but  he  may  have  obtained  this 
chest  with  other  treasures,  such  as  books,  as 
part  of  the  dowry  of  his  wife,  Beckford's 
daughter.  Mr.  Huish  tells  us  the  chest  had 
formerly  belonged  to  Cardinal  Mazarin  ;  this 
statesman  was,  we  all  know,  a  considerable 
collector  of  such  wonderful  "curios"  as  this. 
Mr.  Huish  likewise  reminds  us  that  a  similar 
but  smaller  chest,  for  which  South  Ken- 
sington gave  772^.,  has  a  key  decorated  with 
the  Mazarin  arms,  a  circumstance  which 
points  to  the  cardinal  as  a  former  owner  ;  in 
a  landscape  is  a  magnificent  palace,  to  which 
a  wonderful  Court  carriage,  drawn  by  a 
single  ox,  is  approaching  while  attended  by  a 
military  escort.  Another  lacquer  coffer  has 
within  the  lid  a  tablet  with  the  name  "Maria 
uan  Diemcn,"  which  is  supposed  to  indicate  that 
it  was  once  the  property  of  Anton  van  Diemen, 
Governor  of  Batavia,  c.  1630,  and  memorable 
to  us  because  Tasman  gave  his  name  to  Van 
Diemen's  Land.  Both  these  important  pieces 
exhibit,  as  Mr.  Huish  acutely  remarks,  very 
strong  Chinese  characteristics  ;  so  much  is  this 
the  case  that  many  might  well  give  them  to  a 
Celestial  craftsman.  The  Lawrence  collection 
is  extremely  rich  in  inros  and  writing  boxes,  on 
not  a  few  of  which  we  remark  Chinese  influences 
to  be    singularly  distinct.      The   specimens   of 


this  nature  are  amazingly  rich  in  whimsical  and 
energetic  motives,  quaint  and  animated  ex- 
pressions of  the  freakish  fancies  and  odd  notions 
of  the  craftsman  who,  with  exquisite  fingers, 
modelled  all  sorts  of  incidents  upon  them  in 
low  relief  or  delineated  them  in  flat  gold.  It 
not  unfrequently  happens  that  the  contours,  at 
least  of  Chinese  lacquers,  as  well  as  of  examples 
in  metal  and  porcelain,  are  really  as  elegant  as 
the  Greeks  would  have  made  them.  Very  seldom 
indeed  is  this  the  case  with  regard  to  articles, 
even  of  the  best  epochs,  from  Japan.  None  of 
the  specimens  before  us,  of  whatever  material 
it  may  be  formed,  has  valuable  pretensions 
to  be  elegant  in  its  shape,  although  many 
charm  us  by  means  of  the  spirit,  delicacy,  and 
astonishing  finish  of  their  surface  decorations, 
whether  relieved  in  gold  or  flat.  We  have  been 
obliged  on  previous  occasions  of  the  present 
order  to  point  out  that  we  have  in  England  no 
one  of  our  own  nation  capable  of  speaking  the 
Japanese  language  and  combining  with  that 
accomplishment  competent  knowledge  of  Japan- 
ese art  history  ;  nor  have  we  a  Japanese  tho- 
roughly conversant  with  our  language  and  pos- 
sessing a  trained  and  intimate  knowledge  of  his 
own  country's  art,  religion,  history,  and  legends. 
It  is  due  to  these  shortcomings  that  all  opinions, 
historical  references,  criticisms,  and  even  the 
most  comprehensive  general  conclusions  which 
obtain  among  us,  are,  at  present  at  least,  tenta- 
tive, largely  guesswork,  and  liable  at  every 
turn  to  revision  and  corrections  of  a  very 
drastic  sort.  Mr.  Huish  candidly  points  out 
the  difficulties  which  circumstances  of  this  sort 
impose  upon  cataloguers  like  himself,  though 
he  has  taken  the  utmost  pains  to  be  right,  and 
never  omitted  to  consult  the  best  authorities 
at  hand  with  regard  to  the  histories,  meanings, 
origin,  and  manufacture  of  Sir  Trevor  Law- 
rence's numerous  examples,  to  describing  and 
illustrating  which  this  capital  work  is  devoted. 

A  Catalogue  of  Pictures  and  Sketches  by  G. 
Mason  and  G.  JPinivell,  exhibited  at  Birming- 
ham, 3Iarch,  1895.  With  an  Essay  by  H. 
Quilter.  Illustrated. — Mr.  Quilter  is  a  sym- 
pathetic and,  on  the  whole,  a  considerate  and 
well-meaning  critic  of  Mason  and  Pin  well, 
nearly  a  hundred  and  fifty  of  whose  works  were 
collected  on  the  occasion  referred  to  by  the 
title  of  this  book  ;  but  he  is  characteristically 
whimsical  and,  if  the  term  be  permitted,  not 
a  little  perverse  in  some  of  these  utterances, 
which  have  all  the  dogmatism  of  a  prophet  who 
has  not  the  least  doubt  of  his  own  conclusions  and 
has  taken  but  little  trouble  to  examine  their 
groundwork,  or  what  he  takes  to  be  such.  For 
example,  in  writing  of  "A  Group  of  Idyllists," 
which  he  endeavours  to  form  by  putting  Mason, 
Pinwell,  and  Walker  together  and  comparing 
them  the  one  with  the  other,  he  is  good  enough 
to  say  :  "I  think,  myself,  that  Mr.  North,  the 
newly  elected  Academician,  should  be  admitted 
to  the  little  company,  and  I  have  always 
believed  that  it  was  his  scheme  of  colour  from 
which  Fred  Walker  derived  his  own."  The 
notion  is  unfortunate,  because  any  well  -  in- 
formed student  could  have  told  Mr.  Quilter 
that  Walker  founded  himself,  if  upon  any 
models,  upon  Sir  John  Millais  and  A. 
Ostade,  mostly  upon  the  former.  More- 
over, the  limits  of  Mr.  North's  art  are  so 
extremely  narrow  and  so  absolutely  personal  that 
it  is  hard  to  say  they  comprise  anything  which 
Walker— an  incomparably  better  equipped  artist 
— could  have  dreamed  of  founding  himself  upon. 
Besides,  Walker  made  his  debut  with  eclat  in 
1863,  while  it  was  not  till  1865  that  Mr.  North, 
and  then  in  a  manner  which  attracted  next  to  no 
attention,  entered  the  arena,  and  his  success 
was  by  no  means  rapid  until  after  Walker  had 
won  the  suffrages  of  the  best  painters  of  the 
time.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  Mason,  who  began  to  exhibit  in 
1857,  and  w.as  already  well  known  as  a  painter 
in  Italy,  influenced  Walker  to  some  slight 
extent,  and  Mr.  North  much  more  so.     If  so, 


N<'3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


327 


it  is  a  pity  the  deceased  master  did  not  more 
permanently  influence  the  living  landscape 
painter,  whose  figures  are  anything  but  such  as 
Mason  or  Walker  would  have  tolerated.  Finally, 
let  us  wonder  who,  as  Mr.  Quilter  declares,  has 
ventured  to  "sneer  at  Walker's  painting,"  i.e., 
his  technique  being  understood.  Why  should 
a  critic  capable  of  writing  the  very  sympathetic 
estimate  of  Walker's  art  and  poetry  which 
follows  this  sentence  trouble  himself  about  a 
crudity  of  this  description?  The  cuts — which 
were  borrowed — in  this  book  are  but  poor,  hard, 
and  thin,  not  fit  illustrations  of  Pinwell's,  much 
less  of  Walker's  art. 

Catalogue  of  Portraits  in  the  Fosseasiun  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxon.  (Oxford,  Black  well.) 
— "Pembroke"  possesses  a  very  considerable 
number  of  portraits  of  worthies,  most  of  whom 
have  been  more  or  less  associated  with  the 
college,  on  whose  behalf  Mr.  A.  R.  Bayley  has 
compiled  this  brochure.  Some  of  these  pictures 
bear  the  names  of  good  painters,  such  as  Rey- 
nolds (a  Dr.  Johnson),  Lawrence,  Mr.  Ouless, 
Opie,  and  Shee  ;  some  of  them  represent 
alumni  Pembrokiani,  Bishop  Beckington,  for 
example,  Bishop  Jewell,  George  Peele,  Francis 
Beaumont,  William  Camden,  John  Pym,  Arch- 
bishop Abbot,  Sir  T.  Browne,  and  Sir  W. 
Blackstone.  The  catalogue  supplies  brief  notes, 
biographical  or  historical,  on  the  portraits  and 
about  the  men  they  represent.  Unfortunately 
the  dimensions  of  the  pictures  are  not  given. 
It  is  otherwise  a  desirable  and  useful  catalogue. 

Illustrated  Handbook  of  the  Permanent  Col- 
lections of  Industrial  Art  Objects  in  the  Museum 
and  Art  Gallery  at  Birmingham. — Museum  and 
Art  Gallery  Catalogue.  (City  of  Birmingham.) 
— These  are  useful  publications,  officially  pub- 
lished, copiously  illustrated  and  annotated,  and 
due  to  the  intelligent  energy  of  Mr.  W.  Wallis, 
the  Keeper  of  the  Birmingham  Art  Gallery, 
and  his  colleague  Mr.  A.  B.  Chamberlain.  It 
must  suflice  to  say  that  they  are  exactly  what 
an  intelligent  and  sympathetic,  but  uneducated 
visitor  to  such  galleries  as  those  in  question 
here  would  or  ought  to  desire. 


EASTERX    ARCHEOLOGY. 


Beni  Hasan.  By  P.  E.  Newberry  and  G.  W. 
Fraser.  Part  I.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.)— The 
volume  of  handsome  plates  and  texts  lying 
before  us  marks  an  era  in  the  history  of  the 
publications  of  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund, 
and  the  new  committee  of  this  body  is  to  be 
congratulated  upon  the  production  of  a  volume 
which  is  in  artistic  work  and  scholarship  im- 
measurably in  advance  of  any  of  its  pre- 
decessors. It  is  intended  to  be  the  first  of  a 
series  which  is  to  form  an  Archaeological  Survey 
of  Egypt,  and  although  the  scheme  seems  very 
ambitious,  still  we  may  hope  that  Mr.  Newberry 
and  his  colleagues  will  continue  to  carry  out 
their  labours  in  the  careful  manner  in  which 
they  have  begun.  The  first  spot  chosen  for 
survey  by  the  Fund  was  Beni  Hasan,  a  place 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  about  a 
hundred  and  seventy  miles  south  of  Cairo,  where 
there  are  a  number  of  fine  rock-hewn  tombs  of 
the  twelfth  dynasty.  Many  of  these  have  been 
described  by  the  earlier  Egyptologists,  and  most 
of  the  important  hieroglyphic  inscriptions  have 
been  copied  and  published  many  years  ago.  In 
November,  1890,  Mr.  Newberrj'  and  Mr.  Fraser 
arrived  at  the  scene  of  their  labours,  and  a 
comparatively  rapid  examination  of  the  site 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  three  hitherto 
undescribed  tombs,  and  of  several  unpub- 
lished scenes  and  inscriptions.  Mr.  Newberry 
devoted  himself  to  copying  the  hieroglyphic 
texts,  Mr.  Fraser  to  the  preparation  of  plans, 
elevations,  and  sections,  and  the  artistic  work 
was  most  ably  carried  out  by  Mr.  Blackden, 
who  was  subsequently  assisted  by  three  other 
artists.  Their  work  at  Beni  Hasan  is  now 
ended,  and  the  first  part  of  the  results  which 
are  to  be  published  lies  before  us.     In  the  first 


volume  of  '  Beni  Hasan  '  fourteen  of  the  thirty- 
nine  tombs  at  Beni  Hasan  are  illustrated,  and 
among  them  are  those  of  the  famous  feudal 
lords  of  old  Egypt,  Amenemhat  and  Khnemu- 
hetep,  and  their  kith  and  kin.  The  history  of 
these  famous  warriors  and  their  exploits  is  so 
well  known  to  the  readers  of  the  works  of 
Brugsch  and  Maspero  that  there  is  no  need  to 
rehearse  it  here.  We  must  mention  in  passing 
that  Mr.  Newberry's  edition  of  the  texts  of  the 
inscription  of  Khnemu-hetep  gives  better  read- 
ings in  more  than  one  place,  and  several  obscure 
passages  are  made  plain  thereby.  We  regret 
exceedingly,  however,  that  the  committee  of 
the  Fund  sanctioned  the  use  of  such  a  system  of 
transliteration,  for  we  are  quite  certain  that,  to 
all  but  experts,  that  which  should  help  the 
reader  to  get  an  idea  of  the  sound  of  Egyptian 
words  will  only  prove  a  stumbling-block.  The 
chief  interest  of  the  volume  will,  of  course, 
centre  in  tlie  really  beautiful  plates  with 
which  it  is  filled.  As  a  frontispiece  we 
have  a  reproduction  of  a  water-colour  draw- 
ing of  the  exterior  of  the  tomb  of  Khnemu- 
hetep  by  Mr.  R.  Phene  Spiers,  and  we  have 
also  some  forty-seven  plates  of  text  and  scenes 
of  the  most  interesting  and  varied  character. 
The  three  coloured  plates  upon  which  are  de- 
picted the  housemaid  Anebi,  and  the  Oryxes, 
from  the  word  for  which  the  nome  wherein 
Khnemu-hetep  lived  took  its  name,  and  the 
Oriental  tribal  chief  Absha,  who  brought  a 
present  of  eye-paint  to  the  feudal  lord  of  Beni 
Hasan  more  than  four  thousand  years  ago,  will 
be  at  once  recognized  by  all  who  know  the  tombs 
at  Beni  Hasan  as  faithful  copies  of  the  originals. 
Those  also  who  have  delighted  to  discover  in 
Absha  one  of  the  messengers  whom  Jacob  sent 
to  his  son  Joseph  in  Egypt  with  a  bakshisli  of 
"a  little  balm,  and  a  little  honey,  spices,  and 
myrrh,  nuts,  and  almonds,"  will  welcome  the 
excellent  likeness  of  this  bearded  lord  of  the 
desert,  and  the  view  of  his  many-coloured  coat. 
The  value  of  the  volume  is  much  enhanced  by 
Mr.  W.  Fraser's  plans  of  the  tombs,  which  give 
us  all  that  we  can  expect  in  this  particular,  and 
we  have  now  to  hope  that  the  Fund  will  issue 
at  no  distant  date  the  concluding  portion  of  this 
beautifully  illustrated  work. 

Notes  on  Antiquities  in  Ramannadesa  {the 
Talaing  Country  of  Burma).  By  Major  R.  C. 
Temple.  (Luzac  &  Co.) — Major  Temple  has 
reprinted  from  the  Indian  Antiquary  some 
notes  on  the  cave  temples  and  the  remains 
therein  which  are  scattered  about  Lower  Burma, 
particularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Moulmein. 
The  author  visited  these  caves  in  April,  1892, 
and  has  supplied  a  series  of  twenty-four 
selected  photographic  plates  to  illustrate  the 
subject.  By  a  great  majority  of  his  readers 
these  pictures  will  be  viewed  as  a  revelation,  for 
they  must  be  few  indeed  who  have  not  hitherto 
supposed  that  Burma  had  nothing  of  interest  to 
show  that  was  more  than  a  few  centuries  old  ; 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  Major  Temj^le's 
labours,  which  do  not  at  all  pretend  to  complete- 
ness, may  be  followed  ujj  by  others  who  have  both 
the  time  and  knowledge  necessary  to  treat  the 
subject  adequately.  At  some  remote  period  a 
natural  cave  in  the  limestone  rock  has  been 
adapted  to  purposes  of  Buddhist  worship,  and 
ornamented  with  images  and  other  Buddhistic 
symbols  ;  successive  generations  of  devotees 
have  continued  to  add  their  votive  offerings 
until  the  cave  has  become  crowded  witli  a  mis- 
cellaneous collection  of  sacred  objects,  represen- 
tative for  the  most  part  of  the  Buddha  in  various 
traditional  positions,  and  all  more  or  less  injured 
by  decay  or  other  causes.  These  oflerings  have 
not  even  yet  wholly  ceased,  and  hence  it  would 
only  be  after  an  exhaustive  examination  by  a 
competent  authority  that  what  is  truly  ancient 
could  be  se])arated  with  certainty  from  what  is 
comparatively  modern,  and  dates  could  be 
assigned.  Tlie  information  so  far  available  goes 
to  show  that  there  are  at  least  forty  of  these 
caves  in  the  Amherst  district  of   Burma  alone. 


of  which  twenty- one  contain  antiquities  of  value  ; 
and  as  among  such  antiquities  book-coffers 
containing  Talaing  MSS.  are  known  to  be  com- 
prised, there  is  the  prospect  of  some  great  finds 
to  tempt  theenterpriseofaninvestigator.  Thesub- 
jects  which  are  touched  upon  by  Major  Temple 
in  his  explanatory  remarks,  and  would  be  eluci- 
dated by  further  research,  are  the  connexion 
between  these  Burmese  antiquities  and  the  ruins 
of  Camboja,  and  the  extent  to  which  Tantrik 
or  Northern  Buddhism  obtained  a  footing  in  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula.  That  Hindu  influences 
have  from  a  very  early  time  made  themselves 
felt  among  the  Buddhists  inhabiting  these 
regions  must  be  pretty  generally  agreed,  but 
the  origin  and  history  of  these  influences  has 
not  yet  been  fully  traced.  As  to  Camboja,  the 
plates  supplied  in  the  work  under  notice  (and 
more  particularly  plates  ix.  and  xiv.)  awaken  a 
desire  for  further  evidence.  There  are  some 
interesting  bits  in  Major  Temple's  notes  :  thus 
of  the  enormous  recumbent  figure  of  Gautama 
Buddha  (181  ft.  long  and  46  ft.  high  at  the  shoul- 
der)—see  plate  xvii. — he  says  that  it  is  probably 
about  four  hundred  years  old,  and  yet  there  is 
no  history  attached  to  it.  Pegu,  where  it  is  to 
be  found,  was  taken  and  utterly  destroyed  in 
1757  A.D.  So  completely  were  the  inhabitants 
dispersed  that  when  the  town  was  repopulated 
twenty  years  later  all  recollection  of  this  image 
had  disappeared.  The  place  where  it  is  situated 
had  become  a  dense  jungle,  but  when  in  1881 
a  railway  was  being  made,  this  great  relic  was 
uncovered  and  has  ever  since  been  an  object  of 
veneration.  Every  devotee  who  may  wish  to 
make  merit  by  aflixing  a  bit  of  plaster  (or  per- 
haps a  patch  of  gold  leaf)  to  this  venerable 
figure  is  at  liberty  to  do  so,  and  it  is  therefore 
much  to  be  wished  that  the  Burmese  Govern- 
ment would  take  steps  to  protect  this  and  other 
ancient  monuments  from  disfigurement.  At 
Petchaburi,  in  Siam,  there  are  extensive  lime- 
stone caves  which  have  been  adapted  to  Buddhist 
worship  and  are  similar  to  those  figured  in 
Major  Temple's  plates  ;  in  the  great  temple  of 
Camboja  (Phra  Nakhon  Wat)  there  is  at  least 
one  room  filled  with  a  miscellaneous  collection 
of  ancient  images  such  as  those  which  are  stored 
in  the  caves  of  Burma— subjects  for  comparative 
study,  therefore,  are  not  wanting.  We  cordially 
welcome  this  volume  as  an  instalment  towards 
fuller  knowledge  of  a  most  interesting  subject, 
and  have  only  one  word  of  regret  to  express — 
we  wish  that  in  reproducing  the  photographs 
the  artist  had  not  blurred  the  prints  so  much. 

Correspondances  du  Temps  des  Pois-Prctres. 
Par  M.  W.  Spiegelberg.  (Paris,  Imprimerie 
Nationale.) — This  interesting  work  forms  part 
of  the  thirty  -  fourth  volume  of  "  Notices 
et  Extraits  des  MSS.  de  la  Bibliotheque 
Nationale,"  and  is,  we  hope,  the  first  of  a 
series  of  publications  to  be  devoted  to  the 
Egyptian  texts  preserved  at  Paris.  In  it 
Dr.  Spiegelberg  gives  transcripts  in  hiero- 
glyphic type  of  a  series  of  letters  written  in 
hieratic,  together  with  translations  and  com- 
mentary ;  where  possible  he  has  supplemented 
the  information  derived  from  the  documents  of 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  with  extracts  from 
the  papyri  of  Leyden,  Turin,  and  London.  The 
greater  number  of  the  letters  here  publislied 
were  collected  by  M.  Cailland  about  seventy 
years  ago,  and  it  seems  that  they  were  found  at 
A'urna,  a  place  which  forms  part  of  the  ancient 
site  of  Thebes.  Dr.  Spiegelberg  attributes  the 
letters  to  the  period  of  the  rule  of  the  priest- 
kings  over  Egypt,  and  he  arrives  at  this  con- 
clusion chiefly  from  considerations  of  paheo- 
graphy,  having  discovered  marked  resemblances 
between  the  writing  in  these  documents  and 
that  of  Der  el-Bahari  papyri,  several  of  which 
have  been  published  by  M.  Maspero.  By  the 
aid  of  the  eight  autotype  plates  at  the  end  of 
his  l:)ook.  Dr.  Spiegelberg  enables  the  reader  to 
verify  his  assertions,  while  for  convenience 
of  reference  the  letters  are  divided  into  four 
groups  :    those  of  which  the  author  is  known, 


328 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°354l,  Sept.  7, '95 


those  of  which  the  addressees  are  known,  those 
which  lack  the  address,  and  those  which  are 
fragmentary.  Among  the  tirst  group  are  three 
letters  of  Pa-ankh,  the  son  of  Hra-Heru,  the  first 
priest-king  of  Egypt,  and  some  letters  of  Tcha- 
reaui,  the  scribe  of  the  cemetery  of  Amen  at 
Thebes,  and  among  the  second  are  letters 
addressed  to  Tchareaui  ;  the  remaining  letters 
are  less  interesting,  although  of  importance. 
The  general  reader  will  be  somewhat  dis- 
appointed at  the  contents  of  all  the  letters, 
especially  as  their  historical  value  is  small  ;  to 
the  Egyptologist,  however,  the  whole  collection 
is  of  great  interest,  though  chiefly  from  a  gram- 
matical point  of  view.  Dr.  Spiegelberg  has 
broken  new  ground,  and  he  has  spared  no  pains 
to  make  his  work  as  good  and  as  useful  as 
possible  ;  every  reader  will  be  grateful  for  the 
index  of  Egyptian  words  which  he  has  thought- 
fully provided. 

Etudes  d'ArcJieologie  Orientale.  Par  C. 
Clermont-Ganneau.  (Paris,  Bouillon.) — This 
number  of  the  "  Bibliotheque  de  I'Ecole 
des  Hautes  Etudes "  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  which  have  appeared  in  recent 
years,  and  it  touches  upon  a  number  of 
important  points  connected  with  the  archieo- 
logy  of  the  ancient  East.  It  contains  seven 
short  essays — on  the  Phoenician  seal  of  Adoni- 
phelet,  on  a  third  royal  sarcophagus  of  Sidon, 
on  a  tessera  with  an  inscrifjtion  in  Aramean 
letters,  on  a  Greek  dedicatory  inscription  of  the 
knife  makers  of  Sidon,  on  certain  Palmyrene  in- 
scriptions, on  Nero  of  Alexandria  and  Posei- 
donios  the  Stoic,  and  on  eleven  miscellaneous 
points  of  archaeology  ;  these  are  illustrated  by 
three  plates  and  some  woodcuts.  The  above 
subjects  are  discussed  in  M.  Ganneau's  lucid 
style,  and  his  illustrations  are  drawn  from  a 
large  number  of  sources  ;  his  last  work  will,  we 
believe,  interest  all  those  who  love  the  history 
of  the  ancient  peoples  of  Syria. 

Description  de  Damas.  Traductions  de  1' Arabe, 
par  H.  Sauvaire.  Vol.  T.  (Paris,  Imprimerie 
Nationale.)  —  M.  Sauvaire,  whose  services  to 
Mohammedan  archieology  are  well  known,  has 
reissued  the  articles  which  he  has  for  some  time 
past  been  contributing  to  the  Journal  Asiatique 
on  the  topography  and  institutions  of  Damascus. 
His  work  is  translated  from  a  manuscript  in  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale,  supplemented  by  colla- 
tion (kindly  undertaken  by  that  excellent  Arabic 
scholar  Mr.  H.  C.  Kay)  with  two  other  copies 
in  the  British  Museum.  The  author  of  the 
'  Mukhtasar  '  thus  translated  was  Abd-el-Basit 
El-'Ilmawy,  born  in  907  of  the  Hegira  (1501) ; 
but  the  work  itself  is  an  abridgment  of  En- 
No'aymy's  '  Tanbih  et-Talib,' and  M.  Sauvaire 
has  been  permitted  to  compare  his  author's  text 
with  that  of  En-No'aymy  by  the  kindness  of 
M.  Schefer,  who  possesses  a  manuscript  of  the 
'Tanbih.'  It  is  not  clear  why  M.  Sauvaire  did 
not  translate  the  original  instead  of  the  abridg- 
ment ;  but,  whatever  his  reasons,  he  has  pro- 
duced a  work  which  will  prove  exceedingly 
valuable  to  the  historian  and  topographer  of 
Damascus.  The  present  instalment  contains 
accounts  of  seven  establishments  for  teaching 
the  Koran,  nineteen  devoted  to  the  study  of  the 
traditions,  fifty-seven  Shafi'ite  colleges,  forty- 
eight  Hanafite,  four  Malikite,  and  nine  Hanba- 
lite  colleges,  besides  three  special  medical  schools 
— in  all  a  hundred  and  forty-seven  educational 
and  theological  foundations.  A  peculiarly  valu- 
able feature  consists  in  the  lists  of  famous  i)ro- 
fessors  who  lectured  at  these  various  institu- 
tions, and  it  is  interesting  to  read  the  amount 
of  the  endowments  and  estates  devised  by  pious 
founders  for  the  support  of  the  professors  and 
students,  but  long  since  vanished,  no  doubt, 
into  the  pockets  of  peculating  jjashas.  Nor 
is  the  work  deficient  in  those  characteristic 
anecdotes  with  which  Oriental  historians 
enliven  the  dry  record  of  solid  facts.  But 
perhaps  the  most  important  part  of  the  volume 
is  to  be  found  in  the  wealth  of  elaborate 
notes  with  which  M.  Sauvaire  has  enriched  his 


text,  and  which  fill  more  than  half  his  pages. 
No  one  is  better  acquainted  with  the  literature 
of  the  subject,  on  which  he  has  previously  pub- 
lished a  valuable  historical  work,  and  cer- 
tainly no  pains  have  been  spared  to  elucidate 
every  point  that  comes  up  in  the  text.  His 
biographies  of  all  persons  mentioned,  and  his 
ample  references  to  other  authorities,  will  prove 
useful  to  others  than  students  of  Damascus 
antiquities.  The  second  volume  of  this  valuable 
work  will  be  eagerly  awaited  by  Orientalists. 


THE    POETKAITS   OF   EGBERT   LOUIS   STEVENSON. 

It  may  be  interesting,  and  not  altogether 
without  use,  to  put  on  record  a  note  of  the  por- 
traits of  this  author  which  have  been  made  at 
different  periods  of  his  life.  As  he  himself 
acknowledged,  he  was  a  difficult  subject  to  paint, 
and  the  consequence  is  that  there  is  not  in 
existence  any  thoroughly  satisfactory  likeness 
of  Stevenson.  So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
ascertain  there  are  only  two  finished  portraits 
of  him.  One  is  a  small  fuU-lensth  by  J.  S. 
Sargent,  A.R.A.,  painted  at  Bournemouth  in 
1885,  and  now  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Fair- 
child,  of  Boston.  This  portrait  is  said  to  verge 
on  caricature,  to  be  "a  little  more  living  than 
life,"  and  has  been  compared  by  one  very  com- 
petent to  judge  to  a  Vanity  Fair  cartoon.  The 
other  is  a  portrait  by  Signor  Nerli  painted  in 
Samoa  in  1892  ;  there  is  a  poor  reproduction  of 
it  in  the  Cosmopolitan  Magazine  for  last  July. 
In  addition  to  the  above  there  is  an  unfinished 
oil  portrait,  not  much  more  than  laid  on  in  two 
sittings,  by  W.  B.  Richmond,  R.A.  This  was 
painted  about  1885-86,  and  is  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  artist. 

In  sculpture  there  is  a  somewhat  greater 
variety  : — 

1.  A  large  bronze  medallion  by  Augustin 
St.  Gaudins,  executed  in  New  York  in  1888 — 
a  very  characteristic  work,  representing  Steven- 
son in  bed  propped  up  by  pillows.  The  face  is 
in  profile,  and  is  considered  a  pretty  good  like- 
ness. The  medallion  is  now  in  Mr.  Sidney 
Colvin's  possession. 

2.  A  bust  done  at  Honolulu  comparatively 
recently  by  Allan  Hutchinson.  It  was  exhibited 
this  season  in  the  New  Gallery,  but  cannot  be 
considered  a  good  specimen  of  the  sculptor's 
art,  being  but  a  ghastly  thing  and  disagreeable 
to  look  on. 

3.  A  bust  done  at  Sydney,  believed  to  be  by 
a  French  artist. 

4.  A  medallion  done  at  Honolulu. 

The  last  two  have  not  been  seen  in  this 
country. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  are  a  few 
drawings.  One  by  J.  W.  Alexander  appeared 
in  1888  in  the  Century  Magazine ;  another  was 
drawn  by  William  Strang  at  Bournemouth,  and 
from  it  an  etching  was  executed. 

There  are  then,  it  may  be  said,  three  adequate 
representations  of  Stevenson  —  two  portraits, 
one  by  Nerli  and  one  by  Sargent,  and  the 
St.  Gaudins  medallion.  The  Nerli  portrait  is 
apparently  the  better  of  the  two  former — at  least 
Stevenson  himself  declared  it  to  be  the  best 
likeness  ever  painted  of  him,  and  several  of 
his  friends  who  have  seen  it  say  that,  though 
perhaps  not  altogether  what  may  be  termed 
a  pleasant  likeness,  it  is  probably  a  faithful 
representation  of  him  as  he  appeared  towards 
the  end  of  his  life.  There  are  others,  however, 
who  also  knew  Stevenson  well,  who  hold  a  con- 
trary opinion,  and  say  that  it  is  not  a  good 
likeness— a  diversity  of  opinion  which,  as  we 
all  know,  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  majority  of 
portraits  that  are  painted. 

The  history  of  the  Nerli  portrait  is  peculiar. 
After  being  exhibited  for  some  time  in  New 
Zealand  it  was  bought,  in  the  course  of  this 
year,  by  a  lady  who  was  travelling  there  for 
a  hundred  guineas.  She  then  offered  it  for  that 
sum  to  the  Scottish  National  Portrait  Gallery  ; 
but  the  Trustees  of  Board  of  Manufactures— 


that  oddly  named  body  to  which  is  entrusted 
the  fostering  care  of  art  in  Scotland,  and,  in 
consequence,  the  superintendence  of  the  National 
I'ortrait  Gallery — have  not  seen  their  way  to 
accept  the  offer.  Some  surprise  has  been  ex- 
pressed at  the  action  of  the  Trustees  in  thus 
declining  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity 
of  obtaining  the  portrait  of  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Scotsmen  of  recent  times.  It 
can  hardly  be  for  want  of  money,  for  though 
the  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Trustees  for 
the  purchase  of  ordinary  works  of  art  are  but 
limited,  it  was  no  longer  ago  than  last  year  that 
they  were  the  recipients  of  a  very  handsome 
legacy  from  the  late  Mr.  J.  M.  Gray,  the  accom- 
plishedandmuchlamented  curator  of  the  Scottish 
National  Portrait  Gallery — a  legacy  left  them 
for  the  express  purpose  of  acquiring  portraits 
of  distinguished  Scotsmen,  and  the  income  of 
which  was  amply  sufficient  to  have  enabled 
them  to  purchase  this  portrait.  One  is  there- 
fore almost  shut  up  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Trustees  were  influenced  in  their  decision  by 
one  of  the  two  following  reasons  : — 

1.  That  they  did  not  consider  Stevenson  worthy 
of  a  place  in  the  Gallery.  This  is  a  position  so 
incomprehensible  and  so  utterly  opposed  to 
public  sentiment  that  one  can  hardly  credit  its 
having  been  the  cause  of  their  refusal.  What- 
ever may  be  the  place  which  Stevenson  may 
ultimately  take  as  an  author,  and  however 
opinions  may  differ  as  to  the  merit  of  his  work, 
no  one  can  deny  that  he  was  one  of  the  most 
popular  writers  of  his  day,  and  that  as  a  mere 
master  of  style,  if  for  nothing  else,  his  works 
will  be  read  so  long  as  there  are  students  of 
English  literature.  Surely  the  portrait  of  one 
for  whom  such  a  claim  may  legitimately  be 
made  cannot  be  considered  altogether  unworthy 
of  a  place  in  the  national  collection,  as  one  of 
Scotland's  most  distinguished  sons. 

2.  The  only  other  reason  which  can  be  sug- 
gested as  having  weighed  with  the  Trustees  in 
their  decision  is  one  which  in  some  cases  might 
be  held  to  be  worthy  of  consideration.  It  is 
conceivable  that  in  the  case  of  some  men  the 
Trustees  might  be  of  opinion  that  there  was 
plenty  of  time  to  consider  the  matter,  and  that 
in  the  mean  time  there  was  always  the  chance 
of  some  generous  donor  presenting  them  with  a 
portrait.  But,  as  has  been  shown  above,  the 
portraits  of  Stevenson  are  practically  confined 
to  two  :  one  of  these  is  in  America,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  chance  of  its  ever  coming  here  ; 
the  other  they  have  just  refused.  And  as  it  is 
understood  that  the  Trustees  have  a  rule  that 
they  do  not  accept  any  portrait  which  has  not 
been  painted  from  the  life,  they  preclude  them- 
selves from  acquiring  a  copy  of  any  existing 
picture,  or  even  a  portrait  done  from  memory. 

It  is  rumoured  that  the  Nerli  portrait  may 
ultimately  find  a  resting-place  in  the  national 
collection  of  portraits  in  London  ;  if  this  should 
prove  to  be  the  case,  what  a  commentary  on  the 
old  saying,  "A  prophet  is  not  without  honour 
save  in  his  own  country  "  ! 

J.  Balfour  Paul. 


Last  week  we  mentioned  the  publication  of 
the  '  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of 
Science  and  Art,'  the  forty-second  of  the  series 
to  which  it  belongs,  and,  among  other  things, 
we  commented  on  the  needless  bigness  of  the 
document  itself.  Since  then  the  publication  of 
a  "Supplement'  to  this  work,  an  octavo  of 
645  pages,  has  added  to  tlie  necessity  for  pro- 
tests against  such  waste  as  is  involved  in  printing 
a  stupendous  mass  of  details,  useful  while  in 
manuscript  doubtless  to  the  Department  itself, 
but  useless  to  the  public.  The  compilation 
and  revision  are  even  more  costly  than  the 
printing  and  publication  of  statements  such  as 
that  one  parish  in  Lincolnshire  received  a  grant 
of  13.S.  (id.,  while  another  parish  had  15s.;  one 
Hampshire  parish   got  3.s.,   while   Fyficld  got 


N«3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


329 


7s.  6d.  Scores  of  pages  before  us  record  the 
appropriation  of  sums  not  exceeding  ten  pounds  ; 
numerous  pages  refer  to  amounts  under  five 
pounds.  It  is  hard  to  believe  that  there  are 
really  400,  500,  600,  and  even  700  scholars 
taught  drawing  in  certain  schools  of  fifth-rate 
country  towns,  that  is  to  say,  not  the  aggregate 
of  each  town,  but  so  great  a  number  of 
"scholars"  in,  say,  a  dozen  schools,  each  of 
which  claims  to  reckon  its  drawing  pupils  by 
the  hundred. 

Mr.  G.  Salting's  loans  to  the  National 
Gallery  are  extremely  valuable  and  welcome. 
The  more  recent  instances  consist  of  D.  del 
Ghirlandajo's  well-known  portrait  in  tempera 
of  Costanza  de'  Medici,  one  of  the  rarest 
examples  of  its  kind  ;  a  portrait  supposed 
to  represent  the  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  a 
renowned  member  of  the  Court  of  Francis  I., 
attributed  to  F.  Clouet ;  and  a  third  portrait, 
representing  a  lady  in  the  character  of  Mary 
Magdalene,  and  of  the  Flemish  School  of  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  These  works  have 
been  placed  on  a  screen  in  the  Octagon.  The 
tempera  picture  is,  like  nearly  all  ancient  ex- 
amples of  that  method,  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion, although  its  colours  have  faded  a  little. 
The  small-eyed,  oval  face  is  well  expressed,  and 
enclosed  by  fair  loose  curls  ;  the  tightly  fitting 
purple  dress  is  laced  upon  the  damsel's  bust  ; 
the  hands  are  carefully  modelled  :  the  right  hand 
holds  a  flower,  the  left  hand  is  placed  over  some 
jewels  lying  upon  a  slab. 

In  Room  XI.  of  the  National  Gallery,  and 
numbered  14G2,  is  now  hung  a  small  picture  by 
Hendrik  Dubbels  (1620  or  1621-1676),  entitled 
'A  Sea-piece  with  Shipping.'  This  luminous 
little  example,  which  is  painted  with  fine  feeling 
for  the  expansiveness  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
attests  the  influence  of  De  Vlieger  and  Van  de 
Capelle,  is  the  gift  of  Mr.  Arthur  Kay.  On  the 
lee-board  of  one  of  the  barges  is  the  signature, 
"H.  C,"  of  the  painter.  The  four  large  pic- 
tures by  Paolo  Veronese  from  Cobhain  Hall 
have  been  removed  from  Room  VII.  to  the 
Octagon  Room,  where  they  occupy  four  of  the 
eight  sides  of  the  room,  and  are  seen  to  better 
advantage  than  before. 

Early  next  month  the  Berlin  Photographic 
Company  intends  to  issue  '  Selected  Works  of 
L.  Alma  Tadema,'  as  represented  by  a  portrait 
of  the  painter  and  twenty-two  photogravures 
from  certain  of  the  best  examples  of  his  art, 
together  with  a  brief  memoir  of  the  Academician, 
which  Mr.  F.  G.  Stephens  has  edited,  and  notes 
on  the  plates  severally,  compiled  from  Mr. 
Alma  Tadema's  memoranda.  It  is  a  small  im- 
perial folio  volume,  limited  to  four  hundred 
copies,  printed  on  Japanese  vellum  and  bound 
in  blue  watered  silk.  Among  the  plates  are 
'Ave,  Cresar!'  'An  Audience  at  Agrippa's,'  'A 
Beading  from  Homer,'  'Unconscious  Rivals,' 
and  the  portrait  of  M.  Paderewski. 

Messrs.  Longman  are  about  to  publish  '  A 
Manual  of  Clay  RIodelling  for  Teachers  and 
Scholars,'  by  Miss  Hermione  Unwin,  examiner 
in  clay  modelling  to  the  Educational  Handwork 
Union. 

It  is  only  some  six  years  ago  that  the  discovery, 
or  more  properly  speaking  the  identification, 
was  made  at  Bergamo  of  the  house  of  Barto- 
lomeo  Colleoni,  the  great  Venetian  condottiere, 
who  died  at  his  historic  castle  of  Malpaga  in 
1475.  This  house  and  its  belongings  were  be- 
queathed by  the  soldier  of  fortune  to  found  a 
charity  for  poor  girls  to  be  called  after  his  name. 
In  1889  the  board  of  directors  of  this  charity, 
■which  has  survived  to  this  day,  learning  that 
one  of  the  ground-floor  rooms  contained  frescoes 
which  were  being  cut  out  of  the  walls  and  taken 
away  by  some  English  people,  notified  the  fact 
to  the  Commission  for  the  Preservation  of 
National  Monuments,  which  body,  together 
with  the  then  Syndic  of  Bergamo,  obtained 
from  the  Government  an  order  to  sequestrate 
all  the  paintings  which  had  already  been  packed, 


and  in  1891  got  possession  of  the  house, 
which  in  the  following  year  they  declared  a 
national  monument,  to  be  shortly  opened  to  the 
public.  The  diflicult  work  of  the  restoration 
of  the  room  containing  the  frescoes  is  being 
carried  out  by  the  painter  Giuliano  Volpi,  who 
while  working  has  discovered  some  more  pre- 
cious relics  of  thirteenth  century  art.  Above 
the  architrave  of  an  anteroom,  beneath  a  fresco 
of  1500  representing  the  risen  Christ  and  the 
two  Marys,  is  another  and  more  valuable  fresco 
of  1400.  With  the  exception  of  a  life-sized 
equestrian  portrait  of  Colleoni  there  is  nothing 
more  remarkable  in  this  anteroom,  but  the  last 
apartment  of  the  suite  is  of  great  interest.  This 
room,  rectangular  and  vaulted,  is  entirely  painted 
in  fresco  ;  in  the  circular  centre-piece  of  the 
ceiling  is  depicted  the  Eternal  Father,  with  a 
fine  frieze  that  runs  all  round  the  painting.  In 
the  niches  are  represented  ten  of  the  apostles, 
the  other  two  having  been  painted  on  the  wall 
where  is  now  the  door,  while  between  the  niches 
are  family  arms  and  portraits.  One  wall  is 
occupied  by  a  handsome  fireplace  and  two 
windows,  and  on  the  other  walls  are  painted 
ten  symbolical  figures  representing  Peace,  Faith, 
Hope,  Charity,  Strength,  Temperance,  Justice, 
Prudence,  Chivalry,  and  Virginity,  These 
beautiful  frescoes  are  without  doubt  from  the 
hand  of  Paxino  da  Nova,  who  executed  similar 
paintings  in  the  Basilica  of  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore.  The  whole  room  is  painted  in  that  fan- 
tastic emblematical  style  that  recalls  the  alle- 
gory of  Good  Government  painted  by  the  Sienese 
old  master  Lorenzetti,  which  is  one  of  the  glories 
of  the  grand  town  hall  of  Siena. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Emmerson,  a  capable  and  careful 
genre  and  landscape  painter,  whose  pictures 
have  often  appeared  at  the  London  exhibitions, 
died  on  Wednesday  of  last  week  at  Newcastle, 
where  he  was,  we  believe,  born,  and  where  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent. 

At  Padua,  in  the  historic  church  of  St. 
Anthony,  important  "restorations"  are  taking 
place.  The  chief  of  these  is  the  reconstruction, 
according  to  the  original  plan,  of  the  famous 
altar  of  Donatello,  of  which  the  fragments  and 
figures  in  bronze  have  for  a  long  time  lain 
scattered  about  the  church. 

The  monument  to  Charlet  by  M.  A.  Char- 
pentier,  which  in  November  next  is  to  be  placed 
in  the  garden  of  the  Place  Denfert-Rochereau, 
comprises  a  stele  bearing  a  medallion  portrait 
of  the  painter  and  draughtsman,  with,  at  the 
foot  of  the  shaft,  the  figures  of  a  Grenadier  de  la 
Vieille  Garde  and  a  gamin  of  Paris,  as  in  draw- 
ings by  Charlet  himself.  A  monument  to  Emile 
Augier  is  to  be  placed  in  the  Place  de  I'Odeon. 
It  is  the  work  of  M.  Barrias.  It  comprises  a 
stde  of  granite  accompanied  by  two  female 
figures  and  the  statue  of  an  infant  symbolizing 
Comedy,  and  surmounted  by  a  bust  of  Augier. 
The  work  is  to  be  completed  in  October. 

M.  E.  Breton  has  given  to  the  Mus^e  at  Lille, 
says  the  Chroniqiie  des  Arts,  two  of  his  most 
remarkable  pictures,  the  one  being  called  '  L^n 
Paysage,'  the  other  '  La  VeilMe  apres  la  Bataille 
de  St.  Quentin.'  The  same  gallery  has  acquired 
an  important  flower-piece  by  E.  Delacroix. 

During  the  dredging  operations  in  the  harbour 
of  Swinemunde  on  August  17th  the  steam  dredge 
brought  up  from  the  bed  of  the  liver  Swine  a 
church  bell  weighing  five  hundredweight,  quite 
uninjured,  and  the  broken  half  of  a  second  bell. 
The  complete  bell  bears  the  inscription,  o  rex  . 
GLE  .  XE  .  vENi .  cu  .  PACE  ("  O  Christ,  the  King 
of  Glory,  come  with  peace").  Between  the 
words  XE  and  veni  is  the  figure  of  a  bishop, 
either  Otto  of  Bamberg  or  St.  Nicholas.  It  is 
supposed  that  the  bells  originally  belonged  to 
some  church  dedicated  to  St.' Nicholas,  that  they 
were  seized  during  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and 
that  the  ship  on  which  they  were  sank  in  the 
river.  There  arc  indications  of  burning  on  the 
.■■mailer  bell. 


The  restoration  of  the  Castle  of  Chillon  and 
its  conversion  into  an  historical  museum  have 
been  decided  on.  It  is  stated  that  the  archi- 
tectural aspect  of  the  fortress  is  not  to  be  tam- 
pered with. 

A  GREAT  open-air  dramatic  spectacle  and 
cantata  was  performed  in  Altorf  on  August  31st, 
at  the  unveiling  of  Richard  Kissling's  new 
bronze  statue  of  Tell  in  the  market  place.  The 
old  plaster  of  Paris  statue,  presented  by  Zurich 
to  Canton  Uri,  has  been  broken  to  pieces  and 
cleared  away  to  make  room  for  the  more  digni- 
fied and  permanent  monument.  It  occupies 
the  spot  upon  which  Tell  shot  at  the  apple  on 
his  son's  head,  according  to  the  legend.  The 
dramatic  treatment  of  the  subject  was  original. 
Geschichte  and  Sage  appeared  as  the  advocates 
against  and  for  the  unveiling  of  the  monument. 
History,  supported  by  the  critics,  denied  that 
such  a  person  as  Tell  ever  existed.  Legend, 
the  mouthpiece  of  the  Swiss  folk,  contended 
for  the  reality  of  the  hero  and  his  work. 
Schiller  was  called  in  to  decide  the  controversy, 
and  of  course  gave  his  judgment  for  the  people 
against  the  critics. 


MUSIC 


EDUCATIONAL   W^ORKS. 

A  Dictionary  of  Pianists  and  Composers  for 
the  Pianoforte.  By  E.  Pauer.  (Novello,  Ewer 
&  Co.) — Among  the  most  laborious  and  inde- 
fatigable of  living  musicians  must  certainly  be 
numbered  Mr.  Ernst  Pauer.  Opinions  may  difl'er 
concerning  the  value  of  some  of  his  literary  work, 
but  only  praise  can  be  accorded  to  the  present 
compilation.  It  includes  an  enormous  number 
of  names  of  pianists  and  pianoforte  composers, 
and  though  critical  remarks  are  given  sparingly, 
the  facts  and  dates,  so  far  as  we  have  tested 
them,  are  commendably  accurate.  By  way  of 
appendix  a  list  of  pianoforte  makers  is  given,  but 
this  would  have  been  more  useful  to  intending 
purchasers  if  the  special  qualities  of  the  instru- 
ments of  some  of  the  leading  firms  had  been 
more  fully  described.  On  the  whole,  however, 
the  book  is  calculated  to  prove  very  useful. 

First  Ste2)s  at  the  Pianoforte.  By  Francesco 
Berger.  (Novello,  Ewer  &  Co.) — Mr.  Francesco 
Berger  claims  for  his  pianoforte  primer  that  it  is 
quite  original,  not  only  in  its  progressive  order, 
but  also  in  the  language  employed,  for  he  con- 
siders it  "worse  than  useless  to  crowd  a  child's 
mind  with  words  which,  to  that  child,  convey 
no  meaning."  There  is  something  in  this,  but 
we  cannot  approve  the  author's  omission  of 
diatonic  scales  on  the  ground  that  until  "the 
student  is  sufliciently  advanced  to  be  taught 
the  construction  of  major  and  minor  scales,  he 
is  better  without  scales  at  all."  Surely  the 
practice  of  scales  is  enforced,  after  a  desirable 
preliminary  course  of  five-finger  exercises,  not 
because  the  beginner  should  clearly  understand 
all  that  they  imply,  but  as  a  mild  form  of 
finger  gymnastics.  It  is  obvious  from  the  lan- 
guage employed  that  Mr.  Berger  has  written 
for  children  and  for  those  of  tender  age,  or  dull 
children  of  larger  growth.  The  retention  of  the 
bad  old  system  of  using  tlie  treble  clef  only  for 
both  hands  is  not  to  be  commended.  It  is  not 
until  we  reach  the  seventy-fifth  page  that  the 
bass  clef  is  employed  in  the  exercises.  This 
method  is  most  confusing  to  the  beginner.  On 
the  other  hand,  we  are  glad  that  Mr.  Berger 
has  had  the  courage  to  adopt  the  so  -  called 
foreign  fingering. 

The  Human  Voice  :  its  ^Fechanism  and  Pheno- 
mena. By  Anatole  Piltan.  (Cocks  &  Co.) 
— M.  Anatole  Piltan's  book  is  more  in  the 
nature  of  a  scientific  treatise  than  a  vocal 
primer,  and  the  author's  general  contention  is 
that  anatomical  knowledge  of  those  organs  of 
the  body  which  are  more  or  less  employed  in 
vocjil  production  is  desirable.  Tlie  catechism 
form  is  employed,  and  the  answers  are  frequently 


330 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^  3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


more  abstruse  than  the  questions.  To  take 
but  one  instance,  a  student  in  the  elementary 
stage  would  probably  be  far  more  repelled  than 
attracted  by  such  a  statement  as  this  : — 

"  The  register  of  the  head  voice  results  from  the 
arytenoid  corones,  which  are  approximated,  and 
thus  leave  only  a  limited  space  for  the  passage  of 
the  air  through  the  inter-ligamentous  glottis.  By 
this  means,  a  contraction  takes  place  at  the  inter- 
arytenoid  glottis,  when  the  inter-ligamentous  glottis 
is  undergoing  relaxation." 

In  brief,  the  book  is  for  the  teacher  rather 
than  the  pupil,  and  the  writer  evidently  under- 
stands his  subject  ;  but  whether  the  study 
and  adoption  of  his  theories  and  statements  of 
fact  would  result  in  the  appearance  of  singers 
superior  to  Malibran,  Grisi,  Mario,  Sims  Reeves, 
and  Lablache  in  the  past,  or  Patti,  Albani, 
Melba,  Jean  de  Reszke,  Lloyd,  and  Santley  in 
the  present,  may  be  gravely  doubted,  notwith- 
standing the  testimonials  of  some  eminent 
professors  of  the  art  of  voice  training. 

We  have  also  received  Santley  s  Singing 
Master,  Part  II.  (Chappell  &  Co.),  containing 
exercises  chiefly  in  the  trill,  chromatic  scales, 
and  florid  singing  generally, — Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Local  Examinations  (Augener  &  Co.),  in  piano- 
forte music,  1895,  lower  and  higher  divisions, 
consisting  of  two  books,  and  containing  mainly 
studies  and  movements  by  esteemed  com- 
posers in  accordance  with  the  calendar  of 
the  University, — Exercises  and  Pop^dar  Melodies 
for  Violin  and  Pianoforte,  by  H.  E.  Kayser, 
easy  and  tuneful  (same  publishers), — Twelve 
Poetical  Studies  for  Pianoforte,  by  Graham  P. 
Moore  (Cocks  &  Co.),  intended  for  advanced 
pupils,  the  object  being  to  facilitate  the 
acquirement  of  a  tasteful  and  artistic  style 
in  the  performance  of  melody  combined  with 
varied  forms  of  accompaniment,  and  well  adapted 
for  the  purpose, — and  the  seventh  edition  of 
Prof.  Prout's  unprecedentedly  successful  trea- 
tise on  Harmony,  its  Theory  and  Practice  (same 
publishers).       

GREEK   MUSIC. 

Sept.  2,  1895. 

In  the  opening  paragraph  of  Mr.  Torr's  letter 
of  last  week  I  observe  the  daring  assumption, 
founded  upon  the  article  in  the  Neiv  Qnaiterly 
Miisical  Peview,  that  Greek  ignorance  of  equal 
temperament  is  now  an  "established  fact." 
That  this  should  be  the  persuasion  of  the  author 
of  the  article  is,  perhaps,  not  unnatural  ;  but 
your  readers  must  not  be  misled  into  supposing 
that  the  alleged  "evidence"  is  regarded  as 
convincing  by  unprejudiced  parties.  There  are 
some  to  whom,  in  particular,  the  very  peculiar 
scale  now  attributed  to  the  Greeks  by  Mr. 
Torr  appears  to  be  an  uncritical  medley  of 
elements  extracted  from  writers  of  incompatible 
periods  and  schools. 

But  to  deal  with  my  text  proper :  M. 
Reinach's  transcript.  "Such  a  transcript," 
said  Mr.  Torr,  "must  distort  the  music";  im- 
plying, to  ordinary  comprehension,  that  the 
symbols  themselves  were  faulty.  Possibly  M. 
Reinach  would  approve  of  an  execution  in  equal 
temperament ;  possibly  not.  Of  one  point  at 
least  we  may  be  certain,  that  he  would  not 
regard  that  temperament  save  as  one  out  of  a 
good  many  conceivable  tunings. 

Mr.  Torr  further  condemned  the  transcript 
for  "supposing"  that  certain  notes  might  in 
absolute  pitch  be  "  interchangeable  with  others," 
for  that  the  differing  symbols  were  "  very  care- 
fully distinguished  "  by  the  ancients.  I  pointed 
out  the  fallacy  of  this  reasoning  (which  denied 
to  the  Greeks  the  possibility  of  musical 
synonyms),  and  I  instanced,  by  way  of  general 
illustration,  the  frequent  modern  synonymity  of 
(•  sharp  and  d  fiat.  It  is  perfectly  irrelevant  to 
retort  that  "such  notes  as  a  shar[)  and  b  flat" 
are  not,  each  to  each,  the  precise  analogues  of 
a.^  and  6.  There  doubtless  is  a  closer  analogy 
between  a,,,  6  and  a  double  sharp,  i:  natural  ; 
but  the   line  of   argument   stands   wholly   un- 


shaken. By  a  mere  transposition  of  pitch  I 
might  as  easily  have  said  that  "modern 
musicians  always  write  [a  double  sharp]  in 
the  scale  of  [b  sharp]  major  or  minor,  and 
[b  natural]  in  the  scale  of  [d  sharp]  minor." 

I  need  only  add  that  the  occurrence  of  a„  and 
h  in  the  same  composition  does  not  necessitate 
(as  Mr.  Torr's  "parallel"  would  imply)  their 
occurrence  in  the  same  key ;  for  the  key  of  the 
composition  may  obviously  undergo  transitory 
changes.  In  other  words,  there  is  nothing  to 
show  that  the  same  Greek  hymn,  like  a  modern 
hymn,  might  not  here  use  a  fragment  of  one 
scale,  and  there  a  fragment  of  another. 

As  to  the  tetrachords  mentioned  by  Mr.  Torr, 
it  is  explicitly  asserted  by  Ptolemy  ('Har- 
monics,' ii.  6)  that  the  substitution  of  a  con- 
junct for  a  disjunct  tetrachord  was  identical 
with  a  temporary  change  of  scale  or  key.  It 
is  clearly  explained  in  the  passage  cited  that 
the  so-called  "lesser  perfect  system  "  was  the 
survival  of  a  more  rudimentary  age,  when  the 
nominal  number  of  keys  was  less  ;  the  musical 
fact  being  that  the  melody  proceeded  awhile  in 
the  scale  of  one  key  and  then  deceived  expecta- 
tion by  digressing  into  the  scale  of  another. 
And  so,  to  take  Mr.  Torr's  own  examples,  the 
Hypolydian  "conjunct  tetrachord  "  was  nothing 
else  than  a  modulation  into  the  Hypophrygian 
key,  and  the  Hyporeolian  "  conjunct  tetra- 
chord "  a  modulation  into  the  Hypoiastian. 

Ernest  Bergholt. 


It  had  originally  been  intended  that  the 
promenade  concert  season  at  Queen's  Hall 
should  close  this  week,  but  Mr.  Robert  Newman 
is  so  satisfied  with  the  success  of  his  experiment 
that  he  has  resolved  to  continue  the  series  until 
October.  This  result  is  all  the  more  gratifying 
inasmuch  as  the  programmes  have  for  the  most 
part  beenof  a  higherclass  than  is  usually  expected 
in  this  form  of  entertainment.  Last  Saturday 
Mr.  Wood  produced  a  new  orchestral  work  of 
a  "programme"  character  by  Mr.  Frewin,  a 
former  pupil  of  Prof.  Ebenezer  Prout  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music.  The  piece  is  entitled 
'  The  Battle  of  Flowers,'  and  it  is  avowedly 
intended  to  depict  a  revel,  with  a  more  placid 
interlude  suggesting  a  midday  siesta.  Some 
orchestral  dances  by  Prof.  Stanford  have  also 
been  added  to  the  promenade  concert  repertory. 
The  system  of  confining  the  first  portion  of  each 
programme  to  works  of  a  special  class  has 
been  continued,  and  during  the  week  evenings 
have  been  devoted  to  Wagnerian,  Scotch,  Irish, 
and  military  music. 

Saturday,  October  12th,  is  now  officially 
announced  as  the  date  of  the  opening  of  the 
English  opera  season  at  Covent  Garden.  Many 
members  of  the  band  are  engaged  at  the  Leeds 
Festival  until  the  evening  of  October  5th ;  but 
a  week  will  afford  them  ample  time  for  rehearsals 
prior  to  the  commencement  of  Mr.  Hedmondt's 
opera  season.  The  conductors  will  be  Mr. 
Henschel,  Mr.  Goossens,  and  Mr.  Glover. 

Sir  Augustus  Harris  has  returned  to 
London,  bringing  with  him  the  promise  of  M. 
Jean  do  Reszke  to  reappear  at  Covent  Garden 
probably  at  the  commencement  of  the  next 
summer  season  in  May.  It  is  understood  that 
the  great  Polish  tenor  will  afterwards  go  to 
Bayreuth,  to  take  part  in  the  Wagner  Festival 
there.  Madame  Albani  has  likewise  been  added 
to  Sir  Augustus  Harris's  company  at  Covent 
Garden  for  next  summer. 

On  Thursday  and  Friday  of  the  present  week 
the  London  orchestral  rehearsals  for  the  Glou- 
cester Musical  Festival  have  been  taking  ])lace 
at  St.  George's  Hall.  The  final  rehearsals  at 
Gloucester  will  be  held  on  Monday,  and  the 
festival  itself  will  commence  on  the  following 
day. 

Five  full  days  will  be  devoted  to  the  re- 
hearsals for  the  Leeds  Musical  Festival.     The 


London  rehearsals  will  take  place  at  St.  James's 
Hall  from  September  23rd  to  25th.  The  choir 
are  being  rehearsed  separately  in  the  North,  and 
the  final  full  rehearsals  will  take  place  in  the 
Leeds  Town  Hall  on  the  morning  and  evening 
of  September  28th  and  30th.  This,  according 
to  present  arrangements,  will  leave  the  day 
before  the  festival  wholly  free,  in  order  that  the 
choristers  may  come  fresh  to  the  opening  per- 
formance. 

Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Halle  will  bring 
their  successful  tour  in  South  Africa  to  an  end 
on  Monday.  Sir  Charles  will  then  return  to 
England,  to  prepare  for  the  new  series  of  his 
Manchester  Subscription  Concerts  next  month. 

We  have  to  announce  the  death,  at  the  age 
of  fifty,  of  Mr.  Charles  King  Hall,  the  well- 
known  organist  and  composer.  Mr.  Hall  in 
1874  wrote  a  '  School  for  the  Harmonium,'  with 
a  series  of  progressive  studies  for  that  instru- 
ment, and  later  on  he  contributed  a  work  on 
the  harmonium  to  "Novello's  Music  Primers." 
Mr.  Hall  likewise  composed  a  quantity  of 
Church  music,  and  a  large  number  of  songs  and 
pianoforte  pieces,  but  his  most  popular  works 
were  those  which  he  contributed  to  the  German 
Reed  entertainments  at  St.  George's  Hall. 
Among  these  were  three  operettas,  entitled 
'  Foster  Brothers,'  '  Doubleday's  Will,' and  'A 
Tremendous  Mystery,'  with  words  by  Mr. 
Burnand  ;  '  Artful  Automaton '  and  '  The 
Christmas  Stocking,'  written  in  association  with 
Mr.  Gilbert  a  Beckett  ;  and  the  music  to  Mr. 
Comyns  Carr's  'The  Naturalist.'  Mr.  King 
Hall  was  for  some  years  organist  of  St.  Paul's, 
Camden  Square. 

We  likewise  learn  of  the  death,  at  the  age  of 
sixty,  of  Herr  Ludwig  Abel,  who  for  several  years 
was  a  professor  at  the  Royal  Music  School  at 
Munich.  He  was  a  pupil  for  violin  of  Ferdinand 
David,  at  Leipzig,  and  besides  composing  many 
violin  pieces,  he  was  also  the  author  of  a  violin 
"School." 

Frau  Kisch-Schorr,  who  has  just  arrived  in 
England  from  Berlin,  will  be  one  of  the  earliest 
of  the  pianoforte  recital  givers  this  season. 
Some  years  ago,  when  quite  a  young  girl,  and 
under  her  maiden  name  of  Esperanza  Kisch, 
this  lady  appeared  here  as  a  pianist,  but  she  has 
since  been  under  no  fewer  than  five  eminent 
masters  —  Leschetizky,  Rudorff,  Moszkowsky, 
Busoni,  and  Priickner — and  is  said  to  have 
gained  considerable  celebrity  in  Germany  as 
a  player  of  Bach  and  Beethoven.  Frau 
Schorr,  although  married  to  an  Austrian,  was 
born  in  Liverpool,  where  her  father  was  a  well- 
known  physician,  and  she  was  educated  in  Eng- 
land until  her  fifteenth  year. 

It  is  said  that  Dr.  Joachim  has  received  a 
flattering  offer  from  Messrs.  Johnston  &  Arthur, 
the  New  York  concert  managers,  for  a  tour 
in  the  United  States  next  winter.  The  offer 
has  been  refused,  for  Dr.  Joachim  has  already 
numerous  engagements  in  Germany  and  in  this 
country. 

Lender  the  presidency  of  the  Grand  Duchess 
Alexandra  a  subscription  has  been  opened  by 
the  Imperial  Musical  Society  of  St.  Petersburg 
for  a  "Rubinstein  fund,"  the  proceeds  to  be 
devoted  to  travelling  scholarships,  offered  to 
promising  Russian  students  of  music.  It  is 
also  proposed  to  raise  a  statue  of  the  deceased 
pianist  in  the  vestibule  of  the  new  Conservatoire 
of  Music  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Prof.  Stanford's  setting  of  Gray's  Pindaric 
ode  'The  Bard,'  to  be  produced  at  the  Cardiflf 
Festival  a  fortnight  hence,  has  been  published 
by  Messrs.  Boosey  &  Co.  The  same  firm  have 
also  issued  the  vocal  score  of  Mr.  Cowen's 
Church  cantata  'The  Transfiguration,'  com- 
posed for  the  Gloucester  Festival. 

The  'Memoirs  of  Charles  Gounod,'  which 
will  be  published  immediately  by  Mr.  Hoine- 
mann,  tell  the  story  of  the  composer's  childhood 
and  youth,  his  struggles  and  his  early  successes, 


N"  3541,  Sept.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


331 


and  will  be  welcomed  by  his  many  admirers  in 
this  country. 

In  the  Communal  Cemetery  of  Parma  the 
mortal  remains  of  the  great  violin  player, 
Paganini,  have  just  been  exhumed.  The  vio- 
linist was  buried  there  fifty-five  years  ago,  never- 
theless his  face  has  been  found  to  be  well 
preserved  and  easily  recognizable.  It  is  proposed 
to  show  the  body  to  the  public  before  it  is 
reint erred. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Adelphi.— '  The  Swordsman's  Daughter,'  Drama  in  Four 
Acts.  Adapted  by  Brandon  Thomas  and  Clement  Scott 
from  '  Le  Maitre  d'Armes.' 

Garrick.— '  Alabama,'  a  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  Augustus 
Thomas. 

Not  in  the  least  like  an  Adelphi  drama  is 
the    play    extracted     by   Messrs.    Brandon 
Thomas     and     Clement     Scott     from    the 
'  Maitre     d'Armes '    of     MM.    Mary     and 
Grisier.     Its  strangely  fantastic  and  wildly 
improbable     termination     attracted     some 
attention  when,  on  October  13th,  1892,  the 
play    was   first   given   at   the   Porte   Saint 
Martin.       Curiosity     was,    however,    soon 
sated,  and  after  some  fifty  representations 
the   work   was   withdrawn.     Whatever    in 
the  story  is    not  wholly  conventional    and 
inept  springs  from  the  selection  of  a  hero. 
Vibrac  is  a  maitre  d^ amies,  whose  daughter 
has  been  seduced  by  his  favourite  pupil,  a 
libertine   count.     To    exact   adequate   ven- 
geance for  this  offence  is  difficult,  since  the 
law  of  the  duel  does  not  permit  of  a  fight 
between  a  professional  swordsman  and  an 
amateur.     An  expedient  is  with  some  diffi- 
culty found.      The   Comte   de   Eochefiere, 
the  seducer,  has  slain  in  a  duel  a  certain 
Lieut.   Leverdier,    a    loyal   and    somewhat 
quixotic  gentleman,  running  him  through 
the  body  at  a  moment  when  he  was  dis- 
armed.     This    action    and    a    subsequent 
flight  have  resulted  in  the  appearance  of 
the  count  before  the  cour  d^assises  to  answer 
what  is  practically  a  charge  of  manslaughter. 
Here  is  the  occasion  provided  to  the  hands 
of   Yibrac,    who   writes  to   the   Procureur- 
General,  offering  to  supply  the  evidence  of 
a  trusted  expert  that  the  lunge  to  which 
Leverdier  owed  his  death  might  have  been 
and  was  perfectly  Io>/al.     The  application 
is  accepted,  and,  at  the   request  of  Yibrac 
himself,  he  and  Eochefiere  re-enact  the  scene 
for  the  benefit  of  the  court.     So  soon  as, 
with  weapons  in  their  hands,  the  two  men 
are  placed  opposite  each  other,  Yibrac  bids 
the  youth  defend  his  felon   life,  since  the 
combat  is  earnest.     He  then,  after   a  few 
passes,   disarms  his    antagonist    and    slays 
him  at  the  same  moment  in  the  manner  in 
which   Leverdier  was    killed,    establishing 
thus  the    "loyalty"  of    the   coup,  and  ad- 
ministering at  the  same  time  poetic  justice 
of  the  most  exemplary  kind.    How  far  these 
things  are  a  caricature   of  French  law  we 
must  leave  Frenchmen  to  determine.     They 
inspire  in  this  coimtry  no  faith  whatever. 
Another  feature  in  the  play  is  a  species  of 
faith-healing,   by   which   defenders   of  the 
*'  Peculiar  People  "  might  profit.     On  hear- 
ing   of    his    daughter's   shame  Yibrac     is 
stricken   with  paralysis.     From  the  effects 
of  this  he  escapes  by  sheer  force  of   will. 
Seeking    to    heap     humiliation     upon    his 
daughter's  head,  Yibrac  recovers  speech  in 
order   adequately  to    curse  her.     Feeling, 


again,  the  necessity  to  revenge  her  wrongs, 
he  summons  back  for  the  purpose  his  de- 
parted strength,  and  it  comes  in  answer  to 
his  demand.  The  possibility  of  such  things 
we  will  leave  to  the  discussion  of  the 
ministrants  at  Holywell  or  Lourdes.  In  these 
scenes  M.  Taillade  created  a  great  sensation 
in  Paris.  In  the  hands  of  Mr.  Terriss  they 
created  no  special  effect.  Nothing,  indeed, 
in  the  performance  calls  for  mention  except 
the  presentation  of  an  old  sailor's  wife 
by  Miss  Marriott.  The  mounting  was  in- 
different, suggesting  ideas  of  opera  rather 
than  of  drama. 

So  slight  in  structure  is  the  American 
play  in  which  Mr.  Willard  has  tried  his 
fortunes,  and  so  unfamiliar  to  Englishmen  are 
the  characters  by  whom  its  action  is  carried 
out  and  the  scenes  amidst  which  it  is  laid, 
that  much  courage  or  much  faith  in  the 
favourable  reception  awarded  it  in  America 
was  necessary  to  justify  its  production.  A 
piece  less  theatrically  effective  has  rarely 
been  put  on  the  stage,  and  there  are  times 
when  the  action  seems  almost  to  sleep.  The 
ripple  of  interest  ends  by  pleasing  as  well 
as  soothing,  and  before  the  close  is  reached 
our  emotions  and  sentiments  have  been 
pleasantly  flattered  and  our  judgment  almost 
convinced,  even  though  our  hearts  are  un- 
stirred. Such  story  as  the  play  possesses 
consists  in  showing  the  subjugation  of  a 
Southern  planter  whom  the  Northern 
invasion  has  left  stripped  and  bare.  In 
the  task  of  bringing  over  this  obdurate 
veteran  we  are  introduced  to  many  speci- 
mens of  Southern  chivalry  and  eccentricity. 
These  characters,  which  doubtless  make  close 
appeal  to  American  knowledge  or  sentiment, 
are  acceptable  here,  where  we  take  them 
on  trust,  as  we  have  taken  in  prose  fiction 
the  comic  personages  from  Southern 
America  of  '  The  Cruise  of  the  Midge '  or 
'  Tom  Cringle's  Log.'  We  recognize  in 
them,  at  least,  something  human  and  sym- 
pathetic ;  we  are  sensible  that  a  certain  air 
of  simple  truth,  and  even  of  poetry,  hangs 
about  the  whole  ;  and  even  while  we  are 
surprised  at  ourselves  for  the  acknowledg- 
ment, we  own  ourselves  pleased.  The  play 
in  atmosphere  reminds  us  of  '  L' Ami  Fritz,' 
but  it  has  none  of  the  vigour  or  directness 
of  treatment  of  that  gastronomic  idyl.  It 
supplies  the  actors  with  few  opportunities. 
Mr.  Willard  and  Miss  Marion  Terry  have 
nothing  whatever  to  do,  and  we  are  the  more 
grateful  to  them  for  doing  that  nothing  so 
artistically  and  sweetly.  Mr.  Fernandez 
alone,  as  the  stubborn  old  Southern  planter, 
has  a  character  to  some  extent  dramatic, 
which  he  plays  with  marvellous  earnest- 
ness and  intensity.  Mr.  John  Mason,  Mi\ 
Tyler,  and  Mr.  Cane  present  types  of 
Southern  indolence  and  laisscz  faire 
which  commend  themselves  warmly  to  us, 
and  Miss  Agnes  Miller  gives  a  delightful 
presentation  of  generous  and  gracious  girl- 
hood. The  slow  Southern  speech  and  the 
grave,  solemn,  almost  burlesque  dignity  of 
the  whole  move  us  sometimes  to  the  sense 
that  we  are  on  dangerous  ground  ;  but  the 
author  and  the  actors  triumph,  and  the 
play  is  in  the  end  not  only  acceptable,  but 
pleasing. 

Theatre  cliuisi  de  Eugene  Lahiche.  Avec 
Preface  de  EdouardPailleron.  (Paris,  Calmann 
Levy.) — The  publication  of  the  dramatic  works 


of  Labiche  preceded  closely,  if  it  did  not  influence, 
his  reception  into  the  Institut.  This  collection 
forms  an  essential  part  of  every  dramatic  library. 
From  its  pages  have  been  taken  half  a  dozen 
pieces — five  of  them  in  one  act,  and  one 
in  two  acts  —  which  have  been  included  in 
a  handsome  volume  with  illustrations  includ- 
ing an  oval  portrait  of  Labiche  surrounded 
by  many  of  his  creations  with  which  the  volume 
deals.  It  is  difficult  to  saj  anything  new  con- 
cerning Labiche,  author  or  part  author  of  the 
immortal  'Le  Chapeau  de  Paille  d'ltalie,'  '  Le 
Voyage  de  Monsieur  Perrichon,'  '  Les  Vivacitds 
du  Capitaine  Tic,'  'Les  petits  Oiseaux,'  'La 
Cagnotte,'  'Les  trente  Millions  de  Gladiator,' 
and  innumerable  other  pieces  known  wherever 
French  is  read.  The  works  now  selected  are, 
with  one  exception,  capital  satires  of  bourgeois 
vanities  and  affectations — are  healthy,  amusing, 
innocent,  and,  for  that  reason,  perhaps  a  little 
out  of  date.  The  book  might,  indeed,  be  given 
as  a  prize  in  a  convent,  so  simple  are  its  con- 
tents. In  this  respect  Labiche  set  an  example 
to  his  fellows  few  cared  to  imitate.  There  is 
with  him  no  question  of  the  eternal  feminine, 
and  there  is  not  in  the  entire  volume  a  single 
unhealthy,  vicious,  or  disagreeable  character. 
The  account  of  the  dramatist  supplied  by  M. 
Pailleron  is  delightful.  It  contains  some  excel 
lent  stories.  Affectation  in  others  provoked  a 
responsive  affectation  of  bourgeoisie  in  him  : 
"Est-il  vrai,  lui  demandant  une  femme  de  ce 
monde  [pre'cieux],  que  vous  detestiez  de  plus  en 
plus  la  musique  '^     Oh  1  Madame,  de  moins  en 

moins,     au     contraire Je    deviens     sourd." 

Another  time  a  lady  of  more  hospitality  than 
tact  asked  him,  when  her  guest,  how  much  money 
Sifauteuil  academique  brought  him  :   "  Fort  peu, 

Madame puis,  la  regardant  avec  un  sourire 

gracieux  :  Mais  on  est  iiourri."  The  illustrations 
are  really  what  they  profess  to  be — a  merit  in 
these  days  of  rapid  and  careless  production — 
and  the  book  will  well  repay  purchase  and 
perusal. 

Alexandre  Dumas  Jils:  Theatre  complet. — 
Theatre  des  Autres.  (Paris,  Calmann  Le'vy.) — 
The  second  and  concluding  volume  of  the 
"Theatre  des  Autres"  of  M.  Dumas  Jils 
scarcely  fulfils  the  promise  of  the  title-page 
and  cover,  which  bear  the  words  "avec  prefaces 
in^dites."  To  the  three  plays  now  given  there 
are  prefixed  twenty-one  lines,  which,  though 
headed  "Preface,"  are  rather  an  apology  for 
its  absence.  Following  a  counsel  of  M.  Sardou, 
M.  Dumas  even  holds  his  tongue  concerning 
the  names  of  his  collaborators.  We  are  content  to 
imitate  his  discretion,  though  the  affair  is  so  com- 
plete a  secret  de  Polichinelle  that  the  names  of 
his  coadjutors  are  given  in  the  '  Dictionnaire  des 
Contemporains.'  Whatever  M.  Dumas's  obliga- 
tion to  a  foreign  source,  he  has  made  the  plays 
so  thoroughly  his  own  that  we  can  trace  or  hear 
him  in  almost  every  scene.  'Les  Danicheff,' 
given  at  the  Od^on  in  1876,  and  soon  afterwards 
transferred,  with  many  of  the  original  exponents, 
to  London,  and  acted  the  following  year  at  the 
St.  James's,  is  the  last  of  the  three  plays  re- 
printed. It  is  a  genuinely  powerful  and  sym- 
pathetic work,  in  which  M.  Marais  first  estab- 
lished his  reputation.  The  satirical  aspects  of 
'La  Comtesse  Romani,'  given  the  same  year 
at  the  Gymnase,  seem  to  have  been  overlooked, 
and  tlie  general  reception  was  less  favourable 
than  might  have  been  expected.  It  is,  in  fact, 
the  most  merciless  flagellation  of  the  cabotim 
that  has  yet  seen  the  light.  '  Le  Filleul  de 
Pompignac,'  due  to  the  same  collaboration, 
belongs  also  to  the  Gymnase,  at  wliich  house 
it  was  played  seven  years  earlier.  This  is  also 
a  powerful  piece,  unsuited,  as  it  may  be  sup- 
posed, for  the  English  stage,  since,  so  far  as 
we  are  aware,  in  spite  of  the  poignant  interest 
it  reaches  and  the  nice  questions  it  discusses, 
it  has  not  been  seen  on  our  stage.  The  volume 
constitutes  deliglitful  reading,  but  is  decidedly 
the  poorer  for  the  absence  of  the  promised 
preface. 


332 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3541,  Sept.  7/95 


Mr.  Irving  has  entirely  abandoned  all  inten- 
tion of  reviving  '  Coriolanus, '  and  is  now  de- 
voting his  attention  to  'Julius  Cassar.' 

In  consequence  of  a  temporaiy  trouble  with 
the  voice  of  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell,  the  reopen- 
ing of  the  Lyceum  with  '  Romeo  and  Juliet '  is 
postponed  from  the  14th  to  the  21st  inst.,  when 
it  will  clash  with  the  reopening  of  Drury 
Lane. 

Upon  his  reappearance  on  Tuesday  at  his  own 
theatre  as  Mr.  Rimple  in  Mr.  Lumley's  bright 
drama  of  'Thoroughbred,'  Mr.  Toole  showed 
few  signs  of  the  severe  ordeal  through  which  he 
has  passed.  He  played  with  his  customary  verve, 
and  was  welcomed  with  enthusiasm  by  troops  of 
friends.  A  single  change  of  no  great  importance 
had  been  made  in  the  caste,  and  Miss  Eliza 
Johnstone,  Miss  Henrietta  Watson,  and  Messrs. 
Billington,  Shelton,  and  Lowne  reappeared  in 
their  original  characters. 

'  The  Greatest  of  These  '  is  the  title  be- 
stowed by  Mr.  Sydney  Grundy  upon  the  new 
play  which  will  be  produced  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Kendal  in  the  course  of  the  country  tour  which 
they  have  this  week  begun. 

A  large  number  of  friends  assembled  on 
Saturday  last  at  Waterloo  Station  to  bid  God 
speed  to  Sir  Henry  Irving  and  Miss  Terry  on 
their  departure  for  what  it  is  assumed  will  be 
their  last  trip  to  America.  The  engagement, 
which  begins  at  Montreal  on  the  15th  inst.  and 
terminates  at  New  York  on  the  15th  of  May, 
1896,  will  include  New  Orleans,  which  the 
artists  have  not  previously  visited. 

While  performing  in  Hull  in  the  last  act  of 
'Fedora,'  Mr.  Tree  was  the  subject  of  an  acci- 
dent by  which  his  shoulder  was  dislocated. 

'  Trilby  '  is  produced  by  Mr.  Tree  this 
evening  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Manchester. 

'The  Private  Secretary,'  Mr.  C.  H. 
Hawtrey's  rendering  of  '  Der  Bibliothekar  '  of 
Von  Moser,  has  been  revived  at  the  Avenue, 
with  the  translator,  his  brother  Mr.  W.  F. 
Hawtrey,  Mrs.  H.  Leigh,  and  Mr.  Willis  Searle 
in  the  principal  parts.  Acted  as  it  now  is,  after 
some  hundreds  of  performances  in  the  country, 
it  has  lost  whatever  claim  to  consideration  it 
might  once  have  possessed. 

Sir  Henry  Irving  has  accepted  the  dedi- 
cation of  the  new  work  by  Mr.  Farquhar 
Palliser  ("Heber  K.  Daniels"),  a  mytholo- 
gical play  in  blank  verse,  entitled  'Ermelyn,' 
of  which  the  first  portion  was  previously 
submitted  for  perusal. 

Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons  promise  the 
'  Ariel  Shakespeare.'  This  will  be  one  of  the 
most  diminutive  editions  in  existence,  being 
3^  by  5  inches,  is  complete  and  unabridged,  is 
to  be  issued  in  single  plays,  beginning  with 
'Hamlet,' and  will  have  full-page  illustrations 
by  Mr.  Frank  Howard. 

The  Government  of  Canton  Neuchatel  has 
commissioned  Adolf  Ribaut,  the  author  of  the 
drama  'Julia  Aljnnula, '  to  write  a  patriotic 
festival  play  for  performance  in  the  open  air  in 
1898,  at  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  conver- 
sion of  the  Principality  of  Neuchatel  into  the 
Canton  and  Republic  of  Neuchatel. 


To  Correspondents.— A.  S.  W.— T.  V.— J.  Y.  J.— C.  H. 
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NOW  KEADY,  price  ONE  SHILLING. 

SCRIBNER'S  MONTHLY  MAGAZINE. 

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STATES.     VI.  '•Anything  to  Beat  Grant."    E.  iienjamiu  Andrews, 

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Martin.     Illustrated  by  Paul  Tavarnier,  Corwin  K.  Linson,  W.  K. 

Leigh,  Orson  Lowell.  E.  B.  Child,  J.  Turcas,  and  others. 
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Goodloe     Illustrations  by  C.  I>.  Gibson. 
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continued  through  the  vcar.) 
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Stage  by  the  Author. 
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IDEALA  :  a  Study  from  Life. 
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By  R.  L.  STEVENSON  and 
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N"  3541,  Sept.  7/95 THE     ATHENiEUM 333 

STANDARD  WORKSFOR  THE  LIBRARY. 

The  RAILWAYS  of  ENGLAND.    By  W.  M.  Acworth.    With  56  Illustrations.    8vo,  14s. 
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Edited  by  M.  BEODRICK.     Maps.    8vo.  18s. 

OLD  ENGLISH  PLATE.    By  Wilfred  Cripps,  C.B.     With  122  Illustrations  and  2,500  FacsimHe 

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The  VIKING  AGE.     The  Early  History,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Ancestors  of  the  English- 
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ELPHINSTONE'S  HISTORY  of  INDIA-The  HINDOO  and  MAHOMMEDAN  PERIODS.    Edited 

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HERODOTUS,  a  New  EngHsh  Version.    Edited,  with  Notes  and  Essays  by  Canon  Rawlinson,  Sir 

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334 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  8541,  Sept.  7,  '95 


BLACKIE    &    SON'S    LIST    OF    BOOKS 

FOR  UNIVERSITY  LOCAL  AND   OTHER  EXAMINATIONS,  1895. 


THE  WARWICK  SHAKESPEARE. 

The  Greater  Flays,  Edited  in  a  Literary  S^nrit  by  Accomplished   Scholars, 

with  Introduction,  Notes,  Appendices,  Index,  &c. 
Henry    V.      Edited  by  G.  C.  Moore   Smith,   M.A.,    St,  John's   College, 

Cambridge.     Is.  U.  [Heady  in  October. 

Julius  Caesar.     Edited  by  A.  D.  Innes,  M.A.,  Oriel  College,  Oxford.     Is. 
Twelfth  Night.     Edited  by  the  Same.     Is.  Qd. 
Macbeth.      Edited   by  E.  K.  Chambees,    B.A.,   Corpus  Christi    College, 

Oxford.     \s. 

Introduction  to  Shakespeare,    ^y  Edward  Dowden,  Litt  D.  ll.d 

Cloth,  '2s.  6d. 

THE   JUNIOR   SCHOOL   SHAKESPEARE. 

With  Expxirgated  Text,  Introduction,  Notes,  Appendices.  &a. 
Henry  V.    Edited  by  G.  W.  Baeey,  b.a.     u. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream.    Edited  by  w.  F.  baugust,  b.a.    m. 

Macbeth.     Edited  by  H.  J.  NOTCUTT,  B.A.     %d. 
Twelfth  Night.    Edited  by  Elizabeth  Lee.     M, 


Scott's  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel. 

Cloth,  \s.    Cantos  IV.,  V.,  and  VI.,  in  I  vol.  9 
cloth,  Zd. 

Milton's  Paradise  Lost.    Book  III. 


With  Introduction  and  Notes. 
i.    Bach  Canto  separately,  paper,  2af. ; 


Edited  by  F.  GoESE,  M.A. 

\,In  ■preparation. 

Higher  English.      By  David  Campbell,  Head  Master,  The  Academy, 
Montrose.    Cloth,  Is.  (:d. 

The  English  Language  and  Literature.    By  the  Same.    Cloth,  u. 

THE  OXFORD  MANUALS  OF  ENGLISH 
HISTORY. 

Edited  by  C.  W.  C.  OMAN,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford. 
Bach  with  Maps,  cloth.  Is. 

The  Making  of  the  English  Nation;  b.c.  55-a.d.  ii35.     By  c.  G. 

BOBERTSON,  B.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College. 

King  and  Baronage.    (1135-1328).    By  w,  H.  Hutton,  b.d.,  Fellow 

and  Tutor  of  St.  John's  College. 

King  and  Parliament.     (1603-1714.)     By  G.  H.  Wakeling,  M.a., 

Fellow  of  Brasenose  College. 

A  Summary  of  British  History.     By  the  Rev.  Edgas  Sanderson, 

M.A.    With  Appendices.    208  pages.    Cloth,  Is. 

A  History  of  the  British  Empire.      With   Illustrations,   Maps,  &c. 
By  the  Hev.  EDGAR  SANDERSON,  M.A.    Cloth,  2s.  U. 

Outlines   of  the   World's   History.      Ancient,    Medieval,  and 


With  Illustrations  and 


MODERN.     By  the  Rev.   EDGAR    SANDERSON,    M.A, 
Coloured  Maps.    Cloth,  6s.  6rf. 

r.wi^^n.^'*P^''l'^®i^=,.7.?^'''^  ^■'  ANCIENT  ORIENTAL  MONARCHIES.  Is. ;  Part  II., 
MODERN  HISTORY,  2s.6<i.  "^•'    ^^^^^^^^    HISTORY,    Is.;   Part    IV.,' 

By  Lionel  W.  Lyde, 

Fully  illus- 


Man  on  the  Earth.      A  Course  in  Geography. 


M.A.,  Examiner  in  Geography  to  the  Oxford  Local  Examination  Board, 
trated.    Cloth,  2s. 


"We  have  not  met  a  text-book  more  original,  or  more  deserving  of  the  widest  circula- 
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Blackie's  Descriptive  Geographical  Manuals.    By  w.  G.  Baker, 

M.A.     Fully  illustrated. 

No.  1.  REALISTIC  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY.     Is.  U. 

No.  2.  The  BRITISH  ISLES.    2s. 

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The  GEOGRAPHY  of  the  BRITISH  EMPIRE.    Complete.    3s.  6rf. 

A  Synoptical  Geography  of  the  World.     A  Concise  Handbook 

for  E.xaminations.    With  a  complete  Series  of  Maps.     Cloth,  Is. 

The  Student's  English  Dictionary.  Etymological,  Pronouncing, 
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Etymological,  Pronouncing,  and 
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Passages  in  Prose  and  Verse. 


Caesar's  Gallic  War.  Book  V.  Edited,  with  introduction.  Notes, 
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Selections  from  Phaedrus,    Books  I.  and  II.    Edited  for  Junior 

Forms  by  S.  E.  WINBOLT,  B.A.    Cloth,  Is. 

Latin  Unseens.  Passages  in  Prose  and  Verse,  mainly  from  former 
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A  Classical  Compendium.     Handbook  in  Greek  and  Latin  Constrac- 

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Hints  and  Helps  in   Continuous  Latin  Prose.     By  w.   C. 

PLAMSTBAD  WALTERS,   M.A.,   sometime  Scholar  of  Pembroke  College.  Oxford. 
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A  First  French  Course.     By  J.  j.  Beuzemakee,  b.a.,  Examiner  to 

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Selected  by  D.  S.  RENNARD,  B.A.    3d. 

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French  Stories :  a  Reading  Book  for  Junior  and  Middle  Forms.  With 
Notes,  English  Exercises,  and  Vocabulary  by  MARGUBEITB  NINBT.    Cloth,  Is. 

Readings  in  French:  a  Companion  Volume  to  'French  Stories.'  By 
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A  Modern  French  Reader:  interesting  Extracts  from  Contemporary 
French.    With  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  J.  J.  BBUZBMAKER,  B.A.    Cloth,  Is. 

French  Irregular  Verbs.  Fully  Conjugated,  with  Notes  and  Appendices, 
by  MARCEL  ROSEY.    6rf. 

A  First  German  Course.  By  a.  R.  LEdHNES,  Bedford  Grammar 
School.    Cloth,  Is.  6d. 

German  Unseens.  Passages  in  Prose  and  Verse,  Selected  by  D.  S. 
RENNARD,  B.A.    JUNIOR  SECTION,  id. 

Layng's  Euclid.    Books  I.  to  VI.  and  XI.    With  Notes,  Appendices, 


&c:,  by  A.  B.  LAYNG,  M.A. 
II.,  6a! 


Cloth,  3s.  6d.    BOOKS  I.  to  IV.,  2s.  6d.  ;  BOOK  I.,  Is. ; 


Preliminary  Algebra.    By  R.  Wykb  Batliss,  b.a.    Cloth,  is. 

Algebraic  Factors.  How  to  Find  them  and  how  to  Use  them.  By  Dr. 
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A  LADY  (History  Honours  and  Pass  School, 
Oxford)  desires  a  post  as  SECRETARY,  Private  or  Public,  or 
.\9sislant  Teacher  in  a  Ladies' College —Address  A.  B.,6,  Montpelller- 
place,  Brighton. 

•^PO    LIBRARIANS.  —  YOUNG    MAN,    age    21, 

X  desires  .SITUATION  as  LIBRARIAN  or  ASSISTANT  in  PUBLIC 
or  other  LIKR.\RY.  Six  rears'  Public  Library  experience.  Best  refer- 
ences.—H.  S  ,  32,  Rycland-street,  Hereford. 

ADVANCED  FRENCH.— A  Bachelier-&s-Lettres 
desires  POARD  and  LODGING  in  exchange  for  TUITION,  with 
Ii:isure  to  attend  Lectures.  Highest  References.— E. ,  care  of  Prof.  M. 
Hartog,  6,  Greville-road,  N.'W. 

VISITING  TEACHER.— Special  subjects,  History, 
Literature,  Botany.  School  or  Family.  Teachers'  Camb.  Certs. 
Theoretical  and  Practical;  Higher  Local  (Honours);  S.  Kensington, 
Botany  (Advanced).  Fii-st  Class  Honours.  Three  years' experience  in 
High  School— N.  SvnriT,  113,  Ashley-gardens,  Westminster. 

HIGHLY  EDUCATED  FRENCH  LADY,  re- 

Biding  in  London,  having  a  perfect  knowledge  of  English,  is 
desirous  of  supplementing  a  reduced  income  by  undertaking  French 
<ir  English  Correspondence,  Translations,  or  Copying— For  further 
particulars  apply  to  A.  li ,  care  of  Mrs.  Cooper,  28,  Milsom-street,  Bath. 

RAWING     and    PAINTING.— VISITING 


D 


A  RT  MISTRESS  in  COLLEGE  or  ART  SCHOOL. 

-^^-  —Miss  GILLM.W  seeks  an  ENGAGEMENT  as  above.  Art 
Master's  Certificate,  Silver  Medal,  &c.  First-class  testimonials  — 
.\ddress  17,  Lower  Bridge-street,  Canterbury. 


A 


N  ART  MANAGER  of  considerable  experience 

Is  soon  to  be  Ot  r  of  an  ENGAGEMENT,  and  desires  to  meet 
with  another  as  early  as  possible.— Address  E.,  The  Art  Gallery,  New- 
castle-on-Tyne. 

JUNIOR     CLERKS.— TWO     WANTED    in 

tf  FOREIGN  FIRE  DEPARTMENT  of  First-Class  INSI'RANCE 
COMPANY.  French  and  German  absolutely  essential.  Age  not  to 
exceed  19 —Apply,  by  letter,  giving  parentage,  age,  schools,  and  refer- 
ences as  to  character,  to  A.,  li.  C,  care  of  Street  &  Co.,  30,  Cornhill,  EC. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE. 
The  Office  of  ASSIST.\NT    DEMONSTRATOR   of  CHEMISTRY  is 
V.iCANT— Particulars   regarding    duties   and    emoluments   may    be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned,  !o  whom  all  applications  for  the  post 
must  be  sent  before  Saturday,  September  21,  1895. 

THO.MAS  W.  SHORE,  ^Varden. 

ARTICLED  LITERARY  PUPIL.— A  well-known 
man  of  Letters  (married),  living  half  an  hour  from  town  and 
near  the  river,  would  receive  into  his  house,  as  THREE  YEARS' 
.\.R'riCLEU  PUPIL,  a  Young  Gentleman  of  good  birth,  promise,  educa- 
tion, and  application,  who  is  desirous  of  pursuing  the  profession  of 
Literature  Every  opportunity  for  rapid  progress  and  future  advance- 
ment. Separate  work  room  as  soon  as  desirable.  Highest  references 
required.  Premium  (inclusive),  ,300  Guineas  —Address,  in  first  instance 
CcTTLE,  care  of  C.  Mitchell  &  Co  ,  12  and  13,  Red  Lion-court  Fleet- 
street,  E.C. 

WANTED,  LITERARY  GENTLEMAN  with  good 
capital  to  join  another  Literarv  Gentleman  in  BRINGING  OUT 
NEW  MONTHLY.  The  Monthly  will  be  up-to-date  in  progressive 
thought  and  non-party,  and  will  eater  to  the  thoughtful  young  men  of 
the  day,— M.  A.,  8,  .\pplegarth-road,  Brook-green,  W. 

COMPILERS  of  USEFUL  WORKS  of  a  Popular 
Character  are  invited  to  submit  their  ideas  to  a  well-known  firm 
Ot  London  Publishers  —Address,  in  flrst  instance,  A  K  ,  care  of  Mr  J  I 
Baxter,  29,  Paternoster-square,  EC. 

TO  AUTHORS.— A  well-known  FIRM  of  Pub- 
lishers WOULD  BE  GLAD  TO  HEAR  FROM  AUTHORS 
baying  MSS  suitable  for  Volume  publication  —Letters,  in  first  in- 
stance toPi  ni.i^iiEBv,  care  of  .Mr.  'NVatson,  Advertising  Contractor,  1.50 
Fleet-Street,  London. 


B 


U        R 


N 


S 


M 


Messrs.  W.  E.  HENLEY  and  T.  F.  HENDERSON,  the  Editors  of 
'The  CENTENARY  BURNS,'  now  in  preparation,  being  most  anxious 
to  present  as  pure  and  complete  a  text  as  possible,  appeal  to  holders 
ot  Bams  MSS.  and  Chap-Hooks,  and  to  those  possessing  inlormation 
regarding  the  whereabouts  of  Mss  ,  to  communicate  with  them  with  a 
rlew  to  comparison  and  collation. 

Address  EDrroRs.  •  Centenary  Burns.'  care  of  Messrs.  T.  C.  &  E.  C. 
Jack,  Gr^inge  Publishing  Works,  Edinburgh. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).- Authors'   MSS.   accurately   and 
qtiicklj  Typed.    Usual  terms. 

TYPE-WRITING,    in    best   style,    Id.   per  folio 
ot  72  words     References  to  Authors —Miss  Ou.DDt»o,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S  W 

TO  AUTHORS.— TYPE-WRITING   at  moderate 
terms.     ^Vork  sent  by  post  receives  immediate  attention     Trans- 
lations—Address E.  K.  Pvorr,  Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W  C. 


'I'^YPE-WRITING.— Authors'  MS.  Typed  and  Pre- 

-L  pared  for  Public-ation.  'Typing,  Is  per  1,000  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement  Dramatic  work  a  speciality.— FiiciT  Dini.i9os  2i 
'Wellington-street,  W.C. 


n[>YPE-WRITERS    (SECOND-HAND),— Tre- 

A.  mendous  bar^lns  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons,  Barlocka, 
Hammonds,  Yosts,  Caligraphs.  Victors,  &c.  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
with  option  to  purchase.  L'seof  Machines  tanghtfree.  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates. 
Documents  Copied  with  accui"acy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  5s.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free.— N. 
Tavlor.  Manager.  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  end),  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 

MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October 
URA  WING  forthe  PRESS— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence. — 123,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


9,  H-\RT-srRErr,  Bloombbury,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  will 
RESUME  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account  upon 
OCTOBER  1  NEXT.  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS.  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.  —  The  NEXT 
TERM  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  September  19.  Reference 
kindly  allowed  to  Mrs.  Benson,  Lambeth  Palace;  Professor  Ruskin, 
Brantwood,  Coniston ;  Sir  Spencer  Wells,  Bart.,  M.D. ;  and  others.— For 
Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  B.  B.ivnes. 

q^REBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  .3,  Trebovir- 

JL  road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. — Advanced  Classes  for  Girls  and 
Elementary  Classes  for  Cbildren  Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE.  The 
NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  THURSDAY,  September  IS.-Pro- 
spectuses  forwarded  on  application. 

ITNIVERSITY       of       LONDON. 

'J  SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
SPECI.\L  CLASSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  requiiedfor  the  PRE- 
LIMINARY SCIENTIFIC  M.U.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course,  'Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  M.B.  (Lend.)  and 
Primary  F  K  C.S.  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will   COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCO'TT,  Warden, 

rjNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTLTIES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON,  F  R.S  ,  COMMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  Octobers, 
at  1  P.M.  'The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require, 
ments  of  .Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni. 
versity.— For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN. 
8  and  9,  York  place.  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal-Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
ART  DEPARTMENT. 
Visitor— Prof.  H    HERKOMER.  R.A 
Professor— E.  BOROUGH  JOHNSON,  Esq. 
The  ART  SCHOOL  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY.  October  3.— Further 
information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  .Secretary. 


B 


ELSIZE  COLLEGE,  HAMPSTEAD 

(for  LADIES), 
«,  Belsize  Park-gardens,  N.W.    Established  187L 

Classes  for  General  Education,  under  the  teaching  and  supervision  of 
the  Principals.  Resident  English  and  Foreign  Governesses.  Pupils 
prepared  for  University  E.xaminations,  &c.  Entire  charge  taken  of 
Pupils  from  India  and  the  Colonies. 

Professors  and  Lecturers  in  attendance  :— 
English  Language  and  Literature,  J.  N.  HETHERINGTON,  Esq  , 
F  R.G  S  —Ancient  and  Modern  History,  H.  E.  MALDEN,  Esq  ,  M  A. 
PR  Hist  S— Science,  H.  CAMPBELL,  Esq,  M  D.  MRU  P.— French, 
A  HUGUENET,  Esq..  MCP  ,  Officier  de  I'Academie,  Universitc  de 
France,  French  Master  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  and 
occasional  Examiner  to  H,M.  C^vii  Service  Commission. —German.  Dr. 
C  A  REINECKE,  University  of  Gottingen  and  City  of  London  College 
— Landscape,  Perspective,  and  Model  Drawing  from  the  Cast  and  Living 
Model,  in  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  ALFRED  HARLiY,  Esq  ;  Miss  ROPE. 
—Pianoforte,  M'ALTER  MACFAKREN,  Esq  ,  RAM.  ;  WALTER 
FITTDN,  Esq.,  R  A  M— Solo  Singing.  Chni-al  Singing,  R.  H.  CUM- 
MINGS.  Esq  ,  RAM  —Harp,  F.  LDCKWOOl).  Esq  —Violin,  ELLIS 
ROHERTS,  Esq —Dancing  and  Calisthenics,  Mrs.  BUUCH.— Musical 
Drill,  Miss  CHRJEIMAN. 

CLASSES  REOPEN  SEPTEMBER.  23,  1895. 
For  terms,  reference,  &c.,  apply  to  the  Principals. 


u 


NIVERSITY   COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  wUI  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 

189.5. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Departrscnt  for  the  Training  of  'Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools- 
Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  ob'.ained  on  application  to  the  REGis-raia. 


ABERDARE  HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  .Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  M1b»  HUKLBATT  (Somerville  Hall,  Oxford). 

J.  A   JENKINS,  K  A  ,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19,  1893. 


FRANCE The     ATHEN/EUM     can    bo 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 

France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBE8,  BEAU  LIEU-SUR-MER,  BIAKRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE, 
MONACO, NANTES,  NICE,  PAKIS,  FAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOUBfl, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GAXIQNANI  LIBRART,  224,  Rne  de  RlTOli,  Paris. 

VICTORIA  UNI'VERSITY. 

I^HE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


The  T'Vi  ENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7,  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  1, 
189,'). 

'The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry,  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  'Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  'Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  Aits,  Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  ot  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrib. 

q^HE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of     SCIENCE, 

X  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  .Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

S.'ith  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23, 1805. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.). — Prospectus  on  application  to 

the  SKCRI^r.iRY. 

KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— STUDENTS 
in  ARTS  and  SCIENCE.  ENGINEERING,  and  APPLIED 
SCIENCES,  MEDICINE,  and  other  branches  of  Education,  will  be 
ADMITTED  for  the  NEXT  TERM  on  TUESDAY.  October  1  next. 

Students  are  classed  on  entrance  according  to  their  proticiency.  and 
terminal  reports  of  the  prog-ress  and  conduct  ot  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  to  their  parents  and  guardians.  There  are  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions. 

Students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  subjrct  or 
subjects,  without  attending  the  complete  Courses  of  the  various 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  aa  Non-Matriculated  Students  on  payment 
of  the  separate  fees  for  such  Classes  as  they  select. 

The  College  has  an  entrance  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thames  Embankment,  close  to  the  Temple  Station. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  Slcret.vr.t,  King's 
College,  London,  W  C. 

ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Hyde  Park  Comer,  S.W. 
The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 
with  an  Introductory  Address  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D   POLLOCK,  at4  p.m 
A  Prospectus  of  the  School  and  further  information  may  be  obtained 
by  application  to  the  Di.\s,  at  the  Hospital. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL     and 
COLLEGE 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientibc  and  Intermediate  B.Sc,  Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  CO.MMENCE  on  OCTOBER  1  and  con- 
tinue till  JULY.  189(3. 

Fee  for  the  whole  course  21/.,  or  181.  IBs.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  5/.  55.  each  for  single  subjects. 
'1  here  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Warden   of  the  College,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  E.C. 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

WESTMINSTER      HOSPITAL     MEDICAL 
SCHOOL,  Caxton-street,  S.W. 

'The  WINTER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY,  October  I 
Introductorv  Address  by  Dr  MONCK'TON  COPEM.\N,  at  4  p  m.,  fol- 
lowed by  Distribution  of  Prizes  by  the  Right  Hon   VISCOUNT  PEEL. 

Dinner  at  7  r  m.  at  Caff  Monico.  Dr.  DE  HAVILL.AND  HALL  in  the 
Chair.    Dinner  Secretary,  Dr.  WiLus. 

'Two  Entrance  Scholarships,  value  60;  and  40/ ,  and  one  of  20(.  lor 
Dental  Students,  on  Examination,  September  28  and  29. 

Fees  — 115/  in  one  sum  on  entrance,  or  120/.  in  two  payments,  or  1321. 
in  six  pavnients.    Special  fees  for  partial  and  Dental  Students. 

The  Hospital  has  a  service  of  over  20u  Beds  and  the  usual  Special 
Departments. 

Prospectus  and  all  information  on  application  to 

WALTER  G   SPENCER,  Dean, 

ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
.\lbert  Embankment,  London,  S.K. 
The  WINTER  SESSION   of  ISW-ilS  will   OPEN  on  WEDNF^SDAV, 
October  2  when  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  at  3  i-.M.  by  Sir  EDWIN 
ARNOLD,  KC  I.E.  C  S.I. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz  :— One  of  150/  and  One  of  CO/  In  Chemii-try  and  Physics, 
with  cither  Physiology,  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Year's  Student*; 
One  of  50/.  in  Anatoiiiy.  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  Third  Year's 

Scholarships  and  Money  Prizes  of  the  value  of  300/  are  awarded  at  the 
Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  Medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientitic  and  Intermediate  .Ml).  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Hoopital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge 

Tbc  school  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  »<.en  on  application  to 
the  Medical  Secretary. 

The  fees  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments  Entries  may 
lie  made  separately  to  Lectures  or  to  Hospital  Practice  and  special 
arrangements  are  made  for  students  entering  in  their  Second  or  subse- 
quent Years  ;  also  for  Dental  students  and  lor  (lualitled  Practitioners, 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  Is  kept  by  th(?  Medical  Secretary, 
who  also  has  a  list  (  f  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  student-*  into  their  houses 

For  Pro.»pcctuses  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mr  Rrsm  r..  the  Medical 
Secretary.  O.  H.  MAKlNS,  Deau. 


338 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Koys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A,,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

'I'-HE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 

-I  Syndicate  and  Press  Agency,  "A  Medinm  of  Communication 
between  Authors,  Editors,  and  Publishers."  MS8.  negotiated.  Inter- 
■views  by  appointment  only. — Address  the  SEcaCTAKv,  3,  Victoria-street, 
Westminster. 


TO 

1      Ll 


AUTHORS.— The     MARLBOROUGH 

LITERARY  AGENCY  offers  valuable  and  unique  advantages  to 
■^'Titers.  Send  for  Circular  explaining  its  methods.  No  Preliminary 
Fees.— Marlborough  House,  11,  Ludgate-hill.  EC, 


FOR    SALE,    BROCKHAUS'    LEXIKON,    Thir- 
tecnth  Edition,  17  vols,   (8,',  10,s-.),  half  price;    Meyer's.  1840-55, 
62  volumes  CJ'Jl  i,  13/,— Lexikon,  5,  Staflford-place,  Buckingham  Gate. 


A 


8' 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 


-The  Public  is  nrpently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
iaviting  M88.,  or  oftering  to  place  M8S  .  without  the  personal  recora- 
tueniiation  of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
»!  vice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
i.  Portngal  street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
'    ^  -  ^'  J  Cox,  Hream's-huildings,  E.C. 


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340 THE     ATHEN^UM N"  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 

a    p.    PUTNAM'S    SONS'    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

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N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


341 


MISS      BRADDON'S      NEW      NOVEL, 

SONS      OF      FIRE, 


IN      THREE      VOLUMES, 


WILL  BE  PUBLISHED  ON  WEDNESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  18. 


MISS  BEADDON'S  NOVELS.— Cheap  Edition. 

Author's  Autograph  Edition  (cloth),  2s.  6d.  each;    picture  boards,  2s.  each. 


1.  LADY  AUDLEY'S  SECRET. 

2.  HENRY  DUNBAR. 

3.  ELEANOR'S  VICTORY. 

4.  AURORA  FLOYD. 

5.  JOHN      MARCHMONT'S 

LEGACY. 

6.  The  DOCTOR'S  WIFE. 

7.  ONLY  a  CLOD. 

8.  SIR  JASPER'S  TENANT. 

9.  TRAIL  of  the  SERPENT. 
10.  LADY'S  MILE. 

n.  LADY  LISLE. 

12.  CAPTAIN     of     the     ''VUL- 

TURE." 

13.  BIRDS  of  PREY. 

14.  CHARLOTTE'S    INHERIT- 

ANCE. 

15.  RUPERT  GODWIN. 
IG.  RUN  to  EARTH. 
17.  DEAD  SEA  FRUIT. 


18.  RALPH  the  BAILIFF. 

19.  FENTON'S  QUEST. 

20.  LOVELS  of  ARDEN. 

21.  ROBERT  AINSLEIGH. 

22.  TO  the  BITTER  END. 

23.  MILLY  DARRELL. 

24.  STRANGERS  &  PILGRIMS. 

25.  LUCIUS  DAVOREN. 

26.  TAKEN  at  the  FLOOD. 

27.  LOST  for  LOVE. 

28.  A  STRANGE  WORLD. 

29.  HOSTAGES  to  FORTUNE. 

30.  DEAD  MEN'S  SHOES. 

31.  JOSHUA  HAGGARD. 
82.  WEAVERS  and  WEFT. 

33.  AN  OPEN  VERDICT. 

34.  VIXEN. 

35.  Tlic  CLOVEN  FOOT. 

36.  Tlie  STORY  of  BARBARA. 


37.  JUST  as  I  AM. 
3S.  ASPHODEL. 

39.  MOUNT  ROYAL. 

40.  The  GOLDEN  CALF. 

41.  PHANTOM  FORTUNE. 

42.  FLOWER  and  WEED. 

43.  ISHMAEL. 

44.  WYLLARD'S  WEIRD. 

45.  UNDER  the  RED  FLAG. 

46.  ONE  THING  NEEDFUL. 

47.  MOHAWKS. 

48.  LIKE  and  UNLIKE. 

49.  The  FATAL  THREE. 

50.  The  DAY  WILL  COME. 

51.  ONE  LIFE,  ONE  LOVE. 

52.  GERARD. 

53.  The  VENETIANS. 

54.  ALL  ALONG  the  RIVER. 

55.  THOU  ART  the  MAN. 


London:    SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  HAMILTON,  KENT  &  CO.,  Limited. 


342 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S  LIST. 


THE 


THE CHITRAL CAMPAIGN:  a 

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The  TEMPEST. 

TWO  GENTLEMEN  of  VERONA. 

The  MERRY  WIVES  of  WINDSOR. 

MEASURE  for  MEASURE. 

COMEDY  of  ERRORS. 

MUCH  ADO  ABOUT  NOTHING. 

LOVE'S  LABOUR  S  LOST. 

A  MIDSUMMER  NIGHT'S  DREAM. 

MERCHANT  of  VENICE. 

AS  YOU  LIKE  IT. 

TAMING  of  the  SHREW. 

ALL'S  WELL  THAT  ENDS  WELL. 

TWELFTH  NIGHT. 

WINTER'S  TALE. 

KING  RICHARD  II. 

KING  HENRY  IV.    Part  I. 

KING  HENRY  IV.     Part  II. 

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KING  RICHARD  III. 

KING  HENRY  VIII. 

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HAMLET. 

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to  each  play  tlie  editor,  as  might  have  been  expected  of  him, 
deals  brightly  and  intelligently,  if  briefly,  with  its  biblio- 
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action,  &c.  Paper  and  print  and  general  appearance  of  these 
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desirable,  and  the  sooner  those  who  are  honourably  respon- 
sible for  it  bring  out  the  rest  of  the  volumes  the  better  all 
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It  is  pleasant  to  the  eye,  pleasant  to  the  hand,  tasteful  in 
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edition  of  IhJl,  which  contains  all  that  Malone  and  the 
older  commentators  knew,  and  my  second  choice  should  be 
the  '  Temjile  '  edition. 

J.  M.  DENT  &  CO.  Aldine  House,  E.G. 


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London  :  WALTER  SCOTT,  LIMITED, 
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N°3542,  Sept.  U,'95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


'43 


A  List  of  Works  to  he  j^Mished  during  the  Autumn  and  Winter  Seasons, 
1895-96,  hij  DAVID  NUTT,  in  the  Strand, 


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344 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


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London:  JOHN  C.  NIMMO, 
14,    King    William-strcct,    Strand. 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


345 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  I4,  1S95, 


CONTENTS. 

Bin  Douglas  Galton's  Address  at  Ipswich 

Mrs.  Webster's  Mother  and  Daughter       

Thb  New  English  Dictionary 

Ivan  the  Terrible 

Sea  Fishing       

Bibliographica  

New  Novels  (Coming  of  Age;  Pages  from  the  Day - 
Book  of  Bet)iia  Hardacre ;  Tlie  Woman  Who 
Didn't ;  Two  Mistakes  ;  From  Shadow  to  Sunliglit  ; 
Poppaea ;  The  Judgment  Books  ;  The  Ladies' 
Juggernaut;  A  Whirl  Asunder)  350 

Law-Books         

Tales  of  Adventure  

Australian  Literature     

Our  Library  Table— List  OF  New  Books     ...      353- 

Notes  from  Dublin;  Publisher  and  Translator  ; 
The  Autumn  Publishing  Season;  The  Library 
Association  at  Cardiff  ;  Mr.  John  White  ; 
Imitation 3.55- 

Literart  Gossip        

Science— Astronomical  Literature  ;  Sven  Loven  ; 
The  Autumn  Publishing  Season  ;  Gossip      3.58- 

FiNE  Arts— Ohlsen  IN  South  America;  Library 
Table;  Illustrated  Books;  Thk  Portraits 
of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  ;  Capt.  H.  R. 
Howard;  GossI'P 360- 

Music— The  Week;  Greek  Music;  Gossip 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip         .363 


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LITERATURE 


Address  to  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  delivered  at  Ipswich, 
September  11th,  1895.  By  Sir  Douglas 
Galton,  K.O.B.,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  President. 
Elevated  to  the  presidential  chair  after 
having  faithfully  served  the  British  Asso- 
ciation for  a  quarter  of  a  century  as  one  of 
its  general  secretaries,  Sir  Douglas  Galton 
has  thought  well  to  review  from  his  exalted 
position  the  origin,  the  constitution,  and  the 
work  of  the  Association.  This  rather  re- 
minds us  of  the  course  followed  by  Mr. 
Spottiswoode,  when  presiding  over  the 
Dublin  meeting  of  1878;  for  he,  too,  had 
been  prominent  at  one  time  as  a  general 
officer  of  the  Association,  and  was  well 
qualified  from  personal  knowledge  to  ex- 
plain its  inner  workings.  The  machinery 
of  the  Association  runs  so  smoothly  year 
after  year  that  an  old  officer  not  unnaturally 
feels  some  pride  in  its  continued  success. 
Sir  Douglas  Galton  refers  in  terms  of 
admiration  to  the  wisdom  and  far-sighted- 
ness of  those  who  originally  organized  the 
Association,  and  he  claims,  not  without 
justification,  that  it  has  fulfilled  the  object 
of  its  founders.  Unsympathetic  critics,  it 
is  true,  have  sometimes  said  that,  whatever 
may  formerly  have  been  the  case,  an  annual 
session  is  in  these  latter  days  imdesirable, 
and  that  the  meetings  would  gain  in  strength 
if  held  at  longer  intervals.  It  may  be  that 
the  _  fields  of  science  are  not  sufficiently 
fertile  to  yield  a  yearly  crop  of  novelties 
of  the  first  order ;  but  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  members  are  brought  to- 
gether for  other  purposes  than  simply  "  to 
teU  or  to  hear  some  new  thing."  Strength 
for  work  springs  from  intercommunication 
between  one  scientific  man  and  another,  and 
between  scientific  men  and  the  outside  world. 
Great  good  has  resulted,  for  instance,  from 
the  recent  practice  of  drawing  together  in 
annual  conference  representatives  of  the 
various  local  scientific  bodies  which  are  in 
systematic  correspondence  with  the  Associa- 
tion. About  sixty-six  local  societies  are 
now  in  union,  and  the  Association  has  thus 
become  a  powerful  centre  for  co-ordinating 
the  work  of  these  scattered  societies.  In 
this  and  in  various  other  ways  the  sphere 


of  the  Association's  work  has  been  extended, 
and  its  importance  has  of  late  years  in- 
creased rather  than  diminished.  It  is 
something  to  say  of  an  organism,  after  the 
wear  and  tear  of  between  sixty  and  seventy 
years,  that  it  shows  no  sign  of  senility. 
Yet  the  President,  speaking  on  behalf  of 
the  Association,  can  say  with  exultation, 
"We  exhibit  no  symptom  of  decay." 

Among  the  many  functions  of  the  Associa- 
tion, not  the  least  useful  to  scientific  men  is 
that  of  assisting  research  by  annual  grants 
from  the  surplus  of  the  members'  subscrip- 
tions. This  alone  is  a  sufficient  justification 
of  its  frequent  reunions.  A  marked  instance 
of  the  value  of  such  aid  is  afforded  by  the 
Kew  Observatory,  which  for  about  thirty 
years  was  practically  maintained  by  the 
Association.  Notwithstanding  the  acknow- 
ledged usefulness  of  this  modest  institution, 
which  is  now  managed  by  a  committee  of 
the  Eoyal  Society,  its  action  is  hampered 
through  lack  of  adequate  means  ;  and  Sir 
Douglas  Galton  suggests  that  the  Govern- 
ment might,  with  advantage  alike  to  science 
and  to  the  nation,  aid  it  by  an  annual  grant 
of  so  substantial  a  character  that  it  might 
be  developed  into  an  institution  somewhat 
akin  to  the  valuable  Phj'sikalisch-technische 
Eeichsanstalt  of  Charlottenburg.  This  mag- 
nificent institution  consists  of  two  sections — 
one  physical,  under  Dr.  Kohlrausch,  devoted 
to  the  prosecution  of  pure  research;  the  other 
technical,  under  Prof.  Ernst  Hagen,  occupied 
with  the  application  of  physics,  and  espe- 
cially with  testing  and  standardizing  instru- 
ments of  precision.  It  is  almost  too  much 
to  hope  that  the  Kew  Observatory  should 
ever  acquire  the  magnitude  and  importance 
of  the  Berlin  Eeichsanstalt ;  but  if  Sir 
Douglas  Galton's  appeal  were  responded  to 
by  even  a  moderate  subsidy,  supplementing 
the  present  resources  of  the  institution, 
physical  science  would  remember  with 
gratitude  the  Ipswich  meeting  of  the 
British  Association. 

By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  presidential 
discourse  is  occupied  with  a  review  of  the 
progress  of  science  since  the  birth  of  the 
Association  in  1831.  It  is  true  that  some- 
thing of  this  kind  was  done  by  Sir  John 
Lubbock  at  the  Jubilee  meeting  of  the 
Association ;  but  whereas  he  attempted  a 
panoramic  survey  of  scientific  progress  for 
half  a  century.  Sir  Douglas  Galton  rather 
seeks,  less  ambitiously,  to  contrast  the 
science  of  1831  with  that  of  189.5  ;  and  he 
gives  a  special  character  to  his  address  by 
dwelling  on  the  part  which  the  British 
Association  has  played  in  the  promotion  of 
scientific  work. 

Of  all  departments  of  physical  science 
electricity  is  the  one  which  has  made  the 
greatest  advance,  especially  in  its  aj^pli- 
cations  to  the  service  of  man.  In  the  early 
days  of  the  Association  there  was  no  electric 
telegraph,  no  electro-plating,  no  electric 
light,  no  electro-motors.  And  yet,  while 
we  make  such  free  and  familiar  use  nowa- 
days of  electrical  energy,  how  little  is 
known,  even  to  the  most  profound,  of  the 
real  nature,  the  true  essence,  of  the  agent 
we  employ  !  "  It  is  only  within  the  last 
few  years,"  says  the  President, 

"  that  we  have  begun  to  realize  that  electricity 
is  closely  connected  with  the  vibrations  which 
cause  heat  and  light,  and  which  seem  to 
pervade    all    space— vibrations    which   may  be 


termed  the  voice  of  the  Creator,  calling  to  each 
atom  and  to  each  cell  of  protoplasm  to  fall  into 
its  ordained  position,  each,  as  it  were,  a  musical 
note  in  the  harmonious  symphony  which  we 
call  the  universe." 

In  the  great  group  of  sciences  dealing 
with  the  nature  of  organic  structures  and 
the  phenomena  of  life,  the  advance  made 
during  the  period  covered  by  the  history  of 
the  Association  has  been  Httle  short  of 
marvellous.  In  1831  Cuvier  was  just  closing 
his  brilliant  career,  and  Owen  was  stepping 
forward  as  practically  his  successor.  Yet  it 
was  not  Owen  but  Darwin  who  moulded 
biological  thought  into  its  present  form. 
Sir  Douglas  Galton  proclaims  himself  an 
evolutionist  of  very  advanced  type.  "We 
are  as  yet,"  he  says,  "  only  on  the  threshold 
of  the  doctrine  of  evolution  ";  and  he  glances 
at  its  application  to  the  moral  as  well  as  to 
the  material  development  of  the  human  race. 
As  we  approach  the  solution  of  problems 
affecting  the  progress  of  humanity, 
"we  shall  more  certainly  realize  that  the  theory  of 
evolution,  which  the  genius  of  Darwin  impressed 
on  this  century,  is  but  the  first  step  on  a  bio- 
looical  ladder  which  may  possibly  eventually 
lead  us  to  understand  how  in  the  drama  of 
creation  Man  has  been  evolved  as  the  highest 
work  of  the  Creator." 

Among  the  many  subjects  discussed  by 
the  President,  that  of  mechanical  engineer- 
ing naturally  occupies  a  prominent  place. 
Pointing  out  that  the  foundation  of  the 
British  Association  coincided  with  a  rapid 
development  in  mechanical  appliances,  he 
refers  to  the  value  of  Sir  Joseph  Whit- 
worth's  well-known  true  planes  and  standard 
gauges  for  ensuring  accuracy  of  workman- 
ship, and  to  his  ingenious  measuring 
machine.  Most  of  the  important  advances 
in  engineering  have  from  time  to  time  been 
brought  before  the  Association  ;  and  it  is 
notable  that  the  era  of  steel  may  be  dated 
from  the  Cheltenham  meeting  of  1856,  for 
it  was  on  that  occasion  that  Sir  Henry 
Bessemer  first  made  public  his  brilliant 
discovery  by  which  the  metal  industries  of 
the  age  were  destined  to  be  revolutionized. 

The  application  of  science  to  military 
and  naval  engineering,  the  purification  and 
utilization  of  sewage,  bacteriology  and  anti- 
septic surgery,  meteorology  and  spectro- 
scopic work  —  these  are  among  the  many 
topics  dealt  with  by  the  President  ;  nor 
does  he  overlook  such  subjects  as  geological 
surveying  and  geographical  exploration — 
the  latter  an  important  topic  at  the  present 
time,  in  view  of  the  agitation  for  fitting  out 
an  expedition  to  the  South  Polar  regions. 
In  taking  so  comprehensive  a  view  of  the 
presidential  functions,  and  touching  lightly 
on  such  a  diversity  of  subjects.  Sir  Douglas 
Galton  has  appealed  to  the  sympathies  of 
every  section  of  the  Association.  And  while 
his  address  is  lifted  out  of  the  narrow  groove 
in  Avhich  such  discourses  often  run,  it  is 
also  well  proportioned,  for  he  has  bravely 
resisted  the  temptation  of  dwelling  unduly 
upon  those  departments  of  science  in  which 
he  is  known  to  be  personally  interested. 

After  looking  back  across  a  vista  of  sixty 
years,  and  recalling  the  state  of  science  at 
the  time  the  Association  sprang  into  exist- 
ence, the  President  ventures  to  project  his 
thoughts  into  futurity,  and  he  asks — in  fuU 
assurance  that  no  voice  dare  suggest  the 
faintest  answer  to  his  inquiry — "What  will 
our  successors  be  doing  sixty  years  hence  ?  " 


346 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


Mother  and  Daughter :  an  Uncompleted  Sonnet- 
sequence.  By  the  late  Augusta  Webster. 
(Macmillau  &  Co.) 
Mrs.  AVebster's  adventures  in  the  -world  of 
letters  hecame  of  late  years,  like  those  of 
certain  other  true  poets  of  her  generation, 
a  little  tantalizing.  Though  her  name 
was  rarely  mentioned  —  scai'cely  known, 
indeed — in  that  curious  domain  called  the  [ 
"  contemporary  literary  world,"  whose 
opinions  and  doings  are  so  faithfully 
recorded  by  the  newspapers,  the  place 
awarded  to  her  by  poets  and  students  of 
poetry  remained  as  high  as  ever.  No  doubt 
a  certain  harshness  of  note  in  her  metrical 
movements  was  always  apt  to  mar  in  some 
degree  the  beauty  of  her  lyrics;  and  the  de- 
lightful little  book  before  us  is  not  alto- 
gether free  from  this  infirmity.  Here,  as  in 
her  previous  work,  she  is  apt  to  pass  into 
colloquial  forms  of  expression  such  as  have 
no  place  in  the  artistic  kind  of  poetry  she 
adopts.  Perhaps,  indeed,  it  is  unwise  for 
any  poet  to  write  in  the  sonnet  form  whose 
ear,  like  that  of  Leigh  Hunt,  has  a  bias 
towards  prosaic  locutions  and  familiar 
movements  rather  than  towards  that  perfect 
beauty  of  diction  and  sound  which  the 
sonnet  especially  demands.  Of  course 
there  is  no  reason  why  poetry  in  some 
moods  should  not  be  of  that  rough-and- 
ready  kind  which  in  our  days  has  been  made 
60  popular  by  Mr.  Eudyard  Kipling  and 
his  numerous  and,  let  us  confess,  some- 
what tiresome  imitators.  In  such  poetry 
— where  the  "be-all"  and  "end-all"  is 
realism — to  cram  as  much  realistic  detail 
into  a  loose  lilting  measure  as  it  can  carry — 
contractions  such  as  "I'd"  for  I  tvould, 
"she'll"  for  she  lo ill,  "they're"  for  they 
are,  "  whatsoe'er 's "  for  'whatsoever  is,  are 
perfectly  allowable;  indeed,  they  seem  to  add 
vitality  to  the  lines  ;  but  if  there  is  a  form 
of  poetry  in  which  they  cannot  be  introduced 
it  is  the  sonnet.  All  the  above-mentioned 
contractions  appear  in  this  little  book,  and 
even  such  lines  as 

Is  but  the  turn  where  Winter's  sign-post 's  writ. 
Who  sees  a  du&k  creep  in  the  shrined  pearls'  glows. 

In  drama,  however,  such  colloquialisms 
as  these  are  allowable — nay,  they  may  posi- 
tively become  sources  of  strength — and  it 
was  admittedly  in  drama  that  Mrs.  Webster 
excelled.  We  could  mention  more  than  one 
eminent  poet,  and  more  than  one  eminent 
critic,  who  held  the  view  expressed  by  Mr. 
W.  M.  Eossetti  in  the  prefatory  note  to  this 
volume  in  regard  to  Mrs.  Webster's  remark- 
able play  '  The  Sentence': — 

"There  are  two  British  poetesses  to  one  or 
other  of  whom  the  pahu  is  now  generally 
awarded  ;  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  and 
Christina  Gcorgina  Rossetti  :  I  speak  of  the 
latter  not  in  the  suspicious  character  of  a 
brother,  but  according  to  the  testimony  which 
has  been  generously,  and  indeed  lavishly,  given 
to  her  by  the  public  voice  since  her  death  in 
December,  1804.  The  testimony  may  be  correct 
or  incorrect— Time  will  show;  but  it  is  for  the 
r  esent  open  and  manifest,  and  not  to  be  denied 
by  any  one,  be  he  a  brother  or  not. 

"In  calling  'The  Sentence  '  the  one  supreme 
thing  I  was  speaking  of  its  position  in  Augusta 
Webster's  own  work  :  but  I  must  in  candour  go 
beyond  thi.s,  and  express  my  conviction  (I  have 
done  so  oncel)efore  in  print)  that  it  is  the  supreme 
thing  amid  the  work  of  all  British  poetesses. 
Taking  mto  account  its  importance  in  scale  and 
subject,   and   its   magnihcence   in   handling,   it 


beats  everything  else.  The  theme  of  the  drama 
— a  three-act  tragedy  in  verse — is  thrilling  and 
stupendous  :  a  vengeance  of  the  Emperor  Cali- 
gula, who,  for  the  purposes  of  the  tr-agedian, 
is  conceived  as  equally  righteous,  ruthless,  and 
insane — an  awful,  and  yet  a  perfectly  human, 
dramatic  figure.  The  general  treatment,  and 
the  adaptation  to  the  demands  of  the  drama  and 
even  of  the  stage,  seem  to  me  just  as  consum- 
mately fine  as  the  initial  conception.  Mrs. 
Browning  had  to  show  such  splendid  work  as 
'  The  Drama  of  Exile  '  and  '  Aurora  Leigh  ';  but 
she  could  never  have  done  'The  Sentence,'  or 
anything  like  it.  As  for  Christina  Bossetti, 
though  it  may  easily  be  supposed  that  I  should 
be  the  last  to  undervalue  her  noble  work  in 
other  fields  of  poetry,  the  very  suggestion  of 
her  writing  any  tragedy,  much  more  any  such 
tragedy  as  'The  Sentence,'  would  be  pre- 
posterous. Let  me  have  the  pleasure  of  here 
adding  that  she  was  fully  alive  to  the  unmatched 
claims  of  this  great  work  of  Mrs.  Webster's,  and 
eager  in  asserting  them. 

"Mrs.  Webster  had  many  and  discerning 
admirers  throughout  her  literary  career  ;  but  it 
may  safely  be  asserted  that  her  true  rank  will 
only  be  fixed  when  '  The  Sentence  '  comes  to  be 
generally  recognized— and  this  can  scarcely  fail 
to  come — as  one  of  the  masterpieces  of  European 
drama." 

Having  on  so  many  occasions  given  our  own 
views  upon  Mrs.  Webster  as  a  dramatist, 
we  need  not  linger  here  to  say  to  what  extent 
wo  are  able  to  follow  Mr.  Eossetti  in  the 
above  eulogy  ;  and  our  business  is  only  with 
the  sonnet- sequence  before  us.  It  is  a  pity 
that  it  was  never  finished.  As  it  is,  however, 
the  sonnets  of  which  it  is  composed  will,  as 
we  are  going  to  show,  give  it  a  unique 
place  in  poetry.  The  question  has  been 
often  asked  and  variously  answered,  Is 
there  any  kind  of  poetry  that  must  needs 
remain  for  ever  adequate  to  all  future  con- 
ditions of  the  life  of  man  ?  Sometimes, 
when  one  considers  how  barbaric  at  present 
is  the  social  structure,  and  how  primitive 
are  the  sophisms  upon  which  it  is  based, 
and  especially  how  man's  bloodthirsty 
instincts  are  accentuated  by  pride  of  nation 
and  pride  of  race,  it  becomes  difficult  to 
think  that  his  career  as  a  civilized  being  has 
even  begun.  And  as  regards  poetry,  how 
large  a  portion  of  the  very  finest  poetry 
in  the  world  is  but  the  expression  of  an 
appetite  for  carnage,  which  man  shares 
with  the  carnivora !  This  being  so,  it 
requires  no  great  stretch  of  imagination 
to  suppose  that  in  a  hundred  thousand 
years — and  it  is  of  such  periods  that  we 
must  talk  in  considering  the  probable  dura- 
tion of  the  human  story — the  warlike  part 
of  the  poetry  of  Homer,  iEschylus,  and 
Shakspeare  will  have  become  inadequate — 
will  be  read,  if  read  at  all,  as  curious  ex- 
pressions of  those  ancestral  strains  of  "mad 
lion"  which  gave  rise  to  deeds  once  thought 
beautiful.  Yet  there  is  one  passion  which 
must  needs  last  to  the  end  of  the  human 
chapter.  It  is  not  possible  to  imagine  a 
time  when  the  love  of  Priam  for  his  son, 
the  love  of  Andromache  for  her  husband,  of 
Antigone  for  her  brother,  of  Dante  for 
Beatrice,  of  Paolo  for  Francesca,  of  Othello 
for  Dosdemona,  and  of  Eomeo  for  Juliet 
will  fail  to  be  as  adequate  to  that  far-off 
time  as  its  own  latest  love-lyric. 

If,  however,  the  love  poetry  now  extant 
in  the  world  should  in  the  far  future  be 
found  inadequate,  it  will  be  because  it 
concerns  itself  so  largely  with  sexual  love, 
almost  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  kinds  of 


the  love  passion.  These  other  kinds  of  love 
are  quite  as  noble  and  poetic  as  sexual  love, 
which  has  won  so  large  a  share  of  the  poets' 
attention.  Take  the  love  of  a  father  for  his 
daughter,  for  instance.  "Certain  it  is," 
says  Addison  in  one  of  his  most  exquisitely 
tender  passages, 

"that  there  is  no  kind  of  affection  so  purely 
angelic  as  that  of  a  father  to  a  daughter  ;  he 
beholds  her  both  with  and  without  regard  to 
her  sex.  In  love  to  our  wives  there  is  desire  ; 
to  our  sons  there  is  ambition  ;  but  in  that  to  our 
daughters  there  is  something  which  there  are  no 
words  to  express." 

And  Addison  might,  no  doubt,  have  added 
another  charm  to  those  which  he  enumerates 
in  connexion  with  the  love  of  a  father  for  his 
daughter — that  deep  unselfish  love  of  mere 
youth  which  is  an  instinct  in  man,  and 
asserts  itself  either  with  or  without  the  aid 
of  the  parental  instinct.  Wider  in  its  range, 
indeed,  than  any  family  circle,  it  is  that 
instinct  which  showed  itself  so  strongly  in 
Landor  and  Goethe  among  poets,  and  in 
Disraeli  amongmen  of  affairs.  When  Antoine 
de  la  Salle  defined  love  to  be  an  "  egotism  of 
two,"  he  was  not  thinking  of  love  of  this 
kind,  where  the  hands  of  the  one  whom 
the  years  have  driven  from  Paradise  are 
stretched  out  to  clasp  the  fingers  still  fresh 
and  warm  with  the  dews  within. 

And  if  in  the  relation  of  father  and 
daughter  the  child's  love  seems  to  the  father 
to  be  given  not  upon  equal  terms,  but  as  a 
gift  from  fairyland,  the  relation  between 
mother  and  daughter  is,  in  some  cases, 
more  enchanting  still.  Por  here,  when  once 
the  sweet  womanly  vanities  of  the  mother 
have  become  merged  in  maternal  joy  and 
pride,  the  charm  of  entire  companionship 
— which  no  father  can  fully  feel — seems  to 
shed  a  marvellous  kind  of  glow  over  all 
the  pageantry  of  life.  There  is  no  phase  of 
sexual  love,  nor  even,  perhaps,  of  paternal 
love,  that  is  so  satisfying  in  its  beauty  as 
this.  The  insignificance  and  the  paltriness 
of  man's  place  in  the  universe — thrust  so 
constantly  and  so  vexatiously  against  the 
eyes  of  the  idealist — vanish  before  the  spec- 
tacle of  a  loving  mother  surrounded  by 
the  daughters  whose  adoration  of  her  grows 
with  every  advancing  year.  Never  has  the 
sacred  bond  between  mother  and  daughter 
been  more  beautifully  depicted  than  in 
the  sonnet-sequence  before  us.  Indeed, 
it  is  on  account  of  this — it  is  because,  as 
far  as  we  know,  there  has  not  appeared, 
either  in  prose  or  verse,  in  our  literature 
more  than  one  book,  '  Mrs.  Keith's  Crime,' 
embodying  such  an  expression  of  maternal 
love  as  an  absorbing  passion  as  is  to  be 
found  in  these  verses — that  we  are  inclined 
to  set  this  little  volume  so  high. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  child  asleep  during 
a  thunderstorm,  and  babbling  of  her  mother 
in  her  dreams,  which  for  beauty  and  truth 
of  representation  could  scarcely  be  equalled 
in  our  later  poetry,  and  certainly  not  sur- 
passed : — 

Last  night  the  broad  blue  lightnings  flamed  the 
sky; 

We  watched,  our  breaths  caught  as  each  burst 
its  way, 

And  through  its  fire  out-leaped  the  sharp  white 
ray, 
And  sudden  dark  rcclosed  when  it  went  by  : 
But  she,  that  where  we  are  will  needs  be  nigh, 

Had  tired  with  hunting  orchids  half  the  day. 

Her  father  thought  she  called  us  ;  ho  and  I, 
Half  anxious,  reached  the  bedroom  where  she  lay. 


N°3542,  Sept.  U, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


347 


Oh  lily  face  upon  the  whiteness  blent ! 

How  calm  she  lay  in  her  unconscious  grace  ! 

A  peal  crashed  on  the  silence  ere  we  went : 
She  stirred  in  sleep,  a  little  changed  her  place, 
"  Mother,"  she  breathed,  a   smile   grew  on  her 
face : 

"  Mother,"  my  darling  breathed,  and  slept  content. 

Here  is  a  beautiful  and  subtle  expression 
of  the    bewildering  difficulty  one    feels   in 
associating  youth  -with  the  idea  of  death  : — 
That  some  day  Death  who  has  us  all  for  jest 
Shall  hide  me  in  the  dark  and  voiceless  mould, 
And  him  whose  living  hand  has  mine  in  hold. 
Where  loving  comes  not  nor  the  looks  that  rest, 
Shall  make  us  nought  where  we  are  known  the 
best. 
Forgotten  things  that  leave  their  track  untold 
As  in  the  August  night  the  sky's  dropped  gold — 
This  seems  no  strangeness,  but  Death's  natural  best. 

But  looking  on  the  dawn  that  is  her  face 

To  know  she  too  is  Death's  seems  misbelief  ; 
She  should  not  find  decay,  but,  as  the  sun 
Moves  mightier  from  the  veil  that  hides  his  place. 
Keep  ceaseless  radiance.     Life  is  Death  begun  : 
But  Death  and  her  !     That's  strangeness  passing 
grief. 

The  following  is   evidently  a  very  close 

portrait,  and  the  child  depicted  is  certainly 

most  winsome : — 

*Tis  but  a  child.     The  quiet  Juno  gaze 
Breaks  at  a  trifle  into  mirth  and  glow, 
Changed  as  a  folded  bud  bursts  into  blow, 

And  she  springs,  buoyant,  on  some  busy  craze, 

Or,  in  the  rhythm  of  her  girlish  plays, 

Like  light  upon  swift  waves  floats  to  and  fro, 
And,  whatsoe'er 's  her  mirth,  needs  me  to  know. 

And  keeps  me  young  by  her  young  innocent  ways. 

Just  now  she  and  her  kitten  raced  and  sprang 

To  catch  the  daisy  ball  she  tossed  about ; 

Then  they  grew  grave,  and  found  a  shady  tree, 
And  kitty  tried  to  see  the  notes  she  sang  : 

Now   she   flies   hitherward — "Mother!      Quick! 
Come  see  ! 

Two  hyacinths  in  my  garden  almost  out !  " 

Perhaps,  however,  the  gem  of  the  volume 
is  the  following,  in  which  is  expressed  the 
regret  one  cannot  avoid  feeling  at  the  con- 
sciousness that  a  lovely  and  fascinating 
child  is  suffering  change,  even  though  the 
change  is  into  a  lovely  and  fascinating 
yoimg  woman : — 

There  's  one  I  miss.     A  little  questioning  maid 
That  held  my  finger,  trotting  by  my  side. 
And  smiled  out  ot  her  pleased  eyes  open  wide. 

Wondering  and  wiser  at  each  word  I  said. 

And  I  must  help  her  frolics  if  she  played. 
And  I  must  feel  her  trouble  if  she  cried  : 
My  lap  was  hers  past  right  to  be  denied ; 

She  did  my  bidding,  but  I  more  obeyed. 

Dearer  she  is  to-day,  dearer  and  more  ; 

Closer  to  me,  since  sister  womanhoods  meet ; 
Yet,  like  poor  mothers  some  long  while  bereft, 
I  dwell  on  toward  ways,  quaint  memories  left, 

I  miss  the  approaching  sound  of  pit-pat  feet. 
The  eager  baby  voice  outside  my  door. 


A    New    English    Dictionary    on    Historical 
Principles.       Edited    by    Dr.    J.   A.    H. 
Murray   and    Henry    Bradley.  —  Crouch- 
mas— Czech,   D— Deject,   Evcrylody—Ezod, 
F—Fee.     (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
The    completion   of   letters   C   and   E   has 
become  the  occasion  for  a  fresh  departure 
in  the   publication   of   the    '  New   English 
Dictionary.'      The    letters    D   and    F,    G, 
&c.,    are   to   be    published    in    sections   of 
64    pages,    one    section     at    least     being 
issued  quarterly.      It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  editors  will  find  the  new  arrangement 
feasible,  and  that  regularity  of   issue  will 
tend  to  increase  the  subscription  to  a  work 
■which  so  richly  deserves  the  widest  possible 
vogue.     The  concluding  section  of  C  con- 
tains many  very  interesting  articles,  among 


which  may  be  mentioned  those  on  "  crow, 
sb.  \  vb.;  "crowd,"  sb.  ^-^  vb. ';  "crown," 
sb.,  vb.  ^;  "crusade";  "cry,"  sb.,  vb.  ; 
"cumber,"  sb.,  vb.  ;  "cunning,"  sb.,  adj.; 
"cup,"  sb. ;  "cut,"  sb.  1-,  vb.,  the  last- 
mentioned  article  occupying  nearly  12 
columns  with  10  divisions.  Go  subdivisions, 
and  about  140  sections.  But  this  is  eclipsed 
by  "fall,"  vb.,  with  20i-  columns  and  100 
subdivisions. 

The  words  "cut,"  meaning  "  a  lot,"  and 
"  cut,"  vb.,  illustrate  the  melancholy  un- 
certainty which  envelopes  the  etymology  of 
many  of  our  most  familiar  and  apparently 
quite  indigenous  monosyllables  in  spite  of 
the  most  strenuous  and  competent  research. 
Homely  dissyllables,  too,  such  as  "  cudgel," 
"culvert,"  and  "  cuttle  "-(fish),  more  fre- 
quently baffle  inquiry  as  to  their  origin  than 
longer  learned  vocables. 

The  comparative  lack  of  interest  in  the 
last  section  of  E  and  the  second  section  of 
D  is  not  to  be  laid  to  the  editors'  account, 
but  is  due  to  the  fact  that  nearly  all  the 
pages  are  occupied  by  compounds  formed 
with  the  Latin  or  Greek  ex-  and  the  Latin 
e-,  de,  and  dis-  (through  Fr.  des-).     In  some 
cases  the  French  and  Middle  English  prefix 
es-  (from  Lat.  ex-)  has  been  restored  to  its 
earlier  form  ex-;  but  though  the  change  of 
Old  French  eschequicr  to  "  exchequer  "  in- 
volves a  false  analogy,  it  is  hazardous  to 
assert  that  the  mistake  was  made  "  ignor- 
antly  "  or  is  a  "literary"  corruption,  as  it 
may  have  been  due  to  colloquial  carelessness. 
Again,  it  is  at  once  unkind  and  unsafe  to  call 
the  journalistic  novelty  "cycular"  "an  illite- 
rate formation  from   Cycle,  after  vehicular.'''' 
It  is  not  even  "  ignorant,"  but  ingeniously 
formed   from    "  cycle "   on   the   analogy  of 
"circular"  from   "circle"  (more   correctly 
from   circulus).      The    irregular    anaptyxis 
cannot  be  defended  on  historical  grounds, 
but  is  a  venial  transgression  compared  with 
the   concoction   of    "  cyclarthrosis,"    which 
ought,    of    course,    to    end   in   -sia   or   -sy, 
though  Dr.  Murray  has  not  branded  it  as 
illiterate  or  ignorant.     But  to  return  to  the 
ex-  and  dc-  sections  of  our  theme.     Many  of 
the  articles  are  of  the  first  importance,  such 
as    those  on   "deck,"  sb.,    "decline,"  vb., 
"deed,"  "deem,"  vb.,  "deep,"  adj.,  "de- 
fame,"     "defeat,"      "defy,"      "degree," 
"evil,"     "exchequer,"     "excise,"     "exer- 
cise," sb.  and  vb.,  and  "eye";  while  every 
page  presents  much  to  arrest  attention  and 
advance  our  education.     A  cursory  glance 
suffices  to  show  that  derivative  forms  are 
frequently    borrowed    earlier     than     their 
shorter   and   more   original    relatives ;    for 
instance,      "explanation,"     "exploration," 
"  explorator,"     "extortion,"     "extremity," 
seem  to  be  in  earlier  use  than  "explain," 
"explore,"  "extort,"  "extreme."     Exuber- 
ance of  vocabulary  is  well  exemplified   by 
the  adjectival  "  extract,"  "  extracted,"  "  ex- 
trait,"     "extraught,"    Caxton     being    the 
earliest  authority  cited  for  throe  out  of  the 
four,   as  he  is  for    an    exceptionally   high 
percentage  of  the  compounds  with  ex-,  and 
also  for  "  crudelity,"  "custody,"  "  custom," 
vb.,  "customly,"  "decore,"  vb.,  "  defamy," 
and   many    other    Romance   words   in   the 
other   sections,    e.g.,    "debilitation,"    "  de- 
bilite,"    "debility,"   the    earliest   quotation 
for   "  debile "    being  from   Latimer,    1.5.'3(). 
Just  here  is  quite  a  nest  of  obsolete  words 
never  before  recorded  even  in  the  dictionary  ' 


which  professes  to  give  "  all  obsolete 
words,"  namely,  "  debellator,"  "  debeth  " 
=oweth,  "  debilitant,"  "  debilite,"  vb.,  "  de- 
bite  "=  deputy,  "debite,"  adj.,  =  owed, 
"debitory,"  "  debitrice,"  "  debity"  =  de- 
puty, "deblaze,"  "deblazon,"  " deblockade," 
"  deboutement,"  "  debowel,"  "  debtable," 
"debtful,"  "debtfully." 

The  following    figures    prefixed    to   the 
section  "  Deceit — Deject"  are  interesting: — 
Number    of    words    recorded    (number    of 
words  illustrated  by  quotations) :    Johnson, 
292  (220) ;  '  Century,'  854  (452) ;  Funk  and 
Wagnalls,   866  (117);  Oxford  Diet.,   1,340 
(1,300).     Out   of  the   1,340  words,   "more 
than  400  purely  English  words,  or  one-third 
of  the  whole,  are  entirely  wanting  from  all 
dictionaries  hitherto  published."     It  should 
be  added  that  the  original  quotations  given 
in  modern  dictionaries  are  decidedly  inferior 
in  quality  to  those  of  the  Oxford  dictionary, 
and  constitute  a  very  slight  advance  beyond 
Johnson     and     Richardson.       Again,    the 
1,300  illustrated  words  of  the  Oxford  dic- 
tionary are  illustrated  by  6,500  quotations, 
while  the   corresponding  quotations  of  the 
'  Century '  probably  do  not  reach  a  thousand. 
Almost  every  distinct  sense  and  usage  of 
every  word  is  illustrated  in  the  Oxford  dic- 
tionary,  while    in    other    dictionaries    the 
illustration   of  aU  the  meanings  given  for 
a  word  is   extremely  rare.     Assuming  that 
one-twelfth  of  the  Oxford  dictionary's  new 
vocabulary  is  superfluous,   it  remains  that 
other  dictionaries  fall  short  of  its  standard 
of  due  exhaustiveness  by   25  per  cent,   of 
words,  and  nearly  500  per  cent,  of  quota- 
tions.    Lastly,  account  must  be  taken  of  its 
vast   superiority  in   etymology  and  in  the 
tracing  of   phonetic  and  semasiological  de- 
velopment.    Altogether,    to  the  philologist 
and  the  student  of  English  literature,  it  is 
Oxford  first,  the  rest  nowhere. 

We  have  noted  a  few  unimportant  omis- 
sions; for  instance,  Holland's  use  of  "cyme," 
the  words  "  debran,"  "decore  "="  remove 
the  core  from,"  "  exercitical "  (Purchas), 
"exercity"  (Caxton),  "ex-libris,"  "fan- 
roof,"  "  fault-scarp."  On  the  side  of 
excess  we  note  the  inclusion  of  "  crug," 
"cycular,"  "  decephalize,"  "  deciduary," 
"  factlessness,"  "facty,"  "facultize,"  and 
"  exam "  (which  is  not  even  labelled  as 
slang).  "Extraterritoriality"  and  "  ex- 
cathedralishly  "  serve  to  show  what  English 
writers  can  do  in  building  up  polysyllabic 
words;  while  "  expressless  "  and  "expres- 
sionless " — both  of  respectable  authority — 
show  how  little  cacophony  deters  the  ven- 
turesome titterer  of  fresh  linages. 

Blemishes   are    very    rare.       The    press 
readers  have  passed  errors   under   "cum," 
"expromission,"   and  either  "  faineant  "  or 
"  factotum,"  for  under  the  former  we  read 
"  1621  [see  Factotum  1],"  and  on  referring 
discover  that  1621  should  be  1618,   or  vice 
versa.     If    any   pronunciations    arc    given, 
that  of  "  expugn  "  ought  not  to  be  omitted  ; 
the  first  and  second  quotations  under  "  cur- 
riculum "  should  be  within  brackets  ;  under 
"  custom,"  sb.,  we  are  told  that  ^-costumcn  is 
Latin  (this  the  press  reader  should  not  have 
passed);  under  " -cy,"  "fancy"  should  be 
mentioned  ;  under  "  ex  prof  esse  "  and  "  ex 
voto  "  quotations  should  have  been   taken 
from  the  '  Stanford  Dictionary.'     The  defi- 
nition of    "eviternity"  is  incorrect,  as  the 
instances  adduced  show  that  writers  intended 


348 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


to  express  an  infinite  duration  less  absolute 
or  timeless  than  "  eternity."  If  "  damsel," 
Old  Frencli  dameiscle,  is  a  new  forma- 
tion from  "dame"  (fr.  Latin  domino), 
•why  is  Caxton's  "  damoiseau  "  (under  which 
thereshould  be  a  reference  toEng.  "donzel") 
not  a  new  formation  from  Old  French  dam 
(fr.  Lat.  dominus)  ?  These  specimens  show 
that  our  readers  may  find  errors  or  ques- 
tionable statements  if  they  like  to  search 
diligently,  and  do  not  allow  the  vast  amount 
of  valuable  and  engrossing  information  of 
all  kinds  which  they  will  meet  with  to  lull 
them  into  forgetfulness  of  the  critical  atti- 
tude. Any  one  who  takes  up  such  admirable 
work  with  a  view  to  faultfinding  will  soon 
realize  the  position  in  which  Balak  placed 
Balaam. 

The  substantial  advance  achieved  in  the 
department  of  etymology  is  exemplified  under 
"  damp,"  apparently  introduced  from  Low 
German  by  Caxton  or  in  his  time,  which  is 
separated  from  the  rare  Middle  English 
"  damp  "=choke  ;  under  "darkle"  (evolved 
from  dark-ling),  "defy,"  vb.  ^'-,  "excise," 
"farce,"  "fee";  but  we  must  leave  it  to 
our  readers  to  investigate  this  important 
branch  of  the  subject  for  themselves,  as 
our  limits  would  scarcely  allow  us  to  do 
justice  even  to  one  item.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  the  excellent  progress  which  has 
been  made  in  the  instructive  study  of  sense 
development. 


Ivan  the  Terrible  :   his  Life  and  Times.     By 

Austen  Pember,  M.A.  (Marsden.) 
It  is  really  very  difficult  to  see  the  raison 
d^etre  of  this  publication.  All  that  is  worth 
knowing  about  Ivan  the  Terrible  has  been 
told  in  various  English  books  ;  and  to  those 
already  before  the  public  Mr.  Austen  Pember 
has  added  nothing  unless  it  be  some  blunders. 
He  appears,  indeed,  to  have  no  S2)ecial  quali- 
fication for  the  task.  Russian  subjects  were 
"in  the  air,"  as  the  phrase  is ;  he  accord- 
ingly gets  hold  of  a  French  translation  of 
Karamzin,  and  by  the  dexterous  use  of 
three  or  four  other  books  makes  up  his 
volume. 

Now  the  work  of  the  great  Eussian 
historian,  although  possessiug  considerable 
attractions  'n  point  of  stjde,  and  showing 
everywhere  much  learning,  has  become  in 
many  respects  antiquated.  Since  the  day 
when  it  appeared,  some  branches  of  know- 
ledge subsidiary  to  historic  research  have 
made  immense  progress,  especially  ethnology 
and  philology.  It  is  here  that  Karamzin 
is  frequently  lacking,  and  Mr.  Austen 
Pember  follows  him  carefully  in  aU  his 
errors. 

At  the  very  outset  our  author  begins  his 
blunders.  He  seems  to  labour  under  the 
idea  that  the  Russian  chronicles  are  pre- 
served in  the  national  archives,  and  that  the 
imperial  permission  has  to  bo  obtained  to 
consult  them  !  AnH  then,  of  course,  he 
attempts  to  make  a  point  by  abusing  the 
Government  on  the  supposition  that  they 
rarely  grant  this  permission.  Clearly  he 
has  never  heard  of  the  collection  made  by 
Nicon  in  the  days  of  the  Emperor  Alexis  or 
the  '  Polnoo  Sobranie  Russkikh  Lyetopisei' 
of  the  present  century.  But  it  is  of  no  use 
to  argue  with  a  man  who  is  so  thoroughly 
unacquainted  with  his  subject.. 

At  the  time  when  Karamzin  wrote  there 


was  a  tendency  to  throw  an  air  of  false 
sentimentality  over  the  early  history  of  a 
country,  and  the  Russian  author,  fed  as 
he  was  upon  the  '  Sentimental  Journey  '  and 
Wertherism,  has  plenty  of  this  weakness. 
Thus,  on  p.  4,  we  are  told  by  Mr.  Austen 
Pember  that  the  poetic  faculty  prevailed 
among  them  («.  e.,  the  Slavs)  naturally  in  con- 
nexion with  the  lutes  and  harps  of  their  own 
workmanship.  This  is  unadulterated  Karam- 
zin. By  the  way,  we  may  add  that  in  the 
note  at  the  foot  of  the  same  page  "Thomson" 
should  be  Thomsen;  every  one  who  studies  the 
early  history  of  Russia  ought  to  be  familiar 
with  the  correct  spelling  of  the  name  of  the 
learned  Dane.  The  verses  from  the  Russian 
quoted  on  p.  45  are  taken  verbatim  from  a 
little  book  by  Mr.  Morfill ;  their  source  is 
not  acknowledged.  Here  and  there  we 
come  upon  other  passages  where  quotations 
appear  at  secondhand  ;  but  we  have  no  space 
to  enumerate  all.  On  p.  63  Mr.  Austen 
Pember  has  fallen  into  the  mistake  of 
Karamzin  about  the  word  Tsar  being  iden- 
tical with  the  termination  in  the  name  of 
Nabonassar  and  other  ancient  kings,  and 
of  Persian  origin.  Of  course  this  was  a 
mere  guess  without  a  tittle  of  evidence  to 
support  it.  It  was  pardonable  at  the  time 
when  Karamzin  wrote  as  comparative 
philology  was  in  its  infancy.  But  the  error 
has  long  been  exploded.  Miklosich,  to  quote 
one  authority  only,  has  proved  that  Tsar  is 
Cfesar  beyond  all  question.  The  view  of 
Mr.  Austen  Pember  thus  taken  from  Karam- 
zin is  announced  with  a  flourish  of  trumpets 
as  a  discovery. 

On  p.  83  "  Ospenski "  should  be  Ouspenski, 
or  at  least  Uspenshi.  Later  on  we  find 
(p.  128)  Mr.  Austen  Pember  making  con- 
siderable use  of  M.  Rambaud's  '  La  Russie 
epique,'  but  we  are  surprised  at  his  keep- 
ing so  close  to  his  French  originals  as  to 
talk  about  the  hymns  of  Noel !  Also,  on 
another  occasion,  he  tells  us  that  "  at  the 
festival  of  Noiil,  Ivan  summoned  his  boyars 
before  him"  (p.  81).  Surely  he  must  have 
learnt  that  Noel  is  the  French  for  Christ- 
mas. He  really  ought  not  to  let  us  see  so 
distinctly  how  the  bellows  are  blown. 

From  his  way  of  quoting  we  fancy  that 
Mr.  Austen  Pember  does  not  know  that  the 
'  Travels  of  the  Ambassadors  of  Holstein 
into  Muscovy '  and  the  work  of  Olearius  are 
one  and  the  same  book.  It  looks  very  much 
as  if  he  had  taken  both  his  quotations  at 
secondhand.  On  p.  194  the  town  of  Tver, 
so  familiar  to  every  one  acquainted  with 
Russia  and  her  history,  is  twice  called  Kver. 
But,  in  reality,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  deal- 
ing minutely  with  a  book  which  is  so  ob- 
viously a  mere  compilation,  written  by  a  man 
unacquainted  with  the  language  of  the 
country,  and  serving  up  a  rechaujfe  of  other 
men's  books.  It  only  remains  to  add  that 
a  depreciatory  tone  about  almost  every- 
thing Russian  pervades  the  book.  Even 
the  vices  of  a  tyrant  who  has  been  dead 
three  hundred  years  are  thrown  in  the  teeth 
of  the  Russians,  and  form  a  text  for  moral 
lectures.  No  foreigner  has  thought  as  yet 
of  giving  the  English  a  good  round  of  abuse 
for  having  had  such  a  fine  counterpart  of 
Ivan — wives  and  all — as  Henry  VIII. 


Badminton  Library. — Sea  Fishing.  By  John 
Bickerdyke  and  Others.  (Longmans  & 
Co.) 

Not  until  the  present  generation  did  fisher- 
men wake  up  to  the  sport  afforded  by  sea 
fishing.  '  The  Sea  Fisherman '  of  Mr. 
J.  C.  Wilcocks,  published  originally  in 
1865,  led  the  way.  Three  years  ago  Messrs. 
Paske  and  Aflalo  wrote  sensibly  on  it. 
Meanwhile,  the  Field  and  other  angling 
papers  had  printed  many  interesting  articles 
on  sea  fishing,  so  that  it  was  only  natural 
that  a  treatise  on  the  subject  should  be 
projected  in  order  to  accompany  the  two 
volumes  on  fresh- water  angling  already 
issued  in  the  "  Badminton  Library."  It  may 
be  said  at  once  that  the  angler  who  writes 
under  the  name  of  "  John  Bickerdyke"  has 
succeeded  in  putting  together  an  eminently 
practical  book. 

Perhaps  from  the  wide  nature  of  the 
subject,  Mr.  Senior's  contribution,  "  The  Sea 
Fisher  in  Foreign  Parts,"  is  somewhat 
sketchy,  as  he  himself,  indeed,  intimates. 
Mr.  A.  Harmsworth's  account  of  tarpon  fish- 
ing in  the  Gulf  of  Florida  tells  exactly 
what  is  needed  in  the  matter  of  equipment. 
This  is  no  slight  consideration  in  the  case  of 
a  fish  that  of  ten  weighs  2001b.  Lord  Orford, 
for  instance,  killed  one  weighing  1831b.; 
while  Lady  Orford  "is  probably  the  only 
woman  in  the  world  who  has  killed  two 
in  one  day.  Her  best  fish  was  1281b." 
The  tarpon  is  an  immense  herring,  and, 
large  as  it  is,  is  killed  with  a  short  rod  and 
a  long  reel-line  baited  with  a  mullet.  The 
features  of  the  sport  are  the  enormous 
strength  of  the  fish  and  the  frantic  leaps 
that  it  takes  out  of  its  native  element. 
Many  fishermen  are  devoting  themselves 
now  to  tarpon  fishing,  so  that  some  notice 
of  it  was  imperatively  needed.  This  can 
hardly  be  said  of  whale  fishing,  a  chapter 
on  which,  good  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  con- 
tributed by  Sir  H.  W.  Gore-Booth,  Bart. 
The  privations,  exposure,  and  dirt  which 
are  incident  to  whale  fishing  are  not  likely 
to  attract  many  volunteers,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  fact  that  whales  are  yearly  retiring 
further  from  mankind.  Probably  no  angling 
writer  will  ever  again  be  able  to  inform  his 
readers 

Quanto  delpliinis  balraca  Britannica  major. 

Of  course,  a  whale  is  a  fish  in  popular  par- 
lance only,  but  it  has  as  much  right  to  appear 
in  a  book  on  sea  fishing  as  has  the  shrimp. 

Surface  fishing  and  fishing  on  rocks  and 
sand  at  the  bottom  are  the  two  natural 
divisions  of  John  Bickerdyke's  subject.  For 
the  sake  of  greater  perspicuity  and  to 
render  reference  easier  to  the  reader,  he  has 
not  trammelled  himself  with  logical  so  much 
as  with  useful  divisions.  Thus  he  begins 
with  general  indications  of  the  sport  to  be 
expected  at  the  different  fishing  towns  and 
bays  round  the  kingdom,  for  a  beginner 
cannot  too  soon  learn  that  he  must,  for 
instance,  seek  bass  in  one  locality,  conger 
eels  or  soles  in  others.  Then  he  teaches 
the  knots,  whippings,  hooks,  and  the  like 
which  are  most  serviceable,  and  this  chapter 
is  so  clearly  illustrated  with  diagrams  and 
woodcuts  that  a  very  little  trouble  wiU  put 
a  sea  fisher  on  a  level  with  the  professional 
in  these  points,  though,  of  course,  he  will 
not  be  able  to  come  near  him  in  dexterity 
of  making  and  using  the  knots.     Baits,  if 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


349 


a  nauseous,  are  yet  a  very  necessary  part 
of  sea  fishing,  and  these  are  lucidly  de- 
scribed. Many  men,  however,  prefer  fly- 
fishing in  the  sea,  and  no  one  who  has  ever 
caught  a  mackerel  on  a  fly  will  difler  from 
them.  It  is  cleanly,  healthy,  exhilarating, 
and  with  ordinary  care  the  angler  may 
easily  make  a  large  catch  either  of  mackerel 
or  of  pollack,  seythe  or  herrings.  Large 
white  and  red  flies  roughly  tied  have  been 
ordinarily  used  for  these  fish,  but  the 
writer  asks  himself  why  such  flies  are 
found  to  be  deadly,  and  then  answers  with 
much  sound  sense  : — 

"  The  fly  with  which  I  have  done  most  execu- 
tion is  an  imitation  of  the  young  herring,  which, 
according  to  Dr.  Meyer's  observations,  measures 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  when  about  five  months 
old.  I  will  venture  to  call  it  the  Whitebait  Fly. 
The  over  wing  is  a  strip  of  white  feather  from  a 
swan's  quill,  the  under  wing  being  some  strands 
of  peacock  harl.  The  hackle  is  of  the  same 
material,  and  the  body,  which  is  well  padded, 
is  covered  with  broad,  flat,  real,  silver  tinsel. 
A  few  strands  of  harl  form  the  tail.  When  the 
wing  of  this  fl}'  is  nicely  curved,  the  lure  drawn 
rapidly  through  the  water  isa  very  fair  resemblance 
of  a  bright  shining  whitebait,  the  silver  tinsel 
representing  its  bright  sides  and  the  green 
glistening  harl  its  greenish  back.  What  the 
white  feather  is  for,  I  confess  I  don't  know  ; 
but  it  is  added  because  white  flies  appear  to 
have  a  special  attraction  for  many  kinds  of  sea- 
fish." 

Of  course  the  reader  remembers  that  the 
whitebait  is  the  young  of  the  herring.  To 
show  the  thoroughness  of  the  author's  work, 
he  not  only  gives  illustrations  of  this  fly, 
but  also  details  with  illustrations  the  method 
of  tying  it. 

Two  of  the  most  difficult  fish  to  take  are 
bass  and  mullet.  The  author  dwells  par- 
ticularly uj)on  the  methods  and  the  delights 
of  catching  the  former  with  flies  and  a 
salmon  rod.  AVe  suppose  some  people  can 
and  do  catch  them  in  this  manner,  but  we 
have  cast  the  most  seductive  of  flies  into 
the  very  jaws  of  these  fish  in  vain.  Every 
known  wrinkle  for  catching  them  is  here 
■stated,  so  that  the  fisherman  who  intends 
to  try  this  fascinating  branch  of  angling  is 
inexcusable  if  he  forgets  to  study  these 
pages.  As  for  mullet,  especially  grey 
mullet,  it  is  generally  said  that  this  fish 
is  proof  against  any  kind  of  lure.  But 
our  author  highly  recommends  maca- 
roni, which  was  introduced  to  public 
notice  by  Mr.  J,  Kirby,  and  certainly 
from  his  account  it  seems  a  fatal  bait 
when  the  fish  are  inclined  to  take  it.  It 
is  weU  to  remark,  however,  that  Mr.  Kirby's 
largest  bag  consisted  of  two  mullet  weigh- 
ing eight  pounds  each. 

Another  fish  whicli  is  a  great  object  of 
ambition  to  many  keen  ocean  fishers  is  the 
■conger  eel.  Sooth  to  say,  we  cannot  away 
with  small  congers  caught  near  shore.  As 
in  Juvenal's  days,  this  fish  is  still  a  foul 
feeder  in  the  drains  of  harbours  and  water- 
ing-places general!}' : — 

Vernula  riparum  pinguis  torrente  cloaca, 

Et  solitus  medioi  cryptam  penctrare  Suburra3. 

But  when  taken  out  at  sea  among  the 
rocks  which  it  loves  to  haunt  the  conger  is 
a  clean  and  delicate  morsel.  Aldermen, 
according  to  the  legend,  make  extensive 
acquaintance  with  it  in  the  form  of  turtle 
soup.  Many  particulars  respecting  its 
capture  ar«  given  hero,  and  the  angler  is 


exhorted  in  limine  to  remember  (just  what 
professional  sea  fishers  always  disregard) 
that  the  conger  appreciates  fine  tackle.  The 
best  of  bait,  too,  must  be  used  ;  the  conger 
is  too  dainty  to  look  at  evil-smelling  bits 
of  fish  many  days  old.  When  a  good-sized 
conger  is  drawn  up  it  should  at  once  be 
disabled  more  or  less  on  the  gunwale,  as  an 
active  fish  of  twenty  pounds  or  so  creates 
some  commotion  when  dragged  into  a  small 
boat.  To  show  how  much  is  yet  to  be  learnt 
in  sea  fishing  it  may  be  observed  that, 
although  the  author  in  his  remarks  on 
catching  flounders  takes  no  notice  of  it, 
wading  into  the  shallow  water  of  a  river's 
mouth  and  treading  on  the  floating  weeds 
near  the  bottom  has  this  summer  been 
found  to  drive  out  many  flounders  for  a 
short  distance,  and  then  they  can  be  easily 
speared.  The  John  Dory  is  as  quaint  in 
its  habits  as  its  appearance.  The  book 
before  us  recommends  live  bait ;  we  have 
seen  a  Dory  come  slowly  up  to  a  boat  from 
the  depths  of  a  transparent  sea  to  be  gaffed 
before  it  could  recover  from  its  amazement. 
John  Bickerdyke  remarks  on  the  few  local 
names  for  mackerel.  We  can  give  him 
another.  In  South-East  Devon  the  small 
mackerel  which  approach  the  coast  during 
harvest  time  are  known  as  "  Josses." 
Curiosities  are  often  found  inside  sea  fish. 
We  have  seen  a  flask  with  a  wineglassful 
of  ardent  spirit  in  it  which  was  taken 
from  the  maw  of  a  cod  ;  and  it  is  well 
known  from  the  '  Vox  Piscis,'  the  gem  of 
so  many  angling  libraries,  that  in  1626  one 
was  cut  open  at  Lynn  which  contained  a 
volume  of  religious  treatises  by  John  Frith. 
Subject  to  the  qualification  which  we 
have  indicated  above,  Mr.  Senior's  chapter 
is  excellent.  This  essay  abounds  in  useful 
hints,  and  supplies  much  fuel  to  kindle 
the  ambition  of  an  expatriated  fisherman. 
Thus  the  author  pleasantly  discourses  of 
schnapper  fishing  in  Moreton  Bay,  Queens- 
land : — 

"It  is  scarcely  sport,  it  is  a  piscatorial 
battue.  You  are  hauling  up  from  the  bottom, 
fathoms  down,  a  burden  which  taxes  all  the 
strength  and  makes  the  perspiration  ooze  from 
every  pore  ;  yet  it  is  grand  fun  for  a  while. 
The  fish  bite  fast  and  furious.  As  your  line, 
after  yielding  its  captive,  is  recast  it  throws  out 
coruscations  of  silver  in  its  rapid  descent.  Soon 
your  eye  discerns,  fathoms  deep,  an  almost 
impalpable  flashing  to  and  fro,  as  if  a  burnished 
platter  were  gyrating  in  an  eddy  ;  it  assumes  a 
lovely  pink  hue  as  you  bring  it  nearer  the  sur- 
face, and  then  in  a  twinkling  a  burly  schnapper 
of  seven  or  eight  pounds  is  flapping  vigorously 
and  noisily  on  deck.  Sometimes  it  is  a  fish  at 
every  haul,  and  under  these  circumstances,  not 
the  least  amusing  part  of  the  sport  is  the  spec- 
tacle of  a  score  of  excited  men,  jumping  round 
a  score  of  big  fish,  which  are  doing  their  best 
to  convey  their  amazement  and  indignation  to 
an  unfeeling  world." 

These  extracts  wlU  show  that  this  is  a 
book  of  supreme  interest  to  all  anglers.  No 
works  answer  so  well  to  illustrations  as 
books  on  fish  and  fishing,  and  the  publishers 
have  supplied  anglers  here  with  an  abund- 
ance of  diagrams  and  sketches  of  tackle, 
and  with  numerous  plates  of  sport  as  well. 
Mr.  Napier  Ilemy's  two  plates  are  cha- 
racteristic, while  Mr.  Pritchett,  Mr.  ]^Lay,  and 
others  worthily  second  him.  Thus  '  Sea  Fish- 
ing '  is  a  volume  for  the  fireside  as  well  as 
for  the  seaside.  It  fills  a  space  which  was 
vacant  in  the  angler's  library,  and  will,   if 


it  be  safe  to  prophesy,  not  merely  contribute 
to  much  enjoyment  on  the  part  of  its 
votaries,  but  will  materially  increase  the 
popularity  of  the  art.  The  author  and 
his  helpers  are  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
success  of  their  venture.  May  he  make 
many  disciples  !  Yet  there  are  divers  un- 
pleasantnesses to  be  encountered  in  a  tossing 
skiff  round  our  shores,  and  it  is  as  well  that 
Ovid's  words  be  borne  in  mind  by  bad 
sailors  : — 

Nee  tamen  in  medias  pelagi  te  pergere  sedes 
Admoneam,  vastirjue  maris  tentare  profundum. 


Bibliographica.      Parts   III.  —  VI.      (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.) 

Thk  latter  half  of  the  initial  volume  of 
Bibliographica  amply  redeems  the  promise 
of  the  first,  and  that  of  the  prospectus  issued 
by  its  promoters.  We  have  now  before  us 
a  sumptuous  book  of  500  pages,  worthy  the 
traditions  of  the  subject  to  which  it  is 
devoted.  There  is  no  falling  off  in  the 
quality  of  the  contributions  to  the  third 
and  fourth  parts,  and  their  illustrations  are 
of  even  greater  beauty  and  value  than  were 
those  of  parts  i.  and  ii.  Accompanying  a 
short  paper  by  Mr.  W.  Y.  Fletcher  are  two 
excellent  chromo-lithographs  by  Mr.  Griggs 
of  a  red  morocco  binding  by  Florimund 
Badier.  Mr.  Fletcher's  paper  deals  with 
the  supposed  connexion,  and  even  identifica- 
tion, of  Badier  with  Le  Gascon,  but  con- 
cludes that  the  evidence  at  present  to  hand 
is  certainly  insufficient  to  prove  that  Le 
Gascon  is  merely  a  sobriquet  of  Florimund 
Badier.  Another  beautiful  illustration  in 
colour  is  that  forming  the  frontispiece  to 
part  iv.  It  represents  the  Last  Judgment 
from  Queen  Mary's  Psalter  of  the  beginning 
of  the  fourteenth  century.  An  account  of 
this  famous  manuscript  is  given  by  Sir  E. 
Maunde  Thompson  in  his  article  on  '  Eng- 
lish Illuminated  Manuscripts '  from  the 
twelfth  to  the  fourteenth  century,  which 
is  further  illustrated  by  some  half-dozen 
plates  in  photo-Hthography. 

A  very  handsome  reproduction  is  that  of 
the  first  page  in  folio  of  the  Mainz  Psalter 
of  1457,  concerning  which  Mr.  Pussell 
Martineau  holds  forth,  pointing  out  the 
reasons  why  it  may  be  taken  for  granted 
that  the  longer  form  of  175  leaves  was 
intended  for  use  in  the  see  of  Mainz  alone, 
and  the  shorter  of  143  leaves  for  use  in 
other  places  where  the  services  were  varied. 
Mr.  Martineau  also  describes  the  nine 
known  copies  of  the  Psalter,  and  gives  a 
most  careful  collation  of  the  three  copies 
existing  in  this  country,  from  the  residts  of 
which  he  assumes  that  there  were  only  two 
editions  of  the  work  printed,  although  there 
are  many  indications  which  might  almost 
lead  one  to  believe  that  there  were  three. 
Dr.  Eichard  Garnett  contributes  a  most 
interesting  account  of  '  Paraguayan  and 
Argentine  Bibhography,'  a  little-known 
subject,  but  one  which  has  evidently  well 
repaid  his  research. 

Mr.  W.  D.  Macray  has  rendered  a  great 
historical  as  well  as  bibliographical  service 
in  his  two  papers  on  '  Dedications  to  Eng- 
lishmen (and  Women)  by  Foreign  Authors 
and  Editors.'  Commencing  with  the  books 
inscribed  to  Duke  llumphrey  of  Gloucester, 
we  find  that  English  kings,  queens,  nobles, 
and   divines  were   often   the   recipients   of 


i 


350 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N*'  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


these  favours  from  abroad.  Some  of  them 
were  serious  in  intent  and  couched  in  serious 
language ;  some,  on  the  contrary,  were 
serious  in  intent,  but  of  another  kind,  and 
couched  in  language  of  the  most  flatulent 
description.  The  last  dedication  instanced 
by  Mr.  Macray  is  that  of  Eeiske's  edition  of 
Dio  Chrysost.  to  William  Pitt  in  1784.  Sir 
J.  C.  Eobinson  recounts  the  adventures,  as 
far  as  he  has  been  able  to  trace  them,  of 
'The  Sforza  Book  of  Hours,'  and  the 
romantic  account  he  gives  of  the  way  be 
became  possessed  of  this  great  treasure  in 
Madrid  for  the  sum  of  800/.  is  quite 
fascinating,  although  his  failure  to  obtain 
information  as  to  the  vendor  is  vexatious 
to  his  readers,  as  it  must  have  been  to  him. 
Two  valuable  articles  on  book  illustration 
are  contributed  by  Dr.  Paul  Kristeller  and 
Mr.  William  Morris  respectively.  The 
former  discourses  upon  '  Books  with  Wood- 
cuts printed  at  Pavia,'  in  which  he  contends 
that  in  these  works  wood-cutting  is  seen  as 
an  art,  inspired  by  the  great  artists  of  the 
time,  whose  designs  were  carried  out  by 
skilled  craftsmen  of  a  high  order  under 
their  superintendence.  The  cuts  which  are 
reproduced  in  illustration  from  missals  and 
breviaries  indicate  as  much,  for  they  are 
beautifully  drawn  and  as  beautifully  en- 
graved. The  resemblance  between  the 
engravings  of  the  artists  of  Perrara  and  the 
Pavese  work  is  pointed  out,  and  their  later 
productions  resulted  in  the  development 
of  wood-cutting  into  wood-engraving  for 
printing  purposes.  In  Mr.  W.  Morris's 
article  we  pass  from  the  book  illustration 
of  Italy  to  that  of  Germany.  The  paper 
deals  with  '  The  Ai-tistic  Qualities  of  the 
Woodcut  Books  of  Ulm  and  Augsburg  in 
the  Fifteenth  Century.'  Earlier  in  time 
than  the  Italian  illustrations,  they  are  truly 
and  essentially  Gothic  in  character,  and  pre- 
served their  characteristics  to  a  much  later 
date  than  did  some  other  branches  of  the 
arts.  The  earliest  dated  book  printed  in 
these  cities  is  Gunther  Zainer's  *  Golden 
Legend'  of  1471,  and  the  last  of  im- 
portance the  'Coursin'  of  1496.  In  this 
period  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  much 
excellent  work  was  produced,  and  the  col- 
lection which  belongs  to  the  writer  of  the 
article  is  one  which  is  a  storehouse  of 
beautiful  ornament,  untainted,  as  Mr. 
Morris  expresses  it,  by  the  neo-classical 
rhetoric  of  the  Eenaissance.  Another  article 
of  an  allied  character  is  that  by  Mr.  A.  J. 
Butler  on  'The  Initial  Blocks  of  some 
Italian  Printers.' 

Two  articles  on  bookselling  are  deserving 
of  attention.  Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard  writes  on 
'English  Book  Sales  of  1676-1G80,'  the 
earlier  year  being  the  date  at  which  the 
first  auction  of  books  took  place.  The 
books  formed  the  library  of  L)r.  Lazarus 
Seaman,  and  they  were  sold  by  David  Mil- 
lington.  A  very  charmingly  written  paper 
is  that  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  on  '  An  Eliza- 
bethan Bookseller,'  to  wit,  Edward  Blount, 
of  renown  as  being  the  main  instrument  in 
the  publication  of  the  folio  Shakspearo. 
Blount's  career  is  traced,  and  the  relations 
between  authors  and  publishers  in  the 
seventeenth  century  hero  set  forth  form 
entertaining  and  instructive  reading  for 
such  in  the  nineteenth.  Mr.  Austin  Dobson 
in  an  article  on  '  The  Bibliotheca  Meadiana  ' 
writes  delightfully. 


With  the  fourth  part  of  Bihliographica  are 
issued  the  title-page  and  contents  for  the 
first  volume,  and  we  would  suggest  that 
the  block  inserted  with  the  text  of  the  title- 
page  is  somewhat  out  of  place.  Its  design 
is  not  suitable  for  the  publication,  and 
spoils  the  effect  of  the  fine  type  which 
accompanies  it. 

In  parts  v.  and  vi.  there  are  several  con- 
tinuations of  important  papers  in  the  third 
and  foui'th  parts  :  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson 
deals  again  with  English  manuscripts,  and 
his  article  in  part  v.  is  accompanied  by  some 
excellent  lithographic  plates  of  manuscripts 
of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 
He  here  traces  the  gradual  passage  of  con- 
ventional ornament  to  naturalistic.  The 
gilding  and  diapering  of  the  backgrounds 
of  the  pictured  pages  of  the  fourteenth 
century  gradually  gave  place,  as  the  century 
neared  its  close,  to  a  background  of  crude 
landscape.  By  the  time  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century  was  reached  a  further 
development  had  taken  place  :  a  progress 
in  the  knowledge  of  perspective  had  led 
to  the  discovery  of  the  horizon  in  these 
landscapes,  and  this  resulted  in  the  total 
extinction  of  the  old  conventional  method. 
The  growth  of  the  ornamentation  of  the 
borders  is  also  traced.  Taking  its  origin  as 
a  pendant  to  the  illuminated  initial,  it  was 
gradually  extended  until  it  enclosed  the 
entire  text,  and  even  duplicated  itself  by 
traversing  the  division  of  the  columns  when 
the  page  contained  more  than  one.  In  the 
thirteenth  century,  as  the  author  points  out 
in  part  iv.,  the  pendant  was  merely  a  bud  ; 
but  this  bud  developes  into  a  leaf,  and  then 
flowers  burst  forth  and  the  transmutation  is 
complete,  and  the  floral  decoration  of  the 
page  reaches  its  highest  point.  Dr.  Paul 
Kristeller  continues  his  interesting  papers 
on  Italian  book  illustration  in  both  these 
parts,  dealing  exhaustively  with  the  illus- 
trations of  Florentine  books  and  covering 
the  period  from  1477  to  1513. 

In  part  v.  Mr.  W.  H.  Allnut  deals  with 
'English  Provincial  Presses'  from  1478  to 
1556,  and  in  part  vi.  he  continues  the  list 
down  to  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
His  papers  are  a  very  valuable  contri- 
bution to  English  bibliography,  and  students 
and  collectors  will  find  in  his  clear  and 
concise  statements  information  which  has 
long  been  wanted.  Mr.  H.  E.  Plomer  has 
likewise  dealt  with  British  bibliography 
in  two  excellent  articles  :  *  The  Long  Shop 
in  the  Poultry,'  with  its  succession  of 
printers  and  publishers  from  1523  to  1606, 
and  '  Notices  of  Printers  and  Printing  in 
the  State  Papers.'  Mr.  Plomer's  investi- 
gations are  not  at  first  hand,  but  they  are 
none  the  less  interesting  as  useful  sum- 
maries of  the  subjects  of  which  they  treat. 
Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard  brings  down  his  im- 
portant work  on  '  English  Book  Sales '  to 
the  year  1686;  Mr.  Gilbert  E.  Eedgrave 
writes  on  '  The  Illustrated  Books  of  Sebas- 
tian Brandt ';  and  Mr.  George  Somes  Layard 
deals  with  '  Eobinson  Crusoe  and  its  Illus- 
trators.' 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Coming  of  Age.    By  Elizabeth  Neal.    2  vols. 

(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
Wjien  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  '  Coming  of 
Age '  starts  off  with  so  terribly  hackneyed 


a  device  as  that  of  the  changing  at  nurse  of 
an  heir  to  a  baronetcy,  Miss  Elizabeth  Neal 
may  be  fairly  congratulated  on  having  built 
up  so  readable  a  story  on  so  unsubstantial 
a  basis.  It  is  true  that  in  her  handling  of 
the  actualities  of  life  and  in  her  liberal 
indulgence  in  coincidences  she  imposes  a 
serious  tax  on  the  trusting  reader.  The 
episode  of  Capt.  Dalrymple's  trial  for 
forgery,  his  strange  lack  of  interest  in  the 
fate  of  his  family,  the  want  of  confidence  in 
him  displayed  by  his  wife,  and  the  wonder- 
ful absence  of  curiosity  displayed  by  his 
daughters  are,  to  put  it  mildly,  hardly  con- 
sonant with  the  canons  of  verisimilitude. 
Then  the  two  young  men,  the  putative 
baronet  and  his  cousin,  are  altogether  too 
excellent  to  inspire  admiration.  Lancelot 
Vereker,  in  particular,  is  a  veritable  miracle 
of  magnanimity,  and  there  is  much  more 
human  nature,  though  of  a  less  pleasing 
type,  in  Hilda  Jackson,  the  venomous 
little  man-hunter,  and  her  foolish,  vulgar 
patroness  Lady  Eosalie  Finch,  in  the  de- 
scription of  whose  vagaries  Miss  Neal  waxes 
almost  amusing.  These  diversions  are  all 
the  more  welcome,  seeing  that  the  novel 
as  a  whole  is  inclined  to  be  oppressively 
sentimental.  The  picturesque  Eaymond  in 
his  later  days  developes  a  strong  family 
resemblance  to  the  consumptive  chorister 
well  known  to  readers  of  a  former  genera- 
tion. It  is  characteristic  of  him  that  when 
accompanying  his  betrothed  on  the  organ 
he  bids  her  "pull  out  the  claribel  stop." 
There  is  a  good  deal  too  much  of  the 
"  claribel  stop  "  in  '  Coming  of  Age.'  And 
Miss  Neal  might  have  spared  the  rather 
ridiculous  allusion  to  the  "powdered  foot- 
man "  who  is  introduced  on  the  last  page 
of  the  novel  to  emphasize  the  rehabilitation 
of  the  Dalrymples'  fortunes.  But  with  all 
its  blemishes  this  is  a  more  than  passable 
specimen  of  genteel  melodrama. 

Pages  from  the  Day-Booh  of  Bethia  Hardacre. 

By  Ella  Fuller  Maitland.     (Chapman  & 

HaD.) 
The  quaint  conceit  of  Mrs.  Fuller  Maitland's 
book  makes  it  an  entirely  delightful  per- 
formance to  all  who  are  enamoured  of  old- 
fashioned  and  well-pondered  thoughts.  It 
purports  to  be  the  diary  of  a  love-sick 
maiden  who  has  lagged  behind  her  century 
in  some  retired  nook  .  of  London  with  a 
goodly  collection  of  old  herbals,  of  whose 
treasured  sayings  she  is  no  niggardly  dis- 
penser, and  who  tries  to  cheat  her  hungry 
love  with  tending  on  her  flowers  and  with 
uttering  simple  and  comfortable  thoughts 
on  the  little  happenings  of  her  quiet  life 
and  on  the  follies  of  her  worldly  friends. 
If  for  nought  else,  it  were  a  pleasure  to  read 
for  the  gracious  and  fragrant  flowers  of 
language  which  she  culls  from  her  old 
volumes,  and  for  the  forgotten  recipes  for 
compounding  simples  which  she  brings  to 
the  light  now  so  long  a  stranger  to  them. 
But  that  is,  perhaps,  its  least  cliarm.  To 
speak  of  one  of  the  greatest,  it  is  a  book 
which  must  needs  have  been  written  at 
great  leisure,  and  so  lends  itself  not  to  the 
impatience  of  one  who  would  peruse  in 
haste  ;  rather  should  it  bo  lazily  skimmed 
in  course  of  time,  and  then  more  heedfully 
studied  that  none  of  its  rare  old-world 
savour  be  lost ;  and  so,  to  compare  it  with  the 
incouiparable,  it  possesses  one  of  the  charms 


N"  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


351 


for  wliicli  we  love  old  Montaigne.  Not 
a  sentence  or  a  word  in  the  book,  unless  our 
observation  be  faulty,  is  liarsh.  or  out  of  due 
proportion,  and  it  redounds  to  tlie  author's 
taste  and  genius  that  she  should  have  set 
forth  a  volume  so  comely  and  sweet-smell- 
ing with  so  little  flaw.  Moreover,  it  carries 
much  comfort  to  the  reader  that  at  the  last 
Bethia  finds  the  peace  of  answered  love,  and 
can  forget  her  herbals  and  her  flowers  and 
her  pride  in  her  lover's  arms.  As  is  but 
•due,  these  pages  are  dedicated  to  the  con- 
gruous author  of  'A  Lover's  Lexicon,'  Mr. 
Frederick  Greenwood. 


The  Woman  Who  BidnH.  By  Victoria  Crosse. 

"  Keynotes  Series."  (Lane.) 
From  the  title  it  may  be  supposed  that  this 
book  is  meant  as  a  counterblast  to  Mr.  Grant 
Allen's  recent  novel.  But  if  so,  it  is  not  a 
very  effective  rejoinder.  It  is  the  story  of  a 
woman  who  refuses,  under  what  is  stated  to 
be  strong  temptation,  to  commit  adultery  with 
one  of  those  hopeless  cads  such  as  seem  only 
to  be  conceived  by  female  novelists.  And 
what  really  further  emphasizes  his  caddish- 
ness  is  the  apparent  unconsciousness  of  the 
author  that  he  is  not  a  perfect  gentleman  ; 
at  least  that  is  the  impression  given  by 
the  book.  The  story  is  ineffective  whether 
judged  as  a  rejoinder  or  as  an  independent 
novel,  because  the  author  studiously  con- 
ceals any  reasons  which  the  heroine  may 
have  had  for  falling  in  love  with  the  cad  ; 
indeed,  no  attempt  is  made  to  indicate  the 
growth  or  even  the  existence,  beyond  mere 
assertion,  of  her  passion.  The  natiu'e  of 
his  desire  is  fairly  obvious  from  the  weari- 
somely iterated  allusions  to  her  "  scarlet  " 
or  "vermilion"  lips  and  other  physical 
advantages.  In  addition  to  its  other  fail- 
ings the  whole  tone  of  the  book  is  dis- 
agreeable. The  author,  though  professing 
to  deal  with  ladies  and  gentlemen,  seems  to 
have  culled  her  experiences  simply  from  the 
back  slums  of  social  life,  and  her  book 
positively  reeks  of  whiskeys  and  sodas  and 
of  physical  passion.  Even  her  treatment 
of  the  heroine's  purity  becomes  offensive  by 
a  sort  of  nauseous  insistence  on  it ;  and 
altogether,  if  any  advocate  is  needed  for 
the  sanctity  of  the  marriage  tie,  Victoria 
Crosse  certainly  does  not  supply  the  place. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  this  is  simply  meant 
as  a  story,  it  is  a  very  poor  one. 


Two  Mistakes.  By  Sydney  Christian.  (Samp- 
son Low  &  Co.) 

Sydney  Chkistiax,  a  name  which  we  should 
guess  to  conceal  a  woman's  personality, 
publishes  under  this  title  two  stories,  both 
remarkable  in  their  way.  The  subject  of 
the  first  is  the  not  uncommon  character  of 
the  clever  and  weak  -  minded  man  who 
ruins  several  women's  lives  by  his  philander- 
ing :  the  man's  love  is  genuine  as  far  as  it 
goes,  but  tlierein  lies  the  chief  danger,  as 
he  takes  himself  so  much  in  earnest  on 
every  occasion  that  he  the  more  easily  suc- 
ceeds in  deluding  his  victims.  The  best 
character  in  the  story  is  that  of  Bess 
Appleton,  whose  delicacy  of  sentiment,  com- 
bined with  a  clear  knowledge  of  human 
character,  is  beautifully  expressed.  The 
other  heroine,  Sybil  Kay,  is  not  so  success- 
ful. The  second  story,  'Unmarried,'  reminds 
one  a  little  of  some  of  Laurence  Oliphant's 


work  :  it  has  one  or  two  original  and  strik- 
ing characters  sketched  in  without  much 
art,  but  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  one  wish 
to  know  more  about  them  ;  it  is  a  story 
which  has  the  very  rare  fault  of  being  too 
short  for  its  material.  But  as  it  stands  it 
has  very  great  interest,  and  in  the  hero 
Bellows  the  author  has  depicted  an  exceed- 
ingly fine  example  of  the  unselfish  and  self- 
contained  man. 

From   Shadow  to  Sunlight.     By  the  Marquis 

of  Lome,  K.T.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  terriblj'  namby-pamby  story,  full 
of  a  guide-book  style  of  information  about 
Scotland  and  America,  and  padded  out  with 
dull  conversations  and  feeble  characters. 
It  may  be  presumed  that  the  interest  of  the 
story  is  intended  to  culminate  in  the  letter 
in  which  the  hero  exposes  his  spiritual 
troubles  to  the  man  he  wishes  to  make  his 
father-in-law,  but  the  attempt  to  make  of 
Chisholm  a  sort  of  John  Inglesant  is 
ludicrously  inadequate,  considering  the  very 
limited  amount  of  curiosity  which  the  author 
manages  to  raise  about  his  character.  The 
heroine  herself  is  a  mere  puppet,  and  is  no 
more  interesting  than  any  of  the  other 
characters. 

Poppaa.  By  Julien  Gordon  (Mrs.  Van 
Eensselaer  Cruger).  (Eoutledge  &  Sons.) 
Mrs.  Cruger,  like  so  many  American 
writers  of  her  sex,  has  no  conception  of 
the  necessity  of  conciseness  and  strict  rele- 
vancy in  telling  a  story.  Her  heroine 
Poppaja  developes  a  love  for  the  rather 
poor-spirited  hero  which  glorifies  her  in 
spite  of  the  artistic  shortcomings  of  the 
book,  but  she  would  gain  immensely  if  a 
great  deal  of  the  detail  about  her  life  and 
surroundings  were  indicated  instead  of  being 
described  at  length.  Still,  after  due  deduc- 
tion made  for  this  fault,  which  is  no  mean 
one,  and  for  the  author's  rather  verbose 
and  florid  descriptions,  the  worthy  subject 
gives  a  very  vivid  interest  to  the  book. 
There  is  nothing  small  or  common  about 
Popprea's  love,  which  has  the  faculty  of 
transfiguring  its  object  in  her  eyes,  and  of 
making  him  seem  great  when  it  is  really 
she  who  has  all  the  nobility  of  the  pair.  A 
particularly  telling  touch  is  it  where  she 
determines  not  to  desert  her  husband  in 
his  distress,  and  with  a  fine  self  -  anniliila- 
tion  ascribes  her  own  determination  to 
her  lover's  magnanimity.  Her  half-insane 
recklessness  at  the  end  of  the  book  is  in 
no  way  inconsistent  with  her  essentially 
fine  character,  and  but  serves  to  emphasize 
the  fatuous  un worthiness  of  Grafton.  The 
other  lover,  Montgomery  Craven,  is  but 
faintly  indicated ;  but  his  fine  character  is 
happily  conceived,  and  frees  Mrs.  Cruger 
from  the  charge  she  would  otherwise  seem 
liable  to — of  an  unrelieved  pessimism  with 
regard  to  American  men. 

The  Judgment    Books.      By    £.  F.    Benson. 

(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
The  main  idea  of  this  book  is  very  much 
the  same  as  that  of  Mr.  Oscar  Wilde's 
'  Dorian  Gray,'  the  absorption  of  a  man's 
personality  by  his  painted  presentment ; 
but  it  is  needless  to  say  that  Mr.  Benson 
does  not  display  the  same  art  in  his  ex- 
position of  the  story.  The  circumstance, 
which  in  Mr.  Wilde's  story  has  a  mysterious 


horror,  becomes  in  Mr,  Benson's  hands 
almost  ludicrous  from  his  attempts  to  ex- 
plain it  psychologically.  In  addition  to 
this  Mr.  Benson  is  insufferably  long-winded 
and  tedious  :  the  way  in  which  the  wife's 
agony  and  questionings  are  repeated  over 
and  over  again  bores  instead  of  impressing 
the  reader ;  and  prolonged  discussions 
carried  on  by  irrelevant  personages  merely 
suggest  a  suspicion  that  the  author  is 
desirous  of  airing  a  smattering  of  ill- 
digested  art  shop.  '  The  Judgment  Books ' 
might  have  done  well  enough  for  a  very 
short  story,  but  padded  out  into  the  fat 
volume  it  is,  it  becomes  simply  tiresome. 


The     Ladies'     Juggernaut.       By   Archibald 

Clavering  Gunter.  (Eoutledge  &  Sons.) 
Ix  '  The  Ladies'  Juggernaut '  the  author  of 
'  Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York '  appears  in  a 
new  light  as  a  facetious  writer  about  the 
love  affairs  of  scatter-brained  New  York 
girls.  Though  frankly  and  hopelessly 
vulgar,  the  book  is  not  dull ;  indeed,  if  it 
were  not  for  the  atrocious  taste  of  the  denou- 
ment,  the  vulgarity  of  the  rest  of  the  book 
might  be  excused  for  its  evident  genuine- 
ness. But  the  fact  is  that  the  author 
has  become  irretrievably  involved  in  the 
dilemma  of  what  at  first  seems  merely  a 
comic  situation,  and  has  not  wit  enough  to 
get  out  of  it  except  by  the  brutal  con- 
clusion ;  and  he  himself  evidently  does  not 
see  how  witless  and  ill-mannered  is  the 
solution  of  his  imbroglio  of  buffooner3\ 
Still  the  first  part,  given  the  impossible 
barbarians  who  figure  in  it,  is  fairly  funny, 
and  though  the  heroine  rather  reminds  us 
of  the  Tootsies  and  Flossies  of  certain  comic 
papers,  there  is  no  harm  in  her,  while  the 
appearance  of  the  Enghsh  servant  with  his 
doses  of  quinine  would  certainly  raise  a 
laugh  in  a  transpontine  melodrama. 


A  Whirl  Asunder.    By  Gertrude  Atherton. 

(Cassell  &  Co.) 
This  is  one  of  the  best  books  we  have  seen 
for  some  time  descriptive  of  the  tumultuous 
passion  common  in  American  fiction,  if  not 
in  American  life.     The  heroine  is  a  Cali- 
fornian  girl  who,   when  she  loves,  reveals 
her  affection  in  no  half-hearted  way;  but  the 
narrative  of  her  agonized  endeavours  to  re- 
tain her  lover,  and  of  her  passionate  words, 
is  made  persuasive  and  enthralling  instead 
of  simply  ridiculous.  Her  actions,  considered 
abstractedly,    are    unmaidenly   and   almost 
unwomanly ;  but  the  author  has  been^  for- 
tunate enough  so   thoroughly  to  captivate 
one's  sympathies  for  Helena  Belmont  that 
her   actions     appear    perfectly    reasonable 
under  the  circumstances.      The  hero,   too, 
though  put  in  the  almost  impossible  position 
of  having  to  tell  the  woman  he  has  flirted 
with  and  loves  that  he  will  not  marry  her, 
is  not  made  to  appear  in  the  least  ridiculous, 
and,  after  a  momentary  lapse,  behaves  as 
a  gentleman  of  honour  should.     Altogether 
it  is  a  strong  book,  not  made  less  interest- 
ing by  some  apt  and  relevant  remarks  on 
the  American   character  and    criticisms    of 
American  novels  in  their  treatment  of  love. 


LAW-BOOKS. 
r/ie  lirchon   Laus:    a  Legal  Handbook.     By 
Laurence  Ginnell.     (Fisher  Unwin.)— The  work 
of  a  writer  on  Roman  law  who  could  not  con- 


352 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'*  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


strue   a   page   of  Justinian  would   not    be  re- 
garded as  a  serious  legal  handbook,  and  Mr. 
Ginnell's  book  is  a  treatise  of  the  same  literary 
status.     The  elements  of  historical  criticism  are 
wanting  throughout,  and  he  gravely  treats  the 
translation  in  the  four  published  volumes  of  the 
Irish  laws  as  if  all  its  parts  came  from  the  same 
remote  antiquity,  and  never  explains  the  history 
of  the  manuscripts  from  which  the  Irish  text  is 
taken.       No    Irish    legal    manuscript    treatise 
earlier    than    the    twelfth    century   is   extant, 
while  most  of  the  codices  belong  to  the  thirteenth 
or    fourteenth   century.      Mr.   Ginnell   fails  to 
distinguish  between  the  antiquity  of  the  legal 
system  and  the  age  of  the  laws  as  they  stand. 
A  careful  statement  of  existing  knowledge  on 
this  point  ought  to  be  the  first  chapter  in  any 
introduction   to   the  study  of   Irish   law.      He 
asserts,  without  any  evidence,  "  Almost  all  the 
Brehon    laws   had   actually  reached   their   full 
proportions  and  maturity  about  the  time  that 
Alfred   was   reducing   to   order    the   scraps    of 
elementary  law  he  found  existing  amongst  his 
people."        Such     groundless     statements    are 
injurious  to  the  progress  of  historical  knowledge. 
Any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  look  into 
Irish  medifeval  literature  will  see  that  the  law 
of  Ireland  was  largely  made  by  the  judges  or 
brehons  themselves,  and  that  it  must  have  been 
augmented  and  varied  by  the  influence  of  the 
great  legal  families   to  whom  the  preservation 
of  any  remains   of   it  is  due.      None  of  these 
families   was   famous   before    the    end   of    the 
twelfth  century.     Mr.  Ginnell's  modern  history 
is  as  defective  as  his  ancient.      He  denounces 
Trinity  College,   Dublin,    as  a    "  bitterly   anti- 
Irish  institution,"  and  an  enemy  of  Irish  learn- 
ing, forgetting  that  the  preservation  to  Ireland 
of  a  very  large  part  of  the  manuscripts  of  her 
ancient  laws  is  due  to  Edmund  Burke,  and  that 
it  was  his  intelligent  interest  in  them  which  led 
to  their  becoming  part  of  the  library  of  Trinity 
College.     The  chapters  on  the  Senchus  mor,  on 
legislative  assemblies,   on   the  classification   of 
society,  and  on  the  criminal  law  are  altogether 
uncritical    compilations    from    the    translation 
and  from  the  introductions  to  the  four  published 
volumes  of  Irish  law.     It  never  seems  to  occur 
to  the  author  that  some  of  the  discussions  of 
the  legal  writers  refer  to  the  possibilities  of  the 
law  rather  than  to  its  actual  aspect  in  real  life. 
Compare  the  pages  of  the  Irish  chronicles  with 
the  elaborate  theory  of  the  graduated  depen- 
dence of  the  kinds  of  kings,  and  the  difference 
between  the  theory  of  the  brehon  studying  in 
his  law  school  and  the  practice  of  Ireland  out- 
side is  obvious.     A  king  relied  on  the  support 
of  his  relatives  in  the  first  instance,  and  next 
on  those  tribes  whom  his  strong  hand  had  com- 
pelled to  give  him  hostages  for  their  submission 
and  adherence  to  his  cause.     Every  now  and 
then  the  author  breaks  out  into  denunciations 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  of  the  Teutonic  mind,  of 
the  English  nation,  of  the  learned  Mr.  Ritchie, 
or   of   the   unlearned   author   of    the     '  Heroic 
Period  of   Ireland.'      These   maledictory  para- 
graphs  occur   at   intervals,    often   without   ob- 
vious  connexion  with   what   precedes  or  what 
follows  them,  and  some  of  them   refer  to  pre- 
judices obsolete  in  England  since  the  time  of 
Verstegan's    '  Restitution    of   Decayed   Intelli- 
gence.'    If  any  one  acquainted  witli  the   Irish 
language  and  literature,  and  with  native  Irish 
history,  were  to  compose  a  short  treatise   on 
Irish  law,  showing  what  are  its  earliest  monu- 
ments, how  it  was  studied,  and  how  modified  in 
later  times,  who  were  its  great  luminaries,  and 
giving  examples  (of  which  it  would  Ijo  easy  to 
collect  many)  of  its  actual  working,  the  book 
would  be  indeed  interesting,  and  might  encour- 
age further  study  of  tlie  subject.     Mr.  Giiniell's 
work    does   nothing    of  this   kind  ;   it  contains 
neither  new  information  nor  a  better  arrange- 
ment of  what  was  known   before,  and  it  leaves 
us  with  a  regret  that    a    just  enthusiasm    for 
the  ancient  institutions  of  Ireland  has  not  led 
the  author  to  give  that  time  to  the  study   of 


their  monuments  which  would  have  made  him 
competent  to  expound  them. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Fossession  of  Land,  with 
a  Chapter  on  the  Real  Property  Limitation  Acts, 
1833  and  1874-  By  John  M.  Lightwood.  (Stevens 
&  Sons.) — The  object  of  this  work  is  "to  state 
the  nature  and  legal  eflects  of  possession  of  land 
according  to  the  present  English  law."  In 
discussing  the  subject  the  author  draws  a  dis- 
tinction between  the  "mere  fact  of  possession," 
which  he  defines  as  "actual  possession,"  and 
"  such  possession  as  the  law  recognizes  for  civil 
purposes, "  which  he  defines  as  ' '  civil  possession. " 
Civil  possession  usually  accompanies  actual  pos- 
session, but  the  two  may  be  severed  and  may 
exist  independently.  "This  happens,"  he  tells 
us,  "in  two  classes  of  cases.  The  actual 
possession  may  be  held  by  another  on  behalf 
of  the  civil  possessor — by  his  servant  or  tenant, 
for  example — and  here  the  civil  possession  is 
still  based  on  actual  possession.  Or  there  may 
be  no  connection  at  all  between  the  civil  and 
the  actual  possession,  as  where  the  actual  pos- 
session is  vacant,  or  is  in  dispute,  or  even  where 

it  is  held  adversely  by  another And  so,  too, 

before  any  actual  possession  has  been  acquired, 
civil  possession  may  be  recognized  as  existing  ; 
where,  for  example,  the  actual  possession  being 
in  dispute  between  two  persons,  the  civil  pos- 
session is  ascribed  to  the  one  who  has  the  better 
title  ;  or  where,  upon  the  death  of  the  pos- 
sessor, the  civil  possession  is  ascribed  im- 
mediately to  his  heir."  In  considering  the 
subject  the  author  deals  largely,  as  he  could 
hardly  avoid  doing,  with  the  doctrines  of  the 
Roman  law,  and  also  of  the  early  English  law, 
upon  it.  In  the  first  two  chapters  he  analyzes 
and  discusses  the  general  nature  of  "civil 
possession."  Chap.  iii.  treats  of  "The  Acqui- 
sition and  Loss  of  Civil  Possession,"  and  chap. 
iv.  of  "The  Maintenance  of  Possession." 
Chap,  v.,  dealing  with  "The  Recovery  of  Pos- 
session," is  a  particularly  interesting  one.  In 
this  chapter  the  author  gives  an  account  of  the 
difi"erent  forms  of  action  in  the  Roman  law  and 
in  the  early  English  law  for  recovering  the  pos- 
session of  land.  Chap.  vi.  is  devoted  to  the 
time-honoured  "Action  of  Ejectment."  This 
form  of  action  was  originally  that  by  which 
leaseholders  who  had  been  dispossessed  re- 
covered possession  of  the  demised  premises  ; 
but  by  means  of  a  series  of  legal  fictions,  in 
which  those  venerable  personages  John  Doe 
and  Richard  Roe  were  supposed  to  take  im- 
portant parts,  the  action  was  made  available 
for  dispossessed  freeholders  also.  Despite  the 
legal  fictions  with  which  it  was  associated,  the 
action  was  found  to  be  a  more  convenient  mode 
of  procedure  than  any  of  the  older  forms  of 
action,  and  even  so  far  back  as  the  time  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  it  had  practically  superseded 
them  all.  It  continued  in  use  with  some  altera- 
tions down  to  our  own  times,  but  it  has  now 
given  place  to  the  form  of  action  known  as 
"The  Action  for  the  Recovery  of  Land."  In 
chap.  vii.  the  author  deals  with,  among  other 
things,  the  old  statutes  against  "  Forcible 
Entry,"  and  in  chap.  viii.  with  "Reasons  for 
the  Protection  of  Possession. "  Chaps,  ix.  and  x. 
are  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  statutes 
of  limitations,  and  occupy  more  than  two-fifths 
of  the  entire  work.  From  a  practical  point  of 
view  they  are  by  far  the  most  important  part  of 
the  book.  The  final  chapter  deals  with  "  Title 
by  Possession";  and  an  appendix  contains, 
among  other  things,  the  Real  Property  Limita- 
tion Act,  1833,  and  the  Real  Property  Limita- 
tion Act,  1874,  set  out  at  length.  Mr.  Light- 
wood's  work,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  test 
it,  is  clearly  and  accurately  written,  and  will  be 
a  useful  addition  to  a  law  library.  It  is,  so 
far  as  we  know,  the  only  one  in  the  English 
language  devoted  exclusively  to  the  subject  of 
whicl)  it  treats,  though  that  subject  occupies 
j)ortions  of  some  other  legal  works — of  tliat,  for 
instance,  of  Messrs.  Pollock  and  Wright  on 
'  Possession  in  the  Common  Law.' 


The  Clianges  in  London  Building  Law:  a 
Critical  Analysis  of  '  The  London  B^iildinq 
Act,  1894.'  By  H.  Heathcote  Statham', 
F.R.I.B.A.,  Editor  of  the  Builder.  (Spon.)— 
This  little  work,  prepared  by  a  gentleman  whose 
competence  is  amply  testified  by  the  position 
which  he  holds,  will  no  doubt  be  useful  to 
architects,  builders,  and  all  others  who  are 
professionally  engaged  in  the  work  of  erecting 
and  enlarging  buildings  within  the  administra- 
tive county  of  London,  being  designed  as  a 
guide  to  the  changes  efl:ected  by  the  new  Act, 
which  came  into  efiect  on  January  1st,  1895,  and 
repealed  a  host  of  enactments  which  were  pre- 
viously in  force.  It  may  also,  in  all  probability,, 
serve  as  a  vade-mecum  for  district  surveyors 
(especially  as  it  contains  a  verbatim  reprint  of 
the  schedule  of  fees  payable  to  them),  and 
even  as  a  first  book  of  reference,  on  its 
OAvn  particular  subject,  for  barristers  and 
solicitors  engaged  in  Building  Act  contentionSy 
though  Mr.  Statham  modestly  disclaims,  in, 
eflTect,  any  intention  to  instruct  the  legal  pro- 
fession, by  stating  that  his  criticism  of  the  Act 
is  "from  an  architect's,  not  from  a  lawyer'& 
point  of  view."  Mr.  Statham  protests,  more 
than  once,  against  the  habitual  use  of  the  word 
"  storey  "  (in  the  sense  of  e'tage)  in  the  Act,  and 
positively  declines  to  use  that  form  of  spelling 
in  his  own  text,  though  he  retains  it,  as  in  duty 
bound,  in  all  quotations  from  the  Act.  Thus, 
in  the  list  of  fees,  while  we  see  the  rather  un- 
graceful-looking word  "storeys"  in  the  list 
itself,  we  find  a  note  explaining  that  "as  this 
schedule  is  a  literal  reprint  from  the  Act,  the 
spelling  of  the  Act  is  retained."  We  must 
leave  the  author  to  fight  out  the  philological 
question  (Mr.  Statham  declares  thut  storey  "is 
not  philologically  defensible  according  to  the 
custom  of  our  language ")  with  those  who 
framed  the  Act,  if  anybody  knows  who  they 
are.  Mr.  Statham,  being  an  editor  as 
well  as  architect  —  and  more  than  that,  an 
editorial  architect  or  ai'chitectural  editor  — 
is,  of  course,  on  his  mettle  as  to  such  a  point  ; 
we,  who  in  penning  this  notice  are  merely  legal 
reviewers,  are  less  inclined  to  criticize  the 
orthography  of  those  gentlemen  than  to  consider 
whether  they  were  legally  and  intellectually 
competent  to  prepare  a  workable  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment. Now  as  a  matter  of  fact  there  is  some 
tangible  evidence  on  this  point,  though  we 
would  not  be  supposed  to  assert  that  it  is  abso- 
lutely conclusive.  A  question  under  sec.  41 
having  come  under  discussion  in  a  metropolitan 
police  court,  the  presiding  magistrate  asked  a 
certain  district  surveyor  (the  virtual  complainant, 
though  technically  the  defendant)  whether  he 
understood  the  section  ;  but  an  answer  was  not 
forthcoming  until  the  counsel  on  the  other  side 
said  that  no  one  understood  it  when  it  was 
passed.  The  magistrate  then  read  a  section 
dealing  with  diagonal  lines,  horizontal  lines, 
and  a  reference  to  63r,  degrees,  and  said  it  was 
perfectly  unintelligible.  On  being  informed  by 
the  district  surveyor  that  the  words  referred 
to  the  "plane  "of  the  line,  his  worship  con- 
vulsed a  Bow  Street  audience  with  the  Fal- 
staffian  remark  that  he  was  glad  there  was  some- 
thing "plain"  about  it.  Recovering  from  his 
jocular  fit,  he  afterwards  remarked  seriously 
that  almost  all  the  sections  of  the  Act  seemed 
to  him  to  be  perfectly  unintelligible,  and  that 
where  they  were  intelligible  they  could  be 
understood  in  two  diflbrent  ways  !  This  is  a 
weighty  indictment,  and  suggests  reflection  and 
inquiry  as  to  the  way  in  which  Acts  of  public 
importance  are  drawn  up.  Doubts  as  to  the 
construction  of  an  Act  arise  very  frequently 
from  want  of  proper  definitions  of  words  ;  and 
Mr.  Statham  points  out  that  in  the  Act  under 
consideration  his  bete  noire,  "storey,"  is  only 
defined  by  imi)licution,  and  the  equally  im- 
portant word  "site"  is  not  defined  at  all. 
His  remarks  on  the  "  deficiencies  of  the  Act," 
and  on  the  course  that  might  have  been  taken, 
but  in  his  opinion  was  not  tnkci>,  to  render  it 


N°  3542,  Sept.  U,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


353 


free  from  defect,  are  highly  valuable  generally, 
and  deserve  the  notice,  more  especially,  of  all 
who  are  concerned  in  framing  Acts  of  a  technical 
character. 


TALES    OF   ADVENTrEE. 

i  Free  Lance  in  a  Far  Land,  by  Herbert 
Conpton  (Cassell  &  Co.),  is  a  stirring  romance 
of  ^venturous  life  in  India  when  the  Honour- 
able East  India  Company  was  slowly  building 
up  ai  empire.  The  story  opens  in  England, 
and  ve  have  a  vivid  picture  of  the  crimping 
housewhere  men  were  kidnapped  and  sent  off 
to  ser\e  his  Majesty  in  the  far  East.  Sergeant 
Fossit,  who  tried  to  play  the  crimp  and  was 
crimpec  himself,  is  a  thoroughly  delightful 
soldier  of  fortune,  and  it  was  with  genuine 
regret  t'aat  we  parted  company  with  him  in 
India,  not  thinking  to  meet  him  again.  Under 
another  lame,  however,  he  takes  the  stage 
towards  the  close  of  the  story,  and  his  dying 
confession  helps  to  wind  it  up.  "  'Tis  but  in 
vain  for  sddiers  to  complain,"  he  sings  on  his 
bed  of  death,  just  as  he  had  sung  it  all  his  life 
through  when  things  could  obviously  have  been 
much  better  than  they  were.  The  hero's  adven- 
tures in  India,  though  not  particularly  thrilling, 
are  never  uninteresting,  and  hold  the  reader's 
attention  with  a  tightening  grip.  Altogether 
'  A  Free  Lance  in  a  Far  Land  '  is  a  book  to  read, 
and,  if  read,  to  be  enjoyed. 

A  Gentleman  Advenhirer :  a  Story  of  Fanarna, 
1698.  By  John  Bloundelle-Burton.  (Melrose.) 
— In  a  somewhat  portentous  introduction  the 
author  expounds  for  us  the  Darien  project  of 
1698,  and  we  are  duly  informed  that  this  will 
form  the  groundwork  of  his  narrative.  The 
subject  is  by  no  means  unattractive,  and  it  is 
on  the  whole  capably  dealt  with.  The  hand-to- 
hand  encounters  and  the  scenes  of  sickness 
and  suffering  are  realistically  described,  but 
they  are  lacking  in  "atmosphere,"  and  fail  to 
captivate  the  grown  -  up  reader ;  still,  as  the 
tale  of  the  ill  -  fated  expedition  to  Panama 
bristles  with  incidents  of  adventure,  and  is 
wholesome  reading  throughout,  it  may  be 
safely  recommended  to  the  junior  members  of 
the  community.  We  confess,  however,  that  we 
have  some  misgiving  as  to  its  ptipularity  with 
the^H  lie  siede  schoolboy,  who  has  a  nose  like 
a  terrier  for  anything  that  savours  of  instruc- 
tion, and  detects  a  possible  "holiday  task"  in 
every  historical  novel.  Jegon  Trew,  who 
accompanies  the  young  "Gentleman  Adven- 
turer," is  a  pleasing  and  natural  character 
enough— a  rough  sea-dog  of  the  Drake  or 
Frobisher  type  ;  but  the  hero  himself  and  the 
Spanish  villain  are  surely  drawn  from  the 
boards  of  the  Adelphi.  The  illustrations,  a 
dozen  or  so  in  number,  by  Maynard  Brown, 
are  creditable,  if  conventional,  studies  of  seven- 
teenth century  costume. 

TJie  Little  HiKjKenot.  By  Max  Pemberton. 
(Cassell  &  Co.)— Is  the  thirst  for  books  of  adven- 
ture going  to  bring  us  back  to  the  days  of  Mrs. 
Radcliffe's  blood-curdling  romances,  which  one 
imagined  had  been  finally  disposed  of  by  Jane 
Austen  ?  It  really  looks  very  much  like  it  when 
Mr.  Pemberton,  not  content  with  his  Iron 
Pirates  and  his  Impregnable  Cities,  trots  out  all 
the  old  i)araphernalia  of  secret  chambers  in  the 
tyrant's  castle,  of  mysterious  monks  who  haunt 
forests  and  appear  inopportunely  in  the  de- 
bauchee's alcoves,  and  of  outraged  innocence 
rescued  just  in  time  from  the  libertine's  clutches  ; 
there  is  not  even  wanting  in  '  The  Little 
Huguenot'  the  touch  of  the  comic  priest  who 
eats  too  much  and  is  befooled  by  his  would-be 
dupe.  But  Mr.  Pemberton  must  not  really 
imagine,  because  there  is  a  demand,  as  there 
always  will  be,  for  books  of  moving  incident, 
such  as  Stevenson  and  Anthony  Hope  provide, 
that  the  sort  of  worn-out  romanticism  here 
paraded  can  be  tolerated.  We  read  '  The  Castle 
of  Otranto  '  and  Mrs.  Radcliffe  to  see  what  took 
the  fancy  of  our  grandfathers,  and  perhaps  to 


feel  an  indulgent  superiority  to  them,  but  cer- 
tainly not  for  any  other  reason. 


AUSTRALIAN    LITERATURE. 

A  Memoir  of  George  HigginboUiam,  an 
Anstralian  Politician  aiid  Chief  Justice  of  Vic- 
toria. By  Edward  E.  Morris.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.) — These  pages  from  the  pen  of  his  son-in- 
law,  a  professor  in  the  University  of  Mel- 
bourne, have  saved  Mr.  Higginbotham  from 
oblivion.  He  might  never  have  been  heard 
of  if  the  "despair  of  making  his  way  at 
home  "  had  not  led  him  to  seek  a  wider  field, 
where  his  political  career  was  the  subject  both  of 
enthusiastic  admiration  and  of  the  most  violent 
denunciation,  for  even  our  author  must  admit 
that  if  he  were  the  idol  of  the  masses,  he  was 
the  bete  noire  of  the  classes.  The  independence 
of  his  character  frequently  led  him  into  para- 
doxical positions.  His  opposition  to  the  Colonial 
Office,  which  was  the  cause  of  his  being  thrice 
passed  over  when  he  should  have  been  nominated 
Lieutenant-Governor,  led  many  to  suppose  that 
he  was  opposed  to  the  Imperial  connexion.  Such, 
however,  was  far  from  the  fact  : — 

'•  The  truth  is  that  no  s^ane  politician  who  thought 
for  a  moment  of  the  heavy  burtieos  aud  the  tre- 
mendous risk  entailed  by  separation  from  Great 
Britain  would  dream  of  proposing  it,  even  if  he 
were  not,  as  ninety-nine  out  of  every  hundred  of  us 
are,  attached  and  proud  of  the  union  that  exists  at 
present,  aud  ready  and  desirous  of  putting  up  with 
a  great  deal  for  the  sake  of  preserving  it." 

At  the  same  time  he  was  opposed  to  Imperial 
Federation,  now  so  much  in  fashion  in  this 
country  :  — 

"  I  venture  to  believe  that  the  great  bulk  of  the 
people  of  these  colonial  communities  have  no 
desire  to  be  represented  either  in  the  British 
Parliament  or  in  any  Colonial  Council  on  the 
subject  of  the  campaign  in  the  8oudan,  or  of 
the  war  with  Russia,  or  even  upon  the  ques- 
tion  of    German    settlement    in  New    Guinea 

As  a  colonist  myself  I  do  not  feel,  and  until  I 
received  your  letter,  I  had  not  heard  of  any  Vic- 
torian who  did  feel,  the  slightest  desire  to  be 
represented  in  any  colonial  federation  body  created 
to  deal  with  Imperial  questions." 
He  gave  a  languid  support  even  to  the  question 
of  Australian  federation  ;  but  although  an  Irish 
Liberal,  he  was  decidedly  opposed  to  Home 
Rule.  Again,  his  independence  of  mind  was 
proved  by  his  opposition  in  a  highly  democratic 
country  to  the  "payment  of  members";  it 
would  cause  "a  perpetuation  of  the  worst 
parliamentary  evils  that  exist  at  present. 
Instead  of  having  sittings  for  nine  months  in 
the  year,  you  will  have  sittings  all  the  year 
round  ;  and  party  warfare  will  be  carried  to  a 
degree  that  it  has  never  been  carried  before." 
A  few  years  after,  however,  he  voted  for  it.  His 
views  on  education — asubject  to  which  he  devoted 
much  attention — were  somewhat  remarkable. 
This  he  maintained  must  be  based  upon  religion  ; 
any  other  might  be  called  "instruction,"  but  it 
was  unworthy  of  the  name  of  ' '  education. "  With 
such  Conservative  tendencies,  it  is  surprising 
to  find  that  in  later  life  he  avowed  him- 
self a  Socialist.  To  a  friend  who  consulted 
him  on  the  subject,  "  Higginbotham  said  he 
thought  we  all  had  passed  through  the  same 
.struggle;  that  he  had  left  the  Individualist  camp 
with  regret,  quite  seeing  its  merits,  but  that 
now  he  hoped  more  for  humanity  from  collec- 
tive action."  His  friend  adds,  "  He  revelled  in 
the  fact  of  the  growing  solidarity  of  labour, 
which  served  to  checkmate  the  grasping  em- 
ployer when  he  sought  to  call  in  the  glutted 
wealth  of  one  part  of  the  world  to  aid  him  in 
cru.sbing  the  rising  tide  of  working-cla.ss  eman- 
cipation at  another."  His  zeal  was  proved  by 
his  very  liberal  subscriptions,  not  only  to  the 
local  strike  fund,  but  also  to  that  for  the  London 
dockers.  What  excuse  there  was  for  the  former 
in  that  "paradise  of  working  men  "  it  is  hard 
to  imagine,  still  liarder  what  reason  he  could 
assign  for  sending  his  contributions  in  the 
character  of  Chief  Justice — a  course  wiiich  was 
much  censured  at  the  time.  Mr.  Higginbotham's 


professional  ability  was  beyond  all  question  ; 
his  consolidation  of  the  statute  law  was  a  work 
of  the  greatest  labour,  for  which  he  received 
well-merited  votes  of  thanks  from  both  Houses 
of  Parliament.  In  private  life  even  his  oppa- 
nents  always  admitted  that  he  was  sans  peur  et 
sans  reproche.  His  chief  characteristics  were  his 
optimism,  his  urbanity,  his  benevolence,  and, 
above  all,  his  modesty.  The  last  led  him  to 
leave  a  memorandum  that  "all  my  MSS.,  books, 

and  old  diaries all  political  and  professionaj 

remains  and  papers,  without  delay  are  to  be 
burnt."  He  wished  no  memoir  of  him  to  be 
written.  Our  author,  although  he  had  determined 
to  disregard  this,  loyally  committed  these  papers 
to  the  flames,  thereby  destroying  these  records 
of  "  priceless  value,"  and  threw  himself  back  on 
public  documents  and  newspapers.  The  opinions 
of  such  a  powerful  and  intellectual  mind  as  Mr. 
Higginbotham's  are  always  valuable  ;  we  there- 
fore can  thank  the  author  for  this  memoir  of 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  men  produced  by 
Australia. 

Cambridge  Historical  Series. — The  History  of 
the  Australasian  Colonies.  By  Edward  -Jenks. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — Prof.  Jenks's- 
work  on  '  The  Government  of  Victoria '  has 
already  been  favourably  noticed  in  our  columns, 
and  his  ]jresent  book  deserves  a  similar 
verdict.  His  local  knowledge,  combined  with 
his  habits  of  research,  and  the  impartiality 
and  moderation  of  his  views,  will  commend  it 
to  all  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subject. 
It  must  be  confessed  that  the  earlier  portions  of 
Australian  history  present  but  few  topics  of 
interest  to  the  general  reader.  The  merits  and 
shortcomings  of  the  various  governors  have 
already  been  duly  chronicled  in  various  volumes, 
of  which  Mr.  Jenks  furnishes  a  short  epitome. 
The  most  interesting  and  instructive — indeed, 
the  only  novel — chapters  are  those  in  which  he 
analyzes  the  measures  which  have  gradually 
changed  the  despotism  of  a  Crown  colony  into 
the  present  most  unchecked  democracies  on  the 
globe.  The  results  so  far  have  proved  satis- 
factory, but  we  can  see  that  our  author  has  his 
misgivings  as  to  the  ultimate  outcome  of  well- 
intentioned  institutions  practically  framed  by 
the  colonists  themselves.  The  lessons  are  not 
without  interest  to  readers  in  this  country, 
where  so  many  constitutional  questions  are  now 
under  discussion.  The  writer  deals  lightly 
Avith  the  questions  of  Imperial  unity  and  of 
Australian  federation,  which  he  truly  observes, 
have  excited  more  interest  amongst  thoughtful 
men  than  amongst  the  masses. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 
CoL  Hanna  has  written,  and  Messrs.  Archi- 
bald Constable  &  Co.  publish,  a  second  volume 
of  "Indian  Problems,"  which  deals  with  India' :> 
Scientific  Frontier:  Where  is  It?  What  is  It? 
Those  who  wish  to  know  the  additions  which 
have  been  made  in  the  last  few  years  to  the 
territory  occupied  by  Indian  forces  outside  the 
political  frontier  of  India  will  find  a  useful 
.skeleton  map  in  Col.  Uanna's  book.  Col. 
Hanna  is  less  wild  in  his  present  contribution 
to  his  series  of  "  Indian  Problems  "  than  he  was 
in  the  first  volume.  We  do  not  agree  with  him, 
but  we  admit  that  he  presents  his  case  on  this 
occasion  with  general  fairness,  although  here 
and  there  we  find  traces  of  his  old  ex  iggeration. 
Col.  Hanna  thinks  that  the  next  struggle  be- 
tween the  o{»posing  Indian  frontier  policies  will 
be  over  the  annexation  of  Afghanistan  itself. 
If  he  means  under  anything  resembling  present 
circumstances— that  is,  wlien  any  ruler  can  be 
found  for  Afghanistan — we  reply,  without  hesita- 
tion, that  he  is  wrong.  If  he  means  after  a  war 
of  succession,  and  the  separation  of  Herat  from 
Kabul,  or  the  rcdivision  of  Afghanistan  into 
three  provinces,  then  we  reply  that  the  occu- 
pation of  Kandahar  may  be  brought  into  discus- 
sion, but  not  that  of  all  Afghanistan.  Tliat  it 
would  be  within  our  power  to  hold  Kandahars 


354 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3542,  Sept.  14, '95 


and  not  within  our  power  to  hold  Herat,  is 
clear.  With  regard  to  Kabul,  there  is  a  great 
deal  to  be  said  both  ways— in  the  event,  that  is, 
of  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  partial  partition 
of  Afghanistan  between  ourselves  and  Russia. 
Col.  Hanna  says  that  all  our  troops  who  are  out- 
side the  political  frontier  of  India  are  encamped 
in  an  enemy's  country,  exactly  as  Jacob  de- 
scribed our  position  in  Sindh  when  he  first 
went  there.  Col.  Hanna  supplies  one  answer 
to  his  own  argument,  for  Sindh  is  now  a  per- 
fectly peaceful  country,  which  does  not  rise 
even  upon  rumours  of  reverses  to  our  arms.  He 
is  under  the  impression  that  the  country  outside 
our  political  frontier  is  all  desert,  and  that  all 
supplies  have  to  be  carried  to  it ;  but  this  is 
very  far  indeed  from  being  the  case.  There  is 
a  considerable  amount  of  irrigated  country 
paying  well,  and  an  enormous  amount  of 
country  easily  irrigable.  For  example,  imme- 
diately to  the  east  of  the  main  chain  of  the 
Suleiman  Mountains,  under  Fort  Munroe,  which 
has  long  been  a  Punjab  station,  and  within  easy 
walk  of  it,  is  an  immense  valley,  full  of  streams 
and  perfectly  fertile,  which  requires  nothing 
but  peace  to  make  it  profitable,  but  which  has 
been  wholly  uninhabited,  while  even  caravans 
crossing  it  have  until  recently  been  subject 
to  raids  by  robber  tribes. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  publish  the  fifth 
and  sixth  volumes  of  Life  and  Labour  of  the 
People  iih  Loiidon,  edited  by  Charles  Booth.  It 
should  be  noted  that  the  original  edition  of  the 
earlier  part  of  this  work  was  in  two  volumes, 
but  that  the  next  part  is  the  part  before 
us,  called  volumes  v.  and  vi.,  as  the  first 
edition  was  revised  and  republished  as  four 
volumes.  The  extraordinary  success  which  Mr. 
Booth's  first  two  volumes  met  with  would  have 
been  more  completely  justified,  perhaps,  had 
they  been  as  good  as  are  the  volumes  now  before 
us,  which  appear  to  us  to  be  a  great  improve- 
ment upon  the  first  part.  In  them  the  building 
trades,  the  workers  in  wood  (including  in  a 
somewhat  curious  group  the  cabinet  makers, 
carriage  builders,  coopers,  and  shipwrights), 
the  metal  workers  (including  the  engineers,  the 
workers  in  precious  metals,  watches  and  clocks, 
surgical  instruments,  musical  instruments,  ttc), 
glass,  chemicals,  soap  and  candles,  leather 
saddlery,  the  printing,  binding,  and  paper 
trades,  and  the  textiles,  are  successively  dealt 
with  ;  and  Mr.  Booth  has  been  assisted  by  six 
other  writers.  The  investigations  are  largely 
based  upon  the  presence  or  absence  of  servants 
in  households,  and  upon  the  number  of  rooms 
occupied  by  the  families,  both  of  which  are 
useful  tests  as  to  condition.  The  detailed 
accounts  of  some  of  the  trades  are  of  remark- 
able interest ;  for  instance,  that  of  the  printing 
trade,  of  the  bookbinding  trade,  and  of  the 
watch  trade.  The  London  watch  trade  is  a 
typical  instance  of  a  declining  industry,  and  we 
Londoners  appear  to  have  lost  the  trade  entirely 
by  our  own  fault.  The  printing  trade  is  gener- 
ally believed  to  be  a  declining  trade  in  London, 
but  Mr.  Booth  shows  that,  although  we  have 
lost  book-printing  to  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the 
provinces,  owing  to  natural  causes,  the  increase 
in  the  newsjjaper  printing  trade  has  been  so 
great  as  to  have  largely  increased  the  total 
London  trade,  and  brought  in  a  considerable 
population  from  the  provinces.  The  printing 
trade,  however,  is  entirely  unable  to  find  room 
among  its  men  for  the  immense  supply  of  boys 
which  it  brings  in.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
boys  of  the  printing  trade  appear  to  get  a  fair 
start  in  a  good  many  other  occupations.  Although 
book-printing  has  gone  to  the  provinces,  book- 
binding has  remained  in  London,  and  great 
numVjers  of  books  tliat  go  to  the  provinces  t(;  be 
printed  come  back  to  London  to  be  bound. 

Readers  of  J'uHck  are  already  familiar  with 
Lyre  and  Lancet  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.),  a  favour- 
able specimen  of  Mr.  Anstey's  vv(jrk.  The  author 
is  no  mere  random  raiser  of  a  laugh  ;  there  is 
always,   as  in   all   true  humourists,   an   under- 


current of  very  serious  satire  in  his  fun.  As  is 
so  often  the  case  in  Mr.  Anstey's  books,  the  brunt 
of  the  satire  is  directed  against  the  underbred 
little  cad  who,  from  an  undue  estimate  of  his 
mediocre  literary  capacity,  is  eaten  up  with 
conceit,  and  imagines  every  woman  is  in  love 
with  him.  The  insufferable  priggishness  of  this 
kind  of  poetaster  and  the  hopeless  mess  in 
which  he  lands  himself  by  his  ridiculous  assump- 
tion of  misplaced  dignity  are  here  not  at  all 
unfairly  caricatured  ;  there  is  nothing  in  itself 
improbable  in  the  absurd  situation  created  to 
show  off  the  coxcomb  in  his  true  colours,  and 
there  is  no  trace  of  the  bitterness  which  takes 
away  from  the  conviction  conveyed  by  a  power- 
ful satire.  As  a  foil  to  the  prig  the  little 
"  vet's  "  unassuming  ignorance  of  social  conven- 
tions is  delightful,  and  the  parodies  of  conversa- 
tions in  the  servants'  hall  and  in  the  drawing- 
room  are  quite  equal  to  the  author's  best 
productions  in  that  line.  Not  the  least  amusing 
parts  of  the  book  are  the  absurd  caricatures  of 
the  minor  poet's  passionate  insincerities.  Per- 
haps this  is  the  best  :  — 

With  matted  head  a-dabble  in  the  dust, 

And  eyes  tear-sealed  in  a  saline  crust, 

I  lie  ail  loathly  in  my  rags  and  rust, 

Yet  learn  that  strange  delight  may  lurk  in  self-disgust. 

Mr.  Oswald  Crawfurd  seems  to  feel  the  re- 
sponsibility of  editing  Dialogues  of  the  jDa;/(Chap- 
man  &  Hall),  the  work  of  "various  authors." 
He  is  so  exceedingly  apologetic,  and  throws  him- 
self so  submissively  on  the  reader's  forbearance 
in  his  introductory  remarks,  that  it  is  impossible 
to  deal  anything  but  leniently  with  these  dia- 
logues, that  first  saw  the  light  in  Black  and 
White  under  Mr.  Crawfurd's  editorship.  The 
subject  of  nearly  all  of  them  is  the  same — a 
lovers'  misunderstanding  which  is  satisfactorily 
settled  in  the  course  of  conversation  ;  and  it 
must  be  confessed  that  in  a  mass  the  subject 
becomes  a  trifle  monotonous.  Altogether  the 
dialogues  are  all  far  more  suited  for  the 
ephemeral  form  in  which  they  first  appeared, 
for,  though  fairly  pleasant,  there  is  not  one,  not 
even  among  Anthony  Hope's,  which  is  really 
sparkling.  In  some,  such  as  in  Miss  Fogg 
Elliot's  '  Doubly  Sold  '  and  in  Mrs.  Crackan- 
thorpe's  '  Other  People's  Shoes,'  the  subject 
seems  to  us  hardly  suited  to  a  dialogue  of  this 
character,  which,  to  have  point  as  compared  to 
a  narrative,  should  not  depend  on  change  of 
scene  and  incident ;  the  point  should  lie  wholly 
in  the  illustration  of  one  incident  or  of  two 
characters  given  by  their  conversation.  Still 
one  drifts  through  the  book  pleasantly  enough, 
and  one  finds  oneself  hoping  that  Black  and 
White  will  still  go  on,  as  Mr.  Crawfurd  pro- 
mises, pleasing  its  readers  by  the  weekly  dia- 
logue.    But  they  need  not  be  collected. 

To  the  booksellers'  catalogues  noted  in  our 
last  number  should  be  added  that  of  Mr. 
Bertram  Dobell,  of  Charing  Cross  Road,  with 
regard  to  which  the  epithets  "old,  rare,  and 
curious  "  may  be  said  to  be  fairly  descriptive  of 
the  works  contained  in  it.  From  Edinburgh 
we  have  a  long  roll  of  works  from  Messrs. 
Douglas  &  Foulis,  also  Mr.  W.  F.  Clay's  final 
catalogue  for  the  season  ;  and  from  Liverpool, 
Mr.  Howell's  excellent  list,  including  first  edi- 
tions and  other  works  of  great  rarity.  Messrs. 
Young  &  Sons,  of  the  latter  city,  send  a  varied 
list,  including  a  number  of  original  manu- 
scrijjts  from  the  collection  of  Sir  Thomas 
Phillipps,  Bart.;  Mr.  Thistlewood,  of  Bir- 
mingham, two  catalogues,  including  pur- 
chases from  the  library  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  V. 
Whitaker,  of  the  Bookseller;  from  the  same 
place,  Mr.  William  Downing,  of  the  Chaucer's 
Head,  a  list  containing  many  interesting  items  ; 
Messrs.  Ilitchman  &  Co.,  of  York,  a  full  cata- 
logue ;  Mr.  Murray,  of  Nottingham,  one  with 
some  fine  illustrated  and  topographical  works. 
From  Northampton  Messrs.  Taylor  &  Son  have 
forwarded  a  very  copious  list,  strong  as  usual  in 
local  documents,  and  comprising  the  contents  of 
several  private  libraries;  andMr.  W.  J.  Smith,  of 


Brighton,  sends  a  strong  general  list,  with  marked 
features  in  the  way  of  archteology  and  heraldry 
(the  Camden  Society's  publications,  1830-1860, 
may  also  be  noted).  The  catalogues  of  Mr 
Fowler,  of  Eastbourne,  and  Mr.  Murray,  -l 
Leicester  (with  a  special  supplementary  list  ii 
theology),  are  notable  ;  and  from  Newcastle-n- 
Tyne  Messrs.  Browne  &  Browne  forwan  a 
good  catalogue,  of  which  Americana,  b'oks 
illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Bewick,  &c.,  and 
MSS.  are  salient  items.  We  have  also  oi  our 
table  two  excellent  catalogues  from  the  Bigue, 
those  of  M.  Martin  Nijhof  and  Messrf.  van 
Stockum  &  Fils  ;  the  WochcnscliriftfiirkUssische 
Philologie,  No.  37,  from  Berlin  ;  from  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Maine  the  varied  list  of  Messrs. 
Joseph  Baer  &  Co. ;  and  Signor  U.  Hoejli's  very 
copious  catalogue  from  Milan,  rich  in  national 
and  local  histories. 

We  have  on  our  table  A  Yachtiw  Cruise  to 
Norway,  by  the  Parson  and  the  Lawjer  (Fisher 
Unwin),  —  Walks  in  Belgium,  edited  byP.  Lindley 
(30,  Fleet  Street), — The  Best  Cruise  or  the  Broads, 
by  J.  Bickerdyke  (Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster), — 
Ihurist  Guide  to  tJie  Continent,  edited  by  P. 
Lindley  (30,  Fleet  Street), — The  Institutions  of 
Austria,  by  J.  P.  Coldstream  (Constable), — The 
Alcestis  of  Euripides,  with  English  Verse  Transla- 
tion by  Sixth-Form  Boys  of  Bradfield  College 
(Parker), — Tlie  Gate  to  the  Anabasis,  with  Notes 
by  C.  W.  Gleason  (Ginn), — Horace:  Epodes, 
edited  by  J.  Thompson  (Clive),  —  Difficult 
Modern  French,  by  A.  Leune  (Ginn),  —  A 
Manual  of  Bookkeeping  for  the  Use  of  Students, 
by  J.  Thornton  (Macmillan), — Eyiglish  Prose 
Extracts  for  the  Use  of  Schools,  compiled  by 
H.  H.  Almond  (Edinburgh,  Thin),  —  Shake - 
speare's  Twelfth  Night,  with  Introduction  and 
Notes  by  E.  Lee  (JMackie),— Paradise  Lost, 
Books  HI.  and  IV.,  edited  by  J.  Sargeaunt 
(Arnold), — Lamb's  Essays  of  Elia,  edited  by 
N.  L.  Hallward  and  S.  "C.  Hill  (Macmillan),— 
Some  Wordstcorth  Finds  ?  arranged  by  J. 
Medborough  (Unicorn  Press), — Nature  versus 
Natural  Selection,  by  C.  C.  Coe  (Sonnenschein), 
— This  Age  of  Ours,  by  C.  H.  Leibbrand  (Low), 
— A  Primer  of  Evolution,  by  E.  Clodd  (Long- 
mans),—  The  Bookworm,  1894  (Stock), — Six 
Vanbrugh  Papers  (Cl-drk), — Literary  Types,  being 
Essays  in  Criticism,  by  E.  B.  Chancellor  (Son- 
nenschein),—  Industry  and  Property,  by  G. 
Brooks  (Low), — The  Climates  of  the  Geological 
Past,  by  E.  Dubois  (Sonnenschein), — Biblio- 
graphy of  Aceto  Acetic  Ester  and  its  Derivatives, 
by  P.  H.  Seymour  (Washington,  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution),— Solution  and  Electrolysis,  by  W.  C.  D. 
Whetham  (Cambridge,  University  Press),  — 
Personal  Names  and  Surnames  of  the  Town  oj 
Inverness,  by  A.  Macbain  (Inverness,  Northern 
Counties  Printing  and  Publishing  Company), — 
and  The  Chess  Openings,  by  I.  Gunsberg  (Bell). 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Beet's  (J.  A.)  New  Life  in  Christ,  cr.  8vo.  6/6  cl. 

Genesis,    First    Chapter  of,  justified  by  the  Teaching  of 

Modern  Science,  by  S.  J.  L.,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Fine  Art. 

Pictures  from  'Punch,' Vol.  4,  4to.  6/ cl.;  Vols.  3  and  4  in 

1  vol.  4to.  10/6  half  bound. 
Round  the  World,  from  London  Bridge  to  Charing  Cross, 
via  Yokohama  and  Chicago,  oblong  folio,  10/6  cl. 
I'oetri/. 
Ambler's  (Q.  B.)  On  the  Summit,  and  other  Poems,  2/  cl. 
Harp  of  the  Scottish   Covenant,  Poems,  Songs,  &c.,  of  the 
Covenanting  Struggle,  ed.  by  Macfarlane,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
History  and  Jiiography. 
Aubrey's  (W.  H.  S.)  The   Rise  and  Growth  of  the  Bnghsh 

Nation,  Vol.  2,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Bryson's  (Mrs.)   F.  C.   Roberts  of  Tientsin,  or  For  Christ 

and  China,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Napoleon's   Last  Voyages,   the   Diaries  of   Admiral    Sir  F. 
Ussher  and  J.  R.  Glover,  with  Notes  and  Illustrations, 
8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Itaveu's  (J.  J.)  The  History  of  Suffolk,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Tytler's  (S.)  Tudor  Queens  and  Princesses,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Wright's  (Dr.  W.)  An  Account  of  Palmyra  and  Zenobia,  7/6 

Philology. 
Darbishire's  (late    II.  D.)  Reliquia-  Philologicac,  Essays  in 

Comparative  Philology,  8vo.  7;6  cl. 
Sargent's  (J.  Y.)  Dano-Norwegiau  Reader,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


355 


Science. 
Hyslop's  (T.  B.)  Mental  Physiology,  8vo.  18/  cl. 
Lucas's  (W.  J.)  The  Book  of  British  Hawk-Moths.  3/6  cl. 
McKinney's  (S.  B.  G.)  The  Origin  and  Nature  of  Man,  3/6  cl. 
Savage's  (E.  B.)  Sewerage  and  Sewage  Disposal  of  a  Small 

Town,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
White's    Natural     History    of     Selborne    and    Naturalist's 

Calendar,  edited  by  G.  C.  Davies,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
General  Literature. 
Chambers's  (R.  W.)  The  King  in  Yellow,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Gladys  Woodley,  or  the  Bride  of  Amiel,  by  Eglantine,  6/  cl. 
Hornibrook's  (Mrs.  E.  E.)  The  Spanish  Maiden,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Mac  Donald's  (G.)  Lilith,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
M'Lean's  (A.)  Paul  Heriot's  Pictures,  illustrated,  3/6  cl. 
Manton's  (J.  A.)  Scandinavian  and  Russ,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Meadows's  (L.)  Watched  by  Wolves,  and  other  Anecdotes 

of  Animals,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Miller's  (J.  R.)  A  Message  for  the  Day,  a  Year's  Daily  Read- 
ings, 16mo.  3/6  cl. 
Ochiltree's  (H.)  Redburn,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Parfaifs  (P.)  Pilgrimage  Notes,  translated  by  a  Denizen  of 

Pump  Court,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  swd. 
Petrel's  (P.)  Grania  Waile.  a  West  Connaught  Sketch,  6/  cl. 
Practical  Series  of  Varied  Occupations  :   Course  3,  Cardboard 

Modelling,  by  Nelson  and  Sutcliffe,  royal  8vo.  2/6  bds. 
Rand's  (Kev.  B  )  A  Salt-Water  Hero,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Saxby's  (J.  M.  K.)  The  Saga  Book  of  Lunda,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Sims's  (G.  R.)  Dagonet  Abroad,  cr.  8vo.  3,6  cl. 
Stooke's  (E.  M.)  Not  Exactly,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Strain's  (B.  H.)  A  Man's  Foes,  3  vols.  cr.  8vo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Street's  (L.)  The  Little  Plain  Woman,  3/6  net. 
Tolstoi's  (Count  L.)  Ivan  the  Fool,  and  three  other  Parables, 

illustrated,  12mo.  2/  cl.  in  bo.x. 
Turgenev's  (I.)  A  Sportsman's  Sketches,  translated  by  C. 

Garnett,  2  vols.  fcap.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Whitby's  (B.)  A  Matter  of  Skill,  and  other  Stories,  3/6  cl. 
Wright's  (G.  H.  B.)  Was  Israel  ever  in  Egypt  ?  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Zobelitz's  (Dr.  H.  von)  The  King's  Recruits,  cr.  8vo.  b/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

TTieology. 
Theologischer    Jahresbericht,     hrsg.    v.     H.    Holtzmann, 

Vol.  14,  Part  2,  7m.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Catalogue    des    Monuments    et    Inscriptions    de    I'Egypte 

antique,  Series  1,  Vol.  2,  42m. 
Lanciani  (R.) :  Forma  Urbis  Rom;c,  Part  3,  20m.  , 
Masson(F.):  Cavaliers  de  Napoleon,  illustrg  par  E.  Detaille, 

60fr. 
Obergermanisch-raetische  Limes  (Der)  des   Roemerreiches, 

hrsg.  O.  V.  Sarwey  und  F.  Hettner,  Part  2.  4m. 
Schmarsow  (A.; :  Masaccio-Studien,  Part  1,  30m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bulgarie  (La)  an  Lendemain  d'une  Crise,  2fr. 
Colin  (B.)  et  Suau  (P.) :  Madagascar  et  la  Mission  catho- 
lique,  4fr. 

Science. 
Fortschritte  (Die)  der  Physik  im  J.  1893,  Parts  2  and  3,  .55m. 

General  Literature. 
Daudet  (E.1 :  Don  Rafael,  3fr.  50. 
Fonvielle  (W.  de) :  Comment  se  font  les  Miracles,  Ifr. 
Parfait  (P.)  :  Le  Dossier  des  PSlerinages,  Ifr. 


NOTES  FROM  DUBLIN. 
The  summer  vacation  in  Dublin  University 
is  not  like  those  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
during  which  a  great  deal  of  important  business 
is  transacted  by  both  dons  and  students,  and 
more  especially  such  business  as  brings  these 
universities  into  contact  with  the  general  educa- 
tion of  England.  In  Dublin  the  Governing 
Body  behave  like  the  gods  in  Homer's  Iliad, 
who  depart  for  a  holiday  to  Ethiopia  during 
which  time  all  appeals  to  them  are  unheeded. 
Hence  it  is  not  likely  that  we  shall  know  for 
some  time  what  answers  they  will  make  (if  they 
make  any)  to  the  very  well-composed  pamphlet 
of  Mr.  W.  G.  Brooke—'  Statement  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings from  1892  to  1895  in  connexion  with 
the  Admission  of  Women  to  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  '  (Dublin  University  Press)  —  wherein 
he  sets  forth  the  three  years'  negotiations  be- 
tween the  Governing  Board  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  the  Association  of  Irish  Ladies 
interested  in  Higher  Education  of  Women. 
What  the  ladies  petitioned  to  obtain  was  admis- 
sion to  degrees  and  to  lectures  in  the  University 
of  Dublin.  The.se  privileges  have  been  conceded, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  by  the  great  majority 
of  universities  in  Great  Britain  and  Ame- 
rica. The  result  of  the  discussion  in  Dublin 
has  been  that  the  Board  have  offered  so 
partial  and  incomplete  an  admission  to  honour 
examinations  only,  without  any  supplement  of 
teaching,  and  with  such  ugly  insinuations, 
that  the  offer  has  been  promptly  refused  by 
the  petitioners.  This  is  probably  the  object 
which  the  Board  liad  in  view  from  the  commence- 
ment. They  could  not  bear  to  .say  yes  to  this 
or  any  other  innovation  ;  they  were  afraid  to  say 
no.  But  it  must  be  confessed  that  they  showed 
some  skill  in  carrying  out  the  policy  of  delay 


— their  opponents  would  say,  of  tergiversation. 
Their  replies  to  letters  never  appear  to  take  less 
than  one  calendar  month,  in  many  cases  as 
much  as  three  or  six  months  ;  and  when  urged 
(p.  13)  on  January  26th,  1895,  to  state  what 
decision  they  had  arrived  at  concerning  a  depu- 
tation received  on  the  previous  October  31st, 
they  reply  "that  they  continue  to  give  to  the 
subject  of  it  their  most  earnest  consideration." 
It  is  difhcult  to  avoid  the  suspicion  that  this 
statement  was  intended  as  a  solemn  joke  by  a 
set  of  gentlemen  who  had  forgotten  all  about 
the  deputation,  and  were  suddenly  reminded 
that  the  petitioners  were  not  so  indifferent. 
There  is  more  of  this  untimely  humour  in  the 
statement  (p.  19)  made  on  April  23rd,  1895,  that 
having  seen  the  deputation  (in  the  previous 
October)  they  at  once  directed  a  case  to  be  pre- 
pared and  submitted  to  counsel.  This  was  not 
done  till  all  other  means  of  delay  were  exhausted; 
the  case  was  stated  to  counsel  in  such  a  way  as 
to  suggest  the  answer,  and  from  that  time  all 
admission  of  women  to  degrees  in  the  full  sense 
is  regarded  as  out  of  the  question. 

A  strong  governing  body  would,  of  course, 
have  consulted  counsel  at  once,  when  the  petition 
was  first  made  (in  1892),  and  would  have  stood 
upon  an  adverse  decision,  if  opposed  to  the 
change  ;  a  governing  body  favourable  to  the 
change  would  have  sought  legal  powers  to  carry 
it  out.  In  the  present  case  nothing  has  been 
done  except  to  postpone,  to  delay,  to  hold  out 
hopes,  and  to  induce  the  petitioners  to  alter  their 
demands,  in  order  to  charge  them  afterwards 
with  inconsistency. 

It  is  by  no  means  clear  whether  the  admission 
of  women  to  the  old  universities  is  desirable. 
Whether  the  partial  admission  at  Cambridge 
has  resulted  in  a  commensurate  benefit  to  the 
country  is  not  yet  certain.  The  spirit  of  the 
age,  however,  is  in  favour  of  the  change,  and 
the  old  universities  cannot  afford  to  ignore  it. 
The  Academic  Council  in  Dublin  and  the  great 
majority  of  the  working  staff  seem  to  be  in 
favour  of  it  (pp.  28-30).  Under  these  circum- 
stances the  action  of  the  Senior  Fellows  can 
only  have  the  effect  of  suggesting  inquiries  into 
the  system  of  government  in  the  College,  and 
whether  the  real  feeling  of  its  members  cannot 
find  some  more  definite  and  decided  expres- 
sion. The  public  are  likely  to  inquire  whether 
in  other  university  questions  there  are  the  same 
irritating  delays,  the  same  long  intervals  of 
inaction,  the  same  resistances  to  the  weight  of 
competent  opinion,  shown  by  [the  Governing 
Body,  and  if  so,  why  ?  None  of  these  questions 
would  have  been  suggested  had  the  petitioners 
in  the  present  case  been  met  even  with  a  prompt 
and  decided  refusal.  X. 


PUBLISHER  AND  TRANSLATOR. 

After  having  written  you  a  letter  which  did 
not  disclose  material  facts,  Mr,  Edward 
Vizetelly,  now  that  we  have  called  attention  to 
them,  makes  "a  clean  breast  of  the  matter." 

It  was  at  first  .said  that  we  gave  no  compen- 
sation ;  now  it  seems  Mr.  Vizetelly  considers 
that  the  compensation  we  did  pay  was  inade- 
quate. 

It  does  not  appear  likely  that  the  facts  of  the 
case  will  be  agreed  upon  between  ourselves  and 
Mr.  Vizetelly,  for  there  is  hardly  a  statement 
in  his  further  letter  that  we  sliould  not  have 
either  to  qualify  or  deny.  We  therefore  think 
that  nothing  will  be  gained  by  continuing  this 
correspondence,  and  we  will  only  add  that, 
although  he  persistently  speaks  of  what  he 
might  have  .sold,  Mr.  Vizetelly,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  never  had  anything  to  sell — he  was  merely 
seeking  a  publisher  who  would  open  negotia- 
tions for  the  purchase  of  the  rights  of  transla- 
tion, and,  as  we  have  pointed  out,  the  authoress 
herself  desired  Mrs.  Patchett-Martin  to  translate 
the  work.  HiTtniNsoN  &  Co. 


THE  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Among  the  autumn  announcements  of  Messrs. 
Sampson    Low   &   Co.    are    'The   Log    of   the 
Tantallon  Castle  :  to  the  Baltic  and  Back  with 
Mr.  Gladstone,'  by  Henry  W.  Lucy,  illustrated 
by  W.  L.  Wyllie,  A.R.A.,   Linley  Sambourne, 
E.  Reed,  and  others, — 'Ironclads  in  Action,' a 
sketch  of  naval  warfare  from  1855  to  1895,  with 
some  account  of  the  development  of  tlie  battle- 
ship in  England,  by  H.  W.  Wilson,  with  illus- 
trations,   maps,    plans,    and    tables, — '  Doctor 
Johnson  and  the  Fair  Sex  :    a  Study  of  Con- 
trasts,' by  W.  H.  Craig,  with  many  portraits, — 
'National  Portrait  Gallery  of  British  Musicians,' 
by  John  Warriner,  Mus.D.,  with  portraits  and 
biographical    notices,  —  a    revised     edition    of 
Stuart  J.  Reid's  'Lord  John  Russell'  (in  the 
"  Queen's  Prime  Ministers  Series"), — a  second 
edition   of  'My  Lifetime,'   by  John  Holling.s- 
head, — 'Queen    Anne   and   the   Georges,'    by 
Donald  G.  Mitchell  ("Ik  Marvel  "),—' Cavalry 
in  the  Waterloo  Campaign,'  by  Lieut. -General 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  V.C.   (the  third  volume  in 
the  "Pall  Mall  Magazine  Library  "),  with  por- 
traits, maps,  and  plans,- — '  The  Making  of  the 
Nation,'    by   General   Francis    A.  Walker  (the 
"American    History   Series"),  —  'The   History 
of  North  Atlantic  Steam  Navigation,'  with  some 
account  of  early  ships  and  shipowners,  by  Henry 
Fry,   illustrated, — '  Autographs  and    Birthdays 
of  Eminent  Persons,'  compiled  by  Mrs.  Rush- 
ton, — 'The  Annals  of  the  Warwickshire  Hunt,' 
from  1795  to  1895,   by  Sir   Charles  Mordaunt 
and  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  W.  R.  Verney,  2  vols., 
—  'The    China -Japan    War,'    compiled    from 
Japanese,    Chinese,    and    foreign    sources,    by 
Vladimir,    with    maps    and    illustrations, — 'A 
Thousand    Years    of    the    Tartars,'   by  E.    H, 
Parker,    Consul     at    Kiungchow, — '  Townsend 
Harris  :    First  American  Envoy  to  Japan,'  by 
William    Elliot  GrifiDS,    D.D.,— 'The   People's 
Bible  History,'  edited  by  Dr.  Lorimer,  and  with 
an  introduction  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  to  be  issued 
in    twelve    monthly  parts, — 'Famous  Horses,' 
with  portraits  of  racehorses,  pedigrees,  &c.,  by 
Theo    Taunton,  —  '  A    Facsimile    of    Christian 
Aimer's    Fiihrerbuch,'    reproduced    under    the 
superintendence  of  C.  D.  Cunningham  and  Gapt. 
W.  de  W.  Abney, — '  A  Dissertation  upon  Roast 
Pig,'  designs   by  C.   O.  Murray,    engraved   by 
R.  Paterson, — 'A  Practical  Course  of  Turkish 
Study,'  by   the   Rev.    Anton   Tien, — 'A   Brief 
History    of    Wood  -  Engraving    from     its    In- 
vention,'    by     the     late     Joseph     Cundall,  — 
'Vignettes    from    Finland,'   by    A.    M.    Clivc 
Bayley, — 'Awheel  to    Moscow   and   Back,'  by 
Robert  L.   Jefferson,    with  preface   by  Lieut. 
Col.    A.    R.     Savile,    illustrated,  — '  With    the 
Yacht,  Camera,  and  Cycle  in  the  Mediterranean,' 
by   the   Earl   of  Cavan,  illustrated, — four  new- 
volumes  in  "  Low's   2s.  M.  Library   of   Travel 
and    Adventure":      'The    Cruise    of    H.M.S. 
Challenger,'  by  W.  J.  J.  Spry,  R.N.,   twelfth 
edition  ;    '  Clear  Round  !  '  by  E.   A.   Gordon  ; 
'Through  Masai    Land,'  by    the    late    Joseph 
Thomson  ;  and  '  The  Land  of  an  African  Sultan,' 
by  Walter  B.  Harris,—'  Wrestlers  and  Wrestling 
in  Japan,'  by  W.  K.  Burton,  with  an  historical 
and  descriptive   account  by    J.    Inouye,    illus- 
trated,— 'Sampson  Low's  Annual,   1890,'  con- 
taining   original   stories    by   R.   D.   Blackmore 
('  Slain  by    the    Doones '),   W.    Clark    Russell 
('The    Revenge    of    the    Dead'),    and    S.    R. 
Crockett  ('That   Popish    Par.son     Fellow'),— 
'Walden   Stanyer :    Boy   and  Man,'  by  Hugh 
KoLson,— 'The  Sheik's  White  Slave,' by  Ray- 
mond Raife,— 'Anne  of  Argyle  ;    or,  Cavalier 
and  Covenant,'  by  George  Eyre  Todd,—'  In  the 
Fire  of  the  Forge,' a  romance  of  old  Nuremberg, 
by  Prof.  Ebers,  translated  by  Mary  J.  Saflord, 
—new  volumes  in  the  "  St.  Dunstan's  Library  ": 
'Mid  Green  Pastures,'  by  E.  Rentoul  Eslcr  ; 
'  The  Flower  of  Gala  Water,  and  other  Stories,' 
by  Amelia  E.  Barr,  illustrated;  and  '  Berenicia,' 
by  Amelia    E.    Barr, — several   new  illustrated 
books  for  boys:    'Captain  Antifer,'  by  Jules 


356 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


Verne  ;   '  The  Marble  City/  by  R.  D.  Chetwode ; 
'The  Huntmg  of  the  Auk,'  by  Frank  Cowper  ; 
'The  New  House  Master,'  by  Charles  Edwardes  ; 
and  '  Sea  Yarns  for  Boys, '  by  W.  J.  Henderson, 
— '  How   to   treat  Accidents  and   Illnesses  :    a 
Handbook  for  the  Home,'  by  Honnor  Morten, 
illustrated, — '  How  to  become  a  Journalist, '  by 
Ernest    Phillips, — '  How    to    grow    Begonias,' 
by  G.   A.   Farini,  illustrated, — '  Handbook  for 
Parish  Meetings  '  and    '  Handbook    for  Parish 
Councils,'  by  G.    F.    Emery, — 'Instantaneous 
Photography,'  by  Capt.    \V.   de  W.    Abney,— 
'Poems,'    by    Griffiths    Rhys, — an    illustrated 
edition  of  'The  Courtship   of  Miles  Standish,' 
— and  the  "Cambridge  Edition "  of  the  'Com- 
plete Poetical  Works  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.' 
Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  promise   Gregorovius's 
*  History  of  the   City  of  Rome  in  the  Middle 
Ages,'  translated  by  Mrs.  Hamilton,  Vol.  III., 
— 'Francois  Severin  Marceau,'  a  biography,  by 
Capt.  T.  G.  Johnson, — the  seventh  and  eighth 
volumes  of  Mr.  Wheatley's  edition  of  'Pepys's 
Diary,' — '  A  Handbook  to  the  Works  of  Alfred, 
Lord  Tennyson,'  by  Morton  Luce, — 'A  Text- 
Book    of    German    Literature,'    by    Mary    E. 
Phillips    and    Dr.    A.    Weiss,  —  '  Goldsmith's 
Poems,'  edited  for  the  Aldine  series  by  Austin 
Dobson, — in  the  "Handbooks  of  English  Litera- 
ture," 'The  Age  of  Dryden,'  by  Dr.  Richard 
Garnett, — 'The  Last  of   the  Vikings,'  a  book 
for  boys,   by  Capt.  Charles  Young,   illustrated 
by   J.    Williamson, — the    first    three   volumes 
of  the   "Royal  Navy  Handbooks,"  edited  by 
Commander  C.  N.  Robinson  :   '  The  Mechanism 
of  Men-of-War,'  by  Fleet  Engineer  R.  C.  Old- 
know  ;     '  Naval   Administration   and  Organiza- 
tion,' by   Admiral   Sir  Vesey   Hamilton  ;    and 
'  Torpedoes,  Torpedo  Boats,  and  Torpedo  War- 
fare,'   by    Lieut.     J.    Armstrong, — two    new 
volumes  of  "  Bell's  Technological  Handbooks  ": 
'Cotton     Weaving,'     by     Richard      Marsden  ; 
and    'Gas    Manufacture,'    by    J.    Hornby,  — 
the    following  books    on    sports    and    games  : 
'Text-Book  of  Chess,'  by  C.   von  Bardeleben  ; 
'  Sturges's  Guide   to   the   Game   of   Draughts,' 
edited   by  J.  A.    Kear,    sen.;    and    'Hints   on 
Golfing,'    by  H.    S.  C.    Everard,— in  "Bohn's 
Libraries":   'Select  Works  of  Plotinus,'  trans- 
lated by  Thomas  Taylor,   edited  by  G.  R.    S. 
Mead  ;    Motley's   '  History  of    the  Rise  of  the 
Dutch  Republic,'  with  introduction  by  Moncure 
D.    Conway;    '  Comte's    Positive    Philosophy,' 
translated  and  condensed  by  Harriet  Martineau, 
with   introduction  by  Frederic  Harrison  ;    and 
'  Selected  Essays  froni    the  Writings   of   John 
Stuart      Mill,' — 'Logic:      a      Handbook      for 
Students,'  by  F.   Ryland, — '  Elocution  and  the 
Dramatic  Art,'  by  David  J.   Smithson,— and  a 
series  of  "Animal-Life  Readers,  "edited  by  Edith 
Carrington  and  Ernest  Bell,  with  illustrations 
by  Harrison  Weir  and  others. 

Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black's  list  of  new  books 
comprises  'John  Knox,  a  Biography,'  by  P. 
Hume  Brown,  with  illustrations,  2  vols.,  —  a 
new  edition  of  the  late  Prof.  Robertson  Smith's 
'  Prophets  of  Israel  and  their  Place  in  History, ' 
with  an  introduction  by  Prof.  T.  K.  Cheyne, — 
'A  Plea  for  a  Simpler  Life,'  by  George  S. 
Keith,  M.D.,— the  third  edition  of  Prof.  Shield 
Nicholson's  'Money  and  Monetary  Problems,' 
— '  Notes  on  the  District  of  Menteith,'  Vjy  R.  B. 
Cunninghame  Graham,  —  three  guide-books  : 
'Constantinople,'  by  Demetrius  Coufopoulos, 
illustrated  with  plans  and  a  chart  of  the  Bos- 
phorus  ;  '  Brigliton,'  by  George  Augustus  Sala  ; 
and  the  tenth  edition  of  '  O'Shea's  Guide  to 
Spain,'  edited  by  John  Lomas, — the  following 
one-volume  novels  :  '  Morton  Verlost,'  by  Mar- 
guerite Bryant;  '  A  Modern  Crusader,'  by  Sophie 
F.  F.  Veitch;  '  The  Veil  of  Liberty,'  by  Peronne; 
'The  Unwritten  Law,'  by  Blanche  Loftus- 
Tottenham  ;  'An  Isle  in  the  Water,'  by 
Katherinc  Tynan;  'Dr.  Quantrill's  Experi- 
ment,' by  T.  Inglis  ;  and  new  editions  of  '  John 
Darker,'  by  Aubrey  Lee,  and  '  Poste  Rcstante,' 
by  C.  Y.  Hargreaves,  —  a  new  series,  called 
*'  The  Guild  Library,"  edited  by  Prof.  Charteris, 


of  Edinburgh,  and  Dr.  J.  A.  M'Clymont,  of 
Aberdeen  :  'Religions  of  the  World,'  by  Prin- 
cipal Grant,  Queen's  University,  Canada  ; 
'Manual  of  Christian  Evidences,' by  Principal 
Stewart,  University  of  St.  Andrews;  '  The  Old 
Testament  and  its  Contents,'  by  Prof.  Robert- 
son, University  of  Glasgow  ;  '  The  New  Testa- 
ment and  its  Writers,'  by  Dr.  M'Clymont ;  and 
'Landmarks  of  Church  History,'  by  Prof. 
Cowan,  University  of  Aberdeen,  —  and  the 
"Standard  Edition  "  of  the  Waverley  Novels, 
containing  all  the  author's  introductions  and 
notes,  as  well  as  the  copyright  annotations  of 
the  late  David  Laing. 

Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden  will  publish 
the  twenty-first  edition  of  '  Haydn's  Dictionary 
of  Dates,'  revised  and  corrected  throughout, 
and  brought  clown  to  the  present  date,  by 
Benjamin  Vincent,  —  '  Home  Carpentry  for 
Handy  Men,'  by  Francis  Chilton  Young, 
illustrated, — the  new  edition  of  the  novels  of 
Henry  Kingsley,  edited  by  Clement  K.  Shorter, 
complete  in  twelve  volumes, — 'All  Men  are 
Liars,' by  Joseph  Hocking,  with  frontispiece  by 
Gordon  Browne, — 'A  Bid  for  Fortune;  or, 
Dr.  Nikola's  Vendetta,'  by  Guy  Boothby,  illus- 
trated,— 'Chronicles  of  Martin  Hewitt,'  by 
Arthur  Morrison,  illustrated, — 'The  Family  at 
Misrule,'  a  sequel  to  '  Seven  Little  Australians,' 
by  Ethel  Turner,  illustrated, — '  The  Divinations 
of  Kala  Persad,'  by  Headon  Hill, — 'The  Crime 
of  the  'Liza  Jane,'  by  Fergus  Hume,— '  By 
Thi-asna  River  :  the  Story  of  a  Townland,' 
given  by  one  John  Farmer,  and  edited  by  his 
friend  Shan  F.  Bullock,  illustrated, — 'Fort 
Frayne,'a  story  of  army  life  in  the  North- West, 
by  Capt.  Charles  King, — 'The  Dwarf's  Chamber, 
and  other  Stories,'  by  Fergus  Hume,  illus- 
trated,— 'The  Crime  of  a  Christmas  Toy,'  by 
Henry  Herman,  illustrated, — 'The  Southern 
Light,'  a  story  of  adventure,  by  S.  G. 
Fielding,  illustrated, — 'The  Girl  at  Birrell's,' 
an  Australian  novel,  by  Thomas  Heney, — '  A 
Man's  Foes  :  a  Story  of  the  Siege  of  London- 
derry,' by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Strain,  3  vols.,— 'No 
Proof,'  a  detective  story,  by  Lawrence  L. 
Lynch,— 'The  Ghost  of  Guy  Thyrle,'  by  Edgar 
Fawcett, — a  new  edition  of  'Spring's  Immor- 
tality, and  other  Poems,'  by  Mackenzie  Bell, — 
'  Coil  and  Current  ;  or,  the  Triumphs  of  Elec- 
tricity,' by  Henry  Frith  and  Stepney  Rawson, 
illustrated, — 'The  Dash  for  the  Colours,  and 
other  Original  Recitations, 'by  Frederick  George 
Webb, — a  new  edition  of  'The  Poets'  Bible,' 
edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  Garrett  Horder, — the 
fifth  edition  of  '  The  Japs  at  Home,'  by  Douglas 
Sladen,  to  which  is  now  added  for  the  first 
time  'Bits  of  China,'  illustrated, — 'Practical 
Palmistry, '  by  Henry  Frith,  illustrated, — '  Lady 
Turpin,'  by  Henry  Herman  (Beeton's  Christmas 
annual),  illustrated  by  Stanley  L.  Wood,  —  'The 
Cosy  Nook  Picture-Book,'  by  Mercie  Sunshine, 
— and  the  second  volume  of  the  Windsor  Maga- 
zine. Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden  also 
announce  a  new  series  of  one-volume  novels, 
under  the  title  of  the  "Nautilus  Series,"  the 
first  three  volumes  of  which  will  be  '  The  Story 
of  a  Baby,' by  Ethel  Turner;  'A  Comedy  of 
Honour,'  by  Nora  Vynne  ;  and  'A  Late 
Awakening,'  by  Maggie  Swan. 

Messrs.  Innes  &  Co.'s  announcements  include 
'A  Naturalist  in  Mid  Africa,' by  G.  F.  Scott 
Elliot,  being  an  account  of  a  journey  to  the 
Mountains  of  the  Moon  and  Tanganyika,  illus- 
trated,— '  Origines  Judaicas,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  F. 
Cobb,  an  inquiry  into  heathen  faiths  as  affecting 

he  i)irth  and  growth  of  Judaism, — '  In  the 
National  Oallery,'  describing  the  Italian  schools 
from  the  thirteenth  to  the  sixteenth  century, 
by  Cosmo  Monkhouse,  illustrated,  —  three 
illustrated  novels  of  adventure,  viz.,  'A  Set 
of  Rogues,'  by  Frank  Barrett;  'The  Rene- 
gade, '  l)y  James  Chalmers ;  and  '  Mistress 
Dorothy  Marvin :  a  Tale  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Century,'  by  J.  C.  Snaith,  —  'Lost 
Chords,'  by  Arthur  Rickett, — 'For  Love  of 
Prue,'  by  Leslie  Keith, — and  two  new  Christ- 


mas books:  'My  Honey,'  by  the  author  of 
'Tip  Cat,'  with  illustrations  by  Sydney  Cowell ; 
and  '  A  Captain  of  Five,'  by  Mary  H.  Deben- 
ham,  with  illustrations  by  Miss  G.  D,  Ham- 
mond. 

The  following  books  are  announced  by  the 
S.P.C.K.:  — "  Side  Lights  on  Church  History  ": 
'  The  Divisions  of  Christendom  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Sixteenth  Century,'  by  C.  H. 
Turner  ;  '  The  Divisions  of  Christendom  from 
the  Sixteenth  Century  to  the  Present  Day,'  by 
T.  Bass  Mullinger  ;  and  '  Monasticisra,'  by  the 
Rev.  F.  C.  Woodhouse,  —  "Diocesan  His- 
tories": 'Chester,'  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Morris; 
'Lincoln,'  by  Archdeacon  Perry  ;  and  'Roches- 
ter,' by  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Pearman,  —  "The 
Romance  of  Science  ":  '  The  Splash  of  a  Drop,' 
by  Prof.  Worthington,  with  numerous  dia- 
grams ;  '  The  Work  of  the  Spectroscope, '  by 
Dr.  Huggins  ;  and  'Time,'  by  Prof.  Boys, — 
"Manuals  of  Science":  '  Physiology,' by  Prof. 
Macalister, — "  Ancient  History  from  the  Monu- 
ments ":  'Babylonia,'  a  new  edition  brought 
up  to  date  by  Prof.  Sayce,  —  '  Ecce  Homo, 
Ecce  Rex  :  Pages  from  the  Story  of  the  Moral 
Conquests  of  Christianity,'  by  Mrs.  Rundle 
Charles,  —  'Patriarchal  Palestine,'  by  Prof. 
Sayce, — '  Church  History  in  Queen  Victoria's 
Reign,'  by  the  Rev.  Montague  Fowler, — 'A 
First  Book  on  Worship,'  by  Canon  Garnier, — 
'Favourite  Hymns  and  their  Writers,' by  the 
late  Canon  Ellerton,  with  portraits, — '  Notes 
for  Addresses  at  Mothers'  Meetings,'  by  Mrs. 
Haslehurst,  —  '  In  the  Lesuto  :  a  Sketch  of 
African  Mission  Life,'  by  Canon  Widdicombe, 
illustrated,  —  '  Simple  Methods  for  detecting 
Food  Adulteration,'  by  J.  A.  Bower,  with 
diagrams,— Gosse's  '  Evenings  at  the  Micro- 
scope,' revised  by  Prof.  JeflTrey  Bell, — 'Iceberg, 
Prairie,  and  Peak  :  some  Gleanings  from  an 
Emigrant  Chaplain's  Log,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  A. 
Boddy,— 'The  Zoo,'  Vol.  IV,  by  the  Rev.  T. 
Wood,  with  coloured  illustrations, — '  Opposite 
Neighbours,  and  other  Stories,'  by  Mrs.  Moles- 
worth, — '  Randolph  Caldecott's  Painting  Book,' 
— Vols.  IX.  and  X.  of  the  uniform  edition  of 
Mrs.  Ewing's  works,  —  '  The  Work  of  the 
Church  in  Suburban  and  Residential  Parishes,' 
by  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Chadwick, — 'Spiritual  Life 
in  its  Earlier  Stages  :  Five  Lent  Lectures,' 
by  Archdeacon  Wynne, — '  The  Laying  on  of 
Hands,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  A.  Boddy, — '  A  Memoir 
of  Christina  G.  Rossetti,'  by  Ellen  A.  Proctor, 
with  portrait, — and  '  The  Parish  Priest  of  the 
Town,'  a  new  and  revised  edition,  by  Dr.  Gott, 
Bishop  of  Truro. 

Mr.  Walter  Scott  announces  two  new  volumes 
in  the  "Contemporary  Science  Series":  'The 
Growth  of  the  Brain  :  a  Study  of  the  Nervous 
System  in  relation  to  Education,'  by  Henry 
Herbert  Donaldson,  of  the  University  of 
Chicago  ;  and  '  Evolution  in  Art  as  illustrated 
by  the  Life-Histories  of  Designs,'  by  Prof.  A.  C. 
Haddon, — in  the  "Scott  Libi-ary  ":  '  Vasari's 
Lives  of  Italian  Painters,'  selected  and  prefaced 
by  Havelock  Ellis  ;  '  Laocoon,  and  other  Prose 
Writings  of  Lessing,'  a  new  translation,  with 
an  introduction,  by  W.  B.  Ronnfeldt  ;  '  Pelleas 
and  Melisanda,  and  The  Sightless,'  two  plays 
by  Maurice  Maeterlinck,  translated  by  Laurence 
Alma  Tadema ;  the  '  Complete  Angler '  of 
Walton  and  Cotton,  edited,  with  an  introduc- 
tion, by  Charles  Hill  Dick  ;  and  Lessing's 
'  Nathan  the  Wise,'  translated,  with  an  intro- 
duction, by  Major-General  Patrick  Maxwell, — 
in  the  "Canterbury  Poets":  'The  Songs  and 
Ballads  of  Sport  and  Pastime,'  collected,  with 
an  introduction,  by  W.  W.  Tomlinson,— two 
new  volumes  in  the  "  Evcry-Day  Help  Series  ": 
'  The  Care  of  Infants  and  Young  Children ' 
and  '  Invalid  Feeding,  with  Hints  on  Diet  in 
Various  States  of  111  Health,'  by  Florence 
Stacpoole,  —  '  Ivan  the  Fool,  and  Three 
Parables,'  by  Count  Tolstoy,  illustrated  with 
two  drawings  by  II.  R.  Millar, — and  'Master 
and  Man,'  by  the  same  author,  rendered  into 
English  by  S.  Rapoport  and  J.  C.  Kenworthy. 


N'  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHBN^UM 


357 


Messrs.  W.  &  E.  Chambers's  list  of  new 
books  for  the  young  includes  the  following  : 
'Roy  Royland  ;  or,  the  Young  Castellan,'  by 
George  Manville  Fenn, — '  Girls  New  and  Old,' 
by  L.  T.  Meade,  — '  Don,'  by  the  author  of 
'Laddie,' — 'The  Brotherhood  of  the  Coast,' 
by  D.  L.  Johnstone, — 'The  Blue  Balloon,' 
by  Reginald  Hovslej', — 'The  Wizard  King:  a 
Story  of  tlie  Last  Moslem  Invasion  of  Europe,' 
by  David  Ker, — '  White  Turrets,'  by  Mrs. 
Molesworth,  —  'Hugh    Melville's    Quest,'    by 

F.  M.  Holmes, — '  Two  Great  Authors  :  Lives 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  Thomas  Carlyle,' — 
'  Eminent  Engineers  :  Lives  of  Watt,  Stephen- 
son, Telford,  and  Brindley,' — 'Tales  of  the 
Great  and  Brave,'  by  M.  Eraser  Tytler, — and 
in  their  series  of  "Popular  Biographies" 
'  Thomas  Alva  Edison  '  and  '  Thomas  "Telford 
and  James  Brindley.'  Messrs.  Chambers's  list 
of  educational  works  includes  Books  IV.,  V., 
and  YI.  of  their  "Fluent  Readers,"— 'The 
Citizen  of  England  :  his  Rights  and  Duties, '  by 

G.  Armitage  Smith,  —  'Agriculture,'  by  G. 
Hedger  Wallace,  —  '  Organic  Chemistry,'  by 
W,  W.  Perkin, — and  'Domestic  Economy,' by 
Mrs.  Rigg.  They  will  also  issue  complete  novels 
by  Anthony  Hope  and  G.  M.  Fenn,  and  short 
stories  and  novelettes  by  Gilbert  Parker,  E.  W. 
Hornung,  and  others. 

Messrs.  T.  &  T.  Clark  announce  that  the 
second  and  third  volumes  of  "  The  International 
Critical  Commentary  "  will  be  published  simul- 
taneously in  London  and  New  York  to-day. 
The  volumes  are  'The  Epistle  to  the  Romans,' 
by  Prof.  W.  Sanday  and  the  Rev.  A.  C. 
Headlxm,  and  'Judges,'  by  Prof.  G.  F.  Moore, 
of  Andover,  Mass. 


THE   LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  AT   CARDIFF. 

The  eighteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Library 
Association,  which  this  year  is  being  held  in 
Cardiff  by  the  invitation  of  the  municipal  and 
Universitj'  authorities,  was  opened  in  the  public 
library  on  Tuesday,  September  10th.  The 
Mayor  of  Cardiff  welcomed  the  Association,  and 
invited  the  President,  Lord  Windsor,  to  take 
the  chair.  After  some  formal  business  the 
President  delivered  the  annual  address,  in 
which  lie  dealt  specially  with  the  requirements 
of  a  private  libraiy,  and  touched  upon  the 
burning  question  of  the  use  of  fiction  in  public 
libraries,  stoutly  defending  the  right  of  the 
public  to  the  culture  to  be  derived  from 
imaginative  literature,  and  pointing  out  how 
largely  medijieval  libraries  consisted  of  romances. 

Dr.  Garnett,  of  the  British  Museum,  and 
others  addressed  the  meeting.  Papers  were 
read  on  '  Hospital  Libraries,'  by  Miss  Dorothy 
Tylor  ;  '  The  Public  Librarian  :  his  Helps  and 
Hindrances,'  by  Mr.  Samuel  Smith  ;  and  a  dis- 
cussion was  opened  by  Mr.  Barrett,  of  Glasgow, 
on  the  disposition  of  current  periodicals.  After 
the  morning's  session  the  members  were  enter- 
tained at  luncheon  by  their  President,  Lord 
W'indsor;  and  the  day's  proceedings  were  closed 
by  a  reception  at  the  Town  Hall  by  the  Mayor 
and  Ma3'oress. 

An  extended  report  of  the  Congress  will 
appear  in  our  next  issue. 


MR.  JOHN  WHITE. 
We  much  regret  to  record  the  death  of  Mr. 
John  White,  for  many  years  the  general  manager 
of  the  counting-house  department  of  W.  H.  Smith 
&  Son.  INIr.  White  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
Taylor,  bookseller,  of  Windsor,  and  in  1853 
entered  the  service  of  the  Strand  firm.  His 
aptitude  for  business  was  at  once  seen  by  the 
late  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  who  soon  made  him  a  con- 
fidentialservantofhisfirm,  andduringthenegotia- 
tionsfor  the  transfer  of  the  business  of  the  railway 
bookstalls  lie  rendered  very  great  assistance. 
Mr.  ^yhite,  by  his  kind,  genial  manner,  exerted 
great  influence  over  the  men  who  worked  under 
his  supervision.  He  died  at  Eastbourne,  on  tlic 
5th  inst.,  at  the  age  of  sixty- three,  after  an  ill- 


ness of  some  months.  His  funeral  took  place 
on  Wednesday  last  at  the  new  cemetery.  High- 
gate,  two  hundred  of  the  employes  being  present 
as  well  as  the  four  partners  of  the  firm,  the 
Hon.  Fred.  W.  Smith,  Messrs.  Hornby,  Acland, 
and  Awdry. 

IMITATION. 
Aldine  House,  69,  Great  Eastern  Street,  Sept.  12,  1S95. 

Wb  beg  to  draw  your  attention  to  what  seems 
to  us  a  most  unusual  and  unfair,  not  to  say 
unworthy  attitude  assumed  by  the  well-known 
and  long  -  established  firm  of  Messrs.  Ward, 
Lock  &  Bowden,  Limited,  towards  us,  a  firm  of 
some  few  years'  existence  as  publishers. 

We  would  beg  you  to  examine  the  copies 
sent  herewith  of  our  "Iris  Series"  and  their 
"  Nautilus  Series."  Every  detail  of  the  former 
was  thought  out  by  us  with  the  greatest  care, 
and  much  time  was  spent  upon  experimenting 
in  various  ways  before  we  had  satisfied  our- 
selves with  the  forynat.  W^e  published  our 
first  volume  in  the  January  of  the  present 
year,  and  have  already  issued  in  the  same 
series  several  other  volumes.  Messrs.  Ward  & 
Lock's  "Nautilus  Series"  has  just  made  its 
appearance,  and  every  feature  of  it  is  appa- 
rently copied  from  our  series — size,  style  of  cloth, 
end  papers,  inset  headlines,  designed  title  and 
half-title,  type,  paper,  <frc. ,  the  only  difference, 
so  far  as  we  can  see,  being  in  the  price,  2s.  C(/. 
subject,  instead  of  2s.  (Jd.  net.  Surely  this 
action  is  somewhat  ungenerous,  and  passes  the 
bounds  of  fair  competition.  The  act  seems 
worse  in  that  Messrs.  Ward  &  Lock  in  their 
prospectus  imply  that  the  series  is  a  thought- 
out  production  of  their  own.  Fair  competition 
one  cannot  object  to  ;  but  have  we  not  cause  to 
feel  aggrieved  ?  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co. 


Uttctarg  ©ossip. 

At  the  moment  of  going  to  press  we  are 
happy  to  have  received  a  message  that  Sir 
Douglas  Gallon  has  so  much  recovered  from 
his  indisj^osition  that  he  has  been  active  in 
visiting  the  various  sections  at  Ipswich. 

The    forthcoming    volume   of   the    '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography,'  which  is  to 
be  published  on  the  26th  inst.,  extends  from 
Paston   to    Percy.     Mr.  James  Tait  writes 
on  Sir  John  Paston,  the  letter-writer,  and 
on  Henry  Percy  ("Hotspur");  Mr.  Edmund 
Gosse   on  W.   H.   Pater ;    Mr.    He  wins    on 
William  Paterson,  founder  of  the  Bank  of 
England  ;  the  Eev.  Thomas  Olden    on   St. 
Patrick  ;  Canon  Overton  on  Simon  Patrick, 
Bishop    of   Ely ;    the   Dean   of    Eipon   on 
Bishop  Patteson  of  Melanesia  ;    Mr.  R.  C. 
Christie    on     Mark    Pattison ;    Mr.    G.    S. 
Boulger  on  Sir  Josepli  Paxton  ;  Mr.  R.  E. 
Graves  on  Eoger  Payne,  the  bookbinder ; 
Prof.  Margoliouth  on  Dean  Payne  Smith  ; 
Mr.    J.    Willis   Clark   on  George  Peacock, 
the    mathematician ;    Dr.    Richard    Garnett 
on  Thomas  Love  Peacock ;  the  Rev.  AVil- 
liam    Hunt    on    Charles    Henry    Pearson, 
author  of  '  National  Life  and  Character ';  the 
Rev.  Francis  Sanders  ou  Bishop  John  Pearson 
('  On  the  Creed  ') ;  Mr.  C.  L.  Kingsford  on 
Archbishop  Peckham ;    Miss   A.   M.   Cooke 
on    Bishop    Reginald    Pocock ;    the    Hon. 
George  Peel  on  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  states- 
man ;  Principal  Ward  on  George  Peele,  the 
dramatist ;  the  Rev.  Alexander  Gordon  on 
James  Peirce,  the  Dissenter ;    Mr.  C.  Ray- 
mond  Beazley   on    Pelagius ;    Mr.    G.    F. 
Russell    Barker    on    Henry    Pelham,    the 
statesman,    and    on     Charles     Christoi)]ier 
I'opys,  Lord  Cottenham,  Lord  Chancellor ; 
Mr.  J.  M.  Rigg  on  Thomas  Pelham- Holies, 


Duke  of  Newcastle,  and  on  William  Penn, 
founder  of  Pennsylvania ;  Prof.  J.  K. 
Laughton  on  Edward  Pellew,  Lord  Ex- 
mouth,  and  on  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn  ; 
Major  Broadfoot  on  Sir  Lewis  Polly  ;  Miss 
Fell  Smith  on  Isaac  Penington,  the  Quaker; 
Mr.  Warwick  Wroth  on  Thomas  Pennant, 
naturalist  and  traveller ;  Mr.  Arthur  Cates 
on  Sir  James  Pennethorne,  architect ;  Mr. 
Sidney  Lee  on  John  Penry,  the  originator 
of  the  Martin-Marprelate  controversy ;  Mr. 
Leslie  Stephen  on  Samuel  Pepj'S,  the 
diarist ;  Mr.  J.  A.  Hamilton  on  Spencer 
Perceval ;  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  on  Algernon 
Percy,  tenth  Earl  of  Northumberland ;  Mr. 
P.  J.  Hartog  on  John  Percy,  the  metal- 
lurgist ;  and  Prof.  J.  ¥/.  Hales  on  Bishop 
Thomas  Percy. 

Messks.  W.  &  R.  Chambers  will  publish 
during  the  ensuing  season  a  new  and  re- 
vised edition  of  the  *  Life  and  Works  of 
Robert  Burns,'  by  the  late  Dr.  Robert 
Chambers.  The  revision  has  been  under- 
taken by  Mr.  William  AVallace,  in  whose 
hands  has  been  placed  the  material  bearing 
on  the  works  and  career  of  the  poet  collected 
by  the  late  Dr.  Chambers.  From  these 
and  other  sources  fresh  light  on  Burns's 
career  has  been  obtained.  The  work,  which 
will  be  in  four  or  five  volumes,  will  be 
illustrated  with  etchings  and  photogravures 
from  original  drawings  by  Mr.  C.  Martin 
Hardie,  R.S.A. ;  Mr.  W.  D.  Mackay, 
R.S.A.  ;  Mr.  G.  0.  Reid,  A.R.S.A.  ;  and 
Mr.  G.  Pirie.  It  is  hoped  that  the  con- 
cluding volume  of  this  edition  (which  will 
be  issued  in  crown  octavo,  and  also  in  a 
limited  large  -  paper  impression)  will  be 
published  before  July,  1896,  in  which  month 
occurs  the  centenary  of  the  poet's  death. 

The  special  feature  of  Mr.  Dallas's 
new  work,  the  Double  Text  edition  of 
'  The  Tempest'  (to  which  Dr.  Furnivall  has 
written  an  introduction),  is  that  opposite 
each  page  of  the  Dallastype  reduced  fac- 
j  simile  of  the  text  of  the  1623  First  Folio 
there  is  a  corresponding  page  of  the  modern 
text  as  determined  by  the  late  Charles 
Knight.  Students  and  lovers  of  Shakspeare 
will  thus  have  placed  in  their  hands,  for  the 
first  time  in  Shakspeare  editions,  a  ready- 
means  of  verification  and  comparison.  Fac- 
similes of  a  portion  of  the  original  music  to 
'  The  Tempest,'  composed  by  R.  Johnson, 
viz.  Ariel's  two  songs,  "Full  fathome  five" 
and  "Where  the  bee  sucks,"  both  har- 
monized for  three  voices  by  I)r.  J.  Wilson 
(Oxford,  1660),  follow  the  introduction.  A 
glossarial  index  completes  the  volume.  Mr. 
George  Redway  is  the  publisher. 

Mr.  Edwin  Hodder,  the  biographer  of 
the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  John  Macgregor 
("Rob  Roy"),  and  others,  has  undertaken 
to  write  the  life  of  the  late  George  Smith 
of  Coalville,  whoso  labours  on  behalf  of 
children  employed  in  brickyards,  canal 
boats,  and  gipsy  vans  resulted  in  important 
legislation.  The  work  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Hodder  Brothers,  and  Mr. 
Edwin  Hodder  will  be  glad  to  receive  any 
contributions  towards  his  task  in  the  shape 
of  anecdotes  or  reminiscences  of  personal 
friends,  and  he  requests  that  such  com- 
munications may  bo  forwarded  to  him  as 
soon  as  possible,  addressed  to  the  publishers. 

TuiNiTY  College,  Dublin,  has  for  somo 
time  past  been  a  centre  of  much   literary 


L 


358 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


activity,  whereof  Prof.  Mahaffy  is  account- 
able for  a  large  share.  Mr.  Maliaffy's  *  His- 
tory of  the  Ptolemies '  is  promised  within 
the  next  publishing  season ;  and  amongst 
other  works  by  Trinity  College  men  will  be 
a  '  Catullus  '  by  Prof.  Palmer,  an  historical 
treatise  on  political  economy  by  Mr.  J.  K. 
Ingram,  and  the  first  volume  of  a  series  on 
"Foreign  Statesmen,"  edited  by  Prof. 
Bury. 

Part  VII.  of  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.'s 
magazine  JBihliographica  will  contain  illus- 
trated articles  by  Sir  E.  M.  Thompson  on 
the  '  Humorous  and  Grotesque  in  Mediteval 
MSS.';  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Bradley  on  the 
'  Venetian  Ducali,'  the  illuminated  com- 
missions given  to  the  officers  of  the 
Eepublic  ;  and  by  Mr.  Alfred  Pollard  on 
the  '  Transference  of  "Woodcuts  in  the 
Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries.'  Mr. 
Russell  Martineau  writes  on  the  variations 
in  different  copies  of  the  Gutenberg  Bible, 
and  Mr.  E.  D.  North  on  '  American  Book- 
clubs';  while  Mr.  "W.  H.  Allnut  brings  to 
a  close  his  series  of  papers  on  '  English 
Provincial  Printing.'  With  this  number, 
which  is  announced  to  appear  at  the  end 
of  the  month,  JBilUo(jraphica  enters  on  the 
second  half  of  its  career,  which  will  come  to 
a  close  with  part  xii. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  will  publish, 
early  in  the  autumn,  a  biographical  work 
upon  the  late  Lord  Clarence  Paget.  The 
book  will  be  largely  illustrated,  and  will 
include  some  interesting  diaries  and  memoirs. 
The  work  is  edited  by  Sir  Arthur  Otway. 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  have  been  ap- 
pointed sole  agents  of  Messrs.  Miley  &  Sons, 
the  scientific  publishers  of  New  York. 

It  seems  that  certain  letters  from  Cole- 
ridge, with  views  and  portraits,  which  have 
not  been  published  before,  will  appear  next 
month  in  a  volume  entitled  '  The  Gillmans 
of  Highgate,'  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Gillman,  grand- 
son of  "Coleridge's  Gillman."  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock  is  the  publisher. 

Mr.  G.  p.  Sims  is  now  writing  for  Lloyd'' s 
News  a  series  of  stories  on  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments. They  will  show  the  author  in 
a  new  light,  as  a  moral  teacher,  enforcing 
life  lessons  of  an  impressive  character  from 
the  laws  of  the  Decalogue. 

In  connexion  with  the  movement  in  Edin- 
burgh  to   celebrate   the    centenary   of    the 
birth  of  Thomas  Carlyle,  briefly  alluded  to 
last  week,  it  is    proposed  to  have  a  con- 
ference of  those  interested  in  order  to  make 
the    necessary     arrangements.       Amongst 
those     who     have     already     given     their 
warm   approval   and    offers    of    assistance 
are    Prof.    Masson,    Principal    Muir    (who 
will   bring  the  matter  before  the  meeting 
of  the  University  Court  on  October   14th), 
Mr.  Thomas   McKie,  and  the  secretaries  of 
the  Dumfriesshire  Association,  of  the  Edin- 
burgh  Borderers'  Union  (Mr.  S.   Douglas 
Elliot,  S.S.C),  and  of  the  Border  Counties 
Association,     A  lecture  on  Carlyle  will  bo 
delivered,     early     in     December,     at     the 
Edinburgli     Literary     Institute,     by     Mr. 
James      Sime,      of     Craigmount.      Messrs. 
W.    &    P.    Chambers    announce    a    popu- 
lar   biography    of     Carlyle,     partly    illus- 
trated    by     views     of     Carlyle     localities 
from   private   photographs   by   Mr.   G.   G. 
Napior.      Suggestions,   or  offers  of   advice 
and  assistance,  in  connexion  with  this  com- 


memoration will  be  gladly  received  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Usher,  secretary  of  the  Border 
Counties  Association,  Sycamore  Lodge, 
Duddingston,  Edinburgh.  Mr.  Usher  has 
himself  written  to  us  on  the  subject,  com- 
mending the  scheme  particularly  to  those 
admirers  of  Carlyle  who  engaged  in  the 
purchase  of  the  house  in  Cheyne  Kow. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  have  had  in 
preparation  for  some  time  past  a  large 
work  to  be  entitled  '  The  Book  of  Beauty 
(late  Victorian  Era).'  Original  writings 
and  sketches  will  be  contributed  by  Mr. 
Eudyard  Kipling,  the  Marchioness  of 
Granby,  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  Viscountess  Hood, 
Princess  Henry  of  Pless,  the  Countess  of 
Dundonald,  Lord  Houghton,  Lady  Ileene 
Campbell,  Mrs.  Cornwallis  West,  Lady 
Charlotte  Stopford,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Henni- 
ker.  Lady  Lily  Greene,  Sir  William  Eden, 
Lord  Alington,  Mr.  George  Moore,  Mrs. 
W.  H.  Grenfell,  Hon.  Oliver  Northcote,  Mr. 
Eric  Mackay,  Lady  Margaret  Sackville, 
Miss  Minnie  Cochrane,  Mr.  Frankfort 
Moore,  Helen  Lady  Forbes,  Mrs.  Beerbohm 
Tree,  Mr.  George  Curzon,  M.P.,  and  others. 
The  portraits  are  by  Sir  Frederic  Leighton, 
Sir  J.  E.  Millais,  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones,  Mr. 
W.  B.  Eichmond,  Mr.  Luke  Fildes,  Mr. 
J.  S.  Sargent,  Mr.  H.  Herkomer,  Mr.  G.  F. 
Watts,  Mr.  Ellis  Eoberts,  Mr.  J.  McNeill 
Whistler,  and  other  well-known  portrait 
painters. 

Mr.  J.  M.  CowPER,  who  has  laboured  at 
Canterbury  for  many  years,  has  com- 
pleted his  transcript  of  the  Canterbury 
Marriage  Allegations  from  the  year  1568  to 
the  end  of  1700.  Two  volumes  of  these 
allegations  have  already  been  printed,  the 
third  is  in  the  press,  and  the  material  for 
the  fourth  and  concluding  volume  is  now 
ready. 

The  articles  on  rare  books,  fixst  editions, 
pottery,  pictures,  and  postage  stamps  which 
Mr.  W.  Eoberts  contributed  to  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  and  Fortnightly  Review,  have 
been  carefully  revised,  and  will  appear  in 
volume  form  very  shortly  under  the  auspices 
of  Mr.  George  Eedway. 

Dr.  Alfred  Eussel  Wallace  has  re- 
vised and  enlarged  his  well-known  book  on 
'  Miracles  and  Modern  Spiritualism,'  to  be 
issued  by  the  same  publisher. 

Mr.  George  Eedway  will  also  publish  in 
the  autumn  a  translation  of  Porphyry's  letter 
to  his  wife  Marcella,  with  an  introduction 
by  Miss  Alice  Zimmern,  and  a  preface  by 
Dr.  Garnett.  This  letter  was  discovered  by 
Cardinal  Mai  in  the  Ambrosian  Library  at 
Milan  in  1816,  and  has  never  yet  been 
translated  into  English. 

Histories  of  the  townships  of  Manning- 
ham,  Heaton,  and  Allerton,  all  within  the 
corporate  borough  of  Bradford,  will  be 
set  forth  in  a  volume  now  being  pi-epared 
by  Mr.  Wm.  Cudworth,  the  author  of 
several  works  dealing  with  the  district. 

Subscriptions  are  being  sought  for  the 
publication  of  a  new  work  by  Mr.  Henry 
Brown,  author  of  '  The  Sonnets  of  Shake- 
speare Solved,'  &c.  Mr.  Brown  was  for  several 
years  employed  by  the  late  J.  0.  Halliwell- 
Phillipps,  J.  P.  Collier,  and  others,  in  re- 
searches and  copying.  His  new  undertaking, 
to  bo  called  '  Eoyal  and  Noble  Patrons  of 
Shakespeare,  and  his  Private  Friends,  with 


cated,  by  permission,  to  Sir  Henry  Irving. 
Mr.  Brown's  address  is  29,  EUiot  Eoad, 
North  Brixton. 

A  NOVEL  by  the  late  Mrs.  J.  K.  Spender 
wiU  be  published  very  shortly  by  Messrs. 
Innes  &  Co.  It  bears  the  title  '  The  Wooing 
of  Doris,'  and,  like  a  great  deal  of  Mrs. 
Spender's  work,  is  a  tale  of  simple  domestic 
life.  Much  of  the  scene  is  laid  abroad, 
and  the  plot  deals  with  complicated  money 
problems. 

'  The  Desire  of  the  Eyes,  .^nd  ox^j^r 
Stories,'  is  the  title  of  Mr.  Grant  Allen's 
new  book,  to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Digby, 
Long  &  Co.  early  in  October. 

The  Evergreen  is  to  send  forth  a  second 
shoot  in  October.  The  number,  otherwise 
'  The  Book  of  Autumn,'  will  be  published 
simultaneously  in  Edinburgh  by  Patrick 
Geddes  and  Colleagues,  in  London  by  Mr. 
Fisher  Unwin,  and  in  America  by  Messrs. 
J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  Philadelphia.  Mr.  J. 
Arthur  Thomson  and  Prof.  Patrick  Geddes 
will  write  on  the  biology  and  sociology  of 
autumn  respectively.  Contributions  of  fiction 
are  supplied  by  Fiona  Macleod  and  Sir 
George  Douglas ;  and  of  poetry  by  S.  E. 
Crockett,  Sir  Noel  Paton,  William  Sharp, 
and^  Miss  Mulholland.  The  Abbe  Klein, 
M.  Elisee  Eeclus,  and  M.  Charles  van  Ler- 
berghe  will  also  send  articles. 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Mr. 
S.  Baring  -  Gould's  *  Curiosities  of  Olden 
Times '  will  be  issued  early  in  October  by 
Mr.  John  Grant,  of  Edinburgh. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  writes  : — 

"  Referring  to  your  notice  of  Mr.  Gilder's 
'Five  Books  of  Song,' which  appeared  in  your 
issue  of  the  7th  inst.,  permit  us  to  remark  that 
we  publish  the  English  edition  of  the  book." 

We  regret  to  learn  that  the  news  pub- 
lished in  our  issue  of  August  24th  (on  the 
accuracy  of  which  we  fully  relied),  to  the 
effect  that  Dr.  Eudolf  Eeuss,  of  Strasbourg, 
had  been  appointed  to  a  professorship 
in  the  Sorbonne,  was  based  on  a  mis- 
apprehension. Dr.  Eeuss  is  about  to  resign 
his  post  of  librarian  to  the  municipality  of 
Strasbourg,  and  purposes  to  retire  into 
France  ;  but  he  has  not  been  offered,  and 
has  never  contemplated  the  acceptance  of, 
the  professorship  in  question. 

SCIENCE 


astronomical  literature. 
The  Moon :  a  Full  Description  and  Map  of  its 
Principal  Physical  Features.  By  T.  Gwyn 
Elger,  F.R.A.S.  (Philip  &  Son.)— In  our 
number  for  June  2nd  last  year  we  announced 
that  Mr.  Elger  was  about  to  publish  "  a  map  of 
the  moon  on  a  copper-plate  engraving  with  disc 
18  inches  in  diameter,  and  accompanied  by 
letterpress  descriptive  of  the  principal  forma- 
tions." The  wealth  of  the  matter,  however, 
which  this  distinguished  sclenographer  has 
accumulated  has  led  to  some  alteration  in  the 
form  of  this  scheme,  making  the  map  rather  an 
appendage  to  the  book  tlian  tlie  book  as  letter- 
press to  the  map.  Hence  the  work  before  us, 
which  includes  also,  as  an  introduction,  a  careful 
history  of  the  branch  of  astronomy  of  which  it 
treats.  This,  in  fact,  begins  with  the  time  of 
Galileo,  who  first  directed  a  telescope  to  the 
moon  and  obtained  full  evidence  of  inequalities 

which  had  been 


of  level  "  on  her  spotted  face,' 

^ , ,   surmised  by  some  of  the  ancient  philosophers, 

NowLightson  the  Sonnets,  &c.,' will  bo  dedi-  I  the  brighter  i)arts  being  the  higher  elevations, 


N*'  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


359 


and  the  darker  portions  (including  altogether 
somewhat  less  than  half  the  visible  surface 
when  illuminated)  the  lower.  Kepler  appears 
to  have  been  the  first  to  give  these  latter  the 
appellation  of  Maria,  a  designation  which  is 
still  retained,  though  no  one  now  supposes  that 
they  are  really  seas.  "  It  is,  of  course,  possible," 
says  Mr.  Elger, 

"and  even  probable,  that  at  a  remote  epoch  in  the 
evolution  of  our  satellite  these  lower  regions  were 
occupied  by  water  ;  but  that  their  surface,  as  it  now 
appears,  is  actually  the  old  sea-bottom  seems  to  be 
less  likely  than  that  it  represents  the  consolidated 
crust  of  some  semi-fluid  or  viscous  material  (pos- 
sibly of  a  basaltic  type)  which  has  welled  forth 
from  orifices  or  rents  communicating  with  the 
interior,  and  overspread  and  partially  filled  up  these 
immense  hollows,  more  or  less  overwhelming  and 
destroying  many  formations  which  stood  upon  them 
before  the  catastrophe  took  place." 

The  largest  of  these  vast  plains  is  the 
so-called  Oceanus  Procellarura,  which  ex- 
tends from  a  high  northern  latitude  to  be- 
yond 10^  latitude  in  the  south  -  eastern 
quadrant,  and  covers  an  area  of  nearly  two 
millions  of  square  miles  ;  the  next  being  the 
Mare  Nubium,  covering  a  large  portion  of  the 
south-eastern  quadrant,  and  the  Mare  Imbrium, 
which  is  wholly  confined  to  the  north-eastern 
quadrant,  whilst  the  south-western  is  remark- 
ably free  to  a  great  extent  from  these  forma- 
tions. We  have  not  space  even  to  summarize 
the  interesting  survey  before  us  of  the  moun- 
tains, craters,  walled  plains,  ring-plains,  and 
other  kinds  of  formations  which  are  now  accu- 
rately mapped  and  measured  upon  the  visible 
hemisphere  (we  need  hardly  remind  our  readers 
that  nearly  the  whole  of  one  hemispherical  sur- 
face is  always  invisible  to  us)  of  our  satellite. 
But  some  of  Mr.  Elger's  remarks  on  the  com- 
paratively new  discovery  of  the  clefts  or  rills 
(a  word,  it  should  be  remembered,  taken  to 
represent  the  German  RUlen),  the  first  of  which 
was  detected  by  the  Hanoverian  astronomer  and 
selenographer  Schrciter  in  1787,  are  too  sugges- 
tive to  be  passed  over.  More  than  four  hundred 
of  these  remarkable  objects  are  now  known  : — 

"They  often  extend  for  hundreds  of  miles  in 
approximately  straight  lines  over  portions  of  the 
moon's  surface,  frequently  traversing  in  their  course 
ridges,  craters,  and  even  more  formidable  obstacles, 
without  any  apparent  check  or  interruption,  though 
their  ends  are  sometimes  marked  by  a  mound  or 
crater." 

What  are  the  rills  ?  It  was  once  a  favourite 
notion  with  some  (particularly  the  keen-sighted 
and  very  imaginative  Gruithuisen)  that  they 
were  of  artificial  origin,  and  another  view  was 
that  they  were  the  dried-up  water-courses  of 
mighty  rivers  in  bygone  ages.  The  late  Mr. 
Birt  compared  many  of  them  to  "  inverted  river 
beds,"  from  the  fact  that,  as  often  as  not,  they 
become  broader  and  deeper  as  they  attain  a 
higher  level.  Mr.  Elger's  own  opinion  is  that 
the  greater  part  of  these  features  are  nothing 
but  immense  furrows  or  cracks  in  the  surface, 
and  he  finds  that  the  higher  the  power  with 
which  they  are  examined  the  more  this  view  of 
their  nature  is  impressed  upon  the  observer. 
We  began  by  speaking  of  the  map  which  ac- 
companies this  work.  It  is  a  remarkably  clear 
and  accurate  representation  of  the  moon's  sur- 
face, and  is  given  in  four  quadrants,  each  form- 
ing an  opening  of  the  book  and  preceding  the 
detailed  description  of  the  part  to  which  it 
refers.  But  the  whole  may  be  had,  for  the  con- 
venience of  observers,  separately,  either  in  a 
sheet  or  mounted  on  strong  millboard  and 
varnished.  It  may  confidently  Ije  expected  that 
this  publication  will  increase  the  number  of 
those  who  give  attention  to  the  .subject,  and 
that  further  light  will  before  long  (especially 
with  the  aid  of  the  powerful  assistant  photo- 
graphy) be  obtained  upon  the  vexed  question 
of  possible  changes  still  in  progress  on  the 
moon's  surface.  And  doubtless  many  who  are 
not  astronomers  will  be  glad  to  po.ssess  this 
interesting  resume  of  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  of  selenography. 


An  Analysis  of  Astronomical  Motion.  By 
Henry  Pratt,  M.D.  (Privately  printed.)— The 
author  of  this  little  work  published  last  year  a 
quarto  volume  under  the  rather  pretentious 
title  '  Principia  Nova  Astronomica.'  He  now 
finds  the  necessity  of  making  the  wonderful 
discoveries  there  promulgated  more  generally 
accessible,  and  hence  the  appearance  of  the 
present  publication.  We  are  justified,  there- 
fore, whilst  considering  it,  in  referring  to  its  more 
bulky  predecessor.  "Astronomy  is  a  science," 
the  author  tells  us,  "  w^hich  does  not  advance 
by  leaps  and  bounds."  To  this  dictum  we  do 
not  absolutely  object;  but  "  excejitio  probat 
regulam, "  and  so  it  does  here.  For  an  astonish- 
ing bound  was  taken  when  the  '  Principia  Nova 
Astronomica  '  saw  the  light,  and  the  "quater- 
nary solar  system  "  was  discovered.  Prior  to 
that  epoch  it  was  supposed  that  the  system  had 
but  one  sun.  Now  we  know  of  four — the  central 
sun  ;  the  polar  sun,  revolving  round  the  imaginary 
sphere  which  encloses  the  central  sun  ;  the 
equatorial  sun,  which  revolves  round  the  polar 
sun  on  the  surface  of  the  imaginary  sphere  ; 
and  the  visible  sun,  in  the  orbit  of  which  the 
equatorial  sun  holds  an  eccentric  position. 
"  Who,"  the  author  asks  in  the  "  Prtiemonitio  " 
which  occupies  the  place  of  a  preface,  "will 
believe  the  theory  of  astronomical  motion  set 
forth  in  the  following  pages  1  Not  the  astro- 
nomers, certainly."  No  ;  those  who  have 
studied  astronomy  are  not  likely  to  know  any- 
thing about  astronomical  motions.  This,  surely, 
should  have  formed  a  fourteenth  to  the  thir- 
teen "astronomical  paradoxes"  tabulated  by 
Dr.  Pratt.  It  is  not  necessary  to  say  more  of  a 
book  which  begins  by  decrying  the  first  law  of 
motion.  The  new  production  is  intended  to 
call  further  attention  to  the  older  (by  one  year), 
and  shows  that  the  author  "vivit,  non  ad  depo- 

nendam  sed  ad  confirmandam "     He  pleads 

as  his  reason  for  its  issue  that  "grave  mis- 
apprehensions "  have  been  fallen  into  with 
regard  to  his  '  Principia  Nova '  by  those  who 
were  "supposed  to  be  qualified  astronomers," 
and  the  meaning  of  "supposed  to  be  "  in  this 
sentence  is  quite  clear.  But  while  we  are  very 
far  from  claiming  infallibility  for  our  own  judg- 
ment, we  would  respectfully  ask.  What  is  the 
object  to  be  gained  by  asking  for  the  judgment 
of  any,  if  an  unfavourable  view  at  once  stamps 
them  as  incompetent  judges  ? 


SVEN    LOvkN. 

By  the  death  of  Sven  Loven,  who  was  born 
in  1809,  or  the  year  of  the  great  heroes  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  the  last  link  is  broken 
between  the  modern  zoologist  and  the  notable 
band  of  investigators  who  raised  him  to  his 
present  position.  Loven  of  Stockholm  will 
rank  with  Owen  of  London,  Milne  -  Edwards 
of  Paris,  Siebold  of  Munich,  and  Van  Beneden 
of  Louvain  as  one  of  the  great  zoological 
pioneers. 

We  find  him  as  early  as  1835  writing  on 
hydroid  zoophytes  ;  in  1846  he  published  an 
index  of  the  moUusca  of  the  western  shore  of 
Scandinavia,  and  at  that  time  devoted  himself 
to  a  study  of  the  development  of  molluscs.  In 
1842  he  had  described  the  larva  of  Polygordius, 
which  he  took  to  be  that  of  an  ordinary  chaito- 
pod,  and  it  is  this  "  Lovenian  larva  "  which  has 
formed  the  text  of  many  later  embryological 
writings  by  various  authors  ;  later  in  life  he 
devoted  himself  to  a  minute  examination  of  tlie 
structure  of  echinoderms,  on  which  he  published 
several  most  instructive  and  most  beautifully 
illustrated  memoirs. 

Writing,  at  first,  in  Swedish  or  in  German, 
he  gave,  later  on,  his  results  in  French,  but 
for  the  closing  years  of  his  laborious  life  he 
wrote  in  Engli.sh.  As  the  chief  of  an  important 
department  of  the  Zoological  Museum  at  Stock- 
holm, he  brought  his  exhibited  specimens  to  a 
high  degree  of  artistic  beauty,  and  it  was  in 
virtue  of  this  position,  and  not  because  of  any 


connexion  with  a  university,  that  he  was,  secun- 
dum snores  Scania',  known  as  Professor.  He 
resigned  his  connexion  with  the  museum  a  few 
years  since,  the  burden  of  bodily  pains  being 
too  great  for  his  advancing  years,  rendered  sad 
by  the  too  early  death  of  a  son  of  great  promise. 
Those,  however,  who  had  been  brought  into 
personal  contact:  with  him  felt  that  so  long  as 
Loven  lived  they  had  a  real  friend  ;  his  charm- 
ing geniality  and  his  remarkable  and  forbearing 
kindness  to  men  much  younger  than  himself 
made  a  deep  and  lasting  imjaression  on  others 
than  the  writer  of  this  imperfect  notice  of  a 
great  and  a  good  man. 


THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black's  scientific  announce- 
ments include  the  last  part  of  Prof.  Newton's 
'  Dictionary  of  Birds,' — 'Artistic  and  Scientific 
Taxidermy  and  Modelling,'  by  Montagu  Browne, 
Curator  of  the  Leicester  Museum, — Vol.  I.  of 
'Zoology,'  by  Prof.  Ray  Lankester,  —  'Text- 
Book  of  General  Pathology  and  Pathological 
Anatomy,'  by  Prof.  R.  Thoma,  translated  by 
Dr.  Alexander  Bruce,  illustrated, — '  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Fungi,'  by  M.  C.  Cooke, — 
'  Dynamics,'  by  Prof.  Tait, — '  Milk  :  its  Nature 
and  Composition,'  by  C.  M.  Aikman, — and  a 
new  edition  of  'Black's  General  Atlas  of  the 
World,'  with  twenty-six  additional  maps  of  the 
North  American  states. 

Messrs.   Griffin   &  Co.   will  shortly  issue  an 
exhaustive  treatise  on   '  Petroleum  :    the  Geo- 
graphical Distribution,   Geological  Occurrence, 
Chemistry,    Refining     and     Testing,     &c.,     of 
Petroleum,'  by  Boverton  Redwood  and  Geo.  T. 
Holloway,  in  2  vols., — '  The  Chemistry  of  Gas 
Manufacture  :  a  Handbook  on  the  Production, 
Purification,  and  Testing  of  Illuminating  Gas, 
and    the  Assay   of   the    Bye-Products    of    Gas 
Manufacture,'  by  W.  J.  Atkinson   Butterfield, 
— 'An     Advanced      Text  -  Book     on     Applied 
Mechanics,'     by     Prof.    Andrew    Jamieson, — 
'  Chemistry  for  Engineers  and  Manufacturers,' 
by  Bloxam  Blount  and  A.  G.  Bloxam,  in  2  vols., 
— 'Electrical  Measurements  and  Instruments  : 
a  Practical  Handbook  of  Testing   for  the  Elec- 
trical   Engineer,'    by    Charles    H.    Yeaman, — 
'  Textile   Printing  :    a  Practical  Manual  of  the 
Processes    used    in    the    Printing    of    Cotton, 
Woollen,  and  Silk  Fabrics,'  by   C.  S.  Sejmour 
Rothwell,    with     illustrative    specimens, — and 
'Bleaching     and     Calico  -  Printing :     a    Short 
Manual    for    Practical    Men,'    by  Geo.   Duerr. 
Messrs.  Griffin  also  announce  the  following  new 
editions  of  standard    works  :    a  third    edition, 
revised    and    enlarged,    of    the    '  Outlines     of 
Practical  Physiology,'  by  W.  Stirling, — a  fourth 
edition    of    '  Foods  :     their    Composition    and 
Analysis,'  and    a    third    edition  of   'Poisons: 
their  Effects  and  Detection,'  both  enlarged  and 
revised,   by  A.   Wynter  Blyth,  —  an    eleventh 
edition,    revised,     of    Munro    and    Jamieson's 
'Electrical  Pocket-Book,' — a  third  edition,  also 
revised,  of  Seaton  and  Rounthwaite's  '  Marine 
Engineering    Pocket  -  Book, '  —  a    new    issue, 
revised,     of    '  Griffin's     Electrical    Engineer's 
Price-Book,'    brought    up    to   date    by    H.  J. 
Dowsing, — a  revised  edition  of  '  The  Design  of 
Structures,'  by  S.  Anglin,— and   the  thirteenth 
issue    of    '  The    Year-Book    of   Scientific   and 
Learned  Societies  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,' 
including  lists  of  the  papers  read   during  1895 
before  societies  engaged    in    fourteen    dei)art- 
ments  of  research. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  are  going  to 
publish  by  subscrii)tion  '  Twentieth  Century 
Practice  :  an  International  Encyclopedia  of 
Modern  Medical  Science, 'by  leading  authorities 
of  Euroj)e  and  America,  edited  by  Thomas  L. 
Stedman,  M.D.,  of  New  York,  in  2)  vols. 
Their  other  scientific  jmblications  include  the 
second  edition  of  '  A  History  of  Scandinavian 
Fishes,' — '  A  Manual  of  Obstetric  Nursing,'  by 
Marian  Humfrey,  Vol.  II., — and  new  editions 
of  Hofmann's  '  Treatise  on  Paper-Making'  and 
Davis's  '  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture 


360 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°35i2,  Sept.  14/95 


of    Brick,    Tiles,   and   Terra-Cctta,'   both   fully 
illustrated. 


Mr.  Swift's  new  comet  (a,  1895)  is  now  at  its 
brightest,  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
constellation  Pisces,  moving  towards  Aries.  It 
is  a  vei-y  faint  object. 

We  understand  that  at  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Ipswich  a  conference  will 
be  held  of  those  who  contributed  reports  on  the 
Challenger  Expedition  to  consider  Avhat  form 
a  mark  of  regard  to  Dr.  John  Murray  shall  take. 
We  cannot  doubt  that  the  recorders  will  form 
a  sufficiently  high  estimate  of  the  great  services 
which  Dr.  Murray  has  rendered  to  science. 

We  have  received  the  number  of  the  Memorie 
della  Societa  dajli  Spcttroscopisti  Italiani  for 
July.  The  principal  paper  is  by  the  editor, 
Prof.  Tacchini,  on  the  heliographical  latitudes 
of  the  solar  phenomena  as  observed  at  Rome 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  present  year. 
The  protuberances  were  markedly  more  numer- 
ous in  the  northern  than  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere of  the  sun,  but  the  spots  and  facuhe 
were  somewhat  more  numerous  in  the  southern 
than  the  northern. 

We  hope  that  there  is  no  truth  in  the  rumour 
that  the  next  volume  of  the  '  Zoological  Record  ' 
is  to  appear  without  reports  on  some  important 
groups.  It  is  said  that  this  omission  is  merely 
due  to  a  desire  to  get  the  '  Record '  out  a  few 
weeks  earlier  than  usual  ;  but  such  a  reason  is 
not  sufficient. 

There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  lack  of 
candidates  for  the  post  vacated  by  Mr.  R. 
Trimen  at  the  Cape  Town  Museum.  Among 
them  are  Mr.  W.  G.  Ridewood,  B.Sc,  and  Mr. 
E.  S.  Goodrich,  B.A.,  who  have  done  such  good 
work  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  and  the 
Oxford  Museum,  respectively. 

The  'Life  of  Anna  Kingsford,  M.D.,'  author 
of  'The  Perfect  Way,'  has  been  written  by  Mr. 
Edward  Maitland,  and  is  to  be  published  in  two 
volumes  by  Mr.  George  Redway. 

Mr.  Ralph  Hart  Tweddell,  whose  death 
took  place  last  week,  was  well  known  as  the 
inventor  of  the  application  of  hydraulic  pressure 
to  the  working  of  machine  tools.  The  Tweddell 
system  of  riveters  and  flanging  presses  is  known 
throughout  the  world.  Mr.  Tweddell,  who  was 
born  in  1843,  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
technical  literature  of  the  various  engineering 
societies,  including  the  Institutions  of  Civil 
Engineers  and  Mechanical  Engineers,  of  which 
he  was  a  leading  member. 


FINE    ARTS 


Durch    Sud  -  Amerika.       Von    Th.    Olilsen. 

(Hamburg  and  Leipzig,   Bock  &    Sohn ; 

London,  Wohlleben.) 
This  handsome  folio  contains  fifty  photo- 
gravures by  Meisenbach,  Eiffarth  &  Co.,  of 
Berlin,  illustrating  a  voyage  in  a  passenger 
steamer  from  Cuxhaven  to  Chili  by  the 
Straits  of  Magellan,  a  visit  to  the  island  of 
Juan  Fernandez,  and  a  journey  across  the 
Southern  Andes  to  Argentina  and  Monte 
Video.  The  larger  plates  appear  to  be  chiefly 
from  crayon  drawings,  while  the  smaller  il- 
lustrations— several  of  which  make  up  a  plate 
— are  from  pencil  sketches ;  the  former  being 
admirable  for  their  boldness,  the  latter  de- 
lighting us  by  their  delicacy  of  touch  as 
well  as  their  general  accuracy.  Nothing 
can  bo  more  characteristic  than  the  delinea- 
tions of  the  German  crow  and  passengers ; 
among  the  latter  two  or  three  ladies,  though 
one  alone   demands  our   care,    and   seems, 


from  the  sketches,  to  have  been  the  principal 
recipient  of  the  attentions  of  the  sterner 
sex  on  board.  She  is  a  comely  maiden,  from 
the  artist's  point  of  view,  though  rather 
inclined  to  be  plump,  and  North  German 
to  her  ankles,  about  which  "we  shall  have 
something  to  say  further  on.  It  should 
have  been  mentioned  earlier — but  the  woman 
beguiled  us  and  we  strayed — that  there  is  an 
index  to  the  plates  in  German,  English,  and 
Spanish  ;  the  last  section  being  wonderfully 
correct,  while  the  English  version  is  often 
quaint  and  occasionally  funny,  owing  to  the 
excessive  conscientiousness  of  the  translator  ; 
it  would,  however,  be  cruel  to  point  out  his 
little  slips. 

We  may  pass  over  the  incidents 
associated  with  calls  at  the  Canaries  and 
Madeira ;  and,  after  entering  a  protest 
against  the  catching  of  albatrosses  and 
Cape-pigeons  taking  place  "at  the  Equa- 
tor," we  may  also  skip  the  amusements  and 
flirtations  of  the  voyage,  in  which  the 
owner  of  the  ankles  figures  a  good  deal. 
The  first  really  important  plate  is  a  beau- 
tiful view  of  the  snow-clad  mountains  and 
the  dark,  forbidding  foreground  in  the  Guia 
Narrows,  Smyth's  Channel ;  and  this  is  fol- 
lowed by  some  very  soft  and  pretty  sketches 
of  Tierra  del  Fuego  and  its  inhabitants. 
The  latter  are  much  improved  in  appear- 
ance since  we  knew  them,  owing,  perhaps, 
to  the  establishment  of  an  Italian  mission 
there.  Very  bold  and  impressive  is  a  view 
of  Cape  Horn,  and  we  observe  with  pleasure 
the  striking  resemblance  of  Mr.  Ohlsen's 
drawing  to  one  we  made  many  years  ago 
from  a  trifle  further  east.  How  Cape  Horn 
comes  into  the  present  voyage  we  cannot 
see  ;  probably  the  painter  doubled  the  Cape 
on  another  occasion,  and  introduced  the 
sketch  on  its  merits,  which  are  considerable. 
It  is  a  pity  that  he  did  not  go  through  the 
Straits  of  Le  Maire,  so  that  he  might  have 
depicted  the  wonderfully  jagged  and  fan- 
tastic outlines  of  Staten  Island.  Returning 
to  Magellan's  Straits,  all  the  illustrations 
are  worthy  of  commendation,  for  scenery  is 
evidently  Mr.  Ohlsen's  strong  point.  His 
figures  of  the  Patagonians  are  also  good, 
though  we  fancy  he  has  studied  to  some 
purpose  Thomas  Landseer's  elaborated 
plates  for  the  voyages  of  the  Adventure  and 
Beagle  ;  but  horses  and  other  animals  are  as 
yet  quite  beyond  his  powers  of  draughts- 
manship. The  picture  of  huanaco-hunting 
must  be  done  from  the  imagination :  the 
throwing  of  the  lasso  is  impossible,  the 
huanacos  look  like  sheep,  and  the  idea  of  a 
mongrel  hound  galloping  beside  them  on 
even  terms  is  absurd,  for  no  such  dog  would 
be  within  "a  distance  "  of  them  after  the  first 
dozen  bounds. 

The  somewhat  uninteresting  scenery  of 
Valparaiso  and  Vina  del  Mar  is  well  ren- 
dered, especially  as  regards  the  tumble- 
down huts  in  some  of  the  qiiehradas,  where 
progress  has  not  yet  loft  its  mark ;  but  the 
figures,  when  not  conventional,  are  ignoble. 
The  head  and  shoulders  may  be  draped  with 
the  pauueluti,  but  below  we  have  always  the 
German  Mddchcn  with  those  substantial  "un- 
derstandings "  ;  in  fact,  neither  as  regards 
Chilian  women  nor  Chilian  horses  can  Mr. 
Ohlsen  do  justice  to  their  extremities.  And 
the  men  fare  little  better  ;  never,  in  Chili  or 
any  other  part  of  South  America,  did  we  see 
such  an  'Arry  and  'Arriet  as  the  flat-footed 


creatures  depicted  on  plate  37  promenad- 
ing at  Vina  del  Mar ;  while  plate  38  seems 
like  a  horrible  burlesque  of  the  '  March  to 
Finchley.'  At  Santiago  the  magnificent 
background  of  the  Andes  does  not  come 
out  well,  and  as  for  '  Ascending  the  Volcanos, 
Chilian,'  we  should  doubt  if  the  artist  and 
his  party  ever  got  anywhere  near  the  summit ; 
in  fact,  few  of  the  Chilian  scenes  are  alto- 
gether satisfactory.  Far  better  are  the 
three  views  of  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  ; 
after  which  we  return  to  the  mainland,  for 
the  journey  across  the  Andes.  In  this  sec- 
tion there  is  a  fine  view  of  a  pass  "  between 
Santiago  and  Mendoza,"  which  is  a  trifle 
vague,  and  there  are  some  smaller  sketches, 
among  which  the  miserable  post-house  on 
the  Uspallata  Pass  is  recognizable ;  but  to 
represent  the  charming  city  of  Mendoza,  on 
the  Argentine  side,  by  a  drawing  of  the 
doorway  of  a  bath  -  house,  was  to  throw 
away  an  opportunity.  Probably  Mr.  Ohlsen 
was  exhausted  by  the  discomforts  of  the 
journey  and  unable  to  use  his  pencil.  There 
is  no  more  of  Argentina  beyond  three  small 
bits  of  Buenos  Ayres  followed  by  the  same 
number  of  sketches  of  Monte  A^ideo ;  the 
series  ending  with  a  likeness  of  the  painter 
himself  on  horseback.  The  hoofs  and 
pasterns  of  his  steed  are  clumsy  as  usual, 
but  we  must  do  Mr.  Ohlsen  the  justice  to 
admit  that  this  time  he  has  rendered  faith- 
fully the  ewe  neck  which  is  so  characteristic 
of  the  unregenerate  Chilian  horse. 

Here  we  take  leave  of  a  portfolio  of 
sketches  which  we  have  thoroughly  enjoyed, 
and  if  at  times  we  may  have  seemed  hyper- 
critical, we  trust  that  Mr.  Ohlsen  will  forgive 
us.  We  recognize  his  merits  as  a  draughts- 
man, and  we  feel  certain  that  when  he  has 
seen  more  of  South  America  his  pencil  will 
answer  to  his  eye,  producing  a  characteristic 
Chilena  or  Portena,  and  not  a  mere  Teuton 
draped  with  a  shawl.  For  most  of  his 
scenery  we  have  no  word  but  praise. 


Livre  de  Souvenirs  de  Maso  di  Bartolommeo, 
dit  Masaccio.  Par  Charles  Yriarte.  (Paris, 
Rothschild.) — The  genial  author  of  the  'Patri- 
cien  de  Venise,'  in  this  his  latest  monograph 
on  the  artists  of  the  Italian  Renaissance,  has  for 
the  moment  parted  company  with  the  masters  of 
the  first  rank,  like  the  decorators  of  the  Tempio 
at  Rimini  ;  he  has  not  even  tarried  amongst 
those  of  the  second  order,  as  Matteo  Civitali  ; 
but  has  on  this  occasion  selected  for  his  subject 
a  humble  sculptor,  and  one  who  appears  also  to 
have  been  ready  to  turn  his  hand  to  any  artistic 
work  within  his  capacity.  Maso  di  Barto- 
lommeo, called  IMasaccio  (but  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  great  master  of  the  Bran- 
cacci  Chapel),  modestly  styled  himself  a  "  taglia- 
pietra."  No  mention  of  JMaso  is  to  be  found 
in  Vasari,  although  information  respecting 
him  may  be  gathered  from  the  notes  of 
Signor  Gaetano  Milanesi  in  liis  edition  of  the 
'  Vite.'  But  for  the  accident  of  a  memorandum 
book,  in  two  parts,  in  Maso's  writing  having 
been  preserved,  his  existence  would  probably 
have  been  long  forgotten.  This  manuscript, 
while  securing  his  name  from  oblivion,  has  the 
si)ccial  value  of  furnishing  interesting  details 
relating  to  the  ordinary  business  life  of  a 
fifteenth  century  artist.  The  desire  to  become 
personally  acquainted,  as  it  Avere,  with  the 
artists  of  the  great  ejiochs  of  the  past,  which  to  a 
marked  extent  prevails  at  the  present  day,  is 
no  vulgar  curiosity.  The  (jiutttiocciidsli  artists 
have  little  to  fear  from  the  literary  scavenger, 
who  has  added  a  new  terror  to  death  for  the 
nineteenth  century  writer  of  poetry.     Volumes 


N"  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


361 


will  not  be  written  on  their  relations  with  their 
Harriets  and  Augustas  ;  not  even  their  foibles, 
their  maladies,  or  their  crimes  will  be  converted 
into  "copy."  In  this  instance  the  biographical 
interest  arises  from  a  genuine  admiration  of 
the  art  itself.  That  it  is  possible  for  a  person 
to  devote  considerable  attention  to  works  of  art, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  remain  absolutely 
indifferent  to  all  concerning  their  creators,  is 
undeniable.  There  are  said  to  be  biblio- 
maniacs who  have  read  no  more  than  the  titles 
and  colophons  of  their  treasures.  The  collector 
of  works  of  art  probably  never  descends  to  this 
mere  greed  of  acquisition  ;  at  least  he  must 
have  trained  his  faculties  of  observation  and 
judgment  to  appreciate  their  intrinsic  artistic 
qualities.  But  more  than  this  is  needed  for 
the  full  enjoj-nient  of  the  work  of  art  dating 
from  a  long-past  epoch.  While  there  is  ignor- 
ance of  the  culture  and  beliefs  of  the  time 
when  it  was  produced,  much  of  its  aim  and 
intention  must  necessarily  remain  enigmatic 
and  inexplicable.  The  lotus-eaters  might  have 
been  content  to  accept  what  was  patent  and  on 
the  surface— "only  to  hear  were  sweet,  stretched 
out  beneath  the  pine";  this  attitude,  however, 
is  little  in  harmony  with  the  tastes  and  senti- 
ments of  the  modern  mind.  Hence  the  un- 
tiring research  as  to  all  relating  to  the  history 
of  the  art  of  the  past.  No  sphere  is  too  exalted, 
and  none  too  humble,  to  escape  the  searching 
glance  of  the  historian.  The  letters  of  kings 
and  princes,  the  archives  of  states  and  cities, 
of  guilds  and  convents,  are  ransacked  to 
furnish  their  quota  of  information.  Naturally 
the  documents  that  are  the  most  curiously 
scanned  and  prized  are  the  letters  and  writings 
of  the  artists  themselves  ;  hence,  having  lighted 
upon  the  record  of  the  daily  work  of  an 
obscure  Florentine  artist,  it  is  not  surprising 
that  M.  Charles  Yriarte  has  found  therein 
materials  for  the  present  entertaining  volume. 
The  two  manuscripts  of  Maso  are  found  at  Prato, 
ia  the  Ronciniana,  and  at  Florence,  in  the 
library  of  the  Magliabecchiana  ;  the  former  dating 
from  February  21st,  1447,  and  the  second  com- 
mencing in  1449.  With  pious  formality  the 
worthy  Maso  thus  begins  : — 

"Al  nome  sia  di  dio  e  della  sua  madre  vergine 
Maria  tutta  la  celestiale  corte  di  Paradise.  Amen. 
Questo  libro  &  di  Ma?o  di  Bartolomm''o  intagliatore, 
oel  quale  faro  richordo  delle  spese  del  Lavoi-io  del 
chandellieri  di  Ticro  di  Choximoedaltre  cose  cliome 
m'achadera  a  di  21  di  febraio  1447.  Chiama^i  libro 
di  richordi,  segnialo  ede  di  carte  (J4." 

T^e  second  book  is  "di  charte  100  :  e  di  poi  ci 
fece  agiugnere  carte  40,  che  sono  in  tutto  carte 
140"  (p.  55).  This  book  finishes  in  1455,  two 
years  before  the  death  of  tlie  writer,  who  was 
born  in  140G.  Perhaps  the  most  piquant  interest 
of  the  note-books  consists  in  the  references  to 
illustrious  personages  of  the  early  Italian  Re- 
naissance :  princes  like  the  Medici,  Sigismondo 
di  Malatesta,  and  Federigo  di  Montefeltro, 
Duke  of  Urbino,  are  mentioned  in  their  pages  ; 
then  there  are  artists,  as  Michelozzo-Michelozzi, 
Luca  della  Robbia,  Matteo  di  I'asti,  Fra  Car- 
nevale,  and  others.  The  celebrated  monuments 
whereon  Maso  was  employed  include  the 
Tempio  at  Rimini,  tiie  Medici  Chapel  at  the 
Santissima  Annunziata  at  Florence,  the  church 
of  St.  Domenico  at  Urbino,  the  sacristy  of 
Santa  Maria  dei  Fiore  at  Florence,  and  the 
Palazzo  Riccardi  in  the  same  city.  The  refer- 
ences to  individuals  are,  of  course,  of  a  purely 
business  cliaracter,  relating  only  to  orders  re- 
ceived and  payments  made;  .so  with  the  edifices. 
It  is  only  the  particular  door,  (jr  grille,  or 
sculptured  ornament  that  finds  record,  still 
tiiese  details  have  a  definite  value  to  the  his- 
torian of  art.  Other  entries  pertain  entirely 
to  personal  and  domestic  affairs.  As  pater- 
familias, the  good  Maso  is  careful  of  the  health 
and  comfort  of  his  wife  and  daughter  Antonia  ; 
he  notes  the  purchase  of  some  material  which 
he  considers  will  make  his  wife  an  exc(!llent 
gonnella,  petticoat.     He  jjlaccs  liis  savings  with 


the  celebrated  banker  Pietro  Mellini,  the 
original  of  Benedetto  da  Maiano's  marvellous 
bust.  He  buys  land  near  his  house  at  Casen- 
tino.  Then  we  find  set  down  the  prices  paid 
for  the  materials  of  his  craft  and  the  wages  of 
his  assistants— all  matters  helping  us  to  obtain 
trustworthy  glimpses  of  the  private  and  business 
life  of  a  meritorious  Florentine  artist,  working 
in  that  wonderful  fifteenth  century.  In  his 
summing  up  M.  Yriarte  observes  : — 

"  Des  personnalites,  abstraites  jusque-la.  prennent 
du  relief  et  de  la  vie  quand  on  les  voit  agir  dans  le 
temps  et  passer  dans  les  pages  de  ce  livre.  Quoique 
nous  a}'Oos  vecu  dans  I'intimite  du  X^'''  si^cle,  biea 
des  choses  nous  echappect  dans  ces  mentions  som- 
maires,  dont  nous  ne  pouvotis  pas  toujours  cora- 
prendre  toute  laportee  ;  I'orthographeenest  penible, 
le  caract^re  embarrasserait  un  paleographe  de  pro- 
fession, les  abreviations  sont  nombreuses  ;  certains 
noms  cites  dans  le  journal  pouvaut  aussi  avoir  pour 
d'autres  une  signification  qu'ils  n'ont  pas  cue  pour 
nous ;  nous  publierons  done  ici  le  texte  en  entier 
pour  le  livrer  aux  historiens  de  I'art  au  XV^  si^cle." 

'  Le  Livre  des  Souvenirs  '  has  not,  of  course, 
the  importance  of  an  elaborate  work  such  as  M. 
Yriarte's  'Patricien  de  Venise,'  none  the  less 
will  his  readers  be  gratified  with  this  admirable 
study  of  a  career  modest  and  unpretentious  in 
itself,  yet  attractive  from  its  simplicity  and 
honesty  of  purpose.  If  the  illustrations  have 
already  done  duty  elsewhere — which  we  do  not 
absolutely  assert — it  may  be  taken  for  certain 
that  a  practice  so  very  undesirable  is  not  due 
to  the  initiative  of  such  a  conscientious  artist 
as  M.  Yriarte. 


ILLUSTRATED    BOOKS. 


St.  John's,  Clerke-mrell.  By  J.  Underbill,  with 
Plates  by  W.  Monk.  (Cadbury,  Jones  &  Co.) 
— This  well-printed  folio  contains  a  general 
sketch  by  Sir  E.  Lechmere  of  the  history  of  the 
English  branch  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  and 
an  account  of  the  wrecking  of  their  once  mag- 
nificent house,  its  church,  and  rare  adornments, 
by  the  mobs  of  Jack  Straw,  Wat  Tyler,  and  Dr. 
Sacheverell  ;  of  the  spoliation  of  the  Order  by 
Henry  VIII.,  and  the  revivalof  the  Hospitallers. 
Of  the  relics  of  the  knights'  buildings,  as  they  now 
exist,  and  of  their  associations  with  Dr.  Johnson, 
Boswell,  Garrick,  and  Cave,  the  account  is 
brief,  but  sufficient  for  the  occasion.  It  ends 
with  the  only  error  we  have  discovered,  the 
name  of  Langhorne,  Plutarch's  translator,  being 
printed  "  Langhore. "  Langhorne  was  for  some 
years  curate  of  St.  John's,  and  lived  close  to 
"  the  gate."  The  plates  consist  of  a  number  of 
highly  pictorial  etchings  of  the  existing  remains 
of  the  house  of  the  Hospitallers,  including  the 
great  gate  as  seen  from  the  street  ;  the  council 
chamber,  as  seen  from  within  ;  the  modern 
church  of  St.  John,  both  without  and  within, 
and  the  Gothic  crypt  beneath  it. 

A  Modern  Dance  of  Death.  By  J.  Sattler. 
(Grevel  ik  Co.)  —  Herr  Sattler  may  be  said 
to  rejoice  in  a  thoroughly  lugubrious— we  can- 
not say  profound  or  terrible,  still  less  impressive 
— idea  of  the  Danse  Macabre,  and  he  has 
expressed  this  idea  in  thirteen  designs  in  what 
may  be  called  a  grim  prose,  without  the  eleva- 
tion or  anything  like  the  grotesque  impulses 
which  take  our  imaginations  captive  in  Holbein's 
stupendous  series  of  designs  and  their  analogues, 
both  older  and  younger.  The  best  example 
before  us  is  the  most  Holbeinish,  '  Der  Wurm- 
stich,'  a  skeleton  on  stilts,  marching  over  the 
pages  of  an  open  volume,  and  leaving,  or  rather 
punching,  holes  in  them.  This  is  very  well  as 
far  as  it  goes,  and  Herr  Sattler,  who  is  not 
unjustly  proud  of  it,  repeats  it  more  than  once. 
The  gaunt,  staring  head  of  ragged  hair, 
crowned  with  thorns,  which  forms  a  sort  of 
frontispiece  to  the  work,  is  not  good  for  much, 
while  it  embodies  an  affected,  not  to  say  crude 
and  commonplace  idea  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
all  the  designs  which  harp  upon  skeletons  and 
Ijarts  of  tliern  are  morbid,  but  not  fantastic  com- 
positions of  suicidal  monomaniacs  and  such  like, 
and  they  seem  to  show  that  the  draughtsman, 


though  a  respectable  artist,  has  mistaken  his 
vocation,  for  he  has  not  a  morsel  of  the  genius 
of  the  old  masters,  wlio  were  full  of  the  mock- 
ing spirit  of  the  Gothic  epoch,  and  none  of  that 
dreadful  pathos  which  impresses  all  who  look  at 
the  masterpieces  of  Diirer  and  Alfred  Rethel. 

Royal  Academy  Pictures:  being  the  Royal 
Academy  Supplement  to  the  ^Magazine  of  Art,' 
1895.  (Cassell  &  Co.)  —  Under  the  circum- 
stances it  would  be  out  of  the  question  to 
expect  a  better  collection  of  cuts  than  tliat  before 
us  in  this  publication  of  about  three  hundred 
transcripts.  The  water-colour  drawings  are  not 
forgotten,  and  it  may  be  said  of  not  a  few  of 
the  prints  that  they  give  very  favourable 
impressions  of  the  pictures — ideas  which  some  of 
the  originals  promptly  destroyed  when  it  was 
their  turn  to  be  inspected.  Other  examples 
(especially  Mr.  Poynter's  'Ionian  Dance,'  Mr. 
D.  Murray's  'The  Angler,'  Mr.  W.  Wyllie's 
'Tower  Bridge,'  Mr.  Tuke's  'Swimmers'  Pool,' 
and  Mr.  Yeames's  '  Defendant  and  Counsel ') 
suffer  a  good  deal  more  than  seems  needful, 
or  at  all  desirable.  Among  the  best  of 
the  prints  are  the  sculptures  (reproductions 
which  mostly  err  in  being  too  small),  and  Mr. 
Burgess's  'Town  Mouse,'  Mr.  F.  Walton's  'Hill 
Pasture,'  Mr.  J.  Clark's  'Flower  of  the  Flock,' 
Mr.  Goodall's  'Ruth,'  Mr.  Olivier's  'Not  Juno's 
Heartless  Fowls,'  Mr.  Leader's  'Cottage 
Homes,'  Mr.  S.  Lucas's  'Col.  Roberts,'  Mr. 
Sant's  '  Maid  of  Erin  '  and  his  '  Fair  Disputant,' 
Mr.  Leslie's  'November  Sunshine,'  and  Mr. 
Waterlow's  'Watermill.'  Of  course,  it  is  in 
the  nature  of  things  that  a  very  considerable 
proportion  of  the  best  works  of  the  year  is  not 
represented  here  at  all  ;  otherwise  this  is  a 
valuable  record  of  this  year's  exhibition. 

The  Art  of  our  Day:  an  Illustrated  Con- 
tinental Review.  (Berlin,  Amsler  &  Ruthardt.) 
— Illustrated  Modern  Art  and  Literature.  (The 
Modern  Art  Publishing  Co.) — These  publica- 
tions comprise  a  fair  proportion  of  tolerable 
transcripts  of  popular  works  of  art  and  a  few 
very  good  ones.  The  English  publication  con- 
tains an  amusing  text  upon  the  "  agony 
columns  "  of  the  Standard.  The  German  com- 
prises a  wonderful  essay  on  '  Spiritualism  in 
Art,'  which  deals  with  Herr  G.  Max,  "the 
chosen  interpreter  of  psychic  beauty,"  whoso 
claims  are  hardly  supported  by  a  ridiculous  out- 
line of  one  of  his  "  spirit  greetings."  There  are 
less  fantastic  essays  in  this  book,  but  a  strain  of 
whim  pervades  most  of  them. 


THE    PORTRAIT.S    OF    ROBERT    LOUIS   STEVENSON. 
8.  AtboU  Place,  Edinburgh,  Sept.  11,  1895. 

Having  read  Mr.  Balfour  Paul's  letter  in  your 
issue  of  September  7th  on  '  The  Portraits  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,'  I  feel  moved  to  cor- 
rect one  or  two  errors  into  which  he  has  un- 
wittingly fallen.  The  portrait  by  J.  S.  Sargent, 
in  possession  of  Mrs.  Fairchild,  Boston,  is  7iot  the 
full-length  one  which  is  said  "to  verge  on  cari- 
cature," but  another,  sitting  in  a  basket  chair, 
which  was  done  at  a  later  date  and  was  specially 
painted  for  Mrs.  Fairchild.  I  think  that  much 
the  best  painting  of  my  son  that  exists,  and  so 
I  regret  that  the  Trustees  have  a  rule  which 
precludes  them  from  accepting  a  copy. 

Personally  I  did  not  like  Signor  Nerli's  por- 
trait, and  never  hesitated  to  tell  him  so,  though 
the  painter  was  scarcely  to  blame,  as,  in  order 
to  get  a  proper  light,  the  painting  had  to  be 
done  in  a  hot,  close  room,  which  made  the  sitter 
look  his  very  worst.  I  dare  say  he  may  have 
expressed  himself  satisfied  with  the  portrait ; 
but  any  one  who  knows  his  works  must  know 
that  he  had  anything  but  an  exalted  opinion  of 
his  own  personal  appearance.  l^Ir.  Paul  does 
not  allude  to  the  bust  of  Mr.  Stevenson  by  Mr. 
W.  D.  Stevenson,  which  was  exhibited  both  in 
London  and  Edinburgh  this  year,  and  which 
was  a  fairly  good  likeness  considering  the  cir- 
cumstances. M.  .1.  Stevenson. 


362 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«>3542,  Sept.  14, '95 


Will  you  allow  me  briefly  to  supplement  Mr. 
J.  Balfour  Paul's  interesting  list  of  the  por- 
traits of  Louis  Stevenson  I 

Besides  the  painting  belonging  to  Mrs.  Fair- 
child,  which  I  have  never  seen,  there  is  another 
and  I  believe  a  slighter  picture  by  Mr.  Sargent, 
also  painted  at  Bournemouth  in  the  same  year, 
1885.  It  is  probably  the  original  study,  and 
represents  the  author  walking  in  a  room  with 
maroon- coloured  walls  and  an  open  door, 
through  which  the  staircase  is  seen.  His  wife 
is  indicated  in  the  corner  of  the  picture,  seated 
on  a  sofa.  The  painting  is  slight,  but  gives  well 
the  "rich  hue  "  of  the  face  referred  to  in  Mr. 
Henley's  sonnet  (I  quote  from  memory),  and 
suggests  admirably  the  restless  walk  up  and 
down  the  room,  so  characteristic  of  this  brilliant 
talker  at  his  brightest. 

One  of  these  pictures  was  exhibited  at  the 
New  English  Art  Club  early  in  1886  ;  the  latter 
of  the  two  still  hangs  on  the  walls  of  the  old 
dining-room  at  Vailima.  Mrs.  R.  L.  Steven- 
son has  told  me  that  the  colour  of  the  back- 
ground, and  especially  the  effect  of  the  staircase, 
has  greatly  suffered,  owing  to  the  use  of 
bitumen. 

I  have  some  faint  recollection  of  hearing  that 
there  was  also  a  third  work  by  Mr.  Sargent. 
But  I  may  be  mistaken.  At  all  events,  the 
painter  would  know. 

Signor  Nerli  was  a  competent  artist,  had 
numerous  sittings,  and  devoted  a  great  deal  of 
trouble  to  his  work  in  the  autumn  of  1892. 
Certainly  we  all  considered  it  a  good  likeness  at 
the  time. 

In  1893  IVIr.  A.  J.  Daplyn,  of  Sydney,  an  old 
friend  of  the  Paris  days,  painted  a  portrait  at 
Vailima,  but  I  am  doubtful  whether  it  was  ever 
finished. 

Certainly  the  work  of  Mr.  St.  Gaudens  seems 
the  best  both  in  point  of  likeness  and  of  artistic 
merit.  An  ardent  admirer  of  Stevenson's  work, 
he  had  always  declared  he  would  go  a  thousand 
miles  to  do  his  portrait,  if  ever  he  got  the 
chance.  But  in  1888  the  subject  came  to  New 
York,  and  I\Ir.  St.  Gaudens  was  able  to  make 
the  studies  for  the  head  and  right  hand. 
Several  months  later,  however,  he  had  to  travel 
some  little  distance  to  make  his  notes  of  the 
left  hand.  But  so  great  was  the  stress  of  his 
work,  so  fastidious  his  taste,  and  so  severe  his 
conscience  that  it  was  not  until  the  autumn  of 
1893  that  the  sculptor  was  able  to  finish  the 
medallion  to  his  own  satisfaction.  The  original 
the  artist  retains  himself  ;  another  copy  adorns 
the  mantelpiece  at  Vailima  in  sight  of  Mr. 
Sargent's  portrait.  But  the  original  copy  pre- 
sented to  tlie  sitter  by  the  artist  has  vanished 
into  the  unknown.  It  was,  by  mistake, 
directed  to  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Sydney,  Australia, 
and  as  nobody  had  ever  heard  of  such  a  person 
there,  it  is  surmised  to  have  been  at  last  sold 
by  auction  —  purchaser  unknown,  probably 
some  marine  store  dealer.  But  it  would  be 
satisfactory  to  trace  this  if  possible. 

The  medallion  No.  3  was  executed  in  March, 
1893,  by  a  French  artist  in  Sydney,  a  member 
of  the  French  Club  in  that  city,  whose  name  I 
forget  at  this  moment.     It  is  not  very  good. 

Photographs  of  course  were  numerous.  Most 
seemed  to  me  to  fail  in  rendering  the  colour  of 
the  face,  which  generally  appeared  too  pale  and 
cadaverous.  But  I  think  it  is  generally  admitted 
that  by  far  the  best  of  recent  years  were  those 
taken  by  Falk,  of  Sydney,  in  March,  1893, 
although  opinions  differed  as  to  which  was  the 
best  among  these.  There  is  an  etching  Vjy  Mr. 
W.  B.  Hole,  partly  from  photographs  and  partly 
from  memory,  as  the  frontispiece  of  the  '  Vailitna 
Letters,'  to  be  published  next  month  by  Mr. 
Methuen. 

I  may  add  that  when  I  saw  the  late  J.  M. 
Gray  in  Edinburgh  two  years  ago,  he  was 
lamenting  that  it  was  impossible  to  add  a 
portrait  of  Stevenson,  during  the  author's  life- 
time, to  the  gallery  under  his  charge.  From 
the  keen  and  enthusiastic  interest  which  he  dis- 


played in  the  subject,  I  am  sure  that  no  em- 
ployment of  his  bequest  would  have  delighted 
him  more  than  the  purchase  of  a  portrait  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson. 

Graham  Balfour. 


Mr.  Edward  Martyn  writes  from  Tillyra 
Castle,  CO.  Gal  way  : — 

"  It  may  interest  admirers  of  the  late  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson  to  know  that  the  pencil  portrait  of  him 
by  William  Strang,  mentioned  in  the  Athentvurn 
(September  7th,  p.  328),  was  drawn  for  Mr.  C.  G. 
Robertson,  in  whose  paper,  the  Cotirt  and  Societij 
Rcvicn;  it  was  reproduced  on  a  smaller  scale  about 
ten  years  ago.  Subsequently  I  obtained  from  Mr. 
Robertson  the  original,  which  now  hangs  in  the 
library  here." 

CAPT.    H.    R.    HOWARD. 

One  of  Punch's  chief  contributors  of  the 
second  rank  passed  away  at  Verulam  Road,  St. 
Albans,  on  August  31st,  at  the  age  of  eighty. 
He  was  born  at  Watford,  December  28th, 
1814,  and  lived  in  the  house  of  his  birth  for 
more  than  fifty  years.  The  son  of  a  country 
gentleman,  he  was  brought  up  to  no  profession, 
and  from  his  childhood  he  indulged  unchecked, 
but  yet  hardly  encouraged,  his  passion  for 
sketching.  With  humour  of  a  mild  and  fanci- 
ful sort  he  was  freely  gifted,  and  at  the  sight  of 
his  comic  sketches  his  friends  persuaded  him 
that  his  work  was  "just  the  sort  of  thing  for 
Pnnch."  He  accordingly  submitted  some  of 
his  work  to  Mr.  Mark  Lemon,  though  not  with- 
out misgiving.  The  editor,  however,  imme- 
diately sent  for  him,  and,  requesting  him  to 
continue  his  contributions  until  further  notice, 
explained  that  he  would  have  to  draw  upon  the 
block  itself,  for  which  purpose  he  sent  him  with 
a  note  to  John  Leech  and  Sir  John  Tenniel  for 
initiation  into  the  art  and  mystery  of  wood- 
drawing. 

Howard  had  had  but  few  lessons  in  drawing, 
and  these  were  received  when  he  was  a  mere 
boy  from  Herr  Ramburg,  of  Hanover  (a  pupil 
of  Benjamin  West),  whose  royal  road  to  all 
artistic  work,  especially  landscape  painting, 
was  the  drawing  of  skeletons  ;  and  to  the  copy- 
ing of  these  he  was  kept.  Howard's  first  sign- 
manual  in  his  Flinch  drawing,  which  began  in 
1851,  consisted  of  the  three  running  legs  of  the 
Manx  arms  ;  but  after  a  time,  at  Leech's  re- 
quest, it  was  altered  to  the  trident  so  familiar 
to  the  reader  of  the  Punch  volumes.  By  1853 
his  work  was  in  full  blast,  comprising  no  fewer 
than  sixty-six  cuts  ;  and  up  to  and  including  the 
year  1866,  his  annual  total  showed  a  much 
higher  average,  apart  from  the  work  for  the 
Field  which  he  executed  under  the  direction  of 
Mark  Lemon. 

The  subject  of  Howard's  drawings  for  some 
time  consisted  chiefly  of  comic  humanized  beasts 
and  birds,  which  he  continued  almost  ad  nauseam 
until,  to  his  relief,  Mark  Lemon  suggested  a 
change,  when  he  drew  many  social  sketches 
in  the  manner  of  Leech.  His  figure  drawing, 
which  at  first  had  been  poor  enough,  had  greatly 
improved,  his  fun  was  lively,  and  his  imagina- 
tion inexhaustible  ;  so  that  when  Leech  died, 
Capt.  Howard  aspired  to  succeeding,  in  part  at 
least,  to  the  great  place  that  had  become  vacant. 
But  Mark  Lemon,  who,  though  a  poor  judge  of 
art,  felt  some  of  the  weakness  of  drauglitsman- 
ship  of  which  Howard  never  succeeded  in  rid- 
ding himself,  declared  plainly  that  he  wanted 
new  blood  so  far  as  Leech's  succession  was  con- 
cerned, and  that  he  proposed  to  cast  the  fallen 
mantle  over  the  shoulders  of  Charles  Kcene  and 
(Jeorgo  Du  Maurier.  Howard  was  deeply  dis- 
appointed, and  after  waiting  for  two  years  in  the 
hoj)e  of  a  regular  staff  appointment  he  withdrew 
in  1866,  after  which  date  his  work  was  seen  in 
J'inich  on  only  three  occasions  —  in  1867  and 
1870 — a  matter  of  "old  stock." 

As  a  draughtsman  Capt.  Howard  was  tyi)ical 
of  the  race  of  humorous  sketchers  for  the  comic 
press  now  fast  passing  away — a  man  who  never 
in  his  life,  probably,  drew  from  the  living  model. 


and  who  thought  a  block  successful  if  the  idea 
was  happy  and  the  execution  expressive.  Ana- 
tomical correctness  and  true  artistry  troubled 
them  little ;  a  laugh  was  what  they  chiefly 
aspired  to,  and  never  dreamed  of  seeking  or 
obtaining  the  approval — other  than  cachinnatory 
— of  the  serious  artist.  Capt.  Howard  for  the 
past  few  years  had  been  the  victim  of  a  paralytic 
seizure,  and  it  is,  perhaps,  worthy  of  record 
that  during  a  temporary  improvement  on  the 
day  before  he  died  he  greatly  appreciated  the 
reading  of  an  allusion  in  the  Daily  Chronicle  to 
the  "skilled  pencil  of  Capt.  Howard,"  and  that 
this  reference  to  his  Pnnch  work  was  the  last 
thing  of  which  he  was  conscious,  as  within  a 
few  hours  his  end  had  come. 

M.  H.  Spielmann. 


It  is  expected  that  the  new  National  Portrait 
Gallery  will  be  ready  for  opening  to  the  public 
some  time  in  November  next,  if  not  sooner  ; 
the  work  of  transferring  the  various  collections 
from  Bethnal  Green  is  practically  complete. 

Those  who  wish  to  see  Lynton  and  Lynmouth 
in  what  are  the  last  of  their  pre-railway  days 
had  better  visit  the  twin  villages  quickly.  The 
branch  linefrom  Barnstaple  hasbeen  begun,  and, 
when  opened  for  traffic,  will  almost  immediately 
destroy  such  charms  of  the  neighbourhood  as 
have  survived  the  vulgarization  of  monster  hotels, 
electric  lighting,  a  cliff  railway,  and  "cheap 
trippers."  The  fate  of  llfracombe  hangs  over 
Lynton,  while  Lynmouth  is  again  threatened  by 
a  pier. 

In  May  next  the  managers  of  the  Grafton 
Gallery  will  open  an  exhibition  of  pictures  and 
relics  associated  with  actors,  actresses,  and  the 
stage.  However  limited  its  attractions  may  be 
from  an  art  point  of  view,  this  collection  is  sure 
to  contain  a  great  number  of  curiosities,  quaint 
illustrations  of  matters  and  manners  theatrical, 
and  portraits  of  worthies  and  beauties  who  have 
strutted  their  little  hours  within  the  mimic 
world.  It  will  be  a  pity  if  what  may  be  called 
a  scientific  and  historical  arrangement  of  the 
gathering  does  not  obtain  in  Grafton  Street, 
and  is  not  accompanied  by  a  thoroughly  good 
catalogue,  raisonne  And  biographical. 

The  Sheffield  Society  of  Artists  opened  their 
twenty-first  annual  exhibition  last  week,  the 
principal  incident  of  the  occasion  being  an 
address  on  '  The  Real  in  Art,'  by  Mr.  Archibald 
J.  Stuart  Wortley.  The  exhibition  is  not  con- 
fined to  local  talent,  and  a  great  advance  has 
been  made  this  year  in  the  character  of  the 
works  collected. 

Lord  Armstrong's  restoration — which  is  on 
a  great  scale  —  of  Bamborough  Castle  is,  the 
Building  Netvs  tells  us,  "progressing  satis- 
factorily," whatever  that  may  mean. 

The  so-called  Barrett-Browning  clock  tower 
and  institute  (the  name  of  which  suggests  its 
dedication)  at  Ledbury  is  completed,  and  will 
shortly  be  open  to  the  public. 

We  have  received  from  M.  de  la  Sizeranne, 
the  author  of  '  La  Peinturc  Anglaise  Contem- 
poraine '  (reviewed  Allien.  No.  3536),  a  letter 
explaining  that  in  saying  that  Mason  and  Walker 
preceded  Watts,  Hunt,  Leighton,  Tadema, 
Millais,  Herkomer,  and  Burne-Jones,  he  had 
in  view  not  chronology,  but  good  sense,  in 
accordance  with  the  dictates  of  which  a  dead 
man  belongs  to  the  past.  He  also  draws  our 
attention  to  the  short  biographies  appended  to 
his  volume.  These  had  not  escaped  our  notice, 
but  the  obscurity  of  the  phrase  we  quoted  led 
us  to  suppose  that  they  had  not  been  prepared 
or  examined  by  the  writer  himself. 

Mkssrs.  Griffin  &  Co.  ai'e  about  to  issue 
'A  Manual  of  Greek  Antitpiities,'  by  Prof. 
Percy  CJardner  and  Dr.  Byron  J  evens. 

An  interesting  work  will  be  issued  in  Ger- 
many under  the  title  of  '  Das  deutschc  Baucrn- 


N"  3542,  Sept.  14,  'do 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


363 


haus  im  Deutschen  Reiche,  in  Oesterreich-Ungarn, 
in  der  Schweiz  und  in  den  angrenzenden 
Landern.'  The  work,  which  is  to  be  profusely 
illustrated,  will  be  the  joint  production  of  the 
Societies  of  German  Architects  and  Engineers 
in  the  above-mentioned  countries. 

The  noted  professor  of  sculpture  A.  von 
Bock,  of  the  Russian  Imperial  Academy  of 
Arts,  died  recently  at  St.  Petersburg.  Born 
in  1829  in  Livonia,  he  studied  sculpture  under 
the  distinguished  artist  Baron  Clodt-Jiirgens- 
burg,  whose  successor  he  became  in  1867.  Some 
of  his  statues  are  placed  in  the  Hermitage. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Alfred  Gamier, 
a  French  sculptor  and  medalist  of  some  note, 
who,  accepting  the  title  of  "  Citizen  Cam^linat," 
allowed  himself  to  be  nominated  by  the  Cona- 
mune  keeper  of  the  dies  in  the  Paris  mint. 
He  escaped  the  worst  consequences  of  this  step, 
and  continued,  in  a  somewhat  desultory  manner, 
to  work  at  his  profession.  He  was  born  at 
Puiseaux  (Loiret). 

Messrs.  Bell's  announcements  of  illustrated 
books  include  'Sir  Frederic  Leighton,  Bart., 
P.R.A. :  an  Illustrated  Chronicle,'  by  Ernest 
Rhys,  with  prefatory  essay  by  F.  G.  Stephens, 
— 'The  Art  of  Velasquez:  a  Critical  Study,' 
by  R.  A.  M.  Stevenson, — '  Masterpieces  of 
the  Great  Artists,  a.d.  1400-1700,'  edited  by 
Mrs.  Arthur  Bell  (N.  D'Anvers), — '  Etching  in 
England,'  by  Frederick  Wedmore, — 'Picture 
Posters,'  by  C.  T.  J.  Hiatt,— '  A  Guide  to  the 
Painting  of  Venice,'  by  Karl  Karoly, — two  new 
volumes  of  the  "Ex-Libris  Series,"  viz., 
'Modern  Illustration,'  by  Joseph  Pennell  ; 
and  'Ladies'  Book-plates,'  by  Noma  Labou- 
chere,  —  '  Three  Months  in  the  Forests  of 
France,'  by  Margai'et  Stokes, — a  new  edition 
of  Miss  Procter's  'Legends  and  Lyrics,'  with 
additional  poems,  and  illustrations  by  Ida 
Lovering, — two  picture  books  by  Fred  Hall, 
entitled  '  Amateur  Photography  '  and  '  Hoick 
For'ard,' — and  'A  Book  of  Old-Time  Nursery 
Rhymes,'  set  to  music  by  Joseph  S.  Moorat, 
with  illustrations  by  Paul  Woodroffe. 

In  Room  XX.  of  the  National  Gallery  has 
been  placed  a  picture  })y  W.  J.  Miiller,  the  gift 
of  Lady  Weston,  and  entitled  '  A  Street  in 
Cairo.'  It  is  brilliant  in  lighting  and  colour, 
and  so  slight  as  to  be  almost  a  sketch. 


MUSIC 


be  pained  by  clumsy  and  distorted  ren- 
derings of  masterpieces.  The  only  notice- 
able defect  in  the  performance  of  '  Elijah,' 
with  vrhich  this  week's  festival  commenced 
on  Tuesday  morning,  was  one  for  which 
Mr.  Williams  was  not  responsible.  AVe 
refer  to  the  tiresome  method  of  drawling 
out  the  recitatives  English  singers  are  now 
too  prone  to  adopt.  The  art  of  declamation 
was  once  understood  by  our  oratorio  vocal- 
ists, but  one  has  at  present  to  go  to 
France  or  Germany  to  hear  it  in  per- 
fection. As  at  the  last  festival,  the  chorus 
has  been  gathered  from  Gloucestershire 
and  the  neighbouring  counties,  and  the 
force  has  proved  itself  perfectly  com- 
petent. The  voices  of  the  West-Country 
singers  have  not  the  power  and  ring  of 
those  from  Yorkshire,  but  the  quality  of 
tone  is  perfect,  and  the  singing  marked  by 
refinement.  Of  the  remainder  of  a  festival 
very  successfully  inaugurated  we  shall 
speak  next  week. 


THE  WEEK. 

THE    GLOUCESTER   FESTIVAL. 

The  most  ancient  of  our  annual  provincial 
musical  gatherings,  the  Festival  of  the 
Three  Choirs,  has  secured  a  new  lease  of 
life  within  the  last  twenty  years,  and  no 
further  apprehensions  need  be  entertained 
concerning  its  continued  vitality  and  use- 
fulness. Several  circumstances  have  com- 
bined to  enhance  the  value  of  the  fes- 
tivals, one  being  the  remarkable  spread 
of  musical  education  within  the  present 
generation.  At  one  period  there  was  every 
ground  for  lamenting  the  rule  that  once 
in  three  years  a  cathedral  organist  should 
be  compelled  to  forsake  his  duties  at  the 
key-board,  for  which  he  might  be  entirely 
competent,  and  direct,  or  rather  attempt  to 
direct,  a  professional  orcliestra  and  a  large 
choir  in  the  performance  of  works  with 
which  they  were  frequently  very  imperfectly 
acquainted.  But  Church  musicians  are  now 
■expected  to  make  themselves  proficient  in 
all  branches  of  the  art,  and  with  such  men 
as  Mr.  Charlos  Lee  Williams,  Mr.  G.  K. 
Sinclair,  and  'Mr.  Hugh  Blair  at  the 
desk,  critical  listeners  need  be  under 
no     apprehension     that     their     ears     will 


GREEK    MUSIC. 


Mr.  Beroholt  takes  me  to  task  for  assuming, 
on  the  strength  of  an  article  of  my  own,  that  it 
"is  now  an  established  fact"  that  the  Greeks 
were  unacquainted  with  the  tempered  scale. 
My  statement  was  that  the  article  contained  the 
evidence  by  which  this  proposition  is  established 
as  a  fact.  The  fact  could  never  have  been 
doubted  by  any  one  who  knew  the  evidence  ; 
and  I  simply  put  the  evidence  together  in  an 
article  because  certain  musical  critics  were 
obviously  in  need  of  information. 

He  then  quotes  the  opinion  of  some  people, 
whom  he  does  not  name,  that  the  scale  I  have 
attributed  to  the  Greeks  is  "an  uncritical  medley 
of  elements  extracted  from  writers  of  incom- 
patible periods  and  schools."  If  he  had  known 
anything  of  the  subject  himself,  he  would  have 
seen  at  once  that  their  opinion  is  absurd.  The 
structure  of  this  scale  is  a  matter  on  which  the 
ancient  writers  of  every  school  and  period  are 
practically  unanimous. 

After  that  he  takes  the  last  seven  words  of  a 
paragraph  of  mine  and  puts  his  own  construc- 
tion on  them.  But  that  construction  is  impos- 
sible when  they  are  taken  with  their  context. 

I  must  point  out  that  I  have  not  suggested 
that  M.  Theodore  Reinach  is  under  any  misap- 
prehension about  the  tempered  scale.  In  fact, 
1  know  that  he  does  not  regard  it  as  more  than 
an  equivalent  en  gros  for  the  tonic  chromatic 
of  the  Greeks.  My  objection  was  that  he  had 
issued  a  transcript  for  instruments  a  temperament 
without  giving  the  reader  a  hint  that  this  could 
not  be  more  than  an  approximation. 

On  the  other  question  Mr.  Bergholt  has 
changed  his  ground. 

In  his  former  letter  he  said  that  the  Greeks 
may  have  used  one  pitch  for  two  notes,  as  modern 
musicians  use  one  pitch  for  a  sharp  and  b  flat. 
It  may  be  argued  that  the  Greeks  did  some- 
times use  one  pitch  for  the  equivalents  of 
A  sharp  and  b  flat,  treating  them  as  homotones. 
But  the  argument  is  not  to  the  point,  since 
the  transcript  does  not  give  one  pitch  for  the 
equivalents  of  a  .sharp  and  B  flat. 

In  his  present  letter  he  says  that  the  Greeks 
may  have  used  one  pitch  fortwo  notes,  as  modern 
musicians  use  one  pitcli  for  a  double  sharp  and 
B  natural.  That  is  to  the  point,  since  the  tran- 
script does  give  one  pitch  for  the  equivalents  of 
a  double  sharp  and  n  natural.  But  then  the 
argument  is  bad.  It  cannot  be  maintained  that 
tlie  (Jreeks  ever  treated  the  equivalents  of  a 
double  sharp  and  B  natural  as  a  pair  of  }wmo- 
t<}nrs.     There  is  no  evidence  of  that. 

The  liomotones  are  mentioned  by  Gaudentius, 
p.  2.'3,  and  Aristeides,  p.  27.  In  setting  out  a 
scale  of  semitones,  Gaudentius  puts  /,  /i,  gr,  </i, 
f,   «i,  in  the  scale,  with/j,  iji,  a- as  homotones, 


while  Aristeides  puts/,  /,,  g,  g,,  a,  a.,,  in  the 
scale,  with/i,  g^,  Oj  as  homotones.  Thus,  when 
a  scale  was  formed  entirely  of  semitones,  the 
same  pitch  could  be  given  to/j  and  /_,,  to  gi  and 
g-i,  to  rtj  and  a^,  &c.  But  the  notation  kept  to 
notes  with  suffix  ,  or  else  to  notes  with  suffix  „, 
and  did  not  mix  them  up  together. 

Now  the  transcript  supposes  that  the  same 
pitch  could  be  given  to  «„  ^.nd  6  in  place  of 
«._,  and  a^.  Secondly,  it  supposes  that  the  nota- 
tion was  inconsistent  in  its  use  of  a.,  and  b 
as  notes  of  equal  pitch.  And,  thirdly,  it 
supposes  that  in  this  hymn  the  scale  was 
formed  entirely  of  semitones,  notwithstanding 
the  presence  of  such  notes  as  bi  and  ei. 

Mr.  Bergholt  says  that  "it  is  explicitly 
asserted  by  Ptolemy  ('Harmonics,'  ii.  6)  that 
the  substitution  of  a  conjunct  for  a  disjunct 
tetrachord  was  identical  with  a  temporary 
change  of  scale  or  key."  There  is  nothing 
in  the  Greek  that  can  be  made  to  bear  this 
meaning. 

When  the  conjunct  tetrachord  in  one  key  con- 
sisted of  the  same  four  notes  as  the  disjunct 
tetrachord  in  another  key,  these  tetrachords 
were  used  in  changing  from  one  key  to  the 
other.  And  this  seems  to  have  given  him  the 
curious  notion  that  a  change  of  key  was  pro- 
duced by  passing  from  the  conjunct  to  the 
disjunct  tetrachord  in  the  same  key. 

Cecil  Torr. 


Admirable  programmes  continue  to  be  pro- 
vided at  the  Queen's  Hall  Promenade  Concerts, 
the  composers  most  drawn  upon  during  the 
past  week  having  been  Wagner,  Gounod,  Sulli- 
van, and  Beethoven.  These  performances  are 
doing  much  to  fill  up  the  void  which  usually 
occurs  as  regards  serious  music  in  the  metro- 
polis at  the  present  period  of  the  year. 

By  the  retirement  of  Herr  Carl  Reinecke 
from  the  conductorship  of  the  Gewandhaus 
Concerts  and  as  pianoforte  professor  at  the 
Conservatorium,  Leipzig  has  lost  the  services 
of  one  of  the  most  able  and  industrious  of 
the  present  musicians  of  Germanj'.  As  a  com- 
poser Herr  Reinecke  has  been  very  laborious, 
but  his  works  may  not  live,  in  spite  of  their  clever- 
ness, for  they  may  for  the  most  part  be  classed  as 
Kapellmeister  music.  As  a  pianist  his  style 
was  singularly  pure  and  refined,  reflecting  all 
that  was  best  in  the  fast  declining  Mozart- 
Hummel  school. 

The  report  that  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford  will 
give  a  concert  of  English  music  in  Berlin  next 
December  is  repeated  by  German  papers. 
Prof.  Stanford  will  have  the  assistance  of  Mr. 
Plunket  Greene  and  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick. 

The  statement  made  in  some  French  papers 
to  the  effect  that  Wagner's  heirs  have  been 
paid  4,000?.  during  the  past  six  months  for 
performances  of  the  master's  works  in  France 
is  very  exaggerated.  It  is  officially  recorded 
that  the  amount  is  only  about  730/. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Theatre  Koyal,  Manchester.—'  Trilby,"  a  Play  in  Four 
Acts.  Adapted  from  the  Novel  of  George  Du  Maurier  by  Paul 
M.  Potter. 

KoYAi.TV.— 'The  Chili  Widow,' a  Comedy  in  Three  Acts. 
Adai)ted  from  '  Monsieur  le  Oirecieur'  of  Alexandre  Bisson 
and  Fabrice  Carrfi  by  Arthur  Bourchier  and  Alfred  Sutro. 

St.  James's.— 'Bogey,' a  Play  in  Tbree  Acts.  By  U.  V. 
Esmond. 

The  adaptation  of  '  Trilby '  produced  by 
Mr.  Tree  at  Manchester  is  the  same  which 
obtained  conspicuous  popuhirity  in  America. 
Such  slight  additions  or  alterations  as  are 
made  by  Mr.  Tree  aim  principally  at  forti- 
fying his  own  part  of  Svengali.  The  ren- 
dering is  probably  as  good  as  could  be 
expected.     It    assigns,  compulsorily — since 


364 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  3542,  Sept.  14, '95 


without  so  doing  there  would  have  been  no 
play — to  hypnotism  a  share  in  the  action  far 
greater  than  that  it  possesses  in  the  novel, 
and  it  renders  the  scenes  of  student  revelry 
conventional,  and,  truth  to  tell,  a  little  dis- 
enchanting. This  also  is  probably  inevitable. 
Orgies  such  as  Mr.  Du  Maurier  recollects 
and  depicts  must  be  seen  from  within,  not 
from  without,  if  they  are  not  to  seem  trivial, 
coarse,  and  idiotic.  Unforced  and  spon- 
taneous follies  have  for  youth  an  excite- 
ment, a  delirium  even,  which  no  rehearsed 
effects  can  possibly  simulate.  Making 
allowance  for  these  and  kindred  difficulties, 
the  play  may  not  only  escape  censure,  but 
claim  recognition.  It  deals  cleverly  with 
certain  scenes — with  that  notably  in  which 
the  collapse  of  Svengali  brings  with  it  the 
revelation  of  Trilby's  musical  incompetence  ; 
it  restricts  the  action,  with  no  extreme 
violation  of  probability,  within  four  acts, 
all  of  them  passing  in  Paris;  and  it  contrives 
to  bring  on  the  stage  all  the  characters  in 
the  novel  in  whom  it  is  possible  to  feel 
interest.  Some  of  the  most  dramatic 
episodes  of  the  book  sink  into  insignificance 
in  the  play.  The  scene  in  which,  with 
brutal  energy  and  relentless  justice,  Taffy 
avenges  the  atrocious  insult  passed  upon 
Billee  by  the  Jew  loses  necessarily  in  action, 
its  crude,  passionate  vitality  being  incapable 
of  presentation,  and  is  the  poorer  also  for 
want  of  the  warmly  expressed  approval  of 
Monsieur  le  General  Comte  de  la  Tour-aux- 
Loups.  These  things  are,  however,  of 
secondary  or  tertiary  importance.  What  is 
most  effective  in  presentation  is  the  growth 
of  the  power  over  Trilby  of  Svengali,  the 
cost  to  the  disj)enser  of  the  hypnotic  influ- 
ence he  yields,  and  his  death  after  the  short 
scene  of  passionate  resentment  against  his 
English  enemies.  In  these  scenes  Mr.  Tree 
as  Svengali  shows  remarkable  intensity  and 
power.  The  character  is  necessarily  Mephis- 
tophelian.  In  one  of  Mr.  Du  Maurier's  own 
illustrations  to  the  book  we  see  the  musician 
depicted  as  a  huge  spider  or  octopus,  with  his 
nether  limbs,  like  those  of  Typhon,  "  ending 
in  snaky  twine."  One  wonders,  however,  per- 
haps wrongly,  if  the  character  might  not  be 
more  deadly  if  his  powers  were  more  earthly 
and  less  fiendish.  In  the  make-up  of  the 
various  characters  Mr.  Du  Maurier's  own 
indications  have  been  closely  followed,  and 
Taffy  and  the  Laird,  Dodor  and  I'Zouzou, 
are  exhibited  exactly  as  they  aj:)pear  in  the 
well-known  volume.  Trilby  is  most  agree- 
ably presented  by  jSLiss  Dorothea  Baird, 
who  reproduces  exactly,  though  with  aug- 
mented beauty,  the  picture  given  at  p.  15 
of  the  book.  When  dressed  in  her  gorgeous 
robes  a  vision  of  (j^uoenly  beaut}'  is  pre- 
sented. Not  unfurnished  with  the  special 
forms  of  beauty  for  which  Trilby  was 
famous  is  her  representative,  who,  in  tlie  first 
act,  appeared  in  a  costume  not  unfamiliar 
among  Scottish  ladies  less  than  a  century 
ago.  All  that  wo  want  for  a  perfect  Trilby 
is  a  little  more  sauciuess  at  the  outset. 
The  reception  of  the  play  in  Manchester 
was  enthusiastic.  Its  speedy  transference 
to  London  is  already  announced. 

'  Monsieur  le  Directeur,'  produced  at  the 
Vaudeville  on  the  1 2th  of  February  last, 
may  count  as  tlie  most  brilliant  success,  so 
far  as  the  lighter  class  of  work  is  concerned, 
of  the  past  season  in  Paris.  In  beginning 
accordingly  with  an  adaptation  of  this  piece, 


at  the  prettily  and  tastefully  renovated 
Royalty  Theatre,  his  first  season  of  manage- 
ment Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  showed  prudence 
and  tact.  The  version,  executed  in  part  by 
himself,  is  fairly  successful  and  workman- 
like. Scenes  and  characters  are  transferred 
to  England,  our  own  Home  Office  being 
substituted  for  the  French  Ministry  of  the 
Interior.  No  great  difficulty  has  attended 
the  removal,  the  piece  preserving  in  the 
adaptation  most  of  the  merits  and  faults  of 
the  original.  It  has  one  or  two  superfluous 
and  uncomfortable  characters,  a  first  act 
which  is  dull,  and  a  third  act  which  all 
the  support  that  can  be  afforded  it  leaves 
flaccid  and  invertebrate.  So  inspiriting 
and  whimsical  is  the  second  act  that  it 
secures  condonation  for  what  precedes  and 
follows,  and  supports  the  weight  of  the  piece. 
Sir  Eeginald  Delamere,  the  M.  De  la  Marre 
of  the  original,  is  head  of  a  department  in 
the  Home  Office.  If  public  scandal  can 
be  trusted,  men  of  his  stamp,  who  in  the 
bestowal  of  patronage  are  influenced  by 
unworthy  considerations,  and  are  best 
approached  by  the  good-looking  wives  of 
applicants  for  places,  are  not  even  now  un- 
known. One  such  character  is,  at  least, 
preserved  to  us  in  Pepys,  whose  avowals  on 
the  point,  as  quoted  by  his  latest  editor, 
leave  no  doubt  as  to  his  licentiousness  and 
— the  word  from  our  point  of  view  is  not 
too  strong — infamy.  To  get  over  the 
scruples  of  her  brother-in-law — a  man  of 
Spartan  virtue  who  will  avail  himself  of  no 
circuitous  or  uncleanly  paths  to  fortune, 
but  will  owe  his  promotion  solely  to  his 
not  too  obvious  merits — Gladj's,  the  even 
prettier  sister  of  his  pretty  wife,  personates 
her  sister  and  carries  off  the  prize.  The 
scene  in  which  she  subjugates  the  amorous 
chief  secretary — who,  though,  like  Pepys 
again,  under  vows  of  amendment,  sees  fit 
to  dispense  with  them  for  a  while  in  sight 
of  the  special  temptation  to  frailty  now  put 
forward — is  brilliantly  devised  and  happily 
carried  out.  Scenes  of  equivoke  follow,  and 
a  creditable  amount  of  mirthfulness  is 
obtained  before  the  high  official,  now  sub- 
jugated and  enslaved,  consents  to  abandon 
his  libertine  practices,  and  assume  the,  in 
this  case,  flower- woven  bonds  of  Hymen. 
In  the  scenes  of  duello  which  constitute  the 
play  Mr.  Bourchier  and  Miss  Violet  Van- 
brugh  exhibit  geuTiine  comedy  power. 
Nothing  either  actor  has  done  has  revealed 
more  useful  and  important  gifts.  Miss 
Irene  Vanbrugh  x^i'^js  sparklingly  as  the 
personated  wife ;  and  Miss  Kate  Phillips, 
Mr.  Kinghorne,  Mr.  Hendrie,  and  Mr. 
Blakeley  supply  comic  interest. 

The  new  jilay  with  which  Mr.  W.  Elliot 
has  opened  the  St.  James's  for  an  autumnal 
season  is  a  curious  mixture  of  commonplace 
and  fantasy.  Its  environment  is  that  of  the 
teacup  and  saucer  school ;  its  central  idea 
is  extravagant  enough  for  a  place  in  the 
'  Contes  f antastiques '  of  Hoffmann.  Mr. 
Esmond's  aim  is  to  show  tlie  conversion 
into  a  miscreant  of  a  worthy,  benevolent,  and 
commonplace  old  gentleman.  In  order  to 
liring  this  about  he  assumes  that  the  spirits 
of  the  dead  people  the  atmosphere  in  which 
we  live,  and  are  ready,  when  a  chance  is 
offered,  to  trespass  upon  an  inadequately 
occupied  human  tenement,  oust  the  owner, 
and  during  such  period  of  tenancy  as  is  ])er- 
mitted  do  all  the  harm  in  their  power.     The 


spirit  that  takes  possession  of  Uncle  Bogey 
— an  old  gentleman  so  nicknamed,  doubtless, 
from  a  premonitory  vision  of  the  uncanny 
experiences  in  store  for  him — is  that  of 
a  forger  and  a  drunkard.  We  have  read 
somewhere  of  some  rich  and  prudent 
gourmet  who  bought  the  stomach  of  a  robust 
youth,  whom  he  thus  compelled  to  suffer 
vicariously  the  crapula  and  physical  de- 
terioration begotten  of  his  own  debauchery. 
In  some  such  fashion  the  animating  spirit 
afflicts  the  body  of  Uncle  Bogey  with 
delirium  tremens  and  paralysis,  and 
sets  his  hand  to  its  old  pursuits  of 
forgery  and  falsification.  Relief  is  afforded 
by  the  presence  of  a  youthful  and  beautiful 
maiden,  one  of  the  nieces  of  the  old  man, 
but  lasts  only  during  her  stay,  leaving  the 
old  passions  and  complaints  to  resume  their 
sway  so  soon  as  the  guardian  angel  dis- 
appears. Great,  as  the  elder  brother  in 
'Comus'  tells  us,  is  "the  sun-clad  power 
of  chastity."  We  have  here,  however,  a 
use  for  it  which  neither  poet  nor  dreamer  has 
previously  devised.  Mr.  Esmond's  play  is, 
in  fact,  though  clever  and  ingenious,  wild 
and  unconvincing.  It  has  not  even  the 
consistency  to  be  expected  in  a  fantasy. 
It  furnishes  some  opportunity  for  powerful, 
but  undisciplined  acting  by  the  author  as 
the  victim  of  this  strange  form  of  possession, 
and  for  some  good  sketches  of  character  by 
Mr.  Elliot  (excellent  as  a  "  pawky  "  Scot), 
Miss  Eva  Moore,  Mr.  P.  Cunningham,  and 
Mr.  Everill. 


In  order  to  avoid  clashing  with  the  Lyceum, 
Sir  Augustus  Harris  has  altered  the  date  of 
production  of  '  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  !  '  at  Drury 
Lane  from  the  21st  inst.  to  the  19th  inst.  This 
brought  the  play  into  collision  with  ]Mr.  Frith's 
new  play  at  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre. 
Mr.  Cartwright,  having  studied  the  apologue  of 
the  earthen  and  brazen  pitchers,  retired  from  the 
contest,  and  postponed  for  a  week  his  promised 
production. 

'  A  Man  with  a  Past  '  has  been  given  at  the 
Strand  Theatre  by  Mr.  Paultou's  company  for 
copyright  purposes.  It  is  with  his  own  and  his 
son's  play,  'In  a  Locket,'  that  Mr.  Paulton 
begins  on  Monday  his  regular  season  at  the 
house. 

Revivals  of  '  A  Lion's  Heart '  and  of  '  The 
Dark  Secret '  are  contemplated  at  the  Prin- 
cess's. 

'The  Winning  Hand,'  a  five-act  drama  by 
Messrs.  George  Conquest  and  St.  Aubyn  Miller, 
was  produced  on  Monday  at  the  Surrey  Theatre 
with  Mr.  George  Conquest,  jun.,  in  the 
cast. 

Miss  Kate  Rorke,  with  a  company  including 
Mr.  Brandon  Thomas,  appeared  on  INIonday  at 
the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington,  in  '  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Neill,'  by  "  Clo  "  Graves. 


To  CoRRESPONrBNTS.— D.  W.  L.— G.  M.  n.— A.  S.  W.— 
A.  W.-A.  Z.— A.  S.-B.  W.-J.  C.  P.-W.  H.  C.  S  — 
received. 

No  nctice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


F.rrnttnn.—Ante,    p.    2>0.    col.    ."}.    1.    30    from    foot,    for 
'  Mustuin  at  Ipswicli  "  read  Museum  at  Colchester. 


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N°  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


365 


CHATTO    &    WINDUS'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


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story,  if  they  had  been  able  to  write  it,  in  a  volume  by  itself,  and  it  would  have  made  their  reputation It  is  aremarkably  powerful  study."— iieji;-.i. 


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AT    MARKET    VALUE.      By    Grant 

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"A    bright,    interesting,    clever,  and    healthy    story Mr.  Allen's 

geniality  and  knowledge  of  the  world  suffice  to  make  his  stories  very 
enjoyable,  and  '  At  Market  Value  ■  is  not  the  least  so/'—X/jertahii: 

OTHELLO'S 

.MARY  ANDERSON. 
"Miss  Mary  Anderson's  romance  is  full  of  strange  and  romantic 
adventures."— XiYeroi-y  H'orkl. 

RACHEL  DENE.  By  Robert  Buchanan. 

ISIiortly. 
"  In  •  Rachel  Dene '  Mr  Buchanan  lelU  in  his  f.'iaphic  manner  a  tale 
full  of  hunian  interest  Hi<  hem  and  heroine  arc  iirplian.s  whose  parents 
perished  in  tlie  Indian  Mntinj,  but  the  L-irl  is  the  gi-andchild  of  the  rich 
owner  of  the  Deepdale  Mills. . .  .Ralph  Hollis  allows  Jack  to  be  sent  into 
penal  servitude  for  a  murder  he  has  himself  committed,  and  the  wrong 
U  only  righted  altera  series  of  thrilling  incidents,  the  ertect  of  which 
is  heightened  by  some  powerful  descriptions  of  prison  life" 

Morniiitj  Post 

MR.  JERVIS.   By  B.  M.  Croker.    [sw«v 

'"Mr.   Jervis   is  an  eminently  readable  book,  full  of  lifelike  cha- 
racters."—6' ii«i<7ian. 


HONOUR    of    THIEVES.     By   C.    J. 

CL'TCLIFFE  IIVNE  "^ 

"  'A  rattling  good  story  '  would  be  a  boy's  verdict  on  closing  '  Honour 
of  Thieves.'  The  book  is  written  with  inhnite  spirit  and  'go,' and  the 
adventures  of  the  500.000;,  are  truly  exciting.  There  is  real  humour  in 
Captain  Kettle's  poetical  etfoitSi  and  if.  as  .Mr.  Culclitt'e  Hyne  adniils 
in  his  s«  mewhat  cynical  Preface,  his  chai-acters  are.  with  one  e.'cceptiuu, 
'  mostly  bad,'  their  proceedings  make  very  amusing  reading." 

I'till  Mall  Cnzclle. 

RHODA  ROBERTS :   a  Welsh  Mining 

Story.     By   HARRY  LINDSAY. 
"Rhoda  Roberts  and  ln-r  fathrT.  Seth  Ruhorts.  are  fine  chni-actcT<. 
and  of  a  type  of  which  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  may  well  be  proud. 
. . .  .The  plot  is  an  t  xtreniely  fascinating  and  exciting  one,  " 

Punl'iponl  Free  P,rsx. 

A    COUNTRY    SWEETHEART.      By 

DORA  ItrSSELL.  *^ 

"  Tt  i<  a  brijrht,  clever  story,  which  shows  a  considerable  knowletlge 
of  hunian  nature The  story  is  interesting,  and  written  pJea-antly.  ' 

IS  HE  the  MAN  ?  By  W.  Clark  Russell. 

"For  genuine  excitement  it  will  compare  favoui-ably  with  some  of 
th^^  best  work  of  the  author  of  'The  Woman  la  White,'  The  cha- 
racrcrsare  well  di-awn,  and  ttiere  is  a  force  and  a  visrour  of  treatment 
about  them  that  is  i-are  indeed  at  the  present  da.y. '—Liberal. 


The  GOOD  SHIP  "MOHOCK."   By  W. 

CLARK  Rl'SSELL,  Author  of  ■  My  Shipmate  Louise.'        [Shortly. 

"  '  The  Good  Ship  Mohock  ' tells  of  a  daring  conspiracy  of  a  captain 

against  his  own  passengers  and  sr.ip,  and  is  laid  in  that  particularly 
interesting  sea  period,  the  last  days  of  the  old  sailing  American  liner. 
It  is  a  book  which  the  most  haideued  reviewer  could  read  with 
pleasure." —  WestminUcr  Uazetu. 

DR.     ENDICOTTS     EXPERIMENT. 

By  ADELINE  SERGTANT.  [SUurily. 

"  When  Miss  Sergeant  has  a  lively  story  to  tetl  she  knows  how  to  telF 
it  in  a  lively  way It  is  a  good  story."- ftnV;/  Chronicle. 

The  MACDONALD  LASS.    By  Sarah 

TY  I'LER.    With  Allan  Ramsay's  Portrait  of  Flora  Macdonald. 
"  For  beauty  of  style,  skill  in  characterization,  vivid  pictures  of  the 
period  and  of  the  "country,  the  novel  before  us  will  rank  with  any 
produced  this  season." — Liberal. 

The    PRINCE    of   BALKISTAN.     By 

ALLE.N  I  I'WARD.  Author  ot  ■  The  Uucen  against  Owen  ' 
'"The  Prince  of  BalKistan  '  already  stands  forth  from  a  crowd  of 
ambitious  competitors  as  the  story  of  the  season,  and  more  also. ' 


WESTMINSTER.     By  Sir  Walter  Besant.     (A  Companion 

Volume  to  •I,OM)f)\.')  With  an  Efclied  Plate  of  'The  Towers  of  'Westminster'  by 
Francis  S.  Walker,  IJ.P.E  ,  iind  L'iu  Ilhistrations  bv  WilHam  Patten  and  others.  Demy 
8vo.  clotli  extra,  Iti.s.  "  [Octoicr  10. 

The    FRENCH    REVOLUTION    (Constituent    Assembly, 

17H9  91).  Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  completing  the  Work.  By  JUSTIX  HUNTLY 
McCAUTHY,  Author  of  'Ireland  Since  the  Union,'  &c.  Demy  8vo.  cloth  extra.  12s. 
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SIR  HENRY  IRVING :  a  Record  of  over  Twenty  Years  at 

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366 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 
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English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History. 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Executions  of  1745 — The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot" — Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs— Hereward  le  Wake— Hiding- 
Placea  of  Charles  II.— Where  did  Edward  II.  die?— 
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Anne  Boleyn's  Heart — Hubert  de  Burgh — Henry  Martin 
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Fox' — "Lead,  kindly  Light" — Rabelais — London  Pub- 
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of  Tyre — Bibliography  of  Skating — 'The  Book' — Notes 
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thropy— North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage — West  Indian  Superstitions — "  Milky  Way" — 
Folk-lore  of  Birds — Feather  Superstition- Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

Tlie  Drama  in  Ireland—'  Tom  Jones '  on  the  French 
Stage— '  Auld  Robin  Gray'  — '  Harpings  of  Lena' — 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery  '  of  B.  Panta- 
leon — Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory' — "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border  " — Swift's  Verses  on  his  own  Death — 
Tennyson's  'Palace  of  Art' — Ballad  of  'William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  —  Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  'Ode  to  Mont  Blanc'  —  Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley — '  Cross  Purposes ' — Tennyson's  '  Dream 
of  Fair  Women ' — '  Logic  o'  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings, 

"To  rule  the  roast" — "Licked  into  shape" — "Bosh" 
— Joining  the  majority — Up  to  snuft — "  To  the  bitter 
end" — Conspicuous  by  his  absence  —  Play  old  Goose- 
berry—  "The  grey  mare  is  the  better  horse" — Bred 
and  born  —  Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  o£t  with  a 
shilling — Tin=money — Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tennis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets — American  Spelling — Snob- 
Jolly — Boycotting — Argosy — Jennet — Bedford  —  Maiden 
in  Place-names — Deck  of  Cards — Masher — Belfry — Brag 
— Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef-eater— 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes— Courtesy  Titles — Rolls  of  Arms 
— Book-plates — Earldom  of  Mar — Arms  of  the  See  of 
York — Pitzhardinges  of  Berkeley — Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde — The  Violet  in  Heraldry — Arms  of  Vasco  da 
Gama — Seal  of  the  Templars — Earldom  of  Suffolk. 

Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape— The  '  Hours '  of  Raphael — 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  —  Early  Gillrays — 
Retzsch's  Outlines — Portraits  of  Byron — Velasquez  and 
his  Works — Tassie's  Medallions— Copley's  '  Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Matters. 

The  Revised  Version — Pulpits — The  Episcopal  Wig- 
Vestments — Temporal  Power  of  Bishops — Easter  Sepul- 
chres— Canonization — The  Basilican  Rite — The  Scottish 
Office — Tulchan  Bishops — Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"—  The  "Month's  Mind"  —  Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy — Libraries  in  Churches — 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens — 
Franciscans  in  Scotland — Bishops  of  Dunkeld — Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets — The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles — Metrical  Psalms — Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Satirae ' — Roman  Arithmetic — The  Alastor  of 
Augustus — "Acervus  Mercurii" — "  Vescus"  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175 — Oppian — Juvenal's  Satire  ii. — Transliteration  of 
Iliad  i. — Aristophanes'  'Ranae' — Simplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus— Tablet  of  Cebes— Imitative  Verse— "Felix  quern 
faciunt."  (fee. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo— "  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments — Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle— Middle 
Temple  Lane— Ormond-street  Chapel— Roman  Villa  at 
Bandown — Ashburnham  House — Carew  Castle — Rushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh — Welton  House. 

Miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names— Election  Colours— Buried  Alive— O.  K. 
—Ladies'  Clubs— Zoedone— Berkeley-square  Mystery- 
Wife  Selling— The  Telephone— Sorutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears— Jingo— Tlio  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
—Tobacco  in  England— Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients— Names  of  American  States— Carucate— Female 
Soldiers  and  Bailors— Mistletoe— Giants— Jewesses  and 
Wigs— Memories  of  Trafalgar— Green  Eyes— Beaumon- 
tague— Secret  Chambers  in  Ancient  Houses— The  Bona- 
parte-Patterson Marriage— Ace  of  8pa<les— Wig  Curlers- 
Female  Churchwardens— The  Opal— House  of  Keys- 
Church  Registers— Arm-in-arm  — E.  O.  —  Napoleon— 
Legacy  to  Cantillon. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FllANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.G. 


N"  3542,  Sept.  14,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


367 


BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    THE 
EIGHT  HON.  W.  E.  GLADSTONE. 

NOTES  and  QUERIES  for  Decembee  lOth  and 
24th,  1892,  and  JANUARY  7th  and  21st,  1893,  contains  a  BIBLIO- 
GRAPHY ol  MR.  OLADSTONE. 

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lane,  B.C. 

New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  price  Two  Shillings, 

CELESTIAL    MOTIONS:    a    Handy    Book    of 
Astronomy.    Eighth  Edition.    With  3  Plates.    By  W.  T.  LYNN, 
B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"Has,  we  are  glad  to  see,  reached  an  eighth  edition,  which  enables 
this  excellent  introduction  to  the  facts  of  astronomy  to  be  brought  up 
to  date." — (jxuirdian. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S  W. 


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REMARKABLE    COMETS:    a  Brief  Surrey  of 
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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B  A.  F.R  A  S. 
"Well  adapted  to  accomplish  their  purpose  " 

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Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cocltspur-street,  Charing  Cross.  S.  W. 

In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  24«. 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happj'  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"  The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical   sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury. 

"The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  i)iquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

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"No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  indicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  bo  of  incalculable  service." 

Doohseller. 

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almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  tlie  j)eriod  with  wliich  it 
deals.  We  coufess  that  we  have  been  able  to  fincl 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  I].caminer, 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington- street,  W., 
Publiihers  in  Ordinairy  to  Her  Majesty  the  Qaeen, 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


Tins  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES  :-CoI.  John  Hill— Petty  Bibliography—'  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography' — Discovery  of  0.xygen — Semple  ;  Ramsay:  Burns— sir 
W.  Leighton — "Poor's" — History  and  Romance— '  Ships  that  pass 
in  the  Night' — Sir  W.  Mildniay  and  Lord  Burghley— Dukedom  of 
Queensberry — Hay  in  Church  Aisles—"  Diggings"- Abode. 

QVERIES; — Huguenot  Records  —  Addams  Family  —  Manor  of  Stoke 
Oiftbrd—t'upples— Richard  of  Cirencester — Belgian  Name— Bennett, 
I'ortiait  I'ainter— Dr.  R.  Mead— Mary  Herbert.  Countess  of  Vem- 
broke- Llandaft  Peei-age- Cardinal  of  St.  Paul's— 'Anecdotes  An- 
ghnses  '  —  Archer  Family — liookseller  and  I'ublisher  —  Waterloo 
Banquet  —  Burial-places  of  Sir  T.  :\Iore  and  Bishop  Fisher  — 
"  Scoured  "  and  "Kincob"  Gowns— G.  Raleigh— Florio—S.  Briscoe 
— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Pronunciation  of  Sea— Weldon  Family -Portrait  of  Warren 
Hastings  — Her  Majesty's  Opposition  — "  Dillygrout"— Duncalf— 
"  Drink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes  " — "  Gallett  " — Iturbide — "  Spit  " 
— Monoyer— Hampshire  Visitations— Captain-Lieutenant — "  Chum  " 
— "  Hecatomb  "rhymed  with  "Gloom"— Rev.  E.  Marten— 'Spanish 
Chant'— T.  Harley,  Lord  Mayor— First  Atlantic  Steamship— Church- 
ing of  Women— rooth-Brushes— Arms— "  Carrion  "  Heath—'  'rhe 
Bonnie  Banks  o'  Loch  Lomon '— Sir  J  Marriott  — Shakspeare— 
Dante's  Geography- Mary  Magdalene— loadstones— Sir  T.  Bond— 
Church.vard  Curiosities— Breeding  Stones— Ball-playing  in  Church- 
yards—Date o(  the  Equinox— odd  Volume— Pope  Joan— Baptist 
Pamphlet— Church  of  St.  Giles.  Cripplegate—  The  King's  Quhair  '— 
Scot,  liishop  of  Chester— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Dowden's '  New  Studies  in  Literature  '-Putnam's 
•William  the  Silent '  — Blair's  Bruce's  'Handbook  to  the  Roman 
Wall  —Madge's  ' Moulton  Church  and  its  Bells'— 'The  E.\-Libris 

Journal.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES  :— Letter  from  Elias  Levita  — Bishops'  Transcripts  — Prince 
Charles  Edward — "  Woful  "— Lady  Day  in  Harvest — Maypoles — Mil- 
ton's 'II  Penseroso ' — Railway  Return  'I'ickets — R.  Wilson— "Out- 
sider"—.V  Parallel— Foxglove— Noriis  Family— Bun. 

QUERIES  :— Hogarth— First  Earl  of  Ripon—Kenting— Clementina  Rad- 
clyffe— J.  Beaumont— Rev.  W.  Hutchins — '  Garden  of  Cyrus' — Order 
of  the  Star  of  Bethlehem— Zodiac  Rings— Military  Music— Lord  Hol- 
land-Prickly Pear— Engravings  by  Faithorne — 'r.  Walker  &  Co  — 
St  Peter's  Finger- White's  '  History  of  Newcastle  '—Rev.  B.  Ward— 
The  Selden  Monument— '  Fringilla  '-Stack-staves. 

REPLIES  :— Early  Life  of  Anne  Boleyn— Old  French  Map— Sporting 
Names  of  Birds -Perforated  Stones— Worcester  Cloisters— Gigantic 
Bones— Pitt  Club — I'riests'  Orders— rhornlon— latin  Motto— Audrey 
and  Awdrey — "Poeta  nascitur  non  tit" — Simon  de  Montfort's  Bones 
— Terminations '■ -argh"  and  " -ergli  " — Sibyl — C.  C.  de  Ci'espigny — 
"Camberwell  Fringe"— Philip  II.  of  Spain— Sir  Gore,  of  Sacombe— 
Language — Archbishop  Wake — Local  Anecdotes  —  Nelson  Relics  — 
"Grass-widow"  —  "Clyst" —  Ancient  Masons'  Marks  —  Baptist 
Pamphlet— 'I'heodolite. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Wheatley's '  Diary  of  Samuel  Pepys  '—The  Month  s 
Magazines— Cassell's  Publications 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  AUGUST 31. 

NOTES  :— The  Myres  Macership— John  Forster- Graham  of  Gartmore 
— Bibliography  of  Sir  W.  Petty — Luke  xii  '29—"  Spontaneous  Com- 
bustion "—Saye's  Court  — Roadnight—" Knowledge  is  power" — 
Peter  and  Paul— J.  Buckler. 

QUERIES :— Duchess  of  Richmond— "Lanky  Man  "—Sunday  Markets 
—Sash  Window— Mary  Elizabeth  Robinson— Baptist  Pamphlet— 
O  Brien  :  De  Bryan— Lincoln's  Inn— Channel  Islands— MacDougall 
of  Lome— Bears  Wood  Green — .Scott's  'Antiquary  ' — Lady  Ralegh — 
Leeds  Family — "Carrion  Heath" — Grace  Currau — Ball-playing  in 
Churchyards— "Revolt" — Dickinson— Odd  Volume— I'lOposed  New 
Houses  of  Parliament— Callowhill — English  Cardinals — Authors 
Wanted. 

REPLIES :— Arms  of  Canterbury  —  Sheep-stealer  Hanged— 'Reliquia; 
Diluvianac'- St  Mary  Ovene— Valse  —  Earl  of  Halifax --Rev.  J. 
Marriott— Quaiteistair— Bleeding  Stones— Church  Registers— Tray, 
Name  of  Dog— "Cold  Pig  "  —  Saying  of  Voltaire— Finger— Lilac- 
King's  Evil— "Taking  a  rise" — Barthelemon  s  'Morning  Hymn' — 
Wellington's  Estimate  of  Napoleon— Dalrymples,  Earls  of  Stair— 
Keble  and  the  Christian  Year '  — Charles  I.  at  Little  Gidding  — 
Spider-wort  called  "Trinity  "—Burial  Custom— Portrait  of  Dr  Rich- 
mond—Coincidences — Heraldic — "  Link  " — '  Flowers  of  the  Forest ' — 
Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— Errors  in  Cataloguing— Jesse  Windows— 
Witham— "  Running  the  gantlope.  " 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  ;— Barclay's  'Stonehenge  and  its  Earthworks'— 
Robinson  s  '  Old  Q  '-Howard's  'Armorial  Book-plates.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


ConUnts,  AUGUST 24. 

NOTES:— Early  Life  of  Anne  Boleyn— The  Columbian  Exposition— 
"'The  Three  Estates  "—Witham— street  signs— Spurgeon— Philip  II. 
of  Spain- Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— Weldon  Family— The  Evil  Eye 
—Language— Mary  Magdalene. 

QUERIES  :— Shakspeare— Stamp  Act,  ITS.")- '  The  King  s  Quhair'— Baron 
Metge  — Duncalt- The  Pretender—"  Madam  "—'■  Mviiad-minded  "— 
Portrait— Population  of  Roman  Britain- Society  for" the  Diltusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge— Does  the  Sun  put  out  the  Fire  .'—Grace  Church 
—Four  Living  Great-grandmiithera-  •  Banana"  — Closamonl  — J. 
Rogers,  Vicar  of  Bradford— Barclay's  '  Euphoiniio.' 

REPLIES— "Oaken'—Errors  in  Cataloguing  — Graham  of  Gartnr— 
Leyrcslowe— "  IXbonnaire  "—'Tournaments—'  The  Shaving  of  Shag- 
pat  —Pronunciation  of  .Sea —"  Dog's-eared  and  turned  down  — 
Leather  Jacks— "Coulin  "-Shakspeare  :  Hilliaid  Portrait- "  Does 
your  iniiilicr  know  you're  out.'  "-Hicks  Family —  Churching  of 
Women  "Frightened  of "— Luminous  Carbuncle  —  Goldlinchcs 
I'oiMiiiing- William  of  Wykeham—"  Grandmothers  Nightcap"— 
Oil  of  K-gs— "Ever  Loyal  city  "-liurning  for  Heresy— Kalevala— 
Parish  Charities— Bishop  Cotton— "  Parson  " — ''The  Beggar's  Opera' 
—  'bum  "-Mrs  S.  Williams  —  Date  of  the  Fquinox— .\riosto— 
Visiting  ('ar<ls—"  Links"—  The  Flowers  of  the  Forest '—Church  of 
Charles  the  .Martyr. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  —Bellezza's  'Introduzione  alio  Studio  del  Font! 
luliani  de  G.  Chaucer '—I.arkin's  '  Elliptical  Orbits '—' Edinburgh 
Review  — Archaological  Publications. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


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ACIDITY  of  the  STO.'tfACH.  HEARTBURN, 

U&ADACHB,  GOUT, 

and  1NDIOB8TION, 
Axd  Stieit  Aperient  (or  Delicate  Constltntions, 

Chililrcn.  and  Infanu. 

DIN  NE  FORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


368 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3542,  Sept.  14, '95 


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No.  3543. 


SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER    21,   1895. 


FBIOB 
THKBBPENCB 

BBGISTBSBD  AS  A  BBWSPAPBB 


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A 


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B 


u 


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S 


M 


S. 


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Messrs.  W.  E.  HENLEY  and  T.  F.  HENDERSON,  the  Editors  of 
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Paul,  Trench.  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  will 
RESUME  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account  upon 
OCTOBER  1  NEXT.  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS.  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


''PYPE-WKITING,— Authors'  MS.  Typed  and  Pre- 

A  pared  for  Publication-  Typing,  Is.  per  1,000.  Large  qaantities 
by  arrangement  Dramatic  work  a  specuJity  — FAtctx  DARLiso.i,  22 
Wellington-street,  W.C. 


SWINEY  LECTURES  on  GEOLOGY. 
Under  the  direction  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum. 
A  COURSE  of  TWELVE  LECTURES  on  '  The  GEOLOGICAL  HIS- 
TORY of  MAN'  will  be  delivered  by  J  G.  GARSON,  M.D.,  V.P. 
Anthrop  Inst,  in  the  LECTURE  THEATRE  of  the  SOUTH  KEN- 
SINGTON MUSEUM  (by  permission  of  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  Education),  on  MONDAYS,  WEDNESDAYS,  and  FRIDAYS, 
at  5  PH.,  beginning  Friday,  October  4,  and  ending  Wednesday,  Octo- 
ber 30.  Each  Lecture  will  be  illustrated  by  means  of  Lantern  Slides 
and  Limelight.    Admission  to  the  Course  free. 

By  order  of  the  Trustees, 

W.  H.  FLOWER,  Director. 
British  Museum  (Natural  History),  Cromwell-road, 
London,  S.W. 

ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY    of 
ENGLAND. 
The  EXAMINATION  of  Candidates  for  the  Societv's  TEN  JUNIOR 
SCHOLARSHIPS,  of  the  value  of  20(.  each,  wUl  take  place  on  NOVEM- 
BER 12th  and  Kith  next,  at  the  Society's  House,  and  at  the  Schools  from 
which  Pupils  are  entered  by  the  Head  Masters. 

Entries  finally  close  on  October  I5th.    Copies  Of  the  regulations  and 
forms  of  entry  may  be  had  on  application  to 

ERNEST  CLARKE,  Secretary. 
13,  Hanover-square,  W.,  September,  1895. 


POLITICAL  ECONOMY  and  POLITICAL 
SCIENCE.— CORRESPONDENCE  CLASSES  in  these  subjects, 
suitable  for  L.L  A.  and  other  Examinations,  and  for  the  direction  of 
Home  Study,  will  BEGIN  EARLY  in  OCTOBER  —Apply  to  the  Slcre- 
TVRY,  St.  George's  Classes,  5,  Melville-sti-eet,  Edinburgh. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN- 
8  and  9,  York-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal  —  Miss    EMILY    PENROSE. 
The    SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  3.      The  In- 
augural Lecture  will  be  delivered  by  Professor  HERKOMER,  R.A.,  on 
THURSDAY,  October  3,  on  '  Art  Tuition.'  at  4  30  cm. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  Sfork-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal  —  Miss    E.MILY     PENROSE. 
HYGIENE  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
The  COURSE  of  INSiRUCIION.  Practical  and  Theoretical,  in  the 
above  subjects  will  BEGIN  on    THURSDAY,  October  3 —Further  in- 
formation on  application.     LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


ITNIVEKSITY       of       LONDON. 

^  SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

LONDON  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  required  for  the  PRE- 
LIMINARY SCIENTIFIC  M  H.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 
Fee  for  the  whole  Course,  'Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  M.B.  (Lend  )  and 
Primary  F.R  C.S  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will   COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCOIT,  Warden. 


FRANCE The     ATHENiEUM     can    ba 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES.  BEACLIEU-SUR-BCER,  BIARRITZ.  BOB^ 
DKAUX,  BOULOONE-8UR-MEE,  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DUON,  DUN- 
KIRK. HAVRE,  LILLB.  LYONS.  MAR.SEILLE8.  MKNTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  T0UB8, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  OAilGNANI  LIBRABI,  224,  Rne  de  RItoU,  Parig. 

TREBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  3.  Trebovir- 
road.  South  Kensington,  S.W —Advanced  Classes  for  Girls  and 
Elementary  Classes  for  Children  Principal- Mrs.  W  R.  COLE.  The 
NEW  TERM  COMMENCED  SEPTEMBER  19.— Prospectuses  forwarded 
on  application.  ^^^^ 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE    YORKSHIRE     COLLEGE,    LEEDS. 


TJNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,      LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The  GENERAL  COXIRSE  of  LECTURES  on  ZOOLOGY,  by  Professor 
W.  F.  R.  WELDON,  FRS  .  CO.MMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  Octobers, 
at  1  p.M  The  instruction  in  Zoology  is  arranged  to  suit  the  require- 
ments of  Students  reading  for  any  of  the  Examinations  of  London  Uni- 
versity.—For  Syllabus  apply  to 

J    M.  HORSBURGH,  MA,  Secretary. 

NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 


u 


The  SESSION  of  the  FACULTY  of  MEDICINE  will  COMMENCE  on 
OCTOBER  1.  Introductory  Lecture  at  4  p  m.  by  Prof  J.  ROSE  BRAD- 
FORD, M  D  D  8c.  F.R.8. 

'I'he  Examinations  for  the  Entrance  Exhibitions  will  commence  on 
September  25 

Scholarships,  Exhibitions,  and  Prizes  of  the  value  of  S00(  are  awarded 
annually. 

In  I  niverslty  College  Hospital  about  3,000  In-Patienta  and  .35  uno 
Out-l-aiicnts  are  treated  during  the  year.  'Thirty-six  Appoiutmenis 
Eighteen  being  Resident  ras  House  Surgeon,  House  Physician.  Obstetric 
AHSistant.  &c.}.  are  filled  up  by  competition  during  the  year,  and  these, 
as  well  as  all  Clerkships  and  Drcsserships,  are  opcu  to  Students  of  the 
Hospital  without  extra  fee. 

Prospectuses,  with  full  information  as  to  Classes,  Prizes,  &c  ,  may  be 
obtaiued  from  the  College,  Gower-street,  W  c. 

A.  E.  HAKKER.F  lies,  Dean. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M  A.,  Secretary. 


The  TWENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE. 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  th« 
SIXTY-FIFTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  October  I, 
1S95. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing.  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  ia 
the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Reowtbar^ 

HE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE, 

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Studen's  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modem  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  4c. 

Residential  Hostels  lor  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

25th  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  23.  1895. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.).- Prospectus  on  application  to 
the  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY   COLLEGE    of    SOUTH  WALES 
and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  THIRTEENTH  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  October  7, 
1895. 

The  College  Prospectus,  containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  Classes 
in  the  Faculties  of  Arts  and  Science,  in  the  Department  of  Engineering, 
and  in  the  Department  for  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Elementary  and 
Secondary  Schools- 
Special  Prospectuses  of  the  School  of  Mining,  the  Medical  School, 
and  the  Training  School  of  Cookery  and  the  Domestic  Arts,  together 
with  particulars  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to  be  offered  for  com- 
petition in  September,  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  REoisraAtt. 


ABERDARE  HALL. 

This  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Miss  HURLBATT  (SomerviUe  Hall,  Oiford). 

J.  A.  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar  and  Secretary. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  July  19, 1895. 

ST.  BARTHOLOMEW'S  HOSPITAL  and 
COLLEGE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY,  October  1, 1895. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College,  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  Beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  900/  are  awarded  annually. 

'The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum.  Library,  &c, 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  was 
formally  opened  last  summer. 

For  fuither  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Waedek 
or  THE  College,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application.  

ST.  GEORGE'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
Hyde  Park  Comer.  S.W. 

The  WINTER  SESSIO.N  will  COMMENCE  on  TUESDAY.  October  1. 
when  an  Introductory  Address  will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  GEORGE  D. 
POLLOCK,  at  4  P.M.  ^       ,  , 

The  following  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition 
in  October.  ,,.,,,.         ,.    ,. 

1  A  Scholarship  of  value  145( ,  for  the  Sons  of  Medical  Men  who  have 
entered  the  School  as  bond  fide  .First- Year  Students  during  the  year 
ending  October  5,  1895  ..  „     .  .... 

2.  'Two  Scholarships,  each  of  value  501.,  open  to  all  Students  who  hare 
commenced  their  medical  studies  not  earlier  than  May,  1895. 

3  Two  Scholarships,  of  value  85/  ,  for  Stu.lents  who  passed  or  com- 
pleted the  curriculum  for  the  Oxford  Ist  MB  or  the  Cambridge  2nd 
M  B  ,  and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  October  5. 

4  A  Scholamhip,  of  value  8.')/,  for  Students  of  Provincial  University 
Colleges  who  have  passed  or  completed  the  curriculum  for  the  corre- 
sponding University  Examinations  in  London,  Mancheetcr,  or  Durham, 
and  have  entered  the  School  during  the  year  ending  October  5,  1895. 

'The  following  Exhibitions  and  Prizes  are  also  open  to  Students  —The 
William  Brown  100/  Exhibition;  the  William  Brown  40/  Exhibition; 
the  Webb  Prize  in  Bacteriologf .  of  value  3o/  ;  the  Brackenbury  Prize 
in  Medicine  ol  value  32/  ;  the  Brackenbury  I'rize  in  Surgery,  of  value 
3'/  the  Pollock  Prize  in  PhTslology.  of  value  18J  ;  the  Johnson  Prlxe 
In  Anatomy  of  value  101.  lOn. ;  the  Trea-sun;r»  Prize,  of  value  10/  10s  ; 
General  Pro'tlciency  Prizes  for  First.  Second,  and  Third  Year  Students, 
of  10/  10.S.  each;  the  Brodic  Prize  in  Sureery  ;  the  Acland  Prize  in 
Medicine  ;  the  Thompson  Medal  ;  and  Sir  (  harles  Clarke  s  Prize 

All  Hospital  appointments  including  trie  Kour  Hou<e  Physicianship* 
and  Four  House  .^urgconshipi*.  are  awarded  as  the  result  of  competition, 
and  are  open  to  StudcnU  ot  the  School  without  extra  fee. 

Nine  salaried  appointments  iuiiluding  that  of  Olwtetric  Assistant, 
with  a  i.alary  of  low  and  Imard  and  lodging,  are  awarded  yearly  to 
senior  pupils  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Medical  School  Com- 
mittee. 

Prospectusci  and  fuller  details  may  be  obtained  by  application  to 

ISAMBARD  OWEN,  M.D  ,  Dean. 


370 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


rjUY'S     HOSPITAL. 


PRELIMINARY 

SCIENTIFIC  (M.B)  LONDON— The  NEXT  COURSE  of  LEC- 
TURES and  MEDICAL  CLASSES  for  this  Examination  will  BEGIN  on 
OCTOBER  1-  Camliilates  entering  for  this  Course  can  register  as 
Medical  Students— Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to 
the  Deax,  Guj  s  Hospital,  London  Biidge,  S  E 


GUY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL.— The 
■WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  TUESDAY,  October  1. 
Entrance  Scholarsh.'ps  of  the  combined  value  of  300!.  are  awarded 
annually,  and  numerous  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  for  competition 
by  Students  of  the  School. 

The  number  of  Patients  treated  in  the  wards  during  last  year  was  5,908. 

-All  hospital  appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge,  and 
the  holders  of  residential  appointments  are  provided  with  board  and 
lodffing. 

The  College  accommodates  Sixty  Students,  under  the  supervision  of 
a  resident  Warden. 

The  Dental  School  provides  the  full  Curriculum  required  for  the 
L  D  S.  England. 

The  Club's  Union  Athletic  Ground  is  easily  accessible. 

A  Handbooli  of  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Profession  will  be  forwarded  on  appUeation. 

For  the  Prospectus  of  the  School,  containing  full  particulars  as  to 
Fees,  Course  of  Study  advised,  regulations  of  the  College,  &c.,  apply, 
personally  or  by  letter, to  the  Devk,  Guys  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S.t. 

ASSISTANT  SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Miss 
LOUISA  BROUGH  can  recommend  University  Giaduates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers,  Foreign  Teachers,  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  &c— Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  ifor  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  E.  J.  Beevob,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
— The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS  .  or  offering  to  place  MSS.,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.     By  order,    G.  HERBERT  THRLNG,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  'VV.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  pnblished  monthly 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cos,  Bream's-buildings,  E.C. 


THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M,  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book.  Producing.  Consultation 
free.— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M,  BuRGHEs,  Authors"  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


TO 

-1      Ll 


THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
Syndicate  and  Press  Agency.  "A  Medium  of  Communication 
between  .Authors,  Editors,  and  Publishers."  MSS.  negotiated.  Inter- 
Tiews  by  appointment  only.— Address  the  Secretaet,  3,  Tictoria-street, 
'Westminster. 

AUTHORS.— The     MARLBOROUGH 

LITERARY  AGENCY  offers  valuable  and  unique  advantages  to 
"Writers.  Send  for  Circular  explaining  its  methods.  No  Preliminary 
Fees.- Marlborough  House.  11,  Ludgate-hiU,  E  C. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase.  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13.  Red  Lion-court,  Fleet-street,  E.O. 

R     ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising    Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR-STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.'W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all   Papers,  Magazines.  &c.,  at  the  lowest 
possible   prices      Special  terms  to  Institutions,  Schools,  PnbUshers, 
Hannfactnrers,  &c.,  on  application. 


NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES,  BOOKS,  &c.— 
KING.  SELL  &  RAILTON,  Limited,  High-Class  Printers  and 
Publishers,  11',  Gough-square,  4,  Bolt^eourt,  Fleet-street,  E.G.,  have 
specially  built  Rotary  and  other  fast  .Machines  for  printing  and  binding 
Illustrated  or  other  Publications.  -Advice  and  aj^sistance  given  to  any 
one  wishing  to  commence  New  Journals.  Editorial  Offices  free.  Adver- 
tising and  Publishing  conducted. 

Telephone  2.759.    Telegraph,  "  Africanism,  London." 

PRINTING  ajid  PUBLISHING.— To  AUTHORS. 
—Special  attention  given  to  the  above.  Estimates  free.  Accounts 
Tertfied  by  Chartered  Accountant —Address  Mu<tGER,  Roxburghe  Press, 
3,  Tictoria-street,  Westminster. 


E 


QLntnlotnes. 


LLIS  &  ELVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Itare  Books 

Libraries  Catalogued,  Arranged,  Valued,  or  Purchased. 

CATALOGVES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

29,  New  Eond-btieet,  London.  W. 

FOREIGN     BOOKS     and      PERIODICALS 
promptly  su7>plied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &    (;0.    37,    SOHO-SQUARE. 

T  S.  E     A     S     T     B     S,         Bookseller, 

tf  a  U'l,  Knatchbull-road,  Canihcrwcll,  S  E. 

Special  linimcss— tlrnling  Honks  wanted  (Ancient  or  Modernj. 
Book-plates  (Ex-Librisj  bouglit  in  any  quantity, 

il-L    OUT-OF-PRINT    BOOKS  speedily  pro- 

X\.    curei.  Acknowledged  the  most  expert  Hookflnder  extant.    PleaKc 


state  wants  to  Ha 
Lent,  or  Kxchanged. 


Great  Bookshop,  Birmingham.— Books  Bought, 


l^KiR  SALE,  a  NUMF'.ER  of  WORKS  on  Genea- 

-i  logy.  Heraldry,  Tonogi-aphy,  and  kindred  Sf)Ciety  ]*ublications, 
all  In  good  order  —For  list  apply,  by  letter,  to  W.  H.  Smith,  la,  St. 
George's-square,  Regent's  Park. 

T^^OR  SALE,  53  vols.  NOTES  and  QUERIES,  half 

J-  bound  in  calf.  Second  to  Sixtli  Series,  for  the  Years  1SJ7  to  lt*t', 
alsofroni  Ocuiljcr.  1880.  to  August,  1891,  unbound.  — Apjjly  F.  JUlmsio.n, 
Clirumcie  Office,  Croydon. 

THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London,  EC) 
Contains    halriess   paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom     bUpenceeach.    5».  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 


ACHILLES  TAYLOR 

-'-i-  (late  General  Manager  Midland  Educational  Co.), 

Bookman,  "WTiolesale  Stationer,  and  Dealer  in  Edncational  Specialities, 
C.AXTON  HOUSE,  OLD-SOUARE,  BIRMINGHAM. 
Just  ready, 

A  NEW  PEN.— The  C  AXTON  VERTICAL  WRITER. 

Specially  made  of  the  finest  Damascene  Steel  for  Upright  Writing. 
Sample  liox  of  Two  Dozen,  post  free,  Cii. 

The    HIGH    SCHOOL    SERIES    of    EXERCISE 

BOOKS.    Sample  Set  of  Eleven,  post  free,  "s. 


MUD 


lE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  which  has  been  considerably 
increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French, 
German,  Spanish,  and  Italian  for  Circulation  and  Sale. 

A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  the 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  will  be  sent  to  any 
address  postage  free  on  application. 


CATALOGUE  of  FOBEIGN  BOOKS  fur  1S95, 
Is.  6d.  each. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY  (Limited), 

30-34,  New  Oxford-street ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.G., 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


PICTURE     REPARATION 
effectei 


or    CLEANING 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


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372 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N-'SSIS,  Sept.  21, '95 


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N°  3543,  Sept.  21, '95 THE     ATHEN^UM 373 

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374 


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NEEDLEWORK,  KNITTING,  and  CUTTING   OUT.     With  Methods  of  Teaching.     By 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


377 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  21,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

Two  Queen's  Regiments     

Poems  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Radford        

Translations  from  the  Persian  

Last  Century  Love  Letters       

An  Australian  in  China 

New  Novels  (The  Stark  Munro  Letters  ;   A  Woman 

in   It ;  All   Men   are  Liars  ;  The  Moving  Finger  ; 

The  Woman  Who  Wouldn't ;  The  Ladies'  Paradise) 

381- 

Bcclesiastical  History      

Short  Stories 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books  ...  384- 
Ancient  Britons  in  Cambridgeshire  ;  Derring  Do 

— Derring-Do  ;    Publisher    and    Translator  ; 

"  Collected  "   Stories  ;    The   Sources   of  the 

"  Machinery  "  of  Love  in  Arthurian  Romance  ; 

The  Autumn  Publishing  Season  ;  The  Library 

Association  at  Cardiff         386- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Library  Table  ;  The  Autumn  Publishing 

Season  ;  Gossip     391- 

FiNE   Arts— MSB.    in    the   Fitzwilliam   Museum  ; 

Library  Table;  Gossip 39.3- 

Music— The  Week  ;  Greek  Music  ;  Gossip  ...  394- 
Drama— Mrs.  Aphba  Behn  ;  Gossip      


PAGE 

377 
378 

378 
380 
380 


-382 
.382 
.383 

-385 


-389 
390 


-394 

-395 
396 


LITERATURE 


TWO  queen's  REGIMEXTS. 
The  History  of  the  Second  {Queen's)  Royal 

Regiment,    now    the    Queen's   {Royal    West 

Surrey)  Regiment.     By  Col.  John  Davis. 

Vols.  II.  and  III.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 
The  History  of  the  50th  {or  the  Queen's  Own) 

Regiment.     By  Col.  Fvler.     (Chapman  & 

Hall.)  " 

The  annals  of  a  hard- worked  regiment  that 
in  the  space  of  one  century  was  actively 
engaged  in  suppressing  four  domestic 
rebellions  and  assisted  prominently  in  the 
same  number  of  continental  wars  cannot 
fail  to  be  good  reading,  even  if  a  portion 
of  them  is  already  pretty  familiar  to  us  as 
common  English  history. 

The  last  time  that  we  heard  of  the  Queen's 
was  in  connexion  with  the  Tangier  occupa- 
tion. The  second  and  third  volumes  of 
Col.  Davis's  compendious  work  carry  the 
history  of  his  regiment  from  the  year  1684 
— when  it  returned  to  England  and  took  its 
place  amongst  the  king's  forces  at  home — 
down  to  the  last  year  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

After  Sedgemoor,  Kirke,  as  colonel  of  the 
Queen's,  was  appointed  "  Commander-in- 
Chief"  of  the  king's  forces  in  the  West, 
and  to  him  was  entrusted  the  suppression 
of  the  insurrection.  Col.  Davis  devotes 
some  pages  to  an  attempt  to  clear  Kirke 
from  some  of  the  traditional  charges  of 
cruelty  that  have  blackened  his  reputation. 
If,  however,  in  the  opinion  of  some  readers, 
the  author  does  not  appear  to  leave  Kirke 
or  his  "lambs  "  much  whiter  than  he  found 
them,  the  subsequent  services  of  a  regiment 
which  under  this  same  commander  effected 
the  heroic  and  desperate  relief  of  London- 
derry, suffered  in  the  Dundalk  trenches, 
and  helped  to  win  the  "Boyne"  must  be 
balanced  against  the  sanguinary  excesses 
to  which  the  king's  merciless  treatment  of 
Monmouth  appeared  to  lend  countenance, 
Kirke  died  at  Breda  in  1691.  "  Whatever 
may  have  been  his  faults,"  says  Col.  Davis, 
"  he  was  a  brave  and  gallant  soldier."  He 
was  also,  we  may  believe,  a  good  discipli- 
narian. On  one  occasion  his  regiment  is 
spoken  of  as  one  of  the  best  in  the  army.  A 
colonelcy  was  cosily  in  those  days,  and  Kirke 


died  indebted  to  the  Treasury  for  the  then 
considerable  sum  of  1,968^. 

King  William  made  much  of  Kirke  and 
his  regiment.  At  Landen  he  headed  it 
himself  in  a  charge  against  the  French, 
and  was  a  witness  of  its  daring  and  dash. 
Marlborough  does  not  appear  to  have  much 
favoured  the  Queen's.  Possibly  he  owed  it 
a  grudge  for  the  precedence  it  had  always 
taken  over  his  own  regiment  (the  Buffs). 
Anyhow,  whether  by  accident  or  design,  he 
kept  it  hard  at  work  in  Spain,  so  that  it 
took  no  part  in  any  of  his  famous  victories. 
But  on  the  solitary  occasion  in  which  the 
Queen's  figured  in  the  Netherlands  cam- 
paign, the  regiment  by  its  heroic  defence 
of  Tongres  won  the  special  privilege  to 
carry  the  proud  motto  "  Pristinse  virtutis 
memor,"  and  was  made  a  Poyal  regiment. 

In  1704  the  Queen's  was  quartered  at 
Estremos,  and  though  it  did  not  take  part 
in  the  capture  of  Gibraltar,  its  subsequent 
fortunes  were  closely  connected  with  the 
garrisoning  of  that  fortress.  Meanwhile, 
the  capture  of  Alcantara  helped  to  make 
up  for  absence  from  Blenheim,  and  Ciudad 
Rodrigo  atoned  for  Eamillies.  The  long 
imprisonment  of  the  regiment  after  the 
crushing  defeat  at  Almanza  ended  its 
experiences  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession. 

In  1710  Lieut. -Col.  Percy  Kirke  obtained 
the  command  of  his  father's  regiment,  which 
he  held  for  thirty  years.  After  having  gone 
through  both  the  Fifteen  and  the  Forty- 
five,  the  Queen's  was  in  1751  ordered  to 
Gibraltar,  where  it  remained  for  eighteen 
years.  It  subsequently  served  in  Canada 
and  the  West  Indies,  and  in  1798  in  Ireland. 
In  1790  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
Kent  (the  Queen's  father)  was  a  short  time 
in  command  of  the  regiment  at  Gibraltar. 
The  third  volume  closes  with  an  account  of 
the  Holder  campaign  of  1799  from  new  and 
original  sources. 

From  the  list  of  distinctions  won  by  the 
Queen's  in  the  present  century  we  may 
anticipate  that  the  next  instalment  of 
Col.  Davis's  important  and  admirable  work 
will  be  in  no  respect  behind  the  present 
one  in  fascination  and  interest.  It  will  be 
peculiarly  instructive  to  learn  the  part 
played  by  the  regiment  under  its  second 
Marlborough  against  the  same  enemy  and 
in  that  same  peninsula  where  almost 
exactly  a  hundred  years  before  it  bore  so 
much  of  the  burden  and  heat  of  the  day. 

The  50th,  though  not  one  of  the  oldest, 
is  certainly  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
regiments  in  the  British  army,  and  has 
done  good  service  all  over  the  world  during 
its  140  years  of  existence.  Raised  in  1756 
as  the  52nd,  it  became  a  few  months  later 
the  5()th.  Its  first  service  was  in  Germany 
in  1760,  where  it  took  part  in  all  the  opera- 
tions till  the  conclusion  of  the  Seven  Years' 
War.  A  few  weeks'  employment  as  marines 
on  board  Admiral  Keppel's  fleet  in  1772 
was  followed  in  1794  by  a  brisk  little  cam- 
paign in  Corsica.  The  island  was  conquered 
and  held  by  England  for  two  years,  in  the 
course  of  which  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  then  a 
lieutenant  in  the  50th,  was  quartered  at 
Ajaccio,  where  at  that  time  lived  the 
Buonaparte  family : — 

"An  officer  of  the  50th  Regiment  of  the 
name  of  Ford  was  for  a  short  time  quartered 
in  their  house,  and  spoke  with  much  satisfaction 


of  the  kind  manner  in  which  the  family  acted 
towards  him,  the  ycun;.^  girls,  for  such  they 
were  at  the  time,  running  slipshod  about  the 
house." 

In  1801  the  regiment  took  part  in  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby's  expedition  to  Egypt. 
The  50th  have  been  nicknamed  by  some 
"the  blind  half  hundred,"  by  others  "the 
dirty  half  hundred."  The  latter  name 
was  given  (or  so  it  is  popularly  supposed 
in  the  army)  on  account  of  the  red 
facings  of  the  regiment,  which  were  almost 
equivalent  to  no  facings,  and  produced  a 
dingy  effect.  The  term  "blind  half  hun- 
dred" is  attributed  by  the  author  to  the 
number  of  men  in  the  corps  who  became 
partially  or  wholly  blind  in  the  Egyptian 
campaign  from  ophthalmia. 

In  1807  the  1st  battalion  formed  part  of 
Lord  Cathcart's  expedition  to  Denmark. 
Returning  to  England  in  November  of  the 
same  year,  they  in  the  succeeding  month 
again  went  abroad,  and  fought,  bled,  and 
distinguished  themselves  in  the  Yimiero 
campaign  of  1808.  In  the  winter  campaign 
of  Sir  John  Moore  the  50th  served  under 
the  command  of  Major  Charles  Napier. 
At  Corunna  the  conduct  of  the  regiment  was 
heroic,  and  its  loss  proportionately  great, 
being  185  of  all  ranks  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing.  It  may  be  noted  that  in  this 
battle  the  50th  fired  away  all  their  cart- 
ridges, viz.,  seventy  per  man.  Scarcely 
returned  to  England,  the  1st  battalion 
was  sent  on  the  hapless  Walcheren 
expedition.  Again  the  regiment  re- 
turned to  the  Peninsula,  serving  there  till 
the  end  of  the  war,  and  doing  some  hard 
fighting,  especially  at  Hill's  battle  of 
St.  Pierre,  on  the  Nivelle  in  December, 
1813,  and  at  Toulouse.  After  a  period  of 
peace  service  the  50th  fought  at  Punniar 
in  1843,  and  in  1845-0  against  the  Sikhs. 
In  the  latter  campaign  the  50th  j)roved 
that  they  had  not  degenerated,  and  at 
Sobraon  displayed  a  remarkable  combina- 
tion of  courage  and  discipline  : — 

"The  first  brigade,  after  three  most  gallant 
attempts  to  force  the  enemy's  entrenchments, 
were  unable  to  do  so,  and  retreated  in  con- 
fusion on  the  53th  Regiment,  wlio  formed  fours 
deep  with  the  steadiness  of  a  parade  movement, 
and  allowed  the  retreating  troops  to  pass  through 
their  ranks.  After  this  they  reformed  line,  and 
with  a  splendid  cheer,  rushed  forward  with  the 
bayonet  against  the  entrenchment,  where  they 
were  gallantly  met  by  the  enemy,  and  a  hand-to- 
hand  struggle  took  place  ;  but  the  50th  Regi- 
ment, proud  of  their  former  laurels,  were  not  to 
be  denied,  and  after  a  fierce  and  bloody  struggle, 
they  succeeded  in  forcing  their  way  into  the 
enemy's  camp." 

The  loss  of  the  regiment  at  Sobraon 
was  terrible,  considering  that  it  had 
been  greatly  weakened  by  three  previous 
actions.  The  return  was  1  officer  and  45 
non-commissioned  officers  and  men  killed, 
and  11  officers  and  186  non-commissioned 
officers  and  men  wounded.  The  total  loss 
in  killed  during  the  whole  campaign  was 
7  officers  and  192  men.  The  50th  eight 
years  later  landed  in  tlic  Crimea,  and  served 
throughout  the  war,  fully  maintaining  its 
old  reputation.  Its  last  active  service  was 
in  the  New  Zealand  war  of  1803-4-5.  In 
1881  it  lost  its  individuality,  being  com- 
bined with  the  97th,  and  the  author  at  this 
period  naturally  brings  his  history  to  an 
end. 


378 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


The  book,  which  is  dedicated  to  the 
Queen,  is  well  got  up,  handsomely  illus- 
trated, and  provided  with  maps  and  plans, 
but  there  is  no  index.  The  author  has 
taken  great  pains  with  his  work,  but  has 
evidently  not  corrected  the  proofs  with 
care,  for  there  are  several  gross  mistakes. 
For  example.  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  is  stated 
to  have  been  governor  of  Elba,  and  the 
expedition  to  Copenhagen  to  have  occurred 
in  1804,  whereas  1807  is  the  correct  date. 


Songs  and  other  Verses.     By  Dollie  Radford. 

(Lane.) 
OU  and  Kew.    By  Ernest  Radford.    (Fisher 

Unwin.) 
Mrs.  Radford's  verse  is  very  feminine,  in 
the  best  and  most  characteristic  sense  of 
the  term.  It  expresses,  with  a  simplicity 
generally  touching,  often  exquisite,  certain 
not  too  intense,  yet  sincerely  felt  moods 
and  emotions  of  a  charming,  sympathetic, 
and  singularly  womanly  nature.  It  is 
always  spontaneous,  and  it  has  a  simple, 
fluid  strain  of  melody,  sometimes  a  little 
careless,  but,  even  at  its  worst,  the  melody 
of  a  writer  to  whom  verse  is  a  natural 
language.  Nothing  could  well  be  slighter 
than  her  little  book  of  songs,  mostly 
without  even  a  name ;  but  slightness  is  a 
quality  for  which  one  can  scarcely  be  too 
thankful  when  it  is  accompanied  by  any 
sort  of  serious  merits,  and  Mrs.  Radford's 
verse  is  full  of  serious  merits.  Take,  for 
example,  this  little  piece,  which  seems  so 
casual,  so  facile,  an  improvisation,  and 
which  is  yet  so  clear,  so  satisfying,  an  ex- 
pression of  a  somewhat  subtle  sentiment  : — 

Ah,  bring  it  not  so  grudging!}-, 
Tlie  gift  thou  bringest  me  ; 

Thy  Ixind  hands  shining  from  afar 
Let  me  in  welcome  see, 

And  know  the  treasure  that  they  hold, 

For  purest  gold. 

And  with  glad  feet  that  linger  not. 

Come  through  the  summer  land, 
Through  the  sweet  fragrance  of  the  flowers, 

Swiftly  to  where  I  stand. 
And  in  the  sunshine  let  me  wear 
Thy  token  rare. 

Fairer  for  me  will  be  the  day. 

Fair  all  the  days  will  be. 
And  thy  rich  gift  upon  my  breast 

Will  make  me  fnir  to  see  ; 
And  beautiful,  through  all  the  years, 
In  joys  and  tears. 

Ah  come,  and  coming  do  not  ask 

Tlie  answering  gift  of  mine  ; 
Thou  hast  the  pride  of  offering. 

Taste  now  the  joy  divine. 
And  come,  content  to  pass  to-day 
Empty  away. 

This  faintly  marked  rhythm,  corresponding 
to  a  certain  curious  delicacy  of  sentiment, 
is  common  to  most  of  these  little  pieces. 
How  great  a  relief  is  so  cool  and  fragrant 
a  volume  among  the  many  heated  and 
hysterical  productions  of  the  modern  woman ! 
It  has  come  to  be  supposed  nowadays 
that  women's  writing  must  be  more  or  less 
exclusively  concerned  with  what  is  oblig- 
ingly termed  passion,  that  is  to  say,  with 
excited  and  unsatisfied  sensations.  Women 
being  less  naturally  and  less  strongly  erotic 
than  men,  no  woman  will  over  achieve  any 
very  considerable  success  in  this  very  ex- 
perimental branch  of  literature.  Where 
women  may  be  truly  successful,  if  they 
will  only  condescend  to  recognize  it,  is  in 
the    direct    expression    of    the    more    dis- 


tinctively feminine  emotions — just  such 
emotions  as  Mrs.  Radford  renders  with  so 
attractive  a  charm  in  this  quiet  little  book 
of  songs.  And  surely  such  things  are  at 
least  as  interesting,  to  every  one  but  the 
modern  woman  herself,  as  the  modern 
woman's  striving  after  the  experiences  she 
has  not  had  and  the  sensations  she  could 
never  render.  Here  is  a  sentimental  expe- 
rience, known  to  every  woman,  probably, 
and  to  many  men,  which  has  never  been 
more  simply  and  sincerely  rendered  than  in 
these  verses  called  '  October': — 

From  falling  leaf  to  falling  leaf. 

How  strange  it  was,  through  all  the  year, 

In  all  its  joy  and  all  its  grief, 

You  did  not  know  I  loved  you,  dear ; 

Through  all  the  winter-time  and  spring. 
You  smiled  and  watched  me  come  and  go, 

Through  all  the  summer  blossoming, 
How  strange  it  was  you  did  not  know  ! 

Your  face  shone  from  my  earth  and  sky. 

Your  voice  was  in  my  heart  always, 
Days  were  as  dreams  when  you  were  by, 

And  nights  of  dreaming  linked  tiie  days  ; 
In  my  great  joy  I  craved  so  much 

My  life  lay  trembling  at  your  hand, 
I  prayed  you  for  one  magic  touch. 

How  strange  you  did  not  understand  I 

From  leaf  to  leaf,  the  trees  are  bare, 

The  autumn  wind  is  cold  and  stern. 
And  outlined  in  the  clear  sharp  air 

Lies  a  new  world  for  me  to  learn  ; 
Stranger  than  all,  dear  friend,  to-day. 

You  take  my  hand  and  do  not  know 
A  thousand  years  have  passed  away 

Since  last  year — when  I  loved  you  so. 

In  much  the  same  simple,  natural  way 
that  Mrs.  Radford's  poems  are  distinctively 
womanly,  Mr.  Radford's  poems  are  dis- 
tinctively manly.  Many  of  them  are  indeed 
assertively  so,  '  Cambridge  Rowing,'  for 
instance,  and  much  of  the  section  headed 
"Light  Verse."  Not  a  little  of  this  light 
verse  is  lighter,  to  our  mind,  than  verse 
can  possibly  be  without  losing  claim  to  be 
called  poetry.  Some  of  it  is  amusing,  and 
certainly  it  pretends  to  be  nothing  more 
than  amusing.  But  why  include  unfinished 
snatches  of  burlesque  in  a  volume  which 
contains  such  serious  work,  and  work  so 
fine,  as  we  meet  with  in  *  Old  and  New '  ? 
Mr.  Radford's  verse  is  singularly  concise ; 
few  poems  contain  more  than  two  or  three 
stanzas,  some  are  limited  to  one,  and  yet 
avoid  the  unpoetical  sharpness  of  the 
epigram,  as,  for  instance,  this  '  Of  Quiet ' : 

Tired  brain,  there  is  a  place  of  rest 

On  the  broad  bosom  of  the  Land, 

Where  quiet  will  reward  the  quest 

Of  Quiet ;  and  the  iron  hand 

Of  Toil  upon  the  rolling  hills 

Will  be  unheard. — Ah,  there  shall  we 

Find  quiet  in  the  tumbling  rills  ; 

Or  in  the  tumult  of  the  sea, 

The  quiet  that  my  dream  fulfils 

Of  Quiet— aching  tho'  it  be. 

Often   these  little  pieces,  so   strenuously 
wrought,    contain   a   whole    drama    within 
their  brief  compass  ;  such  a  soul's  tragedy, 
for  instance,  as  this  of  'Friends': — 
Hands  clasped  a  moment  on  the  strand : 
The  one  must  stay,  the  other  go  : 
There  is  not  any  .sign  to  show 
That  friends  have  parted,  hand  from  hand. 

The  years  roll  on  ;  the  two  friends  stand  : 
The  welcome  spoken,  speech  is  slow  ; 
Still  is  there  not  a  sign  to  show 

Friend  dead  to  friend,  as  hand  strikes  hand. 

This  has  all  tho  weight  and  point  of  the 
epigram,  with  far  more  of  poetical  reserve. 
Reserve  is,  indeed,  Mr.  Radford's  main 
quality,  and  in  aU  his  finer  work  it  is  a  reserve 


which  really  justifies  itself — the  reserve  of 
strength,  not  of  timidity.  There  are  times, 
perhaps,  when  the  almost  invariable  brevity 
is  not  fortified  by  any  stronger  qualities,  just 
as  there  are  times  when  reserve  gives  way  to 
a  vivid  frankness,  so  engaging  in  the  verses 
called  '  In  Chambers.'  Mr.  Radford's  verse 
is  never  conventional,  and,  alike  in  what  he 
has  to  say  and  in  his  manner  of  saying  it, 
he  is  refreshing,  full  of  really  poetical 
entertainment.  The  translations  from  Heine 
at  the  end  of  the  book  are  among  the  best 
work  it  contains ;  not  even  James  Thomson 
has  been  more  sympathetic  in  rendering  a 
poet  who  can  never  be  rendered  save  by 
sympathy,  and  James  Thomson  is  certainly 
less  finished  in  the  form  of  his  translations. 
Heine  has  been  an  admirable  master  to  Mr. 
Radford,  and  the  pupil  has  repaid  his 
master  in  the  amplest  manner  by  these 
faithful  and  felicitous  translations. 


TRANSLATIONS   FROM   THE    PERSIAN. 

The     Tdr'ihh-i-Jad'id,     or     New     History    of 
M'lrzd  '■All  Muhammad  the  Bab,     By  Mirza 
^useyn  of  Hamadan.  Translated  from  the 
Persian,  with  an   Introduction,   Illustra- 
tions,   and  Appendices,    by  Edward    G. 
Browne,  M.A.,  M.B.     (Cambridge,  Uni- 
versity Press.) 
Ghazels  from  the  Divan  of  Hafiz.     Done  into 
English    by    Justin    Huntly   McCarthy. 
(Nutt.) 
In  coupling  translations  which  have,  appa- 
rently, little  or  nothing  analogous  save   a 
common  origin  in  the  most  sweet- sounding 
of   Eastern   languages,   we    have   done   so 
under  the  impression  that  for  the  English 
reader  they  may  be  really  connected  by  a 
strong   link   of    afiinity.      Something   more 
than  an  undercurrent  of  mysticism  assimi- 
lates the  narrative  of  the  Babi  devotee  to 
the  song  of  the  Sufi  poet.      Each  is  more  or 
less  the  outcome  of  Persian  idealism,  and 
though  the  one   naturally  takes   its   place 
as  an   illustration  of    religious    systems  or 
schisms  in  the  East,  the  interest  attaching 
to  the  other  arises  rather  from  sentiments 
and   aspirations   which    can   be  expressed, 
however   imperfectly,   in    translation,   than 
from  verses  which,  being  dependent  on  the 
melodious   music    of    language,    cannot  be 
successfully  subjected  to  similar  treatment. 
Practically,  we   are  reviewing   two  phases 
of  the  Persian  character  :  that  in  which  the 
dreamy  mind  becomes  absorbed  in  religious 
zeal  and  that  in  which  it  finds  expression 
in  poetry. 

Mr.  Browne  continues,  in  his  more 
recently  published  volume,  his  remarkable 
researches  on  the  B<4bis,  their  history  and 
their  literature.  For  those  who  have  made 
themselves  acquainted  with  this  gentleman's 
previous  writings  on  the  same  subject,  and 
have  studied  his  painstaking  expositions  of 
a  theme  which  has  scarcely  yet  been  brought 
to  the  threshold  of  popular  scrutiny,  it  will 
have  considerable  interest.  For  those  who 
have  hitherto  had  no  knowledge  of  these 
things,  we  can  only  expect  attention  to 
bo  given  to  them  if  inquiry  into  the 
origin  and  effects  of  Oriental  creeds  and 
philosophies  chance  to  prove  a  congenial 
occupation.  Such  persons,  moreover,  should 
be  patient  learners  and  unimpassioned 
observers.  Specialists  and  enthusiasts 
seem  to  present  the  likelier  class  of  work- 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


379 


ing  students ;  but  the  field  need  not  be 
restricted  to  these.  There  is  room,  too, 
and  undoubted  attraction  in  it,  for  the  mis- 
sionary of  the  present  day  whose  sphere  of 
work  causes  him  to  come  in  contact  with 
quasi-Muhammadans,  craving  for  something 
more  satisfying  than  orthodox  Islam.  He 
would  assuredly  do  well  to  learn  the  dis- 
tinguishing features  of  Babi-ism,  Sufi-ism, 
and  other  schools  of  thought  which,  without 
flaunting  a  banner  or  displaying  any  out- 
ward sign,  exist  in  Persia  and  among 
Muslim  communities.  But  no  looker-on, 
whoever  he  may  be,  may  jump  at  the  con- 
clusion that  numbers  or  enduring  courage 
necessarily  indicate  truth,  nor,  on  the  other 
hand,  that  the  use  of  intoxicating  drugs 
and  stimulants  has  produced  a  kind  of 
religious  madness  which  will  account  for 
all  abnormal  acts  and  words  as  unmeaning 
eccentricities.  Both  arguments  are  used, 
be  it  said  :  one  for,  the  other  against  the 
Babi. 

The  '  Tarikh-i- Jadid '  or  '  New  History,' 
translated  into  English  with  introduction 
and  explanatory  appendices,  is  a  further 
contribution  to  the  Babi  literature  of  which 
Mr.  Browne  has  presented  so  many  speci- 
mens to  the  home  reader.  It  was  written 
in  supersession  of  a  previous  history  by 
Haji  Mi'rza  Jam',  a  merchant  of  Kashan — one 
whose  devotion  to  the  Bab  'Ali  Muhammad 
caused  him,  in  company  with  twenty-seven 
co-religionists,  to  suffer  death  for  his  faith  in 
September,  1852.  "Why  this  earlier  history, 
by  a  well- qualified  author,  should  have 
needed  supersession  at  all,  may  demand  a 
word  of  explanation.  As  stated  in  the 
notice  of  Mr.  Browne's  '  Traveller's  Narra- 
tive '  which  appeared  in  the  Athenmim  of 
May  28th,  1892,  contention  arose  in  the 
Babi  camp  as  to  who  was  its  prophet  or 
recognized  head.  On  Mirza  'Ali  Muhammad's 
death  in  1850,  Mirza  Ya7(ya,  better  known 
as  /SubA-i-Ezel,  succeeded  ;  but  some  years 
later,  when  the  heads  of  the  sect  had  been 
driven  to  take  refuge  in  the  Turkish 
dominions,  Beha  'UUah,  half-brother  to 
YaAya,  declared  himself  to  be  the  real 
spiritual  chief,  and  from  causes  which 
cannot  here  be  stated  in  detail,  but  among 
which  the  comparative  energj'  and  self- 
assertion  of  the  new  claimant  were  not  the 
least  effective,  he  became  the  acknowledged 
head  of  the  majority.  We  have  Mr.  Browne's 
testimony  that  if  Beha's  right  to  supremacy 
be  admitted,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
doctrinal  and  administrative  changes  effected 
within  his  four-and-twenty  years  of  leader- 
ship have  been  "beneficial  and  salutary." 
That  part  of  the  introduction  to  the  volume 
under  notice  which  treats  especially  of  the 
history  composed  by  Haji  Mirza  Jam'  may 
now  be  quoted  : — 

"  It  was dangerous  to  the  pretensions  and 

plans  of  Behfi Its  tone  towards  all  beyond 

the  pale  of  the  B<lbi'  Church,  and  more  espe- 
cially towards  the  Shah  of  Persia  and  his 
Government,  was  irreconcilably  hostile.  The 
doctrines  set  forth  in  it,  though  undoubtedly 
those  held  by  the  early  Bdbis,  were  eminently 
calculated  to  encourage  mysticism  and  meta- 
physical speculation  of  the  boldest  kind,  and  to 
maintain  in  full  activity  that  pantheistic  fermen- 
tation which  Behit  was  so  desirous  to  check. 
Worst  of  all,  it  supplied  the  Ezelis  with  a  most 
powerful  weapon,  not  of  defence  only,  but  of 
attack.  And  withal  it  was  interesting,  pro- 
foundly and    intensely   interesting ;    the    most 


interesting  book,  perhaps,  in  the  whole  range 
of  Babi  literature.   To  suppress  it  and  withdraw 

it  from  circulation was  almost   impossible; 

to  let  it  continue  to  circulate  in  its  present 
form  would  be  disastrous.  Only  one  plan  offered 
any  chance  of  success.  Often  in  the  literary 
history    of    the    East    has    the    disappearance 

of    works   both    valuable   and    of    general 

interest  been  brought  about,  either  accidentally 
or  intentionally,  by  the  compilation  from  them 
of  a  more  concise  and  popular  abridgment 
which  has  gradually  superseded  them.  As  the 
Biography  of  the  Prophet  Mu/iammad  com- 
posed by  Ibn  l&h&k  was  superseded  by  the 
recension  of  Ibn  Hisham,  so  should  Mirza 
Jani's  old  history  of  the  Bab  and  his  Apostles 
be  superseded  by  a  revised,  expurgated,  and 
emended  'New  History'  {'■  Tdrikh-i- Jadid'), 
which  while  carefully  omitting  every  fact, 
doctrine,  and  expression  calculated  to  injure 
the  policy  of  Beha,  or  to  give  oflence  to  his 
followers,  should  preserve,  and  even  supple- 
ment with  new  material  derived  from  fresh 
sources,  the  substance  of  the  earlier  chronicle." 

Later  on,  the  circumstances  attending  the 
preparation  of  this  '  New  History '  are 
minutely  set  forth.  It  wiU  suffice  here  to 
mention  that  the  author  or  compiler  was  a 
Mi'rza  ^useyn  of  Hamadan,  assisted  by 
Mirza  Abu'l-I'azl  of  Gulpayagan ;  and  that 
the  work  was  supervised  by  a  Parsi  named 
Manakji.  But  Mirza  Jani's  condemned 
book  was  not  destined  to  extinction.  The 
presence  in  those  days  at  Tehran  of  a  literary 
French  diplomatist,  possessed  of  a  laudable 
ambition  to  turn  to  good  account  the  many 
leisure  hours  which,  in  ordinary  times,  must 
inevitably  be  at  the  disposal  of  heads  and 
assistants  of  European  legations  in  Persia, 
was  the  means  of  preserving  an  authentic 
cop3^  of  the  MS.  On  his  death,  some  ten  or 
more  years  ago,  M.  de  Gobineau  bequeathed 
to  the  world  not  only  his  own  admirable 
book  of  '  Religions  et  Philosophies  dans 
I'Asie  Centrale,'  but  also  a  number  of  Babi 
MSS.  which  he  had  collected  in  the  Persian 
capital,  and  which  were  purchased  by  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale  at  Paris.  Of  these 
treasures,  Mr.  Browne  writes,  one  volume 
"contains  the  whole,  and  another  the  first 
third  of  Haji  Mirza  Jani's  invaluable 
history,  of  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  no  other 
cojiy  is  extant  in  Europe  or  in  Asia." 

In  the  volume  under  notice  the  appendices 
vie  in  interest  with  the  actual  narrative. 
The  first  is  a  brief  note  on  untranslated 
passages ;  the  second  is  an  exposition  of 
the  particular  passages  of  Mirza  Jani's 
history  which  were  suppressed  or  modified 
in  the  '  Tarikh-i- Jadid '  ;  the  third  is  an 
English  translation  of  >SubA-i-Ezel's  account 
of  the  Babi  movement,  the  original  text 
being  reproduced  for  the  benefit  of  Persian 
scholars  ;  and  the  fourth  is  a  collection  of 
facsimiles  of  curious  and  interesting  docu- 
ments, one  of  which  is  a  letter  from  the 
Bab  himself. 

Having  stated  the  main  argument  of  the 
volume  under  notice,  we  will  not  seek  to 
bias  the  reader's  judgment  on  the  merits  of 
the  Babi  controversy.  Apart  from  the 
question  of  interior  dissensions,  the  story  of 
the  sect  itself,  in  its  relation  to  the  outside 
world,  is  replete  with  interest,  and  the 
version  of  it  given  in  the  '  Tarikh-i- Jadid ' 
merits  close  attention,  as  a  study  of  Oriental 
life  and  character.  Annotation  and  exposi- 
tion are  not,  moreover,  wanting  in  foot-notes 
as  well  as  appendices.  It  is  not  impossible 
that  many  of  Mr,  Browne's  readers  wlU  find 


his  introduction  more  to  their  taste  than 
the  history  which  he  sets  before  them ;  for 
his  literary  style  is  as  lucid  as  his  transla- 
tion is  accurate.  It  is  the  agreeable  duty 
of  the  critic  to  commend  both. 

If  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy's  pleasant  little 
volume  of  Anglicized  "  Ghazals  "  fulfil  no 
more  ambitious  purpose  than  the  professed 
one  of  supplying  eight  hundred  English  and 
two  hundred  American  readers  with  a  brief 
intellectual  pastime,  he  will  have   deserved 
the  thanks  of  those  for  whom  he  has  catered. 
But  while  he  may  be  congratulated  on  a 
certain  amount  of  successful  work,  it  seems 
only   fair    to   recall   a    brother   workman's 
claim  to  the  achievement  of  an  earlier  and, 
in  some  respects,  equally  successful  render- 
ing  of   at    least    ninety-two    of    the    hun- 
dred and  thirty-eight    odes   of  which   this 
recent   issue    is    composed.      We    are    re- 
ferring   not   to    rhyming    versions    of    the 
'Divan,'  but  to  that  kind  of  fanciful  prose 
in  which  the   present   translator   not   long 
since    clothed    his    'Umar    Khaiyam,    and 
which   he   resumes  on  this  fresh  occasion. 
So  closely,  indeed,  do  Mr.  Eobinson's  lines 
(published  some  ten  or  eleven  years  ago  in 
a  volume  of    '  Persian  Poetry   for    English 
Readers ')  resemble   Mr.  McCarthy's,   that 
the   distinction  between   the   two   is  often 
purely  verbal.      It    is   true  that   the   last- 
named  writer,  in  his   well  -  turned  dedica- 
tion to  Mr.  Henley,  informs  his  reader  that 
the    renderings   were    made    for    his    own 
pleasure;    that   they   do   not    "attempt   to 
sweU  the  sum  of  Oriental  scholarship";  that 
they   are    "but    a   handful   chosen   at   all 
adventure  from  the  thousand  pearls  of  the 
chaplet  of  Hafiz";  that  they  "  only  attempt 
to  show  within  a  little  space  something  of  the 
splendour  of  a  great  work."     Still,  the  exist- 
ence of  the  older  version  is  a  fact  not  to  be 
ignored,  though  the  book  containing  it  was 
printed  for  private  circulation  only.    We  do 
not  for  a  moment  wish  to  insinuate  even 
unpremeditated  plagiarism ;  Mr.  McCarthy 
may  never  have  heard  of  Mr.   Robinson's 
rendering ;  the  similarity  between  the  two 
translations    may   be   a    mere    coincidence 
proving  the  literal  accuracy  of  both  inter- 
preters.    But  the  question  arises  whether — 
had   the  existence  of   the   first   translation 
been  revealed  to  Mr.  McCarthy — he  would 
have  thought  it  necessary,  the  odes  having 
been  already  put  into  EngHsh,  to  re-inter- 
pret them  in  the  quasi-literal  form  adopted 
by  his  predecessor. 

The  following  can  hardly  be  considered 
an  unfair  instance  of  close  agreement :  — 

McCarthy,  Ode  CXVIII. 

Those  preachers  who  in  the  pulpit  and  at  the  altar 
show  so  much  ostentation,  when  they  go  into 
their  chamber  act  very  differently. 

My  soul  is  amazed  at  the  brazen-faced  preachers, 
who  practise  so  little  of  all  they  preach  in  the 
pulpit. 

I  had  a  doubt,  and  inquired  of  the  wise  ones  of  the 
assemblj'— "Wherefore  do  those  who  order 
penance  seldom  practise  penance  themselves  ?  " 

Surely  those  talkers  who  are  so  haughty  and  in- 
sincere in  the  work  of  their  Judge,  have  no 
belief  in  a  day  of  judgment  1 

»  *  ♦  ♦  ♦ 

When  surpassing  beauty  hath  annihilated  a  world 
of  lovers,  a  fresh  world  springeth  up  to  love  from 
the  Invisible. 

Robinson,  Ode  XXVII. 
These  preachers  who  in  the  pulpit  and  at  the  altar 
make   so  much  display,  when   they  retire   to 
their  privacy  act  far  otherwise. 


380 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


My  heart  is  struck  with  amazement  at  those  bold- 
faced preachers,  who  of  what  they  say  in  the 
pulpit  practise  so  little. 

I  have  a  difficulty,  and  would  ask  the  wise  men  of 
the  assembly  :  "Wherefore  do  those  who  en- 
join penance  perform  no  penance  themselves  ?  " 

Surely  these  talkers,  who  ate  so  arrogant  and  de- 
ceitful in  the  matters  of  their  Judge,  have  no 

belief  in  the  day  of  Judgment. 

*  «  *         *  *  « 

When  boundless  beauty  hath  destroyed  a  host  of 
lovers,  a  fresh  host  rises  up  to  love  from  the 
invisible  world. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  difference  between 
the  two  is  little  more  than  verbal,  and 
mainly  dependent  on  a  choice  of  qualifying 
nouns.  AVe  may  add  that  the  pronoun 
which  opens  the  ode,  and  is  rendered 
"those"  by  one  and  "these"  by  the  other 
translator,  should,  in  literal  strictness, 
be  omitted.  It  would,  perhaps,  simplify 
the  last  verse  to  substitute  for  "surpass- 
ing" or  "boundless  beauty  "  the  spiritual 
"love"  ('/s/ik),  which  is  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  the  reading  of  at  least 
one  Persian  text.  Mr.  Eobiuson,  in  the 
preliminary  notice  to  liis  translation  of 
Hafiz,  acknowledges  his  obligations  to 
Prof,  von  Eosenzweig's  Vienna  edition 
of  this  poet's  works,  without  the  aid  of 
the  versified  translation  of  which  he  frankly 
admits  that  "  he  would  not  have  ventured 
on  the  undertaking." 


con- 

the 

look 

de- 
may 


27ie  Love  Letters  of  Mr.  LL.  and  Miss  R. 
Edited  by  Gilbert  Burgess.  (Heine- 
mann.) 
Human  documents  are  interesting  for  this 
reason  alone,  were  others  wanting,  that 
they  are  generally  more  daring, 
sidered  merely  as  literature,  than 
boldest  fiction.  They  allow  us  to 
close  into  the  heart,  "  which  is 
ceitful  above  all  things."  No  man 
be  absolutely  sincere  when  he  writes  about 
himself;  he  is  apt  to  pose,  to  give  himself 
airs,  to  elaborate  what  he  considers  his 
good  points.  But  not  by  these  means  does 
he  blind  us  to  his  true  character.  Little 
deceptions  of  this  kind  are  revelations  in 
themselves.  It  is  much  easier  to  betray 
than  to  know  our  own  hearts. 

'The  Love  Letters  of  Mr.  II.  and  Miss 
E.,  1775-1779,'  are  valuable  enough  in  this 
respect,  apart  from  their  historical  interest, 
to  justify  the  new  edition  of  them  edited 
by  Mr.  Gilbert  Burgess.  The  first  edition 
appeared  in  pamphlet  form  in  1779,  under 
the  title  '  The  Case  and  Memoirs  of  the 
late  Rev.  Mr.  James  Hackman,'  but  was 
full  of  errors.  In  the  spring  of  the  follow- 
ing year  Sir  Herbert  Croft's  edition  ap- 
peared, including  a  letter  of  his  own  on 
Chatterton,  which  he  falsely  attributed  to 
Hackman.  Some  doubt  is,  therefore,  thrown 
on  the  genuineness  of  the  letters.  Croft 
was  not  a  person  to  be  trusted.  But  the 
letter  on  Chatterton  is  so  clearly  a  forgery 
that  it  seems  certain  that  the  accomplished 
editor  of  '  Love  and  Madness '  confined 
himself  to  this  one  achievement.  In  the 
present  edition  Mr.  Burgess  has  relegated 
the  letter  on  Chatterton  to  the  appendix, 
and  has  endeavoured  to  weave  the  other 
letters  into  a  cohei-ent  narrative,  supplying 
the  links  which  are  wanting.  It  is  thus 
possible  to  read  the  letters  as  if  they  were 
a  more  or  less  complete  narrative  of  the 
strange  and  sad  case  which  ended  in  the 


death  of  one  of  the  lovers  by  the  hand  of 
the  other,  and  the  death  of  the  other  by  the 
hand  of  the  common  hangman.  It  is  worth 
noticing  that  Hackman  was  careful  to  pre- 
serve copies  of  all  his  letters.  He  seems 
to  have  been  less  careful  of  Miss  Eeay's,  as 
very  few  of  them  are  preserved.  One  might 
argue  much  from  this ;  but  perhajjs  it  is 
safer  simply  to  say,  with  Mr.  Burgess,  that 
Hackman  was  "  sufficiently  romantic  "  to  be 
so  careful  of  the  outpourings  of  his  heart. 
Hackman  undoubtedly  loved  letter- writing 
for  its  own  sake.  Even  when  his  passion 
for  Miss  Reay  was  a  torment  to  him,  he 
could  still  find  consolation  in  his  pen. 
In  some  of  the  letters  written  to  her  when 
he  was  in  a  state  of  mind  bordering  on 
desperation  (if  we  can  trust  his  own  accounts 
of  himself,  and  his  subsequent  conduct 
seems  to  justify  us  in  doing  so),  he  seems 
to  have  been  able  to  forget  his  love  and 
sorrow  alike  in  the  joy  of  composition. 

This  unhappy  man,  who  was  under  thirty 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  a  person  of 
considerable  distinction  in  appearance  and 
manners,  and,  as  his  letters  show,  of  some 
culture  and  refinement.  His  relations  with 
Miss  Peay  argued  in  him  great  delicacy  of 
thought  and  feeling,  and  establish  the 
purity  of  his  passion  for  her.  After  leaving 
Cambridge  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  mercer 
in  his  native  city,  but  subsequently 
persuaded  his  father  to  buy  him  an 
ensigncy  in  the  army.  He  thus  became 
acquainted  with  Lord  Sandwich,  then  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  at  his  house  in 
the  country  met  Miss  Reay.  This  lady, 
who  seems  to  have  combined  singular  per- 
sonal beauty  with  considerable  accomplish- 
ments of  mind  and  body,  was  the  mistress 
of  Lord  Sandwich  and  the  mother  of  several 
children  by  him.  Hackman  fell  desperately 
in  love  with  her,  and  she  seemed  to  return 
his  passion  with  equal  warmth.  From  the 
first  Hackman  had  no  thought  of  a  vulgar 
intrigue  with  her.  He  loved  her  passionately, 
and  wished  to  make  her  his  wife.  Miss  Reay, 
however,  had  no  such  objections  as  Hackman, 
and,  indeed,  arranged  a  meeting  by  night 
with  him  on  her  return  journey  to  London, 
and  also  after  she  had  arrived  there.  But 
evidently  fearing  lest  Lord  Sandwich  should 
come  to  suspect  her,  she  entreated  Hack- 
man  to  join  his  regiment  in  Ireland.  This 
he  did,  but  most  reluctantly.  On  his 
return  he  sold  out  of  the  army  and 
entered  the  Church,  hoping  thereby  to 
provide  a  suitable  home  for  her.  Then, 
when  everything  was  in  readiness,  she 
finally  told  him,  through  a  third  person, 
that  she  could  not  be  his  wife.  It  is  not 
certain  whether  she  came  to  this  conclusion 
because  she  no  longer  loved  him,  or  because, 
having  ceased  to  do  so,  she  loved  another, 
or  simply  because  she  preferred  to  remain 
the  mistress  of  Lord  Sandwich.  Anyway, 
her  decision  was  final,  and  Hackman  knew  it. 
For  a  long  time  back  his  letters  had  shown 
him  morbid  to  an  extent  that  argued  the 
seeds  of  madness  in  his  blood.  Now  he 
determined  on  suicide,  and  for  that  purpose 
bouglit  two  pistols,  so  that  if  one  missed 
fire  ho  might  dispatch  himself  with  the 
other.  At  the  time  of  his  trial  it  was 
argued  that  because  ho  had  purchased  two 
])istols  he  intended  to  shoot  two  persons. 
l)r.  Johnson  and  Beauclerk  quarrelled  over 
the   point,    and   the   philosopher   took    the 


wrong  view.  A  letter  written  by  Hackman 
before  the  deed  proved  conclusively  that  he 
had  gone  forth  with  the  purpose  of  seeing 
Miss  Reay  for  the  last  time,  and,  possibly, 
of  shooting  himself  before  her  eyes.  In  a 
sudden  fit  of  jealousy,  seeing  her  conducted 
to  her  carriage  by  a  young  gentleman 
whom  he  imagined  to  be  his  successful 
rival,  he  shot  the  unfortunate  lady  through 
the  head  and  then  endeavoured  to  kill  him- 
self. Miss  Reay  was  found  to  be  quite 
dead,  but  Hackman  was  not  mortally 
wounded.  Even  in  prison  he  continued  to 
write  letters,  and  in  one  of  them  mentions  a 
dream  which  had  evidently  troubled  him 
greatly.  The  dream  is  vividly  described, 
and  terrible  enough  it  must  have  been  for 
the  dreamer.  He  dreamed  that  he  was 
dead  and  in  the  place  of  torment,  from 
where  he  could  see  Miss  Reay,  who  seemed 
to  hate  him  and  to  enjoy  his  woe.  Hack- 
man,  had  he  been  living  now,  would  pro- 
bably have  been  esteemed  not  responsible 
for  his  actions ;  but  Judge  Blackstone  de- 
cided, against  the  opinion  of  the  jury,  that 
the  wretched  man  was  responsible,  and  must 
suffer  accordingly. 

After  reading  these  letters,  and  after  all 
necessary  deductions  have  been  made,  we 
think  Hackman  deserves  more  pity  than 
anger,  and  stands  more  in  need  of  excuse 
than  condemnation.  Of  Miss  Reay  all  we 
can  say  is  that  she  must  have  been  a 
lady  of  singular  charm.  As  far  as  one  can 
judge  from  these  letters,  she  was  never  very 
desirous  of  marrying  Hackman,  though  at 
one  time  it  is  certain  that  she  loved  him 
passionately.  She  was  in  some  respects 
Hackman's  inferior,  for  it  is  certain  that 
Hackman  alone  seemed  to  feel  that  unless 
he  could  make  her  his  wife  his  intrigue 
with  her  was  at  once  dishonourable  and 
vulgar.  But  that  she  knew  what  manner 
of  man  he  was  is  apparent  from  the  fact 
that  she  earnestly  desired  him  not  to 
read  '  Werther,'  evidently  fearing  what  the 
effect  of  it  would  be  on  such  a  mind  as  his. 
It  may  be  even  that  she  had  begun  to  grow 
a  little  in  terror  of  him  before  she  finally 
decided  to  break  with  him.  One  wishes 
that  more  of  her  letters  had  been  preserved. 
To  that  end  one  could  have  spared  some  of 
Hackman's. 


An  Australian  in  China :  heing  the  Narrative 
of  a  Quiet  Journey  across  China  to  British 
Burma.  By  G.  E.  Morrison.  (Horace 
Cox.) 

This  is  a  very  entertaining  book  of  travel. 
The  journey  through  China  is  not  as  yet 
sufficiently  hackneyed  to  make  its  details 
tedious  and  unnecessary,  and  the  conditions 
under  which  the  author  travelled  were  un- 
conventional enough  to  remove  his  experi- 
ences out  of  the  common  run.  Some  years 
ago  M.  Griolet,  a  French  traveller  who  was 
both  deaf  and  dumb,  travelled  through  a 
great  part  of  China,  and  met  with  every 
civility  by  the  way.  In  one  sense  the  author 
of  the  present  work  may  almost  bo  said  to 
have  been  on  a  par  with  M.  Griolet,  for, 
being  c^uite  ignorant  of  the  language,  ho 
was  unable  to  speak  to  the  people,  and,  for 
the  same  reason,  what  they  said  in  his 
hearing  convoyed  no  meaning  to  him. 

From  incidental  references  in  his  work  wo 
gather  that  he  had  already  made  journeys 


N°  3543,  Sept.  21,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


381 


in  the  country,  and  in  native  attire.  On  tlie 
present  occasion  he  adopted  the  same  dis- 
guise, although  not  permanently  until  he 
was  beyond  the  reach  of  steamers.  The 
entire  distance  which  he  traversed  was  over 
3,000  miles.  For  the  first  1,100  miles— that 
is,  as  far  as  Ichang  on  the  Yangtsze — ho 
travelled  by  steamers,  and  from  that  point 
to  Chungking,  400  miles,  he  entrusted  him- 
self to  the  safety  of  a  native  boat.  This  part 
of  the  river  abounds  with  rapids,  over  which 
no  steamer  has  as  yet  ventured,  and  which 
are  annually  the  cause  of  countless  ship- 
wrecks and  of  much  loss  of  life.  The  author 
himself  had  a  narrow  escape  when  his  boat 
was  being  tracked  over  the  broken  water  in 
one  of  the  dangerous  spots — an  escape  which 
he  thus  describes  : — 

"The  men  started  h.auling  as  we  pushed  out 
into  the  sea  of  waters.  The  boat  quivered,  the 
water  leapt  at  the  bow  as  if  it  would  engulf  us. 

The  boat  danced  in  the  rapid.     My  men  on 

board  shrieked  excitedly  that  the  tow-rope  was 
fouling  —  it  had  caught  in  a  rock  —  but  their 
voices  could  not  be  heard  ;  our  trackers  were 
brought  to  with  a  jerk  ;  the  hindermost  saw  the 
foul  and  ran  back  to  free  it,  but  he  was  too  late, 
for  the  boat  had  come  beam  on  to  the  current. 
■Our  captain  frantically  waved  to  let  go,  and  the 
next  moment  we  were  tossed   bodily  into  the 

cataract.     The  boat  heeled  gunwale  under 

a  wave  buried  the  boat  nose  under,  and  swamped 
me  in  my  kennel ;  my  heart  stopped  beating, 
and,  scared  out  of  my  wits,  I  began  to  strip  oft' 
my  sodden  clothes  ;  but  before  I  had  half  done 
the  sail  had  been  set ;  both  men  had  miraculously 
fended  the  boat  from  a  rock,  which,  by  a  moment's 
hesitation,  would  have  smashed  us  in  bits  or 
buried  us  in  the  boiling  trough  formed  by  the 
«ddy  below  it,  and,  with  another  desperate 
effort,  we  had  slid  from  danger  into  smooth 
water." 

After  many  vicissitudes  the  author  reached 
Chungking,  and  there  leaving  his  boat 
started  on  his  long  march  to  Bhamo.  Much 
of  the  country  through  which  he  passed  was 
grievously  poverty-stricken.  Famine  and 
disease  had  carried  off  many  tens  of  thou- 
sands during  the  few  preceding  years,  and 
the  survivors  were  for  the  most  part  ema- 
ciated by  want  and  misery.  At  Chaot'ung,  a 
prefectorial  city,  he  found  the  people  in  the 
direst  distress,  and  saw  abundant  sigcs  that 
infanticide  and  the  sale  of  children  were 
recognized  systems.  "  During  last  year," 
he  writes, 

"it  is  estimated,  or  rather  it  is  stated  by  the 
Chinese,  that  no  less  than  three  thousand  chil- 
dren from  this  neighbourhood,  chiefly  female 
children  and  a  few  boys,  were  sold  to  dealers  and 
carried  like  poultry  in  baskets  to  the  capital." 

In  ordinary  years  girls  are  sold  by  their 
age,  three  shillings  for  each  year  being 
about  the  usual  tariff;  but  at  the  time  of 
the  author's  visit  want  had  reduced  the 
price  per  head  to  figures  varying  from  three 
shillings  and  fourpence  to  six  shillings.  In 
the  present  state  of  Chinese  morality  it  is 
not  surprising  to  find  mothers  in  this  district 
confessing  without  the  least  compunction 
that  they  had  murdered  their  female  infants, 
and  the  sight  of  still  Uving  infants  thrown 
on  the  waste  places  beyond  the  city  walls 
was  daily  to  be  witnessed. 

The  callous  indifference  with  which  China- 
men inflict  pain  on  others  is  characteristic 
of  the  race ;  but  the  following  instances  of 
torture  perpetrated  at  Chaot'ung  represent 
more  than  usually  ghastly  pictures  of  this 


peculiarity.  "As  we  went  out  of  the  west 
gate,"  writes  the  author, 

"I  was  shown  the  spot  where  a  few  days  before 
a  young  woman,  taken  in  adultery,  was  done  to 
death  in  a  cage  amid  a  crowd  of  spectators,  who 
witnessed  her  agonies  for  three  days.  She  had 
to  stand  on  tiptoe  in  the  cage,  her  head  project- 
ing through  a  hole  in  the  roof,  and  here  she  had 
to  remain  until  death  by  exhaustion  or  strangu- 
lation ensued,  or  till  some  kind  friend,  seeking 
to  accumulate  merit  in  heaven,  passed  into  her 
mouth  sufticient  opium  to  poison  her,  and  so 
end  her  struggles.  On  the  gate  itself  a  man  not 
so  long  ago  was  nailed  with  red-hot  nails  through 
the  wrists  above  the  hands.  In  this  way  he  was 
exposed  in  turn  at  each  of  the  four  gates  of  the 
city,  so  that  every  man,  woman,  and  child  could 
see  his  torture.  He  survived  four  days,  having 
unsuccessfully  attempted  to  shorten  his  pain 
by  beating  his  head  against  the  woodwork,  an 
attempt  which  was  frustrated  by  padding  the 
woodwork.  This  man  had  murdered  and  robbed 
two  travellers  on  the  high  road,  and,  as  things 
are  in  China,  his  punishment  was  not  too 
severe." 

Close  to  the  scene  of  this  torture  the 
author,  in  passing  an  official  residence, 
saw  a  young  mandarin,  seated  in  his  four- 
bearer  chair,  waiting  in  the  outer  courtyard 
to  be  summoned  into  the  presence  of  his 
superior  officer,  and  at  this  sight  he  makes 
the  curious  remark  : — 

"China  may  be  uncivilized  and  may  yearn 
for  the  missionaries,  but  there  was  refined 
etiquette  in  China,  and  an  interchange  of  many 
of  the  courtesies  of  modern  civilization,  when 
we  noble  Britons  were  grubbing  in  the  forest, 
painted  savages  with  a  clout." 

It  is  difficult  to  see  where  in  the  three  inci- 
dents quoted  above  (which  occur  in  his 
pages  in  close  connexion)  he  can  discern  any 
such  striking  examples  of  the  courtesies  of 
modern  civilization  as  would  appear  to  sug- 
gest his  remark. 

Without  let  or  hindrance  he  travelled  to 
the  borders  of  Burma,  and  was  there  met 
by  the  news  that  the  tribute  from  that 
country  which  the  English  had  agreed  to 
continue  to  pay  in  acknowledgment  of  the 
suzerainty  of  the  Emperor  of  China  was 
on  its  way  to  the  Flowery  Land.  "The 
Chinese,"  he  writes, 

"  were  daily  expecting  the  arrival  of  two  white 
elephants  from  Burma,  which  were  coming  in 
charge  of  the  British  Resident  in  Singai  (Bhamo), 
Mr.  Warry,  as  a  present  to  the  Emperor,  and 
were  the  ofticial  recognition  by  England  that 
Burma  is  still  a  tributary  of  the  Middle  King- 
dom. I  may  here  say  that  I  often  heard  of  this 
tribute  in  Western  China.  The  Chinese  had 
long  been  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  the  elejihants, 
with  the  yellow  flags  floating  from  the  howdahs, 
announcing,  as  did  the  flags  of  Lord  Macartney's 
Mission  to  Peking,  '  Tribute  from  the  English 
to  the  Emperor  of  China,'  and  I  suppose  that 
there  are  governments  idiotic  enough  to  thus 
pander  to  Chinese  arrogance." 

Unfortunately,  by  the  Convention  of  1886 
our  Government  did  thus  pander  to  Chinese 
arrogance,  though  they  have  since  done  all 
that  was  possible  to  repair  the  error. 

Throughout  his  long  march  the  author 
met  with  uniform  civility  from  the  people, 
and  he  speaks  in  warm  terms  of  the  in- 
habitants and  of  the  coolies  who  followed 
in  his  train.  Not  the  least  amazing  part 
of  his  experiences  was  the  fact  that  the 
entire  journey  cost  him  less  than  20l. 
"  Had  1,"  he  adds,  "  travelled  economically, 
I  estimate  that  the  journey  need  not  have 
cost  me  more  than  14/."     It  is  no  wonder 


that  he  exclaims,  ""Without  doubt  the 
journey  across  China  is  the  cheapest  that 
can  be  done  in  all  the  world." 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Stark  Mimro  Letters  ;  being  a  Series  of 
Sixteen  Letters  loritten  by  J.  Stark  Munro, 
31. B.,  to  his  Friend  and  former  Felloio 
Student,  Herbert  Stvanborough,  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  during  the  Years  1881-1884. 
Edited  and  arranged  by  A.  Conan  Doyle. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) 
Mk.  Doyle's  ponderous  title  saves  him,  in 
writing,  a  preliminary  chapter,  and  lets  the 
reader  easily  down  upon  the  levels  of  the 
more  or  less  exciting  memoirs  of  young  Dr. 
Munro  and  his  friends.  The  professional 
career  of  the  unfortunate  Dr.  Munro  is 
limited  to  tliree  or  four  years,  and  supplies 
no  thread  of  plot  beyond  his  ghastly 
poverty,  grinding  economies,  chances  of 
success  that  cannot  be  grasped,  and  final 
achievement  crushed  at  once  by  an  envious 
fate.  That  may  not  sound  very  promising 
as  the  subject  of  a  romance,  but '  The  Stark 
Munro  Letters '  is  not  a  romance,  and  the 
situation  just  described  is  merely  a  setting 
for  a  series  of  portraits,  incidents,  and  medi- 
tations, which  all  who  know  Mr.  Doyle  will 
be  prepared  to  accept  with  a  preliminary 
welcome.  Two  portraits  in  particular  are 
sufficient  to  commend  and  justify  the  book. 
James  Cullingworth,  a  giant  quack  with  a 
red -shot  nose  and  a  voice  like  the  bellow  of 
a  bull,  is  quite  a  new  presentment  of  a  not 
unfamiliar  type ;  and  Capt.  Whitehall  (Army 
Transport)  is  much  too  well  drawn  to  be  set 
down  as  a  commonplace  example  of  the 
good-natured  toper.  The  captain  is  as  sym- 
pathetic as  Cullingworth  is  the  opposite. 
He  pays  a  professional  visit  to  the  doctor 
when  the  latter  is  at  the  point  of  starvation. 
"  He  had  mitral  regurgitation,  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver,  Bright's  disease,  an  enlarged 
spleen,  and  incipient  dropsy."  He  insists 
on  leaving  a  guinea  fee  ;  and,  when  he  is 
gone,  Munro  finds  his  card. 

"On  the  back  was  written,  'You  have  gone 
into  action,  sir.  It  may  be  your  fate  to  sink  or 
to  swim,  but  it  can  never  be  your  degradation  to 
strike.  Die  on  the  last  plank  and  be  damned  to 
you,  or  come  into  port  with  your  ensign  flying 
mast  high.'  " 

A  Woman  in  It :  a  Sketch  of  Feminine  Mis- 
adventures. By  Eita.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  sprightliness  and 
some  genuine  humour  in  Eita's  story  of 
Mrs.  Noel  Grey.  She  tells  us  that  it  took 
some  time  to  persuade  her  that  the  idea 
"submitted"  to  her  by  someone  else  would 
"work  into  a  novel,"  and  no  doubt  it 
would  take  longer  now  to  convince  her  that 
she  had  made  a  mistake,  even  if  it  were 
necessary  to  do  so.  Eita  quite  frankly  tells 
the  shady  adventures  of  a  divorced  woman 
who  is  put  to  all  sorts  of  shifts  to  make  her 
way  in  the  world.  Mrs.  Noel  Grey  swindles 
herself  into  the  position  of  companion  to  a 
married  lady  in  the  country,  and  within  a 
few  weeks  three  men,  including  the  master 
of  the  house,  are  desperately  in  love  with 
her.  She  is  an  Irish  dare-devil,  lovely  and 
unscrupulous,  yet  more  a  victim  of  her 
inborn  weakness  than  absolutely  wicked. 
The  reader  finds  himself  irresistibly  drawn 
to  sympathize  and  to  laugh   with   her,  as 


382 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"'  3543,  Sept.  21, ' 


95 


■well  as  to  rejoice  when  her  good  angel  turns 
up  in  the  shape  of  a  rich  and  breezy  Ameri- 
can woman.  Many  of  the  author's  little 
sketches  of  English  character  are  pleasantly 
audacious  and  cynical. 


All  Men  are  Liars.     By  Joseph   Hocking. 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

"In  many  respects  the  novel  was  a  failure — as 
a  work  of  art.     There  was  little  or  no  humour  ; 

he  allowed  the  reader  no  time  to  rest And 

yet  it  was  work  of  immense  power.  It  was 
written  by  an  earnest  man— and  it  was  real." 

We  have  criticized  Mr.  Hocking's  story  in 
his  own  language,  giving  him  the  benefit 
of  his  strongest  adjective.  '  All  Men  are 
Liars '  is  a  matter-of-fact  story  of  Kfe  in 
Battersea  and  Chelsea,  but  it  is  by  no  means 
too  matter-of-fact  to  be  a  romance.  Its 
very  earnestness  saves  it  from  being  a  failure, 
even  as  a  work  of  art.  In  a  realistic 
story  of  London  streets  it  will  often  happen 
that  one  page  destroys  the  romance  that 
another  builds  up  ;  yet  no  discerning  reader 
will  fail  to  see  that  Mr.  Hocking's  tale  of 
crime  and  recovery  is,  in  the  main,  essen- 
tially romantic. 

ITie    Moving    Finger.        By    Mary    Gaunt. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
Maey  GrAuxT  tells  her  blood-curdling  Aus- 
tralian stories  with  all  the  verve  and  spirit 
of  a  man  who  has  lived  in  the  bush,  and 
fought  the  cattle- dufPers,  and  seen  police- 
men and  escaped  convicts  dropping  to  the 
right  and  left  of  him.  She  may  have  had 
some  of  these  experiences,  and  at  any  rate 
she  has  probably  had  a  taste  of  bush  life, 
with  its  wild  surroundings  and  keen  excite- 
ments. Her  stories  have  plenty  of  vigour, 
and  they  alternate,  as  such  stories  are 
expected  to  alternate,  between  the  quiet 
pathos  of  uneventful  life  at  an  up-country 
station  and  the  sudden  riot  and  intensity  of 
a  seething  crowd  of  passions.  The  blackest 
of  crime  and  the  grandest  heroism  are  in- 
cluded in  the  ordinary  machinery  of  Austra- 
lian bush  romance ;  and  Mary  Gaunt  has 
used  them  both  with  considerable  effect. 


TJie  Woman  JFho  Wouldn't.   By  Lucas  Cleeve. 

(Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) 
The  "  Ohe,  jam  satis ! "  of  the  wearied 
reviewer  does  not  seem  to  make  much 
impression  on  writers  and  publishers  of 
nympholeptic  stories.  For  the  first  one  or 
two  romantic  expositions  of  the  sex-problem 
in  its  sharpest  form  there  was  something 
like  an  adequate  reason.  Almost  every 
human  problem  may,  at  least  once,  demand 
literary  expression  as  a  right,  or  may  obtain 
it  without  very  serious  protest.  But  in- 
definite repetition  of  the  same  thing  will 
have  to  be  judged  according  to  a  different 
standard ;  and  it  lays  itself  open  to  a  dif- 
ferent kind  of  interpretation.  Lucas  Cleeve's 
apologetic  preface  is  anything  but  con- 
vincing, and  the  unreality  of  her  point  of 
view  is  manifest  from  sundry  passages  in 
her  story,  of  which  the  following  may 
serve  as  an  example  : — 

"It  is  marvellous  how  little  there  is  left  to 
talk  about  as  the  world  is  now,  if  you  expunge 
the  relation  of  the  sexes.  The  double-entente, 
the  risque  stories,  the  intrigues,  the  liaisons  of 
society,  the  loves.  Half  tlie  charm  to  most 
young  girls  of  early  married  life  is  the  close 
acquaintance    with    the    dark    stories    of    im- 


morality which  have  been  kept  from  them 
before  their  marriage." 

This  is  not  only  ludicrously  incorrect,  but 
it  shows  the  hopelessness  of  expecting  a  life- 
like romance  from  one  who  sits  down  in  such 
a  spirit  to  reveal  the  intricacies  of  human 
motives  and  cravings. 

The  Ladies^  Paradise.  By  Emile  Zola.  With 
an  Introduction  by  Ernest  A.  VizeteUy. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
'  Au  Bo^THEUR  DES  Dames  '  is  neither  the 
best  nor  the  worst  of  M.  Zola's  books  in  a 
strictly  literary  point  of  view  ;  and  it  lends 
itself  on  the  whole  rather  more  easily  than 
most  to  translation.  The  mechanism  of  a 
great  shop  is,  indeed,  except  to  peculiar 
tastes,  one  of  the  least  attractive  subjects 
for  the  display  of  M.  Zola's  laborious 
faculty  of  "getting  up";  and  most  of  the 
characters  are  more  or  less  ignoble  without 
any  tragedy  or  grandeur.  But  the  figure 
of  Denise  is  engaging  in  itself,  and  com- 
mendably  free  from  the  namby-pambyness 
commonly  and  justly  charged  against  the 
French  virtuous  heroine ;  while  that  of 
Octave  Moiiret  is  not  without  interest.  The 
translation,  which  is  not  stated  to  be  by  the 
introducer,  is  rather  better  than  usual,  such 
faults  as  it  has  lying  in  ignorance  rather 
of  the  best  English  than  of  French.  The 
introduction  is  partly  autobiographic,  partly 
explanatory. 

ECCLESIASTICAL   HISTORY. 

De  Hierarchia  Anglicana :  Dissertatio  Apolo- 
getica.  Auctoribus  Edwardo  Denny,  A.M., 
et  T.  A.  Lacey,  A.M.  Prsefante  R.  D.  Saris- 
buriensi  Epo.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
— This  very  learned  and  very  careful  volume  is 
quite  the  most  important  work  which  Anglican 
controversialists  have  put  forth  for  many  years. 
Its  issue  during  the  very  week  in  which  the 
Pope's  letter  '  Ad  Anglos  '  appeared  among  us 
was  singularly  well  timed.  That  letter,  however 
astutely  worded,  was  a  thrust  for  which  this 
'  Dissertatio  Apologetica  '  supplies  the  parry. 
The  columns  of  the  Athenceum  are  not  usually 
considered  the  place  in  which  polemical  discus- 
sions between  rival  religious  bodies  can  be  most 
fittingly  dealt  with,  even  in  the  way  of  criticism  ; 
but  thus  much  it  may  be  advisable  to  remind 
our  readers,  and  especially  those  of  them  who 
are  of  Gallio's  way  of  thinking— that  this  volume 
is  concerned  with  a  question  of  vital  importance 
as  between  the  Churches  of  England  and  Rome. 
The  Anglican  Church  claims  to  derive  its  organi- 
zation by  direct  succession  from  the  age  of  the 
Apostles  ;  the  Romanists  meet  this  claim  by  a 
mere  denial,  scarcely  condescending  to  prove 
the  negative,  but  calling  upon  the  claimants  to 
prove  the  affirmative,  which  they  assume  to  be 
impossible.  This  is  obviously  a  mere  question 
of  historical  evidence,  and  it  has  been  for  long 
the  aim  of  the  Roman  disputants  to  throw  dis- 
credit upon  that  evidence,  while  of  late  there 
has  been  shown  an  increasing  disposition  to  treat 
the  matter  as  settled  once  for  all,  and  to  accen- 
tuate the  obstinacy  of  the  denial.  Accordingly 
the  subject  of  the  validity  of  Anglican  orders 
has  come  to  the  front  as  one  of  first  importance, 
and,  true  to  their  traditions.  Ultramontane  con- 
troversialists have  got  into  a  habit  of  insist- 
ing as  a  matter  of  faith  that  the  Elizabethan 
bishops  were  never  consecrated  at  all,  and 
therefore  that  no  Anglican  clergyman  has  been 
canonically  ordained.  From  the  Anglican 
point  of  view  it  was,  and  is,  obviously  im- 
possible to  accjuiesce  in  this  assumption  ;  for 
as  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury  puts  it — in  a  preface 
which  we  know  not  whether  to  admire  more  for 
the  sobriety  and  tenderness  of  its  tone,  or  for 
the  scholarly  perfection  of  its  Latinity — if  doubt 


is  thrown  upon  the  validity  of  English  orders, 
doubt  at  once  arises  also  as  to  the  efficacy  of  the 
ministrations  of  the  ordained.  When,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century,  an  earnest,  how- 
ever ill-advised,  attempt  was  made  by  Arch- 
bishop Wake  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation 
between  the  Churches  of  England  and  Rome, 
this  was  the  main  point  which  did  not  admit  of 
compromise  ;  to  concede  the  claim  of  validity 
was  to  concede  everything,  to  withdraw  it  was 
to  commit  a  kind  of  theological  suicide.  The 
Anglicans  at  this  time  found  a  powerful  supporter 
in  the  famous  Galilean  divine  Courayer,  a 
canon  of  St.  Genevieve,  who,  after  laboriously 
studying  the  whole  question,  wrote  his  cele- 
brated 'Defence  of  English  Ordinations,'  a 
work  which  no  French  printer  ventured  to  pass 
through  the  press  ;  it  was  actually  printed  in 
Holland  in  1727.  Courayer  became  the  object 
of  virulent  attacks  ;  he  was  compelled  to  leave 
France  ;  he  found  a  refuge  in  England,  where 
an  annuity  was  bestowed  upon  him  ;  and  he  was 
finally  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  though 
during  the  thirty  years  or  so  that  he  remained 
among  us  he  lived,  as  he  eventually  died,  in  the 
Roman  communion.  Once  more  there  has  arisen 
among  a  section  of  the  Anglican  clergy  and  laity 
a  cry  for  union  with  Rome.  It  has  been  in 
answer  to  that  cry  that  the  Papal  Encyclical 
has  been  issued.  As  before,  as  always,  there 
can  be  no  terms  of  union  short  of  an  initial 
surrender  of  all  claims  whatsoever  —  nothing 
less  is  demanded  than  absolute  and  un- 
questioning submission.  It  is  well,  therefore, 
that  so  able  and  exhaustive  a  re-statement  of  the 
facts,  and  so  full  and  thorough  a  re-examination 
of  the  evidence  ready  to  our  hands,  as  this 
volume  contains,  should  be  laid  before  those 
whom  it  concerns.  Courayer's  book  has  been 
long  superseded.  But  here  a  stronger  case  has 
been  made  out  in  support  of  the  position  which 
he  undertook  to  defend  ;  for  modern  research 
has  added  greatly  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
collateral  evidence  bearing  upon  the  questions 
at  issue.  Some  of  us  may  be  getting  a  little  weary 
of  what  is  called  religious  controversy  ;  but  if 
we  must  have  it,  by  all  means  let  it  be  carried 
on  by  historians,  and  if  it  may  be  so,  by  his- 
torians as  well  trained  and  as  scholarly  as  Mr. 
Denny  and  Mr.  Lacey.  The  study  of  Church 
history  will  at  any  rate  afford  our  younger 
clergy  some  little  training  in  the  art  of  weighing 
evidence,  and  enrich  their  minds  with  some 
little  knowledge  of  the  past,  and  some  familiarity 
with  events  and  with  certainties  more  or  less 
stimulating,  and  more  or  less  interesting  ;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  for  young  students  or  young 
inquirers,  in  the  present  condition  of  theological 
learning  in  England,  to  plunge  into  the  fathom- 
less abysses  of  dogmatic  theology  is  to  run  the 
risk  of  getting  out  of  their  depth  to  begin  with 
and  of  drowning  themselves  at  last. 

Augustine  and  his  Companions :  Four  Lectures. 
By  the  Right  Rev.  G.  F.  Browne,  Bishop  of 
Stepney.  (S.P.C.K.)— This  little  book  contains 
the  substance  of  four  lectures  delivered  by  the 
Bishop  of  Stepney  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  during 
January  last.  It  is  a  bright,  cheery  volume, 
showing  the  same  good  qualities  as  the  previous 
set  of  lectures  by  the  same  writer  on  the  Church 
in  these  islands  before  St.  Augustine.  It  doubt- 
less made  excellent  lectures,  and  though  good 
lectures  often  make  bad  books,  we  should  not 
like  to  say  that  this  particular  set  of  lectures 
was  not  worth  publishing,  despite  our  feeling 
of  prejudice  against  the  light-heartedness  with 
which  such  things  are  given  to  the  world. 
The  mass  of  Dr.  Browne's  matter  is,  of  course, 
familiar  enough.  It  is  impossible  to  do  better 
than  to  follow  Bede  as  closely  as  possible,  and 
this  Dr.  Browne  has  done.  He  has,  however, 
brightened  up  the  familiar  story  of  the  mission 
of  St.  Augustine  by  references  to  other  sources, 
and  in  particular  ho  has  made  good  use  of  his 
own  wide  knowledge  of  early  Christian  archjeo- 
logy.  His  few  pages  on  early  dedications  of 
English  churches  are  excellently  put.     The  lee 


N''3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


383 


tures  are  rambling  and  unsystematic.  They 
deal  rather  largely  with  what  "might  have 
been,"  and  sometimes  suggest  rather  generous 
canons  of  evidence.  Perhaps  their  most  pro- 
voking feature  is  the  way  in  which  the  bishop 
runs  off  into  controversy  at  the  very  slightest 
provocation,  and  blunts  the  eulogies  which  he 
has  generously  bestowed  on  Gregory  the  Great 
by  constantly  contrasting  the  worthiness  of 
the  great  Pope  with  the  unworthiness  of  his 
mediseval  and  modern  successors.  The  style 
is  bright  and  almost  colloquial,  and  yet  is  strong 
and  dignified  enough  to  preserve  the  traditions 
of  the  pulpit  of  St.  Paul's.  Part  of  the  charm, 
and  most  of  the  novelty  of  the  lectures,  depend 
on  their  discursiveness.  We  cannot,  however, 
but  notice  that  there  are  signs  of  haste  and 
slapdash  methods  in  their  compilation.  Some 
of  these  might  have  been  removed  by  a  little 
more  vigilant  reading  of  the  proofs.  But  it  is 
discreditable  to  English  scholarship  that  a  late 
professor  of  archfeology  at  Cambridge  should 
appeal  to  the  authority  of  "John  Bromton," 
who  wrote,  we  are  told,  "a  little  before  1200." 
If  the  Bishop  of  Stepney  studies  mediaeval  his- 
tory seriously,  he  ought  to  know  that  "John 
Bromton "  no  more  wrote  a  chronicle  than 
*'  Benedict  of  Peterborough";  that  the  worthless 
compilation  that  sometimes  goes  by  his  name 
is  a  good  century  and  a  half  later  than  1200  ; 
and  that  to  refer  to  it  for  an  historic  fact  is 
almost  as  bad  as  to  quote  "  Ingulf  "or  "  Richard 
of  Cirencester."  But  these  are  the  slips  to 
which  the  busy  man  of  affairs  is  always  rather 
liable,  when  he  ventures  on  excursions  into  the 
thorny  ways  of  mediasval  history.  Substan- 
tially, the  bishop's  little  book  is  sound  enough, 
and  should  not  only  be  interesting  to  all  who 
have  not  yet  learnt  the  oft-told  tale  of  the 
Roman  mission  to  Britain,  but  be  sometimes 
suggestive  to  those  who  have  grasped  the  familiar 
story. 

Zwingli  has  of  late  attracted  much  attention 
in  Germany.  A  few  years  ago,  for  instance. 
Dr.  A.  Baur  published  an  exhaustive  treatise  on 
his  theology ;  and  Prof.  Staehelin's  work  Huld- 
reich  Zicingli,  sein  Leben  \md  WirJcen,  nach  den 
Quellen  dargestellt  (Basel,  Schwabe),  now  on  our 
table,  is  one  of  those  elaborate  monographs  which 
German  professors  excel  in  producing.  Only  the 
first  volume,  divided  into  two  parts,  has  reached 
us,  and  we  must  therefore  defer  any  attempt  at 
a  detailed  notice  of  this  valuable  work  till  it  is 
completed. 

Another  publication  of  which  we  must  defer 
criticism  until  it  is  further  advanced  is  M. 
R^ville's  work  on  Les  Origines  de  I'Episcopat,  of 
which  M.  Leroux,  the  well-known  Paris  pub- 
lisher, has  sent  us  the  first  part. 

We  have  read  with  much  pleasure  the  ex- 
cellent monograph  Dr.  Gothein  has  published 
on  Ignatius  von  Loyola  und  die  Gegenreforma- 
tion  (Halle,  Niemeyer).  He  avoids  the  ordi- 
nary error  of  German  writers  —  diffuseness, 
and  has  tried  to  keep  his  sketch  of  the  rise  of 
the  Jesuits  within  reasonable  limits.  He  has 
made  good  use  of  the  rich  MS.  materials  to  be 
found  at  Cologne  and  Munich,  and  he  has  thrown 
much  thought  and  vigour  into  his  book.  His 
characterization  of  the  tendencies  of  Spanish 
religion,  with  which  he  opens  his  volume,  is 
particularly  good. 

Another  book,  M.  Piaget's  Histoire  de  I'Etah- 
lissement  des  Jcsuites  en  France,  which  Mr. 
Brill,  of  Leyden,  has  sent  us,  is  exceedingly 
valuable,  and  worthy  of  the  attention  of 
every  student  of  ecclesiastical  history.  We 
had  hoped  to  devote  some  columns  to  it,  but 
unfortunately  we  have  them  not  at  our  dis- 
posal. The  chapters  on  tlic  recall  of  the  Jesuits 
in  1603  are  quite  admirable.  The  whole  comedy 
— or  rather  it  miglit  be  called  tragedy,  for  the 
return  of  the  Jesuits  was  the  first  step  towards 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes — is  excel- 
lently related.  Le  Pere  Coton,  who  compared 
Henri  IV.  to  David,  was  a  worthy  predecessor 
of  the  confessors  of  Louis  XIV. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

Sentimental  Studies  and  A  Set  of  Village  Tales. 
By  Hubert  Crackanthorpe.  (Heinemann.) — 
This  volume  more  than  confirms  the  estimate 
made  from  '  Wreckage '  of  Mr.  Crackanthorpe's 
great  power  as  a  writer  of  short  stories  in  the 
manner  of  which  Guy  de  Maupassant  was  a 
master.  He  has  an  excellent  style,  and  a 
genius  for  simplicity  and  for  a  correct  choice 
of  material  which  is  especially  remarkable  in 
so  young  a  writer  ;  it  is  hardly  too  much  to  say 
that  there  is  never  anything  superfluous  or  un- 
meaning in  his  sketches  ;  he  knows  exactly  what 
effect  he  wishes  to  produce,  and  discards  every- 
thing which  does  not  tend  towards  it.  The 
finest  story  in  this  volume  is  also  the  most  con- 
siderable in  size,  'A  Commonplace  Chapter,' a 
wonderful  study  in  disillusionment.  It  is  the 
story  of  the  gradual  awakening  of  a  good, 
commonplace  country  girl — who  marries  a  suc- 
cessful man,  fascinated  by  his  brilliancy— to 
the  empty  frothiness  of  his  nature.  It  is  all 
done  in  little  scenes,  which  reveal  the  develop- 
ment of  his  character  before  her  eyes,  and  her 
slow  and  painful  realization  of  the  change  ;  and 
then,  though  little  is  said,  one  can  fully 
understand  the  horror  and  isolation  of  the 
woman's  position  as  she  sees  the  man  to 
whom  she  is  bound  coruscating  and  admired 
in  society,  and  knows  all  the  time  that  at 
bottom  he  is  nothing,  a  mere  empty  sham. 
Here  are  the  words  in  which  this  is  indicated  : — 

"  Hillier  let  his  voice  fall  listlessly,  as  if  to  rebuke 
the  other's  vehemence  ;  and,  to  hint  that  he  was 
tired  of  the  topic,  looked  round  at  bis  wife,  noting 
at  the  same  time  that  Swann  was  observing  how  he 
held  her  gaze  in  his  meaningly.  And  the  unex- 
pectedness of  his  own  attitude  charmed  him— his 
hot  defence  of  an  absurd  theory,  obviously  evoked 
by  a  lover-like  desire  to  please  ber.  Others,  whose 
admiration  he  could  trust,  would,  he  surmised,  have 
reckoned  it  a  pretty  pose.  And  she,  perceiving 
that  Swann  seemed  to  take  her  husband's  sincerity 
for  granted,  felt  a  sting  of  quick  regret  that  she 
had  ever  come  to  understand  him,  and  that  she 
could  not  still  view  him  as  they  all  viewed  him." 
AH  through  the  story  one  is  constantly  delighted 
with  instances  of  the  author's  power  of  charac- 
terization. To  take  another  masterly  stroke  : 
at  the  end,  when  the  husband  is  made  to  feel  a 
cur  by  the  revelation  of  his  infidelity  to  his 
wife,  all  he  does  is  to  feel  pity  for  himself  : — 

" '  I  have  been  punished,  Nellie,'  he  began  in  a 

broken  whisper,    'Good  God,  it  is  hard  to  bear 

help  me,  Nellie,  help  me  to  bear  it.'  She  unclasped 
his  fingers  and  started  to  stroke  them;  a  little 
mechanically  as    if    it    was    to   ease    him    of    his 

pain " 

And  Mr.  Crackanthorpe  does  not  make  the 
mistake  of  making  her  an  ideal  wife  for  him  ;  she 
is  shy  and  rather  stupid,  so  that  his  baseness  is 
made  the  mc)re  probable  without  being  made 
more  excusable.  Of  the  other  studies,  tiie 
only  one  that  seems  hardly  adequate  is  '  Modern 
Melodrama,'  not  from  any  want  of  power  in  the 
telling,  but  because  the  motive  of  the  story  is 
not  sufhciently  interesting.  A  very  striking 
one  is  '  Yew  Trees  and  Peacocks,'  for  the  clever 
use  which  Mr.  Crackanthorpe  makes  of  the 
scenery  in  enhancing  the  efl'ect  of  the  implied 
tragedy  ;  it  also  contains  a  good  example  of  the 
way  in  which  a  whole  lifetime  of  tragedy  and 
self-restraint  can  be  just  indicated  in  a  word 
or  two.  The  "Village  Talcs  "  are  sketches  of 
characters  and  little  dramas  in  a  small  village 
of  Central  France.  They  show  the  interest 
which  sympathy  can  extract  from  the  most  com- 
monplace people,  and  suggest  in  a  pleasing  way 
how  full  a  man  may  make  his  life  if  he  will  only 
look  at  things  from  his  neighbour's  point  of 
view. 

The  Crncijix,  <i-c.  By  Laurence  Alma 
Tadoma.  (Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.)— The 
merit  of  'The  Crucifix  '  lies  not  so  much  in  the 
idea  of  the  "  phantasy,"  as  Miss  Alma  Tadema 
calls  it,  as  in  the  imaginative  little  pictures  of 
old  Venetian  life  which  she  gives  herself  tlie 
opportunity  of  showing.  The  idea  i.s  to  call  up 
scenes  in  which  a  little  ivory  crucifix,   picked 


up  at  a  Venetian  antiquary's,  took  part  ;  but 
the  idea,  which  would  have  given  the  author  of 
'  Pippa  Passes '  a  rare  opportunity,  is  not  very 
skilfully  worked  out.  The  crucifix  itself,  though 
present  at  the  eight  scenes  suggested  to  the 
author,  seems  hardly  a  vital  element  in  any  of 
them  ;  in  fact,  it  is  so  flimsy  and  artificial  a  bond 
of  connexion  between  them  that  it  looks  merely 
like  an  excuse,  not  a  reason  for  them.  But 
in  themselves  the  scenes  are  admirably  de- 
scribed. Miss  Alma  Tadema  knows  and  loves 
her  Venice  well,  and  succeeds  fully  in  putting 
life  into  now  half-dead  corners  of  the  beloved 
city.  The  most  charming  and  vivid  scene  is 
that  of  the  girls  at  the  well  of  an  old  courtyard  ; 
the  bright  life  seems  to  live  again  in  it,  and  the 
warm  sun  of  Venice  to  shine  in  it ;  and  though 
the  whole  passage  should  be  read  to  appreciate 
the  full  beauty,  a  couple  of  paragraphs  may  give 
some  idea  of  it  : — 

"Here  the  song  ceased  suddenly,  stilled  by  the 
sound  of  approaching  voices.  From  an  alley  to  the 
right  three  girls  entered  the  little  court.  They  had 
come  to  fetch  water ;  their  copper  pails  dangled 
empty  from  their  shoulders  as  they  walked  towards 
the  well ;  thej'  were  young  and  fresh  all,  round  and 
full-blooded  ;  their  white  teeth  gkamed  as  they 
laughed  together. 

''  They  hung  a  bright  pail  on  the  spout  of  the  well, 
and  one  of  them  began  to  draw  water  ;  setting  her 
foot  against  the  stone,  she  pulled  the  rattling  chain 
to  and  fro  over  the  wheel  in  measured  cadence, 
while  the  others,  band  on  hip,  babbled  forth  a  rapid 
and  incessant  flow  of  harmless  folly." 
'King  David,'  the  second  story,  is  pretty, 
though  nothing  more  ;  but  the  last,  '  An  L^n- 
divined  Tragedy,'  is  quite  the  best  of  the  three. 
It  is  a  diflicult  story  told  conversationally  by  a 
mother  to  her  daughter,  but  in  spite  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  the  subject,  it  is  related  with  so  much 
delicacy  of  feeling  and  such  subtlety  of  touch 
that  no  more  revolt  is  aroused  in  the  reader  than 
there  was  in  the  daughter,  and  the  growth  of 
sympathetic  interest  shown  by  the  daughter  is 
most  dramatically  indicated.  It  is  the  sort  of 
story  which  recalls  Rossetti's  imagination  and 
touch. 

Telling  Stories  from  the  ^ St.  Ja^nes's  Gazette.' 
By  W.  Pett  Ridge.  ('St.  James's  Gazette' 
Office.) — These  are  decidedly  above  the  average 
of  the  short  newspaper  story.  They  all  have 
point,  they  are  brisk  and  well  told,  and  are  all 
amusing.  Mr.  Ridge  seems  an  adept  in  the 
cockney  language  and  style  of  conversation, 
and  he  uses  it  with  much  comic  efi"ect.  The 
stories  are  admirably  suited  for  the  railway 
carriage,  and  each  of  them  is  so  strong  an  in- 
ducement to  read  the  next  that  it  would  be 
invidious  to  pick  out  any  single  one  for  special 
praise. 

Kafir  Stories.  By  William  Charles  Scully. 
"Autonym  Library."  (Fisher  Unwin.)— Mr. 
Scully  displays  a  considerable  gift  for  descrip- 
tion in  this  volume  of  Kafir  stories.  The  '  Quest 
of  the  Copper '  is  a  masterly  piece  of  narrative 
about  a  Zulu  raid  in  the  early  part  of  the  cen- 
tury, and  it  is  certainly  the  best  story  in  the 
book.  There  is  no  flamboyant  writing  in  it, 
but  in  simple,  vigorous  language  the  tragedy  of 
the  useless  errand  is  unfolded  ;  and  though  the 
horror  is  great,  it  does  not  disgust  or  pander  to 
a  demand  for  over-wrought  terrors.  _  In  '  Umta- 
gata  '  an  appreciation  of  the  savage's  humorous 
side  is  shown,  and  one  or  two  of  the  stories 
disi^lay  a  gift  for  extracting  tragedy  out  of 
almost  commonplace  elements.  Perhaps  an 
occasional  tendency  to  the  excessively  gruesome 
is  the  author's  worst  fault,  but  it  is  only  to  be 
found  here  and  there.  Mr.  Scully  seems  to  have 
a  very  poor  opinion  of  the  missionary-taught 
savage;  but  of  the  half -barbarous  native's 
courtesy  and  geniality  he  gives  a  pleasant  picture 
in  one  or  two  of  the  tales. 

A  Wliite  Umbrella,  dc.  By  Sarnia.  "Pseu- 
donym Library."  (Fisher  Unwin.)— The  first 
of  these  stories  is  about  the  love-making  between 
an  Impressionist  artist  (what  has  become  of  our 
old  friend  the  curate  ?)  and  a  widowed  poetess. 


384 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


In  spite  of  some  rather  ansemic  billing  and 
cooing  under  a  white  umbrella,  enough  interest 
is  raised  in  the  two  people  to  make  one  wonder 
why  the  story  ends  unhappily.  There  is  really 
no  adequate  reason  why  the  two  should  not 
have  been  comfortably  married  instead  of  allow- 
ing their  love  to  pine  in  unsatisfied  hunger. 
The  second  story  is  stupid,  but  'The  Players' 
gives  a  really  ingenious  and  amusing  explana- 
tion of  the  trials  and  successes  of  human  life, 
and  is  quite  the  best  tale  of  the  trio.  It  would 
be  unfair  to  the  author  to  set  forth  her  solution 
of  the  problem  of  evil,  as  the  story  quite  repays 
one  for  getting  the  book. 

A  Bitufby  Lass,  d-c.  By  Mary  Beaumont. 
"Iris  Series."  (Dent  &  Co.) — The  first  story 
has  a  graceful  little  air  of  maidenly  modesty 
and  mock  alarms  and  old-world  peace  eminently 
appropriate  to  country  life  in  the  early  Vic- 
torian period  with  which  it  purports  to  deal. 
There  is  really  hardly  any  story  in  it,  but  one 
is  quite  content  to  accept  with  thankfulness  the 
unexciting  garrulity  of  the  good  Yorkshire 
rustics  and  the  account  of  Josephine  and  Mark's 
unruffled  love-making.  Tammas  Bates  is  cer- 
tainly a  delightful  character  ;  and  though  Mark 
Tennant  is  a  bit  of  a  prig,  that  only  seems  in 
keeping  with  the  time  and  place.  The  other 
stories  are  rather  feeble,  and  Miss  Beaumont 
does  not  seem  in  her  element  when  she  loses 
sight  of  her  Yorkshire  folk. 


The  Adventures  of  a  Ship's  Doctor.  By  Morley 
Roberts.  (Downey  &  Co.) — Mr.  Morley  Roberts 
is  always  at  his  best  when  telling  stories  in  the 
words  of  the  reckless  adventurer  who  has  ex- 
perienced every  kind  of  danger  and  seen  all  that 
is  vile,  and  who,  though  he  has  discarded  all 
conventional  sentiment,  still  keeps  a  substratum 
of  fine  feeling  at  heart.     This  sort  of  man  in 
fiction  was  almost  invented    by  Mr.    Rudyard 
Kipling,    and    would     surely     have    won    the 
approval  of  Carlyle  ;  he  has  grit,  no  fear,  and 
above  all  no  cant,   and  in  his  unconventional 
way  can  be  as  tender  as  a  woman  where  tender- 
ness can  serve.     Perhaps  in  the  volume  before 
us  the  ship's  doctor  occasionally  rather  oversteps 
the  bounds  of  the  callousness  to  the  inevitable 
which  is  associated  with  this  character,  and  so 
far  he  fails  in  carrying  conviction  ;  thus,  in  one 
or  two  instances,  such  as  the  gruesome  story  of 
'The  Saved  Remainders,'  Mr.  Roberts  seems  to 
be  trying  the  game  of  "going  one  better,"  and 
thus  treating  his  hero  as  a  conventional  peg  on 
which  to  hang  his  ingenuity,  rather  than  as  a 
living  character.     But  this  error  is  not  frequent 
here,  and  nearly  all  the  stories  are  crisp  and 
well  told,  and  certainly  without  exception  are 
exciting.     The    intervention   of    the  vicar  and 
the  major  is  generally  happy,  and  adds  to  the 
persuasiveness  of  the  tales. 

Wi'iidabyne :   a  Record  of  By-gone  Times  in 
Anstralia.      Related    by    Reginald    Crawford. 
Edited  by  George  Ranken.    (Remington  &  Co.) 
— This    book   is    mainly   a   collection   of  talcs 
which   appeared   some   years   ago  in  the  Aus- 
tralian, which  attracted  considerable  attention 
at  the  time,  and  which  well  merit  the  commen- 
dation bestowed  on  them  by  genuine  colonists. 
Tliese   comments,   with    pardonable    pride,  the 
author  has  appended  to  his  pages,  and  we  can 
heartily  endorse  them.     He  deals  not  only  with 
the  old  order,  which  changes  in  all  parts  of  the 
world— with  the  primitive  pastoral  settlers,  their 
trials,  successes,  and  reverses,  which  he  describes 
with  vivid  accuracy — but  with  the  rapid  altera- 
tions induced  principally,  he  alleges,  by  mistaken 
legislation,    which,    however,    we    suspect,    was 
inevitable  from  the  growth  of  society,  from  the 
rapid  influx  of  population,  and  from  the  enorm- 
ous accumulation  of  wealth  in  the  towns.    These 
led  to  the  absorption  of  the  original  pioneers 
in  the  wilderness,  a  class  which  included  several 
individuals  of  culture  and   worth  as  described 
in   this  volume  ;  but  truth    compels  us  to  add 
that   the    majority    of  its  members  were  made 
of    different    materials.     That   the   intelligent, 


educated,  professional,  enterprising  immigrants 
who  "rushed"  the  country  should  quietly 
acquiesce  in  the  ai:)propriation  of  huge  tracts 
of  land,  larger  than  many  English  counties,  at 
a  nominal  rent  by  men  of  inferior  attainments, 
is  more  than  could  be  expected.  Intelligent 
men  always  regarded  the  "squatting  system" 
as  a  transition  state,  and  foresaw  that  cases  of 
individual  hardship  must  arise  in  the  radical 
change  that  sooner  or  later  was  inevitable. 
The  mode  in  which  the  settlers  defended  their 
position  against  the  inroads  of  "free  selectors" 
is  well  described  by  Mr.  Ranken  ;  the  characters, 
whether  of  squatter,  cattle-stealer,  usurer,  plu- 
tocrat, or  aboriginal,  are  admirably  drawn. 
Those  who  read  between  the  lines  will  probably 
arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  Australia  is  not 
a  bad  place  after  all.  The  book  is  a  truthful, 
vivid,  interesting,  and  instructive  narrative, 
founded  chiefly  on  fact,  and  the  product  of  the 
pen  of  an  experienced  writer. 

Random  Stories,  chiefly  Irish.  By  Major 
H.  S.  McClintock.  (Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) 
— Major  McClintock  is  celebrated  in  Ireland  as 
a  retailer  of  stories  collected  by  him  during  the 
last  half  century,  which  are  illustrative  of  the 
wit  and  blunders  characteristic  of  the  western 
isle  : — 

"  Mj-  father,  riding  one  day  from  Drumcar  to 
Castle  Bellingham,  met  a  cart  containing  three  men, 
and  escorted  by  the  two  constables  of  that  day, 
Dan  Cunningham  and  John  Bedloe.  The  prisoners 
were  seated  on  straw,  and  my  father  asked,  '  What 
have  j'ou  here  ? '  '  Three  men,  your  worship,  arrested 
for  sheep  stealing  '  My  father  observed, '  I  fear  they 
may  escape  if  you  are  not  very  guarded,  as  I  see 
their  arms  are  quite  free.'  '  Not  the  least  danger  in 
life,'  replied  the  constables  ;  '  sure  we  have  them 
handcuffed  by  the  legs.'  " 

Now  that  an  effort  is  being  made  in  the  sister 
kingdom  to  induce  tourists  to  visit  its  shores, 
the  following  may  prove  a  useful  caution  : — 

"One  of  the  most  amusing  men  I  ever  met  was 
named  Rogers,  who  drove  the  mail  froin  Ballinasloe 
to  Galway.  His  greatest  delight  seemed  to  be  to 
gull  and  humbug  tlie  English  tourists.  I  occupied 
a  box  seat,  and  a  stolid  Saxon  sat  behind  me.  Pass- 
ing a  splendid  sheep  walk  near  Loughrea,  my  fellow 
passenger  pointed  to  a  woman  sitting  iu  the  grass, 
and  asked, '  What  can  that  poor  woman  be  doing 
there  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning? '  A  nudge  of 
the  knee  under  the  apron  told  me  that  I  was  to 
expect  something  lively  from  the  Jehu  on  my  right. 
'  Oh  indeed,  sir,  that  poor  craytui-e  is  doing  penance, 
and  has  been  sitting  there,  to  my  knowledge,  these 
three  mornings.'  The  Saxon  replied,  '  It  was 
pitiable  ;  but  that  there  was  no  great  hardship  in 
bitting  on  the  grass  on  a  fine  summer's  morning.' 
'  That 's  true,'  said  Rogers, '  and  I  don't  know  what 
sin  she  committed  ;  but  I  know  she  has  a  thistle 
under  her.'  The  Englishman's  horror  knew  no 
bounds,  and  no  wonder.  Of  course  my  Irish 
readers  will  know  the  woman  was  simply  gathering 
mushrooms." 

We  strongly  recommend  any  "stolid  Saxon" 
not  to  believe  one  word  he  may  hear  from  the 
driver  of  an  Irish  "  kyar.  ' 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

French  Men  and  French  Manners,  by 
Albert  D.  Vandam  (Chapman  &  Hall),  seems 
chiefly  to  consist  of  old  Parisian  newspaper  cut- 
tings, translated  into  journalistic  English,  and 
strung  together  with  interpolations  in  the  same 
language,  intended  to  convey  the  impression 
that  the  scenes  described  are  in  the  author's 
personal  experiences.  They  mostly  refer  to 
the  squalid  and  dingy  sides  of  French  life,  with 
which  the  compiler  appears  to  have  some  ac- 
quaintance. Some  of  the  old  stories  relating  to 
well-known  people  are  somewhat  damaged  in 
their  English  version,  and  there  is  a  general 
air  of  inaccuracy  throughout  the  volume.  On 
the  first  page  the  author  gives  his  readers  to 
understand  that  the  Edinburgh  Review  is  a 
periodical  i)»iblishcd  at  Edinburgh,  and  is, 
nevertheless,  "read  by  thousands  not  only  in 
the  provinces,  but  in  the  metropolis  itself"; 
whereas  in  France  a  similar  review  published 
at  Lyons  or  Marseilles  "  would  be  foredoomed." 


From  this  striking  example  he  draws  a  profound 
contrast  between  the  diflferent  conditions  of 
provincial  life  in  Great  Britain  and  in  France, 
which  is  quite  as  useful  as  anything  else  con- 
tained in  the  book  and  more  entertaining. 

Messrs.  Spaulding  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco, 
publish  in  a  handsome  volume  the  Charter  for 
the  City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  prepared 
and   proposed   by   the   Board   of    Freeholders, 
elected  November  6th,   1894,  in   pursuance  of 
the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of 
California.  The  movement  of  the  American  states 
towards  reorganizing,  and  in  some  cases  taking 
possession   for   the   state    of,    the   government 
of   the   cities,  is  a  very  curious   one,  and   the 
new  constitutions  are  well  worthy  of  examina- 
tion  from    this   point  of  view.     The   carefully 
drawn  and  very  lengthy  constitution  prepared 
for   San    Francisco   in   the    volume    before   us 
conflicts  at  many  points  with  the  views  of  our 
Home  Office  and  Local  Government  Board,  as 
expressed  to  the  Police  and  Sanitary  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  acted  on  by  that 
Committee.    At  the  same  time  there  is  the  same 
tendency  in  this  country  on  the  part  of  Parlia- 
ment to  interfere  with  the  desire  of  municipalities 
to  make  their  own  local  laws  as  is  witnessed  in 
America  on  the  part  of  the  state  legislatures. 
The  most  peculiar  proposal — from  the  English 
point  of  view,  although  it  is  not  without  Ame- 
rican precedent — in  the  proposed  San  Francisco 
charter    is    the    paragraph    which    forbids   the 
mayor  in  appointing  the  four  commissioners  of 
police  to  "appoint  more  than  two  from  the  same 
political  party."     The  mayor  is  further  directed 
that  in  tilling  vacancies  he  must  not  make  any 
appointment   the   result  of  which  would  be  to 
cause  more  than  two  of  the  commissioners  to  be 
of  the  same  party  ;  and  there  is  a  further  direc- 
tion that  the  board  shall  always  be  so  composed 
that  there  shall  never  be  at  any  one  time  more 
than  two  commissioners  of   the  same  political 
party.      What  is  to  happen  if  one  of  the  two 
belonging  to  one  party  becomes  a  "mugwump" 
it  is  for  the  courts  of  law  to  decide.     We  should 
find  such  a  proposal  unworkable  in  this  country. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Davis,  once  an  Inspector  of  Fac- 
tories, and  now  the  secretary  of  a  powerful 
trades  union — the  Brass  Workers— with  his 
office  in  Birmingham,  publishes  through 
Messrs.  Hudson  &  Son,  printers  at  Birming- 
ham, a  fine  illustrated  volume  on  the  token 
coinage  of  Warwickshire.  The  old  phrase 
"not  worth  a  brass  farthing"  is  illustrated 
in  the  introduction  and  the  historical  survey 
which  accompany  the  book,  and  the  letterpress 
is  careful,  while  the  plates  are  excellent.  Under 
"Meriden"  we  find  a  token  which  is,  we 
believe,  one  of  the  archery  prizes  of  the  society 
known  as  "the  Foresters  of  Arden,"  which 
descends  from  an  old  Foresters'  guild,  but  is 
now  a  mere  club.  If  token  prizes  are  to  be 
included,  we  should  imagine  that  volumes  on 
token  coinage  might  be  immensely  swelled, 
but  the  plate  is  pretty  and  characteristic. 

Thk  Exchange  Telegraph  Co.  publish  a  PoU 
Book,  which  is  accurate  and  useful,  giving  the 
results  of  1885,  1886,  1892,  and  1895.  VVe  hardly 
know  why  they  should  give  this  '  Poll  Book  '  a 
cover  which  represents  either  the  old  Dutch 
republican  flag,  afterwards  adopted  by  the 
Dutch  monarchy,  or  the  flag  of  revolutionary 
France— according  to  the  way  in  which  the 
book  is  held.  We  believe  that  a  number  of 
misguided  people  on  both  sides  of  politics  are 
in  tlie  habit  of  using  at  election  times  sashes 
and  flags  of  the  three  colours,  in  the  fond  belief 
that  in  some  way  they  represent  the  colours  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  What  would  have  been  the 
horror  of  the  men  of  the  days  of  the  Great  War 
to  see  the  "  three  colours  "  which  they  loathed 
with  an  indescribable  hatred  put  forward  as 
those  of  CJreat  Britain  !  No  !  a  "Jack"  if  we 
can  afford  it,  and,  if  we  cannot,  then  nothing ; 
but  not  the  tricolour  !     On  what  principle  are 

we  told  in  this  volume  that  there  were  four 


N"  3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


385 


Labour  members  in  the  Parliament  elected  in 
1892  and  lasting  until  1895  ?  Mr.  Keir  Hardie, 
of  course,  is  one  ;  but  who  are  the  other  three  ? 
We  cannot  imagine  any  system  of  classification 
which  would  not  either  properly  reduce  the  list 
to  one,  or  increase  it  above  four. 

The  necessary  Dod  reaches  us  once  more  in 
the  seventy-first  issue  of  Dod's  Parliamentary 
Companion,  published  by  Whittaker  &  Co.  The 
editor  somewhat  mars  his  otherwise  perfect 
work  by  labelling  all  members  of  the  Liberal 
party  with  "H.R.,"  for  Home  Ruler,  which  leads 
to  ludicrous  results.  He  justifies  himself  in  his 
preface  against  our  former  criticism  on  this 
head,  and  explains  that  "minor  distinctions" 
are  given  in  the  individual  notices.  We  turn 
to  "M'Ewan,"  as  that  gentleman  was  elected 
unopposed  at  Edinburgh  on  account  of  his 
famous  doubts  upon  Home  Rule,  and  find  :  "A 
Liberal,  in  favour  of  Home  Rule  for  Ireland." 
Probably  Mr.  M'Ewan  himself  would  pass  this 
description  as  correct,  but  his  friends  would 
hardly  accept  it  without  a  smile,  and  we  should 
think  "a  Liberal"  a  safer,  and  "a  highly 
independent  Liberal  "  a  more  accurate,  descrip- 
tion than  one  which  picks  out  Irish  Home  Rule 
for  notice. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs,  Warrington 
&  Co.  a  List  of  Members  of  the  new  House  of 
Commons,  somewhat  similar  to  "Vacher's" 
list. 

We  cannot  say  much  for  AU  Expenses  Paid 
(Constable  &  Co.).  The  anonymous  author 
of  this  production  excuses  himself  in  the 
preface  for  using  the  names  of  living  poets 
in  his  book.  He  need  not  have  taken  the 
trouble  ;  he  will  not  hurt  anybody  but  him- 
self, and  it  is  only  to  be  wished  that  he  had 
made  free  with  his  own  name,  so  that  one  might 
avoid  his  books  for  the  future.  He  sends  thir- 
teen living  poets  to  Parnassus,  where  they  go  in 
for  much  vulgar  tomfoolery,  not  in  the  least 
characteristic,  we  should  imagine,  of  any  of 
them.  But  not  content  with  that,  he  introduces 
the  shades  of  Shakspeare  and  other  dead  poets, 
and  makes  them  talk  his  jargon.  But  the  whole 
thing  is  too  silly  for  words. 

In  Tlie  Idyll  of  the  Star-Floiccr,  by  the 
Hon.  Coralie  Glyn  (Nutt),  we  have  a  tiresome 
story  written  in  an  antique  style  on  an  alle- 
gorical subject.  It  describes  the  wanderings 
of  Eric,  a  Norse  Jarl,  in  search  of  what  proves 
to  be  the  Christian  spirit,  and  he  goes  through 
the  usual  adventures  of  such  people,  being 
tempted  by  the  desire  for  human  knowledge 
and  human  art,  and  by  the  physical  beauty  of 
the  dangerous  enchantress.  He  is  a  good  young 
man  who  dies  forgiving  his  enemies,  but  we 
rather  doubt  if  his  story  will  teach  anybody 
anything,  and,  as  a  story,  it  is  certainly  not 
particularly  amusing  or  novel.  Even  if  a  writer 
has  the  real  love  of  medievalism  of  a  Mr. 
William  Morris,  the  imitation  of  old  phraseo- 
logy is  apt  sometimes  to  appear  a  trifle  forced 
and  ludicrous  ;  and  when  his  genius  is  absent, 
such  absurdities  as  the  following  passage  are 
certain  to  crop  up  :  "And  as  blow  for  blow,  and 
cut  for  cut,  the  two  men  parried,  and  returned 
each  other's  blows,  the  general  interest  abund- 
antly displayed  itself  in  the  multitude  of  wagers 
which  began  to  be  freely  interchanged.  '  Now, 
by  my  faith  I '  quoth  one  of  the  foremost  spear- 
men of  the  Royal  Guard,  '  yon  youth  is  no  ill 
match  even  for  the  mighty-limbed  Heraclion  him- 
self,' "  &c.  It  is  all  stiff  and  unreal,  and,  if  it 
had  to  be  written  at  all,  had  much  better  have 
been  done  in  plain  modern  English. 

So  far  as  we  can  make  out  A  n  Erery-Day  Life, 
by  Mrs.  R.  W.  Woods  (Leadenhall  Press),  it 
seems  to  be  a  sort  of  tract  advocating  thrift  and 
religious  principles.  But  it  is  altogether  in- 
coherent, and  reads  like  utter  rubbish.  The 
author  occasionally  launches  into  lines  arranged 
in  the  shape  of  verses,  but  there  the  resemblance 
pretty  nearly  ceases.     It  is  a  pity  the  lady  had 


no   friends   candid   and    persuasive   enough    to 
restrain  her  from  publishing  such  stuff. 

A  White  Baby,  by  Mr.  James  Welsh  (Cassell 
&  Co.),  is  an  unpretentious  little  tale  about  negro 
life  in  the  Carolinas,  written  by  a  man  who 
evidently  knows  and  loves  his  subject  well. 
The  childlike  and  literal  nature  of  the  negro, 
as  it  rises  sometimes  to  the  heroically  unswerv- 
ing faith  of  childhood,  is  here  displayed  with 
dramatic  directness  in  the  moving  tale  of  Parson 
Abram's  sore  trial  and  triumph.  There  is  nothing 
mawkish  in  the  piety  and  trust  so  strikingly 
displayed  by  the  negro  parson  and  his  wife. 
His  is  one  of  those  great  and  simple  natures 
that  touch  the  heart  with  a  ring  of  truth,  and 
the  force  of  the  picture  is  enhanced  by  the 
lifelike  sketch  of  his  crude  and  excitable  con- 
gregation. 

We  have  received  from  Boston,  U.S.,  a 
leaflet.  No.  57  of  the  "Old  South"  series, 
published  in  connexion  with  the  well-known 
"Meeting-House."  The  subject  is  Tlie  Encj- 
lisli  Bible,  and  the  leaflet,  which  is  furnished 
with  full  historical  and  bibliographical  notes, 
contains  liberal  extracts  from  Wiclif's  version 
(1380),  Tyndale's  (1534),  Coverdale's  (1535), 
the  Great  Bible  (1539),  the  Geneva  Bible  (1557), 
the  Bishops'  Bible  (1568),  the  Douay  Bible 
(1582),  the  Authorized  Version  (1611),  and  the 
Revised  Version  (1884).  St.  Paul's  chapter  on 
charity  is  given  in  all  the  successive  transla- 
tions, to  show  the  development  of  the  language. 

Two  more  volumes  of  the  fifth  edition  of 
Meyer's  Koiu-ersations-Lexihon  have  been  sent 
us,  the  eighth  and  the  ninth,  which  bring  the 
work  down  to  Kau.  The  maps  and  the  illus- 
trations maintain  the  same  high  level  of  excel- 
lence. Such  an  article  as  "  Insekten  "  is  a  good 
specimen  of  the  admirable  manner  in  which 
scientific  subjects  are  handled  ;  so  is  the  ex- 
haustive article  on  "  Kanale."  The  biographies 
are  singularly  complete,  but  admirers  of  Mat- 
thew Arnold  will  be  disappointed  to  find  both 
Eugenie  and  Maurice  de  Gut^rin  omitted. 

The  Fvoissart  which  we  have  received  from 
Messrs.  Macmillan  deserves  the  wide  popularity 
we  hope  it  will  earn  among  readers  to  whom  the 
treasures  of  the  chronicler  have  been  hitherto 
unknown.  Mr.  G.  G.  Macaulay,  who  has 
modernized  the  spelling  of  Lord  Berners,  and 
by  an  apt  summary  of  the  less  important 
portions  of  the  work  has  reduced  it  to  a  con- 
venient size  for  the  "Globe"  series,  gives  in 
his  prefatory  essay  convincing  reasons  for 
adopting  the  version  of  the  Deputy  of  Calais 
in  preference  to  the  occasionally  more  accurate, 
but  tamer  translation  by  Johnes.  The  argument 
was  not  very  necessary,  perhaps,  but  it  involves 
a  good  deal  of  excellent  criticism.  "Having 
no  formed  style  of  his  own,"  Lord  Berners  "  is 
more  apt  to  follow  the  style  of  the  original  than 
to  attempt  to  improve  upon  it ;  and  this  is,  in  fact, 
his  greatest  merit."  "He  flows  along  happily 
enough  "  is  exactly  the  amount  of  praise  that 
the  old  translator  generally  deserves.  The  spirit 
of  Claverhouse  is  not  much  in  accordance  with 
our  age,  as  the  editor  appears  to  think  ;  but 
without  that  kind  of  sympathy  it  is  possible  to 
hope  for  a  popular  appreciation  of  this  replica 
of  an  old  master,  the  jminter  of  the  manners  of 
his  time.  Messrs.  Macmillan  have  also  sent  us 
their  pocket  edition  of  Charles  Kingsley's 
Wcatu-ard  Ho !  very  elegant  and  inexpensive  ; 
and  the  ninth  volume  of  the  reprint  of 
the  "English  Men  of  Letters,"  comprising 
Fielding,  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  ;  Thackeray, 
by  the  late  Anthony  Trollope  ;  and  Dickens,  by 
Mr.  A.  W.  Ward. 

Messus.  Constable  continue  their  meritori- 
ous series  of  Scott's  novels  with  vols.  xii.  and 
xiii.,  containing  The  Heart  of  Midlothian.  We 
feel  it  ungracious  to  criticize  details  in  the  case 
of  a  marvel  of  cheapness  ;  but  we  hardly  recog- 
nize in  the  present  reproductions  of  the  plates 
the  "good,  comely,  sonsy  lass,"  Jeanie  Deans. 
The  Duke  himself  would  not  have  known  her  • 


with  a  face  so  swollen. — From  Messrs.  Black- 
wood &  Sons  we  have  the  second  volume  of 
George  Eliot's  Scenes  from  Clerical  Life  in  their 
appropriately  named  "  Standard  "  edition  ;  and 
from  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  two  dainty  volumes 
of  their  issue  of  "Romances  and  Narratives  of 
Daniel  Defoe,"  embodying  the  Life  of  Col. 
Jacqiie. 

We   have   on   our   table  The  Guide  to  South 
Africa,  edited  by  A.  S.  Brown  and  G.  G.  Brovni 
(Low), — Sir  Hew  Dalrymple  at   Gibraltar  and 
in    Portugal    in    180S,  'by  Admiral  Sir  E.  G. 
Fanshawe      (Simpkin),    —   English      Writers: 
Vol.      XI.       Shakespeare      and       his      Time  : 
Under  James   I.,    by   H.  Morley   and  W.   H. 
Grilfin     (Cassell), — The    Contemporary    French 
Writers,  by  R.  Melle  (Ginn), — Selections  from 
Coivper's  Letters,  edited  by  W.  T.  Webb  (Mac- 
millan), —  History   of  Modern    Philosophy,    by 
R.  Falckenberg,  translated  by  A.  C.  Armstrong 
(Bell),— TAe  Evolution  of    Whist,  by  W.   Pole 
(Longmans), — Herbal    Simples    approved    for 
Modern     Uses    of    Cure,    by    W.    T.    Fernie, 
M.D.     (Bristol,     Wright),  —  Garden     Flowers 
and    Plants,    by    J.     Wright    (Macmillan),  — 
Dacndels  —  Baffles,     Governors     of    Java,     by 
M.    L.    van    Deventer    (Marlborough), — Text- 
Book   on    the   Natural    Use    of  the    Voice,    by 
G.  E.  Thorp  and  W.  Nicholl  (Cocks),— ^oman 
Regained,  by  G.  Barlow  (Roxburghe  Press), — 
A  Sensational   Trance,  by  F.  Dawson  (Downey 
&  Co.), — The  Three  Sorroivs  of  Storytelling  and 
Ballads  of  St.    Columkille,  by  D.  Hyde,  LL.D. 
(Fisher  Unwin), — Drifting  toicards  the  Breakers^ 
by  a  Sussex  Peer  (Simpkin), — The  White  Prior, 
by   F.   Hume  (Warne), — The   Croion  Pitiful,  a 
Fairy   Story,    by    the    Hon.   W.    F.    Maitland 
(Truslove   &  Hanson), — My  Lady  Jane,  by  R. 
Crawford  (J.   Heywood),  —  The  Adventures    of 
Jones,  by  H.  Carruth  (Chatto  &  Windus), — An 
Experiment  in  Love,  by  Jean  de  Me'zailles  (Rox- 
burghe Press),  —  Tom  Chester's  Sweetheart,  by 
J.  Hatton  (Hutchinson), — Stolen  Soids,   by  W. 
Le  Queux  (Tower  Publishing  Company),  — By 
Balloon  to  tlie  Pole,  by  C.  Milreis  (29,  Montague 
Street,   W.C.), — Philoctetcs,  and   other    Poems- 
and  Sonnets,    by   J.    E.    Nesmith    (Cambridge, 
U.S.,    Riverside   Press),  —  God's  Parable,   and 
other   Poems,   by    S.    Massey    (Putnam),  —  The 
Buddha  and  his  Religion,  by  J.  B.  Saint-Hilaire, 
translated   by  Laura   Ensor    (Routledge),  —  A 
Short  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  England 
(Catholic  Truth  Society),—"  The  Bread  cf  Life," 
by  Mrs.   Haslehurst  (S.P.C.K.),  —  Octave  Ser- 
mons j)reached   in  Bristol  Cathedral  May  5th  to 
IWi,  1895  (Simpkin), — Lectures  on  Colet,  Fisher, 
and  More,   by   the    Rev.   A.    J.   Mason,  D.D. 
(S.P.C.K.),  —  r/ic   ATadonna    of  St.   Luke,   by 
H.  I.  Bolton  (Putnam), — La  Certosa  di  Pavia, 
by  Arch.  Luca  Beltrami  (Milan,  Hoepli), — Die 
bauerliche     Wirtscliaftsverfassung    des    Vintsch- 
gaues,  by  A.  Tille  (Innsloruck,  Wagner), — Das 
JSfaturere ignis  der  Sintflut,   by  Dr.    C.  Schmidt 
(Basel,  Schwabe),— Orjj/icKs,  by  E.  Maass  (Wil- 
liams &  Norgate), — Rimes  viriles,  by  J.  Noirit> 
Vol.    II.   (Bordeaux,   Moquet),  —  and  Prior  in 
Deutschland,    by    Dr.    S.    Wukadinovic    (Graz, 
K.   K.   Universitats  -  Buchdruckerei).      Among 
New   Editions    we     have    Thames   Rights    and 
Thames  Wrongs,  by  J.   Bickerdyke  (Constable), 

—  For  One  and  the  World,  by  M.  Betham- 
Edwards  (Ward  &  Downey), — A  Summer  in  a 
Ccuion,  by  Kate  D.  Wiggin  (Gay  &  Bird),— 
A  Treatise  on  Elementary  Trigonometry,  by  J. 
Casey,  edited  by  P.  A.  E.  Dowling  (Longmans), 

—  and  Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Najyoleon 
Buonaparte,  by  R.  Whately,  D.D.  (Putnam). 


LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

JTuotoffi/. 

Kverard's  (Rev.  G.)  Salvation  and  Service,  cr.  8vo.  ^'6  cK 

F.irrar  (Dean)  and  Otbers'  Biblical  Character  Sketches,  3/6 

Hort's  (late  F.  J.  A  )  Prolegomena  to  St   Paul's  Kpistles  to 

tlie  Uonians  and  Kphesians,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Hortoii's  (K.  F.)  The  Teaching  of  Jesus,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Jackson's  (H.  K.)  Gentle  Jesus,  a  Life  of  Christ  for  Little 

Folk,  roy.  16mo.  3/t5  cl. 
Knox  (John),  by  F.  A.  Maccunn,  3,6    (Leaders  of  Religion.) 


386 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3a43,  Sept.  21/95 


Morton,  J.,  Arcbbishop  of  Canterbury,  Life  of,  by  E.  J. 
Woodbouse,  cr.  8vo.  5,  cl. 

Murray's  (C.)  Morning  Sunlight,  Devotional  Readings  for 
a  Year,  cr.  8vo.  3/(3  cl. 

St.  Columba,  the  Story  of  his  Life,  by  S.  Keyworth,  3/6  net. 
Law. 

Pratt's  (Lieut.-Col.  S.  C.)  The  Military  Law  Examiner,  4/6 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeology . 

Fritz's  (G.)  Photo-Lithography,  translated  by  E.  J.   Wall, 
cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  el. 

Laurie's    (A.    P.)    Facts    about    Processes,    Pigments,  and 
Vehicles,  cr.  8vo.  3/  net,  cl. 

Martin's    (W.   G.   W.)  Pagan    Ireland,    an    Archaeological 
Sketch,  cr.  8vo.  1.5/  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Bell's  (Mrs.  H.)  Kleines  Haustheater,  Fifteen  Little  Plays 
for  Children,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Student's  Chaucer,  edited  by  W.  W.  Skeat,  cr.  8vo.  9/6  cl. 

Wordsworth    Finds,  Some,    arranged    and   introduced   by 
J.  Medborough,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Wordsworth's  (W.)  Poetical  Works,  edited  by  T.  Hutchin- 
son, Oxford  Edition,  er.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Political  Economy. 

Kaufmann's  (M.)  Socialism  and  Modern  Thought,  2/6  cl. 
History  and  Biography. 

Calendar  of  Charters  and  Documents  relating  to  Selborne 
and  its  Priory,  edited  bj'  Macray,  2rid  Series,  10/6  net. 

Church's  (E.  M.)  Sir  Richard  Church  in  Italy  and  Greece, 
8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  'Vol.  41,  roy.  8vo.  15/  net. 

English  Men  of  Letters  :  Vol.  10,  Gibbon— Carlyle— Macau- 
lay,  cr.  8vo.  3,6  cl. 

FitzPatrick's  (W.  J.)  The  Sham  Squire  and  the  Informers 
of  1798,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Margaret  de  Valois,  Memoirs  of,  written  by  herself    in   a 
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ANCIENT  BRITONS  IN  CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 
It  would  seem  desirable  to  expose  at  once  an 
exceptionally  fine  mare's  nest  provided  in  the 
current  Antiquary  for  the  edification  of  the 
public.  A  learned  article  on  '  The  Sochmen  of 
Cambridgeshire  '  takes  for  its  text  a  passage 
from  an  inquest  tem^).  King  John:  "Of  ser- 
jeanties  and  lands  without  service.  Roger  de 
Mumbray  holds  10  librates  in  Fulburne  and 
16  librates  in  Swaveshullhe  of  the  lands  of  the 
Britons,  of  the  gift  of  King  John,"  &c.  On 
this  the  writer  comments  as  follows  : — 

"They  were  lands  which  at  the  death  of  Alan 
Fergant  had  come  into  the  king's  bauds,  but  were 
regranted,  at  a  later  date,  to  the  Honour  of  Rich- 
mond  Now,  who  were  these  Britons?    Clearly 

the  descendants  of  the  Romano-British  population 
established  before  the  Saxon  Conquest,  the  socbmeu- 
villansor  sochmeu-bondmenof  the  Hundred  Rolls." 

I  deal  solely  with  this  assertion  and  the 
wonderful  theories  based  thereon. 

The  writer  has  only  mistaken  the  Bretons, 
who  had  come  in  at  the  Conquest,  and  who  lost 
their  lands  under  King  John,  when  Normandy, 
&c.,  was  severed  from  the  English  crown,  for 
ancient  Britons  !  The  words  he  has  underlined 
correspond  precisely  with  the  familiar  "  de 
terris  Normannorum  "  of  these  inquests,  and 
the  reason  of  "Britonum"  being  here  substi- 
tuted is  that,  as  he  incidentally  observes,  these 
lands  had  been  held  by  the  Breton  counts  and 
their  followers.  That  the  cases  were  precisely 
parallel  is  shown,  if  it  were  needful,  by  these 
extracts  from  the  'Testa  de  Nevill'  (p.  300, 
col.  1)  relating  to  Suffolk:  "Est  eschaeta 
domini  Regis  de  Radulfo  Avenel  Normanno." 
"  Fuit  escaeta  de  Petro  Boterel  Britone." 

It  is  not  encouraging,  at  this  time  of  day,  to 
find  an  organ  of  antiquarian  research  giving 
currency  in  its  pages  to  so  misleading  and  so 
ludicrous  an  error.  J.  H.  Round. 


DBRRING   DO  :    DERRING-DO. 

Oxford,  Sept.  14. 1895. 

This  curious  piece  of  "  Wardour  Street 
English,"  so  much  afi"ected  by  romantic  writers 
since  Sir  Walter  Scott  adapted  it  from  Spenser, 
is  generally  known  to  be  ultimately  traceable 
to  a  passage  in  Chaucer's  '  Troylus  '  (v.  837). 
So  far  as  I  have  seen,  however,  it  has  never 
been  pointed  out  that  Spenser  did  not  take 
(and  mistake)  it  directly  from  Chaucer,  but  that 
there  were  intermediate  links  between  Chaucer 
and  Spenser,  which  explain  at  once  Spenser's 
spelling  of  the  words,  and  that  misconception 
of  their  construction  and  exact  sense  which  he 
has  handed  on  to  the  modern  romanticists.  I  have 
found  that  most  of  Spenser's  archaisms,  which 
I  have  as  yet  had  occasion  to  trace  to  their 
source,  really  come  from  Lydgate  ;  at  least  it 
is  from  Lydgate's  'Chronicle  of  Troy,'  and 
actually  from  the  edition  of  it  printed  in  1555, 
that  he  caught  up  the  expression  before  us,  as  I 
will  now  show. 

The  passage  in  Chaucer's  '  Troylus,'  v.  834-40, 
reads  thus  in  the  Campsall  MS.  : — 
And  certaynly  in  storye  it  is  founde 

That  Troylus  was  neuere  vn  to  no  wight. 
As  in  his  time,  in  no  degre  secounde 

In  dorryng  don  bat  longeth  to  a  knyght. 
Al  myghte  a  Goaimt  passen  hym  of  myght. 
His  herte  ay  wih  be  firste  and  wih  be  beste 
Stod  paregal  to  dorre  don  that  hym  leste. 

MS.  Harl.  2280  has  in  1.  837  "  In  duryng  do," 
in  1.  840  "to  durre  to  do  ";  Camb.  Univ.  MS. 
Gg.  4.  27  has  "  In  dorynge  to  do,"  and  "  to  dore 
don'  what  hym  leste." 

The  exact  construction  is  "And  certainly  in 
story  it  is  found  that  Troylus  in  his  time  was 


never  second  in  no  degree  to  no  wight  in 
daring  to  do  what  belongeth  to  a  knight. 
Albeit  a  giant  might  surpass  him  in  might,  his 
heart  stood  ever  paregal  with  the  first  and  the 
best  to  dare  to  do  what  pleased  him." 

Lydgate  in  his  '  Chronicle  of  Troy,'  II.  xvi., 
thus  imitates  and  echoes  the  passage  : — 
And  perygall  of  manhode  and  of  dede 
He  [Troylus]  was  to  any  that  I  can  of  rede, 
In  dorryng  do,  this  noble  worthy  wight, 
For  to  fulfyl  that  longeth  to  a  knyght; 
The  secounde  Hector,  for  his  worthinesse, 
He  called  was,  and  for  his  bye  prowesse. 

It  is  not  easy  to  say  whether  Lydgate  fully 
understood  the  construction  of  his  master's  pas- 
sage ;  it  is  possible  that  he  did  not  see  that 
"that"  after  "dorryng  don  "  was  the  relative 
pronoun  =  "  that  which,"  "  what,"  and  so  con- 
tained the  object  to  "  don  "  (although  he  him- 
self has  precisely  the  same  construction  of 
"that  "  in  his  next  line)  ;  in  any  case,  he  used 
"dorryng  do  "  u'ithout  an  object,  "  in  daring  to 
do,  for  to  fulfill  what  belongeth  to  a  knight," 
and  thus  employed  a  construction  much  more 
liable  to  be  misunderstood.  As  the  fates  would 
have  it,  moreover,  what  he  wrote  suffered  at 
the  hands  of  the  printer.  The  '  Chronicle  of 
Troy '  was  first  printed  in  1513  by  Pynson,  and 
afterwards  from  Pynson's  edition  by  Marshe  in 
1555.     In  the  latter  the  two  lines  ran  : — 

In  derryng  do,  this  noble  worthy  wight. 
For  to  fulfyl  that  longeth  to  a  knight. 

Here  "  derryng  "  (ed.  1513  "  derrynge  ")  is  put 
for  Lydgate's  dorryng.  Now  durryng  or  dorryng 
was  the  true  M.E.  form  of  what  we  now  write 
daring,  being  formed  from  the  present  stem 
durr-,  seen  in  the  infinitive,  O.E.  durran.,  M.E. 
durren,  dorren,  whence  also  the  past  tense 
durste,  dorste.  But  before  1500  the  dur-,  dor- 
forms  had  disappeared  from  the  present  stem, 
being  displaced  by  the  ablaut-grade  of  the  first 
and  third  person  singular,  dar-,  so  that  we  now 
say  we  dare  for  O.E.  rve  durron,  M.E.  toe 
dtirre(n),  durre(n) ;  to  dare  instead  of  durran, 
durre(n),  dorre(n) ;  daring  instead  of  durryng, 
dorryng.  Hence  Lydgate's  dorryng  was  un- 
known to  the  sixteenth  century  printers,  and 
they  read  and  printed  it  as  derryng,  which  no 
doubt  appeared  to  them  more  like  their  actual 
form  daring.  Thus  Chaucer's  dorryng  don, 
Lydgate's  dorryng  do,  appeared  in  print  as 
derryng  do.  In  this  printed  form  it  was  picked 
up  by  Spenser  in  his  course  of  collecting  archaic 
words,  and  was  reproduced  by  him  as  derring 
doe.  How,  falling  into  the  pitfall  prepared  by 
Lydgate's  intransitive  use,  he  misunderstood 
it,  appears  from  the  '  Shepheards  Calendar ' 
(October,  1.  65)  : — 

For  ever,  who  in  derring  doe  were  dreade, 
The  loftie  verse  of  hem  was  loued  aye 

(For  ever  lofty  verse  was  ay  loved  by  them  who 
were  dread  in  derring  do),  where  the  accom- 
panying "Glosse"  explains  '^  In  derring  doe, 
In  manhoode  and  cheualrie."  The  same  con- 
ception appears  in  another  passage  (December, 
1.  43)  :— 

I  durst  in  derring  do  compare 
With  shepheards  swayne. 

(This  is  misprinted  "derring  to,"  but  corrected 
in  the  "  Glosse  "  by  a  reference  to  derring  doe 
as  "  aforesayd.")  Also  in  the  two  well-known 
passages  in  'The  Faerie  Queene,'  II.  iv.  42  :  — 

Dred  for  his  derring  doe  and  bloody  deed  ; 

and  VI.  V.  31  :— 

A  man  of  mickle  name, 
Renowned  much  in  armes  and  derring  doe. 

It  is  of  course  possible  to  argue  that  in  all 
these  passages  Spenser  knew  the  sense  to  be 
"daring  to  do,"  and  used  this  as  a  poetical  ex- 
pression for  "daring  to  do  anything,"  "daring 
to  perform  deeds";  but  this  is  hardly  com- 
patible with  the  explanation  given  in  the 
"  Glosse  "  to  the  '  Shepheards  Calendar,'  which, 
if  not  inspired,  was  certainly  approved  by 
Spenser  himself,  and  printed  as  part  of  the 
work  at  the  foot  of  each  monthly  "luglogue." 

However,  Spenser  left  the  two  words  as  two 
words  :  it  was  reserved  for  modern  furbishers 
of  antique  wares  to  connect  them  with  a  hyphen, 


I 


N"  3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


387 


and  thus  treat  "derring-do"  as  a  single  com- 
pound word.  Spenser's  use  found  apparently 
no  imitator  for  more  than  two  centuries,  till  it 
was  caught  up  by  the  modern  arch-archaist  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  who,  in  'Ivanhoe,'  chap,  xxix., 
makes  Wilfred  say,  "Singular,  if  there  be  two 
who  can  do  such  a  deed  of  dcrring-do,"  and  in 
a  foot-note  explains  ^'derring-do  —  desperate 
courage."  From  Scott  (and  not  from  Spenser) 
the  quasi-woi'd  has  been  taken  by  Lytton, 
Dasent,  Sir  R.  Burton,  and  others,  and  has 
become  part  of  the  regular  "property  "  of  the 
romantic  novelist.  Scott  is  responsible  for 
the  modern-antique  form  and  use  of  the  ex- 
pression, but,  as  we  see,  Lydgate,  the  sixteenth 
century  printers,  and  Spenser  have  each  had  an 
unconscious  share  in  the  process  of  transmuta- 
tion by  which  two  simple  words  in  natural  col- 
location— as  natural  as  the  modern  "  daring  to 
look  " — have  been  printed  so  as  to  make  what 
a  recent  dictionary  quaintly  calls  a  "Middle 
English  peculiarly  isolated  compound  "  —  a 
correct  statement  with  the  exceptions  that  in 
Middle  English  it  is  neither  a  compound,  nor 
isolated,  nor  peculiar.        J.  A.  H.  Murray. 


PUBLISHER  AND  TEANSLATOR. 

Five  Oaks,  Sept.  ]6,  1895. 
I  AM  sure  I  have  no  desire  to  prolong  this 
discussion,  and  as  Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co. 
appear  to  feel  that  they  cannot  continue  it  to 
their  advantage  whilst  respecting  truth,  by  all 
means  let  it  cease. 

But,  before  relinquishing  the  pen,  I  desire  to 
distinctly  place  on  record  that  Messrs.  Hutchin- 
son &  Co.  have  in  no  way  refuted  my  original 
statement,  which  was  that  I  sent  them  a  book 
with  the  suggestion  that  I  should  translate  it 
for  them  ;  that  they  kept  the  book  between 
three  and  four  months  without  giving  any 
answer  ;  and  that  when  I  personally  pressed 
them  for  a  reply,  they  wrote  over  to  the  French 
publisher,  secured  the  copyright,  gave  the 
translation  to  some  one  else,  refused  me  any 
kind  of  compensation,  and  only  returned  me 
the  volume  when  my  lawyers  wrote  to  them. 

Such  conduct  I  can  only  qualify  as  mean  and 
despicable,  and  it  is  the  more  so  as  on  a  pre- 
vious occasion,  when  I  had  sold  them  the  illus- 
trations to  'A  Love  Episode,'  and  they 
afterwards  came  whining  to  me  with  the  story 
that  they  had  discovered  they  would  be  better 
without  them,  I  had  the  generosity  to  let  them 
off  10^,  which  I  had  no  need  to  do. 

To  say,  in  regard  to  '  Une  Passionnette,'  that 
I  had  nothing  to  sell  is  a  mere  quibble.  I  had 
a  perfect  understanding  with  M.  Calmann  Le'vy 
as  to  the  price  to  be  paid  for  the  rights  of  that 
and  various  other  books  he  had  sent  over  to 
me,  as  my  correspondence  with  that  gentleman 
shows,  and  there  was  no  question  of  "  opening 
negotiations." 

The  compensation  paid  in  regard  to  '  Le 
Manage  de  Chiffon '  had  nothing  whatever  to 
do  with  'Une  Passionnette.'  I  had  called 
Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.'s  attention  to  the 
former  volume,  had  made  them  a  present  of  a 
copy,  had  secured  the  copyright  with  their 
money  and  handed  them  the  transfer,  had  told 
Mr.  Hutchinson  that  Gyp's  writing  was  very 
peculiar,  and  had  suggested  a  specimen  of  it 
being  given  in  the  volume  along  with  her  por- 
trait, which  was  done.  They  cannot  say  I  did 
not  do  so,  because  I  have  their  letter  in  which 
they  ask  me  to  write  over  to  France  and  get  the 
portrait  and  a  specimen  of  the  handwriting,  as 
I  had  "suggested."  It  was  only  when  I  had 
pointed  out  that,  as  I  was  not  to  do  the  trans- 
lation, it  would  be  very  ridiculous  for  me  to 
write  to  the  Countess  in  the  sense  they  desired, 
and  had  given  them  her  address  in  the  Avenue 
de  Neuilly,  that  the  lady  who  translated  the 
book  communicated  with  her. 

For  these  services  Mr.  Hutchinson  had  the 
meanness  to  offer  me  2L,  which  I  indignantly 
refused,  and  he  eventually  gave  me  51.     I  had 


not  then  even  mentioned  '  Une  Passionnette  ' 
to  him. 

All  this  difference  would  have  been  avoided 
if,  when  I  sent  Messrs.  Hutchinson  the  copy  of 
'  Une  Passionnette,'  they  had  answered  me  de- 
clining the  offer.  They  did  not  do  so  because 
they  had  not  then  made  up  their  mind  to  bring 
the  book  out,  and  were  afraid  that  if  they 
rejected  my  offer,  I  should  dispose  of  the  copy- 
right to  some  one  else,  as  I  certainly  should 
have  done. 

However,  there  is  an  end  of  the  matter,  and 
it  only  remains  for  me  to  thank  you  for  having 
granted  me  sjDace  to  call  attention  to  the  pro- 
ceedings of  this  juvenile  firm,  which  will,  I  trust, 
gain  experience  with  time,  and  learn  how  to 
treat  those  on  whose  brains  they  live. 

Edward  Vizetelly. 
*^*  This  controversy  must  now  close. 


'  COLLECTED  "   STORIES. 


The  Croft,  Hind  Head,  Haslemere,  Sept.  14,  1S95. 
I  SEE  in  your  issue  of  to-day  the  announce- 
ment of  a  forthcoming  volume  by  me,  entitled 
'The  Desire  of  the  Eyes,  and  other  Stories.' 
Till  I  read  the  statement  in  your  columns,  I 
was  quite  unaware  that  such  a  volume  was 
about  to  appear  ;  the  publishers  have  not  even 
done  me  the  favour  of  informing  me  of  their 
intention.  I  do  not  know  what  other  tales 
may  be  included  in  the  book  ;  but  I  do  recollect 
the  title-story,  and  it  is  not  one  which  I  would 
have  desired  to  republish.  Probably  the  same 
thing  is  true  of  the  rest ;  for  when  I  consider  a 
short  story  of  mine  possesses  anything  more 
than  ephemeral  value,  I  always  retain  the  right 
of  republication.  No  doubt  Messrs.  Digby, 
Long  &  Co.  have  lawfully  obtained  the  book- 
rights  of  these  tales  from  people  to  whom  I 
carelessly  sold  them  by  implication  ;  but  it  is 
none  the  less  annoying  for  an  author  to  find 
trifles  of  the  sort  collected  against  his  will,  and 
published  so  as  to  clash  with  his  more  deliberate 
productions.  In  future  I  propose  to  send  a 
little  printed  slip  with  every  manuscript  I 
forward  to  editors — and  I  advise  other  authors 
to  follow  my  example — bearing  the  accompany- 
ing notice  :  "This  article  or  story  is  offered  or 
sold  on  the  distinct  understanding  that  I  part 
with  British  serial  rights  only,  for  a  single 
periodical  ;  the  copyright,  together  with  all 
other  serial  rights,  foreign  or  colonial,  remaining 
my  own  property,  unless  a  written  agreement 
to  the  contrary  is  signed  by  me."  This  seems 
the  only  way  to  prevent  recurrence  of  such  un- 
pleasant experiences.  Grant  Allen. 


THE   SOURCES  OF    THE    "MACHINERY"  OF  LOVE 
IN  ARTHURIAN   ROMANCE. 

Berry  Down,  Chagford,  Devon. 

Absence  from  London  prevented  me  from 
seeing  that,  in  the  Athenanm  of  August  31st, 
Mr.  Nutt  challenged  me  to  continue  our  con- 
troversy, which  I  thought  had  come  to  an  end. 
I  agree  with  Mr.  Nutt  that  it  has  become  dis- 
cursive ;  but  I  do  not  think  that  the  fault  is 
altogether  mine.  Mr.  Nutt,  having  appa- 
rently read  only  five  pages  of  my  '  His- 
tory of  English  Poetry,'  imagined  that  my 
object  in  those  pages  was  to  "minimize  the 
Celtic  element "  in  the  Arthurian  romances, 
and  on  this  assumption  he  required  me,  perhaps 
a  little  magisterially,  in  the  pages  of  the 
AtheiMum,  to  reconsider  this  portion  of  my 
book.  I  showed  him  that  the  point  at  issue 
between  us  was  something  quite  different  from 
what  he  supposed,  being  of  a  purely  artistic 
nature — viz.,  the  source  whence  the  mediitval 
romances  derived  their  "machinery"  of  love. 
Mr.  Nutt  very  frankly  admitted  that  he  had 
been  mistaken  in  his  apprehension  of  the  point 
with  which  1  was  dealing,  but  he  still  contended 
that  the  love  plots  of  the  romances  were  ex- 
clusively Celtic  in  their  origin,  except  in  so  far 
as  they  were  affected  by  feudal  manners  ;  and 
that  it  was  really  too  absurd  to  suppose  that 


Chrestien  de  Troyes,  the  father  of  modem 
romance,  could  have  borrowed  anything,  as  I  had 
alleged,  from  the  Greek  novels.  I  showed  him, 
by  chapter  and  verse  from  '  Habrocomas  and 
Anthia,'  that  Chrestien  de  Troyes  had  not  only 
borrowed  from  Xenophon's  story  part  of  the 
plot  of  his  '  Cliges,'  but  that  he  had  actually 
copied  it  in  some  of  its  details.  I  also  showed 
him  that,  if  he  had  done  me  the  honour  to  read 
my  chapter  on  Anglo-Norman  poetry,  as  well 
as  the  five  pages  which  excited  his  displeasure, 
he  would  have  seen  how  largely  I  was  in  agree- 
ment with  him  both  as  to  the  influence  of  the 
Celtic  elements  in  the  romances,  and  as  to  the 
influence  of  feudal  manners. 

Mr.  Nutt,  however,  insists  upon  the  Celt, 
the  whole  Celt,  and  nothing  but  the  Celt.  He 
asks  "once  again.  Can  Mr.  Courthope  point 
out  anywhere,  outside  Celtic  story-telling,  the 
prototypes  of  Guinivere,  of  Iseult,  of  Orgueil- 
leuse,  or  of  Ninian,  or  the  analogues  of  their 
most  characteristic  adventures  ? "  I  answer  in 
the  words  of  my  fourth  chapter  (which  I  imagine 
Mr.  Nutt  has  not  read),  "  We  may  assume  with 
some  confidence  that  the  names,  and  even  the 
outlines  of  action  and  character,  in  the  Anglo- 
Norman  romances  are  of  Celtic  origin,  and 
represent  vague  traditions  of  history  preserved 
by  the  oral  tradition  of  the  tribes  "  ('  Hist,  of 
Eng.  Poetry,'  vol.  i.  p.  117).  But  I  go  on  to 
say  that,  in  my  opinion,  we  must  look  else- 
where "for  the  introduction  into  romance  of 
the  representation  of  love  for  the  purpose  of 
heightening  the  interest  and  adding  to  the  in- 
tricacy of  the  fable."  Clearly  this  is  something 
quite  different  (to  use  Mr.  Nutt's  words)  from 
"  the  sentiment  of  love  itself  forming  the  story- 
teller's theme  ";  and,  as  far  as  my  argument  is 
concerned  (and  Mr.  Nutt  must  remember  that 
he  is  the  attacking  party),  it  can  only  be  over- 
thrown by  the  production  of  some  ancient 
Celtic  story  with  at  least  as  much  complication 
of  plot,  through  the  "machinery"  of  love,  as 
we  find  in  the  story  of  Tristram  and  Iseult.  It 
is  quite  true,  as  Mr.  Nutt  says,  that  the  love- 
plot  of  the  Arthurian  romances  is  not  so  well 
defined  as  in  '  Cliges.'  This  is  readily  explained 
by  the  fact  that  most  of  the  elements  in  the 
Arthurian  myth  are  of  Celtic  origin,  and 
deal  with  many  things  besides  love  ;  but  I 
have  pointed  out,  in  a  note  on  p.  443  of  vol.  i. 
of  my  '  History,'  incidents  and  episodes  in  the 
Arthurian  romances  which  seem  to  argue  an 
acquaintance  with  the  machinery  of  the  Greek 
novels. 

To  sum  up  my  position  in  one  last  word,  I 
imagine  that  the  "machinery"  of  love,  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose  of  complicating  the  plot 
of  a  story,  is  an  artistic  invention  too  subtle  to 
have  sprung  from  the  tribal  genius  of  either  the 
Celtic  or  Teutonic  race,  if  their  imagination  had 
not  been  assisted  by  the  literary  models  of  an 
older  civilization. 

But  doubtless  by  this  time  the  readers  of  the 
Athenmim  are  heartily  tired  of  the  whole  dis- 
cussion. W.  J.  Courthope. 

*^*  We  must  now  consider  this  subject  as 
exhausted. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
The  Cambridge  University  Press  announce- 
ments include  the  following  works.  In  Theo- 
logy :  '  The  Old  Testament  in  Greek  according 
to°the  Septuagint,'  edited  by  H.  B.  Swete, 
D.D.,  Vol.  I.,  second  edition, — 'An  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Greek  Old  Testament,'  for  the  use 
of  students,  by  the  same,  —  Origen's  '  Com- 
mentaries on  St.  John,'  freshly  edited  by 
A.  E.  Brooke,— '  Missale  S.  Augustini,'  edited 
from  the  MS.  at  Corpus  Christi  College  by 
Martin  Rule, — in  "Texts  and  Studies:  Con- 
tributions to  I3iblical  and  Patristic  Literature  ": 
'The  Fourth  Book  of  Esdras,'  edited  from  the 
MSS.  by  R.  L.  Bensly,  with  an  introduction  by 
M.  R.  James  ;  '  Coptic  Apocryphal  Gospels,' 
translated  into  English,  together  with  the  texts 


388 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


of  some  of  them,  by  Forbes  Robinson  ;  '  Eutha- 
liana  :    Studies  of  Euthalius,  Codex    H.   Paul, 
and  the  Armenian  Version,'  by  Prof.  Robinson ; 
'The  Athanasian  Creed,'  by  A.  E.  Burn  ;   'The 
Curetonian  Syriac  Gospels,'  re-edited,  together 
with  the  readings  of  the  Sinaitic  Codex  and  a 
translation   into   English,    by   F.    C.    Burkitt  ; 
'  Clement  of  Alexandria  :  Quis  Dives  Salvetur  ?' 
re-edited,  together  with  an  examination  of  Cle- 
ment's text  of  the  Gospels  and  Acts,  by  P.  M. 
Barnard;     'Palladius,    Historia     Lausiaca,'    a 
critical  discussion  of   the  documents,   together 
with  various  notes  on  early  monachism  in  Egypt, 
by   the    Rev.   E.    C.    Butler  ;    and   '  A   Second 
Series    of    Apocrypha    Anecdota,'   by    M.    R. 
James, — in  "  Studia  Sinaitica":  Part  V.,  'The 
Anaphora  Pilati  in    Syriac   and  Arabic,'  tran- 
scribed  by   J.   Rendel    Harris    and    Margaret 
Dunlop  Gibson,   with  illustrations  ;    Part  VI., 
'Select  Narratives  of  Holy  Women,'  as  written 
over  the  Syriac  Gospels  by  John  the  Recluse 
of  Beth-Mair-Kaddisha  in  a.d.  778,  No.  1,  tran- 
scribed and  translated  by  Agnes  Smith  Lewis, — 
in    the    "Cambridge    Bible    for    Schools    and 
Colleges":    'The  Pastoral  Epistles,'  edited  by 
the    Rev.    A.    E.    Humphreys,  —  and    in    the 
"  Cambridge  Greek  Testament  for  Schools  and 
Colleges":    'The  Epistle    to   the  Philippians,' 
by  the  Rev.  H.  C.  G.  Moule  ;  '  The  Pastoral 
Epistles,'  by  J.  H.  Bernard  ;  and  '  The  General 
Epistle  of   St.   James,'  by  the  Rev.  A.   Carr. 
In  Law,  History,  and  Miscellaneous  Literature  : 
'  The  Growth  of  British  Policy,'  by  the  late  Sir 
J.  R.  Seeley,  with  a  memoir  of  the  author  by 
O.  W.  Prothero,  2  vols., — a  second  edition  of 
Finch's  '  Selection  of  Cases  on  the  English  Law 
of  Contract,'  edited  by  R.  T.  Wright  and  W.  W. 
Auckland, — 'Contracts    in    Roman    Law,'   the 
Yorke  Prize  Essay  for  1893,  by  W.  H.  Buckler, 
— '  The   Life   and  Miracles   of  St.   William   of 
Norwich,'   by    Thomas    Monemutensis,    edited 
from  the  unique  MS.,  with  an  English  trans- 
lation,  introduction,   and    notes,   by  Augustus 
Jessopp    and    M.    R.    James,  —  Part    II.    of 
'Statutes   of   Lincoln  Cathedral,'  arranged   by 
the    late    Henry    Bradshaw,    edited   by    Chr. 
Wordsworth, — 'The  Archives  of    the  London 
Dutch    Church,'    edited     by    J.    H.    Hessels, 
Vol.    III.,  —  'Woman     under     Monasticisra : 
Chapters  on  Convent  Life  and  Saint-Worship,' 
by    Lina     Eckenstein,  —  '  The     Triumphs    of 
Turlogh,'    edited,    with    translation,    glossary, 
and   appendices,    by   Standish   H.    O'Grady, — 
"The    Peasants'   Revolt    of    1381,'    by    Edgar 
Powell,   an   account  of  the  peasants'  rising  in 
1381    in    the    counties    of     Norfolk,    Suffolk, 
and  Cambridge,  —  '  The  Early  Renaissance   in 
England '     (the     Rede     Lecture),     by    Bishop 
Creighton, — 'Studies  in    Hegelian   Dialectic,' 
by   J.    E.    McTaggart,  —  '  A  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue  of   the   Manuscripts   in    the    Library   of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,'  by  M.  R.  James, — 
in  "  The  Cambridge  Historical  Series,"  edited 
by  Prof.  Prothero  :    '  The    Foundation   of  the 
German  Empire,    1815-1871,'  by  J.  W.  Head- 
lam  ;  '  The  Eurof»eans  in  India,  from  the  Inva- 
sion of  Alexander  to  the  Present  Time,'  by  H. 
Morse  Stephens  ;  '  The  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica,  1765-1865,'    by   Edward   Channing  ;   and 
'Ireland:   to  the  Year  1868,'  by  Judge  O'Con- 
nor Morris, — and    in    "Cambridge   Historical 
Essays":   'The  Reign  of  Antoninus  Pius.'  by 
E.    E.  Bryant  (Thirlwall    Dissertation,    1894). 
In  Oriental  Literature  :   '  The  Jataka,'  Vol.  II., 
translated  from  the  Pali  by  W.   H.  D.   Rouse, 
— '  The    Syriac    Version   of    the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Euscbius,'  edited  by  William  Wright 
and   N.    McLean, — a  new  edition   of  Wright's 
*  Grammar  of  the  Arabic  Language,' edited  by 
Prof,    de  Goeje,  —  '  A   Grammar  of    Nestorian 
Syriac,'  by   the   Very  Rev.    A.  J.    Maclean, — 
'The   Ethiopic  Life   of    Alexander,'   by  E.   A. 
Wallis   Budge,  —  '  Catalogue  of    Persian    MSS. 
in  the  Cambridge  University  Library,'  by  E.  G. 
Browne,— and   'Talmudical  Fragments   in  the 
Bodleian  Library,'  edited  by  S.   Schechter  and 
the  Rev.   S.  Singer,  with  facsimile.     In  Greek 


and  Latin  Classics  :  Part  VII.  of  Prof.  Jebb's 
'Sophocles,'  containing  the  'Ajax,' — 'Aristo- 
phanes :  Equites,'  with  introduction  and  notes 
by  R.  A.  Neil,  —  'Herondas:  The  Mimes,' 
edited  by  Walter  Headlam, — '  Suetonius  :  Life 
of  Augustus,'  edited  by  E.  S.  Shuckburgh, — 
and  in  the  "  Pitt  Press  Series":  'Euripides: 
Orestes,'  with  notes  by  N.  Wedd  ;  '  Euripides  : 
Alcestis,'  edited  by  W.  S.  Hadley  ;  "Thucy- 
dides  :  Book  III., 'with  notes  by  A.  W.  Spratt  ; 
'  Horace  :  Odes  and  E^jodes,'  edited  by  J.  Gow  ; 
'  Cornelius  Nepos  :  a  further  Selection  of  the 
Lives,'  edited  by  E.  S.  Shuckburgh  ;  '  Lucan  : 
Pharsalia,  Book  VII.,'  edited  by  J.  P. 
Postgate  ;  and  'Tacitus:  Histories,  Book  I.,' 
edited  by  G.  A.  Davies.  Other  books  to  be 
issued  by  the  Cambridge  University  Press  in- 
clude '  Relliquise  Philologicse  ;  or,  Essays  in 
Comparative  Philology,'  by  the  late  Herbert 
Dukinlield  Darbishire,  edited  by  R.  S.  Conway, 
with  a  biographical  notice  by  J.  E.  Sandys, — 
'  The  Italic  Dialects,'  an  edition  of  the  remains 
of  Oscan,  Pislignian,  Umbrian,  and  the  minor 
dialects  of  ancient  Italy,  by  R.  S.  Conway, — in 
the  "  Pitt  Press  Series  ":  Lessing's  'Minna  von 
Barnhelm,'  edited  by  H.  J.  Wolstenholme  ; 
Schiller's  '  Wallenstein  II.  (Wallenstein's  Tod),' 
edited  by  K.  H.  Breul  ;  Pope's  '  Essay  on 
Criticism,'  edited  by  A.  S.  West  ;  and  Gray's 
'Poems,'  edited  by  D.  C.  Tovey,  —  'Julius 
Ciesar,'  edited  by  A.  VV.  Verity, — and  the  com- 
pletion of  Mr.  Verity's  edition  of  '  Paradise 
Lost.' 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews's  announcements  include 
a  series  of  shilling  volumes  of  poetry,  the  first 
volume,  'First  Book  of  London  Poems,'  by  Mr. 
Laurence  Binyon,  and  the  second  by  Mr.  Robert 
Bridges, — 'TheWindamong  theReeds,'by  W.B. 
Yeats, — 'Attila,  my  Attila  !  '  a   new  drama  by 
Michael  Field, — 'A  B  C  :  an  Alphabet  Written 
and  Pictured,'  by  Mrs.   Arthur  Gaskin,   sixty 
designs   in   black   and   white,  —  '  Sonnets  and 
Songs,'  by  May  Geraldine  Bateman,  with  title- 
page   design   by   John   D.    Mackenzie,  —  '  The 
C  major  of  Life,'  a  novel  by  Havering  Bowcher, 
— '  The  Happy  Wanderer, 'by  Percy  Hemingway, 
with  a  title-page  design  by  Charles   Ffoulkes, 
— 'A   Romance   of   Wastdale,'   by   A.    E.    VV. 
Mason, — 'Poems,'  by  Vincent  O'SuUivan,  with 
a  title-design  by  Selwyn  Image, — '  Ecce  Puella, 
and  other  Essays,'  by  William  Sharp, — 'My  Sea,' 
and   other    posthumous    poems,    by   the   Hon. 
Roden   Noel,  with  an  introduction  by  Stanley 
Addleshaw, — 'Selected  Lyrics  from  the  Works 
of  the  late  Hon.  Roden  Noel,'  with  an  essay  by 
Percy  Addleshaw,  illustrated  with  two  portraits, 
including  a  reproduction  of  the  famous  picture 
by  Mr.  W.  B.  Richmond, — the  two  concluding 
volumes  of  the   "  Isham  Reprints,"  viz.,    'No 
Whipping,  nor  Trippinge,  but  a  Kinde  Friendly 
Snippinge,'    by  Nicholas    Breton,  and    Robert 
Southwell's  "  A  Fourefoulde  Meditation  of  the 
Foure    Last    Things,    composed    in    a    Divine 
Poeme,   by  R.   S.,"   both  with  bibliographical 
notes  by  Charles  Edmonds,  —  'The  Garden  of 
the  Matchboxes,  and  other  Stories,'  by  W.  D. 
Scull, — 'Poems,' by  Emily  Hickey, — a  volume 
of  short  stories  by  the  Rev.   C.  L.  Marson, — 
'A   Little  Book  of  Lyrics,'  by  May  Byron, — 
'  The  Unconscious  Humourist,  and  other  Essays,' 
by  E.  H.  Lacon  Watson, — a  series  of  drawings 
by   Althea   Gyles    illustrating    '  The    Song    of 
Songs,  which  is  Solomon's,' — and  new  editions 
of  'A  Little  Child's  Wreath,' by  E.  R.  Chap- 
man ;   'Dante  :   Six  Sermons,'  by  P.  H.  Wick- 
steed  ;    and     'In    the    Key   of    Blue,'    by   J. 
Addington  Symonds. 

Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons  promise  Washing- 
ton Irving's  '  Tales  of  a  Traveller,'  the  "  Buck- 
thorno  Edition,"  2  vols.,  illustrated, — 'The 
Echo  Club,'  by  Bayard  Taylor,  with  a  prologue 
by  Richard  Henry  Stoddard, — in  the  "  Elia 
Series":  'The  Essays  of  Elia,'  '2  vols.;  and 
'The  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin,' — 
in  "Stories  of  the  Ages":  '  Select  Tales  from 
the  Gesta  Romanorum,' translated  and  annotated 
by  the  Rev.  C.  Swan ;    '  Headlong  Hall,  and 


Nightmare  Abbey,'  by  Thomas  Love  Peacock  ; 
and    'Tales   by  Heinrich  Zschokke,' translated 
by  Parke  Godwin  and  William  P.  Prentice, — 
'  The  Epic  of  the  Fall  of  Man  :  a  Comparative 
Study  of  Ceedmon,  Dante,  and  Milton,'  by  S. 
Humphreys    Gurteen, — 'The    Empire    of    the 
Tzars    and   the   Russians,'  by  Anatole   Leroy- 
Beaulieu,  translated  by  Zenaide  A.  Ragozin, — 
'  History  and  Literature  of  Buddhism,'  by  Prof. 
T.    W.    Rhys-Davids,— '  Echoes   of    the   Play- 
house :    Reminiscences   of    some   of    the   Past 
Glories   of    the    English    Stage,'   by    Edwards 
Robins,  jun.,  illustrated, — 'Old  Diary  Leaves  : 
the  True  Story  of    the  Theosophical  Society,' 
by  Henry    Steele   Olcott,    illustrated, — 'Little 
Journeys    to   the   Homes   of    Good    Men    and 
Great,'     by     Elbert     Hubbard,    illustrated,  — 
'  Great   Men's   Sons  :    Stories   of   the   Sons  of 
Great   Men,   from   Socrates   to   Napoleon,'   by 
Elbridge    S.    Brooks,  —  Washington     Irving's 
'Sketch  -  Book,'     the     "Student's     Edition," 
edited,     with      introduction     and     notes,     by 
William    Lyon    Phelps,  —  and    "The    World's 
Classics,"  a  reissue,  in  less  expensive  form,  of 
themoreimportantof  thevolumespreviouslypub- 
lished  under  the  title  of  "  Knickerbocker  Nuggets." 
In  History  and  Biography  :    three  volumes  in 
the  "Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series  "  :   'Charles 
XTI.  and  the  Break-Up  of  the  Swedish  Empire, 
1682-1719,'  by   R.  Nisbet  Bain;  'Lorenzo  de 
Me'dicis,'  by  Edward  Armstrong;  and  'Joan  of 
Arc  and  the  Struggle  for  the  Independence  of 
France,'  by  Mrs.  Oliphant, — 'The  Writings  and 
Correspondence  of  Thomas  Jefferson,'  edited  by 
Paul  Leicester  Ford,   10  vols., — 'The  History 
of  the  Fifth  Army  Corps,'  by  Lieut. -Col.  Wil- 
liam H.  Powell,  U.S.A.,  with  maps  and  plans, 
— and  '  A  Metrical  History  of  the  Life  and  Time 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 'compiled  by  William  J. 
Hillis,   illustrated.     In  Fiction  :  an   illustrated 
edition   of   'Midshipman   Easy,'  —  'Richelieu,' 
by  G.  P.  R.  James,  2  vols., — 'Countess  Bet- 
tina  :    the   History   of    an    Innocent   Scandal,' 
edited  by  R, — '  Dr.  Izard,'  by  Anna  Katharine 
Green,  —  '  An    Unlessoned     Girl '    and    '  Her 
Majesty,'  by  Elizabeth   Knight    Tompkins,  — 
and  'The  Crime  of  the  Century,'  by  Rodriques 
Ottolengui.      The  same  firm  will  also  publish 
'  Principles  and  Practice  of  Finance,'  by  Edward 
Carroll,     jun.,  —  'Painting,     Sculpture,    and 
Architecture      as     Representative      Arts,'     by 
George    L.     Raymond,     illustrated,  —  '  Wild 
Flowers  of    the   North-Eastern  States,'  drawn 
and  carefully  described  from  life  by  Margaret 
C.    Whiting   and   Ellen    Miller,    illustrated,  — 
'Natural  Taxation,'  by  Thomas  G.   Shearman, 
— '  Real  Bimetallism  ;    or.  True  Coin  v.   False 
Coin,'  by  Everett  P.   Wheeler,   illustrated, — a 
new  edition  of  '  A  Natural  Method  of  Physical 
Training,'   by   Edwin   Checkley,   illustrated,  — 
'The  Law  of    Psychic   Phenomena,'  by   T.  J. 
Hudson,  —  and  Steinitz's    '  Modern  Chess    In- 
structor. ' 

Messrs.  Warne  &  Co.  announce  a  fortnightly 
issue  of  '  Cameos  of  Literature  from  Standard 
Authors,'  in  12  vols.,  each  with  photogravure 
frontispiece,  —  Milton's  'Poetical  Works,'  a 
new  pocket  edition  in  4  vols., — a  new  story  by 
Mrs.  F.  H.  Burnett,  entitled  'Two  Little  Pil- 
grims' Progress,'  with  12  illustrations  by  R.  W. 
Macbeth,  A.R.A., — 'Lancashire  Idylls,'  by 
J.  Marshall  Mather,--' Paul  Heriot's  Pictures,' 
by  Alison  McLean,  with  illustrations  by  H.  R. 
Steer,— and  'An Original  Wager,'  bya Vagabond, 
illustrated  by  George  Michelet.  Their  new 
novels  will  include  'The  Heart  of  Man,'  by 
Silas  K.  Hocking,  illustrated,— 'The  Shuttle  of 
Fate,  a  Lancashire  Story,'  by  Caroline  Masters, 
illustrated,— 'The  Carbuncle  Clue,' by  Fergus 
Hume,— and  'Sir  Jaffray's  Wife,'  by  A.  W, 
Marchmont.  The  new  volumes  in  the  "Albion 
Poets  "  will  be  Eliza  Cook's  '  Poetical  Works  ' 
and  J.  R.  Lowell's  'Poetical  Works,' and  new 
editions  of  Milton  and  of  Mrs.  Hemans's 
'  Poetical  Works.'  To  the  "  Chandos  Classics  " 
will  bo  added  Madame  d'Arblay's  '  Diary  and 
Letters,'  in  3  vols.,  with  a  portrait  of   Fanny 


N°3543,  Sept.  21/95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


389 


Burney  ;  and  J.  R.  Lowell's  'Poetical  Works'; 
the  entire  series  will  also  be  reissued  in  a  new 
style  of  binding.  Their  other  publications 
include  'Dinners  Up  to  Date,'  by  Louisa  E. 
Smith, — '  Chess  Novelties  and  their  Latest 
Developments,' by  H.  E.  Bird, — 'The  Century 
Reciter,' Third  Series, — 'Net  Profit  Tables,' a 
new  ready  reckoner, — 'The  One-Eyed  Griffin, 
Original  Fairy  Tales,'  by  Herbert  E.  Inman, — 
'  Vivian  Vansittart,'  by  Arthur  Lee  Knight, — 
'On  the  Shelf,'  by  Harvey  Gobel,— a  new  series 
of  9  vols.,  called  "The  Boy's  Gift  Library,"— a 
new  illustrated  issue  of  Hans  Andersen's  '  Fairy 
Tales,' — a  complete  reissue  of  Randolph  Calde- 
cott's  famous  picture-books, — 'Aunt  Louisa's 
Book  of  Common  Things,' — and  a  large  variety 
of  new  toy-books  for  the  nursery. 

Messrs.  Henry  &  Co.  will  publish  the  col- 
lected works  of  Friedrich  Nietzsche,  Vol.  I., 
'The  Twilight  of  the  Idols,'  translated  by 
Thomas  Common, — '  The  Pageant,  a  Christmas 
Book,'  edited  by  J.  W.  Gleeson  White  and 
C.  H.  Shannon, — 'Stories  from  the  Bible,' by 
E.  T.  Farrar,  with  an  introductory  chapter  by 
Dean  Farrar, — '  My  First  Voyage,'  by  Alphonse 
Daudet  and  R.  H.  Sherard, —  'Susannah,'  by 
Mary  E.  Mann,  —  'Boconnoc, '  by  Herbert 
Vivian, — 'A  Question  of  Instinct,'  by  Morley 
Roberts, — '  The  Tyrants  of  Kool  Sim,'  by  James 
Maclaren  Cobban, — '  There  was  once  a  Prince,' 
by  Mary  E.  Mann,— 'The  Offspring  of  Adol- 
phus,'  by  Max  Beerbohm, — 'The  Imagination 
of  their  Hearts,'  by  Michael  Dure, — and  'The 
Housewife's  Referee,'  by  Mrs.  H.  de  Salis. 

Messrs.  MacLehose  &  Sons  have  in  prepara- 
tion 'Life  and  Letters  of  John  Nichol,'  late 
Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Glasgow,  edited  by  Prof.  Knight,  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  J.  Pringle  Nichol, — 'Pinks  and 
Cherries,'  stories  of  Norwegian  life,  by  the 
Cavaliere  C.  M.  Ross,  with  illustrations  by  the 
author,-^' The  Odes  of  Horace,' translated  by 
Archdeacon  Aglen, — 'Extracts  from  the  Diary 
of  Sir  Michael  Connal, 'edited,  with  a  biographical 
sketch,  by  John  C.  Gibson, — 'Robert  Burns  in 
other  Tongues,'  by  William  Jacks, — '  Strathen- 
drick  and  its  Inhabitants  from  Early  Times,' 
by  the  late  John  Guthrie  Smith,  with  memoir 
and  portrait,  engravings,  and  family  trees, — 
'  Hedonistic  Theories  from  Aristippus  to 
Spencer,'  by  John  Watson,  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  Queen's  University,  Kingston, 
Canada, — '  The  Story  of  Marie  Antoinette, 
Dauphiness  and  Queen,'  by  Sophia  H.  Mac- 
Lehose, with  maps  and  portraits, — and  the 
third  edition  of  Prof.  H.  Jones's  '  Browning  as 
a  Philosophical  and  Religious  Teacher.' 

Messrs.  Partridge  &  Co.  announce  '  Cor- 
morant Crag  :  a  Tale  of  the  Smuggling  Days,' 
by  G.  Manville  Fenn, — 'The  Green  Mountain 
Boys :  a  Story  of  the  American  War  of  In- 
dependence,' by  Eliza  F.  Pollard, — -'The 
Spanish  Maiden  :  a  Story  of  Brazil,'  by  Emma 
E.  Hornibrook, — '  Great  Works  by  Great  Men  : 
the  Story  of  Famous  Engineers  and  their 
Triumphs,'  by  F.  M.  Holmes, — 'Duff  Darling- 
ton,' by  Evelyn  Everett-Green,^' Aileen  ;  or, 
the  Love  of  Christ  constraineth  Us,'  by  Laura 
A.  Barter, — '  Ted's  Trust '  and  '  Always  Happy,' 
by  Jennie  Chappell,  —  '  Sisters-in-Love,'  by 
Jessie  M.  E.  Saxby,— 'Thomas  Howard  Gill: 
his  Life  and  Work,'  by  Eliza  F.  Pollard,—'  The 
Congo  for  Christ,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Myers, — 
'Brave  Bertie,'  by  Edith  Kenyon,  —  'Three 
Runaways,'  by  F.  Scarlett  Potter,  —  'Jim's 
Discovery,'  by  T.  M.  Browne, — '  Under  the 
Blossom,'  by  Margaret  Haycraft, — 'The  Master's 
Messages  to  Women,'  by  Mrs.  Charlotte  Skinner, 
— 'Love's  Golden  Key,'  by  Mary  E.  Lester, 
—  'Letty,'  by  H.  Clement, — in  "Popular 
Biographies  ":  'Missionary  Heroines  in  Eastern 
Lands,'  by  Mrs.  E.  R.  Pitman  ;  'Japan  :  its 
People  and  Missions,'  by  Jesse  Page  ;  '  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  the  Romance  of  the  North- West 
Passage,'  by  G.  Barnett  Smith;  and  'John 
Knox  and  the  Scottish  Reformation,'  by  the 
same, — in    the    "  World's    Wonders     Series  '': 


'  Naturalists  and  their  Investigations,' by  George 
Day  ;  '  Celebrated  Mechanics  and  their  Achieve- 
ments,' by  F.  M.  Holmes  ;  'Chemists  and  their 
Wonders,'  by  the  same  ;  and  '  Astronomers  and 
their  Observations,'  by  Lucy  Taylor,  revised  by 
W.  T.  Lynn,— and  in  "The  Home  Library": 
'  Brownie,'  by  Eliza  F.  Pollard  ;  'For Honour's 
Sake,' by  Jennie  Chappell;  'Gerard  Mastyn,' 
by  E.  Harcourt  Burrage  ;  'Chrissy's  Endeavour,' 
by  Pansy;  'Ben-Hur,'  by  L.  Wallace;  and 
'Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,'  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe. 

Messrs.  Skeflington  &  Son's  forthcoming 
publications  include  '  Sunday  Lessons  for  Daily 
Life  '  and  '  The  School  of  Christ  :  Sermons  to 
Children,'  by  the  Rev.  H.  J.  Wilmot  Buxton, 
— 'Founded  upon  a  Rock,'  by  Ethel  Wilmot 
Buxton,— the  Bishop  of  Grahamstown's  'Life 
of  Service  before  the  Throne,' — 'When  the 
Judges  Ruled,'  by  the  Rev.  H.  Armstrong 
Hall, — 'Mission  Addresses  and  Instructions,' 
by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Jackson, — 'The  Trees  of 
the  Bible  and  their  Spiritual  Lessons,'  by  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Ledward, — 'Convalescence:  its 
Blessings,  Trials,  Duties,  and  Dangers,'  by  the 
Rev.  S.  C.  Lowry, — '  Sunday  Thoughts  for 
Weekday  Guidance,'  by  the  Rev.  R.  C.  Mac- 
leod, — 'A  Modern  Pilgrim  in  Jerusalem,'  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Rooker, — '  The  Prophet  of  the 
Highest,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Sparrow  Simpson, 
— and  '  Catholic  Teaching  ;  or.  Our  Life  and 
His  Love,'  by  the  Rev.  Harry  Wilson. 

The  list  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society 
includes  '  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England 
and  their  Puritan  Successors,'  by  Dr.  Brown, 
of  Bedford,  illustrated, — '  Personal  Reminis- 
cences of  Charles  Haddon  Spurgeon,'  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Williams,  of  Upton  Chapel, — '  The 
Last  Load  Home, '  by  Prebendary  J.  R.  Vernon, 
— 'A  Visit  to  Bashan  and  Argob, '  by  Major 
Heber- Percy,  — '  Lighthouses,  their  History  and 
Romance,'  by  W.  J.  Hardy,  —  'A  Popular 
Handbook  to  the  Microscope,'  by  Lewis  Wright, 
— also  a  large  number  of  story-books,  including 
'  A  New  Zealand  Courtship,'  by  Miss  E.  Boyd 
Bayly,  and  'Probable  Sons,'  by  the  author  of 
'  Eric's  Good  News.' 

The  Sunday  School  Union  announce  a  new 
life  of  Christ  for  children,  entitled  '  Gentle 
Jesus,'  by  Helen  E.  Jackson, — and  another 
volume  of  the  "  Daring  Deeds  Series  "  by  Frank 
Mundell,  entitled  '  Stories  of  the  Royal  Humane 
Society.' 

Messrs.  Whittaker  &  Co.  are  issuing  Auer- 
bach's  'Country  Tales,'  a  selection,  with  notes 
by  Dr.  Davis  and  Dr.  Weiss,  —  '  German  for 
Beginners,'  by  L.  Harcourt, — the  first  part  of 
"Short  Military  German  Readings,"  Scharn- 
horst's  '  Die  Belagerung  von  Gibraltar,'  edited 
by  A.  Weiss, — and  the  '  Windsor  Peerage  '  for 
189G. 


THE  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  AT   CARDIFF. 

A  SHORT  account  was  given  in  our  last  issue 
of  the  address  of  the  President  (Lord  Windsor), 
which  was  replied  to  by  Dr.  Garnett.  The 
first  paper  read  on  Tuesday,  the  10th  inst.,  was 
by  Miss  Dorothy  Tylor  '  On  Hospital  Libraries. ' 
Miss  Tylor  urged  the  claims  of  three  classes  of 
hospital  libraries,  viz.,  those  for  the  use  of  the 
medical  staff  and  students,  for  nurses,  and  lastly 
for  patients.  She  had  sent  circulars  to  seventy 
hospitals  and  infirmaries  in  London  and  the 
provinces,  and  the  statistics  showed  that  only 
twenty-five  libraries  exist  for  the  u.se  of  patients, 
varying  in  size  from  100  to  4,000  volumes. 
The  discussion  which  followed  educed  the  fact 
that  in  nearly  all  large  towns  surplus  papers 
and  magazines  are  sent  by  the  public  libraries 
to  the  hosijitals,  and  it  was  suggested  that  in 
order  to  secure  supplies  from  private  houses  a 
systematic  collection  should  be  made. 

Mr.  Barrett,  of  Glasgow,  opened  a  discu-ssion 
on  '  How  Best  to  display  Periodicals. '  The 
recent  vast  development  of  periodical  literature 
made  this  question  really  of  considerable  im- 
portance.    In  the  Mitchell  Library  Mr.  Barrett 


is  able  to  exhibit  386  current  periodicals,  each 
having  a  definite  place  ;  but  it  is  difficult  to 
persuade  readers  to  return  them  to  their  proper 
places  when  finished  with.  The  plan  adopted 
at  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields  seemed  to  meet  with 
general  approval.  There  each  periodical  is 
fastened  in  its  place  with  its  name  boldly 
labelled  above. 

The  next  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Samuel 
Smith,  of  Sheffield,  '  On  the  Public  Librarian  : 
his  Helps  and  Hindrances.'  This  paper,  as  it 
touched  on  a  good  many  contested  points  in 
practical  librarianship,  evoked  a  somewhat 
heated  discussion  ;  and  among  the  hindrances 
to  the  progress  of  the  librarian  Mr.  Smith 
instanced  the  wretched  salaries  paid  in  several 
important  public  libraries,  where  the  rule  was 
for  well-educated  youths  of  fifteen  years  of  age 
to  begin  at  6s.  per  week,  with  a  prospect  of 
attaining  to  10*'.  per  week  in  five  years'  time. 

On  Wednesday,  the  11th  inst..  Miss  Ellin 
Verney  read  a  paper  on  Middle  Claydon 
(Parish)  Public  Library,  in  which  she  described 
an  interesting  experiment  which  has  been  suc- 
cessfully carried  out  at  Claydon.  The  popula- 
tion is  225,  and  the  penny  rate  only  yields  91. 
per  annum.  Miss  Verney  pointed  out  that 
although  the  sum  obtained  from  the  rate  M'as 
so  small,  it  had  the  important  effect  of  stimu- 
lating the  enthusiasm  of  the  villagers,  who  felt 
that  the  library  was,  indeed,  their  own  public 
institution.  The  lending  library  and  reading- 
room  are  greatly  used,  and  every  Wednesday 
the  room  is  thronged  with  the  labourers  and 
their  wives,  coming  for  advice  and  to  change 
their  books.  Lady  Verney  and  Miss  Verney 
have  given  familiar  talks  on  "Our  Books," 
which  have  done  much  to  secure  systematic 
reading  among  the  borrowers.  The  library  now 
contains  upwards  of  one  thousand  volumes. 

The  next  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  John  Shep- 
herd, of  the  Cardiff"  Public  Library,  '  On  the 
Collection  and  Arrangement  of  Topogi-aphical 
Prints,  Drawings,  and  Maps.'  In  the  discussion 
which  followed  Mr.  Welch,  of  the  Guildhall, 
strongly  emphasized  the  advantage  of  preserv- 
ing local  prints  and  drawings  on  separate  mounts 
and  unbound,  as  this  admits  of  their  being  easily 
photographed  or  divided  into  special  collections 
for  exhibition.  Several  members  spoke,  and 
the  result  showed  that  the  practice  of  collecting 
local  prints  in  public  libraries  had  become  very 
general,  and  that  in  s^me  libraries  very  costly 
and  important  collections  had  been  got  together. 
The  next  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  W.  Haines 
'On  the  Bibliography  of  Monmouthshire.' 

The  next,  '  On  Welsh  Publishing  and 
Bookselling,'  was  read  by  Mr.  W.  Eilir  Evans. 
Mr.  Evans  pointed  out  that  Wales  is  indebted 
to  England  for  its  earliest  printed  literature, 
the  first  Welsh  book  being  printed  in  London 
by  Whitchurch  in  lo4T.  Oxford  and  Shrews- 
bury supplied  Welsh  books  many  years  before 
Wales  began  to  produce,  the  first  press  in 
Wales  having  been  set  up  in  Monmouthshire  in 
1648,  but  the  first  Welsh  book  printed  in  Wales 
only  appeared  in  1719.  Wales  has  suffered  much 
from  the  want  of  system  in  the  publishing  and 
selling  of  books,  it  having  no  great  publishing 
centre  nor  general  catalogue  ;  the  author  fre- 
quently is  his  own  bookseller,  and  many  books 
are  printed  at  small  local  presses  which  are 
utterly  lost  to  the  bibliographer.  Mr.  E. 
Penllyn  Jones,  University  College  of  Wales, 
Aberystwyth,  pointed  out  tliat  up  to  the  middle 
of  the  present  century  books  published  in  Wales 
were  invariably  a  loss  to  the  author,  who  in 
Wales  was  always  responsible  for  the  enter- 
prise. Mr.  Frank  Campbell,  of  the  British 
Museum,  suggested  tiiat  the  County  Councils  of 
Wales  might  do  good  work  by  registering  the 
existing  printers  and  publishers  and  obtaining 
complete  lists  of  the  works  issued  by  them. 

Mr.  J.  Potter  Briscoe,  of  Nottingham,  read  a 
paper  entitled  '  How  to  Extend  the  Library 
Movement.'  This  was  followed  by  a  very  prac- 
tical discussion,  which  was  taken  part  in  by  Mr. 


390 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


Alderman  Eawsonand  Mr.  Councillor  Southern, 
of  Manchester,  Messrs.  Doubleday,  Madeley, 
Dennis,  Formby,  Welch,  and  Mac  Alister,  and 
Sir  William  Bailey. 

On  Thursday  delegates  from  the  Miners'  and 
Workmen's  Libraries  of  Glamorgan  and  Mon- 
mouth were  present.  The  President  welcomed 
them  on  behalf  of  the  Association,  and  called 
upon  Mr.  Evan  Owen,  J. P.,  of  Cardifl',  to  read 
a  paper  '  On  Workmen's  Libraries  in  Glamorgan 
and  Monmouthshire.'  This  paper  gave  an 
exceedingly  able  account  of  the  progress  of  these 
libraries,  which  are  almost  entirely  maintained 
by  a  voluntary  rate  imposed  by  the  miners 
upon  themselves.  The  paper  was  discussed  by 
Messrs.  Humphery  and  Barrett  and  Dr.  Garnett. 
Mr.  J.  J.  Ogle,  of  Bootle,  read  a  paper 
'  On  the  Pul)lic  Library  and  the  Elementary 
School  :  a  Note  on  an  Experiment,'  describing 
what  has  been  done  by  the  Bootle  Public 
Library  Committee  in  the  way  of  establishing 
branch  libraries  in  the  Board  schools  of  their 
district  for  the  use  of  the  pupils  and  others. 
At  these  school  branches  books  can  be  obtained 
from  the  Central  Library  by  leaving  an  order 
with  the  librarian,  who  is  generally  one  of  the 
teachers.  Nearly  200  volumes  are  distributed 
to  the  scholars  at  each  fortnightly  delivery,  and 
up  to  the  present  only  one  volume  has  been 
lost.  The  paper  was  discussed  by  Lady  Verney 
(who  urged  that  an  enterprising  publisher 
might  do  well  by  issuing  a  series  of  handbooks 
on  local  history  for  the  young,  which  the 
children  might  be  encouraged  to  read,  and  then 
to  see  what  they  could  find  in  their  own  im- 
mediate neighbourhood).  Sir  W.  Bailey,  and 
Messrs.  Wright,  John  Williams,  Craig-Brown, 
and  Co  well. 

Miss  Petherbridge  read  a  paper  entitled  '  A 
Cataloguing  Class  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,' 
which  led  to  a  somewhat  animated  discussion, 
most  of  the  cataloguing  experts  present  pro- 
testing that  such  a  scheme  would  result  in 
deadening  uniformity  and  discouragement  of 
individual  work,  and  would  do  a  great  deal 
more  harm  than  the  good  which  would  be 
gained  by  having  all  cataloguing  done  at  a 
central  bureau. 

Mr.  Boos^,  Librarian  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  read  an  extremely  valuable  paper 
upon  '  The  Colonies  and  the  Registers  of 
Colonial  Publications.'  To  the  discussion  which 
followed,  Mr.  Cundall,  Librarian  of  the  Jamaica 
Institute,  contributed  a  note  upon  library  work 
now  being  done  in  Jamaica.  'This  was  followed 
by  a  paper  '  On  Free  Libraries  and  the  Local 
Press,'  by  Mr.  Joseph  Gilburt,  of  Day's 
Library. 

Mr.  Mac  Alister,  the  Honorary  Secretary, 
then  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Future  of  the 
Library  Association  :  a  Forecast,'  which,  he 
stated,  was  practically  an  introduction  to  the  re- 
solution which  stood  in  his  name,  recommending 
that  the  Association  take  steps  to  become  incor- 
porated. He  briefly  sketched  the  amount  and 
kind  of  work  that  might  be  done  by  the  Asso- 
ciation if  it  were  strongly  established  and 
endowed,  and  urged  the  great  importance  of 
securing  a  continuity  of  effort  which  should  be 
independent  of  the  fluctuations  of  an  income 
derived  merely  from  annual  subscriptions.  He 
believed  that  the  wealthy  friends  of  the  move- 
ment would  be  quite  willing  to  endow  the  Asso- 
ciation ;  but  it  must  first  prepare  itself  by 
incorporation  to  hold  property  and  otherwise 
to  develope  its  resources.  This  led  to  an  ani- 
mated discussion  in  which  Mr.  Mac  Alister  was 
called  upon  to  explain  in  detail  the  nature  and 
results  of  incorporation. 

The  Report  of  the  Council,  with  the  Trea- 
surer's audited  accounts,  having  been  adopted, 
Mr.  Mac  Alister  moved  : — 

"  That  this  meeting  of  the  Library  Association  of 
the  United  Kingdom  believes  that  the  time  has 
come  when  it  will  be  for  the  permanent  advantage 
of  the  Association  that  it  should  be  incorporated, 
and  that  its  objects  will  be  greatly  furthered  and 
helped  by  the  improved  status  which  incorporation 


confers  ;  that  it  approves  and  endorses  the  decision 
of  the  Council  in  the  matter  of  petitioning  for  a 
Koyal  Charter  of  Incorporation,  and  instructs  and 
empowers  the  Council  to  take  all  necessary  steps  to 
bring  the  matter  to  a  successful  conclusion." 

After  considerable  discussion,  this  resolution 
was  put  to  the  vote  and  carried  unanimously. 
Mr.  Mac  Alister  then  moved  his  second  reso- 
lution : — 

'■  That  the  Council  be,  and  is  hereby,  instructed  to 
revise  the  constitution,  with  a  view  to  the  require- 
ments of  an  incorporated  society  ;  and  that  the 
revised  constitution  be  submitted  for  confirmation 
to  a  special  general  meeting  to  be  held  in  London  in 
November  next." 

Mr.  Welch  (Guildhall)  moved  as  an  amendment 
that  the  matter  be  deferred  to  the  next  annual 
meeting  ;  but  this  amendment  being  lost,  the 
original  resolution  was  put  to  the  meeting  and 
carried  by  a  large  majority. 

Mr.  James  Yates,  Librarian  of  the  Leeds  Public 
Library,  in  the  name  of  his  committee  invited 
the  Association  to  hold  its  next  annual  meeting 
at  Leeds,  an  invitation  which  was  unanimously 
accepted.  This  brought  to  a  close  the  formal 
business  of  the  meeting. 


ILitErarg  Gossip. 

Mr.  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge,  the 
editor  of  '  Letters  of  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge,' which,  were  issued  by  Mr.  Wm. 
Heinemann  in  the  spring  of  the  present 
year,  is  now  at  work  on  a  biography  of  his 
grandfather.  With  this  object  in  view  he 
desires  to  make  transcripts  of  all  unpub- 
lished letters  of  S.  T.  Coleridge  which  may 
remain  in  the  possession  of  the  heirs  of  the 
recipients,  and  to  collate  with  the  original 
autographs  the  text  of  those  which  have  at 
various  times  appeared  in  print.  Letters 
kindly  entrusted  to  Mr.  E.  H.  Coleridge  in 
connexion  with  the  forthcoming  biography 
may  be  directed  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Heine- 
mann, 21,  Bedford  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
W.C.  They  will  be  returned  to  their  owners 
with  the  least  possible  delay. 

Mr.  J.  H.  EouxD  has  drawn  up,  for 
the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission,  a 
report  on  the  family  papers  belonging  to 
Mr.  James  Eound,  M.P.,  which  will  be 
issued  before  the  end  of  the  year.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  documents  brought 
to  light  bears  the  autograph  signature  of 
Warwick,  "the  king  -  maker,"  with  an 
impression  of  his  seal,  believed  to  be  unique. 
To  students  of  more  recent  periods  of  his- 
tory, a  diary  of  the  siege  of  Colchester, 
giving  many  details  not  found  elsewhere  ; 
the  correspondence  of  the  diplomatist  Pet- 
kum  with  Torcy  and  others,  1706-1711 ;  and 
some  familiar  letters,  chiefly  of  the  time  of 
George  11. ,  will  furnish  attractive  reading. 

Another  publication  of  the  same  Com- 
mission, which  should  appear  within  the 
next  few  weeks,  will  contain  reports  on  the 
corporation  records  of  Lincoln  and  Bury 
St.  Edmunds  and  on  the  cathedral  muni- 
ments of  Worcester  and  Lichfield,  some 
particulars  of  which  have  already  appeared 
in  these  columns.  The  volume  will  also 
include  an  account  of  a  very  good  collection 
of  royal  charters,  early  correspondence, 
court  rolls,  and  court  books  belonging  to  the 
ancient  borough  of  Great  Grimsby. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton  will  pub- 
lish shortly  the  first  volume  of  '  Literary 
Anecdotes  of  the  Nineteenth  Century : 
Contributions  towards  a  Literary  History 
of  the  Period,'  edited  by  Dr.  W.  Eobertson 
Nicoll  and  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Wise.     The  work 


is  on  the  plan  of  Nichols's  well  -  known 
'  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  and  wiU  contain  biographies, 
letters,  bibliographies,  and  additions  from 
manuscript  sources  to  the  published  works 
of  various  authors.  The  editors  rely  mainly 
upon  manuscript  material.  Many  portraits 
and  facsimiles  will  be  provided.  Among 
the  contents  of  the  first  volume  are  the 
trial  of  William  Blake  for  sedition  ;  A.  H. 
HaUam  and  the  Tennysons  ;  Mrs.  Browning 
on  Tennyson  ;  a  biography  of  Thomas  Wade, 
with  numerous  poems  printed  for  the  first 
time  ;  the  Landor  -  Blessington  Papers  ;  a 
biography  of  Eichard  Henry  Home,  with 
new  poems  ;  a  biography  of  Charles  Wells, 
with  an  unpublished  dramatic  scene  ;  letters 
from  Shelley  to  Leigh  Hunt,  with  notes  ; 
and  a  bibliography  of  Eobert  Browning, 
revised  and  extended  from  the  pages  of 
the  Athenatitn.  Only  1,000  copies  will  be 
printed,  of  which  250  have  been  pui'chased 
for  America.  Under  no  circumstances  wiU 
the  volumes  be  reprinted.  The  frontis- 
piece to  the  first  volume  will  be  a  hitherto 
unpublished  portrait  of  William  Blake, 
etched  upon  steel  by  the  late  WiUiam  Bell 
Scott. 

Messrs.  Kegajst  Paul  &  Co.  are  about 
to  publish  a  work  entitled  '  Sultan 
Murad  V.,'  giving  an  account,  by  one 
who  is  evidently  behind  the  scenes,  of 
the  brief  reign  of  a  sultan  of  Turkey  de- 
posed eighteen  years  ago,  and  still  detained 
as  a  prisoner.  Much  light  is  thrown  on 
many  imperfectly  known  events  of  the  time, 
notably  the  strange  murder  of  the  Sultan 
Abdul  Aziz,  Murad's  uncle,  under  the  guise 
of  suicide.  The  book  should  be  interesting, 
and  not  only  to  those  who  are  conversant 
with  Eastern  affairs. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Hollander,  Ph.D.,  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  proposes  to  edit 
for  the  British  Economic  Association,  of 
which  he  is  a  member,  the  correspondence 
of  David  Eicardo  with  J.  E.  McCuUoch  and 
with  Mr.  Hutchens  Trower,  between  seventy 
and  eighty  letters  in  all.  Dr.  Hollander 
would  be  glad  to  hear  of  any  letters  of 
Eicardo  in  private  possession. 

Mr.  William  Heinemann  has  arranged 
with  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  for  the 
transfer  to  his  firm  of  those  works  by 
Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  which  have  hitherto 
been  issued  by  them.  These  will  be  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Heinemann  in  as  uniform 
a  shape  as  possible.  A  new  (third)  edi- 
tion of  '  Seventeenth  Century  Studies  '  will 
be  issued,  and  also  a  cheaper  edition  of 
the  author's  life  of  his  father,  Philip 
Henry  Gosse,  the  distinguished  naturalist. 
There  will  also  be  reissues  of  '  Firdausi  in 
Exile '  and  '  On  Viol  and  Flute.' 

Mr.  Heinemann  wiU  shortly  issue  '  Wil- 
liam Shakespeare :  a  Critical  Study,'  trans- 
lated from  the  Norwegian  of  Dr.  Georg 
Brandos  by  Mr.  William  Archer.  This 
work  wiU  be  in  two  octavo  volumes. 

The  October  number  of  Blackwood^  s 
Magazine  will  open  with  an  article  on  the 
Chinese  navy  by  the  "  Correspondent  in 
China"  who  in  the  September  number  of 
Maga  gave  such  an  exhaustive  resume  of  the 
political  results  of  the  war  in  '  The  Japa- 
nese Imbroglio.'  The  same  number  will 
contain  a  story  by  M.  E.  Francis,  entitled 
'  Owd  Lads';    an   article   by   Sir   Herbert 


N*'3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


391 


Maxwell  on  English  trout ;  and  '  An  Un- 
biassed View  of  the  Armenian  Question,' 
by  Mr.  Walter  B.  Harris,  whose  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  country  well  qualifies  him 
to  write  with  authority  on  the  subject.  Mr. 
E.  A.  Irving  describes  '  A  Foreign  Mission 
in  the  Province  of  Canton.' 

Mr.  George  French,  the  successor  to  the 
late  Mr.  John  White  as  manager  of  the 
newspaper  and  counting-house  department, 
has  been  in  the  service  of  Messrs.  W.  H. 
Smith  &  Son  nearly  forty  years.  He  was 
formerly  manager  of  some  of  the  most 
important  bookstalls,  and  during  the  last 
few  years  has  been  superintendent  of  the 
Northern  railway  bookstalls.  The  demise 
of  Mr.  White  has  in  no  way  altered  the 
management  of  the  other  departments  of 
the  house,  as  Mr.  Kingdon  remains  head  of 
the  book  department,  Mr.  William  Faux 
head  of  tho  library  department,  and  Mr. 
Cockett  head  of  the  advertising  department. 

The  proprietorship  of  Judi/  has  changed. 
Miss  Gillian  Debenham  having  just  pur- 
chased the  paper  from  Mr,  Gilbert  Dalziel. 
Mr.  C.  H.  Abbott,  who  has  acted  as  sub- 
editor for  many  years  past,  will  henceforth 
be  the  editor. 

The  "Welsh  University  week,"  which  is 
apparently  to  become  an  annual  institution, 
will  begin  on  the  last  day  of  September, 
and  will  be  characterized  by  meetings  and 
receptions  of  graduates  and  others  in  the 
town  of  Aberystwyth.  The  University  of 
Wales  can  now  boast  of  eighty-six  pro- 
fessors and  lecturers  at  the  three  principal 
colleges. 

The  new  Church  of  England  school  just 
opened  at  Worksop  is  the  sixth  which  has 
been  founded  on  the  plan  originally  sug- 
gested by  Canon  Woodard,  combining 
Church  education  with  a  public  -  school 
system  for  the  sons  of  parents  of  limited 
means.  The  other  five  are  Lancing,  Hurst, 
Ardingly,  Denstone,  and  EUesmere. 

At  no  time,  perhaps,  were  so  many  new 
educational  facilities  placed  simultaneously 
at  the  service  of  the  public  as  during  the 
present  month.  In  addition  to  St.  Cuth- 
bert's,  Worksop,  and  some  half-dozen 
intermediate  schools  in  Wales,  we  may 
mention  the  opening  this  week  of  the 
South- West  Polytechnic,  in  Manresa  Eoad. 

Mr.  L.  C.  Smithers,  of  Arundel  Street, 
will  publish  shortly  a  '  Life  of  Madame  du 
Barry,'  by  Mr.  Robert  B.  Douglas,  who  in 
compiling  the  book  has  made  extensive  use 
of  the  MSS.  in  the  Arsenal  and  Versailles 
Libraries  and  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale. 
The  Marquise  de  Pompadour,  the  Duchesse 
de  Chateauroux,  and  Sophie  Arnould,  the 
beautiful  and  witty  actress,  wiU  form  the 
subjects  of  subsequent  volumes  to  be  written 
by  the  same  author,  and  published  by  the 
same  house. 

Ix  Madame  Belloc's  new  volume,  '  In  a 
Walled  Garden,'  which  will  be  published 
by  Messrs,  Ward  &  Downey,  some  interest- 
ing personal  recollections  of  George  Eliot, 
Mary  Hewitt,  Basil  Montagu,  "  Barry 
Cornwall,"  Mrs.  Procter,  Adelaide  Procter, 
Cardinal  Manning,  and  Mrs.  Booth  will  be 
given. 

Mr.  George  Eedway  will  publish  imme- 
diately a  little  book  entitled  '  How  to 
Write  Fiction,  especially  the  Art  of  Short- 


Story  Writing:  a  Study  in  Technique.' 
The  method  is  that  of  a  text-book,  and  the 
models  used  are  Guy  de  Maupassant's  short 
stories.  In  an  appendix  the  author  illus- 
trates his  method  by  rewriting  an  ill-con- 
structed story,  the  rewritten  draft  following 
the  original. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  have  in  the 
press  a  new  volume  of  "up  to  date  "  poems 
by  a  well-known  writer,  who  desires  for  the 
present  to  preserve  a  strict  incognito.  The 
volume  will  be  published  under  the  title 
of  'Arrows  of  Song,'  and  wUl  be  issued 
towards  the  end  of  next  month. 

Messrs.  Hodder  Brothers  will  shortly 
publish  a  small  edition  of  Genesis,  with 
introduction  and  notes  by  Prof.  Wade,  of 
Lampeter.  The  book,  which  is  intended 
chiefly  for  English  readers,  will  contain  a 
text,  based  on  the  Authorized  Version,  in 
which  the  leading  phraseological  features 
of  the  supposed  "sources"  of  the  Hexa- 
teuch  (so  far  as  they  appear  in  Genesis) 
are  indicated  by  differences  of  type.  In 
the  introduction  the  historical  value  of  the 
narratives  in  Genesis  is  briefly  considered. 

'  The  Experiences  of  a  Russian  Re- 
former '  is  the  title  of  a  new  book  by  Mr. 
Jaakoff  Prelooker,  shortly  to  be  published 

by  Messrs.  Nisbet  &  Co. 

Mr.  Philip  Green  has  in  the  press,  and 
will  publish  in  October,  a  volume  of  matins, 
vespers,  hymns,  and  poems  by  the  late 
Sir  John  Bowring,  to  which  is  prefixed  a 
memoir  by  his  widow.  Lady  Bowring,  of 
Exeter. 

Colonial  producers  and  shippers,  to  say 
nothing  of  editors,  should,  we  think,  find 
the  new  weekly  journal,  the  Produce  World, 
of  some  use  to  them.  It  is  to  be  illustrated, 
and  its  leading  featui-e  will  be  a  report  of 
prices  up  to  the  date  of  the  despatch  of 
Friday's  mail.  Messrs.  John  Haddon  &  Co. 
are  the  publishers. 

The  French  Government  has  sent  out 
invitations  to  a  Conference  to  those  states 
which  joined  in  1886  the  Literary  Con- 
vention of  Berne.  According  to  a  sj)ecial 
stipulation,  a  Conference  was  to  have  been 
summoned  by  France  after  a  lapse  of  four 
or  six  years  from  that  date  for  the  pur- 
pose of  revising  the  Convention,  but 
hitherto  the  Government  of  France  has  not 
considered  it  opportune  to  take  any  steps 
in  the  matter.  It  has  done  so  now,  fixing 
April  loth,  1896,  as  the  date  for  another 
Conference,  with  the  intention  of  submitting 
for  discussion  a  programme  based  on  the 
result  of  the  investigations  carried  on  since 
1886,  both  b}'  the  French  Government  and 
the  Berne  Bureau.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
those  states  which  have  not  yet  joined 
the  Berne  Convention  will  also  be  invited 
to  send  representatives  to  the  next  Con- 
ference, in  order  to  induce  them  to  join  it. 

Miss  Zora  Campbell  writes  from  Sydney  : 

"In  the  Atheno'Hm  of  June  15th  Mr.  Tuer 
mentions  a  '  refreshingly  audacious  foot-note  '  : 
'  Where  inverted  commas  have  been  omitted  I 
desire  to  thank  those  authors  whose  works  I  Iiave 
quoted.'  I  withdraw  the  obnoxious  foot-note, 
insert  inverted  conunas  in  their  proper  place, 
and  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  the  columns 
of  the  Sydney  Mornhnj  Herald  for  much  valuable 
information.  An  inset  in  the  ten  sample  chapters 
explained  that  they  were  printed  by  a  man  in  a 
small  way  of  business,  who  made  no  pretence 


of  being  a  publisher,  the  whole  establishment 
consisting  of  a  man  and  a  boy  ;  the  sample 
chapters  were  never  intended  to  rank  as  any- 
thing but  manuscript,  a  fact  which  should  have 
disarmed  public  criticism." 

We  regret  to  record  the  death  of  Mr. 
Henry  Oscar  Houghton,  head  of  the  pub- 
lishing firm  of  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co., 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Dickens's  '  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  ' 
{Heimchen  am  Herd)  has  given  the  name 
to  a  new  illustrated  German  weekly,  the 
first  number  of  which  has  been  issued  this 
month. 

Prof.  Johannes  Topffer,  the  archoeo- 
logist,  has  died  of  heart  disease  at  Porto 
d'Anzio,  near  Rome.  His  principal  work, 
the  'Attische  Genealogie,'  was  a  history  of 
the  Athenian  noble  families.  He  was  a 
native  of  Livonia,  and  studied  at  Dorpat, 
Gottingen,  and  Berlin.  In  1894  he  was 
appointed  to  a  chair  in  the  University  of 
Bale,  where  he  lectured  on  ancient  history 
and  Roman  topography. 

Prof.  Mommsen  intends  to  visit  Rome 
about  the  end  of  October,  and  to  stay  there 
for  three  months  at  the  least.  He  has 
informed  a  friend  living  in  Rome  that  he 
wishes  to  put  a  finishing  touch  to  certain 
works  which  he  hopes  shortly  to  publish, 
and  that  some  important  researches  in  the 
library  and  archives  of  the  Vatican  are 
necessary  to  their  completion. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Scheme  for  the  Management  of 
certain  Funds  for  Welsh  Intermediate  Edu- 
cation {2d.)\  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Commissioners  for  Charitable  Donations, 
Ireland  (3f?.);  a  Report  on  the  Inspection 
of  Higher-Class  Schools  in  Scotland  {^d.) ; 
Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  Kingdom 
(Is.)  ;  and  Public  Health,  Report  of  the 
Medical  Ofiicer  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  for  1893-4,  with  plates  and  coloured 
maps  (13.S-.  4^.). 

SCIENCE 


A  recent  volume  of  the  "  Modern  Science  " 
Series  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.)  is  the  Fauna  of  the 
Deep  Sea,  by  S.  J.  Hickson,  D.Sc.  It  is  a 
readable  little  work,  the  absence  from  which  of 
^etiological  speculation  as  to  the  "use  "  of  the 
structural  modifications  occurring  in  deep-sea 
organisms  is  more  grateful  to  a  zoologist  than  it 
will  probably  prove  to  the  general  reader.  The 
subject  of  deep-sea  investigation  is  as  thoroughly 
treated  as  the  size  of  the  book  will  permit,  but 
more  emphasis  might  have  been  laid  on  the 
names  of  Carpenter,  Wyville  Thomson,  and 
(jwyn  Jeffreys,  as  the  pioneers  of  modem 
thalassography.  The  only  point  on  which  we 
are  quite  at  issue  with  Prof.  Hickson  is  the 
effect  of  pressure  upon  animals  at  great  depths. 
He  states  that  "it  is  but  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  ability  to  sustain  this  enormous  pressure 
can  only  be  acquired  by  animals  after  genera- 
tions of  migrations  from  shallow  waters," 
whereas  the  case  unquestionably  is  as  Moseley 
puts  it :  "  Marine  animals  no  doubt  easily 
accommodate  themselves  to  these  enormous 
{K-essures  in  the  deep  sea.  Their  tissues  being 
entirely  permeated  by  fluids,  the  pressure  has 
little  or  no  eflect  upon  them."  Such  organisms 
brought  up  by  dredge  or  trawl  suffer  only 
according  as  they  contain  free  gases  or  not. 
We  note  three  mistakes  in  copying  : — Norske 
"Nordhavns"  (Nordhavs)  Expedition,  "  Yittor 
Pessani  "  (Vettor  Pisani),  and  "  Voringin " 
(Voringen). 


392 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3543,  Sept.  21,  '95 


It  is  now  some  months  since  an  English 
edition  of  the  suggestive  Lectures  on  the  Com- 
parative Pathology  of  Inflammation,  by  Elias 
Metchnikoff,  was  published,  the  translation 
being  by  F.  A.  and  E.  H.  Starling  (Kegan  Paul 
&  Co.),  and  only  the  fact  that  the  work  has 
not  met  with  adequate  recognition  in  England 
warrants  a  notice  of  it  at  this  date.  The  work 
forms  a  complete  justification  of  the  view,  now 
rapidly  gaining  ground,  that  physiology  and 
pathology  will  never  attain  a  full  development 
till  they  become  comparative: — "L'e'tude  de 
ces  animaux  [infe'rieurs]  qui  nous  pr^sentent  des 
conditions  bien  plus  simples  et  plus  primitives 
que  I'homme  et  les  vertdbres,  nous  fournit  pour 
ainsi  dire  la  clef  des  phenomenes  pathologiques 
compliqu^s  qui  interessent  surtout  la  science 
mddicale."  For  such  a  study  Metchnikoff,  as 
a  zoologist  and  embryologist  of  many  years' 
standing,  was  peculiarly  fitted,  and  he  traces 
the  phenomena  of  phagocytosis,  the  interaction 
between  organism  and  pathogenic  intruder, 
through  the  whole  animal  kingdom  with 
brilliant  success.  The  translation,  if  less 
dramatic  than  the  original,  is  generally  correct, 
and  is  well  illustrated;  but  "  Dycyemides," 
"Phillirhoe,"  "Thethys,"  should  not  have 
been  passed;  and  "  un  vertdbrd "  is  not  a 
vertebra. 

Biological  Lectures  and  Addresses.     Delivered 
by  the  late  A.  M.   Marshall,  D.Sc.     (Nutt.)— 
Of  all  his  numerous  engagements  Prof.  Marshall 
assuredly  enjoyed  the  delivery  of  popular  lec- 
tures as  much  as  any,  and   he  was,  of  course, 
proportionately   successful   with    his   audience. 
Twelve   of   such   addresses,    together   with   his 
address  as  Sectional  President  before  the  British 
Association,  have  been  nicely  reprinted  under 
the  editorship  of  his  brother.     It  is  depressing, 
when   one   considers    how   far    the    results    of 
embryology  have  fallen  short  of  what  was  once 
expected  from  it,  to  contrast  the  hopeful  tone 
in  which  it  is  spoken  of  in  the  earlier  lectures — 
about  the  time  of  publication  of  Balfour's  great 
work — with   the   more   guarded    and   far   truer 
utterances    of     1893.       Although     the    British 
Association     lecture     is     to     a     great     extent 
a    summary  of   the    earlier    ones,   it  is   appro- 
priately  included   in   this   volume   as    showing 
how   the    same    facts    can    be   made    in    good 
hands   to   illustrate    different    points  —  indeed, 
the  whole  book  is  an  admirable  model  for  the 
too   numerous   popular   lecturers   of   to-day   to 
study.     The  most  suggestive  of  the  lectures — 
perhaps  the  only  valuable  one  to  the  professed 
zoologist— is  that  on  the  '  Shapes  and  Sizes  of 
Animals,'  it    being,   as  Prof.  Marshall  stated, 
one  of  those  cases  in  which  the  lecturer  "  intro- 
duces   the   subject   with    the    express    though 
probably  unavowed  purpose  of  finding  out  what 
his  own  opinions  are  about  it."     But  the  book 
will  be  found  to  afford  interesting  and  whole- 
some food  to  the  apparently  large  public  which 
likes  its  science    peptonized — a  form  in  which 
it   is   rarely  so   trustworthy  as  in  the   present 
instance. 

The  Lectures  on  the  Darrrinian  Theory  de- 
livered by  Prof.  Marshall  as  a  University  Ex- 
tension course,  which  have  also  been  edited  by 
his  brother  (Nutt),  appear  to  us  much  less 
successful  than  the  former  publication.  The 
subject  is  of  such  a  character  that  eight  lectures, 
however  convincing  in  delivery,  cannot  be  made 
either  so  forcible  or  so  instructive  in  print 
without  very  great  expansion.  Any  one  who 
desires  to  make  himself  acquainted  with  the 
first  principles  of  which  these  lectures  treat 
■will  find  a  far  clearer  exposition  in  Wallace's 
'  Darwinism.'  There  are  .some  fine  illustrations, 
taken  mostly,  we  believe,  from  the  professor's 
diagrams. 


THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

The  following  scientific  announcements  are 
made  by  the  Cambridge  University  Press :  '  The 
Scientific  Papers  of  John  Couch  Adams,'  Vol.  I., 
edited  by  William  Grylls  Adams,  with  a  memoir 
by  J.  W.  L.  Cxlaisher,— '  The  Collected  Mathe- 
matical Papers  of  the  late  Arthur  Cayley,' 
Vol.  IX.,  —  'A  Treatise  on  Spherical  Astro- 
nomy,' by  Sir  Robert  S.  Ball, — '  Catalogue  of 
Scientific  Papers  compiled  by  the  Royal  Society 
of  London,'  1874-1883,  Vol.  XI.,— a  second 
edition  of  Heath's  '  Treatise  on  Geometrical 
Optics, — 'A  Treatise  on  Abel's  Theorem,'  by 
H.  F.  Baker,  — '  A  Treatise  on  the  Lunar 
Theory,'  by  E.  W.  Brown, — 'An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Electricity  and  Magnetism,'  by 
J.  J.  Thomson, — '  A  Treatise  on  Geometrical 
Optics,'  by  R.  A.  Herman, — in  the  "  Pitt  Press 
Mathematical  Series "  :  '  Euclid  :  Books  XL 
and  XII.,'  by  H.  M.  Taylor,— and  in  the  "  Cam- 
bridge Natural  Science  Manuals":  'Mechanics 
and  Hydrostatics  :  Part  III.  Hydrostatics,'  by 
R.  T.  Glazebrook  ;  'Electricity  and  Magnetism,' 
by  the  same;  'Solution  and  Electrolysis,'  by 
W.  C.  D.  Whetham;  'Sound,'  by  J.  W.  Capstick; 
'  Fossil  Plants  :  a  Manual  for  Students  of  Botany 
and  Geology,'  by  A.  C.  Seward  ;  '  The  Vetebrate 
Skeleton,'"  by  S.  H.  Reynolds  ;  'Text-Book  of 
Physical  Anthropology,'  by  Prof.  Macalister  ; 
and  a  second  edition  of  '  Practical  Physiology 
of  Plants,'  by  F.  Darwin  and  E.  H.  Acton. 

Messrs.  MacLehose  &  Sons  will  publish  a  new 
edition  of  Dr.  Barr's  '  Manual  of  Diseases  of 
the  Ear,' — 'Deaf-Mutism,' a  treatise  on  diseases 
of  the  ear,  as  shown  in  deaf-mutes,  with  chapters 
on  the  education  and  training  of  deaf-mutes,  by 
James  Kerr  Love,  M.D.,  and  W.  H.  Addison, 
— and  '  An  Account  of  the  Institution  and  Pro- 
gress of  the  Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Glasgow,'  by  Alexander  Duncan,  secretary 
and  librarian  to  the  Faculty. 

Messrs.  Whittaker  &  Co.  announce  the  fol- 
lowing works  :  '  Transformers  for  Single  and 
Polyphrase  Alternating  Currents,'  by  Gisbert 
Kapp,  translated  from  the  German,  —  '  The 
Inspection  of  Railway  Material,'  by  G.  R. 
Bodmer,  —  '  The  Chemist's  Compendium  :  a 
Pocket-Book  for  Pharmacists  and  Students,'  by 
C.  J.  S.  Thompson,  —  *  Modern  Printing  :  a 
Complete  Handbook  of  Printing,'  by  J.  South- 
ward,—a  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  '  Coal- 
Pits  and  Pitmen,'  by  R.  Nelson  Boyd, — and 
'  A  Practical  Trigonometry  for  the  Use  of 
Engineers,  Architects,  and  Surveyors,'  by 
Henry  Adams. 


The  rotation  of  the  planet  Venus  continues 

to  be  a  vexed  question  in  astronomy.     It  is  well 

known  that  Prof.  Schiaparelli  contended  a  few 

years  ago  that  the  duration  of  this  was  equal,  or 

nearly  equal,  to  that  of  the  planet's  revolution 

round  the  sun.     This  view  did  not  meet  with 

universal    acceptance,    and    some   astronomers 

thought  that  they  had  obtained  confirmation  of 

that  previously  held,  and  first  put  forward  by 

Cassini,   that  the  actual  duration  is  less  than 

twenty- three  and  a  half   hours.      Lately  Herr 

Leo  Brenner,   of  the  Manora  Observatory,  on 

the  island   of   Lussin  Piccolo,   in  the   Gulf  of 

Quarnero,    on   the  Dalmatian  coast,   claims   to 

have  discovered  that  the  true  period  is  almost 

exactly  the  same  as  that  of  the  rotation  of  the 

earth.     At  present  this  difficult  question  cannot 

be    considered    to    be    decisively   settled,    and 

it   is  hoped  that  the   planet's  surface   will   be 

continuously  studied  with  the  aid  of  the  most 

powerful   telescopes.      There  is  no   reasonable 

room  for  doubt  that  Venus  is  surrounded  by  a 

considerable  atmosphere,  which  must  render  it 

difficult  to  follow  the  permanent  markings  upon 

her  surface.     The  puzzling  circumstance  about 

the  so-called  secondary  light  sometimes  seen  on 

the  unilluminated  part  is  that  it  is  not  always 

seen  at  times  when  it  might  be  expected  to  be 


visible.  The  planet  has  been  passing  through 
inferior  conjunction  this  week,  and  no  doubt 
attention  is  being  again  given  to  its  observation 
in  reference  to  this  particular  phenomenon. 

We  fear  we  must  acquiesce  in  the  truth  of  the 
rumour  that  Mr.  A.  F.  Mummery,  the  distin- 
guished Alpine  climber,  has  lost  his  life  in 
exploring  the  Himalaya  range.  His  book,  '  My 
Climbs  in  the  Alps  and  Caucasus, '  which  we  favour- 
ably reviewed  no  later  than  June  29th  this  year 
{Athen.  No.  3531,  p.  831),  and  which  has  since 
reached  a  third  edition,  gave  pleasant  hopes  of 
future  literary  successes  in  the  graphic  treat- 
ment of  the  adventures  he  loved  so  well. 
Those  hopes  seem  irrevocably  blighted  by  a 
catastrophe  which  will  move  a  larger  circle  than 
that  of  his  immediate  friends. 

According  to  a  telegram,  dated  September 
17th,  fromSandefiord,  Norway,  which  has  been  re- 
ceived through  Renter's  Agency,  and  published 
by  the  Times  of  the  18th  inst.,  advices  received 
at  Sandefiord  from  the  Danish  trading  station 
of  Angmagsalik,  on  the  east  coast  of  Greenland, 
state  that  towards  the  end  of  July  a  three- 
masted  ship,  with  a  short  foremast,  was  seen 
by  Eskimo  on  two  occasions  firmly  embedded 
in  drift  ice.  On  the  first  occasion  the  ship  was 
observed  off  Sermiligak,  65°  45'  lat.  N.,  36°  15' 
long.  W. ;  and  the  second  time  off  Sermelik, 
65°  20'  lat.  N.,  38°  long.  W.  It  is  believed  that 
the  vessel  was  Dr.  Nansen's  Fram,  and  that  she 
was  on  her  return  journey.  In  any  case,  how- 
ever, no  positive  news  of  the  exploring  vessel 
is  expected  to  arrive  until  next  year. 

A  NEW  geographical  series,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Dr.  Guillemard,  is  to  be  published  by 
the  Cambridge  University  Press.  The  editor 
has  secured  the  co-operation  of  such  competent 
authors  as  Prof.  A.  H.  Keane,  Mr.  H.  F. 
Tozer,  and  Mr.  Ravenstein. 

The  fourth  volume  of  '  The  Royal  Natural 
History,'  edited  by  Mr.  R.  Lydekker,  is  an- 
nounced by  Messrs.  Warne.  Sections  6,  7, 
and  8,  embracing  the  whole  of  the  portion  de- 
voted to  birds,  will  also  be  issued  separately  as 
a  uniform  set.  Dr.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  the  Rev. 
H.  A.  MacPherson,  and  Dr.  Ogilvie  Grant  being 
among  the  contributors. 

Amongst  the  new  books  of  the  Religious  Tract 
Society  is  announced  a  popular  introduction  to 
astronomy,  entitled  'Consider  the  Heavens.' 
It  is  written  by  Mrs.  W.  Steadman  Aldis,  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Robinson,  of  Cambridge,  and 
the  wife  of  Mr.  Aldis,  the  Senior  Wrangler  of 
his  year. 

Db.  p.  H.  Mac  Gillivray,  whose  death  on 
July  9th,  at  Sandhurst,  Victoria,  has  just  been 
reported  at  home,  was  very  favourably  known 
for  his  additions  to  our  knowledge  of  Australian 
Polyzoa  ;  his  first  paper  on  these  creatures 
appeared  as  long  ago  as  1859. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Swiss  Alpenklub 
in  Schwyz,  from  September  8th  to  10th,  a  satis- 
factory increase  of  membership  was  reported. 
The  Vice-President,  Dr.  Michel,  was  chosen 
Central  President  for  the  remainder  of  the  year, 
in  the  place  of  the  deceased  Dr.  Baumgartner. 
The  central  management  for  the  three  years 
1896-1899  was  undertaken  by  Section  Neu- 
was  resolved  to  continue  the 
as   the   excursion    district    for 


chPitel,  and  it 
Albula  district 
1896  and  1897. 

Dr.  Albert  Hermann  Post,  who  died  in 
Bremen  on  August  25th,  was  one  of  the  most 
valued  of  modern  German  ethnographers.  Dr. 
Post,  wlio  was  a  lawyer  and  justice  of  the  peace, 
is  said  by  the  Ncite  Frcic  Presse  to  have  been 
"the  first  to  introduce  a  severe  scientific  dis- 
ci[)line  in  tlie  study  of  ethnography  in  respect 
to  the  legal  life  and  practice  of  the  people." 


N<'3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


393 


FINE    ARTS 


A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts  in 
the  Fitzwilliam  Museum.  By  Montague 
Rhodes  James,  Litt.D.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) 
The  title  of  this  handsome  volume  is  far 
from  doing  justice  to  its  contents.  A  cata- 
logue of  239  manuscripts,  none  of  them 
individually  known  to  fame,  might  seem  to 
be  a  small  thing,  undeserving  of  more  than 
a  passing  notice  ;  but  Dr.  James's  volume, 
in  addition  to  being  a  catalogue  of  the 
Fitzwilliam  manuscripts,  is  also  a  guide 
to  the  study  of  illuminated  manuscripts  in 
general.  The  manuscripts  in  the  Fitz- 
william collection  are,  for  the  most  part, 
illuminated  service-books  and  Books  of 
Hours,  and  though  few  in  number  they 
are  very  choice  in  quality.  Dr.  James  has 
had  the  happy  thought  of  describing  these 
with  unusual  minuteness,  and  tabulating 
the  results  in  his  introduction  and  indices. 
He  has  thus  made  it  easy  for  collectors  and 
librarians  to  ascertain  how  far  their  own 
manuscripts  correspond  to  a  common  pattern, 
and  to  fix  the  localities  in  which  they  were 
probably  written. 

One  hundred  and  twelve  manuscripts,  out 
of  the  total  239,  are  Books  of  Hours,  and 
it  is  consequently  to  these  that  Dr.  James 
pays  especial  attention.  Every  collector 
knows  that  books  of  this  class  are  by  far 
the  commonest  kind  of  illuminated  manu- 
script, and  will  be  grateful  for  a  trust- 
worthy guide  to  their  examination  and 
description.  Dr.  James  has  carefully  tabu- 
lated the  normal  contents  of  these  books, 
which,  as  is  well  known,  follow  certain 
stereotyped  forms,  and  has  indicated  the 
special  features,  either  in  the  prayers  them- 
selves or  in  the  saints  commemorated,  which 
serve  to  identify  the  "  ixse  "  to  which  a  book 
belongs,  or  the  locality  in  which  it  was 
executed.  The  list  of  local  saints  is  not 
complete,  nor  does  it  pretend  to  be  so  ;  but 
it  is  sufficient  to  serve  as  a  very  useful 
guide,  especially  to  the  beginner,  to  whom 
nearly  all  the  saints  commemorated  will  be 
equally  unfamiliar.  At  the  end  are  five 
indices  :  (1)  of  historical  scenes,  (2)  of 
objects,  (3)  of  saints,  (4)  of  names  and 
places,  (5)  of  literary  contents.  The  first 
two  of  these  will  be  found  especially  useful 
by  those  who  are  in  search  of  illustrations 
relating  to  special  subjects  or  to  mediioval 
life  in  general. 

The  body  of  the  work  consists  of  descrip- 
tions of  the  individual  manuscripts,  on  an 
extraordinarily  extensive  scale.  Besides  the 
usual  details  relating  to  the  size,  number 
of  leaves,  contents,  style  of  workmanship, 
and  former  ownership  of  each  manuscript, 
Dr.  James  describes  each  miniature  sepa- 
rately ;  and  as  these  amount  in  many  in- 
stances to  scores  (in  one  case  to  528),  the 
labour  involved  in  such  an  undertaking  may 
be  imagined.  Such  a  method  can,  of  course, 
be  applied  only  to  a  small  collection.  A 
catalogue  of  the  illuminated  MSS.  in  the 
Bodleian  or  the  British  Museum  on  such  a 
scale  would  be  simply  a  monstrosity  ;  but  in 
the  case  of  a  small  collection  of  good  specimens 
such  a  catalogue  forms  a  most  useful  standard 
of  comparison,  for  which  the  students  of 
illuminated  art  cannot  but  be  grateful.  The 
descriptions  are  throughout  executed  with 


the  minuteness  and  accuracy  which,  since 
the  days  of  Henry  Bradshaw,  have  cha- 
racterized Cambridge  bibliography.  It  may 
be  permissible  to  think  that  this  system  errs 
on  the  side  of  excessive  conscientiousness, 
and  that  the  minute  collation  of  the  quires 
of  a  manuscript  leads  to  little  or  no  result ; 
but  it  is  ungracious  to  find  fault  with  a 
laborious  zeal  which,  if  it  records  trifles,  is 
hardly  likely  to  miss  essentials. 

A  word  must  be  added  with  reference  to 
the  illustrations,  of  which  there  are  twenty, 
executed  in  excellent  photogravure.  These 
may  rank  with  the  best  examples  of  repro- 
ductive art  as  applied  to  illuminated  MSS., 
such  as  the  recently  published  facsimile  of 
the  Sforza  Book  of  Hours,  or  some  of  the 
later  plates  of  the  Paleoographical  Society. 
They  serve,  even  better  than  the  detailed 
descriptions,  to  show  how  valuable  a  collec- 
tion has  now  been  formed  in  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum.  A  beautiful  Milanese  Pontifical 
(No.  28);  a  curious  Book  of  Hours  (No.  57), 
in  which  English  and  Flemish  work  are 
combined  on  the  same  page ;  a  handsome 
French  Book  of  Hours  (No.  92) ;  and  a 
very  fine  specimen  of  late  Italian  illumina- 
tion (No.  154)  may  be  especially  mentioned. 

A  review  in  detail  of  such  a  volume  as 
this  would  involve  so  extensive  a  discussion 
of  minutipo  as  to  be  impossible  in  this  place  ; 
and  in  dealing  with  so  accurate,  as  well  as 
brilliant,  a  worker  as  Dr.  James  it  would 
scarcely  be  profitable.  Our  object  is  rather 
to  explain  the  general  features  of  Dr. 
James's  catalogue,  and  to  bring  it  to  the 
notice  of  readers  in  its  true  light,  as  a 
volume  which  is  nothing  less  than  indis- 
pensable to  all  who  are  engaged  in  the 
fascinating  study  of  illuminated  manu- 
scripts. It  is  a  branch  of  art  which  has 
hitherto  hardly  received  the  attention  it 
deserves,  partly,  no  doubt,  because  few 
but  those  who  have  access  to  one  of  our 
great  libraries  have  been  in  a  position  to 
appreciate  it.  In  former  days  photographic 
facsimiles  totally  failed  to  preserve  the 
gradations  of  light  and  shade  and  the  true 
proportions  of  the  colours,  while  coloured 
prints  were  almost  always  too  gaudy  and 
glaring  ;  so  that  a  student  could  obtain  no 
idea  of  illuminative  art  except  from  the 
originals  themselves.  The  great  advance 
that  has  been  made  of  late  years  in  the  art 
of  photography  now  makes  it  possible  to 
obtain  from  a  facsimile  a  very  fair  idea  of 
the  character  of  an  illumination,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  advantage  will  be  taken 
of  this  fact  to  make  more  generally  known 
the  history  of  an  art  which,  in  addition  to 
its  own  charm,  serves  to  bridge  over  the 
wide  gap  between  the  art  of  the  ancient 
Greeks  and  that  of  the  Italians  of  the 
Keuaissance,  with  whom  modern  painting 
besrins. 


Repertoire  de'taille  des  Tapisseries  des  Gobelins 
rxccntees  de  1663  a  18D2.  Par  E.  Gerspach. 
(Paris,  Le  Vosseur  &  Co.)— That  the  best 
living  authority  on  mcsaic  working  and  tapestry 
weaving  should  have  compiled  a  catalogue  with 
comments  and  historical  notes,  such  as  this 
'  Repertoire '  really  is,  will  be  good  news  for 
■ill  admirers  of  tape.stries.  Notwithstanding 
t!ie  austere  protestations  of  purists  in  design, 
who  aver  that  the  "art"  of  the  Gobelins, 
fnun  a  much  more  remote  date  than  1602, 
is  ofTonce  and  abomination,  and  not  art  at 
all,    but    much    otherwise,     it    is    not    to    be 


denied  that  the  sumptuous  and  picturesque 
efforts  of  that  Renaissance  which  at  its  beat 
Mr.  Ruskin  called  "  pestilent,"  and  which  in 
its  extremely  degraded  condition  of  1662  was 
actually  much  worse  than  barbarous,  are  really 
attractive  and  interesting.  They  will  be  so 
until  we  have  "educated  our  masters"  and 
they  understand  the  logic  of  painting  and 
decoration.  As  matters  of  the  history  of  the 
art  crafts,  it  cannot  be  indifferent  to  students 
how  the  great  factory  of  the  Gobelins  was 
occupied  during  the  palmy  days  of  its  career, 
during  the  troubles  of  the  Revolution,  and 
during  its  revival  in  later  times.  In  the  terse, 
compact,  and  luminous  "Precis  historique  et 
technique "  with  which  M.  Gerspach  opens, 
much  of  the  desired  matter  as  to  the  Gobelins 
is  stated  with  characteristic  intelligence  and 
freedom.  This  essay  demonstrates  how  much 
the  Gobelins  was  in  need  of  an  intel- 
ligent and  well-trained  Administrateur  when 
that  function  fell  to  M.  Gerspach,  who  set  to 
work  to  correct  the  errors  which  prevailed,  some 
of  them  due  to  lack  of  artistic  attainments,  some 
to  forgetfulness  of  elementary  chemical  facts, 
some  to  too  faithful  adherence  to  rules  of  thumb, 
and  some  to  sheer  pighoadedness. 

M.  Gerspach's  first  tasks  accomplished,  he 
began  to  compile  a  catalogue  of  the  tapestries 
belonging  to  the  ci-devant  ateliers  royals  of  the 
Gobelins,  which,  barely  surviving  the  most  san- 
guinary phases  of  the  Revolution,  were  revived 
when  order  attained  the  upper  hand  under  the 
Directory,  and  continue  to  flourish  under  the 
Third  Republic.  To  make  this  catalogue  valuable 
as  an  historical  document,  it  was  necessary  to 
discover  in  the  stores  of  the  ateliers  de  la  manu- 
facture, as  they  are  called,  what  examples  had 
really  been  made  at  the  Gobelins,  what  were 
the  names  of  the  artists  employed,  what  subjects 
the  works  represented,  when  they  were  woven, 
and  under  whose  superintendence  this  was  done. 
The  inquiry  was  large  and  diliicult,  rather  from 
its  complexity  and  the  number  of  inexact  data 
which  had  been  even  officially  accepted  as 
regards  the  history  of  the  manufactory  and 
its  wares  than  from  lack  of  records  of 
material  value  for  the  correction  of  errors  and 
the  filling  of  gaps  in  the  narrative.  The  most 
important  of  these  records  were  the  "Edit 
de  Fondation,"  "Les  £tats  des  Travaux  des 
Ateliers,"  inventories  (especially  that  of  the 
Alobilier  de  la  Co^ironne,  which  from  1663  to 
1714  was  excellent),  the  inventories  of  the 
patterns  ((jardes  des  modeles),  the  correspond- 
ence at  large,  and  the  registers.  Even  the 
livrets  of  the  Salons  de  pei)itv.re,  to  which,  as 
is  still  the  case,  pieces  of  tapestry  had  been 
lent,  supplied  data  which,  we  suspect,  were  not 
always  found  so  exact  as  might  be  desired.  The 
inventories  of  the  Crown  furnished  the  numbers 
of  the  pieces  they  referred  to,  and  the  dimen- 
sions of  some  of  them,  but  not  always  the 
subjects.  Of  course  the  task  of  the  inquirer 
was  not  simplified  by  knowledge  of  the  fact 
that  many  copies,  or  versions,  of  one  model  had 
been  manufactured.  Portions  of  tapestry,  such 
as  those  destined  for  furniture,  for  fauteuils  and 
chairs,  besides  experiments  (traranx  d'essai), 
emblems,  and  ciphers,  were  necessarily  omitted 
from  the  body  of  this  book,  where  hangings 
proper  and  large  works  only  could  be  recorded. 
Some  details  of  these  kinds  are  supplied  in  the 
appendix.  Perhaps  the  greatest  difficulty  M. 
Gerspach  encountered,  although  he  does  not 
make  a  point  of  it,  was  the  fact  that  not  a  small 
proportion  of  the  tapisseries  anciennes  now 
belonging  to  the  State  were  dispersed,  some  in 
the  Paris  magazine,  some  in  the  various  palaces 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Crown,  some  in  the 
ministries,  the  residences  of  diplomatic  agents 
abroad,  and  the  museums.  Of  course  it  is  in 
such  places  one  would  expect  to  find  the  pro- 
ductions of  a  national  workshop. 

The  death  of  Le  Brun  was  an  event  of  great 
importance  in  the  history  of  the  Gobelins,  with 
which    factory  his    name    is   inseparably   asso- 


394 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


ciated.  This  is  heedfuUy  noticed  by  M.  Gers- 
pach.  Le  Brun  was  Director  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  works  in  1662  till  his  death  in  1690, 
and  the  most  famous  of  his ,  works  in  this 
capacity  were  '  Les  Quatre  Elements,'  '  Les 
Quatre  Saisons,'  '  L"Histoire  de  Mele'agre ' 
(6  pieces),  '  L'Histoire  de  Constantin' (8),  and 
the  stupendous  '  L'Histoire  du  Roi  Louis  XIV. ' 
(17),  for  which  not  only  the  Gobelins,  but 
Le  Brun  himself,  were  supposed  to  be  created 
by  Divine  Providence.  There  was  a  supple- 
mentary series  besides,  '  Les  Conquetes  de 
Louis  XIV.'  (in  5  pieces),  which  were  made 
at  Beauvais  under  M.  Behagle.  Then  came 
—  of  the  same  master's  designing,  but  not 
originally  intended  for  tapestries — his  'Por- 
tieres de  Mars,'  'Des  Renommees,'  and  '  Du 
Char  de  Triomphe  ';  the  panels  of  '  Les  Muses  ' 
and  '  Cupidon  '  (10),  which  were  made  for  the 
Chateau  de  Vaux  ;  '  L'Histoire  d'Alexandre  ' 
(11),  examples  of  Le  Brun's  grandiose  and 
stately  mood;  his  'Les  Mois,'  which  were 
intended  to  represent  the  royal  palaces,  or 
portions  of  them,  such  as  the  Louvre  during  the 
performance  at  the  Ope'ra  under  Louis  XIV.  ; 
'  Un  Ballet  danse  par  le  Roy  dans  le  Palais 
Royal ' ;  and  various  scenes  at  the  Chateau  de 
Madrid,  Versailles,  and  other  places.  M. 
Gerspach  may  have  felt  a  little  sardonic 
pleasure  while  he  wrote  in  the  list  of  his  pre- 
decessors in  office  since  the  death  of  Le  Brun 
the  names  of  an  architect  or  two,  an  "  ancien 
officier  d'artillerie,"  and  a  civil  engineer.  In 
addition  to  his  lists  of  works  executed  during 
the  two  hundred  and  thirty  years  of  the  Gobelins 
and  the  officials  of  that  factory,  M.  Gerspach 
gives  the  names  of  the  artists  who  painted  the 
modeles,  or  copies  of  pictures  used  at  the  looms  ; 
facsimiles  of  the  signatures  of  the  chefs  d' ateliers 
which  have  been  found  on  pieces  of  tapestry, 
whether  produced  at  the  haute  lisse  or  the  basse 
lisse ;  details  of  the  numbers  of  tapestries  made 
from  each  modele,  so  far  as  they  are  ascertain- 
able— side-lights,  so  to  call  them,  upon  the  sister 
factory  at  Beauvais  and  other  matters.  The 
most  numerous  series  of  tapestries  made  at  the 
Gobelins  seems  to  have  been  '  L'Histoire  de 
Don  Quichotte  '  after  Coypel.  M.  Gerspach  is  so 
good  a  critic  and  so  zealous  for  the  independ- 
ence of  the  art  of  the  tapissier  that  he  vigorously 
deprecates  the  practice  of  copying  pictures  only 
at  the  Gobelins.     He  says  of  his  domain  : — 

"  La  Manufacture  persevera  longtemps  dans  la 
copie  des  lableaiix.  L'erreur  sterilisa  I'lnvention 
decorative  et  supprima  la  liberte  d'interpretation 
dont  les  tapisseries  avaient  joui  aux  belles  epoques 
de  la  fabrication  ;  elle  amena  Taneantissement 
comjilet  des  bordures  ;  deja  elles  n'etaient  plus  que 
des  imitations  de  moulures  sculptees  et  dorees ; 
bientut  elles  furent  requites  ^  des  bandes  plates,  et 
enfin  elles  furent  remplacees  par  des  cadres  de 
bois." 

In  addition  to  these  just  censures,  the  author 
writes  scornfully  of  the  absurd  pleas  of  those 
who  deny  to  the  tapissier  the  right  to  be 
original  in  art,  and  of  others  who  call  upon  him 
to  copy  great  pictures  in  order  to  preserve  those 
chefs-d'(/:nxre  from  destruction  (as  if  tapestry 
was  more  permanent  than  oil,  paint,  or  canvas  !); 
and  he  stringently  protests  against  the  prepos- 
terous notions  of  many  who  would  have  the 
weaver  attempt  to  copy  natural  objects  illu- 
sively and  deceive  spectators  by  the  excessively 
close  imitation  of  natural  objects.  Of  course 
his  judgment  inclines  strongly  to  that  mode  of 
painting  in  the  haute  lisse  and  basse  lisse  methods, 
as  in  embroidery  and  in  the  arts  of  stained 
and  painted  glass,  which  is  analogous  to  art 
proper  in  mosaic,  and  which  eschews  imitation 
of  nature,  illusive  modelling,  realistic  lights, 
shadows,  and  colouring.  He  understands  the 
logic  and  consistency  of  decorative  art  which 
excels  in  representing  the  higher,  if  not  the 
graver  moods  of  the  artist,  without  decep- 
tive copying  of  solid  substances,  in  respect 
to  which  it  can  never  succeed,  while  enormous 
labour  and  prodigious  waste  of  money  are 
incurred    in    vain.     Napoleon,    in   1800,    said, 


"De'fendre  aux  Gobelins  de  faire  des  tableaux, 
avec  lesquels  ils  ne  peuvent  jamais  rivaliser, 
mais  faire  des  teintures  et  des  meubles";  and 
M.  Gerspach  declares,  "La  copie  des  tableaux 
est  une  aberration."  The  tapestry  version  of  a 
picture  by  a  great  master  is,  after  all,  but  the  copy 
of  a  copy,  more  costly,  less  complete,  more  sub- 
ject to  fading,  obnoxious  to  dust,  difficult  to 
repair,  and  far  less  durable  than  the  original. 
Of  the  tremendous  costliness  of  some  of  the 
famous  examples  produced  at  the  Gobelins  M. 
Gerspach  (who  admits  that  other  factories  were 
not  so  dear)  gives  some  amazing  details.  Only 
a  nation  would  consent  to  endure  such  out- 
lays, and  he  adds  that  even  the  sums  he  quotes 
are  incomplete  because  they  do  not  include  the 
expenses  of  administration,  for  models,  schools 
for  artists  and  artisans,  materials,  buildings, 
and  pensions.  'L'Histoire  du  Roy,'  says  he, 
"en  haute  lisse  est  revenue  en  moyenne,  par 
piece,  a  21,000  livres,  et  'Les  Pastorales,'  en 
basse  lisse,  h  5,000  livres,  valeurs  du  temps." 
Well  may  he  add,  "  C'etait  fort  cher." 


We  have  it  on  the  best  authority  that  Sir 
John  E.  Millais,  who  is  shooting  in  Perthshire, 
is  "perfectly  well,"  and  greatly  enjoying  his 
sport. 

Mr.  Rossetti  has  offered  the  following  por- 
traits to  the  Trustees  of  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  who  have  accepted  the  works  : — 1.  A 
portrait  of  Christina  Georgina  Rossetti,  along 
with  her  mother  Frances  M.  L.  Rossetti,  head 
and  shoulders,  life  size,  executed  in  tinted 
crayons  by  Dante  G.  Rossetti  in  1877  at  Hunter's 
Forestall,  near  Heme  Bay.  2.  A  portrait  of  John 
William  Polidori,  M.D.,  brother  of  Mrs.  Frances 
Rossetti.  He  wrote  (besides  other  things)  the 
well-known  tale  named  'The  Vampyre,'  after 
accompanying  Lord  Byron  as  travelling  phy- 
sician when  the  poet,  in  1816,  left  England  for 
the  last  time.  He  died  in  1821.  This  is  an  oil 
painting,  life-size  bust  ;  it  is  treated  in  a  telling, 
forcible  style,  but  the  name  of  the  artist  cannot 
at  present  be  stated  by  the  donor. 

Mr.  Rossetti  was  lately  in  Venice,  having 
been  invited  to  act  upon  the  jury  for  assigning 
prizes  to  the  contributors  to  the  International 
Exhibition  of  Art  in  that  city.  His  colleagues 
elected  him  foreman  of  the  jury,  and  Prof. 
Venturi  as  reporter.  The  other  three  members 
were  Prof.  Muther,  Prof.  Lange,  and  M.  Robert 
de  la  Sizeranne  ;  secretary  to  the  exhibition, 
Prof.  Fradeletto. 

The  ancient  Market  Cross  at  Chichester,  or 
what  remains  of  it,  is  to  be  restored  in  the 
manner  suggested  by  Mr.  D.  J.  Blow,  who  pro- 
poses to  make  as  little  alteration  as  possible 
in  the  original  design  of  this  interesting  relic. 

The  Yorkshire  Arclipeological  Association  is 
collecting  funds  for  the  excavation  of  the  ruins 
of  the  once  very  interesting  monastery  of  the 
Carthusians  at  Mount  Grace,  Northallerton.  It 
is  intended  to  clear  out  the  site,  and  remove 
the  earth  which  has  accumulated  about  the 
church  and  its  subsidiary  buildings.  It  is  tn  be 
hoped  that  these  operations  will  not  be  (  f  that 
drastic  nature  which  we  described  a  few  years 
since  as  being  then  in  progre-s  at  Kirkstall, 
where  the  once  noble  church  has  since  been 
reduced  to  the  condition  of  an  architectural 
model  on  a  large  scale,  its  history  obliterated, 
and  its  venerableness  destroyed  by  proceedings 
which  had  nothing  to  do  with  its  preservation. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  recently  mooted 
project  for  bridging  the  Wye  at  Brookweir — an 
"  iron  structure,"  to  cost  about  5,000L,  being  in 
view — will  not,  if  carried  into  effect,  be  fatal  to 
the  beauty  of  the  locality.  Of  course  a  wooden 
l)ridge  would  be  far  less  objectionable  than 
the  sort  of  thing  comuionly  called  an  "  iron 
.structure." 

The  results  of  the  recent  excavations  carried 
on  by  the  Limes  Commission  on  the  right  shore 


of  the  Neckar,  above  the  town  of  Sulz,  show 
that  besides  a  military  station  there  was  a 
civic  Roman  colony  on  the  spot. 

The  Society  for  Protecting  Ancient  Buildings, 
its  allies,  both  original  and  current,  as  well  as 
all  lovers  of  fine  Gothic  and  Romanesque 
architecture,  will  hear  with  but  too  well- 
grounded  apprehensions  that  it  is  intended  to 
expend  not  less  than  600, 000  fr.,  and  probably 
much  more,  upon  the  restoration  of  the  noble 
church  at  Bougival. 

The  Library  of  the  British  Museum,  includ- 
ing as  it  does  the  old  Royal  Library  presented 
by  George  II.,  the  Harleian  and  Cracherode  col- 
lections, and  thousands  of  other  manuscripts 
and  printed  books  collected  at  difi'erent  times 
and  preserved  in  their  original  covers,  contains 
a  more  representative  collection  of  English 
bindings  from  the  twelfth  century  to  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  than  could  now  probably  be  got 
together  from  all  other  extant  libraries,  while 
the  great  progress  made  of  late  years  in  the  art 
of  chromo-lithography  renders  possible  faithful 
representations  of  these  masterpieces.  We  are, 
therefore,  glad  to  learn  that  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul 
&  Co.  will  publish  early  in  the  autumn  a  volume 
containing  sixty-six  folio  plates  of  English  book- 
bindings, selected  by  permission  of  the  Trustees 
from  the  collection  in  the  Library.  The  ex- 
amples include  stamped  bindings  of  the  twelfth 
century,  during  which  the  English  binders  were 
esteemed  the  most  skilful  in  Europe  ;  stamped 
bindings  of  the  early  Tudors  ;  many  bindings 
belonging  to  the  English  kings  and  queens 
and  private  collectors  ;  embroidered  books  ;  Sir 
Julius  Caesar's  travelling  library  ;  authentic 
work  of  the  Sisters  of  Little  Gidding;  English 
and  Scotch  bindings  of  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  ;  and  examples  of  the  work  of 
all  the  principal  English  binders,  from  Berthelet 
to  Payne.  The  plates  will  be  by  Mr.  W.  Griggs. 
The  descriptive  letterpress  will  be  written  by 
Mr.  W.  Y.  Fletcher,  F.S.A.,  late  Assistant 
Keeper  of  Printed  Books. 

To-DAY  (Saturday)  has  been  appointed  by  the 
managers  of  the  Continental  Gallery  for  a  private 
view  of  an  exhibition  of  pictures  recently  shown 
in  the  Paris  Salon  and  at  the  gallery  in  the 
Champ  de  Mars.  The  public  will  be  admitted 
on  Monday  next. 

A  VOLUME  of  illustrations  to  Milton's  '  Para- 
dise Lost,'  of  which  only  150  numbered  copies 
are  to  be  printed  for  England  and  America, 
will  shortly  be  published  by  Mr.  John  0. 
Nimmo.  The  illustrations,  twelve  in  number, 
are  designed  and  etched  by  Mr.  Wm.  Strang. 
All  the  proofs  will  be  printed  on  French  hand- 
made paper  by  Mr.  F.  Goulding. 

Messrs.  Henry  &  Co.  are  going  to  publish 
'  Sir  Anthony  Van  Dyck  :  his  Life  and  Work,' 
by  Jules  Guiffery,  with  etchings  of  paintings, 
heliogravures,  and  other  illustrations. 

Apropos  of  our  announcement  on  the  7th 
of  a  work  on  maiolica  by  Mr.  Fortnum,  to  be 
published  by  the  Clarendon  Press,  we  are  re- 
quested to  .say  that  that  gentleman  is  issuing 
two  books,  the  first  being  an  '  Historical  Trea- 
tise on  Maiolica,'  illustrated,  and  the  second 
'  An  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Maiolica  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  (Fortnum  Collection).' 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

THE    GLOUCESTER   FESTIVAL. 

It  is  now  possible  to  complete  the 
record  of  this  celebration,  which  in  artistic 
and  substantial  success  was  ratlier  above 
the  average.  The  first  of  the  even- 
ing performances,  on  Tuesday,  the  10th 
inst.,  in  the  cathedral  had  an  unusually 
brief    programme,  consisting    of   Mozart's 


N''3543,  Sept.  21/95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


395 


'  Eequiem ';  Beethoven's  Sympliony  in  c, 
No.  1  ;  and  Henry  Pui'cell's  Te  Deum  in 
D.  Concerning  the  first  and  second  of  these 
not  a  word  of  criticism  is  necessary,  and  the 
interpretation  of  both  left  little,  if  anything, 
to  be  desired.  To  Prof.  J.  F.  Bridge  -we 
are  indebted,  in  the  first  place,  for  the  per- 
formance of  the  third-named  noble  work, 
as  nearly  as  possible  with  the  composer's 
intentions.  He  says  in  his  own  preface  to 
the  new  vocal  score  (NoveUo,  Ewer  &  Co.) : 

*'  Having  recently  acquired  the  original  auto- 
graph of  this  interesting  work,  I  have  been 
enabled  to  correct  between  twenty  and  thirty 
mistakes  made  in  the  first  printed  copy  (1697), 
many  of  which  have  been  continued  in  every 
succeeding  edition.  The  additions  made  by  Dr. 
Boyce  in  1755  (which  made  the  work  fully  one- 
third  longer)  have  been  eliminated  ;  and  Pur- 
cell's  harmonies,  which  in  many  places  were 
unjustifiably  changed,  have  been  restored." 

This  is  all  good,  but  Dr.  Bridge's  labour 
would  have  been  in  vain  had  the  music 
been  of  less  value  than  it  really  is.  But 
the  Te  Deum  affords  the  strongest  evidence 
of  the  greatness  of  PurceU's  genius.  Except 
for  the  florid  passages,  in  which  composers 
indulged  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  Pur- 
cell  well  into  the  present  century,  it  does  not 
sound  in  the  least  old-fashioned ;  and  con- 
sidering that  the  vocal  score  numbers  only 
two  dozen  pages,  the  treatment  of  the  words 
is  singularly  felicitous,  fine  effects  crowding 
upon  one  another.  The  performance  was 
vigorous,  and  the  effect  of  the  trumpets, 
often  harsh  and  disagreeable  in  the  concert- 
room,  was  remarkably  fine  in  the  cathedral. 

Wednesday  morning  was  devoted  to  Dr. 
Hubert  Parry's  oratorio  'King  Saul,'  a 
masterwork  on  which  almost  the  last  words 
have  been  said.  The  composer  was  advised 
to  make  curtailments,  and  he  made  them ; 
the  excisions  last  week  were  not  quite 
the  same  as  at  the  Albert  Hall,  and  the 
result  was  some  slight  confusion  at  times  ; 
but  with  this  exception  the  performance 
was  admirable.  The  choir  sang  the  by  no 
means  easy  music  with  firmness  and  con- 
fidence, and  all  possible  justice  was  ren- 
dered to  the  principal  parts  by  Miss  Anna 
Williams,  Miss  Jessie  King  (who  is  rapidly 
improving  her  position).  Miss  Hilda  Wilson, 
Mr.  E.  Lloyd,  Mr.  Andrew  Black,  and  Mr. 
David  Bispham. 

In  the  evening  took  place  the  only  secular 
concert  of  the  week,  in  the  Shire  Hall.  A 
new  composition  by  Miss  Eosalind  F.  Elli- 
cott  is  generally  looked  for  at  the  Gloucester 
Festival,  and  this  year  it  took  the  form  of 
a  Fantasia  in  a  minor  for  pianoforte  and 
orchestra.  Miss  Ellicott's  works  may  not 
display  much  marked  individuality  of  utter- 
ance, but  they  never  offend,  because  they 
are  invariably  noteworthy  for  musicianship 
and  good  taste.  In  the  present  instance 
there  are  traces  of  the  influence  of  Schu- 
mann, Mendelssohn,  and  Grieg,  and  the 
least  that  can  be  said  in  favour  of  Miss  Elli- 
cott  is  that  she  has  selected  good  models. 
The  solo  part  in  the  piece  was  rendered 
with  much  refinement  by  Miss  Sybil  Pal- 
liser.  The  concert  was  much  too  long,  but 
the  only  other  feature  calling  for  notice  was 
the  splendid  rendering  of  a  series  of  glees 
by  the  Bristol  Orpheus  Glee  Society  under 
Mr.  George  Eiseley.  This  old-established 
force  seems  to  be  still  in  vigorous  life. 

On  Thursday  morning  the  most  striking 


of  the  festival  novelties  was  brought  to  a 
hearing.  This  was  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen's 
cantata  'The  Transfiguration,'  the  libretto 
of  which  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Bennett.  The  stock  of  Biblical  stories  suit- 
able for  musical  treatment  is  practically 
exhausted,  and  unless  a  composer  treats  one 
of  them  from  a  fresh  standpoint,  as  Dr. 
Parry  does  in  '  King  Saul,'  he  must  be  con- 
tent with  episodes  which  may  be  made  the 
groundwork  of  brief  cantatas.  One  of  these 
is  Christ's  temporary  manifestation  of  Him- 
self as  the  King  of  Glory,  and  Mr.  Bennett 
has  judiciously  modelled  his  book  mainly 
on  those  of  Bach's  church  cantatas,  mingling 
Scriptural  narrative  with  stanzas  from  his 
own  pen,  his  lines  being  always  in  good 
taste  and  generally  fervid  in  expression. 
With  regard  to  Mr.  Cowen's  music,  it  may 
be  said  at  once  that  it  transcends  all  his 
former  efforts  in  strength  and  virility  of 
style.  'The  Transfiguration'  demands  some- 
thing more  striking  than  mere  delicacy  in 
melody  and  fancifulness  in  orchestration, 
and  the  composer  has  evidently  felt  that  he 
had  to  display  greater  strength  than  usual, 
and  he  has  accomplished  his  task  remark- 
ably well.  The  scene  on  the  mount,  with 
its  gradually  swelling  harmonies  for 
orchestra  finally  bursting  into  the  chorus 
"King  Majestic!  Vision  glorious!"  could 
scarcely  have  been  more  finely  treated ; 
and  the  final  chorus,  "  Unto  Him  which," 
is  splendid  in  its  bold  rhythmic  progres- 
sions. Among  the  more  lyrical  sections, 
which  show  Mr.  Cowen's  idiosyncrasy  in 
its  most  favourable  light,  are  the  tenor  air 
"  Who  would  not  fear  Thee?"  the  chorus 
"  0  Elder  Brother,  come,"  the  quartet 
and  chorus  "Lord  Jesus,  open  Thou  our 
ears,"  and,  above  all,  an  exquisite  little 
hymn,  "0  Jesu,  none  but  Thee,"  which 
should  certainly  be  pubhshed  sepa- 
rately as  an  anthem.  The  orchestration 
throughout  is  vivid  and  picturesque,  and 
the  use  of  leading  themes  eminently 
judicious  without  being  too  prominent. 
Mr.  Cowen's  latest  effort  may  be  pro- 
nounced at  once  brilliant  and  devotional, 
and  though  by  no  means  easy,  it  was  put 
before  the  audience  in  a  very  effective 
manner,  the  solo  parts  being  well  sung  by 
Madame  Medora  Henson,  Miss  Hilda 
Wilson,  Mr.  Lloyd,  and  Mr.  Bispham. 
Dr.  C.  Harford  Lloyd's  new  Organ  Con- 
certo in  F  minor  suffered  rather  by  being 
placed  next.  It  is  a  scholarly  rather  than  an 
inspired  work.  The  first  movement  is  per- 
hajos  a  trifle  dry,  but  the  third  is  spirited, 
and  the  middle  section  has,  we  are  told, 
though  without  definite  authority,  some 
realistic  effects.  At  any  rate,  it  is  piquant 
and  almost  eccentric  at  times.  The  solo 
part  in  the  concerto  was  tastefully  played 
by  Mr.  G.  E.  Sinclair  ;  and  the  over-lengthy 
programme  included  Beethoven's  Mass  in  c. 
No.  1,  and  Brahms's  '  Schicksalslied.'  In 
the  evening  there  was  another  performance 
in  the  cathedral,  consisting  of  a  now  church 
cantata,  '  A  Dedication,'  by  Mr.  C.  Lee 
WiUiams  (unpretentious,  but  musicianly, 
pleasing,  and  generally  bright  in  cha- 
racter), and  Mendelssohn's  '  Lobgesang.' 

On  Friday  the  festival  concluded  with 
'  The  Messiah,'  which  attracted  an  audience 
unprecedented  in  respect  of  numbers,  testify- 
ing to  the  unimpaired  vitality  of  Handel's 
most  sacred  oratorio. 


CREEK   MUSIC. 

September  IG,  1895. 

Mr.  Torr's  explanations  and  limitations  in 
your  last  issue  should  now  make  it  clear  enough 
that  the  accuracy  of  M.  Reinach's  transcript  is 
not  at  all  afi'ected  by  the  question  whether  or  no 
the  Greeks  were  ignorant  of  equal  temperament. 

My  other  two  points  in  this  connexion — that 
the  assertion  of  such  Greek  ignorance  is  not 
new,  and  that  the  best  authorities  of  the  pre- 
sent day  have  decided  against  its  prol)ability — 
also  remain  undisputed  and  indisputable.  All 
that  Mr.  Torr  has  found  himself  able  to  tell 
us  on  the  latter  point  is  that  the  interpretation 
placed  by  modern  experts  upon  the  original 
records  is  of  no  value  compared  with  Mr.  Torr's 
own  interpretation  ;  and  that  those  who  cannot 
see  this  are  either  ignorant  or  stupid.  Upon 
which  points  I  venture  to  submit  that  it  would 
better  have  become  others  to  pronounce. 

I  said  further  that  it  was  not  necessarily  an 
objection  to  the  transcript  that  two  different 
Greek  symbols  were  placed  by  M.  Reinach  at 
the  same  pitch,  and,  adducing  a  more  or  less 
close  historical  parallel,  I  illustrated  the  pos- 
sibility of  musical  synonyms.  By  a  misrepre- 
sentation so  careless  as  to  seem  almost  wilful, 
Mr.  Torr  accuses  me  (1)  of  changing  my  ground, 
and  (2)  of  putting  forward  a  bad  argument.  I 
put  forward  no  argument  at  all,  but  plainly 
said  that  argument  would  be  complex  and  out 
of  place.  But  I  pointed  out  that  in  this  matter 
also  Mr.  Torr's  view  was  not  generally  held  to 
be  sound. 

My  interpretation  of  Ptolemy's  'Harmonics,' 
book  ii.  cap.  6,  as  against  Mr.  Torr's,  I  posi- 
tively adhere  to.  Your  readers  can  easily 
consult  the  reference  and  judge  for  themselves. 

The  rest  of  Mr.  Torr's  letter  is  irrelevant, 
and  a  sheer  waste  of  time  and  space.  With 
objections  to  the  transcript,  other  than  the  two 
general  ones  which  I  selected  for  comment,  I  have 
here  nothing  to  do.  Ernest  Bergholt. 

*^*  This  correspondence  must  now  cease. 


We  have  received  an  early  copy  of  the 
prospectus  of  the  fortieth  series  of  the  Crystal 
Palace  Saturday  Concerts.  The  first  ten  per- 
formances will  commence  on  October  12th,  and 
terminate  on  December  14  th  ;  and  the  latter 
half  of  the  series  will  begin  on  February  15th, 
and  end  on  April  18th  ;  Mr.  Manns's  annual 
benefit  being  fixed  for  the  following  Saturday. 
The  principal  additions  to  the  repertory  in  the 
first  division  will  be  a  Symphony  in  d  by  Mr. 
Walford  Davies,  to  be  produced  at  the  second 
concert,  when  the  programme  will  consist 
entirely  of  works  by  British  composers,  in 
celebration  of  the  fortieth  anniversary  of  the 
establishment  of  these  performances  ;  two 
characteristic  pieces  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Barnett ; 
Mr.  Edward  German's  Suite  composed  for  the 
Leeds  Festival  ;  an  andante  reli'iioso,  '  St. 
Cecilia,'  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Couldery  ;  the  late 
Goring  Thomas's  cantata  'The  Swan  and  the 
Skylark  ';  Tschaikowsky's  Symphony  in  f  minor. 
No.  4;  Hermann  Goetz's  'Nienie,'  for  chorus 
and  orchestra  ;  and  two  pieces  on  old  Scotch 
melodies  by  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie.  A  Beet- 
hoven programme  will  be  given  at  the  last 
concert  before  Christmas,  in  commemoration  of 
the  125th  anniversary  of  the  composer's  birth. 
The  list  of  standard  works  to  be  given  is 
very  satisfactory,  and  a  large  number  of  vocal 
and  instrumental  artists  will  make  their  first 
appearance  at  the  Cryst.al  Palace  in  the  course 
of  the  season. 

We  have  also  received  lists  of  the  entertain- 
ments at  present  arranged  in  the  St.  James's, 
Queen's,  and  otlier  halls  for  the  last  three 
months  of  the  year.  From  these  it  is  evident 
that  tlie  number  of  orchestral  and  choral 
concerts  a.s  well  as  of  pianoforte  and  other 
recitals  will  be  considerably  above  the  average. 


396 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3543,  Sept.  21, '95 


What  promises  to  be  an  important  new  enter- 
prise is  a  series  of  orchestral  concerts  to  be  given 
weekly  on  Sunday  afternoons  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  commencing  October  6th.  Mr.  Randegger 
will  be  the  conductor,  and  the  series  will  last 
for  six  months. 

We  have  already  given  full  particulars  con- 
cerning the  second  Cardiff  Festival,  announced 
to  take  place  on  the  last  four  days  of  this  week. 
Orchestral  and  general  rehearsals  have  been 
held  in  the  Park  Hall  during  the  greater  part 
of  three  days  ;  but  as  the  performances  did  not 
commence  until  Wednesday  morning,  it  will  be 
advisable  to  give  a  general  review  of  the  meeting 
next  week. 

Strange  to  say,  Handel's  oratorio  'Susanna,' 
written  in  1748,  has  not  yet  been  performed  in 
Germany.  We  now  hear  that  the  Bach-Gesell- 
schaft  of  Hamburg  intends  performing  it  next 
winter. 


DRAMA 


MRS.    APHRA   BEHN. 

With  reference  to  a  note  on  Aphra  Behn 
which  appeared  in  the  Atherueum  of  Septem- 
ber 22nd  last  (No.  3491),  it  will  interest  some 
of  your  readers  to  learn  that  there  are  in  the 
Public  Record  Ofhce  three  petitions  of 
"Aphara"  or  "Fyhare"  Behn  to  Charles  II., 
praying  him  to  order  1501.  to  be  paid  to  one 
Edward  Butler  to  save  her  irom  being  thrown 
into  prison.  A  letter  in  Mrs.  Behn's  liand- 
writing,  addressed  to  Thomas  Killigrew,  is 
annexed  to  one  of  the  petitions,  and  runs  thus  : 

Sr. — if  you  could  guess  at  the  affliction  of  my 
soule  you  would  I  am  sure  pity  uie.  'Tis  to- 
morrow that  I  must  submitt  myself  to  a  prison,  the 
time  being  expir'd,  and  though  I  indeavour'd  all 
day  yesterday  to  gett  a  few  days  more  I  can  not 
because  they  say  they  see  I  am  dallied  w'h  all  ;  and  so 
they  say  I  shall  be  for  ever,  so  I  can  not  revoke  my 
doome.  I  have  cry'd  mjself  dead,  and  could  find 
in  my  hart  to  break  through  all  and  get  to  the 
King  and  never  rise  till  he  weare  pleas'd  to  pay 
this,  but  I  am  sick  and  weake  and  unfitt  for  yt  or  a 
Prison.  I  shall  go  to-morrow,  but  I  will  send  my 
mother  to  the  King  w^^  a  Petition,  for  I  see  every 
body  are  words  [s?c]  ;  and  I  will  not  perish  in  a 
Prison  from  whence  he  [Butler]  swears  I  shall  not 
Stirr  till  the  uttmost  farthing  bepayd;  and  oh  God  ! 
who  considers  my  misery  and  charges  too,  this  is 
my  reward  for  all  my  great  promises  and  my  in- 
deavours.  Sr.  if  I  have  not  the  money  to-night 
you  must  send  me  somthing  to  keepe  me  in  Prison, 
for  I  will  not  starve.  A.  Behn. 

Endorsed  : 

For  Mr.  Killigrew  this. 

These  documents  are  not  dated,  but  are  un- 
doubtedly to  be  referred  to  a  period  shortly 
after  the  close  of  Mrs.  Behn's  diplomatic  mission 
to  Antwerp  in  1G6G.  They  fully  bear  out  the 
inference  on  this  portion  of  her  history  which 
is  drawn  by  her  biographer  in  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography,'  who  writes:  "The 
truth  seems  to  be  that  she  had  been  left  unpro- 
vided for  at  the  death  of  her  husband,  and  that 
the  Court  basely  failed  to  reward  her  for  her 
services  in  Holland."  The  distinguished  autho- 
rity who  compiled  this  account  of  tlie  lady  did 
not  apparently  care  to  go  beyond  the  ordinary 
printed  sources  of  information  for  liis  memoir, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  discovery  he  made  of 
the  actual  place  of  her  birth  ;  otherwise  he 
might  have  found  among  the  State  Papers  many 
letters  from  Aphra  Behn  written  in  August, 
1666,  and  later,  when  she  undertook  the  above- 
referred-to  secret  and  scmi-ofiicial  journey,  in 
order,  by  her  intimacy  with  William  Scott,  son 
of  the  regicide  Thomas  Scott,  and  other  English 
fugitives  resident  in  Holland,  to  obtain  informa- 
tion aV)Out  their  movements  and  the  movements 
of  their  friends  in  England.  Abstracts  of  these 
letters  are  given  in  Mrs.  (Jreen's  'Calendar  of 
State  Papers'  of  this  date,  which  was  published 
in  1864.  In  her  preface  to  the  volume  Mrs. 
Green  states  that  nothing  had  been  found  in 


the  letters  to  verify  the  statement  of  her  bio- 
graphers, that  the  design  of  the  Dutch  against 
the  ships  in  the  Medway  was  first  communicated 
to  the  English  Government  through  her  agency. 

Z. 


Mr.  Grundy's  new  play,  '  The  Greatest  of 
These,'  was  produced  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal 
at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Hull,  on  the  13th  inst. 
The  local  press,  on  which  as  yet  we  have  to 
rely,  speaks  highly  of  it,  and  praises  warmly 
the  acting  of  the  heroine  by  Mrs.  Kendal,  and 
of  Mr.  Kendal  as  her  husband.  It  may  be 
stated  that  the  heroine  is  once  more  a  woman 
with  a  past. 

Mr.  Pinero  is  now  making  rapid  progress 
with  his  new  play  for  the  Comedy  Theatre,  at 
which  house  rehearsals  are  being  actively  con- 
ducted. 

The  Court  Theatre  will  reopen  on  the  23rd 
with  '  Vanity  Fair,'  the  cast  of  which  will  be  prac- 
tically the  same  as  before.  The  first  novelty 
will  consist  of  'The  Rivals,'  in  which  Mr. 
Wilfred  Clarke  will,  it  is  expected,  appear  in 
his  father's  character  of  Bob  Acres. 

'  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  !'  was  duly  produced  on 
Thursday  at  Drury  Lane. 

The  production  of  '  Trilby  '  at  the  Haymarket 
will  take  place  late  in  October  or  early  in 
November. 

Mr.  George  Alexander  and  the  St.  James's 
company  acted  '  Liberty  Hall '  by  royal  com- 
mand on  Monday  last  at  Balmoral  Castle. 

Sir  Henry  Irving,  Miss  Terry,  and  the 
Lyceum  Company  appeared  at  Montreal  on 
Tuesday  last. 

A  revised  version  of  'An  Artist's  Model,' 
with  new  songs,  &c.,  is  announced  for  the  28th 
at  Daly's  Theatre. 

A  military  drama,  entitled  '  Tommy  Atkins,' 
is  the  latest  novelty  at  the  Pavilion. 

Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith  will  return  to  the 
Vaudeville  on  October  9th,  in  a  new  piece  to  be 
called  'The  Quaker.'  'The  Strange  Adven- 
tures of  Miss  Brown '  will  be  transferred  to 
Terry's  two  days  earlier. 

We  hear  with  regret  of  the  serious  illness  of 
Miss  Ada  Cavendish. 

'In  a  Locket,' a  three-act  farce  by  Messrs. 
H.  and  E.  A.  Paulton,  produced  at  the  Strand 
Theatre,  is  an  inoffensive,  but  clumsily  con- 
structed and  hopelessly  intricate  piece,  which 
proved  wholly  to  the  taste  of  the  first-night 
public.  It  is  inferior  to  previous  work  by  the 
same  authors,  and  is,  indeed,  commonplace  and 
crude.  It  was  cleverly  played  by  Mr.  H. 
Paulton,  Mr.  Welch,  Miss  Annie  Hill,  and  Miss 
Alice  de  Winton,  but  is  not  likely  to  raise  the 
fortunes  of  the  Strand. 

Mr.  Arthur  Benham,  part  author  of  '  The 
County,'  produced  at  Terry's  Theatre  on 
June  2nd,  1892,  and  author  of  'The  Awaken- 
ing,' given  at  the  Garrick  on  October  1st  of  the 
same  year,  has  died  at  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
three.  Plays  by  him  are  said  to  be  in  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Wyndham  and  Mr.  C.  H.  Hawtrey. 

Clara  Andersen,  the  most  prolific  playwright 
of  Denmark,  died  towards  the  end  of  last  mouth 
at  Copenhagen,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  Her 
play  *  Rosa  und  Rosita '  has  been  performed 
with  great  success  at  some  of  the  principal 
theatres  of  Austria  and  Germany. 


To   CORBKSPONDF.NTS.— A.    B.— B.    V.— H.    P.    M.S.    W. 

T.  W.— K.  K.  D.— T.  J.  W  — C.  F.  K —received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  commuiiicalions. 


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N° 3543,  Sept.  21/95 THE     ATHENiEUM 397 

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N'^SSIS,  Sept.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


399 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


TJilS  ir:EEKS  XVMSER  contains— 

NOTES ;— Defoe's  '  Remarkable  Passage  of  an  Apparition  —English  and 
Scotch  Students  at  Padua— Famous  Expression  of  George  III.— 
'■  Whose  "  Possessive  of  ■'  Which  "—Two  Archdeacons  of  Taunton— 
The  Moon  and  the  Weather— Movable  Types  — Nob  HiU- Burial 
Custom— Misprint  in  Browning— Ploral  Street. 

QUERIES  .—.Arrangement  of  Mediitval  Churches  — .\rmada  Tables- 
Hamilton's  and  Ligonier's  Dragoons- Motto  of  the  'Ihistle— "  Tattoo  ' 
—Hale  Church— 'Popleraans—Myfanwy— January  1.  March  25— 
Robin  of  Hibsdale  — Spanish  Grandees  —  "Kindle" —' Abif  — 
Ruvigny  and  Moodie  Families— The  Transfiguration— "Retiral  — 
"  Livableness  "—Early  Italian  Bible— Kev.  Dr.  Glasse-Clive  and 
AVolfe— ••  Hang  out  the  broom  "— ■  Rumford  Soups  "— Carlyle  Relic. 

REPLIES  — Philip  II.  of  Spain— Sratue  of  .\lfred  the  Great— Bear's 
■ft'Ood  Green— Does  the  Sun  put  out  the  Fire  '.'—Nightmares— .\rms 
of  Canterbury— T.  Chapman— Rhyme  to  Chimney— ■  White  Horses  " 
— 'Eyer  Loyal  City  —Lady  Kaiherine  Grey— ■  Balerma  ■—' Know- 
ledge is  power  "—Hogarth— Witham-Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— 
Almondbury  — Engraved  Portrait  — Grace  Curran  —  .Sheep-stealer 
Hanged  — "Taking  a  rise"— Bull-roarer— "  Giandmother's  Night- 
cap"—Frankums  Night— Cardinal  of  St.  Paul's— St  MaryOverie— 
"  Revolt  •  — PhUanthropy- Kev  B.  Ward— George  Errington. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  ;  — Peach's  'Life  and  Times  of  Ralph  Allen  " — 
Horstmann's  Richard  RoUe '— Beazley's  Prince  Henry  the  Navi- 
gator '— E.  y  B  s  '  Garden  of  Pleasure  '— Waylen's  "  Thoughts  from 
the  Writings  of  Richard  Jefleries.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEKS  NtOIBER  cmitnins— 

NOTES  :— Col  John  Hill- Petty  Bibliography— '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography '—Discovery  of  Oxygen--Semple  ;  Ramsay:  Burns— Sir 
W.  Leighton — "  Poor's  "—History  and  Romance-' Ships  that  pass 
in  the  Night'— Sir  W  Mildmay  and  Lord  Burghley— Dukedom  of 
Queensberry— Hay  in  Church  Aisles — "  Diggings  "—-\bode. 

QUERIES  :— Huguenot  Records  — .^.ddams  Family  — Manor  of  Stoke 
Giflford—Cupples— Richard  of  I'ireneester— Belgian  Name— Bennett, 
Portrait  Painter— Dr.  R.  Mead— Mary  Herbert,  (_:ountess  of  Pem- 
broke— Llandafl  Peerage— Cai'dinal  of  St.  Paul's— '  Anecdotes  An- 
gloises'— Archer  Family— Bookseller  and  Publisher  —  Waterloo 
Banquet  —  Burial-places  of  Sir  T.  More  and  Bishop  Fisher  — 
"Scoured "and  "Kincob"  Gowns— G.  Raleigh— Florio—S.  Briscoe 
—Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Pronunciation  of  Sea— Weldon  Family— Portrait  of  "Warren 
Hastings  — Her  Majesty's  Opposition  —  ••  Dillygrout  "— Duncalf— 
"  Drink,  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes  "' — "  Gallett "' — Iturbide — "  Spit"' 
—Monoyer— Hampshire  Yiiitations- Captain-Lieutenant— "  Chum  " 
— "  Hecatomb"  rhymed  with  "Gloom" — Rev.  E  Marten— 'Spanish 
Chant  — T.  Harley,  Lord  Mayor— Ilrst  Atlantic  Steamship— Church- 
ing of  "Women- rooth-Brushes— Arms— "  Carrion  "  Heath— '  The 
Bonnie  Banks  o'  Loch  Lomon' — Sir  J.  Marriott  —  Shakspeare— 
Dante"s  Geography— Mary  Magdalene— "roadstones — Sir  T,  Bond — 
Churchyard  Curiosities— Breeding  Stones— Rail-playing  in  Church- 
yards—Date of  the  Equinox— Odd  Volume— Pope  Joan— Baptist 
rami'hlet— Church  of  St.  Giles.  Cripplegate—  I  he  Kings  Quhair ' — 
Scot,  Bishop  of  Chester— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  — Dowden's  '  New  Studies  in  Literature  '-Putnam's 
'William  the  Silent '  —  Blairs  Bruce  s  Handbook  to  the  Roman 
Wall  ■— Madge's  '  Moultoa  Church  and  its  Bells '— '  The  Ex-Libris 
Journal.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


CoiiUnts,  SEPTEMBER  7. 

NOTES -.—Letter  from  Elias  Levita  — Bishops'  Transcripts  — Prince 
Charles  Edward— •Woful— Lady  Day  in  Harvest— Maypoles— Mil- 
ton's 'II  Penseroso '—Railway  Return  Tickets— R.  Wilson— "  Out- 
sider "—A  Parallel — Foxglove — Norris  Family — Bun. 

QUERIES  :— Hogarth— First  Earl  of  Ripon—Kenting— Clementina  Rad- 
clyffe— J.  Beaumont— Rev  W  Hutchins—' Garden  of  Cyrus'— Order 
of  the  Star  of  Bethlehem— Zodiac  Rings— Miliury  Music— Lord  Hol- 
land—Prickly Pear— Engravings  by  Faithorne- T.  Walker  &  Co. — 
St.  Peter's  Finger— White's  '  History  of  Newcastle '—Rev.  B.  "Ward— 
The  Selden  Monument— 'Fringilla— Stack-staves. 

REPLIES  :— Early  Life  of  Anne  Boleyn— Old  French  Map— Sporting 
Names  of  Birds -Perforated  Stones— Worcester  Cloisters— Gigantic 
Bones— Pitt  Club— Priests'  Orders— Thornton— Latin  Motto— Audrey 
and  Awdrey— " Poeta  nascitnr  non  fit" —Simon  de  Montfort's  Bones 
— Terminations  "argh"  and  " -ergh"— Sibyl— C.  C.  de  Crespigny— 
"Camberwell  Fringe  "-Philip  II.  of  Spain— Sir  Gore  of  Sacombe— 
Language — Archbishop  Wake— Local  Anecdotes  — Nelson  Relics  — 
'  Grase-widow  "  —  "Clyst"—  .Ancient  Masons'  Marks  —  Baptist 
Pamphlet— Theodolite 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  — Wheatleys '  Diary  of  Samuel  Pepys  —The  Month's 
Magazines— Cassell's  Publications 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


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for  the  above,  U.  Is  the  Term,  on  application  to  the  SEcnEriaT,  Uni- 
versity College,  Gower-street,  W  C. 

UNIVERSITY  EXTENSION.— ESSEX  HALL, 
Essex-street,  Strand. —TWO  COURSES  of  TEN  LECTURES 
each,  one  on  '  Elements  of  ^Esthetic  Philosophy.'  by  BERNARD 
BOSANQUET,  LL  D  .  commencing  on  FRIDAY.  October  4.  at  8  p  m.  ; 
one  on  'Mind  and  Will,'  by  J,  H.  MUIRHEAD,  M.A  ,  commencing 
on  WEDNESDAY,  October  9,  at  S  p.m. 
Fee  for  each  Course,  2s.  6t/. 
First  Lecture  of  each  Course  free. 

Secretary,  C.  A.  JEHR0LD,4,  Colville-gardens,  W. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY  and  POLITICAL 
SCIENCE.— CORRESPONDENCE  CLASSES  in  these  subjects, 
suitable  for  LL  A.  and  other  Examinations,  and  for  the  direction  of 
Home  Study,  will  BEGIN  EARLY  in  OC'l'OBER —Apply  to  the  Secre- 
T.\Rv,  St.  George's  Classes,  5,  Melville-street,  Edinburgh. 


H 


ASLEMERE     SCHOOL     for     GIRLS. 


This    School,   under   the    management    of    Mrs     SHAW    and    Miss 
MILDRED  HUTCHINSON,  will  OPEN  on  OCTOHEK  14. 
For  particulars  apply  to  Mrs.  Sha.w,  Inval,  Haslemere.  Surrey. 


q^REBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  3,  Trebovir- 

JL  road.  South  Kensington,  S.W.— Advanced  Classes  for  Girls  and 
Elementary  Classes  for  Ciiildren,  Principal— Mrs.  W  K  COLE,  The 
NEW  TKKM  COMMENCED  SEPTEMBER  19.-Prospectuses  forwarded 
on  application. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN. 
8  and  0,  York  place.  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal— Miss     EMILY      PENROSE. 
ART  DEPARTMENT. 
Visitor— Prof.   H    HERKOMER,  R.A. 
Professor— E.  KROUGH  JOHNSON,  Esq. 
The  ART  SCHOOL  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY,  October  3 —Further 
information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN, 
8  and  9,  i'ork-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal  —  Miss    EMILY      PENROSE. 
Training    Department— Miss    VI  VI. AN    THOMAS 
The    DEPARTMENT     for    the     PROFESSIONAL     TRAINING     of 
WO.MEN   in    TEACHING    will  OPEN   on    THURSDAY,   October  3  — 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

SCIENCE, 


PHE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of 

L  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 


'rhe  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Studen  s  of  both  scves. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natuiu!  >fience 
complete  Courses  arc  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art.  Ac. 

Itesideniial  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached 
to  the  College. 

25th  SESSION  BEGAN  SEPTEMBER  23. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is  j.— Prospectus  on  application  to 
the  Sr.f  Ri-i  *Rv 


KINGS  COLLEGE,  LONDO.V.— STUDENTS 
in  ARTS  and  SCIENCE,  ENGINEBRING.  and  APPLIED 
SCIENCES.  MEDICINE,  and  other  Branches  of  Education  wUl  be 
ADMIITEDIorthe  NEXT  TEll.M  on   lUESDAY.  October  1  next 

Students  are  classed  on  entrance  accoiding  to  their  proficiency,  and 
terminal  reports  of  the  progress  and  conduct  of  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  to  their  paients  and  guardians.  There  are  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibition? 

students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  •iubject  or 
subjects.  with"Ut  attending  the  C"niplete  Courses  of  the  vari.'us 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  as  Non-.'Hatricnlated  Students  on  payuient 
of  the  separate  fees  for  such  Classes  as  they  select 

IhB  College  has  an  entrance  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thumps  Rmimnknienl.  close  to  the  Temple  Station. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  Information  apply  to  the  SLcnc:.inv  King's 
College,  London,  W  C. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES.  BEACLIEU-SUR-MER,  BLABRITZ,  BOBl- 
DEAUX,  BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HA-VRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  T0UK8, 
TOULON. 

Ajid  at  the  GAXIGNANI  LIBRABX,  224,  Kue  de  RItoU,  Parij. 


VICTORIA  rNI\'ERSITT. 

PHE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS. 


The  TWENTY-SECOND  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  7.  and  the 
SIXTY-FIFTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICLNE  on  October  1, 
1S93. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry,  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  'textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture.  Agi-iculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery.  University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in 
the  Faculties  of  Arts,  Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  REoisrR\a. 


u 


NIVERSITY   COLLEGE,   LONDON. 


The  SESSION  of  the  F.^.CULTIES  of  ARTS  and  LAWS  and  ot 
SCIENCE  (including  the  Indian  and  Oriental  Schools  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Fine  Arts)  will  BEGIN  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  2.  Prof. 
W.  F  R.  WELDON,  F.R  S.,  will  make  a  Report  on  the  Scientific  ^\  ork 
of  the  past  Session,  and  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  by  Sir  JOHN 
ERICHSEN,  Bart.,  President  of  the  College,  at  3  p.m. 
Frofessors. 

F.  AlthauB,  Ph.D.— German. 

J.   P    Bate,  MA.  LL.D.— Jurisprudence  and  Constitutional   Law  and 

History. 
T.    Hudson   Beare,    B  Sc.    Assoc.    M  Inst.C.E.   F.R.S.E.  —  Mechanical 

Engineering. 
Cecil  Bendall,  M.A —Sanskrit, 
Rev.  T.  G.  Bonney,  D.Sc  LL  D.  F  R  S  F.G.S.— Geology  and  Mineralogy 

(Yates  Goldsmid  Professorship). 
Frederick  Brown— Fine  Arts  (Slade  Professorship). 
Rev  Robert  Bruce,  DD— Persian. 

T.  W.  Rhys  Davids.  LL  D  PhD  — Pali  and  Buddhist  Literature. 
Vacant. —Italian  Language  and  Literature. 
J.  A.  Fleming.  MA.  D.Sc.  F.R. S.— Electrical  Engineering. 

G.  C.  Foster,  B.A.  F.R  S— Physics  (Quain  Professorship). 
H  S.  Foxwell,  M.A. —Political  Economy. 

M.  J.  M.  Hill,  MA.  D.Sc  F.RS.— Mathematics. 

A.  E  Housman,  M  A  — Latin. 

W.  P   Ker,  M.A. —English  Language  and  Literature  (Quain  Professor- 
ship). 

H.  Lallemand,  B-cs-Sc— French  Language  and  Literature. 

Rev.  Dr.  D.  W.  Marks— Hebrew  (Goldsmid  Professorship). 

F.  C.  Montague,  M  A  —History. 

A.  F.  Murison,  M  A  LL.D  —Roman Law. 

F.  VV  Oliver,  M.A.  D  Sc— Botany  (Quain  Professorship). 

Karl  Pearson,  MA  LLB— Applied  .Mathematics  and  Mechanics. 

W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie,  D.C  L.— Egyptology. 

J.  Arthur  Piatt,  M.A —Greek. 

Vacant— Archi'ology  (Yates  Professorship). 

J.  P.  Postgate,  MA.  LittD— Comparative  Philology. 

W.  Ramsay.  Ph  D.  F.R  S.— Chemistry. 

E.  A.  Schdfer,  F.R  S— Physiology  (Jodrell  Professorship). 

T  Roger  Smith,  F  R  I  B  A.— Architecture. 

S.  A  Strong.  M.A. — Arabic. 

J  Sully,  M.A.  LLD— Philosophy  ol  Mind  and  Logic  (Grote  Professor- 
ship). 

L.  F  Vernon  Harcourt,  M  A.  M.  Inst  C.  E.— Civil  Engineering  and  Sur- 
veying. 

W.  F    R.   Weldon.  MA.  F  R.S  —Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy 
(Jodrell  Professorship). 

L.  L.  Price.  MA.— Statistics  (Newmarch  Lecturer). 

E.  Moore,  D.D.— Barlow  Lecturer  on  Dante. 
Students  are  admitted  to  all  Classes  without  previous  examination. 
Scholarships,  &c  ,  of  the  value  of  2,iXiOI,  may  be  awarJed  annually. 

The  regulations   as  to  these,  and  further  information  as  to  Classes, 

Prizes,  &c. ,  may  be  obtained  from  the  Secretary. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  MA.,  Secretaix 

ST.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 
-Albert  Embankment,  London.  S.E. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  1895-96  will  OPEN  on  WEDNESDAY. 
October  2,  when  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed  at  3  p.m.  by  Sir  EDWIN 
ARNOLD,  K  C.I.E.  CS.I. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz  :— One  of  150(  and  One  of  60/  in  Chemi»tryand  Physics, 
with  either  Phvsiologv,  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Year's  Students; 
One  of  oOi.  inAnatomy.  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  'fbird  Year's 
Students. 

scholarships  and  Money  Prizes  of  the  value  of  3001  are  awarded  at  the 
Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  Medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  Intermediate  MB.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge. 

Ihe  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  s.en  on  application  to 
the  Medical  Secretary. 

The  fees  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  inslalments  Entries  may 
be  made  separately  to  Lectures  or  n  Hospital  Practice,  and  speeial 
arrangements  are  made  for  Students  entering  in  thiir  Second  or  sulwe- 
quent  Years  -,  also  for  Dental  StudcnU  and  lor  Uualifled  PractitionerH 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  Is  kept  by  the  .Medical  Secretary, 
who  also  has  a  list  cf  local  Medical  Practitioners.  Clergymen,  and  othera 
»  ho  receive  Students  into  their  houses. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  particulars  apply  to^Mr^RENprc.^he  .Medical 
Secretary.  ^    ^ 


O.  H.  MAKINS.  Dean. 


A  DVICE   as    to    CHOICE   of    SCHOOLS.— The 

/v  Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Ora- 
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'THE    AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established   1879. 

X       Proprietor.    Mr.    A.    M     BUKGHP^.  1,   Paternoster-row       The 

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Ur.  A.  M.  lIcBuHLs,  .\uUiors'  A^nt,  I,  P^emoster-row. 


402 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
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HE      RAILWAY      HANDBOOK. 


References  to  nearly  100  Locomotives,  to  the  earliest  Steamboats, 
and  earliest  Mechanical  Carriages,  &e. 

The  only  Bibliography  of  the  subject  published.  In  it  the  largest 
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£ngineering.  June  14,  says  :— "Some  most  interesting  works  are  to  be 
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Birmingham  :  Ed.  Baker,  14  and  16,  John  Bright-street. 

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THE       MAGAZINE      of      ART 
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OUR  GRAPHIC  HUMOURISTS  :  C.  H.  BENNETT.  By  M.  H.  Spiel- 
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N 


OTES   and   QUERIES,     (Eighth    Series.) 


Tins  ITEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES  :— The  Burial  of  Isabella,  Queen  of  Edward  II  —Letters  of  Lord 
Nelson— Thomas  Palmer— The  Battle  of  Killiecrankie  and  the  Death 
of  Claverhouse— Records  by  Rail  and  Sea— '  Rule  Britannia'— 
Cardinal  Maury— Chestnut  Tree  at  Albury— Signboard— Discovery  of 
John  Evelvn's  '  Memoirs '—"  Informatorv  "—.\  Highland  Legend- 
Dean  Alford  and  Dr.  Tregelles— Literary  Parallels  in  Browning. 

QUERIES :— Malta— '  .\urora  von  Konigsmark —Floss' —  Berriman 
and  Hearn  Families— Colne  Priory— MPs  for  Newcastle-under- 
Lymc— '  A  Sparke  of  Friendship.'&c  — The  Edelweiss— Bishopric  of 
Achadcn— Spanish  slang— The  Waterloo  Hall— .^  Pitch  of  Cheeses- 
Superstitions— Punch  as  an  English  Beverage— Epitaphs:  The 
Huntrodcs  Epitaph— Song  Wanted— Saint  Truuion— Cox  Family— 
The  Word  "Hyperion  "—Knights  made  in  Ireland,  IMS- WakcHeld 
Railway. 

REPLIES :— Sunday  Markets— Richard  of  Cirencester— Roman  Roads 
—  Language— Samuel  Briscoe— 'The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore- 
Captain-Lieutenant-History  and  Romance—'  Human  Hibernation ' 
—Pronunciation  of  IPlace-namcs— The  Burial-places  of  Sir  Thomas 
More  and  Bishop  I'isher-Prickly  Pear-Priests' Orders-Dispensa- 
tions for  Polvgamy— Archer  Family— The  Humble  Bee  — Flag  to 
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"  Gavel"  — Waterloo  Biinquet  — 'The  Andrew  Willaw  Bequest- 
O'Brien:  Do  Bryan—  "Outsider"- name's  (.eopraphy— Kentish 
M  P  s— Collins's  'Ode  to  the  I'assions '— Sir  Koheit  Clarke— Dickin- 
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Dr.  Sparrow  Simpson. 

Price  4(/. ;  by  post,  4ji/. 
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N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


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in   the    LAST 


1.  HIGHLAND    SPORT 

GENERATION. 

Alexander  Innes  Shand. 

Illustrated  by  A.  Thorburn. 

2.  The  MAN  in  the  MOUNTAINS. 

Guy  Gadogan  Rothery. 

Illustrated  by  H.  M.  Brock. 

3.  SOME  TARPON  ADVENTURES. 

Otis  Mygatt. 

Witli  Illustrations  supplied  by  the  Autlior. 

4.  A  HAVER  WITH  TOM  MORRIS, 

II.   8.    C.    EVERARD. 
Illustrated  by  Frank  Craig  and  N.  J.  Gibb,  and  from 
Photographs. 

r..  NOTES  FROM  an  AMBUSH. 

Fred.  Wiiishaw. 

Illustrated  by  N.  Arthur  Loraine. 


LIST  OF  CONTENTS. 

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Richard  Geeen-Price. 

Illustrated  by  John  Beer. 

7.  The  OLD  SPORTSMAN.    Andrew  Lasg. 

8.  CUB-HUNTING. 

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Illustrated  by  C.  E.  Brock. 

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R.   K.  MAINWARING. 

Illustrated  by  Stauley  Berkeley. 

10.  RAFT  FISHING  in  NORWAY. 

Edwin  Lester  Arnold. 

Illustrated  by  H.  G.  Massey,  A.R.P.E. 

11.  CYCLING  for  WOMEN.        Lady  Jeune. 

Illustrated  by  Lucien  Davis. 

12.  NOTES  by  "  RAPIER. " 


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For  some  were  penn'd  by  park  and  glade 
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From  village  steeples,  borne  afar. 


Would  rise  and  mingle  with  the  rhymes; 

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Contents  for  OCTOBER,  1S05. 
The  MADONNA  of  a  DAY.     Chaps   1-6. 
The  GIBRALTAR  of  FRANCE. 
PRIVATE  JAMS. 

The  SOURCES  of  DON  QUIXOTE. 
ONLY  the  ADVERTISEMENTS. 
A  HENLEY  IDYLL. 
FERDINAND  HILLER. 
CAUGHT  NAPPING. 
The  Hon.  PATRICK  KILFINANE  WINCH,  of  CASTLli 

WINCH,  CO.  LIMERICK. 
WORDSWORTH    and    CARLYLE  :    a    LITERARY 

PARALLEL. 
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N*'  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


40  9 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  2§,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

Lafayette  dj  the  American  Revolution     

Mb.  Binyon's  Poems 

The  French  in  India  

Cities  of  Phrygia     

An  Irish  Patriot      

New  Novels  (From  the  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of 
France  ;  Sons  of  Fire ;  The  Professor's  Experi- 
ment ;  Handicapped  ;  A  Hasty  Marriage  ;  Clarence) 

413- 

Bditions  OF  Terence 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      ...      415- 

Malagasy  War  Literature  ;  The  Autumn  Pub- 
lishing Season  ;  International  Congress  of 
the  Press;  "Collected"  Stories  ...      416- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Medical  Books  ;  Wild  Donkeys  in  the 
Archipelago;  Meetings;  Gossip 421- 

FiKE  Arts  —  Manuals  ;  A  Missing  Signature  ; 
Notes  from  Athens  ;  Gossip 422- 

Music  —  The  Cardiff  Festival  ;  Educational 
Works  ;  A  Personal  Explanation  ;  Gossip    425- 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip         427- 


-419 
419 


■422 
-424 


■427 
428 


LITERATURE 


The   Marquis   de   Lafayette  in  the  American 
Revolution,  with  some  Account  of  the  Atti- 
tude of  France  toward  the  War  of  Indepen- 
dence.     By    Charlemagne    Tower,    jun., 
LL.D.     2  vols.     (Lippincott  &  Co.) 
Lafayette  is  the  most  interesting   figure, 
next  to  Washington,  among  those  who  took 
leading  parts  in  the  conflict   which   ended 
in  the  thirteen  American  colonies  becoming 
sovereign   states.      There   was  a  strain  of 
Don  Quixote  in  his  character.     Though  an 
adventurer,    he    was    not    animated    by   a 
base    motive,    neither   was  there   anything 
petty  in  his  ambition.     He  deceived  himself 
into  thinking  that  he  was  a  champion  of 
universal    freedom   when   fighting   for  the 
independence  of  America. 

In  the  two  large  and  beautifully  printed 
volumes  which  Dr.  Tower  devotes  to  a  part 
of  Lafayette's  career,  the  man  himself  does 
not  stand  forth  with  distinctness.  His  per- 
sonaHty  is  lost  among  details.  Many  letters 
which  are  printed  at  length  would  have 
been  more  effectively  employed  if  the 
really  important  passages  had  been  ex- 
tracted. The  genealogical  particulars  of 
the  Lafayette  family  are  in  excess  of  what 
most  readers  care  to  have,  while  Dr.  Tower 
fails  to  dwell  on  those  members  whose 
lives  and  deeds  merit  remembrance.  It  was 
a  family  of  warriors,  some  of  whom  fought 
as  Crusaders  and  others  as  Eevolutionists. 
Two  female  members  of  it  are  singled  out 
for  praise  by  Dr.  Tower,  the  one  having 
been  admired — which  is  a  compliment  of 
doubtful  value — by  Louis  XIII. ,  the  other 
having  written  the  '  Princesse  de  Cleves,' 
and  the  Comte  d'Haussonville  is  mentioned 
as  the  author  of  a  most  attractive  account 
of  this  lad}'.  Dr.  Tower's  readers  would 
have  had  reason  for  thanking  him  if  he  had 
called  their  attention  to  the  charming  paper 
on  Madame  de  Lafayette  in  Taine's  '  Essais 
de  Critique  et  d'Histoire,'  where  it  is  said 
that  in  the  'Princesse  de  CKves'  are  to  bo 
seen  "  the  nobility,  the  measure,  the  delight- 
ful deHcacy,  the  simplicity  and  perfection  of 
style  which  a  new-born  literature  alone  can 
have."  The  sketch  of  Lafayette's  early 
days  given  by  Dr.  Tower  is  interesting,  but 


inadequate.  Lafayette  was  born  on  Sep- 
tember 6th,  1756  ;  he  was  but  a  lad  when 
the  disputes  first  began  between  the 
American  colonies  and  the  motherland, 
and  a  young  man  when  they  had  grown 
serious  and  been  left  to  the  arbitrament  of 
the  sword. 

In  his  earlier  years  Lafayette  entered 
the  French  army,  as  his  ancestors  had  done 
before  him  during  many  centuries.  The 
sword  had  been  their  sole  means  of  liveli- 
hood ;  as  privileged  nobles  they  could  only 
fight,  fill  a  lucrative  office  at  Court,  or 
starve.  It  has  never  been  estimated  how 
much  of  the  fighting  on  the  Continent  in 
olden  days  was  occasioned  by  the  necessity 
for  employing  the  nobility.  The  father  of 
Lafayette  died  before  the  birth  of  his  son ; 
his  mother  died  when  he  was  a  youth  of 
thirteen.  Fortunately  for  him,  in  a  worldly 
sense,  an  uncle,  who  died  about  the  same 
time  as  his  mother,  left  him  a  property 
which  made  him  independent.  He  ex- 
perienced the  truth  of  the  saying  that  unto 
him  who  hath  shall  be  given  by  becoming, 
in  1772,  the  husband  of  the  daughter  of 
the  Due  d'Ayen.  His  mother-in-law,  after 
having  objected  to  him  as  a  son-in-law, 
proved  a  second  mother  to  him  ;  and  when 
he  was  a  firm  friend  of  the  Revolution  in 
Prance,  and  she  was  condemned  to  death 
for  having  been  born  and  remained  an 
aristocrat,  he  sincerely  mourned  her  death 
under  the  guillotine. 

Lafayette  when  young,  rich,  and  occupy- 
ing a  place  at  Court  found  a  pleasure  in 
professing  republican  doctrines.  He  was 
as  ignorant  as  his  fellows  about  the  f)rin- 
ciples  and  practice  of  government  in  any 
other  country  than  Prance,  and  he  knew 
that  his  fellow  countrymen  who  were  not 
nobles  had  to  submit  to  the  treatment  of 
slaves.  That  matters  differed  in  Great 
Britain  was  unknown  to  him,  and  he 
naturally  concluded  that  the  rising  in 
America  was  a  revolt  of  slaves  against 
oppression.  While  at  sea  on  his  voyage 
to  America  he  wrote  to  his  wife  :— 

"I  trust  that  for  my  sake  you  will  become  a 
good  American  ;  it  is  a  sentiment  made  for 
virtuous  hearts.  The  happiness  of  America  is 
intimately  connected  with  the  happiness  of  all 
mankind  ;  she  is  destined  to  become  the  safe 
and  venerable  asylum  of  virtue,  of  honesty,  of 
tolerance,  of  equality,  and  of  peaceful  liberty." 

Dr.  Tower  quotes  these  words  in  good  faith, 
no  doubt,  yet  he  must  have  had  to  put  a 
strain  upon  himself  not  to  add  that  expe- 
rience has  dissipated  into  empty  air  the 
boyish  dream  of  Lafayette.  The  freedom 
now  enjoyed  in  America  is  not  greater  than 
what  prevailed  in  the  old  colonial  days,  and 
it  is  doubtful  whether,  since  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  the  enjoyment  of  life, 
liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  have 
been  more  unfettered  in  America  than  they 
were  before  Jefferson  enrolled  them  among 
the  inalienable  rights  of  man.  Let  Virtue  now 
land  in  the  "  safe  and  venerable  asylum  " 
which  Lafayette  saw  in  a  vision,  and  Virtue 
will  be  returned  to  his  or  her  European 
home  unless  possessing  a  certain  number 
of  dollars.  Even  if  Virtue  should  be  en- 
dowed with  dollars,  he  or  she  wiU  be 
returned  to  Europe  if  a  contract  has  been 
made  beforehand  to  occupy  a  position  in 
America  yielding  a  salary. 

The  story  of  Lafayette's  part  in  the  war 


for  independence  would  have  been  a  very 
short  one  if  he  had  been  as  poor  as  those 
of  his  countrymen  who  offered  their  swords 
to  Congress  on  condition  of  receiving  pay. 
His  services  were  thankfully  accepted  be- 
cause they  were  offered  gratis.  He  had 
enthusiasm  as  well  as  a  full  purse,  and 
he  did  his  duty  to  the  best  of  his  abili- 
ties, 3'et  he  was  not  a  great  soldier,  nor 
would  the  cause  of  American  independence 
have  lost  anything  if  he  had  never  left 
Prance.  It  is  not  to  his  discredit  that  he 
remained  a  Frenchman  in  his  sympathies 
and  his  aims.  He  had  a  personal  attach- 
ment to  Washington,  and  Washington  loved 
him  with  a  fuU  heart.  Even  in  the  earliest 
days  of  the  struggle  of  America  for  separa- 
tion, there  was  a  great  liking  among  the 
people  for  a  French  marquis  of  old  family 
and  large  possessions  who  joined  them  in 
the  fray.  European  nobles  still  command 
respect  in  the  New  World  chiefly  because 
they  possess  titles.  Some  of  them  marry 
rich  daughters  of  the  Republic,  and  these 
alliances  may  partly  compensate  for  the 
sacrifices  and  services  of  Lafayette. 

Dr.  Tower  clearly  perceives  and  candidly 
acknowledges  that  the  capture  of  Canada 
was  very  dear  to  Lafayette,  and  that  its 
restoration  to  Prance  would  have  been 
deemed  by  him  a  most  laudable  and  patriotic 
achievement.  It  must  be  acknowledged 
also  that  Dr.  Tower  is  under  no  delusion 
as  to  the  reason  for  the  help  given  by  the 
Government  of  Prance  to  the  American  cause. 
By  supporting  it,  Louis  XVI.  and  his 
ministers  considered  that  they  were  wiping  off 
old  scores  with  England.  They  were  utterly 
indifferent  to  the  Americans  setting  up  a 
republic  of  their  own ;  what  they  hoped 
for  was  that  the  loss  of  the  thirteen  colonies 
would  irretrievably  weaken  their  old  rival. 
They  miscalculated.  America  flourished. 
Prance  became  bankrupt,  and  England  en- 
larged her  empire  far  beyond  the  most 
sanguine  dreams  of  the  most  ardent  patriots. 

The  reader  of  Dr.  Tower's  two  volumes 
will  not  learn  much  that  is  new,  nor  much 
that  is  worth  remembering.  Due  acknow- 
ledgment is  made  to  M.  Doniol,  whose 
work  on  the  share  of  France  in  the  founda- 
tion of  the  L^nited  States  of  America  tells 
all  that  is  worth  telling  on  the  subject 
treated  in  this  work.  The  true  story  of  the 
contest  between  the  motherland  and  her 
American  colonies  has  not  yet  been  told. 
The  underhand  and  discreditable  part  played 
by  Prance  has  not  yet  been  fully  and  faith- 
fully set  forth.  Franklin  had  a  greater 
share  in  bringing  about  the  contest  than 
Lafayette  had  in  conducting  it,  and  Franklin 
might  never  have  sought  for  and  obtained 
the  help  of  Prance  if  the  insults  of  Wedder- 
burn  had  not  left  him  burning  for  revenge. 


Poems.      By  Laurence    Binyon.      (Oxford, 

Daniel.) 
Mr.  Bixyox's  new  volume  of  poems  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  same  qualities  which 
informed  his  earlier  volume.  It  shows  a 
similar  care,  choiceness,  reserve,  and  com- 
posure, a  similar  lack  of  that  vivid  appre- 
hension of  life  which  is,  perhaps,  the  finest 
gift  that  poetry  has  to  give  us.  "I  praise 
indifferent  Nature,"  Mr.  Binyon  tells  us, 
assuring  the  bhnd  or  unseen  forces  of 
things : — 


410 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


Henceforth  will  I  endure  to  walk  right  on, 
Nor  my  bliss  too  much  ponder,  nor  my  dole. 

This  stoical  philosopliy,  wliicli  gives  a  certain 
grejness  to  the  whole  book,  is  a  little  cold 
and  abstract  for  verse,  which,  so  far  as  it  is 
contemplative,  is  never  so  fine  as  when 
infused  with  the  spirit  of  that  "  impassioned 
contemplation"  which  Mr.  Pater  justly 
defined  in  "Wordsworth.  Yet  here  in  these 
poems,  even  so  remote  and  so  cold  as  they 
are  in  their  humanity,  we  find,  at  all  events, 
a  personal  note,  and  hence  the  interest 
■which  must  always  accompany  any  sincere 
expression  of  however  reticent  an  indi- 
viduality. Mr.  Binyon  is  always  sincere — 
sincere  in  those  rare  qualities  of  calmness, 
dignity,  reverence,  which  the  reader  of  our 
day  is  scarcely  disposed  to  welcome  with 
due  gratitude.  He  communicates  no  emo- 
tion to  us,  and  only  such  sensations  as  may 
almost  be  called  an  after-thought,  a  chas- 
tened recollection  of  no  very  acute  moments 
of  pain  or  pleasure.  Here,  for  instance,  is 
perhaps  the  nearest  approach  to  emotion 
which  we  find  in  the  book.  How  charmingly, 
with  how  delicate  a  reserve,  is  the  sense  of 
a  certain  subtle  revenge  of  sorrow  rendered ! 

When  old  wounds  bleed  again 
In  the  silence  of  the  nighr, 
And  mixt  with  sweet  delight 
Wells  up  the  stream  of  pain  ; 
Is  it  less  hard  to  endure 
Than  when  the  sword  fell  first, 
So  keen,  with  edge  so  sure  .' 
Was  that  wild  hour  the  worst  ? 

0  then  a  too  strong  smart 
O'erwhelmed  the  senses'  power. 
Now,  in  some  tranquil  hour, 
When,  fortified,  the  heart 
Is  capable,  at  ease, 
Of  sorrow,  now  returns 
By  exquisite  degrees 
Pain,  and  in  silence  burns. 

Is  this  still  woe  forlorn 
Less  than  that  fierce  despair  ? 
Perhaps,  'tis  worse  to  bear 
Because  'tis  easier  borne. 

No  nearer  than  this  does  Mr.  Binyon  ever 
approach  the  ecstasy  or  sorrow  of  men  and 
women,  and,  for  the  most  part,  he  concerns 
himself  with  quite  other  matters  ;  with 
"  narcissus  heaped  in  baskets  "  in  a  London 
square,  at  the  nearest,  or  where 

Lusty  life  a  river  pours 
Along  a  road  of  shining  shores, 

in  a  Whitechapel  High  E,oad,  "  em- 
broidered with  beauty,"  to  use  his  own 
phrase.  More  typical  of  his  main  interest 
in  things,  and  not  less  characteristic  of  his 
manner  of  composition  and  favourite  treat- 
ment of  rhythm,  is  the  poem  called  *  The 
Birch  Tree '  :— 

Touched  with  beauty,  I  stand  still  and  gaze 

In  the  autumn  twilight.     Yellow  leaves  and  brown 

The  grass  enriching  gleam,  or  waver  down 

From  lime  and  elm  :  far  glimmering  through  the 

haze 
The  quiet  lamps  in  oi'der  twinkle;  dumb 
And  fair  the  park  lies  ;  faint  the  city's  hum. 

And  I  reprret  not  June's  impassioned  prime, 
When  her  deep  lilies  banqueted  the  air, 
And  this  now  ruined,  then  so  fragrant  lime 
Cooled  with  clear  green  the   heavy  noon's   high 

glare : 
Nor  Hushed  carnations,  breathing  warm  July  ; 
Nor  April's  thrush  in  the  blithest  songs  of  the  year, 
With  brown  bloom  on  the  elms  and  dazzling  sky: 
So  strange  a  charm  there  lingers  in  this  austere, 
designing  month,  yielding  to  what  must  be. 
Yet  most,  0  delicate  birch,  I  envy  theo. 
Child  among  trees !  with  silvery,  slender  limbs 
And  purple  sprays  of  drooping  hair.     Night  dims 
The  grass ;  the  great  elms  darken  ;  no  birds  sing. 


At  last  I  sigh  for  the  warmth  and  the  fragrance 

flown. 
But  thou  in  the  leafless  twilight  shinest  alone. 
Awaiting  in  ignorant  trust  the  certain  spring. 

This,  like  most  of  the  poems  in  the  volume, 
is  composed  with  great  care  and  with  a 
really  poetic  taste.  Mr.  Binyon's  form,  a 
little  too  obviously  careful  perhaps,  has 
a  certain  purity  of  outline ;  it  is  always  a 
literary  form,  in  the  good  and  in  the  bad 
sense  of  that  comprehensive  word  "  literary." 
His  metrical  experiments,  as  in  the  poem 
beginning — 

Stooping  over  London,  skies  convulsed, 
and  in  constant  elisions,  like  one  of  the  lines 
we  have  just  quoted. 
So  strange  a  charm  there  lingers  in  this  austere, 

are  not  always  entirely  successful,  and  add 
somewhat  to  the  impression  of  labour  which 
the  volume  as  a  whole  gives  us.  But  Mr. 
Binyon,  in  any  case,  does  not  labour  for 
nothing ;  he  is  not  careful  in  saying  things 
because  he  has  nothing  to  say  ;  and  if  his 
book  is  scarcely  likely  to  rouse  enthusiasm, 
it  cannot  but  command — what  so  little 
modern  verse  commands — respect. 


Le  Nabob  Rene  Madec:  Histoire  diplomatique 
des  Projets  de  la  France  sur  le  Bengale  et  le 
Pendjab  fill 2-1808 J.  Par  Emile  Barbe. 
(Paris,  Alcan.) 
The  second  title  of  this  book  is  that  which 
better  describes  the  real  nature  of  its  con- 
tents. M.  Barbe  certainly  tells  a  good 
deal  more  about  his  hero  than  the  English 
reader  could  learn  from  Col.  Malleson  or 
Mr.  Herbert  Compton.  He  has  also  made 
it  clear  that  Madec' s  name  was  not,  as 
English  writers  have  printed  it,  "  Madoc," 
nor  yet  Medoc ;  and  that  Madec  quitted 
India  not  in  1782,  but  in  1778,  just  after 
the  faU  of  Pondicherry.  And  the  extracts 
here  given  from  Madec's  papers  seem  to 
belie  Mr.  Compton's  statement  that  he  was 
"an  illiterate  and  ignorant  Frenchman." 
But  in  this  volume  Madec  figures  not  only 
as  a  bold,  resourceful  partisan  leader  in  the 
local  warfare  of  his  day,  but  as  one  of  the 
centres  of  an  active  political  conspiracy, 
which  aimed  at  driving  the  British  out  of 
Bengal  by  means  of  a  close  alliance  between 
the  chief  native  princes  and  the  King  of 
France.  In  order  to  unfold  the  secret  his- 
tory of  a  movement  which,  but  for  the 
apathy  or  the  fears  of  French  ministries  at 
home,  might  have  proved  disastrous  for  the 
countrymen  of  Warren  Hastings,  M.  Barbe 
has  ransacked  all  the  French  archives  in 
Paris  and  Pondicherry,  as  well  as  the  private 
papers  preserved  by  the  Madec  family  in 
their  Breton  home.  More  than  half  the 
volume,  indeed,  consists  of  copious  extracts 
from  every  document  that  throws  the 
faintest  light  upon  any  of  the  topics  with 
which  it  deals. 

In  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury India  became  a  happy  hunting-ground 
for  scores  of  adventurers  from  "Western  and 
Central  Europe  —  soldiers  of  fortune  who 
hired  themselves  out  to  any  native  prince 
willing  to  maintain  a  body  of  troops  drilled 
and  led  by  white  officers.  Many  of  these 
men,  who  rose  to  the  command  of  regi- 
ments, brigades,  and  even  armies,  had  been 
deserters  from  tlie  ranks  of  some  white 
company  or  battalion  serving  in  India 
under     the     French,    the    Dutch,    or    the 


English  flag.  In  the  general  scramble 
over  the  fragments  of  the  Moghul  Empire 
the  native  princes  soon  learned  the  lessons 
taught  them  by  Dupleix  and  Clive,  as  to  the 
superior  value  of  discipline  over  numbers  in 
Eastern  warfare.  Law  and  his  few  French- 
men fought  hard  to  avert  the  rout  of 
Plassey;  Sombre's  battalions  did  much  to 
hinder  Adams's  victorious  march  in  1763 
across  Bengal.  In  the  following  year  the 
brigades  of  Sombre  and  Madec  delayed  for 
a  time  Munro's  decisive  victory  over  the 
"Wazir  of  Oudh  at  Buxar.  Among  a  crowd 
of  later  adventurers  the  most  conspicuous 
and  the  best  remembered  were  George 
Thomas,  who  carved  for  himself  a  little 
kingdom  in  the  north-west ;  De  Boigne  and 
Perron,  whose  trained  battalions  fought  with 
honour  against  Lake  and  "Wellesley ;  and 
Michel  Raymond,  whose  splendid  corps  of 
regulars  covered  the  Nizam's  premature 
retreat  from  the  half- won  field  of  Kurdla 
in  1795.  To  English  readers  of  Keene, 
Malleson,  and  Compton,  the  merits  of  that 
noble  Savoyard  Benoit  de  Boigne  should 
be  even  better  known  than  the  shady  career 
of  that  infamous  Alsatian,  Sombre  or 
"  Sumru,"  whose  share  in  the  Patna  mas- 
sacre of  1763  proclaimed  him  a  ruffian  of 
the  vilest  type. 

Soon  after  the  massacre  Sombre  trans- 
ferred his  troops  to  the  service  of  Shuja- 
ud-daula,  the  Oudh  "Wazir.  He  was  quickly 
joined  by  a  body  of  French  deserters  from 
the  English  camp  near  Patna.  Many  of 
these  men,  after  the  fall  of  Pondicherry, 
had  enlisted  into  the  service  of  the  English 
Company,  and  shared  in  the  honours  of 
Adams's  briUiant  campaign  against  Kasim 
Ali.  Among  them  was  Eene  Madec,  a 
Breton  of  humble  birth,  but  of  a  brave, 
aspiring,  not  ignoble  nature,  who  in  1753 
had  mingled  as  a  young  recruit  in  the 
fighting  and  manoeuvring  around  Trichi- 
nopoly,  and  shared  some  years  later  in 
LaUy's  desperate  attempts  to  avert  the 
triumph  of  British  arms  in  the  Carnatic. 
Broome's  account  of  the  mutiny  which  went 
near  to  leaving  Jennings  and  his  officers 
without  any  troops  makes  no  mention  of 
Madec  himself.  But  if  his  own  statements, 
as  quoted  by  M.  Barbe,  are  to  be  trusted, 
his  French  comrades  acclaimed  him  for 
their  leader  when  they  marched,  with 
drums  beating,  out  of  the  British  camp 
towards  the  Karamnasa.  At  the  battle 
of  Buxar  he  certainly  commanded  one  of 
Sumru' s  brigades. 

In  1765,  after  Shuja-ud-daula  had  made 
peace  with  the  English,  Madec  had  to  look 
for  another  master.  He  found  one  in  a 
Eohilla  chief,  who  forgot  to  pay  for  the 
troops  that  Madec  brought  to  his  standard. 
Two  years  later  he  transferred  himself  and 
his  small  brigade  to  the  Jdts,  about  whom, 
as  well  as  the  Sikhs,  Marathas,  and  EohiUas, 
we  get  much  interesting,  if  not  very  new 
information,  extracted  from  manuscript  re- 
cords of  the  period.  Meanwhile  he  had 
married  a  young  French  girl  of  fourteen, 
born  at  Agra,  who  lived  till  1841,  leaving 
behind  her  two  children,  one  of  whom 
appears  to  be  stiU  alive.  Six  years  of 
soldiering  under  the  warlike  Eajah  of 
Bhurtpore  left  Madec  at  the  head  of  a 
strong  brigade  of  all  arms,  with  a  due 
leaven  of  European  officers  and  cannoniers. 
At  the  end  of  that  time   his    longing    to 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


411 


return  home  was  stoutly  combated  by  M. 
Chevalier,  Commandant  of  Chandarnagar, 
who  at  last  persuaded  him  to  abandon  his 
Jat  friends  and  join  forces  with  Mirza 
Najaf  Khan,  the  Moghul  Emperor's  trusty 
generalissimo.  The  Jat  leaders,  scenting 
mischief,  made  a  furious  attack  upon  his 
brigade  as  it  marched  off  towards  Delhi ; 
but  Madec's  bold  tactics,  aided  by  the 
steadfast  courage  of  his  troops,  brought 
him — not  without  heavy  losses  in  men  and 
baggage — to  his  journey's  end.  He  was 
received  with  honour  by  the  Emperor  Shah 
Alam,  who  gave  him  the  title  of  Nawab, 
and  assigned  him  certain  districts  for  the 
maintenance  of  his  troops.  In  the  first 
weeks  of  his  new  career  the  Marathas 
plundered  his  camp  while  he  was  engaged 
in  defending  the  Moghul  capital  from  their 
attacks.  The  revenues  of  his  Jaghir  some- 
times fell  far  short  of  their  estimated  yield, 
and  his  mutinous  soldiers  had  to  be  ap- 
peased with  advances  made  from  his  own 
funds.  In  1776  a  body  of  EohiUas  caught 
him  napping  on  the  march,  and  nearly  an- 
nihilated his  whole  force.  "With  amazing 
energy  he  set  about  repairing  his  losses, 
and  in  a  few  months  had  collected  another 
corps  of  equal  strength,  which  was  presently 
transferred  to  the  service  of  the  Jat  Eana 
of  Gohad. 

Dui-ing  his  stay  at  Delhi,  Madec  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Emperor  to  negotiate  an 
alliance  between  himself  and  the  King  of 
France.  If  the  latter  would  furnish  the 
Emperor  with  a  few  thousand  troops,  he 
might  in  return  enter  upon  full  possession  of 
Lower  Sind.  A  letter  to  this  effect,  bearing 
the  Imperial  signature,  was  forwarded  by 
Madec  to  the  Court  of  Versailles.  Madec 
himself  as  well  as  Chevalier  wrote  to 
the  French  Ministry  strongly  urging  the 
acceptance  of  an  offer  which  opened  to 
France  a  new  way  of  counteracting  the 
designs  of  her  English  rival.  Happily  for 
England,  the  French  Government  paid 
small  heed  to  this  or  any  other  of  the  pro- 
jects which  patriotic  Frenchmen  in  India 
were  continually  pressing  upon  their  notice. 
M.  Barbe  gives  long  extracts  from  letters 
and  minutes  written  by  Madec,  Chevalier, 
Gentil,  Modave,  and  others,  in  support  of 
this  or  that  plan  for  sweeping  the  Indian 
seas  with  French  privateers,  capturing 
"  Fort  WiUiams,"  laying  waste  the  whole 
of  Bengal,  and  forming  close  alliance  with 
every  native  ruler  against  a  Power  which 
was  killing  the  French  trade,  and  making 
all  classes  groan  under  its  iron  yoke. 

Madec's  Indian  career  was  now  drawing 
towards  its  close.  In  1777,  after  selling  his 
brigade  to  the  Gohad  chief,  he  travelled 
southward  to  Haidarabad.  Early  in  the 
following  year  he  arrived  at  Pondicherry, 
whose  new  Governor,  M.  de  Bellecombe, 
gave  him  a  cordial  greeting.  Eumours  of 
war  between  France  and  England  were 
already  rife.  A  few  months  later  the 
rximours  became  a  certainty,  and  in  August 
Pondicherry  was  once  more  besieged.  The 
hopes  of  its  brave  defenders  were  speedily 
dashed  by  the  flight  of  Tronjolly's  squadron 
after  one  brisk  encounter  with  Sir  Edward 
Yemon.  The  victor  of  Buxar,  Sir  Hector 
Munro,  who  commanded  our  land  forces, 
was  not  to  be  shaken  off  by  the  most 
destructive  of  Madec's  sorties.  On  October 
18th  the    little   garrison  was    allowed    to 


march  out  with  colours  flying  and  all  the 
honours  of  war.  Madec  and  his  family  took 
ship  for  the  Mauritius.  On  their  voyage 
thence  to  France  their  vessel  was  captured 
by  an  English  privateer  and  carried  to 
Ireland,  whence  two  months  later  they  were 
allowed  to  resume  their  voyage  home. 

Landing  at  Lorient  in  October,  1779, 
Madec  set  off  for  Versailles,  where 
he  received  what  he  had  long  desired, 
a  colonel's  commission  and  the  Cross  of  St. 
Louis.  Another  mark  of  royal  favour 
which  he  took  back  with  him  to  Brittany 
was  the  patent  of  nobility  which  entitled 
him  to  buy  land  and  call  himself  the  Sieur 
de  Madec.  He  bought  and  partly  rebuilt 
the  Chateau  of  Pratanraz,  near  Quimper. 
A  serious  illness  seems  to  have  prevented 
him  from  taking  any  further  part  in  the 
war  which  ended  in  1783.  About  his 
subsequent  doings  M.  Barbe  professes  to 
know  nothing,  except  that  "  he  died  on  the 
17th  of  June,  1784,  in  the  house  he  had 
built  at  Quimper."  Why  this  silence  about 
the  duel  which,  according  to  older  autho- 
rities, resulted  in  Madec's  death?  The 
burden  of  unpublished  documents  has 
overpowered  the  biographer's  skill.  We 
cannot  say  of  this  volume,  "  materiem  super- 
abat  opus,"  for  the  work  here  is  swamped 
by  the  materials.  It  is  too  chaotic  for  a 
good  biography.  Many  of  the  longer  quo- 
tations might  have  been  summarized  or 
curtailed.  There  is  a  curious  mixture  of 
vagueness  and  precision  throughout.  The 
book  has  neither  index  nor  table  of  contents, 
nor  is  it  even  divided  into  chapters.  The 
engraved  portrait  of  Madec  seems  to  tell 
more  about  the  man  himself  than  aU  the 
280  pages  which  follow.  Nevertheless  we 
may  thank  M.  Barbe  for  adding  a  new  and 
suggestive  chapter  to  the  history  of  seventy 
years'  fight  for  empire  between  the  two 
great  nations  of  Western  Europe. 


The  Cities  and  Bishoprics  of  Phrygia.  By 
W.  M.  Eamsay.  Vol.  I.  (Oxford,  Claren- 
don Press.) 
For  something  more  than  a  century 
scholars  have  been  turning  their  atten- 
tion more  and  more  generally  to  Asia 
Minor.  The  Anatolian  tableland,  which 
was  so  well  known  to  Europeans  in  the 
period  of  the  Roman  Empire,  lay  in  the 
shadow  of  eclipse  from  the  day  on  which  the 
last  Crusading  stragglers  filtered  out  until 
the  gem  collectors  and  political  agents  of 
Louis  XIV.  began  to  penetrate  its  caravan 
roads.  But  another  half  century  still  was 
to  pass  before  scholarly  explorers  were 
moved  to  brave  its  discomforts  and  dangers 
and  find  what  a  wealth  of  monuments  was 
concealed  behind  the  mountains  of  the  Ht- 
toral.  With  Pococke,  Chandler,  Leake,  and 
Hamilton  our  own  nation  led  the  way,  soon 
to  be  followed  by  the  French,  under  the 
bounteous  patronage  of  the  Empire,  and 
more  lately  by  the  Germans  and  Americans, 
untH  the  roU  of  Anatolian  explorers  has 
come  to  include  a  hundred  names,  and  the 
catalogue  of  books,  pamphlets,  and  articles 
concerned  with  Anatolian  antiquities  is  as- 
suming most  formidable  proportions. 

At  the  present  moment  there  is  no  dimi- 
nution in  the  vogue.  We  have  had  the 
first  instalments  of  a  magnificent  map  by 
Kiepert  of  Asia  Minor  as  it  used  to  be ; 


we  are  promised  the  War  Office  map  of 
Asia  Minor  as  it  is.  Perrot  and  Chipiez 
have  published  a  bulky  tome  on  its  art; 
Sterrett  has  collected  some  thousands  of 
its  inscriptions ;  articles  innumerable  have 
been  written  on  its  evidences  of  early  Chris- 
tianity, and  fresh  topographical  details  and 
inscriptions  aj)pear  in  every  issue  of  the 
archteological  periodicals  here  and  abroad. 
Its  relics  of  ancient  times  appeal  in  fact 
to  many  interests.  It  can  show  hiero- 
glyphic and  "  Asianic  "  texts,  proto-Hellenic 
remains,  and  a  mine,  hardly  tapped,  of  trea- 
sui-es  of  Ionian  art.  The  student  of  Roman 
imperial  organization  finds  its  plateau  hardly 
less  fertile  than  Italy  or  Africa;  and  the 
searcher  into  the  early  history  of  Chris- 
tianity discovers  there  contemporary  evidence 
more  varied,  more  early,  and  more  abundant 
than  in  any  other  cradle  of  our  faith.  And 
to  all  the  interests  no  one  has  ministered 
more  and  better  than  Prof.  Ramsay.  No 
name  stands  above  his  among  living  archaeo- 
logical explorers,  and  since,  years  ago,  he 
took  Asia  Minor  for  his  peculiar  province,  he 
has  illumined  every  aspect  of  its  archaeology 
and  its  history.  We  have  had  from  him  articles 
so  many  in  periodicals  so  diverse  that  he 
has  himself  become  a  subject  for  original 
research ;  we  have  had  the  materials  for 
history  presented  in  a  comprehensive,  if 
sometimes  chaotic  form  in  his  monumental 
'Historical  Geography  of  Asia  Minor,'  and 
a  sort  of  preliminary  ordering  of  those 
materials  in  his  '  Church  in  the  Roman 
Empire ' ;  and  now  lies  before  us  the  first 
volume  of  a  new  work,  designed  evidently 
to  gather  up  all  results  into  a  local  history 
of  the  region  which  occupies  the  heart  of 
the  plateau,  and  supplies  examples  of  pretty 
nearly  all  its  problems. 

Few  scholars  who  peruse  this  volume  will 
fail  to  remark  at  once  the  extraordinary  variety 
of  its  matter  and  its  lack  of  finality.     In 
a   sense  it   also,  like  the  *  Historical  Geo- 
graphy,' is  "  mehr  zu  lernen  als  zu  lesen," 
full  of  miscellaneous  first-hand  information 
on  obscure  subjects  often  introduced,  as  it 
were,   by  the  way.     A  suggestion   for  the 
solution  of  the  "  Hittite  problem,"  the  real 
relation  of  gladiatorial  games  to  wild  beast 
shows,  the  essential  idea  of  the  Asiatic  cult, 
the   constitution   of    the    Roman    Imperial 
Domain,    the   religion   of    burial,  the  pro- 
bable truth  about  the  Neokorate,  the  reason 
of   Cyrus's   route,   the  family  tree   of  the 
Antonines — these    are   examples    taken   at 
random    from    a    hundred  instructive    di- 
gressions,  which,  while   they  diminish  the 
impression    of    finality,    are    perhaps    not 
altogether  out  of  place   in   a  book  whose 
very  subject   does   not   admit  in   any  case 
of  final    treatment.     Probably  the   author 
himself  has   had  to  accept  less  finality  in 
the  completion  of  his  work  than  he  expected 
at  its  inception.     He  seems  to  have  found, 
even    as   he  wrote,  that  while    certain  dis- 
tricts had  been  explored  sufficiently  for  the 
results  of  research  to  be  presented  in  a  con- 
clusive form,  in  others   he  still  could   but 
suggest  the  lines  which  research  hereafter 
must    follow.      Laodicea,   for   example,   is 
treated   as   a   city  about   which,   archtcolo- 
gically  and  historically,  there  is  little  more 
to  learn,  and  the  chapter  on  its  site  is  sup- 
plied with  a  map.     HierapoHs  has  no  map 
and  no  detailed  description  of  the  standing 
ruins,  and  the  appendix  on  its  inscriptions 


412 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


is  confessed  to  be  incomplete.  In  Section  Y., 
"Phrygian  Cities  of  the  Lower  Mtieander," 
the  paucity  of  established  facts  induces  a 
relapse  into  the  style  of  the  '  Historical 
Geography';  and  often,  again  {eg.,  "The 
Valley  of  the  Kazanes,"  &c.),  we  have  to  be 
content  not  with  the  results  of  research,  but 
the  process  of  it.  For  this,  as  wehaveimplied, 
the  author  is  not  to  blame.  If,  for  example, 
maps  of  sites  in  Anatolia  do  not  exist,  they 
cannot  be  prepared  specially  for  a  work 
of  this  kind  without  great  difficulty  and 
expense.  We  cannot  refrain  from  express- 
ing a  hope  that  some  geographical  student, 
elected  by  one  of  the  universities,  may  turn 
his  attention  before  long  to  the  neglected 
field  of  Anatolian  survej-.  Sites  such  as 
those  of  Hierapolis  and  Colossa>  lie  near  a 
line  of  railwaj',  and  might  each  be  plotted 
in  a  week's  sojourn ;  and  the  gain  and  the 
reputation  to  be  derived  from  such  work 
would  be  not  less  than  those  obtained  from 
recent  survej^s  in  classical  Europe. 

The  brilliant   author  of  this  volume  has 
not,  perhaps,  attained  always   the   highest 
degree   of  finality  which  might  have  been 
within  his  reach.  He  warns  us,  indeed,  in  his 
long  preface — once  more  autobiographical — 
to  expect  some  imperfections.  It  may  be  that, 
if  he  were  more  self-critical,  we  should  never 
be  presented  with  his  results  at  all,  and  be 
immeasurably  losers ;    and  that,   therefore, 
we   had  best    be   thankful  for  his  lesser 
mercies.     But  we  venture  nevertheless  to 
suggest  that  a  very  little  more  patience,  a 
little  more  attention  to  method,  would  remove 
an  impression,  so  often  conveyed  by  Prof. 
Pamsay's  work,   that   his   pages  had  been 
written  almost  without  reference  to  one  an- 
other, and  but  little  revised.  The  indifference 
w^hich  neglects  any  uniform  system  of  ortho- 
graphy (Lycos,  Kadmos,  Colossal,  occurring 
on   a   single  page)  is  responsible  for  the 
postponement  of  a  chapter  on  Eumeneia  to 
a  subsequent  volume,  although  by  all  geo- 
graphical and  historical  fitness  that  chapter 
should    have    stood    next    to  the   one    on 
Lounda,  Peltai,  and  Attanassos.      In  fact, 
the  author  has  formulated   a   scheme    and 
abandoned   it    before   his    first   volume    is 
closed.      If    Phrygia    is   to   be   treated   in 
sections,    by   river    valleys,     each    with   a 
history,  political,   religious,   and  literary — 
not  a  very  obviously  convenient  plan,  seeing 
that   these  valleys   had    often    no    distinct 
ethnic  or  political  character — Eumeneia  will 
come  very  awkwardly  into  any  later  section. 
Possibly,    however,    the   author   is   less   to 
blame    than   his    publishers   for    such   im- 
perfect  arrangement.      Furthermore   there 
is    a    certain   carelessness    here   and  there 
about     the     proportion     to     be     observed 
in    sotting    forth    the    ordered    results    of 
research ;  one  cannot  but  feel  tliat  a   good 
deal   in   this   volume,  of   great   value   and 
interest,  ought  to  have  been  presented  in 
detail  in  preliminary  articles,  and  the  results 
merely  summarized  and  accepted  here.     We 
find,  for  example,  a  disproportionate  space 
devoted    to    the    Moslem    raids    and    con- 
quests, while    earlier   history  is   dismissed, 
as    known,    in    a    few    linos ;    and,    as    in 
the  *  Historical   Geography,'    the  obscurest 
Byzantine  cities,  if  disputed  or  not  certainly 
fixed,  are  treated  sometimes  with  a  minute- 
ness wliich  causes  them  to  occupy  three  times 
as  much  space  as  Iconiumor  Ctcsaroa.    That 
said,  and  withal  that  the  author  now  and 


again  passes  with  surprising  celerity  from 
conjecture  to  certainty  (cf.  the  argument  as 
to  the  identity  of  Karou-Karia-Gereli  on 
p.  168,  where  "it  is  probable"  is  absorbed 
incontinently  into  "  we  mayconfidentlysay  "), 
and  now  and  again  tells  us  over  much  of  his 
controversies  with  other  scholars,  German 
and  French,  we  have  exhausted  the 
reviewer's  task  of  criticism.  There  are  one 
or  two  slips  in  the  text  not  corrected  in  the 
errata,  but  very  few,  so  far  as  we  have 
noted:  the  "twelfth"  legion,  on  p.  117, 
should  bo  the  fourteenth ;  and  surely  Alex- 
ander waited  till  334  before  he  "led  Greek 
civilization  to  conquer  Asia"  (p.  9). 

A  more  worthy  task — for  this  volume  con- 
tains such  singular  erudition,  such  original 
and  independent  reasoning  (cf .,  e.g.,  pp.  8-10 
on  the  connexion  of  the  Roman  domain  with 
the  Hellenistic  colonies,  and  of  those  with 
religious  lands ;  or  c.  ix.  §  3,  on  the 
Milyadic  or  Killanian  estates),  and  evidence 
of  such  unique  observation  and  research,  as 
to  be  little  affected  by  criticism  of  method 
and  form — is  to  point  out  its  extraordinary 
value  to  all  students,  not  only  of  Anatolian 
matters,  but  of  the  Hellenistic  period,  of 
Eoman  provincial  organization  everywhere, 
of  Christian  doctrine  and  ecclesiastical 
history,  and  of  the  advance  of  Islam.  More 
than  that,  it  affords  an  object  lesson  of  the 
best  kind  in  the  province  of  archoeological 
research  and  the  right  application  of  its 
results  to  history.  Prof.  Ramsay  grasps 
with  a  sure  hand  epigraphy,  numismatics, 
jihilology,  geography,  and  bends  all  to  his 
purposes.  Every  inscription  that  he  repro- 
duces in  this  volume  gains  in  lucidity  and 
authority  by  his  handling  of  it ;  and  of 
every  city  which  he  treats  we  rest  assured 
that  we  now  know  all  that  is  to  be  known 
the  present  moment,  and  far  more  than 


at 

has  been 
since  the 
Anatolia. 


known  at  any  previous  moment 
East   shut   out    the  West    from 


Memories  and  ThougJds  of  a  Life.  By  William 
O'Connor  Morris.     (George  Allen.) 

The  late  Archbishop  Whately  used  to  say 
that  the  incapacity  of  Irishmen  to  see  more 
than  one  side  of  a  question  arose  from  their 
habitual  use  of   outside  cars.     It   is   to  be 
feared  that  this  illogical  tendency  is  but  too 
well  defined,  and  therefore  it  is  refreshing 
to  meet  with  one  who,  like   Mr.  O'Connor 
Morris,  has  devoted  a  long  life  to  a  study 
of  what  is  called  the  "  Irish  question."     Ho 
was  brought  up  in  the  Liberal  school,  and 
throughout  his  life  all  his  sympathies  have 
been  Liberal.  Like  all  Celts,  he  is  descended 
from  an  Irish  king,  or  at  least  from  a  chief- 
tain,   "O'Connor   of    Offaly,"    and   always 
writes  as  "one  of  a  faUen  race."     He  sup- 
ported and  still  approves  of  the  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  Church,  although  he  adds 
that    it   was   done    in    such   a   blundering 
manner  that  it  has  effected  little  good.     He 
had  recommended    most  of   the  changes  in 
the  earlier  Land  Acts,  and  goes  the  length 
of  adding  that  although  they  had  inflicted 
injustice   and   loss   on    the   landlords,    still 
that    perhaps    the    necessity    of    the    case 
justified    them.     Ho,    however,    refuses    to 
endorse  tho  current  opinion  that  the  land- 
lords wore  oppressive  to  their  tenantry  : — 

"  I  can  positively  assert  that  there  were  very 
few  instances  of   'landlord  oppression,'  which 


has  been  the  subject  of  lying  inventions  of 
noisy  demagogues  for  purposes  almost  always 
selfish,  but  the  system  of  tenure  was  essentially 
bad." 

On  the  contrary,  he  points  out  that  the 
older  families  were,  until  very  recent  years, 
generally  beloved  by  their  tenants,  and 
that  instances  of  oppression  were  confined 
to  the  new  men  who  purchased  under  the 
Encumbered  Estates  Acts,  which  he  empha- 
tically condemns :  — 

"Hundreds  of  landlords  were  ruined  and 
driven  from  their  homes,  but  they  were  not 
replaced  by  energetic  men  of  substance,  and 
English  and  Scottish  capital  has  only  reached 
the  land  in  the  injurious  form  of  enormous 
mortgages  belonging  to  great  absentee  com- 
panies. The  estates  transferred  by  the  Encum- 
bered Estates  Court  passed  for  the  most  part 
into  the  hands  of  a  needy  class — in  numerous 
instances,  small  town  shopkeepers  ;  these  usually 
borrowed  largely  to  complete  their  purchases, 
and  they  became  the  worst  landlords  ever  known 
in  Ireland— worse  perhaps  even  than  the  no- 
torious '  Middleman  ' — the  'Squireens'  of  Arthur 

Young  and  Miss  Edgeworth The  experiment 

should  be  a  warning  to  British  statesmen  not  to 
meddle  inconsiderately  with  the  Irish  land  ques- 
tion, a  subject  few  of  them  really  understand." 

Mr.  O'Connor  Morris  lays  much  stress 
on  the  disastrous  social  effect  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  beneficial  influence  of  an 
upper  class  and  the  substitution  for  it  of  the 
bureaucratic  system  of  the  Castle,  the  latter 
being  a  necessary  consequence  of  the  former. 
Whilst  he  gives  the  highest  praise  to  the 
Irish  bar,  he  laments  the  general  absence 
of  a  middle  class.  These  two  wants  are  the 
real  cruces  of  the  problem. 

The  most  practical,  although  not  the  most 
interesting  and  thrilling,  chapters  in  this 
volume  are  the  last  two,  in  which  the 
author  treats  of  education,  land  tenure, 
and  local  government.  As  these  wiU,  it  is 
generally  supposed,  form  the  subjects  of 
immediate  legislation,  we  would  commend 
the  chapter  for  perusal.  With  some  of  the 
suggestions  we  cannot  concur,  but  they  are 
replete  with  matter  for  reflection.  The 
author's  arguments  in  favour  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Roman  Catholic  University, 
and  for  a  modification  of  the  system  of 
primary  education,  are  cogent : — 

"Equity  in  this  matter  should  guide  our 
conduct  ;  those  who  believe  the  Union  to  be 
essential  to  the  welfare  of  Ireland  and  Great 
Britain  alike,  should  be  careful  to  see  that  the 
Catholic  Irish  have  no  legitimate  cause  of  com- 
plaint, and  should  go  a  long  way  to  attract 
their  sympathies.  And  with  this  object  it  is  of 
supreme  importance  to  gain  the  countenance  of 
the  Irish  Catholic  Church,  especially  when  it 
seeks  what  ought  to  be  done.  That  Church, 
probably,  will  never  be  a  cordial  friend  of 
Protestant  England.  Pitt  and  Mr.  Gladstone— 
the  last  notably,  and  without  the  excuses  that 
can  be  made  for  Pitt — lost  opportunities  to 
bring  it  into  relations  with  the  State.  But  the 
Irish  Catholic  clergy,  both  high  and  low,  arc 
not  the  less  in  their  true  natures  and  at  bottom 
a  great  Conservative  force,  which  we  ought  to 
win  to  our  side  if  possible.  They  have  shown 
this  on  more  than  one  occasion.  They  opposed 
the  movements  of  1848  and  1867,  and  joined 
the  Land  and  National  Leagues  with  reluct- 
ance ;  and  it  is  the  height  of  unwisdom  to  make 
this  great  order  of  men  hostile  to  our  rule  by 
denying  justice,  and  not  to  try  to  make  them 
allies.  This  was  pointed  out  by  Burke  a  cen- 
tury ago  ;  the  lesson  is  just  as  true  at  this  hour." 

When  we  mention  that  our  author  was 
for  twenty-two  years  a  constant  writer  of 


N'^  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


413 


literary  articles  in  the  Times,  that  he  has 
contributed  upwards  of  forty  articles  to  the 
Edinburgh  Revicio,  that  he  is  the  author 
of  articles  in  the  '  Encyclopedia  Britannica,' 
that  the  Quarterhj  Review  and  nearly  all  the 
magazines  were  open  to  his  pen,  we  have 
said  enough  to  show  that  he  is  well  qualified 
to  form  a  judgment  even  upon  the  "Irish 
question,"  which  he  has  made  the  study  of 
his  life,  and  that  his  matured  and  ripened 
opinion  ought  to  carry  with  it  considerable 
weight. 

NEW   NOVELS. 

From  the  Memoirs  of  a  Minister  of  France.   By 
Stanley  Weyman.     (Cassell  &  Co.) 

"We  know  that  the  great  minister,  of  whom 
we  have  seen  glimpses    before  under  Mr. 
Weyman's   auspices,  did  not,  in  fact,  write 
so  charmingly  as   these  supposed   extracts 
from  his  autobiography  would  lead  us  to 
infer.     But  if  the  Due  de  Sully  was  not  the 
master  of  the  stately  style  which  we  admire 
in  these  pages,  in  other  respects  the  portrait 
is  full  of  life,  and  the  devoted  statesman, 
the  loyal  subject,  the  attached  friend  sheds, 
as  in  life,  a  halo  round  the  monarch  whose 
appreciation    of  his  counsellor  was  one  of 
the  wisest  traits  of  his  composite  character. 
Mr.  "Weyman  has  the  gift  given  to  few — an 
essential  to  first-rate  success  in  the  historical 
novelist — that  his  representation  of  the  inci- 
dents  of   daily    life,    the   complications    of 
political  intrigue,  even  the  modes  of  thought 
of  the  period  he  chooses  as  the  groundwork 
of  his  romance,  is  so  informed   with  sym- 
pathy and  knowledge  that  it  is  really  the 
concentrated  essence  of  the  annals  and  spirit 
of  the  time,  more  picturesque  and  vivid,  but 
not  less  truthful,  than  any  single  contem- 
porary authority.  These  twelve  short  stories 
— which,  in  deference  to  the  form  selected, 
may  be   better    classed    as    notes   for,  or 
excerpts    from,   a    continuous    narrative  — 
exhibit  the  France  of  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  in  a  striking  series  of  inci- 
dents.    "With  the  Grand  Master  as  narrator 
and  Henri  Quatre  as  the  principal   figure, 
most  of  these  are  naturally  connected  with 
court  intrigues  and  the  circle  within  which 
the  political  activity  of  France  had  begun 
to  be  concentrated.     We  share  Sully's  sus- 
picions of  the  hostile  influences,  French  and 
Italian,  which  began  to  gather  round  the 
throne ;  we  note  the  queen's  jealousy   and 
the  scheming  of  this  and  that  disappointed 
favourite    or   courtier ;    we    accompany  the 
king  on  the  rambles  which  he  loved  like 
Haroun  or  the  Scottish  James  ;  but  we  also 
get  occasional  views  of  the  great  exhausted 
coimtry  which  lay  at  the   feet  of  the  tax- 
gatherer  ;  the  misfeasances  of  collectors,  and 
the  poetic  justice  which  overcomes  them  in 
Oriental  fashion  when  the  indignant  SuUj' 
comes  personally  among  their  victims ;  the 
humours   and   the   dangers,  the  sordid   or 
ludicrous    adjuncts    of   a   journey   through 
the  provinces.     Multifarious  are  the  reve- 
lations furnished  of  old  France,  and  all  are 
recorded  naturally  hj  a  single  and  detached 
observer.     It  is  difficult  to  select  episodes 
where  all  are  well  imagined,  but  we  may 
say  that  the  'Two  Mayors  of  Bottitort,'  the 
'  Governor  of  Gueret,'   and   '  Farming   the 
Taxes  '  throw  most  light  on  the  general  life 
of  the  country ;   while  '  The  Clookmaker  of 
Poiasy,'  '  The  Open  Shutter,'  '  The  Tennis 


Balls,'  and  '  The  Cat  and  the  King  '  present 
the  character  of  Henry  and  the  perils  with 
which  he  was  environed.  Sully's  own  per- 
sonality is  most  in  evidence  when,  owing  to 
the  wiles  of  adversaries,  he  is  placed  on  two 
occasions  in  positions  of  great  perplexity 
and  peril.  But  the  cool  head  and  strong 
heart  of  the  Minister  of  France  never  fail 
him,  and  his  narrative  is  a  model  of  sagacious 
dignity.  How  graphic  is  the  scene  in  '  The 
Lost  Cipher '  when  a  passing  estrangement 
has  separated  the  old  comrades  in  war  !  The 
king 

"turned  again,  with  a  light  laugh.  At  this  a 
courtier,  one  of  Sillery's  creatures,  who  had 
presumed  on  the  occasion  so  far  as  to  come  to 
my  elbow,  thought  that  he  might  safely  amuse 
himself  with  me.  *  I  am  afraid  that  the  King 
grows  older,  M.  deRosny,'  he  said,  smirking  at 
his  companions.  '  His  sight  seems  to  be  failing.' 
'  It  should  not  be  neglected  then,'  I  said  grimly. 
'I  will  tell  him  presently  what  you  say.'  He 
fell  back,  looking  foolish  at  that,  at  the  very 
moment  that  Henry,  having  taken  another  turn, 
dismissed  Villeroy,  who,  wiser  than  the  puppy 
at  my  elbow,  greeted  me  with  particular  civility 
as  he  passed." 

Take,  again,  the  episode  of  the  fire  in  '  The 
Man  of  Monceaux,'  and  Sully's  reflections 
on  the  occasion  :  — 

"In  such  emergencies  I  take  it  to  be  the 
duty  of  a  man  of  standing  to  bear  himself  with 
as  much  dignity  as  is  consistent  with  vigour  ; 
and  neither  to  allow  himself  to  be  carried  away 
by  the  outcry  and  disorder  of  the  crowd,  nor 
to  omit  any  direction  that  may  avail.  On  this 
occasion,  however,  my  first  thought  was  given 
to  the  memorial  I  had  prepared  for  the  King  ; 
which  I  remembered  had  been  taken  with  other 
books  and  papers  to  a  room  over  the  kitchen. 
I  lost  not  a  moment,  therefore,  in  sending 
Maignan  for  it  ;  nor  until  I  held  it  safely  in  my 
hand  did  I  feel  myself  at  liberty  to  think  of  the 
house.  When  I  did,  I  found  that  the  alarm 
exceeded  the  danger  ;  a  few  buckets  of  water 
extinguished  a  beam  in  the  chimney  which  had 
caught  fire,  and  in  a  few  moments  we  were 
able  to  resume  the  meal  with  the  added  vivacity 
which  such  an  event  gave  to  the  conversation." 

The  autobiographer  is  the  magnanimous 
man  of  Aristotle,  with  a  grain  of  Gallic 
salt,  and  without  the  slightly  ponderous 
pose.  Both  in  style  and  matter  this  book 
is  one  to  read  and  to  enjoy. 


Sons  of  Fire.  By  the  Author  of  *  Lady 
Audley's  Secret,'  &c.  3  vols.  (Simpkin, 
MarshaU  &  Co.) 

Miss  Braddon's  new  story  is  very  much  in 
the  old  vein ;  though,  of  course,  the  essen- 
tial of  a  new  story  from  Miss  Braddon  is 
that  she  should  find  a  fresh  setting  for  a 
familiar  theme,  and  display  her  ingenuity 
by  showing  in  how  many  different  forms 
a  mystery  of  homicide  can  be  made  attrac- 
tive. In  '  Sons  of  Fire '  the  author  has 
once  more  been  fairly  successful  in  arrang- 
ing her  materials.  There  is  an  attempted 
homicide,  but  no  particular  villainy  of  the 
ordinary  type ;  and  it  must  be  confessed 
that  Miss  Braddon  is  not  so  natural  as  she 
sometimes  contrives  to  be  in  accounting  for 
the  violence  which  very  nearly  robs  her  of 
her  hero.  Headers  are  not  likely  to  find 
Suzette  a  very  sj'mpathetic  heroine ;  she  is 
volatile  and  lively,  but  plays  fast  and  loose 
with  the  two  men  who  adore  her.  It  is  in 
its  subsidiary  characters  and  incidents  that 
this  story  will  probably  be  found  most 
inviting.     There   is  some  good  social   por- 


traiture scattered  over  the  three  volumes, 
of  a  kind  to  which  the  author  has  accus- 
tomed us,  especially  in  her  later  novels. 

The  Professor's  Fxperiment .     By  Mrs.  Hun- 

gerford.  3  vols.  (Chatto  &  "Windus.) 
"W^E  are  glad  to  note  a  return  in  the  present 
novel  to  Mrs.  Hungerford's  better  manner. 
There  is  no  doubt  she  can  paint  youthful 
and  ingenuous  love  with  spontaneity  and 
charming  directness.  Also  she  has  in  her 
time  increased  the  treasures  of  memory 
by  some  impressions  of  winsome  heroines, 
amid  too  many  of  the  hoidenish  order. 
Seldom  has  she  drawn,  or  have  we  met  with, 
a  fairer  picture  than  that  of  Susan  Barry, 
the  unconscious  and  unselfish  object  of  a 
wise  man's  adoration.  The  big  Crosby 
squire  is  in  luck  when  he  discerns  the  merit 
of  this  delightful  creature,  who  has  all  the 
good  nature  and  Irish  warmth  of  Mrs. 
Hungerford's  favourite  countrywomen,  with 
a  truth  and  depth  of  constancy  which  is  all 
her  own.  She  makes  no  less  adorable  a 
mistress  by  reason  of  the  previous  develop- 
ment of  the  motherly  instinct  towards  her 
crippled  brother  and  the  daughterly  duty 
she  pays  her  widowed  father.  Crosby's 
difficulty  is  in  finding  her  sufficiently  de- 
tached to  estimate  his  attentions ;  but  he 
finds  a  way  to  toucli  her  sympathies,  and 
wins  his  reward.  The  incident  which  gives 
title  to  the  story,  and  its  results  on  the 
strangely  complicated  fortunes  of  Ella  and 
on  the  temperament  of  the  rather  cold 
patron  who  becomes  her  lover,  are  secon- 
dary in  interest  to  the  counterplot  at  the 
"Vicarage.  But  here  again  we  find  more  to 
praise  than  we  have  of  late  discovered ;  and 
the  usual  jesting  hobbledehoys  are  fairly 
well  subdued  in  conversation.  Fausto  siet 
online  !    "We  welcome  the  new  departure. 

Handicapped.     By  Sir  Eandal  H.  Eoberts, 

Bart.     (White  &  Co.) 
In  this  romance  of  military  life  we  are  taken 
to  Ireland,  the  Mauritius,  and  India.    There 
are  plenty  of  love-making,  a  little  fighting, 
some  noble,  not  to  say  religious  sentiments, 
and  unexpected  windfalls.     In  short,  there 
is   a   sufficiency  of   incident   of   the   trans- 
pontine    melodrama     type.        The    author 
shows  that  he  is  a  master  of  French  and 
Irish  ;   but  when   it   comes   to   Hindustani 
and  the  history  of  the  Indian  Mutiny  he  is 
less  proficient.    He  is  also  at  sea  with  regard 
to  law,  for  which  there  is  no  excuse,  seeing 
that  one  of  his  brothers  is  a  barrister,  and 
he  doubtless  numbers  many  lawyers  among 
his  acquaintance.     Any  of  them  woidd  have 
told  him  that  if  a  man  died  intestate  his 
property  would  not  all  go  to  the  widow  to 
the  exclusion  of  his  children.     On  the  whole, 
this  is  a  flashy,  thin  romance,  not  altogether 
unamusing,  but  not  meriting  more  than  an 
ephemeral  existence. 

A  Hasty  Marriage:  a  Story  of  Tic o  Lives.  By 
Sir  Eandal  H.  Eoberts,  Bart.  (Eoutledge 
&  Sons.) 
Simultaneously  with  '  Handicapped '  ap- 
pears this  novel.  It  also  is  a  semi-military 
novel,  and  likewise  the  scene  is  partly  in 
India.  There  is  more  body,  so  to  speak,  in 
'A  Hasty  Marriage'  than  in  '  Handicapped,' 
for  the  plot  turns  on  the  hardness  and 
jealousy  of  a  wife,  and  the  temptations  of  her 


414 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


husband  to  be  false  to  his  marriage  vows. 
In  short,  the  interest  of  the  tale  depends 
rather  upon  the  working  of  the  human 
heart  than  upon  the  occurrence  of  a  series 
of  timely  but  improbable  incidents.  The 
jealous  wife  is  not  badly  drawn,  and  the 
combat  between  the  husband's  principles 
and  the  allurements  to  which  he  is  subjected 
is  described  with  a  fair  amount  of  skill 
and  knowledge  of  the  human  heart,  espe- 
cially of  the  most  unholy  impulses  of  the 
latter.  Indeed,  the  topic  seems  to  possess 
great  attractions  for  the  author,  who  dwells 
upon  it  as  if  savouring  a  delicious  morsel. 
At  the  same  time  we  must  admit  that  there 
is  no  coarseness  in  the  description  of  the 
more  or  less  guilty  intrigue  of  the  hero 
with  the  fascinating  actress.  But  the  tone 
adopted  in  comparison  with  that  of  '  Handi- 
capped' marks  the  difference  between  Sir 
Eandal  Eoberts  naughty  and  Sir  Eandal 
Roberts  moral.  One  defect  of  the  book  is 
carelessness.  The  author  was  not  at  all 
required  to  mention  what  word  of  command 
the  hero  on  a  certain  occasion  gave  to  a 
body  of  troops,  but  if  he  did  mention  it 
he  might  as  well  have  given  it  correctly. 
Again,  Sir  Eandal  ought  to  know  that 
when  an  officer  "sends  in  his  papers"  he 
is  never  gazetted  out  in  the  next  Gazette. 
Passing  from  soldiering  to  dancing,  we 
would  point  out  that  the  following  is  not  a 
correct  description  of  the  attitude  of  a  lady 
when  about  to  waltz : — 

"  Some  women  have  a  way  of  waltzing  which 
can  only  be  described  by  the  word  '  languishing. ' 
The  right  hand  tightens  and  clutches  tight  hold 
of  her  partner's  shoulder,  upon  which  she  rests 
her  head  ;  she  closes  her  eyes,  and  leans  heavily 
on  the  arm  that  encircles  her." 

The  above  are  mere  trifles,  it  is  true,  but 
they  naturally  catch  the  eye  when  there  are 
no  great  merits  to  distract  the  attention. 

Clarence.      By     Bret     Harte.      (Chatto    & 

Windus.) 
Not  one  of  the  least  permanent  effects  of 
the  Civil  War  in  America  is  its  unexhausted 
possibilities  as  a  mine  of  fiction.  This  story 
is  an  extremely  lively  presentment  of  in- 
cidents in  the  great  struggle,  and  intro- 
duces a  large  number  of  actors  more  or 
less  typical  of  their  nationality  and  section. 
Clarence  is  a  rather  sensitive  Northerner, 
forced  by  circumstances  and  a  Southern 
wife  into  a  position  so  intolerable  at  the 
outset  of  the  war  that  decided  action 
becomes  a  necessity,  and  he  engages  with- 
out much  enthusiasm  as  an  active  military 
partisan.  Once  engaged,  his  practical 
qualities  bring  him  to  the  front,  and  he 
is  in  command  of  a  brigade  when  fortune 
places  him  again  in  collision  with  his 
wife,  who  has  left  him  to  become  an  in- 
defatigable political  intriguer  and  a  spy  in 
the  Confederate  service.  How  his  feelings 
as  a  husband  cause  him  to  risk  the  impu- 
tation of  dishonour,  and  how  his  abortive 
attempt  to  save  his  wife's  life  leads  for  a 
time  to  his  disgi-ace,  are  matters  which 
constitute  the  most  exciting  passage  in  his 
history.  He  is,  in  fact,  a  very  honourable, 
brave,  and  loyal  cavalier,  though  his  ex- 
trication from  the  oppression  of  sinister 
circumstances  takes  the  form  of  successful 
intrigue  on  his  behalf  in  the  curious  hotbed 
of  strange  influences  in  which  the  Army 
Department  at  Washington  has  its  growth 


and  being.  The  description  of  the  bureau- 
cratic imbroglio  through  which  the  patient 
and  sagacious  Lincoln  from  time  to  time 
cuts  a  practicable  outlet  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  and  meritorious  portions  of  a 
book  which  is  everywhere  suggestive  of 
observation  and  experience.  The  enthu- 
siastic Alice  Benham,  it  may  be  believed, 
is  a  type  of  a  class  of  women  who,  adored 
by  their  own  side  as  martyrs,  must  have 
been  terribly  exasperating  to  the  enemy 
from  whom  they  withheld  no  expression  of 
contempt.  The  frankly  vulgar  Susy,  who 
has  Northern  sympathies,  is  a  Southerner  of 
a  different  kind,  but  not  without  a  saucy 
charm.  Her  ranting,  theatrical  husband, 
who  is  forced  by  accident  into  the  disguise 
of  a  brigadier-general,  and  by  his  own 
account  plays  the  sort  of  role  in  the  sub- 
sequent action  that  the  celebrated  Bill 
Adams  did  at  Waterloo,  affords  the  most 
admirable  comic  relief  to  such  tragedy  as 
our  author  provides.  His  claim  upon  the 
man  with  whom  his  fugitive  wife  has  taken 
refuge,  as  a  sort  of  relation  hy  marriage^  is 
an  apt  measure  of  his  unflinching  impudence. 
Clarence  is  left  happy  with  a  fair  friend 
of  better  domestic  qualities  than  Alice,  but 
the  romance  of  the  story  culminates  in  the 
death  of  the  spy. 


EDITIONS   OF   TERENCE. 


Terenti  Haiiton  Timorumenos.  With  an  In- 
troduction and  Notes  by  J.  H.  Gray.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — This  is  a  meritorious 
edition,  containing  much  useful  and,  on  the 
whole,  sound  work  ;  but  it  is  not  quite  up  to 
the  level  of  the  editions  of  two  plays  of  Plautus 
by  the  same  editor,  which  we  reviewed  not  long 
ago.  Mr.  Gray  says  in  his  preface,  "The  edition 
is  not  critical  and  can  have  no  attraction  for 
critical  scholars.  The  criticism  I  shall  be  most 
grateful  for  is  that  of  masters  who  may  use  the 
book  with  pupils."  The  book  is  more  valuable, 
and  will  be  more  Avidely  used,  than  these  words 
would  indicate  ;  and  sooner  or  later  the  editor 
will  have  an  opportunity  of  revising  his  work. 
We  therefore  offer  suggestions,  some  of  them  in 
the  interests  of  the  class  of  readers  whom  he 
especially  has  in  view.  One  defect  of  the  intro- 
duction is  that  it  contains  no  estimate  of  the 
value  of  the  play  from  the  dramatic  standpoint. 
Nor  is  any  notice  taken  of  the  difficulties  which 
beset  the  traditional  date  of  Terence's  birth, 
viz.,  185  B.C.  It  is  inconceivable,  as  many 
writers  have  urged,  that  the  dramatist  should 
have  produced  his  '  Andria  '  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen. In  the  notes  translations  of  easy  passages 
are  often  given,  which  are  needless  for  students 
sufficiently  advanced  to  read  Terence.  Also  un- 
necessary explanations  are  provided,  such  as 
that  deum  in  the  phrase  "pro  deum  fidem  "  is 
genitive  singular  (1.  Gl),  or  that  in  the  words 
"  necui  sit  vostrum  mirum,"  "  vodrum  is  parti- 
tive genitive  after  necui,  dative  of  nequis " 
(1.  1).  Such  hints  as  "look  out  all  the  mean- 
ings of  aiko,"  or  "look  out  tiia  in  the  'Dic- 
tionary of  Antiquities,'"  are  of  no  great  use. 
There  are  in  the  play  scores  of  other  words 
which  the  student  might  equally  well  "look 
out."  Some  of  the  grammatical  notes  need  to 
be  recast  in  a  somewhat  more  exact  form.  The 
student  who  reads  here  (note  on  1.  190)  the  old 
rule  that  contriujit  applies  only  to  good  fortune 
will  be  bound  to  unlearn  it  before  long  if  he 
goes  much  further  in  his  Latin  studies  ;  and 
so,  too,  with  the  antiquated  canon  about  the 
constructions  of  memitii  (1.  G2G).  In  notes  on 
11.  185,  815  it  is  said  that  a  wish  which  may  be 
realized  is  expressed  by  the  present  subjunctive. 
But  many  examjjles  of  wishes  that  cannot  be 
realized  may  be  found  connected  with  the  pre- 
sent subjunctive.     Also  the  note  on  cpdppe  (lui 


in  1.  538  is  not  quite  accurate.  So  far  is  quippe 
qui  from  requiring  the  subjunctive  that,  as  in 
Sallust,  so  in  early  Latin,  the  indicative  always- 
follows,  excepting  in  Plautus,  '  Persa, '  1.  699. 
Some  of  the  notes  on  usages  would  be  better 
for  a  little  more  detail,  so  as  to  show  the 
student  which  of  them  are  solely  archaic  and 
which  recur  in  classical  Latin.  For  want  of  this,, 
some  of  the  notes  may  create  a  wrong  impres- 
sion. But  this  is  a  fault  common  to  nearly  all 
the  school  editions  of  Plautine  and  Terentian- 
plays.  The  following  are  some  of  the  passages 
where  the  readings  or  interpretations  adopted 
by  I\Ir.  Gray,  and  in  some  cases  by  other  editors, 
seem  to  call  for  reconsideration.  In  the  pro- 
logue, 1.  14,  "ex  integra  Graeca  integram 
comoediam  hodie  sum  acturus,"  the  interpre- 
tation of  integra  as  the  opposite  of  contaminata 
is  untenable,  because  (1)  the  play  is  admitted  by 
Terence  not  to  be  integra  in  this  sense,  and  {2} 
the  words  "novam  esse  ostendi,"  in  1.  6,  aro 
thus  deprived  of  their  meaning.  These  show 
that  integra  means  "fresh,"  "untouched  before 
by  a  Roman  playwright."  L.  194,  "  patriara 
incolumem";  these  words  will  hardly  bear  the 
meaning  assigned  to  them,  viz.,  that  Clinia  i& 
in  possession  of  his  rights  as  a  citizen.  L.  207, 
"sunt  ad  virtutem,"  the  one  passage  quoted 
in  illustration  contains  a  quite  different  use  of 
ad.  L.  240,  "  dum  moliuntur,  dum  conantur, 
annus  est."  In  this  passage  (a  description  of 
ladies  at  their  toilet)  the  reading  cormmtur 
seems  far  better  than  conantur ;  the  latter  may 
well  have  arisen  from  a  misunderstanding  of 
moliuntur,  which  means  not  "  make  a  toilsome 
effort,"  but  "build  themselves  up,"  for  which 
notion  we  may  compare  Juvenal,  6,  502  (of  a 
Roman  lady),  "tot  adhuc  compagibus  altum 
aedificat  caput."  L.  291,  the  word  pax, 
"hush,"  stands  most  awkwardly  at  the  end  of 
a  speech,  and  should  be  removed  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  following  speech.  L.  402,  the 
words  "  ut  patrem  tuom  video  esse  habitum  " 
are  not  nearly  so  difficult  as  they  have  been 
supposed  to  be  ;  the  sense  is,  "  considering  your 
father's  condition"  or  "frame  of  mind."  So 
"male  habitus,"  which  originally  meant  "ill- 
kept,"  came  to  mean  "ill-conditioned."  L.  645, 
"  natu  gravior  "  is  a  hardly  supportable  phrase, 
even  in  view  of  its  occurrence  in  a  line  of 
Claudian  (not  noticed  by  Mr.  Gray).  Natu  is 
probably  an  error  for  notus.  L.  671,  "nam 
quod  de  argento  sperem  aut  posse  postulem  me 
fallere,  nil  est,"  the  comma  before  nil  should 
be  removed,  since  the  construction  is   "nil  est 

quod ,"  as  in  1.  834.     L.  741,  Ba.  "  Dignam 

me  putas  quam  illudas  ? "  Sy.  "Non  est 
temere."  The  speech  of  Syrus  means  not  "I 
have  good  reason  for  cheating  you,"  but  "I 
shall  suffer  for  it  if  I  do."  So  "  haut  teme- 
rariumst,"  in  Plaut.  'Asin.,'  262.  Among  the 
few  points  passed  over  in  the  commentary  is 
the  peculiar  attraction  in  1.  689:  "Amici  res 
est  videnda  in  tuto  ut  coUocetur."  This  is  shown 
to  be  really  attraction  by  1.  695,  "videndum 
est amici  res  in  tuto  ut  conlocetur";  other- 
wise a  different  interpretation  would  have  been 
possible. 

Terenti  JEumichus.  Texte  Latin,  avec  une 
Introduction  et  un  Commentaire  par  P.  Fabia. 
(Paris,  Colin.)— It  is  not  long  since  we  had  the 
pleasure  of  noticing  M.  Fabia's  excellent  inquiry 
into  the  sources  of  the  '  Histories  '  and  '  Annals  ' 
of  Tacitus.  He  has  also  published  an  edition 
of  the  '  Adelphoe '  of  Terence  and  an  elaborate 
examination  of  the  Terentian  prologues.  The 
present  volume  makes  no  pretensions  to  any 
great  novelty  either  in  exegesis  or  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  text ;  but  it  is  eminently  scholarly 
and  lucid,  and  every  reader  of  Terence  will  find 
in  it  plea.sant  and  proti table  reading.  It  is  un- 
fortunate that  the  nature  of  the  plot  restricts 
the  number  of  those  wlio  read  the  comedy,  for 
it  contains  skilful  work,  capable  of  being  made 
effective  by  good  acting.  M.  Fabia's  introduc- 
tion is  entirely  devoted  to  a  critical  analysis  of 
I  the  play,  and  gives  a  detailed  estimate  of  its 


N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


415 


dramatic  value.  The  text  is  handled,  as  the 
text  of  Terence  should  be,  in  a  conservative 
spirit.  Sometimes  a  return  is  rightly  made  to 
MS.  readings  abandoned  by  recent  editors,  as 
at  1.  578,  where  prava  ratio  is  far  better  than 
"parva  ratio,"  the  correction  of  Palmerius  and 
Bentley.  Unnecessary  departures  from  the 
codices  are  very  rare,  but  in  1.  10  of  the 
"Periocha"  an  alteration  is  adopted  to  avoid 
the  juxtaposition  of  a  past  tense  and  historic 
present,  of  which  many  examples  may  be  found. 
There  is  a  somewhat  laboured  defence  of  a 
spurious  line  in  the  prologue  (1.  38).  Terence 
excuses  himself  for  having  employed  contami- 
natio  in  constructing  the  play.  Most  of  it  comes 
from  one  Greek  original,  but  two  characters, 
a  parasite  and  a  bragging  soldier,  are  admit- 
tedly derived  from  another  source.  Terence  in 
effect  says,  ' '  These  are  stock  characters  ;  if  I 
may  not  use  them,  why  should  I  be  allowed  to 
use  others"  which  are  enumerated?  Clearly 
nothing  can  justify  the  inclusion  of  the  two 
characters  before  mentioned  among  those  enu- 
merated. In  1.  519  the  reading  "  Suni  "  can 
hardly  be  right ;  the  locative  is  needed,  which 
must  be  Sunii,  not  "Suni,"  even  in  old  Latin. 
So  Brundisii  occurs  in  a  fragment  of  Ennius, 
where  L.  Miiller  has  mistakenly  changed  it. 
M.  Fabia  introduces  few  emendations  of  recent 
date  and  only  one  of  his  own.  In  1.  588,  where 
there  is  allusion  to  the  tale  of  Zeus  and  Danae, 
the  codices  give  "  deum  sese  in  hominem  con- 
vortisse  atque  in  alienas  tegulas  venisse."  The 
editor  emends  "in  hominem"  to  in  imbrem 
admirably.  But  the  correction  hardly  squares 
with  the  somewhat  narrow  palseographical  tests 
which  he  sometimes  applies  to  the  correc- 
tions of  other  scholars.  There  seems  to  be 
great  reason  for  suspecting  the  traditional  text 
in  several  places  where  M.  Fabia,  like  other 
editors,  betrays  no  suspicion.      Thus  in  1.  1073 

we  have  ' '  cum  ilia ut  lubenter  vivis quod 

des  paulum  est,"  where  ut  is  rendered  "dtant 
donne  que,"  but  without  any  quotation  of 
parallels.  Most  probably  in  the  original  text 
of  Terence,  where  ut  now  stands,  there  stood 
ut  ut,  which  he  often  uses  with  the  indicative. 
M.  Fabia's  commentary  leaves  few  matters  of 
importance  unnoticed.  He  has  not  drawn 
attention  to  the  curious  application  of  legal 
expressions  in  1.  319,  "  vel  vi  vel  clam  vel 
precario";  and  in  1.  963,  "dicoedico."  Terence 
elsewhere  takes  phrases  from  the  courts,  as  in 
'Hautont.,'G42,  "nequeius,  neque bonum atque 
aequom."  The  explanation  given  of  the  formula 
"  nil  moror  "  (1.  184)  is  not  quite  accurate,  viz., 
*'lejuge  conge'diait  par  cette  formule  I'accuse 
acquitte."  In  the  comment  on  1.  163,  4,  "  num- 
cubi  raeam  benignitatem  sensisti  in  te  claudier," 
no  notice  is  taken  of  the  fact  that  Donatus 
believed  claudier  to  come  from  daiidere,  "to 
halt,"  "to  be  lame,"  not  from  claudere,  "to 
shut";  and  so  also  in  'Andr.,'  573,  "nolo  tibi 
ullum  commodum  in  me  claudier."  The  sense 
thus  obtained  is  certainly  better,  if  it  be 
possible.  Some  scholars  have  adopted  the 
interpretation,  but  substituted  the  active  for 
the  passive  infinitive,  which  is  found  elsewhere 
only  in  very  late  Latin.  The  copyists  of  the 
inferior  MSS.,  not  having  claudere,  "to  be 
lame,"  in  mind,  wrote  in  both  passages  inter- 
dtidier,  or  the  like,  and  were  followed  by 
Bentley.  In  1.  288  Parmeno,  the  slave,  ex- 
claims, in  reference  to  Gnatho,  the  parasite  of 
the  braggart  soldier:  "  mira  vero  sunt  quae 
militi  placeant,"  "strange  are  the  things  fitted 
to  please  a  soldier  of  fortune."  Parmeno  thinks 
it  odd  that  such  a  contemptible  creature  as 
Gnatho,  who  is  hardly  human  (1.  460),  should 
please  anybody.  M.  Fabia  offers  two  inter- 
pretations, both  forced  and  unnatural.  Simi- 
larly, a  recondite  meaning  is  sought  for  the 
words  "bene  fecisti  "  addressed  by  Thais  to 
Parmeno  (1.  464)  when  he  appears  at  an  in- 
opportune moment;  they  simply  mean  "much 
obliged  for  your  visit."  The  sense  of  haercam 
in    1.    1055,    "in   aliqua    parte   haeream   apud  j 


Thaidem,"  seems  to  be  missed  ;  the  word 
implies  "  being  placed "  in  a  competition,  as 
may  be  seen  from  Livy,  5,  2,  10,  and  the  quota- 
tions supplied  there  by  Weissenborn.  The 
scansions  vimni,  tnam,  Sum,  several  times  sug- 
gested by  M.  Fabia,  are  not  to  be  commended. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE, 


Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  publishes  Napoleon's  Last 
Voyages,  being  the  Diaries  of  Admiral  Sir 
Thomas  Ussher  (on  board  the  Undaunted)  and 
John  Glover,  Secretary  to  Bear-Admiral  Cock- 
burn  (on  board  the  Northumberland),  with  illus- 
trations. The  diaries  and  sketches  are  ex- 
tremely interesting,  and  some  of  the  sketches 
of  Napoleon,  which  are  excellent,  strike  us  as 
new.  Ussher's  account  of  the  taking  of  Napo- 
leon to  Elba  is  the  more  valuable  in  that  we 
know  Napoleon  took  a  great  fancy  to  the  admiral, 
and  made  real  confidences  to  one  who  was 
essentially  "ray  friend  the  enemy."  Cockburn 
had  a  harder  task,  for  it  was  more  pleasant  to 
be  the  host  of  "the  Emperor  Napoleon  "  on  his 
way  to  his  kingdom  of  Elba  than  the  gaoler  of 
"General  Bonaparte"  on  his  way  to  St. 
Helena.  Yet  even  Cockburn  got  a  full  and 
not  untruthful  account  of  Napoleon's  relations 
to  Queen  Louise  of  Prussia,  with  a  complaint 
that  she  and  Alexander  had  been  unkind  to 
him,  considering  that  he  managed  to  detain  the 
King  of  Prussia  one  whole  day  in  order  to  leave 
the  lovers  together.  There  are  one  or  two 
unfortunate  misprints,  such  as  "General 
Grouchy  "  for  the  Marquis  de  Grouchy.  The 
notes  are  hardly  full  enough.  For  example, 
Ussher  says  of  the  expedition  to  Copenhagen  : 
"It  was  at  that  time  believed  that  their  [the 
Danish]  fleet  was  sold  to  him  [Napoleon]."  We 
now  know  how  the  British  Ministry  learned  the 
facts — what,  exactly,  those  facts  were — and  that 
they  were  not  wrong. 

Messrs.  H.  S.  Nichols  &  Co.  reprint  the 
Memoirs  of  Margaret  de  Falois,  Queen  of  Navarre, 
from  the  English  edition  of  1813.  There  are  some 
sad  blunders  in  the  text,  such  as  "  Poiterins  "  for 
Poitevins,  "  the  brave  Grillon,"  and  others; 
and  some  terrible  English  in  the  old  translation. 
Marguerite  tells  the  King  of  France,  her 
brother  :  "I  did  not  marry  by  my  own  choice, 
but  entirely  agreeable  to  the  advice  of  King 
Charles,  the  Queen  my  mother,  and  himself." 
The  notes,  being  only  those  of  1813,  are  out  of 
date  ;  for  example,  we  are  told  that  "  Lifege  is 
the  chief  town  "of  "  the  dejjartment  of  Ourthe." 

Messrs.  Sonnenscheik  &  Co.  publish  a  trans- 
lation by  a  deceased  lady  of  the  Catholic 
Socicdism  of  Prof.  F.  S.  Nitti,  with  an  excellent 
introduction  by  Prof.  David  Ritchie,  of  St. 
Andrews.  The  work  forms  a  history  of  Roman 
Catholic  Socialism  in  the  old  world,  but  is  most 
imperfect  in  its  treatment  of  the  still  more 
interesting  Catholic  Socialism  of  the  United 
States.  The  bias  of  the  author  may  be  seen 
by  the  complete  suppression  of  all  mention 
of  the  revolutionary  Christian  Socialism  of 
Flanders.  His  competence  as  regards  England 
may  be  judged  from  his  writing  of  "the 
Agrarian  Socialism  of  Mr.  Chamberlain " ! 
Almost  as  fatuous  is  the  sentence:  "If  by 
Socialism  we  mean  all  reasonable  and  just 
efforts  to  alleviate  the  suflerings  and  improve 
the  moral,  material,  and  social  state  of  the  less 
fortunate  classes  of  society,  then  indeed  we 
may  say  that  Cardinal  Vaughan  is  a  Socialist  in 
the  truest  and  most  Christian  sense  of  the 
word."  If  Archbishop  Vaughan  is  a  Socialist, 
no  British  Tory  need  think  himself  to  be  out- 
side the  Socialist  pa.\e. 

The  diary  of  a  young  lady  who  became  a 
member  of  Strafford's  household  —  or  rather 
Lord  Wentworth's,  as  he  was  then — at  Dublin 
Castle  in  1637,  and  remained  with  his  family 
until  after  his  execution,  forms  a  pretty  little 
romance  enough  —  Kathleen  Clare,  by  Dora 
Greenwell    McChesney,    with    illustrations    by 


James  A.  Shearman  (Blackwood  &  Sons).  The 
style  is  conventionalized,  in  accordance  with 
supposed  historic  demands,  to  an  extent  which 
is  likely  to  prove  a  stumbling-block  to  weak- 
minded  readers.  To  criticize  its  inaccuracies 
would  be  pedantic,  but  there  are  more  serious 
objections  to  it  on  the  score  of  expediency.  Is 
it  well  to  handicap  so  slight  and  otherwise  un- 
pretentious a  tale  to  this  extent  all  the  way 
through  ? — 

"Sir  Sidney  hath  besought  me  to  broider  him  a 
scarf;  he  saith  I  have  much  skill  in  blendiDg  the 
colours,  and  he  is  most  fain  to  have  a  piece  of  my 

handiwork.     I  could  not  but  marvel   thereat 

Well  peradventure  I  will  yet  do  for  him  the  scarf 
he  craves." 

It  must  be  confessed  that  a  little  of  this  sort 
of  thing  goes  a  long  way.  Strafford's  trial  and 
execution  naturally  form  incidents  in  Mistress 
Clare  her  book  ;  but  it  contains  also  less  lofty 
matters  in  the  shape  of  certain  experiences  of 
her  own  unknown  to  history.  She  is  converted 
from  the  former  error  of  her  ways  into  ardent  hero 
worship  of  the  redoubtable  Strafford,  and  if  her 
history  had  not  been  written  by  herself  it  would 
have  been  still  more  readable.  Her  diary  is 
interspersed  here  and  there  with  poetic  effusions 
by  various  of  the  characters,  and  by  illustrations 
which  are  as  pretty  as  the  story  and  about  up 
to  its  level. 

A  QUARTERLY  number  of  Middlesex  and 
Hertfordshire  Notes  and  Queries  has  reached  us 
from  Messrs.  Hardy  &  Page,  Lincoln's  Inn. 
The  number  is  a  good  one.  Sarah,  Duchess  of 
Marlborough,  a  reproduction  of  a  mezzotint 
plate  of  1705,  after  a  picture  by  Kneller,  adorns 
the  frontispiece.  The  quarterly  bibliography 
and  meteorology  are  recorded  with  commend- 
able fulness  ;  and  the  notes  on  '  Vanishing  Land- 
marks '  have  a  melancholy  interest,  especially 
with  regard  to  Kew  Bridge  and  the  partial 
demolition  of  Staple  Inn. 

A  LARGE   consignment  of  reports  and  cata- 
logues  has   been   sent   us   from  various  public 
libraries.    Two  come  from  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  the  reports   of   the   establishments   in 
South  Audley  Street  and  Buckingham  Palace 
Road  respectively  ;  in  the  latter  case  the  Com- 
missioners enter  into  the  question  of  the  pro- 
portion of  fiction  to  other  branches  of  literature 
in  the  lending  library,  on  which  they  remark 
that  "a  seemingly  high  percentage  should   be 
largely  discounted   by   bearing   in    mind    that 
perhaps  half  a  dozen    novels   may   be   rapidly 
read,   being  circulated  again  and  again,  while 
one  educational  work  remains  for  some  time  in 
one  reader's  hands. "     The  South  Audley  Street 
library   is   an   offshoot   intended   to    meet   the 
requirements  of  the  northern  part  of  the  parish. 
Clerkenwell  sends  a  guide  to  fiction  and  juvenile 
literature  ;    West  Ham   a   juvenile    catalogue, 
well  arranged  with  short  descriptive  notes  and 
subject    index  ;    from    Streatham,    Lewisham, 
and    Stoke    Newington    come    similar     publi- 
cations.       Holborn   sends   its    third,    and    St. 
Saviour's,  Southwark,   its   first  annual    report. 
We  have   also   a    Class   List   of    Science   from 
the  free  lending  library  of   Nottingham.     The 
twenty-fifth   report   from   Leeds    gives  a   very 
satisfactory    account    of   library    progress,    the 
total  number  of  volumes  issued  being  1,038,912, 
an  increase  of  59,012  volumes  over  the  preced- 
ing year.     A  sensibly  arranged  catalogue  from 
St.  Helens   is   the    third   supplemenUry   issue 
dealing  with  books  added  to  the  Central  Library. 
On  the  whole,  on  all  sides  the  indications  seem 
those  of  satisfactory  progress,  and  the  various 
lists  of  borrowers'  occupations,  though  they  still 
show,  and  probably  will  always  show,  a  larger 
relative  number  of  the  lower  middle  classes  than 
of  the  artisans  or  labourers  proper,  suggest  that 
by  slow  degrees  the  masses  are  availing  them- 
selves of  the  literary  boons  bestowed  on  them. 

We  have  on  our  table  T}ie  History  of  the 
English  Language,  by  O.  F.  Emerson  (Mac- 
millan), — Stc})s  to  Eiujlish  Parsing  and  Analysis: 
Vol.  I.  Elementary  Exercises,  by  E.  M.  Ramsay 


416 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3544,  Sept.  28, '95 


and  C.  L.  Ramsay  (Sonnenschein), — Poetanim 
Latinorum  Index,  by  E.  F.  M.  Benecke 
(Methuen), — Latin  at  Sight,  by  E.  Post  (Ginn), 
— Immensee,  by  T.  Storm,  edited,  with  Notes, 
by  J.  G.  Robertson  (Sonnenschein), — Shake- 
speare's Twelfth  Night,  edited  by  A.  D.  Innes 
(Blackie), — Tennyson's  Guinevere,  with  Intro- 
duction and  Notes  by  G.  C.  Macaulay  (Mac- 
milla.n),—Stenopaic;  or,  Pin-Hole  Photoqraphy, 
by  F.  AV.  Mills  and  A.  C.  Ponton  (Dawbarn  & 
Ward), — An  Introduction  to  Herhart's  Science 
and  Practice  of  Edncatina,  by  H.  M.  and  E. 
Felkin  (Sonnenschein),  —  A  Handbook  of 
Hygiene,  by  A.  M.  Davies  (Griffin), — Green- 
house and  Windciv  Plants,  by  C.  Collins,  edited 
by  J.  Wright  (Macmillan), — Chemical  Techno- 
logy, edited  by  E.  E.  Groves  and  W.  Thorp  : 
Vol.  II.  Lightiiuj  (Churchill), — The  Geographical 
Journal,  Vol.  V.  (Stanford), — The  Monist, 
Vol.  V.  (Chicago,  Open  Court  Publishing  Com- 
pany),— Studies  in  the  Evolutionary  Psychology 
of  Feeling,  by  H.  M.  Stanley  (Sonnenschein), — 
The  Dyiuimics  of  Life,  by  W.  R.  Gowers,  M.D. 
(Churchill), — Men  and  Women  of  the  Century: 
Sir  Henry  Irving,  by  P.  Russell  (Champness), 
—The  He'd  Spell,  by  F.  Gribble  (Constable),— 
Vasari's  Lives  of  Italian  Painters,  edited  by  H. 
Ellis  (Scott), — Classic  Tales,  collected  by  L. 
Hunt  (Dent), — My  Japanese  Wife,  by  C.  Hol- 
land (Constable), — Mariana,  a  Drama  in  Three 
Acts,  by  J.  Echegaray,  translated  from  the 
Spanish  by  J.  Graham  (Fisher  Unwin), — 
Clidteaux  en  Espagne,  by  P.  C.  Standing 
(Digby  &  Long),  —  The  Two  Thrones,  by 
J.  A.  Goodchild  (Kegan  Paul),  —  Scottish 
Church  Society  Conferences  :  The  Divine  Life 
in  the  Church,  Second  Series,  2  vols.  (Edin- 
burgh, Hitt),  —  Perso7uility,  Human  and 
Divine,  by  J.  R.  Illingworth,  M.  A.  (Macmillan), 
—  Was  Israel  ever  in  Egypt 'f  or,  a  Lost 
Tradition,  by  G.  H.  B.  Wright,  D.D.  (Williams 
&  Norgate), — The  Pilgrim  of  the  Infinite,  by 
W.  Davies  (Macmillan), — Lectures  on  Preaching, 
by  Phillips  Brooks,  D.D.  (Allenson),  —  T/ie 
Religions  of  India,  by  E.  W.  Hopkins  (Ginn), 
— Lectures  on  Preaching,  by  W.  Boyd  Carpenter, 
D.D.  (Macmillan), — Lucius  Annaus  Seneca  und 
das  Christenthum  in  der  tief  gesymkenen  autiken 
Weltzeit,  by  M.  Baumgarten  (Williams  &  Nor- 
gate),—  Vom  Mittelalter  TAir  Reformation,  by 
K.  Burdach  (Nutt), — Catalogue  des  Bronzes  de 
la  Societe  Archeologique  d'Atheaes,  by  A.  de 
Ridder  (Paris,  Thorin), — Anleitung  zur  griech- 
ischenPalaeographie,  by  W.  Wattenbach  (Leipzig, 
Hirzel), — and  Albrecht  Diirer,  by  A.  Weber 
(Regensburg,  Pustet).  Among  New  Editions 
we  have  The  Orations  of  Cicero  against  Calilina, 
edited  after  Karl  Halm  by  A.  S.  Wilkins 
(Macmillan), — Tourists'  Guide  to  Cornwall  and 
the  Scilly  Isles,  by  W.  H.  Tregellas  (Stanford), 
— The  Cock  and  Anchor,  by  J.  S.  Le  Fanu 
(Downey  &  Co.), — The  Story  of  a  Marriage,  by 
Mrs.  A.  Baldwin  (Dent), — Blackie' s  School  and 
Home  Library :  The  Snow  Storm,  by  Mrs.  Gore  ; 
Passages  in  the  Life  of  a  Galley-Slave,  translated 
by  M.  Betham-Edwards  ;  Marryat's  Poor  Jack  ; 
The  Cruise  of  the  Midge,  by  M.  Scott  ;  Life  of 
William  Dampier  (Blackie), — and  The  Book-Bills 
of  Narcissus,  an  Account  rendered  by  Richard 
Lo  Gallienne  (Lane). 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles,  The,  with  Introduction  and  Notes  by 

Page  and  Waljjole,  18mo.  2/6  cl. 
Buxton's  (E.  M.   W.)   Founded  upon  a  Rock,   Stories   for 

Children  from  Eiit;lish  Church  History,  cr.  Svo.  2/(5  cl. 
Gore's   (C.)  Dissertations  on  Siilijectb  counected  with  the 

Incarnation,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Harries's  (]£ev.  J.)  A  Handljookof  TheoIo(;y,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Jackson's  (W.  H.)  Mission  A<idres9e3  and  Instructions,  '.ifti 
Macduff's  (J.  K.)  Tales  of  the  Warrior  King,  Life  and  Times 

of  David,  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Macleod's  (A.)  The  Child    Jesus,  and   other    Talks  to  the 

Cliildren,  12mo.  3/*i  cl. 
Moore's  (Rev.  G.  F.)  A  Critical  and  Exegelical  Commentary 

on  Judges,  8vo   12/  cl. 
Morgan's  (Kev.  G.  H.)  Modern  Knights  Errant,  and  other 

Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Sanday  (Kev.  W.)and  Headlam's  (Rev.  A.  C.)  Critical  and 

Kxegetical  Commentary  on  Komaus,  8vo.  12/  cl. 


Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  The  Soul-Winner,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Stokoe's  (Rev.   T.  H.)  Old  Testament    History  for  Junior 

Classes,  Part  1,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  bds. 
Wakeliug's  (late  G.)  The  Oxford  Church  Movement,  7/6  cl. 

Law. 
Chamfer's   (D.)   Law  relating  to  Literary   Copyright,  &c., 

8vo.  5/ net,  cl. 

Fi7ie  Art. 
Denison's  (H.)  A  Treatise  on  Photogravure  in  Iiitaglio  by 

the  Talbot  Klie  Process,  8%'o.  4/6  cl. 
Foster's  (13.)  Pictures  of  Rustic  Landscape,  with  Passages  in 

Prose  and  Verse  by  J.  Davidson,  roy.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
James's  (M.  R.)  The  Sculptures  in  the  Lady  Chapel  at  Ely, 

illustrated  in  Fifty-tive  Collotype  Platts,  4to  21/  net,  cl. 
Johnson    (R.   H.)    and    Chatwood's  (A.  B.)    Photography, 

Artistic  and  Scientific,  cr.  Svo.  10/6  cl. 
Karoly's  (K.)  A  Guide  to  the  Paintings  of  Venice,  12mo.  5/ 

Poetry. 
Ellis's  (F.  E.)  Sir  Kenneth's  Wanderings,  a  Poem,  2/6  cl. 
Lilies  (The),  and  other  Poems,  by  Sabrina,  cr.  Svo.  13/6  cl. 
Mason's  (E.)  Flamma  Vestalis,  and  other  Poems,  3/6  net. 
Newman's  (H.)  Songs  of  my  Solitude,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Salmon's  (A.  L.)  Songs  of  a  Heart's  Surrender,  and  other 

Verse,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Work-a-Day  Poems,  by  Fanchon,  or.  8vo.  2/6  net,  cl. 

Music. 
Shedlock's  (J.  S.)  The  Pianoforte  Sonata,  its   Origin  and 

Development,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 
Acton's  (Lord)  A  Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History,  2/6  cl. 
Kerr's  (D.  R.)  St.  Andrews  in  1645-6,  cr.  Svo.  2  6  cl. 
Lawson's  (Sir  C.)  The  Private  Life  of  Warren  Hastings,  10,6 
Noble's  (J.  A.)  Impressions  and  Memories,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net. 
Walker's  (F.  A.)  The  Making  of  the  Nation,  1783-1817,  with 

Map  and  Appendices,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Walton's  Livesof  Donne,  Wotton,  &c.,  with  Introduction  by 

V.  Blackburn,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  buckram. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Cavan's  (Earl  of)  With  the  Yacht,  Camera,  and  Cycle  in  the 

Mediterranean,  cr.  Svo.  12/6  cl. 
Expeditions  of  Zebulon  M.  Pike  to  the  Headwaters  of  the 

Mississippi,  &c.,  edited  by  Coues,  3  vols.  Svo.  40/  net,  cl. 
Gwillam's  (W.  J.)  A  L  Geographical  Demonstration  Sheets, 

Packets  023.  022,  021,  4to.  2/  each. 
Handbook  for  Travellers  in  Asia  Minor,  &c.,  edited  by  Sir 

C.  Wilson,  cr.  8vo.  18/  cl. 
Houston's  (F.  H.)  Geography  Examination  Papers,  3/6  net. 
Smith  (W.  P.  H.)  and  Hart's  (H.  C.)  Climbing  in  the  British 

Isles,  Part  2,  16mo.  3/6  cl. 

Phihlogy. 
Brugmann's    (K.)    Comparative    Grammar    of    the    Indo- 

Germanic  Languages,  Indices  of  Vols.  1-4,  Svo.  9/  cl. 
Chaucer's  Minor  Poems,  Selections  from,  with  Introduction, 

&c.,  by  J.  B.  Bilderbeck,  cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 
Herodotus,  Books  4,  5,  6,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  <S:c.,  by 

R.  W.  Macan,  2  vols.  roy.  Svo.  .32/  cl. 
Mackail's  (J.  W.)  Latin  Literature,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Nettleship's  (H.)  Lectures  and  Essays,  2nd  Series,  cr.  Svo.  7/6 
New  English  Dictionary,  edited  by  Dr.  Murray,  Series  2, 

Part  2,  4to.  12/6  swd. 
Pitman's  Abridged  Shorthand  Dictionary,  32mo.  2/6  roan.     , 
Short  German  Plays,  with  Notes,  &c.,  by  E.  S.  Buchbeim,3 
Sophocles's  A.jax  and  Electra,  translated  with  Introduction 

by  E.  D.  A.  Morshead,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  buckram. 
Spenser's  Shepheard's  Calendar,  edited  with  Introduction 

by  C.  H.  Herford,  cr.  Svo.  216  cl. 
Science. 
Blackwell's  (Dr.  E.)  Pioneer  Work  in  opening  the  Medical 

Profession  to  Women,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl 
Brown's  Saville  Arithmetic,  Complete  Answers,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Cornish's  (V.)  Practical  Proofs  of  Chemical  Laws,  cr.  Svo.  2/ 
Gowers's  (W.   R  )   Clinical    Lectures  on    Diseases    of    the 

Nervous  System,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Hatch  (F.  H.)  and  Chalmers's  (J.  A  )  The  Gold  Mines  of  the 

Rand,  royal  8vo.  17/  net,  cl. 
Murray's  (G.)  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Seaweeds, 

cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Pearmain  (T.  H.)  and  Moor's  (C.  G.)  Aids  to  the  Analysis 

of  Food  and  Drugs,  12rao.  3/  swd. 
Saneson's  (A.)  Recent  Progress  in  the  Industries  of  Dyeing 

and  Calico  Printing,  Svo.  9/  cl. 
Stanley's  (W.  F.)  Notes  on  the  Nebular  Theory  in  Relation 

to  Stellar,  Ac,  Phenomena,  Svo.  9/  cl. 
White's  Natural  History  of  Selborne,  with  Text  and  New 

Letters  of  the  Buckland  Edition,  illus.  2  vols.  7/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Adams's  (Rev.  H.  C.)  Fighting  his  Way,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Arnold's  (E.  L.)  The  Story  of  UUa,  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Bal/ac's  (H.   de)   The  Country  Doctor,  translated    by    E. 

Marriage,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Bentley's  (H.  C.)  A  Dream's  Fulfilment,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Bremont's  (A.  Comtesse  de)  The  Ragged  Edge,  Tales  of  the 

African  Gold-Fields,  cr.  Svo.  3  6  cl. 
Broughton's  (R.)  Scylla  or  Charybdis  ':'  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Buchanan's   (R.)  Lady  Kilpatrick,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl.;    Diana's 

Hunting,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Biittman'8(P.)  Carl  Winter's  Dream,  a  Fairy  Romance,  .'">/  cl. 
Clennell's  (E.  M.  H.)  Timothy's  Legacy,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Cromarty's  (D.)  This  Man's  Uominion,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
CuUingworth's  (W.)  Life's  Golden  Age,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Cunningham's  (G.  C.)  A  Scheme  for  Imperial  Federation, 

cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Ebers's   (G.)  In  the  Fire  of  the  Forge,  translated  by  M.  J. 

Stafford,  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Esler's  (E.  R.)  Mid  Green  Pastures,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Evans's  (E.  E.)  Confession,  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Every   Boy's  Stories,    by  T.   Archer,  J.  C.  Atkinson,  Ac, 

illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  .''i/cl. 
Fawcett's  (E.  D.)  The  Secret  of  the  Desert,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Galetti's  (Madame)  Some  Annals  of  an  Italian  Village,  6/  cl. 
Grant's  (F.  J.)  Perfect  Womanhood,  a  Story,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Hervey's  (M.  H.)  Eric  the  Archer,  cr.  Svo  ,V  cl. 
Hinton's  (C.  H.)  Stella  and  an  Unfinished  Communication, 

cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Household  of  Kir  T.  More,  with  Introduction  by  Rev.  T,  H. 

Hut  ton,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Irving's  (T  )  You  Never  Know  Your  Luck,  a  Novel,  3/6  cl. 
Johnston's  (A.  F.)  Joel,  a  Boy  of  Galilee,  illustrated,  8/6  cl. 


Kelly's  (W.  P.)  Schoolboys  Three,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Kingsley's  (C.)  Two  Years  Ago,  2  \ols.  ISmo.  3/  cl. 
Kingsley's  (P.  M  )  Titus,  a  Comrade  of  the  Cross,  illus.  3/6 
Kingsley's  (H  )  Reginald  Hetherege  and  Leighton  Court,  3/6 
Knox's   (T.  W.)  Hunters  Three,  Sport  and  Adventure  in 

South  Africa,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Langton's  (J.)  A  Foster  Son,  a  Tale  of  the  Indian  Mutiny. 

cr.  Svo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Levie's    (Rev.    A)    Frank    and    Esther,    a   Polish   Jewish 

Romance,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Lowry's  (S.  C.)  Convalescence,  its  Blessings,  Trials,  &c.,  2/6 
Maclean's  (J.  D.)  Key  to  Counting-House  aud  Examination 

Bookkeeping,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  cl. 
Mathews's  (M.  H.)  Dr.  Gilbert's  Daughters,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Mitchell's  (F.  J.)  Bookkeeping  Simplified,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Munroe's  (K.)  The  Fur  Seal's  Tooth,  cr.  Svo.  hi  cl. 
Nonsense    for    Somebody,  Anybody,  or   Everybody,  by  a 

Nobody,  imp.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Only  a  Commoner,  by  Nat  Gould,  cr.  Svo.  2/  bds. 
Papers  by  Decimus,  a  Gathering  of  Scattered  Thoughts  on. 

Matters  touching  the  Welfare  of  our  Nation,  2/ net,  vel. 
Progress  of  Love,  The,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

Radford's  (D.)  Good  Night,  with  Designs  by  L.  Davis,  2/6 
Raymond's  (B.)  The  Mushroom  Cave,  illustrated,  3/6  cl. 
Ridge's  (W.  P  )  Minor  Dialogues,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Russell's  (D.)  The  Last  Signal,  cr.  Svo.  2/  bds. 
Russell's  (W.  C.)  Heart  of  Oak,  3  vols.  cr.  Svo.  15/  cl. 
St.  Aubyn's  (A.)  In  the  Sweet  West  Country,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Saunders's  (F.  W.)  Stories  for  Ten-Year-Olds,  Series  1, 2/6  net. 
Sergeant's  (A  )  A  Deadly  Foe.  cr.  Svo.  3,'6  cl. 
Shipton's  (H.)  The  Herons,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Sienkiewicz's    (H  )    The    Deluge,  an    Historical  Novel  ot 

Poland,  2  vols.  Svo.  9/  net,  cl. 
Sons  of   Fire,  by  the  Author  of  'Lady  Audley's  Secret,' 

3  vols.  cr.  Svo.  31/6  cl. 
Stephenson's  (M.)  I  and  ray  Master,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Swan's  (A.  S.)  A  Victory  Won,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Thayer's  (W.  M.)  Turning-Points  in  Successful  Careers,  .3/6 
Upton's  (F.  K.  and  B.)  The  Adventures  of  Two  Dutch  Dolls 

and  a  Golliwogg.  Pictures,  roy.  8vo.  6/  bds. 
Wells's  (H.  G.)  The  Wonderful  Visit,  cr.  Svo.  .5/  net,  cl. 
White's  (E.  O.)  The  Coming  of  Theodora,  12mo.  4/  cl. 
Yonge's  (C.  M.)  The  Long  Vacation,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Young's  (Capt.  C.)  The  Last  of  the  Vikings,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art. 

Renesse     (Comte     Th.     de)  :     Dictionnaire    des    Figures 

heraldiques.  Vols.  1  and  2,  48fr. 

Philosophy . 

Duproix  (P.) ;  Kant  et  Fichte  et  le  Probleme  de  I'Educa- 

tion.  7fr.  60. 
Esser  (T.) :  Die  Lehre  des  hi.  Thomas  v.  Aquino,  3m. 

History  and  Biography . 
D'Haussonville  (Comte)  :  Le  Comte  de  Paris,  Ifr. 
Tronchin  (H.) :  Le  Conseiller  FranfoisTrouchinet  ses  Amis,. 
7fr.  60. 

Philology. 
Josephi  Opera,  rec.  B.  Niese,  Vol.  6,  8m. 
Petronii    Satira-    et    Liber    Priaptorum,    tertium    ed.   Fr. 
Buecheler,  3m. 

General  Literature. 
Gyp  :  Ces  bons  Normands  !  3fr.  50. 
Hello  (E.) :  Le  SiScle,  .3fr.  .50. 
Maisonneuve  (H.)  :  La  Faute  de  Jeanne,  3fr.  50. 


MALAGASY     WAR     LITERATURE. 
SONGS  ANCIENT   AND    MODERN. 

Findon,  Sussex,  Sept.  19,  1895. 
Just  one  hundred  and  ten  years  ago  there 
was  published  in  London  a  small  duodecimo 
volume  by  M.  le  Chevalier  de  P —  :  '  Chansons- 
madecasses,  traduites  en  Frangois,  suivies  de 
Poe'sies  fugitives.'  The  anonymous  author  gives 
the  following  avertissement  by  way  of  an  intro- 
ductory explanation  : — 

"  L'ile  de  Madagascar  est  divisee  en  une  infinite 
de  petits  territoires,  qui  appartieiment  a  autant  de 
Princes.  Ces  Princes  sont  toujours  armes  les  uns 
centre  les  autres,  et  le  but  de  toutes  ces  guerres  est 
de  faire  des  prisonniers  pour  les  vendre  aux  Euro- 
peans. Ainsi,  sans  nou?,  ce  peuple  servit  tran- 
quille  et  heureux.  II  joint  I'adresse  a  I'intelligence. 
11  est  l)on  et  hospitalier.  Ceux  qui  habitent  les 
cotes  se  mufient  avec  raison  des  etrangers,  et 
prennentdans  leurs  traites  toutes  les  precautions  que 
dicte  la  prudence  et  muiue  la  finesse.  Les  Made- 
casses sont  naturellement  gais.  Les  hommes  vivent 
dans  I'oisivete,  et  les  femmes  travaillent.  lis  aiment 
avec  passion  la  musique  et  la  danse.  J'ai  recueilli 
et  traduit  quelques  cliausou.«,  qui  peuvent  donner 
une  idee  de  leurs  usages  et  de  leurs  uiccurs.  lis 
n'ont  point  de  vers;  leur  poosie  n'est  qu'une  prose 
soignee.  Leur  musique  est  simple,  douce,  et  toujours 
melancolique." 

I  have  seen  it  remarked  that  Evariste  Parny 
wrote  these  Malagasy  cJiunsons  at  Paris  wholly 
by  the  aid  of  his  imagination  ;  but  such  was 
not  by  any  means  the  case.  They  were  actually 
writ!  en  either  at  Bourbon  or  in  the  He  de 
France,  early  in  1785  ;  and  the  jwetical  epistle 
which  follows  the  Malagasy  songs  was  dated 
from  Pondicherry,  Sej)tember  1st,  1785,  the 
poet  having  accompanied  M.  le  Vicomte  de 
Souillac  to  tliat  port  on  board  La  Subtile 
frigate  : — 


N*"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


417 


Pouss^  par  un  vent  favorable, 
J'arrive  dans  Pondichery. 
Montrez-moi  ce  fameux  Bussy, 
Aux  Indians  si  redoutable  ? 
La  mort  I'a  frappe,  mais  trop  tard  ; 
AisSment  vaincu  par  Stuart, 
Par  la  goutte  et  par  la  vieillesse, 
II  va  rejoindre  nos  guerriers, — 

the  only  record  in  verse  that  exists  of  the 
famous  victory  by  Major-General  Stuart  over 
De  Bussy  at  Cuddalore,  June  13th,  1783. 

Under  the  title  of  '  A  Malagasy  "  Maud,"  '  I 
gave  in  the  Athcnceum  of  July  26th,  1890,  a 
specimen  of  a  Malagasy  love  song.  One 
of  Parny's  warlike  chansons  may  now  be  given 
as  an  illustration  of  native  Malagasy  com- 
position before  missionaries  had  given  those 
islanders  a  written  language  and  literature, 
and  to  compare  with  the  more  modern  ideas  of 
the  Hovas  of  to-day  :  — 

AJiPANAXI. 

Mon  fils  a  perl  dans  le  combat. 

O  mes  amis  !  pleurez  le  fils  de  votre  chef, 

Portez  son  corps  dans  I'enceinte  habitue  par  les  morts. 

Un  mur  elev6  la  protfege,  et  sur  ce  raur  sunt  rangees 

Des  tStes  de  btcuf  aux  cornes  menayantes. 

Respectez  la  demeure  des  morts. 

Leur  courroux  est  terrible,  et  leur  vengeance  est  cruelle. 

Pleurez  mon  fils. 

LES    HO  M  MES. 

Le  sang  des  ennemis  ne  rougira  plus  son  bras. 

LES    FEMMES. 

Ses  Ifevres  ne  baiseront  plus  d'autres  Ifevres. 

LES    HOM.MES. 

Les  fruits  ne  murissent  plus  pour  lui. 

LES    FEMMES. 

Ses  mains  ne  presseront  plus  un  sein  obeissant. 

LES    HOMMES. 

II  ne  chantera  plus,  gtendu  sous  un  arbre  a  I'gpais  feuillage. 

LES    FEMMES. 

II  ne  dira  plus  a  I'oreille  de  sa  raaitresse  ;  Recommenf^ns, 
ma  bien-aimee  ! 

AMPANANI. 

C'est  assez  pleurer  mon  fils. 

Que  la  gaite  succ^rie  a  la  tristesse. 

Llemain  peut6lre  nous  irons  oil  il  est  alI6. 

Mefiez-vous  des  blancs,  habitans  du  rivage. 
Du  tems  de  nos  pSres,  des  blancs  descendirent  dans  cetie  ile. 
On  leur  dit :  Voila  des  terres,  que  vos  femmes  les  cultivent ; 
Soyez  justes  :  soyez  bons,  et  devenez  nos  frferes. 

Les  blancs  promirent,   et  cependant  ils    faisoient  des   re- 

tranchemens, 
Un  fort  menayant  s'^leva ; 

Letonnerre  tut  renferm6  dans  des  bouches  d'airain  ; 
Leurs  pretres  voulurent  nous  donner  un  Dieu  que  nous  ne 

connoissons  pas  ; 
lis  parl6rent  enfin  d'obeissance  et  d'eselavage. 
Plutot  la  mort ! 

Le  carnage  fut  long  et  terrible  ; 

Mais  malgre  la  foudre  qu'ils  vomissoient. 

Qui  ficrasoit  des  armees  enti^res, 

lis  furent  tons  extermines. 

Mefiez-vous  des  blancs. 

Nous  avons  vu  de  nouveaux  tyrans. 

Plus  forts  et  plus  nombreux, 

Planter  leur  pavilion  sur  le  rivage. 

Le  ciel  a  combattu  pour  nous. 

II  a  fait  tomber  sur  eux  les  pluies,  les  tempetes,  et  les  vents 

empoisonnes. 
lis  ne  sont  plus,  et  nous  vivons, 
Bt  nous  vivons  libres. 
M6fiez-vous  des  blancs,  habitans  du  rivage. 

This  idea  of  the  elements  fighting  for  the  free- 
dom of  a  native  people  has  been  firmly  implanted 
in  the  minds  of  all  aboriginal  races.     It  wUl  be 
remembered   that   Wordsworth,    in   his   sonnet 
to  Toussaint  I'Ouverture,  written  in  1802,  made 
use  of  this  metaphor,  with  tine  effect : — 
Live  and  take  comfort.    Thou  bast  left  behind 
Powers  that  will  w(.rk  f(  r  tbee,  air,  earth  and  skies  :— 
There  's  not  a  breathing  of  the  cumraon  wind 
That  will  forget  thee;  thou  hast  great  allies. 

From  the  Malagasy  songs  celebrating  the 
destruction  of  successive  expeditions  by  Dutch, 
English,  and  French  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  we  can  now  turn  to  the 
more  ambitious  compositions  born  of  the  present 
war.  Doubtkss  there  are  others,  in  that  wide 
interval  of  time,  recounting  the  defeat  of  Gour- 
beyre  in  1829,  and  of  Commodore  Kelly  and 
the  British  in  1845  ;  but  of  these  I  can  find 
none.  They  would  not  be  said  or  sung  in  front 
of  English  or  foreigners.  Rabibivato,*  11th 
Honour,  was  slain  at  Amparihilavat  on  Thurs- 
day, May  2nd,  1895.  Subseijuently,  when  the 
Hova  camp  on  Mount  Beritza  was  captured  by 
the  French  on  June  30th,   copies  of  a  native 

*  Rabibiidto,  i.e  ,  "stone  of  Rabiby."  Rabiby  was  a 
famous  warrior  chief  among  the  Antimerina  nobles  of  olden 
days.  The  rank  of  llih  Honour  is  nearly  equivalent  to  that 
of  a  colonel  acting  as  brigadier-gem ral. 

t  Amparihilava  is  a  village  close  by  Marovoay. 


song,  printed  at  Antananarivo  on  red  paper, 
and  distributed  among  the  Malagasy  soldiers, 
were  found  in  some  of  the  tents.  It  is  diflicult 
to  translate  literally  these  patriotic  effusions  in 
verse,  but  the  spirit  of  each  verse  is  nearly 
represented  in  the  following  rough-and-ready 
rendering  of  the  original  text.  When  compared 
with  the  ruder  songs  of  a  past  generation  of 
Hovas,  the  European  influence  is  very  marked  : 

THE   HOVA   warrior's   LAST   LAMENT. 

Draw  near  to  me,  my  mother  dear, 

It  is  thy  only  sou  who  seeks  thy  kiss. 

Nothing  can  e'er  replace  a  mother's  love  ; 

When  stricken  fatally,  one  dies  like  this. 

My  strength  has  well-nigh  gone  ; 

Support  me  for  a  moment,  ere  I  die. 

Whilst  I  can  breathe  a  tender  farewell  word. 

Send  love  to  all  my  kin,  and  last  good-bye. 

Adieu,  adieu  to  thee,  my  mother  dear, 
Rabibivato  must  for  ever  leave  you  here  ; 
Listen  to  these  few  words,  my  mother,  ere 
I  take  my  last  farewell. 

Weep  not  for  me  ;  don't  cry  so,  mother  mine. 

Nor  let  your  tears  flow  when  my  spirit 's  flown. 

Don't  waste  your  substance  in  tunereal  rites  and  wine, 

My  well  blood-reddened  "lamba"*   must   suffice   for   pall 

and  funeral  gown. 
Let  no  dishevelled  lockst  attest  your  grief, 
Don,  rather,  your  most  festive  rich  array. 
However  hard  to  bear,  refrain  all  sign  of  woe, 
Rabibivato's  last  request  this  day. 
Adieu,  adieu,  &c. 

When  friends  and  neighbours,  pitying,  run 
To  greet  thee  with  condolence  kind, 
Repress  their  sympathy— nay,  bid  them  shun 
All  mourning  note,  no  need  there  is  for  sorrow  ; 
Rabibivato's  message  let  them  mind  : — 
The  soldier  brave  in  war  who  dies. 
Defending  that  fair  country  which  him  bred, 
Needs  no  bemoaning  wail  or  tear. 
True  friends,  don't  weep  for  me  when  dead. 
Adieu,  adieu,  cfcc. 

Hear  plainly,  all  ye  Antimerina  brave  ! 
List  to  Rabibivato.  brother  soldiers  all  ! 
Sound  it,  from  end  to  end,  throughout  Beritza's  camp. 
In  order  that  all  Hova  troops  may  hear  my  trumpet  call. 
When  fighting  for  the  land  which  gave  him  birth 
Nor  pain  nor  pangs  of  death  the  Hova  mind  appal  ; 
Cowards  alone  a  thousand  deaths  may  die, 
But  a  brave  warrior  dies  once  for  all. 
Adieu,  adieu,  &c. 

Clasp  me  once  more  1  Adieu,  my  mother  dear  ! 
Morn  breaks,  my  end  comes  very  nigh, 
But  mind  how,  with  his  last  remaining  breath, 
Rabibivato  told  'twas  not  so  hard  to  die. 
Death  cometh  soon  or  late  to  all  on  earth. 
None  lives  who  must  not  forfeit  his  last  stake, 
But  bear  in  mind  it  is  most  sweet  to  die 
When  fighting,  dying  hard,  for  Imerina's  sake. 
Adieu,  adieu  to  thee,  my  mother  dear, 
Rabibivato  must  for  ever,  ever,  leave  you  here  ; 
Listen  to  my  last  words,  my  mother,  ere 
I  take  my  last  farewell. 

It  is  noticeable  that  Rabibivato's  minstrel 
bard  was  pagan  in  feeling,  if  not  in  profession. 
The  absence  of  Christian  allusions  indicates  that 
the  lines  are  not  due  to  missionary  assistance  or 
inspiration,  S.  Pasfield  Oliver, 

Capt.  late  Royal  Artillery. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.  W.  Blackwood  &  Sons'  new  books 
and  new  editions  for  the  autumn  season 
include  '  The  History  of  the  Foreign  Policy 
of  Great  Britain,'  by  Montagu  Burrows, 
R.N., — 'Philosophy  of  Theism,'  being  the 
Gifford  Lectures  delivered  before  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  in  1894-95,  first  series,  by 
Alexander  Campbell  Fraser, — 'The  Table-Talk 
of  Shirley,'  reminiscences  of,  and  letters  from, 
Froude,  Thackeray,  Disraeli,  Browning,  Rossetti, 
Kingsley,  Baynes,  Huxley,  Tyndall,  and  others, 
by  John  Skelton,— 'Tafilet,'  by  Walter  B. 
Harris,  with  illustrations, — '  Songs  of  a  Heart's 
Surrender,  and  other  Verse,'  by  Arthur  L. 
Salmon, — "Periods  of  European  Literature," 
edited  by  George  Saintsbury :  the  volumes 
arranged  for  are  'The  Romantic  Revolt,'  by 
Edmund  Gos.se  ;  'The  Romantic  Triumph,'  by 
Walter  H.  Pollock  ;  '  The  First  Half  of  the 
Seventeenth  Century,' by  H.  D.  Traill;  'The 
Dark  Age.s,'  by  Prof.  W.' P.  Ker  ;  'The  Transi- 
tion Period,'  by  Prof.  W.  A.  Raleigh;  'The 
Later  Renaissance,'  by  David  Han  nay  ;  'The 
Augustan  Ages,' by  Oliver  Elton;  'The  Later 

*  A  red  lamia,  or  robe,  is  the  proper  shroud  for  a  Merina 
chief  of  rank. 

t  The  hair  of  the  Merina  ladies,  generally  braided,  is  worn 
dishevelled  when  they  are  in  mourin'ng  for  close  relatives. 
Court  mourning  for  a  sovereign  entails  the  cutting  oft 
close  the  hair. 


Nineteenth  Century,'  by  the  editor, — '  Schopen- 
hauer's System  in  its  Philosophical  Significance' 
(the  Shaw  Fellowship   Lectures,  1893),  by  Wil- 
liam Caldwell, — 'Under  Crescent  and  Star,'  by 
Lieut. -Col.  Andrew  Haggard, — 'From  Kahlamba 
to  Libombo  ;  Sporting  Sketches  from  Krantz, 
Kloof,  andBush-veldt,'by  Maqaqamba(F.V.K.), 
with    illustrations, — 'The   County  Histories  of 
Scotland,"  demy  8vo.  volumes,  with  two  maps  .■• 
'  Berwick  and  Haddington,'  by  John  Skelton  '; 
'Edinburgh    and    Linlithgow,'    by   P.     Hume 
Brown;  '  Roxburgh,  Peebles,  and   Selkirk,' by 
Sir  George  Douglas,   Bart. ;    '  Dumfries,   Kirk- 
cudbright, and  Wigtown,'  by  Sir  Herbert  Max- 
well,   Bart.;    'Ayr   and    Renfrew,'   by  R.    F. 
M'Ewen  ;  '  Lanark,'  by  Sir  James  D.  Marwick  ; 
'Stirling  and  Dumbarton,'  by   D.    Hay  Flem- 
ing;   'Fife    and    Kinross,'   by    ^Eneas   J.    G, 
Mackay  ;  '  Forfar  and  Kincardine,'  by  the  Rev. 
John  Woodward;    'Aberdeen   and   Banff,'   bj 
Alexander  Allardyce  ;    '  Perth    and  Clackman- 
nan,' by  Scott  Moncrieff  Penney  ;  'Inverness,' 
by  the  Very  Rev.  J.   Cameron  Lees  ;  '  Moray 
and  Nairn,'  by  Charles  Rampini  ;   'Orkney  and 
Shetland,'  by  J.  G.   Moodie  Heddle  ;  'Suther- 
land, Caithness,  Ross,  and  Cromarty';  and' Argyle 
and    the  Isles,'  —  'Prehistoric    Scotland,'    by 
Robert  Munro,  with  numerous  illustrations  from 
drawings  by  the  author  and  from  other  sources, 
—  'A  History  of  European  Thought  in  the  Nine- 
teenth   Century,'   by    John    Theodore    Merz, 
Vol.  I., — ' Post  Meridiana  :  Afternoon  Essays,' 
by   Sir   Herbert   Maxwell,  M. P., —  ' Chapters 
in  an  Adventurous  Life  :  Sir  Ricliard  Church  in 
Italy  and  Greece,'  by  E.  M.  Church,  with  photo- 
gravure portrait, — 'Some  Memories  of   Paris,' 
by  F.  Adolphus, — '  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,'  by 
Robeit  Munro,  M.D.,  with  illustrations, — '  The 
Wrong  Man,'    by   Dorothea  Gerard, — 'The  X 
Jewel  :  a  Scottish  Romance  of  the  Days  of  James 
VI.,'  by  the  Hon.  Frederick  Moncreiff, — '  Grey 
Mantle   and   Gold   Fringe,'   by   David    Storrar 
Meldrum, — '  Down  the  Village  Street :  Scenes 
in    a   West-Country    Hamlet,'   by  Christopher 
Hare, — 'The  Lost  Stradivarius,' — 'The  Saviour 
in  the  Newer  Light :    a  Present-Day  Study  of 
Jesus  Christ,'  by   the  Rev.  A.  Robinson, — 'St. 
Andrews   in  1645-4G,'   by  D.   R.   Kerr,— fresh 
volumes  of  the   "Standard"  edition  of  George 
Eliot's   works, — further   volumes    of   the    new 
illustrated  edition  of  John  Gait's  novels, — and 
'Life  and  Adventures  of  John  Gladwin  Jebb,' 
by    his   widow,    with    an    introduction    by   H. 
Rider  Haggard,  cheap  edition,  with   numerous 
illustrations   by    John    Wallace.      Educational 
and     Scientific    Works :     '  English    Verse     for 
Junior    Classes,'    by    J.     Logle    Robertson, — 
'Introductory  "Text-Book  of   Meteorology,'  by 
Alexander  Buchan,  new  edition,  with  coloured 
charts     and    engravings,  —  '  Page's     Advanced 
Text-Book  of  Geology,'  descriptive  and  indus- 
trial, with  engravings  and  glossary  of  scientific 
terms,    neiv  edition,    revised   and   enlarged  by 
Prof.   Lapworth, — 'Dr.   Mackay 's  Elements  of 
Physiography,'   rewritten   and   enlarged,     with 
illustrations, — 'Elementary  Algebra, 'a  complete 
book  of  exercises  in  algebra, — and  'Handbook  of 
Mental  Arithmetic,'  a  complete  course  of  exer- 
cLses  in  mental  arithmetic,  with  answers. 

Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen's  autumn  an- 
nouncements comprise  '  The  Novellino  of 
Masuccio, '  now  first  translated  by  W.  G. 
Waters,  with  illustrations  by  E.  R.  Hughes,  2 
vols., — 'The  Works  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe, '  newly 
collected  and  edited,  with  a  memoir,  critical 
introductions,  and  notes  by  Edmund  Clarence 
Stedman  and  George  Edward  Woodberry,  the 
illustrations  by  Albert  Edward  Sterner,  10  vols., 
—  'Hans  Cliristian  Andersen  :  a  Biography,'  by 
R.  Nisbet  Bain,  illustrated,  —  'Memoirs  of  Sir 
Claude  Champion  de  Cre.spigny,  Bart.,'  edited 
by  G.  A.  B.  Dewar, — 'L"ndine,'  translated  by 
Edmund  Gosse,  with  illustrations  by  W.  E.  F. 
Britten,  —  '  The  Garden  behind  the  Moon,  a 
Real  Story  of  the  Moon  Angel,'  written  and 
illustrated  by  Howard  Pyle, — 'Excursions  in 
Libraria :    Retrospective   Reviews  and   Biblio- 


418 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28, '95 


graphical  Notes,'  by  G.  H.  Powell,  with 
numerous  facsimiles,  —  '  Sindbad  the  Sailor, 
and  Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves,'  illustrated 
by  William  Strang  and  J.  B.  Clark,  —  '  The 
Story  of  Blue  Beard,'  from  the  French  of  Per- 
rault,  with  pictures  and  ornaments  by  J.  E. 
Southall,  —  'American  Indian  Fairy  Tales,' 
illustrated,— '  The  Way  of  a  Maid:  a  Novel,' 
by  Katharine  Tynan  (Mrs.  Hinkson), — '  Memoir 
of  Richard  Busby,  D.D.,  sometime  Head  Master 
of  Westminster  School,'  with  portraits  and 
views,  by  G.  F.  R.  Barker, — and  new  volumes 
of  the  "  Muses'  Library  ":  '  The  Poems  of  John 
Donne,'  edited  by  E.  K.  Chambers,  with  an 
introduction  by  George  Saintsbury,  2  vols.  ;  and 
'The  Poems  of  John  Keats,'  edited  by  G. 
Thorn  Drury,  with  an  introduction  by  Robert 
Bridges,  2  vols. 

Messrs.  Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier  an- 
nounce '  The  Quest  of  a  Heart, '  a  new  novel 
by  Caldwell  Stewart, — 'No  Ambition,'  by 
Adeline  Sergeant, — '  Lancelot  Andrewes  and 
his  Private  Devotions,'  a  biography,  a  text, 
and  an  interpretation,  by  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Whyte,  D.D.,— 'For  Days  of  Youth  :  a  Bible 
Text  and  Talk  for  Every  Day  of  the  Year,'  by 
the  Rev.  Charles  A.  Salmond, — 'The  Parish 
of  Longforgan  :  a  Sketch  of  its  Church  and 
People,'  by  the  Rev.  Adam  Philip, — 'Life's 
Blindfold  Game,' by  Maggie  Swan, — 'Judith: 
a  Story,' by  Evelyn  Everett  Green, — 'Science 
Talks  to  Young  Thinkers:  Nature's  Story,'bythe 
Rev.  A.  Farquhar, — the  first  volume  of  a  new 
series  for  children,  '  Three  Fishing  Boats,  and 
other  Talks  to  Children '  ("  Golden  Nails 
Series"),  by  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Lambert, — 'How  to 
Make  Ideals  Real,'  by  Mrs.  A.  R.  Simpson, — 
and  new  editions  of  PoUok's  '  Tales  of  the 
Covenanters';  of  'The  Gates  of  Eden,'  by 
Annie  S.  Swan,  and  'A  Lost  Ideal,'  by  the 
same  author;  of  '  Alexander  Balfour :  a  Memoir,' 
by  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Lundie  ;  and  of  '  Confiden- 
tial Talks  with  Young  Men  '  and  '  Confidential 
Talks  with  Young  Women,'  both  by  Lyman  B. 
Sperry,  M.D. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.'s  announcements 
for  the  autumn  include  a  fine-art  work,   '  The 
Book    of  Beauty,' — a  story  by  Marie  Corelli, 
entitled  '  A  Mighty  Atom,'  to  be  issued  in  the 
"  Zeit-Geist  Library,"  other  additions  to  which 
are  'A  Comedy  in  Spasms,'  by  the  author  of 
'A    Yellow    Aster,'    and    'A    Man    and     his 
Womankind,'    by    Nora    Vynne, — a     sporting 
sketch  by  Mrs.   Robert  Jocelyn,    entitled    'A 
Dangerous    Brute,'  —  an    illustrated    story    by 
Rita,  'Master  Wilberforce,  the  Story  of  a  Boy,' 
— a  story  by  the  author  of   '  Into  the  Highways 
and  Hedges,'  entitled  'The  One  who  Looked 
On,' — a  volume  by  G.  E.  Farrow,  'The  Wally- 
pug  of  Why,'  illustrated  by  Harry  Furniss  and 
Dorothy    Furniss, — an    historical    romance  by 
Dr.  S.  R.  Keightley,  entitled   'The  Cavaliers,' 
and  an  adventure    story  by  Edgar   Pickering, 
both  illustrated, — a  novel   by  Joseph  Hatton, 
'When    Greek   meets   Greek,'  —  a  volume    of 
fairy  tales  by  Bessie  Hatton,  '  The  Village  of 
Youth,'     illustrated, — a     volume     of    poems, 
'Arrows  of  Song,' by  an  anonymous  writer, — 
'A   Victory  Won,'  by  Annie   S.    Swan,    illus- 
trated, —  two  novels    by    new    writers,    '  The 
Calico    Printer,'    by    Charlotte    Fennell,    and 
'The    Scripture    Reader    of    St.    Mark's,'    by 
K.  Douglas  King, — '  Bardossi's  Daughter,'  by 
Marie   Hutcheson, — '  The    Silver   Fairy  Book, 
Fairy  Talcs  of  other  Lands,'  by   Sarah  Bern- 
hardt,    Eiuile    de    Girardin,    Wilhelm     Hauff, 
Xavier  Marmier,  Louis  de  Gramont,  and  others, 
with    84    illustrations   by   H.   R.   Millar, — the 
concluding  volume  of  "The  Poets  and  Poetry 
of   the   Century,"  edited   by  Alfred  H.  Miles, 
entitled   '  Religious    and    Didactic   Poetry,' — a 
novel  by  Frankfort  Moore,  '  Phyllis  of  Philistia,' 
— 'The  Doomswoman,' by  Gertrude  Atherton, 
— '  Courtship  by  Command,  a  Story  of  Napoleon 
at  Play,'  by  M.  M.  Blake,  with  illustrations  by 
the  author, — 'LadyLovan,'  a  novel  by  Agnes 
FarroU,— '  The  Revolution  of  1848,'  by  Imbert 


de  St.  Amand,  translated  by  Elizabeth  Gilbert 
Martin,   with    portraits, — '  A    Deadly    Foe,    a 
Romance  of    the   Northern  Seas,'   by  Adeline 
Sergeant,  —  'Natural    History    in    Anecdote,' 
edited  by  Alfred  H.  Miles, — 'A  Second  Life,' 
by  Mrs.    Alexander,  being  a    new    volume   of 
"Hutchinson's  Select  Novels," — 'Misfortune,' 
by   the    author   of  'A   New  Note,' — 'Eugene 
Vidocq,'  by  Dick  Donovan, — three  new  volumes 
of  "The  Fifty-two  Library,"  viz.:   'Fifty-two 
Stories  of  Life  and  Adventure  for  Boys,'    by 
G.   A.  Henty,   G.  Manville  Fenn,  and  others  ; 
'Fifty-two    Stories  of  Life  and  Adventure  for 
Girls,'  by  Sarah  Doudney  and  others;  'Fifty- 
two  Stories  of  the  Indian  Mutiny  and  the  Men 
who    saved    India, '  —  also    '  A    Stepmother's 
Strategy,'  by  Evelyn  Everett  Green,  illustrated 
by  S.  H.  Vedder, — and  numerous  new  editions. 
Messrs.  Wells  Gardner,    Darton  &  Co.   pro- 
mise the  following :  '  Life  and  Times  of  Arch- 
bishop   Ussher,'   by  J.    A.    Carr, — 'Work    in 
Great   Cities,'   by  the  Rev.    A.  F.  Winnington 
Ingram, — '  Retracings  :  a  Personal  and  a  Family 
Record,'  by  Catherine  Jacson, — 'Recollections 
of  Persons  and  Events, '  by  Canon  Pennington, 
— 'Life  of  Angelina  Margaret  Hoare,'  by  her 
sisters  and  Mr.  Walter  M.   Hoare,  —  'Sermons 
and  Addresses  on  Temperance  Subjects,'  by  the 
Rev.    Henry  J.    Ellison, — 'Looking    Upward,' 
I^apers  on  social  questions,  by  the  Rev.  the  Hon. 
J.  G.  Adderley, — 'Social   Enigmas,'   by   John 
Braithwaite, — 'Christ  our  Example,'  designed 
as  a  guide  to  meditation  and  self-examination, 
by   Lady    Mary    Herbert, — 'Strengthen    your 
Hands,'   an   address  to   church  workers,  by  a 
church  worker,  —  a   new  and  enlarged  edition 
of     'Pastor     in      Parochia,'      by     the      Right 
Rev.     W.     Walsham     How,      D.D.,      Bishop 
of     Wakefield, —  'On     Eagles'      Wings,'     by 
the      Rev.      A.      Barrington      Simeon,  —  'A 
Princess   of    the  Gutter,'   by  L.   T.  Meade, — 
the  first  three  volumes  of  a  new  series  of  books 
for    boys   and    girls,    called    the  "Chatterbox 
Library," — 'The    Bank  Clerk's  Secret,'  edited 
by    the     Rev.    J.    Erskine     Clarke,  —  '  Faith 
Cotterell,    and    other   Stories,'   edited    by  the 
Rev.  J.  Erskine  Clarke, — a  new  and  illustrated 
edition  of  '  The  Lost  Princess  ;   or,  the  Wise 
Woman,'  by  George  Mac  Donald, — and  various 
domestic  and  nursery  stories,  besides  the  annual 
volumes  of  Mothers  in  Council,  Chatterbox,  and 
other  serial  publications  of  the  firm. 

Messrs.  Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster  are  issuing 
'Men,  Cities,  and  Events,'  by  Wm.  Beatty- 
Kingston, — '  The  Man  on  the  March,'  by  Martin 
Cobbett,—' 1,500  Miles  an  Hour,'  by  Charles 
Dixon,  illustrated  by  Capt.  Layard, — 'Charter- 
house, 1611-1895,  in  Pen  and  Ink,'  by  C.  R.  B. 
Barrett,  with  a  preface  by  George  Smythe, — 
'  Economics  :  being  the  History  of  Ideas  in 
Economics,'  by  Henry  Dunning  Macleod, — 
'The  Cabinet  and  Party  Politics,'  by  W.  E. 
Snell, — "  In  the  Public  Men  of  To-day  "  series  : 
'  The  German  Emperor  William  II.,'  by  Charles 
Lowe  (with  portraits);  '  Sefior  Castelar,'  by 
David  Hannay  (with  portrait);  'Joseph  Cham- 
berlain,' by  S.  H.  Jeyes,  the  editor  of  the 
series  (with  portraits);  'Pope  Leo  XIII.,' by 
Justin  McCarthy  (with  portraits)  ;  and  possibly 
also  in  this  series  '  The  Right  Hon.  Cecil  Rhodes,' 
by  Edward  Dicey,  C.B. ;  '  Sign  or  Crispi,'  by 
W.  J,  Stillman  ;  and  'President  Cleveland,'  by 
James  Lowry  Whittle, — also  reprints  of  Lane's 
translation  of  the  '  Arabian  Nights  '  (with  the 
addition  of  'Aladdin'  and  'AH  Baba'  taken  from 
another  source),  and  of  Stothard's  edition  of 
'Robinson  Crusoe,'  with  reproductions  of  the 
plates. 

Messrs.  Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.'s  new 
books  include  the  following :  a  volume  of 
'  Sermons  preached  in  the  Parish  Church  of 
Leeds,'  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Talbot, — 'Addresses 
on  the  Atonement,'  by  the  Rev.  VV.  O.  Burrows, 
— '  A  New  Natural  "Theology  based  upon  the 
Doctrine  of  Evolution,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  Morris, 
— '  Russia  and  the  English  Church  during  the 
lastFifty  Years,' by  W.  J.  Birkbeck,— 'Egypt 


of  the  Hebrews  and  Herodotos,'  by  Prof.  Sayce, 
— '  The  Books  of  the  Bible  for  Use  in  Schools,' 
with  introduction,  notes,  maps,  and  plans, 
under  the  general  editorship  of  the  Rev.  A.  E. 
Hillard, — '  Words  and  Days  :  a  Table  Book  o. 
Prose  and  Verse,'  compiled  by  Bowyer  Nicholsf^ 
with  a  preface  by  George  Saintsbury, — "  Periods 
of  European  History,"  general  editor,  Arthur 
Hassall,  with  maps  :  Period  II.,  'The  Empire 
and  the  Papacy,  a.d.  9^8-1272,'  by  T.  F.  Tout  ; . 
Period  III.,  'The  End  of  the  Middle  Ages,* 
A.D.  1272-1494,'  by  R.  Lodge;  Period  IV., 
'Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  a.d.  1494- 
1598,'  by  A.  H.  Johnson;  Period  VI.,  'The 
Balance  of  Power,  a.d.  1715-1789,'  by  the 
editor  ;  Period  VIII.,  '  Modern  Europe,  a.d. 
1815-1878,'  by  G.  W.  Prothero,-—' Names  and 
their  Histories,'  arranged  in  alphabetical  order, 
forming  the  rudiments  of  historical  geography, 
by  Isaac  Taylor, — a  second  edition  of  '  Notes 
on  Tobogganing  at  St.  Moritz,'  by  T.  A.  Cook, 
— 'A  First  Greek  Reading  Book,'  by  Arthur 
Sidgwick, — '  The  Retreat  from  Syracuse,  from 
Thucydides,'  edited,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  by  W.  H.  D.  Rouse, — and  '  Intermediate 
French  Exercises,'  by  A.  A.  Somerville. 

Messrs.    Hodder    &    Stoughton's    announce- 
ments  include   the   following  :    '  The   Days  of 
Auld  Lang  Syne,'  by  Ian  Maclaren, — '  St.  Paul 
the   Traveller   and   Roman   Citizen,'   by   Prof. 
W.   M.   Ramsay, — '  Strangers  at  Lisconnel,' — 
a    second    series    of    'Irish    Idylls,'   by  Jane 
Barlow, — 'Literary   Anecdotes    of    the    Nine- 
teenth Century,'  by  Dr.  Robertson  Nicoll  and 
Thomas  J.  Wise, — 'A  Lady  of  England;    or, 
Life    and   Letters   of  Charlotte  Maria  Tucker 
(A.  L.  0.  E.),'  by  Agnes  Giberne,—' The  Books 
of    the    Twelve   Prophets,   usually  called    the 
Minor  Prophets,' by  Prof.   G,  Adam  Smith, — 
'The  Epistle  of  James,  and  other  Discourses,' 
by  the  late  R.  W.  Dale,— 'The   New  Life  in 
Christ,'  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  J.  Agar  Beet,  a  com- 
panion volume  to  'Through  Christ  to  God,' — 
'Union  with  God,'  a  series  of  papers  by  Prof. 
J,  Rendel  Harris, — '  Eden  Lost  and  Won  :  the 
Early  History  and  Final  Destiny  of  Man  and 
Nature  in  the  Light  of  Science  and  Scripture,' 
by  Sir  J.  William  Dawson,— 'The  God  Man,' 
by  Principal  T.  C.  Edwards,—"  Little  Books  on 
Religion,"    edited    by    W.    Robertson    Nicoll, 
LL.b.,  including  '  Christ  and  the  Future  Life,' 
by  R.  W.  Dale  ;  '  The  Visions  of  a  Prophet : 
Studies  in  Zechariah,'  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  Marcus 
Dods  ;  'The  Upper  Room,'  by  the  Rev.  John 
Watson  (Ian  Maclaren) ;  and  '  The  Seven  Words 
from  the   Cross,'   by  the   Rev.   W.  Robertson 
Nicoll,—'  The  Problem  of  the  Ages  :  a  Book  for 
Young    Men,'  by    the   Rev.  J.    B.    Hastings, 
—  '  Turning  -  Points     in    Successful   Careers,' 
by    William    M.    Thayer,  —  '  A    Message    for 
the    Day:     Daily    Readings    for   a    Year,'    by 
J.  R.  Miller  ;  also  Dr.   Miller's  new  Christmas 
booklet,    '  The    Blessing    of     Cheerfulness,'  — 
'History  of  Aberdeen   University,'  by    J.  M. 
Bullock,— 'London  Idylls,'  by  W.  J.  Dawson, 
— 'Tokiwa,  and  other  Poems,'  by  Mrs.  Ashley 
Carus-Wilson,    nee    Petrie,  —  '  Luther's    Early 
Works    and   Catechism,'   edited    by    Principal 
Henry  Wace  and    Prof.    C,    A.    Buchheim,  — 
'  The  Book  of  Deuteronomy,'  by  the  Rev.  Prof. 
Andrew  Harper, — '  Creation  centred  in  Christ,' 
by  the  Rev.  H.  Grattan  Guinness,—'  Present- 
Day  Studies  in  the  Life  of  Moses,'  by  the  Rev. 
John  Smith,  —  '  Tales   of    the  Warrior  King  : 
Life  and  Times  of  David,  King  of  Israel,'  by 
the  late  Rev.   J.    R.    Macduff,— 'The   Life   of 
Edward  Hoare,  Hon.  Canon  of  Canterbury  and 
Vicar  of  Holy   Trinity,    Tunbridge  Wells,'  by 
the  Rev.  J.  H.  Townsend,— '  The  Child  Jesus, 
and  other  Talks  to  the  Children,'  by  the  late 
Alexander  MacLeod,  —  '  Old  Farm  Fairies  :    a 
Science    Fairy    Story,'   by   H.    C.  McCook, — 
'  Titus  :  a  Comrade  of  the  Cross,  a  Tale  of  the 
Christ,'—'  Spiral  Stairs  :  a  Series  of  Devotional 
Studies  on   the    Christian    Life,'   by   the  Rev. 
J.  H.  Townsend,  with  introduction  by  the  Rev. 
H.    C.    G.  Moule,  —  '  Lessons    in   the    School 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHENJSUM 


419 


of  Prayer  as  taught  by  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
Himself,'  arranged  and  classified,  with  reference 
to  their  original  order,  by  the  Rev.  A.  T.  Pier- 
son, — 'Great  Missionaries  of  the  Church,'  with 
an  introduction  by  the  Rev.  F.  E.  Clark, —and 
'VV.  ."P.  Lockhart,  Merchant,  and  Preacher,  a 
'  Life  Story,'  compiled  by  his  wife. 

Messrs.  Bemrose  &  Sons  are  about  to  issue 
'  Devonshire  Wills  :  being,  a  Collection  of  Ab- 
stracts of  Early  Wills  and  Administrations 
proved  and  granted  in  the  Diocese  of  Exeter,' 
extracted,  arranged,  and  annotated  by  Charles 
Worthy, — '  How  to  Write  the  History  of  a 
Parish,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  LL.D.,  fourth 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  —  and  '  The 
Romance  of  a  Picture,  and  other  Stories,'  by 
"Truda  Marsh." 


INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS   OF   THE   PRESS. 

The  Second  International  Press  Congress  has 
just  finished  its  labours  at  Bordeaux.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  the  first  Congress  of  the  Press 
on  international  lines  was  held  at  Antwerp  in 
July,  1894,  and  that  the  movement  originated  a 
year  before  at  a  less  formal  meeting  of  foreign 
and  English  journalists  in  London. 

The  principal  aim  of  the  Congress  as  defined 
at  Antwerp  was  briefly  this — to  create  an  inter- 
national bureau  of  associated  press  organizations 
which  should  establish  regular  and  permanent 
relations  between  its  members  of  whatever 
nationality,  and  serve  as  referee  in  cases  of 
professional  difliculty,  as  arbitrator  in  material 
or  moral  questions  of  international  press 
interest. 

As  a  first  step  towards  this  desirable  and 
somewhat  ambitious  end,  an  international  com- 
mission of  twelve  members,  representing  the 
principal  press  associations  of  the  world,  was 
nominated  to  digest  the  floating  mass  of  ideas 
presented  at  the  Antwerp  Congress,  and  to  em- 
body them  in  a  code  of  rules  for  the  guidance  of 
the  proposed  bureau. 

This  commission  has  met  from  time  to  time 
at  Paris  under  the  presidency  of  M.  Wilhelm 
Singer,  of  the  JVeue  Wiener  Tugeblatt,  and  its 
deliberations  have  resulted  in  a  carefully  con- 
sidered and  worded  code  of  statutes  which  em- 
braces the  whole  question  of  international  press 
relationship.  It  is  the  work  of  M.  Torelli- 
VioUier,  of  the  Corriere  della  Sera,  who  is  to 
be  very  much  congratulated  on  the  clearness 
and  compression  of  his  style. 

The  main  work  of  the  Bordeaux  Congress  has 
been  the  consideration  and  modification  of  these 
rules.  The  influence  of  the  Institute  of  Jour- 
nalists showed  itself  throughout  in  a  policy  of 
precaution.  As  the  most  numerous  and  the 
most  powerful  press  association  in  the  world, 
it  naturally  brought  the  weight  of  its  five  thou- 
sand members  and  its  ten  years'  experience  to 
bear  on  the  crude  and  almost  premature  sug- 
gestions to  which  our  colleagues  of  Latin  race 
were  anxious  to  commit  themselves  and  every- 
body else.  In  spite  of  a  feeling  of  opposition 
which  distinctly  made  itself  felt  among  the 
younger  members  of  the  assembly,  Mr.  T. 
Crosbie  and  Sir  Hugh  Gilzean-Reid — present 
and  past  president  of  the  British  Institute — 
prudently  held  to  their  position  of  according 
nothing  which  they  had  not  previously  referred 
to  their  home  administration.  The  British 
adherence,  considered  as  a  money  matter  alone, 
is  of  sufficient  weight  to  aflect  the  whole  scheme  ; 
the  adhesion  of  a  body  of  some  five  thousand 
members — rated  at  an  annual  membership  of 
a  shilling  a  head — represents  a  material  power 
as  important  as  its  moral  force.  Point  by  point 
the  rules  were  submitted  to  the  conference,  and 
some  unimportant  modifications  were  approved 
— or  rather  passed  for  the  approval  of  the 
associations  at  home.  The  ground  covered  by 
these  eighteen  proposed  statutes  is  wide  enough, 
and  includes  the  interests  of  proprietors  and 
journalists  alike,  provides  for  arbitration  in 
cases  of  personal  or  international  difference, 


and  goes  into  careful  points  of  detail  as  to  the 
organization  of  press  co-operation  all  over  the 
world. 

The  consideration  of  this  scheme  occupied 
four  out  of  the  six  sittings  of  the  Congress  ; 
the  two  remaining  were  devoted  to  the  further 
discussion  of  certain  subjects  of  international 
interest  initiated  last  year  at  Antwerp. 

Of  these,  the  education  scheme  of  M.  Heintz- 
niann  Savino  was  the  most  ambitious  as  well  as 
the  most  carefully  presented — "A  dream  of 
impossible  professional  equipment,"  said  many 
of  the  audience  ;  but  one  cannot  help  a  feeling 
of  satisfaction  that  in  a  prosaic  and  uninspired 
age  such  dreams  still  come  to  some  of  us. 

M.  de  Beraza  on  telegraphic  rights,  and  M. 
Hebrard  on  the  practice  of  pirating  news  with- 
out due  acknowledgment — a  custom  which 
obtains  to  an  annoying  extent  in  Paris — were 
also  worth  listening  to,  and  their  suggestions 
were  referred  to  the  commission  for  consider- 
ation and  representation  in  amended  form  at 
next  year's  Congress,  to  be  held  at  Buda-Pesth. 

So  far,  so  good.  If  the  evidence  of  the  year's 
progress  towards  that  universal  brotherhood  of 
the  pen,  of  which  we  love  to  talk  after  dinner, 
is  not  as  yet  overwhelmingly  conspicuous,  we 
must  remember  that  we  are  dealing  with 
elements  a  little  difiicult  to  fuse.  Our  aims, 
our  methods,  above  all  our  points  of  view,  are 
absolutely  different,  and  we  have  not  a  common 
language  in  which  to  express  them.  Undeni- 
ably there  was  a  slight  feeling  of  friction  during 
some  of  the  sittings  between  the  cautious  policy 
of  the  British  delegation  and  the  impetuosity — 
I  had  almost  written  the  wilfulness — of  the 
French  ;  unfortunately  the  judicial  weight  of 
German  impartiality  was  wanting  in  our 
assembly,  and  was  a  distinct  loss. 

The  arrangements  for  immediate  translation 
of  speeches  were  not  so  complete  as  they  were 
last  year  in  Belgium,  and  valuable  points  were 
lost  on  both  sides  in  consequence.  Happily 
the  value  of  the  Press  Congress  does  not  lie  in 
the  quantity  or  even  the  quality  of  its  speeches, 
but  in  the  increased  mutual  comprehension  of 
its  members.  There  are  men  who  are  working 
for  the  great  object  of  professional  unity  with 
practical  singleness  of  purpose  which  must  bear 
fruit.  The  names  of  Singer,  Torelli,  Crosbie, 
Boisserain,  Hebrard,  Taunay  will  be  remembered 
in  connexion  with  a  great  movement  which  has 
planted  its  standard  high  above  the  trumpery 
difl'erences  and  misunderstandings  of  congres- 
sional confusion.  To  such  men  we  owe  the 
ideal  of  a  red  cross  of  professional  fraternity, 
and  we  believe  them  strong  enough  to  complete 
what  they  have  begun. 

One  word  about  our  reception  at  Bordeaux. 
Bordeaux  has  seen  some  dozens  of  congresses 
and  many  thousands  of  congressists  this  summer, 
with  the  Lord  Mayor  thrown  in  ;  yet  from  the 
spontaneity  and  magnificent  generosity  of  our 
entertainment  we  could  well  imagine  ourselves 
the  single  specimens  of  the  genus  which  had 
invaded  the  hospitable  territory  of  the  Gironde. 
The  arrangements  of  the  local  press  worked 
without  a  hitch  ;  the  excursions  organized  into 
the  wine  country  of  St.  Emilion  and  the  Medoc 
were  absolutely  unique  in  their  special  and  cha- 
racteristic charm  ;  the  sunshine,  the  good  wine, 
the  kindly  feeling  that  pervaded  our  congress 
week  at  Bordeaux  cannot  fail  to  prove  powerful 
factors  in  consolidating  the  work  we  have  in 
hand.  G.  B.  S. 


"COLLECTED"  STORIES. 

18,  Bouverie  Street,  Sept.  25,  1895. 

Mr.  Grant  Allen,  like  most  authors,  has 
a  grievance.  He  first  complains  he  was  never 
informed  that  his  new  book,  '  The  Desire  of  the 
Eyes,  and  other  Stories,'  was  about  to  be  pub- 
lished. We  believe  it  is  not  usual  for  a  publisher 
when  he  buys  a  work  from  a  third  party  to 
acquaint  the  author  that  he  has  done  so,  though 
in  the  ordinary  course  we  should  have  sent  Mr. 
Allen  presentation  copies. 


The  tales  in  Mr.  Grant  Allen's  new  book 
were  specially  written  for  a  syndicate,  and  the 
title-story  Avas  passed  for  press  by  Mr.  Allen 
himself  only  some  nine  months  ago,  he  seeing 
both  proofs  and  revises,  and  his  corrections  arc 
embodied  in  the  tale. 

Mr.  Grant  Allen  has  gone  considerably  out  of 
his  way  to  repudiate  work  for  which,  no  doubt, 
he  was  only  too  glad  to  receive  money.  It  is 
to  be  presumed  he  did  not  depreciate  his  stories 
prior  to  sale. 

However,  the  public  must  judge  whether 
they  are  up  to  Mr.  Allen's  level. 

DiGBY,   L0N(i  «&  Co. 


Uiterarp  CSossip. 

Mr.  George  Meredith's  new  novel, 
'The  Amazing  Marriage,'  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Archibald  Constable  &  Co.  in 
the  course  of  the  season. 

On  January  1st,  1896,  Mr.  T.  Fisher 
Unwin  will  publish  a  new  monthly  with 
the  title  Costnopolis  :  an  International  Review, 
at  the  price  of  half-a-crown.  It  will  appear 
contemporaneously  in  London,  Berlin,  and 
Paris,  and  contain  original  articles  in 
English,  French,  and  German,  while  a 
special  feature  of  Cosmopolis  will  be  chro- 
nicles of  the  literary,  political,  and  theatrical 
occurrences  of  the  month  in  Germany,  France, 
and  England. 

In  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  Mr.  Heine- 
mann  will  issue  a  volume  of  selected  pas- 
sages from  the  unpublished  note-books  and 
diaries  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  The 
work,  which  is  entitled  '  Anima  Poetsc,'  has 
been  compiled  and  edited  by  the  poet's 
grandson,  Mr.  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge. 
The  aphorisms,  critical  memoranda,  con- 
fessions, and  soliloquies,  of  which  the 
volume  consists,  are  arranged  chronologic- 
ally, and  extend  from  the  commencement 
of  the  poet's  literary  career,  in  179-5,  to  the 
summer  of  1828.  The  publication  of  these 
"first  thoughts"  and  marvellous  self-com- 
munings  was  originally  contemplated  by 
Coleridge  himself,  and  the  piu'port  of 
the  present  issue  is,  in  accordance  with 
his  expressed  intentions,  to  preserve  an 
authentic  record  of  the  development  of  his 
mind  and  character.  Excerpts  from  this 
volume  will  form  an  article  in  the  October 
number  of  the  New  Review,  and  a  fui'ther 
selection,  which  has  been  translated  into 
French,  will  be  published  at  the  same  time 
in  the  Revue  de  Paris. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  will  issue  next 
month 'Longmans'  Gazetteer  of  the  "World.' 
The  work  is  to  be  edited  by  Mr.  George  G. 
Chisholm.  In  order  to  secure  comprehen- 
siveness the  publishers  have  included,  in  the 
British  Isles,  all  parishes  and  all  places 
with  railway  stations  or  with  post-offices  ; 
on  the  continent  of  Europe,  all  towns  and 
villages  with  more  than  2,000  inhabitants, 
as  well  as  many  other  places  that  have  some 
special  circxmistances  connected  with  them  ; 
in  the  British  colonies,  all  important  towns 
and  villages,  and  many  places  with  a  popu- 
lation of  under  100;  in  the  United  States, 
all  places  having  a  population  of  500  or 
above  ;  and  all  kinds  of  information  that  is 
likely  to  be  of  real  practical  utility  to  business 
men.  In  order  to  ensure  accuracy,  all  facts 
with  regard  to  population,  &c.,  have  been 
taken  from  official  sources,  such  as  latest 
census  returns  and  similar  records  ;  articles 
on  countries  and  the  larger  divisions  of  the 


420 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3544,  Sept.  28, '95 


globe  have  been  mostly  done  by  specialists, 
and  as  far  as  possible  the  correctness  of 
articles  bas  been  carefully  tested  by  sub- 
mitting them  to  local  revisers. 

The  Laii-  Quarterly  Review  for  October 
■will  contain  articles  on  '  The  Vocation  of 
ihe  Common  Law,'  by  Sir  Frederick  Pollock; 
'  The  Eule  in  Dearie  v.  Hall,'  by  Mr.  E.  C.  C. 
Firth  ;  '  The  Reform  of  Company  Law,'  by 
Mr.  E.  Manson  ;  '  The  Land  Transfer  Act, 
1875,'  by  Sir  H.  W.  Elphinstone  ;  '  Asiatic 
Mixed  Marriages,'  by  Mr.  M.  L.  Agarwala; 
'Legal  Aspects  of  the  Balfour  Case,'  by 
Mr.  M.  J.  Farrelly  ;  '  The  Life  of  Sir  J.  F. 
Stephen,'  by  Sir  C.  P.  llbert ;  and  '  Constitu- 
tional Eevision,'  by  Mr.  A.  V.  Dicey. 

Messes.  William  Blackwood  &  Sons 
will  publish  in  October  '  A  Biography  of 
John  Stuart  Blackie,'  in  two  volumes,  by 
Anna  M.  Stoddart.  This  life  will  be  in- 
teresting to  all  who  have  met  the  old 
Scottish  professor  as  well  as  to  that  wider 
public  with  whom  his  name  is  a  "  house- 
hold word."  It  wiU  include  an  account  of 
his  services  to  the  cause  of  education,  as  well 
as  allusions  to  many  of  his  contemporaries 
in  the  van  of  mental  and  practical  activity, 
with  whom  he  was  in  constant  correspond- 
ence, amongst  whom  Carlyle,  Tennyson, 
Browning,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Sir  Theodore 
Martin,  Froude,  Norman  McLeod,  and 
Kingsley  maj'  be  mentioned. 

'  Napoleox  III.  (my  Recollections)  '  is 
the  title  of  a  new  work  by  Sir  "W.  Eraser, 
Bart.,  author  of  *  "Words  on  Wellington,' 
*  Disraeli  and  his  Day,'  &c.  It  is  in  the 
press,  and  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  &  Co. 

An  interesting  reprint  is  the  "  Journal  of 
a  Few  Months'  Residence  in  Portugal  and 
Glimpses  of  the  South  of  Spain,  by  Mrs. 
Quillinan  (Dora  Wordsworth)."  The  new 
edition  is  edited  by  Edmund  Lee  and  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Longman.  It  is,  we 
believe,  the  fact  that  the  first  edition  was 
published  anonymously — at  any  rate,  no 
catalogue  contains  the  title  under  the  name 
of  Wordsworth's  daughter. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Mr.  Ebsworth 
is  making  such  progress  as  is  possible  with 
Part  XXIY.  of  the  '  Roxburghe  BaUads,'  of 
which  all  the  most  important  portion  is 
completed,  viz.,  the  last  of  the  historical 
groups,  the  "Sempill  Ballates"  of  1567-74; 
also  the  final  (third)  group  of  nautical 
ballads ;  all  of  the  best  humorous  ballads 
('Dragon  of  Wantley,'  'Edward  IV.  and 
Jane  Shore,'  '  A  Marvellous  Medicine,'  &c.); 
and  the  early  portions  of  two  other  groups, 
the  Anglo- Scottish  ballads  and  "The  Robin 
Hood  Ballads." 

The  Asiatic  Quarterly  Beviexo  for  October 
win  contain  articles  by  Mr.  L.  C.  Probyn, 
late  Accountant- General  (Madras),  on  '  The 
Indian  Monetarj'  Problem';  by  the  editor. 
Dr.  Leitner,  on  Chitral  and  other  subjects; 
by  Sir  Roper  Lethbridge  (a  lecture)  on 
'  The  Sovereign  Princes  of  India  and  their 
Relation  to  tlie  Empire';  and  by  Capt. 
Pasfield  Oliver  on  '  French  Progress  in  the 
Western  Soudan.' 

Mr.  Reginald  Blunt  (who  was  one  of 
the  secretaries  of  the  fund  for  the  purchase 
of  No.  5,  Cheyne  Row)  has  in  the  press 
a  monograph  on  'The  Carlyles'  Chelsea 
Home,'  giving  an  account  of  the  life  and 


arrangements  of  the  famous  little  house 
during  its  tenancy  by  the  Carlyles  from 
1834  to  1881.  A  special  feature  of  the 
work  will  be  its  illustrations,  nearly  forty 
in  number,  which  comprise  very  interesting 
and  hitherto  unpublished  portraits  of  both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carlyle  and  a  series  of  photo- 
graphs (taken  forty  years  ago  by  a  friend) 
of  the  rooms  and  garden,  including  present- 
ments of  Carlyle  smoking,  reading,  and  at 
work  in  the  much- talked- of  garret  study. 
The  book  will  also  contain  several  plans, 
maps,  and  facsimile  letters ;  it  will  be 
issued  from  the  Chiswick  Press  in  two 
forms,  a  limited  large-paper  and  a  cheaper 
edition.  Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  are  the  pub- 
lishers. 

The  Master  of  Balliol  has  undertaken  to 
deliver  an  inaugural  address  at  Aberystwith 
on  Thursday  next,  in  connexion  with  the 
"University  week,"  and  the  first  annual 
meeting  of  the  University  Court.  Dr. 
Caird's  subject  wiU  be  '  The  Relation  of 
Culture  to  Knowledge.' 

Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett  has  taken  a  new 
departure  in  '  Sweetheart  Travellers,'  and 
has  written  a  book  for  children,  to  which 
Mr.  Gordon  Browne  has  supplied  the  illus- 
trations. Messrs.  Wells  Gardner  &  Co. 
are  the  publishers.  They  are  also  bringing 
out  an  artistic  edition  of  nursery  rhymes, 
under  the  title  of  '  National  Rhymes  of  the 
Nursery.'  Mr.  George  Saintsbury  con- 
tributes a  preface,  and  the  rhymes  will  be 
illustrated  from  original  drawings  by  Gordon 
Browne. 

Miss  Violet  Hunt's  novel,  '  A  Hard 
Woman,'  which  has  been  running  in  Cliap- 
man's  Magazine,  is  to  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  on  October  15th 
as  a  six-shilling  novel. 

Forthcoming  volumes  of  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.'s  new  "  Novel  Series  "  are  '  The 
Grey  Lady,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Seton  Merri- 
man,  to  be  published  on  November  1st;  and 
'  Frederick,'  by  Mrs.  L.  B.  Walford,  which 
will  be  issued  a  month  later. 

Mr.  Eric  Mackay's  'Love  Letters  of  a 
Violinist '  have  been  translated  into  German, 
in  the  metre  of  the  original,  by  Friiulein 
Frederica  Dobbert,  of  Elbing,  and  will  be 
published  at  Berlin  by  Messrs.  Hendel, 
early  in  November,  under  the  title  '  Liebes- 
briefe  eines  Geigers.' 

Canon  Overton  has  written  the  forth- 
coming volume  of  the  "  National  Churches 
Series,"  edited  by  the  Rev.  P.  H.  Ditch- 
field,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Wells 
Gardner  &  Co.  It  deals  with  the  history  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  wiU  be  issued 
in  two  volumes. 

The  Blach  and  White  Publishing  Com- 
pany has  taken  over  the  Ludgate  monthly 
magazine.  A  number  of  new  features  are 
promised. 

During  the  coming  autumn  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock  will  publish  '  The  Book-Hunter  in 
London,'  by  Mr.  W.  Roberts,  uniform  with 
Uzanne's  '  Book-Hunter  in  Paris.'  The  work 
will  be  partly  historical,  and  will  be  illus- 
trated with  portraits,  specimen  pages,  and 
other  reproductions. 

New  publications  are  coming  upon  us  in 

battalions.     21ie  Churchwoman  (157,  Strand) 

aims     at     doing    for    a    modest    penny    a 

I  week  "what  many  existing  papers  do  for 


the  clergy,"  and  is  obviously  to  be  the 
organ  of  the  rector's  wife  and  other 
bountiful  ladies.  —  The  Country  Souse,  to 
be  "published  sweetly"  at  sixpence  (30, 
Fleet  Street),  will  deal  with  rural  life 
in  a  more  mundane  sense.  Both  ventures 
promise  a  good  list  of  contributors. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  write  to  us,  in 
reference  to  a  late  controversy,  that  while 
they  have  no  desire  to  continue  it,  they 
must  be  understood  as  traversing  generally 
Mr.  Vizetelly's  assertions. 

Taking  advantage  of  a  provision  in  the 
last  Education  Code,  the  Council  of  the 
Dundee  LTniversity  College  have  resolved  to 
apply  to  the  Department  for  recognition  as 
a  local  committee  empowered  to  undertake 
the  training  of  teachers.  Edinburgh,  Glas- 
gow, and  Aberdeen  are  at  present  the  only 
centres  of  professional  training  in  Scotland, 
and  to  one  or  other  of  these  cities  Dundee 
has  been  sending  nearly  one-third  of  the 
total  number  of  students  under  training. 

The  Council  of  the  College  of  Preceptors 
has  under  its  consideration  a  proposal  to 
hold  a  winter  "  holiday  course  "  for  teachers 
and  others,  on  the  plan  adopted  for  the  in- 
creasingly popular  summer  courses.  There 
appears  to  be  a  reaction  on  the  part  of  some 
teachers  against  the  regular  three  months' 
vacations  which  are  the  envy  of  all  the  other 
learned  professions. 

The  Academy  of  Sciences  of  St.  Peters- 
burg intends  issuing  all  the  important  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  history  of  Russia  from 
the  sixteenth  to  the  eighteenth  century  in- 
clusive which  have  been  preserved  in  the 
State  archives.  A  Government  subsidy  of 
2,000  roubles  has  been  granted  for  the  pur- 
pose for  the  space  of  three  years,  to  date 
from  next  January. 

The  Swiss  Geschichtsforschende  Gesell- 
schaft  held  its  fiftieth  annual  meeting  at 
Bale  on  September  18th,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Prof.  Meyer  von  Knonau.  Ail  the 
papers  read  dealt  with  the  history  of  Bale. 
Band  XXI.  of  the  Society's  Proceedings, 
which  win  be  shortly  ready  for  publication, 
will  contain  a  report  from  the  commission 
appointed  to  make  researches  in  the  Aus- 
trian archives  for  documents  relating  to  the 
history  of  Switzerland.  The  commissioners 
have  reached  the  year  1400,  and  have  dis- 
covered a  mass  of  hitherto  unused  materials. 
Two  new  honorary  members'  were  elected  : 
Prof.  Mommsen  and  Father  Ehrle,  the  Pre- 
fect of  the  Vatican  Archives,  who  has  given 
much  help  to  Swiss  scholars  in  their  in- 
quiries. The  Government  of  Canton  Valais 
has  invited  the  Society  to  hold  its  next  annual 
meeting  at  Sion. 

The  Verein  fiir  Geschichte  des  Boden- 
sees  und  seiner  Umgebung  held  its  twenty- 
sixth  annual  assembly  from  September  1 5th 
to  1  Bth  at  Constance,  and  a  general  meeting 
of  the  Gesamtverein  der  Deutschen  Ge- 
schichts-  und  Alterthums-vereinewas  held  at 
the  same  time.  Dr.  Theodor  Martin,  Court 
Chaplain  at  Heiligenberg,  lectured  on 
the  history  of  Constance ;  Dr.  Meyer  von 
Knonau,  of  Zurich,  read  a  paper  on  Bishop 
Gerhard  III .  of  Constance ;  and  Prof.  Brecher, 
of  Berlin,  gave  an  account  of  the  relation  of 
the  HohenzoUerns  to  the  reforming  Council 
of  Constance. 

This  month's  number  of  the  Neue  Deutsche 
Rundschau  contains  a  posthumous  poem  by 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


421 


Eichard  Wagner,  the  manuscript  of  which 
he  had  confided,  together  with  some  other 
papers,  to  a  brother  musician  when  he  left 
Dresden,  in  May,  1849,  on  the  break-down 
of  the  local  rising.  The  poem,  which  is  a 
dithyrambic  glorification  of  the  revolution, 
somewhat    resembles     in     form     Schiller's 

*  Glocke,'  and  contains,  like  the  text  of  some 
of  Wagner's  operas,  several  obscure  pas- 
sages. The  manuscript  is  signed  "  Eichard 
Wagner,"  and  is  in  his  own  handwriting. 

We  note  the  death  of  Dr.  M.  Brasch,  a 
prolific  critic  and  philosophical  writer,  which 
occurred  on  the  16th  inst.  at  Leipzig,  at  the 
age  of  fifty-two.  Among  his  most  important 
works  are  his  '  Geschichte  der  Philosophie,' 

*  Kiinstler  der  Philosophie,'  and  his  edition 
of  the  '  Politeia '  of  Aristotle,  with  a  German 
translation,  introduction,  and  notes. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
likely  to  prove  of  the  most  interest  to  our 
readers  are  India,  Sanitary  Measures  Re- 
port, 1893-4  (Is.  lOd.);  Labour:  General 
Report  of  the  Wages  of  the  Manual  Labour 
Classes  in  the  United  Kingdom,  with  Tables 
of  the  Average  Pates  of  Wages  and  Hours 
of  Labour,  1886-91  (4.s.  3d.);  Retirement  of 
Professors,  Report  of  the  Committee  {3d.) ; 
Post  Office  Report  for  1894-5  {6d.)  ;  and 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  Report  for  1894-5 
W- 

SCIENCE 


MEDICAL   BOOKS. 

Clinical  Lectures  o?i  the  Preve)ition  of  Con- 
sumption. By  William  Murrell,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P. 
(Bailliere,  Tindall  &  Cox.) — This  book  is  an  ex- 
cellent account  of  one  of  the  most  important 
diseases  of  the  present  time.  The  o;reat  number 
of  deaths  which  take  place  in  our  country  from 
consumption  or  tuberculosis — the  great  amount 
of  illness  which,  when  not  fatal,  it  induces — 
make  it  incumbent  for  the  ruling  power  to  do 
everything  it  can  to  prevent  the  disease.  The 
immense  advance  made  in  the  knowledge  of  its 
causes  and  of  the  sources  of  contagion,  as  well 
as  in  the  methods  of  its  treatment,  is  well  put 
by  Dr.  Murrell.  It  is  time  that  the  medical 
officers  of  health  took  the  matter  up  :  but 
they  have  so  many  things  to  attend  to,  and 
are,  as  a  rule,  so  without  efficient  help,  that 
hitherto  they  appear  to  have  shirked  the  sub- 
ject. In  the  United  States  the  matter  has  been 
looked  into,  and  taken  up  by  the  authorities  with 
very  good  results.  All  these  points  are  clearly 
put  before  the  public  by  Dr.  Murrell,  and  we 
hope  that  his  instructive  book  will  be  carefully 
read  by  those  in  authority  as  well  as  by  the 
public. 

The  Senile  Heart.  By  G.  W.  Balfour,  M.D. 
(Black.)— Dr.  Balfour  is  already  well  known  as 
a  writer  on  affections  of  the  heart,  and  his  pre- 
sent treatise  is  a  useful  contribution  to  that  de- 
partment of  medicine.  He  agrees  with  Beneke 
that  the  attainable  duration  of  human  life  at  the 
present  day  is  from  ninety  to  one  hundred  years, 
and  in  this  book  endeavours  to  show,  as  regards 
the  heart,  what  commonly  prevents  the  attain- 
ment of  such  an  age,  and  how  these  impediments 
to  longevity  may  best  be  avoided.  It  is  the 
muscular  tissue  of  the  heart  which  is  mainly 
affected  in  old  age,  and  though  this  affection 
must  be  gradual,  it  is  often  made  manifest  on 
some  particular  occasion  or  at  an  easily  noticed 
moment.  The  terror  of  a  railway  accident,  and 
a  violent  mental  emotion,  are  both  described  as 
causing  the  patient  to  know  that  his  heart's 
strength  is  declining.  The  senile  heart  is,  in 
fact,  a  heart  which  has  lost  so  much  of  its  natural 
strength  and  nutrition  as  to  be  unable  to  do  its 


regular  daily  work,  and  which  may  easily  be 
brought  to  a  standstill  if  called  upon  for  any 
extraordinary  exertion.  Dr.  Balfour  discusses 
at  length  the  varieties  of  angina  pectoris,  and 
the  distinction  between  them  and  cardiac  neu- 
ralgia, and  quotes  many  interesting  cases  from 
his  own  experience.  The  best  methods  of  treat- 
ment are  discussed  in  three  chapters,  which 
are  followed  by  one  on  the  prognosis  of  this 
condition  of  heart.  The  book  is  not  exhaustive, 
but  contains  a  collection  of  facts,  hypotheses, 
and  discussions  well  worth  consideration. 

Health  and  Condition  in  the  Active  and  the 
Sedentary.  By  Nathaniel  Edward  Yorke- 
Davies.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) — It  may  be 
doubted  whether  the  multiplication  of  books  on 
health  is  of  advantage  to  the  people.  The  con- 
ditions of  life  are  so  various  that  it  is  impossible 
for  any  one  to  lay  down  laws  suitable  for  each 
condition.  Further,  authors  differ  so  much  in 
their  ideas  of  the  mode  of  living  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult not  to  be  confused  on  the  subject.  We  do 
not  think  that  Mr.  Yorke-Davies  has  contributed 
much  that  is  fresh  on  the  subject.  And,  again, 
is  it  wise  for  the  people  to  be  always  thinking 
about  their  health  ?  Would  life  be  worth  living 
if  they  did  I  Could  they  change  their  way  of 
living  to  suit  their  peculiar  temperament  ?  So 
far  as  the  masses  are  concerned,  this  could  be 
done  very  rarely.  It  is  impossible  for  any  one 
to  carry  out  the  author's  idea  :  "To  live  long 
we  should  live  slowly."  A  man  who  does  so 
live  will,  unless  he  is  independent  of  work, 
inevitably  end  in  the  workhouse.  The  intro- 
duction of  railways,  telegraphs,  and  telephones 
has  made  slow  life  impossible.  The  author 
goes  over  the  usual  ground — dress,  diet,  work, 
pleasure,  &c. ;  but  there  is  nothing  very  new  in 
what  he  says  ;  there  is  much  advice  given  which 
it  would  be  most  difficult,  if  not  almost  impos- 
sible, to  follow  ;  and  some  which,  if  followed, 
would  only  end  in  disaster. 

Hoiv  to  Nurse  i)i  our  Own  Homes.  By 
A.  M.  Alexander.  (Wells  Gardner,  Darton  & 
Co.) — This  is  an  excellent  little  work.  It  is 
practical,  without  going  into  matters  with  which 
nurses  have  nothing  to  do.  It  is  quite  true  that 
the  less  a  sick  room  has  in  it  in  the  shape  of 
furniture  the  better  ;  but  sick  people  like  to 
see  their  room  comfortable,  and  as  nearly  as 
possible  in  its  usual  condition.  The  directions 
are  all  good  as  to  washing,  bed-making,  &c.  ; 
but  they  err  in  one  way,  and  that  is,  they  rather 
forget  that  the  patient  has  to  be  considered. 
Patients  are  not  always  in  a  fit  state  to  be 
washed  at  all.  We  once  saw  two  trained  nurses 
washing  a  patient  from  head  to  foot  and  changing 
his  clothes  when  he  was  in  a  dying  condition, 
and  really  did  die  a  few  hours  afterwards.  All 
])ooks  about  nursing  lack  a  warning  note  about 
being  too  meddlesome,  and  this  one  is  no  ex- 
ception. In  the  chapter  on  dressing  wounds 
the  writer  gets  out  of  depth,  and  suggests  pro- 
ceedings which  are  not  for  the  comfort  of  the 
patient  or  the  well-doing  of  the  wounds.  The 
duties  of  a  nurse  are  well  discussed,  and  the 
nursing  of  the  dying  carefully  described.  One 
point  might  have  been  more  distinctly  insisted 
upon  :  a  patient  may  not  be  in  a  condition  to 
bear  the  most  complete  laws  of  nursing. 

St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports.  Vol. 
XXIX.  Edited  by  W.  S.  Church,  M.D.,  and 
W.  J.  Walsham,  F.R.C.S.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
— The  opening  paper  by  Mr.  Harrison  Cripps  is 
full  of  interest,  not  only  to  old  Bartholomew's 
men,  but  to  the  whole  of  the  profession,  showing 
as  it  does  how  it  is  possible  to  adapt  the  old 
operating  theatre  in  Martha  to  the  ideas  of  the 
present  day,  and  liow  successful  the  changes 
have  been  in  the  results  of  operations.  A 
judicial  paper  is  contributed  by  Dr.  Champ- 
neys  on  gynaecological  operations,  raising  the 
much-needed  protest  against  premature  and 
unnecessary  operations,  and  expressing  the 
opinion  that  "  another  life  saved  "  may  mean 
another  life  unjustifiably  exposed  to  risk.      *  A 


Year's  Surgery,'  by  Mr.  Butlin,  is  most  instruc- 
tive and  worthy  of  his  previous  work  ;  while 
Mr.  IMcAdam  Eccles  has  a  most  interesting  and 
suggestive  paper  on  '  The  Temperature  in  Rela- 
tion to  Injuries  of  the  Head.'  There  are  many 
other  able  and  practical  papers,  which  remind  us 
of  the  great  work  that  is  being  done  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital.  They  have  great  advan- 
tages ;  they  seem  to  be  awakening  to  a  sense 
of  their  responsibilities. 


WILD    DONKEYS   IN   THE   ARCHIPELAGO. 

BuoNDELMONTi,  in  his  '  Liber  Insularum ' 
(ed.  Sinner,  Lipsice,  1824),  mentions  wild 
donkeys  in  several  of  the  smaller  and  more 
desert  islands  near  the  Turkish  coast,  i.e., 
Kinaros  and  Levinthos  (chaj).  xliii.),  "  et 
sajpe  a  circumstantibus  (sc.  insulis)  animalia 
resolute  patescunt  cum  asinis  agrestibus  una  "; 
Lipsia  (chap,  xlix.),  "in  qua  sinus  ab  oriente 
videtur  et  nunc  ab  segis  asinisque  habitata  sil- 
vestribus  apparet";  Acrite  (now  Narki),  close 
to  Lipsia  (chap  lib),  "  in  qua  asini,  voce  sonora, 
silvestres  perambulant  sine  timore  una  cum 
a3gis  infinitis."  The  tradition  of  the  existence 
in  these  parts  of  herds  of  wild  donkeys  still 
survives  in  the  name  Gaidaronisi  (donkey 
island)  which  two  desert  islands  not  very  far 
distant  from  each  other  bear.  One  is  the  island 
a  little  south  of  Samos,  the  ancient  name  of 
which  was  Tragaia;  the  other  is  the  small  island 
north-west  of  Calymnos,  called  Kalolimno  in  the 
chart  and  in  Kiepert's  last  map.  This  name 
Kalolimno  is  now  quite  unknown,  and  the 
island  bears  the  name  of  Gaidaronisi  in  title- 
deeds  of  a  hundred  years  back  at  least. 

Both  these  donkey  islands  lie,  one  may  say, 
within  short  range  of  Buondelmonti's  wild 
donkeys,  and  we  may  take  it  to  be  an  estab- 
lished fact  that  in  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century  the  desert  islands  round  and  about 
Samos,  Patmos,  Leros,  and  Calymnos  were 
inhabited  by  herds  of  wild  donkeys  large  enough 
to  impress  a  traveller  deeply  and  to  impose  the 
name  of  Gaidaronisi  on  certain  islands. 

There  are  no  longer  any  wild  donkeys  in  this 
particular  area,  but  they  still  exist  in  Rhodes 
and,  I  am  told,  in  Castello  Rosso,  and  their 
descendants  form  the  staple  of  the  breed  in 
Calymnos  and  the  neighbouring  islands.  In 
Rhodes  there  is  a  breed  of  very  tiny,  lithe,  and 
active  donkeys  which  are  quite  wild.  They 
feed  and  breed  on  the  hills,  and  they  are  the 
property  of  any  one  who  catches  and  tames 
them.  Their  market  value  is  about  20  fr. 
apiece.  I  have  one  which  is  the  pet  of  my 
children,  and  he  jumps  walls  like  a  goat.  This 
extreme  agility  is  the  only  wild  attribute  he 
preserves  ;  he  is  otherwise  as  tame  and  affec- 
tionate as  a  dog.  In  the  island  of  Calymnos 
the  native  breed  of  donkey  is  this  small  one, 
and  it  is  only  within  living  memory  that  the 
large  and  powerful  Anatolian  breed  has  been 
imported. 

There  are  other  Gaidaronisi  in  other  parts 
of  the  Archipelago  —  one,  I  think,  on  the 
Attic  coast  and  one  off  Crete— but  Buondel- 
monti  seems  to  have  seen  his  wild  donkeys 
only  in  the  region  I  have  stated.  It  does 
not  appear  from  his  words  that  these  donkeys 
were  in  his  time  bred  for  use  or  export 
and  allowed  to  run  wild  (he  is  very  particular 
about  stating  the  exports  of  islands).  He  finds 
them  in  company  with  wild  goats  (i.e.,  goats 
gone  wild,  such  as  still  exist  on  many  desert 
islands). 

Perhaps  some  of  your  readers  will  be  able  to 
throw  light  on  this  matter.  This  business  of 
the  donkeys  is  a  part  of  history,  and  we  are 
in  the  position  of  having  almost  no  materials 
for  the  history  of  these  islands  during  the 
Middle  Ages.  The  matter  may  also  be  of  in- 
terest to  zoologists,  and  I  will  gladly  forward  to 
the  Zoological  Society  a  pair  of  Rhodian  wild 
donkeys,  if  their  passage  is  paid. 
The  facts  seem  to  point  to  some  such  con- 


422 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  ^95 


elusions  as  these.  A  breed  of  small  donkeys 
existed  on  the  southern  Sporades.  They  were 
bred,  like  goats,  on  a  large  scale,  so  that  there 
were  herds  of  them  not  only  on  the  larger  islands, 
but  on  their  smaller  dependencies.  When  the 
evil  passions  of  the  Christian  West  were  col- 
lected and  organized  and  let  loose  upon  the 
Christian  East  and  killed  security  there,  the 
donkeys  and  their  friends  the  goats  were 
allowed  to  run  wild,  just  as  goats  are  now 
allowed  to  run  wild  on  some  islands  too  much 
exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the  notorious  cattle- 
lifters  of  Amorgos.  On  the  small  islands  a  very 
slowly  restored  sense  of  security  has  enabled  the 
inhabitants  to  reannex  their  donkeys.  In  an 
island  so  large  as  Rhodes  the  donkeys  with  their 
new  wild  ways  were,  and  are  still,  too  much  for 
their  claimants.  These  little  donkeys  were  the 
only  breed  in  these  islands  until  the  big  Ana- 
tolian donkey  was  introduced. 

I  am  afraid  that  one  will  search  the  classics 
in  vain  for  a  statement  of  the  average  size  of 
the  old  Greek  donkey,  and  that  one  will  search 
archseological  journals  in  vain  for  measurements 
of  his  bones  ;  but  perhaps  he  may  have  been 
nearer  to  the  wild  Rhodian  donkey  in  size  than 
to  the  great  donkeys  of  Asia  Minor,  Africa,  and 
Spain.  W.  R.  Paton. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK, 
Entomological,  8  —'Contributions  towards  the  History  of 
Maruina,  a  New  Genus  of  Diptera  (Psychodida').'  Dr.  F. 
Miiller;  'Remarks  on  the  Homologies  and  Differences 
between  the  First  Stages  of  Fericoma  and  those  of  Maruina,' 
Baron  0.  Sacken. 


The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest 
eastern  elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  1st  prox. ; 
he  is,  therefore,  visible  after  sunset,  and  will 
continue  so  next  week,  but  only  for  a  short 
time  in  northern  latitudes,  on  account  of  his 
increasing  southern  declination.  On  the  25th 
he  will  be  in  inferior  conjunction  with  the  sun. 
Venus  is  a  morning  star  in  the  constellation 
Leo,  and  will  attain  her  greatest  brilliancy  on 
the  26th  prox.  Mars  will  be  in  conjunction 
with  the  sun  on  the  morning  of  the  11th,  and 
will  not  be  visible  for  some  weeks.  Jupiter 
rises  about  midnight  in  the  constellation  Cancer. 
Saturn  sets  during  October  too  early  to  be  seen, 
and  will  be  in  conjunction  with  the  sun  on  the 
2nd  of  November. 

Dk.  Berberich  has  computed  the  orbit  of  the 
comet  (a,  1895)  which  was  discovered  by  Mr. 
Swift  on  August  20th,  and  finds  that  the  mean 
distance  and  period  are  nearly  the  same  as 
those  of  Encke's  comet,  but  remarks  (Astrono- 
mische  ^Utdiriclden,  No.  3309)  that  there  is 
still  a  good  deal  of  uncertainty  about  the  ele- 
ments, and  thinks  that  the  actual  period  is 
somewhat  longer.  Prof.  Lewis  Boss  has  also 
made  a  determination  of  the  elements,  the 
result  of  which  is  that  the  period  is  more  than 
eight  years.  But  this  is  still  uncertain,  and  the 
true  value  will  not  improbably  turn  out  to  be 
between  five  and  six  years.  The  perihelion 
passage  appears  to  have  taken  place  on  the  day 
of  discovery,  August  20th,  and  the  comet's 
brightness  is  now  not  much  more  than  half 
what  it  was  then. 

The  eminent  botanist  Prof.  Moritz  Will- 
komm,  who  occupied  the  Chair  of  Botany  at  the 
University  of  Prague,  died  on  the  12th  ult.  at 
the  castle  of  Wartenberg  in  Bohemia.  Prof. 
Willkomm,  who  was  born  in  1821,  at  Zittau,  in 
Saxony,  was  a  most  prolific  writer  on  botanical 
subjects. 

A  WORK  on  weather  and  disease,  by  Mr.  A.  B. 
MacDowall,  will  appear  shortly.  It  is  designed 
to  show,  by  means  of  a  series  of  graphic  charts, 
how  certain  elements  of  weather  (rainfall,  bright 
sunshine,  winter  cold,  fog,  &c.)  and  the  mor- 
tality from  some  well  -  known  diseases  have 
varied  in  this  country  in  recent  years. 

Messrs.  W.  H.  Allen  A  Co.  announce  that 
vol.  n.  of  'British  Birds,'  in  their  "Naturalist's 


Library,"  by  Dr.  R.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  is  now 
ready  ;  also  a  new  edition  of  Herschel's  'Popu- 
lar Lectures  on  Scientific  Subjects,'  and  'Ferns, 
British  and  Foreign,'  by  John  Smith,  ex-curator 
of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew. 

Messrs.  Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.  are 
about  to  publish  'Mensuration,'  by  the  Rev. 
A.  Dawson  Clarke, — "A  New  Manual  of  Geo- 
graphy for  Middle  and  Higher  Forms  in 
Schools,"  with  a  preface  on  the  oral  method  in 
teaching  geography:  Vol.  II.  'Asia';  Vol.  III. 
'The  Southern  Hemisphere,'  comprising  Aus- 
tralasia, Africa,  and  South  America  ;  Vol.  IV. 
'  Europe  '  ;  and  '  School  Headings  in  Geography 
for  Junior  Forms,'  adapted  to  his  "  New  Manual 
of  Geography  "  by  E.  R.  Wethey, — "  Beginners' 
Text-Books  of  Science,"  general  editor,  G. 
Stallard  :  'Chemistry,'  by  G.  Stallard  ;  'Geo- 
logy,' by  C.  L.  Barnes;  '  Electricity  and  Mag- 
netism,' by  L.  Cumming  ;  'Heat,'  by  G. 
Stallard;  'Light,'  by  H.  P.  Highton  ;  'Me- 
chanics '  (treated  experimentally),  by  L.  Cumming ; 
'Physical  Geography,'  by  C.  L.  Barnes, — and 
'  Clinical  Illustrations  of  the  Diseases  of  the 
Fallopian  Tubes  and  of  Tubal  Gestation,'  by 
Dr.  C.  J.  Cullinoworth. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Decoration  of  Metals  :  Chasing,  Repousse, 
and  Saw-piercing.  By  J.  Harrison.  Illustrated. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) — Mr.  Harrison  qualified 
himself  to  write  on  the  chasing  of  metals  by 
serving  an  apprenticeship  at  Birmingham,  and 
afterwards  he  was,  for  more  than  twenty  years, 
in  the  service  of  the  Elkingtons.  He  is,  too, 
not  deficient  in  that  self-confidence  which 
practical  experience  more  than  anything  gives 
to  the  man  of  skill.  Accordingly,  he  does  not 
hesitate  to  say  (and  we  will  not  venture  to  deny 
the  statement  when  it  is  confined  to  craftsman- 
ship, and  is  only  applied  in  a  limited  and 
qualified  fashion  to  the  higher  aspects  of  the 
subject) : — 

"  That  good  work  in  metal,  as  good  as  at  an 3' 
period  of  the  world's  existence,  is  executed  to-day, 
is  beyond  doubt,  and,  as  a  proof  of  this,  we  have 
only  to  turn  to  the  productions  of  the  famous 
Vechte  and  his  helper  Morel-Ledeuil,  and  to  hun- 
dreds of  specimens  that  bear  no  signatures  ;  and 
that  idea,  so  blindly  fostered  by  the  worshippers  of 
the  past,  that  the  workmen  of  to-day  are  far  in- 
ferior to  our  forefathers,  is  as  erroneous  as  it  is  un- 
just. We  have  but  to  examine  the  setting  of  gems 
in  the  better  class  of  jewellery  ;  the  mountings,  and 
general  workmanship  in  works  in  silver,  copper, 
brass  and  other  metals ;  the  unsurpassed,  perhaps 
unequalled  damascening  by  our  Asiatic  friends,  the 
Japanese,  to  convince  us  that  the  present  century 
can  boast  artists  equal  to  those  of  any  former 
period." 

Mr.  Harrison  is  here  begging  the  question  in 
the  most  innocent  manner.  The  Japanese 
workers  in  metal  who  retain  the  artistic  tra- 
ditions of  their  Golden  Age  may  be  dismissed 
at  once.  They  retain  the  powers  and  exercise 
the  skill  which  we  recognize  in  ancient  relics, 
not  because  of  their  venerableness — a  precious 
element,  of  course,  in  itself — but  on  account  of 
the  freedom,  vigour,  and  mastery  of  much  that 
is  greater  than  craftsmanship  pure  and  simple. 
Charming  as  much  of  that  craftsmanship  must 
needs  be  to  artistic  eyes,  just  as  everything 
that  is  complete  and  in  harmony  with  itself 
is  always  charming,  it  remains  craftsmanship. 
Mr.  Harrison  could  not  have  cited  a  "modern 
instance  "  more  destructive  of  his  case  against 
the  division  of  labour  than  the  work  of 
Vechte  and  his  able  and  accomplished  assistant. 
The  best  specimen  of  Vechte's  handiwork  was 
the  famous  '  Amazon  Dish,'  and  this,  as  our 
author  correctly  says,  was  designed  by  the 
sculptor  Feuchere,  so  that  after  all  the  accom- 
plished hand  simply  carried  out  here  what 
the  true  artist  had  imagined.  Mr.  Harrison 
ascribes  the  failure  of    the  modern  workman, 


which  in  this  place  he  seems  to  admit,  to  that 
division  of  labour  which  the  '  Amazon  Dish  ' 
illustrated.  It  comes  to  this  then,  that,  as 
Vechte  could  not  do  what  Feuchere  did,  the 
credit  of  this  much  admired  dish  belongs 
to  the  sculptor.  If  Vechte  could  have  de- 
signed the  dish,  what  was  to  hinder  him  from 
doing  so  1  Nothing  stood  in  the  way.  As  no 
one  knows  this  better  than  Mr.  Harrison,  it 
is  amusing  to  find  him  making  use  of  this 
example,  which  secured  the  fortunes  of  both 
the  man  of  art  and  the  man  of  skill,  as  a  plea 
for  their  being  secured  against  poverty  by  the 
State,  that  is  to  say,  out  of  the  earnings  of  less 
able  and  successful  workers,  who  are  to  be  com- 
pelled to  deprive  such  masters  as  Feuchere  and 
Vechte  of  the  strongest  inducements  Providence 
bestowed  to  exercise  their  powers,  as  our  author 
says,  for  "  the  benefit  of  mankind."  Taking  a 
modern  instance  in  the  history  of  Mr.  Harri- 
son's own  craft,  let  us  ask  what  Mr.  Arm- 
stead  —  who,  being  craftsman  and  artist 
in  one,  is  exactly  what  our  author  de- 
clares to  be  indispensable  to  restore  toreutic 
methods  to  their  ancient  perfection — would  say 
if  he  "  were  secured  against  poverty  by  the 
State."  The  history  of  every  branch  of  arfc 
and  craft  is  dead  against  the  notion.  Likewise 
on  the  face  of  it  is  it  manifest  in  this  text  (in 
this  showing  the  advantages  of  the  division  of 
labours)  that  Mr.  Harrison  is  a  better  craftsman 
than  economist.  Accordingly,  not  without 
seeing  the  bearing  of  his  own  remarks  upon  the 
usefulness  or  uselessness  of  books  professing 
to  instruct  in  technical  matters,  he  warns  his 
readers  in  this  fashion  : — 

"  Although  good  masters  and  good  books  can 
greatly  facilitate  the  advancement  of  students  ; 
can  help  them  out  of  difficulties  ;  can  aid  them  in 
doing  good  work,  they  can  never  make  good  work- 
men or  workwomen  of  them,  the  maTiing  is  in  her 
or  his  own  keeping— where  it  exists  at  all." 
Good  teachers  can  be  of  service,  but  the  utmost 
they  can  do  is  to  prevent  beginners  from  making 
a  certain  number  of  mistakes,  such  as  with 
regard  to  the  selection  of  the  materials,  tools, 
and  opportunities  for  working.  As  to  books, 
Mr.  Harrison  knows  as  well  as  we  do  that, 
beyond  the  giving  of  counsel  such  as  teachers 
can  give  more  forcibly,  they  are  absolutely  of 
no  use  at  all.  They  are  necessarily  imperfect,  and 
in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  misleading.  There  is, 
however,  a  real  service  which  books  as  intelli- 
gent as  that  before  us  can  render,  not  to  the 
workman,  who  must  needs  fight  his  own  battle, 
nor  to  the  artist,  who  must  learn  what  Mr. 
Harrison  does  not  profess  to  teach  :  they  can 
give  to  the  general  reader  a  very  fair  idea  of 
how  the  decorative  utensils  and  ornaments  are 
produced  which  delight  his  eye  without  mate- 
rially afi"ecting  his  intellect.  They  can  explain 
to  him  what  are  the  tools  which  achieve  the 
results  that  please  him  ;  they  can  point  out 
what  part  of  an  article  was  cast,  what  was 
planished,  what  wrought  in  repousse,  what  saw- 
pierced  and  what  chased  with  punches  and 
gravers,  where  forefingers  and  thumbs  come  in, 
as.  well  as  how  such  a  part  of  the  article  was 
smoothed,  polished,  or  burnished.  The  shapes 
and  numbers  of  certain  useful  punches  and 
where  to  buy  them  are  noteworthy  facts, 
while  the  process  of  matting  grounds  of  brass 
is  a  little  curious  in  itself,  but  not,  as  Sir 
Thomas  Browne  was  wont  to  say,  "  beyond  the 
imaginations  of  men."  In  these  matters  Mr. 
Harrison  is  a  willing  as  well  as  a  wise  informant. 
He  leads  his  reader  from  step  to  step  towards 
what  he  calls  the  "fascinating  art  "of  brass- work- 
ing in  repousse.  He  is  not  seldom  astray  in  the  his- 
tory of  certain  kinds  of  work  ;  many  of  his  ex- 
amples are  very  good  as  art,  but  not  a  few  of  them 
— indeed,  nearly  all  the  modern  ones — are  too 
bad  even  for  Birmingham  (whence  Mr.  Harrison 
writes)inher  worst  days  ;  see  pp.  GO,  57,  79,  and 
82  ;  and  the  trays  on  p.  101  and  p.  104.  Some 
of  the  flat-chased  rings  on  p.  109  are  as  bad 
as  bad  can  be,  but  a  viler  thing  than  the 
chased  spoon  we  never  saw.     We  agree  with 


N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


423 


our  author's  remarks  upon  pewter  wares,  such 
as  Franfois  Briot  excelled  in ;  but  we  are  a  little 
puzzled  by  having  failed  to  find,  except  in  the 
very  last  page  of  his  book,  any  reference  to  the 
use  of  swages,  i.e.,  brass  or  steel  moulds  or 
dies,  into  which  milleable  metals  were  very 
often  beaten  with  punches  or  otherwise  during 
the  fifteenth,  sixteenth,  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies, and  till  our  own  time.  He  might  surely 
have  found  in  one  of  the  handsome  brass  dishes 
of  Nuremberg,  c.  1430-1500,  a  capital  illus- 
tration of  nearly  all  the  methods  of  metal  work- 
ing which  he  undertook  to  expound.  Here,  the 
whole  dish  being  beaten  up,  swages  seem  to 
have  been  used  for  the  whirling  gadroons  which 
in  the  middle  are  characteristic  of  the  best 
examples,  i.e.,  such  as  distinctly  retain  marks 
of  the  Gothic  spirit  of  design  ;  the  rosaces  and 
fleurons,  and  the  inscriptions  which  are  dis- 
posed in  the  spaces  external  to  the  above,  were 
undoubtedly  stamped,  the  edges  of  the  stamps 
often  overlapping,  in  quadrants  or  sextants 
according  to  the  sizes  of  the  dishes.  That  they 
were  stamped  is  left  beyond  question  by  the 
fact  that  very  often  indeed — the  German  work- 
man being,  perhaps,  as  ignorant  as  he  was 
wilful  —  the  quadrants  or  sextants  are  mis- 
matched, and,  to  the  bewilderment  of  those  who 
reverence  the  workman  for  his  own  sake,  refuse 
to  "read  on"!  The  next  ring  of  wave-like 
mouldings  were  doubtless  executed  in  repousse, 
while  punches  of  fleurs  de  lys  and  the  like 
supply  the  outer  ornamental  ring.  Chasing 
may  have  finished  the  whole  surface  of  the 
metal.  It  seems  beyond  a  question  that  such 
dishes  were  made  by  the  score.  In  the  centre 
of  each  a  flat  circular  space  was  left  to  be  filled 
with  the  arms  or  some  other  symbol  of  the  pur- 
chaser and  properly  blazoned  in  enamels.  Some 
dishes  which  remain  to  us  were  probably  never 
comj^leted  in  this  way,  some  may  have  parted 
with  their  blazonry,  while  a  very  few  still 
retain  the  escutcheons  of  their  quondam  owners, 
and  thus  greatly  add  to  the  value  of  them. 

A  Manual  of  Marks  on  Pottery  and  Porcelain. 
By  W,  H.  Hooper  and  W.  C.  Phillips.  Illus- 
trated. (Macmillan  &  Co.) — This  is  a  con- 
venient little  book,  systematically  arranged  and 
intended  for  the  pocket  of  the  collector.  It 
treats,  of  course,  only  of  the  most  important 
factories  and  single  -  handed  makers,  and 
unknown  marks  are  left  out.  It  is  divided  into 
four  parts  :  (1)  alphabetically  under  the  names 
of  the  marks  themselves,  as  "anchor"  and 
"  animal  ";  (2)  as  to  majolica  (the  names  of  the 
factories  of  Italy  are  given  in  alphabetical 
order)  ;  (3)  other  European  factories  treated  on 
the  same  plan  ;  and  (4)  Oriental  marks.  This 
order  is  convenient,  and  it  permits  of  many 
thousands  of  marks  and  signatures  of  all  sorts 
being  arranged  in  such  a  way  as  to  facilitate 
immediate  reference.  The  facsimiles  of  the 
marks  are  generally  of  a  suflicient  size,  legible, 
and,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  test  them  in 
that  respect,  exact  and  faithful.  The  European 
marks  are  all,  or  nearly  all,  dated.  Of  course, 
in  a  text  so  limited  as  this,  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  date  such  marks  as  exist  in  many 
varieties  which  have  been— like  the  well-known 
leaf  or  flower,  instances  of  which  exist  in  a 
great  variety  of  forms— in  use  during  very  long 
periods  of  time,  and  yet  which  difl'er  consider- 
ably when  compared  on  numerous  specimens 
the  ages  of  which  are  quite  distinct. 


A    MISSIN'i;    SIGNATURE. 

September  21,  lS9o. 
In  the  new  volume  of  the  "  Imperial  Series  of 
Reports  of  tlie  Archajological  Survey  of  India," 
containing  the  first  part  of  Mr.  Edmund 
Smith's  admirable  description  and  drawings  of 
'The  Moghul  Architecture  of  Fathpur-Sikri,' 
there  is  an  unsigned  historical  "Introduction" 
on  the  genius  and  achievements  of  the  emperor 
Akbar.  Mr.  Smith  in  his  preface  says,  "The 
Introduction  to  this  volume  gives  an  account  of 


Akbar's  reign  and  character,  and  for  this  I  am 
indebted  to  Dr.  Flihrer,  in  charge  of  the  Epi- 
graphical  and  Antiquarian  Section  of  this  Circle 
of  the  Archaeological  Department."  Mr.  Smith 
was  indebted  to  Dr.  Fiihrer,  but  to  whom  was 
Dr.  Fiihrer  indebted  ? 

A  foot-note  to  the  first  line  of  the  "Intro- 
duction "  apparently  leaves  no  doubt  on  the 
reply,  for  it  enumerates  "  Sources  : — '  Tabaqat- 
i-Akbari,'  by  Nizam-ad-din,"  and  a  string  of 
titles  of  Indian  histories.  But  Dr.  Fiihrer 
forgot  to  mention  that  all  these  authoritative 
sources  were  only  used  indirectly  ;  that  he  got 
his  "sources,"  like  a  source  minende,  in  a 
bottled  condition  ;  in  fact,  that  his  historical 
"  Introduction  "  is  reprinted  without  a  syllable 
of  acknowledgment  from  my  '  History  of  the 
Moghul  Emperors  of  Hindustan  illustrated 
by  their  Coins,'  which  is  itself  a  tirage  a  part 
of  the  introduction  to  my  catalogue  of  the 
Moghul  coins  in  the  British  Museum.  All 
Dr.  Fiihrer  has  done  is  to  interpolate  a  couple 
of  paragraphs,  add  a  word  here  and  omit  one 
there,  amend  "  catalogue  "  into  "  review,"  drop 
an  e  out  of  "heterogeneous,"  change  the 
spelling  of  Indian  names,  and  pervert  my  calcu- 
lation of  the  value  of  the  rupee  into  the  amazing 
statement  that  Akbar's  land  revenue  of  ten 
crores  was  equal  to  1,125,000^.  sterling.  That, 
of  course,  was  the  value  of  one  crore  (at  2s.  3c/. 
the  rupee),  which  Dr.  Fiihrer  found  in  a  foot- 
note (p.  xvi)  of  my  'Moghul  Emperors,'  and 
incontinently  transferred  to  the  text  without 
going  to  the  fatigue  of  adding  an  0  at  the  end. 

Under  the  circumstances  I  am  not  surprised 
that  Dr.  Fiihrer  forgot  to  sign  the  "Introduc- 
tion." The  only  person  who  could  honestly 
sign  it  is  myself  ;  but  I  should  like  first  to 
correct  a  few  of  Dr.  Fiihrer's  interpolations. 
The  misappropriation  is  really  of  little  import- 
ance, except  on  the  old-fashioned  doctrine  of 
suum  cuiqne ;  but  as  the  mistake  occurs  in  a 
publication  of  the  Government  of  India,  in 
which  accuracy  is  of  some  consequence,  I  shall 
be  glad  if  you  will  insert  this  correction  in  the 
Athencnum  for  the  information  of  those  who  may 
be  studying  Mr.  Smith's  valuable  work,  and 
may  be  perplexed  by  some  of  the  statements  in 
the  unsigned  "  Introduction."  The  oflicial  cor- 
rection, which  I  shall  ask  the  Secretary  of  State 
to  insert  in  future  copies  of  '  The  Moghul 
Architecture  of  Fathpur-Sikri,'  cannot,  of  course, 
be  carried  into  efl'ect  without  some  delay. 

Stanley  Lane-Poole. 


NOTES   FROM   ATHENS. 


I  HAVE  already  informed  the  readers  of 
the  Athenoeum  that,  in  consequence  of  the 
severe  shocks  of  earthquake  which  were  felt 
in  Greece  in  the  spring  of  last  year,  several 
of  the  ancient  and  media3val  monuments  sus- 
tained injuries  which  seem  to  demand  serious 
attention.  This  was  esj^ecially  the  case  with 
the  Parthenon.  A  committee  was  accordingly 
appointed  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  to 
make  a  careful  inspection  of  this  venerable 
monument,  and  report  on  the  gravity  of  the 
injuries  and  the  means  of  repairing  them. 
After  a  long  delay,  occupied  by  the  erection  of 
the  required  scaffoldings,  and  debates,  which 
absorbed  nearly  as  much  time,  in  the  sub- 
committee to  which  the  matter  was  more  ex- 
pressly entrusted,  no  conclusion  was  reached. 
Ernst  Ziller,  an  architect  resident  at  Athens, 
distinguished  for  the  excavation  of  the  Pan- 
athenaic  Stadium  in  the  year  1870,  and  various 
other  studies  in  architectural  arch;eology,  could 
not  agree  with  his  colleagues  about  the  mode 
in  which  the  injuries  sustained  could  be  repaired 
and  future  dangers  averted.  In  his  minority 
report,  which  appeared  at  the  end  of  November 
last  year,  he  begins  with  an  historical  survey 
of  the  injuries  sustained  by  the  great  monument 
in  previous  centuries  and  down  to  our  own  day. 
The  worst  of  all  were  those  inflicted  during  the 
siege  of  the  Acropolis  by  Morosini  in  tlie  year 
1687.     In  Ziller's  view  last  year's  earthquakes 


did  no  damage  to  the  Parthenon.  Only  frag- 
ments which  had  lost  their  equilibrium,  or 
broken  bits  of  architecture  which  had  long  been 
hanging  loose,  were  shaken  from  their  insecure 
position  and  thrown  to  the  ground.  Some 
of  these  fallen  pieces  measure  a  metre  and 
more  in  length.  But  the  earthquake  is  not 
the  sole  cause  of  these  falls.  Herr  Ziller 
maintains  that  in  the  last  thirty-four  years  he 
has  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  the  fall 
of  similar  broken  blocks,  or  even  whole  tablets 
of  stone,  after  violent  rains  or  severe  frost. 
These  loose  pieces  are  in  reality  only  dangerous 
for  visitors  to  the  Parthenon,  since  some  of  them 
weigh  two  hundred  kilos  and  even  more.  As 
regards  any  real  danger  to  the  building  itself 
due  to  such  destruction  of  its  parts,  Ziller 
thinks  there  are  very  few  injuries  of  sufficient 
importance  to  cause  it.  All  the  same  all  the 
damaged  parts  must  either  be  consolidated  or 
entirely  removed. 

After  a  survey  and  criticism  of  the  repairs 
previously  undertaken  both  in  ancient  times 
and  in  the  present  century,  he  proceeds  to  his 
conclusions.  In  his  opinion  no  reconstruction 
is  necessary  for  ensuring  the  security  of  the 
Parthenon.  He  strongly  objects  to  any  com- 
bination of  new  and  old.  He  does  not  there- 
fore suggest  the  construction  of  new  architraves, 
capitals,  shafts,  &c.:  "  We  desire  to  see  the  an- 
tiquities before  us  in  their  purity  and  without 
modern  patchwork  " — as  few  fresh  additions  as 
possible.  Our  aim  ought  only  to  be  preservation, 
and  this  must  be  attained  by  cement.  He  recom- 
mends as  the  best  kind  the  stone  cement  manu- 
factured by  Friedrich  Mayer  at  Freiburg. 
Ziller  believes  that  a  process  of  cementing,  both 
for  joining  and  filling  up  gaps,  with  the  appro- 
priate use  of  these  methods  in  each  individual 
case,  would  attain  the  end  of  preserving  the 
building.  The  greatest  care  would  be  required 
by  the  architrave  of  the  Opisthodomus  between 
the  third  and  fourth  columns,  which  has  sus- 
tained the  gravest  injuries  ;  and  this  might  also 
be  repaired  by  means  of  cementing  and  by 
vertical  iron  bars. 

Ziller's    report    was    apparently    drawn    up 
in  a  spirit   of   opposition   to   the    opinion   ex- 
pressed by  the  majority  of  the  sub-committee, 
and  laid  before  the  Ministry.     This  majority, 
which    included    Prof.    Wilhelm   Dorpfeld  and 
Anastasios   Theophilus,  Director   of   the   Poly- 
technic,   devoted   their    attention    in   the   first 
place    to  the  above-mentioned  architrave,   and 
in  the  second  to  the  other  injured  portions  of 
the  Parthenon.     The  architrave  appears  to  be 
in  the  most  dangerous  condition.     Of  its  three 
blocks  the  outer  one,  on  the  east,  proved  to  be 
completely  broken  ;  it  is  only  kept  in  its  place 
by  the  support  its  angles    receive    from    the 
capital  and    the    frieze    between  which    it    is 
situated  ;  the  middle  block  is  also  broken,  and 
remains   in  a  vaulted  shape,   but  it   might  be 
saved    by   efficient    supports  ;    only   the   outer 
block  on  the  west,  over  which  come  the  reliefs, 
is  intact.     To  make  matters  worse,  the  support 
of  the  architrave  is  very  weak,  for  it  rests  on 
the  capital  of  the  third  column,  which  is  like- 
wise broken,  and   needs   repair.     Accordingly, 
no  technical  means  can  preserve  the  architrave  ; 
and  even  were  there  any  such  possibility,  the  re- 
pairs would  not  be  lasting,  and  the  preservation 
would  be  of  short  duration.  On  this  account  the 
majority  of  the  committee  came  to  the  follow- 
ing conclusions  :  (1)  The  broken   block  of  the 
architrave   must  be  removed  ;    (2)  the  middle 
block  must  be  supported  by  vertical  iron  bars  ; 
(3)  the  broken  portion  of  the  capital  of  the  third 
column  must  be  replaced  by  a  new  symmetrical 
piece  of  marble  ;  (4)  the  part  of  the  architrave 
removed  must  be  replaced  by   a  new  roughly 
shaped  block  of    marble.     The  sub-committee 
did  not  confine   itself  to  indicating  the  works 
that  would  be  required   for  the  security  of  the 
damaged    architrave,    but    also    described   the 
mode  in  which  these  must  be  carried  out.     As 
regards  the  other  injuries,  it  was  proposed  that, 


424 


THE     ATHENJSUM 


N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


on  account  of  their  varied  nature,  the  same 
person  who  should  receive  the  commission  to 
repair  the  architrave  should  also  be  empowered, 
in  conjunction  with  the  General  Ephoralty  of 
Antiquities,  to  examine  and  gradually  remedy 
the  various  other  injuries  sustained  by  the 
building. 

Thus  far  the  two  reports,  that  of  the  majority 
and  that  of   Herr    Ziller.      This   difference  of 
opinion,  and  the  great  responsibility  connected 
with  so  important— nay,  even  international — a 
question,    induced    the   Greek  Government   to 
summon  a  specialist  to  Athens,  who,  as  architect 
and  archaeologist  combined,  might  consider  the 
matter  with  unimpeachable  authority.    For  this 
end  Prof.   Julius  Durm   was   summoned   from 
Karlsruhe.     Durm  devoted  the  greatest  enthu- 
siasm to  the  investit;ation,  and,  after  a  careful 
study  of  the  damage  sustained  by  the  Parthenon, 
has  embodied  his  conclusions  in  a  long  report, 
which  has  been  submitted  to  the  Ministry  of 
Education.     The  report  itself  is  to  be  published 
in  German  in  Germany,  and  a  Greek  translation 
by  Dr.  Georg  Sotiriades  will  shortly  appear  here 
in  the  Journal  of  Archceology,  but,  as  far  as  can 
be  judged  from  the  accounts  of  it  already  to 
hand,  Durm  is  entirely  opposed  to  cementing, 
and  has  but  a  poor  opinion  of  Mayer's   stone 
cement.     The  character  of  the  Parthenon,  as  of 
all  other   monuments   of    antiquity,    must  un- 
doubtedly, in  his  opinion,  remain  untouched  ; 
but  still   the    architrave,   which    is    threatened 
with  destruction,  must  be  completely  restored. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  use  new  marble  for  this 
purpose,   though  even  this   step   need   not   be 
absolutely  condemned,  since  the  iron  ingredients 
of  the  Pentelic  marble  would  soon  assimilate  the 
colour  of  the  new  piece  to  the  old.     It  is  not 
necessary,  however,  to  go  this  length,  for  there 
is  a  suiBciency  of  old  material  lying  round  the 
Parthenon  to   supply  the  marble  required   for 
replacing  the    damaged  part  of  the  architrave 
in  the  Opisthodomus.     But  this  is  by  no  means 
the  only  piece  of  work  required  in  the  Parthe- 
non.    Durm  directed  his  attention  to  the  walls 
of  the  cella  as  well  as  the  columns  and  capitals, 
and  carefully  noted  everything  which  required 
repair.     It  is  of  the  first  importance  to  guard 
against  the  destructive   effects  of  rain  and  tlie 
vegetation  growing  in  the   midst  of  the  ruins. 
His  report  consists  of  three  parts.     In  the  first 
he  describes  with  great  accuracy  and    lucidity 
the   injuries   observed   in   the   whole  building, 
and  these  are   represented  to  the   eye   by   ap- 
pended sketches  of  the  damaged  parts.     In  the 
second  he  discusses  the  consequences  which  may 
ensue   sooner  or   later,    if   the    neglect  of    the 
monument  should  continue.      In  the  third  he 
expresses  his  views  as  to  the  means  required  to 
avert  a  danger  which  may  be   imminent.      Of 
especial   importance   is   the    immediate   substi- 
tution of  two  fresh  pieces,  on  the  Opisthodomus 
and  on  the  south  side.     Since  this  requires  the 
greatest    skill    and     care,    he    indicates    most 
minutely  the  mode  in  which  the  work  may  be 
undertaken  with  safety,  and  appends  the  neces- 
sary diagrams. 

Herr  Durm  has  not  confined  his  attention  to 
the  Parthenon  alone,  but  has  examined  all  the 
antiquities  on  the  Acropolis,  and  even  the  so- 
called  Temple  of  Theseus,  and  supplies  the 
required  information  about  each.  Especially 
interesting  are  his  counsels,  given  in  answer 
to  inquiries,  as  to  the  examination  of  the 
material  lying  about  the  Erechtheum.  The 
point  at  issue  was  whether  the  northern 
prostasis  of  the  temple  could  be  reconstructed 
from  these  ancient  materials,  as  had  been  done 
in  1838  for  the  upper  part  of  the  north  and 
south  walls.  Durm's  opinion  is  that  this  recon- 
struction is  (juite  feasible,  and  that  the  expense 
would  be  about  50,000  drachmas  ;  and  this 
satisfactory  reply  encourages  the  hope  that  a 
rich  Greek  may  take  this  expense  on  himself. 
The  sums  re(iuired  for  the  Temple  of  Theseus 
are  nob  considerable  ;  but  Durm  thinks  it  may 
be  possible  in  the  future  to  revive  the  antique 


character  of  this  temple  by  removing  the 
Byzantine  additions,  and  restoring  the  antique 
roofing.  As  regards  the  other  monuments, 
neither  the  Stoa  of  Hadrian,  nor  the  Roman 
Agora,  nor  the  monument  of  Lysicrates  will 
necessitate  any  expense  ;  the  repairs  needed  at 
the  Agora  gate  and  the  monument  of  Philopappus 
are  inconsiderable. 

As  may  be  seen  from  the  above,  Durm  dis- 
tinguishes sharply  between  urgent  and  not 
urgent,  necessary  and  desirable,  what  must  be 
done  and  what  might  be  done.  It  was  due, 
therefore,  to  a  pure  misunderstanding  that  the 
sum  of  a  million  francs  was  at  first  named  as 
the  amount  required  by  him  for  the  restora- 
tions. The  sum  really  necessary  is  200,000 
francs  for  the  Parthenon,  but  even  this  is  not 
all  required  at  once;  100,000  drachmas,  i.e., 
about  a  quarter  of  this  sum,  is  sufficient  to  avert 
the  danger,  and  carry  out  the  most  urgent  works. 
The  rest  is  required  for  the  complete  restoration 
and  decoration  of  the  Parthenon,  and  can  be 
executed  gradually  and  in  the  future. 

Since  the  present  condition  of  its  finances 
does  not  permit  the  State  to  disburse  this  sum 
itself,  the  Society  of  Archaeology  has  under- 
taken to  sujjply  the  funds.  In  order  to  ob- 
tain a  more  abundant  supply,  it  has  procured 
permission,  by  means  of  a  royal  decree,  to 
transform  the  lottery  which  the  law  permitis  it 
to  hold,  and  which  at  present  brings  in  a  yearly 
income  of  100,000  drachmas,  from  a  yearly  to  a 
quarterly  one. 

One  other  point  must  be  decided  before  the 
works  can  be  begun.  Durm  has  suggested  that 
workmen  should  in  the  first  instance  be  brought 
over  from  Germany  or  Italy.  At  first  this  led 
to  much  discussion  here.  Some  thought  the 
works  could  quite  well  be  carried  through  by 
native  workmen.  Now,  however,  there  seems 
no  more  opposition  to  the  introduction  of 
foreign  workmen,  but  the  General  Ephoralty 
of  Antiquities  appears  inclined  to  call  in  more 
Italians  than  Germans. 

Matters  stood  thus  on  the  arrival  from  Paris 
on  the  2nd  of  April  of  Lucien  Magne,  the 
architect  who  had  already  examined  the  Par- 
thenon last  year,  and  since  then  had  publicly 
expressed  his  views  in  Paris  as  to  the  mode  in 
which  the  repairs  could  be  carried  out.  Magne 
is  a  very  competent  authority,  being  a  member 
of  the  Committee  for  the  Preservation  of  His- 
toric Monuments  in  France,  and  he  has  himself 
superintended  the  restoration  of  various  build- 
ings— among  them  the  church  of  Montmorency. 
Immediately  on  his  arrival  at  Athens  he  ex- 
pressed his  views  at  a  meeting  of  the  French 
Archaeological  Institute  held  on  April  3rd,  and 
demonstrated  them  by  means  of  a  little  wooden 
model  of  part  of  the  Parthenon  constructed  for 
the  purpose. 

Magne  showed  how  the  great  architect,  by  the 
system  which  he  employed  for  binding  together 
the  stones,  attained  a  perfectly  solid  consistency 
in  the  building.  But  owing  to  the  bombs  during 
the  siege  by  the  Venetians  and  the  explosion 
of  the  powder  magazine,  cracks  ensued  which 
allowed  a  passage  to  the  rain-water  ;  in  conse- 
quence the  Pentelic  marble  split  at  certain 
places,  and  the  consistency  of  the  whole  was 
weakened.  In  Magne's  opinion  there  can  be 
no  question  of  stone-cementing  or  any  similar 
process  of  restoration.  The  method  of  repair 
must  be  a  double  one.  The  small  loose  stones 
might  be  riveted  together  with  lead  by  small 
iron  or  copper  hooks  (fujrafes).  The  treatment 
of  the  larger  portions  of  the  building  gives  rise 
to  greater  difficulties,  such  as  the  shafts  of  the 
columns,  the  single  blocks  of  the  architrave  and 
cornice.  The  difiiculty  is  chiefly  due  to  the 
manner  in  which  the  stones  of  the  Parthenon 
were  held  together  by  the  ancients.  The  blocks 
are  connected  with  those  next  to  them  by 
horizontal  brackets  in  the  shape  of  a  double 
T,  but  also  with  those  above  them  by  vertical 
brackets,  which  are  fastened  with  lead  in  the 
lower  block  only,  but  left   unfastened   in    the 


upper  one.  Now  in  order  to  remove  a  block 
from  the  architrave  to  replace  it  by  another  it 
is  necessary,  after  breaking  through  the  hori- 
zontal brackets,  also  to  raise  the  block  of  the 
cornice  above,  with  which  the  stone  that  has 
to  be  removed  is  connected  by  vertical  brackets. 
In  consequence  of  this  difficulty  especial 
precautions  and  a  peculiar  mode  of  treatment 
are  necessary,  as  shown  by  Magne  on  his  model. 
It  is  of  special  importance  to  construct  a  parti- 
cular kind  of  scaffolding  for  this  purpose.  It 
should  be  of  wood,  not  iron,  and  have  a  double 
flooring.  One  floor  must  be  placed  below  the 
block  to  be  removed,  and  the  other  below  the 
one  above  it.  First  of  all  the  upper  block  in 
the  cornice  or  frieze  must  be  raised  and  placed 
on  the  upper  flooring  of  the  scaffolding  ;  not  till 
the  broken  block  below  it,  for  which  the  lower 
floor  of  the  scaffolding  is  wanted,  has  been 
removed  and  replaced,  can  the  upper  block  be 
replaced  in  its  former  position.  Shafts  and 
other  architectural  pieces  can  also  be  safely 
replaced  in  a  similar  fashion.  According  to 
Magne,  there  are  three  or  four  pieces  of  the 
Parthenon,  besides  the  architrave  of  the  Opis- 
thodomus, to  which  allusion  has  been  so  often 
made,  that  ought  to  be  replaced  in  this  manner. 
The  most  important  is  the  northern  angle 
of  the  sima  of  the  western  cornice,  and, 
in  fact,  all  the  miftuli  of  the  cornice  are 
insecure,  since  some  of  the  supports  are  want- 
ing which  should  secure  the  equilibrium  and 
consistency  of  this,  the  most  boldly  projecting 
portion  of  the  building.  If  the  corner  pieces  of 
the  sima  should  fall,  the  whole  western  cornice, 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  characteristic 
parts  of  the  Parthenon,  would  be  endangered. 

As  to  the  workmen,  Magne  considers  that  it 
would  be  quite  possible  to  depend  on  native 
work  only.  Magne  will  lay  his  report  as  to  the 
means  of  securing  the  Parthenon  before  the 
Greek  Ministry  of  Education  on  behalf  of 
the  French  Government  ;  but  his  studies  in  the 
matter,  with  the  illustrations,  will  be  published 
by  the  Department  of  Fine  Arts  at  Paris  in  an 
edition  de  Ivxe. 

This  is  the  present  state  of  a  question  in 
which  the  whole  civilized  world  cannot  fail  to 
be  interested.  Spyr.  P.  Lambros. 


To-day  (Saturday)  is  appointed  for  the  private 
view  of  the  exhibition  of  the  Photographic 
Society,  in  the  gallery  of  the  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours.  The  public  will  be  admitted 
on  Monday  next. 

Mr.  Watts,  who  is  about  to  retire  to  his 
country  house  and  remain  there  till  May  next, 
has  been  energetic  as  ever  during  his  sojourn 
in  town,  and  has  nearly  or  quite  completed  an 
unusual  number  of  pictures.  It  is  his  current 
rule  not  to  paint  portraits  for  commissions ;  but, 
on  account  of  the  distinctions  or  personal  cha- 
racteristics of  his  sitters,  he  has  produced  an 
admirable  likeness  of  Mrs.  Ellis,  being  a  three- 
quarters-length,  seated  and  life-size  figure  in 
three-quarters  view  to  our  right,  dressed  in 
mourning  and  partly  veiled.  This  portrait, 
apart  from  its  fine  harmonies  of  sober  tints  and 
grave  tones,  is  extremely  pathetic  and  expres- 
sive, quite  a  masterpiece  of  homogeneous  art, 
and  in  this  respect  equal  to  any  of  Mr. 
Watts's  portraits.  A  portrait  of  Mr.  Gilbert, 
R.A.,  in  three  -  quarters  view  to  our 
left,  and  of  the  size  of  life,  is  little 
more  than  a  bust  ;  the  head  looks  over  the 
shoulder,  and  is  marked  by  robustness  and 
extreme  energy  of  expression  and  .solidity  of 
character.  The  most  important  of  the  painter's 
subject  pictures  represents,  in  his  accustomed 
manner,  with  glowing, Titianescjue,  and  masculine 
colour,  and  witli  very  admirable  treatment  of 
the  nudities,  'The  Boyhood  of  Jupiter,'  who 
as  an  infant  is  in  the  front,  and  surrounded  by 
beautiful  ministering  nymphs,  wliilo  his  mother 
is  just  behind,  recumbent  on  the  sward  at  the 


N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


425 


foot  of  a  great  oak  ;  the  goat  is  in  the  foreground 
on  our  left.  Mr.  Watts  never  drew  female 
figures  with  more  care  and  distinction,  or  with 
a  higher  sense  of  style  than  that  which  pervades 
most  of  the  nymphs,  who  appear  nearly  at  life  size 
and  in  diversely  graceful  and  appropriate  atti- 
tudes. Some  of  the  faces  have  yet  to  be,  we 
suppose,  completed,  but  nothing  is  lacking  in 
respect  to  the  choice  morbidezza  of  the  limbs 
and  forms  at  large.  '  Naked  and  not  Ashamed  ' 
is  smaller  than  the  last,  and  represents  the 
painter's  conception — to  be  enlarged  by-and-by 
— of  Adam  and  Eve  before  the  Fall,  standing, 
whole-length  figures,  in  a  summer  landscape, 
near  masses  of  lush  foliage  and  resplendent 
flowers,  while  the  treatment  of  the  whole  is 
in  keeping  with  the  sumptuous  ardours  of  the 
coloration,  the  breadth  and  force  of  the  chiar- 
oscuro, and  the  noble  ideality  of  the  figures. 
Eve's  stately  beauty  and  Adam's  majestic 
grace.  Of  course  this,  like  the  next,  is  but  the 
first  embodiment  of  an  august  conception.  In 
the  companion  picture  we  have  Adam  and  Eve 
after  the  Fall,  no  longer  naked,  but  rudely  clad, 
and  much  ashamed  of  their  decline,  while  they 
are  but  half  seen  among  shadowy  autumnal 
trees,  in  a  twilight  landscape,  and  Adam  seems 
to  be  breaking  boughs  wherewith  to  feed  a  fire 
at  Eve's  feet,  while  she,  the  noble  charm  of  her 
form  being  much  degraded,  is  veiling  herself  in 
a  silvery  tissue.  Here,  as  in  the  companion 
picture,  the  effect  as  well  as  the  characteristic 
expression  of  the  landscape  are  in  harmony 
with  the  pathos  of  the  subject,  and  the  whole 
is  as  homogeneous  as  an  old  master's  picture. 
'Earth,'  or  Terra  as  a  type  of  abundance,  is 
depicted  in  an  exuberant  nearly  life-size  figure, 
at  three-quarters  length,  and  naked  to  the  waist, 
while  long  masses  of  tawny  auburn  hair  fall 
freely  on  her  shoulders,  and  its  wealth  of  colour 
assorts  with  the  sumptuousness  of  her  bust,  the 
flushed  exuberance  of  her  torso.  Large  masses 
of  fruit  and  flowers,  which,  as  gifts  to  man,  she 
is  about  to  cast  upon  the  earth,  are  heaped  in 
her  arras  and  held  within  her  hands.  We 
reserve  notes  on  two  other  nearly  complete 
pictures  of  Mr.  Watts's. 

The  fine  collections  of  rubbings  of  Scottish 
sculptured  monumental  stones,  lately  presented 
to  the  British  INIuseum  by  ]\Iiss  Christian  Mac- 
lagan,  are  now  accessible.  They  can  be  studied 
profitably  by  the  antiquary  in  connexion  with 
Mr.  Stuart's  work  on  '  The  Sculptured  Stones 
of  Scotland,'  published  by  the  Spalding  Club  in 
1856.  But  they  have  the  advantage  in  number, 
&nd  in  being  necessarily  of  the  original  size. 
The  series  illustrate  both  the  earlier  and  later 
styles  of  Celtic  art— the  earlier,  with  its  quaint 
animals,  elephants,  serpents,  &c.,  with  inter- 
laced decorations,  being  chiefly  found  in  the 
East  ;  and  the  later,  with  the  imaginary 
creatures  of  the  Middle  Ages,  accomjmnied  by 
rich  forms  of  foliage,  being  chiefly  found  in  the 
West.  Boece  tells  us  that  the  old  inhabitants 
of  Scotland,  like  the  Egyptians,  used  "  Sifars 
and  figures  of  beistis  after  the  manner  of 
letteris";  and  it  is  just  possible  that  later 
philological  research  may  find  a  key  thereby 
to  historical  facts  preserved  hitherto  in  stone. 
These  may  soon  become  illegible  through 
further  eflects  cf  "weathering."  Miss  Mac- 
lagan's  rubbings  (which  are  worked  on  a 
principle  invented  by  herself)  will  help  to 
preserve  the  records  of  very  dark  ages. 

As  if  to  prove  the  need  for  an  irresistible 
Society  for  Protecting  Ancient  Buildings,  or 
other  means  whicli  shall  educate  those  busy- 
bodies  who  will  not  be  content  to  leave  alone 
what  time  has  spared  of  tlie  architecture  of  our 
forefathers,  tlie  corporation  of  Rochester  has, 
according  to  the  local  journals,  decided  to  con- 
tinue those  mischievous  operations  by  means  of 
which  that  body  lias  already  so  disastrously 
injured  the  veiieraljleness  of  the  great  Norman 
keep  wliich  has  fallen  under  its  control.  Tho 
north  turret  of  this  gigantic  fortress  was 
not     long     since      partially     "  restored  "     in 


a  manner  which,  as  a  correspondent  writes, 
reminds  him  of'  a  brand  -  new  county  jail. 
Of  course  whatever  might  be  required  for  the 
preservation  of  the  building  could  have  been 
effected  without  results  of  this  kind.  Un- 
warned by  what  has  taken  place,  the  corpora- 
tion has  now,  we  are  told,  decided  to  "  repair  " 
the  south-western  turret  of  the  castle.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  we  shall  not  soon  hear  that  the  entire 
building  will  undergo  the  fate  of  Kirkstall, 
where  a  liberal  expenditure  of  cement  amounted 
to  something  like  "  pointing  down  "  the  Gothic 
building  !  The  ediles  of  Rochester  ought  to 
understand  that,  even  if  it  were  desirable,  it  is 
quite  impossible  to  "  restore  "  an  ancient  build- 
ing. Even  if  they  covered  the  wholestructure  with 
cement,  as  was  once  done  to  the  facade  of  Lich- 
field Cathedral,  no  good  would  come  of  it.  It 
is  most  deplorable  that  architects,  including 
some  who  are  antiquaries  as  well,  do  not  advise 
the  "  Councils  "  who  consult  them  in  such  cases 
against  "restorations"  which  are  not  intended 
simply  to  preserve  antiquities. 

Mr.  D.  C.  Thomson  will  write  'The  Art 
Annual  for  1895  '  (Virtue  &  Co.).  It  will  be  a 
biography  of  Mr.  L.  Fildes,  and  illustrated  from 
the  works  of  that  artist. 

The  Belgian  painter  M.  Alfred  Werw^e  is 
dead  at  Brussels,  aged  sixty  years. — Likewise 
is  dead,  at  Paris,  the  engraver  M.  A.  Salmon, 
who  in  1834  obtained  the  Prix  de  Rome  for 
engraving  ;  a  medal  of  the  Second  Class  in  18G7  ; 
and  in  the  same  year  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
He  reproduced  with  distinction  and  power 
pictures  by  S.  del  Piombo,  Nanteuil,  Ingres,  A. 
Scheffer,  Delaroche,  and  other  grave  and  able 
artists. 

Mr.  W'illiam  Mercer  writes  from  Chelten- 
ham : — 

'•  I  hear  from  Siena  that  the  church  called  Fonte- 
giusta  is  now  undergoing  important  restoration. 
Visitors  to  that  citj'  ought  not  to  omit  this  Chiesetta 
(thus  fondly  named  for  its  small  size  and  choice 
contents)  from  their  itinerary,  if  it  be  only  to  see 
the  fresco  I'.gure  and  commanding  gesture  of  Bal- 
dassare  Peruzzi's  Sibyl  pointing  heavenwards  with 
uplifted  arm  and  finger.  In  order  to  complete  the 
front  marble  doorway  once  standing  alongside  this 
church  in  the  Via  Malizia  (surely  an  apposite  name 
for  the  sloping  descent  which  runs  at  right  angles 
from  the  main  street  leading  to  Porta  Camollia), 
with  its  admirable  carved  frieze,  a  copy  has  been 
made  of  the  fast-perishing  old  door  belonging  to 
the  ancient  palace,  known  as  that  of  the  Magnifico, 
from  the  title  of  its  former  lord,  the  most  illustriuus 
patrician  in  Siena  story.  Let  me  recall  that  a  few 
years  ago  the  city  contested  successfully  in  a  court  of 
law  the  right  of  possession  to  the  beautiful  append- 
ages in  wrought  iron  suspended  on  the  outer  walls  of 
this  historic  structure.  Other  plans  are  in  prospect, 
and  if  further  pecuniary  help  can  be  got  the  next 
step  is  to  reopen  the  walled-in  windows  of  the 
Fontegiusta." 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

THE   CARDIFF   FESTIVAL. 

A  RECORD  of  this  meeting  should  com- 
mence with  a  warm  tribute  of  praise  to  those 
high-spirited  amateurs  who  organized  a 
particularly  interesting  scheme  and  the  loyal 
and  zealous  body  of  musicians,  professional 
and  amateur,  who  carried  it  to  a  highly 
successful  issue,  artistically  speaking.  Un- 
deterred by  the  serious  monetary  loss  result- 
ing from  tho  festival  of  1892,  another 
gathering  was  promptly  decided  upon,  and 
we  are  glad  to  learn  that,  although  there  is 
again  a  considerable  balance  on  the  wrong 
side,  it  is  less  than  on  the  previous  occasion. 
Whether  the  barriers  of  prejudice  which 
environ  the  Welsh  people  in  matters  of  art 
will  ever  be  broken  down  is  a  problem  at 
present  impossible  of  solution ;  but  if  the 
English  colony  in  Cardiff  cannot  command 


success  for  their  musical  festival,  they  are 
certainly  doing  all  that  is  possible  to  de- 
serve it. 

Distinction  was  given  to  the  opening  of  last 
week's  celebration  by  the  first  performance 
on  an  adequate  scale  in  this  country  of  M. 
Edgar  Tinel's  remarkable  work  'Franciscus.' 
When  this  was  given,  without  orchestra,  in 
the  Westminster  Town  Hall,  on  March  25th, 
1890,  we  were  compelled  to  dismiss  it 
briefly,  for  its  merits  could  not  be  accurately 
gauged.  Now,  however,  it  may  be  said, 
without  hesitation,  that  in  M.  Tinel  we 
have  one  of  the  most  gifted  representatives 
of  the  modern  Flemish  school  of  composi- 
tion. Unqualified  admiration  cannot  be 
given  to  this  school,  for  two  of  its  cha- 
racteristics are  noisy  scoring  and  the  too 
frequent  repetition  of  themes,  in  place  of 
symmetrical  development.  In  their  choral 
works  contemporary  writers  are  apt  to 
be  diffuse  and  cumbersome,  this  remark 
applying  to  M.  Benoit's  '  Lucifer,'  and  with 
greater  force  to  M.  Tinel's  '  Franciscus.' 
To  begin  with,  his  librettist  M.  Lode- 
wijk  de  Koninck  has  dealt  with  his 
theme  at  excessive  length.  He  begins 
by  representing  the  handsome,  gifted, 
and  light-hearted  young  man  at  a  night 
feie  in  Aasisi,  and  being  called  to  his 
higher  vocation  by  a  voice  from  heaven. 
This  is  permissible,  because  the  historic  fact 
that  he  forsook  worldly  pleasures  upon 
rising  from  a  bed  of  sickness  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five  could  not  well  be  treated  in  the 
libretto  of  an  oratorio.  In  the  second  part, 
"  Francis's  Monastic  Life,"  we  have  wordy 
conflicts  of  angels  and  demons,  and  the 
traditional  three  hymns  of  '  Poverty,' 
'Nature,'  and  'Love.'  The  third  part 
deals  with  the  death  and  glorification  of 
the  saint ;  so  that  the  composer  had  the 
difficult  task  before  him  of  commencing  his 
score  in  the  lightest  possible  vein,  and 
gradually  changing  to  a  style  of  religious 
solemnity.  This  would  not  matter  so  much 
if  the  work  were  not  of  such  prodigious 
length ;  but  even  in  the  gay  music  of  the 
opening  scene  there  is  a  great  deal  too 
much  reiteration.  The  choruses  of  revellers, 
and  the  dance  themes,  particularly  the  first, 
in  waltz  measure,  are  very  bright  and 
engaging,  the  only  fault  being  the  undue 
prolongation  of  the  movements.  When  the 
guests  have  dispersed,  and  night  has  ad- 
vanced, there  is  a  call  of  a  watchman,  the 
treatment  of  this  suggesting  the  influence 
of  Berlioz  in  '  Harold  en  Italic,'  Meyer- 
beer in  '  Les  Huguenots,'  and  Wagner  in 
'Die  Meistersinger.'  The  music  accom- 
panying the  heavenly  vision  is  richly  scored, 
and  the  close,  when  Francis  renounces  the 
world,  is  impressive.  AVith  regard  to  the 
first  portion  of  the  second  part,  all  that  can 
be  said  is  that  the  words  are  appropriately 
set,  but  towards  the  close  M.  Tmel  touches 
higher  ground,  especially  in  the  three 
hymns  above  mentioned.  The  '  Hymn  of 
the  Sun '  is  a  fine,  broad  piece  of  writing, 
at  once  simple  and  majestic,  the  '  Hymn  of 
Love '  is  so  passionate  as  to  suggest  rather 
fleshly  desire  than  religious  ecstasy.  The 
third  part,  however,  is  essentially  eccle- 
siastical, and  mention  may  be  made  of  the 
piquantly  scored  '  Angelus,'  tho  expressive 
final  words  of  the  dying  monk,  and  the 
concluding  chorus,  "Glory  to  God,"  in  which 
the  composer  is  apparently  so  moved  by  his 


426 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


own  majestic  phrases  that  he  does  not  know 
when  to  leave  off.  The  question  will, 
of  course,  be  asked  whether  the  score 
of  '  Franciscus '  presents  any  special 
features  calling  for  reference ;  and  the 
answer  must  be  in  the  negative.  As  in 
the  case  of  so  many  ambitious  works  by 
living  composers,  M.  Tinel  shows  more 
eclecticism  than  originality.  The  state- 
ment that  he  has  systematically  refrained 
from  making  himself  acquainted  with 
the  utterances  of  his  contemporaries  is, 
of  coxu'se,  an  error,  due  probably  to  his 
ignorance  of  the  English  language,  which 
caused  him  to  be  misquoted.  He  is  a  very 
clever  and  earnest  musician,  and  as  he  has 
scarcely  reached  middle  age  it  is  reasonable 
to  hope  for  works  of  more  enduring  value 
than  '  Franciscus.'  M.  Tinel's  expressed 
satisfaction  with  the  performance  was  only 
a  matter  of  justice  to  the  executants — 
orchestra,  chorus,  and  soloists  all  doing 
their  work  well  under  the  direction  of  the 
composer,  whose  beat,  if  rather  peculiar,  is 
firm  and  clear. 

On  Wednesday  evening  a  good  perform- 
ance was  given  of  Mendelssohn's  *  St.  Paul,' 
and  on  Thursday  morning  Verdi's  '  Manzoni 
Requiem '  was  very  finely  rendered.  The 
neglect  into  which  this  sumptuous  and  pic- 
turesque work  has  fallen — notwithstanding 
the  cordial  greeting  it  received  at  the  Albert 
Hall  in  1875,  when  presented  under  the 
composer's  direction— can  only  be  explained 
on  the  grounds  that  works  with  Latin  words 
are  not  palatable  to  English  audiences,  and 
that  the  dramatic  element  is  not  permissible 
in  music  intended  for  the  church.  Between 
Gibbons's  Service  in  f  and  Verdi's  '  Requiem' 
there  is  certainly  a  great  gulf ;  but  we  claim 
to  be  cosmopolitan  in  matters  of  art,  and 
should  act  up  to  our  pretensions.  In  the 
second  part  were  placed  two  of  the  festival 
novelties,  the  first,  and  by  far  the  more 
interesting  of  these  being  a  setting  of  Gray's 
Pindaric  ode  '  The  Bard,'  by  Prof.  Villiers 
Stanford.  The  subject  is,  of  course,  one 
that  appeals  strongly  to  natives  of  the  Prin- 
cipality, notwithstanding  the  obvious  crazi- 
ness  of  the  minstrel,  with  his  "  sable  garb 
of  woe,"  "  haggard  eyes,"  and  "  hoary 
hair,"  who  ended  his  career  by  plunging 
Headlong  from  the  mountain's  height, 
Deep  in  the  roaring  tide  to  endless  night. 

For  the  music  of  Prof.  Stanford  nothing 
but  approval  can  be  given.  Comparable  with 
his  brief  choral  works  '  The  Revenge '  and 
'The  Battle  of  the  Baltic,'  'The  Bard' 
differs  from  these  in  that  a  solo  baritone  or 
bass  voice  is  required  for  the  part  of  the 
angry  and  visionary  harpist.  The  choral 
writing  is  free  and  unconventional,  follow- 
ing the  varying  sentiments  of  the  words 
with  scrupulous  consistency,  and  the  solo 
part  is  highly  declamatory.  It  received 
the  fullest  possible  justice  from  Mr. 
Plunket  Greene,  and  the  choir  was  equally 
admirable  in  the  music  indicative  of  despair 
and  fury  and  in  that  of  peace  and  hope. 
'  The  Bard '  may  not  obtain  as  much  popu- 
larity as  '  The  Revenge,'  but  it  is  well 
worth  the  attention  of  choral  societies  in 
need  of  a  brief,  picturesque,  and  not  too 
exacting  work. 

It  was,  of  course,  desirable  that  a  Welsh 
composer  should  have  a  place  in  the  festival 
programme,  and  Mr.  David  Jenkins, 
Mus.Bac.  and  Professor  of    Music   at   the 


University  College,  Aberystwyth,  was 
selected  for  the  dangerous  ordeal  of  pub- 
licity. His  work,  entitled  '  A  Psalm  of 
Life,'  consists  of  Scripture  texts  set  to  music 
for  chorus  and  orchestra,  in  eleven  numbers. 
It  contains  a  few  touches  suggestive  of 
scholarship,  but  much  of  the  writing  is 
commonplace  and  crude,  and  the  sparse 
audience  was  melting  away  before  the  end 
was  reached. 

The  new  works  were  directed  by  their 
respective  composers,  and  a  fine  perform- 
ance of  Mozart's  Symphony  in  g  minor, 
under  Sir  Joseph  Barnby,  completed  a  too 
lengthy  programme.  Berlioz's  'Faust'  was 
effectively  given  in  the  evening,  with 
Madame  Albani,  Mr.  Ben  Davies,  Mr. 
Douglas  Powell,  and  Mr.  Ffrangcon  Davies 
in  the  principal  parts.  The  artist  last 
named  should  be  specially  commended  for 
his  good  declamation  and  clear  enunciation 
in  the  part  of  Mephistopheles. 

'The  Last  Judgment'  headed  the  pro- 
gramme on  Friday  morning,  Spohr's  most 
popular  choral  work  being  rendered  with  all 
needful  smoothness  and  refinement.  Mr. 
Edward  German's  clever  and  effective  suite 
arranged  from  the  incidental  music  to  '  The 
Tempter '  was  well  played  under  the 
direction  of  the  composer,  but  the  inter- 
pretation of  Beethoven's  'Choral'  Symphony 
cannot  be  placed  among  the  most  success- 
ftil  events  of  the  week.  At  any  rate,  the 
instrumental  sections  were  coarsely  played, 
and  Sir  Joseph  Barnby' s  tempi  were  surely 
too  quick,  particularly  in  the  second  move- 
ment. On  the  other  hand,  the  choir  was 
admirable,  atoning  for  obvious  want  of 
physical  capacity  by  perfect  intonation  and 
indomitable  energy.  The  end  of  the  per- 
formance was  better  than  the  beginning. 

Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's  oratorio  '  The  Light 
of  the  World '  has  been  so  infrequently  per- 
formed since  its  production  at  the  Birming- 
ham Festival  of  1873  that  its  revival  on 
Friday  evening  last  week  may  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  interesting  features  of 
the  week.  At  the  same  time  we  do  not 
think  that  the  work  in  its  present  shape  wiU 
ever  be  numbered  among  its  composer's 
most  successful  efforts.  Always  devotional 
and  refined,  and  sometimes  beautiful,  the 
music  is  wholly  lacking  in  the  dramatic 
feeling  which  now  seems  essential  in 
oratorio.  The  performance,  under  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan's  personal  direction,  was 
almost  free  from  fiaw,  and  as  the  audience 
was  one  of  the  largest  of  the  week  the 
revival  was  certainly  not  iU  timed.  '  The 
Messiah '  and  a  miscellaneous  concert  on 
Saturday  brought  to  its  conclusion  a  festival 
which,  however  ill  supported  it  may  have 
been,  was,  from  a  musical  point  of  view,  a 
gratifying  success. 

In  addition  to  the  principal  artists  already 
named.  Miss  Clara  Butt  and  Mr.  Watkin 
Mills  rendered  praiseworthy  assistance,  and 
a  special  meed  of  commendation  is  due  to 
Madame  Medora  Henson,  whose  services 
were  absolutely  invaluable.  Miss  Ella 
Russell  was  unable  to  fulfil  her  engagement, 
and  at  a  few  hours'  notice  Madame  Henson 
mastered  the  very  trying  soprano  part  in 
M.  Tinel's  '  Franciscus.'  A  day  later  she 
relieved  Miss  Florence  Oliver,  who  was 
suffering  from  hoarseness,  by  singing  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  contralto  j)art,  in 
addition  to   that    for  soprano,   in   Verdi's 


'  Requiem.'  To  such  an  able  and  zealous 
artist  the  hearty  thanks  of  the  festival  com- 
mittee and  the  subscribers  should  be  given 
in  unstinted  measure. 


NEW   EDUCATIONAL   WORKS. 

It  might  be  thought  that  the  whole  ground  of 
musical  education  had  been  sufficiently  traversed 
by  theoretical  and  practical  writers  ;  but  evi- 
dently there  are  many  who  are  of  opinion  that 
something  remains  to  be  said,  for  we  have  still 
on  our  table  a  number  of  small  recently  issued 
treatises  bearing  on  various  branches  of  the 
subject.  Additional  Exercises  to  Harmony,  by 
Ebenezer  Prout  (Augener  &  Co.),  are  slightly 
more  difficult  than  those  given  in  the  first 
volume  of  I'rof.  I'rout's  monumental  series  of 
primers.  The  author  rightly  says  that  "no 
satisfactory  reason  can  possibly  be  given  why 
harmony  exercises  should  necessarily  be  a  mere 
series  of  dry  chords  "  ;  and  he  adds,  by  way  of 
proof,  that  every  figured  bass  given  can  bear  a 
satisfactory  melody,  and  that  every  exercise  in  the 
book  was  written  out  in  full  before  the  bass  was 
set. — Catechisvi  of  Musical  ^'Esthetics,  by  Dr.  H. 
Riemann,  translated  by  the  Rev.  H.  Bewerunge 
(same  publishers),  is  somewhat  hard  reading, 
the  endeavour  being  to  solve  a  problem  which 
will  probably  never  admit  of  more  than  a  partial 
solution.  Composers  themselves  are  not  by  any 
means  at  one  as  to  their  methods  of  impressing 
their  ideas  on  the  listener,  some  being  content 
to  write  what  is  known  as  abstract  music,  ■vyhile 
others  are  at  pains  to  be  directly  imitative  before 
everything  else.  The  first-named  form  of  art  is 
claimed  to  be  loftier  than  the  latter  because 
the  music  explains  itself.  But  what  does  it 
explain  ?  Why,  for  example,  does  Beethoven's 
Symphony  in  r,  No.  8,  call  forth  a  set  of  ideas 
entirely  at  variance  from  those  engendered  by 
the  same  master's  No.  5  in  c  minor  ?  Here  is 
a  mystery  which  many  have  tried  to  explain 
away,  but  which  remains  a  mystery  still.  We 
can  only  agree  with  Dr.  Riemann's  conclusion 
that  it  is  wrong  to  slight  any  one  form  of  art  in 
favour  of  another. — We  have  also  received  Cate- 
chism of  Violoncello  Flaying,  by  Carl  Schroeder, 
translated  by  J.  Matthews  (same  publishers), 
and  Ten  Short  and  Melodious  Studies  for  the 
Pianoforte,  by  Graham  P.  Moore  (R.  Cocks  & 
Co.),  easy  and  likely  to  prove  useful. 


A   PERSONAL   EXPLANATION. 

In  a  letter  in  the  Athenceum  of  the  21st  Mr. 
Bergholt  writes  as  follows  :  — 

"  By  a  misrepresentation  so  careless  as  to  seem 
almost  wilful,  Mr.  Torr  accuses  me  (1)  of  changing 
my  ground,  and  (2)  of  putting  forward  a  bad  argu- 
ment. I  put  forward  no  argument  at  all,  but 
plainly  said  that  argument  would  be  complex  and 
out  of  place." 

I  must  beg  permission  to  quote  the  passage  on 
which  I  made  those  comments.  It  occurs  in  his 
letter  in  the  Athenceum  of  the  7th  ; — 

"I  pointed  out  the  fallacy  of  this  reasoning 
(which  denied  to  the  Greeks  the  possibility  of 
musical  synonyms),  and  I  instanced,  by  way  of 
general  illustration,  the  frequent  modern  syno- 
nymity of  c  sharp  and  D  flat.  It  is  perfectly 
irrelevant  to  retort  that'  such  notes  as  A  sharp  and 
B  flat '  are  not,  each  to  each,  the  precise  analogues 
of  an  and  b.  There  doubtless  is  a  closer  analogy 
between  flo,  b  and  A  double  sharp,  B  natural ;  but 
the  line  of'argument  stands  wholly  unshaken.  By 
a  mere  transposition  of  pitch  I  might  as  easily  have 
said  that  '  modern  musicians  always  write  [A  double 
sharj)]  in  the  scale  of  [b  sharp]  major  or  minor, 
and  [B  natural]  in  the  scale  of  [n  sharp]  minor.'  " 
I  certainly  thought  that  he  was  putting  forward 
an  argument  here— he  calls  it  a  "  line  of  argu- 
ment "  himself— and  that,  having  previously 
applied  this  argument  to  c  sharp  and  n  flat, 
he  was  now  applying  it  to  A  double  sharp  and 
B  natural.  I  described  that  as  a  change  of 
ground,  and  then  gave  my  reasons  for  holding 
that  the  argument  was  bad.  If  there  was  any 
misrepresentation  there,  it  certainly  was  not 
wilful.  Cecil  Torr. 


N^'SSd^,  Sept.  28, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


427 


The  London  rehearsals  for  the  orchestra  and 
solo  vocalists  engaged  for  the  Leeds  Festival 
were  held  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Monday  and 
the  two  following  days.  To-day  (Saturday) 
and  Monday  will  be  devoted  to  the  general 
rehearsals,  and  Tuesday  will  be  a  day  of  rest 
for  the  choir,  according  to  the  sensible  plan 
initiated  on  the  last  occasion.  '  The  Messiah  ' 
is  to  be  rehearsed,  a  privilege  rarely  accorded 
to  Handel's  immortal  masterpiece.  Disquieting 
rumours  have  been  circulated  to  the  effect  that 
the  score  is  to  be  subjected  to  fresh  revisions 
and  curtailments,  but  there  is  no  reasonable 
ground  for  apprehension.  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan 
being  far  too  zealous  and  intelligent  a  musician 
to  lay  violent  hands  on  Handel's  most  cherished 
work.  An  exceptionally  fine  performance  of 
*  The  Messialx '  may  therefore  be  anticipated 
with  a  reasonable  degree  of  confidence. 

Mr.  a.  Schulz  Ccjrtius  has  made  arrange- 
ments with  Mr.  Eugene  D'Albert,  who  is  now 
better  known  as  Herr  Eugen  D'Albert,  to  visit 
the  land  of  his  birth  next  summer.  He  will 
make  his  reappearance  at  one  of  Herr  Mottl's 
concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  April  28th,  and 
will  subsequently  give  some  pianoforte  recitals 
at  St.  James's  Hall,  to  be  followed  by  a  tour  in 
the  provinces.  He  should  be  received  with  the 
respect  due  to  a  distinguished  artist,  notwith- 
standing the  foolish  words  to  which  he  gave 
utterance  respecting  his  English  training,  and 
of  which  he  has  now  probably  repented. 

Frau  Doxat,  an  esteemed  soprano  in  Leipzig, 
will  sing  a  portion  of  the  part  of  Isolde  in 
Wagner's  work  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Novem- 
ber 26th. 

The  Glasgow  Choral  and  Orchestral  Union 
have  issued  their  prospectus  for  the  forth- 
coming season,  which  will  extend  over  sixteen 
weeks,  from  November  4th  to  February  22nd, 
and  will  include  ten  orchestral  and  four  choral 
subscription  concerts,  ten  "  popular  "  orchestral 
concerts,  and  four  chamber  performances.  The 
last  named  will  be  given  in  the  Burgh  Hall, 
Hillhead,  and  all  the  rest  in  St.  Andrew's  Hall. 
The  conductor  of  the  instrumental  concerts  will 
be  Mr.  Willem  Kes,  late  of  Amsterdam,  and 
now  director  of  the  recently  formed  Scottish 
Orchestra  ;  and  Mr.  Joseph  Bradley  will  wield 
the  bdtou  at  the  choral  concerts,  which  will 
include  M.  Saint-Saens's  'Samson  et  Dalila,' 
and  the  Grail  scene  from  Wagner's  '  Parsifal, ' 
both  for  the  first  time  in  Scotland.  Very  wisely 
the  continental  pitch,  "  le  diapason  normal," 
will  be  used  at  all  the  performances. 

Reports  that  the  eminent  Belgian  composer 
M.  Pierre  Benoit  is  seriously  ill  are  happily 
exaggerated.  He  has  been  unwell,  but  no  serious 
result  is  apprehended,  and  he  has  been  at  work 
on  a  new  opera,  to  be  entitled  '  La  Princesse 
Rayon  de  Soleil,'  founded  on  a  libretto  by  M. 
Pol  de  Mont. 

Herr  Zollner,  who  for  a  considerable  period 
has  been  conductor  of  a  choir  at  Cologne, 
has  been  sufficiently  fortunate  to  secure  the 
performance  of  two  operatic  works  at  Leipzig 
and  Dresden.  Both  are  founded  on  episodes 
from  the  Franco-German  War  of  1870-71,  but 
Herr  Zollner's  music  is  not  spoken  of  in  very 
high  terms. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

LvCKUSf .— Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  Season  :  Sbakspeare's 
'  Komeo  and  Juliet.' 

Dblry  Lane.— '  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer!'  a  Drama  in  Five 
Acts.  By  Sir  Augustus  Harris,  Cecil  Raleigh,  and  Henry 
Hamilton. 

More  tlian  usual  significance  attends  tlie 
revival  of  '  Eomeo  and  Juliet,'  with  which 
Mr.  Forbes  Eobertson  begins  his  manage- 
ment of  the  Lyceum  Theatre.    That  tragedy 


is  once  more,  as  Garrick  said  on  the  death 
of  Mrs.  Gibber,  "  dead  on  one  side,"  is 
acknowledged.  This  time,  however,  accord- 
ing to  the  indications  of  the  times,  the  death 
is  real,  and  there  will  be  no  recover}'. 
Never  more  shall  we,  apparently,  hear  the 
representative  of  Macbetli  or  Othello  strive 
with  swelling  breast  to  "  outroar  the  lion- 
throated  seas,"  or  to  "out-Herod  Herod." 
The  indications  are  that  future  representa- 
tions of  tragedy  will  be  such  as  the  present 
management  of  the  Lyceum  supplies.  Since 
the  days  of  Fechter's  Hamlet,  the  move- 
ment has  been  in  progress.  Slowly  and 
unassertively  it  has  worked  its  way,  facing 
occasional  discouragement,  but  keeping 
straight  on,  until  now  there  is  not  an 
actor  left  who  dare  in  London,  on  a 
solitary  occasion,  do  what  a  generation 
and  a  half  ago  was  done  constantly  by 
Phelps,  Gharles  Kean,  and  a  host  of 
imitators.  Not  only  are  there  no  tra- 
gedians, no  Gobbs  or  Tom  Stuarts,  there 
are  none  coming.  Realism  has  conquered 
convention  even  in  tragedy,  and  instead  of 
instructing,  Hke  Gonstance,  "  our  sorrows 
to  be  proud,"  we  have  to  teach  them  to  be 
humble.  In  this  there  is,  naturall}',  gain 
as  well  as  loss.  It  is  delightful,  in  a  pre- 
sentation of  '  Eomeo  and  Juliet,'  to  see 
banished  from  the  stage  the  indecencies  and 
irreverences  introduced  by  Garrick  for  the 
sake  of  "  making  the  play  go,"  still  an 
object  of  unhallowed  ambition  among 
managers.  It  is  even  more  pleasing  to  find 
the  mounting  and  mi.se  eyi  seine  artistic,  edu- 
cational, illuminatory,  and  unobtrusive. 

There  is  direct  gain  when  mimic  en- 
counters appear  genuine  broils  instead  of 
burlesque  combats,  and  a  national  reproach 
is  in  the  way  of  being  wiped  out  when  a 
genuine  is  substituted  for  a  sophisticated 
text.  Beyond  these  things,  even,  extends 
our  advantage.  It  is  doubtful  whether, 
since  the  days  of  Spranger  Barry,  a  Eomeo 
more  satisfactory  than  Mr.  Forbes  Eobertson 
has  been  seen.  The  delivery  of  the  lines  is 
perfect ;  not  a  single  mannerism  mars 
speech  or  disfigures  gestui'e.  The  attitudes 
and  bearing  are  natural,  apparently  un- 
studied, and  yet  heroical.  A  Eomeo  such 
as  this  is  immeasurably  superior  to  the 
Walter  Montgomeries  of  our  youth  or 
early  manhood.  We  accept  with  gratitude 
the  quiet  dignified  Friar  of  Mr.  Nut- 
combe  Gould,  in  place  of  the  bellowing, 
"orating"  Friar  of  Eyder,  in  his  day  a 
capital  actor.  We  might  proceed  through 
many  other  characters  with  a  similar  ac- 
quiescence, though  there  is  a  point  at 
which  we  should  have  to  stop.  Against 
these  things  we  have  to  place  one  counter- 
balancing loss.  In  the  present  limpid,  quasi- 
realistic  method  of  delivery  there  is  a  complete 
loss  of  electricity.  We  are  not  stirred  and 
convulsed  as  we  were  by  the  old  (shall  we 
say  bad '?)  style.  The  sufferings  of  Juliet  are 
more  tearful  to  us  in  the  book  than  on  the 
stage.  So  far  as  regards  beauty  of  appear- 
ance and  melody  of  speech  Mrs.  I'atrick 
Gampbell  is  irresistible.  Neither  Stella 
Golas  nor  Neilson,  Modjeska  nor  Mary 
Anderson,  rendered  the  balcony  scene  more 
potent  in  witchery.  The  presentation  of  the 
first  two  acts  was  indeed  ideal.  In  these, 
however,  the  tragic  note  is  not  sounded. 
With  an  elaboration  he  did  not  subsequently 
employ,  Shakspeare  in  this  play  filled  the 


air  with  premonitions  of  coming  fate.  The 
muttering  of  the  storm  is  heard  throughout. 
With  the  death  of  Mercutio,  quickly  suc- 
ceeded by  that  of  Tybalt,  the  storm  is  upon 
us.  From  this  moment  the  interpretation 
ceased  to  be  convincing,  and  we  began  to 
doubt  the  value  of  the  new  method.  No 
effect  such  as  Miss  Neilson  produced  in  the 
third  and  fourth  acts  was  obtained  by  Mrs. 
Gampbell ;  and  if  the  measure  of  the  result 
is  the  proof  of  excellence,  the  old  method  was 
the  better.  The  stronger  portions  of  Juliet 
seem,  indeed,  scarcely  within  reach  of  the 
actress,  happier,  apparently,  in  the  display 
of  a  neurotic  temperament  than  a  passionate. 
Further  education  is  required  before  we 
accept  Mrs.  Gampbell  as  the  Juliet  of  the 
potion  scene.  Faultless  in  grace  and  tender- 
ness, she  fails  in  conveying  the  full  measure 
of  passion  with  which  Juliet,  when  once 
love  has  informed  her  being,  is  surcharged. 
The  performance  was  received  with  warm 
favour,  and  may  be  seen  with  delight.  As 
a  picture,  even,  of  life  it  repays  a  visit,  and 
the  performance  of  the  pavane  is  beyond 
praise. 

The  new  Drury  Lane  drama  is  a  good 
piece  of  its  unambitious  class.  The  aim 
of  the  dramatists  is  to  supply  a  framework 
solid  enough  to  support  the  weight  of  any 
effects  that  may  be  superimposed.  So  long 
as  this  is  furnished  all  is  well.  Defects  of 
structure  are  hidden  behind  the  decorations, 
and  attract  little  more  attention  than  does 
the  mechanism  of  a  firework  frame  when 
the  coloured  fires  are  dazzling  the  eyes  of 
the  spectators.  It  would  be  easy  to  deride 
the  manner  in  which  in  an  opening  act  a 
successful  gold  mine  is  floated  by  a  man 
whose  capital  does  not  extend  to  one  coin 
of  the  realm,  and  how  into  unoccupied 
chambers  just  quitted  by  a  fraudulent  and 
an  absconding  bankrupt  flock  people  pre- 
pared to  invest  thousands  and  start  the 
swindle,  for  such  it  is  intended  to  be,  even 
if  it  is  not  as  a  going  concern.  Too  curiously 
to  inquire  into  these  things  is  to  sign  the 
death  warrant  of  melodrama.  Our  fathers 
pardoned  and  applauded  the  notion  that 
a  man — a  comic  man,  of  coui'se — travelling 
without  other  luggage  in  an  unexplored 
region  should  carry  with  him  wherever 
he  went  a  Post-Office  London  Directory. 
Scarcely  more  exigent  are  we  than  they, 
and  the  modern  playgoer  leaves  the  pur- 
veyor of  melodrama  to  place  his  characters 
in  any  situation  or  circumstances  he  pleases, 
and  exacts  from  him  no  superfluous  scruples 
as  regards  possibility  or  consistency.  More 
ambitious  dramatists,  from  whom  more  is 
expected,  are  apt  to  complain  of  the  leniency 
extended  to  writers  for  the  more  popular 
houses.  They  are,  however,  ill  advised  in 
so  doing,  unless  they  desire  tliat  their  work 
shall  be  classed  with  that  which  finds  accept- 
ance on  so  easy  terms.  Making  the  allow- 
ance it  is  expedient  to  make  in  the  case  of 
what,  after  all,  is  to  some  extent  a  circus 
entertainment,  and  to  some  extent  also  a 
pageant,  '  Gheer,  Boys,  Gheer  1 '  may  be 
classed  among  the  best  of  the  elaborate 
pieces  which  have  distinguished  the  manage- 
ment of  Sir  Augustus  Harris,  and  have 
brought  back  success  to  a  house  .on  which 
for  a  while  Fortune  turned  resolutely  and 
obdurately  her  back.  Notliing  in  the  story 
professes  to  be  new.  All  takes  place,  how- 
ever, under  new  surroundings.     The  love- 


428 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


making  has  for  background  a  scene  at 
Hurlingham,  with  a  game  of  polo  in  full 
swing,  and  with  the  crack  of  the  guns  of 
the  pigeon  shooters  ringing  in  our  ears. 
The  hero  and  heroine  are  married  on  the 
field  of  battle,  so  that  a  dying  man  may- 
repair  the  dishonour  which,  misled  by  ap- 
pearances, ho  has  heaped  upon  an  innocent 
woman.  Another  scene  shows  Rotten  Eow 
in  Hyde  Park,  with  the  equestrians  can- 
tering and  caracoling  behind  the  scandal- 
mongers beneath  the  elms  ;  and  yet  a  fourth 
shows  the  massacre  by  the  Matabeles  of  a 
small  English  force  which  has  fired  its  last 
cartridge.  These  things  are  well  managed, 
and  in  them  the  interest  of  the  public 
centres.  A  certain  measure  of  what  is 
diversely  called  patriotism  and  jingoism 
is  thrown  in,  humorous  scenes  of  no  great 
significance  are  provided,  there  are  beau- 
tiful and  costly  dresses,  and  a  success  is 
scored.  The  acting  in  melodrama  is  like 
melodrama  itself — sxii  generis.  Mr.  Henry 
Neville,  Mr.  Giddens,  Mr.  Dalton,  Miss 
Calhoun,  Miss  Fanny  Brough,  and  Mrs. 
Raleigh  present  in  stereotyped  fashion  the 
characters,  sentimental  or  comic,  by  whom 
the  action  is  supported.  An  hour  and  a 
half  requires  to  be  taken  out  of  the  play. 
In  other  respects  it  is  all  that  is  needed  or 
expected. 


Alfred  Thompson,  who  has  died  in  America, 
whither  he  retired  some  years  ago,  besides  de- 
signing costumes  for  the  stage,  contributed  to 
the  Gaiety  Theatre  a  few  dramatic  compositions, 
among  which  are  '  On  the  Cards,'  '  Aladdin  II.,' 
'Columbus,'  'Cinderella  the  Younger,'  and 
'  Linda  '  ;  and  to  the  Olympic,  '  How  I  Found 
Crusoe.' 

The  death  is  also  announced  of  Cecil  Howard, 
a  well-known  and  popular  theatrical  critic,  and 
collaborator  with  Mr.  Clement  Scott  in  writing 
'  The  Life  and  Reminiscences  of  E.  L.  Blan- 
chard. '  He  also  edited,  at  one  time,  the  TJieatre, 
and  issued  several  annual  volumes  of  '  Dramatic 
Notes.' 

A  ONE-ACT  play  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones, 
entitled  'Harmony,'  preceded  on  Wednesday 
evening  '  The  Chili  Widow  '  at  the  Royalty. 

Mr.  George  Alexander  will  reappear  at  the 
St.  .James's  in  November  in  a  play  by  Mr.  H.  V. 
Esmond,  entitled  'The  Divided  Way.' 

News  reaches  us  from  America  of  the  serious 
illness  of  Mr.  Richard  Mansfield,  the  well-known 
representative  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde. 

Yet  one  more  death  of  which  we  hear  is  that 
of  Mr.  Charles  Leclercq,  a  brother  of  Misses 
Rose  and  Carlotta  Leclercti,  and  a  member  of 
Daly's  company.     He  died  in  New  York. 

'  Poor  Polton  '  is  the  somewhat  nondescript 
title  finally  bestowed  on  the  farcical  comedy  in 
which  Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith  will  reappear 
at  the  Vaudeville. 

'  Bogey  '  has  been  withdrawn  from  the  St. 
James's,  and  the  theatre  is  now  temporarily 
closed. 

At  the  Theatre  M^tropole  next  week  Mr. 
Thomas  Thome  will  revive  '  Our  Boys.' 


To   Correspondents.— C.    T.    W.— A.   N.— W.    H.    A.— 
T.  W.— W.  M.— 0.  C.  B— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communicalionB. 


Tkrms  of  Sunscuii'TiON  EY  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  Uriitai  Kinr/dom. 


For  Twelve  Months. 
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PROTEST  of  a  PSYCHO-FOLK-LORIST.  Andrew  Lang, 
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A  REPLY  to  the  FOREGOING  "  PROTEST."  The  Pre- 
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SHOE-THROWING  at  WEDDINGS.    James  E.  Crombie. 

REVIEWS.— Mabel  and  Lilian  Quiller-Couch,  Ancient  and 
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CORRESPONDENCE.-Ghostly  Lights.  H.  F.  FEILBERG. 
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N°  3544,  Sept.  28, ^95 THE     ATHEN^UM ___^ 429 

KEGAI  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRIJBNER  &  CO,  LIMITED. 
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N°  3544,  Sept.  28,  '95 


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CONTEXTS  OF 

VANITY  FAIR. 

Ihe  HISTOKY  of  PENDENNIS. 

■J'he  VIRGINIANS, 

ESMOND,  and  BARRY  LYNDON. 

The  VIRGINIANS 

The  ADVENTURES  of  PHILIP,  to  which  Is  pre- 
fixed A  SHAIiBY  GENTEEL   STORY. 

l-ARIS,  IRISH,  and  EASTERN  SKETCHES:— 
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the  NEXT  FRENCH  REV;>LVriON;  COXS 
DIARY  ;  The  FATAL  BOO  IS 

The  BOOK  of  SNOBS,  and  SKETCHES  of  LIFE 
and   CH.ARACTEK  :— The    BOOK    of   SNOBS  ; 


THE  VOLUMES. 

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WIDOWEK;      DENIS      DUVAL;      BALLADS; 

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REVIEWS,  CONTRIBUTIONS  to  PUNCH. 


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C  0  K  I  E  K  I  S. 

11.  BALAUSTION'S  ADVENTURE;  PRINCE  HO- 
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aud  FIFINE  at  the  FAIR. 

12.  RED  COTTON  NIGHTCAP  COUNTRY;  and  The 
INN  ALBUM. 


1.  PAULINE;  andSORDELLO. 

2.  P.\RACELSUS  ;  and  STRAFFORD. 

3.  PIPPA    PASSES;     KING     VICTOR    and    KING 

CHARLES  ;  The  RE  TURN  of  the  DRUSES  ; 
and  A  SOUL'S  'TRAGEDY.  With  a  Portrait  of 
Mr,  Browning, 

4.  A    BLOT    in    the    'SCUTCHEON ;     COLOMBE'S 

BIRTHDAY  ;  and  MEN  and  WO.MEN. 

5.  DRA.MATIC  ROMANCES;  and  CHRISTMAS  EVE 

and  EASTER  DAY. 

6.  DRAJLATIC  LYRICS ;  and  LURIA. 

7.  IN  a   BALCONY;   and    DRAMATIS   PERSONJS. 

With  a  Portrait  of  Mr.  Browning. 

8.  The  RING  and  the  BOOK.     Books  1  to  4.    With 

2  Illustrations. 

9.  The  RING  and  the  BOOK.    Books  5  to  8. 

10.  'The  RING  and  the  BOOK.    Books  9  to  12.    With 
a  Portrait  of  Guide  Franceschiai. 


13.  ARISTOPHANES'   APOLOGY;    and    The    AGA- 

MEMNON of  iESCHYLUS. 

14.  PACCHI.4.R0TT0  ;   La  SAISIAZ  ;   and  The  TWO 

POE  I'S  of  CROISIC. 

15.  DRAMATIC   IDYLS,    First  Series;    DRAMATIC 

IDYLS,  Second  Series  ;  and  JOCOSERIA. 

16.  FERISHTAH'S    FANCIES  ;    and   PARLEYINGS 

with  CERTAIN  PEOPLE  of   IMl'ORTANCE  in 
their  DAY'.     With  a  Portrait  of  Mr   Browning. 

17.  ASOLANDO  :  Fancies  and  Facts  ;  and  Biographical 

and  Historical  Notes  to  the  I'oems. 


ELIZABETH  BARRETT  BROWNING'S  POETICAL 

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No.  3545 


SATURDAY,   OCTOBER    5,   1895. 


PBIOH 
THRBEPBNCB 

HBQISTBSBD  A3  A  HBWSFAPBB 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  SALON,  1895  (Third  Year). 
— DUDLFA'  GALLERY,  Egyptian  Hall.  Piccadilly.  W.  The  NEW 
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UNIVERSITY  EXTENSION  SOCIETY.— 
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FRANCE.— The  ATHENiEUM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
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AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BBACLIEU-SUB.MKK.  BLiRRITZ.  BOB- 
DEAUX,  BOLLOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MEN'TONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAC,  SAINT  KAPHJLKL,  TOURS , 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LTBRARI.  224,  Rne  de  RItoU,  Paria. 


B 


U 


R 


N 


M 


Messrs  'W.  E  HENLEY  and  T,  F.  HENDERSON,  the  Editors  of 
'  The  CENTENARY  BURNS,'  now  in  preparation,  being  mo.st  anxious 
to  present  as  pure  and  complete  a  text  as  possible,  appeal  to  holders 
of  Bums  MSS  and  Chap-Books,  and  to  those  possessing  information 
regardinf?  the  whereabouts  of  MSS.,  to  communicate  with  them  with  a 
view  to  comparison  and  collation. 

Address  Editors,  'Centenary  Burns.'  care  of  Messrs.  T.  C.  &  E.  C. 
Jack,  Grange  Publishing  'Works,  Edinburgh. 

9,  Hart-street,  Bloomsbury,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  will 
RESUME  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account  upon 
OCTOBER  31  NEXT.  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  recommence  in  October. 
DRAWING  forthe  PRESS —STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.— li'3,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


"DEQUIRED  IMMEDIATELY,  at  GOLDSMITHS' 

JLV  INSTITUTE  ART  SCHOOL,  an  ASSISTANT  ART  TEACHER 
for  Still  Life  and  Antique  Classes  specially.  Two  Mornings  and  Five 
ETenings  a  week.  Session,  October-April  inclusive.— Applications. 
&c  ,  to  be  addressed  to  J  S  Redihine,  B.A.,  Secretary,  Goldsmiths' 
Institute.  New  Cross,  S  E. 

A  SSISTANT  REQUIRED  in  the  GEOLOGICAL 

-^^  SOCIETY'S  OFFICE.  Unmarried,  age  between  21  and  33,  and  of 
good  moral  character.  Must  write  a  good  hand  and  be  well  versed  in 
-Accounts  ,  some  knowledge  of  Foreign  Languages  desirable.  Salary  to 
commence  at  80(  per  annum,  with  apartments  —For  further  particulars 
apply,  by  letter  only,  to  .\ssisT*Nr  Se<rctirv,  Geological  Society,  Bur- 
lington House,  W 

T  ITERARY       SECRETARY       WANTED. 


A  Gentleman,  residing  abroad,  who  is  in  ill  health,  and  pre- 
paring a  Historical  Work,  seeks  a  SECRETARY,  single,  not  over  »0. 
knowing  French.  German,  and,  if  possible,  a  little  Italian.  He  must  be 
extremely  good  tempered,  patient  and  sympathetic,  and  of  e.xcellent 
family —.Address,  with  Photograph  (which  will  be  returned),  stating 
every  detail  of  past  life  and  occupation,  which  must  bear  severe 
Bcrutiny.  and  salary  demanded,  A.  P  ,  care  of  Portier,  Grand  Hotel, 
Wien,  Austria. 

ERIAL  PUBLICATION  FOR  SALE.— Well 


S 


ON  the  WEST  COAST.— An  old-established 
High-Class  GIRLS'  SCHOOL  FOR  SALE  Capital  required, 
2.5601.10  3.0001  Receipts  over  2  000(  ;  profits  from  wo;  to  OOO;— Address 
»t  once  to  M  940.  at  Shelley's.  .IS,  Gracechurch-street,  E  C. 


TYPE.  WRITING  quickly  and  accurately  executed ; 
also  Translations.    Authors'  references —Miss  Wias,  "0,  Crafton- 
street.  w. 


TYPE-WRITING,    in    best   style.    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words     References  to  Author*.— Miss  Oiadbimo,  23,  Lan3- 
dowBe-gkrdens,  South  lAmbetb,  S.W 


H 


ASLEMERE     SCHOOL     for     GIRLS. 


This    School,  under   the    management   of    Mrs     SHAW    and    Miss 
MILDRED  HUTCHINSON,  will  OPEN  on  OCIOKEK  14. 
For  particulars  apply  to  Mrs.  Shaw,  Inval,  Haslemere,  Surrey. 


ryREBOVIR  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  1  and  3,  Trebovir- 

JL  road.  South  Kensington,  S.W. —Advanced  Classes  for  Girls  and 
Elementary  Classes  for  Children  Principal— Mrs  W.  R  COLE.  The 
NEW  TERM  COMMENCED  SEPTEMBER  19.-Prospectuse3  forwarded 
on  application. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE  (LONDON)  for  WOMEN. 
8  and  9,  York  place.  Baker-street,  W. 
Founded  1*19. 
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HYGIENE  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
The  Inaugural  Lecture  of  this  Course  (open  to  the  public  on  presenta- 
tion of  visiting  cards)  will   be  delivered   bv  LOUIS  P.\RKES,  M  U. 
D  Ph  ,  on  SATURDAY,  October  3,  at  3  r.M 

LUCY'  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


q-'HE    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 

JL  grants  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

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Manchester,  Newcastle-on -lyne,  Oban,  Oxford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro 

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THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  EstabUshed  1879. 
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QCHOOL   of    MODERN    ORIENTAL   STUDIES. 

O  Founded    by    the    Imperial    Institute    in    Union    with 

University  College  and  King's  College,  London. 

The  OUSELEY  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  1890.  each  of  50/  per  annum  for 
Two  Years,  will  be  awarded,  should  sutticient  merit  be  shown,  for 
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The  Examination  will  take  place  in  JULY,  18:X>-  Competitors  must 
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Full  particulars  to  be  obtained  at  the  Ofliees  of  the  Imperial  Institute, 
London,  .s  W. 

r^OVERNESSES    for    PRIVATE    FAMILIES.— 

vT  Miss  LOUISA  BKOUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSliS  tor  Resident  and  Daily 
Kngagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  23,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

1^0  AUTHORS.— We  offer  valuable  and  unique 
advantages  to  Writers.  Circular  sent  explaining  method  No 
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SPECIAL   NOTICE   to    LITERARY    MEN. —  In 

>0  view  of  the  Increasing  development  of  his  LITEK.ARY  AGENCY. 
Mr.  C'URRYER  (formerly  of  4,  Copthall-buildings)  has  found  it 
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communications  should  now  be  addressed  Messrs.  Ci'rrtlr  &  Batnis. 
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'l''HE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 

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lore  Archa-ologv-First  Editions  of  Modern  Authors-Natural  History 
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castle-on-Tyne 

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E 


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Special  Business-finJing  Books  wanted  'A°f'^,"' o,';.'?''"'^"" 

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MARLBOROUGH'S   SERIES  of  BOOKS   for 
LIBR.AR1ES  and  MUSEUMS. 
1    BnUUOWERS- REGISTER    10...      4    LIBRARY  CATALOGUE.   li«. 
.    }  niRARY  ACCFSSIONS.   10..  6    MUSEUM  ACCESSIONS.   lOt 

3    LlKv  REGU.TER     10.  8.  VISITORS'  BOOK.   10.. 

See  Detailed  List  of  Specialties,  Including  above,  and 
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Museum  Ijbels,  Label  Kesti,  Numbers,  Sc. 
Library  Nos   from  1  to  e.COO.  gummed 
Book  Rests,  .Newspaper  Holder',  Racks,  &c. 
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J5  of  Instruction  aid  Correspondence,  or  personally  by  '^^^^■''^^^ 
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London,  N.    Treatise  and  2,000  cases  lent  free. 


434 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


LONDON        LIBRARY, 
ST.  JAMES'S-SQUAKE,  S  W. 
Presidentr-LESLIE  STEPHEN,  Esq. 
Tiee-PreBidents— Rt   Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  MP,  The  Very  ReT.  the 
Dean  ol  Uandaff,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  Henry  Barkly,  K.C.B. 

Trustees— Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  Grant  Duff, 
Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart,  MP.,  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Eosebery. 
The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modem 
Literature,  in  various  Languages.  Subscription,  3(.  a  year  ;  Life  Mem- 
bership, according  to  age.  Fifteen  Volumes  are  allowed  to  Country 
and  Ten  to  Town  Members.    Reading-Room  open  from  Ten  to  half- 

e«t  Six    Catalogue,  Fifth  Edition.  2  vols,   royal   8vo    price  21s.  ;    to 
embers,  16s.    C.  T.  HAGBERG  WRIGHT,  Secretary  and  Librarian. 


M 


UDIE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  which  has  been  considerably 
increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French, 
German,  Spanish,  and  Itallan  for  Circulation  and  Sale. 

A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  the 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  will  be  sent  to  any 
address  postage  free  on  application. 


CATALOGUE  of  FOREIGN  BOOKS  for  1895, 
Is,  6d.  each. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY  (Limited), 

30-34,  New  Oxford-street ; 

341,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.C., 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

PICTURE    REPARATION    or    CLEANING 
elTected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  eantioDS  treatment, 
by  M.  RAINE  THOMPSON, 
Stndlo,  41,  George-«treet,  Portman-equare,  W. 

THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  LONDON, 
invite  all  interested  in  Fine  Art  to  Inspect  the  important  Col- 
lection of  Permanent  Autotype  Reproductions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Alt,  exhibited  in  their 

FINE- ART    GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET. 


Pamphlet,  •  Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  post  free. 


Offices  and  rine-Art  Gallery— 74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 
The  Works— EALING  DENE,  MIDDLESEX. 

THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 
(The  LEADENHAIlL  press,  Ltd.,  60,  LeadenhaU-street, 
London,  EC.) 
Contains   hairless   paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
nedom.    Sixpence  each.    Es.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

At  OXFORD,  on  October  S,  and  Following  Days. 

By  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  Uite  HENliY  WALFOJiD, 
of  High-street,  Oxford. 
Absolutely  Unreserved  Sale  of  the  larpeand  interesting  COLLECTION 
of  ANTIQUE  FURNITURE,  Old  China,  Bronzes,  Pictures,  Old 
■I'apestries,  and  Curios  being  part  of  the  .Stock  of  the  late  HENRY 
WALFOKD,  who  carried  on  business  as  Wal ford  &  Spokes  (estab- 
lished 1S74),  and  removed  for  convenience  of  Sale  to  No  90,  HIGH- 
STREET,  OXFORD. 

MESSRS,  LUDLOW,  ROBERTS  &  WELLER 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  upon  the  Premises,  No.  90,  High-street, 
Oxford,  on  TUESDAY.  October  8.  and  Following  Days,  commencing 
each  day  at  12  o'clock,  the  large  and  important  BIOCK  of  ANTIQUE 
FURNITURE, consisting  of  rare  Old  Sideboards,  Cabinets,  Esccetolrcs, 
Bookcases.Wardrobes.OvermanU^ls.Ulnner  Waggonsand  Tables,  Suites 
of  Chippendale  ChairH,  Mahogany  Chippendale  Comer  Cupboards,  gilt 
Empire  Centre  Tables  and  Cabjnets.  Satin-wood  Loo  Tables  — Mar- 
qaeterie  Cabinets,  Ivory  inlaid  'I'ablcs  Buhl  Inlaid  'Tables  and  Cabinets 
—Pair  of  valuable  Old  Hall  Settles  (purchased  from  Aldermaeter  Court) 
—  fine  Vcrnis  Martin  Long-case  Clock— Marqueterie  and  Chippendale 
Comer  Washstands  -Pair  of  tine  Chippendale  Half-Circular  Sideboards. 
Inlaid 'Tca-Catldies  and  Work-Boxes,  intluding  many  fine  Specimens  of 
Sheraton  and  Chippendale,  claborattiy  carved  Oak,  all  of  an  antique 
character,  several  pieces  very  old  but  In  excellent  pn-scrvalion— hand- 
some Empire  Clocks  and  Candelabra,  real  Hronzcs  a  quantity  of  Bronze 
and  Ormolu  Ornaments— a  great  variety  of  Old  China,  includiuK  many 
raiespecimoni,  and  consisUng  of  elegant  Ornamcnls,  Dinner,  Densert 
anil  lea  (Si^rviocs,  &o  -about  S(iO  Oil  I'ainiingMand  Drawings  by  Old  and 
Modern  Arlists- Old  Engravings  and  Etchings— valuable  Curios,  &c. 

On  view  Saturday  and  day  preceding  Sale  Detailed  Catalogues-to 
be  obtained  oi.c  week  prior  to  the  Sale-of  Messrs  HrotKioN  &  Sons, 
Solictors,  Banbury;  A.  K  Commo.v,  Esq.  Solicitor.  .1,1,  Bedford-row 
iMtdim  ,  or  of  the  Ai  xTio.vtEa.s,  l»,  New-street,  Birmingham. 


SPLENDID  COPIES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS  from  all  the  Celebrated 
Galleries  of  Europe. 

REPRODUCTIONS  of  MODERN  PAINTINGS  from  the  Luxembonrg, 
the  Salon,  Royal  Academy,  &c. 

The  AB.T  of  BARTOLOZZl.    One  Hundred  Designs. 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS.    Two  Hundred  and  Thirty-four  Examples    | 
of  this  Master,  from  Rare  Prints  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALFRED  STEVENS  and  his  WORK.  Crown  foUo,  20  in.  by  15  in. 
Hall-bonnd  morocco.  Fifty-seven  Full-Page  Illustrations.  Memoir 
and  Critical  Descriptions  by  HUGH  STANNUS.  Price  Six  Guineas. 
A  few  Copies  of  this  important  Work  for  Disposal 

ALBERT  DURER.  Ninety-three  Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile 
trom  Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Descriptive  Text  by 
SIDNEY  COLVIN,  MA.  The  volume  is  imperial  folio,  half- 
morocco.  Plates  linen  guarded.  Price  Six  Guineas.  Edition 
100  Copies. 


FRIDAY  NEXT. 

ItOO  Lots  of  Miscellanies  from  various  Private  Sources,  includ- 
ing Photographic,  Scientific,  and  Electrical  Apparatus,  <^c. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  October  11,  at  half-past  12  preciely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 


the 


MESSRS.    HODGSON    beg     to    announce 
following  SALES  by  AUC'IION  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery- 
lane,  W.C. 

On  MONDAY,  October  7,  and  Four  Following 

Days,  at  1  o'clock,  a  large  COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS, 
including  the  First  Portion  of  ihe  STOCK  of  a  PROVINCIAL  BOOK 

"    " "  to  which  is  added 

!  LIBRARY  of  an 


EDITOR. 


To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


On  MONDAY,  October  14,  and  Four  Following 

Days,  valuable  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  a  Collection  of 
Works  on  English  Topography  and  a  Library  of  Foreign  Catholi- 
Theology,  comprising  Buckle's  Yorkshire  Etchings— Hunter's  Hallam- 
shire— Richardson's  Northumberland  — Baines's  Lancashire,  Large 
Paper,  4  vols  —British  Gallery  of  Pictures,  printed  on  satin— Landseer's 
Works,  artist's  proofs  —  Bowyers  Hume,  11  vols.  —  Macklin's  Bible, 
7  vols.- Boydell's  Shakespeare  <iallery,  2  vols  — Hoare's  Modern  Wilt- 
shire, in  9  vols,  and  Ancient  ditto,  2  vols  —Bradbury's  Nature-printed 
Ferns,  Large  Edition— Chetham  Society's  Publications,  60  vols.  -Malory's 
La  Morte  Darthur,  3  vols— Fables  de  La  Fontaine,  6  vols  —Stirling-Max- 
well's Works,  6  vols.  Large  Paper — Foster's  Alumni  Oxonienses,  4  vols. 
— Ruskin's  Fors  Clavigera,  9  vols  ,  and  Architecture  of  Venice- Baily's 
Magazine  of  Sports,  56  vols  — Montalembert's  Monks  of  the  West,  7  vols. 
—Mahogany  Bookcase  —  elegant  Print  Stand  —  Engravings  —  Water- 
Colours— Japanese  Plaque— China,  &c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  October  23,  and  Two  Fol- 
lowing Days.  MANY  THOUSAND  VOLUMES  of  POPULAR  MODERN 
PUBLICVriONS  (in  cloth  and  quires),  comprising  50  Anderson's 
Japan  (8i.  8s  )— 300  vols.  Artistic  Japan  (15s. )— BOO  vols.  Bida's  Gospels, 
4to.— 50  Hill's  Doctor  Johnson  (3/.  3s  J  — 360  Jephson's  Emin  I'asba  (21s.) 
—21  Longfellow's  Hiawatha  (21s  )— '25  McCormick's  Voyages.  2  vols. 
(52s.  6(i, )— 637  I'aterson's  Curiosities  of  Christian  History  (6s.),  and 
80  Law  and  Lawyers  (7s.  6</.)— 800  Redgrave's  Century  of  Painters 
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T^HE      NINETEENTH      CENTURY. 
OCTOBER,  1895. 
The  GOLD-MINING  MADNESS  in  the  CITY.    By  S.  F.  Van  Oss. 
The  POLITICAL  SITUATION  in  ITALY.    By  the  Marchese  de  Viti  de 

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'The  TRAFALGAK  CAPTAINS.    By  W.  Laird  Clowes  ("  Nauticus  "). 
The  LAND  of  FRANKINCENSE  and  MYRRH.    By  J.  Theodore  Bent. 
A  MEDICAL  VIEW  of  the  MIRACLES  at  LOURDES.    By  Dr.  Berdoe. 
The  NEW  SPIRIT  in  HISTORY.    By  W.  S.  LUly. 
FREDERICK  LOCKER-LAMPSON .    By  Coulson  Kernahan. 
IN  GERMANY  :  a  Sketch.    By  Her  Grace  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland. 
The   CLOSING  of   the  INDIAN  MINTS.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 

Brassey. 
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By  W.  H.  Mallock. 
The  RELIGION  of  the  UNDERGRADUATE.    By  the  Rev.  Anthony  C. 

Deane. 
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A  GREAT  UNIVERSITY   for  LONDON.      By  the  Right  Hon.   Lord 

Playfair. 
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London  :  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.  Ltd. 


THE         FORTNIGHTLY        REVIEW. 
Edited  by  W.  L.  COURTNEY. 
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The  REACTION  and  its  LESSONS.    By  Frederic  Harrison. 
FERDINAND  BRUNETIERE.    By  Mile  Y.  Blaze  de  Bury. 
IRELAND.    Bv  a  Disenchanted  Nationalist. 

The  EXPRESSIVENESS  of  SPEECH  By  Prof,  A.  R  Wallace,  F.R  S. 
The  FOREIGN  POLICY  of  ENGLAND.  By  Capt.  J.  W.  Gambler,  R.N. 
The  ASSERTED  GROWTH  of  ROMAN  CATHOLICISM  in  ENGLAND. 

By  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Canterbury. 
The  NAVAL  MAN(i;UVRES.    By  W.  Laird  Clowes. 
ADVANCEMENT  in  the  ARMY.    By  Major  Arthur  Griffiths. 
A  ROMAN  REVERIE.    By  Alfred  Austin. 
ENGLISH  INDUSTRY  and  EASTERN    COMPETITION.      By  R.   S. 

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BIIET  HARTE  -In  a  Hollow  of  the  Hills.    (Serial.) 

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('Third  Prize  Story  in  the  Great  American  Competition, ) 
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ANNIE  E    1I()1,1)S\V()R1H  -How  Dave  Won  Back  to  Lizbcth. 
E.  A.  LUCAS,  — A  Koniantic  Lover  of  Connaught. 
MOKLEY  ROBERTS  —A  Miracle  of  the  Black  Caflon. 
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MEN  of  SCIENCE  and  PHILOSOPHERS.    By  Herbert  Spencer. 

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A  FOREIGNER.    Chaps.  53-57. 

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LIFE  of  SLR  E.  B.  HAMLEY. 

William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London. 

I^HE        HUMANITARIAN. 
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DYNAMIC  THOUGHT.    Professor  W.  F.  Barrett. 
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The  PIG?  or  the  PIGSTYE?    The  Rev.  Walter  Walsh. 
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The  ETHICS  of  LEGAL  COMPULSION.    Joseph  B.  Martineau. 
The  MOLOCH  of  MODERN  MARRIAGE.    Rev.  J.  Frome  Wilkinson, 

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SOME  STATISTICS  BEARING  UPON  BIMETALLISM.  By  J.  Barr 
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COMPARATIVE  STATISTICS  of  thi-  PRINCIPAL  BRITISH  POSSES. 
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Translated  by  C.  BERNHARD  DEROSNE,  and  published  by  Gautier,  Paris. 

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TO  RIGHT  the  WRONG.     By  Edna 

LYALL. 

MY    LORD    and    MY    LADY.     By 

Mrs.  FOIiKESTBR. 

A  HARDY  NORSEMAN.     By  Edna 

LYALL. 

SOPHY;    or,   the   Adventures    of   a 

Savage.    By  VIOLET  FANE. 

IN  the  GOLDEN  DAYS.     By  Edna 

LY.VLL 

DEATH  SHIP.    By  Clark  Russell. 
KNIGHT  ERRANT.    By  Edna  Lyall. 
DR.  GLENNIE'S  DAUGHTER.     By 

li.  L.  FAIUEON. 

WE  TWO.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

PLAIN  SPEAKING.    By  the  Author 

of    JOHN  HALIFAX  ' 

WON  BY  WAITING.   By  Edna  Lyall. 
DONOVAN:    a  Modern  Englishman. 

By  EDNA  LYALL. 

London:  HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &CO.'S  LIST. 


THE  LATE  M.  PASTEUR. 

LOUIS   PASTEUR:  his  Life  and 

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CLIMBING  in  the  BRITISH  ISLES: 

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HASKETT  SMITH,  M.A.,  Member  of  the  Alpine  Club  ; 
IRELAND,  by  H.  C.  HART,  Member  of  the  Alpine 
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*»*  Recently  published.  Part  I.  ENGLAND.  With 
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OUTLINE    HISTORY   of  ITALY, 

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With  Outline  Map.    Fcap.  8vo.  2s.  m. 

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The  ADVENTURES  of  TWO  DUTCH 

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rence K.  Upton,  with  Words  by  BERTHA  UPTON. 
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the  Text.     Oblong  4to.  6s. 

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%*  Adopted  for  M.A.  Examinations  by  the  Royal   Universit 
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6'f.  James's  Gazette. 

NOW  BEADY,   PRICE  SIXPENCE. 

LONGMAN'S  MAGAZINE-October. 

OLD  MR.  TREDGOLD.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant.    Chaps.  17-20. 

MARSEILLES.    By  Walter  Herries  Pollock. 

"  O  TO  BE  GODS  in  BABYLON."    By  J.  K.  Lawson. 

"EXIT  EOSCIUS."    By  Austin  Dobson. 

The  NEW  CENTURION.    By  James  Eastwick.  (Concluded. 

UNSPOKEN  WATER.    By  Mrs.  Alfred  W.  Hunt. 

AT  the  SIGN  of  the  SHIP.    By  Andrew  Lang. 

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The  BADMINTON  MAGAZINE 

OF  SPORTS  AND  PASTIMES. 

Edited  by  ALFRED  E.  T.  WATSON  ("  Rapier"), 
No.  3.    OCTOBER,  1895. 

1.  HIGHLAND    SPORT    in   the    LAST 

GENERATION. 

Alexander  Innes  Shand. 

Illustrated  by  A.  Thorburn. 

2.  The  MAN  in  the  MOUNTAINS. 

Guy  Cadogan  Rothery, 

Illustrated  bv  H.  M.  Brock. 

3.  SOME  TARPON  ADVENTURES. 

Otis  Mygatt. 

With  Illustrations  supplied  by  the  Author. 

4.  A  HAVER  WITH  TOM  MORRIS. 

H.   S.   C.    EVERAKD. 

Illustrated  by  Frank  Craig  and  N.  J.  Gibb,  and  from 

Photographs. 

5.  NOTES  FROM  an  AMBUSH. 

Fred.  Whishaw. 

Illustrated  by  N.  Arthur  Loraine. 

C.  HUNTING  in  INDIA. 

Richard  Gbeen-Price, 

Illustrated  by  John  Beer. 

7.  The  OLD  SPORTSMAN.    Andrew  Lakg. 

8.  CUB-HUNTING. 

The  Earl  of  Yaeborough. 

Illustrated  by  C.  E.  Brock. 

9.  OXFORD  REMINISCENCES. 

R.  K.  Mainwaring. 

Illustrated  by  Stanley  Berkeley. 

10.  RAFT  FISHING  in  NORWAY. 

Edwin  Lester  Arnold. 

Illustrated  by  H.  G.  Massey,  A.K.P.E. 

11.  CYCLING  for  WOMEN.        Lady  Jeune. 

Illustrated  by  Lucien  Davis. 

12.  NOTES  by  "  RAPIER." 

London  and  New  York :  LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO. 


N<'3545,  Oct.  5, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


445 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  5,  1S95. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Walpolf.'s  Memoirs  of  George  III 445 

The  New  Forest        4115 

Sir  Richard  Church  i.v  Italy  and  Greece  ...    447 

Fishwick's  Histoky  of  Lancashire     447 

A  Polish  Religious  Reformer 449 

New  Novels  (The  Men  of  the  Moss-Hags;  A  Man  and 
his  Womankind ;  Sons  of  Belial  ;  Princess  and 
Priest  ;    Dr.    Quantriil's    Experiment  ;    Ces    bous 

Normands  :) 449—450 

Bhcejjt  Verse 450 

OCR  Library  Tablb— List  of  New  Books     ...     451—452 

The  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  ';  Gray 

AND     Mr.    Gosse;     The     Language    of     the 

Mayas  ;    The    Autumn    Publishing    Season  ; 

Queen  Elizabeth  and   the  Beggars   of   the 

Sea     453—455 

Literary  Gossip         456 

Science— ScHOOL-BooKS;  Louis  Pasteur  ;  Pri.mitive 
Sundials  in  Upper  Egypt  ;   Meetings  ;   Gossip 

457—459 
Fink  Arts— Illustrated    Books;    The    Arch^o- 
LOGICAL    Societies  ;    Ancient    Monuments    in 

Ireland;  Gossm> 459-461 

Music— Gossip 462 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip        ...    462 


LITERATURE 


Sorace  Walpole^s  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of 
King  George  the  Third.  First  published 
by  Sir  Denis  Le  Marcbant,  Bart. ;  and 
now  re-edited  by  Gf.  F.  Eussell  Barker. 
With  Sixteen  Portraits.  4  vols.  (Law- 
rence &  Bullen.) 
Messes.  Lawrexce  &  Bullen  have  done 
good  service  in  reprinting  Horace  Wal- 
pole's  '  Memoirs  of  George  the  Third.'  In 
spite  of  its  faults  it  is  an  important  con- 
tribution to  history,  though  readers  must 
be  careful  to  make  allowance  for  the  author's 
partialities,  and  still  more  for  his  prejudices. 
The  genuine  value  of  the  work,  however,  is 
shown  by  the  extensive  use  that  has  been 
made  of  it  by  the  historians  who  have 
written  on  those  times.  Macaulay  un- 
doubtedly derived  from  these  memoirs  a 
considerable  amount  of  information  for  his 
famous  essay  on  Lord  Chatham ;  and  Mr. 
Lecky,  in  that  portion  of  his  history  which 
treats  of  the  first  ten  years  of  the  reign  of 
George  III.,  appears,  as  far  as  the  narrative 
is  concerned,  to  be  more  indebted  to  "Wal- 
pole  than  to  any  other  authority.  These 
volumes,  in  fact,  contain  a  good  deal  that 
is  not  to  be  found  elsewhere,  and  the 
general  accuracy  of  the  facts  has  never 
been  questioned.  Even  Croker  in  his  ex- 
tremely hostile  review  of  the  work  allowed 
that  the  record  of  events  was  trustworthy. 
Another  noteworthy  feature  in  these  memoirs 
is  the  excellent  account  of  the  parliamentary 
debates,  some  of  which  are  not  reported 
elsewhere. 

Li  many  respects  Walpole  was  well 
qualified  for  his  task.  Though  not  a  states- 
man in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word,  he 
■was  possessed  of  remarkable  sagacitj-,  and 
he  was  indefatigable  in  collecting  informa- 
tion for  his  memoirs  from  every  possible 
source.  He  had,  moreover,  the  advantage 
of  being  on  familiar  terms  with  most  of 
those  who  took  a  prominent  part  in  public 
affairs.  Even  with  members  of  the  rising 
generation,  like  Charles  Fox  and  Burke,  he 
managed  to  have  friendly  intercourse.  There 
is  an  interesting  record  in  these  pages  of 
the  maiden  speeches  of  these  two  eminent 
men.  Burke  addressed  the  House  for  the 
first  time  on  the  27th  of  January,  1766,  in 


a  debate  on  the  question  whether  a  petition 
from  America  should  be  received  by  the 
House.  Charles  Fox  was  not  heard  till 
three  years  later,  in  May,  17G9,  and  he  was 
then  still  under  age.  The  subject  of  the 
debate  was  Col.  Luttrell's  election,  and 
Walpole  writes :  "  Charles  Fox,  not  yet 
twenty-one,  answered  Burke  with  great 
quickness  and  parts,  but  with  confidence 
equally  premature." 

As  with  almost  all  those  who  write  the 
history  of  their  own  times,  Walpole' s  sense 
of  proportion  was  imperfect,  and  this  defect 
was  often  exaggerated  by  his  personal  feel- 
ings. If  a  student  without  any  previous 
knowledge  of  history  were  to  read  Walpole's 
account  of  George  Grenville's  ministry,  he 
would  imagine  that  the  minister's  dejiriving 
Conway  of  his  regiment  was  an  error  quite  as 
grave  as  the  passing  of  the  Stamp  Act.  At 
each  change  of  administration  the  selection 
of  the  Lords-in- Waiting  or  the  Lord  Cham- 
berlain is  discussed  with  the  same  earnest- 
ness as  the  nomination  of  the  Prime 
Minister  or  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer. The  author's  weakness,  however, 
on  these  subjects  is  well  known,  and  we  do 
not  think  that  it  impairs  the  interest  of  the 
book.  It  is  very  characteristic  of  Walpole 
that  his  style  in  these  volumes  is  not  nearly 
so  neat  or  so  finished  as  in  his  letters  ; 
and  sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  read  a 
passage  more  than  once  to  ascertain  its  real 
meaning.  But  with  all  their  faults  and 
drawbacks,  we  have  reason  to  feel  very 
grateful  to  Walpole  for  his  labours. 

In   the    memoirs   of   George   II.  it   was 
scarcely  to  be  expected  that  Walpole  would 
write  impartially  on  affairs  in  which  his  father 
had  formerl}'  borne  such  a  conspicuous  part. 
At  the    accession    of  George  III.  some  of 
Sir  Eobert  Walj)ole's  opponents  were  still 
living  and  engaged  in  public  life,  but  his 
son's  feelings  of  hostility  were  considerably 
cooled  down.     Bolingbroke  was  dead.    Pul- 
teney,  the  most  formidable  of  Sir  Robert's 
old  adversaries,  had  retired  from  all  share 
in  politics,  though  he  occasionally  gave  vent 
to  his  feelings  in  a  pamphlet.   But  Carteret, 
at  three  score  years  and  ten,  retained  some 
of  his  former  brilliancy  and  vigour.    He  was 
at  this  time  President  of  the  Council,  and 
kept  the  post  till  his  death  in  1763.     The 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  after  nearly  fifty  j-ears 
of  public  life,  as  restless,  as  ambitious,  and 
as  eccentric  as  when  he  fii'st  commenced  his 
political  career,  was  now  a  colleague  with 
Pitt  in  that  powerful  administration  which 
had   raised    the   country   to   a   position   of 
splendour    of   which   no   Englishman    can 
read  without  feelings  of  pride.     The  fore- 
most statesman  of  the  day  was,  of  course, 
Pitt,  who,  from  the  time  he  entered  public 
life    till    Sir    Eobert   Walpole's    fall,    had 
always     spoken    and    acted     against    that 
minister.     The  policy  and  characters  of  the 
two  statesmen  were,   in  fact,  diametrically 
opposite,  but  Horace  Walpole,  though   he 
revered  his  father's  memory,  was   able  to 
appreciate    the    greatness    of    Pitt.     "He 
[Pitt],"  writes  Horace  Walpole,  referring 
to  the  proposed  peace  in  1761,  "had  vindi- 
cated the   honour  of  his  country,  and  now 
was   supporting   it  with   a   dignity  it   had 
never  known  since  the  days  of  Cromwell." 

To  write  a  history  of  the  early  part  of 
the  reign  of  George  III.  must  have  been  a 
painful  task  for  any  person  with  the  least 


tinge  of  patriotic  feeling.  Never  had 
government  in  England  been  so  feeble,  and 
never  had  government  been  so  corrupt. 
The  metropolis  and  its  neighbourhood 
were  constantly  disturbed  by  riots.  Life 
and  property  were  insecure.  With  the 
exception  of  the  short  time  when  Eocking- 
ham  was  in  power,  members  of  Parliament 
received  payment  for  their  votes  with  a 
publicity  and  a  want  of  shame  that  would 
have  been  thought  indecent  in  the  days  of 
Sir  Eobert  Walpole.  The  glorious  in- 
heritance to  which  the  king  had  succeeded 
under  such  favourable  auspices  seemed  in 
danger  of  crumbling  away.  On  ,  one 
occasion  he  spoke  of  abdicating,  and  even 
of  having  recourse  to  the  sword  against 
his  own  subjects.  The  causes  of  the  dis- 
ordered state  of  the  realm  can  easily  be 
discovered  in  these  pages,  and  the  same 
subject  is  treated  with  admirable  lucidity 
and  moderation  in  Burke's  '  Thoughts  on 
the  Present  Discontents.'  That  pamphlet 
was  first  published  on  April  24th,  1770,  and 
the  fourth  edition  was  announced  in  the 
Daily  Advertiser  of  June  5th,  immediately 
over  the  advertisement  of  the  first  edition 
of  the  '  Deserted  Tillage.' 

There  was  certainly  at  that  time  no  lack 
of    statesmen   of    ability    and    experience. 
Henry  Fox,  Lord  Hardwicke,  George  Gren- 
viUe,  and  Charles  Townshend  were  all  ready 
to  assist  in  the  Government,  but  they  were 
unable  to  retain  office  on  the  conditions  im- 
posed by  the    king.     On  the  accession  of 
George  III.,  he  had  kept  Pitt  and  Newcastle 
in   office ;  no  reason,  indeed,  appeared  for 
making  a  change  of  ministry  desirable  to 
the   sovereign   or   to    his    subjects.      The 
Government    inspired     respect     and     con- 
sideration abroad ;    the  country  was   tran- 
quil, and  in  Parliament  there  was  not  even 
the   semblance   of   an    opposition.     In   his 
personal  intercourse  with  the  sovereign  Pitt 
conducted  himself  with  a  respect  and  defer- 
ence that  even  in  those  days  might  be  con- 
sidered  as   obsequious.     But   it   was   soon 
evident  that  the  administration  would  not 
remain  long  in  power.     The  draft  of  the 
king's  first  speech  was  composed  entirely  by 
Bute,   and    contained  severe  reflections  on 
the   conduct   of   the  war.     For   some  time 
the    "favourite"    refused    to    allow    these 
offensive  expressions  to  be  toned  down.  The 
situation  at  last  became  intolerable,  and  in 
October,  1761,  Pitt  resigned.     "It  is  diffi- 
cult to  say,"  writes  Walpole,   "  which  ex- 
ulted most,   France,   Spain,   or  Lord  Bute, 
for  Mr.  Pitt  was  the  common  enemy  of  all 
three."     He  might  have  added  that  New- 
castle was  equally  triumphant,  as   he  ex- 
pected now  to  exercise  supreme  power.    He 
was  soon   undeceived,    and   a  few  months 
later    he    followed     Pitt    into    retirement. 
Lord   Bute  was   immediately  named   First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury.  It  has  been  generally 
supposed  that  when  Bute  assumed  the  reins 
of  government,  his  only  preparation  for  the 
position  was  his  experience  as  Groom  of  tho 
Stole  to  the   Princess   of   Wales,   and   his 
having  managed  the  private  theatricals  at 
Leicester  House.     This  is  not  correct.     It  is 
true  that  he  had  hitherto  taken  no  official 
part    in   tho    Government,  but   it   appears 
from  the  correspondence  in  the  Newcastle 
MSS.    that    as     far     back     as     1757     he 
had   been   employed   in   negotiations   with 
ministers,   and    he    even    seems    to    haver 


446 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


been  occasionally  consulted  by  them  on  I 
public  business.  It  is  asserted,  too,  by  j 
Walpole  that  Bute's  -writing  was  bad,  and  | 
his  orthography  defective.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  Bute's  writing,  which  is  very  like  his 
countryman  Lord  Mansfield's,  though  not 
elegant,  is  clear  and  legible,  and  his 
phrases  are  well  expressed.  His  ortho- 
graphy, moreover,  is  as  good  as  that  of 
Walpole.  Bute,  with  the  assistance  of 
Henry  Fox,  who  managed  the  Government 
business  in  the  Commons,  did  better  than 
was  expected.  The  great  object  of  his 
ambition  was  to  bring  the  war  to  an  end. 
This  was  at  length  arranged,  and  the  treaty 
of  peace  confirmed  by  the  two  Houses  after 
very  stormy  debates.  Bute  appeared  now 
to  have  triumphed  over  his  difficulties,  but 
the  peace  excited  great  indignation  with 
the  public.  Bute  quailed  before  the  storm, 
and  gave  up  the  seals  of  office.  His  place 
was  taken  by  George  Grenville,  a  man  of 
great  abilities  and  industry,  but  incapable 
of  taking  large  views  on  questions  of  public 
policy.  He  was,  moreover,  very  unpopular, 
and  he  made  himself  extremely  offensive  to 
the  king.  On  one  occasion  "Walpole  writes 
that  after  an  interview  with  Grenville  and 
the  ministers,  the  king  said  that  "  if  he  had 
not  broken  out  into  the  most  profuse  sweat, 
he  should  have  been  suffocated  with  in- 
dignation." This  account  is  probably  ex- 
aggerated. GrenviUe,  however,  managed 
to  remain  two  years  in  office,  but  in  May, 
1765,  the  difference  between  the  king  and 
his  ministers  became  so  serious  that  nego- 
tiations were  entered  into  with  Pitt.  For 
some  reason,  which  Walpole  cannot  explain, 
all  attempts  to  induce  the  great  statesman 
to  accept  office  were  unsuccessful.  "Walpole 
was  very  anxious  to  see  Pitt  at  the  head  of 
affairs,  and  showed  great  energy  in  obtain- 
ing the  support  of  Conway  and  his  friends. 
There  was  nothing  that  "Walpole  liked  so 
much  as  negotiations  of  this  sort,  and  while 
so  engaged  he  imagined  that  he  was  taking 
an  important  part  in  politics.  A  year  or 
two  later  we  learn  from  these  memoirs  that, 
on  a  somewhat  similar  occasion,  Walpole 
was  so  impressed  with  the  importance  of  his 
services  that  he  spoke  seriously  of  demand- 
ing an  audience  of  the  king  and  asking  for 
some  reward. 

At  last,  after  the  country  had  been  prac- 
tically seven  weeks  without  a  government. 
Lord  Rockingham  was  appointed  First  Lord 
of  the  Treasury.  The  list  of  the  new  ministry 
contained  some  good  names,  but  it  had 
many  weak  points.  Some  of  the  members 
were  too  young,  the  others  were  too  old, 
and  they  failed  in  obtaining  the  support  of 
Pitt.  Rockingham  himself  was  a  man  of 
unblemished  reputation  in  private  life  and 
of  fair  abilities,  but  ho  was  unequal  to  the 
difficulties  of  the  position.  One  event,  how- 
ever— Rockingham's  introduction  of  Burke 
into  public  life  -has  invested  his  administra- 
tion with  great  interest.  In  a  short  time 
grave  troubles  arose  in  America  in  connexion 
with  the  new  Stamp  Act,  and  it  was  soon 
evident  that  the  reins  of  government  must 
be  placed  in  firmer  hands.  The  Rocking- 
ham ministry  lasted  for  a  year,  and  on 
July  3()th,  17GG,  Pitt  kissed  hands  as  Privy 
Seal  and  Earl  of  Chatham.  His  new  tenure 
of  power  added  little  to  his  former  reputa- 
tion. His  health  broke  down,  and,  owing 
to  a  painful  form  of  nerve  complaint,  he 


was  quite  unable  to  transact  business,  or 
even  to  receive  visitors.  He  shut  himself 
up  in  strict  seclusion  at  Hayes,  and  refused 
to  see  his  colleagues  ;  he  refused  even  to 
see  the  king,  and  in  October,  17G8,  he  was 
allowed,  after  much  solicitation,  to  resign 
office.  His  successor,  the  Duke  of  Grafton, 
continued  in  power  for  little  more  than  a 
year,  during  a  time  of  troubles  and  disorders 
such  as  have  been  seldom  known  in  this 
country.  Lord  North,  who,  as  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  had  for  some  time  taken 
an  active  part  in  the  Government,  succeeded 
the  Duke  of  Grafton  in  January,  1770,  and 
the  king  at  last  found  a  minister  after 
his  own  heart.  It  is  not  quite  certain 
whether  Lord  North,  in  pursuing  the  policy 
which  produced  such  disastrous  results, 
was  acting  on  his  own  convictions,  or  from 
a  mistaken  sense  of  duty  to  his  sovereign. 
Lord  North  was  no  doubt  a  strong  Tor}', 
but  he  was  possessed  of  great  common  sense, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  he  could 
have  approved  of  all  the  measures  which 
were  taken  while  he  was  Prime  Minister. 
There  were  many  pleasant  traits  in  his  cha- 
racter ;  and  his  unfailing  good  humour,  his 
ready  wit,  his  courage  and  equanimity 
under  the  most  trying  circumstances,  make 
us  regret  the  unfortunate  part  he  was  called 
upon  to  perform.  Walpole's  memoirs  come 
to  an  end  with  the  death  of  the  Princess 
Dowager  on  February  8th,  1772,  before  the 
destructive  effects  of  Lord  North's  policy 
were  fully  developed. 

The  editor  of  these  beautifully  got-up 
volumes  has  done  his  work  extremely  well. 
The  fresh  notes  which  he  has  added  are 
clear  and  concise,  with  exactly  the  amount 
of  information  required.  The  illustrations 
are  good,  and  some  of  them,  taken  from 
portraits  not  generally  known,  are  very 
interesting. 


The  New  Forest :  its  Traditions,  Inhaiitanis, 
and  Customs.  By  Rose  C.  de  Crespigny 
and  Horace  Hutchinson.     (Murray.) 

In  the  introductory  chapter  of  this  attractive 
and  well-illustrated  work  the  authors  boldly 
confront  the  question  of  the  necessity  for 
such  a  book,  inasmuch  as  Mr.  J.  R.  Wise 
published  a  very  handsome  volume — full  of 
exquisite  woodcuts  —  on  the  New  Forest 
some  thirty  years  ago  only.  The  mere 
lapse  of  time,  they  admit,  is  no  adequate 
excuse,  for  the  forest  has  undergone  but 
little  change  in  thirty,  or  even  in  three 
hundred  years  ;  but  the  true  reason  is  that 
a  supplement  is  required  for  the  standard 
work  of  Mr.  Wise.  He  told  us  of  the  roads, 
the  qualities  of  the  soil,  the  historical  asso- 
ciations, and  the  places  where  the  forest 
trees  were  to  be  found ;  but  he  did  not 
attempt — for  it  was  not  part  of  his  main 
purpose — to  describe  the  queer  old-world 
life,  folk-lore,  or  traditions  of  the  foresters, 
charcoal-burners,  and  gipsies ;  nor  did  he 
say  much  about  the  wild  creatures  of  the 
forest,  beyond  a  very  good  list  of  the  birds 
found  there  in  his  time.  These,  alas !  have 
sadly  fallen  away  in  quality,  owing  to  the 
large  sums  of  money — other  people's  money 
— paid  for  some  of  the  rarer  breeders  sliot 
at  the  nest,  by  an  amateur  collector,  whom 
timely  deatli  just  saved  from  the  dock. 
There  is  a  chapter  on  birds  in  the  present 
volume,  but  it  is  not  one  of  the  strongest, 


so  we  need  not  dwell  upon  it,  but  will  pass 
to  subjects  with  which  the  authors  of  this 
pleasantly  written  book  are  better  ac- 
quainted. 

It  may  be  assumed  that  few  persons  who 
have  taken  the  trouble  to  think,  believe 
nowadays  that  William  the  Conqueror 
burned  or  razed  villages  and  churches 
wholesale,  in  order  to  provide  a  vast 
hunting-ground  ;  for  the  stones  and  mortar 
of  the  churches  of  Brockenhurst  and  Milford 
are  ready  at  this  present  day  to  deny  it,  and 
William  must  have  been  a  sanguine  man  if 
he  expected  much  forest  to  grow  over  the 
ruins  in  his  time.  What  he  did  was  to  put 
a  large  district  under  the  severe  forest  laws ; 
and  this  caused  a  great  deal  of  irritation, 
because  the  sagacious  Canute  within  the 
previous  half  century  had  waived  his  absolute 
rights  over  animals  of  chase  on  the  demesnes 
of  proprietors,  arguing  that  if  they  were 
allowed  to  kill  game  on  their  own  ground 
they  would  be  less  likely  to  meddle  with 
his.  The  Crown,  however,  still  retained 
the  right  of  afforesting  such  lands  as  it 
pleased  ;  and  William  chose  to  press  his 
rights  to  an  extreme  with  regard  to  the 
important  district  conveniently  adjacent  to 
Winchester,  Chi-istchurch,  and  Southampton. 
That  his  son  Rufus  was  assassinated  no 
one  can  doubt  who  has  read  the  account  of 
the  remarkable  coincident  dreams  respecting 
his  death,  as  narrated  by  certain  holy  and 
aggrieved  abbots  ;  but  afforesting  continued 
tiU  the  reign  of  the  first  Edward,  All  this 
is  very  well  set  forth,  and  so  are  the  knotty 
points  in  the  modern  law  of  the  forest  and 
of  ancient  rights,  ciilminating  in  a  tangle 
which  a  learned  judge  recently  described  as 
"  delicious."  Respecting  the  vexed  question 
of  the  intervention — or  interference — of  the 
New  Forest  Association,  which  occupies 
itself  with  the  aesthetic  interests  of  the 
woodlands,  and  opposes  the  predilection  of 
the  Crown  for  enclosures,  the  authors  write 
very  guardedly  ;  but  we  think  that,  although 
much  harm  was  done  some  years  ago,  and 
was  prevented  by  the  Association  from 
spreading  further,  yet  at  the  present  day 
Mr.  Lascelles  follows  the  judicious  mean. 
We  quite  agree  with  him  as  to  the  desi- 
rability of  pollarding  some  of  the  oaks 
and  beeches,  in  order  to  prolong  their 
lives  and  increase  their  beauty ;  while, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  so  far  from  all  the 
fine  timber  being  merely  the  result  of  a 
struggle  for  existence,  the  beeches  have 
thriven  from  enclosure  as  far  back  as  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  and  the  oaks  are  a  century 
and  a  half  older.  The  increase  of  the 
Scottish  fir  is  a  subject  on  which  the  authors 
speak  more  strongly,  urging  that  these 
thirsty  trees  are  drying  up  the  bogs,  and 
that  soon  there  may  not  be  moisture  enough 
left  in  the  soil  to  give  the  commoners  pas- 
ture for  their  cattle  or  to  support  the 
native  beauty  of  the  oak  and  beech. 

No  account  of  the  forest  would  be  com- 
plete without  a  chapter  on  the  gipsies  ;  and 
in  this  connexion  there  is  a  good  story  of 
a  gipsy  boy 

"who  recently  came  into  a  house,  with  some 
otlier  children,  to  learn  some  badly-needed 
lessons.  When  the  lesson  was  over  ho  was 
told  that  he  might  go.  The  bare  permission 
was  not  of  the  slightest  use  to  him — he  had 
never  been  in  a  room  before,  and  had  no  idea 
how  to  open  the  door." 


N**  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


447 


The  ponies  also  form  an  important  feature 
in  the  forest  surroundings  ;  and  among  the 
excellent  full-page  plates,  one  of  the  most 
spirited  illustrates  colt-driving,  in  which 
the  educated  pony  exhibits  as  much  skill  as 
any  sheep-dog.  Game  and  the  modern 
system  of  licences,  vermin,  hunting  the 
buck  and  the  otter,  poachers,  the  smugglers 
of  old,  and  the  quaint  characters  of  the 
forest  are  aU  treated  in  turn.  Of  the  last, 
one  of  the  most  noteworthy  is  "Brusher" 
Mills,  the  snake-catcher,  whose  portrait 
forms  the  frontispiece,  and  who  has  pro- 
vided many  hundreds  of  snakes  for  the 
hamadryads  (Ophiophagus)  at  the  Zoo- 
logical Gardens.  The  "Brusher"  maintains 
that  vipers  swallow  their  young,  but  upon 
this  point  the  reader  will  do  well  to  refer  to 
Mr.  W.  B.  Tegetmeier's  remarks  in  the 
Field  of  September  14th.  Lovers  of  folk- 
lore will  find  plenty  of  interesting  matter; 
while  as  regards  the  origin  of  strange 
customs,  there  is  a  novel  suggestion  that 
the  hideous  noise  made  with  pan  and  tongs 
•when  bees  are  "swarming"  is  to  warn  the 
owner  of  the  land  on  which  they  settle  that 
they  came  from  the  noise  -  maker's  hive. 
For  it  is  unlucky  to  "buy"  your  bees, 
while  it  is  immoral  to  "convey"  them. 
Many  other  subjects,  which  we  have  not 
space  to  notice,  are  lightly  touched  upon  in 
this  bright  little  book,  the  characteristics  of 
which  are  a  sense  of  proportion  and  a  total 
absence  of  padding. 


8ir  Richard  Church  in  Italy  and  Greece: 
Chapters  in  an  Adventurous  Life.  By 
E.  M.  Church.  With  a  Portrait.  (Black- 
wood &  Sons.) 
This  interesting  volume  does  not  profess 
to  be  a  complete  biography  of  the  late 
Sir  Eichard  Church,  once  famous  as  the 
generalissimo  of  the  Greeks  during  their 
war  of  independence.  It  begins,  indeed,  with 
a  sketch  of  his  early  services  in  Egypt  under 
Abercromby,  in  Calabria  under  Stuart,  and 
as  a  commander  at  Capri  and  in  the  Ionian 
Islands,  most  of  which  is  abridged  from 
Mr.  Lane-Poole's  memoir  of  Church's  mili- 
tary career,  published  in  1890.  This  part 
of  the  work  is  not  very  satisfactory^,  since 
much  that  is  important  (such  as  the  date 
of  the  general's  birth)  is  omitted,  and  the 
extracts  from  the  correspondence  appear  to 
have  been  slightly  garbled  in  the  abridg- 
ment. The  references  are  incomplete — for 
example,  no  pages  are  cited  in  the  foot 
reference  to  Sir  H.  Bunbury's  '  Passages  in 
[not  "  on  "]  the  Great  War '  (p.  4) ;  and  such 
curious  slips  as  "They  embarked  at  Castel- 
lamare,"  meaning  disemlarked  (p.  6),  and 
'  *  Lord  Castlereagh ' '  for  Lord  Cathcart  ( p.  2 1 ) , 
show  that  the  abridgment  has  been  hastily 
performed.  These  introductory  chapters, 
however,  contain  a  modicum  of  now  matter, 
and  help  the  reader  to  understand  how 
Church  arrived  at  the  position  of  influence 
which  is  described  in  the  main  portion  of 
the  book,  which  consists  of  stories  of  adven- 
ture connected  with  the  general's  period  of 
service  (1817-1820)  under  the  Neapolitan 
Government  of  Ferdinand  IV. 

Church  had  become  intimate  with  Count 
Nugent  when  acting  as  British  Eesident 
with  the  Austrian  armies  in  Italy  and  Pro- 
vence after  Napoleon's  escape  from  Elba ; 
and  when  Nugent  was  appointed  Captain- 


General  of   the  forces  at   Naples,   he  was 
eager  to  secure  the  assistance  of  the  officer 
whose  energy  and  courage  he  had  frequently 
had  cause  to  admire.     Church,  for  his  part, 
was  ready  to  go  wherever  there  was  work 
to  be  done,  and  nothing  was  less  to  his  taste 
than  barrack  life  during  peace.     He  was 
accordingly  given  a  commission  as  general 
in  the  army  of  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  military  command 
in  Apulia,  with  the  supreme  prerogative  of 
summary   execution.     The   object    of    this 
power  and  this  appointment  was  the  sup- 
pression   of     the    brigandage    and    secret 
societies  with  which  the  province  was  rife. 
The  French  occupation  had  stimulated  every 
sort  of  lawlessness  and  treasonable  combina- 
tion, and  it  must  be  confessed  that  English 
diplomacy  had  not  scrupled  to  avail  itself  of 
such  unworthy  weapons  in  its  struggle  with 
France.      After  the  peace,   however,   there 
was    no     further    use    for    assassins    and 
brigands,  and  the  Neapolitan  Government 
endeavoured  to  suppress  a  state  of  things 
which  rendered  life  and  property  absolutely 
valueless  in  Apulia.   Travelling  had  become 
impossible ;   people  were   murdered  almost 
daily ;  bands  of  brigands,  like  the  Vardarelli, 
robbed  on  the  highway  and  looted  towns 
and   villages   in   broad   day;    whilst   secret 
societies,  organized  with  considerable  skill 
and     conducting     their     operations     with 
marvellous       adroitness,       spread       terror 
through     the     land     by     frequent      and 
daring   assassinations.      The   chief    of   the 
Vardarelli  and  a  certain  disgraced  ablate, 
Ciro  Annichiarico,  who  had    founded    the 
Decisi,  the  most  dreaded  and  the  most  in- 
famous of  the  secret  societies  of  the  time, 
were  practically  masters  of  Apulia.    Several 
Neapolitan  officers,  with  considerable  forces, 
were  sent  to  suppress  the  outlaws,  but  they 
only  met  with  repeated  failure,  and  at  last, 
towards  the  close  of  1817,  General  Church 
was  selected  for  the  work.    It  was  a  task  to 
delight   his  venturesome  nature.     He   had 
already  had  a  brush  with  the  brigands  of 
Calabria  after  the  battle  of  Maida  ;  he  had 
learnt  to  discipline  the  wildest  klephts  and 
bandits  when  he  organized  two  Greek  regi- 
ments under  his  Britannic  Majesty's  colours 
in  the  Ionian  Islands  ;  and  now  he  imported 
some   of    these   reformed    and    disciplined 
brigands,  upon  whose  loyalty  and  courage 
he  could  absolutely  count,  to  aid  his  regular 
troops  to  restore  order  in  Apulia. 

Certainly,  if  these  chapters  represent 
anything  like  sober  history.  Church  had  a 
sufficiently  lively  experience  of  brigand 
hunting.  The  narrative,  which  is  largely 
composed  of  a  series  of  articles  which 
recently  appeared  in  Blackwood  and  else- 
where, is  founded  upon  certain  MS. 
memoirs,  still  preserved,  in  the  general's 
own  hand,  but  we  do  not  anywhere  find  it 
stated  that  they  were  ever  put  forward  by 
him  as  his  own  personal  experiences.  Un- 
doubtedly they  are  more  or  less  accurate 
recollections  of  anecdotes  which  must  have 
been  frequently  brought  to  his  ears  during 
his  rule  in  Apulia,  but  how  far  they  are  to 
be  taken  as  autobiography,  or  how  much 
romance  has  been  mixed  up  with  genuine 
history,  does  not  appear.  "  Mrs.  Church, 
however,  has  contrived  very  cleverly  to 
make  an  astonishing  string  of  hairbreadth 
escapes,  adventures,  and  horrid  deeds  out 
of  her  materials,  and  whether  they  are  all  | 


to  be  taken  strictly  "  au  pied  de  la  lettre" 
or  not,  they  are  excellent  reading,  especially 
for  boys.  There  is  something  exquisitely 
diabolical  about  Ciro  Annichiarico,  the 
principal  figure  in  these  thrilling  histories  ; 
and  the  mysterious  rites  by  which  the 
Decisi  admitted  members,  and  the  solemn 
manner  in  which  they  stabbed  their  victims 
"  con  vero  entusiasmo,"  or,  as  the  general 
put  it,  out  of  mere  gaiety  of  heart,  are 
horribly  fascinating.  Of  course,  we  aU 
remember  stories  of  the  Carbonari,  but  the 
Carbonari  were  innocents  compared  with 
Don  Giro's  Decisi,  each  of  whom  qualified 
for  membership  by  two  unmitigated  murders 
in  cold  blood.  Ciro  himself  had  a  cool  way 
of  appearing  under  the  very  noses  of  the 
troopers  sent  to  catch  him,  and  then  vanish- 
ing into  thin  air ;  and  it  was  no  wonder  that 
he  passed  for  an  enchanter,  and  had  at  the 
end  to  be  shot  with  a  silver  bullet.  With 
such  a  villain,  and  with  an  exceptional 
amount  of  action,  Mrs.  Church  has  made 
her  stories  very  dramatic  and  exciting. 
And  if,  from  a  biographical  point  of  view, 
the  general  appears  rather  like  a  hero  of 
romance,  that  is  the  fault  of  the  situation. 
At  all  events,  he  stands  out  of  these  pages 
as  a  cool  and  daring — perhaps  over-daring 
— commander,  and  an  honourable,  just,  and 
humane  governor. 

The  final  chapters  give  some  recollections 
by  Canon  Church  of    his    uncle's    life    at 
Athens,  where  he  spent  his  last  forty-four 
years,  taking,  however,  little   part  in  the 
troubled  politics  of  the  nation  he  had  power- 
fully helped  to  make,  but  abiding  always 
an  honoured  personality  in  the  eyes  of  all 
whose    consideration    was    worth    having. 
Patriotic  Hellenes  adored  him  and  flocked 
to  his  house,  and  he  was  the  valued  friend 
in  the  British  Legation  under  Lyons  and 
Wyse  and  other  diplomatists.     His  nephew, 
the  late  Dean  of  St.  Paxil's,  had  a  child's 
vague   memory   of    his    uncle    as    he   first 
saw  him  in  Apulia,  in  a  background,  as  he 
fancied,  of  sanguinary  brigands  ;  but  Canon 
Church's  recollections  only  go  back  to  1848. 
Their  one  fault  is  that  there  is  too  little  of 
them.  For  what  we  have  we  must  be  thank- 
ful,  but   we  shall  certainly  ask  for  more. 
The  pictui'e  here  given  is  so  charming  that 
one  craves  for  further  details.    Of  the  share 
taken  by  Sir  Eichard  in  the  War  of  In- 
dependence, especially    in    Akarnania,  the 
Canon  says  little,  and  refers  readers  to  the 
earlier  memoir  already  mentioned  ;  but  he 
repeats  what  he  formerly  wrote  in  the  Kcw 
Quarterly  Eeview  in  vindication  of  his  uncle 
against    Finlay's    misrepresentations.      To 
General  Church  more  than  to  any  one  else 
was  certainly  due  the  addition  of  Northern 
Greece  to  the  new  kingdom,  which  at  one 
time  dijilomacy  proposed  to  restrict  to  the 
Morea.  The  rest  of  Canon  Church's  chapters 
relate  to  his   uncle's  private  life  —  always 
stately,    kindly,    and    simple — at    Athens, 
where    he    died   in    March,    1873,    in    liis 
ninetieth  year.    No  one  can  read  this  record 
without    an    increased    admiration   for    the 
gallant  soldier  of  Apulia  and  the  zealous 
"  Ueffe  lord  of  all  true  Philliollenes." 


A    History   of  Lancashire.      By  Lieut.-Col. 

Henry  Fish  wick,  F.S.A.     (Stock.) 
Lancashire  has  been  unfortunate  in   her 
historians.     There  is  probably  not  a  county 


448 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


in  England  which  can  show  as  rank  and 
extensive  a  local  literature  of  the  dry  bones 
type,  that  is  to  say,  record  and  antiquarian 
publications,  local  notes  and  monographs  ; 
nor,  for  a  certainty,  is  there  any  county 
where,  as  far  as  individuals  are  concerned, 
the  antiquarian  spirit  is  more  fussily,  fever- 
ishly, devouringly  active.  Spite  of  the 
later  forest  growth  tipped  with  lightning 
conductors  which  has  displaced  the  jjrimroval 
forests  of  the  neolithic  man,  spite  of  the 
rattle  of  loom  and  the  dull  monotony  of  ware- 
house and  smoke,  the  zeal  of  the  Lancashire 
antiquary  burns  with  a  bright  and  ever 
brighter,  pure,  consuming,  gem-like  flame. 

Yet  amid  it  all  the  county  has  no  his- 
tory ;  it  is  only  cursed  with  the  dull  tradi- 
tionary dregs  of  one — a  bad  book  periodically 
badly  re-edited.  Why  is  it  ?  Perhaps  it  is 
a  just  dispensation  and  award  of  the  later 
gods.  Lancashire  was  once  the  abode  of  at 
least  one  giant,  a  child-eater,  and  many 
fairies,  and  in  the  tangled  shade  of  her 
twilight  thickets  nymphs  did  mourn.  "Was 
it  Pendle  Hill  and  her  girdle  of  witches 
that  banished  this  first  and  only  glory  ? 
We  verily  think  not,  but  a  direr  witchery 
still — one  under  whose  spell  we  growingly 
live — the  force  which  has  trodden  out  the 
forest  and  reared  the  factory,  and  loosed 
the  hind  from  the  soil,  and  chained  the 
free  man  to  the  loom.  Lancashire  is  de- 
serted of  Melpomene;  why  should  Thalia 
stay  ?  Very  recently  an  eminent  historical 
authority  put  in  a  good  word  for  our  "  useful 
eighteenth  century,  so  indispensable,  yet  so 
abused."  Eash  utterance !  It  was  none 
other  than  the  eighteenth  century  which 
killed  Lancashire,  and  the  so-called  nine- 
teenth is  only  burying  her  deeper  in  mire, 
and  all  her  historians,  from  Baines  to  this 
her  latest  Paladin,  are  but  assistant  at  her 
obsequies. 

We  are  glad  that  Col.  Fishwick,  with,  in 
this  respect,  true  historic  instinct,  has  left 
the  nineteenth  century  comparatively  out  of 
account,  and  thus  rid  himself  of  what 
Dickens,  on  an  occasion  of  no  mean  danger, 
ventured  to  couple  together  —  cotton  and 
cant. 

As  a  county  Lancashire  is  devoid  of 
much  of  the  interest  which  renders  it  so 
easy  to  make  a  good  history,  such  as  has 
fallen  tothe  lot  of  Norfolk  and  Leicestershire 
and  Kent ;  and  in  rigorously  excluding  all 
genealogical  and  biographical  matter  Col. 
Fishwick  has  only  further  increased  the 
difficulty  of  his  task.  Of  genuine  anti- 
quities the  county  can  show  comparatively 
few.  Pre  -  Roman  Britain  is  always  a 
dangerous  subject  to  write  upon,  as  is  mani- 
fest in  the  portions  of  .Dr.  TraiU's  '  Social 
England  '  which  treat  of  it.  Everything  in 
the  shape  of  an  earthwork  is  put  down  as 
pre-Eoman,  as  is  done  in  this  case  by  Col. 
Fishwick  in  speaking  of  the  ramparts  in 
the  Furness  district  and  elsewhere.  In  the 
case  of  two  such  earthworks  in  another  part 
of  the  country,  which  have  been  similarly 
claimed  for  jjre-Eoman,  the  researches  of 
General  Pitt-Eivers  have  shown  the  claim 
to  be  untenable,  and  that  they  are  certainly 
not  earlier  than  the  later  lioman  occupation, 
and  in  all  probability  entirely  post-Eoman  ; 
and  it  is  much  to  be  desired  that  actual 
excavation  and  research  should  take  the 
place  of  innuendo  in  connexion  with  such 
a  subject. 


In  treating  of  Eoman  Britain  Col.  Fish- 
wick has  the  advantage  of  a  quite  unequalled 
monograph  on  the  subject,  the  work  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thompson  AVatkin,  as  also  of  that  of 
the  Rev.  Jonathan  Shortt  on  Bremetonacum 
— the  Eoman  Eibchester  (not  Bremetonacae 
as  here  printed).  His  account  is  accord- 
ingly perfectly  business-like,  though  it  is 
open  to  doubt  whether  the  foundation  of 
Eibchester  is  to  be  attributed  to  "Agri- 
cola"  (as  is  here  stated).  In  the  course  of 
excavations  made  in  1888  at  the  instance 
of  Mr.  Shortt,  a  coin  of  the  Emperor 
Nerva  was  found  in  such  a  position  as 
would  indicate  its  being  dropped  at  the 
time  the  rampart  was  raised.  The  coin 
lay  at  the  base,  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
earthwork,  and  was  dated  eleven  years  after 
Agricola  had  left  this  country. 

But  the  interest  of  Lancashire  as  a  county 
does  not  lie  in  its  Eoman  period.  Eib- 
chester was  by  far  the  largest  station,  but 
it  was  not  one-fifth  the  size  of  Wroxeter, 
nor  nearly  so  large  as  Chester  ;  and  it  is  to 
be  looked  upon  as  a  military  station  merely, 
connecting  Chester  and  its  Twentieth  Legion, 
Valeria  victrix  (not  "  Valaria  victrix"),  with 
the  great  wall.  The  encampment  at  Man- 
chester was  smaller  still,  as  was  also  that 
at  Wigan.  In  both  the  latter  cases  the 
station  derived  importance  entirely  from  the 
military  roads ;  indeed,  but  for  the  Itine- 
raries the  existence  of  a  camp  at  Wigan 
(Coccium)  would  not  have  been  suspected. 

It  is  not,  however,  in  this  well-trodden 
portion  of  the  subject,  but  in  the  medifeval 
period  of  Lancashire  history  rather,  that 
there  was  the  greatest  opportunity  afforded 
to  Col.  Fishwick  of  breaking  new  ground. 
In  spite  of  the  antiquarian  zeal  of  the 
numerous  Lancashire  societies,  the  records 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancashire  have  never  yet 
been  explored  in  anything  like  their  entirety. 
In  matter  of  court  rolls  alone  there  is  an 
immense  mass  of  unpublished,  unexamined 
wealth,  which,  though  mostly  late  in  date, 
would  still  be  of  untold  service  to  the  legal 
as  well  as  to  the  mere  county  antiquary. 
It  was  not,  of  course,  to  be  expected  that 
in  a  popular  history  anything  like  ex- 
haustive reference  could  be  made  to  such 
material ;  but  Col.  Fishwick  is  one,  and  not 
the  least,  of  the  small  band  of  Lancashire 
historians  who  could  and  should  deal  with 
such  material,  whether  or  not  we  be  at 
liberty  to  prescribe  to  him  the  place  or  time. 
As  it  is,  his  account  of  the  period  in  question 
has  all,  and  no  more  than,  the  merits  of  a  dry 
compilation,  and  wiU,  we  fear,  be  a  little 
disappointing  in  the  county  as  representing 
80  small  an  advance  upon  previous  work — 
such  work,  e.g.,  as  the  late  Mr.  Harland's 
masterly  '  Mamecestre.'  It  has  always 
seemed  to  us  that  the  wider  prominence 
given  to  the  seventeenth  century  is  an 
easily  avoidable  misfortune,  as  its  intrinsic 
importance  is  small  when  compared  with 
the  constitutional  interests  of  the  local 
courts,  of  the  town  charters  and  franchises 
(as  at  Preston,  Clitheroe,  Salford,  Man- 
chester, and  Liverpool),  of  guild  in- 
stitutions (as  at  Preston),  and  of  parish 
institutions  generally.  In  this  connexion 
it  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  the  work 
of  the  Selden  Society  will  give  quite  a 
new  turn  to  the  study  of  these  subjects  in 
the  County  Palatine  by  providing  at  once 
a  wider-embracing  criticism  and  a  sounder 


constitutional  view  or  standpoint.  To  in- 
stance only  a  single  case,  though  one  not 
touched  upon  by  the  Selden  Society.  Both 
in  the  present  work  and  in  a  previous 
monograph  on  the  subject  Col.  Fishwick 
manifests  a  tendency  to  treat  the  curious 
institution  of  "sworn  men"  as  peculiar  to 
Lancashire. 

"Preston,  Kirkham,  Goosnargh,  Poulton, 
St.  Michael's-on-Wyre,  Garstang,  Lancaster, 
and  Ribchester,  each  had  this  executive  body, 
though  the  number  varied,  but  most  of  the 
parishes  had  twenty-four  sworn  men.  The  oath 
taken  by  these  othcers  was  to  the  effect  that 
they  would  keep,  observe,  and  maintain  all 
ancient  customs  as  far  as  they  agreed  with  the 
law  of  the  realm,  and  were  for  the  benefit  of 
the  particular  parish  or  chapelry.  Their  duties 
were  numerous — they  levied  the  rate,  elected 
the  parish  clerk  in  some  cases,  appointed 
churchwardens,"  &c. 

In  the  case  of  Eibchester,  where  the  first 
mention  of  this  body  occurs  in  1638,  Mr. 
Tom  C.  Smith  gives  further  and  interesting 
details  in  his  history  of  that  town. 

The  point  to  notice,  however,  is  that  there 
is  here  only  a  local  and  very  interesting 
form  of  parish  vestry  growth,  and  that  the 
parish  history  of  other  parts  of  the  country 
would  afford  numerous  parallels  to  the 
institution.  This  wider  view,  if  brought  to 
bear,  at  once  gives  a  different  lean  or  bent 
to  the  criticism.  In  the  churchwardens' 
accounts  of  the  parish  of  St.  Mary's,  Eead- 
ing  (Berks),  there  is  an  explicit  record  of 
the  establishment  of  an  exactly  similar 
body.  At  the  yearly  parish  meeting  in 
April,  1603, 

"it  was  motioned  by  M'' Docter  Powell  vichar 
of  the  parishe  aforesaid  to  have  a  vestere  of  the 
chiffest  and  auncientest  parishioners  of  the  said 
parishe  to  the  number  of  Three  and  Thertie  to 
the  ende  that  ever  hereafter  theie  or  the  most 
parte  of  them  shall  associat  them  selves  together 
at  the  Church  upon  everie  Goodffridaie  after 
Eveninge  Prayer  to  see  the  account  [of  the 
churchwardens]  ffinieshed  and  to  doe  then  and 
there  all  other  things  as  shalbe  by  them  there 
presente  thoughte  most  expedient  and  necessarie 
for  the  benehtte  of  the  said  churche.  Upon 
which  motion  the  Parishioners  that  were  at  this 
Accountte  thought  it  convenient  and  ffitte  that 
the  same  sholde  take  efFecte  and  be  finished 
for  good  order  sake.  Whereupon  M''  Docter 
Powell  the  flbure  and  twentiethe  daie  of  Aprill 
then  followinge  being  Easter  Sunday  at  eveninge 
prayer  made  a  nominacion  of  three  and  thertithe 
of  the  chefestes  and  auncientest  men  of  the  said 
parish  to  begin  and  supplie  the  said  place  viz. 
[then  follow  the  names]  And  it  is  ffurther  agreed 
by  the  generall  consent  of  those  before  written 
that  if  anie  of  them  departe  this  life  or  dwell 
oute  of  this  parish  that  then  there  shalbe  a  sup- 
plie made  of   the  sufficienteste  then  living  in 

the  parishe  uppon  the  next  account  daie by 

the  vichar  and  the  Chief  of  the  said  parishe." 

At  the  time  of  writing  his  work  Col.  Fish- 
wick was  probably  not  aware  of  the  Calendar 
of  the  Kenyon  MSS.,  which  was  then  in  pro- 
cess of  compilation  by  Mr.  Hardy  for  the 
Historical  MSS.  Commissioners,  and  which 
has  since  been  published.  A  careful  study 
not  only  of  that  calendar,  but  of  the 
manuscripts  themselves  at  Gredington,  will 
be  absolutely  indispensable  to  any  future 
work  on  the  history  of  Lancashire,  from 
whatever  side — genealogical,  social,  political, 
or  religious.  Tho  new  light,  for  instance, 
which  it  throws  on  the  question  of  the 
Lancashire  plot  and  of  the  Jacobite  trials  at 
Manchester  in  1691  would  have  enabled  CoL 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


449 


Fish  wick  to  vary  from  the  beaten  track  in 
his  account  of  the  subject,  and  to  speak  and 
opine  with  much  more  decisiveness  than  he 
has  done.  With  regard  to  the  religious 
history  of  the  county,  too,  there  is  a  re- 
markable wealth  of  matter  among  these 
MSS.  of  Lord  Kenyon.  On  the  subject 
of  the  declaration  of  James  I.  on  Sabbath 
sports,  which  subsequently  led  to  the  issue 
of  the  notorious  '  Book  of  Sports,'  there  is 
here  preserved  a  most  instructive  paper, 
sufficiently  explanatory  of  the  agitation  in 
the  county  which  led  to  James's  inter- 
ference. It  is  a  paper  of  "regulations  for 
the  Sabbath,"  and  consists  of  a  series  of 
orders  set  down  by  the  justices  of  the  peace 
within  the  said  county.  They  are  of  an 
unusually  stringent  nature — for  example, 
alehouses  in  which  any  were  found  during 
divine  service  were  to  lose  their  licence  and 
never  be  licensed  again. 

Of  other  points  of  interest  which  make 
this  calendar  quite  invaluable  as  further 
materials  for  a  history  of  Lancashire — its 
bearing  on  the  part  played  by  the  county 
in  the  rebellions  of  1715  and  1745,  or,  again, 
on  the  personal  history  of  many  Lancashire 
families,  especially  those  of  Wigan,  Liver- 
pool, and  Manchester  —  it  is  impossible 
adequately  to  speak,  and  in  the  light  of  it 
a  good  deal  of  Lancashire  history  will  pro- 
bably soon  have  to  be  rewritten. 

First  and  foremost,  however,  even  before 
this  calendar,  invaluable  as  it  is,  the  one 
lack  and  desideratum  for  the  history  of  the 
County  Palatine  is  an  exhaustive  examina- 
tion of  the  huge  records  of  the  Duchy  and 
a  due  insistence  upon  the  study  of  that 
mediaeval  period,  the  social  and  constitu- 
tional and  institutional  importance  of  which 
has  never  yet  received  adequate  treatment 
and  estimation. 


Jean  de  Lasco,  Eveque  CathoUqiie,  Rrformateur 
Protestant:  son  Temps,  sa  T'ie,  ses  CEiivres. 
Par  George  Pascal,  M.A.,  B.D.  (Paris, 
Fischbacher. ) 
A  NEW  life  of  the  Polish  Reformer  Jan 
Laski — to  give  him  his  proper  name — is  cer- 
tainly deserving  of  a  welcome.  Whatever 
may  be  thought  of  his  religious  opinions, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  simple-minded  and 
honest  of  men.  AYith  the  austerity  of  a 
Calvin,  he  was  at  the  same  time  tolerant 
and  long-suSering.  Apart  from  his  signi- 
ficance in  the  history  of  his  country,  he  is 
of  great  importance  in  the  whole  movement 
of  the  Eeformation,  the  friend  of  Erasmus, 
Melanchthon,  Calvin,  Cranmer,  Hooper, 
and  many  others.  Most  of  the  facts  of  the 
biography  of  this  interesting  man  must 
be  disinterred  from  the  voluminous  corre- 
spondence of  Erasmus,  Ulrich  von  Hutten, 
and  numerous  friends.  The  previous  life 
written  by  Dr.  Dalton  in  German,  of  which 
an  English  translation  appeared  in  188G  by 
Mr.  Maurice  Evans,  is  only  a  fragment,  as 
it  leaves  off  at  the  period  (15o0)  when  Laski 
had  arrived  in  England  for  the  second  time. 
M.  George  Pascal  in  many  passages  com- 
plains of  the  inaccuracy  of  his  predecessor. 
He  himself  seems  to  have  come  to  the  task 
pretty  fairly  equipped,  to  judge  by  the 
copious  bibliography  which  he  has  prefixed. 
Although  Laski  wlien  in  Poland  preached 
in  the  vernacular,  all  his  published  writings 
are  in  Latin,  and  it  was  in  that  language 


that  he  corresponded  with  his  foreign 
friends.  From  these  Latin  letters  the  editor 
gives  us  many  interesting  extracts  illus- 
trating the  piety  and  simplicity  of  this  large- 
hearted  man.  He  writes  throughout  in  a 
sympathetic  spirit.  We  must  only  regret 
that  he  did  not  get  some  one  to  correct  the 
misspellings  of  the  Pohsh  names.  This  is 
assuredly  not  a  mere  matter  of  pedantry,  as 
the  reader  is  greatly  confused  by  the  in- 
accuracies. Thus  for  Szymonowicz  we  have 
"  Imonowiecz";  moreover,  M.  Pascal  is  mis- 
taken in  thinking  that  that  poet  left  any 
odes.  On  the  same  page  we  have  "  Danglosz" 
for  Dlugosz,  the  well-known  historian,  and 
"Strikowski  "  forStryjkowski.  Casimirlll., 
who  reigned  from  1333  to  1370,  is  made 
contemporary  with  George  Podiebrad,  who 
was  King  of  Bohemia  from  1458  to  1471. 
But  the  strangest  licence  is  taken  with  the 
name  of  the  Reformer.  As  said  above,  the 
Polish  form  is  Jan  Laski,  which  he  himself 
Latinized  Johannes  a,  Lasko,  /.  ^.,  John  of 
Lask,  whereby  he  literally  translates  his 
Polish  surname.  One  or  the  other  of  these 
M,  Pascal  should  have  chosen.  However, 
in  the  course  of  the  work,  and  sometimes 
on  the  same  page,  the  following  strange 
variations  of  the  name  occur :  De  Lasco, 
Lasky,  Lassko,  and  Lasco  (alone).  We 
have  no  space  to  enumerate  all  the  perverse 
forms  of  the  names  of  places  ;  let  "  Sii-ad  " 
and  "  Kiovia,"  for  Sieradz  and  Kiev,  suffice. 
With  one  more  remark  our  faultfinding  shall 
end  :  the  portrait  of  Laski  prefixed  to  the 
volume  is  very  poorly  executed,  and  almost 
a  caricature. 

In  the  pages  of  M.  Pascal's  volume  we 
can  satisfactorily  follow  the  career  of  this 
remarkable  man.  The  splendid  position  in 
which  he  was  born,  the  rich  ecclesiastical 
prizes  which  fell  to  him  in  his  own  country, 
the  brilliant  life  at  Court,  all  these  he  had 
the  courage  to  reject.  He  came  of  one  of 
the  proudest  and  most  opulent  families 
in  his  own  country,  and  we  find  his 
nephew  Albert  Laski  afterwards  making 
his  appearance  as  one  of  the  transitory 
attendants  at  the  Court  of  Elizabeth  —  a 
worthless  man  noted  for  his  cruelty,  and 
afterwards  a  convert  to  Roman  Catholicism. 
Very  interesting  is  the  sketch  of  the  stay 
of  Laski  with  Erasmus  at  Bale  :  how  he, 
in  fact,  boarded  with  the  great  humanist, 
who  in  one  of  his  letters  playfully  rallies 
him  for  having  caused  him  to  live  too 
luxuriously.  But  Laski  was  pondering 
upon  the  great  change  he  was  to  imdergo. 
He  returned  to  Poland,  renounced  all  his 
offices  and  a  bishopric  which  was  promised 
him,  and  openly  avowed  his  antagonism  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  At  Emden, 
in  the  north  of  Germany,  a  great 
part  of  his  subsequent  life  was  spent. 
It  was  there  that  he  founded  a  kind  of 
religious  community.  From  this  place  he 
paid  his  first  visit  to  England,  when  on 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  the  reformed 
clerg}-  had  more  ample  scope  for  their 
plans.  On  tlie  first  occasion  he  made 
but  a  brief  stay,  but  on  the  second, 
in  1550,  he  remained  in  England  till 
the  accession  of  Mary,  when  the  foreign 
theologians  were  compelled  to  leave  our 
shores.  On  his  way  back  to  the  Continent 
he  had  a  very  stormy  passage  and  suffered 
great  hardships.  The  Reformers  landed  in 
the  dominions  of  Christian  of  Denmark,  in 


whom  they  expected  to  find  a  friend.  They 
were,  however,  expelled  the  country.  During 
his  residence  in  England  Laski  had  been 
frequently  the  guest  of  Cranmer,  and  was 
instrumental  in  founding  the  church  for 
foreigners  in  London  called  St.  Austin 
Friars.  Here  also  he  laboured  as  a  pastor. 
In  1552  he  published  in  London  his  treatise 
on  the  Sacraments.  His  second  wife  was 
also  a  native  of  this  country,  but  we  know 
no  more  of  her  than  that  her  Christian 
name  was  Catherine. 

After  wandering  about  Germany  for  some 
time,  never  ceasing  his  Evangelical  work, 
Laski  resolved  to  return  to  his  native 
country'.  On  this  occasion  he  wrote  a 
beautiful  letter  to  the  Polish  king,  Sigis- 
mund  II.,  of  parts  of  which  M.  Pascal  gives 
a  translation.  Laski  rightly  saw  through 
the  weak  and  timid  policy  of  this  monarch, 
who  temj^orized  in  the  midst  of  the  great 
religious  struggles  going  on  in  his  kingdom. 
The  Polish  Reformer,  however,  thought  that 
the  time  was  ripe  for  his  doing  something 
among  his  own  people,  for  the  doctrines  of 
the  Reformation  were  now  making  rapid 
strides,  and  had  been  embraced  by  some 
of  the  most  powerful  of  the  nobility. 
Prominent  among  these  was  Nicholas 
Radziwill,  the  Palatine  of  Wilno,  of  whom 
Horsey  has  left  such  a  graphic  description 
in  his  diary.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy,  the  celebrated  Hosius 
among  the  number,  were  loud  in  their 
denunciations  of  Laski ;  and  the  Pope  sent 
some  letters  of  an  expostulatory  nature  to 
the  weak  king,  blaming  him  for  his  toler- 
ance of  heretics.  A  Polish  noble,  however, 
was  not  a  person  whom  it  was  very  easy 
to  reduce  to  a  nullity.  We  see  that  by 
the  defiance  of  Modrzewski  addro'ssed  to 
the  Pope  himself.  When  it  came  to  the 
Protestants  of  the  humbler  class,  it  was  an 
easier  matter.  M.  Pascal  seems  to  think 
that  no  one  was  burnt  for  heresy  in  Poland, 
but  a  priest  and  a  woman  certainly  met 
with  that  fate  in  the  reign  of  Sigismund  II., 
to  say  nothing  of  other  instancec. 

But  whatever  the  malignity  of  his  enemies 
may  have  been,  Laski  was  soon  to  cause 
them  no  more  uneasiness.  He  had  long  been 
in  weak  health,  and  breathed  his  last  at 
Pinczow,  near  Cracow,  January  8th,  1560, 
aged  sixty-one  years.  Men  of  greater 
eloquence  and  learning  are  to  be  found 
among  the  noble  band  of  the  Reformers, 
but  none  of  more  simple  faith,  self-denial, 
and  unwearied  labour  for  that  good  cause 
to  which  Laski  devoted  his  spotless  life. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The    Men    of   the    Moss-Hags.      By    S.    R. 

Crockett.  (Isbister  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Crockett  has  broken  new  ground 
with  an  out-and-out  historical  or  political 
novel  on  a  subject  which  is  much  his  own. 
For  he  has  ever  declared  his  hereditary 
sympathy,  as  a  "  West  -  Country  Whig," 
witli  the  heroes  of  the  Covenant,  and  cer- 
tainly the  rough  actions  and  storm}'  scenes 
of  the  seventeenth  century  in  Scotland 
afford  a  fine  field  for  the  author's  descrip- 
tive powers,  whether  of  wild  nature  or  of 
wilder  men.  More,  it  is  impossible  for  any 
one  with  the  smallest  imagination  or  sym- 
pathy not  to  feel  much  respect  for  the 
tenacious  fidelity  of  the  hillmen,  even  though 


450 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3o45,  Oct.  5, '95 


he  may  be  most  earnestly  couviuced  tliat 
AVoodrow  was  a  credulous  romancer ;  that 
the  Whigs  after  Philiphaugh,  and  on 
many  another  occasion,  had  set  the  example 
of  bloodthirstiness  ;  and  that  their  triumph 
at  any  time  previous  to  the  arrival  of  the 
sane,  cool-blooded,  and  tolerant  William  of 
Orange  would  have  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  a  cruel  ecclesiastical  tyranny  to 
which  the  rule  of  the  latitudinarian  curates, 
selfish  statesmen,  and  bullying  dragoons  of 
King  Charles  would  have  been  mildness 
itself.  Mr.  Crockett  has  rightly  chosen  for 
his  hero  and  narrator  one  of  those  Earlstoun 
Gordons,  a  branch,  we  believe,  of  Kenmure, 
who  are  the  subjects  of  the  only  spirited  con- 
temporary ballad  produced  by  the  Presby- 
terian partisans.  With  a  deference  always 
paid  by  romancers  to  the  modern  spirit,  he 
has  described  William  Gordon  as  a  political 
rather  than  a  religious  recusant.  The  con- 
fession which  he  nobly  makes  at  the  dread 
hour  when  the  shadow  of  the  scaffold  is 
before  him  is  conceived  in  a  wiser  spirit 
than  most  "  testimonies  "  of  the  time  : — 

"I  die  (so  they  recorded  my  words)  in  the 
faith  my  father  taught  me,  and  for  which  my 
father  died  ;  neither  for  King  nor  bishop  will 
I  change  it.  Neither  for  love  nor  lands  will  I 
recreant  or  swear  falsely.  I  am  a  Gordon  of 
Earlstoun.  I  die  for  the  freedom  of  this  land. 
God  do  so  to  me  and  more  also,  if  ever  I  gave 
my  back  to  a  foe,  or  my  shoulder  to  a  friend  all 
the  days  of  my  life  !  That  is  all  my  testimony. 
God  have  mercy  on  my  sinful  soul,  for  Christ's 
sake.     Amen  !  " 

We   can   feel   more   sympathy  for  such  a 
_r)ne  than  for  the  thoroughgoing  enthusiasts 
wApm   ignorance    and    oppression,  to    say 
notning  of  hot  Celtic  blood,  converted  into 
dangvsrous  fanatics.    Yet  the  glimpses  we 
have  of  Cameron  and  Peden  are  well  calcu- 
lated to  command  respect.     Of  Claverhouse 
we  have   a    tolerably  just  picture,  though 
Mr-  Crockett  seems  to  believe  the  legend  of 
John  Brown  of  Priesthill  in  the  form  made 
famous  by  Macaulay.     E71  revanche,  Grier- 
son  (here  called  Grier)  of  Lag,   Johnstone 
(surely  the  modern  e  in  the  Border  name 
is   an   anachronism),    and  other  local  per- 
secutors have  the  horrid  attributes  assigned 
them  by  tradition.     The  narrative  always 
touches  its  best  when  there  is  a  racy  bit  of 
fighting  or   an  unusually  close   escape   in 
which  William   Gordon  is    an   actor   or   a 
witness.     "The  Bicker  in  the   Snow"   at 
Holyrood,  with  the  incident  of  Lochinvar's 
head,  is  wonderfully  told,  as  is  the  strange 
conversion  effected  in  Wildcat  Wat  Gordon, 
Will's  Cavalier  cousin,   on  the   whole   the 
most  lifelike  portrait  in  the  book.    The  fight 
at  Ayrsmoss,  and   the   duel  between  Wat 
and    Peter   Inglis,  are  other    instances   of 
graphic    detail.      The    women,    too — Lady 
Lochinvar  and  the  brave  and  pious  Maisie, 
who  inspires  much  of  the  hero's  constancy 
to  his  faith — are  good  and  honest  flesh  and 
blood.     The  measure  given  us  is  full  to  a 
fault ;  and  we  could  have  spared  the  Wigton 
martyrdom,  the  nchauffd  and  misquotation 
of  the  old  joke  about  Clavers  and  Knox,  and 
the   verses   on   Baldoon,   which   we    fancy 
Scott   used  in   one  of  his  introductions  or 
notes.     But  it  were   unjust  to  grumble  at 
the  generosity  of  what,  to  those  who  can 
read  a  Scottish  romance  of  an  heroic  kind, 
must  prove  an  intellectual  feast.     It  seems 
to  us  better  work  than  Mr.   Crockett  has 
done  since  the  days  of  'The  Stickit  Minister.' 


A  Man  and  his  Womankind.   By  Nora  Vynne. 

(Hutchinson  «&  Co.) 
The  new  volume  of  the  "Zeit-Geist  Library" 
is  a  quiet  study  of  life  and  character,  rather 
unsubstantial  in  its  incidents,  but  true  and 
genuinely  interesting.  A  young  woman 
called  Cicily,  wherever  she  got  the  name, 
marries  one  (IJedic  Cedicsson,  a  little  younger 
than  herself.  He  takes  her  home  to  live 
with  his  mother  and  sister,  and  for  a  time 
these  two  ladies  do  not  see  the  beauty  of  the 
situation.  The  three  of  them  treat  Cedic 
as  a  good  boy  who  has  to  have  female 
special  providences  to  look  after  him ;  and 
when  he  finds  out  that  they  have  been 
laboriously  keeping  a  secret  from  him,  for 
his  good,  he  is  angry  with  them  in  a  crush- 
ingly  superior  manner.  The  plot  and  the 
unravelling  are  a  trifle  old  of  their  kind ; 
but  we  must  hasten  to  say  that  the  book  is 
written  very  pleasantly,  and  that  it  is  full 
of  shrewd  and  faithful  observation.  Cedic's 
sister,  described  by  the  author  as  grey  and 
saintlike,  is  represented  by  the  artist  as  red 
and  buxom. 

Sons  of  Belial.    By  William  Westall.    2  vols. 

(Chatto  &  Windus.) 
The  sons  of  Belial  were  Mark,  Luke,  and 
John.  Belial  was  otherwise  called  Matthew 
Armstrong,  who  was  a  journeyman  moulder 
in  a  Lancashire  foundry.  His  wife  kept  a 
beershop,  the  "  Sons  of  Harmony,"  which 
a  teetotal  orator  converted  into  "Sons  of 
Belial."  When  Matthew  Armstrong  gave 
up  his  beershop  and  took  a  small  foundry 
on  his  own  account,  his  friends  called  it 
"  owd  Belial's  " — "and  there  you  are,"  as 
Mr.  Westall  might  say  if  he  were  called 
upon  to  explain  his  title,  which  has  no  other 
significance.  Armstrong  and  his  sons  build 
up  a  prosperous  business ;  and  that  is  nearly 
all  the  plot  of  the  story,  so  far  as  they  are 
concerned.  The  author  goes  into  a  vast 
amount  of  detail  and  local  colouring,  much 
of  which  is  clever  and  much  commonplace. 
The  two  volumes  are  not  exciting,  but  they 
are  readable. 

Princess  and  Priest.     By  A.  S.   F.   Hardy. 

(Downey  «&  Co.) 
LsTASiiucn  as  *  Princess  and  Priest '  is  pro- 
vided with  a  preface  by  Prof.  Sayce,  it  may 
be  taken  for  granted  that,  although  the 
scene  is  laid  in  the  Egypt  of  more  than  four 
thousand  years  ago,  the  local  colour  and 
mounting  generally  are  archasologically 
correct.  In  such  a  case  the  work  of  a 
reviewer  is  concerned  with  the  story  and 
the  style.  The  former  may  be  pronoimced 
moderately  interesting  :  the  latter  is  certainly 
lacking  in  distinction.  When  the  hero  ob- 
serves :  "I  am  a  rough  soldier,  a  man  of 
action,  but  I  have  feelings,"  or  when  the 
heroine  remarks  that  her  father  has  got  a 
"  new  wig,  beautifully  curled — not  all  straight 
as  he  often  wears  it,  the  naughty,  careless 
man,"  the  illusion  so  necessary  in  a  work  of 
this  sort  is  rudely  dispelled.  Still,  there  are 
some  good  descriptive  passages  in  the  book, 
notably  the  account  of  the  Princess's  initia- 
tion. The  volume  is  completed  by  a  short 
story  of  the  modern  harem,  in  which  the 
characters  of  a  superstitious,  vindictive 
Pasha's  wife  and  a  Parisian  lady  doctor 
are  cleverly  contrasted.  '  Mademoiselle 
Etienne '  is  not  a  pleasant  story,  but  it  is 


far  more  convincing  and  more  human  than 
the  longer  effort  which  precedes  it. 

Dr.  QuantrilVs  Experiment.      By  T.  Inglis. 
(Black.) 

Given  the  marriage  of  Mr,  George  Worth- 
ington  at  forty-seven  with  his  young  and 
lovely  housemaid,  it  may  fairly  be  said  that 
Mr.  Inglis  has  made  almost  as  much  as 
possible  out  of  an  ungrateful  situation.  He 
has  yielded  to  the  rather  obvious  temptation 
of  making  his  housemaid  little  other  than 
a  masquerading  lady,  and  of  endowing  her 
with  a  high-born  if  unlawful  father.  There- 
fore the  relations  between  Ruth  Alderson 
and  her  bourgeois  husband  are,  after  all,  but 
little  affected  by  any  supposed  difference 
of  class ;  the  interest  of  them,  indeed,  lies  in 
quite  other  distinctions.  The  story  is  well 
written  and  promising.  It  would  be  still 
more  artistic  if  it  ended  in  a  less  violent 
and  melodramatic  fashion.  Somehow  it  is 
difficult  not  to  see  limelight  and  a  stage  sea 
decorating  the  last  few  pages. 

Ces    bans  Normands !     Par    Gyp.      (Paris, 

Calmann  Levy.) 
The  actors  in  this  volume,  which  has 
appeared  at  the  moment  of  the  serious 
illness  of  the  author,  are  vulgar,  preten- 
tious, and  dirty-minded,  and  although  their 
failings  are  sketched  with  power,  the  effect 
is  depressing.  As  Gyp  corrects  Ohnet, 
and  is  an  authority  in  matters  relating  to 
French  nobility,  we  should  like  to  ask  her 
authority  for  her  Crusader  with  a  French, 
marquisate.  We  thought  that  the  first 
French  marquisate  was  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

RECENT   VERSE. 

Madonna,  and  other  Poems.     By  Harrison  S. 

Morris.     (Dent  «fc  Co.) 
Sprincj,  Summer,  and  Autumn  Leaves.    By  Caro- 
line King  Robertson.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Seven  Love  Songs,  and  other  Lyrics.      By  Ellis 

Walton  (Mrs.  F.  Percy  Cotton).     (Stock.) 
College   Carols.       By    John   Malcolm    Bulloch. 

(Aberdeen,  Wyllie  &  Sons.) 
Poems.     By  John  Devenish  Hoppus.     (Bentley 

&  Son.) 
The   Vale  of  Arden,    and    other    Poems.      By 

Alfred  Hayes.  (Lane.) 
Frankly,  we  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  im- 
port minor  poetry  from  America  :  not  out  of 
any  desire  to  depreciate  unduly  the  foreign 
article,  but  simply  because  the  native  supply  is 
so  entirely  sufficient  to  meet  all  reasonable  de- 
mands. Moreover,  to  our  private  taste,  there  is 
always  something  a  little  exotic,  almost  artificial, 
in  songs  which,  under  an  English  aspect  and 
dress,  are  yet  so  manifestly  the  product  of  other 
skies.  They  affect  us  like  translations  ;  the  very 
fauna  and  flora  are  alien,  remote  ;  the  dog's- 
tooth  violet  is  but  an  ill  substitute  for  the  rathe 
primrose,  nor  can  we  ever  believe  that  the  wood 
robin  sings  as  sweetly  in  April  as  the  English 
thrush.  Yet  would  we  gladly  make  an  excep- 
tion for  Mr.  Morris's  volume  of  tender  and 
accomplished  verse,  with  its  misleading  title. 
Few  affinities  are  there  here  to  Italian,  none  to 
religious  art ;  the  inspiration  is  rather  of  Greece, 
as  Greece  presented  itself  to  the  poetic  eyes  of 
Keats.  Keats,  indeed,  is  the  formative  influence 
throughout  the  book  ;  here  are  his  ecstasies  and 
his  languors,  his  softly  rounded  melody,  his 
opulence  of  sensuous  epithet.  Of  philosophy 
or  reflection  there  is  but  little  in  Mr.  Morris's 
moods — just  enough,  2)erhaps,  to  edge  emotion 
and  give  a  keener  pang  to  sense.  It  is  a  pagan 
muse  singing  of  faun  and  hamadryad,  of  green 
oaks  and  greener  grass,  lingering  over  the  soft 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


451 


forms  of  clouds  and  tlie  flush  of  sunset,  amorous 
of  the  year  in  all  its  seasons  of  fluting  spring 
and  moaning  autumn.  The  more  meditative 
poems  are  full  of  dainty  transcrifjts  from  nature, 
of  a  music  that  murmurs  delicately.  How  happily 
is  autumn  vignetted  here  and  there  ! — 

Who  would  not  love  tby  sober  matron  mood. 

Pacing  ofttimes  alone  through  brittle  leaves 
And  naked  arches  of  the  dying  wood  ; 

Or  listening  under  caves. 
With  saddest  eyes  for  young  May's  vanished  brood  ! 

And  again  : — 

As  a  girl 
Grown  up  in  sorrows  to  be  woman,  she 
Bent  with  her  faded  face  between  her  knees  ; 
And  backward,  all  her  shoulders'  massive  width, 
Her  brown  locks  lay  like  garner  of  the  year, 
Plaitei  in  sheaves. 

One  remembers  a  somewhat  similar  thought  in 

an  early  poem  of  Browning's  : — 

Autumn  has  come  like  spring  returned  to  us, 
Won  from  her  girlishness. 

Yet  we  like  Mr.  Morris  even  better  in  lighter 
mood,  when  he  catches  the  forgotten  note  of 
Lodge,  and  Greene,  and  Breton,  and  warbles  of 
iiis  beloved  A  ready.     Is  not  this  charming  l— 

Phyllis  lives  in  oaken  shade  ; 

Lives  in  mead  Phylander. 
Piping  goes  he,  green  arrayed. 

Every  alley  under — 
She  will  carol  down  the  glade, 

Flute  nor  love  command  her. 

The  book  is  ornately  got  up,  though  Mr.  Hollo- 
ivay's  illustrations  are  conventional  and  badly 
reproduced;  and  surely  such  forms  as  "  meta- 
phore  "  (p.  218)  and  "  cosey  "  (p.  180)  are  due 
to  careless  printing  and  not  to  Transatlantic 
vagaries  of  orthography. 

Mrs.  Robertson  is  neither  silly,  nor  vulgar, 
nor  ungrammatical,  nor  indecent.  And  in  these 
days  that  is  something  to  be  thankful  for.  But 
we  cannot  conceal  from  ourselves  the  fact  that 
such  purely  negative  qualities  do  not  excuse  her 
for  publishing  a  volume  of  verse  which  has  no 
positive  merit  beyond  its  simplicity  and  harm- 
lessness  of  aim.  We  firmly  believe  that  two- 
thirds  of  the  women  of  the  "educated  "  classes 
write  a  certain  amount  of  "poetry"  at  some 
time  in  their  lives,  and  that  most  of  them  have 
the  sense  to  burn  it,  or  at  least  to  keep  it  to 
themselves.  Mrs.  Robertson's  specimens  are 
probably  rather  above  the  average.  But  she 
does  not  know  that  words  are  living  things  ;  her 
stanzas  are  pieced  together  like  puzzles,  instead 
of  springing  uplike  growing  organisms.  Thespark 
of  vitality  is  missing,  and  for  the  want  of  it  the 
verse  lies  faded  and  dead.  It  is  significant  that 
the  last  half-dozen  poems  in  the  volume  are  by 
another  hand,  and  that  you  do  not  realize  the 
fact,  as  you  should,  by  finding  yourself  suddenly 
brought  into  touch  with  a  new  personality. 
There  is  no  personality  in  this  kind  of  writing 
at  all,  and  that  is  really  what  damns  it. 

Mrs.  Cotton's  '  Seven  Love  Songs,  and  other 
Lyrics,'  seem  to  have  been  mostly  written  for 
music  or  illustration.  They  have  the  gentle 
feminine  qualities  which  such  verse  generally 
has.  Some  of  the  pieces  are  quite  pretty  ;  one 
called  '  Wishing  '  is,  except  for  one  ragged  end, 
so  neat  that  it  may  be  given  as  a  specimen,  a 
very  favourable  specimen,  of  the  book  : — 

We  met  by  chance  within  the  lane,  we  strolled  a  step  or 

two. 
•Then  stopped  to  wish  beneath  the  moon  that  rose  so  fair 

and  new ; 
And  I  remember  what  I  wished,  ah  me  !   that  sweet  June 

weather — 
I  wished  that  life  were  one  long  lane  where  we  might  walk 

together. 

1  would  have  given  the  world,  I  felt,  could  I  his  .wich  but 

know ; 
I  only  said,  "  If  you  have  wished,  I  '11  say  good-bye, and  go." 
Was    I    awake,  or    did    I    dream  ?    ah "  me :     1    wondered 

whether ; 
He  whispered  low,  "No  wish  I  know,  when  we  arc  but 

together !  " 

Mr.  Bulloch's  '  College  Carols  '  are  not  worse 
than  college  carols  usually  are  ;  they  are  con- 
stantly on  the  point  of  being  amusing  ;  but, 
like  all  such  verse,  they  are  somewhat  tedious 
reading,  taken  in  a  lump.  Calverley  has  a  great 
deal  to  answer  for  :  it  was  he  who  set  the  fasliion 
of  this  particular  kind  of  comic  versifying.  He 
did  it  himself  with  irresistible  brilliance  ;    his 


imitators  copy  him  in  everything  but  that.  Is 
it  worth  while  writing  this  sort  of  thing,  for 
instance  ? — 

Silent,  grand,  majestic  Chapel, 

Where  I  'm  always  sleepy 
When  Divines  with  dogmas  grapple- 
Sometimes  waxing  weepy — 
Let  me  hammer  out  a  ditty 
On  my  stithy. 

Chatty-chitty, 
Pert  and  pithy, 
Welded  witty- 
Pithy,  witty,  waly  O  ! 

Mr.  Bulloch  can,  it  is  true,  do  better  than  this, 
but  not  so  much  better  as  to  make  his  book,  in 
any  real  sense,  an  addition  to  the  numerous 
existing  books  of  the  kind. 

Mr.  Hoppus  was  a  medical  student  who 
died  fifteen  years  ago,  and  one  would  not, 
therefore,  desire  to  criticize  his  verses  harshly. 
They  impress  one  as  being  somewhat  hasty  in 
composition  and  in  temper— what  used  to  be 
called  "spasmodic."  But  they  have  an  unde- 
niable go  and  swing  about  them.  Probably 
when  the  writer  had  learnt  the  value  of  rigorous 
self-criticism,  and  had  acquired  some  rudiments 
of  a  feeling  for  technique,  he  would  have  made 
better  use  of  his  native  talent. 

This  '  Vale  of  Arden '  contains  no  ambitious 
verse  ;  yet  surely  it  gave  pleasure  in  the  writing, 
and  shall  give  pleasure  also  to  the  reader  of 
kindred  mood.  Mr.  Hayes  is  one  of  those  who, 
with  something  of  deliberate  renunciation,  have 
found  their  spiritual  horizon  principally  in  the 
cult  of  the  external  world.  He  has  held  com- 
munion with  the  intimate  things  of  nature,  and 
has  won  from  them  "the  comfort  of  the  lowly 
hills."     "  Hap  what  may,"  he  says, 

Friend,  we  have  captured  fugitive 
Fine  joys,  whose  music  will  outlive 
All  the  discordant  world  can  give 
Or  take  away. 

He  loves  them  with  a  very  real  love — sunrise 
and  sunset,  the  green  shades  and  blue  mist- 
veils  of  his  Midland  meadows,  all  the  pageant 
of  the  dear  seasons  as  they  come  and  go.  And 
in  their  turn  these  have  filled  his  page  with 
tender  thoughts  and  gracious  images  ;  so  that 
the  book,  though  with  no  very  wide  scope,  is 
yet  an  acceptable  addition  to  the  poetic  harvest  of 
the  year.  Its  best  and  most  characteristic  number 
is,  perhaps,  that  entitled  '  My  Study  '  :  — 

Let  others  strive  for  wealth  or  praise 

Who  care  to  win  ; 
I  count  myself  full  blest,  if  He, 
Who  made  my  study  fair  to  see. 
Grant  me  but  length  of  quiet  days 

To  muse  therein. 
*t  »  #  ♦ 

Ashamed  my  faultful  task  to  spell, 

I  watch  how  grows 
Tlie  Master's  perfect  colour-scheme 
Of  sunset,  or  His  simpler  dream 
Of  moonlight,  or  that  miracle 

We  name  a  rose. 

It  is  a  wise  philosophy,  this  of  Mr.  Hayes  ;  he 
is  the  true  master  of  his  soul  who  is  content 
with  those  simple  pleasures  which  earth 
ministers  to  her  every  lover,  and  which  nothing 
can  wholly  take  away,  so  long  as  "the  sweet 
approach  of  even  or  morn  "  endures. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

If  there  be  any  who  are  sufficiently  hardy 
still  to  maintain  the  mendacious  apothegm 
of  Sydney  Smith,  Mr.  R.  B.  Cunningliame 
Graham's  vivacious  guide-book  to  the  cradle  of 
his  race,  Notes  on  the  Dictrict  of  Mcnteith,  for 
Tourists  and  Others  (Black),  should  dispel  their 
prepossessions.  His  sprightly  narrative  is  only 
tinged  with  sadness  when  lie  touches  on  such 
"  ower-true  "  facts  as  that  Menteith 

"is  losing  fast  all  the  remaininK  characteristics  of 
the  past.  The  old-fashioned  Scotch  is  going  rapidly, 
giving  place  to  a  hideous  jargon  between  the  East 
End  of  Glasgow  and  that  of  London.     Xo  doubt  in 

times  to  come  pure  English  will  be  spoken What 

is  most  to  be  deplored  is  that  the  ancient  Scottish 
courtesy  of  manner  has  gone  too,  and  given  place 
to  the  '  transition  manners  '  which  make  every  man 
inferior  to  his  neighbour." 


The  Grahams  and  Macgregors,  he  says,  have 
disappeared. 

"  Perhaps  it  is  as  well  they  are  gone,  for  they  were 
always  (like  Jeshurun)  mighty  prone  to  kick,  though 
commonly  not  waxing  very  fat.  It  is  good  that  all 
should  change,  for  novelty  is  grateful  to  mankind  ; 
besides,  it  paves  the  way  to  the  happy  time  when  all 
shall  sit,  apparelled  in  one  livery,  at  little  tables, 
drinking  some  kind  of  not  too  diuretic '  table  water ' 
approved  by  the  County  Council,  and  reading  ex- 
purgated Bibles."' 

The  chapters  on  family  history  and  the  "Re- 
flections on  the  Incontinence  of  Kings"  are 
very  racy.  Of  course  the  claim  of  the  Grahams 
to  the  earldom  of  Stratherne,  which  caused 
Drummond  of  Hawthornden  and  other  de- 
scendants of  Annabella  so  many  searchings 
of  heart,  is  a  subject  of  discussion.  Lord 
Menteith  had  to  disgorge  Stratherne  and 
take  the  title  of  Airth,  which  the  unlucky 
earl  seems  to  have  used  "  semi-furtively,  in 
the  way  that  a  brave  general  or  admiral,  who 
is  made  Lord  Tooting  or  Viscount  Hoxton, 
uses  his  epithet  of  opprobrium  in  modern  times." 
We  have  no  space  for  all  Mr.  Graham's  aphor- 
isms. "  Success,  like  drink,  is  sure  to  mar  a 
face,"  is  one  of  the  best  of  them.  For  such 
dicta,  and  for  the  admirable  sketch  of  Trootie,  the 
fisher,  we  counsel  our  readers  to  obtain  this 
lively  little  book. 

Mr.  J.  K.  Laughtox's  Nelson,  the  latest 
addition  to  the  "English  Men  of  Action" 
(Macmillan  &  Co.),  is  painstaking  enough,  but 
somehow  it  is  not  a  very  good  life.  The  writer 
nmst  be  perpetually  breaking  off  his  narrative 
to  argue  out  small  points,  which,  when  deter- 
mined, do  not  greatly  matter.  Hence  the 
whole  is  disputatious  rather  than  spirited,  and 
the  greatness  of  Nelson's  career  lies  buried 
under  minute  research.  It  is  only  right  to  say, 
however,  that  the  technical  knowledge  seems 
to  be  thoroughly  sound.  Mr.  Laughton  al.':u 
takes  a  very  sane  view  of  Nelson's  relat'ions 
with  his  Emma,  and  we  have  little  fault  to  find 
with  his  treatment  of  the  Caracciolo  episode. 
But  he  would  have  produced  a  better  book  if  he 
had  remembered  the  essential  difi"erence  between 
a  biography  and  an  article  in  a  biographical 
dictionary. 

A  SER1E.S  of  ephemeral  papers  illustrating  that 
vulgar  and  tawdry  aspect  of  English  life  known 
as  fast  fashionable  society  have  been  collected 
in  a  gaudy  binding  and  printed  on  pink  paper 
under  the  title  The  IiuprcssioiiS  of  Atireole 
(Chatto  &  Windus).  The  appearance  of  the 
book  certainly  produces  one  very  definite  "im- 
pression "  on  the  ordinary  reader,  and  the  con- 
tents will  be  found  to  harmonize  with  it  entirely. 
Is  it  possible  that  there  are  people  over  whom 
the  charmed  circle  graced  by  such  personages 
as  Lady  Crepe  de  Chine,  Aureole  Somerfield, 
and  their  male  athnities  has  cast  such  a  glamour 
that  they  will  be  glad  to  possess  their  society- 
paper  reflections — or  rather,  perhaps,  refrac- 
tions— in  permanent  form  .''  Aureole's  chatter 
is  lively  enough,  but  it  would  take  the  art  of  a 
Gyp  to  give  one  any  appetite  for  the  deplorable 
vulgarity,  monotony,  and  cheapness  of  the  life 
represented — and  between  Aureole  and  Gyp 
there  is  a  great  gulf  fixed. 

In  Stevenson's  Samoa  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)  is 
the  title  of  a  little  work  by  Miss  Marie  Eraser, 
of  which  Mr.  James  Payn,  who  contributes  a 
few  words  of  introduction,  remarks  that  "it  is 
as  it  were  a  chance  record,  and  therefore  in 
some  respects  the  more  valuable,"  of  the 
lamented  writer. — Another  of  the  books  of 
^oi/x  that  seem  to  be  accumulating  round  the 
late  novelist  is  The  Home  and  Earhi  Haunts  of 
Stevenson,  by  Margaret  Armour  (Edinburgh, 
White  &  Co.),  where  in  photogravure  repro- 
ductions we  may  mark  the  scenes  in  and  about 
Edinburgh  and  the  Lothians  which  were  familiar 
to  his  boyhood.  —  T/c.  ComjAeat  Aufjler  of  W^alton 
and  Cotton,  with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  Charles 
Hill  Dick,  and  L.essin^s  Lr(ocoon,  and  other  Prose 
Writings,  translated  and  edited  by  Mr.  W.  B. 


452 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


Ronnfeldt,  are  added  to  the  handy  and  useful 
"Scott  Library." 

OxE  of  the  prettiest  "birthday  books"  we 
have  seen  for  some  time  is  the  Autocrat,  formed 
of  extracts  from  the  wit  and  wisdom  of  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  and  issued  by  the  Sunday 
School  Union. — The  S.P.C.K.  sends  us  Helpful 
Hints  for  Hard  Times,  a  useful  set  of  penny 
books  of  instruction  for  the  cottage  gardener, 
poultry  keeper,  and  small  farmer. 

There  reaches  us  from  the  Government 
Printer  at  Melbourne  the  fourth  section  of  the 
Victorian  Year-Booh  for  1894,  by  Mr.  Fenton, 
the  Assistant  Statist  of  the  colony.  It  contains 
Part  7,  "Production,"  and  a  very  short  Part  8, 
on  "The  Defences." 

We  are  glad  to  receive  from  Messrs.  Allen  & 
Co.  the  second  edition  of  Capt.  Trotter's  Life  of 
the  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  reviewed  by  us  in  the 
Atheiiceum  of  August  31st,  1889. 

We  have  on  our  table  Through  the  Green  Isle, 
by  M.  J.  Hurley  (Waterford,  Harvey), — Illus- 
trated Europe:  Ospedaletti,  near  San  Bemo,  by 
R.  Adler  and  Dr.  H.  Enderlin  (Zurich,  Fiissli), 
— The  Tutorial  Frencli  Syntax,  by  E.  Weekley 
and  A.  J.  Wyatt  (Clive), — German   Unseens  in 
Prose  and   Verse,  selected  by  D.  S.   Rennard 
(Blackie),  —  Elementary    Greel-    Education,   by 
F.   H.  Lane  (Syracuse,    N.Y.,  Bardeen), — T/ie 
Durliam  College  of  Science,  Neuxastle-upon-Tyne, 
Calendar  1S'j5-96  (Reid),— The    Netv  Code  for 
Evening  Continuation  Schools,  1805-6,  by  T.  E. 
Heller  (Bemrose), — Journal  and  Proceedings  of 
the  Roycd  Society  of  New    South    Wcdes,  Vol. 
XXVlil.    (Kega'n    Paul),  —  Friedrich    Eduard 
Benekc,   by   F.    B.  Brandt  (New    York,    Mac- 
millan), — Professional   Women  upon  their  Pro- 
fessions, conversations  recorded  by  M.  Bateson 
(Cox), — Memm'ies  of  Jordans  and  the  Chalfonts, 
^y  W.    H.    Summers    (Headley    Brothers),  — 
x^llica,    and   other  Essays,   by   J.    H.   Hallard 
(Lo'^gmans), — Conventional  Lies  of  our  Cirili-:a- 
tion,  by  Max  Nordau  (Heinemann), — The  Cause 
of  Hard  Times,  by  U.  H.  Crocker  (Low), — The 
TypisfA  Manual,  by  E.  Collyns  (J.  Heywood), 
— Papers  by  Decimus  (Cambridge,  Macmillan  & 
Bowes),  —  A    Yacht   Master  s    Pacing  Becord, 
edited  by  C.  Besley  (Cox), — The  Becent  Erohi- 
tion  of  Sm-genj,  by  A.  P.  Gould  (Kegan  Paul), 
— The  Photographer's  Exposure  Bool',  by  F.  W. 
Mills     (Dawbarn    &    Ward),  —  Bahy     Buds, 
by    Ellis    Ethelmer     (Buxton     House,     Con- 
gleton), — SrHinyam,  by  N.  J.  Preston  (Digby 
&  Long), — Sword  Flashes,   by  F.  M.   Peacock 
(Gale  &  Polden), — Stories  of  North  Pole  Adven- 
ture, byF.  MundeW  {a.H.lj'.),— Her  Beau-Ideal, 
by  Mrs.  J.  Bain  (Digby  &  Long),— The  Story  of 
Princess  Alice,  by  E.    F.    Pollard  (S.S.U.)',  — 
Tillers   of  the   Sand,  by  O.  Seaman  (Smith  & 
Elder), — Pictures  in  Ver.'ie,  by  G,  L.  Raymond 
(Putnam), — Tlie  Son  of  Hon  ttuan,  a  Drama  in 
Three  Aet»,  by  .Jose  Echegaray,  translated  by 
J.    Graham   (Fisher   Unwin),  —  In  Jersey   and 
Elsewhere,    by   W.    H.    Macdonald    (Glasgow, 
Anderson),  —  On      the     Summit,     and      other 
Poems,     by    B.    G.    Ambler    (Stock),  —  Stray 
Thovgtits  in  Verse,  by  G.  Forde  (Cheltenham, 
Banks), — Selected  Feast-Day  ILimns,  Latin  and 
English,    by  J.  P.  Val  D'Eremao,  D.D.    (Art 
and  Book  Company), — Our  Lord's  Teactiing,  by 
the  Rev.   J.   Robertson,    D.D.  (Black), — Class 
Begister    for    Snnday     School    (C.E.S.S.  L), — 
Crowned,   not    Crushed,  by   Mary  H.  P.   Cun- 
liffe    (S.P.C.K.),  —  2'eriiperamcnt    et    Curactere 
selon   les  Inditidus,  les  Sexes  et  les  Races,  by  A. 
Fouillee  (Paris,  Alcan), — Fortis  Etruria  :  Deux- 
ihme  Partie,  illemenls  dn  Droit  t^trusipte,  by  C. 
Charles  Casati  de  Casatis  (Paris,  Firmin-Didot), 
—  Von    Darwin    his    Niet'sche,    by    A.     Tille 
(Leipzig,    Naumann), — Psycliologie    des    FouJes, 
lay  G.  Le  Bon  (Paris,  Alcan),  —  (Jeber  den  Maq- 
netismus  der  Planeten,  by  E.  Leyst  (St.  Peters- 
burg, Eggers  &  Co.). — L'Afri'jne  Bomaine,  by 
G.  Boissier  (Paris,  Hachette),— iJic  Schijpfuwj 
des  Mcnschen    u.nd    seiner    Idcalc,  by    Dr.   W. 
Haackc  (Williams  &  'i^ ornate),  — Wullenstein  in 


der  dramatischen  Dichtung  des  Jahrzehnts  seines 
Todes,  by  T.  Vetter  (Nutt), — and  Beiscn  in  den 
Molukken,  in  Ambon,  den  TJliassern,  Seran 
(Ceram)  und  Bum,  by  K.  Martin,  2  vols. 
(Leyden,  Brill).  Among  New  Editions  we  have 
Walter  Savage  Landor,  by  J.  Forster  (Chap- 
man &  Hall), — Popxdar  Beadings  in  Science, 
by  J.  Gall  and  D.  Robertson  (Constable), — 
(Euvres poetiques  d'Adam  de  Saint-Victor,  Texte 
critique,  by  L.  Gautier  (Paris,  Picard),  — 
Sicedish  Scenery  and  Places  of  Interest  (Stock- 
holm, Wahlstrom  &  Widstrand),  —  The  Beul 
Charlotte,  by  E.  Somerville  and  M.  Ross  (Ward 
&  Downey), — The  Great  War  in  England  in. 
1897,  by  W.  Le  Queux  (Tower  Publishing  Com- 
pany),— Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon,  by  J.  Verne 
(Low), — Matters  and  Men,  by  Edward  Gibbon 
Swann  (Burgess  Hill,  Blanchard), — and  Les 
Lois  de  I'lmitation,  Etude  sociologique,  by  G. 
Tarde  (Paris,  Alcan). 


LIST    OP    NEW   BOOKS. 


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Children,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
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Lessons,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
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Stalker's  (J.)  The  Two  St.  Johns  of  the  New  Testament,  6/ 

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Book,  folio,  2/6  cl. 
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Venables  (E.)  and  Others'  Episcopal  Palaces  of  England, 

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Benecke's  (I.)  Heine  on  Shakespeare,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Clarke's  (H.  E.)  Poems  and  Sonnets,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Dainty  Poems  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  edited  by  K.  A. 

Wright,  18mo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Dawson's  (W.  J.)  London  Idylls,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Echegaray's  (J.)  The  Great  Galeoto,  Folly  or  Saintliness, 

done  into  English  Prose  by  H.  Lynch,  .5/6  net,  cl. 
English  Pastorals,  selected  by  E.  K.  Chambers,  3  6  cl. 
Jarvis's  (M.  B.)  Sunshine  and  Calm,  Songs  by  the  Way,  2/ 
Nesbit's  (E.)  A  Pomander  of  Verse,  12mo.  5/  net.  cl. 
Robins's  (E.)  Echoes  of  the  Playhouse,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Music. 
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History  and  Biography. 
Brown's  (J.)  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England,  10/6  cl. 
French,  T.  V.,  Life   and    Correspondence  of,  by  Rev.   H. 

Birks,  2  vols,  illustrated,  8vo.  30/  cl. 
Gregorovius's  (F.)  History  of   the  City  of  Rome,  Vol.    3, 

6/  net,  cl. 
Hare's  (A.  J.  C.)  The  Gurneys  of  Barlham.  2  vols.  25/  cl. 
Hassall's  (A.)  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Zenith  of  the  French 

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Century,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Siborne's  (W.)  The  Waterloo  Campaign,  1815,  5/  net,  cl. 
Spurgeon,  C.  H.,  Personal  Reminiscencesof,  by  W.Williams, 

cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Tucker,  C.  M,  A  Lady  of  England,  Life  and  Letters  of,  7/6 

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Philology. 
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Science, 
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Giles's  (A.  E.)  Moral  Pathology,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Greenwell  (A.)  and  Curry's  (W.  T.)  Rural  Water  Supply,  5/ 
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8vo.  12/6  net,  cl.;  Whole-Vol.  2,  2.5/ net,  cl. 
Lang's  (W.)  The  Methodical  Examination  of  the  Eye,  3/6  cl. 
Mill's  (H.  R.)  The  English  Lakes,  Reprint  of  a  Paper  on  the 

Bathymetrical  Survey  of  the  English  Lakes,  2/6  net. 
Newman  (G.)  On  the   History  of  the   Decline  and  Final 

Extinction  of  Leprosy  in  the  British  Islands,  2/6  net. 
Ostwald's   (W.)  The    Scientific  Foundations  ot   Analytical 

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Austin's  (A.)  In  Veronica's  Garden,  illustrated,  8vo.  9/  cl. 
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Benning's  (H.)  Ursula's  Beginnings,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Blanch's  (J.  T.)  My  Doutjies,  and  other  Stories,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
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Dog  Stories  from  the  '  Spectator,'  with  Introduction  by 
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Doudney's  (S.)  Katharine's  Keys,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

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Fielding's  (S.  G.)  The  Southern  Light,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

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and  others,  edited  by  Miles,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

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Holyoake's  (G.  J.)  Public  Speaking  and  Debate,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 

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Lynch's  (L.  L.)  No  Proof,  a  Detective  Story,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 

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Sergeant's  (A.)  No  Ambition,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Steel's  (F.  A.)  Red  Rowans,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

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Todd's  (G.  E.)  Anne  of  Argyle,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Thrashna  River,  the  Story  of  a  Townland,  given  by  John. 
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Vernon's  (Rev.  J.  R.)  The  Last  Load  Home,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Vivian's  (H.)  Boconnoc,  Svo.  6/  cl. 

FOBEION. 

Music  and  the  Drama. 
Gondinet  (E.) :  Theatre,  Vol.  5,  3fr.  50. 
Gounod  (Ch.) :  M^moires  d'un  Artiste,  3fr.  50. 
Weiss  (J.  J.) :  Les  Theatres  Parisiens,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Aumale  (Due  d')  .-  Histaire  des  Princes  de  Conde,  Vol.  7, 

7fr.  50  ;  Index,  3fr.  50. 
Barante  (Baron  de)  :  Souvenirs,  Vol.  6,  7fr.  50. 
Broglie  (Duchesse  de)  :  Lettres  (181-1-1833),  3fr.  50. 
Davout,  Marechal,  1806-1807,  7fr.  50. 

Feuillet  (Madame  O.) :  Souvenirs  et  Correspondance,  7fr.  50. 
Lacombe  (C.  de)  :  Vie  de  Berryer,  Vol.  3,  8fr. 
Laffleur  de  Kermaingant:  L'Ambassade  de  France  en  Angle- 

terre  sous  Henri  IV.,  2  vols.  15fr. 
Pottbast  (A.):    Bibliotheca  Historica  Medii   M\\,  Vol.  1,. 

12m. 
Pozzo  di  Borgo  (Comte)  ;  Correspondance,  Vol.  2,  7fr.  50. 
Renan    (Ernest    et    Henriette) :     Correspondance    intirae, 

7fr.  50. 
Scheibert  (J.) :  Der  Krieg  zwischen  Deutschland  u.  Frank- 

reich  in  den  J.  1870-71,  12m. 
Sciout  (L.) :  Le  Directoire,  Part  1,  2  vols.  16fr. 
Spruner  (V.)   u.   Sieglin   (W.)  :     Geschichtsatlas,    Div.    1, 

Part  4,  2m.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Kerdec  :  Un  Boulevard  de  I'lslam  (Maroc),  5fr. 
Loti  (P.) :  La  Galilee,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Ammonius,  in  Aristotulis  Categorias  Commentarius,  ed.  A. 

Busse,  6m. 
Euripidis  Helena,  ed.  H.  van  Herwerden,  4m.  50. 
Knapp  (P.)  ;  Ubcr  Orpheusdarstellungen,  2m.  40. 
Mikkola  (J.  J.) :  Beriihningen  zwischen  den  westfinnischen 

u.  slavischen  Sprachen.  Vol.  1,  4m. 
Popovic   (G.) :    Worterbuch    der    serbischen    u.  deutschen 

Sprache,  Part  2,  8m. 
Roscher  (W.  H.)  :  I'ber  Selene  u.  Verwandtes,  Nachtriige, 

2m. 

Science. 
Haeckel  (E.) :  Systematische  Phylogenie  der  Wirbelthicre, 

Part  3,  16m. 
Weinland  (E.  F.) :    Neue    Untersuchungen    iib.  die  Funk- 

tionen  der  Netzhaut,  8m. 

General  Literature. 
Annunzio  (G.  d') :  Le  Triomphe  de  la  Mort,  3fr.  50. 
Bentzon  (Th.)  :  Les  Americaines  chez  Elles,  3f.  50. 
Brada  :  Joug  d'Amour,  3fr.  .50. 
Brunetii'^re  (F.) :  Le  Roman  Naturaliste,  3fr.  50, 
Cadol  (6.)  :  L'Archiduchesse.  3fr.  .50. 
Darmesteter  (J.)  :  Nouvellcs  Etudes  Anglaises,  3fr.  50. 
Franck  (A.) :  Nouvelles  Etudes  Orientales,  7fr.  50. 
Gyp  :  Le  Bonheur  de  Ginette,  3fr.  .5o. 
lioussaye  (A  )  ;  Les  Charmeresses,  3fr.  50. 
Maizeroy  (11. ):  L'Ange,  3fr.  50. 
Quinet  (Madame  E.)  .-  La  France  iileile,  3'"r.  50. 
Revue  Internationale  des  Archives  des  BibliothC  pies  et  des 

Musees,  Vol.  1,  20fr. 
Valdaguo  (I'.) :  Variations  siir  le  nr.Sme  Air,  3fr.  fO. 


N°3545,  Oct.  5, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


453 


THE   'DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

The  following  is  the  first  part  of  a  list  of  the 
names  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  under  the 
letter    S    (Section   II.)  in  the    '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'     When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.      The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  ' 
will  be    obliged    by    any   notice    of   omissions 
addressed   to  him  at  Messrs.    Smith,    Elder  & 
Co.'s,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.    He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 
Shalders,  George,  water-colourist,  1S26-1873 
Shank,  John,  actor,  1636 
Shardelowe,  John  de,  judge,  1315 
ShareshuU,  William  de,  judge,  fl.  1360 
Sharington,   Sir  William,  Master  of  the  Mint  at  Bristol, 

fl.  1549 
Sharp,  Abraham,  mathematician,  1651*-1742 
Sharp,  Anthony,  Quaker,  1642-1706 
Sharp,  Sir  Cuthbert,  antiquary,  1781-1849 
Sharp,  Granville,  classical  scholar  and  philanthropist,  1735- 

1813 
Sharp,  Jack,  Lollard,  1431 

Sharp,  James,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1618-1679 
Sharp,  John,  author,  fl.  1390 
Sharp,  John,  Archbishop  of  York,  1644-1714 
Sharp,  Lionel,  chaplain  to  James  I.,  1559-1630 
Sharp,  Michael  W.,  portrait  painter,  fl.  1801-1840 
Sharp,  Patrick,  Scottish  theologian,  fl.  1599 
Sharp,  Richard,  "Conversation  Sharp,"  1769-1835 
Sharp,  Samuel,  surgeon,  1700-1778 
Sharp,  Thomas,  theological  writer,  1693*-175S 
Sharp,  Thomas,  antiquary,  1771-1841 
Sharp.  William,  Professor  of  Greek  at  Oxford,  1719-1782 
Sharp,  William,  engraver,  1749-1824 
Sharpe,  Bartholomew,  buccaneer,  fl.  1682 
Sharpe,  Charles  Kirkpatrick,  miscellaneous  writer,  1781-1851 
Sharpe,  Daniel,  geologist,  1806-1856 
Sharpe,  Edmund,  architect,  1809-1877 
Sharpe,  Biiza,  water-colourist,  1796-1874 
Sharpe,  Gregory,  Master  of  the  Temple,  1713-1771 
Sharpe,  John,  Scottish  theologian,  fl.  1625 
Sharpe,  John,  antiquary,  1769-1859 
Sharpe,  Lewis,  '  The  Noble  Stranger.'  fl.  1640 
Sharpe,  Louisa,  water-colourist,  1843 
Sharpe,  Roger,  poet,  1610 
Sharpe,  Samuel,  rebel  in  Jamaica,  1832 
Sharpe,  Samuel,  architect,  1S77 
Sharpe,  Samuel,  Egyptologist,  1799-1882 
Sharpeigh,   Alexander,  commander  Bast   India  Company, 

fl.  1615 
Sharpey,  William,  physiologist,  1802-1880 
Sharpham,  Edward,  playwright,  fl.  1607 
Sharpies,  Mrs.,  miniature  painter,  1849 
Sharpies,  Henry,  Bishop  of  Samaria,  1850 
Sharpies,  James,  artist  and  engraver,  1829-1893 
Sharrock,  Robert,  Archdeacon  of  Winchester,  1684 
Sharrock,  William,  Benedictine  monk,  1742-1809 
Shaw,  Sir  Charles,  colonel  R.A.,  1837 
Shaw,  Cuthbert,  poet,  1738»-1771 
Shaw,  Duncan,  Scottish  theologian,  1725-1794 
Shaw,  Sir  Edmund,  Lord  Mayor  of  London,  fl.  1482 
Shaw,  Sir  Frederick,  Recorder  of  Dublin,  1799-1876 
Shaw,  George,  naturalist,  1751-1813 
Shaw,  Henry,  architect  and  illuminator,  1873 
Shaw,  Sir  James,  philanthropist,  1764-1843 
Shaw,  James,  merchant  and  author,  1836-1883 
Shaw,  John,  divine,  fl.  1623 
Shaw,  John,  Vicar  of  Rotherham,  1672 
Shaw  or  Shawe,  John,  divine.  1614-1689 
Shaw,  John,  architect,  1776-18.32 
Shaw,  Joseph,  legal  writer,  1720-1805 
Shaw,  Mary,  vocalist,  1814-1876 
Shaw,  Patrick,  legal  writer,  1860"* 
Shaw,  Peter,  physician,  1763 
Shaw,  Samuel,  Dissenting  divine,  1635-1696 
Shaw,  Stebbing,  topographer,  1762-1802 
Shaw,  Thomas,  traveller,  1692-1761 
Shaw,   Thomas  Budge,   '  Outlines  of   English  Literature,' 

1813-1862 
Shaw,  William,  Gaelic  scholar,  fl.  1781 
Shaw,  William,  writer  on  agriculture,  1855 
Shaw.  William,  Irish  politician,  182.3-1895 
Shaw-Lefevre,  Charles,  Viscount  Eversley,  1794-1888 
Shaw-Lefevre,  Sir  John  George,  K.C.B.,  Clerk  of  the  Parlia- 
ments, 1797-1879 
Shaxton,  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  1556 
Shea,  Daniel,  Orientalist.  1772-1836 
Sheaffe,  Sir  Roger  Hale,  Bart.,  soldier,  176-'i-1851 
Sheares,  Henry,  United  Irishman,  17.53-1798 
Shearman,  John,  Governor  of  Millbank  Prison,  1772-1640 
Shearman,  William,  physician,  1767-1861 
Shebbeare.  John,  political  writer,  1709-1788 
Sliee,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  portrait  painter,  1770-18.50 
Shee,  Sir  William,  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench 

1804-1868 
Sheehan,  John,  Irish  song-writer,  1814'*-1882 
Sheehy,  Nicholas,  Irish  priest,  1728-1766 
Sheepshanks,  John,  art  collector,  1787-1863 
Sheepshanks,  Richard,  mathematician,  1794-18.55 
Sheepshanks,  Thomas,  divine  and  schoolmaster,  1795-1675 
Sheepshanks,  William,  divine,  1740-1810 
Slieere<!,  Sir  Henry,  author,  1713 
Sheffield,  Edmund.  1st  Baron  Sheffield,  1549 
Sheffield,  Edmimd,  1st  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  1.563-1646 
Sheffield,  Edmund,  2nd  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  1611-16.53 
Sheflield,  John,  ejected  minister,  fl.  1662 
Sheffield,  John,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire,  1647-1721 
Sheffield.  Sir  Robert,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 

fl. 1512 
Sheil,  Sir  Justin,  Indian  officia',  1871 

Sheil   Laurence  Bonaventure,  Bu-hop  of  Adelaide,  1817-1873 
bneil,  Richard  Lalor,  Irish  orator,  1791-1851 


Sheldon,  Edward,  divine,  1686 

Sheldon,  Gilbert,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1598-1677 

Sheldon,  Ralph,  antiquary,  16S4 

Sheldon,  Richard,  priest,  fl.  1622 

Sheldrake,  Tiraotliy,  botanist,  fl.  1756 

Shelford,  Leonard,  legal  writer,  fl.  1850 

Shelley,  George,  writing  master,  1666*-1736 

Shelley,  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  author,  1798-1851 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe,  poet,  1792-1822 

Shelley,  Sir  Richard,  Prior  of  the  Knights  Templars,  fl.  1563 

Shelley,  Samuel,  painter  and  engraver,  1750-1808 

Shelley,  William,  judge,  1548 

Shelton,  John,  commander  in  Afghanistan,  1845 

Bhelton,  Thomas,  translator  of  '  Don  Quixote,'  fl.  1620 

Shelvocke,  Capt.  George,  voyager,  fl.  1719 

Shenstone,  William,  poet,  1714-1763 

Shenton,  Henry  Chawner,  engraver,  180.3-1866 

Shepard,  Thomas,  Congregational  minister,  1605-1649 

Shepesheved,  William  de,  chronicler,  fl.  1320 

Shephard,  William,  portrait  painter,  fl.  1670 

Shepheard,  George  Walwyn,  water-colourist,  1804-1852 

Shepherd,  Anthony,  Professor  of  Astronomy  at  Cambridge, 

1796 
Shepherd,  George,  engraver,  fl.  1790 
Shepherd,  George  Sidney,  water-colourist,  fl.  1820-1860 
Shepherd  or  Sheppard,  John,  musician,  fl.  1543 
Shepherd,  John,  divine,  1759-1805 
Shepherd,  Luke,  satirist,  fl.  1554 
Shepherd,  Richard,  miscellaneous  writer,  1731-1809 
Shepherd,  Richard  Heme,  bibliographer,  1842-1895 
Shepherd,  Robert,  engraver,  fl.  1670 
Shepherd,  Sir  Samuel,  Lord  Chief  Baron,  1760-1840 
Shepherd,  William,  divine  and  scholar,  1768-1847 
Sheppard,  Elizabeth  Sarah,  novelist,  1830-1862 
Sheppard,  Sir  Fleetwood,  Gentleman  Usher  of  the   Black 

Rod,  1634-1698 
Sheppard,  Jack,  housebreaker,  1700-1720 
Sheppard,  John,  Puritan  divine,  1605-1649 
Sheppard,  John,  religious  writer,  b.  1786 
Sheppard,  John  George,  classical  scholar,  1818-1869 
Sheppard,  Samuel,  author,  fl.  1647 
Sheppard,  William,  legal  writer,  fl.  1640 
Shepperd,   Nicholas,   Master   of  St.  John's  College,   Cam- 
bridge, 1.587 
Sheppey  or  Shepey,  John  de,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  1360 
Shepreve  or  Sheprey,  John,  classical  scholar,  1509*-1542 
Shepreve  or    Sheprey,   William,   Roman    Catholic  divine, 

1593 
Shepstone,   Sir    Theophilus,   diplomatic    agent   in    Africa, 

1817-1893 
Sherard,  James,  physician,  1666-1738 
Sherard  or  Sherwood,  William,  botanist,  1659-1728 
Sheraton,  Thomas,  furniture  maker,  fl.  1793 
Sherbourne,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1536 
Sherbrooke,  Sir  John  Coape,  general,  1830 
Sherburne,  Sir  Edward,  Clerk  of  the  Ordnance,  1618-1702 
Sherfield,  Henry,  Puritan,  1633 

Sheridan,  Charles  Francis,  politician  and  author,  1750-1806 
Sheridan,  Elizabeth  Ann,  actress,  1754-1792 
Sheridan,  Frances,  novelist,  1724-1766 
Sheridan,   Helen    Selina.  afterwards    Lady    Dufferin    and 

Countess  of  Gifford,  1807-1867 
Sheridan,  Louisa  Henrietta,  novelist,  1851 
Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  Butler,  dramatist  and  statesman, 

1751-1816 
Sheridan,  Thomas,  friend  of  Swift,  1684'*-1738 
Sheridan,  Thomas,  elocutionist,  1721-1788 
Sheridan,  William,  Bishop  of  Kilmore,  1635*-1711 
Sheriff,  Lawrence,  founder  of  Rugby  School,  1.567 
Sheriff,  William  Craig,  subject-painter,  1786-1805 
Sheringham,  Robert,  divine.  1677 

Sherlock,  Martin,  '  Letters  from  an  English  Traveller,'  1781 
Sherlock,  Paul,  Jesuit,  1.39-5-1646 
Sherlock,  Richard,  divine,  161.3-1689 
Sherlock,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  London,  1678-1761 
Sherlock,  William,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1641*-1707 
Sherlock,  William,  portrait  jjainter,  1738-1806* 
Sherman,  Edward,  coachman,  fl.  1810 
Sherman,  James,  Dissenting  divine,  1797-1862 
Sherman,  John,  scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  fl.  1660 
Sherrey,  or  Shirrie,  Richard,  author,  fl.  1550 
Sherriff,  Charles,  miniature  painter,  fl.  1770-1800 
Sherriffe,  Sarah,  novelist  and  religious  writer,  1773-1849 
Sherring,  Matthew  Atwood,  missionary  in  India,  1826-1880 
Sherwen,  John,  M.D.,  miscellaneous  writer,  fl.  1809 
Sherwen,  John  Keyse,  engraver,  1751*-1790 
Sherwin,  Ralph,  Roman  Catholic  divine,  1581 
Sherwin,  Ralph,  comedian,  1799-1830 
Sherwin,  William,  Dissenting  divine,  fl.  1662 
Sherwin,  William,  engraver,  1670-1714* 
Sherwood,  Mary  Martha,  writer  of  tales  for  children,  1775- 

1851 
Sherwood,  Reuben,  physician,  1698 
Sherwood,  Robert,  lexicographer,  fl.  1632 
Sherwood.  William,  publisher,  1776-1837 
Shewen,  William,  Quaker,  1635*-1695 

( To  be  continued.) 


GRAY  AND  MR.  GOSSB. 

October  1,  1895. 

An  American  publishing  firm,  of  which  I 
know  absolutely  nothing,  announces  that  it  is 
about  to  issue  "  'The  Works  of  Thomas  Gray,' 
edited  by  Edmund  Gosse."  Will  you  allow  me 
to  say  that  I  hear  of  this  enterprise  first  from 
a  printed  advertisement  ? 

In  1884  I  had  the  pleasure  of  editing,  for 
Messrs.  Macmillan,  the  'Works  of  Gray,'  then 
for  the  first  time  collected.  In  1885,  at  the 
request  of  the  Clarendon  Press,  and  witli  the 
kind  permission  of  Messrs.  Macmillan,  I  edited 
the  'Selected  Poems  of  Gray.'  This  is  all  the 
editing  of  that  poet  for  which  I  am  responsible, 
and  if  Messrs.  Frederick    A.  Stokes  Co. — for  \ 


such  is  the  title  of  the  American  firm — attach 
my  name  to  any  collection  or  selection  of  their 
own,  I  desire  that  it  should  be  understood  that 
they  do  so  without  my  permission  or  even  my 
cognizance.  Had  my  permission  been  asked  it 
would  have  been  refused,  for  if  I  were  ever  to 
touch  the  text  of  Gray  again,  it  would  be,  by 
slight  additions  or  modifications,  to  bring  up  to 
date  the  edition  published  by  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan. Edmund  Gosse. 


THE  LANGUAGE  OF  THE  MAYAS. 

In  the  September  number  of  the  Beview 
of  Reviews  some  account  is  given  of  the  dis- 
coveries made  by  Dr.  le  Plongeon  in  Yucatan. 
I  find  there  no  reference  to  Mr.  Maudslay,  nor 
any  mention  of  the  splendid  collection  of  photo- 
graphs and  casts  of  the  carved  rocks  and  sculp- 
tured stones  of  Central  America  which  may  any 
day  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of  Archteology  in 
Cambridge.  Dr.  le  Plongeon  has  been  more 
successful  than  Mr.  Maudslay  in  one  respect  ; 
for  he  claims  to  have  discovered  the  key  to  the 
Yucatan  inscriptions,  so  that  he  is  able  to  under- 
stand and  interpret  the  language  of  the  Mayas, 
the  language  in  which  they  are  written. 

As  the  article  on  these  discoveries  is  accessible 
to  all,  I  deal  with  such  points  only  as  are  in- 
teresting to  the  philologist.  Heave  it  for  others 
to  congratulate  the  discoverer  on  having  found 
the  tomb  of  Abel. 

The  language  of  the  Mayas  is  the  oldest  in  the 
world,  being,  in  fact,  the  primitive  language  of 
mankind.  Egyptian  is  more  or  less  derived 
from  it  ;  so  also  are  Greek,  and  (probably)  all 
languages  that  are  now  spoken. 

Now  that  I  have  read  the  article  on  this  re- 
markable language,  I  find  myself  in  the  wholly 
unexpected  position  of  being  able  to  instruct 
Greek  scholars  in  many  points  relating  to  the 
Greek  alphabet — points  which  (I  strongly  sus- 
pect) they  do  not  know.  The  italics  are  mine. 
We'shall  see. 

It  must  be  understood  that  in  Yucatan  was 
the  original  paradise;  the  (so-called)  New  World 
is  really  the  older  world.  All  Egyptian  civiliza- 
tion was  derived  from  Yucatan. 

This  primitive  language  consists  of  roots, 
mostly  monosyllabic,  and  consisting  of  two 
sounds  only.  It  is  of  a  very  accommodating 
nature,  as  the  same  root  can  be  used  as  a  verb, 
a  substantive,  or  an  adjective.  Thus  om  signi- 
fies, as  a  verb,  "to  whirl";  as  a  substantive, 
"  a  whirlpool  ";  and  as  an  adjective,  "circular  " 
or  "round."  But  this  is  not  all,  for  the  root 
itself  may  vary  ;  the  above  root  may  appear  as 
on;  it  makes  no  difference  at  all.  Similarly, 
ih,  wind,  is  also  spelt  (jik ;  it  makes  no  difier- 
ence.  Prepositions  seem  to  be  scarce  ;  in  the 
specimen  of  a  poem  at  p.  278  only  one  preposi- 
tion is  expressed,  viz.  et,  with.  "The  root  xi,  to 
raise  over,  appear  over,  has  a  prepositional  value 
infixed  in  it  which  is  very  convenient.  In  the 
"  free  tran.slation  "  we  find  the  expression  "in 
low- places."  The  original  has  no  sign  form; 
in  other  words,  we  may  insert  prepositions  at 
pleasure  ;  which,  again,  is  accommodating. 

The  plural  of  substantives  is  the  same  as  the 
singular  ;  thus  ka  means  either  "  .sediment  "  or 
"sediments";  n  means  either  "an  abyss"  or 
"valleys";  ta  menns  "place,"  "ground,"  and 
also  "places"  or  "plains."  The  decipherer 
simply  has  to  in.sert  the  sense  which,  in  his 
judgment,  best  suits  the  context. 

I  now  proceed  to  explain  the  Greek  alphabet. 
The  names  of  the  letters  are  all  derived  from 
the  Maya  language.  Thus  alpha  is  a  corruption 
of  the  original  name  al-ppa-ha,  and  is  composed 
of  the  roots  al,  heavy  ;  ppa,  to  break  ;  and  lia, 
water.  (The  occurrence  of  two  p's  in  the  second 
root  is  of  great  interest,  as  the  .sound  is  diffi- 
cult.) Next,  beta  is  an  adaptation  of  he,  walk; 
and  ta,  earth,  or  place.  By  combining  these 
names  we  get  a  complete  sentence,  viz.,  "heavy 
break  water  walk  earth."  The  simplicity  of  the 
anguage  is  as  conspicuous  as  its  pregnancy  with 


454 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3545,  Oct.  5, '95 


implied  senses  ;  for  the  sentence  really  means, 
"  heavily  break  the  waters,  extending  over  the 
plains."  This  shows  that  be  means  either 
"  walk  "  or  "extending  over,"  the  preposition 
"  over"  being  implied.  In  this  way  the  whole 
of  the  Greek  alphabet  really  forms  a  very  ancient 
poem,  in  the  Maya  language.  A  "free  trans- 
lation "  of  it  is  given  ;  but  it  is  so  very  poor 
when  placed  beside  the  literal  one  that  I  am 
sure  that  all  lovers  of  style  would  sooner 
peruse  the  latter.  I  therefore  give  the  original 
sense  of  this  very  original  poem  ;  and  in  each 
case  I  prefix  the  Greek  letter  to  which  the 
Maya  roots  have  contributed  its  present  cor- 
rupted name  : — 

(A)  Heavy  break  water  (/3)  walk  earth  (y) 
receive,  or  cover,  earth  (8)  depth  where  (e) 
obstruct  make-edges  whirl  (()  strike  place  (>;) 
with  water  (^)  extend  water  (i)  all- that-lives-and- 
moves*  earth  (k)  sediment  break  (A)  submerge 
go  place  (fji)  the-land-of-Mu  (;')  point,  or  sum- 
mit (£)  raise-over,  or  appear  over  (o)  whirl  wind 
place  circular  (tt)  place-by-little-and-littlet  (p) 
until  come  (cr)  cold  wind  before  (t)  where  basin, 
or  valley  (v)  abyss  tank  cold  place  ((^)  come,  or 
form,  clay  (x)  mouth  (^j^)  come-out  vapour  (w) 
there  whirl  sediment. 

The  sense  of  this  poem  is  so  obvious  that, 
however  many  "free  translations"  may  be 
made,  they  will  all  be  sure  to  agree. 

It  will  now  appear  that  Greek  scholars  have 
much  to  unlearn,  and  much  to  learn.  A  few 
deductions  may  be  made. 

The  original  number  of  letters  in  the  Greek 
alphabet  was  only  twenty-four.  Although  the 
Greeks  used  «  to  denote  5,  and  {■  to  denote  7, 
there  was  not,  originally,  any  letter  between 
the  two  ;  the  digamma  is  a  dream,  and  so  is 
koph. 

The  word  7nicron  seems,  in  Greek,  to  mean 
somewhat ;  but  this  is  accidental.  We  do  not 
even  divide  omicron  correctly  ;  it  is  not  com- 
posed of  o-\-micron,  but  of  om-\-ik-{-le-{-on,  i.e., 
whirl-wind-place-circular.  Besides,  it  should, 
more  correctly,  have  been  called  omiklon ;  the 
r  is  corrupt. 

It  is  also  accidental  that  psilon  seems  to  have 
a  sense  in  Greek.  It  was,  originally,  jm-zii-le, 
i.  e.,  tank-cold-place.  The  change  of  le  to  Ion 
was  due  to  a  popular  etymology  which  perversely 
considered  that  the  names  of  letters  must  needs 
be  neuter. 

It  is  also  accidental  that  mega  seems  to  make 
sense  ;  indeed,  the  g  is  corruptly  put  for  k. 
The  true  form  is  me-ka,  i.e.,  whirl-sediment. 
Here,  again,  the  apparent  Greek  adjective  has 
a  neuter  form.  ;  but  this,  once  more,  is  acci- 
dental. 

More  night  be  added,;;,  but  we  have  probably 
learnt  as  much  as  we  can  take  in  at  once.  But 
I  must  give  the  original  text,  in  which  I  join 
together  such  roots  as  constitute  a  Greek 
letter-name  : — 

Al-ppa-ha  be-ta  kam-ma  tel-tajl  ep-zil-on  ze- 
ta  et-ha  thheth-ha  io-ta  ka-ppa  lam-be-ta  Mu  ni 
\jiot  nu]  xi  om-ik-le-on  pi  ra-ho  zii-(g)ik-ma 
ta-u§  u-pa-zii-le  pe-hi  chi  pe-zi  o-me-ka. 

Walter  W,  Skeat. 


*  Maya  io,  a  comprehensive  term, 
t  Maya  pi,  also  very  compreljerjsive. 

I  Thus  it  is  plausible  to  derive  X"^*"^  from  X>  "  moutli." 

II  The  root  tel  must  have  been  changed  into  rfcZ  (probably 
in  Egyptian!  before  names  were  given  to  the  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet  ;  otherwise  tlie  Greeks  would  have  had  two 
symbols  for  t,  viz.,  ielta  and  ia-u,  and  none  for  d.  A 
similar  remark  ajjplies  to  /;a7n,  corruptly  gam.  The 
Maya  poet  foresaw  that  this  would  happen  ;  indeed,  he 
foresaw  that,  thousands  of  years  after  his  death,  his  poem 
would  be  required  for  naming  the  twenty-four  letters  of  the 
latest  Greek  alphabet. 

^  Some  have  supposed  that  the  mystical  symbol  tau  was 
named  from  the  letter.  But,  in  the  original  Maya,  it  is 
quite  a  different  word,  being  derived  from  ti,  here,  a  or  /«i, 
water,  and  u,  a  month  ;  and  means  "  this  is  the  month  of 
water  "(p.  280).  Neitlier  must  we  confound  u,  a  month, 
with  u,  a  basin,  valley,  or  abyss,  ilut  here  I  think  our 
author  is  wrong.  Surely  T  is  derived  from  ti,  here,  a,  water, 
and  u,  abyss  or  depth.  Tlie  horizontal  stroke  represents  the 
/lat  surface  of  the  water,  and  the  down  stroke  indicates  its 
ae]pth. 


THE  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Mr.  Heinemann  announces  the  following 
works.  In  Criticism  and  History  :  "The  Litera- 
tures of  the  World,"  edited  by  Edmund  Gosse, 
including  'French  Literature,'  by  Edward 
Dowden ;  Ancient  Greek,  by  Gilbert  G.  A. 
Murray ;  English,  by  the  editor  ;  Italian,  by 
Richard  Garnett  ;  Modern  Scandinavian,  by 
Georg  Brandes  ;  Japanese,  by  Basil  Hall  Cham- 
berlain ;  and  Spanish,  by  J.  Fitz-Maurice 
Kelly, —  'William  Shakespeare,'  by  Georg 
Brandes,  translated  by  William  Archer,  2  vols., 
— '  Essays,'  by  Arthur  Christopher  Benson, — 
'Israel  among  the  Nations,'  translated  from 
Anatole  Leroy-Beaulieu, — '  Under-currents  of 
the  Second  Empire,'  by  Albert  D.  Vandam, — 
'A  Book  of  Scoundrels,' by  Charles  Whibley, 
— and  a  "Memoir  Series,"  including  cheaper 
editions  of  several  French  and  Russian  works. 
In  Literature:  '  Anima  Poetje,'  a  selection  of 
the  contents  of  the  unpublished  note-books  of 
S.  T.  Coleridge,  edited  by  Ernest  Hartley  Cole- 
ridge,— and  a  new  edition  of  the  'Works  and 
Letters  of  Lord  Byron,'  edited  by  W.  E. 
Henley,  10  vols.  In  Biography  :  '  The  Memoirs 
and  Correspondence  of  Ernest  Renan,'  with  a 
prefatory  memoir  of  his  sister  Henriette, — '  The 
Memoirs  of  Charles  Gounod,' — and  'Robert, 
Earl  Nugent,'  by  Claud  Nugent,  illustrated. 
In  Philosophy  :  the  works  of  Dr.  Max  Nordau, 
'Paradoxes,'  the  second  edition  of  'Conven- 
tional Lies  of  our  Civilization,'  and  the 
seventh  edition  of  'Degeneration,' —  and 
'Genius  and  Degeneration,'  by  Dr.  William 
Hirsch,  translated  by  J.  R.  McUraith.  In 
Drama  and  Poetry  :  the  completion  of  the 
uniform  edition  of  Pinero's  plays, — a  new  uni- 
form edition  of  the  poetical  works  of  Edmund 
Gosse,  including  '  On  Viol  and  Flute  '  and  '  Fir- 
dausi  in  Exile,' — and  a  selection  from  the  poems 
of  Coventry  Patmore,  by  Alice  Meynell,  entitled 
'The  Poetry  of  Pathos  and  Delight.'  "The 
Great  Educators":  'Rousseau,'  by  Paul  H. 
Hanus  ;  '  Horace  Mann,'  by  Nicholas  Murray 
Butler;  'Thomas  and  Matthew  Arnold,'  by 
J.  G.  Fitch  ;  and  '  Pestalozzi  ;  or,  the  Friend 
and  Student  of  Children.'  In  Fiction  :  a  new 
novel  by  Hall  Caine, — 'The  House  Beautiful,' 
by  Henry  James, — 'Illumination,'  by  Harold 
Frederic, — 'Herbert  Vanlennert,'  by  C.  F. 
Keary, — '  The  Dancer  in  Yellow,'  by  Mr.  W.  E. 
Norris, — 'Corruption,'  by  Mr.  Percy  White; 
and  a  new  edition  of  '  Mr.  Bailey  Martin, '  by 
the  same  author, — 'The  Years  that  the  Locust 
hath  Eaten,'  by  Annie  E.  Holdsworth,  —  'A 
Self-Deny ing  Ordinance,'  by  M.  Hamilton, — 
'  Miss  Grace  of  All  Souls','  by  Edward  Williams 
Tirebuck, — 'The  Island  of  Dr.  Moreau,'  by 
H.  G.  Wells,— in  "The  Pioneer  Series,"  'The 
Demagogue  and  Lady  Phayre,*  by  William  J. 
Locke, — translations  of  works  by  Tourgu^nief, 
Bjornstjerne  Bjornson,  Emile  Zola,  and  Hector 
Malot, — and  in  "  Heinemann's  International 
Library":  'Woman's  Folly,'  by  Gemma  Fer- 
ruggia  ;  Jonas  Lie's  'Niobe';  and  Jacobsen's 
'  Niels  Lyhne.' 

Mr.  John  Lane's  list  of  announcements  in- 
cludes '  Suppressed  Chapters  and  other  Bookish- 
ness,'  by  Robert  Bridges  ("Droch"), — 'The 
Sacrifice  of  Fools,'  a  novel,  by  R.  Manifold 
Craig, — 'Song  Favours,'  by  C.  W.  Dalmon, — a 
second  volume  of  'Fleet  Street  Eclogues,' by 
John  Davidson  ;  and  a  new  edition  of  the  first, 
— '  Dante,  Petrarch,  Camoens  :  CXXIV.  Son- 
nets,' Englished  by  Dr.  Garnett, — '  A  Lawyer's 
Wife,'  by  Nevill  Geary, — '  Modern  Women,'  by 
Laura  Marholm  Hansson,  translated  by  Iler- 
mione  Ramsden, — a  volume  of  poems  by  Nora 
Hopper,  —  'The  Were  Wolf,'  by  Clemence 
Housman,  illustrated  by  Laurence  Housman, 
who  is  also  illustrating  a  volume  of  his  own 
poems  to  be  entitled  'Green  Arras,' — '  Gode- 
froi  and  Yolandc,'  by  Laurence  Irving,  illus- 
trated by  Aubrey  Beardslcy, — '  Ballads  of  Boy 
and  Beak,'  by  C.  E.  Johnstone, — 'Round  about 
a  Brighton  Coach  Office,'    by  Maude  Egerton 


King,  illustrated  by  Lucy  Kemp  Welch, — 
'Weighed  in  the  Balance,'  by  Harry  Lander, 
— '  Retrospective  Reviews  :  a  Literary  Log, 
1891-5,'  by  Richard  Le  Gallienne,  2  vols., — a 
volume  of  poems  by  Winifred  Lucas, — '  The 
Great  Galeoto,  and  Folly  or  Saintliness,'  two 
plays  translated  from  Jos^  Echegaray  by 
Hannah  Lynch, — '  The  Wood  of  the  Brambles,' 
a  novel  by  Frank  Mathew,  —  'A  Pomander 
of  Verse,'  by  E.  Nesbit,  —  'Posies  out 
of  Rings,'  by  W.  Theodore  Peters,  — 
'The  Queen  of  the  Fishes,'  with  pictures 
by  Lucien  Pissarro, — 'In  the  Dorian  Mood: 
Poems,'  by  Victor  Plarr, — 'Essays  towards  a 
Critical  Method,'  new  series,  by  John  M. 
Robertson,  —  "The  Little  Flowers  of  St. 
Francis,'  translated  by  Lord  St.  Cyres, — a 
French  translation  of  Stevenson's  '  Prince 
Otto,'  by  Egerton  Castle, —Stevenson's  'A 
Child's  Garden  of  Verses,'  with  nearly  100 
illustrations  by  Charles  Robinson, — Stoddart's 
'  Death  Wake, '  with  an  introduction  by  Andrew 
Lang,  — '  Poems  of  the  Day  and  Year, '  by 
Frederick  Tennyson, — a  complete  bibliography 
of  the  art  of  fence,  duelling,  &c.,  by  C.  A. 
Thimm,  —  'Poems  of  Nature,'  by  H.  D, 
Thoreau,  edited  by  H.  S.  Salt  and  F.  B. 
Sanborn, — '  Miracle  Plays  :  Our  Lord's  Coming 
and  Childhood,'  by  Katharine  Tynan  Hinkson, 
illustrated  by  Patten  Wilson, — '  Vespertilia,  and 
other  Verses,'  by  Rosamund  Marriott  Watson, 
and  a  new  edition  of  her  '  Summer  Night,  and 
other  Poems,' — 'Galloping  Dick,'  by  H.  B. 
Marriott  Watson, — 'The  Law's  Lumber  Room,' 
by  Francis  Watt, — and  a  reissue  of  Walter 
Crane's  toy-books.  There  will  be  added  to 
the  "Keynotes  Series"  the  following:  'The 
Three  Impostors,'  by  Arthur  Machen  ;  'No- 
body's Fault,' by  Netta  Syrett  ;  'The  British 
Barbarians,' by  Grant  Allen;  'In  Homespun,' 
by  E.  Nesbit  ;  'Nets  for  the  Wind,'  by  Una 
Taylor  ;  and  '  Orange  and  Green,'  by  Caldwell 
Lipsett.  To  the  "  Mayfair  Set  "  will  be  added 
'  For  Plain  Women  Only,'  by  George  Fleming  ; 
'Mrs.  Albert  Grundy  :  Observations  in  Philistia,' 
by  Harold  Frederic  ;  and  '  The  Feasts  of  Auto- 
lycus,  the  Diary  of  a  Greedy  Woman,'  edited  by 
Elizabeth  Robins  Pennell.  "  Pierrot's  Library," 
a  new  series  of  novels  uniform  with  the  Tauch- 
nitz  editions,  will  include  amongst  the  early 
volumes  'Pierrot,' by  H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole  ; 
'My  Little  Lady  Anne,'  by  Mrs.  Egerton 
Castle  ;  'Death,  the  Knight,  and  the  Lady,'  by 
H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole;  and  'Simplicity,'  by 
A.  T.  G.  Price.  "The  Arcady  Library,"  a 
series  of  volumes  of  country  sketches  and  tales, 
will  have  for  its  initial  volume  '  Life  in  Arcadia,' 
by  J.  S.  Fletcher,  author  of  '  The  Wonderful 
Wapentake.'  A  series  of  anthologies  will  in- 
clude 'Elegies,'  by  John  C.  Bailey;  '  Epitha- 
lamies,'  by  Robert  Case  ;  and  '  Musa  Piscatrix,' 
by  John  Buchan.  Mr.  Lane  also  contemplates 
a  shilling  series  of  short  novels  in  a  cloth 
binding. 

Messrs.  Nelson  &  Sons  will  publish  '  An 
Account  of  Palmyra  and  Zenobia,'  by  Dr. 
William  Wright,  illustrated, — '  Under  the  Lone 
Star,'  by  Herbert  Hayens,  illustrated,  —  'In 
Taunton  Town,'  a  story  of  the  rebellion  of 
James,  Duke  of  Monmouth,  by  E.  Everett 
Green,  and  '  Olive  Roscoe,'  by  the  same  author, 
— 'A  Lost  Army,'  by  Fred.  Whishaw, — 'How 
Jack  Mackenzie  won  his  Epaulettes, '  by  Gordon 
Stables,  M.D.,  illustrated,— cheaper  editions  of 
'  Chronicles  of  the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family,' 
and  of  '  From  Day  to  Day,'  by  the  Rev.  Robert 
Macdonald,  —  '  Torch  -  Bearers  of  History,' 
Vol.  II.  '  From  the  Reformation  to  the  Begin- 
ning of  the  French  Revolution,'  by  Amelia 
Hutchison  Stirlitig,  —  '  Norseland  Tales,'  by 
H.  H.  Boycsen,  illustrated, — '  Leaves  from  a 
Middy's  Log,'by  Arthur  Lee  Knight, — 'Thomas 
Boston  of  Ettrick  :  his  Life  and  Times,'  by  the 
Rev.  Andrew  Thomson,  —  '  In  Far  Japan,  a 
Story  of  Engli.sh  Children,'  by  Mrs.  Isla  Sit- 
well, —  'Little  Frida,'  by  the  author  of  'Little 
Hazel,'— 'The  Master  of  Blantyre,' a  memorial 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


455 


sketch  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Stuart,  by  the  author 
of  '  Memorials  of  Captain  Hedley  Vicars,' — and 
other  children's  stories  and  picture-books. 

Messrs.  Nisbet  &  Co.'s  list  includes  among 
Biblical  and  devotional  works  :  '  Biblical  Cha- 
racter Sketches,'  by  Dean  Farrar  and  others, — 
'Morning  Sunlight,'  daily  devotional  readings 
for  one  year,  by  Charlotte  Murray, — '  Salvation 
and  Service,'  by  the  Rev.  George  Everard, — 
'  In  the  Footprints  of  St.    Paul,'  by  the  Rev. 

E.  J.  Hardy,— 'The  Struggles  of  a  Russian 
Reformer,'  by  Jaakofi"  Prelooker,  illustrated, — 
"New  Testament  Hours":  Vol.  III.  '  St.  Paul  : 
his  Life  and  Epistles, '  by  Cunningham  Geikie, 
LL.D., — 'The  First  Chapter  of  Genesis  Justi- 
fied,' by  Samuel  J.  Leresche, — and  two  volumes 
on  1  Corinthians  in  the  "Biblical  Illustrator," 
by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Exell.  In  General  Litera- 
ture :  '  Glimpses  through  Life's  Window,'  selec- 
tions from  the  writings  of  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
Miller,  D.D.,— '  In  a  Mule  Litter  to  the  Tomb 
of  Confucius,'  by  Alex.  Armstrong,  F.R.G.S., 
illustrated,  —  '  Earnest  Young  Heroes  :  Ion 
Keith  Falconer,  Hedley  Vicars,  Lieut.  Boldero, 
R.N.,  and  Mackay  of  Uganda,'  by  the  Rev.  S.  F. 
Harris, — 'Some  Common  Insects,'  by  Emily 
Dibdin, — '  Hearty  Counsels  from  Pastor  to 
People,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Brigg,  —  '  In 
Memoriam :  Rev.  James  Hamilton,  Minister 
of  Regent  Square  Presbyterian  Church,  London,' 
by  Robert  Naismith, — in  the  "  Berners  "  series, 
illustrated:  'The  Lady's  Manor,'  by  Mrs. 
Marshall  ;  '  The  Cruise  of  the  Rover  Caravan,' 
by  Gordon  Stables,  M.D. ;  '  Katherine's  Keys,' 
by  Sarah  Doudney  ;  '  Tudor  Queens  and  Prin- 
cesses, '  by  Sarah  Ty tier  ;  and  '  The  King's 
Recruits,'  translated  from  the  German  by  Mrs. 
Pereira, — and  new  volumes  in  the  "  Sweetbriar  " 
series,  the  "Golden  Ladder"  series,  the 
"Laurel"  series,  the  "Pilgrim"  series,  the 
"  People's  "  series,  the  "Golden Silence  " series, 
and  the  "Dolly's  Charge"  series. 

Among  Messrs.  Gibbings  &  Co.'s  autumn 
publications  will  be  found  an  edition  of  Boc- 
caccio's '  Decameron,'  with  the  illustrations  by 
Gravelot,  Eisen,  Boucher,  and  others,  prepared 
for  the  French  edition  of  1757,  4  vols.,  — 
Shelton's  translation  of  '  Don  Quixote,'  with  an 
introduction  by  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy  and 
illustrations  by  Frank  Brangwyn,  4  vols.,  — 
'  Diary  and  Letters  of  Madame  D'Arblay,'  with 
portraits,  3  vols., — Samuel  Rowe's  'Perambula- 
tion of  the  Antient  and  Royal  Forest  of  Dart- 
moor,'  revised  by  J.  Brooking  Rowe,  illustrated, 
— Sir  G.  W.  Dasent's  '  Tales  from  the  Fjeld, '  new 
illustrated  edition, — 'The  Fiery   Furnace,'  by 

F.  Reginald  Statham, — '  Jeremias  Gotthelf,  the 
Story  of  an  AlpineValley,'  translated  from  Albert 
Bitzius  by  L.  G.  Smith, — new  editions  of  Peter 
Cunningham's  'NellGwyn,'  edited  by  Henry 
B.  Wheatley  ;  Henry  Kingsley's  '  The  Mystery 
of  the  Island';  Charles  Lamb's  'Complete 
Works,'  edited  by  Percy  Fitzgerald,  6  vols.  ; 
Landor's  '  Complete  Works,'  2  vols.;  the  novels 
of  Tobias  Smollett,  edited  by  George  Saintsbury 
and  illustrated  by  Frank  Richards,  12  vols. ;  and 
of  Wise's  '  The  New  Forest,  its  History  and  its 
Scenery,'  illustrated  by  Walter  Crane, — and 
'Tales  from  the  Western  Moors,' by  Geoffrey 
Mortimer. 

Messrs.  Masters  &  Co.  are  publishing  '  Lec- 
tures on  S.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux,'  by  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Sparrow  Simpson, — '  A  Volume  of 
Verse,'  by  the  author  of  '  The  Chorister 
Brothers,' — 'Stories  of  the  Bishops  of  Iceland,' 
— 'The  Churchman's  History  of  England,'  by 
the  Rev.  M.  S.  Baylis, — and  '  The  Churchman's 
Diary,'  fifty-first  year. 

Mr.  Leonard  C.  Smithers  announces  for  pub- 
lication during  the  autumn  a  '  New  Life  of 
Madame  du  Barry,'  written  by  R.  K.  Douglas, 
—  'Secret  History  of  the  Court  of  Louis  XIV. 
and  Louis  XV.,'  by  Jean  Leonard,  Coiffeur  to 
Marie  Antoinette,  translated  by  A.  Teixeira  do 
Mattos, — Voltaire's  'Maid  of  Orleans,'  a  new 
translation  by  Ernest  Dowson,  with  illustrations 
by  Aubrey  BeardsUy  and  Will  Rothcnstein, — 


Balzac's  'La  Fille  aux  Yeux  d'Or,'  translated 
by  Ernest  Dowson,  with  illustrations  by  Charles 
Conder, — a  novel  by  Aubrey  Beardsley,  illus- 
trated by  himself, — a  '  Book  of  Twenty-five 
Social  Caricatures,'  by  Max  Beerbohm, — and 
the  'Fairy  Tales'  of  the  Abbe  de  Voisenon. 

The  following  books  are  announced  by  Mr. 
Bertram  Dobell  :  '  Gluck  and  the  Opera  :  a 
Study  in  the  History  of  Music,'  by  Ernest 
Newman,  —  'Human  Documents,'  by  Arthur 
Lynch, — and  '  Like  Stars  that  Fall  :  a  Story  of 
Music-Hail  Life,'  by  Geoffrey  Mortimer. 


QUEEN  ELIZABETH  AND  THE  BEGGARS  OF 
THE  SEA. 

Since  Motley  represented  that  capture  of 
Brill  which  "laid  the  foundations  of  the  Dutch 
republic  "  as  a  wholly  undesigned  event,  the 
wide  circulation  of  his  work  has  made  that  view 
popular,  and  in  '  William  the  Silent,'  which  has 
lately  been  issued  in  the  "  Heroes  of  the 
Nations  "  series,  we  again  learn  that  the  Beggars 
of  the  Sea  "  had  no  intention  of  making  an  offen- 
sive attack,"  and  only  "  suddenly  conceived  the 
idea  "  of  it  while  lying  off  the  town.  In  both 
works  their  presence  off  the  Dutch  coast  is 
assigned  to  their  expulsion  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
at  Alva's  request.  But  in  the  Calendar  of 
Spanish  State  Papers  (15G8-1575),  published 
some  months  ago,  we  read  of  certain  documents 
it  contains  that 

"the  letters  now  published  show,  first,  that  the 
capture  of  Brille  bj'  De  la  Marque  was  not  so  un- 
premeditated an  affair  or  so  unsupported  by  the 
English  as  is  usually  represented,  and,  secondly, 
that  the  ostensible  reason  for  Elizabeth's  warning 
the  privateer  fleet  away  from  Dover  was  not  in 
order  to  satisfy  Philip's  demands,  since  De  Spes  had 
already  left  and  she  had  just  offended  Philip  beyond 
forgiveness,  but  to  satisfy  the  Hamburg  merchants 
who  were  complaining  of  their  depredations."  — 
P.  xxxviii. 

Two  points,  it  will  be  seen,  are  at  issue.  As  to 
the  first  the  editor  observes  that  "  he  [De  Spes] 
says  (p.  386)*  that  he  had  informed  the  Duke 
of  Alba  six  months  before  the  attempt  that  their 
intention  was  to  capture  Brille  "  {ib.).  It  is 
only  fair  to  the  late  Mr.  Froude  to  say  that  he 
had  quoted,  and  indeed  italicized,  the  words  of 
De  Spes  from  the  Simancas  MS.,t  and  had 
rejected  Motley's  view  on  the  strength  of  them. 

I  should  be  the  last  to  uphold  Mr.  Froude  as 
an  accurate  historian,  but  I  cannot  understand 
the  delight  of  his  reviewers  in  denouncing  even 
now  the  inaccuracies  of  a  writer  who  never 
posed  as  the  champion  of  accuracy  or  claimed 
distinction,  like  his  assailant,  as  "  virum  in 
negligentiorum  hominum  erroribus  detegendis 
acerrimum."  There  was  nothing  in  his  work 
to  provoke  reprisals,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  when, 
as  here,  subsequent  research  confirms  his  con- 
clusion. 

As  to  the  other  of  the  two  points,  the  causa 
cansa?is,  so  to  speak,  of  this  memorable  event, 
it  plunges  us  at  once  into  that  tangle  of  trea- 
chery, intrigue,  and  deceit  which  conflicting 
interests  and  rival  powers  agreed  to  deem  di- 
plomacy. The  very  complexity  of  the  puzzle 
gives  it  a  certain  fascination.  We  have  to  deal 
with  three  views  :  that  of  Motley  and  his  fol- 
lowers, who  deeni  that  the  Beggars  of  the  Sea 
were  driven  from  the  English  coast  at  Alva's 
request  ;  that  of  the  editor  of  the  Spanish 
Papers,  that  it  was  done  to  satisfy  theEasterlings; 
and  that  of  Froude,  that  the  capture  of  Brill 
had  been  concocted  by  De  la  Marck  with  the 
English  Government,  and  that  his  formal  ex- 
pulsion was  only  a  collusive  pretence. 

Among  the  materials  for  solving  the  puzzle 
are  the  State  Papers,  Foreign  and  Domestic, 
and,  more  recently  made  available,  the  Hatfield 
papers,  the  Privy  Council  records,  and  the 
noble  series  of  documents  at  Simancas  now 
being  calendared.  A  careful  examination  of 
these  sources  makes  it  absolutely  clear  at  least 
that  the  privateers  "  pretenduig  to  serve  "  the 

*  Becte,  366. 

t  Bd.  1866,  X.  373,  note. 


Prince  of  Orange  had  become  an  intolerable 
nuisance.  Yet,  while  the  Privy  Council  records 
show  us  a  Government  sternly  denouncing  their 
promiscuous  depredations  and  prohibiting  the 
queen's  subjects  from  abetting  their  lawless 
proceedings,  the  letters  of  De  Spes  represent 
them  as  not  only  tolerated,  but  actively  assisted 
by  the  Crown,  and  making  themselves  com- 
pletely at  home  beneath  the  guns  of  Dover 
Castle.  And  it  is  to  be  noted  that  wherever  his 
statements  can  be  checked  by  the  Council 
records,  the  agreement  is  perfect.  His  testi- 
mony, therefore,  carries  weight.  In  seeking  to 
learn  the  truth  as  to  the  policy  pursued  by  the 
queen  and  her  ministers,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, first,  that  the  "pirates"  enriched  the 
ports  they  haunted  by  the  disposal  of  their 
booty,  and  thus,  like  the  smugglers  in  later 
days,  secured  the  sympathy  of  those  who  pro- 
fited by  their  presence  ;  secondly,  that  the 
nation  at  large  sided  with  those  who  were 
fighting  on  the  Protestant  side,  especially  as 
the  crews  comprised  many  English  adventurers. 
Thirdly,  the  Government's  plea  that  in  the  face 
of  this  sympathy  they  could  only  clear  the  seas 
by  fitting  out  cruisers,  which  would  cost  money, 
was  no  idle  excuse,  as  is  proved  by  their 
having  eventually  to  do  so  ;  and  nothing,  we 
know,  was  so  distasteful  to  the  queen  as  such 
expenditure.  Fourthly,  as  Burleigh  frankly, 
if  not  cynically,  hinted  to  Zweveghem  (Febru- 
ary 22nd,  1572),*  the  presence  of  these  rebels 
in  English  ports  was  a  useful  lever  to  induce 
Philip  to  cease  entertaining  in  his  dominions 
rebels  against  Elizabeth. 

The  Beggars,  however,  presumed  unduly  on 
their  knowledge  of  all  this,  and  their  attacks 
on  English  and  Hamburg  ships  became  unen- 
durable. Mr.  Froude  held,  we  have  seen,  that 
their  expulsion  was  only  formal,  and  that  De  la 
Marck  intended  to  leave,  and  acted  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  English  Government.  I  cannot 
reconcile  this  view  with  the  documentary  evi- 
dence. So  early  as  September  20th,  1571,  the 
Council,  on  the  complaint  of  the  Steelyard 
merchants,  dispatched  vigorous  instructions 
against  the  Beggars,  and  on  October  3rd  wrote 
still  more  strongly,  and  appointed  two  com- 
missioners to  go  down  and  seize  such  ships  and 
crews  as  they  could.  De  Spes,  in  his  letter  of 
October  13th,  reluctantly  admitted  that  these 
commissioners  had  gone  down  to  Dover  and 
actually  made  some  seizures.  The  Count  de  la 
Marck  resented  this  unfavourable  attitude,  and 
was  clearly  by  no  means  willing  to  leave  his 
refuge  at  Dover.  In  December  he  wrote  to  the 
Government,  making  excuses  for  not  having 
departed.  In  January  further  remonstrances 
from  the  Steelyard  produced  fresh  communica- 
tions from  the  Council  complaining  of  his  pro- 
ceedings, and  in  his  letters  to  them  of  January 
25th  and  27th  he  tries  to  justify  himself,  and 
complains  of  English  cruisers  attacking  the 
Beggars,  t  But  at  this  very  time  Sconvall,  the 
other  leader  of  the  Beggars,  brought  a  Spanish 
ship  to  the  Hampshire  coast,  and,  in  answer  to 
Horsey's  request  for  instructions,  the  Council 
ordered  him  (February  2nd)  to  employ  force,  if 
necessary,  against  Sconvall  and  use  the  queen's 
ships  for  the  purpose,  characteristically  adding 
that  the  expense  incurred  was  to  be  recouped 
from  the  Spaniard's  or  the  privateer's  goods.  On 
February  10th,  and  again  on  February  20th, 
they  wrote  to  the  Cinque  Ports  authorities, 
insisting  that  De  la  Marck  and  his  Beggars 
were  to  leave  the  English  coast  "  with  as  much 
spede  as  they  may";  and  on  February  29th  a 
commission  was  issued  to  George  Wynter  and 
Jolin  Hawkins  to  clear  the  British  seas  of 
pirates  and  freebooters.;  The  queen's  letter 
of  February  21st,  ordering  the  authorities  to 
procure  De  la  Marck's  departure  by  every 
means  in  their  power,  is  printed  in  the  Calendar 
of  Hatfield  MSS.   (ii.  13).      No  one  who  has 

*  His  argument  is  duly  noted  by  Mr.  Froude. 
t  State  Papers,  Foreign. 
I  btate  Papers,  Domestic. 


456 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


been  through  this  evidence  can  doubt,  I  think, 
that,  so  far  from  acting  in  collusion,  the  English 
Government  was  honestly  anxious  to  get  rid  of 
the  Beggars,  while  De  la  Marck  was  equally 
anxious  to  keep  his  fleet  at  Dover. 

The  final  peremptory  orders  for  the  pirates' 
departure  are  found,  I  venture  to  think,  in 
the  document  dated  "4th  March,  1571,"  and 
printed,  as  No.  237,  in  the  Calendar  of  Spanish 
State  Papers,  where  the  editor  places  it  a  year 
earlier  (i.e.,  March,  1570/1).  I  believe  that 
he  is  mistaken  in  so  doing,  and  that  the  docu- 
ment is  no  other  than  that  which  De  Spes 
refers  to  in  his  letter  from  Brussels  (No.  313), 
March  18th,  1572  (i.e.,  1571/2).  He  says  he 
has  "letters  from  England  of  the  9th  inst.," 
and  adds  that  he  encloses  "a  copy  of  the  new 
proclamation  of  the  Queen  of  England  against 
the  pirates."  If  this  proclamation  was  dated 
March  4th,  it  would  duly  reach  De  Spes  in  a 
letter  of  March  9th  from  England,  and  thus  the 
two  documents  would  fit  in  exactly. 

Having  rejected  Mr.  Froude's  view,  we  have 
next  to  consider  whether  the  belief  that  the 
final  expulsion  of  the  Beggars  was  due  to  Alva's 
remonstrances  is,  or  is  not,  overthrown  by  the 
documents  in  this  volume  of  Spanish  State 
Papers.  The  editor  bases  his  assertion  that  it 
is  on  the  statement  found  in  the  above  letter 
that  the  proclamation  was  issued,  as  De  Spes 
was  told,  "  at  the  instance  of  certain  Easter- 
lings,"  and  on  the  alleged  rupture  of  diplomatic 
intercourse  with  Spain,  He  asserts  that  "the 
Walloon  noble  Zweveghem  and  the  merchant 
Fiesco,  who  had  been  negotiating  in  London 
for  the  restitution  of  the  seizures,  had  been 
packed  off  at  the  same  time  as  De  Spes " 
(p.  xxxviii).  But  his  own  pages  prove  that 
this  was  not  so,  and  that  while  De  Spes  was 
ordered  to  leave  December  14th,  1571,  and  did 
leave  in  January,  Zweveghem  remained  here 
till  the  end  of  April,  on  the  19th  of  which 
month  he  thanked  the  queen  "for  all  kind- 
nesses received  during  his  embassy."*  Alba 
had  written  from  Brussels  on  December  30th, 
on  hearing  of  De  Spes's  dismissal,  suggesting 
Zweveghem  as  charge  d'affaires  for  Spain  in 
case  De  Spes  was  forced  to  leave,  and  sending 
the  queen  a  letter  of  credence  for  him.t 
Zweveghem  was  duly  received  in  audience,  f 
and  diplomatic  relations,  therefore,  were  not 
broken  off.  On  February  19tli  Zweveghem 
addressed  a  forcible  remonstrance  to  the  queen, 
on  behalf  of  his  master  Philip,  §  against  the 
action  of  the  "pirates,"  and  on  the  22nd  an 
elaborate  reply  was  made  to  him  by  the  Council, 
vindicating  the  action  of  the  Government  in 
the  matter,  and  laying  stress  on  all  they 
had  done  to  suppress  the  evil  he  complained 
of.||  Now  we  have  seen  that  it  was  at 
this  very  date  (February  20th  and  21st)  that 
vigorous  steps  were  being  taken  to  put  a  stop  to 
it,  and  they  may,  therefore,  fairly  be  connected 
with  Zweveghera's  protest.  The  statement  of 
De  Spes  is  only  second-hand  information,  while 
his  bitterness  against  the  queen  and  Council 
would  have  made  him  unwilling  to  admit  that 
they  could  liave  been  in  any  way  influenced  by 
Spanish  complaints.  Nor,  indeed,  do  I  suggest 
that  Spanish  complaints  alone  would  have 
brought  matters  to  a  crisis.  Not  only  the 
Easterlings,  but  English  merchants,  had  suffered 
from  the  privateers  ;  and  there  is  proof  in  the 
following  year — though  the  Council  records  are 
here  defective — that  "  those  of  the  Bryll  "  were 
by  no  means  sparing  of  Englishmen.^ 


Looking  at  the  evidence  before  us  as  a  whole, 
it  seems  tolerably  clear  that  the  English 
Government  for  a  time  had  not  only  tolerated, 
but  actually  assisted  with  supplies  and  arms, 
the  prince's  fleet  in  contemplation  of  a  descent 
on  the  Provinces,  when  it  should  be  strong 
enough  for  the  purpose.  We  must,  to  that 
extent,  give  credit  to  the  Spanish  evidence. 
But  De  Spes  seems  to  have  contemplated 
throughout  a  junction  of  tlie  fleets  at  Dover  and 
Rochelle,  with  a  view  to  a  joint  attack,  under 
Count  Louis  of  Nassau,  either  on  the  Nether- 
lands or  on  the  Indies.  This  junction  did  not 
take  place,  and  the  Count  de  la  Marck  did 
not,  I  believe,  feel  himself  strong  enough  to 
undertake  a  descent  on  the  Netherlands  with- 
out it.*  Hence,  as  it  seems  to  me,  his  reluct- 
ance to  leave  Dover— a  reluctance  fatal,  I  have 
urged,  to  the  idea  that  he  was  acting  in  col- 
lusion with  the  English  Government,  t  Of 
course,  when  success  had  crowned  his  daring 
coup  de  lyiain,  the  stream  of  money,  men,  and 
arms  began  to  flow  from  England  ;  for  though 
Elizabeth  would  on  no  account  openly  support 
the  prince,  she  and  her  ministers,  as  every  one 
knows,  were  delighted  to  have  the  opportunity 
of  thus  embarrassing  Philip  and  keeping  him 
fully  occupied  with  his  own  rebellious  subjects. 

J.  H.  Round. 


*  Hatfield  Papers,  ii.  16.     t  Spanish  State  Papers,  p.  .362. 

I  Privy  Council  Kecords,  p.  62.     ^  State  Papers,  Foreign. 

II  /fnd.  (quoted  from  by  Froude). 

il  There  are  preserved  at  Sandwich  (Fifth  Keport  on  Hist. 
MSS.,  App.  p.  570)  three  documents,  of  which  the  first  is  a 
Council  letter  of  "  Jo72,"  referring  to  the  attack  on  the  Karl 
of  Worcester  in  .January,  1572/ri ;  the  second,  .tIso  a  Council 
letter  of  "  1.J72,"  referring  to  Capt.  Oliver  of  the  pirates, 
and  actually  written  March  7th,  l.'j72/3  ;  while  the  third,  a 
Council  letter  of  June  18th,  1573,  is  in  favour  of  Samuel 
Beth,  of  San<iwi(;li,  who  had  tieen  injured  by  "those  of 
the  Bryll."  The  Council  Iteglster  recor<l8  three  letters  of 
February  15th,  1572/3,  implying  vigorous  .action  against  the 
pirates,  and  the  capture  of  seven  of  their  ships. 


Uitcrnrj)  Gossip. 

The  Novem'ber  number  of  the  Century 
Magazine  will  contain  an  article  on  the 
Armenian  question  by  Prof.  James  Bryce, 
M.P. 

Prof.  Bright,  of  Oxford,  has  a  volume 
in  the  press,  to  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Longman,  entitled  '  The  Roman  See  on  the 
Early  Church,  and  other  Essays  on  Church 
History.' 

The  same  publishers  are  issuing  '  Ser- 
mons,' by  the  late  Prof.  A.  Heurtley,  to 
which  Prof.  Ince  has  written  a  memorial 
preface  ;  '  Lex  Sinaitica  :  being  Addresses 
on  the  Ten  Commandments  delivered  to 
Ordinands,'  by  Canon  Randolph  ;  and  the 
Rev.  T.  B.  Strong's  '  Bampton  Lectures  for 
1895.' 

The  latest  addition  to  Messrs.  Macmillan's 
announcements  of  forthcoming  books  is 
'  Principles  of  International  Law,'  by  T.  J. 
Lawrence,  LL.D.,  the  recently  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Maritime  Law  at  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  Greenwich.  Mr.  Lawrence 
resigned  this  post  on  going  to  America  in 
1892,  and  was  reaj)pointed  on  the  death  of 
his  successor  in  1895. 

The  forthcoming  volume  of  '  The  Yellow 
Book '  will  contain  contributions  by  Kenneth 
Grahame,  Mrs.  Murray  Hickson,  Susan 
Christian,  Baron  Corvo,  Henry  Harland, 
Netta  Syrett,  Hubert  Crackanthorpe, 
Harold  Frederic,  Dauphin  Meunier,  Olive 
Custance,  Ellis  J.  Wynne,  Lena  Milman, 
Louis  Pendleton,  Richard  Le  Gallienne, 
Rosamund  Marriott  Watson,  S.  Cornish 
Watkins,  Frances  Nicholson,  Richard 
Garnett,  Ella  D'Arcy,  and  Leila  Macdonald. 
The  pictures  are  contributed  entirely  by 
members  of  the  Newlyn  School. 

A  NOVELETTE  dealing  with  life  and 
manners  in  Roman    Catholic    society  will 

*  This  is  distinctly  implied  in  De  Spes's  letters  of  July 
nth  and  Ifith,  1571  ;  and  that  of  October  31st,  though  sug- 
gesting a  descent  oi\  Sluys  by  the  "  pirates,"  contemplates  ."x 
combined  lleet  of  lifty-five  sail,  which  was  to  pick  up  1,200 
soldiers  near  Houlogiie. 

t  I  am  aware  of  tlie  Spanish  letters  from  London,  August 
7th,  1572,  and  Feliruary  4tli,  1573  (Calendar,  pp.  101,  4H1), 
distinctly  asserting  that  the  Knglish  Government  had 
helped  iJe  la  Marck  to  capture  Brill,  but  they  do  not  affect 
the  evidence  that  he  left  against  his  will. 


shortly  appear,  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Cousins  :  a  Medley  of  Moods  among  "  Mine 
Own  People."  '  By  "the  Cousins  "  is  indi- 
cated the  great  clan  of  Roman  Catholic 
families  whom  intermarriages  have  allied, 
and  whose  opinions  and  habits  are  described. 
The  book,  though  anonymous,  is  under- 
stood to  be  by  a  writer  of  experience,  and 
it  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Burns  & 
Oates. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  James  H.  Rigg,  Principal 
of  the  Westminster  Training  College,  is 
about  to  publish  a  work  on  '  Oxford  High 
Anglicanism  and  its  Chief  Leaders,'  which 
it  is  beheved  will  be  the  first  history  of  the 
Oxford  movement  written  by  a  Noncon- 
formist. The  first  edition  of  Dr.  Rigg's 
'  Modern  Anglican  Theology,'  dealing 
specially  with  the  views  of  the  Broad 
Church  party,  was  issued  nearly  forty 
years  ago. 

The  fourth  edition  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox's 
'  How  to  Write  the  History  of  a  Parish ' 
has  just  gone  through  the  press,  and  will 
shortly  be  issued  by  Messrs.  Bemrose  & 
Sons.  It  is  ten  years  since  the  last  edition 
was  published.  So  much  of  the  book  has 
been  rewritten  and  enlarged  that  it  is  prac- 
tically a  new  work. 

The  Drapers'  Company  have  promised 
10,000/.  to  the  authorities  of  the  University 
College  of  South  Wales,  on  the  condition 
that  the  20,000/.  promised  by  Sir  William 
Harcourt  and  his  successor  is  met  by  an 
equal  amount  from  general  subscriptions. 
The  fund  now  being  raised  is  intended  to 
meet  the  cost  of  extensive  new  buildings. 

The  works  of  Poe  are  to  reappear  in  eight 
volumes,  two  of  which  are  to  be  issued  this 
month  by  Messrs.  J.  Shiells  &  Co.  The  same 
firm  is  busy  on  a  reprint  of  '  The  Suicide's 
Grave,'  the  Ettrick  Shepherd's  half-for- 
gotten work,  alluded  to  in  these  pages 
under  its  earlier  title  of  *  The  Private 
Memoirs  and  Confessions  of  a  Justified 
Sinner'  {Athen,  No.  3405,  January  28th, 
1893). 

A  FACSIMILE  reproduction  of  Governor 
William  Bradford's  MS.  'History  of  the 
Voyage  of  the  Mayflower  and  the  Forma- 
tion of  Plimoth  Plantation  by  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers'  will  be  pubHshed  in  November 
by  Messrs.  Ward  «&  Downey.  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  are  the 
agents  in  America. 

Miss  Marie  Corelli's  new  romance  '  The 
Sorrows  of  Satan '  will  be  published  very 
shortly  in  one  volume  by  Messrs.  Methuen. 

Mr.  Walter  Frith,  whose  play  '  Her 
Advocate '  is  being  presented  at  the  Duke 
of  York's  Theatre,  has  written  a  novel, 
entitled  '  In  Search  of  Quiet,'  which  will 
be  published  next  month  in  single-volume 
form  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 

An  illustrated  volume  of  '  Travel  and 
Adventure  in  Northern  Queensland,'  by  Mr. 
Arthur  C.  BickneU,  is  promised  by  Messrs. 
Longman. 

The  bust  of  the  late  Prof.  Minto,  which  was 
commissioned  some  time  ago,  is  now  finished, 
and  wiU  shortly  be  presented,  on  behalf  of 
the  subscribers,  to  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen. It  is  intended,  of  course,  for  Maris- 
chal  College.  The  same  university  has  just 
received  from  Mr.  Walker,  recently  Dean  of 
Guild,  the  violoncello  which   belonged  to 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


457 


James  Beattie,  the  poet,  who  held  the  Chair 
of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Marischal  College. 
The  author  of  '  The  Minstrel '  found  great 
consolation  in  his  musical  taste,  which  ho 
transmitted  to  and  cultivated  in  his  son, 
James  Hay  Beattie,  as  may  be  gathered 
from  the  memoir  which  he  wrote  of  this 
son.  He  also  wrote  an  essay  '  On  Poetry 
and  Music  as  they  affect  the  Mind.' 

The  Gaelic  League  in  Ireland  constantly 
tends  to  assume  (what  it  can  hardly  be  said 
to  have  hitherto  held)  a  thoroughly  national 
position  and  recognition.  It  is  now  holding 
its  first  public  assembly  in  the  Irish  capital, 
Friday,  October  4th,  having  been  fixed  for 
a  lecture  by  Father  O'Leary  on  '  The  True 
Character  of  Irish  Poetry,'  Dr.  Sigerson 
presiding. 

The  current  number  of  Great  Thoughts, 
dated  October  5th,  is  the  first  number  of  a 
new  volume.  Dean  Farrar's  '  Darkness 
and  Dawn '  will  appear  in  it  in  a  serial 
form. 

MADAilE    LA    COMTESSE   DE   MaRTEL  (Gyp) 

is  making  a  fair  convalescence  after  a  dan- 
gerous operation. 

The  new  novel  on  which  Madame  Hector 
Malot  has  been  for  some  time  engaged  is 
entitled  'La  Beaute,'  and  will  be  published 
next  February. 

It  was  resolved  at  Dresden  that  the  next 
congress  of  the  Association  Litteraire  Inter- 
nationale should  be  held  at  Berne  in  August, 
1896. 

The  Deutsche  Zeitschrift  fur  Ausldndisches 
Unterrichts-  TTesen,  the  first  number  of  which 
will  appear  this  month  at  Leipzig,  will  be 
devoted  to  the  study  of  the  educational 
systems  of  all  countries.  Leading  educa- 
tionaUsts  in  all  parts  of  the  world  have 
promised  contributions. 

At  the  Deutsche  Philologentag,  just  held 
with  great  success  at  Cologne,  Prof.  Diels, 
of  Berlin,  reported  on  the  progress  of  the 
*  Thesaurus  Lingupc  Latinoe,'  the  compila- 
tion of  which  has  been  taken  in  hand,  as 
we  announced  last  year,  by  a  number  of 
scholars  and  learned  academies.  Prof.  Diels 
thinks  that  the  total  sum  required  for  the 
gigantic  undertaking  will  amount  to  about 
600,000  marks,  and  that  the  fiirst  parts  of 
the  work  will  probably  be  issued  in  the 
year  1900.  The  publication  will  be  carried 
out  under  the  special  direction  of  Profs. 
Biicheler,  Leo,  and  Wolfllin. 

The  patriotic  admonitions  and  exhorta- 
tions which  Bismarck  has  addressed  to  his 
countrymen  from  1848  to  the  present  year 
will  be  issued  in  book  form  by  Dr.  Hans 
Blum,  who  has  before  this  shown  himself  a 
great  admirer  of  the  ex-Chancellor.  Dr.  Blum 
is  the  son  of  Robert  Blum,  the  celebrated 
politician  and  member  of  the  Frankfort 
Parliament,  who  was  shot  at  Vienna  in  1848 
by  a  court-martial  for  his  participation  in 
the  October  Revolution.  It  is  said  that 
Prince  Bismarck  told  Dr.  Hans  Blum  that 
he  would  also  have  shot  his  father  if  he  had 
been  in  command  of  "\'ienna  at  the  time. 

Dr.  "Waltuer  Egbert  -  Tornow,  the 
Librarian  of  the  Imperial  Hausbibliothek 
at  Berlin,  died  there  on  the  17th  ult.  at  the 
age  of  forty-three.  He  was  the  author, 
among  other  works,  of  a  monograph  en- 
titled '  Goethe  in  Heine's  Werken,'  and 
since  the   death  of    Georg  Biichmann,  in 


1884,  he  had  edited  the  latter's  well-known 
'  Gefliigelte  Worte.' 

The  publication  of  the  first  volume  of  the 
catalogue  of  the  Greek  MSS.  on  Mount 
Athos,  by  Prof.  Spyr.  Lambros,  of  Athens, 
led  many  students  to  visit  the  sacred  mount 
this  summer.  Among  others  was  Dr. 
Athanasios  Papadopulos  Kerameus,  a  uni- 
versity teacher,  who  was  sent  by  the  Pales- 
tine Society  of  St.  Petersburg  to  copy  all 
the  known  itineraries  and  descriptions  of 
travel  in  Palestine.  He  also  copied  several 
lives  of  the  saints  and  inedita  of  the  Middle 
Greek  period.  Dr.  Georg  Andrutsos  has 
made  a  study  of  the  liturgical  books  of  the 
Greek  Church.  Dr.  Basil  Istrin,  university 
teacher  at  Moscow,  has  been  working  at  the 
supposed  oracles  of  Methodios  of  Patara 
and  Modern  Greek  chronicle-texts.  Prof. 
Lambros  himself,  with  four  assistants, 
spent  two  months  in  the  libraries,  continuing 
the  catalogues  and  doing  a  great  deal  of 
copying.  In  a  future  number  we  shall  be 
able  to  give  further  details  of  this  year's 
work.  This  autumn  Prof.  Theodor  Uspen- 
ski.  Director  of  the  Russian  Archaeological 
Institute  at  Constantinople,  will  also  visit 
the  libraries  on  Mount  Athos. 

There  are  no  Parliamentary  Papers  this 
week  likely  to  be  of  special  interest  to  our 
readers,  nor  any  of  general  interest,  unless 
it  be  the  return  for  1894  of  Joint-Stock 
Companies  (Is.  10^?.). 

SCIENCE 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Integral  Calcidns  for  Begimiers.  By  Joseph 
Edwards,  M.A.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— This  small 
volume  of  300  pages  contains  in  a  compact 
and  convenient  form  the  leading  theorems  and 
methods  of  the  integral  calculus,  with  examples 
and  exercises  for  practice.  The  suggestive 
hyperbolic  functions  are  treated  briefly  but 
clearly,  and  the  work  altogether,  though  ele- 
mentary, is  quite  up  to  date.  The  last  five 
chapters  of  the  book  contain  an  easy  intro- 
duction to  differential  equations,  with  examples 
of  their  application  to  apjilied  mathematics. 
Mr.  Edwards  necessarily  treats  this  last  subject 
somewhat  superficially — we  do  not  use  the  word 
in  any  derogatory  sense — but,  so  far  as  he  goes, 
the  student  will  find  little  difficulty  in  following 
him. 

Geometrical  Conies.  By  Charles  Smith,  M.A. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — The  author  of  this  volume 
begins  with  a  discussion  of  the  general  pro- 
perties of  conies,  and  then  treats  each  class  of 
curve  separately.  We  think  most  teachers 
would  prefer  the  more  common  method  of 
beginning  with  the  simpler  curves,  and  then 
proceeding  to  the  general  theory.  It  is  true 
that  the  book  (as  the  author  says  in  his  preface) 
may  be  said  to  have  two  beginnings — the  chapter 
(chap,  ii.)  on  the  parabola  being  so  written  that 
it  may  be  read  first.  But  a  student  who  does 
this  cannot  then  pass,  as  is  usually  done,  to  the 
ellipse  and  the  hyperbola  ;  he  must  previously 
read  the  introductory  chapter  on  general  conies. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  economy  of  explana- 
tions, the  author's  arrangement  has  its  ad- 
vantages, and  it  also,  at  the  very  starting,  affords 
a  wider  view  of  the  subject  as  a  whole  ;  but 
whether  it  is  the  best  arrangement  for  a 
beginner  is  doubtful.  Apart  from  this  objection, 
which  is  not  a  serious  one,  the  book  is  excellent 
— clear  in  its  language,  in  its  diagrams,  and  in 
its  printing. 

Geometrical  Conies.  By  F.  S.  Macaulay,  M.A. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.)  —  Desjnte  the 
fact  that  this  book  "  assumes  only  a  knowledge 


of  Euclid's  '  Elements '  and  a  few  of  the  more 
important  and  well  -  known  additional  pro- 
positions contained  in  the  usual  text-books," 
students  taking  up  the  subject  for  the  first 
time  will  find  some  portions  of  it  rather  hard 
reading.  The  author  has  squeezed  too  much 
matter  into  his  260  pages,  with  the  result 
that  here  and  there  obscurity  accompanies 
over-compression.  On  p.  12,  for  example,  we 
find  the  following;  "The  statement  that  all 
points  at  infinity  in  a  plane  lie  on  a  straight 
line,  is  not  one  of  actual  fact  ;  it  is  merely  a 
concept  which  may  be  assumed  in  theory."  It 
is  a  little  startling — especially  to  one  whose 
knowledge  of  geometry  has  not  gone  beyond 
Euclid's  '  Elements ' — to  be  told  that  correct 
conclusions  may  be  legitimately  deduced  from 
false  assumptions.  Notwithstanding  these  de- 
fects the  book  will  be  found  useful  by  those 
students  for  whom,  we  suppose,  it  was  mainly 
intended — namely,  those  who  can  have  recourse 
to  capable  teachers.  Most  of  the  demonstra- 
tions are  well  arranged  and  present  little  diffi- 
culty, while  the  harder  ones  may  be  discovered 
at  once  by  the  experienced  teacher  and  laid  aside 
for  the  pupil's  future  digestion. 

Elements  of  Sipithetic  Solid  Geometry.  By 
N.  F.  Dupuis,  M.A.,  F.R.S.C,  Professor  of 
Pure  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Queen's 
College,  Kingston,  Canada.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
—  The  author  thinks  that  students  as  a  rule 
are  hurried  too  rapidly  into  analytical  methods 
as  soon  as  plane  geometry  is  passed,  and  that 
this  practice  is  detrimental  to  mental  culture, 
which  (rather  than  pure  mathematical  know- 
ledge) should,  he  says,  be  the  chief  aim  of  a 
university  education.  Our  own  opinion  is  that 
whether  the  object  be  mental  culture  or  mathe- 
matical knowledge,  analysis  and  synthesis  should 
go  hand  in  hand  from  the  very  commencement. 
Each  method  has  its  own  special  advantages, 
and  neither  method  should  at  any  period  of  the 
student's  progress  be  wholly  abandoned  for  the 
other.  It  is  not  quite  clear  from  his  preface 
whether  or  not  the  author  would  agree  with 
this  ;  but  the  point  is  not  relevant  to  our  pur- 
pose here,  which  is  to  say  what  we  think  of  his 
book.  We  have  looked  through  it  carefully,  and 
can  confidently  recommend  it  as  an  excellent 
work,  so  far  as  it  goes,  on  synthetic  solid 
geometry.  It  contains  over  two  hundred  pages, 
and  is  divided  iiito  four  parts,  the  first  of  which 
treats  of  descriptive  geometry,  and  the  fourth 
of  projections  and  of  conic  and  spheric  sections. 
A  study  of  the  last  portion  will  be  a  capital 
pi"eparation  for  the  study  of  spherical  trigono- 
metry. 

Mechanics:  an  Elementary  Text-Book^  Theo- 
retical and  Practical,  for  Colleges  and  Schools. — 
Statics.  By  R.  T.  Glazebrook,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — This  is  a  little 
book  of  150  l)ages,  devoted  to  statics  alone. 
"  I  believe  it  to  be  desirable,"  .says  the  author 
in  his  preface, 

"that  a  student  should  commence  the  study  of 
Mechanics  with  Kinematics  aud  Kiuetics,  and  have, 
therefore,  arranged  the  book  on  this  plan.  At  the 
same  time  it  will,  I  hope,  be  found  that  the  Statics 
is  independent  of  the  other  p.irt  of  the  subject, 
though  at  the  cost  of  some  repetition.  It  will  be 
possible,  therefore,  for  a  teacher  to  take  it  before 
the  Kinematics." 

We  are  surprised  at  the  statement  in  the  last 
two  sentences,  as,  on  the  very  first  page,  we 
find  "acceleration"  given  as  a  measure  of 
"force,"  without  any  definition  of  the  former 
word,  and  the  student  is  referred  for  explana- 
tions to  sections  30  and  96  of  the  author's 
previous  work  on  mechanics.  Mr.  Glazebrook's 
volume  on  statics  can  hardly,  therefore,  be 
pronounced  "  independent  of  the  other  part  of 
the  subject  "  ;  and  though  a  teacher  may,  in 
a  sense,  find  it  possible  to  place  it  in  the  hands 
of  a  pupil  wholly  unacquainted  with  kinematics, 
he  cannot  profitably  do  so  without  supplying  a 
good  many  omissions  by  oral  explanations.  The 
book,    however,    will    undoubtedly    be    found 


458 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


useful  by  any  students  acquainted  with  the 
author's  preceding  volume  on  mechanics,  or 
with  any  equivalent  work  ;  and  it  will  be  espe- 
cially appreciated  by  teachers  who  possess  the 
necessary  apparatus  for  experimental  illustra- 
tions, as  the  author  devotes  much  of  his  space 
to  this  branch  of  his  subject. 

A  SJiort  Commercinl  Arithmetic.  By  F. 
Glanville  Taylor,  M.A.,  B.Sc.  (Methuen  & 
Co.)  —  Mr.  Taylor's  manual  is  well  arranged, 
and  gives  clear  explanations  of  the  usual 
arithmetical  rules  as  well  as  a  few  abbreviating 
methods  which,  though  not  absolutely  new,  are 
absent  from  the  generality  of  text-books. 

A  First  Step  in  Euclid,  consisting  of  the  First 
Twelve  Propositions,  ivith  Explanations,  Illus- 
trations, and  Numerous  Examples.  By  J.  G. 
Bradshaw.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — The  title  of 
this  little  geometrical  introduction  sufficiently 
indicates  its  contents  and  nature.  The  ex- 
planations and  illustrations  are  good,  and 
the  "numerous  examples"  appropriate;  but 
whether  the  booklet  can  compete  successfully 
with  its  many  rivals — some  of  which  are  in  no 
way  inferior — is  doubtful. 


LOUIS    PASTEUR. 


The  death  of  Pasteur  leaves  a  void  in  the 
world  that  men  of  our  time  can  compare  only 
to  the  loss  of  Darwin.  Into  a  life  of  seventy- 
two  years  he  compressed  not  only  teaching  at 
several  important  centres  of  instruction  and 
researches  which  have  revolutionized  the 
theories  and  the  practice  of  many  kinds  of 
workers,  but  more  than  one  attack  of  paralysis, 
induced  by  his  arduous  labours.  The  benefits 
which  he  conferred  were  recognized  not  only  by 
his  fellow  countrymen  in  the  most  generous 
personal  way,  and  by  the  building  of  the  Pasteur 
Institute  in  Paris,  but  by  the  world  at  large, 
which  on  the  occasion  of  his  seventieth  birthday 
sent  its  leaders  of  science  to  offer  him  homage. 

It  is  difficult  to  restrain  the  feelings  when 
one  thinks  what  we  have  all  suffered  by  the 
death  of  this  extraordinary  genius.  Many  great 
investigators  have  benefited  mankind,  but  of 
him  it  may  truly  be  said  that  not  man  only,  but 
man's  domestic  animals  and  man's  cultivated 
plants  have  benefited  by  his  labours.  As  Dar- 
win wrote  to  a  physiological  correspondent  : 
"Look,  for  instance,  at  Pasteur's  results  in 
modifying  the  germs  of  the  most  malignant 
diseases,  from  which,  as  it  so  happens,  animals 
will  in  the  first  place  receive  more  relief  than 
man." 

It  is  difficult,  too,  to  write  for  an  age  that, 
notwithstanding  what  it  did  to  honour  him,  has 
at  large  recognized  so  inadequately  the  real 
services  of  the  man.  No  less  a  person  than  the 
President  of  the  British  Association  for  1894, 
just  after  mentioning  the  name  of  Pasteur  in 
relation  to  "splendid  victories  over  the  count- 
less legions  of  our  infinitesimal  foes,"  proceeded 
to  say  that  "men  may,  perhaps,  have  over- 
rated the  progress  of  nineteenth  century  re- 
search in  opening  the  secrets  of  nature  "  !  Has 
there,  we  may  ask,  ever  been  a  secret  of  nature 
that  has  excited  so  much  wonder  from  the 
ignorant,  and  given  so  much  occupation  to  the 
learned,  as  the  phenomena  of  fermentation  ? 
and  yet  it  has  been  reserved  to  the  time  of 
Lord  Salisbury's  manhood  for  Pasteur  to  give 
a  complete  explanation  of  the  j)roblem,  and  to 
utterly  destroy  the  hypothesis  supported  by  no 
less  eminent  a  chemist  than  Liebig.  What 
has  troubled  mankind  more  than  the  origins  of 
epidemics  ?  and  what  promises  to  benefit  man- 
kind more  than  the  great  idea  of  preventive 
medicine  ?  It  is,  first  of  all,  to  Pasteur  that 
we  owe  the  explanation  of  the  first,  and  the 
suggestion  for  the  second.  It  is  now  as  long 
ago  as  1871  that  he  wrote,  "I  already  foresee 
from  the  results  which  I  have  obtained  that  a 
new  path  is  opened  to  physiology  and  medical 
pathology."  And  here,  as  elsewhere,  his  keen 
foresiglit  saw  correctly. 


Nothing,  again,  is  a  greater  secret  than  the 
origin  of  life,  and  we  are  the  nearer  to  discover- 
ing it  now  that  no  sane  man  believes  in  abio- 
genesis  ;  of  the  army  of  workers  that  attacked 
that  question,  Pasteur  was  a  general. 

It  was,  no  doubt,  because  the  essential  quali- 
ties of  his  work  were  misunderstood  that 
Pasteur  became  the  object  of  disgraceful  attacks 
which  are  a  cause  of  perpetual  shame  to  those 
that  made  them,  and  while  "Pasteurisation" 
in  France  means  increased  wealth  to  the  maker 
of  wine,  it  is  popularly  associated  in  England 
with  some  silly  talk  about  mad  dogs. 

Having  then,  we  hope,  vindicated  the  cha- 
racter of  Pasteur  as  a  discoverer  of  the  secrets 
of  nature,  we  may  briefly  consider  the  results  of 
his  discoveries.  Above  all,  he  put  Lister  on 
the  path  which  has  led  to  the  marvellous  evolu- 
tion of  modern  surgery,  the  diminution  of  the 
death-rate  among  the  patients  of  the  surgeon, 
and  the  marked  lessening  of  their  pain.  He 
restored,  by  his  investigations  into  the  diseases 
of  silkworms,  the  silk  industry  of  Southern 
France  ;  his  discovery  of  methods  for  producing 
pure  beer-yeast  on  a  large  scale  cheapened  and 
improved  the  manufacture  of  beer  ;  his  investi- 
gations on  the  activity  of  Mycoderma  vini  have 
led  to  quicker  and  surer  maturation  of  wine. 
Turning  to  methods  by  which  animals  might  be 
made  immune  from  disease,  he  attacked  that 
scourge  of  our  herds,  "anthrax,"  and  by  the 
cultivation  of  it  in  various  media  he  obtained 
solutions  which,  when  injected  into  cattle,  saved 
them  from  the  death  which  seized  on  an 
enormous  percentage  of  unprotected  cows. 
Thus  was  he  led  to  discover  means  by  which 
mankind  might  be  saved  from  one  of  the  most 
terrible  of  deaths,  that  by  hydrophobia.  With 
infinite  patience  and  wonderful  skill  he  soon 
found  means  by  which,  in  one  year,  he  saved 
more  than  a  hundred  of  his  fellow  creatures  from 
a  terrible  death  ;  patients  of  all  ages  and  all 
races  crowded  to  Paris  to  be  cured  by  him,  and 
now  his  methods  are  in  use  all  over  the  civilized 
world. 

This  is,  in  brief,  a  summary  of  his  scientific 
work  ;  to  write  more  fully  it  would  be  necessary 
to  enter  into  technical  details  which  might 
cause  shadows  to  fall  between  us  and  an 
eminence  which  to-day  we  would  rather  look 
at  in  perfect  clearness. 

The  world,  indeed,  is  the  poorer  by  the 
death  of  Pasteur,  but  how  much  richer  by  his 
life  !  He  combated  not  disease  only,  but  almost 
certain  death  ;  as  with  a  wizard's  wand,  he 
restored  to  Lyons  a  decaying  industry,  and  to 
Bordeaux  he  brought  great  access  of  wealth  ; 
the  cattle  of  the  field  and  the  fowl  of  the  yard 
have  lost  a  friend,  and  for  inquiring  man  there 
has  been  drawn  aside  one  more  of  the  veils  that 
hide  the  face  of  nature.  Truly  the  loss  is  not 
for  France,  but  for  the  world  ;  not  for  now,  but 
for  all  time. 

PRIMITIVE   SUNDIALS   IN   UPPER   EGYPT. 

Helwan,  Egypt. 

One  of  the  many  small  but  interesting  dis- 
coveries made  during  a  journey  in  Upper  Egypt 
in  the  hot  summer  of  1893  was  that  the  hours 
of  work  for  a  water-wheel  were  fixed  by  primi- 
tive sundials. 

Two  kinds  were  used.  At  Edfu  a  horizontal 
dhurra  stalk  lay  north  and  south  on  two  forked 
uprights.  East  and  west  were  pegs  in  the 
ground,  dividing  evenly  the  space  of  earth 
between  the  sunrise  and  sunset  shadows  of  the 
horizontal  gnomon.  Further  south  the  gnomon 
was  a  vertical  stick. 

The  gnomon  and  the  space  between  two  pegs 
arc  ecjually  called  alka,  a  word  which  is  new  to 
the  dictionaries.  It  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Arabic  root  jUj  to  hang,  suspend,  hitch  on. 

To  the  question,  "What  do  you  do  when  the 
shadow  reaches  this  peg?"  tlie  answer  always 
comes,  j'o"  ^iu  jja.  jUi,  "We  harness  or  hitch  on 
another  pair  of  bullocks"   Qy  is  a  common 


Egyptian  metathesis  for  ^JJ  "pair").  The 
harnessing  of  a  bullock  to  a  water-wheel  is 
merely  an  affair  of  hitching  a  loop  over  a  peg. 

At  Aswan,  instead  of  a  stick,  a  wall  or  boulder 
is  sometimes  used,  and  the  dividing  pegs  are 
pressed  in  level  with  the  soil,  lest  they  should 
be  removed  by  the  feet  of  cattle  or  passers-by. 
Hence  it  is  that  these  curious  sundials  have  so 
long — apparently  for  centuries — escaped  notice. 
Yet  they  are  very  generally  in  use,  and  the 
phrase  may  often  be  heard  "Go  and  see  the 
alka,"  that  is  "Go  and  see  the  time."  The 
water-wheels,  or  sakias  (the  word  sakia  is  very 
generally  known),  work  day  and  night.  The 
night  watches  are  determined  by  the  rising 
and  setting  of  stars,  which  of  course  vary  from 
month  to  month,  and  of  which  the  names  differ 
in  each  village.  The  names  of  the  watches  are, 
however,  invariable.  The  twenty-four  hours 
are  divided  into  six  watches  ;  or,  during  low 
Nile,  when  the  water  is  far  below  the  surface, 
into  seven  watches.  Here  are  their  names  with 
some  attempt  at  explanation,  both  in  Arabic  and 
in  the  dialect  of  Kenus  : — 


Approx.  Hour. 

Name  of  Alka. 

liemar/is. 

Sunrise. 

Aisia  el  awalani. 

The  first  Aisia.  Aisia?  A.  froi 

10  a.m. 

Aisia  el  akhrani. 

The  last. 

•J  P.M. 

Tonawia. 

?  K.  Sunset,  or  declining  sun. 

Sunset. 

Ashawia. 

A.  Hour  of  evening  meal. 

10  p.m. 

Sel  as  shop. 

?K. 

1  .1  M. 

Subhia. 

.\.  Morning. 

4.(.M. 

MassU  bajigh. 

K.  Sunrise. 

A.  means  Arabic  ;  K.,  Kensi  dialect.  The 
alka  begins  at  the  hour  placed  opposite  to  it. 

"Sel  as  shop"  so  far  defies  etymology.  It 
might  be  referred  to  '-r^  ^,  Persian  words  for 
"the  shadow  of  the  night."  Some  historians 
say  the  sakia  came  from  Persia.  Yet  there  are 
no  sakias  in  Persia,  or  rather  the  word  indicates 
not  a  groaning  water-wheel,  but  Ganymede,  as 
in  the  lines  following,  which  deserve  translation 
at  the  hands  of  the  author  of  '  Hafiz  in 
London ': — 


y!^'  ^^ 


^.^^.  '^  .j'- 


Pour  me,  O  Sakia,  the  wine  that's  left. 
For  when  we're  snatched  to  barren  bliss  above 
Not  the  cool  streams  of  Ruknabad  we  '11  hear, 
Nor  will  Musalla's  rosebowers  hide  our  love. 

"  Sel  as  shop  "  will  probably  be  traced  to  some 
of  the  dialects  of  Upper  Nile. 

It  must  be  remarked  that  these  sundials  are 
not  in  the  scientific  sense  of  the  word  sundials. 
They  are  constructed  and  employed  without 
scientific  knowledge  of  any  kind,  and  recall  an 
incident  of  some  twenty  years  ago  in  Arabia. 
The  celebrated  Sheikh  Daij  of  Koweit,  wishing 
to  test  the  astronomical  knowledge  of  the  writer, 
asked  him  to  construct  a  sundial.  He  inter- 
rupted learned  explanations  about  a  knowledge 
of  latitude,  horizontal  planes,  &c.,  by  abruptly 
planting  his  spear  in  the  ground,  and  marking 
with  his  foot  where  the  shadows  would  fall  at 
the  hours  of  prayer.  Still,  though  unscientific 
and  humble  in  its  uses,  this  gnomon  is  probably 
the  origin  of  all  astronomical,  geometrical,  and 
geographical  knowledge. 

The  early  history  of  astronomy  is  indistinct, 
and  the  truth  is  perhaps  as  surely  reached  by 
following  the  line  of  least  resistance  as  by 
trusting  to  the  partial  decipherment  of  mutilated 
records.  It  is  probable  that  in  the  tropics  the 
use  of  the  sun  as  a  chronometer  is  as  old  as 
the  human  race.  And  the  discovery  that  the 
wells  of  Aswan  gave  no  shadow  at  the  summer 
solstice  is  probably  as  old  as  the  wells. 

It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  Egyptians 
ascertained  the  length  of  the  year  to  within  a 
few  hours.  This  approximation  must  have  been 
obtained  by  measuring  the  shadow  of  a  gnomon 
at  the  summer  solstice,  which  coincided  with 
their  iirincipal  natural  plienonicnon,  the  rising 
of  the  Nile.  It  could  hardly  be  otherwise. 
Given  a  constant  and  never-clouded  sun,  and  a 
need  to  divide  up  the  day,  the  upright  stick  is 
brought  into  use  at  once.  But  little  time  could 
have  elapsed  before  it  was  noticed  that  the  noon 


N'^SSiS,  Oct.  5, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


459 


shadow  was  longer  or  shorter  one  day  than  the 
preceding  day.  Hundreds  of  old  men,  ancestors 
of  the  ghafirs  of  to-day,  would  watch,  and  the 
period  from  one  summer  solstice  to  another 
could  not  have  remained  long  unknown. 

It  must  have  quickly  been  noticed  that  a 
gnomon  of  fixed  length  did  not  at  Babylon, 
for  example,  give  so  short  a  shadow  as  at 
Syene  ;  and  that  at  Meroe  the  shadow  fell  to 
the  south.  Thus  to  the  obliquity  of  the 
ecliptic  was  added  some  knowledge  of  latitude. 
At  this  stage  astronomy,  the  handmaid  of  agri- 
culture, falls  into  the  hands  of  the  priests,  and 
becomes  a  religion.  And  matters  remain  thus 
until  the  Greeks  measure  a  base.  Anaximander 
carried  the  gnomon  from  Egypt  into  Greece. 
Back  from  Greece  to  Egypt  came  Eratosthenes, 
and  Egypt  became  the  cradle  of  practical 
geometry.  Alexander  measured  Egypt.  The 
first  line  measured  was  probably  the  safest  and 
easiest,  that  along  the  Nile  valley.  And  for 
science  it  is  impossible  to  overstate  the  im- 
portance of  this  measured  base.  When  Eratos- 
thenes arrived  in  Egypt  it  was  well  known  that 
on  a  certain  day  the  sun  illuminated  the  per- 
pendicular walls  of  the  wells  of  Syene.  It  is 
possible  that  Euergetes  saw  some  connexion 
between  the  rectangle  thus  obtained  and  the 
newly  measured  base,  and  invited  Eratosthenes 
to  make  what  use  of  it  he  could.  However 
this  may  be,  the  following  triangles  at  once 
suggest  themselves  :  — 


Thus  the  gnomon  gives  us  the  breadth  of  the 
tropics,  the  length  of  a  degree,  the  size  of  the 
earth,  and  its  distance  from  the  sun. 

What  a  prodigious  history  for  a  ragged  dhurra 
stalk  stuck  in  the  burning  ground  near  the 
groaning  water-wheel  I  It  seems  willing  to 
follow  the  fate  of  the  master  who  used  it,  and 
who  starved  himself  to  death. 

Let  me  add  two  remarks  in  conclusion.  First, 
the  effect  of  the  use  of  a  gnomon's  shadow  leaves 
its  trace  to  this  day  on  Arabic  astronomy. 
Angles  are  called  jk,  shadows. 

Secondly,  measuring  the  exact  length  of  a 
shadow  on  a  somewhat  rough  plane  was  not 
easy.  I^erhaps  better  results  were  obtained  by 
examining  the  faces  of  an  obelisk.  If  the  north 
face  of  an  obelisk  at  Luxor  sloped  at  an  angle 
equal  to  the  difference  of  latitude  between  Luxor 
and  Syene,  then,  at  the  summer  solstice  only, 
all  four  faces  would  be  equally  illuminated. 

Ernest  A.  Floyer. 


Hox. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Engineers.  7J  — '  Hie  Relatire  Value  of  Percolation  Gauges, 
Mr.  R.  E.  Middleton. 


Sichnu  ^aaiig. 

Prof.  W.  W.  Campbell  has  made  a  new  de- 
termination of  the  diameter  of  the  planet  Mars 
from  a  very  careful  series  of  observations  with 
the  36-inch  telescope  of  the  Lick  Observatory, 
before  and  after  the  last  opposition  of  the 
planet  in  October,  1894.  The  result  of  the 
observations  (Astronomical  Journal,  No.  354) 
is  that  the  planet's  polar  diameter  at  the  earth's 
mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  9 "'25  ;  then  using 
Prof.  Young's  value  of  the  planet's  polar  com- 
pression, .,lj,  he  finds  that  its  equatorial  diameter 
on  the  same  scale  is  9  "'30.  The  resulting 
actual  value  of  the  equatorial  diameter  of  Mars 
in  miles  is  about  4,200. 

Dr.  Berberich's  last  determination  (Ad. 
Nach.  No.  3310)  of  the  orbit  of  Swift's  comet 
(o,  1895)  gives  its  period  7  0G  years,  which  he 
thinks  is  rather  too  large  than   too  small,    so 


that  the  comet  will  probably  appear  again  in 
the  summer  of  1902. 

A  WORK  on  'Mensuration  for  Senior  Students,' 
by  Prof.  Alfred  Lodge,  of  Cooper's  Hill,  will 
shortly  be  published  by  Messrs.  Longman. 

The  sixth  and  concluding  volume  of  '  Cassell's 
New  Technical  Educator '  will  be  issued  during 
the  present  month.  The  same  firm  are  about 
to  publish  an  entirely  new  and  revised  edition 
of  '  The  Ladies'  Physician,  a  Guide  to  Women 
in  the  Treatment  of  their  Ailments,'  by  a 
London  physician. 

The  medical  branch  of  the  army  loses  a  dis- 
tinguished member  in  Surgeon  -  General  Sir 
Thomas  Longmore,  C.B.,  who  died  on  Tuesday 
last  in  his  seventy-ninth  year.  He  served 
throughout  the  Crimean  campaign  and  the 
Sepoy  Mutiny,  and  was  Professor  of  Military 
Surgery  at  the  Army  Medical  School,  Netley, 
from  1860  to  1891,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  number  of  professional 
works,  of  which  his  '  Optical  Manual '  has  passed 
through  several  editions  and  is  the  standard 
work  in  the  army  in  connexion  with  the  eye- 
sight of  soldiers. 

Mr.  Heinemann  is  going  to  publish  '  Move- 
ment,'  translated  from  the  French  of  E.  Marey 
by  Eric  Pritchard,  and  '  The  Biological  Problem 
of  To-day,'  by  Prof.  Oscar  Hertwig,  translated, 
with  a  preface,  by  P.  Chalmers  Mitchell. 

The  death  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Taylor,  for  twenty 
years  curator  of  the  Ipswich  Museum,  took  place 
at  that  town  on  Saturday  last.  His  weekly 
scientific  lectures  were  much  valued.  He  was 
the  author  of  numerous  scientific  works  of  a 
popular  character,  and  at  one  time  the  editor  of 
Science  Gossip.  Suffolk  people  are  also  indebted 
to  him  for  an  excellent  '  Tourists'  Guide  to  the 
County  of  Suffolk.' 

According  to  the  annual  report  of  the 
Deutsche  und  Oesterreichische  Alpenverein, 
which  was  read  at  the  late  Salzburg  festival, 
the  club  now  numbers  35,700  members  in  the 
222  "  Sektionen "  in  Germany  and  Austria. 
Next  year's  festival  is  to  be  held  at  Stuttgart. 


FINE    ARTS 


illustrated  books. 
It  was  a  capital  idea  to  publish  a  new  edition 
of  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene  with  numerous 
boldly  drawn  and  masculine  illustrations  on 
wood,  from  the  fittest  of  all  English  hands  for 
the  purpose  and  according  to  the  mode  in  view 
— the  hands  of  Mr.  Walter  Crane.  Of  this 
issue  we  liave,  from  Mr.  G.  Allen,  nine  parts, 
carefully  edited  (the  text,  of  course,  required 
little  more  than  good  printing)  by  Mr.  T.  J. 
Wise,  printed  by  Whittinghams  on  aptly-toned 
and  substantial  paper,  got  up  with  taste,  and 
furnished  with  ample  margins.  Nineteen  large 
post  quarto  parts  will  contain  the  whole  poem  ; 
of  these  1,000  copies  only  will  be  issued  for 
England,  the  United  States,  and  Canada.  So 
ambitious  and  highly  artistic  a  venture  deserves 
to  succeed.  The  very  first  large  design  gives 
just  ideas  of  what  is  to  follow.  It  delineates, 
with  much  stately  grace  and  in  a  sort  oi  ma nie re 
criblee,  the  setting  out  through  the  various  wood 
of  the  "gentle  Knight  "  and  the  "lovely  Lady  " 
who  "rode  him  faire  beside."  The  ornate 
unrealness  as  well  as  the  high-wrought  affecta- 
tions, pomp,  and  lofty  air  of  the  Elizabethan 
verse  obtain  throughout  the  cuts  both  large  and 
small,  headpieces,  borders  (all  of  which  are 
first-rate  pieces  of  decoration),  vignettes,  and 
tailpieces.  A  capital  instance  is  the  large 
design  with  which  canto  vi.  of  Book  I.  opens,  and 
which  shows  " faire L'^na" adored  by  the  "salvage 
nation,"  her  rescuers  in  the  wood.  "  The  wyld 
wood-gods,"  hastening  between  the  trees,  peer 
astonished  at  her  seated  on  the  ground,  just 
after  the  fierce  Sansloy  had  ridden  away  and 
left  her  there,  and  she,  equally  astonished  by 


their  strange  figures,  lifts  her  wimple  in  order 
to  look  at  them  ;  the  border  of  foliage  where 
satyrs  and  fauns,  male  and  female,  are  seen 
ensconced  or  climbing,  is  as  fresh  as  it  is  grace- 
ful and  full  of  spirit.  None  of  the  designs 
surpasses  that  which  shows  how,  the  Red  Cross 
Knight  being  "  captive  made," 

Prince  Arthur  meets  with  Una  great- 
Ly  by  those  news  distrest, 

and  appeals  to  the  champion  "armed  all  in 
Steele,"  who,  bending  in  his  saddle,  listens  to 
her  plaint.  When  Mr.  Crane  wanted  to  show 
us  how  great  was  tlie  achievement  of  the  Knight 
who  "with  that  old  Dragon  fought,"  he  con- 
trived a  monster  worth  fighting  with,  not  a 
mere  flabby  compilation  of  teeth  and  scales  ; 
and  when  the  artist  drew  us  "  the  ever  damned 
Beast  "  dead  upon  his  back. 

So  huge  and  horrible  a  masse  it  seem'd 
that   with   Una   and    her    "  faithf  ull   Knight" 
we   cry,   "Thank    goodness!"   and    rejoice    in 
the  charming  group  of  her  people,  as 

With  shaumes,  and  trompets,  and  with  Clarions  sweet, 
they  welcome  the  princess  and  her  deliverer. 
"With  stately  grace  and  princely  port"  the 
fair  Belphfebe  is  seen  walking,  spear-armed, 
within  the  wood  where  timorous  Trompart 
hid,  and  her  figure  needs  only  Spenser's  colours, 
ornaments,  and  "yellow  lockes,  crisped  like 
golden  wyre,"  to  be  a  complete  realization 
of  the  poet's  fancy.  These  are  the  best  of 
many  excellent  designs  of  the  larger  sort  where 
there  are,  especially  among  the  headpieces  to 
the  cantos,  several  even  more  Spenserian, 
chivalrous,  and  romantic ;  for  an  example 
take  that  to  Book  II.,  canto  viii.,  where  the 
Palmer  and  "the  faire  young  man"  attend 
Guyon  entranced  in  the  "shady  delve." 

Pictures  from  Punch.     Vol.  III.     (Bradbury, 
Agnew  &  Co.) — Although  Postlethwaite  and  all 
his  foolish  crew  are  passing  into  oblivion,  giving 
way  to  vanities  of  another  sort,  Punch's ' '  pictures  " 
will,  for  many  a  year  to  come,  hardly  require 
the  compilation  of  such  a  catalogue  raisonne  of 
his  satirical  prints  as  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  have  left  with  more  than  a  century  of 
years  undescribed,  and  thousands  of  engravings 
unelucidated.      Mr.  Punch  may  proudly  boast 
that  through  his  artists  (Leech,  Keene,  Doyle, 
Sir  J.  Tenniel,  Mr.  Du  Maurier,  and  others)  he 
is  his  own  record,  while  none   but  they  could 
create  such  a  volume  of  wit  as  this  is.  Mr.  Punch 
is  the  historian  of  his  time,  its  manners,  whims, 
fears,  and  follies,  and  he  delineates  to  the  life 
the  agricultural  labourer,  the  cockneys,  male  and 
female,  who  d  isported  themselves  on  and  off  horses, 
the  lovely  eccentrics  who  defied  Mrs.  Grundy, 
the  incomparable   children,   the   "  servantgal, " 
the  stupid  artist  who  threatened  his  uncompli- 
mentary critic  with   "unpopularity,"  the  jolly 
boys    and    the    larky  girls ;    while    the    older 
maidens,  plump  and  gawsie  in  their  teens,  such 
as  Leech  and  Mr.  Du  Maurier  liave  immortalized, 
are  the  themes  of  Mr.  Punch's  genial  satire,  or 
the  objects  of  his  worship  and  ours.     Nowhere 
else   can   we   hope   to    find   so  many  of  these 
examples.     The  volume  before  us  contains  very 
few  (and  none  that  is  remarkable)  of  Sir  John 
Tenniel's  designs,  and  in    the  few  is  none  of 
those  statuesque  insincerities  which  abound  in  the 
similar  volume  we  lately  reviewed  ;  while  many 
of  Charles  Keene's  delightful  experiences  in  Scot- 
land, his  illustrations  of  London  gainin  life,  and 
his  studies  of  humour  on  the  tops  of  omnibuses 
are  to  be  enjoyed  in  it.     In  company  of  Messrs. 
Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson  we  are  "personally 
conducted  "  by  Dicky  Doyle  to  a  review  ;  with 
Leech  we  see  the  greedy  "buttons"   who  ate 
Aunt  Foozle's  Actinea    equina,   and    found    it 
disagree    with    him.    We    have    further   expe- 
rience with  Keene  of  the  good  little  girl  who 
piously  observed  that  she  loved  all  her  enemies, 
including    "The    Dev — ."      Keene    surpassed 
himself  in  her  wonderful  face.     With  Messrs. 
Bowers,  Eltze,  Hopkins,  Partridge,  Reed,  Sam- 
bourne,  and  half  a  dozen  more  lively  spirits, 


460 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3545,  Oct.  5, '95 


we  enjoy  about  300  capital  jokes,  not  a  few  of 
which  were  overlooked  in  the  harvest  of  wit 
which  extends  from  1849  until  within  recent 
memories. 

Shakespeare's  Comedy  of  the  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor.    Illustrated  by  W.  Crane.  (G.  Allen.) 
— Mr.  Walter  Crane  continues  in  this  volume 
the  series  (other  members    of   which  we  have 
already  commended    to   our   readers)  of   illus- 
trations of  the  plays  of  Shakspeare,  being  large 
woodcuts,   or    rather    Dallastype   plates  which 
have  the  appearance    of   woodcuts,   in  a    bold 
mode  of  engraving,  showing  much  black.     This 
volume  is,  so  far  as  we  know,  the  best  of  the 
sequence  as  regards  its  unusually  careful  draughts- 
manship, finish,  and  good  taste.      Apart  from 
this,  some  of  the  drawings  are  not  quite  up  to 
Mr.   Crane's    technical   standards,   nor   do   the 
less  good  examples  appear  to  have  been  so  ably 
adapted   to    their   subjects   as  we  could  wish. 
The  sort  of  drawing  which  the  designer  affects 
involves  strong,  rather  heavy  and  crude,  not  to 
say  coarse  handling,  and  the  very  distinct  con- 
trast of  the  lights  and  shadows,  so  as  to  produce 
an  imperfect  monochrome,  does  not  lend  itself 
favourably  to  works  not  larger  than  these  ;  nor 
is  the  absence  of  any  attempts  to  represent  in 
black  and  white  the  differing  tones  and  colours 
of  the  costumes,   flesh,  architecture,  and  what 
not,  quite  a  fortunate  feature  of  the  publication. 
In  illustrating  the    'Faerie    Queene,'    an   en- 
tirely unreal  and  imaginative  subject,  it  is,  of 
course,  not  an  objection  that  Mr.  Crane  chose 
to  work  in  a  mode  analogous  to  that  now  before 
us  ;    it    is   quite    different   with    regard    to    a 
very  realistic  comedy.     Considering  the  designs 
as  such,  we  like  best  that  which  shows  Anne 
Page — who  is  one  of  the  tallest  of  Mr.  Crane's 
tall    women,    and    much    older    than    "sweet 
Anne  "  was  at  the  time  of  Sir  John  FalstafF's 
amatory  troubles — inviting  Master  Slender  to 
"come  in."     If  Mistress  Ford  had  dressed  as 
she  appears  in  the  second  plate,  there  would 
have  been  admonitions  bestowed  upon  her,  or 
fines   demanded   of   her  husband   for   allowing 
his  wife   to   attire  herself    like   a  countess   of 
Edward  II. 's  time;  while  the  coiffure  of  Mistress 
Page   reminds   us   of   a    beautiful    example  of 
c.    1290.     The    lovers    in    another    plate     are 
delightful   as    such,    but    anachronisms    as   to 
their  clothing.     On  the  other  hand,  the  designs 
abound  in  spirit,  and  charm  us  with  the  grace- 
fulness of  the  figures  they  comprise. 

Taillevent.  Par  F.  Fabre.  Illustrations  de 
G.  Roux.  (Paris,  L^vy.)— The  capital  work  of 
M.  F.  Fabre  is  aptly  illustrated  in  the  numerous 
page  cuts  which  are  embodied  with  the  text 
before  us,  and  still  more  ably  dealt  with  in  the 
large  designs  which  are  hors  texte,  and  not  nearly 
so  numerous  as  the  others.  They  are  deftly 
and  artistically  drawn  as  with  a  brush  in  Indian 
ink,  and  reproduced  in  a  mezzotint-like  manner. 
The  sentiment,  or  rather  the  sentimentality  of 
the  novel,  fails  not  to  appear  in  the  more  ambi- 
tious prints,  and  the  artist  has  happily  dif- 
ferentiated the  characters,  Riquette,  Luc, 
Annette,  Cabotte,  and  the  hero,  Taillevent  ; 
the  last  is,  perhaps,  a  little  feeble. 


THE   ARCH^OLOGICAL  SOCIETIES. 

Cambridge  Antif/narian  Society,  Octavo  Pub- 
lications.—l!io.  XXVIII.  On  the  Abbey  of  S.  Ed- 
mund at  Bury.  By  Montague  Rhodes  .James, 
Litt.D.  (Cambridge,  Deighton,  Bell  &  Co.)— 
The  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society  has  for 
many  years  been  doing  excellent  work  in  the 
advancement  of  archjeological  research  ;  but  no 
more  valuable  monograph  lias  been  issued  among 
its  "Octavo  PuV)lications  "  than  that  which  lias 
recently  reached  us  'On  the  Abbey  of  S.  Edmund 
at  Bury,'  by  the  well-known  Director  of  the 
Fitzwilliam  Museum.  The  accomplished  author, 
speaking  witli  characteristic  modesty  of  this 
great  labour  of  love,  says  :  "  It  is,  or  might  be, 
the  groundwork  for  a  comjjlete  history  of  the 
churc'   of  S.  Edmund  ;  but  in  itself  it  is,  I  am 


afraid,  rather  a  rudis  indigestaque  moles;    yet 
from  it,  and  from  the  results  of  that  fresh  in- 
vestigation of  the   site  which  I  earnestly  hope 
may  be  undertaken,  it  is  possible  that  an  ade- 
quate and  satisfactory  book  might  be  extracted." 
Less  could  hardly  be  said  of  this  volume,  which 
collects   in  the  smallest  possible    compass  the 
results  arrived  at  by  previous  writers   on  the 
history  of  this  famous  abbey,  and  lays  before 
us    large   additions   to   their   discoveries.       No 
man  could  be  better  qualified  for  that  task  than 
Dr.  James.      A  scholar  of  distinction  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  Fellow  and  Dean  of  King's  College, 
he  was  born  and  has  lived  almost  all  his  life  in 
the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Bury,  and  from 
childhood  the  great  monastery  and  its  history 
exercised   over    him   an    absorbing    attraction. 
When  it  came  to  his  knowledge  that  a  large  col- 
lection of  manuscripts  which  formerly  belonged 
to  the  abbey  was  deposited  at  Cambridge,  the  fact 
at  once  suggested  to  him  that  he  should  set  him- 
self to  hunt  for  any  other  books  that  had  escaped 
from   the    deplorable   looting   of   the   monastic 
library,  and,  sparing  no  pains  and  labour,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  a  large  number  of  other  important 
finds  turned  up,  sometimes  in  very  unexpected 
quarters.      Of   course  an  enthusiast  so  single- 
minded  could  not  but  be  led  on  from  step  to  step, 
and  hence  we  have  this  first  instalment  of  what, 
we  may  hope,  will  appear  sooner  or  later  as  a 
history  of  a  great  monastic  library,  perhaps  the 
richest  monastic  library  in  England  at  the  time 
of  the  Suppression.     Fari  passu  with  these  re- 
searches,   in   which   experts   in   bibliographical 
lore  may  be  supposed  to  be  chiefly  interested, 
Dr.  James  was   compelled  to  pursue  other  in- 
vestigations into  the  architectural  history  of  the 
vast  abbey  church,  which  as  it  stood  up  in  its 
glory  was  larger  than  any  existing  cathedral  in 
England — unless  Winchester  is  to  be  accounted 
an  exception — and,  as  a  monastic  church,  was 
second   in   splendour   only   to   the   magnificent 
church  at  St.  Albans.     It  is  saying  but  little  to 
affirm  that  no  such  satisfactory  account  of  an 
English  monastic   church   and  library  has   yet 
been  written.     But  Dr.  James  appears  to  think 
that  he  has  made  little  more  than  a  beginning  ; 
his  monograph  he  puts  forth  as  but  an  earnest 
of    what    we   may    expect    from    him    in    the 
near   future.      Meanwhile   we   are    encouraged 
to  hope  that  an  attemi^t  will  be  made  without 
delay  to  carry  out  a  complete  uncovering  of  the 
immense  accumulations  of  rubbish  now  hiding 
the  acres  of  ruins  which  are  all  that  we  can  see 
of  one  of  the  most  mighty  religious  houses  in 
Britain.    No  better  preparation  could  have  been 
made  for  such  an  undertaking  than  Dr.  James's 
essay,  which  will  go  far  to  show  us  what  we  have 
to  look  for  and  what  we  may  expect  to  find. 

From  Messrs.  Deighton,  Bell  &  Co.  we  have 
also  received  the  thirty-sixth  number  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society. 
The  contributions  are  of  a  somewhat  mis- 
cellaneous character,  but  are  chiefly  of  local 
interest.  By  far  the  most  valuable  paper  is  one 
on  ancient  libraries  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Clark.  This 
must  be  regarded  as  a  very  learned  supplement 
or  expansion  of  Mr.  Clark's  Rede  Lecture  of 
last  year.  The  illustrations  are  as  excellent  as 
we  should  have  expected,  and  the  subject-matter 
comes  in  so  appositely,  as  throwing  light  upon 
Dr.  James's  Bury  essay,  that  the  simultaneous 
puVtlication  of  the  two  monographs  must  be  re- 
garded as  something  more  than  a  coincidence. 

The  Yorkshire  Archceological  Journal.  Parts 
XLIX.,  L.,  and  LI.  (Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.) 
— The  printing  of  Sir  S.  Glynne's  serviceable 
'Notes  on  Yorkshire  Churches,'  a  sort  of  anti- 
(juarian  itinerary  oi  tours  made  in  and  after 
1827,  is  continued  to  Part  V.  in  the  present 
issues  of  this  active  society.  To  their  cha- 
racter, quality,  and  interest  we  have  already 
borne  witness,  and  need  only  say  that  the 
writer  had  more  knowledge  of  his  subject  than 
was  usually  possessed  in  his  day,  and  he  showed 
true  feeling  for  antiquity  when  he  wrote  that 
the  exterior  of  St.  Leonard's,  New  Malton,  had 


been  "modernized  in  a  disgraceful  way."     He 
relied   much  upon   the   picturesque  aspects  of 
the   buildings  he  saw,  yet  had  a  good  eye  for 
their  architectural  merits,  and  he  knew,  broadly 
speaking,  enough  of  his  theme  rightly  to  dis- 
criminate the  Gothic  styles  according  to  Rick- 
man.      Many  of  his  notes  are  valuable  as  de- 
scribing the  buildings  as  they  then  appeared, 
yet  notwithstanding  his  advantages  he  missed 
many   good    things,    e.g.,    the    chancel    screen 
at     Flamborough     and      the     curious     tower 
chamber    at   Hunmanby,    probably   an    anker- 
hold.      Rievaulx   Abbey   he   admired    greatly, 
without  noticing  that  it  lies  north  and  south, 
not  east    and  west    as    usual.     With    Skelton, 
that  Early  English  gem,  he  was  delighted,  and 
thus  attests  his  taste  and  good  judgment.     Mrs. 
Armitage  gives  a  terse  and  sympathetic  digest 
of  General  Pitt-Rivers's    excavations  in  Cran- 
borne  Chase,  with  its  Romano-British  villages 
where,  though  far  from  the  coast,  the  natives 
ate  oysters,  and  seem  to  have  been  addicted  to 
infanticide,   if    not    likewise    to  stoning    their 
culprits  or  captives  to  death.     It  is  remarked, 
and  we  confirm  the  saying,  that  a  similar  long- 
headed,   small -featured,    short  -  statured    type 
exists   in  Dorset  to   this    day.       General  Pitt- 
Rivers    has   effectually   disproved   Dr.    Guest's 
notion  that  the  great  Wansdyke,  as  long  as  the 
Roman  Wall  itself,  was  what  he  called  "Belgic  "; 
it  turns  out  to  be  post-Roman,  not  earlier  than 
Honorius's  time.     Both   the  Wansdyke — which 
extended  from  Portishead  to  Cissbury  Camp  (!) 
— and  Bokerly  Dyke  have  their  ditches  to  the 
north  ;  they  were,  therefore,  formed  against  a 
southern   enemy.       The   question   is.    Whom  ? 
General    Pitt  -  Rivers    takes    these    dykes    to 
have  been  raised   against   the  West  Saxons  of 
the    sixth    century    by    the     Romano-Britons. 
Mrs.  Armitage  writes  of  her  authority's  having 
noticed  the  higher  level  at  which  water  could 
be  obtained   in   ancient    times  than   now  as  a 
"  discovery."     It  was  hardly  so  to  any  one  who 
had  observed  the  old  boundaries  of  rivers,  pools, 
and  meres  (most  of  which  are  now  small  ponds) 
to  have  been  much  larger  than  at  present.     In 
a  land  that,  like  Britain,  was  half  covered  by 
wood,  the  soil  was  sure  to  be  saturated  to  a 
very    high    level.      The    fact,    however,    fully 
explains  the  apparent  absence  of  water  in  so 
many  prehistoric  camps.     Mr.  Ellis's  excerpts 
from  '  Yorkshire  Deeds,'  which  are  very  quaint 
as  well  as  curious,  are  continued  in  Part  XLIX. 
In  1237   Pope  Gregory  IX.  gave  to  Walter  de 
Grey,  Archbishop  of  York,  permission  to  grant 
the  petition  of  William  de  Maincestre  that  he 
might  have  service  performed  in  his  chapel  of 
North    Stodeley,    instead   of  attending   at   his 
parish  church,  "  on  account  of  the  dangers  of 
the  road "  (the  said  William  being,  doubtless, 
lazy),   but  he  had  to  go  to  church  on  certain 
days.     Sir  John  Marmyun,    Lord   of  Tanfield, 
granted,   among  other    things,   liberty  to  pick 
nuts  in  Westewod    to  Elias,  son    of    Elias  of 
West  Tanfield.     Dr.  Fairbank    has  collected  a 
mass  of  curious  illustrations  of  the  ancient  con- 
test for  precedence  and  authority  between  the 
arch-prelates    of    Canterbury    and    York,    ac- 
cording to    which  the  latter  simply  boycotted 
his  brother,  forbidding  anybody  to  have  any- 
thing to  do  with  him.     On  the  other  hand,  in 
132-5  Canterbury  actually  excommunicated  York 
himself  for  carrying  his  cross  through  the  City 
of  London  ;  and  on  more  than  one  occasion  the 
king  ordered  the  sheriff's  of  Lincoln,  Notting- 
ham, and  York  to  protect  the  northern  prelate 
within    their    counties.      The    squabble,    after 
lasting  for  centuries,   was    stilled    in   1342   by 
the   yet  existing  compromise.     The  reprinting 
of  the  Dodsworth  Yorkshire  notes,  an  amazing 
mass  of  matei-ials,  is  concluded  by  Mr.  Holmes 
as  regards  the  Waj)entake  of  Osgoldcross.     The 
will    of  William    Nelson,   A^icar  of   Doncaster, 
1360,     is    an    interesting    document     because, 
besides  other  items  such  as  commonly  appear 
in    mediicval   testaments,    it    bequeaths   three 
portifories  (portable  altars)  to  so  many  parsons, 


N**  3545,  Oct. 


5, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


461 


"one  Flanders  chest  and  everything  belong- 
ing to  my  Chamber  "  to  a  friend,  and  "  To  the 
Anchoretts  of  Donecaster,  6s.  8d."  Mr.  W. 
Brown  supplies  a  lengthy  and  well-studied  ac- 
countof  that  extraordinary  monument  the  unique 
Bruce  tomb,  or  cenotaph,  which  was  removed 
from  the  ruins  of  the  priory  at  Guisborough, 
and  is  now  in  the  parish  church  of  that  place.  It 
is  one  of  the  very  few  remains  of  what  before  the 
dissolution  of  the  monasteries  must  have  been  an 
almost  innumerable  host  of  monuments  of  great 
men.  Great  as  has  been  the  destruction  of  these 
noble  memorials  in  this  country,  it  was,  being 
almost  complete,  far  greater  in  the  monastic 
churches  of  France  and  the  Low  Countries, 
where  tombs  are  rare  indeed.  The  Bruce 
monument  was  unquestionably  erected  to  com- 
memorate the  English  or  Skelton  branch  of  the 
great  family  of  Annandale.  Mr.  Brown  has 
given  reasons  for  ascribing  the  erection  of  this 
huge  cenotaph,  with  its  weepers,  armorials, 
badges,  and  other  sculptors'  work,  to  Margaret 
Tudor,  widow  of  James  IV.,  who  was  killed  at 
Flodden.  This  princess  may  have  ordered  the 
memorial  to  be  erected  in  honour  of  Robert 
Bruce,  of  Skelton,  who  founded  the  priory  at 
Guisborough.  The  style  of  the  carving,  the 
heraldry,  and,  above  all,  the  queer  manner  in 
which  the  weepers  are  clad  in  armour  affirm  that, 
at  any  rate,  the  period  of  the  Tudor  princess  is 
that  of  the  cenotaph.  Mr.  Skaife  has  translated 
and  copiously  annotated  the  Domesday  Book 
for  Yorkshire  ;  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Lightfoot  de- 
scribes mural  paintings  in  St.  Peter's,  Picker- 
ing ;  and  the  Rev.  E.  H.  Sankey  and  Mr. 
Schiidderkopf  give  an  account  of  some  ancient 
German  glass  at  Wragby,  near  Wakefield, 

Sussex Archaologicnl  Collections.  Vol.  XXXIX. 
(Lewes,  Farncombe  &  Co.) — This  now  venerable 
serial  continues  its  useful  career.     The  leading 
paper  in  the  volume  is  Mr.  Inderwick's  account 
of  Rye  under  the  Commonwealth,  that  is  to  say, 
when  the  ancient  town  was  within  easy  reach 
of  the  sea.     During  the  uncomfortable  rule  of 
the  Puritans  no  London  coach  went  nearer  to 
Rye  than  Tonbridge,  though  doubtless  Rye  folk 
went  by  the  Hastings  "  machine,"  and  walked 
or  rode  the  remainder  of  the  way.     While  even 
in   Walpole's   time   the   miry   ways   of    Sussex 
cost   the   easy-going    Horace   many  groans,    in 
the   seventeenth   century  a  special  clause  in  a 
statute  of  1654  exempted  the  London  jehus  from 
driving  into  any  part  of  the  county,  except  by 
special  agreemcmt.      So  very  disloyal  were  the 
M.P.s  of  the  shire  that  eight  of  them  in  the 
Long  Parliament  sat  as  the  king's  judges,  and 
six  were  actual  regicides,  among  them  Cawley 
of  Midhurst,    of    whom    these    Collections   had 
much  to  say  not  long  ago.    A  very  large  propor- 
tion of  the  then  abundant  Sussex  iron  went  from 
Rye,  including  shot  for  the  Tower,  anchors  and 
cables,  large  castings,  and  hammer  work  of  many 
sorts.       Horses  were   numerously  exported   to 
Dieppe,  and  the  commandant  of  the  castle  there 
being  on  specially  good  terms  with  the  Mayor 
of  Rye  smuggling  was,  of  course,  never  heard  of. 
All  these  matters  have  vanished  in   oblivion  : 
the  big  ships  that  lay  in  the  harbour  have  sailed 
into  the  eternal  darkness,  and   the  one  thing 
that  most  concerns  the  readers  of  the  Athemciim 
of  to-day  is  that  in  1576  there  was  born  to  the 
then  Vicar  of  Rye  (afterwards  a  bishop)  a  son, 
whom  he  named  John,  and  who  in  time  grew  to 
be  the  twin  in  letters  of   Francis    Beaumont. 
S.  Jeake,  who  is  dear  to  dryasdusts  on  account 
of   his   monumental    '  Charters   of    the   Cinque 
Ports,' was  Town  Clerk  and  Recorder  of  Rye, 
an   arch-Presbyterian  and    "  Parliamentarian," 
as  well  as  an  adept  in  the  astrology  of  those 
days.     It  is  characteristic  of  our  author,  even 
more  than  of  his  subject,  that  he  has  literally 
nothing  to  say  of  Rye  as  a  Cinque  Port.     The 
quantity  of  beer  consumed  in  the  town  during 
the   period   in   question   must   have   been   stu- 
pendous.     Besides    the    thirty-four   beerhouse 
keepers  who  were  fined  for  using  short  measures 
in  virtuous  Rye,  there  must  have  been  a  majority 


of  just  beersellers,  to  say  nothing  of  innkeepers 
of  a  higher  degree,  such  as  Stevens  of  the  Swan, 
and  his  brethren  of  the  [St.]  George,  the  Mer- 
maid, and  one  Key  of  the  Ship,  whose  brass  tokens 
abound  in  the  Rye  and  Winchelsea  regions.  Of 
these  the  Mermaid  still  stands  in  Mermaid 
Street.  Sir  G.  Duckett  assails  with  complete 
success  the  assumption  of  Prof.  Freeman,  who, 
yielding  to  the  temptations  which  beset  clever 
writers  to  their  ruin,  confused  the  name  of 
Senlac,  which  is  merely  a  Norman  figurative 
epithet,  with  that  of  Hastings,  as  proper  to  the 
great  battle  of  1066.  Among  the  other  papers 
which  give  value  to  this  volume  are  those  of 
Mr.  J.  L.  Andr^,  on  chancel  screens  ;  Major 
Attree,  on  Sussex  gentry  ;  Mr.  C.  L.  Prince, 
on  the  rent  roll  of  the  Duke  of  Dorset,  1718-20  ; 
Mr.  H.  F.  Napper,  on  Towncreep,  near  Pens- 
hurst  ;  and  Mr.  E.  H.  W.  Dunkin,  on  deeds  in 
the  possession  of  the  Sussex  Archseological 
Society. 


AUCIENT   MONUMENTS   IN   IRELAND. 

Appendix  H  to  the  recently  issued  Sixty- 
third  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public 
Works  (Ireland)  contains  information  of  a 
serious  character  if  the  proposed  repairs  are 
not  carefully  watched  by  skilled  archaeolo- 
gists. The  ruins  vested  in  the  Board  under 
the  Irish  Church  Act  of  1869  and  under 
the  Act  of  1882  are,  generally,  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation.  A  number  of  additional 
monuments  have  been  vested  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Ancient  Monuments  Protection 
Act  of  1892,  amongst  which  are  Dunbrody 
Abbey,  Askeaton  Castle,  Oughterard  Round 
Tower  and  Church,  Roscommon  Castle,  Slane 
Abbey,  St.  Dominick's  Church,  Cashel,  and  Sligo 
Abbey. 

The  works  necessary  for  the  preservation  of 
Boyle  Abbey,  co.  Roscommon,  were  undertaken 
and  carried  out  during  the  past  year.  The  ivy 
had  completely  enveloped  the  building,  and  so 
disturbed  the  stones  that  the  whole  fabric  was 
in  danger  of  falling.  It  was  difficult  to  deal 
with  a  ruin  in  this  condition,  and  the  utmost 
care  had  to  be  taken  with  the  work  of  removing 
the  ivy,  which  was  satisfactorily  executed.  The 
abbey  is  Cistercian.  Killowen  Abbey,  co.  Clare, 
was  founded  in  1190  by  Donald  O'Brien  for 
nuns  of  the  Order  of  St.  Augustine,  and  dedi- 
cated to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  Considerable 
works  have  been  carried  out.  Pointing  to  a 
very  great  extent  has  been  done  in  order  to 
staunch  leaks  in  the  stone  roof  of  Cormac's 
Chapel.  The  Cathedral  of  Cashel  is  in  no  need 
of  further  repair  for  the  present.  The  nave, 
aisle,  and  side  chapel  of  St.  Dominick's  Abbey, 
Cashel,  were  in  a  lamentable  state  of  decay. 
The  western  front  was  much  in  need  of  repair. 
Works  of  preservation  are  in  progress.  Monas- 
ternenagh,  co.  Limerick,  is  a  large  Cistercian 
abbey  of  Norman  character,  founded  in  1148. 
Works  of  repair  are  in  progress.  The  eastern 
end  fell  some  years  ago,  but  the  Commissioners 
hope  that  the  debris  will  be  found  to  contain  the 
missing  jamb  and  arch  stones  of  the  three-light 
window,  part  of  which  is  standing,  so  that  the 
window  can  be  reconstituted  from  the  old  mate- 
rials. Of  course  this  is  quite  a  waste  of  public 
money  and  a  spoliation  of  an  historic  ruin.  The 
removal  of  the  heavy  ivy  is  quite  another  thing. 
Askeaton  Castle  belonged  to  the  Earls  of  Des- 
mond. It  contains  a  fine  banqueting  hall,  and 
much  of  tlie  keep  is  standing.  The  seventh 
Earl  of  Desmond,  in  1420,  founded  here  an 
abbey  for  conventual  Franciscans,  which  is  a 
picturesque  and  extensive  ruin.  The  castle 
and  abbey,  with  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
walls  of  the  town,  form  a  most  interesting 
group.  The  Commissioners  ominously  state 
that  work  will  be  commenced  soon. 


Mr.  Hook  will  probably  send  to  the  Royal 
Academy  Exhibition  of  next  year  four,  if  not 
more  pictures,  being,  besides  a  very  fine  nearly 
life-size,  three-quarters-length  portrait  of  his 
elder  son  Mr.  Allan  Hook,  three  landscapes 
recently  painted  in  the  north  of  Scotland  and 
now  nearly  finished.  The  first  of  these  repre- 
sents the  shore  of  a  little  rocky  cove  while  the 
tide  is  out,  and  several  fishing  boats  are  hauled 
up  out  of  reach  of  the  waves.  Close  to  one  of 
the  boats  two  men  are  sitting  upon  the  ground 
and  busilj'  baiting  hooks  for  their  next  voyage  ; 
the  line  hangs  between  them  upon  a  spar  ex- 
tended from  the  nearest  boat.  The  uncovered 
rocks  are  clad  in  weeds  of  brilliant  green,  a 
quick  yet  soft  breeze  gently  ruffles  the  surface 
of  the  sea  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  and  in  its 
hues  the  water  is  like  a  plain  of  opal  and  silver; 
it  meets  the  serene  and  somewhat  vaporous  sky 
of  the  tenderest  greys.  '  Wayside  Gossips '  is  the 
present  title  of  another  delicate  and  sober  coast- 
piece  of  exquisite  pearly  and  sober  grey  hues, 
where  dark  rockypointsdividealittle  bay's  nearly 
calm  waters,  and  some  boats  have  been  dragged 
almost  into  a  stone-girt  meadow  in  which  a 
woman  is  bleaching  linen.  A  rough  road  goes 
from  the  front  to  the  middle  distance,  and  at 
its  side  near  us  an  elderly  woman  sits  with  a 
creel  upon  her  back  while  she  gossips  with  a 
strapping  young  matron  holding  a  babe  in  her 
arms.  "This  is  a  lovely  exercise  in  pure,  soft 
tones  and  tints.  The  third  landscape  may 
appear  as  'A  Highland  Freehold,'  because  it 
gives  us  some  rough,  stone-built,  and  thatched 
cottages  grouped  with  stacks  of  peat  and  coarse 
grass  in  a  bright  green  meadow  close  to  a  swift 
brook,  which  is  spanned  by  a  rude  footbridge 
of  a  single  stone  where  a  comely  and  rosy  girl 
kneels  upon  the  ground,  and  fills  a  pitcher  with 
the  pure  and  glancing  water. 

We  hear  from  Paris  that  the  famous  printers, 
Messrs.  Mame,  of  Tours,  count  on  the  forth- 
coming 'Life  of  Christ,'  in  colour-photography 
after  the  body-colour  drawings  of  M.  James 
Tissot,  as  likely — after  the  success  of  his  Biblical 
Arab  sketches  at  the  Salon  of  the  Champ  de 
Mars,  to  which  we  have  more  than  once  alluded 
in  the  highest  terms  —  to  prove  the  most 
profitable  venture  of  the  modern  French  press. 
The  selling  price  of  copies  Nos.  1  to  20  is  to  be 
2001.  a  copy,  and  of  copies  Nos.  21  to  1,000, 
601.  a  copy.  The  advertisement,  containing 
one  specimen  coloured  plate  and  some  sketches 
reproduced  in  black  and  white,  is  to  be  sold  at 
60  francs  a  copy.  There  is  no  more  curious 
figure  than  that  of  the  author,  who,  after  a 
distinguished  career  in  Paris,  and  when  he 
lived  in  London  at  about  the  age  of  thirty-four, 
was  a  sceptical,  half-Communist  painter  of 
Bougival  and  Asnieres  boating  vulgarities,  and 
who,  at  the  age  of  fifty  in  1886,  became  a 
religious  mystic  who  does  all  his  work  in 
Palestine. 

Mr.  Heinemann'.s  art  announcements  include 
'  Antonio  Allegri  da  Correggio, '  by  Dr.  Corrado 
Ricci,  translated  by  Miss  Florence  Sinnnonds, 
with  about  forty  full-page  illustrations  and  over 
two  hundred  other  illustrations,— an  enlarged 
second  edition  of  M.  Michel's  'Rembrandt,' 
with  several  new  plates, — and  'A  Catalogue  of 
the  Museo  del  Prado  at  Madrid,'  compiled  by 
E.  Lawson,  with  illustrations. 

Mr.  Andrew  Reid  writes  from  South  Ken- 
sington : — 

"  The  death  of  Mr.  C  P.  Slocouibe  makes  the  art 
world  the  poorer  by  the  loss  of  one  who  in  hia 
time  had  done  much  for  good  art,  as  a  teacher  in  the 
old  days  at  Marlborough  House  and  the  earlier  ones 
at  South  Kensington.  He  was  known  by  his  con- 
scientious and  never-failing  honesty  of  purpose  ;  as 
a  draughtsman  j)ure  and  simple  he  had  few  equals. 
A  patient  and  laborious  workor,  a  kind  and  sincere 
friend,  he  was  ever  ready  to  lieli)  others  by  practical 
and  sound  advice.  This,  apart  from  his  clever  etch- 
ings, so  well  known  to  most  collectors,  made  his  loss, 
when  etruck  down,  many  years  ago,  by  paralysis, 


462 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


severely  ielt,  not  only  by  his  friends,  but  by  the 
many  students  who  had  profited  by  his  able  teach- 
ing." 


MUSIC 


As  the  Leeds  Festival  did  not  commence 
until  Wednesday  it  will  be  advisable  to  deal 
with  it  in  full  next  week  ;  but  it  must  at  once 
be  placed  on  record  that  the  first  day's  per- 
formances proved  conclusively  that  the  Leeds 
choristers  still  possess  the  grand  qualities  in 
tone,  attack,  and  enthusiasm  which  fairly 
startled  musicians  when  the  triennial  celebra- 
tion was  commenced  in  1874.  The  choruses  in 
'The  Messiah,'  in  Mendelssohn's  '  Walpurgis 
Night,'  and  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  new  '  Invocation 
to  Music  '  were  rendered  with  a  measure  of  force 
that  was  positively  thrilling,  and  although  some 
reservations  have  to  be  made,  the  festival  pro- 
mised to  be  a  noteworthy  artistic  success. 

The  autumn  musical  season  in  London  will 
commence  next  week  with  the  new  series  of 
orchestral  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall,  Mr. 
Hedmondt's  series  of  operas  in  English  at 
Covent  Garden,  and  the  Crystal  Palace  concerts. 
Our  calendar  of  the  leading  concerts  in  the 
metropolis  will  speedily  show  that  the  number 
of  performances  of  the  highest  class  already 
arranged  is  unprecedented.  This  is  also  shown 
by  Mr.  Basil  Tree's  useful  list  of  forthcoming 
events,  of  which  we  have  received  the  first  issue 
for  the  new  season. 

The  tenth  season  of  the  South  Place  popular 
concerts  of  classical  chamber  music  commences 
to-morrow  evening.  We  are  pleased  to  learn 
from  the  report  that  the  ninth  series  was  brought 
to  a  conclusion  without  financial  loss.  During 
the  new  season  it  is  intended  to  perform  eleven 
or  twelve  of  Beethoven's  quartets  in  numerical 
order. 

The  festival  performances  of  Wagner's  music 
dramas  at  Munich  have  again  been  so  successful 
that  another  series  will  probably  be  arranged 
next  year,  clashing  as  slightly  as  possible  with 
the  revival  of  '  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen '  at 
Bayreuth. 

Edvard  Grieg  has  occupied  a  portion  of  his 
holiday  at  his  villa  near  Bergen,  in  Norway, 
with  the  composition  of  a  cycle  of  songs  which 
will  shortly  be  published. 

The  charmingly  naive  text  to  Engelbert 
Humperdinck's  new  fairy  -  tale  opera,  '  Die 
sieben  Geislein,'  is  the  work  of  the  composer's 
sister,  Fiau  A.  Wette.  As  the  scenery  and 
decorations  required  for  the  performance  are 
very  simple,  it  will  probably  be  in  great  favour 
with  schools,  families,  and  amateur  societies. 
The  pianoforte  edition  is  richly  illustrated  by 
Hermann  Vogel,  who  has  made  a  name  by  his 
poetical  illustrations  of  fairy  tales. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Duke  of  York's.—'  Her  Advocate,'  a  Play  in  Three  Acts. 
By  Walter  Frith. 

Though  an  unambitious  and,  in  some 
respects,  crude  and  primitive  work,  *  Her 
Advocate,'  with  which  the  theatre  hence- 
forth to  bo  known  as  the  Duke  of  York's 
has  reopened,  has  claims  to  freshness  and 
originality.  Its  author  seems  conscious  of 
the  painful  and  improbable  devices  to  which 
he  has  been  driven  in  order  to  crowd  his 
action  into  four  set  scenes,  but  has  not  known 
how  to  combat  the  difficulty.  We  have, 
consequently,  as  in  a  piece  of  French  origin, 
the  spectacle  of  a  barrister  receiving  in  his 
professional  chambers  the  visit  of  a  female 


client,  and  persevering  through  three  acts  in 
a  species  of  intimacy  with  her  which  is  as 
compromising  as  unusual.  Other  visitors 
intrude,  without  a  shadow  of  authority  or 
right,  into  the  same  precincts.  We  see  also 
a  heroine,  a  widow  who  has  turned  hospital 
nurse,  who — after,  of  course,  burying  one 
lover  in  her  husband — is  suspected  of  mur- 
dering a  second,  has  won  the  passionate 
devotion  of  the  hero,  a  third,  and  has 
"up  her  sleeve,"  though  not  exactly  tied 
to  her  apron  strings,  a  fourth  who  is  the 
most  favoured  and  best  loved  of  all.  We 
do  not  deny  a  woman  a  right  to  a  multi- 
plicity of  lovers.  In  Owen  Meredith's  '  The 
Portrait '  two  men  quarrel,  like  Eomeo  and 
Paris,  over  a  dead  woman  each  believes  to 
have  been  his.  The  portrait  upon  her 
corpse  shall  settle  the  dispute.  The  result 
is  stated  by  the  narrator  : — 

"  One  nail  drives  out  another,  at  least  1 

The  portrait  is  not  ours,"  I  cried, 
"  But  our  friend's,  the  Raphael-faced  young  Priest, 

Who  confessed  her  when  she  died." 

It  is  difficult,  out  of  women  of  this  class,  to 
obtain  heroines  who  interest  very  deeply  a 
public.  Mr.  Frith' s  heroine  inspires  us,  accord- 
ingly, with  no  feeling  beyond  indifference. 
We  are  stirred  to  some  extent  during  her  trial 
by  the  hope  that  justice  may  be  done  and 
the  actual  criminal  found  guilty.  The 
interest  is  in  the  situation,  not  the  woman, 
however ;  and  the  question  whether  she  will 
find  her  lover  waiting  without  to  clasp  her 
to  his  heart,  or  make  the  best  of  her  chances 
and  accept  the  Antony  in  a  wig  who,  for 
her  sake,  is  ready  to  find  the  world  well  lost, 
is  a  matter  we  should  be  content  to  decide 
by  a  toss-up.  The  indifference  is  reflected 
on  to  the  man.  So  hopelessly  has  he  mis- 
managed affairs  that  when  his  first  pretty 
and  in  every  way  desirable  little  sweetheart, 
to  whom  he  has  behaved  atrociously,  takes 
him  back  after  his  defeat,  we  only  pity  her 
as  a  simpleton.  None  the  less  the  multi- 
plicity of  loves  of  the  heroine  gives  rise  to 
an  effective  theatrical  situation  which  comes 
on  the  audience  as  an  acceptable  surprise. 
So  often  have  we  been  told  how  the  hero  is 
about  to  wreck  his  life  on  his  love  for  his 
client,  that  when  the  critical  moment  arrives 
we  are  prepared  to  see  the  ruin  accom- 
plished. So  shy,  reserved,  and  hide-bound 
has  he  been  meanwhile  that  a  notion  of  the 
true  state  of  affairs  has  never  reached  her, 
and  when  he  tells  her  that  some  one  is  ready 
to  share  her  life  and  support  her  through 
the  trials  she  must  undergo,  she  cries  out, 
in  raptures  that  are  inconsequential  and 
erroneous,  that  it  is  Jack,  or  Tom,  or  Frank, 
or  whoever  he  may  be — the  Raphael-faced 
young  priest,  in  fact — or  another.  The  scene 
takes  us  in  our  own  despite.  In  some  respects 
the  play  is  fairly  constructed,  and  it  is  well 
written.  Two  performances  stand  pro- 
minently forward :  Mr.  Cartwright  exhibits 
intensity  and  earnestness,  impressing  and 
convincing,  as  the  hero ;  and  Mr.  Somerset 
gives  a  remarkable  picture  of  realistic  art  as 
the  murderer,  of  whose  crime  the  heroine  is 
suspected.  Mr.  Barnes  was  amusing  as  a 
bibulous  Irish  barrister.  Clever  as  she  is, 
Miss  Kingston  could  make  little  of  the 
heroine.  Small  parts  were  delightfully 
played  by  Miss  Lena  Ashwell  and  Miss 
Henrietta  Watson. 


The  Variety  Stage.  By  Charles  Douglas 
Stuart  and  A.  J.  Park.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — This 
is  a  commonplace  and  uninstructive  work,  which 
tells  us  little  we  want  to  know,  but  from  which 
some  scraps  of  information  can  be  gleaned.  Mr. 
HoUingshead's  memoirs  supply  much  more  in- 
teresting and  trustworthy  information  concerning 
the  rise  of  the  music-hall,  or  variety,  stage.  We 
scarcely  know  what  the  authors  mean  when 
they  talk  of  Highbury  Barn  as  most  "fittingly 
described  as  an  ale-and-cake  house,"  whatever 
that  may  be.  Under  Giovanelli,  popularly 
known  as  Joey  Vanelli,  it  had  a  regular  theatre, 
at  which  more  than  one  West-End  actor  estab- 
lished his  reputation. 

Th^  Ariel  Shakespeare. — Hamlet,  Borneo  and 
Juliet,  Othello.  (Routledge  &  Sons.) — Three 
volumes  have  now  appeared  of  this  pretty  little 
edition  of  Shakspeare's  plays  in  single  volumes. 
With  its  bright  and  readable  text,  its  outline 
illustrations  by  Mr.  Frank  Howard,  and  its 
handy  shape,  the  "Ariel"  edition,  as  it  is  called, 
has  a  distinct  raison  d'etre.  It  is  just  the  volume 
to  put  in  the  pocket,  in  which  its  weight  will  be 
scarcely  perceptible.  It  is,  moreover,  cheap, 
and  very  prettily  got  up. 


Mr.  Toole's  farewell  performance  in  the 
theatre  long  associated  with  his  name  took 
place  on  Saturday  last,  when,  after  playing  in 
'Thoroughbred,'  he  took  his  original  character 
of  Tom  Cranky  in  Mr.  HoUingshead's  farce  of 
'  The  Birthplace  of  Podgers. '  In  the  humorous 
address  which  concluded  the  entertainment, 
Mr.  Toole  confided  little  that  was  serious  as  to 
his  future  movements,  but  stated  that  the 
reason  for  his  non-renewal  of  his  lease  was  the 
conditions  appended  to  it  of  structural  altera- 
tions in  the  house. 

What  is  called  a  second  edition  of  'An 
Artist's  Model '  has  been  given  at  Daly's 
Theatre.  Such  alterations  as  have  been  made 
consist  of  the  introduction  of  new  songs  and 
dances,  one  of  the  former  being  called  a  "  Trilby 
waltz." 

'  A  Lion's  Heart  '  is  to  be  produced  at  the 
Princess's  on  the  14th  inst. 

'  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,'  by  Anthony  Hope 
and  Edward  Ross,  has  been  accepted  by  Mr. 
Alexander  for  the  St.  James's  Theatre. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Harry  Payne,  one 
of  a  well-known  family  of  pantomimists,  and 
himself  for  many  years  clown  at  Drury  Lane, 
Covent  Garden,  and  elsewhere.  His  first  appear- 
ance was  made  as  Moth  in  '  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,'  under  the  management  of 
Charles  Mathews,  probably  during  the  revival 
of  that  piece  in  1841-42.  He  succeeded 
Flexmore  at  Covent  Garden.  He  died  at 
his  residence  in  Camden  Road,  a  few  days 
too  late  for  any  particulars  concerning  him  to 
be  given  in  the  current  volume  of  the  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography, '  in  which  various 
members  of  his  family  are  mentioned. 

The  cycle  of  Schiller's  dramas  will  be  per- 
formed during  next  winter  at  the  Schauspiel- 
haus  at  Berlin.  This  is  surely  a  sign  that  the 
national  German  dramatist  is  still  popular  with 
his  countrymen,  and  that  they  still  appreciate 
the  poetical  drama. 


To   Correspondents.— D.  Q.  H.— B.  P.— W.  M.  R.— W. 
-J.  W.  il.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  commuoications. 


Terms  or  Subscription  by  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom, 


For  Twelve  Months. 
For  Six  Months 


a.  d. 

15  3 

7  8 

For  all  Countries  within  the  Postal  Union. 

For  Twelve  Months 18  0 

For  Six  Months       9  0 


N^SSdS,  Oct.  5, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


463 


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464 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


Tins  WEEK'S  XmiBER  coyitains— 
NOTES:  — Casanoviana  —  "Three  Estates  of  the  Realm  "  —  Bishops' 
Transcripts— Cambridge  —  Lichfield —  " Cane "  In  'N.ED.'- Bat= 
Batter— ■'  Jumping  Peerages  "— Mrs.  =  Mes8rs. 

QUERIES  :— W  Beckford— W  Byrne— A  Nicol— Pigtails  in  the  Navy 
—Rain  at  Cherra  Poongee— Gi-aham  M  P  s- An  Essex  Pamphlet— 
J  J.  Halls— Accent  on  '■  Response  "—J.  Touneys- Warren— Heraldic 
— "Rhine  "  —  Lucas  Family  —  Saxton  T^amily  — Author  Wanted — 
Quadrille— K.  Luck—"  Poores  house  "—Two  Old  Jugs— Visto. 

REPLIES  :— Sash  Window— Coincidences— Mary  Magdalene— Gallett— 
Barclay's  '  Euphormio '—Zodiac  Rings  — Dilligrout  — Black  Bess — 
Church  Choirs — Deputy  Philazer  ;  Clerk  of  the  Outlawries— English 
Cardinals— Sir  Gore,  of  Sacombe — Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson — 
"  Diggings "= Abode  — "Only  "-QuarterstatT— Stamp  Act,  178.3  — 
"  Slubber-Degullion  "—'The  King's  Quair '—"  Hangout  the  broom  ' 
—"A  Pot  of  Ink  "—Rock  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— A  Tweedside 
Kettle— "Chanticleer"  of  the  Gospels— Parish  Charities— "  Di^bon- 
naire  "—Bishopric  of  Achaden— T.  Palmer— Cupples— Mrs.  SopMa 
Williams  —  Curious  Nautical  Punch  -  bowl —  "  Poor's  " — "Chum" — 
King's  Evil— 'Ships  that  pass  in  the  Night ' —  Hamilton's  and 
Ligonier's  Dragoons — Hicks  Family — Tray,  Name  of  a  Dog. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Bates's  '  History  of  Northumberland  '—Barber's 
'  Furness  and  Cartmel  Notes '— Pringle's  '  Diary  of  the  Governor  of 
Fort  St.  George  ' 

Notices  to  Coirespondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  conUtms— 

NOTES  :— The  Burial  of  Isabella,  Queen  of  Edward  II —Letters  of  Lord 
Nelson — Thomas  Palmer — 'I'he  Battle  of  Kiiliecrankie  and  the  Death 
of  Claverhouse— Records  by  Rail  and  Sea— '  Rule  Britannia' — 
Cardinal  Maury— Chestnut  Tree  at  Albury— Signboard— Discovery  of 
John  Evelvn's  'Memoirs' — "  Informatory  " — A  Highland  Legend — 
Dean  Alfoi'd  and  Dr.  Tregelles— Literary  Parallels  in  Browning. 

QUERIES  :— Malta— '  Aurora  von  Kdnigsmark '—"Floss  "— Eerriman 
and  Hearn  Families— Colne  Priory— MP  s  for  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme— '  A  Sparke  of  Friendship.'  &c— The  Edelweiss— Bishopric  of 
Achaden— Spanish  Slang— The  Waterloo  Hall— .A  Pitch  of  Cheeses- 
Superstitions- Punch  as  an  English  Beverage- Epitaphs ;  The 
Huntrodes  Epitaph— Song  Wanted— Saint  Trunion — Cox  Family — 
The  Word  " Hyperion"- Knights  made  in  Ireland,  1648— Wakefield 
Railway. 

REPLIES  :— Sunday  Markets— Richard  of  Cirencester— Roman  Roads 
—Language— Samuel  Briscoe— The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore — 
Captain-Lieutenant— History  and  Romance— 'Human  Hibernation  ' 
—Pronunciation  of  Place-names— The  Burial-places  of  Sir  Thomas 
More  and  Bishop  Fisher— Prickly  Pear— Priests'  Orders— Dispensa- 
tions for  Polygamy— Archer  Family— The  Humble  Bee  — Flag  to 
Summon  to  Church- "Battletwig":  "Landlady";  "Boggart"— 
"Gavel  ' —Waterloo  Banfjuet- The  Andrew  Willaw  Bequest- 
O'Brien:  De  Bryan  — "Outsider"  — Dante's  Geography— Kentish 
M.P.s— CoUins's  '  Ode  to  the  Passions'— Sir  Robert  Clarke— Dickin- 
son—Leyrestone— Portrait  of  Warren  Hastings— Dickens,  Zola,  and 
"Spontaneous  Combustion''  —  MacDougall  of  Lome  —  Channel 
Islands— Charles  Turner,  Engraver— "  Woful "—"  Uncut "  Books— 
Renting  —  Churchyard  Curiosities— Gilbert— "  Retiral  "—Huguenot 
Records— London  Street  Signs— Movable  Types— Baron  Metge. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—HensIow's  'Origin  of  Plant  Structures —Swifi's 
■Life  and  limes  of  James  I.  of  Aragon'— Lyons  'Chronicles  of 
Finchamstead'— 'Tragico-Comocdia  de  Sancto  Vedasto,' edited  by 
Dr.  Sparrow  Simpson. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  SEPTEMBER  21. 

NOTES :— Defoe's  '  Remarkable  Passage  of  an  Apparition  '—English  aid 
Scotch  Students  at  Padua— Famous  Expression  of  George  III.— 
"  Whose."  Possessive  of  "  Which  "—Two  Archdeacons  of  Taunton— 
The  Moon  and  the  Weather— Movalile  Types  — Nob  Hill— Burial 
Custom— Misprint  in  Browning— Floral  Street. 

QUERIES  ;—.\rrangement  of  Medii'val  Churches  — Armada  Tables- 
Hamilton's  and  Ligimier's  Dragoons— Motto  of  the  Thistle—"  Tattoo  " 
—Hale  Church— "Poplemans" — Myfauwy— January  1:  March  2.'; — 
Robin  of  Ribsdale  — Spanish  Grandees  —  "Rindle" —  "  Abit"— 
Ruvignv  and  Moodie  Families— The  Transfiguration-"  Retiral  "— 
"  Livabieness"— Early  Italian  Bible— Rev.  Dr.  Glasse-Clive  and 
Wolfe— "Hang  out  the  broom'"— "  Rumford  Soups"— Carlylo  Relic 

REPLIES  :— Philip  II.  of  Spain— S'.atue  of  Alfred  the  Great-Bear's 
Wood  Green— Does  the  Sun  put  out  the  Fire".'— Nightmares— .4rms 
of  Canterbury— "1".  Chapman— Rhyme  to  Chimney—"  VVhite  Horses  " 
-"Ever  Loyal  City  '—Lady  Katherine  Grey— '  Balerma  —  '  KnoT- 
ledge  is  power  "'—Hogarth— Withara— Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore.— 
.\lmondbury  — Engraved  Portrait  — Grace  Curran  — Sheep-stealer 
Hanged  — "Taking  a  rise'"  — Bull-roarer— "  Giandmother's  Night- 
cap "—Frankum's  Night— Cardinal  of  St  Paul's— St  Mary  Overie— 
■•Revolt"— Philanthropy— Rev,  B.  Ward— George  Erriiigton. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :  — Peach's  'Life  and  Times  of  Ralph  Allen'  — 
Horstmann's  "Richard  I'.olle '— Beazley's  'Prince  Heniy  the  Navi- 
gator — E.  V.  B  s  '  Garden  of  Pleasure  '— Wayliu's  '  Thoughts  from 
the  Writings  of  Richard  Jerteries.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  SEPTEMBER  U 

NOTES  :-Col  John  Hill— Petty  Bi'oliography- '  Dictionary  of  Nationil 
Biography '—Discovery  of  O.tygen— Semple  :  Ramsay:  Burns— sir 
W.  I.eia-hron-"  Poor's"— History  and  Romance— '  Ships  tfcat  piss 
in  the  Night'- sir  W.  Mildmaj  and  Lord  Burghley— I>ukcdom  of 
Queensberry- Hay  in  Church  Aisles—"  Diggings  "  =  Abode. 

QUERI :'>■:— Huguenot  Records- Addams  Family- Manor  of  Stoke 
Giir  ■  d— Cupples— Richard  of  Cirencester— Belgian  Name -Bennett. 
Poriiait  Painter— Dr.  R  Mead-Mary  Herbert,  Countess  of  Pcm- 
broke— Llandaft  Peerage— Cardinal  of  St.  I'aul's-' Anecdotes  Ai- 
glolscs '— Archer  Family  —  Hookseller  and  I'ublisher  —  Waterloo 
Ban.  uet  —  Burial-places  of  Sir  T,  More  and  Bishop  Fisher  — 
"  s  I'ured"  and  "Kincob"  Gowns— G.  Raleigh— Florio—S.  Briscoe 
—\.  thors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  — Pronunciation  of  Sea— Weldon  Family-  Portrait  of  Warren 
llaslings  —  Her  Majesty's  Opposition  —  "  Dillygront  "—  Duncalf— 
■■  Diink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes  "—"  Gallett  '-Iturbide- "  Spi:. " 

—  Monoycr— Hampshire  Visit.itions— Captain-Lieutenant-'"  Chum  '" 

—  "  Hecatomb  "rhvmed  with  "Gloom"— Rev  E  .Marten  — 'S|la»!^h 
Chant  — r  Uarlcy,  Lord  Mavor- First  Atlantic  stcamship--('nu'ch- 
ing  of  Women— Tooth-Iliushes-Arms-"  Carrion"  Heath— 'The 
Bonnie  Banks  o'  Loch  Lomon '— Sir  J.  Marriott  —  Shakspeare- 
Dantos  Geography- Marv  Magdalene— Toadstoncs— Sir  r  l.ond  — 
(  hurchvard  Curlosities-itreoding  Stones— Ball-playing  in  Cburoh- 
vards-'Date  of  the  Eqainox-Odd  'V'olume- Pope  Joan— HaptlM 
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Wall'- -Madges  ' MoultoB  Church  and  its  Bella '—' The  E.x-Libiis. 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


465 


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466 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3545,  Oct.  5,  '95 


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and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
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A 


RTHUR    JAMES    BOURLET    Deceased. 


Pursuant  to  Statute  22  &  23  Vic.  Cap.  35  intituled  "  An  Act  to  further 
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late  of  17  and  18  Nassau-street  Middlesex  Hospital  and  of  16  Parkhurst- 
road,  HoUoway  Carver  and  Gilder  and  Picture  Frame  Manufacturer 
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thereto  having  regard  only  to  the  claims  and  demands  of  which  they 
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deceased  or  any  part  thereof  so  distributed  to  any  person  or  persons  of 
whose  claims  and  demands  they  shall  not  then  have  had  notice  And 
further  take  notice  that  in  case  any  such  claims  or  demands  relate  to 
any  picture  or  pictures  deposited  with  or  entrusted  to  the  said  Arthur 
James  Bourlet  full  particulars  must  be  given  of  the  came  of  the  artist 
and  subject  of  such  picture  or  pictures  for  the  purpose  of  identification. 

Dated  this  9th  day  of  October  1895. 

A.  J    HARMAN, 
143,  Great  Portland-street.  'W., 
Solicitor  for  the  Executors. 

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E. 


AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

are  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  suitable  margins,  any  size  up  to 
Demy,  22  inches  by  17  Inches.  This  process  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lence in 

COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS ; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS; 
(X)PIE8  OF  PEN-AND-INK  SKETCHES  i 
COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN ; 
and  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  the  Palw*- 
graphical,  Numlsmatical,  Antiquarian,  and  other  Learned  Societies,  aad 
by  the  Leading  Publishers. 

The  AUTOTYPE  CO.MPANY,  for  the  Decoration  of  the  Home  with 
permanent  Photographs  from  the  most  celebrated  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
and  Drawings  of  the  GREAT  M.ASTERS,  Ancient  and  Modem. 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE- ART  CATALOGUE  of  184  pages  iNew  Edition). 
with  illustrated  Supplement,  containing  nearly  Seventy  Miniature 
Photographs  of  notable  Autotypes.    Post  free.  l.«. 

New  Pamphlet,  'Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  free  on 
application.  


A 


UTOGRAVURE. 


The  AUTOTYPE  PROCE.SS  adapted  to  Photographic  Engraving  on 
Copper.  Copies  of  l*aintings  by  Galnsboro,  Holman  Hunt.  Herbert 
Schmali;  of  Portraits  by  Holl,  HA  ;  Ouless,  UA  ;  Fettle,  H.A. ; 
Prinsep,  A  R  A. ;  of  the  Fresci  In  Gu)  'k  Hospital .  ■  Spring.'  by  Herbert 
Drap«r,  *c  ;  Autogravurc  Ueproiluctions  of  Photographs  from  Art 
Objects  and  from  Nature,  can  be  seen  ai  the  Autotype  Gallery. 
Estimates  and  particulars  on  application. 
The  AVTOTYPB  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W.C. 


470 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3546,  Oct.  12/95 


'■pHREEPENCE    in   the  SHILLING  DISCOUNT 

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states) ;  also  Fancy  Subjects  of  the  Bartolozzi  School  (some  in  c(dours) 
— Modem  Eneravings  in  proof  states  after  Sir  h  I^andseer,  Luke  Fildes. 
Kogene  de  Blaas,  Briton  Rivifre.  F  Goodall,  E  J  I'oynter.  Sir  F 
Leighton,  Sir  J  E  Millias,  B.  W.  Leader,  &c  ;  also  Water-Colour 
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Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  A.  VOUNG,  Esej., 
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270-271,  STRAND. 


THE    CLASSICAL    REVIEW. 

Vol.  IX.    No.  7.    OCTOBEE,  189.3.     Is.  6d. 

CONTENTS. 

J.  B.  MAYOR. — Critical  Notes  on  the  Stromateis  of  Clement 

of  Alexandria,  Book  VI. 
J.  DONOVAN.— German  Opinion  on  Greek  Jussives.    (Con- 
tinued.) 
8.  G.  OWEN.— Notes  on  Juvenal. 
E.  H.  DONKIN.— {«  or  and  denoting  position. 
REVIEWS  : 

Postgate's  Propertius.    A.  E.  HOUSMAN. 
Onion's  Nonius  Marcellus.    W.  M.  LINDSAY. 
Sudhaus's  Philodemus.    J.  E.  SANDYS. 
Forbes's  Thucydides.    Book  I.    B.  C.  MARCHANT. 
Rogers's  Emendations  in  Greek  Tragic  Poets.    L.  CAMP- 
BELL. 
Holden's  Plutarch's  '  Pericles."    F.  A.  HIRTZEL. 
SHORTER  NOTICES. 
ARCHEOLOGY : 

On  the  Thymele  in  Greek  Theatres.     A.  BERNARD 

COOK. 
Professor  Ridgeway's  Review  of  Torr's  'Ancient  Ships.' 
CECIL  TORR  and  W.  HIDGBWAY. 
MONTHLY  RECORD-SUMMARIES— BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


The  Third  and  Fourth  Volumes  of  The  LIVES 

of    the   NOBLE    GRECIANS   and   ROMANS,    by    Sir 

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N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


471 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS   &   CO/S   LIST. 

MR.  LANG'S  CHRISTMAS  BOOK  FOR  1895. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  PRICE  SIX  SHILLINGS, 

THE    RED    TEUE    STORY   BOOK, 

Edited  by  ANDREW   LANG. 
With  19  Plates  and  91  Illustrations  in  the  Text  by  H.  J.  FOED. 


Contents. 


WILSON'S  LAST  FIGHT. 

The  LIFE  and  DEATH  of  JOAN  the  MAID. 

HOW  the  BASS  was  HELD  for  KING  JAMES. 

The  CROWNING  of  INBS  de  CASTEO. 

The  STOEY  of  ORTHON. 

HOW  GUSTAVUS  VASA  WON  his  KINGDOM. 

MONSIEUR  de  BAYARD'S  DUEL. 

STORY  of  GUDBRAND  of  the  DALES. 

SIR  EICHARD  GRBNVILLB. 

The  STORY  of  MOLLY  PITCHER. 

The  VOYAGES,  DANGEROUS  ADVENTURES,  and  IM- 
MINENT ESCAPES  of  CAPT.  EICHARD  FALCONER. 

MABBOT'S  MARCH. 

BYLAU.    The  MAEE  LISBTTB. 

HOW  MAEBOT  CEOSSED  the  DANUBE. 

The  PITEOUS  DEATH  of  GASTON,  SON  of  the  COUNT 
of  FOIX. 


EOLF  STAKE. 

The  WEECK  of  the  "  WAGEE." 

PETER  WILLIAMSON. 

A  WONDEEFUL  VOYAGE. 

The  PITCAIEN  ISLANDEES. 

A  RELATION  of  THREE  YEARS'  SUFFERING  of  ROBERT 
BVERAED  upon  the  ISLAND  of  ASSADA,  near 
MADAGASCAE,  in  a  Voyage  to  India,  in  the  Year  1686. 

The  FIGHT  at  SVOLDEE  ISLAND. 

The  DEATH  of  HACON  the  GOOD. 

PEINCE  CHAELIE'S  WAE. 

The  BUEKB  and  WILLS  EXPLOBING  EXPEDITION. 

The  STORY  of  EMUND. 

The  MAN  in  WHITE. 

The  AD VEN TUBES  of  "the  BULL  of  EAELSTOUN." 

The  STOEY  of  GEISELL  BAILLIB'S  SHEEP'S  HEAD. 

The  CONQUEST  of  PEEU. 


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THE  EDINBURGH  REVIEW,  No.  374, 

Will  be  published  on  TUESDAY,  October  15. 
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7.  LIFE  of  Sir  FITZJAMES  S'l'EPHEN. 

8.  MEDLEVAL  CYPEUS. 

9.  BECENT  MUSICAL  CRITICISM. 

10.  The  FRENCH  in  MADAGASCAR. 

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3.  CRIMEAN  LETTERS. 

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h.  MEM(;IRS  of  BAREAS. 

6.  ARGON  and  HELIUM. 


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N°3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


473 


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471 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


MESSRS. 

WM.  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS' 

iV^TF  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE    LIFE    OF    PROFESSOR    BLACK  IE. 
On  Wednesday,  October  16,  will  be  published, 

JOHN    STUART    BLACKIE: 

A  Biography, 

By  ANNA  M.  STODDART. 

With  an  Etching  after  Sir  George  Reid's  Portrait  of 
the  Professor,  and  other  Illustrations. 

2  vols,  demy  8vo.  21s. 

*»*  This  life  of  a  man  whose  name  is  known  and  honoured 
in  all  parts  of  the  world  aims  at  a  careful  account  of  all  the 
influences,  at  home  and  abroad,  w  hich  developed  his  remark- 
able and  influential  character;  of  his  efforts  in  educational 
reform  ;  of  his  work  as  a  professor  and  as  a  lecturer  ;  of  his 
attractive  and  vivacious  personality;  of  his  books— classical, 
poetical,  patriotic,  and  polemical ;  of  his  acquaintance  with 
the  poets,  philosophers,  theologians,  and  artists  of  his  time  ; 
of  his  home  life  and  of  his  closing  years.  Carlyle,  Tennyson, 
Browning,  Gladstone,  Theodore  Martin,  Froude,  Norman 
Macleod,  and  Kingsley,  may  be  mentioned  as  among  those 
with^whom  the  Professor  was  in  constant  correspondence. 


This  day  is  published, 

THE  TABLE-TALK  OF  SHIRLEY. 

Reminiscences  of  and  Letters  from  Froude,  Thackeray, 

Disraeli,  Browning,  Rossetti,  Kingsley,  Baynes, 

Huxley,  Tyndall,  and  others. 

By  JOHN  SEELTON,  C.B.  LL.D. 

Demy  8vo.  Is.  Qd, 


CHAPTERS      IN      AN 
ADVENTUROUS    LIFE: 

Sir  Richard  Church  in  Italy  and  Greece. 

By  E.  M.  CHURCH. 

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The    Italian    Novelists.      Translated    from    the 

Originals,    with   Critical   and   Biograptucal    Notes,  by    THOMAS 
ROSCOE. 

The    German   NoveUsts.      Translated  from   the 


The    Spanish   Novelists.     Translated  from   the 

Originals,    with    Critical    and    Biographical    Notes,    by    THOMAS 
ROSCOE. 

Beauties  of  German  Literature.  As  Exemplified 

by  the  Works  of  I*iehler,  Richter,  Zschokke,  and  Tieck.    With  Bio- 
graphical Notices. 

Lives  of  Emment  Novelists  and  Dramatists. 

By  Sir  WALTER  SCOTT. 

Essays  on  Chivalry,  Romance,  and  the  Drama. 

By  Sir  WALTER  SCOTT. 

Plutarch's  Lives.     4  vols.     (Langhorne's  Trans- 
lation.} 

Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets.     With  Critical 

Observations  on  their  Works,  &c  ,  and  Sketch  of  the  Author's  Life 
by  Sir  W.  SCOTT. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Edward  Gibbon,  with 

his  History  ol  the  t'rusades.     "With  copious  Index  by  \V.  J,  DAY. 

Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.    By 

J    G    LOCKHART.     2  vols. 

Lockhart's   Spanish   Ballads,  and   Southey's 

CHRONICLES  of  the  CID. 

The  Legendary  Ballads  of  England  and  Scot- 

LAND     Compiled  and  Edited  by  JOHN  S.  ROBERTS. 

D'Israeli's   Curiosities   of   Literature.     With 

Memoir  and  Notes  by  Lord  B10,\(;ONSF1ELD.     3  vols. 

D'Israeli's    Literary    Character    of   Men    of 

OK.MUS,     With  Memoir  and  Notes  by  Lord  BEACONSFIKLD, 

D'Israeli's  Calamities  and  Quarrels  of  Authors. 

With  .Memoir  and  Notes  by  Lord  BEACONSFIELD, 

D'Israeh's   Amenities   of   Literature.     With 

Memoir  and  Notes  by  Lord  BEACONSFIELD,    2  vols. 


IN  THIS  SERIES :- 
Robinson  Crusoe.    Now  First  Correctly  Reprinted 

from    the   Original    Edition    of  1719.      With    an    Introduction  by 
W.M   LEE.  Esq     Illustrations  by  Ernest  Griset. 

The  Swiss  Family  Robinson,  a  New  Trans- 
lation,   By  Mrs.  H.  B,  PAULL.    Fully  illustrated. 

Grimm's  Fabry  Tales  and  Household  Stories. 

Translated  by  Mrs,  H  B.  PAULL  and  L  A.  WHEATLEY. 

Andersen's  Fairy  Tales.     Translated  by  Mrs. 

H.  B   PAULL. 

The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertamments.    Edited 

by  the  Rev.  GEORGE  FYLER  TOWNSEND, 

Eastern  Tales.  By  many  Story-tellers.  Com- 
piled and  Edited  from  Ancient  and  Modern  Authors.  By  Mrs. 
VALENTINE     With  Illustrations. 

The  Old  Old  Fairy  Tales.    Collected  and  Edited 

by  Mrs  VALENTINE. 


The  Fables  of  Pilpay. 

Edition.     With  Illustrations, 


With    Notes,   Revised 


Gay's  Fables.    Edited  by  W.  H.  K.  Wright. 

Illustrated  with  120  Engravings  by  W.  Harvey. 

.ffi sop's    Fables.      Translated  by   Ceoxall   and 

L'ESTRANGE     With  Applications,  &c  ,  by  the  ReT.  G.  F.  TO'WNS- 
END,  and  illustrated  with  110  choice  Wood  Engravings. 

The    Talmud.     Selections  from   the  Contents  of 

that  Ancient  Book,  also  brief  Sketches  of  the  Men  who  made  and 
commented  upon  it.    'Translated  from  the  Original  by  H.  POLANO. 

The  Koran.  The  Alkoran  of  Mohammed.  Trans- 
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and  a  Preliminary  Discourse,  by  GEO.  SALE. 

The  Shah  Nameh  (of  the  Persian  Poet  FiRDAUSi). 

'Translated  by  J  VMES    ATKINSON.      Edited  by  the  Rev.  J.    A. 
ATKINSON,  Canon  of  Manchester. 

Butler's  Hudibras.     With  Notes  and  Preface  by 

ZACHARY  GREY,  LL  D, 

Bacon's  Essays.  Including  his  Moral  and  His- 
torical Works,  Advancement  of  Learning,  New  Atlantis,  &e  ,  with 
Memoir,  Notes,  and  Glossary. 

Pepys's   Diary,    1659-1669.     Edited  by  Lord 

BRAYBROOKE. 

Evelyn's  Diary,  1641  to  1705-6.     Edited  by 

WILLIAM  BRAY,  Esq 

The  Book  of  Authors.    A  Collection  of  Criticisms, 

Ana,  Mots,  Personal  Descriptions.  &c,.  refening  to  English  Men  ol 
Literature  in  every  Age.    By  W.  CLAIIK  RUSSELL. 

Representative  Actors,    a  Collection  of  Criti- 

cisms.  Anecdotal,  Personal  Descriptions,  &c  ,  referring  to  many 
celebrated  Actors  from  the  Sixteenth  to  the  Present  Century. 

Dr.  Syntax— His  Three  Tours :  in  Search  of  the 

Picturesque,  of  Consolation,  of  a  Wife.    With  Coloured   Illustra- 
tions. 

Every-day  Book   of  Modern   Literature.     A 

series  of  short  Headings  from  tlie   best  Authors     Compiled  and 
Edited  by  GEORGE  H  TOWNSE.ND,     2  vols 

The  Poems  and  Essays  of  Charles  Lamb. 
Tales  from   Shakespeare.     By  Charles  and 

MARY'  LAMH.    With  numerous  Illustrations. 

The   Book  of  French  Songs.     Translated  by 

JOHN    OXENFORD,     Including  Costello's  'Lays  of  the   'Trouba- 
dours,'   Emely  illustrated. 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.     By  Harriet    Bbecher 

SIOWE 

White's  Natural  History  of  Selborne.    Edited, 

with  Notes,  by  G  CHRIS  lOlHER  DAVIES.    Profusely  illustrated. 

Walton  and  Cotton's  Angler.    A  New  Edition, 

with    Notes  by   (i     CHHls rol'HHR    DAVIES.   and  Illustrations 
selected  from  Major's  bcautitul  Edition 

Bunyan's   Holy  War.      A   Large -Type   Edition. 

lllu.-itratinl, 

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Laigc-'Type  Edition.     With  Notes  and  Ilhistiations. 

Dodd's  Beauties  of  Shakespeare. 


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THE     ATHEN^UM 


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480 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3546,  Oct.  12, 'P5 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S 
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MESSRS.   METHUEN'S   NEW   BOOKS. 

Messrs.  METHUEN  heg  to  announce  that  they  will  publish  very  shortly — 

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NOEMI :    a   Romance   of  the    Cave-dwellers.      By   S.    Baring-GtOULD,   Author   of 

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some  of  them  ghastly  enough,  that  many  much  older  writers  might  envy Altogether  we  own  to  finding  Miss  Gaunt's 

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The  LIVES  of  DONNE,  WOTTON,  HOOKER,  HERBERT,  and  SANDER- 

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N°3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


481 


BLISS,    SANDS    &    FOSTER 

Announce  the  publication  of  Two  Works  which  are  hy  far  the  best  value  for  the  money  ever  offered  in  the 

history  of  publishing. 

THE    ARABIAN    NIGHTS. 

THE     THOUSAND     AND     ONE     NIGHTS, 

COMMONLY  CALLED  IN  ENGLAND 

THE    ARABIAN    NIGHTS'    ENTERTAINMENTS. 

A  Keprint  of  the  First  Edition  of  LANE'S  Translation  from  the  Arabic,  with  the  addition  of  ALADDIN 

and  ALI  BABA,  taken  from  another  source. 

Demy  8vo.  (8f  by  5f  inches),  reset  from  new  type,  printed  on  choice  antique  laid  paper,  512  pp.  cloth  extra,  gilt  lettered,  2s. 

The  Publishers  beg  to  draw  attention  to  the  following  passage  from  the  Translator's  Preface  :  "  I  have  thought  it  right  to  omit 
such  tales,  anecdotes,  &c.,  as  are  comparatively  uninteresting  or  on  any  account  objectionable." 

[NOW   KEADY.] 


ROBINSON    CRUSOE. 

THE    LIFE    AND    ADVENTURES    OF    ROBINSON    CRUSOE. 

A  verbatim  Eeprint  of  STOTHARD'S  Edition  of  1820,  ivith  Reproductions  of  the  20  Engravings  separately  printed  upon 

plate  paper,  and  inserted  in  the  Volume. 

UNIFORM   WITH   'THE   ARABIAN   NIGHTS.' 

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I 


N*'3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


483 


SATUEDAT,  OCTOBER  12,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 


483 

484 
485 
486 
486 


The  Gurnets  of  Earlham 

AN  American  on  China       

The  Winchester  Troper 

Solicitors,  their  Rights  and  Duties 

Matnooth         

New  Novels  (Heart  of  Oak  ;  Normanstowe  ;  Scylla  or 
Charybdis  ?  Tuxter's  Little  Maid  ;  A  Sin  of  the 
Soul;  Bardossi's  Daughter;  The  Mirror  of  Music ; 
A  Plant  of  Lemon  Verbena  ;  The  Doctor,  his  Wife, 
and  the  Clock  ;  La  Faute  de  Jeanne)  ...      488—489 

Continental  History  4S9 

Kducational  Literature 490 

Short  Stories 491 

OuB  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      ...      491—492 
Thb  Grave  of  Henry  Vaughan  ;  The  '  Dictionary 
OF   National  Biography  ';    The  Autumn  Pub- 
lishing Season;   The  Northampton  Borough 

Becords       492 — 494 

LiTKEAKY  Gossip        494 

Science— The  Literature  of  Engineering;  Meet- 
ings; Gossip         495—497 

FnrE  Arts- The  ArcH/eological  Societies  ;  The 
New  Gold  Room  ;  The   Arms  of  Colchester  ; 

New  Prints  ;  Gossip     497—499 

Music— The  Leeds  Festival  ;    Gossip;    Perform- 

ANCES  Next  Week        500—501 

Drama— Gossip 50i 


LITERATURE 

The    Gurneys    of  Earlham.       By  Augustus 

J.  C.  Hare.  2  vols.  (George  AHen.) 
The  editor  of  'Two  Noble  Lives'  has  cer- 
tainly given  evidence  of  his  versatility  by 
introducing  us,  not,  as  he  formerly  did,  to 
"lords  and  ladies,  and  the  Miss  O'Gradys," 
but  to  a  calendar  of  Quaker  saints.  It  is  true 
one  has  met  them  before ;  Elizabeth  Fry, 
Joseph  John  Gurney,  Thomas  Fowell  Bux- 
ton, have  long  been  "household  words," 
enshrined  in  their  own  particular  biogra- 
phical libraries.  But  it  is  also  true,  as  Mr. 
Hare  points  out,  that  though  the  Gurneys 
of  Earlham, 

"through  their  personal  qualities  and  their 
self-devotion,  played  a  more  conspicuous  part 
than  any  other  set  of  brothers  and  sisters  in 
the  religious  and  philanthropic  life  of  England 
during  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century," 

yet 

"of  the  united  family  no  record  or  memorial 
has  been  given,  telling  the  degree  in  which  the 
wonderful  harmony  and  unity,  which  no  differ- 
ence of  mere  opinion  could  dim  or  alter,  in- 
fluenced all  their  thoughts,  and  stimulated  all 
their  actions. " 

Such  a  memorial  Mr.  Hare  has  constructed 
from  the  voluminous  correspondence,  jour- 
nals, and  separate  published  memoirs  of 
the  family.  Every  Gumey  of  Earlham  was 
expected  to  write  a  journal  of  what  used 
to  be  called  the  "sentimental"  kind,  and 
Mr.  Hare  refers  to  the  "  masses  of  volumes," 
including,  for  instance,  "seventeen  closely 
written  quarto  volumes"  of  Eachel  Gumey 
alone,  from  which  he  has  drawn  his  materials. 
The  chief  difficulty  was  that  of  selection, 
and  we  confess  the  impression  remains  with 
us,  after  a  second  reading  of  these  two 
volumes,  that  the  editor  has  allowed  his 
materials  to  master  him  overmuch,  and  that 
a  smaller  selection  would  really  have  been 
a  better  work  as  literature  and  would  also 
have  secured  him  more  chance  of  a  hearing 
among  the  general  public. 

For,  it  must  be  said  fi-ankly,  this  is  not 
a  book  that  appeals  to  everybody.  Some 
people  found  '  Two  Noble  Lives '  more  than  a 
little  wearisome  before  they  had  finished  the 
third  volume  ;  but  the  writers  of  that  ample 
correspondence  possessed    certain   qualities 


which  recommend  their  letters  to  the  most 
impatient  reader  :  some  were  endowed  with 
a  shrewd  sense  of  humour ;  they  all  were 
women  of  the  "  great  world,"   keenly  in- 
terested in  public  events,  in  which  they  often 
played   a  part ;  and  sometimes  they  wrote 
brilliantly.     To  aU  this  the  present  volumes 
offer  the  most  vivid  contrast  possible.     The 
subjects  of  the  memorial  were  Quakers  by 
birth  ;  and  even  when  some  of  them  joined 
the  Church  of  England,  they  retained  the 
essential  other-worldHness  of  their  original 
profession.  The  men,  indeed,  made  friends  of 
the  mammon  of  unrighteousness  sufficiently 
to  amass  large  fortunes,  but  their  deepest 
interests     were     persistently    engaged     in 
spiritual     experiences     and     philanthropic 
work.     Their  letters   relate   almost   exclu- 
sively to  these  subjects,  and  there  is  hardly 
a  solitary  allusion  to  public  events  or  public 
men  except  in  connexion  with  such  matters 
as  the  abolition  of  slavery  or  gaol  reform. 
The  chronicle  begins  in  the  last  years  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  yet  there  is  not  a  single 
reference  to  the  French  Revolution  or  the 
Napoleonic  wars ;  nor  do  we  hear  a  word  later 
on  about  the  Greek  struggle  for  independence. 
Catholic  emancipation,  or  the  Reform  Bill. 
There  is  no  place  for  the  sense  of  humour  in 
holy  meditations,  nor   is    there  a  brilliant 
letter  in  the  whole  collection ;  for  in  opening 
one's  soul  to  a  sister  upon  the  workings  of 
the  spirit,  sincerity  is  the  only  merit,  and 
rhetoric    or   satire    would    be  insufierable. 
It   is   obvious,  then,  that  this  memorial  of 
the  Gurneys  and  their  kinsfolk  is  subject  to 
the  limitations  of  an  esoteric  doctrine.     To 
those  who  enjoy  spiritual  introspection  and 
the  communion  of  saints,  these  volumes  may 
seem   not  a  page  too  long.      Members  of 
the  Society  of  Friends  will  delight  in   the 
chronicles    of    the    heroic    age    of    "  testi- 
monies," and  wonder  at  the  austere  character 
of   the  "plain   Quaker"  of   those    uncom- 
promising days.     And  the  numerous  clans 
of    the    Gurneys,    Buxtons,   Hoares,    Frys, 
Birkbecks,  &c.,  may  naturally  value  what  is 
essentially  their   own   family   history.     On 
the  other  hand,  the  average  reader,  who  is 
not  spiritual,  will  possibly  grow  weary  of 
the    endless   outpourings   and  "movings," 
and  may  even  (being  but  an  unregenerate 
sinner)  long  for  a  single  "black  sheep,"  or 
the  least  little  human  weakness,  to  relieve 
the    monotony  of    unfailing   goodness,   in- 
variable sweetness,  unselfishness,  placidity, 
and  piety.     At  aU  events,  he  could  do  with 
less  than  780  pages  of  the  cardinal  virtues, 
and   will    have    a    fellow-feeling    for    the 
Norfolk    squire     who,     when     visited    by 
his    sweet    but    serious    kinswoman    Mrs. 
Fry  on    his   death-bed,  received   her   with 
"I  am  very  glad  to  see  thee,  Elizabeth,  and 
shall   be  very  glad  to  talk  with  thee ;  but 
thee  must  just  wait  till  these  have  done." 
"These"  were  two  cocks  fighting  on  the 
other  side  of  the  bed. 

Yet  the  simple  God-fearing  lives  and 
thoughts  of  these  wonderfully  good  people 
grow  upon  the  reader  till,  with  Mr.  Hare, 
he  comes  in  some  degree  under  their  spell. 
For  one  thing,  they  were  not  alwaj-s  so 
appallingly  solemn  and  strict.  There  was 
a  time  when  innocent  pleasures  were  not 
rocks  of  offence  at  Earlham.  Indeed,  in 
their  youth  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
John  Gurney  (the  first  who  lived  in  the 
old  Norfolk  house  of  Earlham,  great-grand- 


son of  the  John  Gurney  who  was  imprisoned 
in  Charles  II. 's  reign  for  prof essing  Quaker- 
ism) were  an  exceedingly  lively  household. 
Mrs.  John  Gumey  (the  Catherine  Bell  of 
Gainsborough's  delightful  picture,  repro- 
duced at  the  beginning  of  the  first  volume), 
though  a  Friend,  was  by  no  means  a 
"plain  Quaker";  indeed,  she  associated  so 
tolerantly  with  Churchmen,  Catholics,  and 
Unitarians  as  to  greatly  trouble  the  minds 
of  her  more  austere  relations.  Her  children 
were  allowed  plenty  of  amusement ;  dancing 
and  music  were  frequent  pleasures,  whilst 
"  Old  Crome"  himself  trained  them  in  the 
frivolous  pursuit  of  art — with  excellent 
results,  as  some  of  their  drawings  testify  in 
these  pages.  When  the  mother  died,  Cathe- 
rine Gurney,  the  eldest  daughter,  took  her 
place,  and  through  her  long  unmarried  life 
performed  the  part  of  mother  to  a  troop 
of  brothers,  sisters,  nephews,  and  nieces. 
Altogether,  she  is  the  most  charming  old- 
world  character  in  the  book ;  like  her 
mother,  she  deprecated  the  extreme  severity 
of  rigid  Quakers,  and  eventually  she  joined 
the  Church  of  England. 

"  Her  rule,  though  strict,  was  never  severe. 
She  was  as  president  in  a  commonwealth  of 
absolutely  harmonious  fellowship.  She  was 
never  more  than  half  a  Quaker,  and  no  one  was 
happier  than  Catherine  in  playing  at  hide-and- 
seek  with  the  younger  children  in  the  winding 
passages  and  '  eighty  cupboards  '  of  the  old  house 
of  Earlham  ;  in  arranging  out-of-door  amuse- 
ments for  her  brothers ;  in  encouraging  her 
sisters  in  glee-singing,  and  in  collecting  small 
parties  of  neighbours  for  the  lively  Uttle  dances 
in  which  the  whole  family  had  then  a  healthy 
pleasure.  The  sisters  enjoyed  themselves  im- 
mensely. They  scoured  the  country  on  their 
ponies  in  scarlet  riding-habits.  On  one  occasion 
it  is  recorded  that  the  seven  linked  arms,  drew 
a  line  across  the  road,  and  stopped  the  mail- 
coach  from  ascending  the  neighbouring  hill 

To  Catherine  Gumey  her  younger  sisters  con- 
fided everything ;  nor  was  her  beneficial  in- 
fluence with  them  lessened  with  her  younger 
companions  when  they  found  that  she  shared — 
in  a  quiet  and  gentle  fashion — their  dread  of 
the  Quaker  Sundays,  of  the  long  dreary  silence 
and  even  more  dreary  sermons  of  the  Meetings 
to  which  their  father  wished  all  his  children  to 
go  once,  and  generally  twice,  on  a  Sunday. 
These  Meetings  took  place  in  Norwich  at  the 
quaint  Dutch-looking  Meeting-house,  with  high 
roofs  and  a  many-windowed  front,  approached 
by  Goat's  Lane — 'that  disgusting  Goat's,'  we 
find  the  younger  members  of  the  family  calling 
it  ;  and  to  their  Sunday  journals,  wearisomely 
and  laboriously  written,  we  often  find  appended 
'  Goat's  was  dis,'  which  only  the  initiated  would 
translate  into  '  the  Meeting  was  disgusting.'  " 

"  Betsy,"  indeed — the  future  Elizabeth 
Fry,  to  whom  Sir  James  Mackintosh  awarded 
the  curiously  infelicitous  title  of  "  the  more 
than  female  Howard" — was  "so  much  im- 
pressed with  horror  at  reading  of  the  sacri- 
fice of  Isaac,  that  she  always  dreaded  going 
to  Meeting  lest  her  parents  should  sacrifice 
her  there  "  ;  whilst  Louisa,  afterwards  Mrs. 
Samuel  Hoare,  did  not  scruple,  at  the  age 
of  eleven,  to  refer  to  the  "nasty  hole"  as 
the  "  claws  of  Goat's."  "We  obtain  these 
expressions  from  the  singular  journals  which 
the  children  were  induced  to  write  from 
very  early  years,  and  which  no  doubt 
fostered  that  morbid  introspective  habit  of 
mind,  that  industrious  searching  for  sins, 
which  was  a  characteristic  of  the  adult 
family.  But  at  first  there  is  only  extreme 
precocity  about  these  quaint  reflections  of 


484 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N<'3546,  Oct.  12/95 


childhood,  and  the  journals  are  full  of 
unconscious  humour  and  a  natural  fun, 
at  once  amusing  and  charming,  which  one 
misses  in  the  later  life  of  the  writers.  The 
eleven  -  year  -  old  Louisa  confides  to  her 
journal : — 

"I  think  it  most  silly  to  bring  up  children 
to  be  always  at  work.  I  am  sure  I  should  be 
better  and  happier  if  I  did  not  learn  much  :  it 

does  try  my  temper  so  much How  very  good 

of  me  1  I  have  the  greatest  pleasure  in  doing 
things  to  please  others  ;  it  is  one  of  my  best 

qualities Another    of    ray    qualities    which 

people  call  most  bad,  but  which  I  think  rather 
good,  is  that  I  cannot  bear  strict  authority  over 
me.  I  do  from  the  bottom  of  my  heart  hate 
the  preference  shown  in  all  things  to  my  elders 
merely  because  they  have  been  in  the  world 
a  little  longer.  I  do  love  equality  and  true 
democracy." 

"  Oct.  19  [1797].  I  am  afraid  I  shall  be  a  flirt 
when  I  grow  up.  I  really  do  think  1  shall.  It 
is  rather  odd  for  me  to  begin  talking  about 
flirting  ;  to  be  sure  I  am  not  a  flirt  yet,  but 
then  I  think  I  shall  be.  Flirtationing  arises 
from  vanity  and  too  great  love  of  admiration, 
particularly  from  men. " 

As  Mr.  Hare  says,  Louisa  Gurney  "  found 
religion"  at  times  which  were  "unusual 
for  a  Quaker."  "  Two  things,"  says  the 
journal,  "raise  my  soul  to  feel  devotion — 
nature  and  music.  As  I  went  down  the 
dance  yesterday,  I  gave  up  my  soul  to  the  en- 
chanting *  Malbrook.'  I  thought  of  Heaven 
and  of  God.  I  really  tasted  Heaven  for  a 
minute,  and  my  whole  heart  thanked  God 
for  the  blessings  I  enjoyed.  These  moments 
were  delicious."  Never  has  "  saltatory 
religion  "  been  more  innocently  and  honestly 
described.  But  all  the  children  were  ex- 
ceptional. Joseph  John  Gurney,  afterwards 
well  known  in  philanthropic  movements, 
the  most  interesting  character  among  the 
men  of  this  book,  refused  sugar  at  the  age 
of  two  (!),  we  are  told,  for  the  sake  of  the 
slaves.  He  was  certainly  a  most  uncom- 
promising self-disciplinarian  in  after  life. 
Joseph  John  did  nothing  by  halves  ;  if  it 
was  a  language,  Greek  or  Hebrew,  he 
studied  it  "to  the  very  bones  "  ;  and  he 
acquired  a  really  remarkable  amount  of 
learning  by  his  principle  of  undivided 
application.  "Be  a  whole  man  to  one 
thing  at  a  time"  was  his  favourite  maxim. 
There  is  a  delightful  picture  of  the  scholar 
and  his  library  in  '  Lavengro.'  "When  he 
embraced  strict  Quakerism  he  did  it  tho- 
roughly, down  to  the  most  irritating  rules 
of  behaviour.  The  handsome,  intellectual 
young  man  had  much  to  suffer  in  his 
renunciation  of  the  manners  of  the  world  : 

"I  was  engaged  long  beforehand  to  a  dinner- 
party. For  three  weeks  beforehand  I  was  in 
agitation  from  the  knowledge  that  I  must  then 
enter  the  drawing-room  with  my  hat  on.  From 
this  sacrifice,  strange  and  unaccountable  as  it 
may  ajjpear,  I  could  not  escape.  In  a  Friend's 
attire,  and  with  my  hat  on,  I  entered  the 
drawing-room  at  the  dreaded  moment,  shook 
hands  with  the  mistress  of  the  house,  went  back 
into  the  hall,  deposited  my  hat,  and  returned 
home  in  some  degree  of  peace." 

Yet  at  this  time,  somewhat  inconsistently, 
the  family  drove  out  with  four  horses  which 
were  so  magnificent  that  they  used  to  be 
lent  on  state  occasions  to  the  bishoj),  in 
■whoso  palace  Joseph  John  Gurney  insisted 
on  victimizing  himself  on  account  of  his 
hat ;    after  wldch  ho  woidd  return  home 


and  sternly  cross-question  his  soul.  "The 
self-introspection,"  says  Mr.  Hare, 

"  which  had  been  inculcated  upon  her  brothers 
and  sisters  by  Catherine  Gurney,  had  now,  to 
an  unnatural  and  unwholesome  extent,  become 
the  ruling  habit  of  Joseph  John's  life.  Once  a 
quarter,  in  what  he  called  his  '  quarterly  review,' 
he  indulged  in  a  grand  self-examination  and  self- 
condemnation  or  acquittal  ;  but  every  night,  in 
his  qncestiones  noctumce,  he  examined  the  action 
and  spirit  of  each  day." 

On  the  other  hand.  Miss  Martineau  found 
the  sisters  "a  set  of  dashing  j^oung  people, 
dressing  in  gay  riding-habits  and  scarlet 
boots,  and  riding  about  the  county  to  balls 
and  gaieties  of  all  sorts."  To  judge  by  the 
delightful  series  of  portraits — after  quaint 
and  captivating  silhouettes,  sketches  by  their 
friend  Mrs.  Opie,  and  paintings  by  Opie 
himself,  Leslie,  and  G.  Eichmond  (who 
did  fifty  of  the  family) — they  were  amply 
endowed  with  good  looks,  which,  added  to 
the  peculiar  womanly  sweetness  which 
seems  the  special  heritage  of  Friends,  made 
them  remarkably  attractive  at  all  ages ; 
nor  did  their  religious  absorption  detract 
from  their  mutual  affection.  After  a  period 
of  searchings  of  heart  they  branched  off 
into  different  folds,  some  into  the  Church, 
some  into  "  plain  Quakerism,"  some  remain- 
ing moderate  Quakers,  but  these  differences 
never  caused  the  slightest  disunion  ;  their 
harmony  was  "  indescribable." 

We  have  no  space  to  follow  this  united 
group  of  brothers  and  sisters  in  their  walk 
through  life,  till  the  "last  leaf  of  theEarlham 
tree,"  Daniel  Gurney,  died  in  1880  at  the  age 
of  ninety.  They  divided  their  time  between 
domestic  joys  and  cares  and  public  benefi- 
cence. Their  lines  had  fallen  in  pleasant 
places — one  has  only  to  glance  at  the  illus- 
trations of  their  beautiful  old  houses,  Earl- 
ham,  Plashet,  Euncton,  Ham  House  (Upton), 
Keswick,  Old  Cromer  Hall — nor  does  one 
associate  the  name  of  Hoare,  Buxton,  or 
Gurney  (before  1866)  with  struggles 
against  adversit}',  or  anything  but  ex- 
treme affluence  devoted  to  the  highest 
ends.  Mrs.  Fry  was  the  only  member  of 
the  family  who  fell  into  pecuniary  troubles, 
through  her  husband's  bankruptcy,  and  her 
rich  relations  of  course  came  to  her  rescue ; 
whilst  Daniel,  who  survived  the  great  Over- 
end  &  Gurney  collapse,  scarcely  felt  the 
difierence,  through  the  generous  affection 
of  his  sister  Lady  Buxton.  "Without  such 
ample  fortunes,  one  is  tempted  to  think,  the 
Gurney s  could  scarcely  have  combined  good 
works  with  enormous  families  so  success- 
fully. When  Joseph  John  married  his 
third  wife,  the  bride  found  that  she  had 
already  119  nephews  and  nieces  provided 
for  her.  Prosperity  doubtless  contributed 
to  their  amiability,  but  no  family  ever  used 
"this  world's  goods"  to  better  purposes 
than  the  Gurneys  of  Earlham.  The  whole 
book  is  one  long  calendar  of  good  works 
performed  with  gx-eat  humility. 

In  editing  the  correspondence  and 
journals  Mr.  Hare  has  shown  his  usual 
good  taste,  except  in  adopting  a  needlessly 
supercilious  air  towards  the  "narrowness" 
and  "  bondage  "  of  Quaker  views  and  i-ules. 
But  ho  is  still  inconceivably  slipshod  in  the 
common  details  of  editorship.  He  is  quite 
superior  to  mere  matters  of  chronology.  In 
'  Two  Noble  Ijives '  ho  made  George  III. 
die  in  1818;  hero   he  mentions  that  there 


was  a  petition  for  the  release  of  the  im- 
prisoned Quakers  "  in  April,  1685  ....  but 
in  vain,  and  they  were  only  released  in  the 
reign  of  James  II."  When  does  Mr.  Hare 
imagine  that  James  II.  came  to  the  throne  ? 
His  account  of  the  relationships  of  the 
family  is  bewildering,  and  a  full  pedigree 
from  John  Gurney,  the  prisoner,  would 
have  been  invaluable  ;  but  the  table  at  the 
beginning  of  the  volume  is  a  help,  and 
would  be  still  more  usefid  if  the  figures 
agreed  with  the  text  or  with  the  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography.'  In  the 
table  John  Gurney  is  said  to  have  died 
aged  thirty-four,  but  in  vol.  i.  p.  257  hia 
age  is  correctly  given  as  thirty- three. 
Samuel  Gurney  is  stated  to  have  been 
born  on  October  26th,  but  the  '  Dictionary  *■ 
gives  October  18th;  according  to  Mr.  Hare 
he  was  buried  July  17th,  1856,  which 
would  be  nearly  a  month  and  a  half  after  his 
death,  but  the  '  Dictionary '  gives  the  date 
of  burial  as  June  19th.  This  seems  the  sort 
of  fact  to  be  very  easily  verified.  On  p.  13 
"  John  "  Gurney  is  a  misprint  for  Joseph  ; 
and  on  p.  12  an  elder  John  Gurney  is  stated 
to  have  died  in  1740,  instead  of  January, 
1741/2.  Mr.  Hare  is  continually  quoting 
a  mysterious  document  which  he  cites  merely 
as  '  Memoir,'  without  saying  o/whom  or  bi/ 
whom.  We  believe  there  are  at  least 
seven  published  memoirs  of  various  mem- 
bers of  the  Gurney  family,  and  it  would 
be  more  satisfactory  if,  in  quoting  them, 
Mr.  Hare  had  identified  the  particular 
work.  It  is  superfluous  to  add  that  in 
referring  to  published  books  he  never  by 
any  chance  mentions  volume  or  page.  That 
is  Mr.  Hare's  way,  and  we  suppose  it  is 
useless  to  advise  him  to  mend  it.  But  if 
nothing  will  make  him  accurate  or  ordi- 
narily painstaking,  he  possesses  some  of  the 
finer  qualities  of  an  editor.  He  has  sym- 
pathy, taste,  and  appreciation  of  character  ; 
he  has  allowed  his  subject  to  speak  for 
itself,  though  perhaps  at  undue  length, 
and  has  kept  the  biographer  modestly  in 
the  background ;  and  whenever  he  inter- 
venes, he  comes  forward  gracefully,  and 
does  not  stay  a  moment  too  long.  The 
illustrations  and  portraits  are  a  decidedly 
attractive  feature  in  these  volumes. 


The  Heal  Chinaman.     By  Chester  Holcombe. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

This  is  rather  a  disappointing  book.  The 
title-page  promises  a  picture  of  the  Chinese^ 
not  as  others  have  painted  them,  and  em- 
phasizes the  qualifications  of  the  author  by 
telling  us  that  he  was  "for  many  years 
Interpreter,  Secretary  of  Legation,  and 
Acting  Minister  of  the  United  States  at 
Peking."  But  the  expectations  thus  raised 
are  doomed  to  be  disappointed.  The  reader 
will  find  nothing  (except  some  personal  expe- 
riences and  some  obvious  blunders)  which, 
has  not  appeared  in  other  works,  and  indeed 
in  some  cases  the  author  borrows,  with  no 
stinted  hand,  from  the  writings  of  his  pre- 
decessors. Long  passages,  with  the  neces- 
sary change  of  wording,  are  obviously 
taken  from  Prof.  Douglas's  '  Society  in 
China.'  In  his  chapter  on  the  position 
of  women  in  China,  for  instance,  the 
professor  says  that  they  are  regarded  as 
"moulded  out  of  faults,"  and  illustrates 
tliis  view  by  instancing  several  ideographic 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


485 


characters  in  wliicli  tlie  symbol  for  woman 
occurs.  Mr.  Holcombe  quotes  tlio  same 
characters  in  the  same  conuoxiou,  aud  goes 
on  to  say  : — 

"Generally  speaking,  the  frequent  use  of  the 
character  meaning  woman  in  combinations  in 
which  the  idea  to  be  expressed  is  wrong  in  its 
nature  more  than  adequately  illustrates  the 
ancient  Chinese  idea  that  the  female  sex  is 
'moulded  out  of  faults.'  " 

Unluckily  for  him,  this  last  quotation 
convicts  him.  He  is  evidently  under 
the  impression  that  the  phrase  has  a 
Chinese  origin ;  whereas  he  need  seek 
no  further  for  it  than  in  '  Measure  for 
Measure,'  and  in  its  original  connexion, 
as  every  one  except  Mr.  Holcombe  knows, 
it  refers  to  "  best  men."  As  reproduced  by 
Prof.  Douglas  it  is  aptly  quoted,  but  in  Mr. 
Holcombe's  hands  the  passage  which  is 
used  by  Shakspeare  about  men  is  made  to 
do  duty  as  a  Chinese  phrase  about  women. 

A  man  who  has  been  many  years  inter- 
preter, &c.,  at  the  United  States  Legation 
at  Peking  might,  one  would  imagine,  be 
an  authority  on  the  language.  But  on  p.  GO 
he  makes  a  statement  which  shakes  our 
faith  in  his  linguistic  knowledge.  Every 
one  who  has  made  the  slightest  study  of 
the  written  characters  of  the  language  is 
aware  that  they  may  be  roughly  divided 
into  three  classes — the  hieroglyphic,  the 
ideographic,  and  the  phonetic,  this  last 
being  by  far  the  largest  of  the  three.  In 
each  of  the  phonetic  characters  there  occurs 
an  element  which  indicates  the  sound  of 
compound  characters.  For  example,  the 
phonetic  dicing,  meaning  "the  first  of  the 
five  colours,"  "green,"  enters  into  the  com- 
position of  at  least  nineteen  compound 
characters,  and  indicates  their  pronunciation, 
which  in  every  case  is  either  ching  or  ch'-ing. 
This  being  so,  it  is  surprising  to  find  Mr. 
Holcombe  saying,  "  Tliere  is  absolutely 
nothing  about  a  Chinese  character  tliat  will 
give  the  perplexed  student  even  a  faint  hint 
as  to  liow  it  should  be  uttered  by  the  voice." 

The  fact  of  his  holding  such  views  on  the 
language  makes  intelligible  a  story  which 
he  tells  against  himself.  On  one  occasion 
he  was  instructed  to  write  a  despatch  to  the 
Tsungli  Yamin  to  ask  that  certain  facilities 
miglit  be  extended  to  some  American  naval 
ofRccrs.  For  a  wliolo  week  no  reply  was 
received,  but  at  the  end  of  tliat  time  certain 
members  of  tlio  Cabinet  called  to  say  that 
they  had  not 

"the  most  remote  idea  what  it  [the  despatcli] 

uieant They    naively     admitted     that     the 

Cabinet  had  been  fc^r  a  week  divided  regarding 
the  contents  of  the  despatch  ;  one  faction,  headed 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  insisted  that 
it  referred  to  a  quarantine,  since  it  contained 
one  character  used  in  connexion  with  cholera, 
while  the  others  followed  the  lead  of  the  Prince 
Regent,  who  held  that  it  had  something  to  say 
about  a  dynamite  gun." 

In  some  respects  the  author's  notions  of 
the  history  of  the  country  are  as  vague  as 
his  ideas  of  the  language.  His  views  on 
the  opium  question  are  violently  anti- 
English,  and  this  predisposition  blinds  him 
to  the  most  commonplace  facts.  On  p.  15 
he  writes,  "  The  flight  of  their  emperor 
and  his  death  in  exile  had  wrung  from  tlieir 
Government  a  further  concession  legalizing 
the  opium  tralhc  in  China."  On  this  it  is 
only  to  bo  observed  that  the  emperor's 
flight  took  place  in  18G0,  his  death  in  1861, 


and  that  the  treaty  which,  amongst  other 
things,  legalized  the  opium  trade  was  con- 
cluded in  1858. 

In  his  account  of  tho  introduction  of  the 
system  of  competitive  examination  Mr.  Hol- 
combe declares  that 

"all  that  can  be  asserted  is  that  an  Emperor 
of  the  Tang  Dynasty,  some  nineteen  hundred 
years  ago,  inaugurated  the  present  plan  of 
preparing  and  selecting  othcials  by  means  of 
study  and  literary  examinations." 

In  this  statement  he  is  in  error  by  about 
six  hundred  years.  The  sj-stem  he  speaks 
of  was,  it  is  true,  instituted  by  an  emperor 
of  the  T'ang  dynasty.  But  the  T'ang 
dynasty  only  came  into  existence  in  a. d.  618, 
and  the  emperor  in  question  did  not  ascend 
the  throne  until  627. 

It  is  pleasant  to  turn  from  these  subjects 
to  topics  on  which  the  author's  information 
is  correct  and  his  material  is  interesting.  In 
the  course  of  his  service  in  China  he  saw 
much  of  the  workings  of  the  native  courts 
of  law,  and  of  the  conduct  of  mercantile 
business.  On  both  of  these  subjects  he 
speaks  with  authority,  and  his  experiences, 
with  his  remarks  thereon,  are  well  worthy 
of  attention. 


The  Winchester  Troper,  from  MSS.  of  the 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  Centuries.  "With  other 
Documents  illustrating  the  History  of 
Tropes  in  England  and  Franco.  Edited 
by  W.  H.  Frere.  (Henry  Bradshaw 
Society.) 

There  is  hardly  need  to  apologize  for 
explaining  to  our  readers  the  meaning  of 
the  words  Trope  and  Troper^  because,  as 
the  editor  of  this  volume  observes  on  his 
first  page,  "it  is  rare  to  find  even  among 
Liturgical  scholars  a  clear  conception  of 
what  a  Troper  is."  He  adojits  the  form 
Troper  as  representing  tho  common  English 
form  Troperium,  which  means  the  book 
which  contains  the  Tropes  ;  and  the  defini- 
tion of  a  Trope,  as  given  by  Martin  Gerbert, 
is  as  follows:  "  Tropus,  in  re  liturgica,  est 
versiculus  quidam  aut  etiam  plures  ante 
inter  vel  post  alios  ecclesiasticos  cantus 
aj^positi."  If  to  this  is  added  Gautier's 
explanation  tho  reader  will  need  nothing 
more  :  "  Qu'est  qu'un  Trope?  C'est  I'inter- 
polation  d'un  texte  liturgiquo." 

The  chief  value  of  Mr.  Frere's  work  con- 
sists in  his  introduction,  which  in  the  course 
of  about  forty  pages  sets  forth  amongst  otlier 
points  the  history  of  tlio  rise  and  fall  of 
Tropes.  Tho  author  traces  them  from  tho 
earliest  times,  when  they  existed  as  melodies 
sung  without  words  to  some  vowel  sound, 
down  to  tho  time  of  their  decay  and  dis- 
appearance. He  recognizes  three  stages : 
tlie  first  in  which  the  Soquentito  or  jubila 
existed  without  words,  the  second  marked 
by  the  appearance  of  words  adapted  to  tho 
existing  jubila,  the  final  stage  being  that 
in  which  new  words  and  now  music  aro 
written  simultaneously. 

The  principal  part  of  the  text  of  tlie 
volume  consists  of  the  AVinchester  Troper, 
which  is  printed  at  length,  beginning  with 
the  "  Tropi  do  Adventu  Domini  nostri  Jesu 
Christi,"  and  proceeding  through  the  prin- 
cipal festivals  of  the  year.  Wo  produce 
here  a  specimen  of  one  of  these,  of  which 
the  editor  says  in  his  introduction  that  it  is 
a  dramatic  dialogue  which  came  to  bo  used 


as  a  Trope  to  the  introit  of  Easter,  but  at 
Winchester  it  kept  its  independent  place  :— 

ANGELICA    DE   C'llRlSTI    RlISt'UKECTlONE, 

t^uem  qu;ei-itis  in  sepulchro  christicolie  : 
Sanctarum  mulierum  respoiisio. 
Jesum  nazarenum  crucifixum,  0  cajlioolfo  ; 

Angelica  vnois  consolatio. 
Non  est  hic^  surrexit  sicut  prajdixerat, 
Ite  nuntiate  quia  surrexit  dicentes, 
Sanctarum  mtdierum  ad  omnem  cleruni  modulatio, 
Alleluia,  Kcsurrexit  dominus  hodie, 
leo  fortis,  christus  filius  dei,  dec  gratias  dicite, 
eia: 

l_I)ieat  Angelus.'] 
Venite  et  videte  locum  [ubi  positus  erat  domi- 
nus, alleluia,  alleluia]: 
\^Iterum  dicat  Angelus.l 
Cito    euntes    [dicite     disclpulis     quia     surrexit 
dominus,  alleluia,  alleluia]  : 
IMuUerl  una  voce  canaiit  jiibllantes.] 
Surrexit  dominus  de  sepulchro, 
qui  pro  nobis  pependit  in  ligno,  alleluia. 

We  have  selected  this  particular  Trope 
because,  as  the  author  tells  us  in  his  intro- 
duction, it  was  very  popular  and  widespread. 
He  adds  that  this  dialogue  survived,  and 
grew  as  time  went  on.  It  occurs  in  two 
MS.  processionals  of  the  fourteenth  century 
of  the  church  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
Dublin,  with  a  long  introductory  episode 
for  the  three  Maries,  and  with  the  sequence 
"  Victims)  paschali  "  dramatized  to  form  the 
fitialc.  At  Eouen  (as  at  St.  Gall)  the  intro- 
duction was  limited  to  the  question,  "  Quis 
revolvet  nobis  lapidem  ab  ostio  monumenti," 
but  the  appearance  to  St.  Mary  Magdalene 
is  introduced  ;  at  Narbonne  the  function  fol- 
lowed the  lines  of  the  Dublin  service  in  the 
main,  but  everywhere  there  were  local  dif- 
ferences more  or  less  considerable.  In  later 
times  the  interlude  became  known  by  the 
name  of  "  Officium  Sepulchri,"  and  as  such 
it  survived  in  many  churches  iu  Franco 
till  the  eighteenth  century.  Similar  dia- 
logues were  also  in  vogue  at  other  festivals — 
at  Christmas  (called  "  Officium  Pastorum") 
and  at  Ascension-tide  ;  and  the  "  Officium 
Stella)  sou  trium  regum "  of  Epiphany, 
though  not  so  closely  modelled  on  this  pat- 
tern, was  very  similar ;  but  the  more  theso 
dramatic  interludes  developed,  the  more 
they  tended  to  become  secular,  till  the  bud- 
ding drama  left  the  churches  to  make  for 
itself  a  less  resti'ictod  sphere  of  operations 
in  tho  theatre. 

Wo  should  have  been  glad  to  reproduce 
hero  some  of  those  Tropes,  some  of  which 
aro  most  beautiful,  but  we  fool,  considering 
the  limited  number  of  readers  who  will  bo 
interested  in  the  subject,  that  we  have 
ah-eady  occupied  as  much  space  as  can  be 
devoted  to  it  in  a  journal  like  tho  Athenaion, 
and  must  be  content  to  refer  specialists  to 
the  volume  itself.  It  indicates  much  research 
on  the  part  of  the  accomplished  editor,  and 
has  been  produced  in  a  scholar-like  fashion. 
As  we  have  printed  one  Trope  exactly  as  it 
appears  in  tlie  book,  we  ouglit  to  explain 
that  the  additions  within  brackets  are  from  a 
different  MS.  from  that  from  which  the  text 
has  been  copied. 

Perhaps  it  ought  to  be  added  that  this  is 
the  second  volume  issued  for  the  year  1891 
to  tho  members  of  the  Henry  Bradsliaw 
Society,  the  first  volume  being  '  The  Tracts 
of  Clement  Maydeston,'  which  was  noticed 
in  this  journal  a  few  weeks  ago  [Athen. 
No.  3538). 


486 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


^t  Treatise  on  the  Constitution  and  Govern- 
ment of  Solicitors,  their  Rights  and  Duties. 
By  Archer  M.  White,  of  the  Middle 
Temple.     (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 

Me.  White  in  the  course  of  his  career  as  a 
law  student  obtained  a  remarkable  number 
of  scholarships  and  similar  distinctions ; 
and  his  Avork  on  solicitors  is,  as  might 
naturally  be  expected,  a  very  creditable 
production.  Industry  is  shown  by  the 
largo  number  and  by  the  concentration  of 
the  cases  cited,  and  lucidity  is  ensured 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  book  by 
the  careful  arrangement  of  subjects.  We 
find,  first,  an  historical  introduction  ;  next, 
four  chapters  as  to  articles  of  clerkship, 
examinations,  admission,  and  the  certificate 
without  which  even  an  admitted  soHcitor 
may  not  exercise  his  functions.  After  this 
point  our  solicitor  is  supposed  to  be  in 
actual  practice,  and  fifteen  chapters  follow 
in  which  his  privileges,  rights  and  dis- 
abilities, duties  generally  and  in  special 
combinations,  general  and  particular  lien, 
costs,  and  various  incidental  matters,  are 
rapidly  but  clearly  set  forth.  Chapter  xx. 
deals  with  American  law,  and  there  follow 
two  appendices,  the  first  containing  Acts 
and  portions  of  Acts  relating  to  the  subject ; 
the  second,  four  or  five  precedents  of 
articles  of  clerkship  and  the  like,  which 
are  sure  to  be  practically  viseful.  The  book 
winds  up  with  a  fairly  copious  index ;  but 
Mr.  AVhite  will  do  well  to  increase  it  from 
twenty  to  thirty  or  forty  pages ;  and  an 
alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  sub-heads 
under  each  principal  head  would  be  a  great 
improvement. 

Mr.  White's  book  is  written,  evidently,  for 
solicitors,  and  not  for  the  public  ;  yet  there 
are  points  in  it  which  may  be  instructive  to 
the  non-legal  reader  if  some  additional  in- 
formation be  brought  to  bear  from  outside. 
The  general  ignorance  of  Englishmen  con- 
cerning legal  matters  is  notorious,  and  there 
are  few  things  with  respect  to  which  it  is 
more  conspicuous  than  the  rights  and 
functions  of  the  legal  profession.  If  a 
barrister  were  to  mention  casually  that  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  preparing  deeds,  an 
ordinary  Englishman  would  probably  say, 
*'  You  surprise  me ;  I  thought  solicitors 
always  did  that  sort  of  work."  If  we  turn 
to  the  scale  of  solicitors'  fees  for  drawing, 
perusing,  &c.,  deeds,  wills,  and  other  docu- 
ments, at  p.  295  of  Mr.  White's  book,  we 
shall  find  nothing  to  dispel  this  idea.  Wo 
are  not  finding  fault  with  Mr.  White  for 
this ;  ho  has  faithfully  copied  the  scale 
from  the  General  Order  under  the  Solicitors' 
Remuneration  Act,  1881,  and  his  intended 
readers  will  quite  understand  how  to  apply 
it ;  but  wo  cannot  refrain  from  enlighten- 
ing the  general  reader  as  to  the  manner  in 
which  some  part  of  it  usually  works.  The 
rate  of  payment  proscribed  for  "  draw- 
ing" is  2«.  per  folio;  in  other  words, 
tho  solicitor  may  charge  2s.  for  every 
seventy-two  words  of  a  deed,  &c.,  which 
ho  has  prepared  or  composed.  Now 
tho  curious  point  is  that,  in  innumerable 
cases,  tho  solicitor  does  not  prepare  or  com- 
pose tho  deed  at  all,  but  sends  instructions 
to  a  barrister  to  "settle"  it,  which  prac- 
tically amounts  to  this,  that  tho  barrister 
prepares  and  also  settles  it,  the  solicitor 
doing  neither  one  nor  tho  other.     A  eimplo 


illustration  may  be  given  from  a  solicitor's 
bill,  which  was  made  out  and  paid  under 
this  scale.  The  counsel's  fee  is  1/.  os.  Gd, 
for  "settling"  a  deed  of  nineteen  folios; 
the  solicitor's  charge  is  2s.  per  folio,  or 
1/.  18.S.  in  all,  for  "drawing"  the  same; 
thus  the  client  paid  only  11.  3s.  Gd.  for  the 
actual  work,  but  had  to  pay  1/.  18.s.  in 
addition  to  a  man  who  did  not  do  the  work 
at  all !  The  innocent  reader  will  perchance 
exclaim,  "Yes,  it  does  look  odd  when  put 
in  that  way ;  but  I  dare  say  the  solicitor  had 
other  things  to  do  besides  the  drawing." 
Ho  had ;  and  for  those  other  things  he 
charged  as  follows  :  Instructions  for  deed, 
6s.  Sd. ;  attending  counsel,  6s.  8d.;  con- 
secj^uently  he  received  a  total  of  21.  lis.  -id., 
quite  apart  from  anything  that  he  was 
afterwards  paid  for  copying,  engrossing, 
correspondence,  &c.  Apropos  of  copying, 
it  may  be  mentioned  by  the  way  that  the 
scale  allows  a  solicitor  to  charge  4d.  a  folio, 
or  6s.  id.  for  a  deed  of  nineteen  folios,  while 
a  law  stationer  would  make  an  equally  good 
copy  at  2d.  per  folio,  thus  charging  only 
3s.  2d.  for  the  whole.  A  solicitor  may,  of 
course,  employ  a  law  stationer  if  he  likes ; 
in  such  case  he  gets  half  the  prescribed  pay- 
ments without  doing  anything  at  all ! 

The  method  of  payment  by  scale  was 
introduced,  no  doubt,  as  an  equitable  measure 
between  solicitors,  who  generally  know 
something,  and  their  clients,  who  rarely  know 
anything,  as  to  the  amount  of  labour  that 
any  particular  piece  of  business  will  entail. 
It  may  be  doubted,  however,  whether  the 
legislature,  when  enabling  a  learned  body 
of  judges  and  others  to  make  provisions  as 
to  solicitors'  remuneration,  and  thus  giving 
birth  to  scales,  has  effected  much  progress 
in  the  required  direction.  The  scale  for 
sales,  purchases,  and  some  other  things  is 
a  sliding  scale,  so  to  speak,  according  to  the 
value  of  the  property.  In  a  purchase  of 
which  the  bill  of  costs  is  before  us,  the 
"scale"  charge  is  17/. ;  but  when  we  look 
through  the  bill  we  find  that  the  total,  in- 
cluding stamps,  registration,  &c.,i8  32/.  17s.; 
and  making  allowance  for  the  stamps,  &c., 
which,  of  course,  are  not  lawyers'  charges, 
the  amount  is  251.,  or  8/.  beyond  the 
"scale"  charge.  We  may  say  distinctly 
that  we  are  not  referring  to  this  particular 
bill  as  being  anything  extraordinary ;  it  is 
the  system  of  remuneration  of  legal  services 
that  we  attack.  It  is  one  of  the  most  de- 
pressing features  of  legal  business  that  there 
are  painful  surprises  almost  at  every  turn. 
A  man  wins  an  action  in  tho  High  Court, 
and  exults  in  the  thought  that  his  costs  are 
to  be  paid  by  tho  "  other  side  "  ;  his  joy  is  of 
short  duration,  for  tho  other  side  only  pays 
the  bill  of  costs  "as  between  party  and 
party,"  and  his  own  solicitor  sends  him  in 
almost  as  big  a  bill  for  costs  "  as  between 
solicitor  and  client"!  What  matter  to  him 
the  words  of  distinction  ?  He  thinks  that, 
as  winner  of  the  action,  he  will  be  free 
of  expense ;  he  will  find,  very  likely,  that 
he  has  to  pay  more  in  costs  than  he  has 
gained  by  the  judgment  in  his  favour.  The 
whole  system  wants  remodelling  ab  initio ; 
things  should  be  called  by  their  real  names, 
and  men  should  be  paid  for  what  they 
really  do.  If  Mr.  White,  or  any  equally 
capable  barrister,  wore  to  treat  the  subject 
of  legal  proceedings  from  this  point  of  view, 
ho  might  bo  tho  pioneer  of  a  far-reaching 


reform.  Dickens  attacked  some  of  the  fic- 
tions of  legal  practice  with  much  humour, 
but  he  failed  to  convoy  any  useful  lesson, 
because  he  invariably  stopped  short  of 
pointing  out  the  actual  causa  mali,  Horace 
wrote, 

-^ ridiculum  acri 

Fortius  ac  melius  magnas  plerumque  secat  res, 

and  Horace  is  generally  right;  but  the 
ridicule  must  be  intelligible.  It  must  be 
shown  what  is  the  cause  of  attack,  not 
merely  who  is  the  object  of  attack. 

We  have  given  the  author  credit  for  the 
merits  of  the  book  ;  he  will  not  object  to  our 
pointing  out  some  little  flaws  which  occur 
here  and  there.  At  pp.  7,  8,  he  appears  to 
assume  that  there  were  articled  clerks  as 
early  as  1633,  but  the  Order  which  he  there 
refers  to,  so  far  as  he  describes  it,  merely 
directs  that  a  man  shall  have  "  served  six 
years  as  clerk  to  an  attorney  "  ;  there  is 
nothing  to  show  that  "articles"  were 
necessary.  At  p.  16  we  are  told  that  an 
articled  clerk  must  (usually)  serve  five 
years  ;  it  is  not  quite  clearly  expressed  that 
the  "  one  year"  with  a  barrister,  &c.,  may 
come  out  of  the  five  years.  The  words 
"even  when  the  compromise  he  unfavour- 
able "  (p.  250)  are  not  grammatical ;  neither 
are  the  words  "  a  person  whom  he  knows 
has  no  proper  authority"  (p.  269).  At 
p.  257  there  is  an  obvious  misprint : 
"  effect "  should  be  affect  in  the  passage  "  so 
as  to  effect  not  only  the  client's  interest,  but 
those  of,"  &c.  The  rules,  scales,  &c.,  of  the 
great  General  Order  as  to  costs  are  not  very 
well  arranged  :  the  body  of  the  Order  is 
printed  at  pp.  277-282  ;  then,  after  a  blank 
space,  comes  "Schedule  I.  Part  I.,"  em- 
bodying a  scale ;  then  follow  one  or  two 
pages  of  tho  author's  text,  and  then  we  have 
"Eules"  at  p.  286;  but  there  is  nothing 
to  show  distinctly  that  the  schedule  and 
the  rules  are  part  of  the  Order.  The  same 
observations  apply  more  or  less  to  some 
other  portions  of  the  same  General  Order. 
These  little  defects  can  easily  be  remedied 
in  a  later  edition,  and  they  are  not  likely 
to  cause  any  serious  difficulty  to  a  careful 
reader.  We  have  mentioned  that  the  cited 
cases  are  numerous ;  an  examination  of 
some  portion  of  them  (picked  out  at 
hazard)  leads  us  to  believe  that  the  author 
is  accurate  generally  in  his  refer- 
ences, and  careful  in  his  statements  of 
the  points  decided.  Sometimes,  however, 
tho  latter  would  boar  revision :  Strickland 
(not  Stricklands,  as  printed)  v.  Symons 
(p.  238)  is  not  a  case  of  solicitor's  lien  ; 
and  O'Donoghue  v.  Vowlcs  (p.  341)  is  not 
a  solicitor's  case  at  all.  White  v.  Lady 
Lincoln  (p.  157)  is  fairly  enough  described, 
but  tho  word  semhle  should  precede  the 
description.  Notwithstanding  such  slips  as 
these,  we  commend  Mr.  White's  book  to 
solicitors  as  one  which  they  will  find  prac- 
tically useful.  Mr.  White  has  searched  the 
reports  down  to  tho  year  1894  inclusive. 


Mapwoth  College :  its  Centenary  History. 
By  the  Most  Eov.  J.  Healy,  Bishop  of 
Clonfert.  (Dublin,  Browne  &  Nolan.) 
This  enormous  volume — it  weighs  not  less 
than  121b. — deals  with  a  subject  full  of 
curiosity  and  interest  to  all  those  who 
have  considered  education  in  connexion 
with  religion,  and  education  in  connexion 


I 


K°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHEi^iEUM 


487 


with  politics.  But  for  this  reason  there  is 
no  small  difficulty  in  reviewing  it  in  a 
journal  in  which  political  discussion  is  out 
of  place.  The  book  is,  in  fact,  a  huge  party 
pamphlet,  and  not  so  much  a  vindication  of 
Maynooth  College  as  a  rehearsal  of  all  the 
injustices,  real  and  imaginary,  laid  to  the 
charge  of  Protestant  England  by  Roman 
Catholic  Ireland.  The  first  ninety  pages 
furnish  a  sketch  of  the  past,  intended  to 
exhibit  the  horrors  of  the  penal  laws  as 
bearing  upon  education.  These  laws  were 
bad  enough,  but  the  bishop  does  not  afford 
his  readers  the  smallest  hint  that  penal 
laws  far  more  unjust  and  cruel  had  been 
enacted  by  the  Pope,  and  by  various 
Catholic  powers,  especially  Spain,  against 
dissenters  from  the  Eoman  faith. 

This  one  -  sided  method  of  writing 
history  is  manifest  aU  through  the 
bishop's  book,  and  is  likely  to  bring  upon 
him  the  severe  censure  of  those  who  are 
interested  in  supporting  the  other  side.  It 
is  only  a  very  calm  and  impartial  philo- 
sopher who  will  acquiesce  in  so  prejudiced 
a  narrative  as  more  amusing  to  the  reader, 
and  to  be  corrected  by  some  equally  pre- 
judiced narrative  on  the  other  side.  Here 
are  a  couple  of  specimens  of  the  suppressio 
veri  which  the  author  notes  in  one  place  as 
a  crime  in  literature  : — 

"When  the  troops  took  possession  of  the 
town,  after  the  battle  of  Arklow  and  the  defeat 
of  the  insurgents,  the  most  frightful  excesses 
were  committed  in  the  town  by  the  yeomanry 
and  the  military." 

There  are  certain  stories  current  of  other 
excesses  than  these  committed  at  that  time. 
Again : — 

"  They  [the  priests]  saw  the  abundant  harvests 
of  Irish  grain  daily  carried  off  to  England,  at 
the  very  time  that  their  own  people  were  dying 
in  hundreds  of  starvation." 

But  at  every  turn  we  meet  this  truly 
Celtic  habit  of  over-statement,  this  avoid- 
ance of  correction  or  limitation,  which 
makes  tho  big  book  a  controversial  pam- 
phlet such  as  seems  rather  intended  to 
fortify  the  prej  udiced  than  to  convince  the 
unprejudiced.  The  exaggerated  estimate 
of  the  merits  of  Maynooth  and  of  its 
alumni  is  often  based  on  flimsy  grounds ; 
for  instance,  "Seeing  that  he  was  con- 
secrated at  the  early  age  of  thirty-five, 
and  became  at  thirty-six  coadjutor  to  the 
Primate,  Dr.  O'Eeilly  must  have  been  a 
man  of  remarkable  piety,  learning,  and 
zeal."  What  an  argument  !  Adam  Loftus, 
the  founder  of  the  Ely  family,  was  made 
Primate  of  Armagh  at  the  ago  of  twenty-six. 
Will  the  author  accept  this  as  evidence  of 
piety,  learning,  and  zeal  in  a  Protestant  ?  He 
declares  that  in  1798  "  Maynooth  possessed 
a  rare  combination  of  worth  and  talent," 
and  we  do  not  question  that  this  was  so, 
but  there  follow  in  proof  of  it  a  sot  of  names 
unknown  to  any  ordinary  student  of  Irish 
history  at  that  period — Alicrne,  Darro,  Dela- 
hogue.  Clinch.  Of  another  wo  are  told, 
"His  friends  alone  knew  that  his  poetical 
talents  were  of  a  high  order" — rather  a 
comical  statement.  Perhaps  the  gentleman's 
poetry  was  of  tlie  kind  praised  on  p.  4;3.3, 
where  a  certain  Father  Midlins  is  called  a 
"true  poet,"  and  unfortunately  a  specimen 
is  given — we  shall  quote  two  lines  only  (on 
the  Celtic  tongue) : — 


It  is  fastly  [sic']  disappearing,  as  footprints  on  the 

shore 
Where  the  Barrow  and  the  Erne,  and  Lough  Swilly's 

waters  roar. 

The  Barrow,  it  may  be  observed,  is  the  most 
sluggish  and  sleepy  river  in  Ireland,  like 
the  Liris  of  Horace — taciturmis  amnis. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  more  serious 
aspects  of  this  volume.  Here  is  a  signifi- 
cant statement : — 

"  We  have  read  all  the  literature  upon  the 
subject — the  real  complaint  against  Maynooth 
was  always,  though  disguised  in  one  shape  or 
another,  that  it  turned  out,  with  tho  help  of 
Government  money,  priests  as  zealous  and  as 
patriotic  as  if  they  had  never  taken  the  oath  of 
allegiance." 

The  bishop  thinks  it  most  absurd  that  any 
complaint  should  be  made  of  a  song  sung 
at  a  public  Gaudeamus  in  1829  : — 

The  toast  we'll  give  is  Albion's  fall 
And  Erin's  pride  on  Patrick's  day  ; 

and  he  quotes  as  a  parallel  a  Trinity  College 
composition,  "Who  fears  to  speak  of  '98?" 
But  wo  never  heard  that  in  this  case  the 
song  was  sung  at  a  public  college  feast,  or 
that  "as  the  last  sentiment  was  uttered 
the  authorities  and  students  were  instantly 
on  their  legs,  and  cheered,"  &c.  The  author 
himself  draws  the  natural  conclusion  : — 

"  From  an  English  point  of  view,  it  may  well 
be  doubted  if  anything  was  gained  by  taking 
the  Irish  youths,  destined  for  the  ministry, 
from  the  scattered  colleges  on  the  Continent, 
and  educating  them  together  in  one  great  college 
at  home." 

And  what  is  the  education  which  they 
receive?  Unfortunately  it  is  not  so  easy 
for  the  worthy  bishop  to  let  us  know  what 
they  learn  in  arts  or  in  theology  as  it  is 
for  him  to  indicate  what  are  their  lessons 
in  loyalty  and  patriotism.  We  are  told 
that  at  Maynooth  not  only  are  the 
junior  and  senior  students  rigorously  sepa- 
rated, but  the  professors  on  principle  avoid 
meeting  their  pupils  except  in  class— a 
practice  greatly  deprecated  by  the  able 
and  cultivated  Bishop  Moriarty  (late  of 
Kerry).  Strong  objections  are  even  enter- 
tained to  the  students  of  Maynooth  going 
homo  to  their  parents  in  the  vacations — an 
educational  tyranny  more  stringent  than 
anything  in  Plato's  '  Eepublic  ';  and  it  is 
curious  to  read  among  the  list  of  the 
greatest  crimes  which  entail  expulsion  the 
following : — 

"If  anyone  shall  designedly  withdraw  him- 
self from  the  body  of  the  students  on  the  public 
walk,  or  from  tho  eyes  of  the  person  to  whose 
charge  he  may  have  been  committed." 

The  explanation  afforded  by  tho  bishop  is 

that  this  and  the  other  rules 

"have  been  laid  down  by  tho  wisdom  of  the 

Council  of  Trent,  and  in  substance  are  observed 

in  all  Catholic  colleges  for  the  education  of  the 

clergy." 

He  adds  : — 

"Men  of  the  world  cannot  well  understand 
these  principles,  for  *  the  sensual  man  per- 
ceiveth  not  those  things  that  are  of  the  spirit 
of  God.'" 

The  first  thing  a  man  of  tho  world  would 
deny  Is  the  assumption  that  tho  Council  of 
Trent  knew  or  understood  the  spirit  of 
God.  One  thing  at  all  events  is  manifest. 
Such  discipline  is  Intended  to  turn  men 
into  a  close  corporation  or  trade  union, 
entirely  subject  to  tho  authority  of  Eome. 
Strangely   enough,   ao   this    absolute   eub- 


mission  was  tempered  by  GaUicanism 
in  France  —  an  influence  strong  in  the 
original  staff  of  Maynooth — so  in  Ireland 
it  is  tempered  by  that  Nationalist  spirit 
which  has  twice  over  refused  to  accept  a 
rescript  from  the  Pope  as  a  direction  in 
politics:  once  in  1814,  when  it  was  openly 
questioned  by  the  Irish  prelates  ;  a  second 
time  in  recent  years,  when  such  a  document 
was,  indeed,  formally  issued  and  read  in 
Eoman  Catholic  chapels,  but  treated  with 
hardly  disguised  contempt  by  a  party 
among  the  priesthood. 

Turning  from  the  discipline  of  Maynooth 
to  the  programme  of  subjects,  we  regret 
to  find  but  scanty  information  on  the 
real  requirements  of  the  students.  Some 
great  and  sound  principles  are,  indeed, 
enounced  by  the  bishop,  such  as  the  repu- 
diation of  the  title  "  university  "  for  any  edu- 
cational foundation  which  does  not  include 
a  faculty  of  theology.  He  would,  no  doubt, 
also  refuse  the  title  to  any  mere  examining 
body,  though  we  have  not  found  that  pre- 
cise statement  in  his  book.  More  distinctive 
is  the  repudiation  of  Euclid  in  the  teaching 
of  Maynooth,  due  probably  to  the  French 
origin  of  the  early  professors.  The  passage 
quoted  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Lennon, 
one  of  the  present  staff,  is  most  reason- 
able, and  if  he  had  known  the  vast 
amount  of  bad  mathematical  teaching  in 
English  public  schools  arising  from  Euclid, 
he  would  have  spoken  still  more  strongly. 
We  have  not  had  leisure  to  examine  Dr. 
Darru's  text-book,  which  is  in  use  at  May- 
nooth; but  if  it  is  founded  on,  and  revised  by, 
the  best  French  books  on  geometry,  it  ought 
to  be  an  important  step  in  advance.  How 
far,  however,  such  a  text-book  is  efficiently 
taught  and  understood  by  the  pupils,  wo 
have  no  evidence  before  us. 

In  the  case  of  Greek  and  classical  Latin 
we  can  speak  with  more  confidence.  Tho 
author  complains  repeatedly,  or  quotes 
the  complaints  of  competent  men,  that  the 
classics  are  not  sufficiently  taught,  either  in 
the  Eoman  Catholic  preparatory  schools  or 
in  tho  College,  and  he  states  what  will 
seem  strange,  but  what  is  perfectly  true, 
that  boys  coming  from  the  old  hedge-schools 
knew  more  classics  than  those  who  are  now 
trained  in  the  intermediate  schools.  The 
best  evidence  before  us  is,  however,  the 
Greek  ode  addressed  to  Lord  Camden.  Tho 
reader  is  invited  to  judge  for  himself  of  its 
literary  merit.  It  is  far  easier  for  him  to  j  udgo 
at  once  of  the  slight  acquaintance  with  Greek 
shown  by  those  who  printed  it  here.  Tho 
mistakes  (wrong  letters,  absence  of  accents, 
wrong  breathings,  &c.)  arc  such  that  neither 
the  author  nor  those  who  revised  his  proofs 
can  be  familiar  with  the  general  aspect  of  a 
Greek  page.  The  only  other  Greek  lino 
quoted  in  the  book  has  two  mistakes  to 
show.  With  these  facts  before  us,  it  is 
amusing  to  quote  one  of  the  few  personal 
remarks  of  the  author  : — 

"His  Greek  paper  [vi/..,  of  the  Eev.  M. 
Scannel]  at  the  Honour  Examination  of  the 
Royal  I'niversity,  both  in  form  and  substance, 
was  the  moat  beautiful  piece  of  composition  in 
that  language  which  the  writer  of  these  pages 
has  ever  seen  ;  and  he  was  the  official  examiner 
at  the  time." 

God  help  the  Eoyal  University  of  Ireland 
and  its  Greek ! 

There    are     endless    other     interesting 


488 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  »95 


questions  which  we  cannot  here  discuss 
for  want  of  information.  What  is  the 
real  value  of  the  work  so  extravagantly 
praised  as  a  product  of  Maynooth,  Dr. 
Patrick  Murray's  '  De  Ecclesia  Christi '  ? 
The  man  himself  was  certainly  a  re- 
markablj'  strong  and  interesting  figure. 
What  is  the  nature  of  those  competitions 
for  professorships  (called  conciirsus)  which 
can  ajiparontly  be  postponed  if  a  candidate 
falls  ill,  and  in  which  part  of  the  business 
consists  in  the  candidates  cross-examining 
each  other  ?  How  interesting  to  attend  such 
a  competition,  or  one  in  which  the  candidates 
still  "  cut  for  premium  "  !  We  feel  ourselves 
671  flein  moyen  age  when  we  read  of  such 
things.  While  thanking  the  author  heartily 
for  what  he  has  told  us,  we  cannot  but 
insist  that  there  is  room  for  another  equally 
interesting  study. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Seart  of  Oak:  a  Three-stranded  Yarn,  By 
W.  Clark  EusseU.  3  vols.  (Chatto  & 
Windus.) 

The  heart  of  oak  that  Mr.  Clark  Eussell 
tells  us  about  in  his  excellent  new  story 
may  be  taken  to  represent  not  only  the 
stout  timbers  of  the  Lady  Emma,  which 
was  dismasted  south  of  Cape  Horn,  drifted 
on  to  Coronation  Island,  and  was  perched 
on  the  ice  forty  feet  above  the  sea,  but  also 
the  spirit  of  the  girl  who  was  left  alone  on 
board  after  the  last  of  her  companions  had 
died,  and  the  manliness  and  fidelity  of  the 
sailor  who  came  to  share  her  loneliness, 
and  who  was  everything  to  her  but  a  lover 
for  seven  weary  months.  It  requires  the 
genius  of  a  Clark  Eussell  in  his  own  par- 
ticular line  to  make  all  this  appear  possible, 
and  to  keep  the  interest  steadily  increasing 
to  the  finish.  But  the  difiicult  task  is  accom- 
plished, and  only  one  or  two  of  the  author's 
previous  stories  could  be  mentioned  as  more 
successful,  or  more  distinctive  in  their  plot 
and  construction,  than  '  Heart  of  Oak.' 


Kormamtowe.     3  vols.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 

The  author  and  publishers  of  '  Norman- 
stowe'  have  risked  the  bestowal  of  new 
wine  in  old  bottles.  That  is  to  say,  they 
have  put  into  three  volumes,  and  offered 
in  some  sense  to  a  tyj)ical  three-volumo- 
reading  public,  a  new-fashioned  story  of 
actualities,  dealing  with  music-hall  singers, 
with  gentlemen  and  ladies  outside  the  con- 
ventions of  society,  and  with  the  inmates 
of  a  certain  "No.  21"  in  Westminster,  a 
house  with  a  decidedly  shady  reputation. 
It  is  the  subject  rather  than  the  treatment 
which  tempts  one  to  pause  and  consider 
how  far  the  developments  of  the  past  few 
years  in  the  form  and  character  of  English 
fiction  have  affected  all  who  are  concerned 
in  its  production.  As  for  the  treatment  of 
this  story  of  music-hall  life,  there  is  not 
much  to  complain  of.  It  is  sadly  optimistic, 
and  it  is  full  of  purposes,  first  amongst 
them  being  a  design  to  show  how  the  music- 
hall  stage  may  be  raised,  and  how  the  gods 
may  bo  reorganized  and  moralized.  The 
book  is  a  little  weak  in  details ;  it  groups 
together  a  largo  number  of  men  and  women 
who  arc  all  wonderfully  simple  and  direct 
in  their  good  intentions  and  good  works, 
though  many  of  them  have  had  a  wild  and 


rebellious  youth ;  it  is  sprinkled  over  with 
tags  from  the  poets  of  the  moral  emotions, 
and  with  tell-tale  words  and  quotations  like 
"pean,"  "per  scalem  ascendimus,"  and 

Near  a  whole  City  full, 
Is  it  not  pityf  ul  ? 

which,  if  cited  as  doggerel,  should,  at  any 
rate,  be  the  original  doggerel.  But,  for  all 
that,  '  Normanstowe '  is  a  well -written, 
healthy,  and  helj)ful  story. 


8cylla  or  Charyldis  ?   By  Ehoda  Broughton. 
(Bentley  &  Son.) 

Miss  BiiouGnTON's  latest  production  bears  a 
sufficiently  appropriate  title.  She  has  placed 
her  well-preserved,  middle-aged  heroine 
between  what  is  familiarly  known  as  "  the 
devil  and  the  deep  sea,"  and  there  left  her 
till  the  unfortunate  woman  compasses  her 
own  end.  The  problem  set  before  her  must 
be  painful  in  its  solution,  however  the  poor 
lady  may  elect  to  take  it.  What  are  the 
alternatives  offered  to  her  the  reader 
must  be  left  to  discover.  The  situation — a 
fairly  possible  and  thoroughly  disagreeable 
one — is,  in  a  way,  well  sustained.  But 
Miss  Broughton' s  treatment  by  no  means 
exhausts  the  opportunities  for  miserable 
mental  conflict  on  the  part  of  the  mother. 
Her  past  is  suggested  without  any  appear- 
ance of  sympathetic  insight.  In  itself  the 
position  is  almost  as  harrowing  as  the  case 
of  another  mother  and  son  movingly  told  in 
a  French  novel — scarce  of  to-day,  nor  even 
of  3^esterda3'.  The  title  of  the  book  wo 
forget,  but  not  its  manner,  plot,  and 
circumstance.  They  contrast  with  Miss 
Broughton's  mode  of  telling  a  tale  based 
on  somewhat  similar  lines,  and  accentuate 
the  fact  that  her  manner — she  has  but 
one — is  not  always  adapted  to  express  her 
ideas.  Perhaps  the  use  of  the  present 
tense,  to  which  she  persistently  clings,  is 
ill  suited  to  convey  matter  of  an  essentiallj^ 
sombre  and  tragic  kind.  The  well-known 
law  of  contrasts  does  not  here  operate 
in  her  favour.  In  many  of  her  stories  the 
byplay  is  as  amusing  as  anything  else ;  but 
in  this  one  it  is  a  little  vapid  and  forced. 
Also  the  grouj)s  of  persons  introduced  are 
not  on  this  occasion  gifted  with  the  knack 
of  making  themselves  interesting.  Their 
dialogue  lacks  the  piquancy  and  smartness 
of  some  of  their  predecessors.  The  stout, 
good-humovired,  and  obtuse  matron  and 
her  daughter  (a  sort  of  competent  modern 
giantess)  are  no  doubt  clcverish  suggestions 
of  "things  seen,"  but  they  are  mere  sil- 
houettes, not  essential  to  the  story.  Nor 
do  some  others  appear  to  have  much  indi- 
viduality nor  vital  bearing  on  the  destinies 
of  the  mother  and  son  who  play  the  principal 
parts  in  the  drama.  As  for  a  certain  small 
girl-cousin,  there  is  not  much  of  her,  and 
Avhat  there  is  is  mere  padding.  Even  the 
chief  characters  are  not  in  themselves  in- 
teresting. Apart  from  their  main  difficulties, 
they  are  but  a  colourless,  neutral-tinted 
pair  of  persons.  In  the  workings  of  their 
minds  Miss  Broughton  surely  does  them, 
herself,  and  her  theme  generally,  less  than 
justice. 

Tuxter's   Liltle  Maid.     By   G.    B.    Burgin, 

(Casscll  &  Co.) 
Miis.  TuxTEii  kept  a  little  grocery  store  olf 
the  north   side    of   Holborn.     Mr.   Tuxtor 


adopted  the  infant  daughter  of  his  niece. 
Mrs.  Tuxter,  by  way  of  self  -  assertion, 
adopts  a  boy.  This  is  the  basis  of  Mr. 
Burgin's  cockney  melodrama — for  so  it  is, 
though  not  in  the  worst  sense  of  the  term. 
The  story  is  humorously  written,  and  its 
texture  throughout  is  more  humorous  than 
absolutely  natural.  There  is  plenty  of 
quaintness  in  the  speech  and  action  of  the 
characters,  but  beyond  the  Tuxters  and 
their  immediate  surroundings  there  is 
scarcely  any  one  who  produces  a  feeling  of 
strong  conviction  of  reality.  That  does  not 
prevent  the  reader  from  being  genuinely 
entertained  by  the  author's  light-hearted 
creations. 

A  Sin  of  the  Soul.   By  Lady  Eairlle  Cuning- 

hame.  (Horace  Cox.) 
A  LURID,  flashing  light  plays  over  nine- 
tenths  of  Lady  Fairlie  Cuninghame's  story, 
in  which  she  deals  with  aristocratic  people 
who  have  hereditary  badness  in  their  souls, 
as  well  as  supreme  hereditary  beauty  in 
their  faces.  Her  hero  races  and  gambles 
and  hunts,  and  he  tries  to  help  every  one 
he  comes  near  to  go  to  the  devil  as  rapidly 
as  himself ;  but  there  is  a  certain  attractive- 
ness in  the  shifting  scenes  of  worldliness  in 
which  he  and  Lady  Margaret  Horton  are 
the  central  figures.  These  two,  the  poor 
Scottish  heiress  whom  he  marries  for  her 
money,  and  her  strong-minded  and  strong- 
fisted  mother  are  the  only  characters  drawn 
with  any  degree  of  definiteness.  It  is  when 
we  come  to  the  last  tenth  of  the  story  that 
we  realize  how  indefinite  the  greater  part 
of  it  has  been.  The  downhill  course  of  an 
irredeemably  selfish  man  is  described  with 
considerable  vividness,  but  most  of  the  book 
is  faintly  sketched,  and  the  last  portion  is 
curiously  abrupt. 

Bardossi's  Daughter.     By  Mario  Hutcheson. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
'  Bardossi's  Daughter  '  is,  we  may  suppose, 
to  be  regarded  as  a  study  in  the  school  of 
Mr.  Henry  James.  Foreign  sculptors  in 
Florence,  one  of  them  an  American ;  a 
rivalry  between  this  American  (idioms 
guaranteed)  and  an  Italian  officer  of  bad 
private  character  for  the  hand  of  a  native 
sculptor's  daughter ;  the  native  sculptor 
himself  a  little  off  his  head,  with  a  mono- 
mania about  priests ;  Italian  chorus  and 
supers,  who  swear  by  the  body  of  Diana, 
use  "Capers  !  "  as  an  interjection,  and  are 
prepared  with  rather  vapid  proverbs  to  meet 
every  case  ;  a  generally  well-mannered  tone 
and  avoidance  of  undue  emphasis  in  the 
narrative  —  these,  added  to  an  apparently 
minute  acquaintance  with  the  topography  of 
Florence,  seem  to  point  to  the  inspiration 
of  the  author  mentioned.  But  most  readers 
will  feel  tliat  Mr.  James,  working  on 
these  materials  and  in  this  metliod,  would 
have  retained  their  interest  throughout  the 
book ;  while  somehow  they  really  do  not 
seem  to  care  much  about  Miss  Hutcheson's 
people.  Mr.  James,  by  the  way,  would  not 
have  talked  about  wire-pulling  being  done  by 
"  the  clerical  element,"  nor  would  his  people 
"put  in  an  appearance."  The  little  thread 
of  a  superstitious  fancy  on  the  part  of  poor 
Bardossi  which  runs  tlirough  the  story  is 
extromoly  feeble.  One  can  hardly  conceive 
even  a  half-crazy  man  seeing  any  fulfilment 
of  the  portent  given  by  a  scar  on  the  marble 


N''  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


489 


bust  of  one  person  in  the  existence  of  a  similar 
scar  on  the  face  of  quite  another  person.  On 
the  "whole,  the  book  is  one  which  there  is  as 
little  reason  why  anj'body  should  read  as 
there  is  why  he  or  she  sliould  not.  Curiousty 
enough,  the  best  page  is  one  on  which  the 
author  drops  fiction  for  a  moment,  and, 
speaking  by  the  mouth  of  one  of  her  cha- 
racters, indicates  the  attitude  of  the  average 
Italian  towards  religion  on  the  one  hand, 
and  clericalism  on  the  other. 


The  Mirror  of  Music ,  By  Stanley  V.  Makower. 

(Lane.) 
Mr.  Makower' s  strange  book  forms  in  its 
way  a  striking  addition  to  the  abnormal 
fiction  of  the  day.  'The  Mirror  of  Music,' 
it  is  as  well  to  warn  the  plain  person,  is 
addressed  to  a  limited  cii-cle  of  readers. 
Mr.  Makower  ought  to  have  put  on  his  title- 
page  an  adaptation  from  the  warning  of  the 
old  philosopher,  "Let  no  one  enter  here 
who  is  not  versed  in  the  science  of  music." 
For  although  the  book  contains  only  179 
pages,  no  fewer  than  twenty-three  musical 
illustrations  are  incorporated  in  the  text. 
In  most  cases  the  author  is  kind  enough 
to  mention  their  context  and  authorship  ; 
none  the  less  they  give  the  book  the  for- 
bidding appearance  of  a  musical  analytical 
programme,  and  will  involve,  in  the  case 
of  conscientious  readers  of  average  musical 
equipment,  more  excursions  to  the  piano- 
forte than  are  compatible  witli  continuous 
and  comfortable  perusal.  For  the  rest, 
Mr.  Makower  is  to  bo  congratulated  or 
condoled  with  on  the  remarkable  ability 
with  which  he  has  reproduced,  in  auto- 
biographical form,  the  impressions  of  an 
hereditary  melomaniac  in  the  successive 
stages  of  her  irresponsible  progress  from 
eccentricity  and  extravagance  to  the  acutest 
form  of  cerebral  disease.  The  story,  in 
short,  is  quite  depressing  and  disagreeable 
enough  to  have  appeared  in  a  modern 
Christmas  annual.  That  nothing  should  be 
wanting  to  lend  it  a  distinctive  caclwt,  it  is 
dedicated  to  Yvette  Guilbert  and  decorated 
with  a  frontispiece  by,  or  after,  Mr.  Aubrey 
Beardsley,  representing  an  angel  playing 
on  what  is  apparently  meant  for  a  double- 
bass. 

A  Plant  of  Lemon    Verbena.     By  Alicia  A. 

Leith.  (Gibbings  &  Co.) 
It  is  to  be  feared  that  the  uncompromising 
use  of  dialect  throughout  Mrs.  Leith's  grace- 
ful little  Somersetshire  idyl  will  prove  a 
serious  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  average 
reader's  enjoyment.  The  form  of  the  story, 
which  is  that  of  a  narrative  in  the  first 
person,  precludes  the  interpolation  of  any 
relief.  It  is  not  that  one  needs  a  glossary 
so  much  as  that  every  second  word  has  to  be 
mentally  rcspelt.  Apart  from  the  fatigue 
involved  in  such  a  pi'ocess,  two  inherent 
improbabilities  may  be  noticed.  It  is  not 
likely,  in  the  first  place,  that  a  woman  who 
had  for  many  years  lived  in  an  aristocratic 
household  would  have  retained  her  peasant 
dicalect  in  such  Doric  breadth  as  that  attri- 
buted to  Anno  Puttick.  Secondly,  it  is  even 
more  improbable  that  after  a  lapse  of  forty 
years  she  should  have  retained  so  remark- 
ably accurate  a  recollection  of  the  ways  and 
speech  of  Brittany.  For  tlie  rest,  tlio  senti- 
ment of  this  little  love  story  is  as  tender  as 
its  moral  is  wholesome. 


TJic  Doctor,  his  Wife,  and  the  Clock.  By 
Anna  Katharine  Green.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
The  author  of  '  The  Leavenworth  Case,' 
who  is  incidentally  to  be  condoled  with 
on  the  hideous  picture  (already  familiar  in 
another  connexion  as  a  poster)  which  dis- 
figures the  cover  and  the  frontispiece  of 
her  book,  has  given  us  yet  another  detec- 
tive story,  which  we  sincerely  trust  is  not  to 
betaken  as  a  faithful  picture  of  the  methods 
adopted  by  the  criminal  investigation  de- 
partment in  America.  Absurdity  and  im- 
probability, however,  are  venial  offences  in 
fiction  of  this  sort  if  the  author  is  versed  in 
the  art  of  suspense — in  other  words,  if  the 
story  is  genuinely  thrilling.  Unluckily,  in 
the  present  instance,  the  interest  is  largely 
discounted  by  the  early  confession  by  the 
criminal  of  his  guilt.  The  how  and  the 
wherefore  are  nominally  left  in  the  dark  till 
the  conclusion,  but  readers  of  very  average 
perspicacity  will  easily  outstrip  Mr.  Ebenezer 
Gryce  in  the  task  of  elucidating  the 
mystery.  The  would-be  tragic  dcnoumcnt, 
which  is  meant  to  be  pathetic,  is  quite  pain- 
fully preposterous. 

La  Faute  de  Jeanne.     Par   Henry  Maison- 

neuvo.  (Paris,  Plon,  Nourrit  &  Cie.) 
'  La  Faute  de  Je-'Vjs^ne  '  is  published  by  a 
great  house  which  generally  deals  with 
weightier  matter.  It  is  a  pretty  novel  by, 
we  imagine,  an  inexperienced  hand.  There 
is  a  considerable  power  of  description  dis- 
played by  the  author,  but  three  violent 
deaths  of  inconvenient  people  in  the  small, 
quiet,  middle-class  society  of  a  Breton  town 
are  too  much  in  a  short  time.  The  writer 
will  learn  to  be  more  patient.  The  scene  is 
laid  round  the  cathedral  of  which  Penan 
wrote  that  he  would  have  wished  to  be  a 
canon. 


CONTINENTAL   HI.STORY. 


Mr.  Grenfell  Baker's  volume,  The  Model 
Rppuhlic  :  a  History  of  the  Rise  and  Pi'O'jress  of 
the  Swiss  People  (Nichols  &  Co.),  is  a  plain, 
straightforward,  and  impartial  narrative,  written 
with  vigour  and  keen  interest.  It  covers  the 
whole  period  from  the  era  of  the  lake-dwellers 
to  the  establishment  of  the  Federal^  Constitu- 
tion of  1874,  and  embraces  all  aspects — mate- 
rial, social,  military,  political,  and  religious. 
The  criticism  is  throughout  as  alert  as  the  sym- 
pathy is  deep,  and  the  work  may  be  safely  recom- 
mended to  those  who  desire  a  graphic  bird's-eye 
view  of  the  nation  which  has  always  exercised 
so  strong  a  fascination  for  all  the  peoples  of 
Europe.  The  work  lays  no  claim  to  originality 
or  documentary  research.  It  is  the  outcome  of 
a  careful  digest  of  existing  authorities  from 
Cresarand  Tacitus  to  Keller,  Adams,  andCoolidge. 
Nevertheless  it  has  all  tlie  vivacity  of  original 
writing,  and  the  referencesand quotations,  though 
frequent,  are  not  burdensome.  They  suffice  to 
show  that  the  author  has  thrown  himself  with 
equal  ardour  into  very  difTcrcnt  stages  of  his- 
tory :  the  well-known  league  of  the  Forest 
Cantons,  and  the  little-known  leagues  of  the 
peasantry  of  the  Orisons  ;  the  work  of  Zwingli 
and  Calvin  ;  the  democracy  of  Uri  and  the 
aristocracy  of  Berne  ;  the  destructive  woi'k  of 
the  French  Revolution,  and  the  compensatory 
mediation  of  Napoleon  and  of  Stratford  Can- 
ning. There  are  some  defects  to  be  noted.  In 
a  popular  history  of  this  sort  the  style  should 
be  beyond  reproach.  This  is  not  so.  Mr. 
(jrcnfell  IJakcr  has  either  not  mastered  or  has 
a  crotchet  upon  the  use  of  the  present  participle 
in  English.  Sentences  of  this  sort  arc  common  : 
"Whilst  besieging  the  town,  news  was  brought 


that  Eudolph  had  been  chosen  Emperor"; 
"  Being  entirely  without  provisions,  the  Allo- 
broges  Avere  ordered  by  Cresar  to  provide  them 
with  corn."  The  volume  has,  moreover,  been 
carelessly  revised  for  the  press.  Ctesar's  legate 
becomes  "  Labrinus,"  the  great  doctor  of  the 
Church  "Thomas  Aqui^ns";  the  well-known 
canton  is  always  "Schwy.'-,"  and  the  country 
canton  of  Basel  after  the  split  "  Basel-county  "; 
the  revolt  of  the  Zurich  peasants  after  Napo- 
leon's mediation  is  dated  a.d.  1084.  These  are 
rather  annoying  slips,  which  ought  to  have  been 
avoided  all  the  more  carefully  because  the  book 
is  dedicated  as  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Sir 
Richard  Burton,  to  whose  advice  it  owed  its 
origin,  and  of  whose  encouragement  and  help  it 
is  not  otherwise  unworthy. 

Ncq^les,    the    City  of  Parthenope.     By    Clara 
Erskine  Clement.     (Gay  &  Bird.)— A  history  of 
Naples  is  probably  somewhat  difficult  to  write, 
as   it   must    of    necessity    include    large    por- 
tions of   the   history  of   other   countries.     The 
new    volume     on     Naples    by    Clara    Erskine 
Clement — an   American   writer,  if   we   mistake 
not — is  fairly  successful,  and  may  be  found  useful 
by  those  beginning  the  study  of  Italian  history 
as  well  as  interesting  reading    by  the  general 
public.     It  supplies  a  detailed   account  of  the 
actual  history  of  Naples  as  well  as  of  her  arts 
and  literature,  it  describes  at  length  Neapolitan 
life  in  the  various  centuries,  and  contrasts  the 
condition  and  appearance  of  the  city  of  the  past 
with  that  of  the    present  day.     The  historical 
portions  are  carefully  put  together,   but   here 
and     there    enter    rather    unnecessarily     into 
detail,  and  assume  in   the  reader   an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  foreign  historical  events  not 
likely  to  be  always  fresh  in  the  memory.     The 
descriptions   are  vivid    and   interesting,   albeit 
written  from  a  personal  point  of  view,  and  occa- 
sionally too  llowery,  as  when  the  writer  speaks 
of  "famed  Manduria's  well,  as  Pliny  saw  it, 
still  it  is  ;  draw  off  or  pour  within  a  constant 
stream,  and  still  the  water  stands  at  the  same 
height.     Through  this  charmed  land  the  magic 
Crathis  flowed  o'er  sands  of  gold,  and  those  who 
bathed  therein  had  ever  after  hair  like  golden 
threads  by  fairies  spun."     In  a  book,  moreover, 
which  is  intended  for  English  readers  it  is  con- 
fusing to   find  time    reckoned    as  the   twenty- 
second  hour   of  the   day  or  the  third  hour  of 
the    night  ;    and  a  printer's  error,   or  careless- 
ness  in    writing,    has     made     Carlo    Borbono 
enter  Naples  in  1834,  just  a  century  too  late. 
The  writer  is  evidently  a  staunch  partisan  of 
native  character  and  tactics,  and  incapable  of 
taking  an   impartial  view  of  historical   affairs, 
for  she  ajipears  to  make  Nelson  responsible  for 
all   the   disasters   of    the    reign    of    Ferdinand 
and   Maria  Carolina  as  well  as  for  the    king's 
cowardice  and  the  queen's  deceit  ;  no  epithets 
are  too  severe  to  be  applied  to  him,  and  it  is 
sufficient  to  spoil  the  book  for  English  readers 
to  find  a  national  hero — a  man  whose  memory 
hundreds    of    thousands   respect    and    adore — 
spoken  of  as  a  cruel  coward  and  a  perfidious 
wretch.     Human  heroes  are  only  men,  after  all, 
and  with   men's   weaknesses  ;    but  the    author 
seems  to  forget  this,  or  at  least  to  think  that 
the  only  ones  exempt  from  human  failings  are 
those  who  had  the  good  fortune  to  win  fame  in 
the   service   of   Naples.      Tlie    book    is   hand- 
somely bound,  and  is  plentifully  illustrated  with 
photogravures. 

Louise  de  Savoie  et  Francois  I.  :  Trenfe 
Ans  de  Jennesse.  Par  M.  de  Maulde  la 
Claviere.  (Paris,  Perrin.) — M.  de  Maulde  la 
Clavicrc,  who  is  already  favourably  known  to 
the  public  by  his  '  Histoire  de  Louis  XII.,' 
belongs  to  that  group  of  historical  students  who 
attach  themselves  to  details  concerning  social 
life  and  matters  of  literary  and  artistic  interest 
rather  than  to  those  questions  of  state  policy 
wliicli  are  usually  the  unrelieved  preoccui)ation 
of  the  serious  historian.  Not,  indeed,  that 
such  questions  are  altogether  forgotten,  but 
they  are  allowed  to  drop,  Insensibly,  into  the 


490 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


second  place.  In  the  present  volume  the  writer 
certainly  allows  us  to  see  the  stronc;  figure  of 
the  Marechal  de  Gie' ;  we  are  also  incidentally 
reminded,  again  and  again,  that  the  grave  issue 
fought  out  during  the  thirty  years  of  which  he 
treats  had  its  source  not  in  the  personal  resent- 
ments and  intrigues  of  great  women  and  their 
gallants,  nor  in  the  conflicting  dispositions  and 
habits  of  rival  courts,  but  in  the  very  principle 
of  the  national  policy  inaugurated  by  Louis  XI. 
The  main  question  was,  Should  this  policy  be 
continued  or  no  ?  Should  the  realm  of  France 
remain  undivided  1  should  she  be  sovereign 
mistress  within  her  territories  1  or  should  she, 
through  the  stiff-necked  vanity  of  Anne  of 
Brittany,  be  forced  to  admit  the  foreigner  within 
her  gates?  It  is  a  necessity  of  the  method 
pursued  by  M.  de  Maulde  la  Clavifere  that  these 
broad  lines  of  interest  should  be  somewhat 
overlaid  by  the  great  mass  of  entertaining  per- 
sonal matters  which  he  has  accumulated,  and 
as  a  consequence  the  reader,  unless  already 
well  acquainted  with  the  period,  is  forced  to 
draw  conclusions  for  himself.  The  text  is, 
however,  so  full  of  details  of  general  interest 
that,  possibly,  many  after  reading  it  will 
be  drawn  to  wider  studies.  In  especial, 
we  must  call  attention  to  the  chapter  which 
bears  the  somewhat  unpromising  title  of  "L'Idee 
du  Beau."  This  contains  an  excellent  appre- 
ciation of  the  two  currents  of  the  Italian  Renais- 
sance as  represented  on  the  one  hand  by  Dante, 
and  on  the  other  by  Boccaccio — the  poet  to 
whom  "the  world  appeared  as  an  immense 
mirror  of  love,  in  which  was  reflected  the  life  of 
things  eternal,"  and  the  writer  in  whose  pages 
"tout  aboutit  au  paganisme  et  h  I'amour 
charnel,  a  I'amour  pour  lui-meme."  From  this 
second  current  came,  as  M.  de  Maulde  is  at 
great  pains  to  show,  the  influences  which 
modelled  the  little  court  of  the  father  of 
Francis  I.,  the  Count  d'Angouleme  ;  and  the 
chief  interest  of  his  present  work  consists  in 
the  skilful  way  in  which  he  has  traced  their 
action  on  the  development  of  the  character  of 
his  mother,  Louise  de  Savoie,  and  their  bearing 
through  her  on  her  son  and  his  sister.  We  get 
a  curious  and  faithful  jjicture  of  this  little  court 
at  Cognac,  which  closely  resembled  those  con- 
temporary Italian  courts  in  which  "  le  plaisir  et 
un  n^o  -  paganisme  sensuel  s'empaiaicnt  d^jc'i 
parfaitement  de  I'art."  Louise,  thrown  at  an 
early  age,  and  wholly  unprepared,  "dans  un 
cercle  passionn^  ou  on  aimait  a  I'exces  la  vie," 
acquiesced  passively  in  the  licence  by  which 
she  saw  every  one  around  her  ready  to  profit. 
Thwarted  on  all  sides  during  her  early  widow- 
hood, suspiciously  watched  by  those  who  saw  in 
her  son  the  probable  successor  to  Louis  XII., 
she  attached  herself  to  his  future  with  intense 
passion,  and,  full  of  concentrated  bitterness  at 
the  long  enforced  suppression  of  her  personal 
desires  and  ambitions,  lived  only  in  the  hope  of 
reigning  some  day  as  mother  of  the  King  of 
France.  With  absolute  impartiality,  M.  de 
Maulde  fills  in  the  sordid  details  of  his  portrait. 
We  hear  of  the  lax  morals  of  Louise,  of  her 
grasping  passion  for  money,  of  her  superstition 
and  cynicism,  but  we  hear  also  of  her  love  for 
her  cliildren,  and  of  her  love,  too,  for  many 
excellent  things  of  the  lighter  sort.  On  this 
wise  we  learn  to  recognize  in  Francis  I.  the 
true  son  of  his  mother,  and  yet  come  to  under- 
stand how  it  was  possible  for  him  to  become  the 
idol  of  a  sister  in  whom  the  more  hateful  cha- 
racteristics of  both  were  transformed  into  virtues. 


EWTC'ATIONAL   MTKRATUllE. 

The  Trainiti'i  of  Teacher n  in  the  Untied  Slulcs 
of  America.  By  Amy  Blanche  B. ram  well  and 
H.  Millicent  Hughes.  (Sonnenschuin  &  Co.) 
— Thd  volume  before  us  is  an  interesting 
record  of  ol)servations  made  in  the  United 
States  by  Miss  BraiiiwoU  and  Miss  Hughes. 
The  oljject  of  these  ladies  in  their  tour  was 
to    familiarize    themselves    so    far  as  possible 


with  the  principles  and  practice  of  training 
American  teachers  of  all  grades,  and  to  collect 
facts  and  formulate  opinions  which  should  be 
for  use  in  the  solution  of  educational  problems 
at  home.  The  authors,  who  seem  to  have 
enjoyed  what  their  hospitable  entertainers 
would  call  a  "good  time,"  visited  certain  repre- 
sentative states  and  many  representative  insti- 
tutions ;  so  that,  although  much  of  the  country 
remained  unexplored  by  them,  they  yet  saw 
the  working  of  the  best-known  and  most  in- 
fluential training  schools  and  colleges.  Owing 
to  the  absolute  independence  of  one  another  in 
matters  of  education  of  the  several  states,  and 
the  absence  of  any  power  of  control  in  the 
Bureau  of  Education  at  Washington,  it  is  im- 
possible to  supply  a  simple  connected  account 
of  the  American  training  system.  The  systems 
adopted  by  certain  important  states  and  by 
certain  well-known  cities  are  described  in  detail ; 
but  the  reader  who  wishes  to  make  a  com- 
parative study  of  the  subject  must  for  himself 
compare  these  systems  one  with  another,  and 
with  that  of  any  European  country  in  which  he 
is  interested.  The  training  of  American  teachers 
is  carried  on  in  normal  schools  governed  either 
by  the  states  or  by  the  cities  in  which  they  are 
situated,  or  they  may  be  under  private  manage- 
ment ;  and  on  a  higher  plane  by  departments 
of  pedagogy  in  the  universities — and  of  these 
there  are,  of  one  kind  or  another,  114.  The  work 
of  institutions  of  the  above  two  kinds  is  supple- 
mented bytrainingclassesand  "summerschools," 
the  characteristic  function  of  which  is  to  revivify 
the  enthusiasm  of  acting  teachers  rather  than  to 
impart  any  great  amount  of  solid  information  ; 
or,  as  Miss  Bramwell  rather  oddly  puts  it  in  the 
case  of  the  summer  school  at  Englewood,  the 
teachers  attend  "to  get  stimulation."  The 
standard  of  study  in  the  diff"erent  normal  schools 
is  variable,  and  depends  simply  on  the  tests  set 
at  admission  by  the  authorities  of  the  schools. 
There  is  in  America  nothing  corresponding  to 
our  annual  Queen's  Scholarship  examination  ; 
neither  can  there  be,  for  there  is  no  central 
authority  to  hold  it.  In  some  of  these  schools 
the  standard  of  attainments  is  low,  and  in  many 
of  them  the  training  course  is  longer  than  with 
us,  extending  in  several  cases  to  four  or  five 
years  ;  but  it  appears  a  great  number  of  students 
do  not  complete  the  course.  In  colleges  of 
university  rank  the  courses  of  pedagogy  are 
advanced  ;  and  in  some  cases  they  may  be 
followed  as  part  of  the  degree  curriculum. 
The  normal-schools  course  seems  to  be  more 
or  less  equivalent  to  that  of  English  training 
colleges  ;  and  students  from  these  schools  are 
generally  found  in  the  lower  grades  of  public 
schools.  College  graduates,  even  though  pro- 
fessionally untrained,  are  preferred  in  high 
schools  and  good  private  schools  and  academies. 
Indeed,  we  gather  from  what  Miss  Bramwell 
and  Miss  Hughes  tell  us  that  in  the  obtaining 
of  teachers,  especially  of  those  for  secondary 
and  higher  schools,  our  practice  does  not  very 
widely  diff'er  from  that  of  the  Americans, 
although,  perhaps,  more  numerous  and  some- 
times better  directed  eff'orts  are  made  in  the 
States  to  overcome  some  of  the  difliculties 
besetting  the  supply  of  really  efticient  school- 
masters and  mistresses. 

Metliods  of  Education  in  tlie  United  States. 
By  Alice  Zimmern.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) — 
Miss  Zimmern  devoted  her  attention  mainly  to 
the  education  of  girls,  although,  as  the  system 
of  mixed  schools,  colleges,  and  even  universities 
is  very  generally  adopted  in  the  United  States, 
much  of  the  interesting  matter  brought  before 
usdoscribcsthc  education  imparted  to  both  sexes. 
The  vast  size  of  the  country,  its  division  into 
states  each  with  its  own  scliool  organization, 
the  innnense  mnnl)or  of  schools  and  colleges — 
we  are  told  that  there  are  six  hundred  degree- 
conferring  institutions — rendered  anything  like 
coini)lete  investigation  and  description  of  Ame- 
rican educational  systems  imijossiblo  in  the 
limited  time  at  Miss  Zimmern 's  disposal.  Never- 


theless, in  spite  of  much  that  is  indefinite  and 
vague,  the  account  given  of  American  education 
is  of  considerable  interest  as  showing  the  salient 
points  of  resemblance  and  contrast  between 
English  and  Transatlantic  systems  as  they  fell 
under  the  observation  of  an  expert.  We  should 
have  liked  to  know  whether,  in  Miss  Zimmern's 
opinion,  we  or  the  Americans  manage  educa- 
tional afiairs  the  better — although,  perhaps,  she 
is  wise  in  withholding  her  judgment.  The 
"universal  love  of  education"  which  cha- 
racterizes almost  every  state  in  the  Union,  and 
which  is  generally  recognized  by  observers, 
seems  to  have  no  adequate  counterpart  with  us.  . 
Education  in  the  old  country  is  too  much  in  the 
hands  of  the  faddist  and  partisan,  and  thanks 
to  them  it  excites  universal  boredom  rather  than 
universal  love.  Miss  Zimmern  investigated  the 
three  grades  of  education  :  primary,  that  offered 
in  the  primary  and  grammar  schools  to  girls 
from  early  childhood  to  the  age  of  fourteen  or 
fifteen  ;  secondary,  that  ofiered  in  the  high 
school  till  the  age  of  eighteen ;  and  superior, 
the  work  of  the  college  or  university.  All 
public  schools  in  America  are  free,  "at  any 
rate  to  residents  in  the  district  to  which  each 
school  belongs  ";  and  the  theory  is  that  children 
of  all  classes  attend  the  same  schools  and 
receive  the  same  education.  The  practice, 
however,  is  very  difterent,  "  for  it  is  roughly 
estimated  that  the  number  of  children  attending 
private  schools  is  one-twelfth  of  that  attending 
public  schools,  and  this  cannot  diflfer  very 
greatly  from  the  proportion  in  England." 
Indeed,  "private"  schools  for  girls  appear  to 
be  more  important,  and  to  exert  greater  in- 
fluence than  with  us.  The  term  private  is 
somewhat  misleading,  for  it  is  applied  in 
America  to  all  schools  not  state  supported, 
whether  started  by  companies  or  individuals, 
or  even  dependent  on  endowment.  It  is  inex- 
pedient to  follow  Miss  Zimmern  through  her 
descriptive  chapters,  which  are  full  of  matter 
interesting  and  valuable  to  the  professed  student 
of  pedagogy,  but  it  seems  worth  while  to  call 
attention  to  certain  facts  which  will  probably 
be  unexpected  by  a  good  many  English  educa- 
tionists. Very  early  in  the  volume  we  find  that 
"American  boys  and  girls  seem  expected  to 
work  much  harder  than  English."  It  is  sad  to 
find  that  in  the  United  States,  as  well  as  in 
France  and  Germany,  the  youngsters  of  school 
age  can  and  do  work  harder  than  our  own 
children.  In  these  countries  as  yet  the  talk 
of  "over-pressure"  is  not  so  nonsensical  as  it 
has  become  with  us  ;  and  if  there  be  in  them 
bodies  representing  our  National  Union  of 
Teachers,  their  utterances  about  over-pressure 
are  not  yet  so  pitiful  and  discreditable  as  are 
the  periodical  whinings  of  our  union.  The  pay 
of  schoolmistresses  is  certainly  lower  than  that 
of  their  sisters  in  England,  and  in  many  cases 
it  approximates  to  that  depressing  limit,  the 
"starvation  wage."  Salaries  are  highest  in 
Boston,  where  two  or  three  head  masters  get  as 
much  as  700J.,  and  some  of  the  high -school 
assistants  as  much  as  300?. ;  but  the  average  in 
Massachusetts  is  1001. ;  so  that,  considering  the 
costliness  of  living  in  the  States,  a  number 
of  poorly  paid  teachers  must  be  not  far 
from  destitute.  Dr.  Fitch  long  ago  pointed 
out  the  inelasticity  of  the  regulations  under 
which  American  schools  are  worked.  Miss 
Zimmern  corroborates  this:  "Very  little 
liberty  is  left  to  the  teachers  ;  they  may  some- 
times be  consulted  about  the  choice  of  a  text- 
book, but  they  have  no  right  to  expect  this, 
and,  as  a  rule,  tliis  duty  falls  to  the  boards  or 
superintendent."  American  schools  are,  on  the 
whole,  more  liberally  supplied  with  all  ajipliancea 
for  teaching  tlian  our  own,  and  manual  training, 
drawing,  and  physical  science  have  greater  pro- 
minence in  the  usual  school  courses  than  is  yet 
customary  in  this  country.  But  the  striking 
ditference  l)etwcen  English  and  American  schools 
is  not  in  the  arrangement  of  lessons,  but  in  the 
"  nature  and  aim  of  the  teaching."    Our  schools 


N"  3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


491 


aim  at  written,  the  American  ones  at  oral 
work.  Miss  Zimmern  contrasts  the  results  of 
the  two  systems  in  the  statement  tliat  the 
American  system  makes  scholars  "  self-reliant, 
quick,  and  ready  of  expression,  but  it  does 
not  make  them  neat,  or  methodical,  or 
accurate " ;  and  she  shrewdly  remarks  that 
"as  a  fact,  each  nation  does  what  it  finds 
easiest."  Throughout  the  American  system, 
from  the  primary  school  to  the  university, 
"examinations play  a  subordinate  part,  and  there 
is  no  great  final  test  of  work  done."  The  value 
of  the  student's  work  is  assessed  in  the  number 
of  hours  devoted  to  it;  and  "fifteen  hours  a  week 
spent  in  the  class-room  is  the  usual  require- 
ment," this  requirement  involving  considerable 
time  for  preparation  elsewhere.  When  exami- 
nations assume  great  importance,  as  at  the 
entrance  into  college,  the  examining  body  is 
not  the  same  as  the  teaching  body ;  but  in  other 
cases  the  rule  throughout  schools  and  colleges 
is  that  the  examiner  and  teacher  are  one.  This 
is  diametrically  opposed  to  the  English  practice, 
"but  here,  as  elsewhere,  comparisons  are 
difficult  and  apt  to  be  misleading." 

Heller's  Annotated  Edition  of  the  Code.  By 
Thomas  Edmund  Heller,  LL.D.  (Bemrose  & 
Sons.) — 2Vie  ^  Sclwol  Board  Clironide'  Edition 
of  the  Code.  (Grant  &  Co.) — These  two  editions 
cover  the  same  ground,  and  both  of  them  seem 
well  and  clearly  arranged.  A  perplexed  school 
manager  or  teacher  might  use  either  edition 
with  great  advantage,  as  each  of  them  appears  to 
supply  an  exhaustive  account  of  the  Code  and  its 
bearing  upon  the  work  and  finances  of  the  public 
elementary  schools  of  the  country.  The  changes 
introduced  in  the  current  Code  are  great  and 
far  reaching,  and  are  heartily  welcomed  by  the 
compilers  of  both  editions.  The  School  Board 
Chronicle  edition  contains  an  interesting  his- 
torical introduction,  showing  the  expansion  of 
the  system  of  public  elementary  instruction  from 
about  1839  to  the  present  day  ;  it  also  devotes 
a  rather  long  preface  to  a  consideration  of 
the  chief  alterations  in  the  Revised  Code  and 
Instruction  to  H.M.  Inspectors  recently  pub- 
lished. Mr.  Heller  does  not  discuss  the  changes 
at  length,  but  furnishes  a  clear  and  useful  state- 
ment of  them.  Both  editions  are  commendably 
accurate  ;  and  the  annotations  and  interpreta- 
tions supplied  by  the  editors  are,  on  the  whole, 
fair  and  just.  On  p.  xvii  of  the  School  Board 
Chronicle  edition  the  printer  has  unfortunately 
substituted  the  word  "  accepted  "  for  exempted, 
and  so  reduced  the  meaning  of  the  latter  part  of 
Art.  101  (h)  (i.)  to  nonsense  ;  but  mistakes  of 
the  kind  are  happily  few. 

The  Evening  Continuation  School  Handbook, 
By  Charles  Henry  VVyatt.  (Manchester,  Wyatt.) 
— Mr.  Wyatt,  clerk  to  the  Manchester  School 
Board,  has  shown  himself  in  former  works  to 
be  an  able  and  enthusiastic  educationist  ;  and  he 
now  makes  his  experience  of  school-work  useful 
in  teaching  his  readers  what  it  is  most  advisable 
to  do  in  continuation  schools,  and  how  best  to 
do  it.  As  an  example  of  good  work,  he  relates 
what  has  been  done  under  his  own  School 
Board  ;  and  he  further  explains  how,  in  general, 
evening  continuation  schools  may  be  organized 
for  both  sexes,  so  as  to  earn  grants  under  regu- 
lations of  the  Education  Department,  of  Tech- 
nical Instruction  Acts,  County  Councils,  and  the 
like.  Evening  continuation  classes,  conducive  as 
they  are  to  the  moral  welfare  and  intellectual 
progress  of  boys  and  girls  leaving  public 
elementary  schools  between  eleven  and  thirteen 
years  of  age,  have  not  yet  attracted  students  in 
great  numbers  ;  according  to  the  last  return 
quoted  by  Mr.  Wyatt,  "  we  can  only  muster  an 
average  attendance  of  115,000."  He  adds,  "  We 
have  not  tlie  returns  for  this  year,  but  there  is 
no  reason  to  suppose  that  they  will  reach  more 
than  150,000."  This  handbook  is  a  thoroughly 
practical  and,  as  far  as  we  can  judge,  a  really 
trustworthy  guide  to  both  pupils  and  managers 
of  continuation  schools.  It  contains  illustra- 
tions of  fittings  and  apparatus  (to  which  prices 


are  in  many  cases  added)  as  well  as  the  Code 
and  other  official  documents  regulating  con- 
tinuation schools. 


SHORT   STORIES. 


The  Spectre  of  Strathannan.  By  W.  E. 
Norris.  "Autonym  Library."  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
— Mr.  Norris's  contribution  to  the  "  Autonym 
Library "  will  hardly  enhance  his  reputation. 
To  begin  with,  the  title-page  is  misleading,  for 
the  little  volume  contains  not  one  but  six 
stories,  of  which  '  The  Spectre  of  Strathannan ' 
appeared  eight  years  ago  in  Unnnn's  Annual. 
The  other  tales  are  presumably  now  published 
for  the  first  time,  and,  though  smartly  written, 
hardly  exhibit  that  urbanity  which  is  generally 
associated  with  the  products  of  Mr.  Norris's 
pen.  The  central  situation  of  '  A  Ghostly  Pre- 
dicament '  is  farcical,  and  its  treatment  undis- 
tinguished. In  '  The  Scamp's  Parable '  and 
'  Between  the  Two '  Mr.  Norris  indulges  his 
vein  of  restrained  cynicism  without  being  par- 
ticularly entertaining  or  convincing.  The  story 
from  which  the  volume  takes  its  name  is  the 
longest  and  best  in  the  collection,  but  like  the 
rest  is  singularly  lacking  in  geniality.  Judged 
by  this  venture,  Mr.  Norris  certainly  does  not 
shine  as  a  writer  of  short  stories. 

The  Fortune  of  a  Spendthrift,  and  other  Items. 
By  R.  Andom  and  Fred  Harewood.  (Constable 
&  Co.)— 'The  Fortune  of  a  Spendthrift '  is  the 
first  of  thirteen  very  slight  short  stories,  which 
vary  between  the  mildly  comic  and  the  matter- 
of-fact.  As  they  do  not  make  any  pretence  of 
being  specially  natural  and  probable,  and  as 
neither  of  the  writers  has  committed  himself  to 
any  profound  study  of  humanity,  these  light 
sketches  may  be  taken  with  a  light  heart,  as 
being  sufficiently  frivolous  to  entertain  a  care- 
less mind. 

A  Matter  of  Skill.  By  Beatrice  Whitby. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.)  —  This  volume  of  short 
stories  by  the  author  of  'The  Awakening  of 
Mary  Fenwick  '  contains  nothing  of  any  remark- 
able merit,  and  is  chiefly  occupied  with  the 
simplest  of  youthful  love  affairs.  The  young 
men  and  maidens  play  about  nicely  and  prettily, 
the  tales  are  brightly  written,  and  the  book  is 
one  which  no  girl  need  have  the  slightest  scruple 
in  choosing  for  her  mother's  reading.  Beyond 
this  there  is  little  to  be  said  of  it.  Those  stories 
which  deal  with  situations  rather  more  compli- 
cated than  the  temporary  obstacles  in  the  path 
of  some  amiable  and  commonplace  young  man 
and  maiden  are  not  quite  successful  in  striking 
the  note  of  genuine  human  interest  which  the 
author  attained  to  in  her  first  novel.  '  A  True 
Story,'  for  instance,  savours  distinctly  of  the 
tract,  and  is  thereby  rendered  quite  ineffective. 
But  the  satirical  vein  in  '  Poor  Dear  Mama '  is 
well  sustained,  and  many  people  will  probably 
consider  this  story  the  cleverest  of  a  rather 
weak  collection. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  recent  announcement  of  the  death  of  Mr. 
H.  T.  AVharton  lends  a  special  and  a  melancholy 
interest  to  the  third  edition  of  his  Sappho  (Lane). 
This  edition  is  distinguished  from  its  predecessors 
by  a  new  binding,  a  photogravure  of  the  picture 
of  Mitylone  by  the  late  Clarkson  Stanfield, 
R.A.,  some  additional  renderings  of  the  poems, 
and  a  new  publisher.  Many  readers  must  have 
made  acquaintance  with  Mr.  Wharton's  book 
in  its  previous  forms  ;  to  those  who  have  not 
done  so  the  present  reissue  may  be  warmly 
recommended.  They  will  find  in  it  every 
known  scrap  of  Sappho's  verse,  printed  on  good 
paper  in  a  very  pretty  Greek  type,  and  accom- 
panied by  a  prose  rendering  of  each  passage  and  a 
selection  of  the  best  efforts  that  have  been  made  to 
approach  the  unapproachable  in  English  verse. 
Of  these  the  best,  to  our  mind,  are  thos(!  which 
do  not  profess  to  be  direct  translations,  namely, 
certain  portions  of  Mr.  Swinburne's  '  Anactoria  ' 


and  of  Michael  Field's  '  Long  Ago.'  The  former 
is  freely  quoted  by  Mr.  Wharton  ;  but  we  would 
gladly  have  had  more  of  the  latter.  Mr.  Whar- 
ton's preliminary  essay  supplies  the  reader  with 
a  summary  of  all  that  is  known  of  the  poetess 
from  ancient  writers,  and  with  some  of  the 
eulogies  of  modern  critics.  When  all  is  said 
and  done,  however — when  we  have  read  every 
fragment  of  her  poems  and  every  word  that  has 
been  said  about  her  by  those  who  had  access  to 
her  complete  works — the  result  is  dreadfully 
meagre.  Mr.  Wharton  takes  comfort  from  the 
recent  discovery  of  the  mimes  of  the  compara- 
tively obscure  poet  Herondas  in  an  Egyptian 
papyrus  roll  (which,  by  the  way,  was  not 
"used  to  stuff  a  mummy-case"),  and  the 
hope  thus  suggested  is  a  very  legitimate  one, 
since  we  now  have  many  papyri  dating  back 
to  a  period  in  which  we  know  that  the 
poems  of  Sappho  were  still  extant ;  but 
if  such  a  manuscript  is  ever  discovered, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  be  less  frag- 
mentary than  the  vellum  scrap  in  the  Berlin 
Museum  of  which  Mr.  Wharton  gives  a  fac- 
simile and  various  restorations.  The  recon- 
struction of  Sappho  by  German  professors 
leaves  something  to  be  desired  in  the  matter  of 
poetry.  Meanwhile  we  must  be  thankful  for 
the  favours  which  fortune  has  already  granted 
us,  and  hope  for  the  best ;  and  until  that  happy 
day  Mr.  Wharton's  charming  volume  must  be 
our  consolation.  We  should  like,  however,  to 
suggest  to  the  publisher  that  the  inequality  of 
the  uncut  edges  is  greatly  overdone,  and  that 
the  boards  are  too  large  for  the  sheets. 

Few  books  have  exercised  more  influence  on 
English  literature  in  our  day  than  Matthew 
Arnold's  Essays  in  Criticism,  and  we  are  glad 
to  welcome  a  reprint  by  Messrs.  Macmillan,  in 
the  "  Eversley  Series,"  of  the  first  and  best 
volume. 

TJic  liettmi  of  the  Native,  one  of  the  most 
delightful  of  Mr.  Hardy's  novels,  has  been 
added  to  the  charming  edition  of  his  romances 
which  Messrs.  Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.  are 
issuing,  and  so  has  Tlie  Woodlanders,  another 
general  favourite. — Eecjinald  HeUwregc  and 
Lcighton  Court  fill  the  new  volume  of  the 
handsome  edition  of  Henry  Kingsley's  novels 
which  Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.  are  issuing, 
much  to  their  credit. — Tivo  Years  A(jo  has 
appeared  in  two  neat  volumes  of  the  pretty 
pocket  edition  of  Charles  Kingsley's  fiction 
which  Messrs.  Macmillan  are  bringing  out. — 
An  edition  of  Hypatia  has  been  issued  by 
Mr.  W.  Scott. — Tlie  Bride  of  Lammermoor  and 
The  Legend  of  Montrose  have  been  added  by 
Messrs.  Constable  to  their  highly  acceptable 
reprint  of  the  "Favourite  Edition"  of  the 
"  Waverley  Novels." — Middlemarch,  the  last 
of  George  Eliot's  novels  that  bore  the  full 
impress  of  the  writer's  genius,  has  been  issued 
by  Messrs.  Blackwood  in  the  "Standard 
Edition"  of  her  works,  which  wo  have  had 
occasion  frequently  to  praise. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  sent  us  an  edition 
of  The  Natural  History  of  Selborne,  in  two 
volumes,  of  American  manufacture.  It  would 
be  a  pretty  book  were  it  not  for  the  glaze  on  the 
paper.  The  process  cuts  are  eftective  enough 
in  their  mannered  way.  Mr.  John  Borroughs 
contributes  a  brief  introduction. 

Bourne's  Handy  Assurance  Manual  is  a  work 
of  established  repute,  and  does  credit  to  its 
editor  Mr.  Schooling.— Mr.  Lineham's  Directory 
of  Science,  Art,  and  Technical  Colleges,  Schools, 
and  Teachers  (Chapman  &  Hall)  is  a  useful  book 
of  reference,  but  to  judge  by  his  introduction 
the  compiler  has  little  notion  of  the  shortcom- 
ings of  the  education  afforded  by  "  the  Depart- 
ment."—  The  Unirersal  Directory  of  liaiUray 
Officials  is  also  likely  to  prove  serviceable,  but 
the  way  the  cover  is  disfigured  with  advertise- 
ments is  discreditable  to  the  Directory  Publish- 
ing Company.  —  We  have  also  received  the 
Calendar   of  Queen's  College,    Galway   (Dublin, 


492 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N° 


3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


Ponsonby  &  Weldrick).  —  Mr.  Mackeson  has 
sent  us  his  ClmrcJi  Congress  Illustrated  Handbook 
(Parker  &  Co.),  which  contains  much  suitable 
information. 

The  first  number  of  a  new  German  quarterly, 
Deutsche  Zeitxclirift filr ausldndisches  TJuttrrichts- 
wesen,  has  just  appeared.  It  is  a  somewhat 
original  venture,  being  entirely  devoted  to  the 
educational  news  of  countries  outside  Germany  ; 
and  the  fact  of  its  starting  under  most  hopeful 
auspices  is  an  additional  proof  of  the  keen 
interest  in  educational  matters  felt  in  Germany. 
England,  France,  Italy,  Austria,  Switzerland, 
Belgium,  and  the  United  States  are  all  repre- 
sented in  this  first  number.  The  articles  on 
English  education  are  by  Mr.  Henry  Holman 
and  Miss  Alice  Zimmern.  The  review  is  pub- 
lished at  Leipzig,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
J.  Wychgram,  author  of  an  excellent  book  on 
girls'  education  in  France.  —  We  have  also 
received  the  first  number  of  a  new  sixpenny 
magazine  called  The  Country  House. 

We  have  on  our  table  Flato  and  the  Times  he 
Lived  In,  by  J.  W.  G.  van  Oordt  (Parker),^ 
Selections  from  the  Essays  of  Francis  Jeffrey, 
edited  by  L.  E.  Gates  (Arnold), — Select  Dis- 
courses and  Essays  from  the  Works  of  TV.  E. 
Channing,  edited  by  W.  C.  Bowie  (Green), — 
T/ie  Peoples  and  Languages  of  the  World,  by 
the  Rev.  A.  M.  Sinclair  (Kegan  Paul), — A 
Briton's  Birthright,  by  A.  S.  Lamb  (Nisbet), — • 
A  Guide  to  tlie  Manuscripts,  Autographs, 
Charters,  Seals,  exhibited  in  tlie  Department 
of  Manuscripts  and  in  the  Grenville  Library 
(British  Museum,  Trustees), — A  New  Practiced 
German  Grammar  and  Exercise-Book,  by  Dr. 
R.  Sonnenburg  and  M.  Schoelch  (Freiburg, 
Herder), — Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  Book  I., 
edited,  with  Life  and  Introduction,  by  F.  Gorse 
(Blackie), — Exercises  in  Old  English,  by  A.  S. 
Cook  (Ghm),— Mercantile  Speller  (Bush),— TAe 
Master  of  Blantyre^^Qlson), — The  Land  Question, 
by  J.  Erskine  (Glasgow,  Hodge), — Let  there  he 
Light,  by  J.  M.  Davidson  (W.  Reeves), — 
Coueycreek,  by  M.  Lawson  (Digby  &  Long), — 
Morag  Maclean,  by  M.  M.  Rankin  (Melrose),— 
With  Lance  and  Pennon,  by  W.  F.  Auburn 
(Ward  &  Lock), — Spring  Floods,  by  Ivan  Tur- 
ge'nev,  translated  from  the  Russian  by  E. 
Richter  (Lamley),^T/(e  Bhagavad  Gitd ;  or, 
Uie  Lord's  Song,  translated  by  Annie  Bcsant 
(Theosophical  Publishing  Society), — The  Doc- 
trine and  Practice  of  the  Eucharist,  by  J.  R, 
Milne  (Longmans), — Poems  of  Pcujanism,  by 
Paganus  (Roxburghe  Press),  —  Arb  Olio  of 
Verse,  by  M.  A.  Sawtelle  and  A.  E.  Sawtelle 
(Putnam),— >S'onH<?is  and  So7igs,  by  M.  W.  Find- 
later  (Nutt),— and  Tlie  Treasures  of  Kurium, 
by  Ellen  M.  H.  Gates  (Putnam).  Among  New 
Editions  we  have  Buskin's  Tlie  Harbours  of 
England,  edited  by  T.  J.  Wise  (G.  Allen),— 
Life  of  Viscount  J'alnurslon,  by  L.  C.  Sanders 
(W.  H.  Allen),  — 7Vic  Sacred  Books  of  the  East, 
edited  by  F.  Max  Miiller :  The  Zend-Avesta, 
Part  I.,  translated  by  J.  Darmcsteter  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press), — A  Floating  City  and  The 
Blockade  Bnnuers,  by  J.  Verne  (Low), — and 
With  Edged  Tools,  by  H.  S.  Merriman  (Smith 
&  Elder).  

LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theoloffy. 

Hill's  (II.)  The  Story  of  the  Kin}{8  of  Israel  and  Jiidah,  6/  cl. 

Howe,  John,  by  H.  l'\  Horton,  cr.  8vo.  .'i/O  cl.    (Leaders  of 
Keligioii.) 

Maekennal's  (A.)  Tlie  Seven  Cliurelies  of  Asia  considered  as 
Types  of  the  Reh'gious  Life  of  To-day,  12mo.  .'i/t;  cl. 

MaI<ower's  (F.)  The  ConbtituLional  History  and  Constitution 
of  the  Church  of  England,  cr.  8vo.  3/(1  cl. 

New  Testament  transl.atcd  into  Current  English,  2/G  net,  cl. 

Turton's  (W.  H.)  The  Truth  of  Christianity,  cr.  8vo.  0/  cl. 

Voy.sey'8  (Kev.  C.)  Theism  as  a  Science  of  Natural  Theology 
and  Natural  Keligion,  Svo.  2/0  cl. 

VViddicomhe's  ( J.)  In  the  Lesuto,  a  Sketch  of  African  Mis- 
sions, cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

White's  (A.  M.)  Outlines  of  Legal  History,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

?i  deV^  uW^-^'^lf  r  ■"frr"'^  "f  •■•'«  ^'''^^  Artists,  21/  net. 
rl,.Z'.l  ,\'\    ^  /  ;  '^^  -l'"'""""'.  Art  Annual,  1K'.15,  2/(i 
OardiK  r  (I'.)  and  Jevons's  (F.  B.)  A  Manual  of  Oreek  Anti- 
quities, cr.  Svo.  16/  cl,  •'"■luu.u  oi  urttK  aiiu- 


Jewitt  (L.)  and  Hope's  (W.  H.  St.  J.)  The  Corporation  Plate 
of  Cities  and  Towns  of  England  and  Wales,  2  vols. 
84/  net,  cl. 

Pelrie's  (VV.  M.  F.)  Egyptian  Decorative  Art,  a  Course  of 
Lectures,  cr.  Svo.  3/0  cl. 

Saint-Juirs's  Tavern  of  the  Three  Virtues,  illustrated  by 
D.  Vierge,  folio,  42/  cl. 

Salon,  1S95,  imp.  Svo.  52/6  net,  cl. 
Poetri/. 

Beeching's  (H.  C.)  A  Book  of  Christmas  Verse,  with  De- 
signs by  W.  Crane,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Browning  Studies,  edited  by  E.  Berdoe,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

Swing's  (J.  H.)  Verses  for  Children,  12nio.  2/6  half  bound. 

Hawkins's  (H.  M.)  Ballads  for  Bonnie  Bairns,  New  Action 
Songs,  &c.,  4to.  2/  bds. 

Kenna's  (F.)  Songs  of  a  Season,  18mo.  2/6  cl. 

O'Hara'e  (J.  B.)  Songs  of  the  South,  2nd  Series,  cr.  Svo.  5/cl. 

Pastoral  Melody,  A,  by  V.  D.  M.,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 

Yeats's  (W.  D)  Poems,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  net,  ol. 
Music. 

Barlow  (J.)  and  others'  A  Se.xtet  of  Singers,  oblong  12mo.  3/6 
Bihliograpliy. 

Roberts's  (W.)  The  Book-Hunter  in  London,  21/  net,  cl. 
Philosophy. 

Hegel's  (G.  W.  F.)  Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of  Keligion, 
3  vols.  Svo.  12/  each,  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 

Andrews's  (W.)  Bygone  Cheshire,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

Besant's  (W.)  Westminster,  illustrated,  Svo.  18/  cl. 

Boyd's  (A.  K.  H.)  Occasional  and  Immemorial  Days,  7/6  cl. 

Hare's  (A.  J.  C.)  Biographical  Sketches,  being  Memorials  of 
Stanley,  Alford,  &c..,  cr.  Svo.  8/6  cl. 

Horsburgh's  (E.  L.  S.)  Waterloo,  a  Narrative  and  a  Criti- 
cism, cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Keats.  Letters  of,  edited  by  H.  B.  Forman,  cr.  Svo.  8/  cl. 

Knox,  John,  a  Biography,  by  P.  H.  Brown,  2  vols.  Svo.  24/ cl. 

Myers's  (P.JVan  N.)  A  History  of  Greece  for  Colleges,  7/6  cl. 

St.  Amaud's  (I.  de)  The  Revolution  of  1848,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

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THE  GRAVE  OP  HENRY  VAUGHAN. 

Boston,  U.S.,  October  1,  1895. 

I  DEVOTED  some  memorable  days  of  my 
vacation  to  the  U.sk  Valley  in  Breconshire,  a 
beautiful  region,  lovely  as  Eden,  and  unex- 
plored even  by  coaches.  I  went  into  it  and 
over  it  with  a  single  mind  to  Henry  Vaughan, 
the  Silurist,  a  favourite  old  poet  of  mine,  who 
thought  himself  co-eternal  with  its  hills  and 
waters,  and  who  is  most  successfully  forgotten 
in  his  own  Wales  and  elsewhere.  I  walked  to 
Llansaintfraed,  and  found  his  grave,  and  a 
couple  of  miles  west,  the  house,  "Newton-on- 
U.ske,"  where  he  was  born  in  1621,  and 
where  he  died  in  1G95.  The  house  is  a 
fine  one.  now  used  by  a  farmer  ;  and  though 
not  in  its  own  ample  acres,  as  heretofore,  it  is 
well  preserved  and  in  no  danger.  But  tho 
grave  !  It  occupies  an  extreme  north-east 
corner  of  the  little  Llansaintfraed  churchyard, 
where  there  is  not  a  thing  else  of  any  age  or 
interest  whatsoever.  The  slab  of  the  tomb  is 
broken  ;  the  Latin  inscription  is  getting  dim  ; 
under  an  old  yew  tree,  probably  planted  there 
to  keep  the  poet's  dust  company,  and  heaped 
all  about  the  stone,  are  dead  boughs,  nettles, 
bricks,  rotten  wreaths,  fragments  of  crockery, 
dirt,  and  confusion  unspeakable  ;  and  the  parish 
coal-shed  is  so  placed  against  the  neighbouring 
wall  that  the  operating  genius  with  the  shovel 
must  stand  on  Henry  Vaughan's  burial-place, 
and  shower  it  with  eternal  slag  and  soot,  oculo 
irretorto.  Since  the  new  church  was  built,  ten 
years  ago,  and  the  coal-shed  set  up,  this  has 
been  the  order  of  the  day.  By  a  common  irony 
of  fate,  every  other  slee})cr  in  that  God's  aero 
has  a  cleanly  grassy  bod,  except  the  ono 
precious  to  England  and  most  worthy  of 
peace.  Now— and  this  is  why  I  write— can- 
not something  be  done  'I  Will  you  not  say  an 
etticient  word  for  ono  of  the  best  men  and 
sweetest  minds  of  the  seventeenth  century? 
Of  course,  Vaughan  cannot,  with  his  peculiar 
and  recluse  genius,  be  known  to  the  many  ; 
but  it  is  safe  to  count  upon  the  response  of 
those  who  are  already  his  lovers.  There 
must  be  fifty  of  us,  else  have  our  Palgraves 
and  (Jro.sarts  and  Lytcs  and  Dr.  John 
Browns  been  in  vain.     Will  you  not  find  out, 


N'>3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


493 


by  a  public  appeal,  whether  a  few  pounds 
cannot  be  put  together  and  devoted  to  having 
the  coal- shed  moved,  clearing  the  rubbish  from 
the  grave,  planting  a  small  grass  plot,  and 
keeping  the  spot  for  ever  in  decent  and  fitting 
condition  ?  I  am  poor  as  "they  that  have  not 
pati-ence  ";  but  you  may  set  me  down  for  the 
first  sovereign.  Vaughan,  being  a  Welshman, 
and  a  High  Churchman,  and  a  man  of  letters, 
ought  to  win  recognition  from  three  camps. 
The  Rector  of  Llansaintfraed,  who  knows  some- 
thing of  him,  would  be  glad  to  have  a  small 
memorial  brass  to  place  on  the  chancel  wall, 
which  would  be  very  nice  and  proper,  if  any 
money  be  left  over  from  the  other  and  necessary 
disposition  of  it.  Surely  this  generation  owes 
tardy  thanks  to  the  Silurist — thanks  "  loaden 
with  the  rich  arrear  "  (in  his  own  fine  phrase) 
of  the  centuries  which  preferred  to  him  the 
wooden  worthies  who  shall  be  nameless. 

Louise  Imogen  Guiney. 


I 


THE  'DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

The  following  is  the  second  part  of  a  list  of 
the  names  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  under 
the  letter  S  (Section  II.)  in  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.  The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  ' 
will  be  obliged  by  any  notice  of  omissions 
addressed  to  him  at  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.'s,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.  He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

Sbiel,  James,  titular  Bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  1725 

Shield,  William,  musical  composer,  1754-1829 

Shields,  Alexander,  Covenanter,  1699 

Shiels,  Robert,  Johnson's  amanuensis,  1750 

Shiels,  William,  animal  and  subject  painter,  1785-1857 

Shilleto,  Richard,  classical  scholar,  1810-1>'76 

Shillibeer,  George,  promoter  of  omnibuses,  1807-1866 

Shilling,  Andrew,  commander  East  India  Company,  1620 

Shillito,  Charles,  soldier,  fl.  1780 

Shillitoe,  Thomas,  Quaker,  1754*-1836 

Shilton,  Sir  Richard,  Solicitor-General,  fl.  1633 

Shipley,  Georgina,  artist,  1806 

Shipley,  Jonathan,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1714*-1788 

Shipley,  William,  founder  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  1714-1803 

Shipley,  William  Davies,  Dean  of  St.  Asaph,  1745-1826 

Shipman,  Thomas,  Royalist  poet,  1632-16S0 

Shipp,  John,  soldier,  1785-1834 

Shippen,  William,  Hanoverian  Tory,  1672-1743 

Shipton,  Mother,  necromancer,  fl.  1525 

Shipton,  John,  surgeon,  1748 

Shipton,  William,  poet,  ti.  1659 

Shirburn,  William,  theologian,  fl.  1390 

Shirley.   Sir  Anthony,  ambassador  from    Shah  of    Persia, 

1565-1630* 
Shirley,  Evelyn  Philip,  antiquary.  1812-1882 
Shirley,  Henry,  dramatist,  fl.  1630-1650 
Shirley,  Sir  Horatio,  general,  1805-1879 
Shirley,  James,  dramatic  writer,  1594*-1666 
Shirley,  John,  compiler,  fi.  1440 
Shirley,  John,  medical  writer,  1648-1679 
Shirley,  John,  miscellaneous  writer,  fl.  1680 
Shirley,  Laurence,  4th  Earl  Ferrers,  1720-1760 
Shirley,  Sir  Robert,  traveller,  1570*-1628 
Shirley,  Sir  Robert,  Royalist,  1630*-1656 
Shirley,  Sir  Thomas,  traveller,  1564-1622*  , 

Shirley,  "Thomas,  physician,  1638-1678 
Shirley,  Walter,  hyrnn-writer,  1725-1786 
Shirley,  Walter  Augustus,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1797- 

1847 
Shirley,  Walter   Waddington,    Professor    of    Ecclesiastical 

History  at  Oxford,  1828-1866 
Shirley,  William,  dramatist,  fl.  1775 
Shirreff,  John,  agriculturist,  1794 
Shirreff,  William  Henry,  admiral,  1785-1847 
Shirrefs,  Andrew,  Scottish  poet,  11.  1790 
Shirwood,  John,  Bishop  of  Durham,  1494 
Shirwood,  Robert,  Hebraist,  fl.  1.530 
Shirwood,  William,  writer,  fl.  1270 
Shirwood,  William,  Bishop  of  Meath,  1482 
Shoberl,  Frederic,  author,  177o-18o3 

Shell,  Samuel,  "  inventor  of  the  grand  national  flag,"  b.  1752 
Shore,  Jane,  mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  1509* 
Shore,  John,  Lord  Teignmouth,  1751-1834 
Shoreditch,  John  de,  judge,  1.345* 

Shorsewood,  George,  Lord  Chancellor  of  Scotland,  1462* 
Short,  Augustus,  Bishop  of  Adelaide,  1803-1883 
Short,  Christina,  dramatic  writer,  1745-1819 
Short,  James,  optician,  1710-1768 
Short,  Thomas,  physician,  16'^5 
Short,  Thomas,  physician,  1772 

Short,  Thomas  Vowler.  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1790-1872 
Shortall,  Sebastian  or  Stephen,  Cistercian,  1639 
Shortland,  John,  explorer,  1810 
Shortland,  Peter  Frederick,  vice-admiral,  1888 
Shortland,  Thomas  George,  captain  R  N.,  1771-1827 
Shortland.  Willoughby,  Governor  of  New  Zealand,  1869 
Shorten,  Robert,  Archdeacon  of  Bath,  15.35 
Shouldham,  Molyneaux,  Baron  Shouldham,  admiral,  1798 
Shovel,  Sir  Clow.lisley,  admiral,  1650*-1705 
Shower,  Sir  Bartholomew,  Recorder  of  London,  1701 


Shower,  John,  Dissenting  divine,  I6.i7-I715 

Showers,  Charles  Lionel,  general,  1S16■1^95 

Shrapnel,  Henry,  inventor  of  Slirapnel  shells,  1842 

Shrigley,  Nathaniel,  '  A  True  Relation  of  Virginia,'  fl.  16ti9 

Shrubsole,  William,  '  Christian  Memoirs,'  1729-1797 

Shuckburgh,  Sir  Evelyn  George,  mathematician,  1760-1804 

Shuckburgh,  Sir  Richard,  Royalist,  1656 

Shuckford,  Samuel,  divine,  1754 

Shute,    Christopher,  'The  Testimonie    of  a  True   Fajtli,' 

fl.  1585 
Shute,  Henry,  army  chaplain,  1722 
Shute,  John,  painter  and  architect,  1563 
Shute,  John,  translator,  fl.  I.')ii5 
Shute,  Josial),  Archdeacon  of  Colchester,  1643 
Shute,  Robert,  judge,  1590 
Shute,  Robert,  Recorder  of  London,  1620 
Shuter,  Edward,  actor,  1776 

Shuttleworth,  Edward,  divine  and  musician,  1806 
Shuttleworth,  Joseph,  agricultural  implement  maker,  1819- 

1883 
Shuttleworth,  Obadiah,  violinist  and  composer,  1735 
Shuttleworth,  Philip  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1782- 

1841 
Sibbald,  James,  D.D.,  professor  at  Aberdeen,  I6h^* 
Sibbald,  James,  bookseller  and  author,  1747*-lt03 
Sibbald,  Sir  Robert,  physician,  1641-1712* 
Sibbald,  William,  Parliamentarian,  1650 
Sibbes,  Richard,  Puritan  divine,  1577-1635 
Sibert,  John,  printer,  fl.  1520 
Sibley,  Ebenezer,  astrologer,  fl.  1790 
Sibley,  George,  engineer  and  traveller,  1824-1891 
Sibley,  Manoali,  bookseller,  fl.  1777 
Siborne,  William,  captain  R. A  ,  1849 
Sibson,  Francis,  M.D.,  F.R  S..  physician,  1814-1876 
Sibsoii,  Thomas,  subject-painter,  1817-1844 
Sibthorp,  Charles  de  Laet  Waldo,  politician,  1782-1855 
Sibthorp,  Sir  Christopher,  pamphleteer,  fl.  1631 
Sibthorp,  John,  botanist,  1753-1796 
Sibthorp,  Richard  Waldo,  Catholic  divine,  1792-1879 
Sibthorpe,  Robert,  divine,  1662 
Sickelmore,  Richard,  dramatic  author,  fl.  1795 
Sidal  or  Syddal,  Henry,  divine,  fl.  1550 
Siddons,  Henry,  actor,  1774-1816 
Siddons,  Mrs.  Henry,  actress,  1844 
Siddons,  Sarah,  actress,  1755-1831 
Siden,  Thomas,  '  History  of  the  Sevarites,'  fl.  1679 
Siderfin,  Sir  Thomas,  law  reporter,  fl.  1714 
Sidney,  Algernon,  republican,  1620*-1683 
Sidney,    Dorothea,    afterwards    Countess    of    Sunderland, 

Waller's  ■'  Sacharissa,"  b.  1617 
Sidney,  Sir  Henry,  Lord  Deputy  for  Ireland,  1586 
Sidney,  Henry,  Earl  of  Romney,  1641-1704 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  soldier  and  author.  1.554-1.586 
Sidney,  Philip.  3rd  Earl  of  Leicester,  1619-1698 
Sidney,  Robert,  1st  Earl  of  Leicester,  1.563-1626 
Sidney,  Robert,  2iid  Earl  of  Leicester,  1595-1677 
Sidney,  Samuel.  '  Book  of  the  Horse,'  1883 
Sidney,  Sir  William,  soldier,  1653 

Siemens,  Sir  Charles  William,  electrical  engineer,  182.3-1883 
Sievier,  Robert  William,  sculptor,  1794-1865 
Sigebert  or  Sebert,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  616 
Sigebert,  King  of  East  Anglia,  e34 
Sigebert,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  660** 
Sigebert,  King  of  the  West  Saxons,  756* 
Sigered,  King  of  Kent.  fl.  778 
Sigeric,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  fl.  991 
Sigfrid,  Abbot  of  Wearmouth,  688 
Sighere,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  fl.  675 
Sigillo,  Nicholas  de,  judge,  1190* 
Sihtric,  King  of  Northumberland,  927 
Sikes.  Sir  Charles  William,  projector  of  savings  banks,  1818- 

1889 
Silgrave.  Henry  de,  chronicler,  fl.  1300* 
Sillery,  Charles  Doj  ne,  Irish  verse-writer,  1807-1837 
Sillet,  James,  miniature  and  flower  painter,  1764-1840 
Silver,  George,  writer  on  fencing,  fl.  1699 
Silvester,  Sir  Philip  Carteret,  Bart ,  naval  commander,  1777- 

1828 
Silvester,  Tipping,  divine  and  author,  fl.  1750 
Sim,  John,  divine,  1764-1824 
Simcocks.  John.  Jesuit,  fl.  1620-1676 
Simcoe.  Henry  Addington,  divine,  1800-1868 
Simcoe,  John  Graves,  first  Governor  of  Upper  Canada,  1752- 

1806 
Sime,  James,  miscellaneous  writer,  1844-1895 
Simeon  or  Simon  of  Durham,  chronicler,  1135"* 
Simeon  of  Warwick,  chronicler,  1296 

Simeon  the  Anchorite,  '  The  Fruit  of  Redemption,'  fl.  1514 
Simeon,  Charles,  divine,  1749-1836 
Simeon,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  legal  writer,  1765*-1824 
Simeon,  Joseph,  Jesuit,  1596-1671 
Simeonis,  Symon,  traveller,  fl.  1322 
Simmons,  Bartholomew,  Irish  verse- writer,  1804-1850 
Simmons,  John,  portrait  painter,  1715*-1780 
Simmons,  Joseph,  C.B,,  soldier,  1794-1883 
Simmons,  Samuel  Foart.  physician,  1752-1813 
Simmons,  William  Henry,  engraver,  1811-1882 
Simms,  Frederick  Walter,  writer  on  engineering,  1804-1865 
Simnel,  Lambert,  pretender,  1487 
Simon  du  Fresne,  poet,  fl.  1190 
Simon  de  Welle,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1207 
Simon  Stock,  St.,  Carmelite,  1185-1265 
Simon  of  Faversham.  writer,  fl.  1310 
Simon,  Abraham,  medalist,  1H90* 
Simon,  Jean  or  James,  engraver,  1675-1755** 
Simon,  Peter  J.,  engraver,  17.5O*-1810' 
Simon,  Thomas,  medalist,  1665* 
Simons,  Joseph,  Jesuit,  1671 
Simpson,  Arcliibald,  architect,  1789-1847 
Simpson,  Christopher,  musician,  fl.  1650 
Simpson,  David,  Evangelical  divine,  1745-1793 
Simpson,  Edward,  divine,  1578-1651 
Simpson,  Sir  George,  colonial  governor,  1792-1860 
Simpson,  James,  advocate  and  author,  fl.  1815-1840 
Simpson,  Sir  James,  general,  1792-1868 
Simpson.  Sir  James  Young,  discoverer  of  chloroform,  1811- 

1870 

Simpson,  Jane  Cross,  hymn-writer,  1811-1886 
Simpson,  John,  Biblical  critic,  1746-1812 
Simpson,  John,  Dissenting  minister,  175.5-1815 
Simpson,  John,  portrait  painter,  1782-1847 
Simpson,  John  Palgrave,  author  and  dramatUt,  1887 


Simpson,  Joseph,  engraver,  fl.  1710 

Simpson,  Nathaniel,  'Arithmetical  Compendium,'  fl.  1622 

Simpson,  Philip,  portrait  painter,  fl.  1830 

Simpson,  Richard,  antiquary,  1820-1876 

Simpson,  Robert,  Presbyterian  divine,  179.5-1867 

Simpson,  Sidrach,  Master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  1655 

Simpson,  Thomas,  F.R.S.,  mathematician,  1710-1761 

Simpson,  Thomas,  navigator,  1808-1840 

Simpson,  William,  Quaker,  1670 

Sims,  James,  physician,  1741-1820 

Sims,  John,  M.D.,  botanist  and  physician,  1748-1831 

Simson,  Andrew,  lexicographer,  fl.  1658 

Simson,  Archibald,  divine,  1631 

Simson,  John,  Professor  of  Divinity  at  Glasgow,  1743 

Simson,  Patrick,  divine  and  author,  1618 

Simson,  Robert,  mathematician,  1637-1776 

Simson,  Thomas,  Professor  of  Medicine  at  St.  Andrews,  1764 

Simson,  William,  Scottish  painter,  1800-1847 

Sinclair,  Andrew,  surgeon  and  naturalist,  1861 

Sinclair,  Catherine,  novelist,  1800-1864 

Sinclair,  George,  6th  Earl  of  Caithness,  1676 

Sinclair  or  Sinclare,  George,   Professor  of  Philosophy  at 
Glasgow,  1(;93 

Sinclair,  George,  agriculturist,  1786-1834 

Sinclair,  Sir  George,  author,  1790-1868 

Sinclair,  Henry,  ••  Prince  of  Orkney,"  1340-1400* 

Sinclair,  Henry.  Bishop  of  Ross.  1565 

Sinclair,  Hubert,  Constable  of  Colchester,  1165 

Sinclair,  James,  general  and  diplomatist,  1762 

Sinclair,  James,  Earl  of  Caithness,  1821-1881 

Sinclair,  Sir  John,  Master  of  the  Household  to  Henry  VIII. 
1546 

Sinclair,  John,  Bishop  of  Brechin,  1566 

Sinclair,  John,  lOtli  Lord  Sinclair,  1600-1676 

Sinclair,  John,  Jacobite,  fl.  1715 

Sinclair,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  author  and  politician,  1754-1835 

Sinclair,  John,  vocalist,  1790-1836* 

Sinclair,  John,  Archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1875 

SincJair,  John,  miscellaneous  writer,  1843-1892 

Sinclair,  Oliver,  soldier  and  favourite  of  James  V.,  fl.  1520^ 
1542 

Sinclair,  Sir  Robert,  Scnitish  judge,  fl.  1680-1703 

Sinclair,  Sir  William.  Scottish  baron,  1300* 

Sinclair,  William.  Bishop  of  Dunkeld.  1.337 

Sinclair,  William,  Earl  of  Caithness.  14'0 

Sinclair,  William,  Lord  Chancellor  of  Scotland,  fl.  14.36-1486 

Sinclair,  William,  Evangelical  divine,  1805-1878 

Singer,  George  John,  electrician,  fl.  1814 

Singer,  John,  actor,  fl.  1683-1602 

Singer,  Joseph  Henderson,  Bishop  of  Meath,  1786*-1866 

Singer,  Samuel  Weller,  antiquary,  178S-1858 

Singleton,  Henry,  painter,  1766-1839 

Singleton,  Hugh,  printer,  fl.  1553-1586 

Singleton,  Robert,  divine,  1545 

Singleton,  Robert  Corbet,  hymn-writer,  1810-1881 

Singleton,  Thomas,  Archdeacon  of  Northumberland,  184^ 

Sinick,  John,  theological  writer,  fl.  1675 

Sion,  Llewelyn,  of  Llangewydd,  Welsh  poet,  1616 

Sirr,  Henry  Charles,  Irish  politician,  1756*-1841 

Sitric  the  Blind,  Norse  invader,  927"^ 

Sitric  Sikkiskegg,  Norse  invader,  1042 

Siward,  Earl  of  Northumbria,  fl.  1C50 

Siward,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  1075 

Skeete,  Thomas,  medical  writer,  1757-1789 

Skefflngton,  Sir  John,  Viscount  Massereene,  1695 

Skeffington,  John,  10th  Viscount  Massereene,  1812-1863 

Skeffington,  Sir  Lumley  St.  George,  dramatist,  1771-1850 

Skeftington,  Sir  William,  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland,  1535 

Skelton,  Sir  Bevil,  diplomatist,  fl.  16^5 

Skelton,  John,  poet,  1.529 

Skelton,  Philip,  divine,  1707-1787 

Skelton,  William,  engraver,  176.3-1843 

Skene,  Gilbert,  medical  writer,  fl.  1.568 

Skene,  James,  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1775-1861 

Skene,  Jane,  friend  of  Sir  Waller  Scott,  1787-1862 

Skene,  Sir  John,  Scottish  judge,  1519-1612 

Skene,  William  Forbes,  LL.D.,  Historiographer  Royal  Sor 

Scotland,  1809-1892 
Skerwing,  Roger  de.  Bishop  of  Norwich,  1278 
Skevington,  Tliomas,  Bishop  of  Bangor,  1,505 
Skey,  Frederick  Carpenter,  surgeon,  1799-1872 
Skill,  John  F.,  landscape  and  marine  water-colour  painter, 

1881 
Skinner,  James,  hymn-writer,  1818-1881 
Skinner,  J.   E.  Hilary,  traveller  and  war  correspondent, 

1840-1894 
Skinner,  John,  song-writer,  1721-1807 
Skinner,  John,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1744-1816 
Skinner,  John,  divine  and  antiquary,  1840 
Skinner,  Matthew,  serjeant-at-law,  1689-1749 
Skinner,  Ralph,  Dean  of  Durham,  1562 
Skinner,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Bristol  and  Oxford,  1.590-1670 
Skinner,  Stephen,  physician  and  philologist,  1022*-1667 
Skinner,  Thomas,  physician  to  Monck,  fl.  1660 
Skinner,  Thomas,  soldier  and  author,  1843 
Skinner,  William,  general,  17^1 
Skip,  John.  Bishop  of  Hen-ford,  1-5.52 
Skippe,  John,  artist,  1707-1790 
Skippon,  Philip,  major-general.  1660 
Bkipwitb.  Sir  William,  judge.  1367 
Skirlawe,  Waller,  Bishop  of  Durham,  1405 
Skirving,  Adam,  Scottish  song-writer.  1719-1803 
Skirving,  Archibald,  painter,  1749-1819 
Skot,  John,  printer,  1.537 
Skrine.  Henry,  traveller,  fl   1801 
Skuish,  John,  author,  fl.  1.530 
Skynner,  John,  judge,  1726 
Skynner,  Lancelot,  naval  commander,  1799 
Slade,  8ir  Adnlphns,  admiral  and  author.  1804-1877 
Slade,  Sir  Alfred,  Receiver-General  of  Inland  Revenue,  189a 
Slade,  James,  divine  and  author,  178.3-1860 
Slade,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  general,  1762-1859 
Slade,  Matthew,  divine,  fl.  1614 
Slade,  William,  writer,  II.  1.380 
Sladen,  Sir  Charles.  Premier  of  Victoria,  1816-1884 
Slane.  Philip  of.  Bishop  of  Cork,  1326 

Slanev,  Kolxrt  Aglionbv,  MP.,  writer  on  agriculture,  1862. 
Slanniiig,  Sir  Nicholas,  Royalist,  1611-1643 
Slare,  Frederick.  M.D.,  F.R  S.,  chemist,  fl.  1700 
Slate,  Richard.  Nonconformist  biographer,  1787-1867 
Slater,  Edward,  Benedictine  monk,  1832 
Slater,  Peter,  sculptor,  1609-1860 


494 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3546,  Oar.  12, '95 


Slater,  Samuel,  Nonconformist  divine,  1701 

Slater,  William,  architect,  1872* 

Slattery,  Michael,  Archbishop  of  Cashel,  1785-1857 

Slatyer  or  Slater,  William,  divine,  1587-1647 

Slaughter,  Edward,  Jesuit,  1655-1729 

Slaughter,  Mihill,  statistician,  1886 

Slaughter,  Stephen,  portrait  painter,  1765 

Sleeman,  Sir  William  Henry,  major-general,  1788-1856 

Sleidan,  John,  divine,  fl.  1550 

Slezer,  Capt.  John,  '  Theatrum  Scotife,'  1717 

Slingsby,  Sir  Henry,  Royalist,  1658 

Slingsby,  Mary,  Lady,  actress,  169-t 

Sloane,  Sir  Hans,  physician,  1660-1752 

Smalbroke,  Eichard,  Bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1672- 

1749 
Small,  John,  major-general,  1726-1796 
Small,  John,  Librarian  of  Edinburgh  University,  1828-1886 
Smalle,  Peter,  poet,  fl.  1615 

Smallwood,  Charles,  Canadian  meteorologist,  1812-1873 
Smallvrood,    William   Frome,   architectural    draughtsman, 

1806-1834 
Smalridge,  George.  Bishop  of  Bristol,  1663-1719 
Smart,  Benjamin  Humphrey,  elocutionist,  fl.  1850 
Smart,  Christopher,  poet,  1722-1770 
Smart,  Sir  George  Thomas,  musician,  1776-1867 
Smart,  Hawley,  novelist,  1833-1^93 
Smart,  Henry,  organist  and  composer,  1813-1879 
Smart,  John,  miniature  painter,  1740-1811 
Smart,  Peter,  divine,  1569-1648 
Smeaton,  John,  engineer,  1724-1792 
Smedley,  Edward,  divine,  1789-1836 
Smedley,  Francis  Edward,  novelist,  18141864 
Smedley,  Jonathan,  Dean  of  Clogher,  1738* 
Smee,  Alfred,  surgeon  to  the  Bank  of  England,  1818-1877 
Smeeton,  George,  '  Biographia  Curiosa,'  fl.  182u 
Smellie,  William,  accoucheur,  1763 
Bmellie,  William,  F.K.S.,  naturalist,  1740-1795 
Smetham,  James,  artist,  1821-1889 
Smeton,  Thomas,  Principal  of  Glasgow,  1536-1583 
Smetthurst,  John,  Unitarian  divine,  1793-1859 
(To  be  continued.) 


THE  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird  announce  for  publication 
'Melody,' by  Laura  E.  Richards, — 'Stories  of 
Norway  in  the  Saga  Days,'  by  Mary  Howarth, 
illustrated, — a  new  illustrated  edition  of  Long- 
fellow's 'Song  of  Hiawatha,' — 'Pushing  to  the 
Front;  or,  Success  under  Difficulties,'  by 
Orison  Swett  Marden,  illustrated,  —  '  The 
Village  Watch-Tower,'  by  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin, 
— '  Scandinavian  and  Russ  ;  or,  by  Way  of  the 
Baltic,'  by  John  Albert  Manton,  with  maps  and 
illustrations, — '  Under  the  Guns  :  a  Woman's 
Reminiscences  of  the  Civil  War,'  by  Mrs.  Annie 
Wittenmyer,  with  an  introduction  by  the  widow 
of  General  Grant,  —  '  The  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  Year-Books,'  with  a  portrait  at  the  age 
of  eighty-four, — '  The  Woman-Suffrage  Move- 
ment in  the  United  States,'  by  a  Lawyer,  illus- 
trated,— '  Famous  Composers  and  their  Works,' 
by  twenty  -  six  contributors,  English,  French, 
German,  and  American  (illustrated), — and  '  Con- 
stantinople :  the  City  of  the  Sultans,'  by  Clara 
Erskine  Clement,  with  photogravures. 

Messrs.  Luzac  &  Co.'s  list  consists  of  the  first 
volume  of  '  A  History  of  the  Deccan,'  by  Mr. 
J.  D.  B.  Gribble,  giving  the  history  of  the 
first  kingdom  under  the  Bahmanee  Sultans, — 
'  Oriental  Wit  and  Wisdom  ;  or,  the  Laugh- 
able Stories  collected  by  Bar-Hebriius,'  the 
Syriac  text,  with  an  English  translation  by 
Dr.  Wallis  Budge,  — '  Babylonian  Magic  and 
Sorcery  :  the  Prayers  of  the  Lifting  of  the 
Hand,'  being  the  cuneiform  text  of  a  group  of 
Babylonian  and  Assyrian  incantations  and 
formulae  from  tablets  of  the  Kouyunjik  col- 
lection, edited,  with  transliteration,  translation, 
notes,  and  vocabulary,  by  Mr.  Leonard  VV. 
King, — '  Critical  Remarks  upon  some  Passages 
of  the  Old  Testament,'  by  Dr.  Paul  Ruben, — 
and  '  Europe  in  China  :  the  History  of  Hong- 
kong,' from  the  beginning  to  the  year  1882,  by 
Dr.  Eitel,  of  Hongkong. 


THE  NORTHAMPTON  BOROUGH  RECORDS. 
We  congratulate  the  Town  Council  of  North- 
ampton on  having  unanimously  voted,  at  their 
last  quarterly  meeting  held  on  October  7th,  in 
favour  of  printing  and  publishing  the  borough 
records.  Northampton  was  the  first  large  town 
on  the  great  road  leading  from  London  to  the 
centre  and  north  of  the  kingdom.  Hence  soon 
after  the  Concjuest  it  sprang  into  considerable 
importance,  was  strongly  fortified,  became  the 
occasional  residence  of  several  of  our  kings, 
and  remained  one  of  the  first  five  great  towns 


of   England  down  to  the  period  of   the    pro- 
longed  French   wars.     In  1675   it  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  a  terrible  fire,  and  in  the  flames 
there   perished  a   considerable  number  of  the 
early    records    and    muniments   of  the    town, 
but  the  series  of  royal  charters  were  happily 
preserved.      These  charters,  from   Richard  I. 
to  George  III.,  afford  an  interesting  and  strik- 
ing example    of  the  gradual    growth  of   town 
liberties,  and  but  few  towns  possess  so  good  and 
perfect  a  series.     The  royal  charters  of  Carlisle 
were  published  lastyearinavolumeof  much  value, 
but  Northampton  possesses  many  more  charters, 
seven  of  which  are  of  an  earlier  date  than  those 
of  the   border   borough.      In  addition   to  the 
charters,  two  or  three  volumes  of  the  Corpora- 
tion muniments  also  escaped  the  fire.     One  of 
these,  termed  the  '  Liber    Custumarum, '  com- 
piled about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
with  later  additions,  is  of  considerable  moment, 
and  can  only  be  rivalled  or  equalled  in  interest 
by  some  three  or  four  other  boroughs  or  cities 
of  England.     It  contains  the  customs,  usages, 
evidences,  and  by-laws  of  the  town  of  North- 
ampton at  the  time  of  its  compilation.    Another 
volume  contains  the  Orders  of  Assembly,  corre- 
sponding in  some  measure  to  modern  minutes 
of  the  Council,  beginning  in  1568.     The  books 
of  Admissions  of    Freemen  and  Enrolment  of 
Apprentices    also  commence   in    1562.      From 
1676  downwards  the  papers  and  accounts  are 
voluminous.      They  include  the  minute  books 
of  the  Corporation,  the  accounts  of  the  Mayors, 
the    accounts    of    the    Chamberlains,    terriers, 
title-deeds,  and  evidences  of  Corporation  pro- 
perty, toll  papers,   election    returns,    and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Commons  Trustees,  as  well  as 
a  considerable  selection  of  early  private  charters. 
These  records  will  be  found  to  yield  abund- 
ance of  matter  of  exceptional  interest,  such  as 
the  State  entries  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  with 
their  respective  queens,  from  the  adjacent  royal 
palace  of  Holdenby  ;  the  repairing  of  the  town 
walls    with    the   fabric   of    destroyed   churches 
during  the  Commonwealth  ;  or  the  demand  for 
the    return    of    the    town   charters    made    by 
James  11.     When  James  I.  and  Queen  Anne 
entered  Northampton  in  state  in  1608,  elaborate 
injunctions  were  drawn  up  the  previous  week. 
The    Mayor    and    Corporation     were    bidden 
assemble    on   horseback,    all    in    their  scarlet 
gowns,  at  the  north  gate  ;   they   were  told  to 
present  to  each  of  their    majesties  a  piece  of 
plate,  at  a  cost  of  lOOL,  cases  included  ;   and 
all  the  houses  on  the  royal  route  were  to  be 
painted    "  black   and   white,"   under   a    heavy 
penalty.     This  black-and-white  painting  seems 
to  indicate  that  the  houses  of  old  Northampton, 
before  the  great  fire,  were  all  half-timbered. 

The  editing  of  two  volumes  descriptive  of 
these  records,  with  the  charters  in  full,  has 
been  placed  by  the  Town  Council  in  the  hands 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox;  he  will  have  the  assistance 
of  Mr.  Christopher  Markham,  who  has  already 
paid  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  the  fifteenth 
century  customary.  The  Bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, who  originally  suggested  this  scheme 
of  publication,  proposes  to  write  a  preface.  The 
prospectus  will  be  shortly  forthcoming.  Con- 
siderable interest  seems  already  roused  in  the 
town  and  district  of  Northampton  with  regard 
to  this  project ;  but  the  matter  is  one  of  more 
than  local  interest,  for  all  that  pertains  to  the 
life  and  growth  and  government  of  England's 
great  towns  is  an  intrinsic  part  of  our  national 
history. 


Uitttarg  ®ossip. 

Mr.  H.  N.  Sulivan  is  engaged  on  a 
volume  devoted  to  the  life  and  letters  of 
his  father,  the  late  Admiral  Sir  B.  J. 
Sulivan.  It  will  include  the  admiral's 
accounts  of  the  Parana  campaign,  in  which 
he  took  part  in  1846,  and  his  experiences 
on  board  the  British  fleet  in  the  Baltic  in 


1854  and  1855.     Mr.  Murray  is  the    pub- 
lisher. 

We  regret  to  hear  that  Mr.  C.  Kegan  Paul 
was  on  Tuesday  knocked  down  by  a  passing 
vehicle  on  the  Hammersmith  Eoad.  Mr. 
Paul  was  at  once  taken  to  the  West  London 
Hospital,  where  he  now  lies  in  a  some- 
what jjrecarious  condition. 

Mr.  Gregory,  of  South  Kensington 
Museum,  is  preparing  an  account  of  a 
journey  to  Baringo  and  Mount  Kenya,  in 
which  he  will  supply  information,  not  only 
about  the  native  races  and  their  migrations, 
but  about  the  fauna  and  flora,  geography  and 
geology  of  the  districts  he  travelled  through. 
The  volume,  which  will  be  called  '  The  Great 
Eift  Valley,'  will  be  provided  with  maps 
and  illustrations,  and  will  be  published  by 
Mr.  Murray. 

We  understand  that  Mr.  Saintsbury  is 
withdrawing  from  all  literary  work  not 
closely  connected  with  the  subjects  of  the 
chair  at  Edinburgh  to  which  he  has  been 
appointed.  He  will,  however,  contribute 
the  prefaces  to  Messrs.  Dent's  'Balzac,' 
which  were  entirely  written  before  his 
election. 

Dr.  Eyan,  a  medical  man  in  the  south  of 
Ireland,  who  as  a  lad  of  twenty  served  in  the 
Anglo-American  ambulances  in  1870  from 
the  battle  of  Sedan  onwards,  through  the 
campaign  on  the  Loire,  and  during  the  occu- 
pation of  Orleans  by  the  Bavarians,  their 
expulsion  therefrom  by  the  French,  and 
the  subsequent  capture  of  the  city  by  the 
Prussians,  is  going  to  bring  out  a  narrative 
of  his  experiences.  It  will  be  published  by 
Mr.  Murray,  under  the  title  of  'With  an 
Ambulance  during  the  Franco  -  German 
War.' 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward  is  busy  on  a  con- 
tribution to  the  unity  of  Christendom  dis- 
cussion. It  will  be  called  'The  Eigidity 
of  Eome,'  and  will  appear  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Waters  has  translated  for 
Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen  the  '  Novellino ' 
of  Masuccio,  which  has  not  before  appeared 
in  any  foreign  language.  All  the  other 
novelists  of  the  first  rank  were  Italians  of 
the  north  and  centre.  Masuccio  alone 
supplies  a  picture  of  the  south  and  Naples. 
His  novels  are  nearly  aU  original  stories, 
and  describe  the  life  of  men  of  all  stations 
in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
There  is  not  a  trace  of  the  supernatural, 
and  he  depends  very  little  upon  adventure 
or  romantic  themes  for  his  subjects,  his 
chief  aim  being  the  castigation  of  pro- 
fligate friars  and  wanton  women.  The 
book  first  appeared  in  1476.  Masuccio 
introduces  us  to  many  of  the  leading  nobles 
and  statesmen  and  scholars  of  his  time. 
Mr.  Waters  contributes  an  introductory 
essay,  and  the  work  will  be  illustrated  by 
Mr.  E.  E.  Hughes,  who  illustrated  Strapa- 
rola. 

Mr.  Elijaii  Johnson,  of  Cambridge,  has 
undertaken  to  issue  in  November  next 
a  work  on  '  Comparative  Philology,'  by  Dr. 
C.  A.  M.  Fennell,  in  which  the  author  claims 
that  he  has  completely  upset  Prof.  Brug- 
mann's  theory  of  Indo  -  Germanic  sonant 
nasals  and  trills,  has  substituted  for  con- 
tinental speculations  a  new  and  correct 
account  of  Vomer's  law  and  of  the  Indo- 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


495 


Germanic  vowel  system,  and  has  introduced 
important  improvements  into  the  science  of 
phonetics.  The  volume  (demy  quarto)  is 
being  printed  at  the  Cambridge  University 
Press. 

Mk.  Murray  is  going  to  bring  out  an 
edition  of  that  immortal  work  '  The  Bible 
in  Spain,'  revised  by  the  late  Mr.  Ulick 
Burke,  who  contributed  notes  and  a 
glossary.  It  wiU  fill  two  volumes  and 
be  adorned  with  etchings  by  Manesse. 

The  forthcoming  number  of  the  English 
Historical  Beview,  which  completes  the  tenth 
volume,  will  contain  articles  on  '  The  Office 
of  Constable,'  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Simpson; 
'Erasmus  in  Italy,'  by  the  Eev.  Edward 
H.  E.  Tatham;  'An  Irish  Absentee  and 
his  Tenants'  (1768-1792),  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Alger;  and  '  The  War  of  the  Sonderbund,' 
by  Mr.  W.  B.  Duffield. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton  will  pub- 
lish immediately  a  book  of  stories  called 
*  London  Idylls,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Dawson,  the 
author  of  '  The  Eedemption  of  Edward 
Strahan.' 

The  programme  of  the  fourth  centenary 
celebrations  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
which  are  to  be  held  on  the  24th  and  25th 
of  this  month,  includes,  for  Thursday,  the  in- 
augiiration  of  a  new  clock-tower,  a  luncheon 
in  the  Town  Hall,  a  service  in  the  Uni- 
versity chapel,  and  a  conversazione  in 
Marischal  College ;  and,  for  Friday,  the 
conferment  of  over  thirty  honorary  degrees 
in  the  Mitchell  Hall,  the  Lord  Eector's 
inaugural  address,  and  a  torchlight  pro- 
cession. 

The  new  hall  and  clock-tower  are  the 
gift  of  Mr.  Mitchell,  of  Jesmond  Towers, 
whose  recent  death  led  to  an  alteration 
of  the  date  of  the  celebrations.  The 
original  fixture,  however,  was  adhered  to 
at  the  request  of  his  son.  It  is  a  coin- 
cidence that  the  Duke  of  Eichmond,  the 
Chancellor  of  the  University,  on  whom  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  is  to  be  conferred,  will 
be  prevented  by  a  family  bereavement  from 
being  present  on  Thursday  week. 

The  past  generation  has  witnessed  several 
tercentenaries  of  universities  (Edinburgh, 
Dublin,  Leyden,  Milan),  several  fourth  cen- 
tenaries (Aberdeen,  Copenhagen,  Treves, 
Tubingen,  Upsala),  and  one  millenary,  that 
of  Oxford.  Leipzig  will  celebrate  its  fifth 
centenary  in  1909,  and  St.  Andrews  in  1911. 
The  centenary  of  Berlin  falls  in  the  year 
1910. 

Mr.  Thomas  Macicay,  who  edited  '  A  Plea 
for  Liberty,'  is  going  to  bring  out,  through 
Mr.  Murray,  a  volume  dealing  with  the 
Poor  Law  and  its  reform  and  also  with 
old-age  pensions.  It  is  to  be  called  '  Some 
Problems  of  Poverty.' 

About  the  end  of  this  month  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  will  publish  in  single- 
volume  form  a  new  novel,  entitled  *  The 
Signora,'  by  Mr.  Percy  Andreae,  the  author 
of  '  Stanhope  of  Chester,'  &c. 

At  the  first  coUegiate  meeting  of  the 
University  Court  of  Wales,  held  last  week, 
it  was  announced  that  the  Senate  had  agreed 
to  the  optional  substitution  at  matriculation 
of  the  Welsh  language  in  place  of  science. 
Nine  towns  now  compete  for  the  honour  of 
providing  a  site  for  the  permanent  offices 
of  the  Court — Aberystwith,  Bangor,  Cardifi, 


Carnarvon,  Llandrindod,  Machynlleth,  New- 
port, Swansea,  and  Towyn. 

The  books  which  the  Bibliographical 
Society  will  shortly  distribute  to  its  members 
include  an  '  Iconography  of  Don  Quixote,' 
by  Mr.  H.  S.  Ashbee,  illustrated  with 
twenty-four  copperplates ;  two  parts  of 
Tra7isactions ;  and  the  first  instalment,  by 
Mr.  Gordon  Duff,  of  the  '  Hand-lists  of 
Books  by  English  Printers,  1501-1556,' 
by  which  the  Society  is  paving  the  way 
for  a  bibliography  of  sixteenth  cen- 
tury literature  and  printing  in  England 
down  to  the  grant  of  a  charter  to  the 
Stationers'  Company.  Besides  the  papers 
read  during  the  last  session,  the  Transactions 
contain  two  bibliographies  of  some  im- 
portance :  Dr.  Copinger's  *  Incunabula  Vir- 
giliana,'  and  the  late  Mr.  Talbot  Eeed's 
'  List  of  Books  on  Printers  and  Printing 
arranged  under  Countries  and  Places.' 

Mr.  Axex.  Gardner  will  shortly  publish 
a  collection  of  Scandinavian  folk-lore  by  Mr. 
W.  A.  Craigie.  The  work  will  consist  of 
specimens  of  the  folk-lore  of  all  the  Scan- 
dinavian countries,  illustrating  the  various 
phases  of  popular  belief.  Besides  making  use 
of  most  of  the  recent  Scandinavian  collections, 
the  translator  has  tried  to  include  the  most 
significant  folk-lore  of  the  Icelandic  sagas. 
In  all  cases  the  most  interesting  or  amusing 
tales  have  been  selected,  so  that  the  work 
will  prove  entertaining  to  others  than 
students  of  folk-lore.  Eor  the  latter  the 
notes  at  the  end  of  the  book  will  give  in- 
formation as  to  sources  and  variants. 

Sweden  has  just  lost  its  most  distinguished 
contemporary  poet  in  the  person  of  Abraham 
Victor  Eydberg,  who  died  at  Stockholm  on 
the  21st  vlt.  Born  in  1829,  he  devoted  him- 
self early  to  journalistic  activity,  and  con- 
ducted a  newspaper  from  1855  to  1877  at 
Gothenburg.  At  first  he  was  a  champion 
of  enlightened  liberal  views  in  religious 
matters,  and  to  this  tendency  belongs 
his  famous  novel,  published  in  the  fifties, 
'  The  Last  Athenian,'  which  was  a 
counterpart  to  IQngsley's  '  Hypatia,'  and 
went  through  several  editions.  It  was 
translated  into  German.  '  The  Christ  of 
the  Bible,'  his  next  publication,  was  of  a 
purely  theological  character.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  the  History  of 
Civilization  at  Stockholm.  He  continued 
to  entertain  liberal  views  in  political  and 
social  matters ;  but  his  religious  opinions 
underwent  a  great  change,  and  he  became 
inclined  to  mysticism.  Eydberg  was  also  a 
learned  archaeologist ;  but  his  reputation  is 
mainly  based  on  his  poetry. 

Mr.  Percy  Fitzgerald  has  just  com- 
pleted anew  ' Life  of  Sterne,'  which  Messrs. 
Downey  &  Co.  will  issue  in  two  volumes 
about  the  end  of  the  year.  The  work  is 
based  partly  on  Mr.  Fitzgerald's  '  Life  of 
Sterne '  published  many  years  ago,  and 
partly  on  new  letters  and  fresh  materials 
which  have  lately  come  to  light.         ^;v7^ 

Classical  scholarship  has  suffered  a  serious 
loss  by  the  death,  on  the  22nd  ult.,  of  Dr. 
Martin  Hertz  at  Breslau.  Born  in  1818  at 
Hamburg,  he  studied  at  Berlin  under  Bockh 
and  Lachmann,  of  the  latter  of  whom  he 
wrote  a  memoir.  From  1853  to  1873, 
besides  publishing  two  editions  of  the  text 
of  Aulus  Gellius,  he  issued  various  mono- 
graphs   on    that    author,   which  appeared 


in  1886  in  a  collected  form  under  the 
title  of  '  Opuscula  GeUiana.'  In  1855 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Classical 
Philology  at  Greifswald,  and  from  1862 
to  1893  he  occupied  the  same  post  at 
Breslau.  The  plan  of  issuing  the  '  The- 
saurus Linguae  Latinse,'  which  we  mentioned 
last  week,  originated  with  him.  Dr.  Hertz 
was  a  great  favourite  with  his  pupils, 
and  he  enjoyed  the  esteem  and  friendship 
of  many  scholars  in  and  out  of  Germany, 
including,  we  believe,  the  late  Prof.  Nettle- 
ship,  of  Oxford.  He  did  much  for  Horatian 
criticism,  and  he  edited  Priscian  in  Keil's 
"  Grammatici  Latini." 

In  order  to  enable  the  Berlin  Academy 
of  Sciences  to  issue  a  complete  edition  of 
Kant's  works,  the  Government  of  Eussia 
has  consented  to  place  at  its  disposal  for  a 
time  the  philosopher's  manuscripts  belong- 
ing to  the  University  of  Dorpat. 

Slatin  Pasha's  work  giving  an  account 
of  his  captivity  and  remarkable  escape  is 
to  be  published  shortly  under  the  title  of 
'  Feuer  und  Schwert  im  Sudan.' 


SCIENCE 


the  literature  of  engineering. 

A  Text-Bool'  of  Mechanical  Engineering.     By 
Wilfrid    J.    Lineham.     (Chapman   &    Hall.) — 
Mechanical   engineering   has   made   such  great 
advances,    and    includes    such     a     number    of 
separate  branches,  that  its  theory  and  practice 
cannot   be  adequately   dealt   with    in  a   single 
volume.     On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  doubt 
that    concise    and    comprehensive    text  -  books 
are    of  service  to  the  engineering  student  who 
is  trying   to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  profession  ;    and  it  appears  that 
the  desire  expressed  by  beginners,  in  preparing 
for  an  examination  in  mechanical  engineering, 
for  a  general  book  to  aid  them  in  their  prepara- 
tion was  the  cause  of  this  book  being  written. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  namely,  (1)  Work- 
shop Practice,  and  (2)  Theory  and  Examples. 
The  first    portion  is  intended    to    initiate   the 
tyro  into  the  general  operations  of  the  work- 
shop,    such     as     pattern    making,    moulding, 
casting,    forging,    machine    tools,   fitting     and 
erecting,   plate  work,  and  boiler  making  ;  and 
metallurgy  and  the  properties  of  materials  are 
also  treated  of  in  this  part,  in  a  chapter  of  only 
sixteen  pages.     The  second  part  deals  with  the 
strength  of   materials    and    structures,   energy 
and  the    transmission    of  power   to  machines, 
heat    and    heat    engines,  and    hydraulics   and 
hydraulic     machines.      The     chapters     in    the 
second  part  are  much  too  long,  for  three  out 
of   the   four   contam    more   than  one   hundred 
pages,  and  there  would  have  been  no  difficulty 
in  subdividing  them.      The  book   is   profusely 
illustrated  by  732  drawings  in  the  text,  several 
of  them  occupying   a  whole   page,   and   by  18 
folding  plates.     A  large  amount  of  information 
useful    to    students  in  mechanical  engineering 
has    been    compressed   into   the    volume,    and 
reference  has  been    rendered    easy  by  a  good 
index.     The  first  part  will  be  advantageous  to 
learners  for  guiding  them  at  their  entrance  into 
a   workshop,    and   might   well    have  formed   a 
separate  book.      The    second    part  embraces  a 
larger  range  of  subjects  than  can  be  efficiently 
dealt    with    in    the    allotted    space  ;    and    the 
subjects    have    been    rendered    less    attractive 
by  the  absence  of  a  proper  subdivision  of  the 
matter   into  chapters.      This  part  of  the  book 
will   be   undoubtedly  useful  for  reference,  but 
students    are     unlikely    to    attempt    to    read 
straight   through    it.       With   the    development 
of     mechanical     engineering,     books     dealing 
thoroughly  with  special  branches  are  of  more 


496 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


value  than  books  treating,  necessarily  in  a 
<;ursory  manner,  of  a  great  variety  of  subjects, 
except  possibly  with  the  object  of  cramming  for 
an  examination,  or  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring 
a  general  idea  of  mechanical  science. 

Ciril  Engineering  Series. — Notes  on  Docks  and 
Dock  Constrnction.     By  C.  Colson.     (Longmans 
&  Co.) — The  title  of  the  second  volume  of  this 
series  is  not  an  ideal  one,  for  it  suggests  some- 
what fragmentary  information  collected  from  a 
variety  of  sources  without  much    system,   and 
suited  for  reference  rather  than  for  perusal  or 
regular  instruction.     The  books  of  such  a  series, 
dealing  with  the  different  branches  of  civil  en- 
gineering, should  evidently  present  a  clear  and 
systematic  view  of  the  principles  and  practice  of 
each  special  branch,  with  only  such  details  of 
particular  works  as  may  serve  to  illustrate  the 
principles  or  indicate  the  practice  ;    and    each 
book  should  furnish  a  complete,  well-digestedand 
well-arranged  exposition  of  the  subject,  calcu- 
lated to  interest  and  instruct  the  student,  and  to 
afford  guidance  and  information  to  the  practical 
engineer.     It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged 
that  in  this  instance  the  title  affords  a  true  in- 
dication of  the  nature  of  the  book.     With  the 
exception  of  short  introductory  remarks  at  the 
commencement  of  the  chapters,  the  volume  con- 
sists of  a  collection  of  abstracts  from  numerous 
papers    relating    to    docks    which    have     been 
published  in    the   Proceedings  of    the   Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  together  with  extracts 
from    Engineering,    the    Engineer,    Stevenson's 
book  on  'Harbours,'  and  a  few  other  publica- 
tions, grouped   into  chapters  according  to   the 
subjects.     A  large  amount  of  practical  informa- 
iion  has  been  thus  gathered  together  in  a  con- 
venient form,   which  has  been  copiously  illus- 
trated by  365  figures  in  the  text,  and  by  two 
folding  plates,  copied  or  reduced  from  the  same 
sources.     As  the  Proceedings  of  the  Institution 
now  extend  over  121  volumes,  containing  papers 
upon  subjects  relating  to  the  various  departments 
of  engineering,  the  grouping  together  of  facts, 
scattered  throughout  these  volumes,  bearing  on 
a  special  branch,  is  of  a  distinct  value  in  saving 
time  in  referrmg  to  them,  and  in  contrasting  the 
experience  obtained  in  different   public  works. 
The  numerous  references,  moreover,  in  the  foot- 
notes enable  the  reader  to  consult  the  original 
descriptions  from  which  the  extracts  have  been 
taken,  though  the  object  of  these  references  is 
sometimes  frustrated  by  the  omission  of  volume 
and  page,  as  on  pp.  98  and  99,  and  occasionally 
by  inaccuracies  in  the  references,  as,  for  instance, 
the  notes  on  pp.  140  and  388.     Unfortunately 
there  are  other  signs  of  carelessness  in  the  book, 
such  as  "Rendle"  for  the  well-known  engineer 
Kendel,  "  Lobnetz  "  for  Lobnitz,  "M'Guillain  " 
for  M.  Giiillain,  a  French  engineer,  and  "  Alex- 
ander Dock  "  for  the  new  Alexaiidra  Dock,  Hull ; 
whilst  a  plan  of  the  Albert  Dock,  London,  does 
not   indicate  the  second  entrance  lock  opened 
in  1886  ;  and  a  section  and  particulars  of  a  quay 
wall  of  the  South-West  India  Dock  are  given  as  be- 
longing to  the  London  and  St.  Katherine  Docks, 
and,  besides,  there  is  an  obvious  error  in  the  batter 
of  the  wall.  A  more  serious  error  occurs  on  p.  140, 
where  the  training  walls  on  the  Lower  Seine, 
many  miles  below  Rouen,  are  described  as  works 
carried  out  at  Rouen  ;  and  the  sections  of  these 
training  walls  have  Ijeen  copied  straight  from 
Engineering,    without   any   indication   that   the 
dimensions  are  given  in  metres  and  not  in  feet. 
An  amusing  blunder  is  the  heading  "  Extension 
of  a  Dry  Dock  at  Livourne,  France,"  on  p.  199, 
and  repeated  in  the  table  of   contents  of   the 
chapter   and   in   the   index.      Apparently   Mr. 
Colson,  having  found  an  account  of  this  work 
in  a  French  periodical,  assumed  that  Livourne 
must  be  a  port  in  France  ;  and  without  taking 
the  trouble  to  search  in  a  map,  he  thought  it 
well  to  indicate  the  country   in   which   it  was 
situated,  in  blissful  ignorance  that  Livourne  is 
the  French  for  Leghorn.     Such  slips,  however, 
only  so  far  detract  from  the  merits  of  a  book  as 
to  prevent  implicit  confidence  being  felt  in  the 


accuracy  of  the  author  ;  and  the  mass  of  facts 
assembled  together  cannot  fail  to  be  useful  for 
reference  to  the  practical  engineer,  and  espe- 
cially the  chapter  on  the  cost  of  works.     The 
failing  of  the  book  does  not  consist  in  deficiency 
of  materials,  but  in  the  manner  in  which  the 
matter  is  treated.     In  the  first  place,  no  general 
headings  are  attached  to  the  chapters,  so  as  to 
indicate  at  a  glance  the  main  subject  of  each 
chapter  ;  the  heading  of  each  page  is  merely  a 
repetition  of  the  title  of  the  book,  and  therefore 
useless  ;  and  no  list  has  been  furnished  of  the 
illustrations,   nor  have  headings  been  given  to 
them.    The  main  defect  of  the  book,  however,  is 
that  it  is  for  the  most  part  so  unmistakably  a  com- 
pilation of  a  series  of  extracts  (with  hardly  any 
attempt  to  blend  the  facts  together  and  present 
them  in   an    interesting,  readable    form)   that, 
instead  of  being  helpful  and  attractive  to  the 
engineering  student,  and  suggestive  to  the  ex- 
perienced engineer,  it  is  only  suitable  for  refer- 
ence.    The  contents  of  the  book  may  be  com- 
pared to  rows  of  well-dressed   stones,   needing 
the  architect's  skill  to  convert  them  into  a  hand- 
some edifice,  or  to  a  biography  made  up  of  sorted 
and  selected   extracts  of   correspondence,  from 
which  the  reader  has  to  portray  for  himself  the 
character  of  the  man.     The  result  shows  that 
special  professional  experience  and  the  command 
of  a  profusion  of  facts  do  not  suffice  to  qualify 
a  person  to  write  on  engineering  subjects,  but 
that  considerable  literary  ability  is  also  essential 
in  order   to  ensure   the  production  of  a   book 
suited   both   to  train  the  student  for  his  pro- 
fession and  to  assist  the  engineer  in  his  practice. 
Unless  some  such  combination  of  qualifications 
is  possessed  by  the  authors  of  the  future  volumes 
of  this  aeries,  and  they  exhibit  greater  care  in 
revision  and  more  attention  to  details,  we  fear 
that  the  series  will  not  fully  meet  the  require- 
ments of  engineers,  or  achieve  the  success  which 
the  enterprise  of  the  publishers  deserves. 

The  Steam  Engine  mid   other  Heat  Engines. 
By  J.  A.  Ewing.    (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
— Though  numerous  books  have  been  written 
on  the  steam  engine,  a  need    appears  to  have 
been  felt  for  a  text-book  on  the  subject  follow- 
ing the  lines  of  lectures  to  university  students 
of  engineering,  and  suitable  to  assist  them  in 
their  work.  Prof.  Ewing  has  written  his  manual 
to  meet  these  requirements,  basing  it  upon  his 
elaborate  article  on  '  Steam  Engines  and  other 
Heat    Engines '  in  the   '  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,'  and  inserting  considerable  alterations  and 
additions.       As   only   the   last   chapter   out   of 
thirteen,  and  30  pages  out  of  386,  are  allotted  to 
air,  gas,  and  oil  engines,  the  book  really  relates 
to  the  steam  engine  ;  and  it  aflbrds  only  a  very 
brief  introduction  to  other  forms  of  heat  engines, 
which    have  acquired   considerable  importance 
for  small  motive  powers,  and  have  been  greatly 
improved  within  recent  years  ;  but  about  them 
adequate  information  must  be  sought  elsewhere. 
The  first  three  chapters,  on  the  early  history  of 
the  steam  engine    and  its  successive    develop- 
ments, the  elementary  theory  of  heat  engines 
and  the  steam  engine,    and   the   properties  of 
steam,  with  their  illustrations,  are  almost  wholly 
reprinted   from   the   article    mentioned   above. 
The  other  chapters  deal  with  the  subjects  men- 
tioned in  the  headings  to  the  different  sections 
of   the   article,    though    in    a    slightly   altered 
sequence,  namely,  the  behaviour  of  steam  in  the 
cylinder,   testing   of  steam  engines,  compound 
expansion,   valves  and  valve  gears,  governing, 
the  work  on  the  crank  shaft,  boilers,  and  the 
various  types  of   steam   engines.      In  the  last 
chapter  the  description  of  oil  engines,  which  are 
dismissed  in  a  ))ricf  paragrai)h  in  the  article, 
is   limited   to   three   pages ;    the  remainder   of 
the  space  being  devoted  to  air  engines  and  the 
much  moreimportant  gas  engines.    The  treatise, 
which    is    illustrated     by    185    clearly    drawn 
diagrams  in  the  text,  is  written  in  a  simple  and 
fairly  concise  style,  and   presents   a   tolerably 
complete   exposition   of    the   principles  of   the 
steam   engine,    suitable   for   the  instruction  of 


students,  and  the  form  is  more  handy  than  that 
of  the  original  article,  and  the  printing  is  better. 
The  information,  however,  vouchsafed  with 
regard  to  other  heat  engines  does  not  at  all  fulfil 
the  expectations  naturally  aroused  by  the  title. 

Steam  and  the  Marine  Steam  Engine.  By 
John  Yeo.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — This  volume 
gives,  in  an  abridged  form,  the  main  portion  of 
the  lectures  delivered  by  the  author  to  executive 
officers,  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  on  the 
propelling  machinery  of  ships,  and  is  intended 
to  make  accessible  to  naval  officers,  oflicers  of  the 
mercantile  marine,  and  students  of  engineering 
the  instruction  on  this  subject  given  at  the  Col- 
lege. After  an  introductory  chapter  on  the  early 
use  and  progress  of  the  marine  steam  engine, 
boilers,  engines,  slide  valves,  indicator  diagrams, 
mechanical  energy,  the  action  of  steam,  the 
condenser,  the  feeding  of  boilers  and  their  pre- 
servation, fuel  and  combustion,  and  the  screw- 
propeller  and  propulsion  are  successively  con- 
sidered in  twelve  chapters.  The  book  is  clearly 
and  concisely  written  ;  it  is  descriptive  rather 
than  theoretical,  and  it  is  distinctly  practical  in 
its  treatment  of  the  subject.  It  is  illustrated 
by  105  drawings  and  diagrams  in  the  text,  in 
which  clearness  more  than  a  great  amount  of 
detail  has  been  wisely  aimed  at.  On  account, 
probably,  of  the  purely  descriptive  character  of 
the  book,  and  its  systematic  arrangement  under 
chapters  on  special  subjects  and  headings,  Mr. 
Yeo  has  dispensed  with  an  index,  and  has 
obliged  his  readers  to  rely  solely  on  the  table 
of  contents  for  reference  ;  but  such  an  omission 
is  rarely  expedient. 

Ways  and  Works  in  India.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
— Mr.  G.  W.  Macgeorge  has  written  an  excellent 
account  of  the  chief  works  wherewith  England 
has  endowed  India,  and  whereby  she  has  re- 
moved the  old  reproach  that  when  her  rule  was 
over  no  monument  of  it  would  remain  save 
pyramids  of  empty  bottles.  His  main  object 
has  been,  the  reader  is  told,  to  furnish  a  com- 
prehensive idea  of  the  extent  and  variety  of 
public  works  in  India,  and  to  exhibit  their 
importance  as  affecting  the  conditions  of  life, 
as  increasing  the  revenue  of  the  State,  and  as 
furthering  the  welfare  of  the  country. 

"  The  rapid  internal  development  of  the  resources 
of  India  by  means  of  public  works,  irrigation  canals, 
telegraphs,  and,  above  all,  by  railways,  has,  more- 
over, not  only  assured  material  prosperity,  but  has 
also  rendered  possible  that  simultaneous  and  marvel- 
lous moral  and  intellectual  progress,  and  that  steady 
overturning  of  pernicious  superdtitions  and  caste 
trammels,  which  to-day  is  so  profoundly  affecting 
the  whole  social  life  of  the  heretofore  stagnant  races 

of  the  continent It  is  on  the  tirm  foundation  of 

a  steadily  augmenting  material  prosperity  created 
by  the  great  public  works  of  the  country,  that  the 
beneficent  English  administration  of  India  has  its 
support,  and  it  is  on  this  foundation  that  it  has 
alone  been  possible  to  erect  that  magnificent  super- 
structure of  moral  government,  which  is  at  once  its 
justification  and  the  adaairation  of  the  civilised 
world." 

Such  is  the  claim  which 
on  behalf  of  our  works 
is  saying  much  when  we 
are  reasonable  grounds  for 
undertakings  the  Great  Trigonometrical  Survey 
appropriately  heads  the  list,  for,  of  necessity, 
it  preceded  the  rest.  Its  story  is  traced  with 
much  lucidity  from  the  days  of  Major  James 
Rennell,  when  preliminary  surveys  were  made, 
and  the  time  of  William  Lambton— "a  man 
possessed  of  that  indomitable  ardour  and  per- 
severance of  which  heroes  are  made,"  who  about 
the  year  1800  commenced  the  great  survey— to 
its  elaboration  under  Everest,  Waugh,  and  their 
successors,  the  result  being  a  triumph  of  British 
energy,  science,  and  skill.  Next,  main  or  trunk 
roads  were  constructed,  superseding  alike  the 
military  routes  which  had  been  constructed  aa 
required  and  then  neglected,  and  native  tracks 
which,  like  inundation  canals,  were  open 
for  part  of  the  year  only,  the  track  being 
open  when  the  canal  was  closed,  and  vice 
versa.     These  main  highways  are  great  works. 


the  author  makes 
in  India,  and  it 
admit  that  there 
it.     Of  the  various 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


497 


The  Grand  Trunk  Road  from  Calcutta  to 
Peshawar  is  1,500  miles  long,  bridged  through- 
out, and  for  the  most  part  trees  are  planted 
along  its  length,  affording  that  shade  which  is 
so  grateful  to  the  traveller.  His  wants  were 
further  supplied  by  serais  and  rest-houses — the 
dak-bungalows  of  Anglo-Indian  life— whilst  for 
troops  spacious  encamping  grounds,  with  wells 
and  commissariat  arrangements,  were  provided 
along  the  route  at  intervals  of  about  twelve 
miles.  After  roads  irrigation  works  claim 
attention.  In  so  thirsty  a  land  some  primitive 
form  of  watering  has  existed  for  many  ages, 
originally,  no  doubt,  on  the  banks  of  rivers  or 
streams,  and  afterwards  by  means  of  wells  and 
channels  in  suitable  localities.  Our  first  attempts 
were  directed  towards  the  improvement  or 
reopening  of  native  works  which  had  been 
permitted  to  decay.  Naturally,  many  mistakes 
were  made  ;  drainage  was  blocked,  large  areas 
were  flooded  to  the  detriment  of  health  ;  and  in 
more  recent  days,  under  a  sentimental  impulse, 
canals  were  actually  made  where  water  exists 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface.  But  experience 
was  gained,  remedies  were  applied,  and  now 
a  great  part  of  India  is  protected  from  drought 
by  works  of  vast  magnitude  and  skilful  design, 
which,  good  and  bad  taken  together,  pay  the 
very  handsome  net  yearly  return  of  nearly 
5j  per  cent.  Then  there  are  the  .railways, 
which,  although  by  no  means  so  satisfactory  from 
a  financial  point  of  view,  yet  have  of  themselves, 
more  than  any  other  class  of  work,  revolution- 
ized India.  The  changes  produced  by  them  in 
England  are  sufficiently  striking  and  are  in- 
cluded within  the  limits  of  Her  Majesty's  reign  ; 
but  in  India  they  are  extraordinary.  In  this 
country  railways  followed  good  roads  on  which  fast 
coaches  ran  amongst  an  energetic,  stirring  people; 
there  they  invaded  a  country  comparatively 
roadless,  inhabited  by  men  opposed  to  change 
and  strongly  attached  to  old  custom.  The 
transition  was  abrupt.  The  strong  barriers  of 
caste  have  been  shaken,  and  "the  usually 
imperturbable  and  lethargic  Eastern  has  been 
roused  out  of  sleep,  has  learned  to  move  with 
alacrity,  and  even  to  acquire  the  virtue  of 
punctuality,  under  the  uncompromising  and  im- 
perious tuition  of  the  locomotive  whistle."  In 
addition  to  railroads,  the  water  supply  of 
towns,  the  telegraph,  and  the  harbours  of  India 
are  described  ;  excellent  maps  by  John  Bartholo- 
mew &  Co.  are  provided,  and  there  is  a  good 
index ;  whilst  type,  paper,  binding,  and  illustra- 
tion leave  little  to  be  desired.  The  volume  is 
one  which  should  have  a  place  in  the  library  of 
every  officer  connected  with  the  civil  adminis- 
tration of  India. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Rojral  Academy.  4  -■Chemistry,'  .Mr  A  H  Church, 
Library  .Association.   8,  —  ■  Saggestions  for    a    New  Form  of 

Library  Indicator,'  Mr,  J,  1).  Brown. 
Entomological,  8- 
—       Microscopical,  8 —•  Division  of  the  Chromosomes  in  the  First 
Mitosis  of    the    Pollen-.Mother-Cell   of  Lilium.'  Prof    J    B 
Farmer ;    •  New  and   Critical    Fungi,'   Mr.    G.   Massee ;    •  A 
Fluorescent  ISicillus,'  Mr.  F  J  Ileid 
Thcm.  Royal  Academy,  4— •chemistry,'  Mr,  A,  Church 


Mox 


W 


Mr.  W.  F.  Stanley,  F.G.S.,  has  in  the  press 
(Messrs.  Spon)  a  new  edition  of  his  well-known 
work  on  '  Surveying  and  Levelling  Instruments. ' 

The  general  meeting  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  will  be  held  on  the  even- 
ings of  Wednesday,  October  23rd,  and  Thursday, 
October  24th,  at  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution. 

Faye's  comet  was  detected  by  M.  Javelle  at 
the  Nice  Observatory  on  the  2Gth  ult.  It  will 
be  nearest  the  earth  this  month,  but  does  not 
arrive  at  perihelion  until  March  19th.  This 
comet  was  first  discovered  by  M.  Faye  at  Paris, 
on  November  22nd,  1843  ;  it  had  tlien  passed 
its  perihelion,  and  was  observed  with  large  tele- 
scopes until  the  following  spring.  The  period 
was  calculated  to  be  about  seven  and  a  half 
years,  bringing  the  comet  to  perihelion  again  early 


in  April,  1851,  and  it  was  detected  by  Challis 
at  Cambridge  on  the  28th  of  the  preceding 
November.  It  has  been  observed  at  every 
subsequent  return,  the  last  time  in  the 
summer  of  1888,  when  it  was  first  seen  at  Nice 
on  August  9th,  passed  its  perihelion  on  the 
20th  of  that  month,  but  was  nearest  the  earth 
about  the  end  of  October.  According  to  the 
ephemeris  of  Herr  Engstrom,  its  place  for 
to-night,  October  12th,  is  R.A.  21"  9™  0', 
N.P.D.  93°  52' ;  for  next  Thursday,  October  17th, 
R.A.  21"  ll'"  0',  N.P.D.  94'  21'. 

A  SMALL  planet  which  was  detected  by  M. 
Charlois  at  Nice  on  May  18th  was  supposed  at 
first  to  be  identical  with  Xanthippe.  But  Dr. 
Berberich  has  recently  shown  that  they  are  two 
planets  with  similar  orbits.  That  discovered  on 
May  18th  last  will  then  reckon  as  No.  403,  and 
the  four  subsequent  discoveries  of  M.  Charlois 
raise  the  whole  number  known  to  407. 


FINE    ARTS 


■    THE   ARCHiEOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES. 

For   several   years   past    the   papers   in   the 
Archceologia  JEliana,  of  which  vol.  xvii.  part  i. 
is  before  us,  have  been  distinguished  by  sound 
scholarship,  and  they  are  only  very  occasionally 
dull.      There    are  eight  papers  in  the  present 
issue  ;   seven   of   them  will    repay  the   reader. 
We  cannot  say   this  witli  regard  to   the   Rev. 
Alfred  Boot's  paper  on  '  Northern  Monasticism.' 
It  is  pleasantly  written.     We  have  detected  no 
errors  in  it,  and,  which  is  no  small  advantage, 
it  is  free  from  those  cross  lights  of  theological 
controversy  which  so  frequently  disfigure  what 
is  written  concerning  the  pre-Norraan  Church. 
We  do  not  object  to  the  paper  in  itself,  but  it 
has   no  business  in    the   journal  of   a   learned 
society,  because  there  is  nothing  new  in  it  what- 
ever.    The  writer  tells  us  that  when  originally 
written  it  was  for  the  purpose    of    being  read 
before  the  South  Shields  Clerical  Society.    For 
such  an   audience   it  is,   no    doubt,  admirably 
fitted.  The  most  important  paper  is  by  the  Rev. 
J.  F.  Hodgson  on  '  The  Churches  of  Darlington 
and  Hartlepool,  viewed  briefly  and  in  Architec- 
tural Comparison.'      We    wish    the  writer  had 
told  us    more    than    he    has    done  concerning 
Hartlepool.    Almost  every  word  he  has  written 
regarding  Darlington  is   worthy  of  high    com- 
mendation.    Darlington  Church   is  one  of  the 
most  interesting,  and  at  the  same  time  one  of 
the  most  puzzling  buildings  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land.   Record  evidence  and  tradition  alike  point 
to  Bishop  Pudsey  as  its  builder.    Tradition  may 
be  of  little  account,   but    even   tradition  in   a 
matter  of  this  kind  is  worthy  of  some  respect. 
When,  however,  chroniclers  of  the  time  assure 
us  that    the  great  Bishop  of  Durham   was  its 
founder  and  builder,  it  is  very  dangerous   to 
resist  their  testimony,  even  when  the  mute  stones 
seem  to  tell  a  different  tale.    The  times  are  long 
gone  by  when  there  was  danger  of  too  little 
trust  being  given  to  style  as  an  indication  of  age. 
We  are  now  sometimes  liable  to  fall   into  an 
opposite  error,  and  to  be  content  to  deduce  the 
date  of  a  building  from  its  style  alone,  without 
listening  to  the    testimony  of   those   who  saw 
the   building   grow  up  day  by  day.     No   one, 
perhaps,  was  better  able  than  Sir  Gilbert  Scott 
to    deduce    the    history    of    a    building    from 
what  he  saw  before   him  ;  but  he  had  not,  and 
did  not  pretend  to  liave,  that  knowledge  of  our 
chronicles  and  other  records  which  would  have 
enabled  him  to  test  his  architectural  knowledge 
by  the  evidence  of  written  testhnony.  Upwards  of 
thirty  years  ago  he  gave  a  lecture  on  Darlington 
Church  which  called  in  question  much  that  had 
hitherto  been  accepted.  It  was  well,  for  the  sake 
of  scientific  accuracy,  that  the  testimony  which 
the  building  bears  as  to  its  age  should  be  stated 
as  empliatically  as  possible.     We  therefore  do 
not    severely    blame    Sir    Gilbert    Scott     for 
stating  the  conclusions  at  which  ho  had  arrived 


and  taking  too  little  heed  of  those  counter 
arguments  which  his  training  had  not  fitted 
him  for  fully  appreciating  ;  but  we  are  not 
a  little  glad  that  Mr.  Hodgson  has  arisen  to 
fight  the  battle  of  the  chronicles.  We  our- 
selves have  little  doubt  that  in  the  main 
he  will  prove  to  be  right,  but  there  will  still 
remain  seeming  contradictions,  very  hard  to 
reconcile.  Mr.  Hodgson  gives  an  engraving  of 
a  window,  the  shafts  of  which  seem  to  be  fully 
developed  Early  English,  such  as  you  might 
find  in  Lincoln  Minster,  while  the  pointed  arch 
which  they  support,  if  we  found  it  anywhere 
else,  we  should  not  hesitate  in  describing  as 
Transition  Norman.  It  is  impossible  at  first 
sight  not  to  conclude  that  the  upper  part  is 
some  twenty  or  twenty-five  years  older  than 
the  columns  which  support  it.  Are  we  to 
believe  that  the  work  was  stopped  for  a  time, 
and  when  it  was  recommenced  such  stones  as 
had  been  already  prepared  were  used  up,  but 
that  when  new  work  was  called  for  the  masons 
wrought  their  material  after  the  fashion  of  their 
own  day  ?  or  may  we  assume  that  the  master 
builder — who  may  have  been  an  old  man, 
wedded  to  old  ways — admired  the  style  of 
Pudsey 's  Norman  work  at  Durham,  and  to 
a  certain  extent  reproduced  what  he  had 
seen  there  ?  For  one  or  the  other  of  these 
guesses  there  is  not  a  little  to  be  said.  Mr. 
Hodgson  affords  much  useful  information  in 
his  notes.  Among  other  things  he  says  that 
"  the  presence  of  a  western  doorway  was,  appa- 
rently   always,   and   without  exception,   indicative 

either  of  inherent  or  dependent  dignity When 

occurring  in  simple  parish  churches,  no  matter  how 
grand  their  scale  or  sumptuous  their  decoration, 
this  feature  ma)',  I  think,  invariably  be  taken  as 
denoting  their  appropriation  either  to  some  bishopric 
or  religious  house." 

Has  he  not  put  his  case  too  strongly  1  All  he 
says  may  be  true  of  the  north  of  England,  but 
there  are  many  village  churches  in  more  southern 
parts  with  western  doors,  which,  so  far  as  is 
known,  were  not  dependent  on  any  bishopric 
or  monastic  corporation.  Miss  Edleston's 
transcript  of  the  churchwardens'  accounts  of 
Winston,  Durham,  seems  to  have  been  accu- 
rately done.  They  range  from  1G32  to  1695, 
and  contain  many  matters  of  interest.  During 
the  earlier  years  it  appears  tliat  the  Lord's 
Supper  was  administered  five  times  a  year, 
namely,  "at  Christmas,  Palm  Sunday,  Easter, 
Whitsuntide,  and  about  Michaelmas,  but  after 
the  Restoration  at  Christmas  and  Easter  only." 
Earl  Percy's  paper  on  '  The  Ancient  Farms  of 
Northumberland '  is  worthy  of  careful  study. 
The  details  he  supplies  are  many  of  them  quite 
new.  It  is  probable  that  the  village  life  of  the 
north  differed  in  many  important  details  from 
that  of  eastern  and  middle  England. 

Transactions  of  the  Essex  Archaological  Society. 
Vol.  V.  Part  III.  New  Series.  (Colchester, 
Wiles  &  Son.) — The  cataloguing  and  classifi- 
cation of  field-names  has,  in  recent  days, 
attracted  attention  in  many  quarters,  but,  so 
far  as  we  know,  has  never  as  yet  been  under- 
taken in  a  systematic  manner  until  now,  when 
Mr.  William  Chapman  Waller  is  endeavouring 
to  do  this  for  the  county  of  Essex.  He  will  in 
time,  if  we  understand  him  rightly,  furnish 
what  may  be  described  as  a  gazetteer  of  these 
names  for  the  whole  of  the  county.  It  is  an 
arduous  undertaking,  but  when  complete  will 
be  found  extremely  useful.  Mr.  Waller  is 
working  on  the  proper  lines.  He  has  at  present 
limited  himself  to  those  of  the  Hundred  of 
Ongar  and  tlie  half  hundreds  of  Harlow  and 
Waltham,  and  he  only  gives  such  names 
as  are  to  be  found  in  the  Tithe  Com- 
mission Awards,  all  of  whicli  are  now  in  the 
custody  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  In  these 
documents  a  great  number,  though  of  course 
by  no  means  all,  of  the  local  names  are  re- 
gistered in  the  forms  in  which  they  were  known 
to  the  villagers  some  half  century  ago.  A  few 
of  thera  are  obviously  corrupt,  and  others, 
such  as  "  Horse  Croft "  and  "  Gravel  Pit  Field," 


498 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


are  of  little  interest ;  but  there  are  many  which 
vre  are  sure  are  of  remote  antiquity,  and  others 
that  point  to  a   state  of  society  far   removed 
from  that   of  which   we    form   a   part.     When 
these    names    for    the    whole   county    are    ar- 
ranged  in    one    alphabet,    the    collection   will 
form  a  centre   around  which  Mr.    Waller  and 
other  inquirers   may  group  all  such   names  as 
they   encounter   in    charters,  court-rolls,  wills, 
and  other  documents  of  a  like  character.  Surveys 
become  common  in  the  Tudor  time,  but  there 
are  some  far  older  ;  these  should  be  carefully 
examined.      That  such  a  collection  cannot  be 
made    perfect  at    present  we   are  well  aware  ; 
but  Essex  is  not  an  unmanageably  large  district ; 
much  may  be  done  in  a  short  time.     Even  when 
the  Tithe  Award  names  alone  are  in  the  hands 
of  students  they  will  possess  a  most  useful  basis 
of  comparison  with   the  local  nomenclature  of 
other  parts  of   England.      How  much  of  past 
history  these  old   names    may  reveal  it  is  at 
present  premature  to  guess.     The  great  age  of 
some  of  them  cannot  be  gainsaid.     We  know 
districts    far  away  from  Essex  where     fields, 
wells,  and  stones  bear  names    identical    with 
those  they  had  in  Plantagenet  days,  and  we  do 
not  doubt  that  Essex  antiquaries  will  be  able 
to   show  that  such   is   the    case   in   their  own 
neighbourhoods.     An  interesting    commentary 
might   be   written    on    the   names   which    Mr. 
W^aller   has   already    arranged.      He   has   pro- 
bably   acted   wisely   in    deferring    such    illus- 
trations  as   may   have  occurred    to    him   until 
his  catalogue  is  complete.     It  seems  that  there 
are  two  parishes  in   the  district    which    have 
plots  of  land  bearing  the  name  of  "  Nobody's 
Field."     Here  we  surely  have  another  form  of 
the    "No    Man's    Land"   mentioned    by    Mr. 
Seebohm,    who   thinks   such   plots  were    little 
odds     and     ends     of     lands     that     were     left 
out     when     the      fields     were     divided      into 
strips.    We  have  little  doubt  that  he  is  right  ; 
but     it    is     worth     considering     whether     the 
reason  for  not  appropriating  was  simply  their 
small  size  and  awkward  shape.     We  would  sug- 
gest that  it  may  be  that  they  were  set  apart  as 
an   offering  to  the  gods.     We  know  no  direct 
evidence  for  this  ;  but  the  subject  is  worthy  of 
investigation.     The  name  is  certainly  very  old. 
Mr.    Seebohm  adduces  two  examples  from  pre- 
Norman  times,  and  we  believe  that  the  name  or 
its    equivalents    still    exist    in    many    widely 
separated  parts  of  England.      There  is,  or  was, 
a  "No   Man's   Green"   at  Maids  Moreton,  in 
Buckinghamshire.      "Jack's   land"   is   said  to 
have  the  same  meaning.     Whoever  Jack  may 
have    been,    he    is   well    represented    in    Mr. 
Waller's  list.   Not  only  had  he  a  field  and  a  mead, 
but  we  meet  with  "Jack's  Hatch  House"  and 
"Jack  o'   Churches."     W^e  confess  to  a  feeling 
that  in   most  of  these  cases  Jack  represents 
some  man  who  once  was  living,  and  is  not  to 
be   regarded   as   another   form   of    "Nobody." 
There  is  a  "Bob  Garth  "  at  Kirton-in-Lindsey, 
Lincolnshire.     It  would  be  rash  to  regard  this 
Bob    as    impersonal.     That    it    was   a    by   no 
means     uncommon     custom      to      set      apart 
certain    lands    in     the     open     fields     for    the 
use     of   official    or    quasi  -  official    persons     is 
well  known.     "Constable's  Land,"  "Deacons' 
Field,"  "Hangman's  Acre,"  "Hangman's  Cop- 
pice," and  "  Wright's  Meadow  "  may  be  quoted 
as  examples.     Hell  is  common  in  local  names  ; 
we,  however,   find   but  one   example  —  "Hell 
Gates" — in  this  collection,  unless,  indeed,   "L 
Field  "  be  a  disguised  form,  used  for  the  sake 
of  not  giving  a  rude  shock  to  the  tender  feelings 
of    the    Tithe    Commissioners.      Hell   is   very 
common  as  a  place-name  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, more  especially,  we  believe,  in  the  North. 
A  Hell    garth,  a   Hell    hill,  and  a    Hell  wood 
occur  in  Yorkshire  ;  and  there  is,  or  was,  a  Hell 
mill  in  the  Hundred  of  Berkeley.    Mr.  Marryat, 
in  his  '  Year  in  Sweden,'  tells  of  a  barrow  near 
Wexio  called  Hell's  hill,  wherein  Odin  is  buried. 
Hell  in  place-names  may  have  arisen  in  more 
than  one  way.     There  are  those  who  maintain 


with  some  confidence  that  in  the  north  of 
England  it  is  a  reminiscence  of  Hela,  the 
goddess  of  the  under  world.  There  are  fifteen 
examples  of  Ridding  in  various  spellings.  It 
may  mean  a  third  part  of  some  larger  division, 
as  the  Ridings  in  Yorkshire  certainly  do,  but 
it  is  more  probable  that  here  it  means  a  clearing 
in  a  forest  or  on  common  land  encumbered 
with  scrub.  A  writer,  who  does  not  give  his 
name,  has  furnished  a  list  of  Essex  county 
families  which  go  back  further  than  the  accession 
of  George  III.  There  are  far  fewer  of  them  than 
many  would  suppose.  Mr.  J.  H.  Round's  paper 
'  On  the  Abbeys  of  Coggeshall  and  Stratford 
Langthorne '  is  valuable  for  supplying  what  we 
believe  to  be  a  correct  pedigree  of  the  house 
of  Clare,  showing  its  connexion  with  that  of 
Montfichet. 


THE   NEW   GOLD   KOOM. 


In  a  few  days  visitors  will  be  admitted,  under 
certain  conditions  which  will  in  no  respect 
impede  its  general  accessibility,  to  see  one  of 
the  most  interesting  sections  of  the  British 
Museum  from  which  they  were,  till  now,  un- 
avoidably excluded. 

The  contents  of  the  old  Coin  Room  having 
been  accommodated  elsewhere,  its  lighting  has 
been  improved,  and  it  has  been  fitted  with  cases 
which  are  filled  with  the  gems,  gold  and  silver 
works,  and  relics  in  amber  in  which  the  Depart- 
ment of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  has  been 
growing  richer  and  richer  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury. "The  greater  number  of  these  relics  are  now 
arranged  in  vitrines,  and  so  placed  that  any  one 
may  examine  them  completely  and  without  diffi- 
culty. In  the  centre  of  the  room,  which  is  a 
large  one,  and  lighted  from  the  roof  as  well  as  by 
three  lofty  and  wide  windows,  stands  a  flat  case 
of  considerable  dimensions  filled  with  examples 
that  have  been  selected  on  account  of  their 
rarity,  artistic  merit,  or  historical  importance. 
Among  these  are  not  a  few  renowned  gems. 
The  intaglios  have  been  separated  from  the 
cameos,  and  some  of  the  specimens  which  are 
executed  in  transparent  or  semi-transparent 
stones  are  shown  translucently,  and  greatly  to 
their  advantage  as  well  as  to  that  of  the 
visitor.  All  the  examples  are  arranged  in 
chronological  order,  beginning  on  our  left  with 
the  most  ancient,  while  many  of  them — some 
of  which  are  not  only  extremely  rare,  but 
choice  and  quaint  to  the  highest  degree — 
illustrate  the  primitive  conditions  of  the  gem 
engraver's  art  and  throw  a  good  deal  of  light 
upon  the  social  conditions  and  religious  beliefs 
of  the  people  who  produced  and  used  them. 

Outside  the  large  case  is  a  sortof  square  of  cases 
placed  against  the  walls  and  containing  gems 
grouped  according  to  their  subjects,  and  likewise, 
where  there  are  no  gems  suitable  for  the  purpose, 
very  numerous  and  precious  specimens  in  gold, 
silver,  and  amber,  and  other  rarities  and  works 
of  art  in  various  materials,  of  many  periods  of 
civilization,  and  grouped  with  due  heed  to 
chronology  according  to  the  nations  to  which 
they  belonged.  Among  these  the  gold  vase  we 
described  not  long  since  as  having  been  re- 
covered by  a  sponge-diver  from  the  bottom  of  the 
^gean  Sea  and  a  few  death  masks  of  great  anti- 
quity are  conspicuous.  Several  golden  wreaths, 
armlets,  necklaces,  bracelets,  earrings,  finger- 
rings,  and  diadems  will  be  found  in  this  part  of 
the  room.  Near  it  stands  the  Portland  Vase, 
which  has  a  place  to  itself.  In  another  part 
of  the  room  the  visitor  will  find  many  note- 
worthy specimens  of  gold  and  silver  of  the 
Renaissance,  mostly  flagons,  cups,  and  bottles, 
intended  for  domestic  use. 

The  new  Gold  Room  is  entered  by  the 
passage  which  led  to  the  old  Coin  Room  ;  half 
this  passage  has  been  cut  off"  so  as  to  isolate 
the  old  Gold  Room,  which  is  now  closed  to  the 
public  and  appropriated  to  students,  and  the 
private  study  of  Dr.  Murray  himself.  Part  of  this 
passage  is  occujiied  by  cases  containing  specimens 


of  the  toreutic  crafts,  and  above  them  are  placed 
large  examples  of  various  kinds.  A  portion  of 
the  walls  of  the  new  Gold  Room  has  been 
allotted  to  the  fragments  of  decorative  paintings 
in  encaustic  and  distemper  which  were  until 
lately  in  the  neighbouring  large  gallery  of  the 
upper  floor  of  the  Museum.  The  general  aspect 
of  the  new  Gold  Room  is  splendid,  and  its  con- 
tents have  been  arranged  with  regard  to  those 
harmonies  of  colour  and  tone  which  before  the 
present  Keeper's  time  were  quite  unknown  in 
the  Department  of  Greek  and  Roman  Anti- 
quities, and  hardly  recognized  elsewhere  in  the 
Museum. 

THE   ARMS   or   COLCHESTER. 

The  admirable  paper  contributed  to  the 
Archaological  Journal  by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope 
on  the  strangely  neglected  subject  of  municipal 
heraldry  deals  with  the  arms  of  Colchester 
among  those  of  our  ancient  boroughs.  The 
views  of  so  great  an  authority  on  the  subject 
will  command  the  attention  of  students.  Basing 
his  conclusions  on  "the  splendid  seal  of  Col- 
chester, made  probably  to  commemorate  the 
granting  of  a  new  charter  by  Edward  IV.  in 
1461,"  Mr.  Hope  asserts  that  the  arms  of  the 
borough  were  at  that  time  "Gules,  a  cross 
raguly  argent,  between  two  crowns  in  chief  and 
passing  through  a  third  in  base  or."  But  the 
heralds  from  the  time  of  their  1558  visitation 
have  recorded  the  principal  charge,  not  as  a 
cross,  but  as  "two  staves."  Mr.  Hope  points 
out  that,  on  the  seal,  the  three  lower  limbs  of 
the  cross  were  shown  pierced  with  nails,  and 
treats  the  origin  of  the  charge  in  the  local 
legend  of  St.  Helena  as  obvious. 

I  have  lately  had  the  opportunity  of  inspect- 
ing the  original  charter  (July,  1413)  of  Henry  V. 
to  the  borough,  and  am  glad  to  say  that  its 
evidence  confirms  Mr.  Hope's  conclusion.  The 
initial  letter  displays  St.  Helena  with  the 
borough  arms,  the  principal  charge  being  shown 
as  an  unmistakable  cross  (the  limbs  curiously 
jointed,  as  by  a  "swastika"),  its  three  lower 
limbs  each  pierced  with  a  nail.  The  true  origin 
of  the  charge  is  thus  rendered  certain,  and  I 
have  lately  thrown  further  light  on  the  local 
Helena  legend  by  showing  that  about  this  very 
time  (the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century)  a 
fragment  of  the  true  cross,  with  other  relics  of 
St.  Helen,  was  proudly  preserved  in  the  Chapel 
of  the  Holy  Cross  at  Colchester,  the  seat  of  St. 
Helen's  Gild  (but  distinct  from  St.  Helen's 
Chapel,  to  which  T  have  devoted  a  monograph). 

The  charter,  however,  reveals  the  fact  that 
the  cross  was  at  that  time  vert,  not,  as  later  (and 
as  assumed  by  Mr.  Hope),  argent.  It  has  long 
been  a  puzzle  to  antiquaries  that  the  arms  of 
Nottingham  are  identical  with  those  of  Col- 
chester, save  that  the  cross  (there  also  repre- 
sented by  the  heralds  as  two  staves)  is  vert.  Is 
it  possible  that  the  heralds  altered  the  tincture 
at  Colchester  for  distinction  ?  If  so,  they  allowed 
Nottingham  (in  error,  surely)  the  prior  claim. 

With  Mr.  Hope's  view  that  "the  crowns,  of 
course,  refer  to  the  patron  saint  of  East  Anglia, 
St.  Edmund  the  King,  whose  martyrdom  may 
be  indicated  by  the  red  field,"  I  find  it  less  easy 
to  agree.  Colchester  was  not  in  East  Anglia, 
and  had  no  connexion  whatever,  so  far  as  I 
know,  with  St.  Edmund.  The  three  crowns  of 
Oxford  University  would  also  make  one  hesitate. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  those  at  Colchester 
are  really  typical  of  the  Empress  Helena,  and 
this  strikes  one  as  highly  probable. 

J.  H.  Round. 


NEW  PRINTS. 

Mr.  Lefj^vre  has  sent  us  an  artist's  proof  of 
a  plate  engraved  in  the  line  manner  by  M.  Jules 
Jacquet  after  'A  Gift  for  the  (Jods,'  the  picture 
which  Mr.  H.  Schmalz  contributed  to  the  New 
Gallery  last  year.  Having  already  criticized  the 
picture,  we  need  only  say  of  the  engraving  that 
it  does  more  than  justice  to  Mr.  Schmalz's  pro- 
duction, which  gains  much  by  being  translated 


N^*  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


499 


in  monochrome.  M.  Jacquet  is  a  master  of  his 
art,  and  nothing  would  afford  the  painting  world 
more  pleasure  than  to  know  that  he  is  always  to 
be  employed  in  engraving  masterpieces  of  art. 
'  A  Gift  for  the  Gods  '  is  very  far  from  being 
one  of  them. 

Messrs.  Seeley  &  Co.  have  published  a  capital 
photogravure  after  the  picture  by  the  late  Mr. 
Madox  Brown  recently  given  to  the  National 
Gallery  as  a  memorial  of  the  painter,  and  repre- 
senting 'Christ  washing  Peter's  Feet,'  a  noble 
work,  a  capital  example  of  style  and  a  master- 
piece of  colour,  such  as  deserves  to  be  engraved 
by  most  powerful  and  accomplished  hands. 
In  any  other  country  it  would  have  ensured  the 
painter  honours  he  never  received.  At  jjresent 
we  are  all  the  more  thankful  for  Messrs.  Seeley's 
public  spirit  in  putting  forth  the  print  before 
us,  which,  although  the  diflferentiation  of  the 
tones  and  colours  of  the  original  is  not  quite 
perfect,  is  by  no  means  bad  in  that  respect, 
and  is  quite  admirable  in  nearly  every  other. 
We  wish  it  had  been  on  a  much  larger  scale 
than  lOf  by  9  in. 

Mr.  F.  Haufstaengl,  of  Pall  Mall  East,  has 
sent  us  a  selection  from  his  reproductions  of  old 
masters'  pictures  in  the  Queen's  private  collec- 
tions at  Buckingham  Palace  and  Windsor  Castle, 
and  he  writes  of  his  venture  as  "unique." 
This  is  a  mistake,  which,  however,  does 
no  harm  to  his  transcripts.  The  specimens 
before  us  are  of  two  sizes,  the  larger  two  being 
copies  of  Holbein's  Duke  of  Norfolk  with  the 
two  staves  and  De  Hooghe's  'Card-players,' 
both  of  which  are  extremely  successful,  the 
former  the  more  so  because  its  shadows  are 
clearer  and  its  half  -  tints  more  limpid  than 
those  of  the  latter,  which,  nevertheless,  is 
very  brilliant  and  strong.  Nothing  could  be 
better  than  the  Holbein.  The  smaller  two 
photogravures  are  after  Rubens's  '  Portrait  of 
Maldeus,  Bishop  of  Antwerp,'  and  Don's  fine 
'Head  of  a  Man.'  The  former  is,  though  a 
little  dark,  first  rate  ;  the  latter  loses  from  its 
excessive  softness  and  the  indistinctness  of  the 
background,  apart  from  the  face. 


On  his  right  as  he  enters  the  first  Grseco- 
Roman  saloon  in  the  British  Museum,  and  next 
to  the  statue  of  Diadumenus  which  was  formerly 
in  the  Farnese  Palace,  the  visitor  who  has  more 
than  a  superficial  knowledge  of  the  sculpture  of 
antiquity  will  find  in  the  newly  acquired  heroic- 
size  bust  of  Diadumenus  an  object  of  extreme 
beauty  and  high  interest.  The  face  and  greater 
part  of  the  head  are  in  an  admirable  and 
noble  style,  remarkable  for  high  finish  and 
the  extraordinary  learning  and  skill  em- 
ployed in  their  execution.  The  surface  is 
an  example  of  sculptural  art  employed  in 
rendering  the  morbidezza  of  the  life  which  it 
would  be  hard  to  over-praise  ;  the  treatment  of 
the  hair  testifies  to  the  value  of  the  carver's 
technique,  while  the  broad  fillet  which  binds  the 
head  is  curiously  fine.  Dr.  Murray  will  con- 
tribute to  the  next  number  of  the  Reine  Archeo- 
logiqy.e  a  careful  essay  upon  this,  the  latest 
acquisition  of  his  department. 

The  autumn  of  this  year  will,  we  hope,  be 
signalized  by  the  completion  of  the  exhaustive 
'Catalogue  of  Reynolds's  Works,'  in  which  Mr. 
Graves,  who  has  been  freely  and  generously 
assisted  by  Mr.  William  Cronin,  intends  to 
record  all  that  is  known  of  the  pictures  of  Sir 
Joshua  and  the  engravings  after  them,  and  to 
furnish  abundant  details  on  artistic  matters. 
This  book  will  supplement  and  complete  the 
materials  collected  by  Northcote's  editors  (who 
were  duller  than  most  of  their  kind),  William 
Richardson,  Malone,  Beechey,  Cotton,  Leslie 
and  Taylor,  Bromley,  Chaloner  Smith,  and 
Dr.  Hamilton  (who  confined  himself  to 
prints  published  before  a  certain  date,  and 
intentionally  ignored  a  great  number  of  fine 
modern    examples).      The    scheme    and    value 


of  the  new  book  will  be  understood  if  we 
summarize  its  entry  concerning  Lady  Ann 
Dawson's  portrait,  which  is  described  as  of 
"Three-quarters  length,  49  by  56 in.,"  repre- 
senting the  wife  of  T.  Dawson,  afterwards 
Viscount  Cremorne,  as  "Diana."  The  design 
of  the  picture  is  briefly  noticed,  and  the  date 
of  the  sittings  given  for  it  mentioned  ;  so  are 
the  sums  paid  to  the  artist ;  the  dates  of  its 
being  exhibited,  where  and  by  whom  ;  the  dates 
of  its  being  sold,  where  and  for  what  prices  ;  by 
whom  it  was  engraved,  and  how,  as  well  as  the 
characteristics  of  each  state  of  the  plate  or 
plates,  their  publication  lines  and  other  inscrip- 
tions. This  catalogue  has  been  many  years  in 
hand,  and  the  fact  that  such  a  compilation  is 
in  existence,  coupled  with  Mr.  Graves's  con- 
stant generosity  in  assisting  inquirers,  will  be 
welcome  news  for  students  and  amateurs.  We 
trust  it  may  soon  be  printed. 

The  authorities  of  the  Art  Gallery  at  the 
Guildhall  have,  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Temple, 
collected  a  valuable  exhibition  of  drawings  by 
the  old  masters,  and  of  works  illustrating  the 
skill  of  the  gem  engravers,  mostly  of  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  To  these  are 
added  terra-cotta  statuettes  from  Tanagra  and 
other  sites,  as  well  as  antique  bronzes  of  various 
origins.  The  public  is  indebted  to  Sir  J.  C. 
Robinson  and  Mr.  W.  Rome  for  the  oppor- 
tunity of  seeing  these  relics.    Admission  is  free. 

The  Society  of  Portrait  Painters  opens  its 
annual  exhibition  to-day  (Saturday)  at  the  New 
Gallery,  Regent  Street. 

Messrs.  Henry  Graves  &  Co.  open  an 
exhibition  of  scenes  in  Siam,  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Norbury,  at  their  galleries  in  Pall  Mall  to-day. 

Mr.  William  Wetmore  Story,  son  of  the 
celebrated  judge  and  writer  on  jurisprudence, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts,  at  Salem,  which 
has  been  rightly  described  as  a  town  of  dis- 
tinguished sons,  February  19th,  1819,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1844.  Even 
at  the  time  of  his  taking  his  degree  the  younger 
Story's  feeling  for  art  was  strong  and  rapidly 
developing,  but  he  was  nevertheless  called  to 
the  bar,  and  he  did  not  quit  the  profession  of 
his  father  and  his  own  legal  labours  till  some 
years  afterwards,  although  design,  and  especially 
modelling  in  clay,  with  great  success,  occupied 
many  of  his  leisure  hours  ;  meanwhile,  in  1847 
he  published  a  life  of  his  father.  In  1848, 
abandoning  law,  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
passed  almost  all  the  rest  of  his  life  ;  and  in 
1851  he  issued  a  volume  of  poems,  which  was  in 
1856  followed  by  a  second  volume.  But  his 
main  occupation  was  sculpture.  He  executed  the 
statue  which  is  over  his  father's  grave  in  Mount 
Auburn  Cemetery.  Various  sculptures  followed, 
and  all  of  them  were  distinguished  by  honour- 
able care,  considerable  learning,  and  an  ap- 
propriate and,  with  few  exceptions,  a  sym- 
pathetic and  somewhat  poetical  conception  of 
the  ambitious  themes— such  as  '  The  Libyan 
Sibyl'  and  'Cleopatra' — which  occupied  him. 
The  former  statue  attracted  great  attention 
at  the  London  International  Exhibition.  Be- 
sides these  he  produced  'Saul,'  'Sappho,' 
'Moses,'  'Judith,'  and  'Jerusalem  Desolate.' 
The  statue  of  '  Cleopatra '  called  forth  warm 
eulogiums  from  Hawthorne,  and  was  much 
admired  by  Browning,  with  whom  the  sculptor 
became  intimate.  He  also  executed  a  great 
number  of  busts  and  some  minor  works  of 
sculptural  art,  '  George  Peabody '  (which  is 
at  the  Royal  Exchange),  and  'Edward  Everett' 
(now  at  Boston,  U.S.A.).  In  1869  he  published 
'  Roba  di  Roma,'  by  which  he  is  still  l)est  known 
in  the  world  of  letters  ;  '  The  Proportions  of  the 
Human  Figure,'  which  we  reviewed  at  length 
in  1866;  'The  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,'  1867; 
'Graffiti  d' Italia,'  1869  ;  'The  Roman  Lawyer 
in  Jerusalem,'  1870;  and  in  1875  'Nero,'  a 
tragedy.  He  wrote  often  in  Blachvood's 
Maaazine  and  other  serials,  and  became 
an    Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  D.C.L. 


(Oxford),  and  a  Commendatore  of  the  Order  of 
the  Crown  of  Italy.  No  one  was  better  known 
in  Rome  than  Story,  and  he  numbered  among 
his  friends  many  of  his  most  distinguished  con- 
temporaries, including  Browning,  Hawthorne, 
W,  Savage  Landor,  Motley,  Tennyson,  Thack- 
eray, and  the  late  Frederick  Locker.  He  died 
at  Vallombrosa  on  the  7  th  inst. 

The  hurricane  of  the  night  of  October  4th  is 
said  to  have  wrought  great  damage  to  the 
Cathedral  of  Metz.  The  sculptures  were  much 
injured,  the  pavement  being  strewn  with  frag- 
ments, and  a  considerable  part  of  the  copper 
roofing  of  the  nave  was  torn  off. 

The  Egyptian  Museum  at  Turin  is  now  under- 
going an  entire  redecoration  and  rearrangement 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  new  Director, 
Prof.  Schiaparelli.  The  walls  of  the  rooms  will 
be  painted  a  light  yellowish  tint,  and  the  inside 
of  the  cases  white,  a  vast  improvement  on  the 
sombre  tones  still  retained  in  many  museums. 
The  professor  will  exhibit  many  interesting 
objects  hitherto  hidden  in  the  magazine  and 
in  drawers  ;  he  proposes  adding  labels  to  the 
objects,  and  supplying  visitors  with  an  ex- 
planatory catalogue,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  be  illustrated.  Prof.  Schiaparelli  expects 
to  open  the  museum  to  the  public  in  November 
next. 

At  Treves,  on  the  same  spot  where,  ten  years 
ago,  was  discovered  the  famous  mosaic  of  the 
muses,  another  mosaic  pavement  has  been 
found  with  numerous  figures  and  inscriptions. 
The  centre  is  occupied  by  a  Medusa,  and  at 
each  of  the  four  corners  is  represented  a 
quadriga  with  victorious  charioteer.  The 
charioteers  are  gorgeously  attired,  are  crowned, 
and  bear  palms  in  their  hands.  Each  has  his 
name  inscribed  below,  showing  that  the  scene 
is  not  ideal,  but  of  real  life.  Their  names 
are  Fortunatus,  Superstes,  Philinus,  and  Eu- 
prepes.  In  the  same  city,  while  repairing  the 
cathedral,  in  one  of  the  towers  of  the  west  front, 
were  found  two  Roman  inscriptions,  one  of 
which  is  complete,  and  runs  thus:  "  Modes- 
tiniana(e)  Tasgillus  Trever  f(aciendum)  c(ura- 
vit)." 

In  Northern  Italy  two  remarkable  discoveries 
have  been  made.  At  Verona,  on  the  north 
wall  of  the  Portico  di  Mercato  Vecchio,  the 
ancient  Palazzo  della  Ragione,  has  been  found 
a  mural  painting  representing  the  Madonna 
and  Child,  beautifully  painted,  but  unfortu- 
nately not  entire.  Above  the  figure  in  Gothic 
letters  is  read  s.  maria,  and  underneath  is 
a  graffite  with  the  dates  1383  and  1384.  The 
name  of  the  artist  is  illegible,  but  the  date  of 
the  picture  is  made  out  to  be  mcclxxvi.  This 
very  early  work  has  been  safely  detached  and 
transported  to  the  town  museum.  At  Panca- 
rama,  in  the  province  of  Pavia,  three  frescoes 
have  recently  come  to  light  on  the  church  wall, 
belonging  to  the  famous  Pavian  painter  Bernar- 
dino de  Rossi.  They  represent  the  baptism  of 
Christ,  the  Annunciation  of  the  Virgin,  and  a 
Madonna  and  Child.  Over  one  of  these  is  read  : 
"1506,  Bernardinus  de  Rubeis  pinxit  die  xx. 
juni." 

At  Eleusis  a  tomb  has  been  discovered, 
important  for  the  variety  and  richness  of  its 
contents.  Around  the  skeleton  of  a  woman 
buried  in  it  (probably  a  priestess)  lay  numerous 
objects  of  female  ornament,  amongst  which 
were  some  very  finely  executed  earrings  with 
amber  globules,  some  brooches  in  bronze  and 
iron,  many  rings  in  gold  and  silver,  and  some 
bronze  bracelets.  The  rest  of  the  contents  of 
the  grave  consisted  of  some  seventy  vases  of 
various  forms,  three  Egyptian  scarabaji,  and  a 
statuette  of  Isis  in  ivory.  These  last  objects 
point  to  some  relation  between  the  Eleusinian 
mysteries  and  Egypt,  as  indicated  a  short  time 
ago  by  M.  Foucart. 


500 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3o46,  Oct.  12/95 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

THE   LEEDS   FESTIVAL. 

The  task  of  criticizing  this  splendid  cele- 
bration is  less  onerous  than  it  has  been  in 
some  former  j'ears,  for  the  new  works  pre- 
sented, though  four  in  number,  -were  not 
of  large  dimensions  nor,  with  one  exception, 
was  their  correct  value  difficult  to  estimate. 
The  first  duty  is  to  congratulate  all  con- 
cerned in  the  festival  on  the  really  large 
measure  of  success  which  crowned  their 
efforts ;  for  if  there  were  any  faults  they  were 
venial  in  comparison  with  the  magnificent 
results  achieved.  The  prestige  of  the  under- 
taking inaugurated  in  1874  has  been  fully 
maintained  in  every  respect,  and  the  pre- 
diction may  be  safely  hazarded  that  for 
many  years  to  come  the  triennial  gathering 
at  Leeds  will  continue  to  be  an  important 
factor  in  the  musical  work  of  this  country. 

Our    record     of     last     week's     perform- 
ances  must     commence    with    Wednesday 
morning,  when  '  The   Messiah '   was  given 
for   the   first   time   since   the  year   already 
mentioned,  when    the    festival    was    estab- 
lished.    This  statement  may  seem  astound- 
ing,   but    it    is    correct,    and    more    than 
one     reason     has     been    alleged     for     the 
neglect    of   Handel's    most   popular   work. 
The     matter     is     not     worth     discussion, 
and  it  may   safely  be    assumed  that  '  The 
Messiah '   will   not   be  shelved  for  another 
twenty-one   years.     It  is   unfortunate   that 
the  interpretation  on  the  present  occasion 
cannot  command  unqualified  approbation  ; 
but  such  is  the  case,  though  no  blame  can 
be    placed   on   the    executants.     The  West 
Riding  chorus   at  once  established  itself  as 
the  finest  that  has  been  heard  in  Leeds,  and 
what  that  means  our  readers  may  be  left 
to    judge.      The    tone     produced    by    the 
sopranos  was  thrilling   in    power  and   ex- 
cj^uisitely  pure  ;   the  tenors  had  the  genuine 
ring  of  this  voice,  a  description  inapplicable 
in   some    former    years ;    and    the    basses 
were   as   vigorous   and    sonorous    as    ever. 
Perhaps    of    the    four   sections    the    con- 
traltos were  the  weakest  as  regards  volume 
of  tone  ;  but  they  were  as  firm  in  attack,  and 
perfectly   trustworthy    from   first    to    last. 
Much   praise  may  also  be  accorded  to  the 
principal  vocalists,  with  the  reservation  that 
Madame  Albani,  who  was  in  perfect  voice, 
indulged  to  a  more  painful  extent  than  ever 
in  the  exaggeration  of  the  HOfitenido,  particu- 
larly in  "  Come  unto  Him."  The  voice  of  the 
Canadian   soprano   shows   no    signs   what- 
ever of  deterioration,  and  it  is  unfortunate 
that  she  should  be  unduly  fond  of  display- 
ing the  strength  of  lungs  with  which  she  is 
endowed.     Miss  Sarah  Berry  replaced  Miss 
Hilda  Wilson  at  an  hour's  notice,  and  sang 
the   contralto   solos   with   pure,    unaffected 
expression,  and  was  specially  successful  in 
"He  shall    feed    His  flock,"   which   could 
scarcely   have    been    delivered    with   more 
tender   feeling.     Mr.    Edward   Lloyd   was, 
of    course,   beyond  reproach ;    and  of    Mr. 
Norman    Salmond    the  same   may  be   said 
when    he    had    conquered    a    sensation   of 
nervousness    entirely    pardonable    after    a 
protracted  illness.     It  is    impossible,   how- 
ever,   to    express   approval   of   Sir   Arthur 
SuUivau's    treatment    of     Handel's    score, 


and  in  saying  this  we  must  not  be  under- 
stood as  agreeing  with  those  curious  folk 
(happily  diminishing  in  number)  who 
maintain  that  the  works  of  masters  who 
flourished  before  modern  orchestral  re- 
sources were  in  existence,  and  who  there- 
fore had  to  be  content  with  means 
which  in  the  present  century  would 
be  regarded  as  ridiculously  inadequate  for 
the  expression  of  their  ideas,  should  be 
rendered  precisely  as  written  or  not  at 
all.  The  attempt  to  adhere  to  the  letter 
while  ignoring  the  spirit  could  only  end  in 
ludicrous  failure ;  but  alteration  for  altera- 
tion's sake  is  nevertheless  to  be  condemned, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  should  have  taken  upon 
himself  to  curtail,  and  in  one  notable 
instance  to  excise,  the  bars  for  orchestra 
alone  which,  in  accordance  with  the  custom 
of  the  period,  bring  nearly  all  the  airs  and 
choruses  to  a  close.  The  time  saved  by  this 
mutilation  could  not  have  been  more  than 
two  or  three  minutes,  and  the  effect,  to 
those  who  know  and  love  Handel's  greatest 
sacred  work,  was  sometimes  extremely  un- 
pleasant. Let  us  hasten  to  add  that  the 
tempi  adopted  by  the  conductor  were 
throughout  judicious,  the  excessive  speed 
in  which  some  indulge  being  carefully 
avoided. 

At  the  first  evening  concert  the  principal 
new  work  in  the  scheme.  Dr.  Hubert 
Parry's  'Invocation  to  Music,'  was  brought 
to  a  hearing.  This  may  be  regarded  as  an 
indirect  tribute  to  Purcell,  the  bicentenary 
of  whose  death  is  being  commemorated  this 
year.  There  was  peculiar  fitness  in  the 
association  of  Dr.  Parry  (who  is  rightly 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed 
English  composers  of  the  nineteenth  century) 
with  Mr.  Robert  Bridges,  who  is  an  ardent 
admirer  of  Purcell  and  of  antiquarian  music 
generally.  Perceiving  clearly  that  the 
prosaic  life  of  the  master  offered  no  ground- 
work for  the  construction  of  a  libretto  of  a 
dramatic  or  historic  character,  Mr.  Bridges 
wisely  followed  the  lines  of  Dryden  and 
Pope  in  their  odes  on  music,  his  poem  being 
strictly  impersonal,  though  full  of  glowing 
imagery.  Objection  has  not  unnaturally 
been  taken  to  his  words  addressed  to  music 
in  the  abstract,  "  Return  to  merry  England,' ' 
for  with  the  closing  years  of  the  nineteenth 
century  we  find  the  art  more  generally  culti- 
vated than  at  any  time  since  the  golden  epoch 
of  Elizabeth.  Further,  Mr.  Bridges  (whose 
poetical  ability  has  always  been  acknow- 
ledged in  the  Athenceum)  should  have  studied 
to  a  greater  extent  simplicity  and  directness 
of  utterance  in  lines  intended  for  musical 
treatment.  In  reading  in  the  library  or  by 
the  fireside  one  can  turn  back  the  pages  of 
a  book  when  the  author's  meaning  has  not 
been  fully  grasped,  but  that  is  impossible 
during  a  musical  performance;  and  although 
the  two  arts  are  closely  allied,  it  does  not 
follow  that  they  may  be  always  blended 
with  mutual  advantage.  There  are  very 
many  eloquent  passages  in  the  '  Invocation 
to  Music,'  but  there  are  some  passages  which 
are  enigmatical.  Here,  for  example,  is  one 
that  may  be  regarded  as  t3'pical  : — 

I>amcnt,  fair-liearted  Queen,  lament  with  me  ; 

For  when  thy  Seers  died  no  song  was  sur  g ; 

Nor  for  our  heroes  slain  by  laud  and  sea 
Hath  honour  found  a  tongue. 
They  died  unsung,  uncrowned — 
And  no  memorial  to  be  found. 


Surely  this  cannot  apply  to  English  heroes 
in  general,  nor  to  national  musicians  in 
particular.  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  score  shows 
that  he  has  fully  taken  into  account  the 
elevated  nature  of  the  subject-matter  with 
which  he  had  to  deal.  In  the  opening 
number  he  is  truly  happy,  the  cheerful 
lines  commencing  "Myriad-voiced  Queen! 
Enchantress  of  the  air  !  "  being  set  in  most 
pleasant  and  unaffected  fashion  for  soprano 
solo  and  chorus.  Equally  graceful  and 
unlaboured  is  the  tenor  solo  "Thee  fair 
Poetry  oft  hath  sought";  and  if  musical 
interest  then  slackens  to  some  extent,  it 
revives  in  the  peroration  of  the  duet  "  Love 
calleth  unto  Love,"  and  rises  to  a  climax  in 
the  section  entitled ' '  Dirge, ' '  for  bass  solo  with 
chorus  to  follow.  This  portion  of  the  work 
will  bear  comparison  with  the  lamentations 
in  '  Job  '  and  the  night  soliloquy  in  '  King 
Saul';  and  the  final  movement,  in  which 
the  enjoyment  of  art  in  its  highest  mani- 
festation is  the  subject  to  be  illustrated,  is 
also  worthy  of  the  composer  in  his  best 
mood.  While  of  opinion  that  the  '  Invoca- 
tion to  Music  '  will  scarcely  bear  comparison 
with  the  '  De  Profundis,'  '  Job,'  and  '  King 
Saul,'  we  consider  it  by  no  means  unworthy 
of  Dr.  Parry's  reputation.  Of  the  per- 
formances of  Mozart's  '  Jupiter  '  Symphony 
and  Mendelssohn's  '  Walpurgis  Night  ' 
nothing  need  be  said,  except  to  record 
that  both  works  were  splendidly  inter- 
preted. 

Thursday  morning's  programme  consisted 
of  Mendelssohn's  'Italian'  Symphony,  which 
was  superbly  rendered,  and  a  condensed 
version  of  Wagner's  opera  '  The  Flying 
Dutchman.'  The  question  of  the  propriety 
of  performing  the  Bayreuth  master's  music- 
dramas  in  the  concert-room  is  no  longer 
open  to  debate,  their  popularity  in  this  form 
having  become  so  great ;  but  if  a  selection 
only  of  a  work  is  performed  it  should  be  so 
described,  and  a  word  of  protest  should  be 
entered  against  the  mangling  of  the  score 
in  the  present  instance.  For  the  rest,  an 
excellent  performance  must  be  recorded, 
with  Miss  Macintyre,  Miss  McKenzie,  Mr. 
Hirwen  Jones,  Mr.  Ben  Davies,  Mr.  Bisp- 
ham,  and  Mr.  Andrew  Black  in  the  principal 
parts.  The  evening  concert  opened  with 
parts  i.  and  ii.  of  Bach's  '  Christmas  Oratorio.' 
Here  no  accusation  of  mutilating  a  master- 
piece could  be  made,  for,  as  musicians  are 
aware,  the  so-called  '  Christmas  Oratorio  ' 
consists  of  six  cantatas,  intended  for  several 
distinct  dates  during  the  winter  season.  The 
second  festival  novelty  followed,  namely, 
Mr.  Edward  German's  Suite  in  d  minor. 
This  is  a  work  in  four  movements,  of  which 
the  first,  at  any  rate,  is  of  symphonic  pro- 
portions. The  second,  a  valse  gracieuse  in  f, 
is  decidedly  pretty ;  and  the  third,  entitled 
'  Elegy,'  shows,  or  at  any  rate  suggests,  the 
influence  of  Wagner.  The  last  is  a  spirited, 
if  not  remarkably  original  sa/larelh,  and 
the  suite,  taken  in  its  entirety,  is  certainly 
worthy  of  an  English  composer  who  is 
steadily  improving  his  position.  That  Herr 
Emil  Sauer  was  at  his  best  in  Chopin's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  minor  goes  with- 
out saying  ;  and  the  remaining  items  in  the 
programme  may  pass  without  comment. 

Dvorak's  matchless  'Stabat  Mater'  headed 
the  scheme  on  Friday  morning,  and  was 
fatiltlessly  rendered.  The  principals  — 
Madame  Albani,  Miss   Sarah    Berry,    Mr. 


N°  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


501 


Edward  Lloyd,  and  Mr.  Watkin  Mills — the 
choir,  and  the  orchestra  combined  to  produce 
an  impression  which  will  not  readily  be 
effaced.  Passing  over  Herr  Emil  Sauer's 
playing  of  Weber's  Concertstiick,  in  which 
the  pianist  took  fewer  liberties  with  the  text 
than  are  customary  in  this  work,  we  come  to 
Mr.  Arthur  Somervell's  lyric  '  The  Forsaken 
Merman.'  This  setting  of  Matthew  Arnold's 
famous  poem  should  at  once  be  taken  in  hand 
by  small  choral  societies  throughout  the 
land  ;  and  in  saying  this  we  do  not  wish  to 
infer  that  the  music  is  weak  or  common- 
place. On  the  contrary,  it  is  tasteful, 
refined,  and  expressive;  but  inasmuch  as 
the  original  verse  is  studiously  simple,  it 
would  have  been  injudicious  for  the  rising 
young  composer  to  have  written  in  an 
elaborate  and  pretentious  style.  His  score 
is  for  bass  solo  (intelligently  sung  by  Mr. 
David  Bispham),  chorus,  and  orchestra.  The 
evening's  performance  commenced  with  the 
first  and  second  parts  of  Schumann's  '  Para- 
dise and  the  Peri,'  a  beautiful  work  which 
is  slowly  gaining  the  admiration  it  deserves. 
It  is  with  regret  that  we  have  to  speak  of 
M.  Massenet's  so-called  symphonic  poem 
^  Visions  '  as  a  failure,  but  the  fact  remains 
that  the  gifted  French  composer  could  not 
have  properly  estimated  his  responsibility 
when  he  consented  to  write  a  work  for  a 
Leeds  Festival.  The  piece  possesses  no 
merit  whatever  ;  and  although  the  central 
idea — that  of  an  exhausted  traveller  on  the 
Simplon  being  disturbed  by  dreams  alter- 
nately of  an  agreeable  and  unpleasant  cha- 
racter— is  not  without  suggestiveness,  M. 
Massenet  has  not  dealt  with  it  in  a  way 
that  can  be  regarded  as  worthy  of  even  a 
XQore  trivial  theme.  The  Leeds  committee 
deserve  credit  for  inviting  an  eminent 
foreign  musician  to  contribute  something 
to  their  festival  programme,  and  we  can 
only  feel  sorry  that  their  courtesy  did  not 
meet  with  better  response.  Wesley's  fine 
■setting  of  the  114th  Psalm  for  eight  voices 
unaccompanied  was  impressively  rendered, 
and  the  concert  ended  with  Mozart's  Over- 
ture to  '  Die  ZauberfliJte.' 

In  1883  a  memorable  performance  was 
given  in  Leeds  of  Beethoven's  Mass  in  d, 
und  in  all  probability  the  colossal  work  had 
never  before  been  so  impressively  rendered. 
Twelve  years  having  elapsed,  it  was  time 
for  the  Mass  to  be  heard  again,  and  last 
Saturday's  interpretation  was  also  remark- 
ably fine  as  regards  the  chorus ;  but  the 
leading  artists  were  a  little  uncertain,  and 
the  playing  of  the  orchestra  must  be 
described  as  slovenly,  a  catastrophe  being 
only  averted  in  the  last  movement  by  the 
coolness  of  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  and  the 
tact  of  his  forces.  Schumann's  Symphony 
in  B  flat.  No.  1,  and  Mendelssohn's  42nd 
Psalm,  "  As  the  hart  pants,"  formed  the 
second  part  of  tlie  programme ;  and  in  the 
evening  the  festival  came  to  a  close  with 
the  first  part  of  Haydn's  '  Creation '  and 
'  The  Golden  Legend,'  the  production  of  the 
latter  work  at  the  Yorkshire  gatliering  in 
1 886  being,  perhaps,  the  most  striking  event 
in  the  history  of  the  Leeds  Festival.  Thus 
the  meeting  of  the  present  year  came  to  a 
triumphant  conclusion,  and  it  may  be  num- 
bered among  the  most  successful  of  the 
series.  To  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  who  con- 
ducted throughout  with  calmness  and  judg- 
ment, sincere  thanks  are  due,  and  the  choice 


of  the  committee  was  again  abundantly 
justified.  He  had  under  his  control  an 
orchestra  that  could  not  easily  be  matched, 
and  the  chorus  this  year  was,  perhaps,  the 
finest  that  has  ever  been  gathered  together 
even  in  Leeds.  The  organization  of  the 
festival  was,  as  usual,  perfect,  Mr.  Alderman 
Spark,  the  honorary  secretary,  again  merit- 
ing the  highest  praise  for  his  zeal,  assiduity, 
and  uniform  courtesy. 


DRAMA 


We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Sir  George  Grove's 
analyses  of  Beethoven's  symphonies,  which  in 
their  present  form  have  appeared  for  many  years 
in  the  Crystal  Palace  concert  programmes,  are 
about  to  be  published  as  a  separate  volume, 
which  cannot  fail  to  prove  very  serviceable  to 
students  of  the  Bonn  master. 

Messrs.  Patekson  &  Sons,  of  Edinburgh, 
announce  no  fewer  than  twenty-five  high-class 
orchestral  and  choral  concerts  and  pianoforte 
recitals,  to  be  given  chiefly  in  the  Music  Hall 
between  Thursday  this  week  and  February  28th 
next  year. 

The  enormous  attendances  at  the  afternoon 
and  evening  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall  last 
Sunday  afl:brded  strong  testimony  to  the  value 
of  high-class  musical  performances  on  the  first 
day  of  the  week.  The  afternoon  programme 
consisted  of  Mendelssohn's  'Scotch'  Symphony, 
the  "Passion"  airs  from  'The  Messiah  '  (sung 
by  Mr.  Sims  Reeves),  and  Wagnerian  selections, 
the  concert  being  conducted  by  Mr.  Randegger, 
who  had  a  capital  orchestra  of  sixty  instru- 
mentalists ;  and  in  the  evening  '  The  Messiah ' 
was  performed  under  the  auspices  of  the  National 
Sunday  League,  with  a  competent  band,  chorus, 
and  soloists.  Criticism  of  Sunday  entertain- 
ments is  scarcely  desirable  ;  but  it  is  certainly 
matter  for  congratulation  that  such  performances 
as  we  have  named  are  being  given  weekly,  and 
that  they  are  finding  such  ready  appreciation. 

The  Musical  Guild  announces  a  further  series 
of  its  excellent  chamber  concerts,  to  take  place 
on  October  29th,  November  12th  and  26th,  and 
December  10th.  They  will  again  take  place 
in  the  Kensington  Town  Hall,  and  we  must 
renew  our  expressions  of  regret  that  the  Guild 
does  not  see  its  way  to  give  its  performances  in 
a  more  central  locality. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Herr  Hermann  Levi 
is  again  prostrated  by  illness,  and  that  it  will 
be  impossible  for  hiin  to  visit  London  this 
autumn.  The  Wagner  Concerts  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  November  12th  and  2Gth  will,  there- 
fore, both  be  conducted  by  Herr  Felix  Mottl. 

Five  performances  of  Wagner's  tetralogy 
'  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen  '  are  to  be  given  at 
Bayreuth  next  summer,  commencing  respectively 
on  Sundays,  July  19th  and  2Gth,  and  August 
2nd,  9th,  and  16th,  and  finishing  on  the  Wednes- 
day of  each  week. 

The  first  number  has  appeared  of  a  new  musical 
monthly  periodical,  named  Die  Mandoline, 
"Organ  fiirdie  InteressendesMandolinespieles." 
It  is  hoped  that  this  romantic  little  instrument, 
for  which  some  of  the  best  masters  wrote — e.  q. 
Mozart  and  Beethoven  amongst  others — may 
be  brought  again  into  use  and  repute  by  the 
aid  of  a  special  organ.  The  first  number  has 
an  article  l)y  H.  Schuh,  headed  '  L^eber  die 
Stelle  der  Mandoline  in  der  Musik.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Orchestral  Concert.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

MatiDnal  Sunday  League.  Mendelssohn's  '  Lauda  Sion'  and  Ros- 
sini »  '  Stabat  .Maler.'  7,  (iueen's  Hall. 
Mr  Percy  Nolcutt's  Concert.  3.  St  .James's  Hall. 
Covent  Harden  Opera,  7  4.').  ■  Lohengrin.' 
('ovcnt  Oanlcn  Opera.  7  4.i,  '  Kaust  ' 
Covcnt  Garden  Opera.  7  4i.  '  Die  Walkiire  ' 
9,  Covcnt  Oarden  Opera.  7  4j.  '  Carmen  ' 

M    Victor  Abccasiss  Concert,  8,  Sleinway  Hall. 
Covent  fJanlen  Opera.  7  45 
Covent  Garden  Opera.  1  45  and  7  4.'5 
Konor  Sarasatc  s  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Talace  Concert,  3. 

I'olyteclinic  Orchestral  Concert,  7  4.j,  Quccn'8  Hall. 
The  Opera  ari-angcnicnts  arc,  of  course,  subject  to  alteration. 


An  eminently  brilliant  and  representative 
committee  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  Mr.  Hare  a  send-off  dinner  on  his  first 
visit  to  America.  The  dinner  will  take  place 
at  the  Whitehall  Rooms  during  the  last  week  in 
November. 

A  '  Life  of  Mr.  John  Hare  '  by  Mr.  Edgar 
Pemberton,  from  materials  supplied  by  Mr. 
Hare,  is  promised  by  Messrs.  Routledge.  The 
volume  will  contain  a  reproduction  of  a  portrait 
by  Sir  John  Millais. 

For  Mr.  Jerome's  new  play  forthcoming  at 
the  Garrick  Mr.  Willard  has  engaged  Miss 
Winifred  Fraser,  Miss  Fanny  Coleman,  and 
Mr.  J.  H.  Barnes.  Miss  Marion  Terry  and  Mr. 
Bassett  Roe  will  also  be  included  in  the  cast, 
as  will  Miss  Agnes  Miller,  if  she  can  obtain  a 
release  from  an  American  engagement. 

It  is  intended  to  produce  at  the  Comedy  Mr. 
Pinero's  play  'The  Benefit  of  the  Doubt'  on  Wed- 
nesday. In  the  cast  are  Miss  Winifred  Emery, 
Miss  Lily  Hanbury,  Miss  Rose  Leclercq,  Miss 
H.  Lindley,  Miss  Beringer,  Mr.  Cyril  Maude, 
Mr.  J.  W.  Pigott,  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Grahame. 

An  illustrated  biography  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Keeley  and  their  daughters  Mary  (Mrs.  Albert 
Smith)  and  Louise  (Mrs.  Montagu  Williams) 
will  be  shortly  published  by  Messrs.  R.  Bent- 
ley  &  Son,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Keeleys  ; 
on  the  Stage  and  at  Home,'  by  Mr.  Walter 
Goodman.  The  illustrations  will  include  a 
photogravure  of  Mrs.  Keeley  from  the  painting 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Goodman  at  the  Royal 
Academy. 

On  the  22nd  of  November  the  ninetieth  birth- 
day of  Mrs.  Keeley  will  be  celebrated  on  the 
stage  of  the  Lyceum,  at  which  house  seventy 
years  ago,  July  2nd,  1825,  she  first  appeared  in 
London  as  Rosina.  She  will  not  play  (as  she 
still  might,  we  venture  to  think)  her  old  part 
of  Betsy  Baker,  but  will  recite  an  address 
written  for  her  by  Mr.  Ashby  Sterry.  The 
remainder  of  the  programme  will  consist  of  a 
miscellaneous  entertainment. 

After  a  long  and  painful  illness,  which  has 
banished  her  for  many  years  from  the  stage, 
Miss  Ada  Cavendish  has  died.  She  was,  during 
many  years,  an  attractive  and  a  capable  actress. 
She  was  first  seen  in  London  at  the  New 
Royalty,  August  31st,  1863,  as  Selina  Squeers 
in  a  burletta  called  'The  Pirates  of  Putney.' 
On  September  28th,  at  the  same  house,  she 
created  some  sensation  (due  rather  to  grace 
of  appearance  than  ability)  as  Venus  in  Mr. 
Burnand's  burlesque  of  'Ixion.'  This  exhibition 
she  was  in  subsequent  years  reluctant  to  recall. 
After  acting  at  East-End  houses,  she  made  at 
the  Haymarket,  on  February  13th,  1866,  her 
first  appearance  in  comedy,  playing  Einme- 
line  in  a  comedietta  entitled  '  A  Romantic 
Attachment.'  On  the  16th  of  October  she 
was  at  the  St.  James's  Mrs.  Featherley  to 
the  Featherley  of  Mr.  Irving  in  'A  Widow 
Hunt,' an  alteration  by  Stirling  Coyne  of  his 
'Everybody's  Friend,'  produced  by  Mr.  John 
S.  Clarke.  On  the  1-ith  of  January,  1868, 
at  the  Haymarket,  she  was  the  original  Mrs. 
Pinchbeck  in  'Home,'  Robertson's  adaptation 
of  '  L'Aventuri^re.'  On  the  opening  of  the 
Vaudeville,  April  16th,  1870,  she  was  the 
original  Mrs.  Darlington  in  Halliday's  '  For 
Love  or  Money  ' ;  and  on  October  8th  played 
the  Marchesa  San  Pietro  in  a  revival  of  Palgrave 
Simpson's  'Marco  Spada.'  On  January  9th 
following  she  was  at  the  Globe  the  finst  Celia 
Steadfast  in  Miss  Schiff's  'Rights  of  Women.' 
In  Westland  Marston's  'Lamed  for  Life,' 
Royalty,  June    12th,    1871,  she  was   the    first 


502 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3546,  Oct.  12, '95 


Grace  Elliott.  At  the  Gaiety  she  appeared  on 
September  11th,  1871,  as  Donna  Diana  in  a 
revival  of  Westland  Marston's  piece  of  that 
name.  In  Cheltnam's  adaptation  '  The  Match- 
maker,' Gaiety,  October  11th,  she  was 
Mrs.  Featherstone  ;  and  in  'Broken  Spells,'  by 
Westland  Marston  and  W.  G.  Wills,  Court, 
March  27th,  1872,  was  the  first  Estelle.  On 
December  16th  she  began  a  short  management 
of  the  Olympic,  opening  in  '  Without  Love,' 
by  E.  Yates  and  A.  W.  Dubourg,  in  which  she 
was  Madame  Campero.  On  February  24th, 
1873,  she  was  Pia  de  Tolomei  in  Westland 
Marston's  'Put  to  the  Test,'  an  adaptation  of 
'  La  Malaria,'  taken  from  Dante  by  the  Marquis 
de  Melloy.  Her  greatest  success  was  obtained 
the  following  May  as  Mercy  Merrick  in  Wilkie 
Collins's  '  New  Magdalen.'  Her  acting  in  this 
established  the  fortunes  of  a  repulsive  piece. 
On  March  24th,  1874,  she  was  Lady  Clancarty 
in  Tom  Taylor's  play  so  named  at  the  Gaiety. 
On  April  26th,  1875,  she  played  Rosalind  in 
'As  You  Like  It.'  At  the  Globe,  April  15th, 
1876,  she  was  the  original  Miss  Gwilt  in  Wilkie 
Collins's  adaptation  of  his  novel.  On  December 
29th,  1877,  she  was  Lady  Teazle  at  the  St. 
James's.  On  June  12th,  1878,  at  the  Gaiety, 
she  was  Blanche,  the  wife  in  Boucicault's 
'Kerry'  ('La  Joie  fait  Peur ').  Under  the 
Bancroft  management  at  the  Haymarket  she 
was  Marie  de  Fontanges  in  '  Plot  and 
Passion.'  She  also  played  the  heroine  of 
'  The  Queen  of  Connaught,'  Olympic,  January 
13th,  1877,  and  was  seen  as  Julia  in  '  The 
Hunchback,'  and  as  Juliet.  More  than  once 
she  undertook  brief  periods  of  management  of 
various  theatres,  and  in  1878  she  played  in 
America.  Miss  Cavendish  became  the  second 
wife  of  Frank  Marshall,  the  dramatist  and 
commentator.  Of  .  late,  when  she  played  at 
all,  it  was  in  the  country.  She  owed  much 
of  her  teaching  in  imaginative  drama  to  Miss 
Neilson  and  Westland  Marston,  was  an  apt 
pupil  and  an  actress  of  recognizable  ability. 

'The  Wrong  Address,'  an  anonymous  duo- 
logue, was  produced  on  Saturday  last  at  the 
Duke  of  Y'ork's  Theatre.  It  leads  by  a  rather 
circuitous  route  to  some  scenes  of  love-making 
between  a  young  guardsman,  agreeably  played 
by  Mr.  Oswald  Yorke,  and  a  pretty  widow, 
rendered  in  sprightliest  fashion  by  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Watson. 

On  Monday  '  The  Strange  Adventures  of 
Miss  Brown  '  was  transferred  from  the  Vaude- 
ville— now  reoccupied  by  Mr.  Weedon  Gros- 
sraith — to  Terry's.  A  change  is  made  in  the 
cast  by  the  substitution  of  Miss  Eva  Moore 
for  Miss  May  Palfrey  as  Angela  Brightwell. 
Mr.  Standing  replaces  Mr.  Brough  as  the 
detective,  and  is  very  humorous  ;  Mr.  Play- 
fair  is  excellent  as  the  Major  ;  and  Miss 
Rosina  Filippi  makes  an  agreeable  reappear- 
ance as  his  wife. 

In  'A  Lion's  Heart,'  to  be  produced  on 
Monday  at  the  Princess's,  Mr.  Charles  Glenney, 
specially  engaged,  will  play  a  lion  tamer.  We 
have  not  yet  heard  of  the  appearance  of  a  real 
lion. 

Mr.  Seymour  Hicks  and  Miss  Ellaline 
Terriss  are  in  America,  and  will  play  in  New 
York  in  '  His  Excellency '  and  '  The  Shop 
Girl.' 


To    Correspondents.— A.   P.   M.— H.   H.  J.— S.  J.  B. 
I.  B. — received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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SOCIAL  ENGLAND.     Edited  by  H.  D.  Traill,  D.C.L. 

Vol.  IV.  FROM  the  ACCESSION  of  JAMES  L  to  the  DEATH  of  QUEEN  ANNE.  17s. 
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W.  Laird  Clowes,  Fellow  of  King's  College,  London— W.  A.  S.  Hewins,  M.A.,  Pembroke  College,  Oxford— Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton,  B.D.— P.  W.  Joyce,  LL.D. 
— F.  C.  Montague,  M.A. — R.  E.  Prothero,  M.A. — The  late  W.  S.  Rockstro — G.  Saintsbuey,  M.A.,  Professor  of  English  Language  and  Literature  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  sometime  Examiner  in  the  Mediajval  and  Modern  Languages  Tripos  at  Cambridge,  Author  of  'A  Short  History  of  French  Literature,' 
'  Marlborough,'  &c. — Prof.  J.  E.  Symes,  M.A.,  Principal  of  University  College,  Nottingham. 

The  HISTORY  of  'PUNCH.'     By  M.  H.  Spielmann.     With  about  170  Illustrations,  Portraits,  and  Fac- 

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BRITISH  BIRDS'  NESTS:  How,  Where,   and  When  to  Find  and   Identify  Them.     By  R.  Kearton. 

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Coloured  Plates  and  numerous  Illustrations.     7s.  6d. 

WITH  CLAYMORE  and  BAYONET;    or,  The  ''Ross-shire  Buffs."     By  Colonel  Percy  Groves.     Illus- 

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NEW     NOVEL     BY     G.     B.     BURGIN. 

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504 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


REVISED   AND    CORRECTED   TO    1895. 


CHAMBERS'S    ENCYCLOPEDIA, 

A    DICTIONARY    OF    UNIVERSAL    KNOWLEDGE. 

TEN   VOLUMES,   IMPERIAL   OCTAVO. 

COMPLETE       SETS      CAN       NOW       BE       HAD. 

Price  £5  cloth;  £7  10s.  half-morocco. 


THE   WORK  IS  ALSO   BEING   ISSUED   IN  MONTHLY   VOLUMES, 

Price  10s.  each,  cloth;  15s.  half-morocco. 
VOLUME    I.     Ready  1st  November,   1895. 


CHAMBERS'S    ENCYCLOPEDIA  is  acknowledged  to  be  the  best   book   of  the   kind    at  present  before   the  public; 
wherever  the  English  language  is  spoken  it  is  in  use  as  a  standard  authority  and  work  of  reference. 

The  New  Edition  of  CHAMBERS'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  was  completed  in  1892  ;  since  then  the  entire  work  has  been 
reprinted,  and  every  article  carefully  revised,  alterations  being  made  wherever  they  seemed  necessary.      The  work,  therefore, 

is  thoroughly  up  to  date,  giving  the  latest  discoveries,  Statistics,  and  events. 

CHAMBERS'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  contains  upwards  of  thirty  thousand  articles,  and  is  illustrated  by  Three  Thousand 
Five  Hundred  Wood  Engravings  and  Fifty-three  Coloured  Maps. 

Nearly  one  thousand  contributors,  including  many  of  the  greatest  specialists  in  every  Department  of  Knowledge,  have 
assisted  in  the  preparation  of  the  "Work. 

Every  article  has  been  entrusted  to  an  author  known  to  be  at  home  in  his  subject.    The  following  list, 

giving  the  names  of  but  a  few  of  the  writers  of  articles,  may  be  taken  as  a  proof  not  only  of  the  competence  but  also  of  the 

eminence  of  the  contributors : — 


Canon  AINGER. 
Mr.  grant  ALLEN". 
The  DUKE  of  ARGYLL. 
Rev.  S.  BARING-GOULD. 
Sir  WALTER  BESANT. 
Mr.  R.  D.  BLACKMORE. 
Lord  BRASSEY. 
Mr.  JOHN  BURROUGHS. 
The  MARQUIS  of  BUTE. 
EDWARD  CAIRD,  D.C.L. 
Sir  E.  F.  DU  CANE. 
Professor  CHEYNE. 
Sir  W.  M.  CONWAY. 
Mr.  COURTHOPE. 
Sir  JOSEPH  CROWE. 
Professor  DAVIDSON. 
Mr.  AUSTIN  DOBSON. 
Professor  DOWDEN. 
Professor  DRUMMOND. 
Mr.  EDISON. 
Dean  FARRAR. 
Mrs.  FAWCETT. 
Professor  FLINT. 
Professor  A.  C.  ERASER. 
Professor  PATRICK  GEDDES. 
Professor  JAMES  GEIKIE. 
Mr.  HENRY  GEORGE. 
Mr.  GLADSTONE. 


Mr.  E.  GOSSE. 
Mr.  FRED.  GREENWOOD. 
Sir  GEORGE  GROVE. 
Professor  HALES. 
Mr.  P.  G.  HAMERTON. 
Professor  HAYCRAFT. 
Mr.  W.  E.  HENLEY. 
Dr.  O.  W.  HOLMES, 
Mr.  THOMAS  HUGHES. 
Mr.  HOLMAN  HUNT. 
Mr.  R.  H.  HUTTON. 
Mr.  JEVONS. 
Professor  KEANE. 
Prince  KROPOTKINE. 
Mr.  S.  LANE-POOL. 
Mr.  ANDREW  LANG. 
Mr.  G.  P.  LATHROP. 
Professor  LAUGHTON, 
Sir  WILFRID  LAWSON. 
Mr.  LECKY. 
Mr.  SIDNEY  LEE. 
Professor  LEGGE. 
Mr.  C.  G.  LELAND. 
Mr.  JUSTIN  M'CARTHY. 
Professor  MAHAFFY. 
Cardinal  MANNING. 
Mr.  WILLIAM  MORRIS. 
Dr.  J.  A.  H,  MURRAY. 


Dr.  JOHN  MURRAY. 

Lord  NAPIER  and  ETTRICK. 

Professor  NICHOLSON. 

Miss  NIGHTINGALE. 

Mrs.  OLIPHANT. 

Mr.  JOHN  ORMSBY. 

Professor  PALGRAVE. 

M.  PASTEUR. 

Professor  PFLEIDERER. 

Sir  ISAAC  PITMAN. 

Professor  RAWLINSON. 

Professor  RHYS. 

Mr.  W.  M.  ROSSETTI. 

Professor  SAINTSBURY. 

Professor  SETH. 

Mr.  J.  H.  SHORTHOUSE. 

Professor  G.  A.  SMITH. 

Mr.  GOLDWIN  SMITH. 

Sir  MURDOCH  SMITH. 

Mr.  VV.  T.  STEAD. 

Professor  TAIT. 

Canon  ISAAC  TAYLOR. 

Sir  RICHARD  TEMPLE. 

Mr.  H.  D.  TRAILI. 

ARMINIUS  VAMBERY. 

Mr.  A.  R.  WALLACE. 

Sir  CHARLES  WARREN. 

Mr.  THEODORE  WATTS. 


The  Illustrations  are  numerous,  really  illustrative  of  the  articles,  and  artistic.     Upwards  of  Fifty  carefully  Engraved 
Maps,  of  which  most  are  political,  some  jihysical,  and  some  historical,  constitute  a  practically  complete  Atlas  of  the  World. 

"  There  is  exhaustiveness  in  the  selection  of  subjects,  enterprise  in   securing  specialists  as  contributors,  and  accuracy,, 
clearness,  competency,  and  conciseness  in  the  treatment  of  the  articles." — Times. 

"  This  edition  of  '  Chambers's  Encyclopajdia  '  is  perhaps  the  cheapest  book  ever  published." — Speaker. 


W.  &  R.  CHAMBERS,  Limited,  47,  Paternoster-row,  London ;  and  Edinburgh. 


N'^  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 THE     ATHEN^UM 50_5 

CAMBRIDGE^JDOTYERSITY    PRESS. 

The  HISTORY  of  ENGLISH  LAW  before  the  TIME  of  EDWARD  I.    By  Sir  Frederick  PoUock, 

Bart.,  MA.  LL.D.,  Corpus  Professor  of  Jurisprudence  in   the  University  of  O.xford,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Barrisfer-at-Law  ;    and  FKEDBRIC  WILLIAM  MAITLAND,  LL.D., 
Downing  Professor  of  the  Laws  of  England  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Barrister-at-Law.     2  vols,  royal  8vo.  40s. 
TIMES. — "  Few  persons,  if  any,  since  Selden  have  done  more  for  English  legal  history  than  Mr.  Maitland;  Sir  Frederick  Pollock  contributes  to  the  literary  partnership  a  large 
capital  of  attainments  ;  and  the  result  is  a  book  which  puts  an  end  to  a  long-standing  reproach.     It  has  one  rare  merit— an  absence  of  pedantry  in  discussions  which  too  readily  lend  them- 
selves to  that  vice Written  with  touches  of  vivacity  and  homely  directness,  the  book  will  not  interest  lawyers  only.     Here  and  there  are  chapters  which  all  Englishmen  would  do  well 

to  read.     They  might  mark  with  profit  the  robust  good  sense,  patience,  and  prudence  which  have  shaped  our  common  law." 

A  DESCRIPTIVE   CATALOGUE  of  the  MANUSCRIPTS  in  the  FITZWILLIAM  MUSEUM. 

Illustrated  with  20  pages  of  Photographic  Keproduetions.    By  M.  K.  JAMES,  Litt.D.,  Director  of  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  and  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge.     Royal 

8vo.  25s.  net. 
ATHENu^UM. — "  The  title  of  this  handsome  volume  is  far  from  doing  justice  to  its  contents.  A  catalogue  of  239  manuscripts,  none  of  them  individually  known  to  fame,  might 
seem  to  be  a  small  thing,  undeserving  of  more  than  a  passing  notice  ;  but  Dr.  James's  volume,  in  addition  to  being  a  catalogue  of  the  Fitzwilliam  manuscripts,  is  also  a  guide  to  the  study 
of  illuminated  manuscripts  in  general.  The  manuscripts  in  the  Fitzwilliam  collection  are,  for  the  most  part,  illuminated  service  books  and  Books  of  Hours,  and  though  few  in  number 
they  are  very  choice  in  quality.  Dr.  James  has  had  the  happy  thought  of  describing  these  with  unusual  minuteness,  and  tabulating  the  results  in  his  introduction  and  indices.  He  has 
thus  made  it  easy  for  collectors  and  librarians  to  ascertain  how  far  their  own  manuscripts  correspond  to  a  common  pattern,  and  to  fix  the  localities  in  which  they  were  probably  written." 

The   GROWTH  of  BRITISH  POLICY.    By  the  late  Sir  J.  R.  Seeley,  M.A.  K.C.M.G.    With  a 

Portrait  and  a  Memoir  of  the  Author  by  G.  W.  PROTHERO,  Litt.D.,  Professor  of  History  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.    2  vols,  crown  8vo.  12s.  [Nearly  ready. 

The  EARLY  RENAISSANCE  in  ENGLAND :  the  Rede  Lecture  dehvered  in  the  Senate  House  on 

June  13th,  1895,  by  MANDBLL  CRBIGHTON,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Peterborough.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s. ;  paper  covers,  Is. 

RELLIQUIAE  PHILOLOGICAE ;  or,  Essays  in  Comparative  Philology.  By  the  late  H.  D.  Darbishire, 

M.A.,  Fellow  of  St  John's  College,  Cambridge.    Edited  by  R.  S.  CONWAY,  M.  A.,  late  Fellow  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Professor  of  Latin  in  University  College,  Cardiff. 
With  a  Biographical  Notice  by  J.  E.  SANDYS,  Litt.D.,  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  St.  John's  College,  and  Public  Orator  in  the  University  of  Cambridge.    Demy  8vo.  7s.  Qd. 

The   RESTORED   PRONUNCIATION    of  GREEK   and   LATIN.     With   Tables  and  Practical 

Explanations.     By  B.  V.  ARNOLD.  M.A.,  Professor  of  Latin  at  the  University  College  of  North  Wales,  late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambri.lge ;  and  R.  S.  CONWAY,  M.A., 
Professor  of  Latin  at  the  University  College  of  South  Wales  and  Monmouthshire,  late  Fellow  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge.    Demy  8vo.  paper  covers,  Is. 

COMPLETION  OF  THE  MANUAL  EDITION  OF  THE  SBPTUAGINT. 

The  OLD  TESTAMENT  in  GREEK,  according  to  the  SEPTUAGINT.    Edited  by  H.  B.  Swete, 

D.D.,  Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  University  of  Cambridge.    Crown  8vo.    'Vol.  I,  Genesis— IV.  Kings,  Second  Edition,  7s.  ^d. ;  Vol.  II.  I.  Chronicles— Tobit,  7s.  &d.  ; 
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The  ORIGIN  and  HISTORY  of  CONTRACT  in  ROMAN  LAW,  down  to  the  End  of  the  Republican 

Period.     (Being  the  Yorke  Prize  Essay  for  the  Year  1893.)    By  W.  H.  BUCKLER,  B.A.  LL.B.,  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.    Crown  8vo.  "s.  erf.  [Nearly  ready. 

ELEMENTS  of  the  MATHEMATICAL  THEORY  of  ELECTRICITY  and  MAGNETISM.     By 

J.  J.  THOMSON,  M.A.  F.R.S.  Hon.Sc.D.,  Dublin,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Cavendish  Professor  of  Experimental  Physics  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
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A  TREATISE  on  GEOMETRICAL  OPTICS.    By  R.  S.  Heath,  M.A.  Sc.D.,  late  Fellow  of  Trinity 

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CAMBRIDGE   GEOGRAPHICAL   SERIES, 

General  Editor,  F.  H.  H.  GUILLEMARD,  M.D.,  late  Lecturer  in  Geography  at  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

ETHNOLOGY.     In  Two  Parts.     I.  Fundamental  Ethnical  Problems.     II.  Classification  of  the 

Primary  Ethnical  Groups.    By  A.  H.  KEANE,  F.R.6.S.,  late  Vice-President  Anthropological   Institute,  Corresponding  Member    Italian  and  Washington  Anthropological 
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Cambridge.    Crown  8vo.  "s.  t'd. 

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ZOOGEOGRAPHY.     By  F.  E.  Beddard,  F.R.S.    With  Maps.    63. 

PETROLOGY  for  STUDENTS.    By  A.  Harker,  M.A.  F.G.S.,  FeUow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge 

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FITT  PRESS  SHAKESPEARE  FOR  SCHOOLS.— New  Volume. 

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SHAKESPEARE.— JULIUS  C^SAR.     Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Glossary,  by  A.  W. 

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London :  C.  J.  CLAY  &  SONS,  Cambridge  University  Press  Warehouse,  Ave  Maria  Lane. 


506 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3546,  Oct.  12,  '05 


Just  published,  crown  8vo.  price  3s.  6d. 
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CHEVALIER  D'EON. 

MAN,  WOMAN,  AND  DIPLOMATIST. 

HIS  ADVENTURES,  EXPERIENCES,  AND  META- 
MORPHOSES AT  THE  COURTS  OF  LOUIS  XV., 
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FRIDAY,  October  IS th, 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


507 


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N**  3546,  Oct.  12,  '95 


RICHARD     BENTLEY    &    SON'S 

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Saddle  Room,'  'Rod  and  River.' 


Tnrouofh  Stable  and 


In  2  vols,  demy  Svo. 

AN  HISTORICAL  SURVEY  of  the  POSITION 

of  WOMEN   in    ENGLAND.      By   GEORGIANA    HILL,    Author    cf 
'  A  History  of  English  Dress,'  &c. 


In  royal  Svo. 

The  HISTORY  of  the  SECOND  ROYAL  WEST 

SURREY  REGIMENT.  By  Lieut.  -  Col.  JOHN  DAVIS,  F.S.A., 
Author  of  'Records  of  the  Stcoiid  Royal  Surrey  Militia.'  Vols. 
II.  and  IIL,  with  numerous  Mai)s,  Plans,  and  oilijr  Illustrations, 
24«.  each. 


London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Pnhl'shers  in   Urdiuary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addrossei  to  "The  Eilitor"  — Advertisements  ami   Hminess   Letters  t)  "The   I'ubllaher"  —  at  the  O.ilee,   Hream's-bulldinx'i,  Cliancery-Iane,  E.C. 

I'rintcd  \>j  John  C.  Fiumis,  Athenaeum  I'ress,  lireams-buildinus,  Chancery-lane,  K.C. ;  and  I'ublished  by  the  said  John  C.  F:iincis  at  llream's-buildings,  tliancery-lane,  EC. 

Agents  tor  Scotiand,  Messrs.  liell  &  lirsdlute  and  Mr.  John  Moni^les,  Kdlnburffh.— Saturday,  October  11',  1835. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


Stmntal  of  englissf)  antr  Jfjoretgn  ilittratiire,  ^timte,  tin  fim  9ivt^,  Mn^it  antr  tl^e  mvnxmu 


No.  3547. 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    19,   1895. 


FBIOB 
THREEPBNOB 

BBGISTHBBD  AS  A  HBWSPAPHB 


EOYAL  PHOTOGRAPHIC  SOCIETY.— 
FORTIETH  ANNU.\L  EXHIIIITION,  1S95,  at  the  GALLERY, 
5a,  Pall  Mall  East.  NOW  OPLN,  10  am.  to  5  pm.  One  Shilling.  Monday, 
■Wednesday,  and  Saturday  Evenings,  from  7  to  10  r.M  ,  when  Lantern 
Slides  will  be  shown.  Sixpence. 

ORIENTAL  AECHtEOLOGY.— A  Series  of  TEN 
LECTURES  upon  RECENT  DI.SCOVERIES  in  EGYPT, 
CHALD.ft;A,  and  PALESIINE  will  be  delivered  bv  Mr  W.  ST.  CHAD 
BOSCAWEN  at  KINGS  COLLEGE,  on  THUK.SOAY  EVENINGS,  at 
8  o'clock,  commencing  THURSDAY,  October  17. — Tickets  forthe  Course, 
11.  Is.,  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  Kind's  College, 
Strand,  W.C. 

LADY  SHORTHAND  WRITER  (140  certificate) 
and  TYPIST,  own  Machine  (Remington)  if  necessarv.  seeks 
ENGAGEMENT,  Literary  or  otherwise.— Address  Phono,  Box  156, 
■Willing  s,  125,  Strand. 

EXPERIENCED  WRITER  (ex-Teacher  and  ex- 
Newspaper  hand)  desires  LITERARY  WORK  for  Journal  or 
Magazine  or  otherwise.— Address  J.  C,  7,  Highbury  place,  Cothara, 
Bristol. 

GENTLEMAN,  at  present  head  of  Choir  School, 
desires  post  as  LIBRARIAN,  CURATOR,  or  the  like.  Public 
or  Private  Collection.  Highest  references  and  testimonials. — Ai.phe, 
Painswick,  Glos. 

TO  PROVINCIAL  NEWSPAPER  PROPRIETORS. 
—JOURNALIST  of  experience  (Universitv  Graduateanrt  Harrister, 
Leader-writer  on  London  Morning  Paper)  desires  EDITORSHIP  or 
MANAGING  EDITORSHIP  of  sound  PROVINCIAL  DAILY  Has 
thorough  practical  knowledge  of  economical  Newspaper  production, 
paper,  machinery.  Linotypes,  &c.— Address  R.,  care  of  Smith,  Wig- 
Maker,  Temple,  E  C. 

LITERARY  MAN  (successful  Author  and 
Journalist),  of  energetic  age,  sound  judgment,  practical  sense, 
and  wide  businessknowle.lge,  desires  to  associate  himself  with  firm  of 
LONDON  PUliLISHERS  in  LIIERARY  and  GEN  ERAL  MAN.^GE- 
MENT.  Travelled,  linguist.  Could  invest  if  certainty  of  permanent 
settlement  offered.— Aodress  Liirja,  Anderson's  Advertising  Agency, 
14,  Cocktpur-street,  London,  S.W. 


u 


NIVERSITT  COLLEGE   of  NORTH  WALES. 


The  Council  will  on  neccmber  18  appoint  a  PROFES.SOR  of  LOGIC. 
PHILOSOPHY,  and  POI,lTlCAL  ECONOMY^,  at  a  salary  of  SOO^— All 
information  m.ay  be  obtained  from 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

Bangor,  October  15, 185*5. 


^HE 


GLASGOW    and    WEST    of    SCOTLAND 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 


CHAIR  OF  MATHEMATICS. 
The    Governors    invite    applications    for   the    CH.\IR  of    M.VfHE- 
.MATICS.  rendered  vacant  by  the  tieath  of  Professor  Itaitt. 

Intending  applicants  will  receive  particulars  of  the  appointment 
from  the  undersigned. 

JOHN  YOUNG,  M  A.  H  Sc  ,  Secretary. 
38,  Bath-street,  Glasgow,  October  15, 1895. 

QHOREDITCH      PUBLIC     LIBRARIES.— 

KJ  ■WANTED,  experienced  ASSISTAN  r,  a^ed  about  20.  Salary,  52(. 
per  annum  Also  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT,  with  some  experience  pre- 
ferred, and  not  under  IG  years  of  age.  Wages  12s.  per  week,— Applica- 
tions, in  Candidates  own  handwiiting,  endorsed  "Assistant"  or 
"Junior  "respectively,  with  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testi- 
monials, to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Tuesday, 
October  22.  1885.  W.  C.  PLAN  T,  Chief  Librarian  and  Clerk. 

236,  Kiogsland-road,  N.  E. 

'■pO    NEWSPAPER    EDITORS.— Re   M.    ZOLA'S 

-I.  'ROME' — Owing  to  special  circumstances  connected  with  the 
production  of  this  great  Novel,  the  ShUIAL  RIGHTS  in  the  ENGLISH 
TRANSLATION  for  LONDON,  and  also  for  a  few  Provincial  Centres, 
may  still  be  ACQUIRED  Publication  to  commence  December  28  —AH 
applications  should  be  made  promptly  to  Mr,  A.  P.  Marsde.n,  Publisher, 
13,  CliHord'slnn,  EC. 

DALLASTYPE  SHAKESPEARE.  —  CAPITAL 
REQUIRED. -Mr.  DALLAS  is  producing,  imperial  8vo  .  FAC- 
SIMILE of  liRriTSH  MUSEUM  FIRST  FOLIO.  Introductory 
Matter  and  Three  First  PJays  already  published.  Fouith  Play  in 
hand  Liberal  terms  to  l,ady  or  Genileiiian  with  moderate  capital. 
Mr.  Walter  Crane  illustrates  each  Play  with  Eight  Designs— Apply  by 
letter, EncAR  Bogie,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  15,  Lincoln's  Inn-fieids. 

ON  the  WEST  COAST.— An  old-established 
High-Class  GIULS'  SCHOOL  FOR  SALE  Capital  required, 
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at  onee  to  .M  MO,  at  Shelley's,  .'B,  Gracechuieh-street,  E  C. 


PYPE-WRITING.— MSS.   of  all   kinds   TYPE- 

WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.    Id.  per  folio.     Large 
.:.:._    ,._    -  itingement.       Translations.  —  Ed.    GaAuvM,    Surrey 


TYPE-WKITING.- Is.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement  Examination  Questionsreproduced equal  original 
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ith  accuracy  and  despatch     Terms,  I,«.  per  1,000  words;  or  for 


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T^YPE-WRITERS  (SECON  D-H  AND).— Tre- 
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Hammonds,  Yo^ts,  Caligi-aphs,  Victors.  &c  Any  Machine  can  be  hired 
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Documents  Cop  cd  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Corned 
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(Holbom  end),  London.    Telephone  No.  CStO. 


'TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 

JL     Coventry  (Certiflcated  Typistj.— Authors'   MSS.   accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


9,    BLlRT-STREET,    BlOOMsBURY,    LONDON. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street.  Covent-^rden,  and  late  Director  and  Manag:er  of  Ke^n 
Paul.  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begH  to  announce  that  he  will 
RKSUME  BUSINESS  as  a  FUHLlslIEH  on  his  own  account  upon 
OCTOnEll  31  NEXT.  He  will  be  ^lad  in  Tlie  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS.  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  lor 
New  IJooks.    Address  as  above. 


MISS  LOUISA  DREWRY  gives  LECTURES, 
Readings,  and  Lessons  in  English  Language  and  Literature. 
She  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  any  who  would  like  to  join  the  Home 
Students'  Literary  Reading  Society.— 143,  King  Henry's-road,  London, 
N.W. 

MR.   HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  have  recommenced. 
DRAWING  forthe  PRE.SS-S'TUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
and  by  Correspondence.- 123,'\'ictoria-st..  S.  W.  (nr.  Army  &  Navy  Stores;. 

A  SSISTANT      SCHOOLMISTRESSES.— Miss 

XjL  LOUISA  BROUOH  can  recommend  University  Graduates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers.  Foreign  'Teachers,  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  &c.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
— The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS,  or  offering  to  place  MSS.,  without  the  personal  recom- 
m&ndation  of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  tiie  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    Ry  order,    G  HERBERT  'THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal-street.' Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B  — 'The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cox,  Bream's-buildings,  E.G. 


"T^HE    AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Establi.-hed  1879. 

J-  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  hehalf  of  Authors.  M^S,  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  comlucted  'Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free. — 'Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuRGHis,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

'T'^HE  AUTHORS*  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 

-L  Syndicate  and  Press  Agency.  "A  Medium  of  Communication 
between  Authors,  Fditors.  and  Publishers."  MSS  negotiated.  Inter- 
views by  appointment  only. — Address  the  SECRETAaY,  3,  Victoria-street, 
Westminster. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13.  Red  Lion-court,  Fleet-street.  E.G. 

R      ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising    Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR-STHEET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.'W., 
Insert   Advertisements  in  all   Papers,  Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 
possible    pnces.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,  Schools,  Publishers, 
Manufacturers,  &c.,  on  appliiiation. 


NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES,  BOOKS,  &c.— 
KING.  SELL  &  RAILTON,  Limited,  High-Class  Printers  and 
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specially  built  Rotary  and  other  fast  Machines  for  printing  and  oinding 
Illustratel  or  other  Publications.  Advice  and  assistance  given  to  any 
one  wishing  to  commence  New  Journals.  Editorial  Offices  free.  Adver- 
tising and  Publishing  conducted. 

Telephone  65,121.    Telegraph,  "  Africanism,  London." 

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CEataloQues. 

FOREIGN     BOOKS     and      PERIODICALS 
promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
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E 


LLIS  &  ELVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  liooks. 

Libraries  Catulotfued.  Arranged.  Valued,  or  Purchased. 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

'J9,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


S.  E     A     S     T     E     S,         Bookseller, 

■  121,  Knatchbull-ro3d,  Camhcrwell,  S.E. 

Special  Business— finding  Books  wanted  {.\ncicnt  or  Modern). 
Book-Plates  (Ex-Libris)  bought  in  any  quantity. 


Gratis  on  application, 

'HE  INTERNATIONAL  HOOK.MARKET,  No.  1. 

Monllily  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 

H.  GREVEL  &  CO  ,  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 

33,  King-sticct,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 


pOUNTY  HISTORIES  and   Miscellaneous  Topo- 

VV  graphic-al  Hooks  —Just  published,  a  C.VTAI.OGUK.  sent  post  free. 
Books  and  Engravings  Bought  —James  RijitLL  &.  So.n,  ill,  Oxford-street, 
London,  W. 


ALL  OUT-OF-PRINT  BOOKS  speedily  pro- 
cHreU  ,^cknowle'lged  the  ni<ist  expert  Uookflnder  extant,  I'lt-ase 
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Lent,  or  Exchanged. 


A 


RTHUR    JAMES     BOURLET    Deceased. 


Pursuant  to  Statute  22  &  23  Vic.  Cap.  35  intituled  "  An  Act  to  further 
amend  the  Law  of  Property  and  to  relieve  Trustees "  NOTICE  IS 
HEKEliY  GIVEN  that  all  creditors  and  other  persons  having  any 
claims  or  demands  against  the  Estate  of  ARTHUR  JAMES  BOURLET 
late  of  17  and  18  Nassau-street  Middlesex  Hospital  and  of  16  Parkhurst- 
roal,  Holloway  Carver  and  Gilder  and  Picture  Frame  Manufacturer 
deceased  (who  died  on  the  5th  day  of  June  last  and  whose  Will  was 
proved  in  the  Principal  Registry  of  the  Probate  Division  of  Her 
Majesty's  High  Court  of  Justice  on  the  1st  day  of  July  last  by  'William 
Hardy  and  Robert  Langford  the  executors  therein  named)  are  hereby 
required  to  send  in  particulars  in  writing  of  their  claims  or  demands  to 
me  the  undersigned  the  Solicitor  for  the  exexiutors  on  or  before  the 
31st  day  of  December  next  after  which  date  the  executors  w  ill  proceed 
to  distribute  the  assets  of  the  deceased  amongst  the  persons  entitled 
thereto  having  regard  only  to  the  claims  and  demands  of  which  they 
shall  have  had  notice  and  they  will  not  be  liable  forthe  assets  of  the 
deceased  or  any  part  Iheifeof  so  distributed  to  any  person  or  persons  ol 
whose  claims  and  demands  they  shall  not  then  have  had  notice  And 
further  take  notice  that  in  case  any  such  claims  or  demands  relate  to 
any  picture  or  pictures  deposited  with  or  entrusted  to  the  said  Arthur 
James  Bouilet  full  particulars  must  be  given  oI  the  name  of  the  artist 
and  subject  of  such  picture  or  pictures  for  the  purpose  of  identificatioa- 

Dated  this  9th  day  of  October  1895. 

A.  J.  HARM  AN, 
143,  Great  Portland -street,  ■W., 
Solicitor  lor  the  Executors. 

FRANCE.— The  ATHEN/EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MEB,  BIARRITZ,  BOK- 
DEAUX,  BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE.  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRAE!,  234,  Rue  de  RiToU,  Paris. 

FOR  SALE,  Turner's  Views  in  England  and 
Wales,  2  vols.  4to.  superbly  bound,  full  tree  calf,  highly  gilt, 
1838  lOi.  10.?  —'Turner's  Views  on  .Southern  Coast  of  England,  4to.  half 
bound,  uncut,  1826,  4(.  10s.— 'Turner's  Campbell's  Poems.  1837,  8vo.  lull 
calf,  31  lOji.,  proofs— Rogers's  I'oenis  and  Italy,  18:J0,  18:;4,  full  bound 
morocco,  proofs  before  letters,  presentation  copy  by  author,  10/ — 
Audsleyand  Bowes  s  Keramic  Art  of  Japan,  parts,  folio.  Si— Chippen- 
dale's Furniture,  folio,  calf,  1755.  lOi  10s -Syntax's  Three  Tours,  1819- 
18'1)  3/  lOs  half  bound— A  Horn  Book,  rir.a  1716,  5/— Bewick's  Select 
Fables,  1820,  spotless,  finely  bound  morocco.  I'j;  — .lisop's  Fables.  1818, 
calf,  largest  paper,  lOi.— Land  and  Water  Hirds,  royal  8vo.  half  bound, 
SI  —'Two  Broadsides  against  'Tobacco  by  King  James,  cSte  ,  1672,  31. 10s.— 
Macmillan's  White's  Selborne,  2  vols,  folio,  1(.  15s.— Lex,  Chronicle 
OfKce,  High-street,  Doncaster. 

MARLBOROUGH'S   SERIES  of   BOOKS   for 
LIBRARIES  and  MUSEUMS. 
1    BORROWERS'  REGISTER.   10s.      4.  LIBR.\RY  CATALOGUE.   12t. 
■'    LIBRARY  ACCESSIONS.    10s.  6.  MUSEUM  ACCESSIONS.  10». 

3.  LIBRARY  REGISTER.    10s.  8.  VISITORS'  BOOK.   10s. 

See  Detailed  List  of  Specialties,  including  above,  and 
MARLBOROUGH  PAMPHLET  CASES,  32  sizes.  Is.  to  4s. 
LOOSE  M.VGAZINE  CASES,  about  80  sorts. 
ABJ  US  TABLE  BOOK-'.'OVERS.    Is.  Box,  assorted  sizes. 
Museum  Labels,  Label  Rests,  Numbers,  &e. 
Library  Nos.  from  1  to  6.CC0,  gummed. 
Book  Rests,  Newspaper  Holder..;,  Backs,  &c. 
52,  Old  Bailey.  London,  E.C. 


M 


U  DIE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  which  has  been  considerably 
increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French. 
German,  Spanish,  and  Italian  for  Cikculation  and  Sale. 

A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  tho 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  ■nill  be  seat  to  any 
address  postage  free  on  application. 


CATALOGUE  of  FOBEION  BOOKS  for  1S05, 
Is.  6d,  each. 


MDDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY  (Limited), 

30-34,  New  O.xford-street ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  4'*.  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.G., 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 
(The  LEADEN  HALL  PRESS,  Ltd  .  SO.  Lendenball-street, 
London.  E  C  ) 
Contains    hairles*    paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    6«.  per  down,  ruled  or  plain. 


510 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


HCTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 

effected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  cautious  treatment, 

by  M    RAINE  THOMPSON, 

Studio,  41,  George-street,  Fortmau  square.  W. 


a^HE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  LONDON, 
inTite  all  interested  in  Fine  Art  to  Inspect  the  important  Col- 
l«-c  ton  of  Permanent  Autotype  Reproductions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Art,  exhibited  in  their 

FINE-ART     GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFOllD-STREET. 


SPLENDID  COPIES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS  from  all  the  Celebrated 
Galleries  of  Europe. 

REPRODUCTIONS  of  MODERN  PAINTINGS  from  the  Luxembourg, 
the  Salon,  Royal  Academy,  &c. 

The  ART  of  BARTOLOZZI.    One  Hundred  Designs. 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS.  Two  Hundred  and  Thirty-four  Examples 
of  this  Master,  from  Rare  Prints  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALFRED  STEVENS  and  his  WORK.  Crown  fdlio.  20  in.  by  15  in. 
Half-bound  morocco.  Fifty-seyen  Full-Page  Illustrations.  Memoir 
and  Critical  Descriptions  by  HUGH  STANNUS.  Price  Six  Guineas. 
A  few  Copies  of  this  Important  Work  for  Disposal. 

ALBERT  DVRER.  Ninety-three  Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile 
from  Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Descriptive  Text  by 
SIDNEY  COLVIN,  MA.  The  volume  is  imperial  folio,  half- 
morocco.  Plates  linen  guarded.  Price  Six  Guineas.  Edition 
100  Copies. 


Fomphlet,  'Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  post  free. 


Offices  and  Fine- Art  Gallery— 74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 
The  Works— EALING  DENE,  MIDDLESEX. 


'■rUNBRIDGE   WELLS.— FDRNISHED  APART- 

L  MENTS.  with  cheerful  southern  outlook,  a  few  minutes'  walk 
from  the  Common,  Ye  Pantiles,  and  the  Railway  Stations.  Moderate 
terms  lor  the  winter  months. — K.  G.,  18,  Ciaremont-road,  'lunbridge 
AVeUs. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 
Sy  directi'jn  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  liev.  ALGEHXON 
WODEHOVSE.  About  IfiOO  ounces  of  Old  Chased  Plate, 
flated  Articles,  Books,  Decorative  China,  Engravings, 
Old  French  Boxes,  and  Bijouterie,  Miniatures,  and  a 
beautiful  Old  Limoges  Enamel  Casket,  removed  from  May- 
field,  iVinchester ,  for  convenience  of  Sale, 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  favoured 
with  instructions  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  as 
above,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  23,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above 
VALUABLE  PROPERTY'.  I'he  Plate  comprises  Old  three-prong  Forks, 
a  Pair  of  beautiful  Salvers,  IJasket-Cup  and  Cover,  and  other  interest- 
ing I'ieces— a  beautiful  Old  Limoges  Enamel  Casket  in  Subjects,  the 
Labours  of  Hercules  — an  Old  Fifteenth  Century  Missal  —  Battersea 
Enamels— Old  French  Boxes,  fituis,  &c. — Gold  Coins,  including  one  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  in  fine  state,  and  other  Objects  of  Vertu. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had  of  .Messrs.  Losr.- 
BouR.vE,  Srevt.vs  &  Powell,  Solicitors.  7,  Lincoln's  Inn-Eelds  ;  and  of  the 
Auciio.NEERs,  at  their  OlHces,  as  above. 


■WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 
A  Collection  of  Pictures,  chiefly  bij  the  Old  Masters,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Executors  of  the  late  Rev.  ALGERNON  WODE- 
liOLUE,  aiul  otherwise. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  THURS- 
DAY, October  i'4,'at  1  o  cbiek  precisely,  the  above  COLLECTION  of 
PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS,  including  a  charming  Portrait  of 
Isabella  Susannah.  Countess  of  Beverley,  by  Cosway— a  Portrait  of 
John.  Lord  Wodeliouse,  by  W.  Beechey,  R  A— a  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  by 
Drummond— and  other  Interesting  Works. 

May  be  \1ewed  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOM.S,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 
A  Collection  of  valuable  Decorative  Property,  being  the  Remain- 
ing Portion  of  ihe  BaTEMAN  HEIHLOO.MS,  removed 
from  Lomherdale  House,  i'oulgreave,  and  Miildteton  Hall, 
Derbyshire,  comprising  a  .Small  Collection  of  Pictures,  Draw- 
ings, and  Engravings,  Old  Chased  Plate,  Early  Weapons 
and  Armour,  Rare  Old  Carved  Oak  Furniture,  ^c. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  THURS- 
DAY, October  I't.  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o  clock  precisely  etch  day, 
the  above  COLLECTION  of  VALlAIil.E  DECOltATIVE  I'ROPERTY, 
comprising  a  Small  Collection  of  Pictures,  comprising  interesting 
Hpeeimens  of  the  Early  German,  Florentine,  Flemish,  and  Venetian 
Schools— '1  hree  beautifulTriptychs-Water-ColourDrawings-Bne  Proof 
Engravings  after  Wright,  Angelica  Kauffnian.  and  others  — Em- 
broidcrie.H  and  Illuminations— about  .JOO  ounces  of  Old  Chased  Plate- 
Early  Weapons  and  Armour,  including  three  cap-ii-pied  Suits— a 
quantity  of  Rare  Old  Carved  Oak  Furniture,  chiefly  of  the  Eli^^abethan 
and  Jacobean  periods— an  Old  Stained  Glass  Window— China,  &c. 

May  he  viewed  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had  of  Messrs. 
Fnoiv,  R.Noiv  &  F<i"t,  Solicitors,  7,  Great  St.  Thomas  Apostle,  Queen- 
street,  E.C. ;  and  of  the  AitTioNttRs,  at  their  Olhces,  as  above. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 
A  Collection  of  Pictures  by  the  Old  Masters,  the  greater 
portion  in  the  /tali  in,  Spani'^h,  German,  and  Early  English 
.Schools,  the  Property  tf  IV.  A.  MACA'fNAO.V,  Esq., 
removed  from  U,  Marble  Arch,  and  Acripe  Pluce,  near  Folke- 
stone. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  favoured 
with  instructions  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  as 
above,  on  TlllHSDAY,  October  .'11,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above 
valuable  COLLECTION  by  the  OLD  MASTEUS,  several  of  which  are 
leterred  to  in  Dr.  Waagen's  '  Ireasures  of  Art  ' 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 


TUE.SDA  y  NEXT. 

Valualjle  Collection  of  Insects. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION. 
at  hiBOreat  Rooms, 3H,  King-street.  Coven^gardcn,  on  Tl'ESDAY 
NI.XT.Octobcr '.'1',  at  half-past  12  o  clock  precisely,  the  valuable  COLLEC- 
TION of  «KllIf,H  l.EPlDOI'l'KHA  formed   by  Mr    J     E    KOILSON  ; 
alKoaCOLLKCl'ION  of  EXoTK;  I.NHECT.S,  some  in  Papers— BooUh,  &c. 
On  view  tlie  day  prior  U  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


FRIDAY  NEXT.— Scientific  Instruments. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms.  .18,  King-street,  Covent^garden.  on  FRID.^Y 
NEXT,  October  25,  at  half-past  12  precisely,  SCIENTIFIC  INSTRU- 
MENTS and  various  APPAR.\TUS— Cameras  and  Lenses,  Stands,  and 
other  Photographic  Requisites— Binnial  and  other  Lanterns  and  Slides- 
and  a  quantity  of  Miscellaneous  Eflfects. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 


Tl'ESDAY,  October  S9. 

The  r  holographic  Stock  of  WILLIAM  LAW  LEY, 

Fiirringdon-street. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  ,'i8.  King-street,  Covent-garden.  on  TUES- 
DAY, October  2y,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  an  immense 
Assortment  of  CAMERAS  and  LENSES  in  many  sizes  by  Ross.  Dall- 
meyer.  Grub,  Beck,  and  other  eminent  makers,  comprising  Rapid  and 
Portable  Si nimetricals,  Rectilinears.  Wide  Angles.  View  Lenses.  Por- 
trait and  Stereoscopic,  &c.  ;  also  a  fine  lot  of  Magic  Lanterns  and 
Slides.  &c. 


Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Library  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square.  W.C,  on  THURS- 
DAY, October  24,  FRIDAY,  October  25,  and  on  MONDAY,  October  28, 
at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS, 
including  the  LIliR.^ltY  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  comprising  Claude's  Liber 
Veritatis— New  Bon 'Ton  Magazine,  6  vols. — Dryden's  Works,  18  vols. — 
Rogers's  Italy,  Large  Paper— Dugdale's  Warwickshire— Hasted's  Kent- 
Chinese  Native  Di-awings- Lear's  Parrots- Keller's  Lake-Dwellings  of 
Switzerland— Hogarth's  Works- Ruskin's  Modern  Painters— Portfolio, 
it  vols.  —  Caricatures  by  Gillray  and  Rowlandson  —  Spanish  MS.  on 
^'ellum.  with  Miniatures— Scott's  Novels,  48  vols. — Books  on  Napoleon 
—Works  of  Art,  Architecture,  Decoration,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Property. 

MESSRS,  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY,  October  29.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COL- 
LECTION of  MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY,  consisting  of  Antique 
Furniture.  China  (including  some  old  Bow  figures).  Coins,  Medals, 
Silver  and  Plated  Articles.  Clocks,  Watches,  Jewellery,  Oriental 
Carvings,  Curios.  &c..  part  the  Properties  of  the  late  Mr.  ALFRED 
GER.MAN  REED,  and  from  other  Private  Sources. 
Catalogues  in  preparation 


Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Pictures. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY',  November  8.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COL- 
LECTION of  ENGR.4VINGS,  Framed  and  in  Portfolio,  including  some 
fine  Mezzotint  Portraits  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  others  (in  proof 
states)  1  also  Fancy  Subjects  of  the  Bartolozzi  School  (some  in  colours) 
—Modern  Engravings  in  proof  states  after  SirE  Landseer,  Luke  Fildes, 
Eugene  de  Blaas,  Briton  Rivifre,  F.  Goodall.  E.  J.  Poynter,  Sir  F. 
Leighton,  Sir  J.  E.  Millias,  B.  W.  Leader,  &c  ;  also  Water-Colour 
Drawings  and  Pictures. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  A.  YOUNG,  Esq., 
of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton. 

MESSRS.  PDTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION.attheirllousc.  47. Leicester-square,  W.C,  DURING 
NOA'EMBER,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  A.  YOUNG, 
Esq  ,  of  Orlingbury  Park.  Northampton,  comprising  Baker's  Northamp- 
tonshire—Nash's Worcester— Bridgess  County  of  Northampton— Ben 
Jonson's  Works  — Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Works  — Shakespeare's 
Julius  Ccesar,  Othello— Purchas  his  Pilgrimes,  5  vols  — Lawes  of  Vir- 
ginia, 1662— Book  of  Common  Prayer.  1U.'J9— Holbein's  Portraits,  uncut 
—  Holy  Bible,  Macklin's  Edition.  7  vols  morocco— Humes  England, 
Bowyer's  Edition,  10  vols,  morocco— First  Editions  of  Plays  by  Nat 
Lee,  Dryden,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Many  Thousand  Volumes  of  Popular  Modern  Publications. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery-lane,  W  C.  on  WEDNESDAY. 
October  23,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MANY  THOUS.\ND 
VOLUMES  of  POPUL.^R  MODERN  PUBLICATIONS,  comprising 
60  Anderson's  Japan  (8/.  8s  )— 300  Artistic  Japan,  3  vols.  {21.  5s  )— 
600  vols.  Bida's  Gospels,  4to— 60  Hill's  Doctor  Johnson  (3(.  Ss  )— 
25  McCormicks  Voyages,  2  vols.  (52s.  6d.)— 537  Patersons  Curiosities 
of  Christian  History  (6s.),  and  80  Law  and  Lawyers  (7s.  6i/.)— 800  Red- 
grave's Century  of  Painters  (10s.  6rf  )— 10  Richter's  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
2  vols.  (12/.  12s  )— 2  Ruskin's  Modern  Painters  and  Stones  of  Venice, 
8  vols.  Large  Paper— 55  Stirling's  (Earl)  Royal  Letters,  2  vols.  (5;.  5s  )— 
1,576  Alcott's  Comic  Tragedies  (5s.)— 1,300  Attwell's  Italian  Masters 
(3s.  Oi;  )— 720  Arnold's  Indian  Hills  (7s  6J,)—70O  Knox's  Boy 'Travellers 
(7s  6</  )— 2,6(X)  Dickens's  and  Hoods  Annuals— and  a  large  assortment 
of  Juvenile  Books,  Gift-Books,  &c  ,  in  attractive  bindings. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

In  the  ROYAL  EXCHANGE  SALE-ROOMS,  GLASGOW. 

On  SA'TURDAY,  October  26,  at  12— Select  LIBRARY'  of  very  Valuable 
BOOKS,  mostly  First  or  other  Rare  Editions,  superbly  bound, 
including  Ruskin's  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture  and  Modern 
Painters— Gustavo  Doric's  Works— Dickens's  Mutual  Friend,  First 
Edition— Molifre's  Dramatic  Works- Du  Maurier's  English  Society 
at  Home— Turner's  Southern  Coast  of  England— and  other  Rare 
Works,  removed  from  Mansion  House  in  the  Country  for  con- 
venience of  Sale. 

ROBERT    M'TEAR  &    CO.   will  sell  the  above 
by  AUCTION,  in  their  Rooms.  North  Court,  St.  Vincent-place, 
Glasgow,  on  SATUUD.VY',  October  '26,  at  12  noon. 

On  View  'Two  Days  prior  and  Morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  appli- 
cation to  the  -\i  (  n'o.M.Ei:-;,  Royal  Exchange  Sale-Rooms,  Glasgow. 


ANEW  WATER  SUPPLY  for  LONDON. 
(With  Map  of  the  District  )  Also  Views,  Plans,  and  detailed 
Description  of  the  new  Hotel  Cecil  on  tiie  Victoria  Embankment.— 
See  the  UVILBER,  October  I'J.     Post  free,  iy. 

Publisher  of  the  llnilder,  46,  Catherine-street,  W.C. 


PALESTINE  EXPLORATION  FUND. 
QUARTERLY  STATEMENT  for  OCTOBER  now  ready,  2s.  Gd. 
Contents. 
NOTES  and  NEWS.— SIXTH  REPORT  on  the  EXCAVATIONS  at 
JERUSALEM.  With  Illustrations.— OLD  CHURCHES  in  JERUSALEM. 
With  Plans— CHANGES  at  SILOAM— 'The  STOPPAGE  of  the  RIVER 
JORDAN —The  ROCK  ETAM  and  the  CAVE  of  ADULLA.M.— ThcCrTY 
of  DAVID— LAl'PING  of  WATER.-GREEK  and  other  INSCRIP- 
TIONS coilected  in  the  HAURAN.— METEOROLOO'CAL  OBSERVA- 
TIONS at  JERUSALEM.  -REPORT  of  the  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

The  QUARTERLY  STATEMENT  is  sent  free  to  Subscribers  to  the 
Work  of  the  Fund  of  Haifa-Guinea  and  upwards. 
List  of  Publications  post  free. 


THE    NOVEMBER    NUMBER 


PALL  MALL  MAGAZINE. 

204  PAGES,  profusely  illustrated,  and  including  a 
PHOTOGRAVURE  PLATE. 

Is  ready  This  Day  at  all  Booksellers'  and  at  all 
Railway  Bookstalls. 

PRICE    EIGHTBENPBNCB. 


The  Contributors  to  the  November  Number  of  the 
PALL  MALL  MAGAZINE  include— 
Sir  LEWIS  MORRIS. 
GRANT  ALLEN. 

LOUISE  CHANDLER  MOULTOlf. 
ALEXANDER  CARGILL. 
FRANCIS  H.  HARDY. 
JOHN  K.  LEYS. 
C.  FLETCHER  PECK. 
L.  HARWOOD  FOOTE. 
SARA  JEANNETTE  DUNCAN. 
The  late  W.  W.  STORY. 
W.  L  ALDEN. 
G.  H.  JALLAND. 
8.  LEVETT  YEATS. 
P.  L.  ADDISON. 
SOPHY  HARBORD. 
M.  GRIFFITH.    And 
I.  ZANGWILL. 


The  Illustrations  include  a  PHOTOGRAVURE 
PLATE  after  HUGO  SALMSON,  and  Draw- 
ings by — 

A.  D.  Mccormick. 

CECIL  ALDIN. 

HAL  HURST. 

MARK  ZANGWILL. 

E.  F.  SKINNER. 

S.  H.  VBDDER. 

P.  WOODROFFB. 

W.  M.  RUSSELL. 

E.  ROTH. 

FRANCES  A.  E.  EWAN,  and  Others. 


Editorial  and  Publishing  Offices : 
18,  Charing  Cross-road,  London,  W.C. 

FROM  BRAIN  TO 
KEYBOARD. 


MACDONALD    SMITH'S    SYSTEM 
FOR  TOUCH  AND  TECHNIQUE. 


NEW  and  ENLARGED  PROSPECTUS, 

16  pp.  post  free. 


"  Has  attracted  so  much  attention  of  late 
in  the  musical  world." — Musical  Times. 

"  We  make  no  comparisons,  but  say  simply, 
from  personal  experience,  that  Mr.  Smith's 
system  of  training  does  all  that  he  claims  for 
it.... The  interest  it  immediately  excited, 
and  still  sustains,  bears  witness  to  the  value 
of  Mr.  Smith's  researches  in  the  science  of 
physiology  for  the  benefit  of  musicians." 

Musical  News. 

"  Wonderful  work   is   being  done   by  Mr. 
Macdonald    Smith    in    the  application  of   his 
new    system.... He   is    giving    hundreds    of 
lessons  by  mail  with  the  very  best  results." 
New  York  Musical  Courier. 


Complete  Course  of  Six  Correspondence 
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MACDONALD  SMITH, 
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N**  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


511 


MR.     MURRAY'S     LIST. 


READY,  8vo.  6s. 


THE    QUARTERLY   REVIEW,    No.  364. 


Contents 

1.  FKEBMAN,  FROUDE,  and  SEELEY. 

2.  The  NOVELS  of  MARIA  EDGEWORTH. 

3.  The  ART  of  TRANSLATION. 

4.  RIVAL  LEADERS  and  PARTY  LEGACIES. 
6.  LIGHTFOOT'S  APOSTOLIC  FATHERS. 

THE    NEW   INDEX   VOLUME. 
No3.  361  and  362,  being  Index  to  Vols.  161-180,  are  ready,  price  6s.  each. 


6.  The  NEW  DRAMA. 

7.  PUBLIC  OPINION  in  INDIA. 

8.  MRS.  AUGUSTUS  CRAVEN. 

9.  VILLAGE  COMMUNITIES  in  SPAIN. 

10.  TORQUATO  TA880. 

11.  The  TRIUMPH  of  CONSERVATISM. 


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REMINISCENCES  OF  THIRTY-FIVE  YEARS  OF  MY  LIFE. 

By  Sir  JOSEPH  A.  CROWE,  K.C.M.G.  C.B., 
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Including  the  Founding  and  Early  Days  of  the  Daily  Neics,  Experiences  as  War  Correspondent  during  the  Campaign 
on  the  Danube  in  1854,  the  Crimean  War,  Bombay  during  the  Mutiny,  the  Franco-Austrian  War  in  1859,  &c. 


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BISHOP  HEBER :  Poet  and  Chief  Missionary  to  the  East, 

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By  Dr.  GEORGE  SMITH,  CLE.  F.R.G.S., 

Author  of  the  '  Life  of  William  Carey,'  '  Henry  Martyn,'  &c. 

With  Portrait,  Maps,  and  Illustrations. 


A.   &    C.    BLACK'S 

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SOME  POOR  RELIEF  QUESTIONS. 

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By  Miss  GERTRUDE  LUBBOCK, 

With  a  Preface  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  JOHN  LUBBOCK,  Bart.  M.P. 


FOUR  HUMOURISTS  OF  THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

1.  DICKENS  :  the  Humourist  as  Democrat, 

2.  THACKERAY  :  the  Humourist  as  Philosopher. 

3.  GEORGE  ELIOT  :  the  Humourist  as  Poet. 

4.  CARLYLE  :  the  Humourist  as  Prophet, 
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Revised  and  Enlarged. 
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By  J.  W.  MACKAIL,  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 

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Professor  KNIGHT,  of  St.  Andrews  University. 

THE   LIFE  AND   CORRESPONDENCE   OF  THOMAS 
VALPY   FRENCH. 

Scholar  and   Mi'sionary.      First    Bishop  of   Lahore.      1825-1891, 

By  the  Rev.  HERBERT  BIRKS,  M,A. 

Portrait,  Illustrations,  and  Maps. 


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By  the  Rev,  CHARLES  GORE,  Canon  of  Westminster, 

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512 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


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N*'  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


513 


WARD,    LOCK    &    BOWDEN'S 

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#   * 


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A    NEW   HISTORICAL    NOVEL. 

SECOND  EDITION  IN  PREPARATION. 

AT  ALL  LIBRARIES  AND  BOOKSELLERS'. 

In  3  vo's.  crown  8vo.  15s.  net. 

A      M  A  N'S      FOES: 

A  Tale  of  the  Siege  of  Londonderry. 
By  Mrs.  E.  H.  STIUIN. 

Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  30. 

" '  A  Man's  Foes'  is  the  best  historical  novel,  pure 
and    simple,    that  we   have   had   since    Mr.    Conan 

Doyle    published    'Micah    Clarke.' One  of    the 

most  picturesque,  dramatic,  and  absorbing  historical 

romances  we  have  read  for  many  a  long  day An 

author  whose  invention,  imagination,  pictorial  vision, 
and  fine  literary  skill  have  harmoniouslj^  co-operated 
in  the  production  of  an  exceptionally  fine  romance." 

A    MAN'S    FOES. 

Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  13. 

"If  E.  H.  Strain,  the  author  of  'A  Plan's  Foes,' 
be  a  lad}',  she  may  be  cordially  congratulated  on 
having  written  a  powerful  and  impressive  historical 
novel ;  if  a  gentleman,  upon  a  rare  gift  of  insight 
into  the  more  recondite  depth  of  feminine  character, 
and  en  a  remarkable  capacity  for  composing  vivid 
and  thrilling  narrative  in  an  excellent  literary  style. 
The  story  he  or  she  tells  with  masterly  skill  is  that 
of  tlie  memorable  defence  of  Derry  by  an  extem- 
porized garrison  of  Ulster  Protestants A  chro- 
nicle of  intense  and  unflagging  interest." 

A    MAN'S    FOES. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Walkley. 

"One  of  the  finest  historical  novels  we  have  had 

for  years.     It  is  a  book  that  will  live;   forcible  and 

stirring,  yet  weighty  and  sober;  brisk  and  cheerful, 

yet  so  deeply  pathetic  as  scarce  to  be  read  without 

tears Everybody  will  be  reading  this  book,  and 

its  author  is  bound  to  become  famous The  work- 
ing of  the  woman's  mind  is  laid  bare  to  us,  and,  as 
it  were,  every  beat  of  her  heart,  so  that  we  live 

through  the  siege  with  her A  masterpiece  in  this 

sort  of  historical  reconstruction.  Surely  Scott's 
Covenanters— yes,  I  will  say  it,  though  it  may  sound 
extravagant  praise — were  not  better  done.  And 
there  are  minor  characters— an  old  Scotch  gardener, 
a  wild  Irish  lad— that,  I  dare  to  think,  Sir  Walter 

would  not  have  been  ashamed  of  either Take  up 

'A  Man's  Foe?,'  and  I  defy  you  to  lay  it  down  until 
j'ou  have  finished  it.  And  I  am  much  mistaken  if 
you  do  not  feel  a  better  man  for  the  reading  of  it." 

A    MAN'S    FOES. 

New  Age,  Oct.  10. 
"The  one  question,  however,  which  the  ordinary 
man  in  the  street,  or  woman  in  the  house,  asks 
about  a  novel  is  not  'Does  it  possess  this  or  that 
quality  which  is  admired  by  superline  critics  ? '  but, 
'Is  it  a  story  which  is  likely  to  interest  me?'  and 
this  is  a  question  which  can  be  answered  with  no 
uncertain  sound.  'A  .Man's  Foes'  is  not  merely 
interesting  ;  it  is  so  absorbing  that  if  a  reader  takes 
it  up  at  a  time  when  some  duty  imperatively  calls 
bim  it  is  likely  to  have  a  perfectly  demoralizing 
eflEect." 

A    MAN'S    FOES. 

Scotsman,  Sept.  16. 

"A  lady  who.'-e   imagination  is  vivid  and  whose 

pen  is  facile The   narrative   is  of    ititense    and 

unceasing   interest Tlie  writer   tells   us   that  no 

pains  have  been  spared  to  ensure  truth  in  the  details. 
This  is  clear  on  the  face  of  every  page,  and  adds  to 
the  value  of  aa  interesting  and  instructive  historical 
uove!." 


JOSEPH    HOCKING'S   NEW    BOOK. 

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515 


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516 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3547,  Oct.  19/95 


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N'  3547,  Oct.  19,  ^95 THE     ATHEN^UM 517 

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518 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


MESSRS. 

WM.  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS' 

NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  LIFE  OF  PROFESSOR  BLACKIE. 
This  day  at  all  Libraries, 

JOHN   STUART   BLACKIE: 

A  Biography.  By  ANNA  M.  STODDART. 
With  an  Etching  after  Sir  George  Reid's  Tor- 
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2  vols,  demy  8vo.  21.?. 

This  day  is  published, 

THE  TABLE-TALK  OF  SHIRLEY. 

Reminiscences  of  and   Letters   from   Froude, 
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sir' HERBERT  MAXWELL'S  NEW  VOLUME. 

POST  MERIDIANA: 

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N°  3547,  Oct.  19, '95  THE     ATHEN^UM  519 


RICHARD     BENTLEY    &    SON'S 

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520 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


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WHITES  (Henry  J.)  The  Four  Gospels,  from  the  Munich  MS.  in  the 
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MARGOLIOUTH  ( Prof,  D,  S, )  — An  Es5ay  on  the  Place  of  Ecelesiasticus 
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\_Continvcd  on  next  page. 


N°3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


521 


JOHN  GRANT'S  LIST  continued. 

HUGO  (A'ictor)  — Hans  of  Iceland,  translated  by  A.  I.angdnn  Alger, 
illustrated  by  A.  J)einarest.  a  handsome  Kdition  ile  T.uxe,  illusti-ated 
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lONA  Club —Collectanea  de  Rebus  Albanicus  — Oiiginal  Papers  and 
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Fcotland,  also  the  '1  ransactions  of  the  loiia  Hub.  edited,  with  Illus- 
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ITALY.— Ross  (Janet).— The  Land  of  Manfred.  Prince  of  Tarcntnm  and 
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CURIOSITIES  OF  OLDEN  TIMES. 


By  S.  BARING-GOULD. 
REVISED  AND  ENLAKGED  EDITION. 


The  Meaning  of  Mourning. 

tlueer  Culprits. 

AVhat  are  Women  made  of .' 

The  liaroness<le  lieausoleiJ. 

A  Mysterious  Vale. 

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EDWARD  STANFORD'S  LIST. 


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AFRICA:  Vol.  I.  North  Africa.    By 

A.  H.  KEANE,  F.R.G.S.,  Author  of   'Asia' in 
same  series,  '  Eastern  Geography,'  &c.     With  9 
Maps  and  77  Illustrations.     15s. 
"  The  preparation  of  the  book  must  have  involved  immense 

atid  original  labour,  for  the  volume  in  tlie  former  series  liy 

the  late  Keith  Johnston  has  been  entirely  superseded.     Mr. 

Keane  is  to  be  complimented  on  the  manner  in  which  he  has 

discharged  his  task." — Glasgow  Herald. 

AUSTRALASIA:    Vol.   I.   Australia 

and    New   Zealand.      By   A.    R.    WALLACE, 

LL.D.  F.R.S.     \:>s. 
"A    remarkably   useful    work,    which    exemplifies    in    a 
striking  degree  the  higher  ideal  and  wider  range  of  informa- 
tion aimed  at  by  modern  geographers  as  compar-d  with 
their  predecessors  of  thirty  or  forty  years  ago."— yimei. 

AUSTRALASIA:   Vol.  II.  Malaysia 

and  the  Pacific  Archipelagoes.      By  F.  Ji.  il. 
GUILLEMARD,  M.D.     \bs. 
"Dr.  Guillemard's  volume  is  certainly  the  most  interest- 
ing and  accurate  account  extant  on  the  tropical  portion  of 
the  Eastern  Archipelago." — Nature. 

Other  Volumes  in  preparation. 


London  :  EDWARD  STANFORD, 

2G  and  27,  Cockspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W., 

Geographer  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen, 


522 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


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N"'  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


5^3 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  19,  1S95. 


CONTENTS. 


riGE 
523 
524 
525 
526 
527 


Shirley's  T^ble-Talk         

Col.  Colvile's  Adventures  ly  Uganda 
Mb.  Archibald  Forbes's  Re>ii.msce>-ces 

The  Dawn  of  Civilization  

Mb.  Escoit's  Recollections         

New  Novels  (A  Man's  Foes  ;  Out  of  Due  Season  ;  A 

Generation  ;  A  Study  in  Prejudices;  Tile  He.-etc's 

Daughter;    Tlie    Caiico    Printer;    Miss    Grace    of 

All  Souls' ;    Perfect    Womanhood  ;   Sibyl   Falcon  ; 

Timothy's  Legacy)  527—529 

Tourist  Literature 529 

Don  Quixote      529 

Dictionaries  and  Grammars      530 

Bkcent  Verse 530 

OuB  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      532 

Thk    Historical   Manuscripts    Co.mmissiox  ;     The 

Hundred   Court;    The  BtuGARS  of  the   Ska; 

The    'Dictionary   of   National    Bioguaphy'; 

"Codex   Lindesianus";    Mr.  Villiers   Stuart 

533—535 

LrtERART  Gossip        536 

Science— Wild  England  of  To-day  ;  Astronomical 

Notes;  Societies;  Meetings  536 — 537 

Fetk   Arts— Corporation*  Platk  in  England  ;   The 

Society  or  Portrait  Painters ;  Father  Hirst; 

The   Buddhist  Kelics   in   the  Swat  Valley; 

Gossi'P  53S— 540 

Music- The  Week  ;    Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week 541—542 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip  542 


LITERATURE 


The  Tahle-Talk  of  Shirleij.    By  John  Skelton, 

C.B.,  LL.D.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
The  Hermitage  of  Braid  lias  put  forth  a 
good  many  volumes,  but  none  more  attractive 
than  this  one,  whose  cover  bears  the  names  in 
golden  letters  of  Froude,  Thackeray,  Disraeli, 
Browning,  Eossetti,  Kingsley,  Baynes,  Hux- 
ley, and  Tyndall.  Those  nine  names  raise 
high  hopes,  and  the  hopes  are  in  some  degree 
realized,  if  not  always  as  one  may  have 
looked  for.  For  of  Browning  and  Kingsley 
there  is  little  more  than  incidental  mention  ; 
and  the  "Mainly  about  Thackeray"  and 
"Mainly  about  Disraeli"  are  as  slight  as 
would  seem  to  have  been  Mr.  Skelton's 
acquaintance  with  the  subjects  of  those  two 
chapters.  He  prints,  however,  one  curious 
letter  from  Disraeli,  in  which  he  vindicates 
Ms  entrance  on  pubhc  life  ("the  Eeform 
Act  appeared  to  me  another  1688"),  and 
mentions  that  the  Jacobite  Sir  John  Hynde 
Cotton  even  advocated  the  ballot  as  a  de- 
sperate remedy  against  Whig  supremacy. 
Which  may  be  new  to  constitutional  his- 
torians, who  all  seem  to  agree  that  vote  by 
ballot  for  parliamentary  elections  was  first 
advocated  by  the  Whigs  towards  the  close 
of  the  eighteenth  century ;  towards  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  it  had  formed  part  of 
Algernon  Sidney's  Pennsylvanian  constitu- 
tion. Then  there  is  a  vivid  little  sketch  of 
Disraeli  and  his  wife  : — 

"  We  have  had  Dizzy  here  in  splendid  form. 
I  found  ii  note  from  the  Advocate  when  I  got 
home  after  the  great  speech,—'  Come  and  meet 
Dizzy  to-morrow.'  So  I  went.  Old  Lady 
Ruthven  was  there— a  miraculous  old  woman. 
She  and  Mrs.  Disraeli,  sitting  over  the  fire  with 
their  feet  on  the  fender,  made  between  them 
the  funniest  pair— the  bitches  in  '  Macbeth,'  or 
what  you  will.  And  the  potent  Wizard  him- 
self !— with  his  olive  complexion,  and  coal-black 
eyes,  and  the  mighty  dome  of  his  forehead  (no 
Christian  temple,  be  sure)— is  unlike  any  living 
creature  one  ever  met.  I  had  never  seen  him 
in  the  dayliglit  before,  and  the  dayliglit  accen- 
tuates his  strangeness.  The  face  is  more  like  a 
mask  than  ever,  and  the  division  betn-een  him 
and  mere  mortals  more  marked.  I  would  as 
soon  have  thought  of  sitting  down  to  table  with 
Hamlet  or  Lear  or  the  Wandering  Jew.     He 


was  more  than  cordial — specially  appreciative  of 
the  Scotch  allies — rari  naiites  in  (ifirgite  vasto — 
who  had  stood  by  him  through  thick  and  thin. 
'  I  fancied  indeed  till  last  night  that  north  of 
the  Border  I  was  not  loved  ;  but  last  night 
made  amends  for  much.  We  were  so  delighted 
with  our  reception — Mrs.  Disraeli  and  I — that 
after  we  got  back,  we  actually  danced  a  jig  (or 
was  it  a  hornpipe  ?)  in  our  bedroom.'  " 

That  was  in  1867,  just  ninety  years  after 
the  birth  of  old  Lady  Euthven's  husband, 
and  she  herself  lived  on  for  eighteen  years 
afterwards.  But  what,  then,  was  Mrs. 
DisraeU's  age?  Eighty- four,  according  to 
Sir  William  Fraser  ;  "  approaching  "  eighty, 
according  to  Froude.  Some  day,  perhaps, 
we  shall  learn  the  whole  truth  about  Lord 
Beaconsfield — whether,  for  instance,  Southey 
had  any  grounds  for  writing  to  Caroline 
Bowles  that  Disraeli  as  a  young  man  was 
"  once  disordered  in  intellect." 

Fairish  pickings  these  from  a  meagre 
chapter ;  there  is  nothing  meagre  in  those 
devoted  to  Froude  and  Eossetti.  The 
former  takes  up  nearly  a  third  of  the  volume, 
and  one  could  wish  he  had  taken  up  much  more, 
especially  when  one  learns  from  a  foot-note 
that  there  is  to  be  no  biography  and  no 
further  publication  of  his  letters.  For  the 
six  score  letters  which  Mr.  Skelton  quotes 
here  in  whole  or  part  are  some  of  them 
(not  all)  of  extraordinary  interest.  Witness 
ten  excerpts,  chosen  almost  at  random  : — 

"The  horrible  creed  [of  John  Knox]  is  not 
new.  Thomas  Aquinas  says  much  the  same. 
And  after  all,  if  it  is  once  allowed  that  God 
Almighty  will  torture  poor  devils  for  ever  and 
ever  for  making  mistakes  on  the  nature  of  the 
Trinity,  I  don't  see  why  any  quantity  of  capri- 
cious horrors  may  not  be  equally  true.  Given 
the  truth  of  what  all  English  orthodox  parsons 
profess  to  believe,  and  Hephzibah  Jones  may 
believe  as  much  more  in  the  same  line  as  she 
pleases.  Only  I  think  our  opinion  ought  to 
have  been  asked  as  to  whether  we  would  accept 
existence  on  such  terms  before  we  were  sent 
into  the  world." 

"  Mary  Stuart,  from  my  point  of  view,  was 
something  between  Rachel  and  a  pantheress. " 

"1862.  I  know  very  little  of  Browning's 
poetry  ;  but  Browning  himself  I  admire  ex- 
tremely, and  I  have  often  wished  for  leisure  to 
read  him.  I  tried  '  Paracelsus  '  twenty  years 
ago  unsuccessfully,  and  this,  I  suppose,  has 
prevented  me  from   exciting  myself  about  him 

as  I  ought To  this  generation  Browning  is 

as  uninteresting  as  Shakespeare's  Sonnets  were 
to  the  last  century." 

"1866.  I  entirely  except  to  your  view  that 
there  is  no  genius  in  the  country  beyond  what 
is  occupying  itself  with  stringing  words  together 
in  prose  or  verse.  I  should  say,  on  the  contrary, 
that  genius  intuitively  seeks  the  practical,  and 
only  by  accident  gets  squeezed  off  the  road  into 
bookmaking.  The  ablest  men  in  the  country  at 
this  time,  I  believe,  are  lawyers,  engineers, 
men  of  science,  doctors,  statesmen,  anything 
but  authors.  If  we  have  only  four  supreme 
men  at  present  alive  among  us,  and  if  Brownin" 
and  Ruskin  are  two  of  those,  the  sooner  you 
and  I  emigrate  the  better." 

"  1870.  Clough's  '  Dipsychus  '  I  consider  the 
most  really  remarkable  contribution  we  have 
had  :  but  the  poetry,  like  all  else,  is  going  post- 
haste to  the  Devil  just  now,  and  Alfred's  last 
volume  ['The  Holy  Grail ']  is  the  most  signal 
instance  of  it.  He  too  has  been  swept  into  the 
general  stream." 

"  1882.     Five  years  ago  I  said  to  Lady  R 

that  the  English  constitution  was  now  flying 
like  a  shuttlecock  between  two  adventurers. 
(SVie  was  furious  at  me  for  calling  the  one  an 
adventurer  ;  you  will  not  approve  of  my  using 
such  a  name  for  the  other." 


"  March,  1884.  In  two  months,  if  I  continue 
able  to  work,  I  shall  have  written  the  last  line 
of  a  business  [the  '  Life  of  Carlyle ']  which  has 
been  a  perplexity  and  worry  to  me  for  the  last 
fourteen  years.  All,  however,  is  well  now. 
Arcturus  is  not  the  less  brilliant  or  beautiful 
because  he  flashes  red  and  green  instead  of 
shining  pale  and  calm  as  angelic  stars  ought 
to  do." 

"Jan.  1886.  In  the  rigging  of  parties  at 
Westminster  the  welfare  of  the  country  is  the 
last  matter  that  any  one  thinks  about.  Some 
day  or  other  the  country  will  find  this  out,  and 
will  wring  the  necks  of  the  Parliamentary 
vermin.  But  it  will  be  a  long  day  yet.  John 
Bull  will  be  an  attenuated  animal  when  the 
fever  leaves  hi  in,  with  barely  strength  to  do 
justice  to  his  misleaders." 

"1894.  The  teaching  business  at  Oxford 
goes  on  at  high  pressure — in  itself  utterly 
absurd,  and  unsuited  altogether  to  an  old  stager 
like  myself.  Education,  like  so  much  else  in 
these  days,  has  gone  mad,  and  is  turned  into  a 
mere  examination  mill." 

"Life  is  very  tragic — in  spite  of  Political 
Economy  and  a  Reformed  House  of  Commons." 


The  country  farmer  is  good  who  excused 
himself  for  sleeping  under  the  rector's 
sermons,  "  Lord,  sir,  when  you  are  in  the 
pulpit,  we  know  it  is  all  right";  and  so, 
too,  is  the  old  Protestant  Irishwoman,  who, 
on  hearing  some  one  say  that  an  eminent 
politician  deserved  to  be  hanged,  replied, 
"Ah  no;  lave  him  to  the  Lard,  and  the 
Lard  will  play  the  Divil  with  him."  It  is 
new  to  us  that  Carlyle's  *  Eeminiscences ' 
were  printing  two  months  before  Carlyle's 
death,  and  that  the  proof-sheets  were 
revised  by  Mr.  Skelton  and  Dr.  John 
Brown — what  a  hash  they  let  pass  of  the 
Annandale  place-names  ! 

There  is  much  besides  ;  but  it  is  high 
time  to  glance  at  the  chapter  on  Eossetti, 
in  which  there  is  a  good  deal  about 
Mr.  Morris  and  Mr.  Swinburne.  Of  the 
former  Eossetti  writes  in  1869  that  "after 
vol.  ii.  of  the  '  Earthly  Paradise '  is  finished, 
I  trust  his  next  step  will  be  in  dramatic 
composition,  in  which  I  foresee  some  of  his 
highest  triumphs ";  and  Mr.  Swinburne, 
we  learn,  in  1864  found  "the  greatest 
difficulty,  or  rather  impossibility  of  getting 
his  work  accepted  by  a  publisher,"  and  had 
two  years  before  been  writing  for  the 
Spectator — was  not  that  also  about  the  date 
of  his  initialled  contributions  to  Mackenzie's 
'  Imperial  Dictionary  of  Universal  Bio- 
graphy '  ? 

The  sketch  of  Thomas  Spencer  Baynes  is 
excellent,  with  his  visit  at  Elsinore  to  "  the 
'grave  of  Hamlet,'  wliich  the  old  man  in 
attendance  informed  us  had  been  recently 
made  '  for  the  convenience  of  visitors,'  "  and 
his  honest  indignation  at  the  shameful  out- 
burst  of  exultation  at  the  Opera  over  the 
news  of  the  death  of  the  Emperor  Nicholas. 
Dr.  John  Brown  comes  up  pretty  often  in 
these   pages,    and    several    pleasant    notes 
from   him    are   quoted;    but   then   we   are 
looking  forward  to  the  speedy  publication 
of    his    'Letters.'     And    Jowett,    Tulloch, 
Eobert     Louis     Stevenson,     Jeffrey,    Mrs. 
Oliphant,  and  many  more  are  all  names  that 
might  have  figiu-cd  in  the  index,  if  thero 
were   one.     The  want  of  that  index  is  tho 
book's  great  defect  :   minor  faults  that  wo 
have  to  find  are  that  Charlotte  Brontii  wrote 
four   (not  three)  novels  ;    that   it   was   the 
village  fool,  and  not  a  little  girl,  who  was 
"sair  hadden   doun  by  tho  bubbly-jock"; 


524 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N**  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


ttat  Mr.  Skelton  hardly  needed  to  plagiarize 
on  p.  99  from  his  own  correspondent  on 
p.  297  ;  and  that  the  author  of  '  Eavenshoe ' 
(for  *'  Henry  Westerley "  must  stand  for 
Henry Kingsley)  should  scarcely  be  reckoned 
among  "  those  who  failed."  There  are 
three  of  these  failures,  one  of  whom  we 
recognize  but  dimly ;  the  third  is  the  well- 
remembered  "Pat"  Alexander.  He  it  was 
who  on  the  North  Bridge  met  Dr.  William 
Chambers,  at  that  time  Lord  Provost  of 
Edinburgh,  and  asked  him  excitedly, 
"  Have  you  found  her  ?  "  "  Found  whom?" 
■was  the  counter- query.  "That  woman  you 
■were  advertising  for."  "  Woman  !  I  haven't 
been  advertising  for  any  woman."  "  Oh, 
yes,  here  it  is,"  and  from  his  waistcoat 
pocket  Pat  extracted  a  soiled  advertisement, 
clipped  out  of  the  Scotsman,  "Wanted  a 
woman  to  clean  chambers."  Then  he  fled 
hurriedly. 

The  Land  of  the  Nile  Springs :  being  chiefly 
an  Account  of  how  We  Fought  Kaharega. 
By  Col.  Sir  Henry  Colvile,  K.C.M.G. 
Illustrated.     (Arnold.) 

This  unpretending  volume  is  a  work  of 
much  merit  from  several  points  of  view. 
The  political  interest  and  the  geographical, 
as  dealing  with  our  remotest  "  sphere  of 
influence,"  are  alike  considerable  ;  while  as 
a  record  of  good  work  successfully  carried 
out  by  a  handful  of  Englishmen,  with 
slender  resources,  against  the  "fearful 
odds "  of  a  deadly  climate,  fickle  friends, 
and  a  host  of  enemies,  the  narrative  must 
take  an  honourable  place.  The  writer's 
style  is  always  clear  and  natural,  and  his 
story  enlivened,  though  never  hampered, 
by  a  fund  of  racy  humour  of  the  genial 
sort.  He  mentions  as  a  claim  to  attention 
that  he  once  wrote  an  official  narrative 
■which  "the  man  who  read  it  pronounced  a 
most  valuable  work."  That  was  presumably 
a  man  of  discernment. 

Col.    Colvile   left    London    at    a    week's 
notice  in  reply  to  a  telegram  asking  if  he 
■would  take  service    in  Uganda  under   Sir 
Gerald  Portal.     On  his  arrival  he  found  that 
this  lamented  officer  had  just  started  for  the 
coast,  thus  leaving  Col.  Colvile  in  supreme 
command  of  the  situation.     This  was  com- 
plicated, for  Kabarega,  King  of    Unyoro, 
the   persistent    enemy  of   Uganda    and   of 
European     influence,     was     invading     the 
country,   and    it   was   necessary   to   oppose 
him.     But  European  influence  had  its  ill- 
■wishers  also  in  Uganda,  and  there  was  besides 
the  old  feud  between  Protestants  and  Catho- 
lics.    It   is  never  easy  for  Englishmen   to 
take  the  "nigger"  quite  seriously,  and  it 
seems  a  travesty  of  all  that  is  serious  when 
important   political   events   depend   on   the 
"views"    held     on     points     of     Christian 
theology    by   an    exceptionally   weak    and 
vicious  savage.     But  at  this  critical  moment 
King  Mwanga  announced  his  intention  of 
"  going  over  to  Rome,"  and  this  would  have 
implied  civil  war  and  general  dislocation  of 
affairs.     So  the  matter  was  serious,  and 

"a  long  letter  came  from  Monscigneur  Hirth, 
the  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  bringing  to  my 
notice  the  king's  true  conversion  to  Catho- 
licism, and  urging  me  not  to  interfere  with 
that  liberty  of  religion  -which  it  was  the  boast 
of  Great  Britain  to  uphold." 

Accordingly,  there  was  nothing  for  it  but 


"to  undertake  a  little  missionary  work  on  my 
own  account,  and  convince  Mwanga  of  the 
beauties,  spiritual  or  otherwise,  of  the  Pro- 
testant faith." 

And  the  Colonel  was  equal  to  the  occasion. 

"In  my  rather  unofficial  costume,  and  on  an 
empty  stomach  [for  Mwanga  had  called  un- 
seasonably early],  I  had  to  turn  my  attention 
for  two  hours  to  this  very  weighty  matter,  with 
the  result  that  he  left  vowing  that  he  would 
remain  faithful  to  Protestantism,  at  all  events 
till  after  my  return  from  the  war." 

This  settled,  a  commander-in-chief  for 
the  native  army,  comprising  nearly  the 
whole  able-bodied  population,  had  to  be 
chosen : — 

"The  process  of  selection  was  the  cause  of 
a  good  deal  of  '  chaff '  on  the  part  of  Mwanga, 
who  in  turn,  with  much  giggling  and  poking  in 
the  ribs,  asked  all  his  most  useless  favourites 
whether  they  would  not  like  a  place  in  the  fore- 
front of  the  battle.  His  gaiety  was  temporarily 
rather  damped  by  my  suggesting  that  there 
could  be  no  more  kingly  duty  than  that  of  the 
post  under  discussion.  For  a  moment  his  brown 
skin  turned  ashy  grey,  and  the  beads  of  per- 
spiration started  out  on  his  forehead,  until,  see- 
ing, I  suppose,  a  twinkle  in  my  eye,  he  burst 
out  laughing,  and  frankly  owned  that  he  pre- 
ferred to  be  in  a  safe  place." 
A  very  good  man  was  chosen,  and 
"  this  over,  Mwanga's  spirits  knew  no  bounds, 
and  on  his  hearing  that  Macdonald  and  I  were 
going  to  the  front,  he,  with  shrieks  of  laughter, 
went  through  pantomimic  representations  of  all 
the  more  unpleasant  incidents  of  a  battle.  He 
then  insisted  on  my  telling  him  stories  of  bloody 
wars,  which  I  did  with  so  many  gruesome 
details  that  he  expressed  himself  more  delighted 
than  ever  that  I  was  going  to  the  front  and  that 
he  was  going  to  stay  behind." 

The  only  trustworthy  part  of  the  army 
consisted  of  eight  British  officers  and  a 
body  of  400  of  the  old  Sudani  force.  The 
latter  were  indifferently  armed  and  very 
short  of  ammunition,  but  their  soldierly 
qualities  seem,  all  things  considered,  to  be 
of  a  high  order.     They  have 

"  the  habit  of  always  sticking  to  their  rifles  and 
ammunition  ;  whether  out  for  a  stroll,  doing 
'fatigue  duty,'  or  fishing  in  the  lake,  their 
ammunition  belts  were  always  strapped  round 
their  waists  and  their  rifles  slung  over  their 
shoulders.  I  wish  English  soldiers,  when 
campaigning,  could  be  taught  the  same  habit. 

I  must  say  for  a  Sudanese  soldier  that  you 

cannot  drill  him  too  much  ;  he  simply  revels 
in  it.     I  do  not  know  that  he  cares  so  much 

for    such    practical  work  as extending  for 

the  attack  from  single  file,  and  such  like 
manoeuvres,  but  his  thirst  for  knowledge  of 
more  ornamental  exercises  is  quite  insatiable. 
Often  on  a  moonlight  night  I  have  been 
awakened  by  the  rattle  of  arms,  and,  looking 
out  of  my  tent,  have  seen  two  privates  solemnly 
putting  each  other  through  the  manual  or 
bayonet  exercises  in  the  midst  of  the  sleeping 
camp." 

The  native  (Uganda)  force  consisted 
of  "about  15,000  wholly  undisciplined 
savages,"  utterly  untrustworthy  for  con- 
certed or  sustained  action.  Their  kit,  at 
first  very  light,  was  gradually 
"augmented  by  many  strange  articles  of  loot, 
among  which  small  birds  in  cages  were  a  pro- 
minent figure.  Although  I  had  seen  Mr.  Arthur 
Roberts  in  the  part  of  a  French  soldier  with  a 
birdcage  attached  to  his  knapsack,  I  had  never 
expected  to  command  an  army  in  which  a  large 
portion  of  the  troopswould  1)0  similarly  equipped. 
Our  allies,  although  j>icturesque,  soon  proved 
themselves  to  be  a  great  nuisance  on  the  line 
of  march.     Their  favourite  mode  of  progression 


seemed  to  be  in  a  series  of  short  rushes.  At 
one  moment  a  shout  and  a  clatter  warned  us 
of  the  approach  of  a  battalion  ;  at  the  next, 
hustled  into  the  bananas,  we  felt  as  if  we  had 
just  been  overtaken  by  a  herd  of  stampeded 
cattle.  A  fev/  minutes  later  we  found  our  late 
assailants  all  seated  on  the  narrow  path,  which 
they  blocked  for  some  hundred  yards.  After 
laboriously  wading  though  their  bodies  and 
getting  clear  of  them,  a  few  minutes'  peace 
would  be  ended  by  another  rush,  perhaps  com- 
plicated by  a  cross  stream  of  a  fresh  body  start- 
ing on  a  foraging  expedition  to  our  right  or 
left.  In  spite  of  remonstrances  on  my  part  to 
the  chiefs,  and  on  their  part  to  me  at  the  rough 
treatment  which  their  men  sometimes  got  at 
the  hands  of  the  Sudanese,  this  sort  of  thing 
went  on  to  the  end  of  the  campaign,  but  natur- 
ally increased  in  vigour  when  the  whole  Waganda 
army  was  collected  together,  and  in  unpleasant- 
ness when  later  on  it  became  impregnated  with 
small-pox." 

A  commissariat  was  from  various  reasons 
impossible,  and  one  of  the  commander's 
great  difficulties  was  so  to  manoeuvre  as  to 
keep  driving  his  opponent  into  barren  or 
exhausted  districts,  while  himself  retaining 
the  command  of  supplies.  This  was  done  in 
a  masterly  way  :  Kabarega,  with  a  superior 
force,  was  hunted  from  one  position  to 
another,  his  capital  and  strong  places  de- 
stroyed, and  a  line  of  forts  built  extending 
from  the  Kafu,  a  tributary  of  the  Victoria 
Nile,  to  the  Albert  Lake,  thus  hemming  him 
within  the  northern  angle  of  his  country, 
and  greatly  impairing  his  prestige  and 
powers  of  offence.  Several  of  the  tribes 
subject  to  him  behaved  in  very  friendly 
fashion  to  our  people,  declaring  that  only 
the  fear  of  his  vengeance  hindered  their 
coming  under  British  protection.  Mean- 
while it  must  be  admitted  that  as  regards 
cultivation,  roads,  and  bridges,  and  in 
density  of  population,  Kabarega's  country 
is  much  in  advance  of  Mwanga's. 

Our  author  says  he  is  "  not  good  at  de- 
scriptive   writing,"     but    certainly   in    this 
effective   and  lively  narrative  of  his   cam- 
paign he  convoys  a  remarkably  clear   im- 
pression   of    the   character    of    the    region 
traversed  in  so  many  directions — a  region, 
it  must  be  remembered,  of  especial  interest, 
and  for  the  most  part  teira  incognita.     He 
abounds,    too,    in    stirring   incidents   illus- 
trative  of  native  character,  and  of  varied 
and  unexpected  difficulties  surmounted  by 
the  good  judgment   of  the  leader  and  the 
unfailing  energy  of  his  lieutenants.     After 
some   failures,    amusingly    described,   they 
managed  to  construct  a  harbour  on  the  lake 
for  the  protection  of  the  steel   boat.     Col. 
Colvile   was    also    anxious   to   construct    a 
sailing  vessel  in  which  he  could  reach  the 
opposite   shore    and    establish    intercourse 
with  the  chiefs  there  ;  but  owing  to  the  in- 
capacity of  the  Sudanis  as  sailors,  and  the 
shortcomings  of    the  carpenter,   "I  had  to 
give  up   the  attempt,  to    the    great    satis- 
faction of  Macdonald  and  Arthur,  who  were 
good  enough    to   say   that  they  wished  to 
enjoy  the  pleasure  of  my  society  for  a  fe-w 
years  longer."     He  draws  a  curious  double 
comparison  between  his  position  in  Uganda, 
living  in  a  bare  hut  which  no  self-respect- 
ing English  cow  would    occupy,    yet  with 
the  king  practically  in  his  hands  and  the 
entire  population  ready  to  fight  for  him,  and 
the  position  of  his  friend   M.  Le  Myre  le 
Vilors  at  Antananarivo,  living  in  tho  luxuri- 
ous French  residency,  but  unable  to  enforce 


N°3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


525 


a  single  wish  without  calling  in  a  French 
army.  But  "  many  things  have  happened" 
since  this  contrast  was  drawn. 

Some  temporary  troubles  in  the  southern 
districts  having  been  composed,  and  the 
royal  conversion  again  conveniently  post- 
poned, an  interval  of  comparative  repose  set 
in,  and  the  reader  obtains  pleasant  glimpses 
of  the  routine  life,  which  was  varied  by 
the  proclamation  of  the  Protectorate,  the 
solemnity  of  the  function  being  somewhat 
marred  by  the  irregular  way  in  which  the 
standard  was  hoisted,  and  the  difficulty  of 
providing  the  seal  for  the  treaty  with  the 
last  remaining  stump  of  sealing  wax.  Yet 
perhaps  the  pleasantest  thing  in  a  very 
pleasant  book  is  the  evidence  throughout 
of  friendly  fellowship  and  hearty  co-opera- 
tion in  trying  circumstances  among  the 
little  knot  of  Englishmen,  and  of  the  warm 
appreciation  by  their  chief  of  the  services 
and  the  personal  qualities  of  his  subor- 
dinates. One  of  these  sacrificed  his  life, 
and  others  were  sent  home  seriously  ill, 
followed  shortly  by  their  commander,  and 
the  good  wishes  of  his  readers  for  his 
recovery  wiU  not  be  the  less  hearty  for  the 
concise  and  cheery  fashion  in  which  he 
treats  of  this  difficulty,  as  of  so  many  others. 


Memories  and  Studies  of  War  and  Peace.     By 

Archibald  Forbes.  (Cassell  &  Co.) 
If  not  one  of  the  earliest  war  corre- 
spondents, Mr.  Archibald  Forbes  has  been 
one  of  the  most  capable.  He  has  seen 
much,  experienced  much,  and  written  much 
and  well.  He  tells  here  some  of  the  varied 
incidents  of  his  career,  and  if  few  of  them 
are  quite  new  to  us,  they  are  all  so  described 
as  to  be  fresh  and  attractive.  His  peace 
stories  are  not  the  worst  of  the  collection, 
but  those  relating  to  war  will  attract  the 
larger  number  of  readers. 

An  excellent  feature  of  this  book  is  that 
it  contains  a  number  of  pen-and-ink  sketches 
of  the  different  celebrities  with  whom  the 
author  has  been  brought  in  contact.  The 
Emperor  William  he  describes  as  follows  : — 
"  Wilhelm  was  not  a  heaven-born  general,  but 
he  was  a  thorough  soldier.  Brave  to  reckless- 
ness, his  staflF  had  always  difficulty  in  keeping 
him  outside  the  range  of  hostile  tire,  nor  were 
they  always  successful.  He  had  an  aide-de- 
camp killed  by  his  side  at  Konigsgriitz.  At 
Gravelotte  I  saw  him  sitting  on  his  horse  among 
the  bursting  shells  ;  and  later  in  the  same  after" 
noon  belabouring  fugitives  with  the  flat  of  his 
sword,  while  he  swore  fine  racy  German  oaths  at 
them  for  disgracing  themselves  in  a  momentary 
panic.  For  the  rest  he  was  only  a  grand  simple 
old  gentleman,  with  a  very  soft  heart  and  a  very 
hasty  temper.  In  regard  to  politics  he  did  the 
bidding  of  Bismarck,  and  Bismarck  often  had 
very  sharp  tussles  with  the  sturdy  old  opinionated 
Trojan  in  the  effort  to  conquer  his  prejudices  or 
to  restrain  his  impulses.  In  his  personal  life 
Wilhelm  was  simplicity  itself.  He  dined  at 
four  o'clock,  and  the  chief  joys  of  his  palate 
were  sauerkraut  and  lobster  salad.  His  cam- 
paigning equipment  was  almost  Spartan  in  its 
plainness,  and  contrasted  curiously  with  the 
elaborate  train  that  followed  Napoleon  out  of 
Sedan.  Of  all  the  family  of  which  he  was  the 
head — a  family  which  in  all  its  ramifications  he 
ruled  with  a  strong  yet  kindly  hand— his  greatest 
favourites  were  the  wife  of  his  son,  our  English 
Princess  Royal,  and  her  eldest  son,  who  was°one 
day  to  be  himself  German  Emperor,  and  who 
meanwhile  was  a  hardworking  officer  in  the 
Imperial  Guard." 


That  Moltke,  Bismarck,  and  Boon — the 
last,  by  the  way,  has  never  had  full 
justice  rendered  him — were  jealous  of  each 
other  is  notorious  and  natural,  but  as  Mr. 
Forbes  says:  "Their  common  patriotism 
had  the  mastery  in  them  over  their  mutual 
dislike  and  jealousy."  For  the  Crown  Prince 
Mr.  Forbes  entertained  a  great  admiration  : 

"He  hated  war,  yet  it  was  his  fate  to  take 
part  in  three  great  wars,  and  to  command  in 
several  momentous  and  bloody  battles.  He  was 
thoroughly  conversant  with  the  art  of  war,  and 
there  was  no  readier  chief  in  the  field  of  battle. 
The  most  urbane  of  men  while  no  fighting  was 
in  hand,  the  Prince's  manner  wholly  altered 
when  the  bullets  were  flying.  Then  the  Hohen- 
zollern  temper  rose  in  him  ;  his  face  flushed  : 
there  was  a  sparkle  in  his  eye  ;  he  spoke  but  to 
command  ;  and  when  he  had  cause  to  chide,  he 
who  was  rebuked  did  not  soon  forget  the  reproof. 
But  he  was  the  most  humane  of  the  fighting 
race  of  which  he  was  a  member.  Like  his 
father,  he  thought  of  the  wounded  the  moment 
that  the  victory  was  won.  Unlike  his  father, 
he  was  always  averse  from  extreme  measures. 
He  held  out  long  against  the  bombardment  of 
Paris,  and  his  voice  was  ever  in  favour  of  the 
introduction  into  the  beleaguered  city  of  medical 
comforts  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  for 
permitting  the  exit  of  helpless  women  and 
children." 

Of  Prince  Frederick  Charles  as  a  soldier 
Mr.  Forbes  entertained  the  highest  opinion, 
but,  like  most  of  those  who  came  in  contact 
with  him,  he  did  not  like  him  :  — 

"The  Red  Prince  was  a  soldier  to  the  core  ; 
and  I  question  whether  he  was  ever  quite  happy 
in  peace-time.  And  I  think  that,  although  he 
had  his  faults  in  a  military  sense,  yet,  take  him 
all  in  all,  he  was  one  of  the  greatest  soldiers  of 
modern  times.  He  was  a  very  stern  and  un- 
lovable man  ;  his  private  life  was  the  reverse  of 
creditable ;  and  he  could  be,  and  indeed  generally 
was,  more  roughly  ill-bred  than  any  commander 
with  whom  I  ever  had  personal  relations.  But 
in  the  field  on  campaign  there  was  a  certain 
blufi'  good  comradeship  in  his  manner,  which 
earned  him  the  devotion  of  his  soldiers.  He 
was  severity  itself  as  regarded  discipline  ;  he 
exacted  from  his  men  the  hardest  of  hard  work  ; 
but  he  shared  with  them  their  dangers,  priva- 
tions, and  exposure,  and  they  ever  followed  him 
and  believed  in  him  with  unfaltering  and  enthu- 
siastic zeal." 

With  Mr.  Forbes's  estimate  of  Bazaine  it 
is  difficult  to  concur.  He  does  not  believe 
that  Bazaine  was  a  traitor,  but  his  defence 
is  qualified,  and  is  unsupported  by  argu- 
ment : — 

"I  hold  Bazaine  to  have  been  a  heavy,  un- 
enterprising, plodding,  fairly  honest  style  of 
man,  who  should  indeed  have  held  out  longer 
than  he  did,  but  who  believed  that  in  surrender- 
ing when  he  did  he  was  doing  the  best  possible 
for  France,  for  his  master,  for  his  army,  and 
perhaps  for  himself." 

Curiously  enough,  Mr.  Forbes  incidentally 
in  another  part  of  his  book,  referring  to 
Moltke's  comments  on  the  blockade  of  Mefz, 
quotes  a  sentence  from  the  German  Field 
Marshal's  last  work  which  is  most  damning  : 
"This  is  the  sentence — 'Meanwhile  Marshal 
Bazaine  possibly  might  have  recognised  that  he 
had  deceived  himself  in  regard  to  the  release  of 
his  army  by  means  of  negotiation.'  Is  it  not  the 
reasonable  inference  that  thus  early,  much  earlier 
than  ever  previously  had  been  suspected,  Bazaine 
had  attempted  to  open  negotiations  with  the 
Germans,  and  had  been  reijulsed  T' 

We  have  carefully  studied  Bazaino's  later 
career,  and  waded  through  the  evidence  of 
the  court-martial.     The  conclusion  at  which 


we  have  arrived  is  that  he  was  false  to 
the  emperor,  to  the  country,  to  the  army, 
and  indifferent  to  the  sufierings  of  hia 
troops.  Of  Skobeleff  our  author  says : 
"Had  he  lived  and  been  wise,  there  was 
no  future  to  which  he  would  not  have  been 
equal." 

On  Lord  Wolseley  Mr.  Forbes  bestows  high 
praise.  He  attributes  much  of  his  success 
to  "his  faculty  of  intuitive  discernment  of 
character."  The  men  with  whom  he  sur- 
rounded himself  might  some  of  them,  he 
thinks,  have  been  called  "  even  dull  men," 
but  each  had  some  special  characteristic  or 
quality  which  could  bo  turned  to  good  pur- 
pose on  fitting  occasion.  We  agree  with 
the  author  in  thinking  that  what  on  a 
comparatively  small  scale  Lord  AVolseloy 
has  done  in  the  past  justifies  the  belief 
that  he  will  do  well  on  a  larger  scale 
should  he  ever  have  the  chance.  "He 
has  been  set  to  do  nothing  that  he  has  not 
done  neatly,  cleanly,  adroitly,  and  without 
apparent  strain."  This  is  generous  language 
on  the  part  of  one  of  those  whom  Lord 
Wolseley  has  termed  "the  curse  of  modern 
armies."  Mr.  Forbes,  however,  administers 
a  rebuke  to  him,  which  cannot  fail  to  go 
home : — 

"There  is  some  inconsistency  in  writing 
slightingly  and  opprobriously  of  a  profession, 
and  at  the  same  time  in  making  assiduous  en- 
deavour to  be  well-spoken  of  by  that  profession. 
Fortunately  war-correspondents  are  for  the  most 
part  men  who  bear  no  malice,  and  who  are  too 
catholic  in  their  readiness  to  recognise  merit 
Avhere  it  exists  to  allow  any  personal  feeling  to 
rankle  in  their  bosoms.  Further,  they  are 
philosophers,  and  when  they  find  a  man  who 
has  abused  them  vehemently  in  print,  never- 
theless sedulously  anxious  to  have  them  with 
him,  and  to  afl'ord  them  every  opportunity  to 
recognise  and  promulgate  his  merits,  why,  they 
smile  good-humouredly,  and  are  quite  content 
to  allow  the  hatchet  to  lie  buried." 

To  Lord  Roberts  Mr.  Forbes  awards  rather 
more  measured  eulogy,  although  he  esteems 
him  highly  as  a  fighting  soldier.  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  he  reckons  as  being  among  the  fore- 
most military  figures  of  our  nation.  Sir  Eed- 
versBullerhewritesof  as  "a  stern-tempered, 
ruthless,  saturnine  man,  with  the  gift  of  grim 
silence  not  less  than  a  gift  of  curt,  forcible 
expression  on  occasion."  He  winds  up  his 
sketch  of  this  able  officer  with  the  following 
words :  "I  regard  him  as  the  strongest  soldier 
of  the  British  army  to-day  ;  and  if  he  remains 
in  the  service,  and  there  be  hot  work  again 
in  our  time,  I  predict  for  BuUer  a  great 
fighting  career," 

The  most  suggestive  part  of  the  book, 
now  printed,  as  far  as  we  are  aware,  for 
the  first  time,  is  the  chapter  "  On  the  Future 
of  the  Wounded  in  War."  With  a  some- 
what cynical  frankness  Mr.  Forbes  expresses 
the  opinion  that  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
humbug  in  "the  amenities  of  war,"  and 
quotes  in  support  of  his  contention  the  views 
of  General  Sheridan  and  General  Gourko  on 
the  subject : — 

"'The  main  thing  in  true  strategy,'  said 
General  Sheridan  once,  in  his  most  trenchant 
manner,  'is  simply  this:  first  deal  as  hard 
blows  at  the  enemy's  soldiers  as  possible,  and 
then  cause  so  much  sufl'ering  to  the  inhabitants 
of  a  country  that  they  will  long  for  peace  and 
press  their  Government  to  make  it.  Nothing 
should  be  left  to  the  people  but  eyes  to  lament 
tlie  war.'  The  Russian  General  Gourko  is 
another  great  soldier  who  has  expressed  himself 

9 


526 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N«  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


to  the  same  effect,  and  who,  indeed,  evidenced 
the  coui-age  of  his  opinions  in  an  extremely  prac- 
tical manner." 

Tills  may  be  logically  correct,  but  in  prac- 
tice the  doctrine  does  not  answer,  and  as 
long  as  there  is  any  chivah-y  and  humanity 
in  the  military  profession,  it  will  be 
repudiated  with  disgust.  The  Duke  of 
Wellington  was  certainly  not  a  sentimental 
man,  yet  his  view  of  war  was  very  di:Serent, 
and  he  found  his  plan  work  better  than 
the  ruthless  system  of  Napoleon.  Mr.  Forbes 
himself  admits  that,  logic  notwithstanding, 
"the  amenities  of  war  have  held  their  own 
among  civilized  nations  ever  since  standing 
armies  came  into  existence."  They  were 
ignored  to  a  great  extent  during  the  wars 
of  the  Revolution,  but  in  the  Peninsular 
War  they  were  highly  developed,  and  Wel- 
lington strongly  objected  to  the  practice  of 
firing  on  hostile  commanders  or  useless 
bickering  between  outposts.  In  the  Ame- 
rican Civil  War  the  soldiers,  notwithstand- 
ing the  evil  precepts  and  example  of 
generals  like  Sherman  and  Sheridan,  were 
humane  and  even  friendly  in  their  inter- 
course with  each  other.  In  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War  the  Prussians  behaved  with, 
to  say  the  least,  little  chivalry  to  their 
adversaries,  and  a  bitter  personal  feeling 
grew  up  between  the  combatants.  Mr. 
Forbes  illustrates  this  feeling  by  the  con- 
stant outpost  shooting  at  Paris  and  Metz. 
For  our  own  part,  however,  we  think  that 
much  of  "  the  potting  "  at  the  outposts  was 
due  to  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  where  for 
fifteen  months  the  Allies  and  the  Russians 
were  within  a  few  hundreds  of  yards  of  each 
other,  and  a  ceaseless  interchange  of  shots — 
many  of  them  wanton — took  place,  so  that 
the  traditional  outpost  courtesies  of  the 
Peninsula  disappeared ;  so  thoroughly, 
indeed,  that  even  after  the  fall  of  the  town, 
an  English  officer  going  out  duck-shooting  at 
the  head  of  the  harbour  was  fired  at  by  both 
artillery  and  riflemen. 

To  come  to  the  text  of  the  chapter,  Mr. 
Forbes  is  of  opinion  that  although  the 
proportion  of  killed  and  wounded  in 
battle  has  greatly  diminished  of  late, 
yet  that,  owing  to  the  increased  size 
of  armies,  the  actual  numbers  wiU  in  the 
future  be  enormous.  He  estimates  that  in 
the  next  great  battle  of  the  next  great  war  a 
million  of  combatants  will  be  engaged,  and 
that  of  these — even  on  the  percentage  of 
1870— 35,000  will  bo  killed,  70,000  com- 
jiaratively  slightly  wounded,  and  35,000 
severely.  He  gathers  from  this  that  sur- 
gical attendance  will  have  to  be  provided 
for  105,000  men,  and  hospital  accommo- 
dation for  70,000,  viz.  half  the  slightly  and 
aU  the  severely  wounded.  He  contends 
that  such  a  task  will  bo  impossible,  will  not 
oven  be  attempted.  He  also  points  out  that, 
owing  to  the  long  range  and  destructive 
effect  of  modern  weapons,  the  wounded  will 
not  be  removed  under  fire,  for  the  simple 
reason  that  the  bearers  would  be  slain  in 
the  attempt.  It  certainly  does  appear  pro- 
bable that  a  large  proportion  of  the  wounded 
will  have  to  remain  where  they  fall  till  the 
close  of  the  fighting  ;  but  wo  do  not  believe 
that  the  number  of  combatants  engaged  in 
tho  next  groat  battle  will  amount  to  a  million 
of  men.  An  army  of  half  a  million  would 
be  too  unwieldy,  would  occuj-yy  too  much 
space,  and  would  be  too  difficult  to  feed,  to 


be  employed  in  one  battle.  Why,  even  at 
Gravelotte,  where  there  were  said  to  be  only 
450,000,  counting  both  sides,  on  the  ground 
— the  number  we  believe  to  be  exaggerated 
—  there  were  virtually  two  battles  which 
had  but  little  connexion  with  each  other.  It 
seems  likely  that  in  the  large  majority  of 
cases  in  which  an  army  of  say  200,000  men 
is  brought  into  line,  an  enormous  proportion 
wiU  be  only  slightly,  if  at  all  engaged,  and 
it  would,  therefore,  appear  probable  that 
though  the  slaughter  may  be  more  con- 
centrated, the  total  proportion  of  loss  will 
not  be  higher  than  heretofore. 

In  conclusion  we  must  express  our  regret 
that  there  is  no  index  to  this  attractive 
book. 


The  Dawn  of  Civilitation.  By  G-.  Maspero. 
(Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge.) 

It  has  been  observed  that  where  there  is 
most  theology  there  is  sometimes  least  re- 
ligion. In  other  words,  it  by  no  means 
follows  that  where  the  professionals  are 
most  active  the  people  are  most  enlightened. 
The  highest  debate  upon  the  most  urgent 
of  questions,  if  conducted  within  closed 
doors,  has  no  chance  of  being  borne — even 
in  fragments — upon  the  wind  for  the  benefit 
of  the  man  in  the  field  or  in  the  street. 
Something  like  the  converse  of  this  was  a 
favourite  maxim  with  Renan.  We  remember 
an  occasion  on  which  he  even  went  so  far  as 
to  say  that  the  curse  of  a  subject  was  that 
the  people  shoidd  take  an  interest  in  it. 
Anyhow,  it  would  seem  that  this  curse,  if  it 
be  a  curse,  works  far  more  powerfully  in 
England  than  in  France,  and  that  no  area 
is  more  affected,  or  infected,  than  that  of 
the  subject  before  us.  For  the  people  are 
not  content  to  be  led  passively  by  the  facts 
as  they  are  found  by  experts.  There  is  no 
knowing  in  what  this  might  issue,  perhaps 
in  the  slaughter  of  their  convictions ;  so, 
in  order  that  their  "  convictions  "  may  be 
soothed  and  strengthened,  they  require,  like 
children  at  bedtime,  to  be  told  the  same 
story  over  and  over  again.  The  result  is 
that  in  England  at  present  the  teachers  are 
far  from  being  as  strong,  numerically  and 
otherwise,  as  they  should  be  in  proportion 
to  the  monstrous  regiment  of  the  preachers. 
There  is  a  constant  demand  for  "fresh 
light";  but  the  groves  of  Academe  produce 
little  fresh  fuel.  All  the  more  welcome, 
therefore,  is  the  appearance  in  an  English 
dress  of  a  work  like  the  present — popular 
indeed  in  form,  but  profoundly  scientific  in 
scope  and  substance — by  one  who  has  never 
come  within  reach  of  the  temptation  to 
blindfold  Science,  and  then  make  her  pro- 
phesy to  ignorance  and  superstition. 

Of  the  two  parts  into  which  the  book 
naturally  divides  itself  the  second,  on  '  An- 
cient Chaldea,'  is,  perhaps,  the  more  remark- 
able, for  here  Prof.  Maspero  is  no  longer  on 
his  own  ground.  But  there  is  all  the  differ- 
ence in  the  world  between  the  master  who  can 
employ  trained  faculty  with  almost  equal 
ease  and  confidence  in  two  neighbouring 
departments,  and  tho  amateur  ranging  over 
fields  in  which  he  can  caU  nothing  his  own, 
and  whore  ho  is  as  likely  as  not  to  mis- 
take the  advertisements  of  a  charlatan  for 
the  achievements  of  a  scholar.  Says  Prof. 
Sayco : — 


"Prof.  Maspero's  learning  and  indefatigable 
industry  are  well  known  to  me,  but  I  confess 
I  was  not  prepared  for  the  exhaustive  acquaint, 
ance  he  shows  with  Assyriological  literature. 
Nothing  seems  to  have  escaped  his  notice. 
Papers  and  books  published  during  the  present, 
year,  and  half- forgotten  articles  in  obscure 
periodicals  which  appeared  years  ago,  have  all 
alike  been  used  and  quoted  by  him." 

With  Egypt  there  has  always  been  asso- 
ciated the  idea  of  an  immemorial  antiquity  ; 
but  at  the  furthest  point  to  which  scholars 
are  able  to  retrace  the  development  of  its 
civilization  the  monuments  show  no  traces 
of  immaturity.  They  are  the  expression  of 
an  art  that  is  fuU  grown,  the  limit  of  a  long 
course  of  progress.  In  certain  respects, 
indeed,  the  old  is  better,  and  the  history 
that  is  known  is  the  history  of  a  decline. 
But  of  first  attempts  and  crude  experiments 
no  traces  remain,  and  that,  too,  in  a  country 
where,  as  a  rule,  nothing  is  destroyed  except 
by  the  hand  of  man : — 

"The  oldest  monuments  hitherto  known 
scarcely  transport  us  further  than  six  thousand 
years,  yet  they  are  of  an  art  so  fine,  so  well 
determined  in  its  main  outlines,  and  reveal  so 
ingeniously  combined  a  system  of  administra- 
tion, government,  and  religion,  that  we  infer  a 
long  past  of  accumulated  centuries  behind  them. 
It  must  always  be  difficult  to  estimate  exactly 
the  length  of  time  needful  for  a  race  as  gifted 
as  were  the  ancient  Egyptians  to  rise  from 
barbarism  to  a  high  degree  of  culture.  Never- 
theless I  do  not  think  that  we  shall  be  misled 
in  granting  them  forty  or  fifty  centuries  wherein 
to  bring  so  complicated  an  achievement  to  a  suc- 
cessful issue,  and  in  placing  their  first  appear- 
ance at  eight  or  ten  thousand  years  before  our 
era." 

Equally  complex  and  obscure  is  the  ques- 
tion of  race,  but  not  so  much  from  the 
absence  of  evidence  as  from  the  difficulty 
of  reconciling  the  expert  witnesses.  The 
philologists  for  the  most  part  look  to  Asia 
as  the  original  home  of  the  Egyptians,  while 
that  which  the  ethnologist  sees  reminds  him 
of  Africa.  Far  in  advance  of  either  group, 
Prof.  Hommel's  brilliant  suggestions  have 
opened  a  door,  through  which,  however,  but 
few  scholars  so  far  have  ventured  to  foUow 
him.  Prof.  Maspero  is  inclined  to  take  part 
with  the  ethnologists  : — 

"A  more  minute  examination  compels  us  to 
recognize  that  the  hypothesis  of  an  Asiatic 
origin,  however  attractive  it  may  seem,  is  some- 
what difficult  to  maintain.  The  bulk  of  the 
Egyptian  population  presents  the  characteristics 
of  those  white  races  which  have  been  found 
established  from  all  antiquity  on  the  Medi- 
terranean slope  of  the  Libyan  continent ;  this 
population  is  of   African  origin,   and   came   to 

Egypt  from  the  West  or  South-West But 

whatever  may  be  our  theory  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  the  ancestors  of  the  Egyptians,  they 
were  scarcely  settled  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Nile  before  the  country  conquered  and  assimi- 
lated them  to  itself,  as  it  has  never  ceased  to  do 
in  the  case  of  strangers  who  have  occupied  it." 

On  the  other  hand.  Prof.  Maspero  is 
willing  to  admit  that  the  analogies  between 
Egyptian  and  the  Semitic  languages  are 
real,  and  not  merely — as  Mr.  Renouf  ably 
contended — such  as  might  easily  be  estab- 
lished between  any  two  groups  taken  at 
random : — 

"  One  would  say  that  the  language  of  the 
people  of  Egypt  and  tho  languages  of  tlie 
Semitic  races,  having  once  belonged  to  tho  same 
group,  had  separated  very  early,  at  a  time  when 
tho  vocabulary  and  tho  grammatical  system  of 
tho  group  had  not  as  yet  taken  definite  shape. 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


527 


■Subject  to  different  influences,  the  two  families 
would  treat  in  diverse  fashion  the  elements 
■common  to  both.  The  Semitic  dialects  con- 
tinued to  develope  for  centuries,  while  the 
Egyptian  language,  although  earlier  cultivated, 
stopped  short  in  its  growth." 

Scaliger  declared  that  all  errors  in  theology 
flow  from  errors  in  philology,  and  surely  of 
Buch  sort  is  the  error  of  Dr.  Martineau,  who, 
in  order  to  avoid  the  suspicion  of  pantheism, 
limits  the  divine  activity  in  history  to  fluid 
phenomena  Hke  the  civilizations  of  Greece 
and  Eome.  The  "stationary"  systems, 
such  as  he  conceives  the  Egyptian  to  have 
been,  were  apparently  left  to  maintain 
themselves  without  divine  support  or  inter- 
ference. But  although  Egypt  may  seem  to 
the  theologian  to  stand  still,  the  historian 
better  equipped  reads  a  very  different 
lesson ; — 

"The  Egyptians,  whom  we  are  accustomed 
to  consider  as  a  people  respecting  the  established 
order  of  things,  and  conservative  of  ancient 
tradition,  showed  themselves  as  restless,  and  as 
prone  to  modify  or  destroy  the  work  of  the  past, 
as  the  most  inconstant  of  our  modern  nations. 
The  distance  of  time  which  separates  them  from 
us,  and  the  almost  complete  absence  of  docu- 
ments, gives  them  an  appearance  of  immobility, 
by  which  we  are  liable  to  be  unconsciously  de- 
ceived ;  when  the  monuments  still  existing  shall 
have  been  unearthed,  their  history  will  present 
the  same  complexity  of  incidents,  the  same 
agitations,  the  same  instability,  which  we  sus- 
pect or  know  to  have  been  characteristic  of  most 
other  Oriental  nations." 

The  notes  to  this  volume  may  be  regarded 
as  a  critical  clue  to  the  whole  mass  of  lite- 
rature bearing  upon  the  subject.  In  short, 
the  book  makes  a  double  appeal — to  the 
learner  as  a  storehouse  of  matter,  and  to 
the  worker  as  an  example  of  method. 


Platform,  Press,  Politics,  and  Play.  By 
T.  H.  S.  Escott.  (Bristol,  Arrowsmith  ; 
London,  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) 

Those  of  our  readers  who  remember  the 
autobiography  of  Serjeant  Ballantinc,  and 
who  liked  it,  will  be  pleased  with  that  of 
Mr.  Escott,  whose  reminiscences,  although 
more  interesting,  are  written  in  the  same 
tone  of  simplicity  and  kindness.  It  is  a 
remarkable  and  pleasant  fact  that  a  busy 
journalist,  struck  down  by  illness  in  his 
prime,  and  now  able  again  to  use  his  pen, 
should  show  no  trace  of  bitterness  at  the 
misfortune  which  overtook  him,  and  should 
produce  a  book  which  is  overflowing  with 
goodness  of  heart.  Whenever  Mr.  Escott 
permits  himself  to  become  angry,  it  is 
always  with  those — sometimes  our  con- 
temporaries— who  have  attacked,  or  as  he 
thinks  misrepresented,  his  friends. 

The  first  half  of  the  book  will  be  chiefly 
interesting  to  West-Countrymen,  and  con- 
tains a  great  deal  of  matter  which  will 
be  of  note  to  them.  It  is  not  till  Mr. 
Escott  comes  to  Oxford,  and  then  to  the 
London  of  Bohemia,  that  he  will  attract 
a  wider  public.  Even,  however,  in  the  first 
pages  there  arc  some  portraits  which  con- 
cern mankind  at  large,  and  which  strike 
us  as  admirable ;  for  instance,  this  of  Mr. 
Milner  Gibson  :  "A  handsome  elderly  gen- 
tleman with  clearly  cut  features,  smoothly 
shaven  face,  soft  manners,  a  silky  voice, 
who  gave  me  sugar-plums."  On  the  same 
page  there  is  a  hint,  which  may  or  may 


not  be  well  founded,  that  Mr.  Villiers  will 
leave  us  his  autobiography.  We  hope  that 
it  may  be  long  before  we  see  it,  as  we 
imagine  that  we  shall  not  see  it  in  his  life. 
Among  the  West- Country  scenes  there  is  a 
curious  account  of  "Jack  Russell,"  the  last 
of  the  great  hunting  parsons,  and  we  are 
asked  to  believe  that  when  he  became 
rector  of  his  parish  he  had  decided  never  to 
hunt  and  seldom  to  ride,  and  that  it  was  at 
the  request  of  his  parishioners,  who  had 
never  previously  been  without  a  hunting 
parson,  that  he  subsequently  read  out  the 
hunting  fixtures  after  the  second  lesson  in 
church,  and  set  up  a  stud  of  his  own.  We 
believe  that  it  was  an  engagement  not  un- 
connected with  horses  which  took  "  Jack 
Russell ' '  to  stay  with  the  Prince  of  Wales 
at  Sandringham  on  the  occasion  when  he 
insisted  on  preaching  when  ho  should  have 
been  in  bed,  caught  cold,  and  died. 

Coming  to  the  London  part  of  Mr.  Escott's 
book,  we  note  his  belief  —  which  from 
him  forms  a  valuable  statement  —  that 
the  ablest  newspaper  men  of  whom  he 
knows  were,  in  the  first  place.  Lord  Strang- 
ford,  and  after  Lord  Strangford,  James 
Hannay,  Laurence  Oliphant,  and  Ralph 
Earle.  In  this  connexion  there  is  a  fine 
portrait  of  Eitz- James  Stephen  : — 

"Stephen's  manner  was  not  conciliatory. 
He  seldom  concealed  his  contempt  for  feeble- 
ness of  thought  and  talk.  His  conviction  that 
the  world  was  administered  by  Providence  on 
the  stern  principles  of  an  unbending  morality 
made  him  take  severe,  often  unamiable,  views 
of  character  and  life.  But  he  could  be  courteous 
and  even  kindly  to  those  whose  acquaintance 
he  really  desired  to  make.  At  his  own  house 
he  was  a  polite  host,  liking  to  make  his  guests 

at  their  ease.     In  society  which  pleased  him 

he  showed  himself  invariably  courteous  and 
amiable.  No  one  could  have  remained  in  his 
company  long  without  receiving  an  impression 
of  Fitz-James  Stephen's  intellectual  superiority 
to  the  bulk  of  mankind." 

There  are  a  good  many  interesting  little 
touches  in  Mr.  Escott's  account  of  London 
uj^on  which  it  M'ould  bo  possible  to  chat 
with  our  readers  about  things  that  were. 
He  says  that  Lord  Palmerston  was  about  the 
last  of  the  great  gentlemen  who,  following 
the  example  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
habitually  rode  on  horseback  throughout 
London  about  their  business.  The  last  of 
them  lived  much  later,  in  the  person  of  Sir 
Harry  Verney,  who  was  never  known  to  go 
anywhere  in  the  daytime  except  on  horse- 
back, even  though  it  might  be  to  the  City. 
But  he  has  left  no  successors. 

Mr.  Escott  possesse  considerable  power  of 
giving  a  portrait  in  few  words  ;  for  ex- 
ample, "James  Bohn  was  one  of  the 
famous  Bohn  Brothers,  an  amiable  old 
gentleman  with  a  silky  manner,  not 
perhaps  quite  devoid  of  harmless  craft"; 
again,  the  description  of  George  Eliot  as 
having  "the  head  of  an  Arab  steed 
advanced  in  years  ";  and  this  of  Browning, 
"a  short,  sturdy,  middle-aged  beau." 
Browning  is  brought  in  on  the  page  from 
which  we  quote  as  talking  of  George 
Eliot  at  a  Royal  Academy  private  view ; 
but  Mr.  Escott  was  not  equally  under  the 
gifted  lady's  influence,  and  he  says  with 
some  truth  of  the  style  of  her  last  books  : 
"  By  the  time  the  authoress  developed  these 
later  peculiarities,  she  was  far  beyond 
ci-iticism's   power    to    reclaim   or  correct." 


"  The  stately  relic  of  a  bygone  generation  " 
is  good  for  "Maria,  Marcliioness,"  other- 
wise known  as  "  Lady  A."  We  are  glad  to 
be  able  to  agree  with  Mr.  Escott  in  the 
statement  contained  in  the  following  pas- 
sage : — 

"Henley  was  unquestionably  the  most  re- 
markable among  private  Members  of  my  time. 
A  face  knotted  and  gnarled  like  an  old  oak  ; 
a  massive  ponderous  brow,  with  convolutions 
such  as  those  one  beholds  in  granite,  a  deep 
yet  rather  humorous  voice,  a  tendency  to  sen- 
tentious wisdom  relieved  and  lightened  by  a 
playful  fancy." 

Mr.  Escott  does  not  quite  correctly  quote 
one  of  Mr.  Henley's  famous  speeches  when 
he  gives  part  of  it  as  "  I  would  lie  on  my 
back  in  a  field  all  day,  and  cry  '  Fudge! '  " 
What  Mr.  Henley  said  was  "  I  can  sit  on  a 
gate  and  cry  'Fudge! '  "  which  is,  we  think, 
more  in  keeping  with  the  character,  and 
better  in  itself.  Another  passage  in  which 
we  agree  is  this  : — 

' '  Mr.  Hardy,  while  Member  for  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, was,  if  anyone  could  ever  be  so,  the 
chivalrous  ideal  of  the  country  party's  leader. 
He  was  then  an  impressively  handsome  man, 
with  eyes  that  flashed  forth  scorn  upon  all  mean 
things  or  cowardly  suggestions." 

There  are  few  matters  in  which  we  differ 
from  Mr.  Escott.  He  gives  an  account  of 
the  pedigree  of  Abraham  Hayward  to  show 
that  he  had  no  Jewish  blood,  but  there  are 
well-known  facts  which  teU  the  other  way. 
Our  author's  strong  contradiction,  as  an 
absurd  statement,  of  the  gossip  that  Hay- 
ward  was  a  confirmed  diner-out,  is  not  justi- 
fied. Hayward  was  particular  where  he 
dined  out,  but  he  dined  out  every  night  in 
the  week  when  he  could  dine  with  those 
with  whom  alone  he  would  dine ;  such,  for 
example,  as  Lady  Waldegrave,  whose  very 
frequent  invitations  he  was  never  known  to 
decline.  Some  may  smile  when  they  find 
that  Mr.  Escott,  possibly  on  the  suggestion 
of  the  most  loyal  of  private  secretaries, 
Lord  Rowton,  describes  as  "toast  and 
water"  the  straw-coloured  liquid  of  which 
a  tumbler  stood  by  the  side  of  Mr.  Disraeli 
when  he  was  about  to  make  an  important 
speech. 

NEW    NOVELS. 
A  Man^s  Foes.     By  E.  H.  Strain.     3  vols. 

(Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden.) 
The  simplicity  and  distinction  and  not  too 
laboured  quaintness  of  Mary  Hamilton's 
narrative,  impart  a  certain  flavour  of  reality  to 
her  experiences  in  Ulster  in  1688-9.  Perhaps 
the  most  interesting  part  of  the  story  is  that 
in  which  we  are  introduced  to  Massareene 
and  Mount  joy,  Sir  Arthur  Rawdon,  Capt. 
Hamilton,  and  other  loyal  gentlemen,  many 
of  whom  saw  themselves  forced,  as  a  mere 
matter  of  self-preservation,  to  bind  them- 
selves in  confedei'acy  to  resist  the  measures 
of  King  James.  The  lady  who  is  the  saga- 
cious and  tolerant  chronicler  of  these  events, 
regarding  thoni  with  passion  simply  so  far 
as  they  affect  her  husband's  safety  and 
honour  and  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  her 
little  circle  of  Scotch  and  English  colonists, 
is  a  most  winning  combination  of  good 
sense  and  womanliness,  which  reminds  us 
of  such  a  diarist  as  Lucy  Hutchinson. 
Next  to  her  own  excellent  personality  she 
interests  us  in  tlioso  of  Micaiah  Browning,  the 
gallant  mariner  who  fell  in  the  memorablo. 


528 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


act  of  relieving  his  starving  fellow  townsmen, 
and  who  is  depicted  as  something  of  a 
devout  latitudinarian,  considering  his  place 
and  date  ;  of  Murray,  the  Puritan  father  of 
the  joiu'nalist,  whose  more  than  Eoman 
stiffness  of  principle  costs  the  life  of  the 
fragile,  yet  not  less  devoted  daughter  of 
his  house ;  of  Mountjoy,  who  hopes  in  the 
king's  honour  against  the  evidence  on 
every  side ;  of  Ilewson,  a  sort  of  Crom- 
weUian  "survival";  and  of  Gorman 
O'Cahan,  the  typical  Celtic  enthusiast, 
whose  personal  devotion  to  his  lady  out- 
weighs his  allegiance  to  his  race  and 
creed.  Gorman  had  his  actual  prototype 
in  the  adventurous  youth  who  swam  out  to 
communicate  with  Kirke.  Eabbie  Wilson, 
the  old  Scotch  gardener,  is  not  historic,  so 
far  as  we  know,  but  is  none  the  less  one  of 
the  many  true  types  of  character  for  which 
we  are  indebted  to  the  author. 


Out  of  Due  Season.     By  Adeline  Sergeant. 

(Heinemann.) 
An  exhaustive  acquaintance,  extending  over 
some  ten  years,  with  the  products  of 
Miss  Sergeant's  indefatigable  pen,  has 
convinced  us  that  she  could  do  much 
better  work  than  she  is  commonly  in  the 
habit  of  doing,  and  that  her  facile  triumphs 
in  the  domain  of  conventional  melodrama 
are  by  no  means  equal  to  those  quiet 
bits  of  domestic  fiction  in  which  her  un- 
doubted talent  for  character  drawing  finds 
its  freest  scope.  Her  latest  venture  entirely 
confirms  this  view.  The  Adelphi  atmosphere 
is  exchanged  for  the  purer  air  of  a  Lincoln- 
shire village,  and  instead  of  olive-hued  and 
exotic  villains,  supple  adventuresses  with  a 
taste  for  toxicological  experiments,  and  in- 
genuous high-born  heroines,  the  dramatis 
personce  are  almost  exclusively  drawn  from 
the  working  classes.  '  Out  of  Due  Season ' 
is  a  simple  story  of  an  ill-assorted  marriage 
and  its  consequences,  but  it  is  told  with  a 
force  and  directness  that  hold  the  reader's 
attention  throughout.  Gideon  Blake,  the 
grim,  fanatical  young  carpenter,  Emmy, 
his  feather-headed  erring  wife,  and  Uncle 
Obed,  the  old  parish  clerk,  may  be  all  a 
trifle  idealized,  but  in  their  essentials  they 
are  human  and  convincing  portraits.  The 
episode  of  the  child's  death  is  harrowing  in 
the  extreme,  and  Gideon's  search  for  his 
wife  is  handled  with  conspicuous  delicacy. 
The  final  scene  suffers  from  the  comparison 
which  it  inevitably  suggests  with  the  closing 
chapter  of  '  The  Mill  on  the  Floss,'  but  this 
similarity  does  not  seriously  detract  from 
the  merits  of  a  striking  and  interesting 
novel. 

A  Generation.    By  E.  S.  Sievier.     (Downey 

&Co.) 
Mu.  SiEViEii  may  be  fairly  congratulated 
on  having  provided  the  novel-reading  public 
with  a  now  sensation.  Alternating  between 
the  styles  of  Victor  Hugo  and  Mr.  WiUiam 
O'Brien,  Mr.  Sievier  has  furnished  the  an- 
nalists of  literary  ineptitude  with  a  veritable 
gold  mine  of  delirious  and  delicious  absurd- 
ity. Perhaps  the  finest  specimen  of  all  is 
the  following  :  "  The  polyandry  is  loveless, 
and  with  anguineal  cunning  poses  as  a 
catharist."  Of  a  welshor  at  a  race  meeting 
it  is  said  that,  "with  a  merry  nictitating 
eye,  ho  stood  with  bolswaggor  assurance 
upon  a  box,  wearing  a  long  coat  notorious 


for  its  chameleon  propensities."  Of  a  drown- 
ing man  one  reads  that  his  "  distorted  Hip- 
pocratic  features  were  beyond  recognition. 
The  body  sank  like  a  stone  to  the  in- 
quisitorial depths.  The  marble  clot  of 
Askew  blood  was  drained  from  the  Chester 
veins,  and  was  lost  in  the  portentous  gulf 
below."  The  story,  which  is  spread  over 
four  books,  two  hemispheres,  and  about 
thirty  years,  though  illumined  by  momen- 
tary gleams  of  shrewdness  and  even  humour, 
has  all  the  incoherence  of  a  nigrescent  and 
hallucinary  dream.  We  borrow  the  epithets 
from  Mr.  Sievier,  who  also  makes  common 
use  of  such  words  as  "glaucescent,"  "papilio- 
naceous," and  "orthodromic"  (of  a  vessel's 
course). 

A  Study  in  Prejudices.     By  George  Paston. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Paston' s  story  is  both  well  named 
and  well  written.  The  sketches  of  indus- 
trious Bohemia  are  brightly  and  naturally 
done,  and  the  interest  of  the  reader  is 
enlisted  from  the  outset  in  a  heroine  whose 
very  imperfections  enhance  her  charm. 
And  the  tragic  conclusion  has  the  merit  of 
inevitableness.  Cecily  Tregarthen  was 
bound  to  pay  dearly  for  her  natural  desire 
to  escape  from  a  life  of  drudgery,  when 
that  desire  coincided  with  the  flattering 
preference  of  a  distinguished  author  who 
happened  at  the  same  time  to  be  a  singu- 
larly narrow  -  minded  and  selfish  egotist. 
Indeed,  it  is  open  to  question  whether  Mr. 
Paston  entirely  realizes  what  a  poor  figure 
Miles  Dormer  cuts  alike  in  his  courtship 
and  married  life.  The  secular  inequality 
of  the  great  duel  of  sex  is  so  admirably 
illustrated  in  the  denoument  that  the  free 
resort  to  coincidence  in  bringing  Cecily  and 
Ehoda  under  the  same  roof  may  be  readily 
pardoned.  There  is  a  really  fine  dramatic 
touch  in  Cecily's  bitter  mirth  at  the  dis- 
covery of  her  priggish  husband's  irregu- 
larities, and  the  final  reconciliation,  if  a 
little  abrupt,  is  handled  with  sincere  pathos. 

The  Heretic's  Daughter.  By  Maud  Wyeth 
Wyndham.  (Tylston  &  Edwards  and 
A.  P.  Marsden.) 
Thk  old  -  time  novel  of  uncompromising 
"realism"  used  to  tell  of  persecuted 
maidens,  perjured  priests,  violence  inflicted 
on  the  heroines,  and  hairbreadth  escapes 
by  underground  passages.  Such,  in  fact, 
is  the  theme  of  Miss  Wyndham's  novel, 
which  would  have  made  our  great-grand- 
mothers shudder,  however  tame  it  may 
appear  to  a  generation  more  accustomed  to 
heroines  who  inflict  violence  on  other  people. 
Yet  there  is  a  taste  for  plots  of  every  de- 
scription in  our  omnivorous  age,  and  '  The 
Heretic's  Daughter '  is  pretty  sure  to  stir 
the  pulses  of  a  largo  number  of  readers. 
The  fair  maid  Inez  and  the  villainous  priest 
Junipero  are  very  brave  puppets  of  their 
kind. 

The   Calico  Trinfer.     By  Charlotte  Fennell. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
There  is  plenty  of  natural  talent  in  '  The 
Calico  Printer.'  The  book  is  clever,  and 
its  sketches  of  vulgar  North-Country  folk  in 
a  manufacturing  town  are  often  genuinely 
comic.  There  is  a  refined  as  well  as  a 
vulgar  calico  printer  in  the  story,  and  the 
former  is  not  quite  so  clearly  drawn  as  the 


men  and  women  of  coarser  grain.  The  cause 
which  set  Miss  FenneU  writing  was  her  gift 
of  observation  rather  than  of  imagination. 
One  feels  sure  that  she  has  known  the 
originals  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barnsdale,  of 
Thomas  Henry  and  Ann  Edith,  of  Gascoigne 
Latouche,  and  a  few  of  the  rest ;  or  at  any 
rate  she  has  seen  many  separate  incidents 
and  characteristics  in  the  original.  Nothing 
is  more  useful  to  a  novelist  than  the  gift  of 
close  observation,  and  Miss  Fennell  should 
persevere. 

3fiss     Grace    of  All   Souls'.      By   William 

Edwards  Tirebuck.  (Heinemann.) 
'  Miss  Grace  of  All  Souls'  '  is  a  rather 
long-drawn  story  of  a  strike  in  the  North 
Country,  with  the  coal-owners,  the  vicar, 
and  the  vicar's  daughter  Grace  all  as 
much  in  evidence  and  as  familiarly  de- 
scribed as  the  coal-getters  themselves.  Mr. 
Tirebuck  is  at  some  pains  to  treat  his  sub- 
ject seriously,  from  an  economical  point  of 
view ;  and  sometimes,  as  has  been  hinted, 
he  is  a  little  tedious  over  it.  Grace's  father 
is  weak-minded  and  sycophantic,  with  hia 
sympathies  all  on  the  side  of  the  owners ; 
Grace  runs  to  the  opposite  extreme,  and 
indeed  she  is  not  a  very  likely  or  natural 
character.  The  author  is  scarcely  at  his 
best  in  this  story,  though  it  has  passages  of 
considerable  strength,  and  there  are  touches 
of  subtlety — Mr.  Tirebuck' s  talent  often  has 
a  kind  of  subtle  strength — which  impart  deli- 
cacy even  to  his  treatment  of  the  awkward 
situation  between  Grace  and  Sam  Ockle- 
shaw. 

Perfect  Womanhood.   By  F.  J.  Gant.  (Digby, 

Long  &  Co.) 

The  preface  to  Mr.  Gant's  "  novelette  with 
a  purpose"  is  modest,  yet  it  is  difficult  not 
to  indulge  often   in   an   unhallowed  mirth 
over  some  of  his  most  serious  pages.     But 
the  author's  intentions,  at  any  rate,  should 
inspire  respect,  while  his  attitude  towards 
the   other    sex   ought    to    call   forth   their 
gi-atitude.      His    heroines     can,    however, 
scarcely   be   called     examples     of    modern 
womanhood,  unless  Nurse  Eva's  remarkable 
behaviour  to  the  gentleman  who  had  gone 
down  on  his  right  knee  to  urge  his  respect- 
ful suit  to  her  should  after  all  prove  to  be 
the  very  latest  matrimonial  departure  of  the 
new  woman.     "With  two  fingers  pointing 
upwards,"   she    offered    him    a    "spiritual 
union,"    and    invoked    heavenly    blessings 
upon  this   contract   with   a   "materialist" 
who,  it  must  be  admitted,  was  pretty  easily 
contented.     And  what  shall  be  said  of  the 
bride    who    decorated     her    drawing-room 
mirror    "  with    a    sugar- work    chaplet    of 
flowers  from  the  wedding  cake,"  and  dyed 
her  wedding  dress  pink  to  wear  on  Sundays? 
Alas  for  the  early  Victorian  trail  which  is 
over  them  all !  Theology  and  sentiment,  both 
run  to  seed,  have  banished  surgery  for  the 
moment  from   Mr.    Gant's   literary   under- 
takings, but  the  exchange  so  far  can  hardly 
be  called  a  happy  one. 

Sihyl  Falcon :  a  Study  in  Romantic  Morals. 

By   Edgar   Jepson.     (Tower   Publishing 

Company.) 
'  Sibyl  Falcon  '  is  a  tale  of  eighty  years 
ago.      It  takes    a    liberty  with    the    name 
of     Lord    Byron,    introducing    him    quite 
gratuitously  in  an  early  chapter ;    but  the 


N"  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


529 


main  current  of  the  narrative  has  to  do 
with  a  young  dare-devil,  Ralph  Aires- 
ford.  Ealph  has  a  wicked  uncle,  to  escape 
from  whom  he  takes  service  under  a  gentle- 
man-pirate in  the  West  Indies.  Sibyl  is 
the  pirate's  daughter,  and  she  and  Ralph 
have  some  extraordinary  adventures  before 
they  come  to  understand  each  other.  The 
story  reeks  with  violence  and  blood ;  the 
smell  of  blood  is  ever  in  our  nostrils,  and 
the  talk  of  it  in  the  mouth  of  the  narrator. 
There  is,  however,  abundance  of  romance, 
and  the  love  story  is  full  of  intensity  and 
suspense.  As  for  the  study  in  morals  pro- 
mised on  the  title-page,  that  does  not 
amount  to  much  more  than  a  description 
of  manifold  immoralities ;  but  the  reader 
will  contrive  in  the  long  run  to  maintain  his 
sympathy  with  the  hot-blooded  hero  and 
heroine. 

Timoth/s  Legacy.  By  Emily  M.  TI.  Clennell. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
"  Genteel"  is  the  only  epithet  which  befits 
this  story  of  the  feeble  but  virtuous  young 
man,  the  domestic  villain  who  almost  stole 
the  young  lady  of  his  affections,  and  several 
British  matrons  whose  high-flown  senti- 
ments and  language  correspond  with  those 
of  the  young  people  whose  affairs  keep 
them  so  busy.  Schoolgirl  giggles,  tall  talk 
of  the  best  parlour  order,  and  a  good  deal 
of  rank  absurdity  in  the  way  of  plot  betray 
an  amateur  whose  vocation  obviously  does 
not  lie  in  the  direction  of  literature. 


TOURIST  LITERATUEE. 

If  anybody  wants  to  know  how  Alpine  acci- 
dents happen,  he  need  only  read  Tu^o  Seasons 
in  SioUzerland,  by  Herbert  Marsh,  ll.N.  (Fisher 
Unwin).  Not  that  any  accident  more  severe 
than  an  occasional  sprain  or  bruise  befell  Dr. 
Marsh  ;  but  then,  as  we  know,  sailors  share 
with  two  other  classes  of  the  community  the 
benefits  of  a  special  Providence  which  saves 
them  from  the  natural  results  of  their  own 
actions.  But  for  this,  it  is  hardly  conceivable 
that  a  climber  who,  in  his  second  season,  should 
undertake  to  lead  a  practically  guideless  party 
over  the  Moming  Pass,  or  who  should  ascend 
the  Jungfrau  as  one  of  a  party  of  two  (even 
though  his  companion  was  an  unusually  active 
and  experienced  mountaineer)  without  guide  or 
map,  could  have  failed  to  come  to  signal  grief 
long  ago.  It  is  true,  no  doubt,  that  in  many  of 
the  routes  followed  by  Dr.  Marsh  the  way  is 
pretty  clearly  indicated  by  eggshells  and  bottles  ; 
but  thick  weather  will  go  a  long  way  to  eflface 
these  landmarks.  Only  in  the  course  of  last 
month  six  or  more  tourists  were  compelled, 
within  a  space  of  two  or  three  days,  to  spend 
the  night  on  the  fells  of  Cumberland  as  the 
penalty  for  travelling  without  maps  ;  and  what 
is  merely  tiresome  in  Cumberland  may  be  serious 
in  the  Alps.  The  only  other  point  to  notice  in 
Dr.  Marsh's  book — which  is  written  in  a  free- 
and-easy  style,  with  abundance  of  slang,  nautical 
and  other,  and  what  he  would  call  a  very 
"sketchy"  notion  of  the  spelling  of  German 
names — is  the  picture  it  presents  of  departed 
glory  and  vulgarized  romance.  It  is  only  neces- 
sary to  compare  Mr.  Ball's  or  Mr.  Hinchclifl''s 
description  of  Zermatt  in  'Peaks  and  Passes,' 
or  Mr.  Stephen's  account  of  Zinal  in  'The 
Playground  of  Europe,'  with  the  fourth  chapter 
in  this  book  to  realize  what  the  "deformed 
knave  "  fashion  can  do  in  the  way  of  imparting 
its  own  de*formity.  The  Thames,  for  half  the 
j'ear,  is  gone  ;  Switzerland  is  gone  ;  the  Eastern 
Alps  arc  going  fast.  What  is  to  become  of  the 
hardworking  man  of  moderate  means,  who  would 
fain  in  his  brief  holiday  combine  the  contem- 


plative with  the  athletic  life,  and  enjoy  the 
beautiful  with  a  due  regard  to  economy  ?  It 
should  be  said  that  the  illustrations  "processed  " 
from  photographs  by  Mr.  O.  Williamson  are 
most  successful. 

Messrs.  Black  have  added  to  their  useful 
series  of  guide-books  A  Guide  to  Constantinople, 
by  Demetrius  Coufopoulos,  which  will  doubtless 
prove  convenient  and  sufficiently  informing  to 
travellers  who  do  not  wish  to  make  a  profound 
study  of  that  most  fascinating  city.  It  is 
avowedly  "designed  rather  for  the  use  of  the 
ordinary  sightseer  than  of  the  specialised 
student,"  and  several  explicit  warnings  that 
"kodaks,  umbrellas,  and  sticks  must  be  left  at 
the  door "  sufficiently  indicate  the  reader  for 
whom  the  book  is  destined.  Except  that  it  is 
quite  up  to  date,  and  traces  (for  example)  the 
effects  of  last  year's  earthquake,  it  is  very  much 
like  other  guides  of  the  sort.  It  is  certainly  not 
learned,  but  the  writer  naturally  finds  himself 
most  at  home  in  dealing  with  the  Greek  remains 
of  Constantinople,  and  describes  the  ancient 
churches  fairly  well.  He  is  less  successful  in 
matters  Mohammedan,  and  apparently  is  de- 
ficient in  Arabic.  The  call  to  prayer  is 
most  erroneously  transcribed;  "God  will 
provide "  is  a  remarkably  free  translation  of 
"Allah  kerim ";  "ulemas"  (sic)  are  hardly 
"  Muhammadan  prelates  ";  "  Rufahi  "  dervishes 
(p.  50),  "Rabat  Lilkum  "  (p.  36),  "  Hassein " 
(p.  51),  "  Remal-ed-din  "  (p.  113),  and  "  Murat  " 
for  Murad,  passim,  are  unfortunate  blemishes. 
Mr.  Coufopoulos  supplies  a  detailed  account  of  the 
Sidon  sarcophagi,  and  some  other  treasures  of 
the  museum  ;  but  in  ascribing  the  credit  of  the 
improved  condition  of  archaeological  research  to 
the  present  Sultan,  it  might  have  been  hinted 
that  the  chief  mover  in  the  matter  has 
always  been  the  energetic  Director,  Hamdi 
Bey.  On  p.  89  Mahmud  II.  is  given  the  date 
1466  ;  of  course  it  should  be  Mohammed  II. 
In  spite  of  a  good  many  slips,  the  little  book, 
with  its  clear  maps,  may  be  recommended  to 
casual  visitors  to  Constantinople  who  cannot 
afford  space  in  their  trunks  or  money  for  more 
comprehensive  works.  It  would  be  improved 
by  illustrations. 

Part  IV.  of  Mr.  Frank  Cowper's  Sailing 
Tours  (Upcott  Gill)  is  devoted  to  the  Irish 
Sea  and  the  Bristol  Channel,  and  contains 
descriptions  of  "  every  creek,  harbour,  and 
roadstead,  suitable  for  yachting  purposes,  from 
Land's  End  to  the  Mull  of  Galloway,  from 
Belfast  Lough  to  Wicklow  and  in  the  Isle  of 
Man."  It  appears  to  keep  up  the  high  standard 
of  its  predecessors  of  the  series,  and  may  be 
confidently  recommended  as  a  handbook  and 
library  to  those  "Corinthians"  who  wish  to 
follow  the  author's  example  of  independence, 
and,  "after  the  manner  of  their  hardy  fore- 
fathers, to  guide  their  own  craft  whithersoever 
their  fancy  lists,  free  as  the  winds,  independent 
of  others,  a  joyous  vagabond  in  the  world  of 
waters."  No  more  enjoyable  way  of  spend- 
ing a  holiday  could  be  prescribed  for  those 
who  have  a  healthy  mind  in  a  healthy  body  ; 
and  for  such  this  book  and  its  fellows  are 
at  once  guides  and  companions.  The  direc- 
tions are  simple  and  intelligible,  the  charts  are 
clear  and  distinct :  the  only  thing  we  object  to  is 
the  facetious  manner  occasionally  affected,  after 
the  fashion  of  more  commonplace  guide-books  ; 
and  such  a  sentence  as  "  Sir  John  Coode  did 
what  he  could,  no  doubt,  but  it  was  no  good," 
is  not  to  be  pardoned  even  in  a  book  of  this 
general  excellence. 


DON    QIIXOTK. 


Mr.  Watts  has  completed  the  publication  of 
the  revised  edition  of  his  excellent  translation 
of  The  Inqenious  Gentleman  Don  Quixote  of 
La  Mancha  (Black),  the  first  volume  of  which 
we  have  already  noticed,  and  he  has  also  re- 
published his  biography  Miguel  de  Cervantes,  his 
Life  and  Works  (same  publishers),  in  a  revised 


and  enlarged  form.  The  latter — the  best  bio- 
graphy of  Cervantes  that  has  appeared,  at  least 
in  English — has  been  decidedly  improved  in  this 
reissue.  It  is  a  most  painstaking  performance, 
which  supplies  as  complete  an  account  of  Cer- 
vantes's  life  as  the  existing  materials  will  admit 
of,  and  it  is  encouraging  to  see  that,  although  Mr. 
Watts  has  not  abandoned  his  unfortunate  idea 
that  Lope  de  Vega  wrote  the  spurious  Second 
Part  of  '  Don  Quixote, '  he  does  not  now  enunciate 
it  so  confidently  as  he  formerly  did.  He  has 
been  enabled  to  supply  a  facsimile  (which  he 
could  not  obtain  for  his  first  edition)  of  the 
last  letter,  in  all  probability,  that  Cervantes 
wrote,  the  few  lines  he  addressed  on  his  death- 
bed to  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo.  Mr.  Watts 
has  laboured  zealously  to  improve  his  transla- 
tion, and  may  be  congratulated  on  his  success. 
Occasionally  his  version  seems  capable  of 
further  amendment,  but  the  number  of 
"howlers"  still  to  be  detected  is  small.  In 
fact,  when  he  goes  astray  it  is  usually  in  the 
endeavour  to  be  picturesque.  For  instance, 
his  rendering  of  "  Ayer  estuve  en  ella  gober- 
nando  6.  mi  placer  como  un  sagitario,"  "  Yester- 
day I  was  governing  therein,  at  my  ease,  like 
a  sagittary,"  is  open  to  objection  ;  for  whatever 
sagitario  may  mean,  it  does  not  mean  either  a 
fabulous  monster  or  the  lodgings  of  the  com- 
manders of  the  fleet  and  army  at  the  Arsenal 
of  Venice,  the  only  two  significations  Shak- 
spearean  commentators  assign  to  "sagittary." 
Again,  he  translates  the  well-known  proverb, 
"Si  bien  canta  el  abad,  no  le  va  en  zaga  el 
monacillo,"  "If  the  abbot  sings  well,  the 
shaveling  is  not  far  behind  him,"  forgetting 
that  as  the  abbot  is  himself  a  shaveling,  the 
point  is  lost  by  so  rendering  monacillo,  which 
merely  means  "acolyte."  Again,  "nihas  de  la 
doctrina  "  should  not  be  translated  "  girls  of  a 
foundling."  The  commentary  has  not  been  much 
altered,  and  we  regret  to  observe  that  the  gibes 
at  Clemencin,  which  in  our  former  notice  we 
deplored,  are  retained.  We  are  also  sorry  to 
see  that  an  obvious  mistake  in  the  translation 
of  the  famous  passage  in  the  prologue 
to  '  Persiles  and  Sigismunda '  remains  un- 
corrected. Mr.  Watts,  we  observe,  still 
hazards  his  conjecture  of  "  grana  pura "  or 
"grana  fina  "  for  the  puzzling  phrase  "grana 
blanca  "  (Part  II.  chap,  xix.) ;  but  we  should  like 
some  authority  for  this  use  in  prose  of  "grana  " 
for  "  pafio  de  grana."  We  must  not,  however, 
go  on  finding  fault  with  a  performance  so  laud- 
able as  Mr.  Watts's  ;  we  shall  only  add  that  the 
handsome  appearance  of  these  volumes  reflects 
much  credit  on  the  publishers. 

In  the  second  edition  of  the  first  part  of  hia 
interesting  Mudes  sur  VEspagne  (Paris,  Bouil- 
lon), which  we  reviewed  on  its  appearance 
{Athen.  No.  3173),  M.  Morel-Fatio  has  printed 
the  masterly  lecture  on  '  Don  Quixote  '  which  ho 
delivered  at  Oxford  about  twelve  months  ago. 
Nothing  better  has  been  said  on  the  subject. 
The  remarks  on  Cervantes's  attitude  to  re- 
ligion, to  politics,  and  to  government  could 
not  be  improved,  for  they  hit  the  exact  truth. 
Two  points  only  in  the  lecture  appear  to 
be  open  to  dispute.  The  first  is  M.  Morel- 
Fatio's  assertion  that  Cervantes's  chief  aim 
was  to  destroy  "  hidalguisme."  Cervantes, 
like  other  satirists  of  his  day,  saw  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  pride  of  the  poverty-stricken 
hidalgo  who  had  not  enough  to  eat,  yet 
was  ashamed  to  work  ;  and  although  he 
chose  his  hero  from  the  class  of  hidalgos, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  that  he  had  any  strong 
desire  to  destroy  the  pretensions  of  the 
hidalgo  ;  for  Don  Quixote  is  not,  as  M.  Morel- 
Fatio  points  out,  in  abject  poverty,  nor  is  he 
forced  to  pick  his  teeth  in  order  to  make  people 
Ijelieve  he  has  eaten  a  dinner  he  has  been  unable 
to  procure,  and  his  especial  follies  are  not  those 
of  the  ordinary  hidalgo,  who  had  no  desire  to 
succour  the  oppressed  and  probably  possessed 
not  a  fiftieth  part  of  the  books  found  in  Don 
Quixote's   library.     The   other   remark   of  M. 


530 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SoiT,  Oct.  19, '95 


Morel-Fatio  with  which  it  is  not  quite  easy  to 
agree  is  his  assertion  that  Cervantes's  famous 
comparison  between  arms  and  letters  (Part  I. 
chaps,  xxxvii.  and  xxxviii.)  is  "  un  morceau  de 
bravoure,  comme  Cervantes  aimait  a  en  ^crire  de 
temps  h  autre  afin  de  montrer  qu'il  n'^tait  pas 
incapable  de  haute  litt^ratureet  savaits'eleveraux 
id^es  g^n^rales."  The  sentiments  expressed  are 
not  only  dramatically  appropriate  in  the  mouth 
of  Don  Quixote,  but  we  believe  they  convey  Cer- 
vantes's real  opinion.  No  doubt,  as  M.  Morel- 
Fatio  says,  he  was  keenly  aware  of  the  hard- 
ships and  disappointments  of  a  soldier's  lot ; 
yet  we  strongly  suspect  that  in  spite  of  this 
he  shared  Scott's  opinion,  thus  expressed 
by  Lockhart  (*  Life,'  vol.  v,  p.  92,  second 
edition):  "To  have  done  things  worthy  to  be 
written  was,  in  his  eyes,  a  dignity  to  which  no 
man  made  any  approach  who  had  only  written 
things  worthy  to  be  read";  and  plumed  him- 
self more  on  having  fought  at  Lepanto  than 
on  having  written  'Don  Quixote.'  These  are 
the  only  points  in  this  admirable  piece  of  criti- 
cism with  which  we  do  not  fully  agree.  Before 
quitting  the  volume  we  should  add  that  in  this 
new  edition  M.  Morel-Fatio  has  included  a  plea- 
sant address  delivered  at  Brussels  on  '  Espagnols 
et  Flamands,'  and  in  an  appendix  he  has  tried 
to  show  that  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de  Men- 
doza  was  banished  to  Granada  because  of  the 
unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  accounts  of  his 
governorship  at  Siena,  and  not  for  drawing  his 
sword  within  the  precincts  of  the  palace.  M. 
Morel-Fatio  makes  out  a  good  case,  and  the 
balance  of  probability  inclines  to  his  side  ;  still, 
it  is  a  drawback  to  have  to  suppose  that  two 
Don  Diegos  of  the  house  of  Mendoza  were  in 
banishment  at  Granada  at  the  same  time. 


DICTIONARIES   AND   GEAMMARS. 

Concise  Dictionary  of  the  English  and  Modern 
Greek  Lawjuages.  By  A.  N.  Jannaris.  (Murray.) 
— This  excellent  book,  beautifully  printed  on 
very  thin  paper,  and  hence  little,  though  by  no 
means  a  small  work,  contains  what  we  should 
designate  as  the  third  part  of  a  large  scheme. 
For  the  author  himself  announces  a  forthcoming 
'  Historical  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Language 
down  to  the  Present  Century,'  and  we  presume 
that  he  will  complete  the  present  English-Greek 
dictionary  by  a  Greek  -  English  one,  which, 
indeed,  may  fairly  be  called  the  prior  in  useful- 
ness ;  for  how  many  people  want  to  find  Greek 
words  for  English,  compared  to  the  number  who 
want  to  translate  from  Greek  ?  However,  pro- 
vided the  author's  scheme  is  duly  carried  out, 
we  need  not  quarrel  with  the  order  which  he 
chooses  to  adopt.  The  present  instalment  is 
thoroughly  practical.  It  contains  a  brief  intro- 
duction on  the  stages  of  the  Greek  language, 
and  then  (so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  study 
it)  a  good  dictionary,  much  ampler  than  its  size 
at  first  suggests.  Space  has  been  economized  in 
every  reasonable  way  to  afford  room  for  useful 
matter.  Each  page  is  accompanied  by  marginal 
explanations  of  the  signs  employed.  As  regards 
one  of  these  only,  ♦,  which  signifies  that  the 
word  marked  has  come  down  from  classical 
times,  the  book  is  strangelj'  misleading,  or  does 
the  author  not  know  classical  Greek  i  For  on 
almost  every  page  of  the  book  we  find  dozens 
of  words  not  so  marked,  which  are  quite  familiar 
to  us  in  classical  Greek.  Thus  on  p.  154  (taken 
at  random)  we  find  only  three  words  marked  with 
the  sign  of  antiquity,  whereas  we  could  under- 
take to  show  that  at  least  twenty  more  were  in 
use  among  classical  authors,  most  of  them  far 
more  frequently  than  one  of  the  three  words 
(7r/>ojt/ios)  to  which  is  assigned  that  honour.  So 
patent  is  this  fact  on  every  page  that  we  cannot 
help  thinking  we  have  in  some  way  mis- 
understood the  author.  His  book,  if  accepted 
as  correct  on  this  point,  would  prove  that  there 
are  very  slight  and  rare  remains  of  classical 
vocabulary  in  modern  Greek— a  conclusion  which 
would,  wo  are  convinced,  astonish  and  annoy 


him  greatly.     Nevertheless,  we  are  unable  to 
interpret  his  indications  in  any  other  way. 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  A  Siarnese-English 
Dictionary,  by  E.  B.  Michell,  lately  legal 
adviser  to  the  Siamese  Government.  This  work 
was  first  published  at  Bangkok  in  1892  (where  it 
appears  also  to  have  been  printed),  but  has  only 
been  placed  on  sale  in  London  (with  Messrs. 
Dulau)  during  the  present  year.  Limited  as 
the  number  must  be  of  those  whose  fate  obliges 
them  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  Siamese,  yet 
within  that  limited  circle  the  present  work  sup- 
plies a  want.  As  the  author  points  out  in  his 
prefatory  remarks,  the  large  dictionary  by 
Bishop  Pallegoix  is  scarce  (there  was  some  few 
years  ago,  at  any  rate,  no  copy  in  the  India 
Ofiice  Library),  and  commands  a  fancy  price, 
having  been  long  out  of  print.  On  the  other 
hand,  this  book  seems  likely  to  be  extensively 
in  demand  among  Siamese  who  are  studying 
English,  and  to  them  also  it  will  prove  of  con- 
siderable value.  English  beginners,  however, 
would  do  well  to  use  the  book  with  caution  ; 
there  are  forty-four  consonants  and  eighteen 
diphthongs  and  vowels  in  the  language,  and, 
besides  this,  words  similarly  spelt — and  those 
common  every-day  words — often  difier  in  mean- 
ing according  to  the  pitch  or  tone  in  which  they 
are  pronounced ;  hence,  though  Mr.  Michell 
has  taken  pains,  by  giving  equivalents  in  English 
characters,  to  reproduce  the  Siamese  sounds, 
to  beginners  the  pitfalls  will  of  necessity  be 
numerous,  and  any  one  who  wishes  to  speak 
Siamese  with  some  approximation  to  correctness 
(and  this  is  all  that  the  average  European  can 
hope  to  attain  to)  will  be  wise  if  he  reserves  his 
efi"orts  at  pronouncing  until  he  has  reached 
the  country  where  the  language  is  in  use. 
It  is  also  desirable  for  those  who  may  con- 
sult this  work  to  bear  in  mind  that  it  neces- 
sarily contains  a  large  number  of  words  used 
only  in  literature  or  in  connexion  with  religious 
ceremonial,  many  words  also  which  are  ex- 
clusively employed  in  reference  to  the  king  ; 
indeed,  most  of  the  ordinary  vernacular  Siamese 
consists  of  words  not  more  than  two  syllables  in 
length.  We  have  tested  the  book  for  complete- 
ness and  accuracy  by  looking  out  words — common 
words  as  well  as  words  with  more  recondite 
meaning  or  less  frequently  in  use  ;  and  so  far 
as  the  search  extended  the  results  were  satis- 
factory. As  regards  the  word  for  "paper," 
kra'dart,  it  is  no  doubt  correctly  connected 
with  the  Portuguese,  but  we  feel  some  doubt 
whether  the  word  did  not  reach  Siam  through 
the  Malay  form  "kritass,"  as  otherwise  it 
seems  hard  to  account  for  its  current  Siamese 
shape.  A  few  misprints  occur  in  the  English 
portions  of  the  book,  all  which  we  hope  to  see 
carefully  eliminated  in  any  subsequent  edition  ; 
but  what  is  most  regrettable  is  that  the  pages 
of  the  book  are  not  numbered  consecutively 
in  English  as  well  as  in  Siamese.  The  absence 
of  this  numbering  will,  it  is  to  be  feared,  cause 
unnecessary  trouble  to  those  who  have  not  yet 
mastered  the  peculiar  arrangement  of  the 
Siamese  letters,  and  we  should  recommend 
any  one  who  purposes  to  make  a  serious  use  of 
this  dictionary  to  commence  by  numbering  the 
pages  with  a  pen  for  himself. 

Precis  de  Grammaire  comparee  de  V Anglais 
et  de  I'Allemand,  rapporte's  a  leur  commune 
Origine  et  rapproches  des  Langnes  classiques. 
Par  Victor  Henry.  (Hachotte  &  Cie.)  — 
The  relationship  of  the  Teutonic  element  of 
English  to  German,  the  divergences  of  the  two 
types,  and  their  respective  evolution  from 
Primitive  Teutonic,  and  ultimately  from  Indo- 
European,  are  here  set  forth  in  a  style  at  once 
clear  and  graceful.  M.  Henry's  knowledge  of 
English  is  by  no  means  confined  to  grammar 
and  dictionary.  The  limitations  which  he  has 
imposed  ujjon  himself  allow  of  a  wider  and 
closer  survey  of  the  English  language  than 
might  at  first  sight  be  expected,  though  some 
prepositions  and  conjunctions  wliich   have  no 


German  affinities,  such  as  "below,"  "be- 
neath," "if,"  naturally  escape  discussion. 
Mistakes  are  extremely  rare.  Doubtless  the  e 
of  "  caugh-te,"  §  187, 10,  is  a  mere  clerical  error, 
but  the  '  New  English  Dictionary ' — which  is 
not  mentioned  in  the  list  of  works  consulted — 
would  have  taught  M.  Henry  that  the  word  of 
Teutonic  origin  after  which  "caught"  was 
modelled  was  probably  the  Middle  English 
laht{e)  from  lacchen  (cf.  Anglo-Saxon  ge-leaccan), 
"  to  seize."  In  a  note  on  p.  130,  §  66,  we  are 
informed  that  "ofi'"  is  "  toujours  final  et 
secondairement  accentud " — a  curious  slip,  as 
dictionaries  quote  "come  off  the  breach," 
Shakspeare  ;  while  "from  off"  is  never  final. 
The  assertion  that  /  between  vowels  (including 
consonnes-voyelles — an  awkward  and  unscientific 
term)  becomes  v,  p.  89,  §  482,  ought  to  have 
been  qualified  in  view  of  the  compound 
"before,"  the  derivatives  "leafy,"  "liefer," 
"roofing,  "the  apparently  exceptional  "heifer," 
not  to  mention  Romance  forms  such  as  "safer," 
"rifle."  However,  such  blemishes  do  not 
materially  detract  from  the  value  of  the  work, 
which  ought  to  be  used  by  British,  French, 
and  German  students. 

Elements  de  Grammaire  comparee  du  Grec 
et  du  Latin.  —  Premiere  Partie.  Phonetique. 
Par  Paul  Regnaud.  (Paris,  Armand  Colin 
&  Cie.) — The  "historical  method"  of  explain- 
ing Indo  -  European  phonetics  which  Prof. 
Regnaud  has  developed  will  be  found  to  pos- 
sess the  permanent  merit  of  illustrating  most 
forcibly  the  proposition  that  linguistic  pheno- 
mena furnish  a  prima  facie  case  in  favour  of 
any  conceivable  theory.  Here  we  have  an  array 
of  ingeniously  selected  examples  marshalled  to 
prove  that  simple  sounds  are  derived  from  com- 
plex sounds.  Dental  consonants,  for  instance, 
are  evolved  from  ^s  and  s^,  which  respectively 
become  6s  and  sd,  while  from  ds,  either  by 
way  of  69  —  t6  —  6  or  of  ts  —  tt,  comes  t, 
and  so  also  from  sd,  by  way  of  t6—66 — 6 
or  of  st  —  tt,  and  finally  from  t,  comes  d. 
Again,  m^t  becomes  ms — mm — m,  or/,  <^or  (3,  or 
ss  (s) — w  (v) — II  (l).  This  combination  of  sound 
puts  into  the  shade  Donaldson's  Protean  kp. 
One  or  two  examples  of  the  treatment  of  vowels 
will  suffice,  e.  g.,  o-toAos  is  for  o-toeAos,  /xopos 
and  jiepos  both  from  a  radical  m.oer  {poipa).  The 
English  hat  and  the  German  hut  are  both  from 
an  older  huat.  We  can  hardly  be  expected  to 
make  a  selection  from  the  numerous  considera- 
tions which  force  us  to  dismiss  such  speculations 
as  quickly  as  possible. 


RECENT   VER3E. 

Mordred.        By     Henry     Newbolt.        (Fisher 

Unwin.) 
Scintillce  Carmenis.    By  Perceval  H.  W.  Almy. 

(Stock.) 
Ballads,  and  other  Verse.     By  A.  H.  Beesly. 

(Longmans  &  Co.) 
The    White  Book   of  the    Muses.      By    G.    F. 

Reynolds  Anderson.     (Johnstone.) 
Sancan  the  Bard.     By  Edwin  J.  Ellis.     (Ward 

&  Downey.) 
Rosemary  for  Remembrance.  By  May  Brotherton. 

(Lane.) 
Thoughts  in  a  Garden,  and  other  Poems,     By 

A.  L.  Stevenson.     (Stock.) 
A  Book  of  Words.      By  A.  A.  S.      (Constable 

&Co.) 
The  late  Lord  Tennyson  has,  some  think,  a 
prescriptive  right  to  the  Arthurian  legend.  At 
any  rate,  the  Laureate  made  it  so  much  his  own 
that  he  who  would  deal  with  it  nowadays  must 
be  a  bold  man  indeed.  Yet  some  are  found  to 
venture,  among  them  Mr.  Henry  Newbolt  ;  and 
he,  at  least,  is  justified  of  his  boldness.  His 
drama  never  flags  in  interest  from  first  to  last. 
The  characters — Arthur,  Guinevere,  Lancelot, 
and  Mordred — are  conceived,  it  is  true,  in  too 
modern  a  spirit,  but  they  are  well  conceived, 
and  the  conception  is  excellently  worked  out. 
The  plot  moves  well.     At  no  point  does  it  show 


N°3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


531 


conspicuous  weakness,  and  more  than  one  scene 
is  well  imagined  and  dramatically  presented. 
The  verse  is  virile,  and  its  average  of  merit 
high.  But  Mr.  Henry  Newbolt  would  seem  to 
have  studied  too  carelessly  the  laws  of  blank 
verse.  His  sense  of  rhythm  deserts  him  when 
his  verse  passes  from  one  speaker  to  another  ; 
and  in  his  next  drama  we  would  earnestly 
counsel  him  to  take  a  short  way  with  the 
anapaest.  His  verse  rarely  rises  to  poetry,  but 
we  admit — and  admitting  that,  much  is  granted 
^■that  it  never  falls  to  prose. 

Mr.  Almy's  is  an  exceedingly  funny  little  book, 
nad  the  best  of  it  is,  it  means  to  be  something  so 
different.  The  poet's  calling  and  oath  are  set 
forth  on  p.  44  of  *  Scintillae  Carmenis '  (what- 
ever that  may  mean) ;  and  that  there  may  ba 
no  mistake  about  the  identity  of  the  poet,  Mr. 
Almy  has  set  '  Egoisms '  as  the  title  of  the 
poem.  "The  voice  of  inspiration  and  of  God  " 
said  to  Mr.  Almy,  "Arise,  arise,  0  poet  !  " 

And  straiglit  I  rose  (I  dare  not  disobey) 
And  swore  to  tread  the  path  that  Shakespeare  trod— 
an  oath  which  would  appear  to  have  been  bub 
imperfectly  kept.  The  funniest  poem  is  called 
'  The  Rivals,'  and  tells  the  story  of  a  lady  named 
Sirena  and  one  named  Hermione  (which  rhymes 
with  "alone,"  and  throws  some  light  on  Mr. 
Almy's  classical  knowledge  and  on  his  title).  On 
the  night  of  Herraione's  wedding  Sirena  kills 
her.  Some  time  later  the  bridegroom,  whose  con- 
vincing name  is  Aval,  is  walking  in  the  woods  : 

Yet  on  the  night  that  I  have  said, 
Here  wandered,  weary  and  alone, 

A  youth,  the  youth  who  was  to  wed 
The  fair  and  faitliful  Hermiuue. 

He  'd  nowhere  definite  to  go. 

But  idly  wandered  to  and  fro 

When  lo  !  half  hidden  by  the  trees, 

A  form,  a  female  form  he  sees 

It  Is— alas  !  ye  need  not  tell. 

He  knew  Sirena's  form  too  well. 

After  some  conversation  the  lady  remarked  that 

she  loved  him  more 

Than  mortal  ever  loved  before. 

"  I  've  loved,"  she  said,  "  till  love  became  a  sin  ; 

I  've  loved  till  I  could  love  no  more." 

On  his  explaining  that  her  passion  was  entirely 
hopeless,  she  ran  to 

the  mound— O  God  !  the  mound, 

and  plunged  into  the  stream  beneath.  The 
stream,  we  are  told,  rolls  onward  as  before,  but 
it  is  apparently  governed  by  some  law  unknown 
to  physics,  for  "young  Aval,"  who  had  been 
left  far  behind,  reached  the  spot  in  excellent 
time  to  see  the  corse  float  past : — 

He  reached  the  fatal  spot  at  last. 
And,  standing  helpless  and  aghast, 
Beheld  the  corse  float  past. 
And  then  the  white  moon  slipped  into 

The  fleece-lined  pocket  of  a  cloud. 
And  wrapped  the  object  from  his  view 

As  in  a  shroud. 

How  the  moon  could  wrap  the  object  from  his 
view  is  not  quite  clear  to  us,  but  the  author  is 
BO  charmed  with  his  achievement  that,  after  a 
line  of  asterisks,  we  find  the  lines 

And  wrapped  the  object  from  his  view 
A>  in  a  shroud 

repeating  themselves,  for  all  the  world  as  if 
they  were  the  chorus  of  a  comic  song — as  indeed 
they  are. 

The  verse  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Beeslyis  always  well- 
motived,  and  does  not  lack  the  dignity  of  sin- 
cerity. But  the  work  is  careless  where  it  is 
not  all  too  obviously  laborious,  and  in  no  case 
reaches  the  level  of  poetry.  Yet  it  deserves  a 
kindly  reading,  both  for  the  sake  of  the  inspi- 
ration, which  is  always  pure  and  noble,  and  for 
an  occasional  grace  of  manner,  which  redeems 
the  book  from  the  completely  prosaic.  '  lona  ' 
has  certainly  a  distinct  charm,  not  to  be 
ignored  : — 

The  tombs  of  Maclean  and  Macleod, 

Of  Macleod  and  Maclean, 

They  lie  in  the  mist  and  the  rain 
And  the  gloom  of  the  grey  sea-shroud, 

Hard  by  the  torn  sea-shore. 
Where  the  summer  silence  awakes 
To  the  babble  the  fool-mob  makes, 

And  the  insolent  engine's  roar ; 
But  what  care  Macleod  and  Maclean 

For  the  rain  and  the  cloud, 

The  cloud  and  the  rain  ? 
lona  has  gathered  their  dust  to  her  breast, 
They  were  weary,  they  sleep,  were  waynorn,  and  rest. 


We  were  at  first  inclined  to  treat  '  The  White 
Book  '  as  a  serious  outpouring,  the  votive  offering 
of  the  versifier  at  the  shrine  of  the  poets.  But  a 
second  reading  of  this  astounding  work  has  con- 
vinced us  that  the  whole  thing  is  a  ponderous 
practical  joke,  a  laborious  attack  on  logrolling  in  its 
later  developments.  Most  volumes  of  minorverse 
nowadays  seek  to  make  friends  of  the  mammon 
of  unrighteousness  by  means  of  poems  addressed 
to  the  influential  person,  not  in  his  influential 
and  critical  capacity — that  would  never  do,  even 
in  our  age  of  advertisements  —  but  as  poet, 
author,  host,  friend,  inspiration.  Mr.  Reynolds 
Anderson  out-herods  Herod.  His  book  contains 
verses  to  every  one  in  the  world  of  letters  who 
can  possibly  be  of  use  to  him  ;  and  that  his 
joke  may  not  be  too  crude,  too  glaringly  obvious, 
the  sonnets  and  odes  to  Mr.  John  Gray,  Mr. 
Arthur  Symons,  Mr.  Richard  Le  Gallienne, 
and  the  like,  are  bound  up  in  the  same  covers 
with  addresses  to  Sappho,  Milton,  Mar- 
lowe, Shakspeare,  and  the  glorious  company 
who  have  passed  beyond  the  sphere  where  logs 
are  rolled.  Had  the  book  been  intended 
seriously,  some  sense  of  proportion  had  surely 
modified  the  utterances  of  this  amazing  author. 
Herrick,  he  tells  us,  "sang  serenely  like  a 
thrush  ";  but  Lord  de  Tabley  is 

monarchically  throned,  august 

As  God  embodied  in  the  heavenly  blue, 

Mr.   Theodore  Watts  is  assigned  a   somewhat 

inferior  position  as 

Prime  absolute  monarch,  whose  wide  reign  extends 
Through  all  the  kingdom  of  imperial  song. 

So  far  Mr.  Watts  and  Lord  de  Tabley  are  in 
good  company,  and  need  not  complain.  But 
then  Mr.  Arthur  Symons  is  also  "born  for  the 
poet's  purple,"  and  "pointed  out  the  Apollo- 
nian throne."     Milton  was 

the  heavenliest  angel  ever  born. 

The  mightiest  seraph  in  the  ranks  of  might. 

So  far,  so  good.     But  Victor  Hugo  was 

God  of  the  Church  of  the  immortal  soul, 
and  Mr.  Philip  James  Bailey  was 

colossal,  hidden  in  the  shadow  falling 

From  thy  one  shape  which  fills  the  round  of  time  ! 

Mr.  Sidney  Lanier  is 

the  only  star  the  barren  morning  bears. 

But  a  star,  presumably  other  than  Mr.  Lanier, 
kindly  consented  to  shine  at  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's 
birth.  The  consummate  impudence  of  the  book 
is  almost  beyond  belief,  and  reaches  its  climax 
when  the  author  informs  us  that  he,  Mr. 
Reynolds  Anderson,  "stoops  and  strokes  his 
cat,  as  God  may  stroke  the  soul  of  Mrs.  Graham 
Tomson. "  The  number  of  copies  printed  is  666, 
which,  we  need  not  remind  the  perpetrator  of 
this  volume,  was  the  number  of  the  Beast. 

Mr.  Ellis's  singing  will  hardly  appeal  to  those 
who  are  not  touched  by  the  glamour  of  the  dim 
Celtic  civilizations.  Unless  you  appreciate  the 
temper  in  which  the  bard  is  well-nigh  the  rival 
of  the  king,  and  the  social  order  which  holds  a 
man's  death  of  hunger  on  your  doorstep  the 
extreme  indignity,  the  story  of  Sancan  must 
needs  appear  to  be  foolishness.  Otherwise  it  is 
a  delicately-motived  drama,  of  lyric  vein,  cen- 
tring around  the  poet  who  surrendered  love  for 
loyalty,  was  repaid  with  ingratitude,  and  in  the 
end  found  his  "perfect  hour  "  in  love  renewed. 
There,  one  thinks,  Mr.  Ellis  should  liavo 
stopped  ;  but  he  has  preferred  to  end  with  a 
somewhat  vague  reconciliation,  which  surely 
blurs  the  pathos.  A  dainty  figure,  aloof  from  the 
main  theme,  is  the  king's  daughter,  who  looks 
from  her  chamber  window  upon  the  dying  bard, 
and  is  smitten  with  a  maiden  love,  unfulfilled. 
Much  of  the  witchery  of  his  models  clings 
about  Mr.  Ellis's  verse.  It  is  a  little  mono- 
tonous in  rhythm,  but  swift  and  musical,  with 
those  undertones  of  melancholy  which  betray 
the  Celt.  One  cavils  at  the  occasional  falseness 
of  ear  which  can  feel  a  decasyllabic  iambic  in 
such  a  line  as 

And  when  sun  of  music  sets  in  peace  ; 
but  lapses  like  this  are  rare  and  pardonable. 
The  sustained  harmony  of  the  whole  does  not 


yield  purple  patclics  which  lend  themselves  to 
quotation  ;  but  here  is  Sancan's  introduction  to 
one  of  his  own  songs  : — 

This  have  I  sung,  for  I  am  weary  of  praise ;  — 
This  have  I  rolled  in  music  down  the  hall ; 
This  has  gone  echoing  through  the  spears  that  raise 
His  father's  name  upon  the  blackening  wall ; 

and  here  a  graceful  bit  of  dialogue,  with  some 
lines  that  linger  in  the  memory  : — 

Princess.  This  should  be  Jacob's  blessing,  to  be  lame 
But  not  unfruitful.     Bards  of  mightiest  fame 
Can  be  no  better,  outside  of  IJden's  gate  ; — 
Inside  the  influite  long  shears  of  fate. 

Lady.  I  think  to  live  outside  of  love  were  best. 
Fate  is  a  proud  man's  name  for  love  utiblessed. 
Think  you  he  never  sinned  ? 

Princess.  1  know  not  well. 

In  all  his  song  is  no  red  streak  of  hell. 
Heart- colour  and  heat-colour  are  as  one  ; 
Yet  is  the  setting  not  the  rising  sun. 

Lady.  Your  doctrine  of  pure  love  is  keen  and  sharp. 
How  learned  you  all  this  wisdom  from  the  harp  ? 

Princess.  Peace,  pretty  railing  friend.  All  maidens  know 
From  birth  what  men  must  learn  by  love  and  woe. 

Miss  Brotherton  has  chosen  a  dainty  title  for 
her  volume,  and  there  is  a  grace  and  savour 
about  the  verses  themselves  which  does  not 
belie  it.  Remembrance  appears  to  be  rather  a 
sad  thing  for  most  of  our  latter-day  poets,  and 
this  writer  is  apt  to  look  back  despondingly  and 
with  desiderium.  In  two  or  three  poems  she 
challenges  the  optimistic  maxim  of  the  Laureate. 
"Is  it  better,"  she  asks,  "to  have  loved  and 
lost  ?  "     Only  if  the  love  itself  is  dead  : — 

Lose  and  love  on,  ah  then,  poor  heart,  you  break  ; 
Have  loved  and  lost,  a  sweeter  life  may  make  ; 
For  love  in  passing  lavenders  the  loss. 

Miss  Broth  erton's  personal  friendship  with  Lord 
Tennyson  has  counted  for  much,  one  gathers, 
in  her  poetical  development ;  yet  as  she  has 
not  caught  his  philosophical  optimism,  so  she 
does  not  reproduce,  in  any  marked  way,  his 
characteristics  of  style.  Indeed,  she  is  more 
often  reflective  than  melodious  ;  and  the  melody, 
when  it  does  come,  follows  other  models  than 
his.  She  loves  the  sonnet,  the  one  poetic  form 
which  he  never  mastered,  and  her  lyric  manner 
at  its  best  is  swift  rather  than  languid  : — 

As  I  sulked  by  the  sweetbriar  hedge,  a  fancy 

Thence  as  light  as  a  rosebud  blew  ; 
And  methought  that  a  sweetbriar  hedge,  my  Nancy, 
Parted  us  two. 

And  I  wonder'd  how  came  it  betwixt  us  twain, 
Breast-high,  abristle  with  doubts  and  fears — 
Laugh'd  you  at  my  sonnet  ?  trod  I  on  your  train  ? 
And  hence  these  tears  ? 

But  life  was  made  bitter,  for  love  to  make  sweet ; 

Thorny  the  rose,  the  rose  makes  amends  ; 
Ah,  child,  let  us  run  past  these  briars,  and  meet, 
Kiss,  and  be  friends. 

This  is  not  a  very  memorable  book,  perhaps  ; 
but  that  it  should  not  be  so  shows  what  a  high 
standard,  in  the  dearth  of  great  poetry,  our 
minor  verse  has  reached. 

Mr.  A.  L.  Stevenson's  verses  were  doubtlessly 
inspired  by  a  genuine  love  of  country  life  and 
retirement,  but  he  was  ill  advised  to  print  them. 
The  commonplace  sentiment,  and  the  obvious, 
rather  than  the  inevitable,  epithet,  are  sprinkled 
thickly  over  his  pages.  Boon  Nature  has  never 
whispered  to  him  one  of  her  incommunicable 
secrets,  and  his  attempts  to  extract  poetry  out 
of  her  are  as  the  admiration  of  the  cockney 
tourist  for  a  Cumberland  vale.  It  must  be 
terrible  to  pass  one's  days  thus  on  the  mere 
surface  of  things,  complacently  babbling  thereof, 
without  any  gleam  of  insight  into  the  world  of 
wonder  and  mystery  that  lies  beneath.  Since 
Mr.  Stevenson  has  nothing  to  sing,  it  matters  the 
less  that  he  has  not  the  faculty  for  singing  it. 

A.  A.  S.  has  thought  it  desirable  to  collect 
and  reprint  a  quantity  of  humorous  and  topical 
verse  contributed  at  various  times  to  Punch, 
and  to  a  Cambridge  undergraduate  paper  called 
The  Granta.  He  possesses  a  certain  knack  of 
coining  improbable  words  and  evoking  impos- 
sible rhymes  ;  and  taken  one  by  one,  at  intervals 
of  a  week,  his  effusions  might  pass.  But  in 
bulk  they  are  rather  appalling.  A  facility  in 
turning  out  fluent  verse-journalism  is  not  a  thing 
to  be  encouraged,  and  A.  A.  S,  shows  no  tokens 
of  the  real  gift  of  parody. 


532 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

An  agreeable,  interesting,  and  well-compiled 
account  of  the  recent  expedition  to  Chitral  has 
just  been  written  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Thomson — a 
press  correspondent  who  accompanied  Sir  Robert 
Low's  force — and  published,  under  the  title  of 
Tlie  Cliitral  Camjmiyn :  a  Narrative  of  Events 
in  Chitral,  Swat,  and  Bajaur,  by  Mr.  Heine- 
mann.  The  story  is  well  told  by  Mr. 
Thomson,  partly  from  personal  observation 
and  partly  from  hearsay  and  from  official 
despatches  ;  the  description  of  the  country 
passed  through  is  faithful,  and  thanks  to  the 
numerous  illustrations  a  reader  may  possibly 
realize  some  of  the  difficulties  it  presents  to  an 
invading  army.  The  people,  too,  with  their 
customs  and  songs,  are  not  forgotten,  and  brief 
mention  is  made  of  Kafiristan  and  its  mysterious 
inhabitants.  The  author  incidentally  touches 
upon  a  subject  of  great  importance — the  effi- 
ciency of  the  Lee-Metford  rifle  as  a  military 
weapon — regarding  which  he  remarks  : — 

"The  wounds  inflicted  by  the  new  Lee-Metford 
rifle  were  of  great  surgical  interest  as  thej'  were 
almost  the  first  that  have  come  under  observation 
since  the  adoption  of  the  rifle.  They  seem  to  show 
the  extremely  small  stopping  power  of  the  bullet, 

unless  it  happens  to  hit  a  bone  or  a  vital  part On 

the  whole,  the  Lee-Metford  bullet  does  not  seem  to 
give  very  satisfactory  results.  It  cannot  be  de- 
pended upon  to  stop  a  man  in  liis  charge,  for  the 
wound  it  inflicts  is  often  insignificant.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  sometimes  produces  a  very  terrible  wound, 
almost  like  that  of  an  explosive  bullet." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  matter  may  be 
thoroughly  considered  in  the  proper  quarter,  for 
nothing  is  worse  or  more  fatal  to  the  morale  of 
troops  than  to  send  them  into  action  with 
an  inefficient  weapon.  The  volume  under 
consideration  shows  signs  of  haste  in  pre- 
paration, and  the  "kalimah,"or  profession  of 
faith,  quoted  in  the  chapter  about  Umra  Khan 
would  greatly  puzzle  the  truest  believer.  It  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  remarkable  instance  of  trans- 
literation we  have  ever  seen.  Nevertheless, 
the  book  is  of  more  than  ordinary  interest,  and, 
though  by  no  means  exhaustive,  will  prove 
useful  as  a  record  of  some  very  gallant  exploits. 
It  is  copiously  illustrated,  printed  in  excellent 
type  on  good  paper,  and  appropriately  bound  ; 
but  there  is  no  index. 

A  History  of  Slavery  and  Serfdom^  by  John 
Kells  Ingram,  LL.D.  (Black),  is  an  enlargement 
and  revision  of  the  article  on  slavery  which  Dr. 
Ingram  contributed  to  the  ninth  edition  of  the 
'  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.'     Its  merit  is  that  it 
presents  a  reasonable  and  fairly  complete  account 
of  slavery  and  serfdom  from  the  earliest  times 
down    to   the  present    day.     Written,   as  Dr. 
Ingram  tells  us,  "not  for  scholars,  but  for  the 
mass  of  cultivated  men  and  women,"  it  aims  at 
"presenting  such  broad  views  and  general  ideas 
in  relation  to  the  history  of  slavery  as  ought  to 
form  part  of  the  mental  furniture  of  all  edu- 
cated persons."     This  is  a   very  commendable 
aim,  and  Dr.  Ingram  has  by  no  means  missed 
it.     He    writes    vigorously,    though    concisely, 
puts  his  facts  in  an  interesting  form,  and  makes 
generalizations  that  are   quite    reasonable  and 
true.     Moreover,  his  book  is,  within  its  limits, 
accurate  and  scholarly,  and  if  not  always  giving 
quite  the  last  word,   is  very  seldom    likely  to 
mislead.     We  think   it  was    (juite  worth  pub- 
lishing in  a  more  accessible  form  than  that  in 
which  it  originally  appeared.    At  the  same  time, 
it  is  no  easy  task  to  bring  up  to  date  an  article 
written  under  different   conditions  some  years 
ago.     Perhaps  some  of  Dr.  Ingram's  generaliza- 
tions about  social  progress  would  have  seemed 
more   novel    and   true    then    than   now.     The 
bibliography  prefixed  to  the  work,  very  useful 
as  it  is,  suggests    the    same   limitation.     It  is 
hardly    "up    to   date"    to    say   of   M.    Fustel 
de  Coulanges's  great  work  on  the  political  in- 
stitutions of  ancient  France  that  "  only  the  first 
part  has  been  published,  second  edition,  1877," 
or  to  omit  any  reference  (except  a  casual  one  in 


a  note)  to  Prof.  VinogradoflPs  remarkable  mono- 
graph on  villainage  in  England.  We  have  no 
reason  to  blame  Dr.  Ingram  for  not  possessing  a 
species  of  learning  which  he  does  not  profess 
to  have ;  but  he  would  have  been  wise  to  go  to 
the  latest  authorities  in  all  cases.  To  pass  on 
to  his  text,  the  history  of  ancient  slavery  is 
good,  and  Avell  fulfils  its  purpose  ;  though  even 
here  we  miss  any  reference  to  such  an  obvious 
source  as  the  elaborate  section  on  Roman 
slavery  in  Marquardt's  '  Privatleben  der  Romer.' 
The  history  of  negro  and  colonial  slavery  is  also 
well  done  and  decidedly  interesting,  while  the 
survey  of  the  present  condition  of  slavery  in  the 
modern  world  is  as  attractive  as  any  part  of 
the  book,  though  perhaps  Dr.  Ingram  is  a  little 
optimistic  as  to  the  benevolent  intentions  of 
the  Turkish  authorities.  The  medieeval  part  is 
not  so  good.  Dr.  Ingram  almost  belongs  to 
that  old-fashioned  school  which  goes  straight 
from  the  fall  of  the  Roman  dominion  to  the 
days  of  the  Reformation  and  the  Renaissance. 
There  is  not  much  that  is  wrong,  but  the  work 
seems  thin,  and  there  are  grave  omissions. 
Nevertheless  the  chasm  is  somehow  bridged 
over,  and  nearly  enough  is  given  for  Dr. 
Ingram's  purpose.  Despite  some  limitations, 
the  book  deserves  decided  praise  as  a  whole. 

Baymond's  Folly,  by  Mr.  E.  St.  John  Leigh 
(Stock),  though  apparently  a  novel,  is  really 
only  an  expanded  tract.  For  its  union  of 
religiosity  and  absurdity  it  is,  in  the  cant 
phrase  of  the  hour,  almost  a  "record-break- 
ing "  performance.  On  p.  22,  immediately  after 
a  long  passage  descriptive  of  the  heroine's 
reliance  on  divine  aid,  the  reader  is  treated  to 
a  description  of  her  tete-a-tete  breakfast  with 
her  father,  a  saintly,  but  somewhat  imbecile  old 
gentleman,  who  had  gone  blind  from  grief  at 
his  wife's  death,  "so  the  doctoi-s  said."  Mr. 
Brenscombe's  second  observation  is  really  worth 
quoting :  "  Just  a  small  piece  more  of  that 
filleted  sole,  please,  love.  They  are  very  sweet 
this  morning.  What  are  you  eating  i "  This 
is  no  unfair  specimen  of  the  dialogue.  Mr. 
Leigh's  manner  is  on  a  par  with  his  matter. 
The  style  is  slipshod  to  the  verge  of  illiteracy, 
and  the  writer's  taste  in  names  may  be  illus- 
trated by  "  Capt.  Yapdab  "  and  Miss  "Ahlia 
Goble."  The  first  half  of  the  title  is  really  quite 
superfluous. 

Dr.  John  Todhunter  has  evidently  taken 
trouble  with  the  battles  described  in  his  Life  of 
Patrick  Sarsfield,  Earl  of  Lucan,  but  he  has 
devoted  so  much  space  to  the  campaigns  of 
1690  and  1691  that  he  has  had  to  dispose  very 
curtly  of  the  latter  days  of  his  hero.  The 
book  is  that  of  a  partisan  whose  sympathies  are 
entirely  with  the  Irish,  and  who  cannot  bear  to 
admit  that  they  ever  showed  lack  of  courage. 
For  instance,  the  author  holds  that  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne  was  "really  little  more  than  a 
drawn  battle."  Dr.  Todhunter  is  known  as  a 
writer  of  graceful  verse,  but  his  style  in  prose 
is  painfully  careless.  Any  colloquialism  that 
occurs  to  him  is  apparently  written  down,  and 
no  attention  is  paid  to  the  rhythm  of  the 
sentences.     Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  is  the  publisher. 

Messrs,  Witherby  &  Co.  have  sent  us  the 
October  issue  of  Lean's  Royal  Navy  List,  a 
highly  useful  quarterly,  which  has  long  had  a 
recognized  value  as  a  book  of  reference. 

We  have  on  our  table  Digest  of  British  and 
Foreign  Patent  Laws,  by  A.  J.  Boult  (Bcm- 
rose), — Adulteration  of  Food,  by  D.  C.  Bartley 
(Stevens), — The  Early  Meaning  and  the  Develop- 
ments of  the  ''Middle"  Voice,  by  E.  H.  Miles 
(Cambridge,  Macmillan  &  Bowes),  —  A  Geo- 
metrical Treatment  of  Curves,  by  I.  J.  Schwatt, 
Part  I.  (Boston,  U.S.,  Leach),^ — Fallacies  of 
Race  Theories,  by  W.  D.  Babington  (Long- 
mans),—iveii(/io  AthleUv,  by  A.  Lynch  (Rem- 
ington),— The  Story  of  the  Plants,  by  Grant 
Allen  (Newnes), — The  Value  of  Electrical  Treat- 
ment, by  J.  Althaus,  M.D.  (Longmans),  — 
Phoebe  Deacon,  by  II.  Myddleton  (Jarrold), — 


Master  Jimmy's  Fables,  collected  by  St,  John 
Browne  (Leadenhall  Press), — The  New  World, 
with  other  Verse,  by  L.  J.  Block  (Putnam), — A 
Sleeping  Beauty,  by  R.  Lingston  (Griffith  & 
Farran), — The  Dominion  of  Christ,  by  W. 
Pierce  (Allenson), — Foundation  Stones  of  the 
Church  in  England,  by  A.  Clare  (S.P.C.K.), — 
and  In  der  Fiinfmillionen-Stadt,  by  G.  F. 
StefFen  (Williams  &  Norgate),  Among  New 
Editions  we  have  A  Prince  of  Como,  by  E.  M. 
Davy  (Jarrold), — and  Maspero's  Manual  of 
Egyptian  Archmology,  tmnslated  by  Amelia  B, 
Edwards  (Grevel). 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Tfieologj/. 
Ashley's  (J.  M.)  Cogitationes   Concionales,  Short  Sermon 

Reflections  founded  on  S.  Thomas  Aquinas,  12/  net,  cl. 
Canning's  (A.  S.  G.)  Religious  Development,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Charles's  (Mrs.  B.)  Ecce  Homo,  Ecce  Rex,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Geikie's  (C.)  The  Apostles,  Vol.  2,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Harper's  (Rev.  A  )  The  Book  of  Deuteronomy,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Harris's  (J.  R.)  Union  v/ith  God,  Addresses,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Huddilston's  (J.  H.)  Essentials  of  New  Testament  Greek, 

12mo.  3/  net,  cl. 
Penny's  (Rev.  G.  R.)  The  Path  of  Life.  18mo.  2/  cl. 
Ridley,  Bishop,  ou  the  Lord's  Supper,  reprinted  with  Intro- 
duction by  H.  C.  G.  Moule,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Salmond's  (Rev.  C.  A.)  For  Days  of  Youth,  a  Bible  Text 
and  Talk  for  the  Young,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaology . 
Badger's  (Rev.   B.  W.)  Monumental  Brasses   of  Warwick- 
shire, 5/  net. 
Crawford's  (P.  M.)  Constantinople,  illustrated,  8vo.  6,/6  cl. 
Hood's  ('r.)  The  Haunted  House,  illustrated  by  H.  Railton, 

with  Introduction  by  A.  Dobson,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
King's  (C.  W.)  Guoslics  and  their  Remains,  royal  8vo.21/cl. 
Leighton,    Sir   Frederic,    an    Illustrated    (jhronicle,  by  E. 

Rhys,  folio,  63/ cl. 
Milton's    (J.)    Paradise  Lost,  a  Series  of  12  Illustrations 

etched  by  W.  Strang,  folio,  63/  net,  cl. 
Raphael,  by  J.  Cartwright,  illustrated,  imp.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Smith's  (W.)  Nursery  Songs  and  Rhymes  of  England  pic- 
tured in  Black  and  White,  4to.  3/6  cl. 
Spaiiton's  (J.   H.)  Science   and    Art    Drawing,    Complete 

Geometrical  Course,  8vo.  10/net,  cl. 

Tadema,  L.  Alma,  Selected  Works  of.  his  Life  and  Work, 

Portrait,  &c.,  edited  by  F.  G.  Stephens,  folio,  252/  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Musgrave's  (C.  A  )  German  Dramatic  Scenes,  Twelve  Short 

Plays,  12mo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Piatt's  (J.  J.)  The  Ghost's  Entry,  and  other  Poems;  Child's 

World  Ballads  and  other  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  5/  each,  cl. 
Sidney's  (Sir  P.)  Lyric  Poems,  edited  by  E.  Rhys,  2/6  net,  cl. 
Skrine's  (J.  H.)  Joan  the  Maid,  cr.  8vo.  6/6  cl. 

Pkilosopky. 
Watson's   (J.)    Hedonistic    Theories    from   Aristippus   to 
Spencer,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cL 

Political  Economy. 
Lubbock's  (Miss  G.)  Some  Poor  Relief  Questions,  cr.  8vo.  7/6 

History  and  Biography. 
Abraham's  (B.  L.)  The  E.xpulsionof  the  Jews  from  England. 

1290,  8vo.  2/6  net,  swd. 
Blackie,  J.  S.,  a  Biography,  by  A.  M.  Stoddart,  illustrated. 

2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Crowe's  (Sir  J.)  Reminiscences  of  Thirty-five  Years  of  my 

Life,  8vo.  16/  cl. 
Halford,  Sir  H.,  Life  of,  by  W.  Munk,  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Harris,  Townsend,  First  American  Envoy  in  Japan,  by  W.  E. 

Griffis,  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
Heber,  Bishop,  Poet  and  Chief  Missionary  to  the  Bast,  by 

G.  Smith,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Holden's  (B.  S.)  The  Mof^liul  Emperors  of  Hindustan,  10/6  cl. 
Jowett,  B.,  Master  of  Balliol,  by  L.  A.  Tollemache,  3/6  cl. 
Kettlewell,  J.,  Life  and  Times,  by  Author  of    '  Nicholas 

Ferrar,'  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Kingston's  (W.  B.)  Men,  Cities,  and  Events,  Svo.  16/  cl. 
Lloyd's   (Rev.   E.)  Three  Great  African    Chiefs    (Khiime, 

Sebete,  and  Bathoeng),  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Marmontel.  Memoirs  of,  by  Himself,  2  vols.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Masom's  (W.  F.)  The  Decline  of  the  Oligarchy,  4/6  cl. 
Parker's  (E.  H.)  A  Thousand  Years  of  the  Tartars,  8vo.8/6cl. 
Rashdall's  (H.)  The  Universities  in  the  Middle  Ages,  3  vols. 

roy.  Svo.  4.Vnet,  cl. 
Stevenson,  R  L.,  by  W.  Raleigh,  cr.  Svo.  2  6  cl. 
Swinburne's  (H.)  The  Courts  of  Europe  at  the  Close  of  the 

Last  Century,  2  vols.  Svo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Temple's  (A.)  The  Making  of  the  Empire,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bacon's  (H.)  fitretat,  Hamlet  of  the  Setting  Sun.  2/  swd. 
Dorr's  (J.  C.  R.)  Flower  of  Englauu's  Face.  Sketches  of 

English  Travel,  32rao.  .3/  cl. 
Frazer's  (R.  W.)  Silent  Gods  and  Sun-Steeped  Lands,  5/  swd. 
Longman's  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  ed.  G   G.  Chisholm,  42/ 
RooUer's  (J.)  A  Modern  Pilgrim  in  Jerusalem,  illus.  2/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Budge's  (B.  A.  W.)  First  Steps  in  Egyptian,  9/  net,  cl. 

Science. 
Dean's  (B.)  Fishes,  Living  and  Fossil,  Svo.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Duhring's  (L.  A  )  Cutaneous  Medicine,  Part  1,  roy.  Svo. 
Farquhar's  (H.)  Nature's  Story,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Haab's  (Dr.  O.)  An  Atlas  of  Ophthalmoscopy,  cr.  Svo.  10/6 
M'Oowall's  (A.  H.)  Weather  and  Disease,  roy.  KJnio.  2'6 
Marey's  (E.  J.)  Movement,  trans,  by  U.  Pritchard,  illus.  7/0 
Marsden's  (R.)  Cotton  Weaving,  12mo.  10/6  cl. 
Meyrlck's  (E.)  Handbook  of  Britieh  Lepidoptera,  10  6  net. 
Stewart's  (G.  N.)  A  Manual  of  Physiology,  Svo.  15/  cl. 
Wright's  (M.  O.)  Bird  Craft,  a  Field  Book.  roy.  Svo.  12/6  net. 
Young's  (F.  C.)  Home  Carpentry  for  Handy  Men,  Svo.  7/6 


12/ 


N°  3547,  Oct. 


19, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


533 


General  Literature. 

Andom'8  (R.)  Industrial  Bxplorings  in  and  around  London, 
cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Barrett's  (F.)  A  Set  of  Rogues,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Blake's  (M.  M.)  Courtship  by  Command,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Bramston's  (M  )  Too  Fair  a  Dawn,  2  vols.  cr.  Svo.  14/  cl. 

Brown's  (R  ,  jun.)  Tellis  and  Kleobeia,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

Bryant's  (M  )  Morton  Veriest,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Carew's  (M.)  Pat.  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

Chalmers's  (J.)  The  Renegade,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Clarke's  (Mrs.  H.)  Roscoila  Farm,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Clarke  (H.  S.)  and  Wagner's  (L.)  The  Century  Reciter,  3/6 

Commercial  Guide  and  Trade  Directory  of  Japan,  edited  by 
R.  Tayni,  roy.  Svo.  21/ net,  cl. 

Corelli's  (M.)  The  Sorrows  of  Satan,  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Cox's  (M.  R.)  An  Introduction  to  Folk-lore,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Dixon's  (C.)  Fifteen  Hundred  Miles  an  Hour,  illustrated,  5/ 

Ellis's  (J.  H.)  Chess  Sparks,  Svo.  4/6  cl. 

Eric.  Prince  of  Lorlonia,  a  Fairy  Tale,  by  the  Countess  of 
jersey.  Illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Every  Child's  Stories,  by  Mrs.  S.  Barker  and  others,  illus- 
trated, cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Perruggia's  (G)  Woman's  Folly,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  net,  swd. 

Fletcher's  (J.  S.)  Where  Highways  Cross.  12mo.  2/6  net,  cl. 

Ford's  (J.  O.)  On  the  Threshold,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Fouque's  (Baron  De  la  .M.)  Undine,  translated  with  Intro- 
duction by  B.  Gosse,  4to.  12/6  net,  cl. 

Frost's  (W.  H.)  The  Wagner  Story-Book,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Good  Manners  Chart.  5/  on  roller. 

Gould's  (S.  B.)  Old  English  Fairy  Tales,  illustrated,  6/cl. 

Grimm's  The  Voyage  of  Bran,  edited  by  K.  Meyer,  10/6  net. 

Herbert's  (A  K. )  Fifty  Dinners,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

Hoare's  (B.  N.)  From  that  Lone  Ark,  illustrated,  .3/6  cl. 

Hogg's  (J.)  The  Suicide's  Grave,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Hope's  (A.)  The  Chronicles  of  Count  Antonio,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Horsman's  (E.)  The  Two  Altheas,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Howden's  (F.  A.)  Love  in  London  Lodgings,  cr.  Svo.  2!'o  cl. 

Hunt's  (V.)  A  Hard  Woman,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Jamieson's  (Mrs.  C.  V.)  Toinette's  Philip,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  3/6 

Kelly's  (E.)  Evolution  and  Effort,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  net.  cl. 

Leadin'  Road  to  Donegal,  and  other  Stories,  by  Mac,  .3/6  cl. 

Leighton's  (Mrs.)  Mediseval  Legends,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Marshall's  (B.)  The  Master  of  the  Musicians,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Maud's  (C.)  Wagner's  Heroes,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Metcalfe's  (W.  C.)  The  Boy  Skipper,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Miles's  (A.   H.)  Fifty-two  Stories  of  the   Indian  Mutiny, 

illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)  Opposite  Neighbours,  4to.  2/6 cl. 
My  Honey,  by  Author  of  '  Tip  Cat.'  illus.  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Orde's  (M.)  The  Weird  Ring  of  Aviemoor,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Overton's  (R.)  Far  from  Home,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  el. 
Poe,  B.  A..  Works  of,  illustrated  by  F.  C.  Tiliiey,  Vols.  1  and 
2.  2/6  each,  net,  cl. ;  Newly  collected  and  edited  with 
Memoir,  «fec.,  by  Stedman  and  Woodberry,  illustrated, 
10  vols.  50/  net,  cl. 
Pyle's  (H.)  Twilight  Land,  illustrated,  imp.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Raife's(R.)  The  Sheik's  White  Slave,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Roper's  (C.)  Whispers  from  Fairyland,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Rouse's  (A.  L.)  The  Deane  Girls  at  Home,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Russell's  (W.  C.)  The  Good  Ship  Mohock,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Ruth,  by  C.  B.  M.,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Sampson's  (C.  A.)  Strength,  cr.  Svo.  2/0  cl. 
Smollett's  (T.)  The  Fortunes  of  Count  Fathom,  illustrated, 

2  vols.  12mo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Stewart's  (C.)  The  Quest  of  a  Heart,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Tottenham's  (B.  L  )  The  Unwritten  Law,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Valliance's  (M. )  Overreached,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Veitch's  (S.  F.  F.i  A  Modern  Cru?ader,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Walker's  (J.  H.)  The  Management  of  Children,  cr.  Svo.  2/6 
White's  (P.)  Corruption,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
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other  Detective  Stories,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  swd. 
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POBEIQN. 

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2m.  40. 

Philosophy. 
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Bthik,  12m. 

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Dahn  (P.):  Brinnerungen,  Book  4,  Part  2,  12m. 
Glaser  (B.) :  Die  Abyssinier  in  Arabien  u.  Afrika,  10m. 
Guillon  (E.) :  Les  Complots  militaires  sous  la  Hestauration, 

3fr.  50. 
Journal  du  Mar6chal  de  Castellane,  Vol.  2,  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
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Gilbert  (E.) :  Le  Roman  en  France  pendant  le  XIXe  Sitcle, 

3fr.  50. 
Maindron  (M.) :  Le  Tournoi  de  Vauplassans,  3fr.  50. 
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Mont6pin  (X.  de):  La  Mendiante  de  Saint-Sulpice,  Vols.  3 

and  4,  6fr. 
Nilly-Trefontaine  (P.  de) :    Journal  d'ua    Officier  de  Ca- 

valerie.  3fr.  .50. 
Pierrefeu  (G.  de) :  Le  Clerg«  fm  de  Sitcle,  3fr.  50. 


THE   HISTORICAL   MANUSCRIPTS   COMMISSION. 

The   city  of  Lincoln   pos.sesses   an  historical 

interest  of  its  own — an  interest  which,  like  that 

of  the  history  of  London,  i.s  partly  political,  but 

more  largely,  as  becomes  a  trading  community, 


of  social  and  economic  import.  The  prosperous 
state  of  the  city's  commerce  can  be  clearly 
recognized  in  the  earliest  Pipe  Rolls  of  the 
twelfth  century,  and  it  is  not  surprising  to 
find  the  existing  evidences  of  this  commercial 
activity  confirmed  and  supplemented  by  the 
ancient  muniments  of  the  city  which  are 
calendared  in  the  latest  appendix  to  the  last 
report  of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Com- 
mission. 

The  city  archives  are  rich  in  royal  charters, 
and  the  earliest  of  these,  dated  by  the  editor 
in  1157,  has  a  special  value  for  the  elucidation 
of  a  long-vexed  question.  Here  it  is  distinctly 
stated  that  the  gild  merchant  is  composed  of 
the  "  men  of  the  city  and  of  the  other  merchants 
of  the  county."  Now,  as  at  this  date  the  city 
and  county  were  farmed  together,  the  com- 
position of  the  gild  merchant  is  shown  from  this 
and  from  three  other  contemporary  charters, 
which  seem  to  require  foreign  craftsmen  to  join 
the  gild  as  a  condition  of  exercising  their  trades, 
to  be  of  a  thoroughly  democratic  nature.  This 
is  followed  by  other  charters  and  exemplifi- 
cations down  to  the  surrender  of  1684  and  the 
grant  of  a  new  charter  under  circumstances 
which  in  the  case  of  Lincoln  seem  to  have  been 
mitigated  by  the  goodwill  of  Judge  Jeffreys. 

Of  still  greater  interest  is  the  remarkable 
ordinance  of  Edward  I.,  dated  by  the  editor 
May  1st,  1291,  "for  the  staple  of  wool,  leather, 
and  skins  in  England,  Ireland,  and  Wales." 
From  this  we  learn  that  the  places  assigned 
for  the  staple  in  England  are  Newcastle,  York, 
Lincoln,  Norwich,  London,  Winchester,  Exeter, 
and  Bristol  ;  in  Ireland,  Dublin,  Drogheda,  and 
Cork  ;  in  Wales,  Shrewsbury,  Carmarthen, 
and  Cardiff ;  for  Cornwall,  Lostwithiel  and 
Trerew  ;  and  for  Devonshire,  Ashburton.  It 
is  interesting  to  compare  this  list  with  that  of 
the  year  1353  contained  in  the  Statute  of  the 
Staple.  But  more  remarkable  still  is  the  refer- 
ence to  special  privileges  granted  to  the  weavers, 
fullers,  and  dyers  in  order  that  "  men  may  have 
greater  desire  to  labour  at  the  working  of 
cloths."  Finally,  we  have  particular  mention 
of  a  mayor  in  the  wool  staples.  It  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  the  document  is  not  printed 
here  in  extenso.  The  antiquity  of  the  staple  of 
wool  in  England  has  long  since  been  inferred 
from  later  allusions,  but  these  ordinances  anti- 
cipate in  the  minuteness  of  their  details  the 
ordinances  of  Edward  II.  and  Edward  III.,  and 
put  back  the  expedient  of  the  staple  by  at  least 
twenty  years. 

The  word  "  skins  "  in  the  editorial  abstract 
should,  of  course,  be  wool-fells,  and  the  juxta- 
position of  the  three  staple  commodities  as  they 
are  found  in  the  customers'  accounts  of  the 
period  might  lead  us  to  suspect  that  we  have 
here  to  do  less  with  a  device  for  the  regulation 
and  encouragement  of  trade  than  with  an  ex- 
pedient for  the  better  collection  of  the  customs, 
were  it  not  for  the  mention  of  "eleven  sec- 
tions" which  follow  "of  trade  regulations  for 
alien  merchants  and  for  those  of  England,  Ire- 
land, and  Wales."  There  are  also  provisions 
for  Gascony  and  a  clause  forbidding  the  use  of 
any  but  native  cloth  by  all  persons  under  a 
certain  degree.  All  this  is  very  interesting  in 
the  year  1291.  But  on  the  1st  of  May  in  that 
year  the  king  was  far  on  his  way  to  Scotland, 
and  this  document  is  dated  at  Kenilworth. 
Again,  reference  is  made  to  the  parts  of  Aqui- 
taine  under  the  obedience  of  the  king's  son,  but 
Edward  of  Carnarvon  was  a  child  of  seven 
years.  Is  it  possible  that  after  all  we  have  to 
do  here  with  an  astonishing  anachronism,  and 
that  the  true  date  of  this  staple  ordinance  is 
19  Edward  II.  ?  On  the  1st  of  May  in  that  year 
the  king  was  at  Kenilworth  and  his  son  Edward 
had  been  invested  with  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine. 
It  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  venture  more  than 
this  expre.s.sion  of  doubt  as  the  full  text  of  the 
document  has  unfortunately  not  been  given. 
But  the  matter  is  one  of  the  greatest  moment 
to  economic  historians,  who  would   find  them- 


selves compelled  to  rewrite  the  chapter  of  the 
history  of  the  staple  in  the  face  of  the  proven 
date  of  these  provisions  of  1291. 

A  third  document  of  new  and  surprising  in- 
terest is  in  the  form  of  certain  civic  regulations 
for  the  local  wool  trade.  The  date  is  con- 
jecturally  assigned  by  the  editor  to  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.,  but  perhaps  the  mention  of  a 
custos  might  furnish  a  clue.  In  any  case  the 
economic  interest  of  these  provisions  is  very 
considerable. 

One  more  document  of  a  kindred  nature 
may  be  selected  from  this  rich  storehouse  of 
historical  material.  This  time  it  does  not  come 
from  the  muniment  room  at  Lincoln,  but  it  is 
a  copy  of  a  petition  presented  to  the  Crown  by 
the  citizens  of  Lincoln  in  the  reign  of  Richard  HI. 
attached  to  a  court  roll  of  the  Corporation  of 
Grimsby,  whose  muniments  furnish  sufficient 
matter  for  a  separate  report  in  this  appendix. 
This  petition  sets  forth  the  "  Causez  of  the 
ruyne  of  youre  Cite  of  Lincoln,"  and  suggests 
measures  for  "the  Relief  of  the  seid  Cite." 
The  story  of  this  misfortune  is  a  painful,  but 
not  uncommon  one  during  this  period,  and  the 
remedies  propounded  are  of  the  usual  kind  ; 
but  the  whole  statement  is  most  full  and  in- 
structive, and  we  have  called  attention  to  it 
owing  to  the  very  remote  position  in  which  it 
has  been  found.  Not  the  least  interesting 
feature  of  this  petition  is  the  reference  made 
to  the  ancient  importance  of  Lincoln  as  the 
headquarters  of  the  Jews  in  England,  where 
the  "grettest  heid-places  were  of  theyre  build- 
yngez,  as  in  a  boke  of  your  Exchequer  of  record 
it  apperith." 

The  muniments  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  o 
Worcester  have  been  included  in  this  appendix. 
Those  that  are  unpublished  are  not  of  any  con- 
siderable historical  value,  but  they  have  been 
arranged  and  described  by  Mr.  R.  L.  Poole 
with  a  display  of  scholarship  that  is  decidedly 
welcome  in  the  case  of  a  mediaeval  collection. 
In  this  respect,  indeed,  the  report  upon  the 
Worcester  registers  is  one  which  might  serve 
usefully  as  a  model  for  other  editors.  Here 
again,  however,  and  this  time  in  a  still  more 
marked  degree,  we  meet  with  many  clumsy 
abbreviations  of  Latin  words,  which  might  just 
as  well  have  been  extended.  Attempts  to 
imitate  the  characters  of  a  mediaeval  scribe  by 
any  other  device  than  photography — to  wit,  all 
such  abominations  as  record  type,  italics,  and 
even  the  modest  apostrophe  in  common  use — 
are  as  useless  and  irritating  to  the  practised 
antiquary  as  they  are  dear  to  the  heart  of  the 
novice  in  palfeography.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
on  another  occasion  an  editor  who  can  so  justly 
discriminate  between  the  forms  Wigorniensis 
and  Wigornensis,  and  who  shows,  moreover, 
such  a  close  acquaintance  with  the  diplomatique 
of  mediaeval  documents,  may  resolutely  banish 
the  "abbreviation  sign"  from  his  text.  In  the 
mean  time  we  must  once  more  admit  that  they 
do  these  things  better  in  France. 


THE  HUNDRED   COURT. 


Would  you  kindly  allow  me  to  mention  in 
your  columns,  for  the  benefit  of  those  interested 
in  the  subject,  that  just  as  my  note  on  '  The 
Hundred  and  the  Geld '  is  appearing  in  the 
Eiujlish  Historical  Hevicu;  I  have  found  a 
charter  of  the  Norman  period,  relating  to  a 
southern  county,  in  which  occur  the  words 
"  excepto  coramuni  geldo  regis  (qx(ud)  adjacet 
ad  iiij  scamjia  Hundredi."  Mention  of  a  con- 
nexion between  the  "geld"  and  the  archaic 
"four  benches"  of  the  Hundred  (Court)  is  so 
exceedingly  rare  that  I  seem  to  have  been  the 
first  to  note  it.  As  it  may  prove  to  have  no 
small  importance,  I  venture  to  trouble  you  with 
this  letter.  J.  H.  Round. 


634 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3547,  Oct. 


19, '95 


THE  BEGGARS  OF  THE   SEA. 

I  HAVE  naturally  been  very  deeply  interested 
in  the  valuable  comments  contained  in  Mr. 
Round's  letter  to  you  on  certain  theories 
advanced  by  me  with  regard  to  the  Beggars  of 
the  Sea,  in  my  introduction  to  the  second 
volume  of  the  Calendar  of  Spanish  State 
Papers  of  Elizabeth.  There  does  not  appear 
to  be  any  very  great  divergence  between  the 
opinions  of  Mr.  Round  and  myself  with  regard 
to  the  two  points  specially  referred  to  ;  but  I 
hope  to  be  allowed  to  say  a  few  words  in  sup- 
port of  my  own  conclusions,  which  are  prac- 
tically identical  with  those  arrived  at  by  Froude, 
as  some  of  the  evidence  upon  which  those  con- 
clusions were  founded  appears  to  have  been 
overlooked  by  Mr.  Round. 

My  propositions  were,  first,  that  the  capture 
of  Brille  by  De  la  Marque  was  not  so  unpre- 
meditated or  so  unsupported  by  the  English  as 
it  is  usually  represented  ;  and,  secondly,  that 
the  ostensible  reason  fur  Elizabeth's  warn- 
ing the  privateer  fleet  away  from  Dover  was 
not  in  order  to  satisfy  Philip's  demands,  since 
De  Spes  had  already  left  and  she  had  just 
offended  Philip  beyond  forgiveness,  but  to 
satisfy  the  Hamburg  (and  I  may  now  add 
other)  merchants  who  were  complaining  of  their 
depredations. 

The  first  of  these  propositions  appears  to  be 
accepted — in  fact,  the  evidence  is  so  strong  that 
it  hardly  leaves  us  an  alternative ;  but  the  second 
proposition  is  called  in  question  by  Mr. 
Round,  who  is  still  inclined  to  think  that  the 
Spanish  diplomatic  representations  had  a  con- 
siderable share  in  causing  the  English  Govern- 
ment to  insist  upon  the  departure  of  De  la 
Marque's  fleet  from  the  Downs.  Mr.  Round 
bases  his  contention  mainly  upon  the  fact  that 
Zweveghem,  the  Flemish  special  envoy,  re- 
mained in  England  for  three  months  after 
De  Spes  had  left,  and  that  one  of  the  many 
proclamations  against  aid  or  shelter  being  given 
to  the  privateers  in  English  ports  was  issued 
shortly  after  Zweveghem  had  made  certain 
representations  on  the  subject.  My  remark 
that  Zweveghem  had  been  "packed  off'  at  the 
same  time  "  as  De  Spes  was  merely  a  figure  of 
speech.  Guaras,  in  his  letter  to  the  king 
(January  7th,  1571),  says  that  Zweveghem  and 
Fiesco  had  been  told  to  return  home,  but  that 
the  former  had  replied  that  he  could  not  leave 
until  he  had  consulted  the  Duke  of  Alba  ;  and 
Fiesco,  in  a  letter  to  Secretary  Albornoz,  of 
similar  date,  begs  urgently  that  Zweveghem  and 
himself  may  be  allowed  to  return,  "as  there  is 
nothing  more  fur  us  to  do  here."  It  will  thus 
be  seen  that,  although  Zweveghem  remained 
in  England  for  three  months  after  De  Spes  was 
expelled,  he  only  stayed  on  sufferance,  and, 
for  reasons  that  I  shall  presently  state,  no  re- 
presentation from  him  was  likely  to  have  any 
effect  whatever. 

De  la  Marque  had  been  staying  for  a  long  time 
at  the  English  Court,  "  caressed  and  made  much 
of,"  and,  as  I  sincerely  believe,  planning  with 
the  English  Government  his  descent  upon  Brille. 
It  is  known  that  De  Lumbres  and  Schonvall 
had  intended  to  make  an  attack  upon  the  Sluys, 
and  when  De  la  Marque  succeeded  De  Lumbres 
in  command  of  the  privateers,  in  November, 
1571,  De  Lumbres  was  dissatisfied  because  he 
knew  that  De  la  Marque  had  other  views 
(Calendar,  p.  348).  De  la  Marque,  however, 
succeeded  to  the  command,  notwithstanding 
the  protests  of  his  predecessor,  which  of  itself 
is  strong  presumptive  evidence  that  some  secret 
plan  had  been  arranged  whicli  he  was  to  carry 
out.  De  la  Marque's  assumption  of  the  com- 
mand coincided  in  point  of  time  with  the  dis- 
covery of  De  Spes's  share  in  the  Ridolfi  plot 
and  the  adoption  of  the  determination  to 
expel  him.  But  there  was  no  similar  reason 
for  expelling  Zweveghem,  and  it  was  good 
policy  not  to  arouse  Alba's  suspicions  overmuch 
pendnig  the  execution  of  Do  la  Maniue's  plans. 


So,  whilst  openly  flouting  Zweveghem,  Eliza- 
beth kept  up  the  comedy  of  listening  to  his 
representations  for  a  time.  On  February  22nd, 
1572,  he  complains  of  the  action  of  the  priva- 
teers, and  says  that  "his  stay  here  is  vain 
unless  her  Majesty  take  order  for  arresting  such 
strange  dealings."  The  answer  to  this  certainly 
gives  no  indication  of  the  queen's  intention  to 
accede  to  his  requests,  or  that  the  proclamation 
of  March  4th  was  issued  in  compliance  with 
his  demands.  I  am  assuming  that  Mr.  Round 
is  correct  in  his  supposition  that  the  pro- 
clamation should  be  dated  in  1572,  although 
the  document  itself  most  positively  bears  the 
date  1571,  as  I  have  it.  The  answer  (February 
22nd)  is  to  the  effect  that  the  queen  has  done 
all  that  she  can  to  stop  the  evil  complained  of, 
but  the  Prince  of  Orange  is  an  independent 
prince,  and  is  entitled  to  make  war  upon  the 
Duke  of  Alba  if  he  pleases.  And  then  the 
queen,  as  usual,  resorts  to  a  tn  quoque.  She 
formulates  once  more  all  her  complaints 
against  Philip  and  Alba,  and  says  that  she 
has  quite  as  much  to  demand  of  the  King 
of  Spain  as  he  has  of  her,  and  when  a  pro- 
perly accredited  envoy  is  sent  she  would  be 
willing  to  negotiate,  but  not  before.  This 
certainly  did  not  look  like  yielding  to  Zweve- 
ghem's  representations,  and  in  my  opinion  was 
merely  temporizing  for  the  purpose  of  keeping 
him  in  England  until  De  la  Marque  had  struck 
his  blow.  The  constant  complaints  of  the  Ham- 
burg and  other  merchants  were  a  fully  sufficient 
reason  for  hurrying  De  la  Marque  off  on  his 
expedition  as  soon  as  convenient,  and  it  was  at 
the  moment  the  avowed  policy  of  the  queen  to 
show  her  contempt  and  disregard  for  Spain.  It 
is  impossible  for  me  to  believe,  therefore,  that 
Zweveghem  influenced  her  in  the  slightest 
degree.  Mark  the  difference  of  tone  adopted 
towards  him,  and  the  contemptuous  dismissal 
of  him  immediately  after  De  la  Marque  had 
achieved  his  purpose.  On  April  10th  Zweve- 
ghem saw  the  queen  and  formulated  his  de- 
mands again  under  fifteen  heads  ;  and  in  the 
Cottonian  MSS.  (Galba  civ.)  will  be  found  the 
original  draft  of  them,  doubtless  taken  down 
at  the  Council  table,  with  Burleigh's  draft 
notes  for  reply  in  the  margin.  No  formal 
reply  was  given  to  Zweveghem,  however,  until 
the  19th,  shortly  after  the  reception  of  the 
news  of  the  capture  of  Brille.  Of  this  reply 
the  original  draft  will  also  be  found  in  Cotton, 
Galba  civ.,  and  its  tone  is  most  contemptuous. 
Zweveghem  is  told  that  he  has  produced  no 
sufficient  powers  from  the  king  to  enable  him 
to  discuss  the  matters  he  mentions.  Two  envoys 
have  already  been  sent  back  for  a  similar 
reason  (the  queen  was  obstinate  in  refusing 
to  recognize  Alba's  letters  of  credence) ;  but  if 
a  properly  accredited  person  were  sent  the 
queen  would  be  ready  to  negotiate.  As  for 
Zweveghem,  he  could  go  or  stay  as  he  pleased. 
Now  that  the  Gueux  were  fixed  in  a  Dutch  port 
the  mask  could  be  dropped  :  there  was  no 
longer  any  need  for  beguiling  Zweveghem  or 
Alba  with  a  show  of  negotiation,  and  the  change 
of  demeanour  was  immediate.  Zweveghem  saw 
it,  of  course,  and  at  once  asked  for  his  pass- 
port. His  thanks  for  kindness  shown  to  him 
were  a  usual  polite  form,  and  meant  nothing.  I 
cannot,  therefore,  agree  with  Mr.  Round  that 
De  la  Marque  was  sent  away  to  please  the 
Spaniards,  but  must  adhere  to  the  opinion  I 
hold,  that  the  queen's  jDroclamations  against  the 
privateers  were  more  or  less  sincere  attempts  to 
satisfy  the  complaints  of  the  Easterling  and 
other  merchants,  and  that  the  descent  upon 
Brille  had  been  deliberately  planned  by  De  la 
Marque,  with  the  knowledge  of  liis  sympathizers 
in  the  English  Privy  Council. 

Mahtin  a.  S.  Hume, 

Editor  of  the  Calendar  of  Spanish  State 

Papers  of  Elizabeth. 


THE  'DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

The  following  is  the  third  part  of  a  list  of 
the  names  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  imder 
the  letter  S  (Section  II.)  in  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography. '  When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.  The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  ' 
will  be  obliged  by  any  notice  of  omissions 
addressed  to  him  at  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.'s,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.  He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

Smibert,  John,  portrait  painter,  1684-1751 

Smibert,  Thomas,  minor  poet,  1810-185-1 

Smirke,  Sir  Edward,  antiquary,  1795-1875 

Smirlie,  Richard,  antiquarian  draughtsman,  1778-1815 

Smirke,  Robert,  painter,  1752-1815 

Smirke,  Sir  Robert,  architect,  1780-18fi7 

Smirke,  Sydney,  architect,  1799-1877 

Smith,  Aaron,  Cliancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  fl.  1694 

Smith,  Aaron,  pirate,  fl.  Is24 

Smith,  Adam,  political  economist,  1723-1790 

Smith,  Albert,  author  and  lecturer,  1816-1860 

Smith,  Capt.  Alexander,  '  Lives  of  Highwaymen,'  fl.  1714 

Smith,  Alexander,  Catholic  divine,  1684-1766 

Smith,  Alexander,  Catholic  divine,  1813-1861 

Smith,  Alexander,  Scottish  poet,  1830-1867 

Smith,  Sir  Andrew,  M.D.,  K.C.B.,  physician,  1797-1872 

Smith,  Anker,  A.R.A.,  engraver,  1769-1819 

Sraitli,  Archibald,  mathematician,  1814-1872 

Smith,   Augustus  John,   purchaser  of  the   Scilly   Islands, 

1804-1872 
Smith,  Benjamin,  engraver,  1S33 
Smith,  Bernard,  organ-builder,  1630-1708 
Smith,  Charles,  antiquary,  fl.  1740 
Smith,  Charles,  writer  on  corn  laws,  1713-1777 
Smith,  Charles,  portrait  painter,  1749-1824 
Smitli,  Cliarles,  composer,  1786-1856 
Smith,  Charles,  B.D.,  tutor  to  Darwin,  1798-1891 
Smith,  Sir  Charles  Felix,  general,  1786-1858 
Smith,  Cliarles  Hamilton,   military  and   sporting    writer, 

1790-1859 
Smith,  Charles  Harriot,  architect,  1792-1864 
Smith,  Charles  John,  engraver  and  antiquary,  1803-1838 
Smith,  Charles  Manley,  author,  1887 
Smith,  Charles  Roach,  antiquary,  1804-1890 
Smith,  Charlotte,  poet,  1749-1806 
Smith,  Colvin,  portrait  painter,  1795-1875 
Smith,  David  William,  Speakerof  Canadian  House  of  Assem- 
bly, 1764-1837 
Smith,  Edmund,  dramatist,  1668-1710 
Smith,  Edward,  engraver,  tt.  1830 
Smith,  Edward,  F.R.S.,  physician,  1874 
Smith,  Elizabeth,  author,  1776-1806 
Smith,  Erasmus,  educational  benefactor,  fl.  1655-1680 
Smith,  Francis,  architect,  1730 
Smith,  Francis,  landscape  painter,  1779 
Smith,  Sir  Francis  Pettit,  inventor  of  screw  propeller,  1808- 

1874 
Smith,  Frederick  Coke,  water-colour  painter,  1820-1839 
Smith,  Gabriel,  engraver,  1724-1783 
Smith,  George,  Nonjuring  writer,  1693-1756 
Smith,  George,  of  Chichester,  landscape  painter,  1714-1776 
Smith,  George,  furniture  designer,  fl.  1812 
Smith,  George,  history  painter,  1802-1838 
Smith,  George,  naval  inventor,  1850 
Smith,  Dr.  George,  theological  writer,  1800-1868 
Smith,  George,  architect,  1782-1869 
Smith,  George,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Victoria,  1815-1371 
Smith,  George,  Assyriologist,  182.5-1876 
Smith,  George,  architect,  1793-1877 
Smith,  George,  of  Coalville,  philauthropist,  1831-1895 
Smith,  George  Charles,  benefactor  of  seamen,  1782-1863 
Smith,  Sir    Harry  George    Wakelyn,    lieutenant-general, 

1788-1860 
Smith,  Henry,  divine,  1550-1591 
Smith,  Henry,  regicide,  fl.  1660 
Smitli,   Henry  John  Stephen,  Professor  of   Geometry    at 

Oxford,  1826-1883 
Smith,  Horace,  '  Rejected  Addresses,'  1779-1849 
Smith,  Hugh,  medical  writer,  1720*-1790 
Smith,  Humphrey,  Quaker,  1663 
Smitli,  J.  Catterson,  portrait  painter,  1807*-1872 
Smith,  James,  author,  16C5-1667 
Smith,  James,  Roman  Catliolic  bishop,  1711 
Smith,  James,  sculptor,  1771-1815 
Smith,  James,  '  Rejected  Addresses,'  1775-1839 
Smith,  James,  agriculturist,  1789-1850 
Smith,  liev.  James,  author,  1802-1857 
Smith,  James,  geologist  and  Biblical  critic,  1782-1867 
Smith,  James,  mathematician,  1805-1872 
Smith,  Sir  James  Edward,  physician  and  botanist,  1759-1828 
Smith,  Jeremiah,  schoolmaster,  1771-1855 
Smith,  Sir  John,  soldier,  statesman,  and  military  writer, 

1600* 
Smith,  John,  divine,  1.563-1616 

Smith,  John,  of  Virginia,  colonial  pioneer,  ISSO'-ieSl 
Smith,  Sir  John,  Royalist,  1644 
Smith,  John,  M.D.,  physician,  1649 

Smith,  John,  of  Cambridge,  scholar  and  divine,  1618-1652 
Smith,  John,  writer  on  trade,  fl.  1661 
Smith,  John,  '  Horologlcal  Dialogues,'  11.  1675 
Smith,  John,  antiquary,  16oi»-1715 
Smith,  John,  "the  Speaker,"  1723 
Smith,  John,  judge,  1726 
Smith,  John,  miv.zolint  engraver,  1652-1742 
Smith,  John,  '  Chronicoii  Rusticum  Comnierciale,'  fl.  1750 
Smith,  John,  antiquary  and  Gaelic  scholar,  1717-1807 
Smith,  John,  "  Warwick  Smith,"  water-colour  painter,  1719- 

1831 
Smith,  John,  writer  on  forensic  medicine,  1788*-1833 
Smith,  John,  missionary,  1790-1834 
Smith,  John,  architect,  1781-1852 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


535 


f 


Smith,  John,  Professor  of  Music  at  Dublin  University,  ITi'o- 

1861 
Smith,  John,  F.R  S.,  colonel,  1806-1882 
Smith,  John  Abel,  banker  and  politician,  1801-1871 
Smith,  John  Chaloner,  '  British  Mezzotint  Portraits,'  1895 
Smith,  John  Christopher,  composer,  1712-1795 
Smith,  John  Frederick,  novelist,  1890 
Smith,  Sir  John  Mark  Frederick,  general,  1792-1874 
Smith,  John  Orrin,  wood  engraver,  1790-1843 
Smith,  John  Prince,  legal  writer,  fl.  1813 
Smith,  John  Pye,  Independent  divine,  1774-1951 
Smith,  John  Kaphael,  painter  and  engraver,  1752-1812 
Smith,  John  Kussell,  bookseller  and  bibliographer,  1810-1694 
Smith,  John  Stafford,  musical  composer,  1750-1836 
Smith,  John  Sydney,  legal  writer,  A.  1848 
Smith,  John  Thomas,  Keeper  of  Prints  at  British  Museum, 

1766-1833 
Smith,  John  William,  legal  writer,  1809-1845 
Smith,  Joseph,  Provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1670- 

1756 
Smith,  Joseph,  book  collector,  1772 

Smith,  Joseph  Clarendon,  water-colour  painter,  1778-1810 
Smith,  Joshua  Toulmin,  miscellaneous  writer,  1816-1869 
Smith,  Capt.  Matthew,  spy  and  informer,  fl.  1696 
Smith,  Michael,  general,  1809-1891 
Smith,  Miles,  Bishop  of  Gloucester,  1624 
Smith,  Sir  Montague  Edward,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 

Pleas,  1809-1891 
Smith,  Nathaniel,  modeller,  fl.  1759 
Smith,  Nicholas,  Jesuit,  1558-1630 
Smith,  Philip,  writer  on  ancient  history,  1885 
Smith,  Pleasance,  Lady,  centenarian,  1773-1877 
Smith,  Richard,  Catho'lic  divine,  1500-1563 
Smith,  Bichard,  Catholic  divine,  1566-1655 
Smith,  Kichard.  book  dllector  and  antiquary,  1590-1675 
Smith,  Col.  Richard  Baird,  chief  engineer  at  Delhi,  fl.  1849- 

1870 
Smith,  Richard  John,  actor,  1786-1855 
Smith,  Robert,  of  Glenshee,  Scottish  divine,  fl.  1714 
Smith,  Robert,  mathematician,  1689-17B8 
Smith,  Robert,  Ist  Baron  Carrington,  1752-1833 
Smith,  Robert  Angus,  man  of  science,  1817-1884 
Smith,  Robert  Archibald,  musical  composer,  1780-1829 
Smith,  Robert  Percy,  Advocate-General  of  Bengal,  1770-1845 
Smith,  Robert  Vernon,  Baron  Lyvedon,  1800-1S73 

Smith,  Samuel,  philosopher,  1687-1620 

Smith,  Samuel,  ordinary  of  Newgate,  fl.  1660 

Smith,  Samuel,  ejected  divine,  1588-1664 
Smith,  Samuel,  engraver,  fl   1783 

Smith,  Stephen.  Quaker,  1623-1678 

Smith,  Sydney,  wit  and  critic.  176S-1845 

Smith,  Thevre  Townsend.  divine.  1804'-1852 

Smith,  Sir  Thomas,  statesman,  1514-1577 

Smith,  Sir  Thomas,  Master  of  Requests,  1609 

Smith,  Thomas,  'Art  of  Gunnery,'  fl.  1620 

Smith,  Sir  Thomas,  Governor  of  East  India  Company,  1625 

Smith,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  1624-1702 

Smith,  Thomas,  captain  R.N.,  1708 

Smith,  Thomas,  Nonjuror  and  Orientalist,  1638-1712 

Smith,  Thomas,  admiral,  1762 

Smith,  Thomas,  of  Derby,  landscape  painter,  1767 

Smith,  Thomas,  Catholic  divine,  1831 

Smith,  Thomas  Assheton,  sportsman,  1776-1858 

Smith,   Thomas    Berry    Cusack,    Master   of    the    Rolls    in 
Ireland,  1797-1866 

Smith,  Thomas  Southwood,  medical  and  religious  writer, 
1788-1861 

Smith,  Walter,  poet,  fl.  1525 

Smith,  Wentworth,  dramatist,  fl.  1615 

Smith,  William,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  1514 

Smith,  William,  poet.  11.  1593 

Smith,  William,  herald,  1618 

Smith,  William,  Quaker,  1672 

Smith,  William,  actor,  1696 

Smith,  William,  antiquary,  1650*-1735 

Smith,  William,  M.D..  author,  fl.  1770 

Smith,  William,  Dean  of  Chester,  1711-1787 

Smith,  AVilliam,  "gentleman  Smith,"  1800* 

Smith,  William,  writer  on  irrigation,  fl.  1811 

Smith,  William,  politician,  1756-18.35 

Smith,  William,  geologist,  1769-1839 

Smith,  William,  printseller,  180S-1876 

Smith,  Sir  William,  lexicographer.  1813-1893 

Smith,  Sir  William  Cusack,  Irish  judge,  1766-1S36 

Smith,  William  Henry,  statesman,  18l'5-1891 

Smith,  William  James,  architect,  1875* 

Smith,  William  Robertson,  Oriental  scholar,  1846-1894 

Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney,  admiral,  1764-1840 

Smith,  Willoughby,  telegraphic  engineer,  1828-1891 

Smithson,  Miss,  actress,  fl.  1800 

Smithson,  Huntingdon,  architect,  1648 

Smithson,  James,  foimder  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute  at 
Washington,  1829 

Smithson,  Robert,  architect,  1535-1614 

Smitz,  Caspar,  painter,  1707 

Smollett,  Tobias  George,  novelist,  1721-1771 

Smyth.  Edward,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Bishopof  Down  and  Connor, 
16J5-1720 

Smj-th,  Edward,  sculptor,  1746-1812 

Smyth,  James  Carmichael,  medical  writer,  1741-1821 

Smyth,  Sir  James  Carmichael,  major-general,  1780-1838 

Smyth,  Sir  Jeremiah,  vice-admiral,  1675* 

Smyth,  John,  playwright,  1662-1691 

Smyth,  Sir  John  Rowland,  general,  1873 

Smyth,  John  Talfourd,  painter.  1818-1851 

Smyth,  Sir  Leicester,  general,  1829-1891 

Bmyth,  Richard,  pamphleteer,  1826-1878 

Smyth,  Robert  Brougli.  mineralogist.  18.30-1889 

Smyth,  Sir  Warington  Wilkinson,  mining  engineer,  ls90 

Smyth,  William,  Professor  of  Modern  History,  1765-1849 

Smyth,  William,  actor,  painter,  and  journalist,  1813-1878 

Smyth,  William  Henry,  admiral  and  hydrographer,  1788- 
1865 

Smythe,  David,  Lord  Mcfhven,  1746-1806 

Smythe,  Emily  Anne.  Viscountess  Strangford,  1857 

Smythe,   George  Sydney,   7th  Viscount  Strangford,   1818- 
1857 

Smythe,  James  Moore,  author  of  the  '  Rival  Modes,'  1734 

Smythe,  Percy  Clinton  Sydney,  6th  Viscount  Strangford, 
1780-1855 

Smythe,  Percy  E.  F.  W.,  8th  Viscount  Strangford,  1825-1869 

Smythe,  Sidney  SUfford,  judge,  1778 


Smythe,  William  James,  F.R.S.,  general,  1816-1887 

Smythics,  Charles  Alan,  Bishop  of  Zanzibar,  1894 

Smythies,  Harriette  Maria,  novelist,  fl.  1838-1880 

Snape,  Andrew,  Provost  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1742 

Snape,  Edmund,  Puritan,  1590 

Snatt,  William,  Nonjuror,  1721 

Snell,  Hannah,  female  soldier,  b.  1723 

Snell,  John,  benefactor  of  Balliol  College,  1626-1679 

Snelling,  Matthew,  painter,  fl.  1647 

Snelling,  Thomas,  numismatist,  1773 

Snetzner,  John,  organ-builder,  1710-1801* 

Snow,  William  Parker,  Arctic  navigator,  1S16-1S95 

Soames,  Henry,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1785-1860 

Soane,  George,  miscellaneous  writer,  fl.  1847 

Soane,  Sir  John,  architect  and  antiquary,  1752-1837 

Soest,  Gerard,  painter,  1637-1681 

Solander,  Daniel  Charles,  naturalist,  1736-1782 

Solanus  or  Du  Soul,  Moses,  classical  scholar,  fl.  1700-1730 

Solari,  Catherine  Hyde  Broglio  Govion,  Marchioness  Solari, 

1755*-1844 
Soldi,  Andrea,  painter,  1770* 
Sole,  William,  botanist,  1741-1802 
Solly,  Edward,  F.R.S.,  chemist,  1819-1336 
Solly,  Samuel,  surgeon,  1805-1871 
Solly,  Thomas,  philosopher,  fl.  1856 
Solme  or  Sulmo,  Thomas,  historical  writer,  1545 
Solmes,  Count,  general,  1693 
Solomon,  Abraham,  painter,  1823-1862 
Solomon,  Edward,  composer.  1895 
Solus  (Sola),  St.,  hermit,  790* 
Soly,  Arthur,  engraver,  1696* 

(  To  be  continued. ) 


CODEX   LINDESIANUS." 


The  Icelandic  MS.  to  which  I  give  this  name 
has  lately  turned  up  in  Lord  Crawford's  library, 
"BibliothecaLindesiana,  "atHaigliHall,  Wigan, 
and  by  Lord  Crawford's  kindness  I  liave  had 
an  opportunity  of  thoroughly  examining  its 
contents.  It  is  an  exceedingly  small  book  on 
vellum,  measuring  only  8x6  cm.,  while  the 
writing  on  each  page  regularly  occupies  only 
5x3,8  cm.  The  principal  part  of  its  contents 
is  in  a  handwriting  hardly  later  than  a.  d.  1400  ; 
but  a  series  of  calendric  notices  at  the  end  of 
it  is  dated  1473.  It  consisted  once  of  twelve 
quires  of  eight  leaves  each,  but  now  the  last 
leaf  of  the  seventh,  and  the  second  of  the 
twelfth  quire  are  gone.  The  whole  of  the 
eleventh  and  part  of  the  twelfth  quire  are 
blank. 

Of  the  history  of  the  book  nothing  is  known 
while  it  was  in  Iceland,  except  that  on  the  first 
of  two  fly-leaves  in  front  of  it  there  is  written 
"  Sir  Fin'ur  Jonsson. "  "Sir"  =  "Sira"  being 
the  title  of  a  clergyman,  one  may  conclude  that 
once  upon  a  time  it  belonged  to  a  parson  of  the 
name  of  Finnur  Jonsson.  Only  two  clergymen 
seem  ever  to  have  borne  this  name  in  Iceland  : 
one  who  died  at  an  early  age  in  1648  as  offi- 
ciating cathedral  priest  at  Skalholt  ;  the  other, 
the  famous  Church  historian,  who  became 
priest  of  Reykholt  in  1732,  afterwards  Bishop  of 
Skalholt,  1754-89.  In  the  Culemann  sale  in 
London,  February  7th  to  10th,  1870,  Mr.  F.  S. 
Ellis  bought  the  book  on  the  last  day  of  the 
sale,  and  from  his  possession  probably  it  passed 
over  into  that  of  Lord  Crawford. 

The  book  contains  : — 

I.  Ff.  l-38a.  Animportant  computistic  treatise 
dealing,  in  fact,  with  the  elements  of  the  art  of 
verifying  dates.  The  oldest  Icelandic  text  of 
this  treatise  is  preserved  in  Codex  1812,  quarto, 
in  the  Great  Royal  Library  of  Copenhagen 
("  Old  Collection  "),  which,  with  the  exception 
of  one  paragraph  in  the  charter  of  the  church 
of  Reykholt,  is  the  oldest  Icelandic  MS.  now 
extant.  But  the  text  of  Codex  1812  is  both 
dislocated  and  interpolated.  Out  of  an  older 
copy  of  the  treatise  a  portion,  probably  the 
innermost  couple  of  leaves  of  a  quire,  had  been 
lost  ;  they  had,  apparently,  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  a  person  interested  in  computistic  lore,  who 
set  to  work  to  spin  this  nucleus  out  into  a  little 
tractate  by  itself.  A  copy  of  this  found  its  way 
again  into  the  hands  of  the  scribe  of  Codex  1812, 
and  as  it  began  by  describing  the  hexfemeric 
•work  of  creation,  the  scribe  placed  it  at  the 
head  of  the  whole  treatise,  while  its  proper 
place  was  between  11.  15  and  IG  of  the  second 
column  of  p.  G3  in  Codex  1812,  according  to  the 
table  of  contents  with  which  the  old  treatise 
began. 

This  original  order  of  the  contents  of  this 
treatise  is  observed  in  Codex  Lindesianus,  and 


from  this  recension  all  the  interpolations  of 
Codex  1812  are  missing,  so  that  Codex  Linde- 
sianus has  preserved  the  text  as  it  was  prior  to 
the  accident  already  mentioned,  which  must 
have  happened  some  time  before  the  oldest 
Icelandic  MS.  now  extant  was  written  down. 
In  point  of  grammatical  forms  and  orthography, 
of  course  Codex  Lindesianus  is  more  modern 
than  Codex  1812. 

II.  38b-48a.  A  treatise  on  the  mystic  signifi- 
cance of  certain  Church  ceremonies,  clearly  based 
on  the  '  Sacramentarium,  seu  de  Causis  et  Signi- 
ficatu  Mystico  RituumDivini  in  Ecclesia  Officii,' 
by  Honorius  Augustodunensis.  Hereto  is  added, 
in  a  separate  but  contemporary  hand,  what  it 
behoves  a  penitent  to  do  in  order  to  ensure  the 
forgiveness  of  his  sins. 

III.  48b-66a.  A  treatise  in  four  sections  on 
physiognomy,  the  principal  part  being  a  trans- 
lation from  some  of  the  mediteval  renderings  in 
Latin  of  ra  <^v<Ttoyi'w/ioi'tKa,  which  generally 
is  ascribed  to  Aristotle.  The  first  section  is  a 
general  introduction ;  the  second,  the  Latin 
translator's  preface  ;  the  third,  the  Aristotelian 
tractate  ;  the  fourth,  an  epilogue  and  summary 
of  the  whole  treatise. 

IV.  C6b-78a.  An  old  calendar,  remarkable 
for  the  many  saints  it  contains  that  otherwise 
I  have  not  met  with  in  Icelandic  calendars  : 
such  as  Babillas,  Bishop  of  Antioch  {oh.  a.d. 
251);  John  of  Beverley  (o6.  721);  Leofrid,  abbot 
of  Madrie  in  Normandy  (o6.  738);  "^theldrita" 
of  Ely  {oh.  679)  ;  Margaret  of  Nordnes,  an  im- 
postor, burnt  1301  ;  Willehadus,  first  bishop  of 
Bremen  {oh.  789);  "  Quatuor  coronati,"  fourth 
century,  Rome  ;  ^'Edmundus  rex  et  martyr,  &c. 

V.  A  table  of  punctuated  Paschal  letters,  the 
so-called  "  talbyrJsingr  "  =  "  counting  board," 
showing  on  what  day  Easter  fell  every  year 
within  the  Paschal  cycle  1140  to  1671  inclusive 
(begins  S.  k.  .k  p.,  etc.).  But  this  has  not  been 
a  very  reliable  key  to  the  finding  of  Easter,  for 
two  years  are  skipped,  1227  and  1430,  and 
several  of  the  letters  are  wrongly  pointed. 

The  MS.  is  valuable,  especially  on  account  of 
the  light  it  throws  on  the  history  of  the  text  of 
Codex  1812.  Eikikb  Magnusson. 


MR.   VILLIERS   STUART. 


The  world  of  letters  will  hear  with  regret  of 
the  accidental  death   by  drowning   of  Mr.   H. 
Windsor  Villiers  Stuart.     He  was  a  man  of  wide 
reading,  but  for  several  years  past  his  attention 
was  devoted  to  the  study  of  Egypt  and  of  her 
mighty  past.     In  the  late  seventies  he  travelled 
through  Egypt  and  Nubia  as  far  south  as  the 
Second  Cataract,  and  in  1879  he  published  an 
account  of  the  journey,  entitled  '  Nile  Gleanings.' 
This  book  showed  that   he  had    faithfully   ex- 
amined all  the  best  monuments  along  the  banks 
of  the  Nile  for  some  nine  hundred  miles,  and  it 
contained  much  that  has  since  proved  of  value 
to  those  who  study  Egyptian  civilization.     He 
was  not  a  very  skilful  decipherer  of  hieroglyphics, 
but  he  had  the  good  sense  to  rely  upon  the  help 
of  such  experts"  as  Birch,  Maspero,  and  Wiede- 
mann, instead  of  filling  his  book  with  his  own 
theories  as  to  the  meaning  of  texts  ;  thus  his 
carefully  recorded  facts  and  copies  of  inscrip- 
tions were  put  to  the  best  use.      In  1882  he 
published  the   '  Funeral    Tent  of  an  Egyptian 
Queen,'  and  his  keen  remarks  on    the  object 
showed     a     very    resjjectable     critical     know- 
ledge    of     Egyptian     art.       Judged     by     the 
modern    German   school    of    Egyptology,    Mr. 
Villiers  Stuart  would  not  rank  as  a   scientific 
Egyptologist  ;  but   there  is  no   doubt   that   he 
belonged   to   the   class   of   cultured  gentlemen 
which   ranked   among   its   members    men    like 
Hay   and  Wilkinson,  and   men  of  wide   sym- 
pathies and  of  sufficient  knowledge  to  enable 
them  to  appreciate  and  to  describe  the  Egypt  cif 
the  past  and   present,  and  to  assign  to  it  its 
proper  jjlace  in  the  general  history  of  the  world. 
To  him  Egypt  was  not  a  mere  "specimen,"  to 
be  described  in  note-books  only,  but  the  em- 


536 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


blem  of  a  mighty  power  which  had  literally 
influenced  the  whole  world.  His  views  on  the 
condition  of  the  country  after  the  rebellion  of 
Arabi  he  set  forth  in  his  '  Egypt  after  the  War, 
being  the  Narrative  of  a  Tour  of  Inspection,' 
1883.  Subsequently  he  made  other  travels,  an 
account  of  which  he  published  in  '  Adventures 
amidst  the  Equatorial  Forests  and  Rivers  of 
South  America,'  1891,  and  with  this  work  his 
important  literary  labours  seem  to  have  closed. 
It  is  sad  to  think  that  the  natives  of  Egypt  have 
lost  for  ever  the  genial  and  kindly  gentleman 
who  was  one  of  their  truest  and  best  friends. 


Hftcrarn  ffiossfp. 

Messes.  Eeeves  &  Turner  are  now  on 
the  point  of  issuing  Mr.  Buxton  Eorman's 
long-promised  edition  of  Keats's  '  Letters ' 
in  one  volume.  Besides  containing  all 
hitherto  published  letters  of  Keats,  the 
volume  will  present  the  results  of  fresh 
examination  of  manuscripts  and  of  fresh 
research.  Some  new  letters  are  added  to 
those  already  included  in  previous  editions, 
and  the  total  number  stands  at  214.  The 
book  is  sparingly  annotated,  hut  somewhat 
fully  illustrated  for  a  work  of  this  class. 
The  frontispiece  is  a  photogravure  from 
Severn's  picture  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  representing  Keats  in  his  study  at 
Wentworth  Place  —  a  full  -  length  figure, 
reading.  It  is  of  interest  for  costume 
and  accessories,  but  has  curiously  enough 
escaped  inclusion  in  editions  of  Keats  iip 
till  now.  Mr.  Forman  has  illustrated  the 
wanderings  of  Keats  in  his  native  land  by 
a  series  of  twenty-four  pictures  of  places, 
not  taken  from  photographs  or  the  work  of 
recent  artists,  but  reproduced  from  engrav- 
ings of  the  early  part  of  this  century,  so 
that  they  represent  the  various  places  not 
as  they  appear  to  the  tourist  of  to-day,  but 
as  they  were  when  Keats  visited  them. 

Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  gives  a  lecture  to 
the  Ethical  Society  next  Sunday  (the  20th) 
at  Essex  Hall  on  '  Eorgotten  Benefactors.' 
This  lecture  will  be  included  in  the  volume 
of  Mr.  Stephen's  essays  shortly  to  be  pub- 
lished by  the  Ethical  Society. 

The  '  Last  Poems '  written  by  the  late 
James  Russell  Lowell  will  be  published  in 
England  almost  immediately  by  Messrs. 
A.  D.  Innes  &  Co.  in  a  volume  bearing  the 
above  title.  The  same  firm  will  also  issue 
at  an  early  date  a  volume  of  verse  by  Mr. 
Clifford  Harrison.  The  title  of  Mr.  Harri- 
son's book  has  not  yet  been  decided  upon. 

The  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  have 
lately  purchased  an  Arabic  MS.  of  great 
value  and  interest.  It  contains  two 
treatises  on  Christian  theology  (Coptic), 
the  first  being  a  work  in  twenty  -  five 
chapters,  without  author's  name,  and  the 
second  a  special  treatise  on  the  cult  relating 
to  images  of  Christ  and  the  saints  by  Theo- 
dores Abu  Kurrah,  Bishop  of  Harran.  The 
MS.  is  dated  in  the  2G  1th  year  of  the  Hegira, 
which  is  equivalent  to  a.d.  877.  The  writing 
is  semi-Cuiic,  presenting  many  archaic  forms 
of  Cufic  origin,  and  with  the  exception  of  a 
page  or  two  at  the  beginning  the  volume  is 
complete. 

Mrs.  Katharine  S.  Maoquoid's  new 
story  'His  Last  Card,'  which  has  been 
running  for  several  montlis  in  Messrs. 
Tillotson's  newspapers,  will  bo  published 
towards  the  end   of   this  month  in  a  six- 


shilling  volume.  This  is  the  first  new 
story  by  Mrs.  Macquoid  that  has  been 
issued  in  this  form.  Mrs.  Macquoid  is  at 
present  writing  an  account  of  the  Eifel 
region,  in  which  she  spent  the  autumn. 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-third  year,  of  Mr. 
John  Power  Hicks,  which  occurred  suddenly 
on  the  6tli  inst.,  will  be  regretted  by  a  con- 
siderable circle  of  literary  men.  He  was  a 
striking  instance  of  the  type  of  retiring, 
painstaking  students  who,  without  coming 
forward  themselves,  are  looked  up  to  for 
their  critical  judgment  and  sound  scholar- 
ship. He  was  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  Athe7iccum  and  to  Notes  and  Queries,  and 
he  made  many  explorations  in  the  side- 
walks of  literature,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  his  identification  of  the  author  of 
'  Blunders  of  a  Bigwig'  with  Thomas  Love 
Peacock. 

Arrangements  have  been  concluded  under 
which  Mr.  Hall  Caine's  new  story  will  appear 
in  serial  form  in  the  TJl?idso)-  Magazine  only. 
The  opening  chapters  will  be  published  some 
time  next  year. 

Mr.  Coventry  Patmore's  *  Unknown 
Eros'  is  about  to  appear  as  one  of  Mr. 
Stead's  series  of  "  Penny  Poets." 

Complaint  has  been  made  by  readers  of 
Mr.  Hardy's  novel  in  ITarjjer^s  Magazine  of 
the  miraculous  and  perplexing  appearance 
of  a  child  on  the  scene  in  the  current 
chapters  of  the  story.  We  are  informed 
that  this  was  due  to  an  oversight  of  the 
author's  in  modifying  the  manuscript  for 
the  American  public,  whereby  he  omitted 
to  substitute  some  other  reason  for  the 
child's  advent  after  deleting  the  authentic 
reason — its  illegitimate  birth. 

The  General  Council  of  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity have  appointed  a  committee,  in- 
cluding Prof.  Pirie,  Dr.  Ogilvie,  Prof. 
Eobertson,  Mr.  Mackie,  and  Dr.  Moir,  "  to 
consider  the  whole  question  of  the  univer- 
sity training  of  teachers,  and  report."  The 
step  has  been  taken  in  consequence  of  the 
criticism  which  has  been  directed  against  a 
provision  in  the  last  Scottish  Education 
Code,  allowing  teachers  from  training 
colleges  to  dispense  with  the  first  university 
examinations. 

The  new  Eranco- Scottish  Society,  whose 
headquarters  we  understand  are  to  be  in 
London,  has  objects  of  a  combined  literary, 
historical,  and  international  character.  It 
desires  to  promote  historical  research  into 
the  past  relations  and  mutual  influence 
between  Erance  and  Scotland,  and  to  en- 
courage the  resort  of  Erench  students  to 
Scottish  universities,  and  of  Scottish  students 
to  the  University  of  Paris.  It  is  stated 
that  the  society  has  received  the  support  of 
influential  persons  in  both  countries, 

Dundee  University  College  has  now 
arrived  at  an  understanding  with  the 
Dundee  School  Board,  the  result  of  which 
wiU  bo  that  a  department  of  the  College 
will  shortly  be  opened  for  the  training  of 
elementary  teachers.  In  view  of  the  pre- 
vailing uncertainty  as  to  the  future  relation 
of  the  College  to  St.  Andrews  University, 
the  position  held  by  Dr.  I'eterson  will  not 
be  for  the  present  filled  up. 

Lord  Eendel  and  Alderman  Eoberts, 
of  Manchester,  are  amongst  those  men- 
tioned as  possible  successors  to    the  late 


Lord  Aberdare  as  President  of  Aberystwith 
College. 

It  is  understood  that  there  will  be  a 
formal  ceremony  of  inauguration  of  the 
University  of  AVales  some  time  during  its 
first  academical  year,  at  which  the  Prince 
of  Wales  will  be  present  in  his  capacity  of 
Chancellor,  and  that  in  the  mean  time  His 
Eoyal  Highness  will  be  privately  installed 
in  London. 

Mrs.  Ealph  Thioknesse,  whose  occa- 
sional poems  have  attracted  some  attention, 
has  written  a  novel  in  one  volume  called 
'  Egeria.'  It  will  be  published  shortly  by 
Messrs.  Hurst  &  Black ett. 

The  Eev.  P.  H.  Ditchfield,  author  of 
'  Our  English  Villages,'  has  just  completed 
his  work  on  old  English  customs  extant 
at  the  present  time — an  account  of  local 
observances,  festival  customs,  and  cere- 
monies yet  surviving  in  various  parts  of 
the  country.  The  work  has  been  pre- 
pared from  the  notes  of  local  corre- 
spondents, and  is  the  only  book  of  its 
kind.  It  will  be  published  by  Mr.  George 
Eedway. 

Mr.  Elliot  Stock  will  publish  next 
week  a  '  History  of  the  Parish  of  White- 
church,  Oxon,'  by  the  Eev.  John  Slatter. 
The  work  will  be  illustrated  by  a  plan  and 
objects  of  interest  in  the  parish. 

The  prolific  literary  historian  Herr 
Julius  W.  Braun,  born  in  1843,  died  at 
the  beginning  of  this  month.  His  principal 
works  are  monographs  on  '  Schiller,  Goethe, 
und  Lessing,  im  Urtheile  ihrer  Zeitgenossen,' 
and  on  '  Konigin  Luise  in  ihren  Briefen.' 

The  Hungarian  poet  and  journalist  Lud- 
wig  von  Doczi  has  been  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  "literary  bureau"  of  the  Austrian- 
Hungarian  Ministry  of  Eoreign  Affairs. 
The  appointment  has  been  greeted  with 
warm  approval  by  the  press.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  popular  dramas ;  his 
comedy  '  Czok '  ('The  Kiss')  gained  the 
Teleki  prize  in  1871,  and  has  been  often 
played  both  on  the  Hungarian  and  German 
stage.  His  translation  of  Goethe's  '  Eaust ' 
into  Hungarian  has  passed  thi-ough  two 
editions.  He  is  a  popular  ballad- writer, 
and  has  also  published  several  novels,  some 
of  which  have  been  translated  into  German. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  most  in- 
terest this  week  are  the  Eeport  of  the 
Deputy  Keeper  of  Public  Eecords  for 
1894-5  {2d.)  ;  a  Eeturn  of  the  Occupations 
of  the  People  of  England  and  Wales, 
enumerated  in  1871,  1881,  and  1891  {M.); 
a  Statistical  Abstract  with  regard  to  India 
for  the  Years  between  1884-5  and  1893-4 
{Is.  od.);  the  Eeport  of  the  Civil  Service 
Commissioners  for  1894-5  {M.);  and  a 
Supplementary  Digest  of  Charities  in  West- 
moreland {2d.). 


SCIENCE 


Wild  FMgland  of  To-day.     By  C.  J.  Cornish. 

(Seeley  &  Co.) 
Like  its  predecessor  '  Life  at  the  Zoo,' 
which  we  recently  (March  2nd,  p.  285) 
noticed  in  favourable  terms,  this  volume 
consists  of  a  collection  of  papers,  many 
of  which  originally  appeared  in  the 
Spectator.     There  is,   however,   a   marked 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


537 


improvement,  and,  whereas  in  the  former 
work  a  few  essays  seemed  hardl}''  worth 
reprinting,  there  is  not  one  chapter  in  this 
book  that  could  well  be  spared.  Mr.  Cor- 
nish has  undoubtedly  found  his  true  vocation 
in  describing  his  experiences  of  country 
scenerj'  and  animal  life,  and  inasmuch  as 
no  reference  to  such  subjects  would  be 
complete  without  an  allusion  to  Richard 
Jefferies,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  express  our 
opinion  that  for  accuracy  Mr.  Cornish  far 
surpasses  his  popular  forerunner.  And, 
again,  his  style  is  that  of  a  gentleman 
and  a  scholar,  without  a  trace  of  the  snarl 
which  is  far  too  frequent  in  more  than  one 
writer  on  similar  topics.  On  the  whole,  we 
have  seldom  derived  more  enjoyment  from 
the  perusal  of  a  book  of  its  kind. 

The  earlier  chapters  deal  with  the  scenery 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight :  the  long  line  of  the 
Culver  Cliffs,  still  haunted  by  the  raven  and 
the  peregrine  falcon,  where  the  cragsman 
may  be  viewed  gathering  sea-birds'  eggs  or 
samphire,  according  to  the  season ;  Bem- 
bridge  Ledge  in  stormy  weather ;  and 
Freshwater  Cliffs  during  the  severe  cold 
of  last  winter,  when  birds  were  hard  pressed 
for  a  living.  Excellent  are  all  these  de- 
scriptions, and  there  is  a  humorous  touch 
in  the  story  of  the  old  fisherman  who  was 
examining  his  lobster  and  prawn  pots. 
Asked  if  he  had  any  prawns — 

"  '  Yes,'  he  said,  '  one~a  beauty  '  ;  and  taking 
off  his  cap,  he  exhibited  an  enormous  Hve  prawn 
sitting  inside  !  '  And  do  you  ever  put  a  fobster 
in  your  cap?'  we  inquired.  'No,  sir,'  he  re- 
plied ;  '  if  I  haven't  anywheres  else,  I  puts  'em 
in  my  buzzum.'  " 

The  reclamation  of  Brading  Harbour  from 
the  sea  was  one  of  the  schemes  of  the 
Liberator  companies,  but  although  the 
enterpiise  at  one  time  seemed  likely  to 
become  a  little  Panama,  643  acres  of  wel- 
tering mud  were  at  last  left  above  water, 
with  a  railway,  quay,  and  buildings,  at  a 
cost  of  420,000/. !  Of  course,  no  adequate 
return  upon  this  outlay  can  ever  be  ex- 
pected ;  but  although  Nature  has  been 
hurried  and  been  asked  to  do  impossibilities 
in  the  short  space  of  seventeen  years,  yet, 
with  the  assistance  of  art  in  the  shape  of 
sewage,  three  crojis  of  grass  have  been 
cut  in  a  year  from  ground  which  otherwise 
would  not  fetch  more  than  5s.  per  acre, 
while  about  150  acres  are  good  jjasture, 
letting  at  305.  per  acre.  From  this  flat 
shore  there  is  a  natural  transition  to  the 
southern  estuaries  on  the  mainland.  An 
account  of  salmon-netting  at  Christchurch 
leads  to  a  notice  of  the  ospreys  which  visit 
the  harbour,  followed  by  an  interesting 
digression  on  the  breeding  of  that  migra- 
tory fisli  -  hawk  in  Scotland,  with  an 
illustration  of  the  well-known  eyrie  on 
Loch-an-Eilan.  And  although  the  cele- 
brated swannery  at  Abbotsbury  has  been 
described  on  several  occasions,  yet  it  has 
never  been  better  done  than  by  the  author, 
from  notes  furnished  by  his  brother  the 
Eev.  J.  G.  Cornish,  the  latter  having  also 
contributed  some  valuable  notes  on  the 
Berkshire  downs  and  on  the  Yale  of  the 
AVhite  Horse. 

Passing  over  a  series  of  articles  on 
'  Surrey  Scenes,'  we  come  to  an  account  of 
the  deer  in  Richmond  Park,  and  hero  Mr. 
Cornish  sometimes  nods.  He  evidently  knows, 
when  ho  pauses  to  think,  that  a  male  red 


deer  is  a  stag,  the  female  a  hind,  and  the 
young  a  calf,  while  a  male  fallow  -  deer 
is  a  buck,  its  female  a  doe,  and  the  young 
a  fawn;  yet  he  talks  of  "red  and  fallow 
stags  "  and  "  hinds  and  fawns,"  and  alludes 
to  "  the  fawns "  of  the  red  deer  in  a 
way  which  is  not  only  irritating — a  small 
matter — but  confusing.  For,  it  will  be 
remembered,  both  red  and  fallow  deer  are 
kept  in  Richmond  Park.  "VVe  are  quite 
aware  that,  owing  to  ancient  custom,  the 
Queen's  staghounds  bear  the  name  of  buck- 
hounds,  though  they  hunt  the  unantlered 
stag,  playfully  called  a  "calf";  but  that 
discrepancy  does  not  invalidate  the  well- 
known  distinctions  of  "  venerie."  This  can 
be  corrected  in  another  edition,  and  the 
remark  is  made  in  no  carping  spirit :  the 
book  is  far  too  good  for  that.  And  now  we 
come  to  a  chapter  from  which  we  quote, 
because  it  contains  little  touches  which 
show  the  author's  powers  of  observation, 
although,  as  regards  mere  word-painting, 
there  may  be  finer  passages.  A  trained 
falcon — unhooded — has  broken  her  jesses, 
and  Mr.  Cornish  is  trying  to  find  her  on 
the  high  downs  above  the  White  Horse, 
at  the  most  inclement  period  of  the  late 
winter.  The  corn-ricks  are  surrounded  by 
birds  burrowing  a  yard  deep  : — 

"  Besides  the  rooks  and  partridges,  hundreds 
of  smaller  birds  crowd  round  the  stacks.  On 
the  sunny  side,  the  ground  is  black  with  a 
fluttering  feathery  mass  of  chaffinches  with  a  few 
linnets  and  greenfinches  among  them.  After 
the  snow  had  lain  upon  the  ground  for  a  week, 
these  poor  little  creatures  became  so  tame  that 
we  could  not  even  drive  them  a  few  yards  off, 
for  the  purpose  of  noting  the  wing-marks  which 
they  leave  when  rising  —  perfect  casts  of  the 
wing-stroke  being  sometimes  left  on  the  soft 
snow.  They  flew  round  us  at  a  distance  of  a 
yard  or  so,  and  nothing  would  induce  them  to 
leave  even  for  a  moment  the  only  spot  where 
food  could  be  obtained.  Except  the  hawks  and 
carrion-crows,  none  but  grain-eating  birds  re- 
main upon  the  hill.  The  rooks,  which  are  not 
solely  grain-eaters,  do  not  thrive  on  a  corn-diet, 
and  are  obliged  to  cast  up  the  outer  husks  of 
the  wheat  and  barley,  just  as  hawks  and  owls 
do  the  bones  and  feathers  of  birds.  Even  for 
those  which,  like  the  chaffinches  and  green- 
finches, prefer  corn,  it  is  a  hard  matter  to  find 
enough.  In  good  weather,  the  stock  of  food  is 
so  abundant  that  most  land  birds,  except  hawks, 
feed  but  twice  a  day  :  early  in  the  morning  and 
in  the  afternoon.  In  the  snow  they  feed  all 
day  long.  From  dawn  till  dark  the  crowd  round 
the  stack  never  lessens,  and  they  feed  until  even 
the  light  reflected  from  the  snow  serves  them 
no  longer." 

We  cannot  afford  space  to  dwell  upon 
the  sections  '  In  the  Isis  Yalley,'  '  In  High 
Suffolk,'  '  Somersetshire  Coombs,'  and  some 
others,  which  rather  savour  of  essays  and 
reviews,  though  good  of  their  kind.  But 
before  concluding  we  must  say  a  word  in 
praise  of  the  illustrations,  especially  those 
from  drawings  by  Mr.  Launcelot  Speed. 
The  eagle  in  the  foreground  of  the  frontis- 
piece may  have  been  worked  up  from  a 
photograph,  as,  imtil  looked  at  carefully, 
the  effect  is  somewhat  marred  by  the  very 
dark  shadow  on  the  throat,  but  the  attitude 
is  lifelike  ;  the  osprey  (p.  56)  is  only  a 
trifle  less  good;  while  the  gulls  on  the 
frozen  Thames  (p.  132)  are — with  scarcely 
an  exception — admirable.  Wo  congratulate 
the  author  on  having  secured  so  comjietont 
an  artist  for  such  an  eminently  readable 
book. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Faye's  comet  is  still  in  Aquarius,  and  moving 
slowly  to  the  south-east;  it  will  be  very  near 
the  star  ft  in  that  constellation  at  the  end  of  the 
first  week  in  Novembei".  Its  distance  from  us 
now  is  about  1'6G  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean 
distance  from  the  sun,  and  this  is  slowly  in- 
creasing ;  but  the  perihelion  passage  will  not  be 
due  until  March  19th. 

The  Twenty-ninth  Report  of  the  Board  of 
Visitors  of  the  Melbourne  Observatory,  issued 
at  the  end  of  June,  has  been  received,  and  covers 
two  )'ears,  as  the  preceding  Visitation  took 
place  in  1893.  Appended  is  the  report  made 
to  the  Board  by  Mr.  Ellery,  who  has  now  retired 
from  the  post  of  Government  Astronomer,  which 
he  had  held  with  so  much  credit  from  the  time 
when  an  observatory  was  first  established  in 
the  colony.  Operations  have  been  consider- 
ably restricted  by  retrenchments  in  the  staff, 
made  necessary  by  financial  considerations  ;  but 
the  meridian  observations,  the  photograj^hic 
charting,  the  magnetic  observations  (including 
the  record  of  the  magnetographs  and  the  monthly 
absolute  determinations),  daily  photographs  of 
the  sun,  and  the  general  meteorological  work, 
have  been  carried  on  as  heretofore.  In  addition 
to  these,  observations  were  made  of  the  comet 
which  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Gale  at  Sydney 
on  April  1st,  1894,  and  of  the  physical  features 
(with  dravsings)  of  tlie  planet  Mars  before  its 
opposition  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  Mr. 
Ellery  has  been  appointed  on  his  retirement 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of  the 
Observatory,  and  is  succeeded  as  Government 
Astronomer  by  the  Chief  Assistant,  Mr.  Baracchi. 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological.  —  ft.'^  2.— Prof.    R.    Meldola, 
President,  ia   the  chair. — Mr.  G.  H.  Carpenter  and 
Herr  P.  Krantz  were  elected  Fellows. — Mr.  McLach- 
lati  exhibited,  ou    behalf   of   Mr.  Bradley,  of  Bir- 
mingham, the  specimens  of  Diptera  attacked  by  a 
fungus  of  the  geiuis  Eini)usa,  of  which  an  account 
had  recently  appeared  in  the  Entomologist's  Monthltj 
Magazine  — "^Iy.  H.  Tunaley  exhibited  specimens  of 
Lohophora   vlretata   from    the    neighbourhood    of 
Birujiiigham.     Specimens  of  tlie  green   dark  form 
were  shown  in  their  natural  positions  on  the  bark, 
and  specimens  of  the  yellow  form  were  shown  oa 
leaves  on   which  they  rested. — Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt  ex- 
hibited   cases    formed    by  a    lepidopterous  insect, 
received  from  the  Argentine  Republic,  which  he  said 
he  recognizedas  beiugeithericientical  witliorclosely 
alHed  to  Thgridoijtcryx  cphemcrtrformis,  which  did 
great  damage  to  many  orcliard  ami  forest  trees  in 
North  America.     Mr.  Tutt  also  exhibited  a  series  of 
Lyceena   cegon   captured  on   the  mosses  in    West- 
moreland.    The  males  were  remarkable  in   bearing 
two  very  distinct  shades  of  colour.     The  females 
also  differed  considerably  from  tlie  form  occurring 
in  the  south  of  England.     He  also  exhibited  a  long 
series  of  Ilgdrosria  Incens,  captured  ia  the  mosses 
near  Warrington,  and    for  comparison  a   series  of 
Ilydroecia    foludis,    and    he    read    notes    on    the 
various    specimens    exiiibited.  —  Dr.    Fritz    MiilJer 
communicated     a     paper    entitled    'Contributions 
towards  the  History  of  a  New  Form  of  Larva;  of 
Psychodid;e  (Diptera)  from  Brazil.' — Baron  Osten- 
iSacken  communicated  a  paper,  supplemental  to  the 
preceding  one,  entitled  '  Jiemarks  on  the  Homolo- 
gies and  Differences   between   the  First  Stages  of 
Pericoma  and  those  of  the  New  Brazilian  Species.' — 
The  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  also  contributed  some  supple- 
mentary notes  to  Dr.  Fritz   Miiller's  paper.— Lord 
Walsingham  read  a  paper  entitled  "New  Sjtecies  of 
North  American  Tortricida-.'    In  this  paper  twenty- 
nine  species  were  dealt  with,  of  which  twenty-six 
were  described    as   new,  from    Florida,  California, 
N.  Carolina,  Arizona,  and  Colorado.    The  paper  also 
included  certain  corrections  made  by  the  author  in 
the  nomenclature  of  genera. 


MEETI.NGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINO  WEEK. 

MoN.  andXuuns.  Koj-al  Academy,  4  -'Chemistry.'  Mr.  A.  H  Charcli. 
Fki.       Physical,  5.  — 'The  Kadial  Cursor,'  .Mr.  F  W.  Lancbeatcr  ;  'The 

DeTelopmcnt  of  Arbitrary  Functions,'  Prof.  Perry  and  Mr. 

Hunt. 


538 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Corporation  Plate  and  Insignia  of  the 
Cities  and  Corporate  Towns  of  England  and 
Wales.  By  Llewellynn  Jewitt,  F.S.A., 
and  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.A.  2  vols. 
(Bemrose  &  Sons.) 
TovAKDS  the  close  of  the  "seventies" 
the  late  Mr.  Jewitt  contributed  illustrated 
articles  on  the  insignia  and  plate  of  several 
towns  to  the  Beliqiiarg  and  Art  Journal, 
and  this  inspired  him  with  the  idea  of  com- 
piling a  comprehensive  work  embracing 
every  city  and  town  of  England  and 
"Wales.  He  accordingly  made  considerable 
collections  for  this  purpose,  and  issued  a 
prospectus.  The  opening  pages  had,  how- 
ever, been  only  just  set  up  in  type  when 
Mr.  Jewitt  died,  and  the  work  came  for 
some  time  to  a  standstill.  Eventually 
the  collections  were  placed  in  the  capable 
hands  of  Mr.  Hope  to  edit  and  complete. 
To  Mr.  Hope,  accordingly,  the  reader  is 
indebted  for  by  far  the  most  valuable 
part  of  this  work,  as  well  as  for  the 
whole  of  the  interesting  introduction  and 
accompanying  tables,  which  cover  upwards 
of  one  hundred  pages.  The  large  number 
of  illustrations,  which  are  of  varying 
degrees  of  merit,  were  chiefly  prepared 
under  Mr.  Jewitt's  supervision  from  photo- 
graphs or  special  drawings. 

The  eminently  English  custom  of  carry- 
ing maces  before  bailiffs  or  mayors,  or  of 
their  use  on  a  smaller  scale  by  Serjeants  as 
tokens  of  authority,  seems  to  have  originated 
with  the  substitution  of  bailiffs  or  mayors 
for  the  more  ancient  town  reeve.  This 
change,  from  the  reeve  to  officials  elected  by 
the  burgesses,  was  made  about  the  close  of  the 
twelfth  century  in  most  of  our  old  English 
towns.  The  substitution  of  bailiffs  for  reeves 
involved  a  change  in  the  police  jurisdiction, 
which  had  hitherto  mainly  rested  in  the 
hands  of  the  sheriff  or  shire  reeve.  Officers 
were  appointed  by  the  elected  officials  of 
the  towns  whose  duties  involved  personal 
attendance,  the  arresting  of  offenders,  and 
the  serving  of  processes.  By  the  end  of 
the  fourteenth  century  these  officials  were 
generally  termed  Serjeants.  The  number 
appointed  by  a  municipality  varied  accord- 
ing to  its  charter  rights  and  its  importance. 
The  number  in  London  was  twenty-four,  at 
Norwich  eleven,  at  Cambridge  nine,  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  and  Bristol  eight  ;  whilst 
there  were  five  at  Leicester,  and  four  at 
Canterbury  and  sixteen  other  towns. 
Eight  towns,  including  Carlisle  and  Salis- 
bury, had  three  Serjeants,  but  by  far  the 
greater  number  had  two,  while  some  were 
restricted  to  one. 

The  bearing  of  maces  by  the  Serjeants 
became  customary  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  apparently  universal  in  the  fifteenth 
century.  Mr.  Hope  argues  that  the 
emblems  of  authority  at  first  carried  by 
the  Serjeants  were  staves,  rods,  or  wands  ; 
that  they  afterward  became  real  weapons 
for  offence  and  defence,  and  were  of  iron 
or  of  wood  strengthened  with  ferrules 
or  bands  of  metal  to  prevent  splitting. 
The  royal  serjeants-at-arms  were  at  an 
early  date  armed  with  actual  iron  war 
maces  to  act  as  a  bodyguard.  These  maces 
were  subsequently  damascened  or  other- 
wise ornamented  with  gold  or    silver.     In 


the  fifteenth  century  they  had  a  broad 
button  at  the  lower  end,  on  which  were 
engraved  the  royal  arms.  The  relative 
importance  of  the  two  ends  of  the  mace 
henceforth  began  gradually  to  change.  The 
end  with  the  royal  arms  grew  greater  in 
size  and  importance,  whilst  the  flanged 
blades  of  the  war  mace  lessened  and  became 
more  ornamental.  The  habit  by  degrees 
became  customary  of  carrying  the  royal 
arms  end  of  the  mace  uppermost,  whilst  the 
awkwardness  of  the  flanges  of  the  other  end 
when  used  as  a  handle  caused  these  flanges 
to  ascend  the  staff  of  the  mace,  until  at  last 
they  became  changed  into  light  ornamental 
brackets  for  the  apparent  support  of  the 
great  head  of  the  mace.  The  whole  of  this 
interesting  process  of  evolution  is  ably 
worked  out  by  Mr.  Hope,  and  rendered 
intelligible  by  the  generous  aid  of  a  multi- 
plicity of  engravings. 

Civic  maces  may  be  divided  into  two 
classes  :  (1)  Serjeants'  or  small  maces, 
carried  as  emblems  of  authority  (like 
modern  constables'  staves,  with  a  crown 
and  V.R.  painted  thereon),  and  (2)  mayors' 
or  great  maces,  borne  before  a  mayor 
as  a  mark  of  dignity  and  a  token  of  the 
royal  authority  vested  in  him.  The  patient 
industry  of  Messrs.  Jewitt  and  Hope  has 
gathered  together  particulars  of  about  five 
hundred  of  the  first  class  still  extant,  begin- 
ning with  examples  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
Of  these  eight  belong  to  Bristol,  and  five  to 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  whilst  Northampton  and 
seven  other  places  have  sets  of  four.  Sixty- 
four  towns  have  two  of  these  small  maces, 
their  number  generally  corresponding  with 
the  old  customary  number  of  Serjeants. 

Of  the  second  class  of  great  maces  there 
are  about  ninety,  chiefly  of  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centuries.  There  are,  how- 
ever, at  least  a  dozen  large  silver  maces 
of  the  fifteenth  century  still  in  existence. 
Among  the  curious  later  customs  connected 
with  great  maces  may  be  noted  the  fact  that 
several  of  the  large  heads  and  foot-knops 
are  so  constructed  that  they  may  be  taken 
off  and  screwed  together  to  form  loving 
cups  at  civic  banquets.  The  Beaumaris 
maces,  which  are  of  the  year  1781,  have 
special  cups  inside  the  heads,  which  are  set 
at  liberty  and  can  be  used  separately  when 
the  mace  crowns  are  unscrewed.  Another 
little  Welsh  borough,  however,  puts  Beau- 
maris in  the  shade,  for  its  eighteenth  cen- 
tury "mace"  actually  consists  of  a  two- 
handled  covered  silver  drinking  cup  mounted 
on  a  wooden  shaft ! 

The  ancient  crystal  mace,  or  "  sceptre  " 
as  it  is  generally  termed,  of  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  London  is  of  remarkable  interest.  It 
is  18  in.  high,  the  shaft  and  knops 
being  of  gold-mounted  crystal,  and  the 
head  of  gold.  The  shaft  is  encircled 
by  pearls  strung  on  gold  wire.  The 
head  is  of  fifteenth  century  date,  but  so 
careful  an  authority  as  Sir  A.  W.  Franks 
considers  that  the  shaft  may  be  of  Saxon 
date.  It  is  most  rarely  iised.  At  corona- 
tions it  is  carried  by  the  Lord  Mayor,  and 
on  the  occasion  of  his  annual  election  it  is 
formally  handed  to  him  by  the  Chamber- 
lain. Another  custom,  not  mentioned  in 
these  volumes,  is  for  the  Lord  Mayor  to 
carry  his  sceptre  when  going  to  Temple  Bar 
to  meet  royalty  on  the  occasion  of  a  state 
I  entry  into  the  City. 


A  certain  number  of  our  sea-board  towns 
possess  other  insignia  which  betoken  the 
maritime  jurisdiction  vested  in  the  corpora- 
tions. A  silver  oar,  2  ft.  9J  in.  long,  is  laid 
on  the  table  before  the  judge  of  the  High 
Court  of  Admiralty  when  he  sits  in  judg- 
ment. Civic  silver  oars,  like  the  maces,  are 
divisible  into  two  classes:  (1)  small  oars, 
carried  by  water-bailiffs,  as  badges  of 
authority ;  and  (2)  great  oars,  borne  like 
maces  before  the  mayor.  Of  the  first  class 
there  are  about  a  dozen  specimens,  vary- 
ing from  4  in.  to  2  ft.  in  length.  Of  the 
latter  there  are  also  about  a  dozen  still 
in  existence,  most  of  which  are  over  3  ft.  in 
length.  The  oldest  of  these  oars  is  of 
Elizabethan  date,  and  is  that  of  the  Ad- 
miralty of  the  Cinque  Ports  ;  it  is  held  by 
the  town  clerk  of  Dover  as  registrar. 

In  addition  to  their  maces  or  oars,  there 
are  thirty-one  cities  and  towns  that  possess 
swords  of  state,  as  symbols  of  power  and 
authority  delegated  by  the  sovereign.     The 
privilege  of  having  a  sword  carried  before 
the   mayor   was    originally    granted    most 
sparingly.      There  were    only  seven    such 
cases  in  the  fourteenth  century.     In  three 
of  these — Lincoln,  York,  and  Chester — the 
sword  was  a  gift  of  the  king  himself ;  New- 
castle   acquired    the    privilege    by    special 
charter  of  1391  ;  whilst  concerning  the  early 
rights  of  London,  Coventry,  and  Bristol  no 
evidence  is  as  yet  forthcoming.     In  the  next 
century  this  honour  was  extended  by  charter 
to  Norwich,  Hull,  and  Gloucester,  and  by 
royal  gift  to  Exeter.     Certain  towns  have 
swords     of    various     types     among     their 
insignia,   such    as    Preston,    Southampton, 
and  Eochester ;  but  these  are  mere  private 
gifts,  and  are  not,  or  should  not  be,  borne 
in    civic    state.      Of     quite     recent    years 
three  corporations  have,  without  the  slightest 
warrant,  purchased   and   carried   so  -  called 
"  swords    of    state,"    viz.,    Derby     (1870), 
Crewe   (1877),  and   Ipswich  (1887).     If  it 
is  possible,  in  these  matter-of-fact  days,  to 
infringe  symbolically  upon  the  prerogatives 
of  the  Crown,  these  three  boroughs  have  un- 
doubtedly committed  this  once  serious  offence. 
At  all  events,  by  their  action  they  are  trifling 
with  andfalsifyingEnglishmunicipal history. 
A  self- conferred  honour  or  one  of  their  own 
assumption  is  surely  worse  than  worthless. 
The  vagaries  of  many  modern  towns,  includ- 
ing even  the  city  of  Manchester,  in  placing 
the  arms  of  the  newly  incorporated  borough 
at  the  head  of  the    mace,  where  only  the 
royal   arms    ought  to    be,   are  also  blame- 
worthy.    It  is  more  than  doubtful  whether 
these  new  towns  have  any  right   to   great 
maces   and  mace  -  bearing  officials    unless 
specifically  granted  by  their  charters,  but, 
at  all  events,  they  are  altogether  obscuring 
the    history    and    meaning    of    their   civic 
insignia  by   capricious    treatment    of   their 
main  features. 

Among  other  noteworthy  customs  is  the 
ancient  one  of  calling  together  the  mayor 
and  commonalty  by  sound  of  horn.  Of  the 
towns'  horns  that  now  exist  no  fewer  than 
seven  are  preserved  in  Kentish  boroughs. 
The  oldest  that  can  be  approximately  dated 
(thirteenth  century)  is  that  of  Dover ;  it  is 
of  latten,  engi-aved  throughout  with  foliage, 
and  has  on  a  scroll  the  maker's  name. 
The  Faversham  horn  is  of  early  fourteenth 
century  date,  and  has  the  maker's  name 
round  the  mouth.   At  Sandwich  three  blasts 


N**  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


539 


were  sounded  before  the  door  of  each  jurat 
to  call  him  to  assembly.  At  Ipswich  "  the 
great  court  trump,"  a  straight  brass  horn, 
is  still  preserved  ;  it  used  to  be  blown  at 
midnight  before  the  doors  of  the  two  bailiffs, 
and  subsequently  in  each  ward,  on  the  night 
preceding  the  holding  of  a  great  court. 
But  by  far  the  most  interesting  of  these 
horns  is  the  celebrated  Wakeman's  Horn 
of  Eipon.  The  town's  wakeman  or  watch- 
man still  maintains  the  time  -  honoured 
custom  of  blowing  the  horn  to  give  notice 
of  the  nightly  setting  of  the  watch.  Every 
evening  at  nine  o'clock  three  loud  blasts  are 
sounded  before  the  mayor's  door,  followed 
by  another  blast  in  the  centre  of  the  market 
place.  The  beautiful  Wakeman's  Horn 
measures  2  ft.  6  in.  across,  and  is  covered 
with  purple  velvet.  The  fine  ornamental 
bands  and  mouthpiece  of  silver  belong  to 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  bawdrick  or  belt 
to  which  it  is  attached  is  also  of  purple 
velvet,  and  is  covered  with  a  remarkable 
series  of  silver  badges  commemorative  of 
past  wakemen  and  mayors.  The  oldest  of 
these  badges,  which  are  about  eighty  in 
number,  is  of  the  year  1515.  This  horn 
and  its  appendages  are  amply  illustrated 
and  fully  described. 

From  the  earliest  days,  the  corporate 
boroughs  of  England  have  enjoyed  a 
prescriptive  right  to  have  and  use  a 
common  seal,  which  may  be  broken  or 
changed  at  pleasure.  Mr.  Hope  considers 
that  Exeter  and  Taunton  possess  the 
earliest  seals,  circa  1180,  whilst  Ipswich, 
Dunwich,  Southampton,  and  Gloucester  are 
all  about  twenty  years  later.  The  earlier 
town  seals,  down  to  1340,  are  divisible 
into  two  chief  classes:  (1)  the  maritime 
towns,  bearing  a  single-masted  vessel,  and 
(2)  the  inland  towns,  bearing  a  building  of 
some  kind,  such  as  a  guildhall,  a  castle,  a 
gatehouse,  or  a  bridge.  It  was  not  until 
the  latter  half  of  the  fourteenth  century  that 
shields  of  arms  began  to  be  substituted  for 
these  earlier  compositions.  The  pages  in 
the  introduction  devoted  to  municipal 
heraldry  clearly  marshal  all  the  main  facts 
relative  to  this  generally  misunderstood 
subject.  Mr.  Hope's  broad  deductions  set 
many  a  disputed  j)oint  at  rest.  It  will  be 
a  comfort  to  those  towns  which  have  not 
paid  the  heavy  fees  for  grants  of  arms 
expected  at  the  Heralds'  College  to  read 
the  following :  — 

"From  1836  to  the  present  time,  about  one 
hundred  towns,  all  of  recent  incorporation, 
have  assumed  or  received  grants  of  arms  and 
crests.  The  larger  number  have,  of  course,  been 
formally  granted,  but  it  is  both  curious  and 
interesting  to  find  that  in  so  large  a  proportion 
as  forty  per  cent,  the  old  tradition  has  been 
followed,  that  a  town  might  assume  or  adopt 
whatever  armorial  bearings  it  pleased." 

Corporation  plate  is  but  fitfully  and  occa- 
sionally met  with ;  several  boroughs  sold 
their  plate  on  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Act 
of  1836.  The  collection  of  plate  belonging 
to  the  City  of  London  is  of  enormous  value 
and  extent,  but  has  no  special  antiquarian 
or  artistic  merit.  In  both  these  respects  the 
city  of  Norwich  is  without  a  rival.  Ports- 
mouth, Bristol,  York,  and  Oxford,  all 
possess  several  choice  pieces.  Only  two 
pieces  of  plate  earher  than  Elizabethan  date 
have  survived,  viz.,  the  exquisitely  enamelled 
standing  cup  of  King's  Lynn  of  fourteenth 


century  date,  and  the  Portsmouth  "  Bodkin 
Cup,"  which  was  made  in  1525-6.  Among 
the  numerous  occasional  pieces  of  a  mis- 
cellaneous character,  there  is  none  more 
remarkable  than  "  the  silver  chamber-pot 
at  York  (York,  1671-2),  which  holds  an 
unique  position  amongst  the  treasures  of 
our  corporations." 

It  is  difficult  to  praise  too  highly  the 
careful  research  and  accurate  information 
displayed  throughout  these  two  handsome 
quartos.  They  are  interesting  from  begin- 
ning to  end.  Not  only  are  they  of  value  to 
the  intelligent  inquirer  into  the  tangible 
evidences  of  the  past  municipal  customs 
of  his  own  borough  or  district,  but  they 
cannot  fail  to  be  a  decided  help  to  all 
students  of  the  town  life  of  England. 
When,  however,  the  amount  of  material 
here  brought  together  is  considered,  it 
would  be  vanity  to  expect  absolute  perfec- 
tion. Editors  are  but  human,  and  certain 
sins  of  omission  and  commission  cannot 
fail  to  creep  into  so  large  an  under- 
taking. The  following  are  among  the 
principal  errors  that  we  have  noted.  The 
four  small  maces  of  Northampton  are  aU 
copper  -  gilt,  not  silver  -  gilt  ;  there  is  a 
tobacco  -  box  and  a  snuff  -  box,  not  two 
tobacco-boxes ;  there  is  no  state  chair  of 
the  date  of  1822  ;  and  the  engraving  con- 
fuses a  1752  mace -stand  with  a  modern 
chair  on  which  it  rests.  The  two  silver 
badges  —  of  apparently  earlier  date  than 
any  mentioned  in  these  volumes  (save  pos- 
sibly those  of  Hereford)  —  worn  by  the 
hall-keeper  and  town  crier,  are  not  men- 
tioned ;  nor  is  there  any  account  of  the 
three  interesting  staves.  The  two  great 
processional  flags,  the  descendants  of  a 
long  train  of  worn-out  predecessors,  which 
are  the  unique  feature  of  Northampton  civic 
state,  are  barely  mentioned.  Northampton 
is,  we  believe,  the  only  town  that  carries  the 
royal  arms  on  a  flag. 

In  the  account  of  Grimsby  mention  is 
made  of  the  silver  flagon  given  to  the  cor- 
poration in  1707,  but  the  case,  which  is  an 
exquisite  piece  of  cabinet  work  of  that  date, 
inlaid  with  the  town  arms  and  beautiful 
flowing  scroll-work,  is  not  named.  The 
case  is  far  more  valuable  and  curious  than 
the  flagon.  Nor  are  a  pair  of  modern  silver 
candlesticks  mentioned.  It  is  to  be  feared 
that  the  second  small  silver  mace,  described 
as  "in  very  bad  condition,"  is  now  missing; 
at  all  events,  when  we  recently  inspected  the 
Grimsby  insignia  this  mace  was  not  with 
the  others. 

"A  complete  list"  of  Statute  Merchant 
Seals  is  printed  on  p.  101  of  the  introduction, 
but  it  omits  those  of  Carlisle  and  Leicester. 

Without  the  kindly  co-operation  of  a 
great  number  of  municipal  officials,  these 
volumes  covdd  never  have  been  produced. 
Mr.  Hope  generously  acknowledges  his  in- 
debtedness, and  sets  a  good  example  by 
always  mentioning  names  in  the  foot-notes. 
"  In  only  two  cases  out  of  all  the  cities  and 
towns  of  England  and  Wales  was  informa- 
tion refused  concerning  the  insignia  pos- 
sessed by  the  corporation."  In  his  i>reface 
Mr.  Hope  leaves  these  delinquents  un- 
named, but  they  occur  later  on  in  the  letter- 
press. It  is  just  as  well,  however,  that 
they  should  be  gibbeted — the  churlish 
officials  were  those  of  the  boroughs  of  Louth 
and  Berwick-upon-Tweed. 


THE   SOCIETY   OF   PORTRAIT   PAINTERS, 
NEW    GALLERY. 

There  are  many  eccentricities,  both  of  fancy 
and  execution,  in  this  exhibition,  and  there 
are  certainly  fewer  works  of  note  in  it  than  in 
any  of  its  forerunners.  Indeed,  it  must  be 
pronounced  the  least  meritorious  and  attractive 
of  the  series,  but,  as  there  is  no  need  to  dwell 
on  the  absurdities  which  disfigure  the  gallery, 
we  may  turn  at  once  to  those  works  that  really 
deserve  notice. 

Pre-eminent  among  the  pictures  that  illustrate 
those  fine  qualities  that  are  missing  in  many 
of  the  larger  portraits  is  the  three-quarters- 
length  miniature  in  oil  by  M.  Dagnan-Bouveret 
of  Paul  V.  Stetten  (No.  107),  a  brilliant  and 
highly  finished  profile  of  the  painter  standing, 
palette  on  thumb,  before  his  easel,  in  bright 
daylight :  a  work  full  of  colour,  strong,  yet 
delicate,  and  admirably  drawn  and  modelled. 
M.  Dagnan-Bouveret  is  a  master  of  tone  and 
luminous  tints,  but  he  seldom  paints  with  so 
Holbein-like  a  touch.— Close  to  this  admirable 
example  hangs  the  life-size,  three-quarters- 
length  Portrait — Madame  G —  (106),  a  sin- 
gularly luminous  and  pure  figure,  beautifully 
drawn,  of  a  comely  lady  clad  in  white, 
standing  in  full  open  daylight,  with  her 
hands  behind  her.  The  carnations  are  deli- 
cately painted,  and  modelled  to  perfection.  This 
portrait  is  by  M.  G.  Courtois,  and  suggests 
what  a  fine  Ghirlandaio  must  have  looked 
like  in  Ghirlandaio's  lifetime.  —  Mr.  T.  B. 
Wirgman's  Mrs.  W.  Hollins  (47),  a  skilfully 
painted  life-size,  three-quarters-length  portrait 
of  a  lady  wearing  a  rose-coloured  dress  and 
seated  on  the  edge  of  a  couch,  is  bright, 
spontaneous,  and  effective  ;  but  the  attenuated 
arms  are  not  well  drawn,  and  the  colour  is  bad 
owing  to  the  ugly  purple  curtain  hanging 
behind  the  figure. — Mr.  G.  Nicolet's  Miss  D. 
Nicolct  (49)  is  commendable. 

A  complete  curiosity  because  of  its  calculated 
roughness  is  M.    Carolus   Duran's   half-length, 
life-size,    full-face   portrait    of    Fritz    Thauloxv 
(59).     Cruder  than  usual,  this  remarkable  pic- 
ture  is    a    regrettable  proof    that    the   famous 
painter    has    condescended    to    sacrifice   for    a 
striking    tour   de   force    much    of   that    refine- 
ment which    makes    hira   a   better    and   more 
learned  Lawrence. — Very  pretty  and  sweet,  but 
all  too  smooth  and  almost  artificial,  is  Mrs.  Kate 
Perugini's  Dorothy  (64). — A  highly  clever  and 
charming     sketch     is     Mr.    J.    J.     Shannon's 
Marian  (70)  ;    it   is  distinguished   by  its   har- 
monious tones  and  tints.  —Lily  in  Dreamland 
(68),  a  girl  in  a  bright  chintz  dress,  by  Miss  H. 
Haihed,   is  another  clever  sketch,   one  of   the 
most  effective,  bold,  and  original  among  a  host 
of  dashing  pieces  of  chic.     The  expression  is  at 
once  pathetic,  true,  and  pretty. — Mr.  J.  Lavery's 
portraits  of  dashing  girls  with  bright  eyes,  red 
lips,  and  white  teeth  repeat  a  trick  of  portraiture 
which  is  chic  of  a  crude  sort  and  now  quite  worn 
out.     His  Miss  M.  Burrell  (84)  is  smart,  pre- 
tentious,  and  mannered,  but,  like  some  of  its 
companions    here   from    the    same    liands,    its 
cleverness  is  as  obvious    as  its  showiness.     In 
spite   of   this    the    works    of    Mr.   Lavery  de- 
serve to   be   separated    from   the    ignominious 
instances    where    drawing,    grace,    finish,    the 
charms  of   expression  and  veracity,  are  inten- 
tionally ignored  by  painters  who  seem  to  have 
received  nothing  which  can  be  called  education. 
The  distinguished  French  cranonnenr'M.  J.  E. 
Blanche  has  painted  in  oil  the  Hon.  31rs.  Talbot 
(2).    The  modelling  is  emphatic  ;  the  carnations 
are  good  ;  brightness,  breadth  of  light,  and  an 
animated  expression  characterize  the  work.     On 
the  other  hand,  G.  Moore,  Esq.  (8),  proves  an 
excess  of  fortitude,  not  to  say  audacity,  on  M. 
Blanche's  part,  in   putting  such   a  picture,    or 
rather  crude  experiment,  before  the  public.    His 
A.  Beardslcy,  Esq.  (10),  may  be  a  somewhat  cruel 
caricature,  and  would  elsewhere  than  here  seem 
still  more  ridiculous  than  it  is.    In  short,  the  pic- 


540 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


torial  freaks  of  this  clever  artist  do  not  enhance 
his  reputation  as  a  man  of  taste. — Very  clever 
indeed  is  the  Prince  P.  Troubetzkoy's  Mrs.  M. 
Grimshaw  (13),  a  whole-length,  life-size  figure 
reclining  in  a  chair,  in  a  veiled  light,  very  trans- 
parent, good  in  colour,  and  painted  v/ith  an 
afl'ectation  of,  rather  than  the  reality  of,  rough- 
ness.— On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  M.  Loudan's 
Terence  (3)  and  (in  the  same  manner,  but  still 
more  wonderful)  his  row  (not  a  group)  of  Children 
of  H.  Masse',  Esq.  (43),  are  slovenly  and  crude 
to  the  last  degree.  The  latter  is  beyond  all 
comparison  the  oddest  piece  of  portraiture  we 
ever  saw. — Herr  C.  von  Stetten  has  painted  G. 
Courtois  (4)  as  a  German  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury very  skilfully  and  attractively,  but  with 
some  defects  of  breadth  and  simplicity. 

Mr.   F.   Sandys's  Mrs.  Lewis  (6)  was  painted 
in  1864,  and  remains  remarkable  for  firmness, 
finish,  and  research.     It  possesses  the  charm  of 
genuine  veracity  ;  it  is  admirably  drawn,  but  so 
modelled  as  to   be    hard. — A  contrast   to    this 
work   is   furnished    by    Mr.   J.   M.    Whistler's 
Crimson    JSote  Carmen  (16),  a  picture  of   rare 
power,    yet     marred    by    deplorable     sluttish- 
ness    in    painting,    and,    on    the    whole,    not 
unlike     a     coarse     Goya.  —  The     Prince     P. 
Troubetzkoy's     group      of     Lady     Eden     and 
her    Children    (20)    may,    in     the    light    of    a 
recent  lawsuit,  not  be  without  interest  to  many 
besides    Mr.    Whistler.       It    is    brightly   and 
spiritedly  painted,  but  badly  proportioned,  has 
a  bad  surface,  and  is  almost  innocent  of  any- 
thing like  drawing. — Very  uninteresting  indeed 
is  the  whole-length,  life-size  view  of  the  back  of 
Miss  E.  L.  which  Herr  E.  Oppler  has  unwisely 
depicted,  and  still  more  unwisely  exhibited  here 
as  Dreams  (19).  This  hackneyed  exercise  in  black 
and  dirty  carnations  represents  a  lady  of  a  cer- 
tain age  standing  at  a  black  pianoforte  in  dark 
twilight. — Mr.  W.  Llewellyn's  Miss  A.  Jonson 
(23),  a  spirited  head,  has  a  good  design. — Mr. 
P.  H.  Calderon's  3Irs.  Bland  (25)  we  have  seen 
and   liked   before   now.     Yet,    although   broad 
and  ably  painted,  it  is  not  Mr.  Calderon's  best 
portrait. — But  the  other  day  we  commended  to 
our  readers  Mr.  Watts's  Mrs.  E.  Ellice  (27).  His 
^^  Sympathy,"   a    Portrait  (29),   a    lady  in    the 
dress  of  a  sisterhood,  is  worthy  of  the  artist  at 
his  best,  very  tender  and  pathetically  expres- 
sive,    fresh,     and     solid  :      quite     a     master- 
piece of  harmony  and  colour. — A  brilliant  and 
showy  crudity,  but  clever  in  its  way,  is  Mr.  J. 
Lavery's    Miss    Hutchison    (33).  —  Mr.    C.    E. 
Halle's  Mrs.  D.  Labalmondicre  (37)  is  graceful 
in    its    sentiment,  neatly   painted,    and,   while 
highly     accomplished,    perhaps     a     little     too 
smooth. — Most    spirited    and    skilfully  painted 
is    the  Hon.  J.  Collier's  Portrait  of  the  Artist 
(40),  an  excellent  likeness,  but  there  is  a  touch 
of   afl'ectation  in   its  forced   expression. — Tame 
and  tepid  is  Mr.  R.  Lehmann's  portrait  of  Robert 
Browninci  (83).  — On  the   contrary,   Mr.    C.    N. 
Kennedy's  Mrs.  C.  N.  Kennedy  (77),  a  recumbent 
figure  in  a  blue  dress,  is  at  once  well  drawn  and 
bright. — We  recommend  to  the  visitor's  atten- 
tion, but  not  necessarily  to  his  unalloyed  admi- 
ration, the  following  examples  of  various  kinds  : 
Mr.  A.  S.  Wortley's  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace  (11) ;  Herr 
F.   Thaulow's  The  Firstborn  (17)  ;    Mr.   H.   G. 
Herkomer's  Mrs.  A.  Mackenzie  (35);  the  Hon. 
J.  Collier's  Prof.  Huxley  (125),  which  has  been 
engraved  ;    Mrs.   L.  Jopling's  Miss  E.    Gibson 
(144) ;  Mr.  H.   van  Ruith's  portraits  in  Silver- 
Point    (167,   168,   184,   and  185);  and  Mr.    L. 
Ward's  General  Sir  E.  De  Bathe  (174). 


inherited  by  his  father  in  consequence.     Nine 
years  of  his  youth  were  spent  at  Ratcliffe  College, 
the  first  house  of  the  Rosminian  Order  in  Eng- 
land, after  which  he  gave  three  years  to  the 
study  of   philosophy  and   the  natural  sciences 
at     St.    Sulpice,    and     another     year    in    the 
Seminary  of  Eichstiidt.     He  then  entered  the 
English  College,  Rome,  and  in  1868  the  novi- 
tiate of  the   (Rosminian)  Institute  of   Charity 
on    Monte    Calvario   at    Domodossola.      After 
two   more   years   at   Stresa,    spent    in   further 
study,  he  was  finally  ordained  priest  at  Turin 
on  Trinity  Eve,  May  25th,  1872.     He  became 
successively    Rector    of    St.    Marie's,    Rugby, 
and   of    the   Mount,   Wadhurst,    Sussex  ;    and 
after  a  year  passed  at  Athens,  where  he  took  the 
opportunity  of  attending  regularly  the  lectures 
at   the    University   and    visiting   the   East,   he 
finally  became  President  and  Rector  of  RatclifTe 
College   in    1885.     He   had   joined   the   Royal 
Archaeological   Institute    in   1883,    and    before 
that  date  had  become  a  member  of  the  York- 
shire  ToiDographical    and   Archieological   Asso- 
ciation.    He  was  also  an  honorary  member  of 
the  Society  of  Christian  Arch.neology  of  Athens, 
and  of  the  Academy  degli  Agiati  of  Roveredo, 
in    Tyrol.     In  1884  he    was    secretary   to   the 
Antiquarian  Section  at  the  Newcastle  Congress  ; 
in   1887   he   was    made   vice-president   of    the 
same    section   when   the   Royal   Archreological 
Institute  held  its  meetings  at  Salisbury  ;  a  year 
later  he  accepted  the  invitation  to  be  president 
when  the  society  assembled  at  Leimington;  and, 
finally,  he  was  vice-president  of  the  Historical 
Section  at  the  London  Congress  of  1893.     He 
was  a  highly  valued  contributor  to   the  Athe- 
nccum,  the  Antiquary,  and  the  Reliquary.  Of  his 
archaeological  papers  may  be  mentioned  :  '  On 
the  Existence  of  a  British  People  on  the  Con- 
tinent known  to  the  Romans  in  the  First  Cen- 
tury,' '  On  the    Native   Levies   raised    by   the 
Romans  in  Britain,'   'A   Roman    Garrison    at 
Greta  Bridge,'   'On  the  Mining  Operations  of 
the  Ancient  Romans,'  'The  "  Pfahl-graben,"  ' 
'  On  the  Present  Prospects  of   Archaaology  at 
Athens,'  '  Some  Tombs  in  Crete  of  the  Age  of 
Mycenee,'  'Two  Assyro-Phrenician  Shields  from 
Crete, "On  the  Flabellum,"The  Friar-Preachers 
of  Blackfriars  of  Ipswich,'  'On  the  Use  among 
the  Greeks   of   the   Zeon,'    '  On   the  Religious 
Symbolism  of  the  Unicorn,'  and  '  On  Guildship 
in  Anglo-Saxon  Monasteries.' 

Besides  being  a  keen  archaeologist,  Father 
Hirst  took  interest  in  many  branches  of  litera- 
ture. In  1882  he  translated  and  published 
anonymously  a  volume  of  '  Religious  and 
Moral  Discourses  '  from  the  Italian  of  Antonio 
Rosmini,  of  whom  he  was  a  devoted  admirer. 
The  biographical  sketch  of  Rosmini's  life  and 
works  prefixed  to  this  volume  was  the  first 
accurate  account  of  that  profound  thinker  and 
writer  that  had  been  given  in  English,  and 
excited  some  attention  among  philosophic  theo- 
logians and  metaphysicians  outside  Father  Hirst's 
own  communion.  He  herein  describes  Rosmini 
as  living  and  dying  as  a  saint.  The  condemna- 
tion of  Rosmini's  doctrines  by  the  Supreme 
Congregation  of  the  Inc^uisitors  General,  in 
March,  1888,  though  expected  and  foreseen,  was 
a  great  blow  to  Father  Hirst,  and  he  made  no 
secret  that  he  should  feel  it  deeply  to  the  day 
of  his  death.  He  was  buoyed  up,  however,  by 
hopes  that  the  next  generation  would  see 
Pius  IX. 's  approval  of  Rosmini's  works  re- 
established. 


FATHER   HIRST, 

The  death  of  Father  Hirst,  the  well-known 
archa>ologist,  is,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  announced. 
For  some  fifteen  years  his  health  had  been  bad, 
and  he  had  a  serious  illness  last  winter,  from 
which  he  never  recovered.  He  was  born  on 
March  27th,  1843,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Hirst,  formerly  borough  magistrate  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Leeds  ChamV^er  of  Commerce.  He 
■was  a    convert    to    Romanism,   and    was   dis- 


work  quite  of  their  own  accord,  getting  volunteers 
from  among  their  men  to  dig.  As  I  saw  that  some 
of  the  images,  &c.,  were  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion, I  helped  tliem  with  regular  working  parties. 
The  work  was  hard,  and  the  weather  fairly  warm, 
so  I  hope,  in  time,  these  working  parties  will 
receive  some  remuneration  from  Government,  for 
all  the  best  images  and  frescoes,  and  the  above- 
mentioned  relic,  are  to  be  eventually  sent  to  the 
Imperial  Museum  at  Calcutta. 

F.  C.  Maisey,  Major  30th  P.I., 
4th  Brigade  Chitral  Force. 
Camp  Dargai,  12th  August. 

It  is  to  be  deplored  that  this  sort  of  misdirected 
work  should  be  allowed  to  go  on  ;  in  the  in- 
terests of  Indian  archaeological  research  it  should 
be  stopped  at  once.  The  plan  and  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  topes,  the  assortment  of  the  relics — 
all  is  completely  lost.  Not  one  of  these  Bud- 
dhist ruins  should  be  touched,  except  under 
the  superintendence  of  some  officer  capable  of 
making  an  accurate  sketch  or  photograph  of  the 
place,  followed  by  a  plan  to  scale,  and  an 
account  of  the  excavation  work  as  it  proceeds. 
It  is  evident  from  the  above  letter  that  many 
small  objects,  unimportant  and  worthless  in  the 
eyes  of  a  Sepoy,  must  inevitably  be  destroyed, 
and  in  many  cases  the  site  from  which  sculp- 
tures are  abstracted  would  be  unrecorded.  The 
images,  frescoes,  and  the  caskets  which,  thanks 
to  Major  Maisey,  are  eventually  to  go  to  the 
Imperial  Museum,  Calcutta,  thus  lose  their 
most  important  value.  Many  other  works  of 
ancient  art  doubtless  pass  into  the  hands  of 
ofiicers  with  the  force,  only  to  be  sent  home  to 
relatives  who  know  nothing  of  their  value  or 
history.  What  state  of  preservation  these 
buildings  in  Swat  are  in  is  not  stated,  but  this 
kind  of  excavation  must  assuredly  lead  to  ruth- 
less treatment.  On  the  other  hand,  if  it  were 
carried  out  under  competent  supervision,  all 
that  is  interesting  and  worth  removal  could  be 
secured  at  the  minimum  of  destruction,  and 
leave  the  ruins  for  the  interest  of  future 
travellers.  This  leads  one  to  ask,  What  is  the 
Archaeological  Survey  of  India  doing  that  they 
are  not  here  to  protect  these  most  interesting 
remains  1 

H.  H.  God  WIN- Austen,  Lieut. -Col. 


the   BUDDHIST   RELICS   IN   THE   SWAT  VALLEY. 
Shalford  Park,  Guildford. 

The  following  letter  appears  in  the  Pioneer 
Mail  of  August  21st,  1895  :— 

SiH, — A  few  days  ago  you  stated  in  your  paper 
tint  I  had  discovered  a  relic  of  ]?iid(lha  noar  here. 
1  write  to  inform  you  that  the  casket  coiitiiiiiins  the 
relic  was  found  by  .lemadar  Ohulam  AH.  of  my 
regiment,  when  he  was  having  a  small  Buddhist 
topo  dug  up.  This  native  officer  and  Subadar 
Fazldud  Khan,  of  his  company,  have  been  most 
energetic  in  digging  up  Buddhist  images,  and  set  to 


The  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil  Colours  has 
appointed  the  24th  and  25th  inst.  for  the  private 
views  of  its  winter  exhibition. 

Messrs.  Boussod,  Valadon  &  Co.,  the 
Goupil  Gallery,  Regent  Street,  Waterloo  Place, 
have  collected  many  modern  Dutch  water-colour 
drawings,  and  appointed  to-day  (Saturday)  for 
a  private  view  of  them.  The  public  will  be 
admitted  on  Monday  next. 

The  first  general  meeting  of  the  Hellenic 
Society  for  the  current  session  will  be  held  at 
22,  Albemarle  Street,  not  on  October  21st  as 
first  announced,  but  on  November  4th  at  5  p.m. 
Miss  Jane  Harrison  will  read  a  paper  '  On  the 
Enneakrounos  Question  ;  or,  the  Excavations 
on  the  West  Slope  of  the  Acropolis  in  Special 
Relation  to  Thucydides  ii.  15.' 

At  Mr.  Graves's,  Pall  Mall,  may  be  seen  a 
collection  of  "Sketches  in  Siam,"  by  Mr. 
E.  A.  Norbury.  These  works,  apart  from 
their  subjects  —  which  are  mostly  landscapes 
—  have  considerable  brightness,  and  treat 
with  spirit  some  unusual  atmospheric  con- 
ditions and  local  characteristics,  especially 
the  colour  of  the  foliage  and  herbage  of  the 
country.  Among  the  most  noteworthy  ex- 
amples are  No.  7,  the  exterior,  at  sunset,  of 
the  Temple  of  the  Elephant  near  Bangkok  ; 
the  brilliant  purplo  creepers  in  '  Flowers  on 
a  Lonely  Shore  '  (15) ;  and  '  Fishing  Boats  at 
Bang-Phra'  (38).— In  the  same  gallery  are 
shown  a  number  of  English  yuctures  of  land- 
scapes by  various  artists,  as  well  as  an  important, 
carefully  drawn,  and  characteristically  painted 
life-size,  full-length  nudity  by  Mr.  F.  Goodall. 
A  SHOUT  distance  west  of  the  Marble  Arch 


N<'3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE    ATHEN.3EUM 


541 


used  to  stand,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bays- 
water  Road  and  a  little  back  from  it,  an  ugly, 
commonplace  structure  forming  the  entrance  to 
the  disued  burial-ground  of  the  parish  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover  Square  ;  but  more  than  three 
years  ago  Mrs.  Russell  Gurney  began  to  carry 
out,  at  her  sole  expense,  a  scheme  which  she 
had  long  meditated,  and  which  included  the 
demolition  of  the  old  chapel,  rebuilding  it  in  a 
better  style,  and  having  the  whole  interior — 
a  simple  and  lofty  oblong  —  covered  with  a 
series  of  designs  illustrating,  on  the  west  side, 
the  Gospels  ;  on  the  east  side,  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles;  while  in  the  quasi  -  chancel,  i.e., 
behind  the  Communion  table,  larger  panels 
depict  the  Crucifixion,  Resurrection,  Ascension, 
and  Return  to  Judgment  and  Glory  of  the 
Redeemer,  with  secondary  figures  of  the  Christian 
virtues,  Faith,  Hope,  Love,  and  Patience.  The 
■whole  scheme,  including  some  minor  elements 
on  the  western  wall  surrounding  the  entrance, 
is  devised  to  set  forth  the  great  purposes  of 
the  Redemption,  as  developed  in  the  Patriarchal, 
Mosaic,  and  Christian  dispensations. 

For  the  building  Mrs.  Gurney  employed  Mr. 
H.  P.  Home  ;  for  the  wall  painting  she  secured 
the  enthusiastic  assistance  of  Mr.  F.  Shields, 
whose  numerous  wall-paintings  of  a  religious 
character  pointed  him  out  as  one  of  the  painters 
best  qualified  to  succeed  in  a  task  of  this 
ambitious  kind,  while  his  decorative  practice  and 
knowledge  of  style  were  likewise  in  his  favour. 
To  him,  accordingly,  Mrs.  Gurney  entrusted  the 
work,  and  ever  since  the  new  building  was  fit 
to  receive  its  decorations  he — having  selected, 
with  the  donor's  acquiescence  and  approval,  the 
sequence  of  subjects  to  be  painted — has  been 
executing  picture  after  picture,  until  a  very 
considerable  portion  of  the  whole  series  of 
designs  have  been  executed  in  oil  upon  canvas  j 
and  fixed  upon  the  walls.  The  panels  are  I 
divided  by  a  flat,  that  is,  unmoulded,  framework  j 
breaking  the  plane  of  the  walls  as  little  as 
possible.  The  tonality  and  colour  scheme  of  | 
the  whole  are  harmonious  in  a  marked  degree, 
greyish  and  pearly  hues  predominating,  while 
the  effect  of  the  entire  sequence  is  at  once 
bright,  soft,  and  very  homogeneous.  The 
figures  are,  as  a  rule,  about  five  feet  high, 
and,  of  course,  very  numerous,  while  as 
a  decorative  sclieme  tlie  pictures  are  impres- 
sive, though  bright  and  even  cheerful.  These 
general  details  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
importance  and  extent  of  this  comprehensive 
scheme  of  decoration,  to  the  details  of  which  we 
may  return  on  a  future  occasion.  At  present 
the  chapel  is  not  open  to  public  inspection. 

Collectors  of  the  more  precious  objects  of 
ancient  art  who  have  visited  Naples  will  all 
have  known  Gabriele,  in  whose  dingy  cabinet  in 
the  Salita  Salvator  Rosa,  near  the  museum, 
they  were  tolerably  sure  to  find  something  worth 
acquiring — some  rare  Cireek  coins  or  intaglios, 
an  antique  bronze  or  vase,  or  a  choice  piece  of 
Italian  Renaissance  art.  They  will  not  again 
ascend  those  not  too  fragrant  stairs,  since  poor 
Gabriele,  who  had  for  some  years  been  in  failing 
health,  is  now  dead.  To  a  wide  knowledge  of 
various  forms  of  art  was  added  in  Gabriele  a 
genuine  appreciation  of  their  finer  qualities. 
One  felt  that  his  were  not  the  stock  plirases 
of  puffery,  but  that  he  keenly  realized  the 
intrinsic  beauties  of  tlie  work  he  placed  before 
you,  brought  out  from  some  hidden  receptacle, 
for  his  best  tilings  were  not  oi)eii  to  all  coiners. 
He  asked  and  got  good  [irices  for  his  wares  ;  at 
the  same  time  lie  did  not  make  the  extortionate 
and  extravagant  demands  of  some  of  the  Italian 
dealers  of  to-day.  It  was  diliicult  to  believe 
that  the  misshapen  and  deformed  creature — in 
contrast  to  the  strikiugly  intelligent  countenance 
— had  once  been  the  2)rimo  hallerino  at  San 
Carlo.  His  first  career  was  terminated  by  a 
severe  accident,  which  left  him  physically  a 
wreck,  and  being  so,  by  the  force  of  indomital)le 
energy  he  acquired  that  marvellous  judgment  of 


works  of  art  which  placed  him  almost  in  the 
highest  position  in  the  line  of  life  he  adopted 
during  the  second  portion  of  his  career.  If  he 
had  been  able  to  endure  travel,  like  Castellani 
or  Plot,  he  would  probably  have  been  the  head  of 
the  antiquarian  confraternity.  Povero  Gabriele  ! 
With  his  exit  finishes  the  dynasty  of  the  great 
Italian  dealers. 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

CovENT    Garden    Opera.  —  'Tannhauser,     'Lohengrin,' 
'Faust,' '  The  Valkyrie.' 
Crystal  Palace  Concerts. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  on  all  grounds  that  the 
enterprise  of  Mr.  E.  C.  Hedmondt  in  offer- 
ing a  season  of  opera  in  English  of  which 
the  works  of  Wagner  form  a  special  feature 
will  meet  with  success.  At  the  same  time 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  by  the  temporary 
manager  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre  that 
the  "grand"  operas  on  which  he  is  pin- 
ning his  faith  require  most  careful  and 
artistic  treatment.  It  cannot  be  said  that 
'  Tannhiiuser '  was  finely  rendered  last 
Saturday  evening,  and  it  seems  hopeless  to 
expect  a  really  adequate  interpretation  of  this 
work  in  London,  though  nineteen  years  have 
elapsed  since  it  was  first  given  here.  On 
those  who  are  familiar  with  '  Tannhauser ' 
at  Munich,  Dresden,  Carlsruhe,  and  Vienna, 
leaving  Bayreuth  out  of  the  question, 
the  mangling  of  the  score,  the  poverty- 
stricken  arrangement  of  the  Venus- 
berg  scene,  the  feeble  chorus,  and 
the  lack  of  efficiency  in  some  of  the 
principals  produced  a  painful  impres- 
sion. Mr.  Hedmondt  himself  was  not  in 
good  voice,  but  he  acted  the  part  of  the 
Minnesinger  exceedingly  well  —  perhaps 
better  than  any  of  his  predecessors  in  this 
metropolis.  Miss  Alice  Esty  was  girlish 
and  vocally  agreeable  as  Elizabeth,  and 
what  little  was  not  cut  out  of  the  role  of 
Venus  was  excellently  sung  by  Miss  Eeco- 
schewitz.  By  far  the  finest  embodiment, 
however,  was  that  of  Wolfram  by  Mr. 
David  Bispham.  Whenever  ho  was  sing- 
ing a  sense  of  elevation  was  felt,  or,  in 
other  words,  the  idea  that  Wagner  was 
receiving  justice. 

'  Lohengrin '  on  Monday  was  somewhat 
more  effectively  given,  taking  the  perform- 
ance in  its  entiret}-.  Mr.  Hedmondt  was  in 
much  better  voice,  and  he  acted  as  the 
Knight  of  the  Swan  with  as  much  dis- 
tinction as,  if  not  more  than,  when  he  first 
appeared  in  Covent  Garden  at  very  short 
notice.  Miss  Alice  Esty  was  as  sweet  and 
womanly  in  the  part  of  Elsa  as  Madame 
Albani  in  1875.  More  than  this  could  not 
be  said  in  her  favour.  Mile.  Olitzka  gave 
her  highly  coloured  impersonation  of  Ortrud, 
and  perhaps  dominated  the  stage  rather  too 
much,  particularly  at  the  end  of  the  second 
act,  where  she  should  not  be  in  the  centre 
of  the  tableau,  but  should  be  seen  in  a 
threatening  attitude  in  tlie  background.  Of 
the  representatives  of  the  other  characters 
it  may  be  said  that  they  fulfilled,  their 
respective  tasks  carefully,  if  not  impres- 
sively ;  and  the  orchestra  under  Herr  Feld 
was  exceedingly  creditable. 

'  Faust '  was  given  on  Tuesday,  and 
again  the  performance  jiresented  sometliing 
to  praise  and  sometliing  to  blame.  Madame 
Fanny  Moody  repeated  her  charming  imper- 
sonation of  Margaret,  and  Mile.  Olitzka  was 


very  pleasant  as  Siebel.  As  the  hero  Mr. 
Brozel  sang  well  at  first,  but  was  too  rough 
in  the  love  music.  Mr.  Charles  Manners 
was,  as  usual,  dramatic  (some  might  say  too 
melodramatic)  as  Mephistopheles  ;  and  Mr. 
Goff  was  acceptable  as  Valentine.  The 
orchestra  under  Mr.  Glover  played  well, 
but  the  chorus  was  most  feeble,  and  Gounod's 
score  was  sadly  maltreated.  There  is  a 
mania  just  now  for  curtailing  masterpieces, 
conductors  ajiparently  beheving  that  they 
know  classical  composers'  intentions  better 
than  they  knew  them  themselves. 

The  first  performance  of  '  Die  Walkiire ' 
in  English  on  Wednesday  may  be  described 
as  an  unexpected  success.  The  experiment 
was  risky,  more  especially  as  some  of  the 
executants  were  entirely  unknown.  In 
fact  it  was  said  that  the  representatives  of 
Sieghnde  and  Briinnhilde  were  making  their 
first  appearances  in  opera,  and  if  this  is 
correct  their  success  was  all  the  more  strik- 
ing. Miss  Susan  Strong  sang  delightfully 
in  the  first-named  part,  and  so  did  Miss 
Lilian  Tree  in  the  second,  although  her 
appearance  did  not  suggest  the  idea  of  a 
massive  Valkyrie  maiden.  Mr.  Hedmondt 
as  Siegmund  sang  and  acted  well,  except, 
unfortunately,  in  the  lovely  '  Friihlingslied,' 
in  which  his  intonation  was  inaccurate.  As 
Wotan  Mr.  David  Bispham  was  wholly 
successful,  entirely  doing  away  with  the 
impression  that  the  character  must  neces- 
sarily be  wearisome.  It  would  be  impossible 
to  overpraise  the  conducting  of  Mr.  Hen- 
schel.  He  resisted  the  temptation  to  make 
large  excisions  in  Wagner's  score,  and  from 
first  to  last  he  held  the  orchestra  well  in 
hand.  If  subsequent  performances  are  as 
meritorious  Mr.  Hedmondt  may  at  any  rate 
be  congratulated  on  having  secured  one 
triumph  during  his  season. 

It  was,  perhaps,  well  advised  of  the 
directors  of  the  Crystal  Palace  to  offer  an 
unambitious  programme  at  the  opening 
Saturday  Concert  this  season,  for  the  actual 
fortieth  anniversary  of  the  establishment  of 
these  widely  esteemed  performances  is  to  be 
celebrated  to-day  by  a  special  scheme  con- 
sisting exclusively  of  items  by  British-born 
musicians.  English  art,  however,  was  not 
unrepresented  last  week,  for  two  "  Cha- 
racteristic Pieces  "  for  orchestra  by  Mr.  John 
Francis  Barnett  were  presented  for  the  first 
time.  These  are  called  '  Liebeslied '  and 
'  Im  alten  Styl,'  and  are  well  worthy  of  a 
composer  who  is  generally  at  his  best  when 
he  is  unpretentious.  The  '  Love  Song '  is 
pretty  and  simple,  and  the  piece  '  In  Olden 
Stylo  '  is  quaint  and  cheerful,  recalling  the 
dance  measures  of  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries.  Mr.  August  Manns's 
forces  had  more  arduous  work  in  Berlioz's 
Overture  to  '  Benvenuto  Cellini,'  the  Prelude 
to  '  Lohengrin,'  and  Beethoven's  Symphony 
in  c  minor,  all  of  which,  however,  were 
superbly  played.  M.  Achille  Kivarde,  a 
violinist  of  whom  highly  favourable  meution 
has  been  made  on  more  than  one  occasion, 
displayed  brilliant  execution  and  pure,  if 
not  very  powerful  tone  in  some  movements 
from  Lalo's  curious  '  Symphonic  Espagnole,' 
which  is  frequently  played  by  Sen  or  Sara- 
sate.  In  Mozart's  scena  "  Non  temer  "  Mile. 
Otta  Brouy  was  fairly  successful,  and  the 
violin  ohbligato  received  full  justice  from 
Mr.  n.  Celis,  the  present  leader  of  the 
orcliestra. 


542 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N**  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


Musical  fl>088ifif* 

Frequenters  of  the  Monday  and  Saturday 
Popular  Concerts  may  reasonably  hope  to  hear 
Signor  Piatti  again  during  the  forthcoming 
season,  as  the  health  of  the  veteran  violoncellist 
has  much  improved,  and  he  has  recovered  his 
executive  powers. 

Frau  Ida  Doxat,  who  sang  with  much  success 
in  the  recent  Wagner  cycle  in  Munich,  will  make 
her  first  appearance  in  London  at  one  of  the 
concerts  to  be  conducted  by  Herr  Felix  Mottl 
at  the  Queen's  Hall  next  month. 

The  first  concert  this  season  at  St.  James's 
Hall  took  place  on  Monday  afternoon,  this  being 
the  annual  entertainment  offered  by  Mr.  Percy 
Notcutt.  As  usual,  it  consisted  of  a  miscellaneous 
programme  of  huge  proportions  carried  out  by 
many  artists,  including  Miss  Macintyre,  Madame 
Amy  Sherwin,  Miss  Clara  Butt,  Madame  Hope 
Glenn,  Miss  Janotha,  and  Messrs.  Joseph 
O'Mara,  Edward  Lloyd,  David  Bispham,  and 
Santley.  Nothing  was  done  of  a  nature  to 
demand  serious  criticism. 

It  would  seem,  from  advices  received  from 
Manchester,  that  the  Gentlemen's  Concerts  are 
to  enter  on  a  new  stage  of  existence  if  support 
to  a  sufficient  extent  is  forthcoming.  Eight  per- 
formances are  to  be  given  during  the  season, 
three  of  which  will  be  orchestral,  with  Sir  Charles 
Halle  as  conductor.  Many  vocal  and  instru- 
mental soloists  of  the  highest  rank  are  engaged, 
and  hopes  are  expressed  that  the  old-established 
institution  may  be  once  more  placed  on  a  firm 
footing. 

The  Middlesbrough  Musical  Union,  one  of 
the  most  deserving  institutions  of  its  kind  in 
the  north  of  England,  announces  its  arrange- 
ments for  its  fourteenth  season.  The  first  pro- 
gramme, on  November  21st,  will  be  devoted 
entirely  to  Wagner,  including  the  Grail  scene 
from  'Parsifal.'  The  remaining  concerts  will 
take  place  on  March  12th  and  April  22nd,  and 
engagements  have  already  been  made  with  Herr 
Joachim,  Miss  Macintyre,  Mrs.  Helen  Trust, 
and  Messrs.  Paul  Ludwig  and  Leonard  Borwick. 

The  direction  of  the  Munich  Hoftheater  has 
decided  to  include  Herr  Kistler's  opera  '  Kuni- 
hild,'  about  which  so  much  has  been  written, 
among  the  novelties  of  the  present  season. 

A  concert  tour  on  the  Continent  for  Mr. 
Ben  Davies  and  M.  Tivadar  Nachez  has  been 
arranged  by  Mr.  Ernest  Cavour,  and  it  will 
commence  at  once. 


Tcrs. 
Wed. 


Fri. 

Sat. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert.  3,30,  Albert  Hall. 
Symphony  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Symihony  Concert  by  Matlonal  Sunday  League,   7,  Queen's 

Hall 
Covent  Garden  Opera.  7  45,  'The  Valkyrie.' 
Miss  Mary  Chattertim's  Annual  Concert,  8,  Brixton  Hall. 
Kichter  Concert.  8  .'W,  St  .James's  Hall. 
FriiQlein  Kisch-Schorr's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 

Misses  Sutro's Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera 
.  Pignor  Scalcro's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 

Herr  Reiecnauer  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
Miss  .\nnie  .Muirhead's  Concert  for  Children,  3,  West  Theatre, 

Albert  Hall. 
M.  Gustave  Pradeau's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Princes'  Hall, 
production    of  Kignor   pizzis  Opera  "i he  Bric-ii-Brac   'Will,' 

Lyric  Theatre 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

C0MET>Y.— '  The  Benefit  of  the  Doubt,'  Play  in  Three  Acts. 
By  A.  W.  Pinero. 

Those  -who  most  persistently  and  clamor- 
ously deny  the  claims  to  consideration  of  the 
Scandinavian  drama  will  scarcely  dispute 
that  the  Ibsonito  spur  has  acted  vigorously 
and  successfully  upon  the  sides  of  our 
domestic  dramatists.  Into  the  extent  of 
our  indebtedness  to  Ibsen  there  is  no  need 
to  inquire,  but  all  the  Lest  dramatic  work 


of  recent  days  shows  abundant  traces  of  his 
influence.  In  that  best  work  the  new  play 
of  Mr.  Pinero  must  be  counted.  In  the 
interest  and  significance  of  the  problem  it 
propounds,  in  the  power  of  its  character- 
ization, and  in  its  vigorous  satire  of  social 
affectations  and  follies,  it  may,  in  its  class, 
stand  comparison  with  most  past  and  any 
present  work.  As  a  study  of  feminine  nature 
little  in  Ibsen  is  more  revolutionary,  and 
little  in  Balzac  more  profound.  This  is  high 
praise,  but  it  is  merited.  No  pure,  sweet, 
ethereal  heroine  of  the  past  is  Theophila 
Eraser.  She  is  equally  far,  however,  from  the 
realistic  types  of  uncleanliness  and  depravity 
with  which  modern  fiction  is  crowded. 
She  is,  in  fact,  a  woman  of  the  day — saucy, 
intrepid,  slangy,  fast,  fond  of  playing  with 
fire  (as  what  woman  is  not),  but  clinging  to 
moral  as  she  clings  to  physical  cleanliness, 
and  much  for  the  same  reasons.  Her  in- 
discretions, which  are  not  to  be  denied, 
have  roused  the  anger  of  a  morbidly 
jealous  woman,  and  have  led  to  a  divorce 
suit,  into  which  she  has  been  dragged. 
Not  wholly  scatheless  has  she  escaped, 
since  the  judge,  in  rejecting  the  wife's  ap- 
plication, has  commented  upon  the  heroine's 
recklessness,  and  has,  as  he  says,  only  given 
her  the  benefit  of  the  doubt.  Conscious 
of  her  innocence,  and  counting  on  the  aid 
of  her  husband,  she  has  sought  what  best 
way  may  be  found  to  live  down  the  scandal. 
To  her  horror  she  finds  that  her  husband 
himself  has  been  impressed  with  the  sum- 
ming up  of  the  judge,  and  entertains  doubts 
concerning  her  honesty.  This  is  more  than 
she  can  bear.  Without  being  a  femme  in- 
comjyrise,  she  has  found  her  husband  more 
than  a  little  trying.  With  little  love 
for  him  at  the  outset,  sjie  has  come  to 
regard  him  with  tolerance,  and  to  resign 
herself  to  his  prolonged  absences.  To  be 
suspected  by  him  is  an  outrage.  She  sends 
him  back  his  ring  accordingly,  and,  like 
Norah  Helmer,  leaves  her  home.  Unlike 
Norah,  however,  she  goes  to  the  house  of 
the  man  imputed  to  her  as  a  lover.  Where 
else  can  she  go  ?  Is  she  not,  moreover,  honest, 
and  does  she  not  propose  to  remain  so  ? 
Her  visit  is  only  to  negotiate  a  temporary 
loan  with  which  to  effect  a  permanent  escape. 
Before  she  arrives,  however,  the  wife  who 
has  brought  the  action  for  divorce  has 
returned,  penitent  and  humiliated,  to  her 
husband,  and  is  in  possession  of  the  house. 
The  play  then  resolves  itself  into  a  contest 
between  the  two  women,  in  which  the 
heroine  is  treated  with  scant  loyalty  and 
generosity.  An  interview  with  her  lover, 
for  such  it  is  convenient  to  call  him,  which 
ends  in  her  defeat  and  proffered  surrender, 
is  overheard  purposely  by  the  wife,  the 
somewhat  pusillanimous  hero  having  placed 
her  within  earshot  with  a  faint  hope  that 
good  would  come  of  the  proceeding.  Not 
very  noble  or  impressive  is  this.  The  treat- 
ment is,  however,  better  than  the  theme, 
and  the  play  is  far  more  stimulating 
than  might  have  been  supposed  from  what 
has  been  told  concerning  it.  The  characters 
and  the  surroundings  of  the  two  women 
are,  in  fact,  depicted  with  extreme  skill ; 
the  minor  characters  are  traced  with  the 
hand  of  an  artist.  The  satire  of  social 
shams  is  clever  as  it  can  be,  and  the  entire 
tableau  of  modern  life  has  the  sincerity  of  a 
Tcniers.     The  dialogue  is  equally  excellent 


in  wit  and  in  appropriateness.  The  play, 
indeed,  though  portions  of  the  story  give 
one  a  frisson,  is  entitled  to  rank  amongst 
the  best  of  its  day. 

It  is  acted  with  praiseworthy  ensemble. 
Miss  Winifred  Emery  gives  an  admirably 
true  and  lifelike  picture  of  the  heroine, 
acting  with  customary  finish  and  delicacy 
of  style,  and  with  a  nervous  intensity  which 
belongs  to  the  highest  walks  of  comedy. 
Mr.  Cyril  Maude  supplies  one  more  sketch 
of  a  middle-aged  eccentric,  which  may  be 
assigned  a  foremost  position  in  his  admirable 
gaUery.  Miss  Eose  Leclercq,  Miss  Esme 
Beringer,  Mr.  Leonard  Boyne,  Mr.  Grahame, 
Mr.  Pigott,  and  other  actors  take  part  in  an 
excellent  interpretation. 


'Lion's  Heart,'  by  Messrs.  Shirley  and 
Landeck,  given  on  Monday  at  the  Princess's,  is 
a  powerful,  cumbrous,  and  old-fashioned  melo- 
drama from  the  French,  which  has  already  been 
seen  at  an  East-End  theatre.  It  furnished 
opportunity  for  a  good  piece  of  melodramatic 
acting  by  Mr.  Charles  Glenney  as  a  lion-tamer. 
It  is  artificial,  however,  in  construction,  and 
its  motive  can  scarcely  be  regarded  as  satisfac- 
tory. 

'Poor  Mr.  Potton,'  by  Messrs.  Clarence 
Haralyn  and  H.  M.  Paull,  a  three-act  farce  pro- 
duced at  the  Vaudeville,  is  successful  in  its  chief 
aim,  that  of  supplying  Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith 
with  a  part  in  which  to  exhibit  his  quaint  idio- 
syncrasy. The  story  is  too  slight  for  the  purpose 
it  is  intended  to  serve.  It  begins  in  fairly 
amusing  fashion,  grows  tedious  in  the  second 
act,  and  in  the  third  is  bolstered  up  by  pan- 
tomime. The  play  escaped  shipwreck  in  run- 
ning from  porfe,  but  can  scarcely  be  regarded 
as  seaworthy.  Good  performances  of  insignifi- 
cant characters  were  contributed  by  Mr.  Draycott, 
Mr.  T.  Terriss,  Miss  Homfrey,  Miss  Palfrey, 
and  Miss  Beet. 

The  Shaftesbury  Theatre,  which  has  known 
many  vicissitudes,  will  reopen  on  Monday  next, 
under  the  management  of  Messrs.  Morell  and 
Lewis  Waller,  with  the  'Home  Secretary'  of  Mr. 
H.  C.  Carton.  In  this  Miss  Lottie  Venne  will 
reappear  after  a  long  illness.  Other  parts  will 
be  taken  by  Messrs.  Waller,  F.  Terry,  Brook- 
field,  and  H.  Kemble,  Miss  Julia  Neilson,  and 
Miss  Maude  Millett. 

DuRiNCx  the  past  week  the  Garrick  Theatre 
has  been  closed  for  Mr.  Willard's  rehearsals  of 
'  The  Rise  of  Dick  Halward,'  which  is  produced 
this  evening. 

The  cast  with  which  '  The  Rivals '  will  be 
produced  at  the  Court  includes  Mr.  William 
Farren  as  Sir  Anthony,  Mrs.  John  Wood  as 
Mrs.  Malaprop,  Miss  Nancy  Noel  as  Lydia 
Languish,  Miss  Blanche  Horlock  as  Julia, 
Mr.  Sydney  Brough  as  Capt.  Absolute,  Mr. 
Sugden  as  Falkland,  and  Mr.  Brandon  Thomas 
as  Sir  Lucius.  It  remains  doubtful  whether 
the  health  of  Mr.  Wilfred  Clark  will  permit  him 
to  play  Bob  Acres. 

A  PLAY  by  Mr.  Manchester,  entitled  '  The 
Schoolgirl,' with  music  by  Mr.  Albert  Maurice, 
served  on  Monday  at  the  Standard  for  the 
reappearance  of  Miss  Minnie  Palmer. 


To     CORRESPONDKNTS.— J.   C.   P.— B.     S.— J.   B.   B.— P.   B. 

— B.  &  S. — received. 
Ko  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communicationf. 


Terms  oi  Subscription  by  Post. 
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Fur  Si::  Mouths       


N**  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


543 


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PART   II. 

THE   BOOK  OF  AUTUMN. 

CONTENTS. 

I.  Autumn  in  Nature — 

J.  ARTHUR  THOMSON. 

The  BIOLOGY  of  AUTUMN. 

MARGARET  ARMOUR. 

LOVE  SHALL  STAY. 

ROSA  MDLHOLLAND. 

UNDER  a  PUBPLE  CLOUD. 

II.  Autumn  in  Life — 

PATRICK  GEDDES. 

The  SOCIOLOGY  of  AUTUMN. 

SIR  NOEL  PATON. 

The  HAMMERER. 

SIR  GEORGE  DOUGLAS. 

COBWEB  HALL. 

HUGO  LAUBACH. 

NOVEMBER  SUNSHINE. 

III.  Autumoi  in  the  World — 

C.  VAN  LERBERGHE. 

The  NIGHT-COMERS. 

S.  R.  CROCKETT. 

The  SONG  of  LIFE'S  FINE  FLOWER. 

The  ABBfi  KLEIN. 

Le  DILETTANTISME. 

EDITH  WINGATE  RINDER. 

AMEL  and  PENHOB. 

RONALD  CAMPBELL  MACFIE. 
FAITHS  AVATAR. 

IV.  Autumn  in  the  Ncrth — 
6liS]£e  reclus. 

La  CITE  du  BON  ACCORD. 

WILLIAM  SHARP. 

The  HILL  WATER. 

JOHN  M'LEAY. 

The  BREATH  of  the  SNOW. 

SIR  NOEL  PATON. 

IN  SHADOWLAND. 

FIONA  MACLEOD. 

MUIMB  CHRIOSD. 

V. 

WILLIAM  MACDONALD. 
MAYA. 

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The  Lawnmarket. 
London  :  T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  Paternoster-square. 
America :  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  CO.,  Philadelphia. 


544 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3547,  Oct.  19,  '95 


NEW   AND    RECENT   BOOKS. 


A  TRILOGY  OF 
BOOKS     ABOUT     WALES. 

ITS   HISTORY,  LEGENDS,  FOLK-LORE,  &c. 
By  MARIE  TREVELYAN. 


DEDICATED  BY  GRACIOUS  PERMISSION  TO  HER  ROYAL 
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1.  Glimpses     of    Welsh     Life     and 

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Newcaatte  Chronicle. 
"Rich  in  the  traditions,  folk-lore,  and  romances  which  have  been 
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DEDICATED  TO  THE  IMMORTAL   MEMORY   OF  LLEWELYN  AP 
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The  WHIST  TABLE.     A  Treasury  of 

Notes  on  the  Royal  Game  By  "CAVENDISH,"  U  MOSSOP,  A.  C. 
EWALD,  CHAKLES  HEUVEY.  and  other  Distinguished  Players 
To  which  is  added  SOLO  WHLST  and  its  RULES.  A  New  and 
Revised  Treatise  on  "Solo  Whist."  containing  all  the  latest 
Alterations.  Additions,  and  Improvements,  by  Mr.  ABRAHAM  S. 
WILKS,  the  well-known  recognized  Authority  on  the  Game.  The 
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protciency     It  proclaims  its  au  hority  in  high  style There  is  also  a 

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Westminster  Gazette. 

HOURS  IN  MY  GARDEN ;   and  other 

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THOMAS   DE    QUINCEY:    his   Life 

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E.  Mackay.— A  SONG  of  the  SEA :  My  Lady  of  Dreams,  and  Other  Poems.     By 

ERIC  MACKAY,  Author  of  '  The  Love  Letters  of  a  Violinist."     Second  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo.  gilt  top,  5s. 

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and  for  the  right  things.     His  new  book  is  as  healthful  as  it  is  eloquent." — Globe. 

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Izaak  Walton.— The  LIVES  of  DONNE,  WOTTON,  HOOKER,  HERBERT, 


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[English  Classics. 


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W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie.— EGYPTIAN  TALES.     Translated  from   the  Papyri, 

and  Edited,  with  Notes,  by  W.  M.  FLINDERS  FETRIB,  LL.D.  D.C.L.     Illustrated  by  Tristram  Ellis.    Part  11. 
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W.  B.  Worsfold.— SOUTH  AFRICA  :  its  History  and  its  Future.     By  W.  Basil 

WORSFOLD,  M.A.     With  a  Map.     Crown  8vo.  >5s. 
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545 


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1.  A  HISTORY  of  S?A1N   by  ULICK 

BURKK. 

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X  CRI.ME.\N  LETTKKS. 

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PHV.S. 

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manner  in  some  scenes,  and,  indeed,  in 
his  '  Thrawu  Janet '  he  has  either  uncon- 
sciously borrowed  or  accidentally  hit  upon 
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Hogg." — Mr.  Andrew  Lang  in  Illustrated 
London  News. 

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able studies  of  psychology  in  the  English 
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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEKS  y  UMBER  contains— 
NOTES :— Field  and  Ben  Jonson— "  Sir  John  with  the  Bright  Sword"— 
Knecht  Kuprecht  and  Itobin  Good  fellow  —  Chest  in  Gnestling 
Church  — Poetic  Parallels  — John  liunyan— Tea  Gardens  — Komaii 
Roads  in  Herts— Black  Friars' Cminion  Hall— Marish- Sbakspeare. 
1623  Folio— Sir  J.  Gilbert -N.  Roscarrock — "Develop" — Kates  of 
Postage— Epitaphs— Antananarivo. 

QUERIES:— "The  Dismal  Science  "—"  Wisp"— "Sight "  :  "Soom"— 
Vow  of  Poverty— Register  of  Sherburne  Hospital— Homer  :  Omar- 
Sea  Streaks— H.  Blackett- Sir  R  Peake— K.  Gales-Kuined Churches 
—Engravings—"  Pot-boiler  "—Royal  House  of  Stuart—"  Thraster  "  ; 
"Grildler"- Size  of  Heads— Curious  Names  — Carrington-' Hull' 
or '  Ganges  '—The  'Thames  :  "  Pontifex  Maximus  " :  Dicker. 

REPLIES  :— Two  Archdeacons  of  Taunton— Burial  of  Queen  Isabella- 
Napoleon's  Imperial  Guard— Malta— Saxton  Family — 'rooth-Brusbes 
—Engravings  by  Faithorne— Carlyle  Relic— Marshalling  by  Quarter- 
ing— Lichfield— J.  Rogers— 'roadstones— Turnpike-Gate  Tickets— The 
Transfiguration — Florio  —  "Lanky  Man"  —  Bear's  Wood  Green — 
Early  Life  of  Anne  Boleyn  —  Armada  Tables  —  Witham — Archer 
Family  — Odd  Volume- Miami  Cniversity  —  Pragell  Family  — 'A 
Sparke  of  Friendship  '  —  Belgian  Name  —  Portrait  of  Warren 
Hastings— The  "Coulin"— The  Waterloo  Ball— Pitch  ol  Cheeses— 
Cartmel  Church — 'rhe  Sun  and  the  Fire — W.  Byrne,  Engraver — 
Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson— Discovery  of  Evelyn's  'Memoirs' — 
Spanish  Grandees— Gower,  the  Poet—'  Young  Lochinvar.' 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Graves's  '  Dictionary  of  Artists '— Calin's  '  Chinese 
Games  ^vith  Dice  and  Dominoes,'  &c. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES:— Division  in  Music— The  River  Eftra— South  Benfleet  Church 
—A  Fiddler  in  1394— Day  of  the  Month — "Poison"—  'Cawbogue  ' 
—  "Leger-Iine  ■'  —  "Sun-dog" — Dorset  Dialect  —  "Children  and 
chicken,"  &c  — M.P.s  in  'Diet  Nat  Biog.'— English  Judgment  of 
Art — "  Servery  "—Motto  for  '  N.  &  Q.'— Dr.  >;.  Heynes-"  Comfort- 
able "— H.  Grey,  Duke  of  Suffolk— Literature  v.  Science. 

QUERIES  :— 'Wagell- Warwinckle— Waskite— Mary  Russell— Origin  of 
Motto— Human  Sacrifice-"  Winchester  Watch" — Madame  "N'estris — 
Bardwell,  Painter  — Glamis  Castle  — "A  counsel  of  perfection  "— 
Niello  Cup— Charterhouse  in  Edinburgh- 'Uyster  of  Veal"— Sin- 
eaters— Napoleon's  Imperial  Guard- Klectric  Light— Basel  Univer- 
sity-Bird Names— Mary  Pontifex -"Heart  of  hearts  "— Leitchtown 
and  Gartur  Arms — .Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Church  Registers— Roman  Roads— Mary  Herbert— Countess 
of  Pembroke— "  Madam"— "  Oaken"— -Running  the  Gantlope  "— 
Arms  of  Canterbury— "  Rumford  Soups  "-Freemason  Female  Charity 
—Goldfinches  Poisoning— Thatched  Churches— 'Does  your  mother 
know  you're  out.'" — ■  Frankenstein '—First  Earl  of  Ripon — Welsh 
Place-names— Moon  and  Weather— Philip  II  of  Spain— Grace  Cur- 
ran— Hops— "  Dictate  "— •  Kalevala ' — "  Muggleswick  "—Motto  of  the 
'Thistle— Colne  Priory— Pope  Joan— Robin  of  Kidsdale— "  Abif  "  — 
Maypoles— Gretna  Green— Bull-roarer— Hay  in  Church  Aisles— Rain 
at  Cherra  Poonjee. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Mrs.  Boger's  'Bygone  Southwark '— The  Month's 
Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Contents,  OCTOBER  5. 
NOTES:  — Casanoviana  —  "Three  Estates  of  the  Realm"  — Bishops' 
Transcripts-Cambridge  —  Lichfield —  "  Cane  "  In  'N.E.D.'— }iat  = 
Batter— "Jumping  Peerages  "—Mrs. = Messrs. 

QUERIES  :— W  Beckford- W  Byrne— A  Nicol— Pigtails  in  the  Navy 
-Rain  at  Cherra  Poongee— Graham  M  P  s— An  Essex  Pamphlet- 
J  J  Halls— Accent  on  "Response  "—J. 'I'ouneys— Warren— Heraldic 
— "Rhine  "  —  Lucas  Family  —  Saxtou  Family  —Author  AVanted — 
Quadrille— R.  Luck—"  Poores  house  "—Two  old  Jugs— Visto. 

REPLIES  :— Sash  Window— Coincidences— Mary  Magdalene— Gallett- 
Barclay's  '  Euphormio '—Zodiac  Rings  — Dilligrout  — Black  Bess- 
Church  Choirs- Deputy  Philazer  :  Clerk  of  the  outlawries- English 
Cardinals- Sir  Gore,  of  Sacombe— Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson— 
" Diggings "= Abode  — "Only  "  —  Quarterstaff— Stamp  Act,  17a5— 
'  Slubber-Degullion  "— '  'The  King's  Quair  —  "  Hang  out  the  broom  " 
— "  A  Pot  of  Ink  '—Rock  in  the  Mosque  of  Omar— A  'Tweedside 
Kettle— "Chanticleer"  of  the  Gospels— Parish  Charities— "  Dfbon- 
naire  "-Bishopric  of  Achaden— 1'  Palmer— Cupples— Mrs.  Sophia 
Williams— Curious  Nautical  Punch  -  bowl  — "  Poor's"— "Chum"— 
King's  Evil—  Ships  that  pass  in  the  Night ' —  Hamilton's  and 
Ligonier's  Dragoons— Hicks  Family— Tray,  Name  of  a  Dog. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Bates's  'History  of  n en: hum' eriand '—Barber's 
'  Purness  and  Cartmel  Notes '— Prii  gle's  '  D  ary  ol  the  Governor  of 
Fort  St.  George.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Contents,  SEPTEMBER  28. 

NOTES  :— The  Burial  of  Isabella,  Queen  of  Edward  II —Letters  of  Lord 
Nelson— 'Ihomas  Palmer- i  he  Battle  of  Kllliecrankie  and  the  Death 
of  Claverhouse— Records  by  Kail  and  Sea—'  Rule  Britannia  — 
Cardinal  Maury— Chestnut  'Iree  at  Albury— Signboard— Discovery  of 
John  Evelvn's  '  Memoirs'— "Informatory  "—A  Highland  Legend- 
Dean  Alford  and  Dr.  Tregelles— Literary  Parallels  in  Browning. 

QUERIES  :— Malta— 'Aurora  von  Konigsmark '—"Floss  —  Berriman 
and  Hearn  Families— Colne  Priory— .MP  s  for  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme— '  A  Sparke  of  Friendship.'  &c  — The  Edelweiss— Bishopric  of 
Achaden— Spanish  Slang— The  Wate  loo  Hall— A  Pitch  of  Cheeses- 
Superstitions- Punch  as  an  En^'l.sli  Beverage— Epitaphs :  The 
Huntrodes  Epitaph— Sons  Wanted— Saint  Trunion- Cox  Family— 
The  Word  "Hyperion"— Knights  made  in  Ireland,  1618— Wakefield 
Railway. 

REPLIES:— Sunday  Markets— Richard  of  Cirencester— Roman  Roads 
— Langua^je- Samuel  Briscoe— The  liurial  of  Sir  John  Moore— 
Captain-Lieutenant-History  and  Romance-  Human  Hibernation' 
—Pronunciation  of  Place-names— The  Burial-places  of  Sir  Thomas 
More  and  Bishop  Fisher-l'rickly  I'ear- Priests' Orders-Dispensa- 
tions for  Polygamy— Archer  Family— Ihe  Humble  Bee  — Hag  to 
Summon  to  Church —  "  Battlet"ig";  "Landlady":  "Boggart  — 
"Gavel"— Waterloo  Banquet  — The  Andrew  Wlllaw  Bequest  — 
O'ilrien-  De  Brvan  — "Outsider"  — Dante's  Geography-Kentish 
M  P  s-Collins's  '"ode  to  the  Passions  '-Sir  Robei  t  Clarko-Diclun- 
son-Leyrestowe— Portrait  of  Warren  Hastings-Dickens,  Zola,  and 
"Snontoneous  Combustion  "  — MacDougall  of  Lome -- Channel 
Islands-Charles  Turner,  Engraver-'  Woful  -"l  ncut  Booka- 
Kenting  —  Churchyard  Curiosities-Gilbert-'  Retiral  -  Huguenot 
Records-London  Street  Signs-Movable  Types— Baron  Metge. 

NOrES  on  BOOKS  :-Honslow"a  'Origin  of  Plant  Structures -Swift's 
■Life  and  Times  of  James  I.  of  Aragon '— Lyon  s  'Chronicles  of 
Finchainstead  —  Tragico-Comadla  dc  Sancto  Vedasto,' edited  by 
Dr.  Sparrow  Simpson. 

Notices  to  Correspondents.    

Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  i'^d.  each. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
Bream's  -  buildings.   Chancery- lane,   B.C 


N°  3547,  Oct.  19, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


547 


DIGBY,  LONG^CO.'S  LIST. 

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548 THE    ATHEN^UM N"  3547,  Oct.  1 9, '95 


HANSAED'S    PARLIAMENTARY  DEBATES 

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f otimal  Of  (Bnc^li^i)  anti  S'ovtim  2CiUratiire,  Science,  tJje  fint  9ivt^s>  Mn^it  antr  tl^e  ©rama* 


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SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    26,   1895. 


PRIOB 
THSBBPBNCB 

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SEVENTEENTH  SESSION,  1893. 
NOTCmber  4.  The  President's  Annual  Address—'  Time  as  an  Appear- 
ance.' TIT.  BEHNARD  BOSANQUET 

November  18.  Mr.  E.  C.  BENECKE,  'Then  priori  Element  in  Know- 
ledge.' 
December  2.  Mr.  G.  F.  STOVT,  M  A.,  'Voluntary  Action.' 
Beeember  16.   Mr  CLEMENT  C.  J.  WEBB,   'Aaselm's  Ontological 
Proof  of  the  Existence  of  Goi' 
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NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 


u 


The  LECTURESHIP  in  MARATHI  is  VACANT.    Early  application 
sliould  be  made  to  the  Secretary,  who  will  give  further  information. 
J.  M.  HORSBUKGH.  MA.,  Secretary. 

THE    HIGH    SCHOOL    of    GLASGOW. 


The  SCH'JOL  BOARD  of  GLASGOW  invite  applications  for  the 
post  or  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  ENGLISH  DEPARTMENT.  Salary 
not  less  than  400).  per  annum  —Applications,  stating  age  and  qualiflca- 
tions,  with  sixteen  printed  copies  oj  testimonials,  must  be  lodged  on  or 
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THE    GLASGOW    and    WEST    of    SCOTLAND 
TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 


CHAIK  OF  MATHEMATICS. 
The    Governors   invite    applications    for   the    CHAIR  of    M.ATHE- 
MATICS.  rendered  vacant  by  the  death  of  Professor  Kaitt. 

Intending  applicants  will  receive  particulars   of   the  appointment 
from  the  undersigned. 

JOHN  YOUNG,  MA.  B  Sc,  Secretary. 
38,  Bath-street,  Glasgow.  October  13, 1895. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES. 
(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales  ] 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Chair  of  LOGIC.  PHILOSOPHY, 
and  POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  now  vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council 
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Professor  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of 
the  New  Y'ear  — For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  MA,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  October  21, 1895. 


B 


OROUGH      of       PLYMOUTH. 


The  Technical  Instruction  Committee  invite  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  SCIENCE  TECHNOLOGICAL 
and  COMMERCIAL  DEPARTMENT  of  their  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS. 
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A  statchient  of  duties  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

Applications,  stating  age.  with  copies  of  testimonials,  which  will  not 
be  returned,  together  with  the  names  and  addresses  of  three  referees 
to  be  forwarded  on  or  before  November  15  to  ' 


£l,200.~'^'200  ^  year  guaranteed.— The  London 

^    „  Correspondent  of  three  important  Daily  Papers,  and 

?vaVi^P/xf-J.°!^^',nvw.''""??,''"'''*'""^  Newspaper  Syndicate,  requires  an 
AShlJIAM  fcDIlOR.  willing  to  take  a  quarter  share  in  the  business 
To  a  Lady  or  Gentleman  capable  of  writing  good  English,  and  desirous 
of  pleawant  and  remunerative  employment,  the  position  would  ofler 
many  advantages  Fullest  investigation,  and  books  ready  for  account- 
ant-Address B.  BiH.N-Err,  Esq  ,  Solicitor,  G,  Henrietta-street,  Covent- 
eardcn,  >\  .C. 


T'O  AUTHORS.— WANTED,  for  a  Monthly  Pub- 

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T^HE  Advertiser  is  desirous  of  meeting  with 
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cipals only  — H  ,  28.  Bassett-road.  London.  W. 

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JL  desires  to  meet  ONE  or  TWO  GRNTLEMEN  having  lo.iXM  at 
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T  NFORMATION  as  to  the  OWNERSHIP  of  any 

J-  Original  Works  of  the  Rev.  M.  W.  PETERS,  R  A  .  will  be  gladly 
received  by  Augustin  Rischgit^,  42,  Linden-gardens,  W.,  who  is  com- 
piling a  Catalogue  of  this  Artist's  Pictures. 

n[^YPE-WRITING.— 15.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 

A  by  arrangement.  Examination  Questions  reproduced  equal  original 
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quantities  by  arrangement.  Translations.  —  Ed.  Gkahim,  Surrey 
Chambers,  172.  Strand,  W.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
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RESUME  BUSINESS  as  a  PUKLISHER  on  his  own  account  upon 
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New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


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N.W. 


MR.    HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  have  recommenced. 
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lyrAIDSTONE     GRAMMAR     SCHOOL, 

A  HOUSE  SCHOLARSHIP  in  CLASSICS,  of  til.  a  Year  (covering 
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be  sent  in  to  the  Head  Master  before  November  15. 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
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duates) gives  Advice  and  -Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
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all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bebvor,  MA.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W  C. 


n^O     AUTHORS.— The     MARLBOROUGH 

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No  preliminary  f«e3.  Prospectus  free  on  application— Marlborough 
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THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Establislied  1870, 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Patemoster-row.  'rhe 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
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with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted  Thirty  tears'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing  Consultation 
free  — Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
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SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
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tising and  Publishing  conducted. 

Telephone  65,121.    Telegraph,  "  Alricatilsm,  London." 


A 


RTHUR    JAMES    BOURLET    Deceased. 


Pursuant  to  Statute  22  &  23  Vic.  Cap.  35  intituled  "  An  Act  to  further 
amend  the  Law  of  Property  and  to  relieve  Trustees "  NOTICE  IS 
HEREBY  GIVEN  that  all  creditors  and  other  persons  having  any 
claims  or  demands  against  the  Estate  of  ARTHUR  JAMES  BOURLET 
late  of  17  and  18  Nassau-street  Middlesex  Hospital  and  of  16  Parkhurst- 
road,  HoUoway  Carver  and  Gilder  and  Picture  Frame  Manufact«rer 
deceased  (who  died  on  the  5th  day  of  June  last  and  whose  Will  was 
proved  in  the  Principal  Registry  of  the  Probate  Division  of  Her 
Majesty's  High  Court  of  Justice  on  the  1st  day  of  July  last  by  William 
Hardy  and  Robert  Langford  the  executors  therein  named)  are  hereby 
required  to  sen*  in  particulars  in  writing  of  their  claims  or  demands  to 
me  the  undersigned  the  Solicitor  for  the  executors  on  or  before  the 
Slst  day  of  December  next  after  which  date  the  executors  will  proceed 
to  distribute  the  assets  of  the  deceased  amongst  the  persons  entitled 
thereto  having  regard  only  to  the  claims  and  demands  of  which  they 
shall  have  had  notice  and  they  will  not  be  liable  for  the  assets  of  the 
deceased  or  any  part  thereof  so  distributed  to  any  person  or  persons  ot 
whose  claims  and  demands  they  shall  not  then  have  had  notice  And 
further  take  notice  that  in  case  any  such  claims  or  demands  relate  to 
any  picture  or  pictures  deposited  with  or  entrusted  to  the  said  Arthur 
James  Bourlet  fuU  particulars  must  be  given  of  the  name  of  the  artist 
and  subject  of  such  picture  or  pictures  for  the  purpose  ol  identiflcatlon. 

Dated  this  9th  day  ol  October  1895. 

A.  J.  HARMAN, 
143,  Great  Portland-street.  W., 
Solicitor  for  the  Executors. 

FRANCE.— The     ATHEN/EUM     can    be 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES.  BHACLLEU-SUR-MEK,  BIARRITZ,  BOB- 
DEAU.K,  BOULOGNE-SUa-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLB,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOUSP, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rne  de  RiToU,  Paris. 

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Special  Business— finding  Books  wanted  (Ancient  or  Modem). 
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Gratis  on  application, 

q^HE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  1. 

JL      Monthly  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 
H.  GREVEL  &  CO  ,  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 


COUNTY  HISTORIES  and  Miscellaneous  Topo- 
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London,  W. 

Just  issued, 

CATALOGUE   of   FRENCH   BOOKS   at   greatly 
reduced  prices.    I.  PHILOSOPHY.    II.  RELIGION. 
DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho-square,  London. 

'"FHREEPENCB   in   the  SHILLING  DISCOUNT 

JL  on  nearly  all  Books  in  General  Literature.  Orders  by  post 
receive  prompt  attention.  Catalogues  free.— Bickers  &  Sox,  Leicester- 
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Greek,  Eoman,  Saxon,  and  Enfflish  Coins,  ^c,  including  the 
"  Crondall  Hoard"  of  Meroviyiqian  Coins;  the  Collection  of 
the  Rev.  E.  DUKE;  and  that  of  HVGH  OWEN,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHERY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  .4.UCT10N,  at  their  House,  No.  1.3,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  FRID.AY,  November  1,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
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very  remarkable  find  of  Saxon  and  Merovingian  Gold  Coins,  together 
with  a  Jewel,  known  as  the  "Crondall  Hoard,"  formerly  the  Property 
of  the  late  ANTHONY  LEFROY,  Esq  ,  of  Leghorn,  Italy,  now  that  of 
C  MAXWELL  LEFROY,  Esq  ,  of  Crondall,  Hants;  and  the  COLLEC- 
TIONS formed  by  the  Rev.  E  DUKE.  FGS.,  R.  P.  GREG,  Esq  ,  and 
HUGH  OWEN,  Esq  ,  F.S.A.,  Author  of  '  Two  Centuries  of  Ceramic  Art 
in  Bristol.' 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


Miscellaneous  Boohs,  including  the  Library  of  a  Gentleman. 

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at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely.  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKs' 
including  the  LIBRARY' of  a  GEN'i'LE.MAN,  comprising  Claude's  Libei- 
Veritatis— New  Bon  Ton  Magazine,  6  vols  — Dryden's  Works,  18  vols.— 
Rogers's  Italy,  Large  Paper— Dugdale's  Warwickshire— Hasted's  Kent- 
Chinese  Native  Drawings— Lear's  Parrots— Keller's  Lake-Dwellings  of 
Switzerland— Hogarth's  Works— Ruskin's  Modern  Painters— Portfolio, 
9  vols.  —  (Caricatures  by  Gillray  and  Rowlandson  —  Spanish  MS.  on 
A'ellum,  with  Miniatures— Scott's  Novels,  48  vols.— Books  on  Napoleon 
—Works  of  Art,  Architecture,  Decoration,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Rare  Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester -square,  W.c.  on 
MONDAY',  November  4,  and  Following  Day,  at  6  o'clock  precisely,  rt 
COLLECTION  of  RARE  BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POST- 
AGE sr.AMPS,  including  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  recently- 
deceased,  by  order  of  the  lixecutors. 

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Books  from  the  Libraries  ofih".  late  T.  BODDINGTON,  Esq., 
the  late  ARCHDEACON  HARRISON,  and  others. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington-street, 
Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  November  4,  and  'Three  Following  Days,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS 
from  various  PRIVATE  LIBRARIES,  including  those  of  the  late 
THOS  BODDINGTON,  Esq  ;  the  REMAINING  PORTION  of  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  ARCHDEACON  HARRLSON  ;  a  PORTION  of 
the  BIBLICAL  and  GEOGRAPHICAL  LIBRARY  of  Sir  GEORGE 
GROVE,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs  FOR.S'TER ;  the  LIBRARY  of 
the  late  GEORGE  SCAMELL  (sold  by  order  of  the  Executor) ;  BOOKS, 
the  Property  of  an  HONOURABLE  MEMBER  of  the  LEGISLATIVE 
COUNCIL  of  NEW  ZEALAND,  the  whole  comprising  First  Editions  of 
the  Works  of  Keats,  Prof,  Itusliin,  Bewick,  Blake,  Dickens,  'Thackeray, 
Lever,  &c— Books  on  the  Fine  Arts,  Caricatures,  Voyages  and  Travels, 
&c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  four  stamps. 


Engravings,  including  the  Collection  of  the  late  Mrs.  FOSTER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1'!.  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY'.  November  11,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  i;NGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio), 
DRAWINGS  of  PORTRAITS,  &c  ,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs. 
FO.STER;  also  ENGRAVINGS  by  OLD  MASTERS  and  a  large  COL- 
LECTION of  INITIAL  LETTERS,  the  Property  of  a  COLLECTOR; 
'Theatrical  and  other  Portraits— Fancy  Subjects — Framed  Engravings 
after  Landseer  and  others — and  a  few  Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Oil 
Paintings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selection  of  Books,  the  Property  of  a  Legal  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHERY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1.3,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC.  on  WEDNESDAY,  Novtmber  1.').  at  1  o'clock 
precisely  a  SELECTION  of  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a  LEGAL  GEN'TLE- 
MAN,  consisting  of  First  Editions  of  Works  by  Dickens,  'Thackeray, 
Surtees,  Ruskin.  and  other  modern  Popular  Authors  — an  extensive 
Collection  of  Works  illustrated  by  Bewick.  Geo.  Cruikshank.  Leech, 
l*hiz.  and  other  artists— and  other  Properties,  comprising  Works  in 
most  Classes  of  Litei-ature. 


May  be  viewed  two  days  prior. 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


Catalogues  may  be  had  ,  if  by  post 


The  Library  of  the  late  W.  C.  RULE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Hou^e,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC  .  on  THUkSDAY,  November  14.  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  W.  C  RULE,  Esq. 
(sold  by  order  of  the  Administratrix),  and  other  Properties,  comprising 
rare  and  curious  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  Dorat.  Les  Biisers, 
1770,  and  Falilcs  Nouvelles,  1773,  both  on  Large  Paper— l*ine's  Horace, 
1731-7 — La  Fontaine,  Conies  et  Nouvelles,  176:.',  and  other  Editions— 
'The  Heptameron  of  Marguerite  of  Navarre,  best  Edition,  1780-1— Groses 
Antiquities  of  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  12  vols,,  &c. — 
Knight's  Account  of  Ancient  Woiship  at  Isernia,  1786— Banier's  Ovid, 
two  copies  1767-70— Cervantcs's  Don  (iuixote,  4  vols.  Large  Paper,  India 
pi'oofs,  1818,  &c  — Galerie  de  Florence,  4  vols.  India  proofs,  1819— Gould's 
Birds  of  Great  Britain,  original  subscriber's  copy,  in  25  parts,  186-'-7'J,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHERY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  VV C.  on  MONDAY.  November  18  and  Five  Following 
Days,  the  FIRS'T  PORTION  (ANCIENT  BRITISH  and  ANGLO-SAXON 
SERIES)  of  the  very  valuable  and  extensive  COLLECI  ION  of  (;()INS 
formed  by  the  late  HY.MAN  MONTAGU,  Esq  ,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President 
of  t^e  Numismatic  Society. 

Such  a  Collection  for  coinpletencas  and  richness  has  hitherto  never 
been  ort'ered  for  public  sale  It  comprises  in  the  Ancient  British  Series 
Staters  and  (iuaiter-Staters  of  Venice,  Kppillus,  Epaticcus,  and  ("uno- 
belinus,  many  unpublished  ,  and  in  the  Ani;lo-Saxon  Section  the  series 
of  Pennies  of  Offa  and  ('vnetbrytli  is  unrivalled,  as  also  are  tho.se  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  the  Kings  of  Kent,  East  Anglia,  and 
Northumbrla.  That  of  W  esaex  includes  the  most  rcmirkahle  coins  of 
Ecgbeorbt,  Aethelwulf,  AeUred,  Ea'lweard  the  Elder,  Aethclstan,  Eadrcd, 
Eadwlg,  Kadgur,  Eadwear.l  II  .  &c 

May  b«  viewed  two  days  prior,  (Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  I.«. 
each.    Illustrated  copies,  with  Six  Autotype  Plates,  pi  ice  2.s,  W.  each. 


Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Pictures. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  8.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  CJOL- 
LEC'TION  of  ENGRAVINGS.  Framed  and  in  Portfolio,  including  some 
fine  Mezzotint  Portraits  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  others  (in  proof 
states) ;  also  Fancy  Subjects  of  the  Bartolozzi  School  (some  in  colours) 
—Modern  Engravings  in  proof  states  after  SirE  Landseer.  Luke  Fildes, 
Eugene  de  Blaas,  Briton  Riviere,  F.  Goodall,  E.  J.  Poynter,  Sir  F. 
Leighton,  Sir  J  E.  Millias,  B,  W.  Leader,  &c  ;  also  Water-Coloui 
Drawings  and  Pictures. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


TUESDAY  NEXT. 

The  Photographic  Stock  of  WTLLTAM  LAWLEY, 

Farringdon-strcet. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  lilng-street.  Covent  garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY NEX'T,  October  I'ii,  at  half -past  12  o'clock  precisely,  an  immense 
Assortment  of  CAMERAS  and  LENSES  in  many  sizes  by  Ross.  Dall- 
nieyer.  Grub,  Heck,  and  other  eminent  makers,  comprising  Rapid  and 
Portable  S.Tmmetricals,  Rectilinears,  Wide  Angles,  View  Lenses,  Por- 
trait and  Stereoscopic,  &c. ;  also  a  fine  lot  of  Magic  Lanterns  and 
Slides,  &c. 

On  view  the  day  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

On   MONDAY^  November  4.  will  be  SOLD  the 

SECOND  PORTION  of  the  S'TOCK,  comprising  the  Surgical  Instruments, 
Microscopes, 'Telescopes,  and  a  great  quantity  of  Scientific  Instruments- 
and  Apparatus. 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. — Scientific  Instruments. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street.  Coven t^garden,  on  FRIDAY 
NEX'T,  November  1,  at  half-past  12  precisely,  SCIEN'TIFIC  INSTRU- 
MEN'TS  and  vaiious  APPARATUS— Cameras  and  Lenses,  Stands,  and 
other  Photographic  Requisites— liiunial  and  other  Lanterns  and  SUdes — 
and  a  quantity  of  Miscellaneous  Ettects. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

J'aluable  Archceological,  Antiquarian,  and  Topographical 
Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115.  Chancery-lane,  W.C.  on  WEDNES- 
D.\Y',  October  30,  and  'Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  a  valuable 
LIBRARY  of  ARCH.EOLOGICAL,  AN'TIQUARIAN,  and  TOPO- 
GRAPHICAL BOOKS,  comprising  Gough's  Sepulchral  Monuments. 
5  vols  folio— S.  Augustini  Opera,  Benedictine  Edition,  10  vols— S. 
Cypriani  Opera— S  Thomre  Aquinatis  Opera,  10  vols  — Pistolesi,  II 
Vaticano.  8  vols  — Wilkins's  Concilia,  4  vols  —Voyage  Pittoresque,  6  voli. 
— Arch;vologia,  42  vols  4to  —Grose's  Antiquities,  Large  Paper,  10  vols  — 
Aikin  and  Enfield's  Biography,  extended  to  20  vols,  by  the  inseition  of 
2.800  fine  Portraits-Du  Cange's  Glossary,  7  vols— Notes  and  Queries, 
88  vols— Surtees  Society's  Publications,  84  vols.— Pipe  Roll  Society, 
11  vols  — Calendar  of  State  Papers,  147  vols— North  aud  Ellacombe  s 
Church  Bells,  11  vols —Pope's  Works  by  Elwin,  10  vols  —Political  Pam- 
phlets, 31  vols.— Rousseau,  (Euvres,  38  vols —Napoleon,  Correspond- 
ance,  28  vols.— Lobeira,  Amadis  des  Gaules,  5  vols.  —  Campbell's 
Chancellors,  &c  ,  11  vols,- Kinglake's  Crimea,  8  vols  -Bewick's  Select 
Fables,  Largest  Paper— Gould's  Humming  Birds,  5  vols,  folio— and 
other  Interesting  Works— a  few  Silver-Plated  Articles,  &c. 
Catalogues  forwarded  on  application. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  laNG-STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S-SQUAKE. 
A  Collection  of  Pictures  by  the  Old  Masters,  the  greater 
portion  in  the  Italian,  Spanish,  German,  and  Early  English 
Schools,  the  Property  of  W.  A.  MACKINi\ON,  Esq., 
removed  from  U,  Marble  Arch,  and  a  residence  in  the  country 
for  convenience  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  favoured 
with  instructions  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  as 
above,  on  'THURSDAY,  October  31,  at  1  o  clock  precisely,  the  above 
valuable  COLLECTION  by  the  OLD  MASTERS,  several  of  which  are 
referred  to  in  Dr,  Waagen's  '  'Treasures  of  Art,' 

May  be  viewed,  aud  Catalogues  had. 


A  Presentation  by  King  Charles  IT.,  an  interesting  Souvenir 
of  the  Plague  and  the  Great  Fire  of  London,  1(165-1000. 
On  I'iew. 

DEBENHAM,  STORR  &  SONS  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  20,  King-street,  Coventgardcn.  on  'THURSDAY, 
October  ,'11,  the  very  interesting  SILVER  TANKAKI)  presented  by 
Charles  II.  to  Sir  Edmund  Bury  God  do  y  for  his  services  in  checking 
the  progress  of  the  Plague  of  London.  166'i  and  in  connexion  with  the 
restoration  of  Loudon  after  the  Great  Fire  of  1660,  for  which  he  was 
knighted  in  September,  1608  'This  tankard  is  of  plain  silver,  6J  in  high, 
has  a  movable  cover,  and  weighs  nearly  36  oz  Tlic  Iront  is  engi-aved 
with  the  Royal  Arms  and  a  Cicsl,  and  on  the  sides  arc  insciiptions  in 
Latin  and  clearly  cut  engravings  embleiuatlciil  of  llie  (.rcat  Plague  and 
the  Great  Fire  of  London  'The  .Sale  also  includes  some  line  Old  Plate 
and  Jewels,  Including  two  superb  Pearl  Necklaces  and  a  magnificent 
Brilliant  and  Eineiald  Ornaineut,  by  order  of  the  Ex(;ciitors  of  the  late 
Baroness  WERIDERMANN. 

Catalogues  post  free. 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


551 


IPSWICH. 
The  COLLECTION  of  PICTURES  and  BOOKS  of  the  late  STERLING 
■WESTHORP,  Esq.  The  Oil  Paintings  and  AValer  Colours  include 
Examples  of  Samuel  Head,  F.  G.  Cotman,  Henry  Bright,  Jacomb 
Hood,  Karl  Heffner,  0.  H.  Munihen,  K.  Ottenfeld,  Thomas  Richard- 
son, and  Local  Artists  of  repute— many  fine  Impressions  of  Engravings 
and  Etchings  of  recent  publication.  The  Library  of  1,600  Volumes 
includes  a  Copy  (No.  61)  of  Halliwell-Phillippss  Shakespeare,  and 
■other  Editions  and  Works  relating  to  Shakespeare— Bentleys  Mis- 
cellany, 1837-1841— Natural  History  Works  by  Bewick,  Jarrell,  New- 
man, and  Stevenson— Ruskins  Modem  Painters  and  Seven  Lamps  of 
Architecture— Hamerton's  Etching  and  Etchers— The  Graphic  Arts  and 
Landscape,  and  other  Art  Publications— and  numerous  Topographical 
Works  relating  to  Suft'olk,  Norfolk,  and  Essex. 

/^ARROD,    TURNER    &    SON    will     SELL    by 

VT  AUCTION,  at  the  ART  GALLERY,  IPSWICH,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY, November  6,  at  half-past  10  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  valuable 
•COLLECTION  (560  Lots),  by  direction  of  the  Executors  of  STERLING 
WESTHORP,  Esq.,  deceased. 

Catalogues,  price  lid.  each,  may  be  had  of  the  Auctioseebs,  1,  Old 
Butter  Market,  Ipswich. 


PHE 


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1.  The  MADONNA  Of  a  DAY.    Chaps  :-13. 

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0.  MY  LONDON  SEASONS. 

4.  An  IMPRESSION. 

5.  MY  FIRST  "KILL." 

6.  PITT'S  FAVOURITE  NIECE. 

7.  BUT  an  ENVELOPE. 

8.  An  OLD  MAN'S  MEMORY. 

9.  TIMES  to  DIE. 

10.  SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ?    Chaps.  U,  15. 
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552 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3548,  Oct.  26, '95 


WARD   &  DOWNEY'S 


LIST. 


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•I'HE    ATHEN^UM 


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4.  In  the  United  States— All  Places  having  a  Population  of  500  or  above. 

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In  order  to  ensure  Accueacy  : — 

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In  order  to  ensure  Cleaeness  : — 

1.  Good  clear  type  has  been  used. 

2.  A  separate  paragraph  has  been  given  to  each  entry,  thereby  securing  easy  reference. 


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N''  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


555 


SOCIETY  FOE  PEOIOTmG  CHEISTIAI  KNOWLEDGE. 


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LONDON:  NORTHUMBERLAND  AYENUE,  W.C. ;   43,  QUEEN  VICTORIA-STREET,  E.G.     BRIGHTON:  120,  NORTH-STREET. 


556 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"*  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


DOWNEY  &  CO.'S  NEW  LIST. 


Stepniak.-KING   STORK  and  KING 

LOG  :  a  Study  of  Modern  Russia.    2  vols. 
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558 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


PHILOSOPHICAL    WORKS. 


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These  books  are  ruled  so  that  the  various  descriptions  of  Receipts  and  Expenditure,  &c.,  may  be 
entered  uniformly  under  the  special  headings  and  in  the  columns  prepared  for  them.     By  their  use  the 
labour  of  Hospital  Secretaries  is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  the  Accounts  of  all  Public  Institutions  can 
be  kept  in  a  uniform  manner.     The  adoption  of  a  Uniform  System  of  Accounts  by  Medical  Charities  has 
long  been  advocated,  both  by  the  author  of  this  series  and  by  Ofticials,  Secretaries,  and  others  connected 
with  relief-giving  Institutions. 

Descriptive  Price  List  post  free  on  application. 

Crown  Svo.  cloth  gilt,  illustrated,  5s. 

HELPS  in  SICKNESS  and  to  HEALTH:   Where  to  Go  and 

What  to  Do,     Being  a  Guide  to  Home  Nursing  and  a  Handbook  to  Health  in  the  Habitation,  the 
Nursery,  the  School-room,  and  the  Person,  witli  a  Chapter  on  Pleasure  and  Health  Resorts.     By 
HENRY  C.  BURDETT. 
"  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  one  which  should  be  more  welcome  in  a  household  than  this  unpre- 
tending but  most  useful  book."— Tmes. 

"  This  book  fills  a  gap  in  popular  sanitary  literature  by  providing  within  the  compass  of  one  volume, 
of  very  moderate  size,  a  useful  collection  of  facts  not  easily  found  elsewhere,  unless  a  sanitary  library 
be  at  hand." — British  Medical  Journal.  

London  :  THE  SCIENTIFIC  PRESS,  Limited,  428,  Strand,  W.C. 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


559 


MR.     ]^^l^y^5^^^^^^^ 

JUST  OUT,  with  Plans,  8vo.  16s. 

REMINISCENCES  OF  THIRTY-FIVE  YEARS  OF  MY  LIFE. 

By  Sir  JOSEPH  A.  CROWE,  K.C.M.G.  C.B., 
Author  of  '  The  Early  l''lemieh  Painters,'  '  Painting  in  North  Italy,'  &c. 

Including  the  Founding  and  Early  Days  of  the  Daily  News,  Experiences  as  War  Correspondent  during  the  Campaign 
on  the  Danube  in  1854,  the  Crimean  War,  Bombay  during  the  Mutiny,  the  Franco-Austrian  War  in  1859,  &c. 

"  For  many  years  before  his  entry  into  the  public  service  he  led  a  life  of  stirring  adventure  as  journalist,  artist,  and 
man  of  letters  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  In  this  attractive  and  interesting  volume  Sir  Joseph  Crowe  records  his 
reminiscences  of  these  earlier  years  of  his  varied  and  eventful  career." — Times. 

"All  these  and  many  more  and  better  stories,  adventures,  important  happenings,  are  graphically  described  in  this 
most  delightful  book." — Uaili/  Chronicle. 

"  Sir  Joseph  Crowe's  reminiscences  are  of  entrancing  interest.  The  present  generation  knows  only  the  diplomatic  side 
of  his  career As  war  correspondent  and  artist,  art-critic  and  art-historian,  Joseph  Crowe  is  a  figure  that  fills  the  imagina- 
tion far  more  than  Sir  Joseph  Crowe  the  diplomatist  can  possibly  do,  for  the  earliest  part  of  his  life  is  by  far  the  more 
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BISHOP  HEBER :  Poet  and  Chief  Missionary  to  the  East, 

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By  Dr.  GEORGE  SMITH,  CLE.  F.R.G.S., 

Author  of  the  '  Life  of  William  Carey,'  '  Henry  Martyn,'  &c. 

With  Portrait,  Maps,  and  Illustrations. 


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With  a  Preface  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  JOHN  LUBBOCK,  Bart.  M.P. 


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2.  THACKERAY  :  the  Humourist  as  Philosopher.    I       4.  CARLYLE  :  the  Humourist  as  Prophet. 

Lectures  delivered  at  the  Koyal  Institution  of  Great  Britain. 

Bevised  and  Enlarged. 

By  WILLIAM  SAMUEL  LILLY. 


The  LIFE  and  CORRESPONDENCE  of  THOMAS  VALPY 

FRENCH,  Scholar  and  Missionary,  First   Bishop  of  Lahore,   1825-1891.     By  the  Rev.   HERBERT   BIRKS,  M.A. 
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from  Colonel  CHERMSIDE,  R.E.  C.B.,  Mr.  D.  G.  HOGARTH,  Professor  W.  RAMSAY,  Colonel  EVERETT,  C.M.G. 
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THE    QUARTERLY    REVIEW,    No.  364. 


Contents. 


1.  FREEMAN,  FROUDB,  and  SEBLEY. 

2.  The  NOVELS  of  MARIA  BDGEWORTH. 

3.  The  ART  of  TRANSLATION. 

4.  RIVAL  LEADERS  and  PARTY  LEGACIES. 

5.  LIGHTFOOI'S  APOSTOLIC  FATHERS. 


6.  The  NEW  DRAMA. 

7.  PUBLIC  OPINION  in  INDIA. 

8.  MRS.  AUGUSTUS  CRAVEN. 

9.  VILLAGE  COMMUNITIES  in  SPAIN. 

10.  TORQUATO  TAHBO. 

11.  The  TRIUMPH  of  CONSERVATISM. 


JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle-street. 


DAVID       NUTT, 


270-271,  STRAND. 


"The  Ideal  Gift-Books  of  the  Season." 

FAIRY    TALES    OF    THE 
BRITISH   EMPIRE. 

Collected  and  Edited  by  JOSEPH  JACOBS. 

Illustrated  by  J.  D.  BATTEN. 

CHEAP  REISSUE. 

Mr.  JOSEPH  JACOBSS  FAIRY  TALES,  which  have  been 
appearing  since  189S,  have  won  immediate  and  widespread 
acceptance.  The  cVioice  of  matter,  the  simplicity  and  suitable 
character  of  the  language  of  the  text,  the  beauty,  humour, 
and  charm  of  Mr.  Batten's  illustrations,  and  the  large  and 
legible  type  have  commended  the  series  alike  to  children  and 
to  lovers  of  art;  whilst  the  prefaces  and  elaborate  notes, 
parallels,  and  references  added  by  the  Editor  have  made 
them  indispensable  to  the  increasingly  large  portion  of  the 
public  interested  in  the  history  and  archjeology  of  popular 
fiction. 

A  reprint  of  the  majority  of  volumes  of  the  series  being 
necessary.  Publisher  and  Editor  have  decided  to  make  the 
Fairy  Tales  accessible  to  a  wider  public  by  bringing  out 

A  Cheap  Reissue  at  3s.  6d.  a  Volume. 

In  so  far  as  Tales  and  Illustrations  are  concerned,  the  33.  6d. 
Edition  will  be  the  same  as  the  6s.  one.  But  the  Editor's 
Prefaces,  Notes,  Parallels,  and  References  are  omitted. 

A  full  list  of  the  Series  will  be  found  below,  and  a  very 
small  selection  from  the  numberless  kindly  notices  which 
the  Press  has  bestowed  upon  the  Series. 

It  should  be  noted  that  both  Editions  of  'Fairy  Tales  of 
the  British  Empire '  are  kept  on  sale  by  the  Publisher  and  by 
all  Booksellers  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


ENGLISH  FAIRY  TALES.    Complete 

EDITION,  xvi-255  pages,  Nine  Full-Page  Plates,  and 
numerous  Illustrations  in  the  Text.  Designed  cloth 
cover,  uncut  or  gilt  edges,  6s. 

The  SAME.  CHILDREN'S  EDITION,  viii-227  pages. 
Seven  Full-Page  Plates,  and  numerous  illustrations  in 
Text.     Cloth,  cut,  .3s.  M. 

MORE  ENGLISH  FAIRY  TALES. 

COMPLETE  EDITION,  xvi-243  pages.  Eight  Full-Page 
Plates,  and  numerous  Illustrations  in  Text.  Designed 
cloth  cover,  uncut  or  gilt  edges,  6s. 

The  SAME.  CHILDREN'S  EDITION,  viii-214  pages. 
Seven  Full- Page  Plates,  and  numerous  illustrations  in 
Text.    Cloth,  cut,  3s.  Sd. 

CELTIC    FAIRY   TALES.      Complete 

EDITION,  xvi-274  pages,  Eight  Full-Page  Plates,  numer- 
ous Illustrations  in  Text.  I)esigned  cloth  cover,  uncut 
or  gilt  edges,  6s. 

The  SAME.  CHILDREN'S  EDITION,  viii-236  pages, 
Seven  Full-Page  Plates,  and  numerous  illustrations  in 
Text.     Cloth,  cut,  3s.  ed. 

MORE    CELTIC   FAIRY  TALES. 

COMPLETE  EDITION,  xvi-234  pr.ges.  Eight  Full-Page 
Plates,  numerous  Illustrations  in  Text.  Designed  cloth 
cover,  uncut  or  gilt  edges,  6s. 

The  SAME.  CHILDREN'S  EDITION,  viii-217  pages. 
Seven  Full-Page  Plates,  and  numerous  illustrations  in 
Text.    Cloth,  cut,  .3s.  6rf. 

INDIAN    FAIRY    TALES.      Complete 

EDITION.   xvi-2o5  pages.   Nine  Full-Page  Plates,  and 
numerous   Illustrations  in  Text.    Designed  cloth  cover, 
uncut  or  gilt  edges,  6s. 
%*  No  Children's  Edition  of  the  '  Indian  Fairy  Tales ' 

will  be  issued  for  the  present. 
N.B.— A  few  copies  of  the  Japanese  Vellum  Issues,  printed 
in  large  8vo.  with  the  double  stAte  of  the  Plates,  are  still  to 
be  had  of  INDIAN,  MORE  CELTIC,  and  MORE  ENGLISH 
FAIRY  TALES.  Prices  may  be  learnt  on  application  to 
the  Publisher.  The  special  issues  of  ENGLISH  and  CELTIC 
FAIRY  TALES,  entirely  out  of  print,  command  a  heavy 
premium. 

SOJIE  PRESS  NOTICES. 
EngUsh  Fau-y  Tales. 

Daily  GrapAic.  —  "  As  a  collection  of  fairytales  to  delight 
children  of  all  ages,  ranks  second  to  none."  Globe.— "  K 
delight  alike  to  the  young  people  and  their  elders." 

Celtic  Fairy  Tales. 

Scotsman.—"  One  of  the  best  books  of  stories  ever  put 
together.  Freeman's  Journal.— "  An  admirable  selection." 
^ricL—"  Delightful  stories,  exquisite  illustrations  by  John 
D.  Batten,  and  learned  notes." 

More  English  Fairy  Tales. 

Atkena-um.—"\ViU  become  more  popular  with  children 
than  its  predecessor."  Aotes  and  iSeries.—"  Delightful  and 
in  every  respect  worthy  of  its  predecessor." 

More  Celtic  Fairy  Tales. 

Daily  Chronicle.—"  A  bright  exemplar  of  almost  all  a  fairy- 
tale book  should  l}e."  Saturday  lievieu.-.—"  Delightful  for 
reading  and  profitable  for  comparison." 

Indian  Fairy  Tales. 

Dullin  Daily  Express.—"  Unique  and  charming  antho- 
logy. Daily  Aeics.—"  Good  for  the  schoolroom  and  the 
study." 


560 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S  LIST. 


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PEESONAL 


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RECOLLECTIONS 


of 


NOTABLE  PEOPLE  at  HOME  and  ABROAD. 
By  CHARLES  K.  TL'CKERMAN,  First  Minister 
Resident  of  the  United  States  of  America  to 
Greece.  In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  Portrait, 
21*.  

NOW  READY. 

HEMINISCENCES   of  MRS.  DE 

MORGAN.  To  which  are  added  Letters  to 
and  from  her  Husband,  the  late  Augustus 
DE  Morgan.  Edited  by  her  Daughter,  MARY 
A.  DE  MORGAN.  In  1  voL  large  crown  8vo. 
with  Portrait,  85.  6d. 
"Bright  and  interesting."— Z)ai?y  News. 


NOW  READY. 

LETTERS    of    EDWARD    FITZ- 

GERALD  to  FANNY  KEMBLE  (1871-1883). 
Edited  by  WILLIAM  ALOIS  WRIGHT,  D.C.L. 
In  1  vol.  small  crown  Svo.  with  Portraits  of 
Mrs.  Kemble  and  Edward  Fitzgerald,  engraved 
OG  Steel,  6s. 

"  A  collection  of  the  letters  of  Edward  Fitzgerald  does  not 
need  to  seek  a  welcome,  for  its  welcome  eagerly  awaits  it. 
These  letters  are  full  of  interest  and  charm  because  they 
j-elJect  so  pleasantly  an  interesting  and  charming  per- 
sonality."— Daily  Chronicle. 


NOW  READY. 

STONYHURST    MEMORIES.     By 

PERCY  FITZGERALD,  M.A.  F.S.A.,  Author 
of  '  The  Romance  of  the  Stage,'  &c.  In  1  vol. 
crown  Svo.  6s. 


NEW   NOVELS   AT 
LIBRARIES. 


ALL 


NOW  READY. 

The  YELLOW  WAVE.    A  Romance 

of  the  Asiatic  Invasion  of  Australia.  By 
KENNETH  MACKAY,  Author  of  '  Out  Back,' 
&c.     In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  with  Illustrations,  6s. 


HURST  &    BLACKETT'S 

PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

NOW  READY  AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS'  AND 
LIBRARIES. 

AN  UNSOUGHT  HERITAGE.     By 

C.  G.  FURLEY  SMITH,  Author  of  '  Quixote  the  Weaver.'    2  vols. 

TOO  FAIR  a  DAWN.    By  M.  Bram- 

STON,  Author  oi  'Apples  of  Sodom/  &e.    2  vols. 
"  The  story  has  abundance  of  incident,  it  is  admirably  told,  its  person- 
ages are  alive,  its  moral  tone  is  high,  and  its  lessons  are  plain  and 
forcible.    The  story  deserves  to  b9  widely  t^^^."— Scotsman. 

TO    SET   HER  FREE.     By  G.  M. 

ROBINS  (Mrs.  BAILLIE  REYNOLDS),  Author  of  'A  False  Posi- 
tion,' 'The  Ides  o(  March,' &c.    2  vols. 
"The    excitement    is   sustained   throughout,    nor   is   our   surprise 
altogether  relieved  unlil  we  come  to  the  closing  pages.    The  novel  is  by 
no  means  simply  a  romance  of  Grime  and  detection,  there  is  abundance 
of  lively  by-play."— rimes,  September  30. 

"The  story  is  throughout  brightly  writt«n.  and  the  characters  are 
sympathetic  and  occasionally  amusing."— Cfuajdian. 

DEB  o'  MALLY'S.    By  Mrs.  George 

CORBETT,  Author  of  '  Cassandra,'  &c.    2  vols. 
"  The  writer's  style  is  almost  severely  unaffected  ;  her  situations  are 
capitally  planned,  and,  generally  by  honest  literary  workmanship,  she 
succeeds  where  tawdry  effect  would  only  have  marred." 

Dundee  Advertiser. 

MARJORY'S     MISTAKE.      By 


"'Marjory's  Mistake'  displays  in  a  high  degree  all  the  excellent 
qualities  that  have  characterized  its  forerunners,  with  the  most  popular 
of  which  it  is  entitled  by  Intrinsic  merit  to  rank  upou  a  footing  of 
equality." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"  It  is  pleasant  to  meet  with  a  story  so  reasonable,  so  natural,  and 
at  the  same  time  so  interesting  as  'Marjory's  Mistake.'  The  whole 
story  is  charming  and  the  interest  never  llags." — Manchester  Oxtardian. 

"The  story  will  rank  highly  among  the  writer's  hooWs."— Scotsman. 

TWIXT   WILL    and  WILL    NOT. 

By  JESSIE  L.  NICHOLSON.    1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 
"This  is  a  pleauant  little  tale  of  the  north  country,  and  its  clerical 
flavour  will  commend  it  to  many  readers." — (jlobe. 

TO-DAY    and    TO-MORROW.     By 

ELEANOR  HOLMES,  Author  of  'The  Price  of  a  Pearl,"  Through 

another  Man's  Eyes,' &c.    3  vols. 
"An  excellent  story,  told  with  sympathetic  spontaneity  as  well  as 
with  remarkable  literary  ability. ..  .'rhere  are  two  or  three  ingenious 
underplots  in  this  delightful  story,  which  we  can  coixliaily  recommend 
to  the  novel-reading  public."— Dai'y  Telegraph. 


NOW  READY. 

The   DESIRE    of   the    MOTH.    By 

CAPEL  VANE.     In  2  vols,  crown  Svo. 

"  As  a  study  of  the  demonic  in  human  nature  the  book  is 
lirilliant.  It  is  impossible  to  read  it  without  admiration  for 
/ta  strength  of  passion  and  power  of  imagination,  and  its 
intensity." — Scotsman. 

"  The  tone  of  the  novel  is  sound  and  true  throughout." 

Daily  lelegraph. 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  EEADY. 

SCYLLA    or    CHARYBDIS?     By 

RHODA  BROUGHTON,  Anther  of  '  Red  as  a 
Rose  is  She,'  &c.  In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  Qs. 
"  Miss  Broughton's  new  novel  is  one  of  her  best.  The  fine 
3tory,  finely  wrought,  of  deep  human  interest,  with  many 
of  those  slight  side-touches  of  observation  and  humour  of 
ibe  kind  for  wliich  we  look  In  a  story  by  Miss  Binughton, 
i&hst  carefully  and  so  skilfully  constructed  as  to  distance  its 
predeces&ora."—  World.. 

NOW  READY. 

NORMA.NSTOWE.   In  3  vols,  crown 


Uniform,  each  in  I  vol.  crown  Svo.  %*. 

NOVELS    BY   EDNA    LYALL. 


DONOVAN 
WE  TWO. 
KNIGHT  EERANT. 
A  HABDY  NOBSBMAN 


a  Modern  Englishman. 

IN  the  GOLDEN  DAYS. 
WON  BY  WAITING. 
TO  EIGHT  the  WEONO. 


\A.  readable  story." — Standard. 

"A  weli-vrritten,  healthy,  and  helpful  story."- 


-Athena-um. 


JOHN  HALIFAX,  GENTLE- 
MAN. 

A  WOMAN'S  THOUGHTS 
ABOUT  WOMEN. 

A  LIFE  for  a  LIFE. 

NOTHING  NEW. 

MISTRESS  and  MAID. 

The  WOMAN'S  KINGDOM. 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  SAM  SLICK.' 


CHBISTIAN'S  MISTAKE. 

A  NOBLE  LIFE. 

HANNAH. 

The  UNKIND  WORD. 

A  BEAVE  LADY. 

STUDIES  from  LIFE. 

YOUNG  MES.  JARDINE. 

( 


MESSRS. 

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NATURE  AND   HUMAN 
NATURE. 

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INSTANCES. 


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in  a  Colony. 
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London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

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BY  DR.  6E0RGE  MAC  DONALD. 


DAVID  BLOINBROD. 
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ALEC  FORBES. 
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BY  MRS.  OLIPHANT. 

ADAM  GRAF/MB.  I         LIFE  of  lEVING. 

LAIRD  of  NORLAW.  A  ROSE  in  JUNE. 

AQNKS.  I         PH(EBB,  JUNIOR. 

IT  WAS  A  LOVER  AND  HIS  LASS. 


London :  HURST  k  BLACKBTT,  Limited. 


Second  Edition  now  ready. 
JOHN  STUART  BLACKIE : 

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N«  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


561 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  2G,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

Sir  Joseph  Ceowe's  Keminiscemjes 

Legends  of  Florence         

Translations  from  the  Persian 
Prof.  Blackie's  Life  


riGE 
561 
562 
562 
563 


New  Novels  (To  Set  Her  Free ;   Josephine   Crewe ; 

The  Crooked  Stick;   The  One  Who  Looked  On; 

The  Wonderful  Visit ;  The  White  Shield  ;  Grania 

Waile ;  The  Secret  of  the  Australian  Desert)       564—565 

Books  of  Travel       565 

Ecclesiastical  Biography  566 

Otm  LiBRARr  Table— List  of  New  Books  ...  567—568 
TThk    Historical    Manuscripts    Commission  ;    Mr. 

Henry  Rbevf,  C.B.;  The  Beggars  of  the  Ska; 

The    '  Dictionary   of   National    Biography  '; 

Coleridge  ;  II  Commendatore  Bonghi  ...      569—571 

Literary  Gossip        571 

Science  —  Stanley    on    the    Nebular    Theory  ; 

Societies  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip  573—574 

Fine   Arts— The  Moghul  Architecture  of  Path- 

pur-Sikri  ;  The  Arms  of  Colchester  ;  Lincoln's 

Inn  Fields  ;  Gossi-p       574—576 

Music— The  Week  ;   Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week 576—577 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip  577 


LITERATURE 

Eeminiscences  of  Thirty -five  Years  of  my 
Life.  By  Sir  Joseph  Crowe,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.  (Murray.) 
Sir  Joseph  Crowe's  reminiscences  of  the 
first  part  of  his  life,  ending  in  1860,  have, 
we  notice,  come  as  a  surprise  to  some  of 
those  by  whom  he  was  less  known  than  he 
is  to  the  conductors  of  a  journal  such  as 
that  in  which  these  lines  appear.  As  a  dis- 
tinguished diplomatist  he  comes  but  little 
before  us,  but  as  the  writer  of  the  great 
books  on  the  Flemish  painters,  on  the 
Italian  painters,  and  e.speciaUy  on  Eaphael, 
Sir  Joseph  Crowe  has  been  frequently  the 
subject  of  reviews  in  our  columns  ;  and  in 
his  third  capacity  as  a  journalist  he  was  for- 
merly a  valued  contributor.  He  stiU  happily 
Kves,  but  there  are  many  who  know  him  in 
his  present  position,  as  a  leading  member  of 
our  Embassy  in  Paris,  and  who  knew  him 
formerly  as  an  equally  leading  member  of 
onr  Embassy  in  Berlin,  yet  are  unaware 
that  he  is  the  same  man  as  the  Crowe  of 
Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle,  as  the  former  Laxly 
News  correspondent  in  Paris,  and  correspon- 
dent of  the  Illustrated  London  News  in  the 
Crimean  War.  Few  men  have  had  such  a 
career,  and  a  career,  we  may  add,  in  which 
success  was  entirely  owing  to  his  own  talent 
and  exertions.  His  father  was  indeed  for  a 
time  editor  of  the  Daily  News — appointed,  we 
believe,  to  that  post  by  Mr.  Dilke,  long  the 
editor  of  the  Athenmim,  and  for  some  years 
manager  of  the  Daily  News.  But  Mr. 
Crowe,  senior,  only  succeeded  in  making 
ids  son  a  police-court  reporter,  and,  for  a 
time,  the  assistant  Paris  correspondent,  and 
fell  himself  before  he  was  able  to  assure  his 
son's  future  position  in  the  world.  That, 
starting  as  a  painter-student  (and  we  believe 
that  he  is  stiU  a  distinguished  amateur 
artist),  Joseph  Crowe  should  have  made 
himself  one  of  the  highest  authorities  in  the 
world  upon  pictures,  the  highest  authority 
upon  commercial  legislation,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  linguists,  and,  above  all,  a 
diplomatist  of  the  first  rank,  shows  what 
were  the  native  qualities  of  the  man.  Sir 
Joseph  Crowe  mentions,  indeed,  his  own 
pre-eminence  in  the  French  tongue,  but  he 
is  silent  as  to  his  equal,  but  notorious  pre- 


eminence in  several  other  tongues,  which 
we  believe  makes  him  that  rarest  of  all 
creatures — a  master  of  several  languages. 
Yet,  in  spite  of  this  qualification,  he  does 
not,  to  judge  by  his  present  book,  appear 
to  suffer  from  the  corresponding  defect 
— an  inability  to  achieve  a  good  style.  His 
English  is  somewhat  the  English  of  the 
last  century,  or  of  the  very  early  years  of 
the  present  century.  It  is  simple,  but  some- 
what stately  in  its  old-fashioned  purity,  and 
with  the  exception  of  here  and  there  a 
"would"  for  a  should,  which  reminds  us 
that  he  is  partly  of  Irish  race,  we  can  find 
no  fault,  but  really  high  merit,  in  his 
literary  composition. 

In  his  account  of  his  early  struggles  Sir 
Joseph  Crowe  introduces  us  to  Mr,  Dilke 
in  the  days  of  the  presence  at  the  Daily 
News  of  Charles  Dickens  and  his  father, 
with  whom  the  elder  Crowe  was  on  very 
intimate  terms : — 

"The  efforts  of  Mr.  Dilke  to  bring  order  into 
chaos  on  the  Daily  Neiva  were  great  and  meri- 
torious, but  irksome  to  the  young  fellows, 
Jerrold,  Blanchard,  and  myself,  who,  confident 
all  of  having  interest  in  high  places,  were  rather 
more  inclined  to  have  our  head  than  conform  to 
minute  regulations.  After  one  stirring  inter- 
view, however,  in  which  the  manager  was  good 
enough  to  say  I  was  the  most  independent  young 
beggar  he  had  ever  laid  eyes  upon,  the  complaint 
he  had  thought  to  make  of  me  proving  un- 
founded, he  received  me  into  his  good  graces, 
and  I,  feeling  what  stern  stuff  Mr.  Dilke  was 
made  of,  took  care  to  give  him  as  little  cause 
for  reproof  as  possible." 

A  little  later,  when  our  author  was  all  but 
starving,  he  chronicles  his  finding  a  place 
through  our  advertising  columns,  and  ulti- 
mately he  takes  us  to  his  introduction  to 
Mr.  Ingram,  and  his  representation  of  the 
Illustrated  London  News  in  the  Crimea,  with 
a  success  both  as  regards  pen  and  pencil 
which  was  the  beginning  of  better  days. 
In  the  mean  time,  under  the  greatest  pos- 
sible difficulties,  he  was  entering  upon  the 
series  of  his  works  on  art.  He  is  modest 
with  regard  to  these  as  he  is  with  regard  to 
almost  every  subject  that  concerns  him- 
self:— 

"  Looking  into  the  pages  of  the  book  and  con- 
sidering things  dispassionately  after  the  lapse 
of  thirty-six  years,  I  feel  surprised  that  Mr. 
Murray  ever  published  the  work  at  all.  The 
matter  was  abundant,  the  sources  were  recondite. 
The  amount  of  labour  bestowed  upon  materials 
was  large,  the  patience  with  which  pictures  had 
been  examined  in  all  parts  of  England  and  the 
Continent  was  meritorious.  But  the  book  as  a 
whole  was  without  charm  of  style  and  without 
eloquence.  The  lives  of  painters  and  their  most 
important  works  were  treated  separately,  their 
pictures  subjected  to  microscopical  examination 
for  the  purpose  of  proving  their  genuine  or 
spurious  character.  It  had  been  necessary  to 
baptize  anew  an  extraordinary  number  of  master- 
pieces. One  painter  had  been  divided  into  two, 
another  painter  had  been  the  subject  of  a  legend  ; 
pictures  of  the  one  were  ascribed  to  the  other. 
In  the  effort  to  set  all  these  things  straight  the 
natural  flow  of  narrative  was  lost." 

When  Mr.  Crowe,  as  he  then  was,  was 
first  employed  in  diplomacy  —  paid,  we 
imagine,  out  of  secret-service  money,  and 
irregularly  employed  under  the  Cabinet 
rather  than  under  our  diplomatic  staff — he 
made  the  acquaintance  in  a  new  field  of 
some  who  have  perhaps  been  jealous  of  him 
through  much  of  his  career.  One  was 
Morier : — 


"I  was  very  slow,  on  the  other  hand,  in 
winning  the  good  graces  of  the  second  secretary, 
Robert  Morier,  who  felt  unaccountably  jealous 
of  the  good  fortune  which  had  fallen  to  my 
share  by  Lord  John  Russell's  appointment. 
When  I  called  on  Morier  at  his  lodgings,  after 
his  return  from  leave,  and  reminded  him  that 
we  had  met  in  1850  at  the  house  of  Chevalier 
de  Bunsen,  and  that  I  had  some  recollection 
of  serving  his  interests  in  a  journalistic  way,  he 
received  me  so  badly  that  I  felt,  as  the  French 
say,  comme  un  chien  dans  U7i  jeti  de  quilles.  He 
said  I  was  his  enemy,  and  that  no  one  was  in  a 
better  situation  to  write  the  reports  which  I  had 
been  asked  to  furnish  than  himself.  I  had 
robbed  him  of  that  honour,  and  he  could  not 
be  my  friend.  I  stared  with  amazement  as  he 
fired  up  and  grew  red  in  the  face  with  an  indig- 
nation which  I  could  not  understand.  But 
seeing  how  earnest  he  was,  I  exerted  all  my 
powers  to  bring  him  to  reason.  I  asked  him  to 
compare  his  position  to  mine  ;  pointed  out  how 
within  ten  years  he  had  risen  to  the  rank  of 
second  secretaiy  of  legation,  whilst  I,  v,'ho  was 
his  senior,  was  altogether  unattached  ;  and  I 
concluded  by  suggesting  that  it  would  be  better 
for  us  both  if,  accepting  things  as  they  were,  he 
should  give  me  support  and  countenance,  and 
rely  upon  me  to  make  such  a  grateful  return  as 
should  be  in  my  power.  Being  of  a  frank  and 
generous  disposition,  though  irascible,  Morier 
accepted  this  view  of  things,  and  even  went  so 
far  as  to  enter,  then  and  there,  into  what  he 
called  a  league  of  mutual  help,  promising  to 
influence  his  friends  to  give  me  what  informa- 
tion I  required,  and  making  me  promise  to 
remember  that  I  was  to  push  him  when  occasion 
offered." 

In  the  course  of  the  same  mission  Crowe 
had  to  visit  the  King  of  Hanover,  and  he 
relates  an  anecdote  which  we  have  heard 
before  of  another  man.  We  have  no  doubt, 
however,  that  it  really  happened  in  both 
cases.  One  of  the  minute  points  of  etiquette 
upon  which  the  King  of  Hanover  insisted 
was  that  he  would  not  receive  visitors  for  a 
first  presentation  to  him  except  in  uniform. 
Our  author  had  no  uniform,  and  he  com- 
ments on  "the  fact  that  a  king  who  was 
utterly  blind  could  not  see  \_sic~\  unless  the 
person  he  wished  to  honour  was  in  uniform." 
An  American  journalist  was  once  refused  an 
interview  with  the  same  Iving  of  Hanover 
on  the  same  ground ;  but  he  was  ultimately 
more  successful,  for,  pleading  that  he  was 
an  American  republican,  and  therefore  could 
not  do  otherwise  than  appear  without  a 
uniform,  he  was  received,  the  king  com- 
menting himself  at  the  beginning  of  the 
interview  upon  the  special  ground  for  the 
exception. 

There  comes  out  clearly  in  Sir  Joseph 
Crowe's  narrative  of  the  state  of  Germany 
in  1859  that  Prussia  was  in  that  year  at 
least  as  unready  for  war  as  France  was 
afterwards,  under  somewhat  similar  cir- 
cumstances, in  1866.  Prussia  had  more 
leeway  to  make  up  in  military  matters  than 
has  generally  been  supposed.  The  ad- 
mirable writings  of  Clausewitz,  and  the  fact 
that  men  of  the  highest  skill,  trained  in  the 
principles  of  Clausewitz,  had  been  at  the 
head  of  the  Prussian  army,  have  induced 
us  to  think  that  Prussia  had  gradually  im- 
proved her  military  condition  throughout 
the  whole  of  the  long  peace,  and  that 
France  should  have  known  this  before  1866. 
Sir  Joseph  Crowe  makes  clear  the  fact  that, 
admirable  as  were  her  theories,  Prussia  was 
far  behind  them  in  her  practice,  and  that  in 
1859  her  armies  were  wholly  unfit  to  take 
the  field.     Between  1860  and  1866  a  vast 


562 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


W  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


work  was  accomplislied,  for  whicli  the  credit 
must,  we  suppose,  be  awarded  to  King 
WiUiam,  Moltke,  and  General  von  Eoon ; 
and  France  was  already  beaten  before  even 
the  Austrian  war  was  fought.  The  great- 
ness, however,  of  the  deficiencies  of  Prussia 
in  1859  to  some  extent  explains  the  subse- 
quent miscalculations  of  Louis  Napoleon. 

There  are  hardly  any  points  in  the  most 
pleasant  and  excellent  volume  before  us  to 
which  we  should  be  inclined  to  take  excep- 
tion. There  is  something  to  be  said,  how- 
ever, against  Sir  Joseph  Crowe's  account  of 
the  strategy  of  the  Austrians,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  1859,  and  of  their  tactics  at 
the  battle  of  Solferino.  For  example,  he 
charges  Benedek  with  having  taken  the 
offensive  with  the  Austrian  right  without 
instructions  ;  but  we  believe  that  this  is  a 
mistake — that  Benedek  acted  on  instructions 
and  in  pursuance  of  the  Austrian  plan  to 
drive  back  the  Piedmontese,  and  so  turn  the 
flank  of  the  French. 


Legends  of  Florence.  Collected  from  the 
People  and  retold  by  Charles  Godfrey 
Leland.     (Nutt.) 

Mr.  Leland's  title  promises  well.  As  every 
one  knows  who  cares  about  such  things, 
many  primitive  traditions  and  superstitions 
linger  on  in  all  parts  of  Italy,  and  not  least, 
as  Mr.  Leland  himself,  among  others,  has 
taught  us,  are  they  to  be  found  among  the 
people  who  dwell  in  the  land,  and  doubt- 
less preserve  with  the  blood  many  of  the 
traditions,  of  that  mysterious  race  the 
Etruscans.  Florence  too,  though  of  post- 
Etruscan  origin,  was  always  a  gossip-  and 
anecdote  -  loving  city,  full  of  proverbial 
philosophy  and  apposite  illustration,  and 
should  be  a  good  soil  in  which  to  hunt  for 
at  least  the  debris  of  legends.  Lastly,  Mr. 
Leland  has  a  reputation  as  a  hunter  after 
such  things.  As  might  be  expected,  then, 
the  book  is  full  of  material  out  of  which  a 
scholar — nay,  even  an  ordinarily  conscien- 
tious compiler — coiild  have  made  something 
valuable  to  the  student  of  folk-lore ;  a 
humourist,  something  entertaining  to  the 
general  reader :  a  person  of  delicate  fancy, 
a  pretty  fairy-book. 

But  the  volume  remains,  for  want  of  these 
qualities,  materials  and  nothing  more.  To 
begin  with,  Mr.  Leland  seems  to  have  a  tho- 
rough contempt  for  accuracy.  Italian  is  mis- 
spelt and  mispunctuated  in  an  excruciating 
manner.  Other  details  are  treated  in  a 
fashion  slipshod  almost  beyond  belief.  One 
need  not  be  a  "  second-rate  folk-lorist  "  to 
object  to  such  a  statement  as  that  "the 
cotta  is  the  stole  worn  by  Catholic  priests,"  or 
to  such  a  piece  of  translation  as  "  E'  non  ter- 
rebbe un  cocomere  [_sic]  all'  erta,"  "He  could 
not  catch  a  cucumber  if  thrown  to  him." 
"What  reliance  can  be  placed  on  any  state- 
ments involving  a  knowledge  of  Italian  that 
are  made  by  a  writer  who  not  only  is  in- 
capable of  rendering  with  even  approximate 
accuracy  a  pretty  familiar  passage  of 
Dante,  but  uses  his  own  blunder  to  sup- 
port a  thesis  ?  We  must  give  the  passage 
in  full,  premising  that  we  are  not  respon- 
Biblo  for  its  arrangement : — 

"Dante  in  two  places  speaks  of  the  Man  in 
the  Moon  as  Cain,  and   as  if  it  were   a 
popular  legend  ('  Inferno,'  xx.  12'i)  :— 


very 


Ma  Vienna  omai  che  gia  tiene  '1  confine 
D'  ambedue  gli  emisperi,  e  tocca  1'  onda 

Sotto  Sibilia,  Caino  e  le  spine 
E  gi^  iernotte  fu  la  Luna  tonda." 

The  next  two  lines,  not  given  in  this  place, 
are  : — 

Ben  ten  dee  ricordar,  che  non  ti  nocque 
Alcuna  volta  per  la  selva  fonda, 

and  the  true  rendering  of  the  whole  is  : — 

"  But  now   come   away,    for    Cain    and    his 
thorns  already  hold  the  confines  of  both  hemi- 
spheres,  and  touch    the   wave    below   Seville  ; 
and  already  last  night  the  moon  was  full  ;  well 
shouldst  thou  remember  it,  for  she  did  thee  no 
harm  in  the  deep  wood." 
This  is  what  Mr.  Leland  makes  of  it : — 
But  now  he  comes  who  doth  the  borders  hold 
Of  the  two  hemispheres,  and  drive  the  waves 
Under  the  sibyl,  Cain,  with  many  thorns. 
And  yesternight  the  moon  was  round  and  full ; 
Take  care  that  it  may  never  do  thee  harm 
At  any  time  when  in  the  gloomy  wood. 

"  This  twentieth  canto,"  he  continues, 

"  is  devoted  to  the  sorcerers  in  hell,  and  ends 
with  allusion  to  the  full  moon,  the  sibyl,  and 
Cain,  as  allied  to  witchcraft,  prediction,  and 
sin." 

EeaUy,  before  one  poses  as  an  authority  on 
Italian  occult  lore  or  a  writer  of  "several 
ballads  in  Italian  in  imitation  of  the  sim- 
plest old-fashioned  lyrics,"  one  might  learn 
to  construe  such  simple  words  and  phrases 
as  "  se  ne  venire,"  "toccare,"  "  ricordarsi," 
and  "  che  non  ti  nocque,"  even  if  "  Sibilia  " 
be  rather  a  trap  for  the  unwary. 

Some  rigmarole  follows  about  another 
passage  in  Dante  ('  Par.,'  ii.  50,  sqq.)  in 
which  Beatrice  (11.  97-105)  confutes  an 
erroneous  explanation  of  the  markings  on 
the  moon  by  reference  to  reflections  of  a 
single  light  from  mirrors  at  different  dis- 
tances.    Mr.  Leland' s  account  of  this  is  : — 

"Beatrice   replies advising    him    to  take 

three  mirrors  and  observe  how  the  moon  is 
reflected  from  one  to  the  other,  and  that  in  this 
manner  the  formal  prvncipio,  or  first  creative 
power,  passes  from  light  to  darkness.  The 
reader  will  here  remember  that  with  the  witches 
the  mirror  is  specially  devoted  to  conjuring 
Cain. " 

Will  it  be  believed  that  in  the  whole  passage 
relating  to  the  experiment  there  is  not  a 
word  about  moon,  formal  principio,  or  light 
and  darkness  ? 

This  slovenliness  mars  what  should  have 
been  an  extremely  interesting  chapter  about 
obscure  superstitions  connected  with  the 
moon:  "drinking  the  moon"  (for  which 
see  also  a  charming  work  called  *  Prince 
Eicardo'),  incantations  addressed  to  the 
moon  in  order  to  soften  the  heart  of  an 
obdurate  swain — with  no  allusion  whatever 
to  the  classical  instance  of  the  '  Pharma- 
ceutria' — and  various  ways  of  "raising 
Cain ";  also  a  queer  folk-lore  version  of 
the  story  of  Cain  and  Abel.  But  who  can 
tell  how  much  of  this  last  is  genuine,  or, 
after  the  specimen  of  Mr.  Leland's  quality 
which  we  have  given,  rendered  with  any 
accuracy  ? 

Next,  as  to  conscientious  use  of  authorities 
and  books  generally.  In  the  *  Cities  of 
Central  Italy '  Mr.  Hare,  more  sua,  prints  a 
long  extract  from  a  pretty  weU-known  work 
of  a  pretty  well-known  author  relating  a 
legend  about  Donatello  the  sculptor.  Only 
the  name  of  the  work  is  mentioned.  Mr. 
Leland  comments  on  it : — 

"There  is  anotlier  legend  of  Or'  San  Michele, 
which  is  thus  given  by  Pascarel,  who,  however, 


like  most  writers  on  Florence,  is  so  extrava- 
gantly splendid  or  '  gushing '  in  his  description 
of   everything,    that    untravelled    readers    who 

peruse  his  pages &c.     The  legend  as  told  by 

this  ivriter,  and  cited  by  Hare,  is  as  follows." 

The  italics  are  ours,  and  comment  is  un- 
necessary. An  illustration,  however,  occurs 
to  us.  A  house  of  refreshment  called  the 
Bodega  exists  or  existed  somewhere  near 
Regent  Street.  A  friend  of  the  present 
writer's  once  informed  him  that  he  had 
been  "  lunching  at  old  Bodega's."  Without 
the  epithet  this  would  have  shown  merely 
unfamiliarity  with  the  Spanish  tongue ;  but 
the  use  of  the  familiar  "old,"  conveying  a 
quasi  -  assertion  of  personal  acquaintance 
with  Bodega,  involved  a  touch  of  insincerity. 
Mr.  Leland's  words  imply  acquaintance- 
with  "Pascarel"  as  a  writer  and  an  opinion 
of  his  writings  generally. 

Lastly,  as  to  humour.  Mr.  Leland  possessea 
a  certain  reputation  in  this  line,  not  wholly 
undeserved.  But  the  present  work  will 
not  enhance  it.  The  ponderously  satirical 
comments  of  a  certain  "learned  Flaxius,"^ 
who  has  his  say  at  the  end  of  every 
chapter,  are  calculated  to  throw  the  reader 
into  a  state  of  profound  depression  ;  yet 
when  Mr.  Leland  is  facetious  in  his  own 
person  depression  gives  place  to  irritation. 
Let  any  one  who  desires  to  experience  the 
feeling  read  the  paragraph  which  begins  on. 
p.  266  and  ends  on  p.  267.  For  others  it 
need  only  be  said  that  Mr.  Leland  has^ 
thought  it  seemly,  and  we  presume  f unny^ 
to  end  his  book  with  the  words  "Ite,  missa 
est." 


TR.4:NSLATI0NS   from   the   PERSIAIsr. 

TJie  Hauzat-us-Safa  or  Garden  of  Purity.     By 
Muhammed  bin  Khavendshah  bin  Mah- 
mud,  commonly  called  Mirkhond.    Trans- 
lated  from   the  original   Persian   by  E. 
Eehatsek  and  edited  by  F.  F.  Arbiithnot, 
Part  II.,   Vols.  I.-III.      (Eoyal  Asiatic 
Society.) 
The  Loves  of  La  ill  and  Majnun  :  a  Poem  from 
the  Original  Persian  of  Nizdmi.     By  James 
Atkinson.      Edited    by  the  Eev.   J.  A. 
Atkinson,  M.A.,  D.C.L.     (Nutt.) 
Three    more    volumes    of     the    late    Mr.. 
Eehatsek's  translation  of  Mirkhond's  bulky 
work  on  general  history  have  appeared,  and 
the  remark  made  in  a  previous  article  as 
to  the  comparative  uselessness  of  the  first 
two  volumes,  which   dealt  with  the   ante- 
Muhammedan  period,  applies  with  equal  or 
even  greater  force  to  this  new  instalment. 
The  new  volumes  purport  to  supply  a  de- 
tailed life  of  Muhammed  and  the  first  four 
Caliphs  down  to  the  death  of  'Ali  bin  Abi 
Talib  ;  but  although  Mirkhond,  as  the  editor 
points  out  in  the  preface,  frequently  appeals 
to  the   "intelligent  reader,"  what  can  the 
latter  do  with  this  confused  heap  of  facts 
and  fictions,  made  still  more  obscure  by  the 
superstructure  of  that  flowery  and  bombastic 
style  of  which  this  rather  late  Persian  his- 
torian is  master  to  such  an  appalUng  degree? 
Have   we  not   got   Sprenger's   and   Muir'a 
excellent   lives    of   Muhammed  and  Muir'& 
'  Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate '?   And  since,, 
according  to  Mr.  Arbuthnot's  statement,  a 
translation   of    Ibn   Hisham's   life   of    the- 
Prophet,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  historical 
works  on   the   subject   in   Arabic,  by   Mr. 
Eehatsek  himself,  was  equally  available  for 
print,  why  was  not  that  most  trustworthy 


N°3548,  Oct.  26, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


563 


record   presented   at   once   to   tlie  English- 
speaking  world  (the  German  public  being 
already  in  possession  of  Dr.  Weil's  transla- 
tion),   with   all   the   later   inventions   of    a 
fertile  Eastern  imagination  worked  into  it 
by  means  of  extensive  notes  and  appendices'? 
To  do   so  would  have  been   a  useful  and 
interesting  task,  and,  moreover,  would  have 
given  the  editor  something  more  substantial 
to  accomplish.     As  it  is,  we  fail  to  see  what 
Mr.  Ai'buthnot  has  really  achieved,  besides 
seeing  the   sheets   through   the   press   and 
adding  a  short  index  and  a  preface.     Not 
even   the    cui-ious    and    often    inconsistent 
spelling  of  proper  names  has  been  corrected 
by   him,   and  the  "intelligent  reader,"    to 
whom  he  api:)eals  too,  not  only  "perceives" 
this,    but   asks   in   astonishment  why  such 
discrepancies  were  allowed  to  remain.     Eor 
instance,   Dhu-n-nurhi,    "  endued   with  two 
lights,"   instead   of   J)hu-n-nurain,  and   the 
phrase  ^'Ido  IdJca  ma  khulikat-2<//4/^aZ;«,"  are 
very   queer    specimens    of    transliteration ; 
and  so  are    "Ibn  Esahtiq"  for  Ihi  Ishdq, 
"  Torathah  "  for  Ettaiirdth  (Thora),  "'0th- 
man  bin  Offan  "  (or  Uffan)  for  hin  '-Affdn, 
"Muttalleb"   iov  Muttalih,    "Khodaijah" 
for     Khad'ijah,     "  A'avshah "     for    ^Aishah, 
"Ka'b-ullakhbar"  for  Ka'h-ulahhdr   {ahbdr 
being  the  plural  of  kibr),  and  scores  of  other 
haphazard  transliterations  which  betray  that 
want  of  exactness  and  careful  attention  to 
detail  characteristic  of  the  amateur  in  philo- 
logical  matters.      By  the  way,   what   does 
Mr.    Ai'buthnot  mean    by    his    mysterious 
complaint  (Preface,  p.  xii)  :    "  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  detailed  reliable  biographies 
of  all  these  prophets  [viz.,  Noah,  Abraham, 
Jacob,  Joseph,  Moses,  Job,  David,  and  Jesus] 
have  not  come  down  to  us  similar  to  the  one 
contained   in   the   following    pages"    (viz., 
that   of   Muhammed)  ?      Should  we   really 
care  for  a  biography,  say,  of  Noah,  Abraham, 
Joseph,  or   Job    as   a  fictitious  character  ? 
What  an  extraordinary  desire  of  the  editor 
for  the  sake  of  the  "intelligent  reader"!  We 
really  think,  if  the  new  Oriental  Translation 
Fund  is  ever  to  equal  the  old  one  in  import- 
ance,  something   quite  different  from  that 
achieved  hitherto  must  be  attempted.     We 
shall  welcome,  of  course,  the  promised  trans- 
lation of  Ibn  Hisham's   biography  of  the 
Prophet,    and    Dr.    Steingass's    version    of 
the     second    half     of     Hariri.      But     the 
most    desirable   work  just  now  would   be 
a    thoroughly    correct    translation   of   and 
comnientary  upon  the  oldest  portions  of  the 
Arabic  Tabari,  in  the  same  masterly  way  in 
which  Noldeke   has   treated    the   Sasanian 
history,  and  perhaps  also  a  version  of  the 
same  historian's  account  of  Muhammed  and 
the  early  Caliphs.     Such  a  task  would,  of 
course,     require     the    co  -  operation    of    a 
first-rate  Arabic  scholar,  equipped,  in  the 
case  of    the   prehistoric   legends,    with   an 
adequate  knowledge  of  Zend  and  Pehlevi. 
At  any  rate,  we  hope  that  no  more  of  Mir- 
khond's  poor  stuff  will  be  retailed  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Eoyal  Asiatic  Society,  unless 
it  be  some  of  the  last  portions  of  his  work 
which  deal  with  contemporary  events,   and 
have  at  least  something  to  recommend  them 
to  the  attention  of  students  of  Persian  his- 
tory. 

The  neat  little  volume  about  Laili 
(otherwise  Layla',  Lailo,  or  Anglicr, 
Lailah)  and  Majnun  is  the  reprint  of  a 
version  of  the  famous  Persian  poem  pub- 


lished in  1836  by  the  Oriental  Translation 
Fund,  the  merit  of  which  amply  justifies  its 
resuscitation.  Prof.  Horace  Hayman  Wilson, 
whose  memory  is  comparatively  fresh  among 
the  Orientalists  of  our  day,  pronounced  it  to 
be  "  perhaps  the  most  finished  of  all  Mr. 
Atkinson's  translations,"  and  one  which  con- 
veyed "a  pleasing  and  sufiiciently  faithful 
representation  of  the  original."  Dr.  Charles 
Eieu,  again,  than  whom  no  better  living 
judge  of  Persian  scholarship  could  well  be 
found,  complimented  the  translator  by  affirm- 
ing that  no  man  had  "  so  felicitously  ren- 
dered in  English  the  spirit  of  the  Persian 
poet." 

But  the  English  poem  is  not  only  credit- 
able in  happily  rendering  the  native  text. 
It  is,  generally,  quite  readable,  and  to  many 
who  take  it  up,  attracted  by  its  title,  it  can 
hardly  fail  to  be  interesting.  Those  who 
would  estimate  its  value  fairly  should  be 
content  to  go  back  more  than  half  a  century, 
or  the  period  of  its  first  appearance,  when 
metrical  models  might  be  sought  for  in  the 
'Corsair'  and  'Bride  of  Abydos,'  and  later 
schools  were  yet  in  embryo.  Looked  upon 
as  a  product  of  the  hour,  it  is  not  fin  de 
siede  versification,  but  it  tells  its  tale  simply 
and  fluently,  and  is  as  free  from  puerility 
as  from  afi'ectation.  Literal  it  certainly  is 
not.  That  it  is  sufficiently  so  to  give  even 
a  passable  idea  of  the  original  should  be 
no  small  cause  of  congratulation  in  respect 
of  a  work  which  owes  much  of  its  charm  to 
the  untranslatable  melody  of  its  author's 
native  tongue.  In  a  later  edition  (should 
such  be  attained)  we  should  almost  recom- 
mend the  elimination  of  two  lines  in  the 
description  of  the  conflict  between  Noufal 
and  "Laili's  haughty  sire"  ;  for  neither  of 
the  native  words,  "  gerz  "  or  "  Elberz,"  on 
which  their  rhyme  falls,  is  to  be  traced  in 
the  modern  Lucknow  edition  of  the  original 
poem  now  before  us.  If  authorized  by  the 
native  text  at  Mr.  Atkinson's  disposal,  they 
are  hardly  essential ;  if  the  translator's  in- 
terpolations, they  are  suggestive  of  mistaken 
vowel-points. 


John  Stuart  BlacJcie  :  a  Biography.    By  Anna 
M.  Stoddart.   2  vols.   (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

"  Dedicated  to  Scots  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,"  this  book  appeals  to  a  section  of  our 
race,  to  every  individual  of  which,  probably, 
the  personality,  or  at  least  the  reputation, 
of  the  late  Prof.  Blackie  was  familiar.  The 
dedication  would  have  been  quite  in  unison 
with  the  feelings  of  the  professor ;  he  would 
have  been  proud  alike  of  its  breadth  and  of 
its  limitations.  It  is  as  a  patriotic  exponent 
of  his  country's  modes  of  thought,  and  of 
feelings  and  prepossessions  which  are  the 
outcome  of  a  remarkable  history  upon  a 
remarkable  blend  of  national  strains  of 
blood,  that  Blackie  will  maintain  his  quan- 
tum of  posthumous  fame  long  after  his  own 
contributions  to  philosophy,  philology, 
poetry,  and  politics  are  utterly  forgotten. 
In  a  simpler  age  he  would  have  become  a 
hero  of  tradition,  like  Thomas  the  Ehymer ; 
as  it  is  he  may  become  the  eponymous  hero 
of  a  cult,  and  leave  a  lasting  impression  of 
his  personality,  like  Disraeli,  whom  he 
resembled  in  a  certain  utilization  of  care- 
fully acquired  mannerisms. 

It  is  one  of  the  merits  of  the  book  before 
us  that  the  author,  while  a  warm  admirer  of 


the  man  whose  life  she  has  written,  is  by  no 
means  blinded  by  her  affectionate  zeal  to 
his  limitations  and  to  certain  inconsistencies 
of  character.     He  was 

"  not  wholly  a  poet.  He  solaced  himself  with 
rhyme,  but  did  not  possess  the  great  poetic  gift 

seldom  did  he   reach   the   level   of   strong 

and  simple  diction,  commensurate  with  the 
thought,  unvexed  by  bluster  and  unconfused  by 

ineptitude His    genius    selected    on  ethical 

not  ajsthetic  grounds." 

In  the  last  sentence  we  have  a  clue  to  much 
which  made  Blackie  what  he  was  in  other 
fields  than  poetry.  He  was  a  preacher  of 
righteousness,  as  he  understood  it,  whether 
he  was  declaiming  rashly  on  the  value  of 
accents  in  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  ; 
making  hazardous  philological  deductions 
from  an  exceedingly  imperfect  acquaintance 
with  Gaelic  ;  assaulting  the  tolerant  dons  of 
Oxford  with  his  new  discoveries  in  educa- 
tion, as  if  "science"  in  the  classical  sense 
had  not  long  flourished  in  her  schools ; 
dosing  his  students,  who  hungered  for 
Greek,  with  quotations  from  Goethe ;  or 
ardently  advocating  Home  Pule  for  Mr. 
Waddie,  while  stoutly  denying  the  distress- 
ful country  a  taste  of  the  same  panacea. 
And  under  the  prophet's  mantle  he  con- 
cealed the  heart  of  a  boy.  '^Ht^os  veapos, 
when  once  he  had  overcome  those  painful 
convictions  of  sin  which  tortured  him  in 
youth,  he  flitted  from  subject  to  subject, 
hailing  each  acquisition  with  the  joy  of  a 
new  discoverer,  and  turning  upon  unbelievers 
with  the  vehemence  of  a  renegade. 

Among  the  most  amusing  of  these  finds 
was  his  discovery  in  middle  life  of  the 
Highlands  and  the  Highlander.  He 
promptly  adored  what  once  he  would  have 
burnt  as  zealously  as  Mr.  Hill  Burton, 
and,  overjoyed  at  the  relationship  of  equus 
to  each^  never  rested  until,  by  sitting  as  a 
beggar  at  every  dinner  table  in  Scotland,  he 
had  established  a  Chair  of  Celtic  at  Edin- 
burgh. To  the  Saxon  chief  of  the  Inverness 
Gaelic  Society  the  thanks  of  all  philologists 
are  due  therefor ;  but  the  process,  though 
signally  creditable  to  his  personal  influence, 
is  one  of  the  quaintest  freaks  of  irony  that 
recent  history  records. 

In  the  memoir,  which  introduces  us  to 
the  child  John  Blackie  refusing  to  learn  his 
letters,  but  declaiming  from  the  top  of  a 
chest  of  drawers  such  scraps  of  Shakspeare 
as  he  picked  up  by  ear,  we  have  another 
youthful  picture  from  the  villa  of  Frascati : 

"  One  morning  when  breakfast  was  on  the 
table  and  his  young  guest  missing,  Mr.  Bunsen 
sought  him  far  and  near  in  the  grounds  of  the 
villa.  Guided  by  tones  which  rose  and  swelled 
and  sank  with  stimulating  emphasis,  he  made 
his  way  to  a  field  where  grew  in  serried  ranks 
cabbages,  pumpkins,  and  warlike  grantnrci, 
and  here,  addressing  the  regiments  of  vegetables 
in  sounding  Greek  and  after  the  manner  of 
Demosthenes,  he  found  his  friend.  Perhaps 
the  neighbourhood  of  Tusculum  had  filled  him 
with  emulation,  for  just  in  this  manner,  we  are 
told,  did  Cicero  perfect  his  Greek.  Though 
new  to  Bunsen,  the  trait  was  one  with  which 
we  are  already  familiar. " 

In  such  traits,  and  in  the  discriminating 
choice  of  episodes  of  travel  and  introductions 
to  great  men  and  people  of  distinction  of 
every  kind,  from  Mr.  Gladstone,  Manning, 
and  Bradlaugh  to  John  Campbell  Shairp 
and  Mrs.  Webster,  the  biographer  has 
shown    her    skill,    for    Blackie's    life  was 


564 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


made  up  of  constant  journeying  to  an 
extent  which  in  a  biography  might  have 
proved  monotonous.  In  the  hands  of  Miss 
Stoddart  the  narrative  partakes  of  the 
vivacious  character  of  its  subject,  and  we 
have  a  vivid  presentment  of  him  from  youth 
to  manhood,  from  his  professional  dalliance 
at  the  Edinburgh  bar — a  calling  upon  which 
he  turned  with  characteristic  ferocity  after 
he  had  quitted  it  himself — through  the 
sojourning  in  the  un-Hellenic  atmosphere 
of  the  granite  city,  the  translation  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  the  gradual  conquest  of  its 
antagonism,  academic  and  civic,  down  to 
the  last  few  years  of  tranquil  and  pious 
dignity  which  closed  a  restless  and  pug- 
nacious life.  For  the  lines  scored  upon 
the  refined  yet  rugged  face,  set  in  the 
silver  hair — the  face  beloved  in  many  a 
rustic  cottage,  in  many  a  working  quarter 
of  the  towns — told  of  a  struggle  not  only 
against  internal  questioning  and  external 
privation  and  difficulty,  but  against  early 
misapprehension  and  hostility. 

For  many  a  year  Blackie,  who  ended  in 
being  an  idol  of  the  people,  was  not  popular. 
Neither  in  the  class-room — where  he  was 
never  an  efficient  instructor  in  the  usual 
acceptation  of  the  term,  being  imperfectly 
acquainted  with  the  language  he  professed 
t©  teach — nor  in  society — the  cliquish  society 
of  "  east- windy  west-endy "  Edinburgh, 
in  the  then  transition  stage  between  her 
intellectual  glories  of  the  beginning  of  the 
century  and  her  modern  fusion  and  de- 
velopment under  commercial  influence — was 
the  impatient,  aggressive  missionary  of 
change  a  grateful  personaHty.  He  was 
called  a  poser,  a  fool,  a  poetaster,  an  incom- 
petent teacher.  He  rendered  railing  for 
railing.  To  the  charge  of  posing  he  replied 
by  promenading  Princes  Street  clothed  in 
shepherd  guise  and  silent  for  an  hour  at  a 
time.  He  redoubled  the  oddities  and  eccen- 
tricities of  his  manner  in  company.  He 
intercepted  the  celebrities  from  the  South, 
and  left  his  colleagues  lamenting.  And 
in  time  this  attitudinizing  became  second 
nature,  as  it  will.  He  could  not  have 
abandoned  it.  And  in  time  the  true  and 
genuine  public  spirit  and  private  cordiality 
of  the  man  penetrated  the  external  husk, 
as  they  wiU.  And  the  man  became  known, 
and  conquered  his  world.  Of  his  relations 
to  the  students  the  following  anecdote  may 
be  cited : — 

"  A  student  reading  with  his  book  in  his  left 
hand  was  called  to  order  and  bidden  hold  it  in 
the  other.  He  coloured  and  continued  to  read 
as  before.  The  Professor  was  annoyed,  and 
reprimanded  him  sharply.  The  class  hissed  at 
this,  and  the  student  held  up  the  stump  which 
was  all  that  remained  of  his  right  arm.  Then 
Blackie  stepped  down  from  his  desk,  and  taking 
the  young  fellow  in  his  arms,  begged  his  pardon 
with  tears  in  his  eyes,  and  turning  to  the  rest, 
he  said,  '  I  am  glad  that  I  have  gentlemen  to 
teach,'  and  went  back  to  his  desk  in  an  out- 
burst of  applause." 

It  required  courage  twenty  years  ago  to 
confront  the  prejudices  of  Scotsmen  by 
saying,  in  public,  of  the  stage  : — 

"Is  it  not  a  strange  thing  that  in  modern 
times,  with  our  high-strung  religion,  we  have 
made  a  divorce  between  the  stage  and  morality 
and  religion,  whereas  in  ancient  times,  growing 
out  of  mere  joviality,— out  of  the  harvest-home, 
as  it  were, — there  came  up  a  Greek  tragedy, 
which  became  a  pulpit  from  which  you   have 


sermons  upon  conscience  which  go  to  move  the 
inner  strings  of  the  heart  as  much  as  any  sermon 
which  was  ever  preached.  Recall  the  opening 
chorus  of  'Agamemnon,' or  read  the  choruses 
of  'Eumenides,'  and  tell  me  if  it  is  not  a 
most  monstrous  thing  for  men  preaching  the 
Gospel  to  say  that  there  is  anything  in  these 
tending  to  a  divorce  between  the  Church  and 
the  Theatre.  Leave  the  theatre  to  drift,  and 
depend  upon  it  that  if  they  who  are  God's 
servants  do  not  know  how  to  use  it,  the  devil 
is  far  too  clever  a  fellow  not  to  use  it  for  his 
own  business.  I  beg  to  propose  the  modern 
Drama,  and  especially  in  its  union  with  the 
Christian  Gospel." 

The  following  incident  of  the  life  at 
Altnacraig  is  amusing  : — 

"  One  afternoon  Mrs.  Blackie  and  the  writer, 
sitting  on  a  garden  seat,  noted  a  weary  way- 
farer with  dusty  boots  open  the  little  gate  and 
climb  up  the  footpath.  He  wore  a  soft  wide- 
awake and  grey  clothes,  and  displayed  no  badge 
of  saintship  nor  lantern  of  philosophy.  '  A 
dominie  for  Pro.,'  said  Mrs.  Blackie.  The 
Professor's  voice  was  ringing  out  from  the  open 
window  of  his  turret  study,  laden  with  soft 
Gaelic  gutturals.  It  ceased,  and  the  dominie 
stood  under  the  porch.  A  few  minutes  passed, 
and  Bella  came  flying  to  the  garden  seat. 
'  Please,  mum,  it 's  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  in  the 
drawing-room,  and  the  Professor  is  not  to  be 
found.'  He  had  closed  his  book  and  gone  by 
the  back-door  to  breathe  on  the  '  sublime 
heights '  before  dinner.  Trembling  with  re- 
sponsibility, we  faced  the  illustrious  visitor, 
who  restored  our  composure  by  abusing  the 
Highlands,  libelling  the  innkeepers,  and 
accusing  our  sex  of  bribing  porters  with  three- 
penny-bits, and  so  compassing  every  railway 
disaster  ever  recorded.  With  some  indignation 
we  flung  our  gauntlet  in  the  face  of  the  '  father 
of  modern  philosophy,'  and  it  is  to  be  feared 
that  he  fled  from  such  unwonted  treatment. 
'This  has  been  a  very  stormy  interview,'  he 
said,  and  took  his  leave.  And  just  afterwards, 
returning  from  his  walk,  the  Professor  missed 
his  visit." 

An  Italian  visitor  to  the  Professor 
"  announced  one  day  at  lunch  that  in  his  forth- 
coming volume,  on  the  working  of  the  poor  law 
in  Great  Britain,  he  meant  to  recommend  the 
climate  of  Scotland  to  his  compatriots  as  more 
invigorating  than  that  of  Italy,  and  equally 
sunny." 

After  his  settlement  at  Altnacraig,  near 
Oban,  his  connexion  with  the  university 
was  gradually  dropped  for  mere  platform 
and  polemical  appearances.  These  were 
not  always  judicious,  for  his  fervour  was 
one-sided,  and  it  is  impossible  to  sym- 
pathize entirely  with  his  descent  into  the 
political  arena,  or  with  the  omnivorous 
nature  of  his  social  instincts.  Yet  there 
came  a  calm — "  a  white  calm,"  to  use  a 
phrase  both  Gaelic  and  Greek.  His  last 
years  were  spent  with  the  tranquillity  of  a 
philosopher ;  and  when  he  died,  it  is  not 
too  much  to  say,  there  was  a  void  in  every 
Scottish  heart. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


To  Set  Ber  Free.     By  G.  M.  Eobins  (Mrs. 

L.  Baillie  Reynolds).     2  vols.     (Hurst  & 

Blackett.) 
A  GOOD  detective  story  is  usually  welcome  ; 
*  To  Set  Her  Free  '  is  an  excellent  one,  for 
Mrs.  Reynolds  has  done  equally  well  with 
regard  to  her  plot  and  to  the  manner  in 
which  she  has  worked  it  out.  The  mystery 
which  envelopes  Kythe  Trevaunanco  is  well 
maintained,  and  when  the  secret  is  at  last 
disclosed  it  is  found  to  be  of  a  more  original 


character  than  the  ordinary  kernel  to  this 
description  of  nut.  The  heroine,  who  has 
unwittingly  been  made  the  innocent  tool  of 
a  villainous  person,  is  a  healthy  and  attrac- 
tive young  woman,  free  from  all  theatrical 
or  unreal  attributes.  The  other  characters 
in  the  story  are  cleverly  if  slightly  sketched, 
and  the  novel  is  good  reading  throughout. 

Josephine    Crewe.     By   Helen  M.   Boulton. 

(Longmans  &  Co.) 
This  elaborate  study  of  low  or  tainted 
natures  frequently  suggests  Zola's  influence, 
but  not  often  the  strong  hand  which  wields 
his  tar-brush.  Highly  moral  extracts  from 
various  eminent  thinkers  are  prefixed  to 
chapters  describing  scenes  often  merely 
painful  or  repulsive,  such  as  that  in  which 
the  depraved  mother,  in  a  fit  of  hysterics^ 
beats  the  child  she  has  reared  in  a  complete' 
knowledge  of  evil.  What  mysterious  ethical 
purpose  can  they  point  to  as  served  by  such 
a  story  as  this  '?  The  few  respectable  cha- 
racters it  contains  have  a  hard  time, 
Josephine's  husband  and  uncle  are  alone 
superior  to  the  society  in  which  they  find 
themselves.  That  remarkable  young  per- 
son herself  is  excessively  unattractive,  but 
is  just  saved  from  absolute  misconduct  in 
spite  of  herself,  which  fact  she  appears  tO' 
bewail  in  the  outburst  of  hysterics  at  the  end 
of  the  book,  if  her  ejaculations  there  have- 
any  meaning  at  all.  This  story  can  hardly 
instruct  or  amuse  anybody.  Its  realism  is- 
morbid  rather  than  powerful ;  of  humour 
there  is  none,  of  plot  very  little,  but  of 
dreary,  monotonous  ugliness  more  than 
enough. 

The  Crooked  Stick;  or,  Pollie^s  Probation.    By 

Eolf  Boldrewood.  (MacmiUan  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Boldrewood's  new  heroine  is  one  Pollie- 
Devereux,  a  wayward,  wilful  Australian 
girl,  but  a  good  and  brave  type  for  all  that.. 
She  is  well  beloved  by  Harold  Atherstone,^ 
whom  she  condemns  to  wait  until  her  way- 
wardness has  had  fair  play,  and  come  to  the 
end  of  its  tether  in  a  feeling  of  soft  affection 
for  the  hero.  The  story  is  calm  and  placid 
enough  along  these  lines,  and  the  author 
dissects  his  various  characters  without  much- 
enthusiasm,  but  with  a  great  deal  of  common 
sense  and  patient  circumlocution.  Of  course 
there  are  accidents  and  incidents,  cross- 
currents in  the  course  of  love,  and  a  certain 
amount  of  characteristic  Australian  lawless- 
ness ;  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  '  The 
Crooked  Stick '  is  an  exciting  novel.  It  is 
decidedly  well  written,  and  full  of  shrewd 
observations  and  attractive  passages. 


The   One   Who  Looked  On.     By  F.  F.  Mon- 

tresor.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
We  have  had  'The  Woman  Who  Did  *■ 
and  '  The  Woman  Who  Didn't.'  Now  we 
have  '  The  One  Who  Looked  On,'  and  who. 
is  also  a  woman.  In  the  midst  of  so  much 
enterprise  she  comes  as  a  soothing  inter- 
lude, a  grey  day  in  a  scorching  summer ;  for 
this  woman  is  quite  old-fashioned,  and  even 
the  things  and  the  people  at  which  she  looks 
on  are  not  essentially  modern.  For  this  we 
are  becomingly  grateful.  None  the  less  are 
we  inclined  to  regret  that  Miss  Montresor 
should  have  been  in  such  haste  to  follow 
her  really  striking  story  *  Into  the  High- 
ways and  Hedges  '  by  one  which  haa  all  the 


N"  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


56( 


"weaknesses  of  a  literary  first-born.  The 
title  itself  is  clumsy,  and  we  do  not  admire 
the  author's  choice  in  her  manner  of  narra- 
tive. Practically  a  whole  story  written  as 
this  is  in  inverted  commas  gives  a  sense  of 
hurry  and  breathlessness  quite  alien  to  her 
present  subject.  The  very  little  that  we 
are  told  about  "IMiss  Susie,"  the  narrator 
of  the  tale,  implies  that  she  also  has  her 
romance,  and  we  have  no  difficulty  in 
imagining  what  that  is,  thovigh,  like  her- 
self, it  is  exceedingly  shadowy.  From  her 
own  lips  we  gather  chiefly  that  she  is  a 
simple,  good-hearted  girl,  entirely  ruled  by, 
and  blindly  worshipping,  a  preposterous 
little  boy.  We  could  with  advantage  have 
heard  less  of  Charlie  and  more  of  his 
guardian  Sir  Charles,  a  strong  character 
and  skilfully  drawn.  Indeed,  the  mutual 
relations  of  this  man  and  the  cripple  girl 
whom  he  loves  might  alone  have  furnished 
good  material  for  a  novel.  But  in  the  present 
instance  we  must  be  satisfied  with  a  sketch, 
which,  as  such,  is  readable  and  pleasant. 
We  still  hope,  however,  that  when  next 
Miss  Montresor  takes  up  her  pen,  it  will  be 
to  give  us  the  strength  and  originality 
which,  for  all  its  crudeness,  characterized 
her  earlier  work,  and  which  in  this  one  are 
distinctly  lacking. 

The    Wonderful    Visit.     By   H.    G.    WeUs. 

(Dent  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Wells  employs  a  fantastic  idea  not 
unknown  to  literature  in  a  singularly  charm- 
ing story.  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  in  '  In  the 
Wrong  Paradise '  and  Hawthorne  in  his 
sketch  of  the  '  Snow  Child  '  described  each 
in  his  fashion  the  effect  on  a  prosaic 
and  unimaginative  mind  of  a  supernatural 
and  improbable  phenomenon :  in  this  story 
Mr.  Wells  brings  an  angel  down  to  earth 
in  an  appallingly  rigid  and  censorious  Eng- 
lish village,  and  shows  the  terrible  effects 
which  he  produces  among  the  good  scandal- 
mongering  inhabitants,  and  the  fatal  influ- 
ence which  they  have  on  him.  The  humour 
of  the  situation  is  delightfully  worked  out  : 
the  angel  has  no  clothes  to  speak  of,  so  the 
vicar  dresses  him  in  his  best  black  suit,  and 
manages  to  pass  him  off  as  a  hunch-backed 
genius  who  plaj's  the  fiddle  uncommonly 
well.  The  good  vicar  is  almost  alone  in 
seeing  what  he  is ;  the  rest  of  them  regard 
him  either  as  an  escaped  lunatic  or  as  a 
Socialist  agitator,  while  their  niggardly 
minds  depress  him  so  much  that  he  begins 
to  lose  his  wings  and  to  learn  to  know 
melancholy.  The  satire  throughout,  though 
not  perhaps  particularly  brilliant  or  novel, 
is  not  ungenerous,  and  is  certainly  amusing, 
and  altogether  the  book  is  a  very  pleasant 
little  y««  d^ esprit. 

The    White   Shield.     By  Bertram  Mitford. 

(Cassell  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Mitford  follows  up  his  former  South 
African  tales  with  another  in  the  same  vein, 
with  the  same  background  and  class  of  inci- 
dents—'  The  White  Shield.'  The  hero  of 
this  fairly  exciting  romance  is  Umzilikazi, 
chief  of  the  Matabeles,  who  rebelled  against 
the  formidable  Tshaka,  and  went  forth  from 
Zululand  to  found  the  nation  of  the  Mata- 
beles. It  is  a  story  of  fighting  and  con- 
spiracy, of  native  heroism  and  loyal  friend- 
ship between  white  and  coloured  men.  The 
author  sees   what  is    best  in    his  savage 


characters,  and  does  not  hesitate  to  make 
the  white  man  treat  the  brown  man  as  king 
on  his  own  soil.  This  gives  the  story  a  more 
natural  and  human  tone  than  one  sometimes 
finds  in  romances  of  this  class.  '  The  White 
Shield'  is  thoroughly  interesting  after  its 
kind. 

Grania  Wailo.     By  Fulmar  Petrel.     (Fisher 

Unwin.) 
GiVEX  so  picturesque  a  scene  as  West  Con- 
naught  in  the  sixteenth  centiiry,  some  local 
and  nautical  knowledge,  and  some  acquaint- 
ance with  the  events  of  the  time  in  which 
the  well  -  known  Celtic  heroine,  Grace 
O'Malley,  lived  and  exercised  her  turbulent 
sway,  and  one  might  have  expected  at  any 
rate  a  higLly  readable  romance  as  the  pro- 
duct of  such  a  combination.  "  Instead  of 
which  " — the  author  gives  a  narrative  which 
reads  for  all  the  world  like  a  matter-of-fact 
expansion  of  some  record  of  an  early  an- 
nalist— say  those  most  wearisome  seannachies 
"The  Four  Masters."  We  had  a  recent 
experience  of  the  interest  to  be  evoked  from 
much  such  material  as  is  abundantly  ready 
to  the  hand  of  the  present  author,  yet  we 
must  confess  that  with  excellent  intentions 
he  has  failed  to  give  his  narrative  the  touch 
of  humanity  without  which  ancient  feuds 
are  but  the  battles  of  kites  and  crows.  Grim 
fighters  indeed  are  these  old  0' Flaherties 
and  O'Briens ;  they  kicked,  as  Mr.  Cun- 
ninghame  Graham  might  put  it,  like  Jeshu- 
run,  or  any  old  Macgregor  of  Alban  ;  but 
as  yet  these  tribal  struggles  have  not  ob- 
tained their  sacer  vatcs ;  lar  Connacht  and 
the  Isles  of  Aran  are  awaiting  the  expounder 
of  their  romance  of  war. 


TJie   Secret   of  the    Australian   Desert.      By 

Ernest  Favenc.  (Blackie  &  Son.) 
There  is  not  much  to  say  about  Mr.  Favenc's 
new  Australian  novel,  as  it  is  somewhat 
similar  to  a  good  many  other  tales  of  adven- 
ture in  the  Australian  interior  which  have 
been  produced  in  recent  years.  We  do  not 
like  the  practice  of  varying  the  monotony  of 
the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Australian 
aborigines  by  inventing  others  for  them,  or 
for  some  tribes  among  them,  which  have  no 
authority.  The  masonic  triangle  which 
plays  a  great  part  in  Mr.  Favenc's  story  is 
possibly  an  invention  of  this  type.  We 
remember  to  have  criticized  in  another 
Australian  novel  which  appeared  not  long 
ago  the  introduction,  in  the  same  way, 
into  the  heart  of  Australia  of  a  lofty  volcano 
subject  to  violent  eruptions.  Mr.  Favenc 
seems  to  have  based  his  book  partly  on  one 
of  the  many  accounts  of  the  supposed  dis- 
covery of  survivors  and  of  relics  of  the 
Leichhardt  expedition,  which  have  always 
on  investigation  turned  out  to  be  due  to 
the  powerful  imagination  of  settlers  in  lonely 
districts. 


BOOKS   OF   TRAVEL. 

On  Either  Side  of  the  Bed  Sea.  By  H.  M.  B., 
C.  E.  B.,  and  T.  13.  (Stanford.)— In  1893  and 
1894  Mr.  Buxton  made  journeys  to  secure  speci- 
mens of  the  small  but  handsome  wild  goat,  the 
Ibe-c  sinaiticus,  or  hedan  of  the  Arabs,  which 
is  found  on  either  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez.  On 
the  6rst  occasion  he  visited  the  desert  between 
the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea,  and  on  tlie  second 
the  Sinaitic  Peninsula.  On  both  journeys  he 
was  accompanied  by  his   daughters,    and    '  On 


Either  Side  of  the  Red  Sea '  consists  of  extracts 
from  their  letters,  "designed  to  serve  as  a 
thread  to  connect  and  explain  the  series  of 
photographs,  reproduced  by  the  Swan  Electric 
Engraving  Company,  which  accompany  them." 
The  photographs  were  taken  with  an  ordinary 
kodak  camera,  and  Mr,  Buxton  says  in  his 
preface  that  they  have  no  more  claim  to  dis- 
tinction than  the  productions  of  thousands  of 
amateurs  similarly  equipped.  After  reading 
this  modest  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  illus- 
trations we  were  surprised  to  find  a  series  of 
charming  pictures,  some  of  much  artistic  merit, 
which  no  skilled  professional  would  disdain  to 
call  his  own.  The  subjects  and  the  points  of 
view  have,  in  nearly  every  case,  been  happily 
selected  ;  and  great  care  has  been  exercised  by 
Mr.  Swan  in  the  reproduction  of  the  pictures. 
Amongst  the  best  are  those  of  Fatma,  one  of 
the  water-girls  of  Thebes,  who  is  described  as 
being  "very  slight  and  wiry,  and,  in  profile, 
curiously  like  some  of  the  Pharaohs";  'The 
Fellah  and  his  River  ' ;  the  '  Camp  at  Medisa  ' , 
'  Noonday  Heat ';  'One  Camel  Down  ';  '  Hassan, 
the  Bedawi  Hunter';  and  'In  the  Convent 
Garden.'  The  ladies,  whose  brightly  written 
letters  add  much  to  the  interest  of  the  pictures, 
seem  to  have  thoroughly  enjoyed  their  life  in 
the  desert.  Camping  is  "glorious  fun,"  and  a 
bivouac  near  the  porphyry  quarries  of  Jebel 
Dukhan  leads  them  to  the  conclusion  that 
"  tents  are  superfluous  luxuries  in  this  climate." 
They  had,  however,  their  full  share  of  discom- 
fort. On  returning  from  Jebel  Dukhan  to 
Keneh  they  were  caught  in  a  "real  old- 
fashioned  sand-storm."  In  a  few  minutes 
everything  was  deep  in  sand.  "The  air," 
H.  M.  B.  writes,  "is  so  thick  that  we  can  only 
see  a  few  yards  in  front  of  us.  It  is  like  the 
densest  and  yellowest  of  London  fogs.  There  is  a 
fearful  wind. "  In  the  following  winter  they  were 
exposed  to  the  great  and  rapid  changes  of  tem- 
perature which  occur  in  the  Sinaitic  mountains. 
In  the  mornings  their  "sponges  and  towels 
were  frozen  as  hard  as  bricks,"  and  a  few  hours 
later  they  did  not  know  what  to  do,  they  were 
"  so  grilled  on  the  rocks."  Their  climbing  and 
stalking  experiences  are  pleasantly  told,  and 
there  are  some  good  descriptions  of  the  wild, 
romantic  valleys  of  Sinai,  with  their  rugged 
mountain  sides  and  occasional  oases  of  palm  and 
tamarisk.  We  may  add  that  Mr.  Buxton  was 
unsuccessful  in  obtaining  specimens  of  the  ibex 
in  the  desert  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red 
Sea,  but  two  were  seen,  and  one,  a  female,  was 
caught  alive  and  afterwards  released.  In  the 
Peninsula  of  Sinai,  however,  he  and  his  friends 
were  fortunate  enough  to  secure  several  fine 
heads. 

With  the  Yacht,  Camera,  and  Cycle  in  the 
Mediterranean,  by  the  Earl  of  Cavan,  K.P. 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  is  most  liberally  illus- 
trated, for  of  its  two  hundred  pages  more  than 
half  are  "  photo-mezzotypes."  It  is  written, 
we  are  told,  for  the  edification  of  the  yachtsman, 
the  ordinary  tourist,  and  the  cyclist.  But  it  is 
chiefly  addressed  to  yachtsmen,  a  rather  limited 
company,  though  haply  here  and  there  one  of 
the  humbler  majority,  seduced  by  the  attrac- 
tions of  the  Roseneath,  might  sell  all  that  he  has 
and  buy  a  200-ton  yacht,  especially  if  he  could 
people  it  with  four  as  attractive  young  ladies  as 
those  who  composed  Lord  Cavan's  party.  The 
course  taken  embraced  the  principal  ports,  and 
others  smaller,  but  interesting,  of  Spain,  Algeria, 
Sicily,  Western  Italy,  and  Greece.  Obviously 
in  so  slight  a  volume  nothing  like  detailed  de- 
scription could  be  attempted,  and  the  places  visited 
are  most  of  them  too  well  known  to  need  it  ;  the 
author  thinks,  however,  that  his  photographs 
may  enable  the  intending  voyager  to  choose  the 
route  which  most  takes  his  fancy.  The  idea 
seems  to  be  a  little  far-fetched.  The  pictures 
are  good,  but  the  views  are  most  of  them 
familiar  ;  and  those  whicli  are  chiefly  intended 
for  the  navigator,  e.^j.  entrances  to  harbours^ 
taken  from  some  distance  seaward,  are  too  dia« 

9 


566 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


tant  to  possess  much  general  interest.  However, 
the  information,  such  as  it  is,  is  well  condensed ; 
the  hints  to  yachtsmen  and  the  information  for 
•cyclists  are  no  doubt  useful  and  practical ;  and 
the  little  personal  notes  of  the  cruise  leave  a 
pleasant  impression.  The  writer  promises,  if 
he  meets  with  encouragement,  a  supplementary 
■volume  dealing  with  other  parts  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean coasts.  We  shall  not  hazard  a  prophecy 
AS  to  the  appearance  of  the  other  volume,  but 
meanwhile  would  direct  the  writer's  attention 
to  the  spelling  of  foreign  names,  which, 
perhaps  through  the  carelessness  of  a  copyist, 
is  very  loose  indeed. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  publish,  in  two 
volumes,  Lord  Brassey's  Voyages  and  Travels, 
186.2-1894,  edited  by  Capt.  Eardley-Wilmot. 
While  some  of  Lord  Brassey's  observations  on 
the  Australian  colonies  are  out  of  date,  his 
remarks  on  the  West  Indies  are  fresh  and 
pleasant,  and  his  account  of  Sierra  Leone  useful, 
though  short.  The  statement  "Russia  need 
not  be  seriously  regarded  as  a  naval  power  "  has 
ceased  to  be  true. 


ECCLESIASTICAL   BIOGRAPHY. 

In  the  preface  to  Some  Notable  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury  (S.P.C.K.)  Mr.  Montague  Fowler 
"claims  neither  originality  of  thought  nor  depth 
of  research  "  for  his  book.  Perhaps  the  dis- 
claimer was  hardly  necessary.  The  title  of  the 
volume  and  the  fact  of  its  publication  "under 
the  direction  of  the  Tract  Committee  "  of  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge 
would  sufficiently  warn  readers  what  to  expect. 
Mr.  Fowler  should,  however,  have  taken  the 
pains  to  avoid  simple  mistakes  in  matters  of 
fact,  and  not  have  told  his  readers  that  St. 
Augustine  was  "  accompanied  by  forty  monks 
(regular  and  secular) "  or  that  the  Long  Par- 
liament "  sat  continuously  for  nearly  twenty 
years."  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  what  a 
"secular  monk"  may  be,  and  Mr.  Fowler 
seems  not  to  have  heard  of  Cromwell  taking 
away  "  that  bauble,"  a  fairly  familiar  passage 
of  history.  But  for  the  most  part  the  book 
supplies  interesting  enough  lives  of  four- 
teen archbishops,  selected  from  the  ninety-one 
who  filled  the  office  before  the  appointment  of 
the  present  Primate.  These  lives  are  connected 
by  a  brief  sketch  of  the  period  intervening 
between  them,  so  that  they  form  something  like 
a  popular  history  of  the  see.  The  portraits  of 
the  last  five  prelates  depicted — Sancroft,  Howley, 
Sumner,  Longley,  andTait — are  somewhat  patchy 
and  singularly  wanting  in  colour.  One  almost 
gains  the  impression  from  them  that,  excepting 
the  last,  they  were  chiefly  admirable  for  their 
lack  of  statesmanship  and  independence,  if  not 
of  courage.  When  James  II.  reconstituted  the 
"  absolutely  illegal  "  High  Commission  Court, 
and  nominated  Sancroft  one  of  its  members, 
"  it  is  a  matter  of  surprise  and  regret  that "  the 
archbishop 

"  should  have  asked  to  be  excused  merely  on  the 
plea  of  ill-health  and  numerous  engagements,  more 
especially  as  there  exist  documents  in  his  own  hand- 
writing proving  the  constitution  of  the  court  to 
be  contrary  to  law,  and  we  know,  from  his  subse- 
quent conduct,  that  he  was  certainly  not  devoid  of 

courage His  desire  to  avoid   strife  led  him,  on 

more  than  one  occasion,  to  lay  himself  open  to  the 
charge  of  pusillanimity  and  vacillation.  But  when 
a  clear  question  of  principle  was  at  stake,  his  courage 
and  firmness  were  unshakable." 
Sancroft  seems  to  have  been  as  vacillating  as 
Ussher.  He  knew  the  High  Commission  Court  to 
be  "  contrary  to  law,"  and  yet  made  no  protest 
against  it.  Of  Archbishop  Howley  we  read  that 
"his  natural  timidity  of  character,  or,  to  speak 
more  correctly,  his  retiring  disposition,  pre- 
vented him  from  taking  a  prominent  part  "  in 
connexion  with  the  Tractarian  movement. 
"The  same  hesitation  proved  a  somewhat  un- 
fortunate hindrance  to  the  Primate's  action  in 
promoting  the  important  Church  legislation 
which  marked  the  commencement  of  the  present 
reign."     Archbishop  Sumner  "  was  better  fitted 


for,  and  perhaps  experienced  a  greater  pleasure 
in  the  fulfilment  of  his  pastoral  duties  than  of 
the  wider  questions  of  statesmanship  in  eccle- 
siastical matters."  Of  Archbishop  Longley  it  is 
said  that  "others  of  more  brilliant  gifts  to  some 
extent  eclipsed  his  fame  in  public  matters." 
Yet  there  were  many  who  preferred  his  gentle 
rule  to  the  more  vigorous  discipline  of  that 
undoubted  statesman  among  primates,  Arch- 
bishop Tait.  It  is  to  be  feared  that  posterity 
will  remember  Tait  less  for  his  unflinch- 
ing courage  in  support  of  what  he  believed 
to  be  right  than  for  his  Public  Worship  Regula- 
tion Act,  which  was  not  the  Bill  he  intended, 
but  one  forced  upon  him  during  its  passage 
through  the  House,  even  in  his  own  life- 
time generally  felt  to  be  an  anachronism, 
and  in  practice  silently  abandoned.  We  wish 
that  Mr.  Fowler,  instead  of  burdening  his 
pages  with  the  record  of  half-forgotten  con- 
troversies, in  which,  on  his  own  showing,  the 
archbishops  seldom  played  a  leading  part,  had 
told  his  readers  something  of  their  private 
manner  of  life.  It  would  be  interesting  to  note  the 
stages  by  which  the  princely  primate  of  a  cen- 
tury ago  passed  into  the  simpler,  though  more 
effective  and  infinitely  more  respected  personage 
of  to-day.  A  contrast  might  be  drawn  between 
Howley,  in  his  wig,  keeping  open  house  at 
Lambeth — but  open  only  to  those  who  came  in 
court  dress — and  Longley  arriving  at  the  Canter- 
bury precincts  in  the  railway  omnibus.  Mr. 
Fowler's  earlier  lives — those  prior  to  the  Re- 
formation—  are  substantially  accurate  but  for 
two  serious  errors  in  principle.  He  minimizes 
the  authority  wielded  by  the  Pope  in  England 
during  the  Middle  Ages  to  a  degree  which 
involves  an  absolute  falsification  of  history,  and 
he  confuses  the  Renaissance  with  the  Protestant 
Reformation.  We  have  here  space  to  notice 
the  former  only.  "England,"  it  is  stated, 
"  had  never  synodically  recognized  "  the 
"usurped  dominion  "  of  the  Papacy. 

"With  Henry  Chicheley  the  long  line  of  in- 
dependent archbishops,  who  had  come  down  in 
regular  succession  from  Augustine,  terminated. 
They  had  governed  the  Church  of  England,  not  as 
delegates  from  any  foreign  power,  but  by  their  own 
authority,  in  spite  of  the  aggressions  of  the  Papacy. 
From  this  period  until  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
the  claims  of  the  Bishop  of  Rome  to  exercise 
sovereignty  over  the  Anglican  Church,  although 
never  admitted  by  the  synod?,  were  frequently  con- 
ceded under  protest,  especially  when,  to  suit  his 
own  purposes,  the  king  allied  himself  to  the  Pope, 
and  enforced  the  Papal  pretensions  by  means  of 
royal  authority." 

So  the  Roman  "  sovereignty  "  over  the  English 
Church  began  in  1443  !  Chicheley  himself,  as 
Mr.  Fowler  admits,  tried  to  get  the  statutes  of 
Provisors  and  Prjemunire  repealed.  It  is  not 
surprising  that  our  author  has  omitted  Boniface 
of  Savoy  and  Walter  Reynolds  from  his  bio- 
graphies, and  has  said  nothing  about  the  Council 
of  Reading.  No  one  who  has  made  himself  at 
all  acquainted  with  a  cathedral  muniment  room 
can  fail  to  be  impressed  with  the  persistency 
with  which  the  Papal  supremacy  makes  itself 
felt  through  all  the  common  formulae  of  eccle- 
siastical procedure.  Suppose  a  bishop  grants 
a  licence  for  ordination  to  priest's  orders,  this  he 
does  in  reply  to  the  candidate's  prayer,  "Uta 
quocunque  episcopo  catholico,  sedis  apostolicse 
gratiam     liberamque     sui     executionem    officii 

obtinente ad     ordinem     presbyteratus 

licite  valeas  promoveri."  This  is  one  sample 
out  of  many.  The  continuity  of  the  English 
Church  is  a  fact  which  no  competent  historian 
is  concerned  to  dispute  ;  but  it  is  not  streng- 
thened by  wanton  assertions.  Mr.  Fowler  has 
not  done  a  good  service  to  his  cause  by  making 
statements  which  can  easily  be  disproved.  In 
several  other  cases  he  has  passed  over  diffi- 
culties in  a  way  which  might  be  excused  in  a 
popular  book,  were  it  not  that  the  book  is 
so  distinctly  "apologetic."  The  question  of 
Parker's  consecration,  for  example — though  wo 
believe  its  validity  to  be  established — is  not 
so  simple  a  matter  as  ho  chooses  to  assume. 


Archbishop  Ussher  is  undoubtedly  a  great 
figure  in  English  theology.  His  hardihood  in 
fixing  the  date  of  the  Creation  at  4004  B.C.  may 
provoke  a  smile  when  the  more  tentative 
methods  of  modern  chronology  are  remem- 
bered. His  controversial  works,  however, 
played  no  small  part  in  the  stand  made  against 
the  counter-Reformation,  though,  if  his  latest 
biographer,  Dr.  Carr— whose  Life  and  Times  of 
Archbishop  Ussher  has  been  sent  to  us  by  Messrs. 
Wells  Gardner  &  Co.  —  will  forgive  us  for 
saying  so,  they  have  become  more  or  less 
obsolete.  His  critical  edition  of  St.  Ignatius 
stamps  him  as  one  of  the  greatest  among 
Biblical  scholars,  and  the  story  of  the  discovery 
of  the  Latin  text  has  the  unexpectedness  of 
romance.  Dr.  Carr,  therefore,  has  been  well 
advised  in  rewriting  the  archbishop's  life,  more 
especially  as  he  is  not  over-severe  in  describing 
the  volume  of  Dr.  Elrington,  his  most  recent 
predecessor  in  the  same  field,  as  learned  bub 
tedious.  The  passages  dealing  with  Ussher's 
literary  labours  appear  to  be  most  carefully 
done,  especially  the  summary  of  the  famous 
polemic  '  The  Answer  to  a  Challenge  made  by  a 
Jesuit  in  Ireland.'  The  chief  fault  that  we  have 
to  find  with  the  book  is  the  rather  timid  manner 
in  which  Dr.  Carr  handles  Ussher's  public 
career.  He  lived,  no  doubt,  in  difficult  times, 
and  had  no  ecclesiastical  traditions  to  fall  back 
upon.  Still  he  cannot  be  absolved  from  the 
charge  of  seldom  knowing  his  own  mind.  He 
was  obstinate  over  trifles  and  yet  he  allowed 
essentials  to  drift.  Brought  up  as  a  strict 
Calvinist,  he  never  could  decide  how  to  treat 
the  Irish  Presbyterians.  ' '  Episcojyus  et  Presbyter 
gradu  tantum  differunt  nan  ordine,  and  conse- 
quently where  Bishops  cannot  be  had,  the 
ordination  of  Presbyters  standeth  valid."  That 
seems  clear  enough;  but  Collier  adds,  "Not- 
withstanding this  charitable  bias,  Ussher  made 
no  difficulty  to  censure  the  practice  of  the  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch  Presbyterians.  He  would 
neither  allow  their  orders  nor  communicate 
with  them."  He  was  constantly  hankering  after 
union,  and  yet  he  could  not  make  sufficiently 
definite  overtures  to  give  union  a  chance.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  needed  the  joint  pressure  of 
Strafford  and  Laud  to  overcome  his  preference 
for  a  Church  with  separate  articles  which  would 
have  reduced  it  to  a  mere  Puritan  sect.  Even 
after  the  Lord  Deputy  had  beaten  down  his 
opposition,  he  continued  out  of  sheer  vanity  to 
require  assent  and  consent  to  the  old  Irish 
articles  from  all  candidates  for  ordination.  His 
attitude  towards  the  native  Irish  had  even  more  de- 
plorable results  on  the  history  of  the  Irish  Church. 
Among  his  posthumous  writings  is  to  be  found  a 
tract  on  the  duty  of  teaching  the  Scriptures  in  the 
tongue  of  the  people.  Yet,  from  fear  of  weaken- 
ing the  English  connexion,  he  censured  preach- 
ing and  catechizing  in  the  Irish  language  as 
"  castles  in  the  air."  Bedell  undoubtedly  held 
far  wiser  views  on  the  point,  and  Bedell,  too, 
was  a  strenuous  opponent  of  pluralities  :  a 
scandal  which  Ussher  made  no  serious  effort  to 
suppress.  Altogether  Ussher  must  be  pro- 
nounced a  most  vacillating  administrator,  and 
that  in  days  when  the  Church  stood  in  sore 
need  of  a  man  of  character.  But,  like  San- 
croft, he  was  capable  of  much  personal  courage 
and  endurance.  We  entirely  agree  with  Dr. 
Carr  that  the  crime  of  having  given  a  re- 
luctant assent  to  the  death  of  Strafford  cannot 
be  brought  home  to  him.  In  his  famous  inter- 
view with  Cromwell  he  used  great  boldness  of 
speech,  and  ho  executed  his  edition  of  St.  Igna- 
tius under  conditions  that  would  havo  driven 
most  scholars  distracted.  His  dying  words, 
"  O  Lord,  forgive  me,  especially  my  sins  of 
omission,"  hit  off',  nevertheless,  the  chief  defect 
in  his  nature.  A  prodigy  of  learning,  he  lacked 
sufficient  virility  to  carry  him  through  that 
troublous  age. 

The  Life  of  John  Morion,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury .  By  R.  I.  Woodhouse,  M.A. 
(Longmans.)  —  Such    a    distressingly    ignorant 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


567 


little  book  as  this,  by  a  beneficed  clergyman 
of  the  Church  of  England,  does  not  often  come 
before  us.  Had  Mr.  Woodhouse  no  friend  to 
whom  he  could  apply  for  elementary  instruc- 
tion in  English  history  1  He  starts  on  his  very 
first  page  by  regretting  that  the  parish  registers 
of  Bere  Regis  were  burnt  in  1788,  and  there- 
fore "  no  exact  record  remains  "  of  the  birth 
And  baptism  of  a  man  who  was  born  in  1420  ! 
He  tells  us  that  at  nocturns  or  lauds  "the 
monks  attended  in  their  night  dresses  [!]  just  as 
they  rose  from  bed  in  the  dormitory."  He 
quotes  ^^  Dry  dale's  Monasticon  "  and  ^'Dane's 
York,"  meaning  possibly  Canon  Raine's  little 
book.  He  tells  us  that  Oxford  "  had  been 
a  famous  city  as  early  as  the  days  of  King 
Alfred,"  and  he  informs  us  that  "Cluniac 
reforms  [!]  were  the  attempt  to  insist  upon 
(1)  universal  celibacy  of  the  clergy  ;  (2)  absti- 
nence from  sinning,  so  as  to  he  independent  of 
the  great  men  of  the  toorld ;  (3,  added  later)  the 
refusal  to  receive  from  laymen  the  ring  and 
staff  and  signs  of  their  authority."  It  really  is 
high  time  that  the  rudiments  of  English  history 
should  be  made  one  of  the  subjects  for  examina- 
tion prescribed  by  bishops  to  candidates  for 
ordination.  As  it  is,  such  clergymen  as  Mr. 
Woodhouse  may  be  expected  to  go  on  pub- 
lishing volumes  like  this,  though  they  have 
never  heard  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography. '  Enough  for  them  if  they  can  quote 
an  article  by  a  Very  Rev.  Dean  bristling  with  the 
grossest  blunders,  which  they  accept  as  gospel. 
It  is  melancholy. 

Ancient  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Saints.  Trans- 
lated by  W.  Metcalfe,  D.D.  With  an  Intro- 
duction. (Paisley,  Gardner.)  —  Dr.  Metcalfe, 
who  a  few  years  ago  carefully  re-edited,  with 
some  additions,  Pinkerton's  '  Vitse  Antiquse 
Sanctorum  Scotise,'  now  publishes  a  translation 
of  the  principal  lives  in  that  collection,  viz., 
those  of  SS.  Kentigern,  Ninian,  Columba, 
Servanus,  Margaret,  and  Magnus,  The  extra- 
ordinary legend  of  St.  Servanus  or  St.  Serf  has 
never  before  appeared  in  English.  Dr.  Met- 
calfe has  achieved  a  most  useful  piece  of  work. 
The  translation  is,  on  the  Avhole,  excellent. 
The  introduction,  however,  might  have  been  ex- 
tended with  advantage  ;  there  are  no  notes,  and 
the  index  is  extremely  poor.  Dr.  Metcalfe  makes, 
perhaps,  too  much  of  the  historic  element, 
underlying  or  surrounding  the  miraculous,  in 
these  primitive  narratives.  Quoting  M.  Fustel 
de  Coulanges,  he  remarks  that  the  biographer 
may  invent  a  miracle,  but  not  the  circumstances 
connected  with  it,  otherwise  his  contemporaries 
would  not  believe  the  miracle.  This  is  a  critical 
principle  of  very  limited  application  indeed  in 
the  case  of  these  early  Celtic  stories.  Where 
are  the  historic  facts  which  made  credible  to 
contemporaries  the  miracle  by  which  St.  Serf 
crossed  the  sea  from  France  to  Britain,  with  seven 
million  followers,  diyshod  ?  There  is  in  these 
Scoto-Irish  biographies,  apart  from  the  basis 
of  fact,  a  family  likeness  and  a  recurrence  of 
typical  miracles  which  supply  rich  material  for 
the  study  of  what  Bishop  Dowden  calls  "  com- 
parative hagiology,"  and  the  last  word  has 
by  no  means  been  said  on  the  subject.  The 
local  colouring  of  the  more  trustworthy  narra- 
tives is,  as  a  rule,  the  reflection  rather  of  the 
age  of  the  biographer  than  of  that  of  the  saint 
whom  he  is  glorifying.  But  these  times,  when 
churches  and  monasteries  were  fabricated  of 
wood  and  wattles,  and  books  were  enshrined 
in  gold  and  precious  stones,  are  full  of 
interest.  Here  the  book  is  not  merely  a 
continual  object  of  miracle,  but  it  is  a  wonder- 
worker itself.  To  produce  a  downpour  of  rain 
in  a  season  of  drought  it  is  enough  to  exhibit 
on  the  mountains  the  tunic  and  books  of  St. 
Columba.  St.  Margaret's  prayer  book,  which, 
after  the  manner  of  several  other  more  ancient 
books,  supernaturally  escaped  destruction  after 
being  dropped  into  the  water,  has  been  rescued 
for  the  Bodleian.  How  fortunate  if  we  could 
recover    the    psalter    of    Baithene,    in    which 


Columba  rightly  predicted  that  there  would  be 
found  but  a  single  small  error,  the  want  of  a 
letter  i  !  This  love  of  books  was  the  crowning 
grace  of  the  Celtic  saint.  In  the  life  of  St. 
Magnus  there  is  one  unintelligible  lapse  on  the 
part  of  the  translator.  The  biographer,  re- 
ferring to  the  peculiar  continence  of  the  saint's 
married  life,  extols  his  "innate  chastity," 
exclaiming,  ' '  Quam  decora  et  desideranda  sit 
nativa  castitas."  Dr.  Metcalfe  strangely  trans- 
lates, ' '  How  fair  and  winsome  is  the  immaculate 
conception  "  !  A  more  awkward  slip  is  made 
in  the  introduction,  where  Dr.  Metcalfe,  giving 
a  brief  summary  of  the  theology  indicated  in 
the  several  biographies,  remarks,  "There  is  no 
mention  of  Purgatory,  The  souls  of  men  are 
carried  or  go  straight  to  heaven  or  hell,"  Yet, 
in  the  life  of  St.  Kentigern  or  Mungo,  we  are 
told  that  a  certain  cook,  who  was  raised  from 
the  dead,  described  what  he  had  seen  when 
"led  before  the  tribunal  of  the  terrible  Judge." 
In  the  words  of  Dr.  Metcalfe  himself,  the  cook 
saw  "many  who  on  receiving  their  sentence 
were  cast  into  hell,  others  destined  to  pur- 
gatorial places,  and  some  raised  to  celestial 
joys."  Could  the  doctrine  of  Purgatory  be 
more  explicitly  stated  ? 

The  Oxford  Movement,  by  the  late  G.  Wake- 
ling  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.),  consists  of  some 
sketches  which  originally  appeared  in  the  Neto- 
bery  House  Magazine.  They  describe  chiefly 
the  effect  of  the  religious  revival  in  London, 
and  are  not  uninteresting  in  their  mild  parochial 
way.  We  are  bound  to  say  that  many  of  the 
stories  told  are  very  old  indeed.  Still  Mr. 
Wakeling  has  given  accounts  from  personal 
knowledge  of  many  excellent  men  who  run 
some  danger  of  being  forgotten  undeservedly. 
His  ingenuous  reminiscences  should  find  appre- 
ciative readers  in  High  Church  circles. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 


Mr,  Murray  publishes  Some  Poor  Belief 
Qxoestio'iis,  by  Miss  Gertrude  Lubbock.  This 
volume,  which  is  on  the  plan  of  Mr.  Sydney 
Buxton's  excellent '  Handbook  to  Political  Ques- 
tions of  the  Day, '  gives  the  arguments  for  and 
against  the  discouragement  of  outdoor  relief, 
old-age  pensions,  and  a  few  less  important  pro- 
posals. It  also  contains  a  summary  of  the 
reports  of  the  Commission  on  the  Aged  Poor. 
It  is  well  executed  and  useful, 

Mr.  Walter  Scott  publishes  as  a  pretty 
little  pamphlet  Tolstoy  as  Preacher:  his  Treat- 
tnent  of  the  Gospels,  by  Russian  State  Councillor 
L  Henry  Harrison,  long  sub-inspector  of  the 
Naval  Cadet  Corps  at  St.  Petersburg.  Mr. 
Harrison,  the  translator  of  Kriloff  and  of 
Alexis  Tolstoy,  finds  Leo  Tolstoy  too  much  of  a 
heretic,  a  matter  with  which  we  do  not  concern 
ourselves,  and  also  inconsistent  with  himself — 
which  is  true.  It  comes  out  that  much  of 
Tolstoy's  religious  writing  is  only  to  be  found 
in  privately  circulated  lithographs  in  the  Russian 
tongue.  The  English  translations  are  only  par- 
tial, and,  as  Mr.  Harrison  informs  us,  omit 
much  of  Tolstoy's  anti-doctrinal  statement ;  and 
publication  in  Russia  is  impossible  because  of 
the  censorship,  which  has  cut  to  pieces  many 
of  Tolstoy's  writings. 

The  Revolution  of  ISJfS  is  the  best,  so  far  as  we 
know,  of  M.  Imbert  de  Saint-Amand's  books. 
Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  publish  a  translation 
which  is  not  well  executed.  The  volume  relates 
the  fall  of  the  Orleans  dynasty  so  truthfully  that 
even  in  its  English  disguise  it  will  find  readers. 
The  Prince  de  Joinville,  who  knew  where  his 
father  would  end,  has  told  us  the  story  in  his 
memoirs  ;  but  here  he  appears  as  others  saw 
him — "not  daring  to  express  his  mind  to  his 
father,"  but  to  the  queen  "predicting  the 
gravest  sort  of  complications. "  A  family  story 
is  current  with  the  princes  of  the  house  as  to 
the  Prince  de  Joinville  at  twenty-five,  already 
a  distinguished  naval  officer,  having  approached 


his  aunt,  Madame  Ade'laide,  the  king's  adviser, 
with  his  jeremiads.  The  old  lady  almost  slapped 
him  as  she  cried,  "Tais-toi,  mechant  morveux, 
qui  ose  critiquer  la  politique  de  ton  pere." 
"The  dirty-nosed  brat  "  had  forgotten  that  this 
great  princess  had  not  only  the  manners,  but 
the  tongue  of  the  old  Court.  The  volume  is 
well  illustrated.  Marie  Am^lie  is  depicted  as 
those  now  living  remember  her  ;  but  Gerard,  one 
of  whose  portraits  of  her  was  probably  destroyed 
at  the  sack  of  the  Palais  Royal,  had  already  im- 
mortalized the  future  queen's  earlier  beauty  in 
another,  which  is  the  property  of  the  Duo 
d'Aumale.  This  represents  the  Duchess  of 
Orleans  as  she  was  in  1816.  Marie  Am^ie, 
like  Marie  Louise,  was  the  niece  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  and  granddaughter  of  the  Empress 
Maria  Theresa ;  but  in  Gerard's  treatment  of 
1816  she,  far  more  than  Marie  Louise  in  her 
portraits,  looks  the  part,  and  there  is  nothing 
in  the  portrait  which  suggests  "  the  middle-class 
queen  "  of  1830-48.  Those  who  like  such  books 
as  these  are  usually  able  to  read  French  ;  but  if 
they  cannot  read  French,  will  they  be  able  to 
comprehend  this  translation  ?  "Cars  "  for  rail- 
way carriages,  which  we  find  throughout,  is 
American,  but  is  beginning  to  become  intelligible 
to  British  readers,  "Fieschi's  assault,"  for  an 
attempt  made  by  a  special  firearm  from  a  great 
distance,  is  neither  English  nor  French  for 
Fieschi's  attempt  on  the  king's  life.  In  a  great 
number  of  passages  we  have  "session"  for  a 
parliamentary  sitting,  which  is  French,  not 
English,  and  most  misleading  to  English  readers. 
The  word  "session"  is  used  in  this  sense  in 
Scotland  and  in  the  United  States  ;  but  it  has 
in  England  so  definite  a  meaning  that  its  use  by 
our  translator  cannot  be  defended.  "We  are 
about  to  raise  the  session  "  is  still  worse.  "  'Re- 
union." ior  meeting  is  as  bad.  So  is  "surveil- 
lance of  the  littoral "  for  watching  of  the  coast. 
"Relay  "  is  used  by  the  translator,  as  in  French, 
both  for  fredi  posthorses  and  for  a  post  station. 
^' A  squall  which  lasted  for  several  days"  must 
surely  have  been  a  gale. 

Messrs.  Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster  have  issued 
an  edition  of  Lane's  Thousaml  ami  One  Nights 
in  one  volume.  The  purchaser  undoubtedly 
gets  his  money's  worth  —  over  five  hundred 
closely  printed  demy  octavo  pages  of  small  type, 
a  marvellous  florin's  worth.  At  the  same  time, 
it  is  not  by  any  means  a  complete  Lane.  The 
publishers'  note  says  :  "  This  volume  is  a  reprint 
of  the  first  edition  of  Lane's  translation  from 
the  Arabic.  The  notes  and  poetry  have  been 
omitted,  and  also  some  of  the  stories  of  lesser 
interest ;  but  no  alteration  whatsoever  has  been 
made  of  the  text."  The  omission  of  Lane's 
notes  of  course  deprives  the  present  edition 
of  most  of  its  value  as  a  commentary  on  the 
manners  and  civilization  of  the  Mohammedan 
East ;  but  we  confess  we  do  not  greatly  deplore 
the  loss  of  the  prose  versions  of  the  Arabic 
verses  which  perpetually  interrupted  the  narra- 
tive. The  publishers  have  obviously  aimed  at 
producing  a  cheap  edition  of  this  celebrated 
classic  regarded  simply  from  the  story-book 
point  of  view.  They  have,  however,  omitted  a 
very  considerable  proportion  of  the  stories  them- 
selves, besides  the  notes  and  jwetry.  The  dis- 
appearance of  four  hundred  and  fifty  pages  of 
Lane's  stories,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  pages 
of  anecdotes,  forms  no  slight  deduction  from 
the  completeness  of  the  reprint.  Of  eleven 
chapters  in  vol.  iii.  of  Lane's  original  edition, 
five  are  bodily  dropped  out,  and  nearly  half  of  a 
sixth  is  also  omitted,  comprising  the  famous 
stories  of  the  'King  and  the  Seven  Wezeers,' 
which  is  of  peculiar  interest  in  the  history  of 
popular  tales.  Out  of  Lane's  first  volume  we 
miss  the  sage  Doobin,  Noor-ed-Deen  and  Shems- 
ed-Deen,  and  the  whole  of  the  last  two  cliapters, 
including  four  stories.  Quite  a  third  of  the 
original  translation  seems  to  be  omitted.  Of 
what  remains,  the  text  is  practically  unclianged, 
though  it  can  hardly  he  maintained  that  "no 
alteration  whatsoever  has  been  mode,"  for  all 


568 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No 


3548,  Oct.  26, ' 


95 


the  accents  and  diacritical  points  have  been  cut 
out,  and  the  apostrophe  representing  the  Arabic 
letter  'eyn  has  frequently  been  suppressed.  With 
these  exceptions  the  reprint  appears  to  be  faith- 
ful enough,  and  will  no  doubt  be  serviceable  to 
those  who  wish  to  read  the  '  Arabian  Nights ' 
in  a  scholarly  translation,  and  who  are  satisfied 
with  a  selection  of  the  principal  tales  without 
explanatory  notes.  The  publishers  have  added 
''from  another  source"  the  tv/o  stories  of 
Aladdin  and  Ali  Baba,  not  found  in  Lane's 
Arabic  original  ;  but  it  is  a  pity  to  mix  up  these 
Anglo-Galland  paraphrases  with  the  exact  trans- 
lations tliat  precede  them.  There  is  already  a 
literal  English  translation  of  'Aladdin,'  from 
Zotenberg's  recently  discovered  Arabic  text, 
which  the  publishers  might  possibly  have  ob- 
tained leave  to  reprint.  It  is  in  Messrs.  Putnam's 
pretty  little  "Knickerbocker  Nuggets"  selection 
from  Lane's  'Arabian  Nights.' 

Mr.  Standish  O'Grady  is  a  born  story-teller, 
and  he  has  seldom  furnished  a  more  original 
proof  of  his  gifts  in  this  direction  than  in  The 
Chain  of  Gold  (Fisher  Unwin).  Some  courage  is 
needed  to  lay  the  scene  of  a  tale  of  shipwreck 
and  adventure — and  a  most  romantic  tale  too— 
on  the  coast  of  modern  Ireland,  but  the  experi- 
ment is  in  the  main  justified  by  results.  The 
story  is  wildly  improbable  from  beginning  to 
end,  and  yet  such  is  the  art  of  the  writer  that 
he  never  loses  touch  with  his  reader.  The 
element  of  the  supernatural  is  handled  with 
remarkable  force,  the  descriptive  passages  are 
brilliantly  picturesque,  and  the  narrative  alert 
and  vivacious.  In  short,  the  whole  story  holds 
one  with  the  compelling  magic  of  a  fantastic 
but  vivid  dream.  As  a  gift-book  for  boys  or 
grown-up  people,  the  strangead  ventures  of  Ned 
and  Jack  Freeman  may  be  commended  without 
reserve. 

Mk.  Nimmo  has  been  well  advised  to  reprint 
that  pleasant  volume  The  Household  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  by  the  author  of  '  Mary  Powell,' 
and  enrich  it  with  clever  illustrations  by  Mr. 
Railton  and  Mr.  Jellicoe,  the  only  drawback  to 
which  is  that  often  the  architecture  introduced 
is  rather  thett  of  the  early  seventeenth  cen- 
tury than  the  early  sixteenth.  The  book  is 
handsomely  printed,  and  contains  a  discursive 
introduction  by  Mr.  Hutton.  Could  not  Mr. 
Hutton  tell  us  more  about  Miss  Manning  ? 
Surely  he  could  have  learnt  something  from 
Mr.  Arthur  Hall. 

A  STRiKiJiG  feature  of  modern  bookselling  is 
the  number  of  new  editions  of  the  "  Waverley 
Novels  "  that  are  placed  on  the  market.  Hardly 
were  the  handsome  "Border  Edition"  of  Mr. 
Nimmo  and  the  neat  "  Dryburgh  Edition  "  of 
Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black  completed  than  Messrs. 
Constable  began  to  put  into  execution  the 
happy  idea  of  reprinting  the  "Author's  Favourite 
Edition,"  and  two  volumes  of  this  pretty  reissue, 
containing  Ivanhoe,  are  before  us  ;  and  we 
also  have  on  our  table  the  first  volume,  con- 
taining Waverley,  of  yet  another  edition  com- 
menced by  Messrs.  Black,  who  evidently  intend 
not  to  yield  to  competition.  This  new  reprint 
is  to  be  published  at  half-a-crown  a  volume, 
well  printed  and  well  bound  and  illustrated, 
and  supplied  with  a  glossary  and  notes.  It  is 
decidedly  a  good  bargain  for  the  purchaser. 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  Mr.  Gibbings  has 
not  stopped  short,  like  Messrs.  Bell,  in  his 
reprint  of  Smollett's  novels,  but  has  brought 
out  in  two  pretty  volumes  Tlie  Adventures  of 
Cou-iU  Fathom,  to  which  Mr.  Saintsbury  has 
prefixed  an  interesting  introduction — an  excel- 
lent piece  of  criticism. 

ME.SSRS.  Seeley  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  re- 
print of  the  late  Mr.  L.  B.  Seeley's  readable 
volume  on  Horace  Walpole  and  his  World ; 
Messrs.  Macraillan  have  brought  out  new 
editions  of  two  of  Mr.  Marion  Crawford's 
popular  stories,  TI,e  adldren  of  the  Kiwj  and 
Marion  Darche,  each  comprised  in  one  volume  ; 
and  Messrs.  A.  D.  Innes  &  Co.  have  brought 


out  similar  editions — Lot  13,  by  Dorothea 
Gerard,  and  A  Set  of  Rogues,  by  Mr.  Frank 
Barrett. 

We  have  received  catalogues  from  Messrs. 
Dulau  &  Co.  (French  books  on  religion  and 
philosophy),  Messrs.  George  &  Son  (fair),  Messrs. 
Gowans  &  Son,  Mr.  Higham  (two  theological 
catalogues),  Mr.  W.  R.  Hill,  Messrs.  Maggs 
Bros,  (good),  Messrs.  Maurice  &  Co.,  Mr. 
Menken  (two  catalogues),  Messrs.  Myers  &  Co., 
Messrs.  Kegan  Paul,  Trench  &  Co.  (books  on 
Japan  and  China),  Messrs.  Rimell  &  Son  (topo- 
graphy), Mr.  W.  T.  Spencer  (good),  and  Messrs. 
Suckling  &  Galloway.  We  have  also  on  our 
table  the  catalogues  of  Mr.  Taylor  and  the 
Midland  Educational  Company  of  Birmingham, 
Messrs.  Bright  and  Son  of  Bournemouth, 
Messrs.  Fawn  &  Co.  (two  catalogues,  one  of 
them  topographical)  and  Messrs.  W.  George's 
Sons  (Americana  and  Australiana)  of  Bristol,  Mr. 
Johnson  of  Cambridge,  Mr.  Brown  (good),  Mr. 
Cameron  (good),  Mr.  Clay  (fair),  and  Messrs. 
Douglas  &  Foulis  (good)  of  Edinburgh,  Messrs. 
Kerr  &  Richardson  (good)  of  Glasgow,  Mr. 
Goldie  and  Mr.  Miles  of  Leeds,  Messrs.  Jaggard 
&  Taylor  and  Messrs.  Young  &  Sons  (good)  of 
Liverpool,  Messrs.  Pitcher  &  Co.  (good)  and 
Mr.  Sutton  of  Manchester,  Messrs.  Browne  & 
Browne  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Mr.  Murray 
of  Nottingham,  Mr.  Blackwell  of  Oxford  (good), 
and  Mr.  Iredale  of  Torquay  (two  catalogues,  one 
of  them  being  of  autographs).  Messrs.  Burgers- 
dijk  &  Niermans,  of  Leyden,  have  sent  us  a 
catalogue  of  an  important  sale  to  be  held  next 
week  ;  Mr.  Cohn,  of  Berlin,  has  forwarded  an 
interesting  catalogue  of  autographs  and  his- 
torical documents  ;  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.,  of 
Frankfort,  have  issued  a  catalogue  of  English 
books  from  the  library  of  F.  von  Bodenstedt  ; 
and  Messrs.  List  &  Francke,  of  Leipzig,  have 
published  two  catalogues,  one  bibliographical, 
the  other  of  works  relating  to  music  and  the 
stage. 

We  have  on  our  table  Adoption  and  Amend- 
ment of  Constitutions  in  Europe  and  America, 
by  C.  Borgeaud,  translated  by  C.  D.  Hazen 
(Macmillan), — An')ials  of  the  Court  of  Oheron, 
by  J.  H.  Duvar  (Digby  &  Long), — A  French 
Commercial  Reader,  by  S.  E.  Bally  (Methuen), 
— Book-keeping  for  Weekly  Newspapers,  by 
G.  H.  Richardson  (Wilson), — Newspaper  Book- 
keeping and  Accounts,  by  C.  Comins  (Haddon), 
— file  '''■Line  and  Column"  System  of  Book - 
keejnng,  by  G.  Bernard  (Manchester,  Bernard), 
— Folitical  Economy,  by  M.  Prothero  (Bell), — 
Harmony  and  Counterpoint,  with  Exercises,  by 
T.  H.  Bertenshaw  (Longmans), — England  v. 
Australia,  by  J.  N.  Pentelow  (Simpkin), — 
Varied  Occupations:  their  Principles  and  F}ir- 
2)oses,  by  H.  Holman  (Isbister), — Wondrcnis 
Strange,  and  other  Stories,  by  J.  Nib  (Reming- 
ton),— An  Apostle  of  Freedom,  by  E.  Hughes 
(Simpkin), —  Willoughtyy  Court,  by  G.  Buchan 
(Digby  &  Long), — First  Verses,  by  W.  D. 
Ground  (Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Franklin),  — Ad 
Sodales,  by  F.  Taylor  (Oxford,  Blackwell),— 
Fugitive  Fancies,  Poems,  by  W.  J.  Yeoman 
(Digby  &  Long), — The  Traitm-  Lake,  and  other 
Poems,  by  Mary  Macalpine  (Greenock,  Hutchi- 
son),— The  Coming  of  Ragnariik,  and  other  Poems, 
by  H.  B.  Tourtel  (Simpkin), — Verse  Ventiires, 
by  T.  J.  Hayes  (Leeds,  Goodall  &  Suddick),— 
I'he  Hi< flier  Critics  Criticised,  by  H.  L.  Hastings 
(Marshall  Brothers), — A  Worki^ig  Man's  View 
of  Disestablishment  and  Disendowment,  by  H.  J. 
Roberts  (S.P.C.K.), — The  Temptation  of  Jesus, 
and  other  Sermons,  by  R.  Eyton  (Kegan  Paul), 
— Aspects  of  Judaism,  being  Sixteen  Sermons, 
by  I.  Abrahams  and  C.  G.  Montefiore  (Mac- 
millan),— TJie  Influence  of  Jesus,  by  the  Rev. 
P.  Brooks  (Allenson), — The  Spirit  of  the  Papacy, 
by  J.  S.  Hittell  (San  Francisco,  Hittell), 
—  Questions  Chronologiqucs  concernant  la 
Premiere  Carte  Histornpie:  L'Exode,  by  Dr. 
E.  Laroche  (Paris,  Leroux), — and  Souverainetc' 
du  Peuple    et  Gouvernement,  by  E.  d'Eichthal 


(Paris,  Alcan).  Among  New  Editions  we  have 
a  Few  Hints  as  to  Proving  Wills,  cCc,  by  a 
Probate  Court  Official  (Low),— ^  History  of 
Devonshire,  by  R.  N.  Worth  (Stock),— T/ie 
Birth,  Boyhood,  and  Younger  Days  of  Henry 
M.  Stanley,  by  T.  George  (Roxburghe  Press), 
— and  The  Bible  Doctrine  of  Man,  by  J.  Laidlaw, 
D.D.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark). 

LIST    OP   NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology, 
Apocrypha,  Revised  Version,  16rao.  2/  el. 
Cobb's  (VV.  F.)  Origines  JudaicED,  8vo   12/  cl. 
Crawford's  (Rev.  J.  H.)  The  Brotherhood  of  Mankind,  5/  cl. 
Hardy's  (Hev.  E.  J.)  In  the  Footprints  of  St.  Paul,  2/6  cl. 
Hore's  (Rev.  A.  H.)  History  of  the  Church  Catliolic,  6/  cl. 
Lovell's  (Rev.  H.   R.)   First  Types  of  the  Christian  Life. 

cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Petrie's  (M.   D.)  jEthiopum  Servus,  a  Study  in  Christian  ■ 

Altruism,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Romaine's  (W.)  A  Treatise  upon  the  Life  of  Faith,  edited 

with  Notes  by  A.  E.  B.  Lawrence,  18mo.  2/6  cl. 

Law. 
Buckler's  (W^.  H.)  The  Origin  and  History  of  Contract  in 

Roman  Law,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Indermaur's  (J.)  Principles  of  the  Common  Law,  8vo.  20/  cl. 

Inderwick'8  (F.  A.)  llie  King's  Peace,  a  Historical  Sketch  of 

the  English  Law  Courts,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Arcfiieology . 

Birds  from  Moidart  and  Elsewhere,  drawn  from  Nature  by 

•'B,"15/cl. 
Geyersbuug's  (C.  H.  de)  Egypt  and  Palestine  in  Primitive- 

Times,  Vol.  1,  roy.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
May's  (Phil)  Sketch-Book,  50  Cartoons,  folio,  10/6  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Barlow  (G.)  and  others'  A  Sextet  of  Singers,  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Bateman's  (M.)  Sonnets  and  Songs,  ]2mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Book  of  Nursery  Songs  and  Rhymes,  collected  by  S.   B. 

Gould,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Field's  (M.)  Attila  !  my  Attila  !  a  Drama,  5/  net,  cl. 
Hemingway's  (P.)  The  Happy  Wanderer,  and  other  Verse,. 

16mo.  5/  net,  swd. 
Osborne's  (H.)  The  Palace  of  Delights,  and  other  Poems^ 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Our  Queen,  and  other  Poems,  by  Lillian,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Poetry  of  Pathos  and  Delight,  from  the  Works  of  Coventry 

Patmore,  selected  by  A.  Meynell,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Watson's  (R.  M.)  Vespertilia,  and  other  Verses,  4/6  net,  cl. 
Whitby's  (C.  J.)  The  Mermaid's  Quest,  and  other  Poems, 
16mo.  2/6  net,  swd. 

Philosophy. 
Cook's  (A.  B.)  The  Metaphysical  Basis  of  Plato's  Ethics,  6/ 

History  and  Biography. 
Allcroft  and  Masom's  Rome  under  the  Oligarchs,  cr.  8vo.  6/6 
Amherst's  (Hon.  A.)  History  of  Gardening  in  England,  21/ 
Anima  Poeta;,  from  the  Unpublished  Note-Books  of  S.  T. 

Coleridge,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Ball's  (Sir  R.  S.)  Great  Astronomers,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Dasent's  (A.  J.)  The  History  of  St.  James's  Square,  12/  net. 
De    Morgan,  S.  E.,  Reminiscences    of,  ed.   by  M.  A.   De 

Morgan,  cr.  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
De  Quincey  and  his  Friends,  by  J.  Hogg,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Fitzgerald's  (P.)  Stonyhurst  Memories,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Fortescue's  (Hon.  J.  W.)  A  History  of  the  17th  Lancers,. 

roy.  8vo.  25/  net,  cl. 
German  Emperor  William  II.,  by  C.  Lowe,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Letters  of  Edward  Fitzgerald  to  Fanny  Kemble,  edited  by 

W.  A.  Wright,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Pulitzer's  (A.)  The  Romance  of  Prince  Eugene,  2  vols.  21/ cl. 
Seeley's  (Sir  J.  R.)  The  Growth  of  British  Policy,  2  vols.  12/ 
Two  Great  Authors  :  Sir  W.  Scott,  Thos.  Carlyle,  2/  cl. 
Younghusband's  (G.  F.  and  F.  E.)  The  Relief  of  Chltral, 
8vo.  8/6  net,  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Adolphus's  (P.)  Some  Memories  of  Paris,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Armstrong's  (A.)   In  a  Mule  Litter  to  the  Tomb  of  Con-^ 

fucius,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Bruce's  (G.  W.  H.  If.)  Memories  of  Mashonaland,  10/6  cl. 
Home's  (R.).Columbian  Sketches,  er.  8vo.  2/6  swd. 
Pajfe's  (J.  L.  W.)  The  Coasts  of  Devon  and  Lundy,  7/6  cl. 
Rinder's  (F.)  Old-World  Japan,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Williamson's  (Rev.  A.)  Glimpses  of  Peebles,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  cl.- 

Scienee. 
Ager's  (G.)  The  A  Y  Z  Telegram  Code,  royal  Svo.  16/  cl, 
Armstrong's  (H.  F.)  Solid  Geometry,  4to.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Davis's  (J.  R.  A.)  Elementary  Physiology,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Henderson's  (J.)  Elementary  Pliysics,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Hunting's  (VV.)  The  Art  of  Horse-Shoeing,  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Kaposi's  (Dr.)  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the 

Skin,  royal  Svo.  25/  cl. 
Knies's  (M.)  Relations  of  Diseases  of  the  Bye  to  General 

Diseases,  royal  Svo.  18/  cl. 
Lehne's  (Dr.  A.)  Tabular  Survey  of  the  Artificial  Organic 

Colouring  Matters,  4to.  6/  net,  swd. 
Lodge's  (A.)  Mensmation  for  Senior  Students,  cr.  Svo.  4/6 cl. 
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N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


569 


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THE  HISTORICAL  MANUSCRIPTS  COMMISSION. 
The  last  Report  on  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
of  the  House  of  Lords  is  prefaced  by  a  most 
clear  and  excellent  introduction,  wherein  the 
editors,  Messrs.  Taylor  and  Skene,  as  their 
custom  is,  supply  a  short  description  of  the  more 
important  papers  that  have  been  calendared 
here.  These  are  brought  together  under  such 
convenient  headings  as  "Privilege,"  "Church," 
"Trade,"  "Courts  of  Law,"  and  the  like,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary  legislative  work  of  the 
year,  which  belongs  to  the  domain  of  political 
history.  Here  we  have  interesting  notices, 
amongst  other  things,  of  the  prevailing  discon- 
tent in  respect  of  the  ill  success  of  the  campaign 
in  Flanders  ;  and  the  dismissal  of  certain  Dutch 
officers  at  this  time  prepares  us  for  the  great 
reaction  that  culminated  in  the  disbanding  of 
Dutch  regiments  in  1698.  More  important  still 
in  this  connexion  are  the  papers  relating  to  the 
efficiency  and  discipline  of  the  navy.  These 
serve,  moreover,  to  present  the  victory  of  La 
Hogue  in  a  more  glorious  light,  for  on  paper 
the  enemy  were  clearly  over  -  matched  by 
numbers,  and  Russell's  assertion  that  his  fight- 
ing line  was  actually  of  less  extent  than  that  of 
the  French  is  worthy  of  attention.  This  Report 
also  raises  several  constitutional  points  of 
considerable  novelty  and  interest  in  connexion 
with  the  famous  legislative  measures  of  the  year, 
such  as  the  Place  Bill  and  the  Triennial  Bill. 
The  true  history  of  the  latter  measure  can  be 
inferred  from  the  original  draft,  which  has  now 
been  discovered,  and  which  shows  that  the  Whig 
Reform  Bill  of  1692  was  practically  based  upon 
the  famous  Act  of  1640. 

As  to  this,  the  editors  justly  call  attention  to 
the  "different  sense"  in  which  each  of  these 
Bills  was  triennial,  according  to  "the  prevail- 
ing political  feeling  of  the  times."  That  of 
Charles  I.  really  provides  for  annual  parlia- 
ments, with  a  clause  to  enable  them  to  be  con- 
vened automatically  in  case  of  disuse  for  a  term 
of  three  years  ;  but  the  later  Bill  is  only 
triennial  in  the  sense  of  limiting  the  duration 
of  Parliament  to  three  years.  This,  of  course, 
we  knew  before,  but  the  editors'  conclusion 
that  the  Bill  in  question  was  thus  "directed 
against  an  abuse  of  power,  not  by  the  Crown, 
but  by  Parliament  itself,"  leaves  the  vexed 
question  of  the  political  purity  of  motive  of  the 
dominant  party  as  far  from  a  reasonable  solution 
as  before. 

Under  the  head  of  "Trade  Papers,"  the  familiar 
malpractices  of  the  wholesale  butter  merchant 
(cheesemonger  was  then  his  proper  title)  are 
exposed  in  several  petitions  and  Bills  ;  but 
the  papers  on  this  subject  are,  on  the  whole, 
disappointing,  as,  indeed,  are  most  of  the 
others  included  in  this  Report  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  navy  papers. 

The  editors  have  again  thought  it  worth  while 
to  print  the  figures  of  the  Accounts  Commis- 
sioners. These,  it  is  true,  are  highly  interest- 
ing, but  the  same  information  could  perhaps 
be  more  intelligibly,  though  less  conveniently, 
gleaned  from  the  Treasury  Records.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  military  establishments  printed 
here  are  of  great  practical  value,  especially  for 
the  department  of  the  Ordnance.  The  work  of 
calendaring  these  miscellaneous  papers  is,  as 
usual,  well  done,  and  there  is  once  more  an 
excellent  index  to  the  contents  of  the  Report. 


MR.  HENRY  REEVE,  C.B.,  D.C.L. 
A  FAMILIAR  figure  is  lost  to  the  worlds  of 
literature  and  society  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Henry  Reeve.  Bom  eighty-two  years  ago  at 
Norwich,  where  his  aunt,  Mrs.  Austin  —  the 
mother  of  Lady  Duflf  Gordon  —  was  a  sort  of 


social  queen,  Henry  Reeve  began  early  to  be 
interested  in  literature.  The  Edinburgh  Review 
must  have  had  exceptional  importance  for  him 
long  before  he  dreamed  of  being  its  editor,  for 
his  father,  Dr.  Reeve,  was  among  its  contri- 
butors. Henry  Reeve  was  educated  partly  in 
Munich,  where  he  became  sufficiently  familiar 
with  the  language  to  contribute  to  Bavarian 
papers,  and  partly  in  Geneva,  where  he  ac- 
quired the  facility  in  speaking  French,  rare 
among  the  Englishmen  of  his  generation,  which 
served  him  well  in  his  subsequent  official  and 
other  intercourse  with  Frenchmen.  His  mis- 
sions to  the  French  Government,  his  relations 
with  the  French  Embassy,  and  his  friendships 
with  Thiers,  De  Broglie,  and  the  Due  d'Aumale 
(with  whom  he  spent  his  eightieth  birthday 
at  Chantilly)  are  well  known.  Though  his 
knowledge  of  foreign  affairs  did  not  save 
the  Edinhwrcjh  from  predictions  of  financial 
disaster  for  the  Suez  Canal,  it  decidedly  in- 
fluenced his  own  literary  production.  His 
translation  of  De  Tocqueville's  '  Democracy  in 
America  '  appeared  in  1836,  when,  as  the  trans- 
lator claimed,  the  quarter  of  a  century  following 
its  first  publication  had  swept  away  so  much,  yet 
left  De  Tocqueville's  work,  in  its  main  conten- 
tions, still  standing.  That  translation  has  gone 
through  many  editions.  Henry  Reeve  trans- 
lated also  '  France  before  the  Revolution 
of  1789 '  and  M.  Guizot's  '  Washington.' 
Nearly  thirty  j-ears  later  Mr.  Reeve's 
original  contribution  to  French  history  was 
published  in  two  volumes  under  the  title  of 
'Royal  and  Republican  France.'  Mr.  Reeve 
was  by  this  time  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Institute  of  France.  The  contents  of  these 
Tolumes,  which  included  articles  on  De  Tocque- 
ville,  on  Chateaubriand,  on  Marie  Antoinette, 
on  Mirabeau,  and  on  Louis  Philippe,  had 
been  scattered  already  through  the  pages  of  the 
Edinhnrgh  Bevieiv  and  its  rival  the  Quarterly^ 
as  well  as  through  those  of  the  British  mid 
Foreign  Revieiv.  A  great  deal  of  more  scrappy 
matter  in  relation  to  French  affairs  was  contri- 
buted, over  a  long  course  of  years,  to  the  columns 
of  the  Times. 

Other  books  edited  by  Henry  Reeve  were 
Whitelock's  'Journal  of  the  Swedish  Embassy 
in  1653-54';  the  'Memoir  and  Correspondence 
relating     to     Political    Occurrences     in    June 
and  July,   1834,'  by  the  first  Lord  Hatherton  ; 
and    his    father's    Viennese    journals    written 
during  the  winter  of  1805-6,  in  publishing  which 
he  discharged  a  public  as  well  as  a  filial  duty. 
But   of  all   the  books  he  edited  the   '  Greville 
Memoirs'  had,  of  course,  the  largest  success  of 
every  sort.      Greville   had  been    Clerk   of   the 
Council    in    Ordinary   for   nearly   forty  years, 
dating  from  1821,  and  with  him   Reeve — who 
became  Clerk  of  Appeal  to  the  Privy  Council 
in  1837,  the  year  of  the  young  Queen,  and  its 
Registrar   fifteen  years  later — had  lived   for   a 
quarter  of  a  century  in  daily  official  and  private 
intercourse.  Only  a  few  hours  before  his  death  in 
1865,  in  Lord  Granville's  house  in  Bruton  Street, 
Greville  placed  in  Reeve's  hands  the  journals 
which,  as  he  said,  he  had  written  without  the 
slightest  idea  of  publication,  yet  also  without  the 
slightest  dread  of  it.     Reeve  allowed  ten  years 
to  elapse  before  he  gave  to  the  public,  in  three 
volumes,  the  journals  so  far  as  they  related  to 
thereigns  of  George  IV.and  William  IV.  Greville 
himself   had    carefully    revised    them,    erasing 
passages  wln'ch  he  thought  idly  scandalous  ;  and 
in     any    further     excisions,    which    were    not 
numerous,   the   editor   showed   perhaps   rather 
as   the  courtier  than  as    the  successor  of    his 
Whig  forerunners  in  the  conduct  of  the  Edin- 
burgh lierieti:    The  journals  had  been  entrusted 
by  Greville,  in  the  first  instance,  to  Sir  George 
Cornewall    Lewis,   who,   however,   died   before 
him.     By  a  coincidence  Reeve  succeeded  Lewis 
in  the  Edinburgh  editorship  also.     That  was  in 
1855.     His  editorship  was  at  least  memorable 
for  its  lengtli.     The  old  and  leisurely  traditions 
of  the  quarterlies  he  did  not  disturb,  and  his 


570 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


1 


sympathy  was  not  with  the  more  recent  move- 
ments in  literature.  The  great  method  and  in- 
dustry at  his  command  induced  him  as  an  editor 
to  attend  to  details,  such  as  proof-reading,  which 
worse  men  might  have  better  done. 

At  the  Athenajum  Club,  where  he  was  often 
to  be  seen,  in  late  and  gouty  years,  leaning 
heavily  on  his  stick,  Henry  Reeve  found  him- 
self gradually  surrounded  by  new  names  and 
faces — a  perplexing  experience  for  one  who,  a 
generation  ago,  was  in  touch  with  all  the  men 
and  events  of  the  day.  Politics  had  changed 
their  aspect  since  the  time  when  he  was  a  con- 
fidant of  Liberal  leaders.  The  great  religious 
movements,  too,  of  the  last  half  century  had 
left  him  precisely  where  he  was,  while  they  had 
affected  nearly  every  man  about  him.  Still,  at 
his  house  in  Rutland  Gate,  and  at  Foxholes, 
Christchurch  —  a  delightful  place,  surrounded 
by  pines  and  within  sight  of  the  sea,  where  he 
spent  half  his  year — he  had  many  friends  about 
him,  besides  a  devoted  wife,  and  books  and 
pictures  which  he  had  great  pleasure  in  possess- 
ing and  in  showing  to  his  visitors.  Sir  Henry 
and  Lady  Taylor,  while  they  lived,  were  his 
best  of  neighbours  ;  and  Sir  Percy  Shelley,  too, 
if  he  had  any  hereditary  grudge  against  the 
Edinburgh,  forgot  it  in  pleasant  neighbourly 
intercourse  with  the  Edinhurgli's  mildest  editor. 

Henry  Reeve,  to  whom  the  University  of 
Oxford  gave  the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L. 
in  1869,  and  who  subsequently  became  a 
Companion  of  the  Bath,  retired  on  a  pension 
from  his  Privy  Council  post  in  1887,  after 
fifty  years  of  service  ;  but  he  remained  active 
in  his  literary  interests  to  the  last  week  of 
the  life  which  ended  on  Monday  morning  at 
his  Hampshire  home.  W.  M. 


THE   BEGGAES  OF  THE  SEA. 

I  AM  glad  that  Major  Hume  has  come  forward 
to  defend  the  views  he  has  so  ably  formulated 
as  to  the  descent  on  Brille.  But  I  should  hardly 
call  it  "a figure  of  speech  "  to  describe  Alva's 
envoy  as  "  packed  off  at  the  same  time  as  De 
Spes,"  when  he  admittedly  remained  here 
more  than  three  months  afterwards,  and  was 
allowed  (to  whatever  purpose)  to  see  the  queen 
and  lay  remonstrances  before  her  on  behalf  of 
Philip  —  remonstrances  which  were  duly  con- 
sidered and  replied  to  by  the  Council. 

I  venture  to  think  that  Major  Hume  has 
approached  the  subject  too  exclusively  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  Spanish  papers,  without 
checking  their  evidence  by  that  of  those  English 
sources  to  which  I  referred.  He  persists,  for 
instance,  that  Elizabeth  had  "  offended  Philip 
beyond  forgiveness,"  and  that  no  remonstrance 
from  Zweveghem  "  was  likely  to  have  any  effect 
whatever,"  ignoring  the  evidence  I  brought 
forward  from  the  Privy  Council  Records  that 
when  Sconvall,  a  leader  of  the  Beggars,  brought 
in  a  Spanish  ship  to  the  Hampshire  coast,  the 
Council,  in  reply  to  a  request  for  instructions, 
took  the  strong  step  of  ordering  Horsey  to 
employ  force,  if  needful,  against  Sconvall,  and 
even  use  the  queen's  ships  for  the  purpose. 

The  point  I  have  specially  endeavoured  to 
bring  out  is  that,  so  far  from  acting  in  collusion 
with  our  Government,  De  la  Marck  privately 
remonstrated  .against  their  hostile  attitude  to 
him  and  his  cruisers,  and  was  practically  driven 
from  our  shores.  I  contend,  therefore,  that  he 
cannot  have  made  the  descent  on  Brille  of  his 
own  free  will,  but  that  his  hand  was  forced  by 
Elizabeth's  action,  and  that  he  had  to  hazard 
a  coup  de  -main  instead  of  waiting,  as  was  (I 
showed)  his  intention,  for  strong  reinforcements, 
which  were  considered  necessary  for  undertak- 
ing a  descent  with  any  prospect  of  success. 

J.  H.  Round. 


THB  'DICTIONAEY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

The  following  is  the  fourth  part  of  a  list  of 
the  nam^g  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  under 


the  letter  S  (Section  H.)  in  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.  The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  ' 
wUl  be  obliged  by  any  notice  of  omissions 
addressed  to  him  at  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.'s,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.  He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

Some,  Robert,  Master  of  Peterhouse,  1542*-1609 

Somer,  Henry,  judge,  H.  1407 

Somercote,  Laurence,  canonist,  fl.  1250 

Somers,  Mrs.,  actress,  1820 

Somers,  Edmond,  army  physician,  1828* 

Somers,  Sir  George,  rediscoverer  of  the  Bermudas,  1554-1610 

Somers,  John,  Lord  Somers,  1650-1716 

Somers,  Robert,  author,  1822-1891 

Somerset,  Edward,  2nd  Marquis  of  Worcester,  1601-1667 

Somerset,  Fitzroy  James  Henry,  Baron  Raglan,  1788-1855 

Somerset,  Henry,  1st  Duke  of  Beaufort,  1630-1700 

Somerset,  Henry,  7th  Duke  of  Beaufort,  1792-1853 

Somerset,  John,  medical  writer,  fl.  1440 

Somerset,  Poulett  George    Henry,  aide-de-camp  to    Lord 

Raglan,  1822-1875 
Somerset,  Lord  Robert  Edward  Henry,  general,  1776-1842 
Somerville,  Alexander,  Canadian  journalist,  1811-1885 
Somerville,  Andrew,  artist,  1808-1834 
Somerville,  Elizabeth,  author,  fl.  1806 
Somerville,  Hugh,  5th  Lord  Somerville,  1549 
Somerville,  James,  11th  Lord  Somerville,  1690 
Somerville,  John,  traitor,  1583 
Somerville,  John,  15th  Lord  Somerville,  agriculturist,  1765- 

1819 
Somerville,  Mary,  scientific  writer,  1780-1872 
Somerville,  Robert,  agricultural  writer,  1803 
Somerville,  Thomas,  divine  and  historian,  1741-1830 
Somerville,  William,  poet,  1692-1743 
Somerville,  William,  physician  and  traveller,  1768-1860 
Somerville,  William  Meredyth,  1st  Baron  Athlumney,  1S02- 

1873 
Sommers,  Thomas,  author,  1744-1817 
Sommers,  William,  Henry  VIII. 's  jester,  fl.  1540 
Somner,  William,  antiquary,  1593-1669 
Sondes,  George,  Earl  of  Feversham,  1677 
Soone  or  Zoone,  William,  Professor  of  Civil  Law  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1580* 
Sophia,  Princess,  daughter  of  George  III.,  1777-1848 
Sophia  Dorothea,  Queen  Consort  of  George  I.,  1666-1726 
Sopwith,  Thomas,  mining  engineer,  180.3-1879 
Sorbiere,  Samuel,  traveller  and  translator,  1670 
Sorrocold,  Thomas,  devotional  writer,  fl.  1590 
Sotheby,  Samuel  Leigh,  book  auctioneer,  1806-1861 
Sotheby,  William,  author,  1757-1833 
Sothern,  Edward  Askew,  actor,  1830-1881 
Sotherton,  John,  judge,  1605 
Sothray,  Simon,  theologian,  fl.  1385 

Soto,  Peter  de,  Regius  Professor  of  Divinity  at  Oxford,  1563 
Soulis,  Sir  John  de,  ambassador  and  soldier,  1318 
South,  Sir  James,  astronomer,  178.5-1867 
South,  John  Flint,  surgeon,  1793-1882 
South,  Robert,  divine,  1633-1716 
Southam,  John,  Archdeacon  of  Oxford,  1440 
Southam,  Thomas,  Abbot  of  Burton-on-Trent,  1401 
Southam,  Thomas,  navigator,  1571 
Southcote,  Sir  John,  judge,  fl.  1560 
Southcott,  Joanna,  religious  fanatic,  1750M814 
Southern,  Henry,  diplomatist,  1799-1853 
Southern  or  Soothern,  John,  poet,  1584 
Southern,  Thomas,  dramatist,  1660-1746 
Southey,  Caroline  Ann,  poet,  1787-1854 
Southey,  Henry  Herbert,  physician,  1783-1865 
Southey,  Robert,  author,  1774-1843 
Southgate,  Richard,  antiquary,  1729-1795 
Southwell,  Nathaniel,  Jesuit,  1598-1676 
Southwell,  Sir  Richard,  politician,  fl.  1555 
Southwell,  Sir  Robert,  Master  of  the  Rolls.  1559 
Southwell,  Robert,  poet  and  Jesuit,  1562*-1695 
Southwell,  Sir  Robert,  diplomatist.  1635-1702 
Southwell,  Thomas,  Jesuit.  1592-1637 
Southwell,  Thomas,  Viscount  Southwell,  1720 
Sowerby,  George  Brettingham,  naturalist,  1788-1854 
Sowerby,  James,  botanist,  1757-1822 
Sowerby,  John  Edward,  writer  on  natural  history,  1870 
Soyer,  Alexis,  cook,  1858 
Soyer,  Emma,  painter,  1814-1842 
Spalding,  John,  historian,  1609»-1670» 
Spalding,  Samuel,  philosopher,  1807-1834 
Spalding,  William,  metaphysician,  1808-1859 
Spang,  Michael  Henry,  modeller,  1766 
Spark,  Thomas,  editor  of  Lactantius,  1655-1692 
Sparke,  Edward,  religious  writer,  fl.  1652 
Sparke,  Joseph,  antiquary,  1727-1784 
Sparke,  Thomas,  Archdeacon  of  Stow,  1548-1616 
Sparrow,  Anthony,  Bishop  of  Norwich,  1685 
S[)arrow,  John,  translator  of  Boehme,  fl.  1615-1659 
Spearman,  Robert,  philosopher,  fl.  1755 
Spedding,  James,  editor  of  Bacon's  works,  1808-1881 
Speechley,  William,  agriculturist,  fl.  1800 
Speed,  Adam,  agricultural  writer,  fl.  1650 
Speed,  .John,  historical  writer,  1.5,5.5-1629 
Speed.  Samuel,  religious  writer,  1681 
Speght,  Thomas,  editor  of  Chaucer,  fl.  1598 
Speke,  Hugh,  politician,  fl.  1688 
Speke,  John  Hanning,  African  explorer,  1827-1864 
Spelman,  Clement,  judge,  1679 
Spelnian,  Edward,  antiquary,  1767 
Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  antiquary,  1662-1641 
Spelmnn,  Sir  John,  judge,  1.544 
Si>elmaii,  Sir  John,  antiquary,  1643 
Spcnce,  Benjamin  I'Mward,  sculptor,  1822-1866 
Spence,  Elizabeth  Isabella,  novelist,  1768-1832 
Spence,  George,  jurist,  1787-1850 
Spence,  Joseph,  author  of  the  '  Anecdotes,'  1699-17.58 
Spence,  Thomas,  bookseller,  1820* 
Spence,  William,  economic  writer,  fl.  1808 


Spence,  William,  mathematician,  1818* 
Spence,  William,  entomologist,  1783-1860 
Spencer,  Aubrey  George,  colonial  bishop,  1795-1872 
Spencer,  Sir  Augustus  Almeric,  general,  1807-1893 
Spencer,  Sir  Brent,  general,  1760-1828 
Spencer,  Charles,  3rd  Earl  of  Sunderland,  1674-1722 
Spencer,  Charles,  3rd  Duke  of  Marlborough,  1706-1758 
Spencer,  George,  4th  Duke  of  Marlborough,  1739-1817 
Spencer,  George  John,  2nd  Earl  Spencer,  1758-1834 
Spencer,  George  Trevor,  Bishop  of  Madras,  1801-1866 
Spencer,  Gervase  or  Jarvis,  miniature  painter,  1763 
Spencer,  John,  President  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 

1614 
Spencer,  John,  Jesuit,  1601-1671 

Spencer,  John,  President  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1630-1695 
Spencer,  John  Charles,  3rd  Earl  Spencer,  Viscount  Althorp, 

1782-1845 
Spencer,  Robert,  Baron  Spencer,  1627 
Spencer,  Robert,  2nd  Earl  of  Sunderland,  1640-1702 
Spencer,  Sir  Robert  Cavendish,  captain  R.N.,  1791-1830 
Spencer,  Thomas,  Independent  minister,  1791-1811 
Spencer,  Thomas,  pamphleteer,  1796-1853 
Spencer,    William    George,  '  Inventlonal    Geometry,'  1790- 

1866 
Spencer,  William  Robert,  wit,  1769-1834 
Spender,  Lilian,  novelist,  18.38-1895 
Spens,  Sir  James,  diplomatist,  fl.  1624 
Spens,  Thomas  de.  Bishop  of  Galloway,  1480 
Spenser,  Edmund,  poet,  1553*-1599 
Sperling,  Lieut.  John,  R.E.,  Waterloo  diarist,  1877 
Spicer,  Henry,  miniature  painter,  1743-1804 
Spiers,  Alexander,  '  English  Dictionary,'  1808-1869 
Spigurnel,  Henry,  judge,  1.328 

Spillan,  Daniel,  M.D.,  scholar  and  medical  writer,  1856* 
Spiller,  James,  comedian,  1691-1729 
Spiller,  John,  sculptor,  1763-1794 
Spilsbury,  F.  B.,  amateur  artist  and  surgeon,  fl.  1805 
Spilsbury,  John,  mezzotint  engraver,  1730-1795 
Spinckes,  Nathaniel,  Nonjuror,  1653-1727 
Spittlehouse,  John,  Fifth  Monarchy  writer,  fl.  1653 
Spofford,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  1460* 
Spofforth,  Reginald,  glee  composer,  1768-1864 
Spooner,  Charles,  mezzotint  engraver,  1717-1767 
Spooner,  William  C,  veterinary  surgeon,  fl.  1850 
Sporley,  Richard,  monk  of  Westminster,  1490* 
Spottiswood,  James,  Bishop  of  Clogher,  1645 
Spottiswood,  John,  Scots  Reformer,  1510-1585 
Spottiswood  or  Spotswood,  John,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 

1565-1639 
Spottiswood,  John,  advocate,  fl.  1730 
Spottiswood,  Sir  Robert,  lawyer,  1596-1646 
Spottiswoode,  Arthur  Cole,  major-general,  1874 
Spottiswoode,  William,  President  of  Royal  Society,  1825-1883 
Spragge  or  Sprague,  Sir  Edward,  admiral,  1673 
Sprat  or  Spratt,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  1635-1713 
Spratt,  James,  naval  commander,  1771-1853 
Spratt,  John,  philanthropist,  1797-1871 
Spratt,  Thomas  Abel  Brimage,  F.R.S.,  admiral  and  author, 

1811-1888 
Sprigge,  Joshua,  '  Anglia  Rediviva,'  1616-1684 
Sprigge,  William,  legal  writer,  fl.  1660 
Spring-Rice,  Thomas,  1st  Baron  Monteagle,  1790-1866 
Sprint,  John,  theologian,  1623 
Sprott,  George,  notary,  1608 
Sprott,  Thomas,  chronicler,  1272* 
Spruce,  Richard,  botanist  and  traveller.  1827-1893 
Spry,  Henry  Harpur,  writer  on  India,  1804-1842 
Spry,  Sir  Richard,  admiral,  1775 
Spurgeon,  Charles  Haddon,  preacher,  18.34-1892 
Spurgin,  John,  medical  writer,  1866 
Spurstow,  William,  D.D.,  Nonconformist  divine,  1666 
Spyers,  James,  landscape  painter,  fl.  1730 
Squire,  Adam,  Master  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  fl.  1580 
Squire  or  Squyer,  Edward,  traitor,  1698 
Squire,  John,  major  R.B.,  1812 
Squire,  Samuel,  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  1714-1766 
Squire,  William,  controversialist,  1677 
Stack,  Richard,  D.D.,  Irish  writer,  fl.  1805 
Stackhouse,  John,  botanist,  1741-1819 
Stackhouse,  Thomas,  divine,  1680-1752 
Stafford,  Anthony,  devotional  writer,  1641 
Stafford,  Augustus,  politician,  1811-1857 
Stafford,  Edmund.  Bishop  of  Exeter,  1419 
Stafford,  Edward,  3rd  Duke  of  Buckingham,  1478-1521 
Staitord,  Henry,  2nd  Duke  of  Buckingham,  1454*-1483 
Stafford,  Henrv,  Lord  Stafford,  1501-1563 
Stafford,  Humphrey,  1st  Duke  of  Buckingham,  1402-1460 
Stafford,   Humphrey,    Lord    Stafford,    afterwards    Earl   of 

Devon,  1469 
Stafford.  John,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1452 
Stafford,  John,  Independent  divine,  1728-1799 
Stafford,  Ralph  de,  1st  Earl  of  Stafford,  1299-1372 
Stafford,  Richard,  divine,  fl.  1700 
Stafford,  Tliomas,  traitor,  1557 
Stafford,  Thomas, '  Pacata  Hibernia,'  1633 
Stafford,  William,  author  of  '  Complaints,'  1581 
Stafford,  William,  pamphleteer,  159.3-1683 
Stagg,  John,  Cumberland  poet,  fl.  1800-1815 
Staggins,  Nicliolas,  Professor  of  Music  at  Cambridge,  1705 
Staines,  Ilobert,  engraver,  1805-1849 
Staines,  Sir  Thomas,  naval  captain,  1774-1830 
Stainier,  R.,  engraver,  fl.  1788 

Stainton,  Henry  Tibbatts,  F.R.S. ,  entomologist,  1822-1892 
Stairs,  W.  Grant,  African  traveller,  1860'-1892 
Staley,  William,  first  victim  of  the  "  Popish  Plot,"  1678 
Stalham,  John,  Puritan  divine,  1681 
Stamford,  Sir  William,  judge,  1509-1558 
Stamp,  William,  divine,  1653 
Stanbridge,  John,  writer  of  school-books,  fl.  1522 
Stanbury,  John,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  1474 
Standen,  Joseph,  Nonconformist  divine,  1793-1859 
Standish,  Arthur,  economist,  fl.  1612 
Standi.sh,  Frank  Hall,  author,  1797-1839 
Standish,  Henry,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1535 
Standish,  John,  Arclideacon  of  Colchester,  1507*-1570 
Standish,  Miles,  Puritan  leader,  1.565*-1656 
Stanfield,  William  Clarkson,  painter,  1793-1867 
Stanford,  Charles,  divine,  1886 
Stanger,  Christopher,  medical  writer,  fl.  1802 
Stanhope,  Cliarles,  3rd  Earl  of  Stanhope,  1753-1816 
Stanhope,  Charles,  3rd  Earl  of  Harrington,  1753-1829 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


571 


stanhope,  Sir  Edward,  Cbancellor  of  the  diocese  of  London 
1608 

Stanhope,  Edward,  politician,  1840-1893 

Stanhope,  George,  Dean  of  Canterbury,  1660-1728 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy,  1776-1839 

Stanhope,  James,  1st  Earl  Stanhope,  1673-1721 

Stanhope,  John,  Baron  Stanhope,  1620 

Stanhope,  Leicester  Fitzgerald   Charles,  5th  Earl  of  Har 
rington,  1784-1862 

Stanhope,  Philip,  2nd  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  1713 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer,  4th  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  1694 
1773 

Stanhope,  Philip  Henry,  5th  Earl  Stanhope.  1805-1875 

Stanhope,  William,  1st  Earl  of  Harrington,  1690*-1756 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  Dean  of  Westminster,  1815-1881 

Stanley,  Caleb  Robert,  landscape  painter,  1790*-1868 

Stanley,  Charlotte.  Countess  of,  1663 

Stanley,  Edward,  Baron  Monteagle,  1523 

Stanley,  Edward,  3rd  Earl  of  Derby,  1508-1572 

Stanley,  Edward,  Bisliop  of  Norwich,  1779-1849 

Stanley,  Edward,  surgeon,  179:J-1862 

Stanley,  Edward  Geoffrey  Smith,  14th  Earl  of  Derby,  1799- 
1869 

Stanley,  Edward  Henry,  loth  Earl  of  Derby,  1826-1893 

Stanley,  Edward  John,  2nd  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderley,  1802- 
1869 

Stanley,  Edward  Smith,  13th  Earl  of  Derby,  1775-1851 

Stanley,  Hans,  politician,  1780 

Stanley,  Henry,  4th  Earl  of  Derby.  1531-1593 

Stanley,  James,  Bishop  of  Ely,  1515 

Stanley,  James,  7th  Earl  of  Derby,  1651 

Stanley,  John,  musician,  1713-1786 

Stanley,  Mary,  benefactress,  1814-1879 
Stanley,  Montague,  actor  and  artist,  1809-1844 

Stanley,  Thomas,  1st  Earl  of  Derby,  1435-1504 
Stanley,  Thomas,  '  History  of  Philosophy,'  1625-1675 
Stanley,  Sir  William,  Lord  Chamberlain,  1495 
Stanley,  Sir  William,  traitor,  fl.  l.=>88 
Stanley,  William,  "  Stentor,"  1647-1731 

Stannard,  Joseph,  painter  and  etcher,  1797-1830 

Stannus,    Sir    Ephraim    Gerish,    Lieutenant-Governor    of 

Addiscombe,  1784-1850 
Stanwix,  John,  general,  1690+-1765 
Btanwix,  Richard,  divine,  1656 
Stanyan,  Abraham,  diplomatist,  1732 
Stanyhurst,  Richard,  translator  of  Virgil,  1547-1618 
Stapledon.  Walter.  Bishop  of  Exeter,  1326 
Staples,  Edward,  Bishop  of  Meath,  \brtQ* 
Stapleton,    Augustus    Granville,   biographer    of    Canning, 

fl.  1860 
Stapleton,  Gregory,  Catholic  divine,  1748-1802 
Stapleton  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Miles,  of  Bedale,  original  Knight 

of  the  Garter,  1373 
Stapleton  or  Stapylton,  Milo  de,  baron.  1313 
Stapleton  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Philip,  Parliamentarian,  1647 
Stapleton  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Robert,  poet.  1669 
Stapleton,  Thomas,  Catholic  divine,  1536-1598 
Stapleton,  Thomas,  antiquary,  1805-1849 
Stapley,  Anthony,  regicide.  1659* 
Stark,  James,  landscape  painter,  1794-1859 
Starke,  Adam,  antiquary,  1784-1868 
Starke,  Mariana,  guide-book  writer,  1838 
Starke,  William,  physician,  1740-1770 
Starke,  William,  Scottish  architect,  1813 
Starkey,  George,  miscellaneous  writer,  fl.  1664 
Starkey,  Humphrey,  judge.  1486 
Starkey,  Thomas,  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Pole,  fl.  1540 
Starkie,  Thomas,  legal  writer,  1779-1849 
Statham,  Nicholas,  judge,  fl.  1468 

Staunton,  Edmund,  President  of  C.C.C,  Oxford,  1600-1671 
Staunton,  Francis,  major,  b.  1779* 
Staunton,  George,  C.B.,  general,  1880 
Staunton,  Sir  George  Leonard,  Indian  administrator,  1737- 

1801 
Staunton,  Sir  George  Thomas,  writer  on  China,  1781-1859 
Staunton,  Hervey  de,  judge,  1327* 
Staunton,  Howard,  cliess-player,  1810-1874 
Staveley,  Thomas,  miscellaneous  writer,  16S3 
Stawell,  Sir  John,  Royalist,  fl.  1660 
Stawell,  Sir  William  Foster.  Australian  judge,  1815-1889 
Stayler,  Alen,  illuminator,  fl.  12.=>0 
Stay  ley,  George,  actor  and  playwright,  1727-1780 
Stayner,  Sir  Richard,  Commonwealth  admiral,  1662 

(To  be  continued.) 


COLERIDGE. 


You  kindly  let  me  announce  some  time  ago 
that  I  had  luckily  stumbled  by  accident  on  two 
volumes  in  MS.  of  Coleridge's  opus  magnum  (at 
least,  in  his  own  estimation  it  was  so),  'The 
Elements  of  Logic'  and  'Introduction  to  the 
History  of  Logic'  They  were  sold  with  the 
library  of  Joseph  Henry  Green  at  Sotheby's 
rooms,  and  passed  tlirough  two  hands  after- 
wards as  being  MSS.  by  that  gentleman.  Lastly, 
they  fell  to  me,  and  I,  by  your  help,  had  the 
privilege  of  announcing  what  they  really  were 
and  are.  They  are  what  Allsop  alludes  to  as 
ready,  or  next  to  ready,  for  the  press.  To  my 
astonishment  there  was  not  a  reply  of  any  sort, 
from  reader,  student,  or  publisher.  I  sat  down 
contentedly,  saying,  "A  cloud  is  across  the  moon, 
perhaps";  and  as  Macaulay  told  us  that  Byron 
is  not  read  now,  I  said  to  myself,  "Well, 
let  us  add  Coleridge  to  company  so  select." 
The  late  Mr,  Dykes  Campbell  did,  how- 
ever, write  me  a  line  to  ask  me  what  I 
thought  about  this  treasure  trove,  and  said 
he  would  allude  to  it,  merely  in  a  line, 
in    the    work    that,    unhappily,    is    his    last. 


As  I  have  not  yet  seen  that  valuable  book  I  do 
not  know  whether  he  has  or  has  not  done  this. 
But  he  expressed  no  further  curiosity  about 
my  brain-diamond,  for  diamond  it  is,  if  not 
of  the  lirst  water.  Since  that  we  have  had 
another  book  on  Coleridge,  and  now  your 
columns  tell  us  that  a  volume  of  prose  is  coming 
from  the  family  in  selections  from  the  poet's 
note-books.  This  tends  to  show  that  "the 
cloud  is  not  across  the  moon,"  and  puzzles  me 
all  the  more.  In  this,  the  day  of  short  para- 
graphs, bright  though  scrappy  selections  are, 
of  course,  as  wanting  no  thought,  more  popular 
than  a  big  treatise  that  wants  a  great  deal. 

Still,  making  all  allowance  possible,  the  apathy 
of  students  remains  inexplicable  to  me.  But 
I  can  start  a  further  problem  yet  in  wonder. 
Dr.  Murray,  of  Oxford,  in  the  midst  of  his 
labours  of  Hercules,  found  room  and  time  to 
devote  a  generous  interest  to  this.  He  made  me 
send  it  him  to  Oxford,  and  when  all  the  big- 
wigs were  in  residence,  he  personally  intro- 
duced it  to  the  notice  of  those  who  might  be 
the  most  likely  to  feel  some  interest  in  such  a 
matter.  Some  of  them  kept  it  several  weeks 
in  hand,  and  after  about  three  months'  absence 
it  came  back  to  me  without  one  single  word  of 
comment  from  anybody,  either  combative  or 
appreciative.  I  feel  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  the 
doctor  for  his  energy  and  kindness.  But  for 
all  the  rest  I  can  only  repeat  over  and  over 
the  wonderfully  invented  line,  so  simple  and 
yet  so  fresh  and  forceful,  that  Cowper  attributes 
to  Selkirk, — 

Their  tameness  is  shocking  to  me. 

C.  A.  Ward. 


IL   COMMENDATORE    BONGHI. 

Our  veteran  contributor  Signer  R.  Bonghi, 
whose  death  after  a  long  illness  we  have  to 
record,  was  a  man  of  singular  activity,  bodily 
and  mental.  Even  when  quite  a  boy  at  Naples, 
he  attracted  attention  by  the  extent  and  diver- 
sity of  his  attainments.  At  first  his  main  bent 
was  towards  philosophy,  and  he  published  a 
translation  of  the  'Philebus. '  He  was  for  a  time 
attached  to  the  Neapolitan  Embassy  at  Rome  ; 
but  when  King  Bomba  began  to  show  his  re- 
actionary tendencies,  he  withdrew  to  Piedmont, 
where  he  came  under  the  influence  of  the  philo- 
sophic Catholics,  Manzoni  and  Rosmini,  the 
latter  of  whom  Bonghi  had  become  acquainted 
with  when  one  of  Pio  Nono's  ministers.  Bonghi 
first  excited  general  attention  among  his 
countrymen  by  an  essay  on  the  reasons  why 
Italian  literature  is  not  popular  in  Italy  ;  and  his 
translations  of  Platonic  dialogues  and  of  Aris- 
totle's '  Metaphysics  '  led  to  his  being  made  in 
1859  Professor  of  Philosophy  at  Pavia,  and  after- 
wards at  Naples.  Presently  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Greek  Literature  at  Florence,  and 
subsequently  at  Rome,  only  to  become  Professor 
of  Ancient  History  at  Milan  and  at  Rome  ;  and 
for  a  time  he  was  Minister  of  Education  under 
Minghetti  (1874-6). 

He  published  an  extraordinary  number  of 
political  pamphlets,  historical  works,  and  school- 
books,  besides  a  translation  of  Plato,  a  '  Vita 
di  Gesii,'  sketches  of  travel,  and  biographies. 
One  volume  of  essays  was  oddly  called  '  Horje 
Subsecivse,'  as  if  he  ever  gave  himself  any 
leisure.  He  edited  three  newspapers  and 
founded  a  magazine,  and  he  thought  nothing  of 
trudging  from  Rome  to  Veii  and  back — to  the 
surprise  of  his  countrymen,  who  are  not  fond 
of  walking — to  get  material  for  his  lectures  on 
Roman  history.  Such  incessant  occupation  at 
last  broke  down  a  strong  constitution.  To 
the  AthencE^lm  he  annually  contributed  an  excel- 
lent short  summary  of  the  Italian  literature  of 
the  year,  in  which  he  never  hesitated  to  oftend 
his  countrymen  by  telling  them  unpalatjible 
truths,  and  expressing  his  disappointment  that 
the  political  risorgimtido  has  done  .so  little  to 
restore  the  ancient  glories  of  Italian  letters. 


Ui'terarp  CSossip. 

The  autobiograpliy  of  Lord  Clarence 
Paget,  edited  by  his  brother-in-law,  Sir 
Ai'thur  Otway,  will  shortly  be  pub- 
lished. Lord  Clarence  enjoyed  a  varied 
experience,  having  represented  the  Ad- 
miralty in  Parliament  as  its  secretary  as 
well  as  having  commanded  the  Mediter- 
ranean fleet.  He  was  something  of  an 
artist  as  well  as  a  seaman,  and  the  work  will 
be  illustrated  with  sketches  from  his  pencil. 
Diaries  of  his  visits  to  the  Holy  Land  and 
Russia  will  be  included  in  it. 

One  of  the  many  interesting  points  in 
the  biography  of  Lord  Tennyson  will 
be  the  Laureate's  relations  with  the 
Queen.  These  will  be  best  indicated  by 
some  letters  which  he  addressed  to  Her 
Majesty,  and  which,  despite  their  very 
flattering  terms,  the  Queen  has  not  felt  she 
ought  to  withhold  from  publication. 

Mr.  William  Watson's  new  volume  will 
be  entitled  '  The  Father  of  the  Forest,  and 
other  Poems.'  The  contents  include  the 
'  Hymn  to  the  Sea '  and  '  The  Tomb  of 
Burns  ';  but  the  titular  poem  is  printed  for 
the  first  time.  The  volume,  which  Mr.  Lane 
will  publish  early  next  month,  has  for  its 
frontispiece  a  portrait  of  the  author  after  a 
photograph  by  Mr.  Hollyer. 

In  Blackwoodh  Magazine  for  November 
'  The  Siege  of  Wei-Hai-Wei '  wiU  form  the 
subject  of  another  article  from  MagcHs 
"  Correspondent  in  China,"  dealing  with 
the  Chinese  navy,  and  describing  this,  the 
most  important  action  in  the  war  between 
China  and  Japan,  from  well- authenticated 
evidence  of  combatants.  Mr.  AKred  Austin 
contributes  a  description  of  a  tour  in  L:e- 
land  under  the  title  of  '  Ireland  Revisited.' 
Mr.  Walter  B.  Harris  writes  on  '  Wander- 
ings in  Persian  Kurdistan ' ;  while  Lieut. 
Baden  Powell,  of  the  Scots  Guards,  gives 
an  account  of  his  experiences  of  ballooning 
as  a  sport. 

The  governing  body  of  Westminster 
School  have  determined  to  commemorate 
the  bicentenary  of  Dr.  Richard  Busby's 
death,  in  connexion  with  the  commemoration 
of  the  founders  and  benefactors  which  will 
be  held  on  Monday,  November  18th.  A 
collection  of  relics  and  memorials  of  Dr. 
Busby  will  be  displayed  in  the  great 
schoolroom,  where  the  head  master  will  hold 
a  reception  after  the  usual  Latin  service  in 
the  Abbey. 

The  literature  of  the  Christmas  numbers 
includes  Mr.  Robert  Louis  Stevenson's  story 
'  On  the  Great  North  Road,'  which  is  to 
appear  in  the  Christmas  number  of  the 
lUmtrated  London  Keics,  along  with  a  story 
by  Sir  Walter  Besant,  entitled  '  The  Luck 
of  the  Susan  (?)  Bell.'  The  Sketch  Christmas 
number  will  contain  a  new  story  by  Ouida, 
entitled  'Tenia';  a  story  by  Mrs.  Clifford, 
'The  Woman  and  the  Philistine';  and  a 
story  by  Louis  Becke,  *  Baldwin's  Loise,' 
together  with  a  play  by  Mr.  Max  Pember- 
ton  ;  whilst  the  Album  Christmas  number 
will  contain  a  new  historical  tale  by 
Mr.  Stanley  Weyman,  entitled  '  The  Two 
Pages.' 

We  have  to  record  the  death,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-one,  of  Miss  Georgina  Jackson, 
the  author  of  '  The  Shropshire  Word-Book.* 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  Shropshire  stjuire, 


572 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'>3548,  Oct.  26, '95 


but  loss  of  income  compelled  her  to  support 
herself  and  her  widowed  mother  by  teaching 
and  painting,  and  of  late  years  ill  health 
long  confined  her  entirely  to  her  bed.  Her 
glossary  was  put  together  with  unremitting 
care,  and  she  learned  Glossic  for  the  express 
purpose  of  representing  the  Shropshire  pro- 
nunciation. Besides  the  dictionary,  she 
compiled  a  grammar  of  the  dialect  and 
drew  up  coloured  maps  of  the  county,  show- 
ing the  local  distribution  of  the  various 
forms  of  the  dialect. 

It  is  understood  that  the  Government  of 
Lord  Salisbury  is  willing  to  afford  facilities 
for  the  passing  of  Lord  Playf air's  Bill  to 
establish  a  statutory  Commission  for  the 
new  L^niversity  of  London,  whilst  reserving 
liberty  of  action  in  regard  to  details.  The 
Secondary  Education  Commission,  it  is 
stated,  has  expressed  in  its  report  an 
©pinion  favourable  to  a  single  teaching 
university,  on  the  basis  of  the  existing 
University. 

The  inaugural  address  of  the  lecture 
session  of  the  Honourable  Society  of  Cym- 
mrodorion  will  be  delivered  on  November  1 3  th 
by  Mr.  Frederic  Seebohm,  who  has  chosen 
for  his  subject  'The  Historical  Importance 
of  the  Tribal  System,'  with  special  reference 
to  Wales.  The  subsequent  arrangements 
of  the  Society  include  papers  by  Prof.  Kuno 
Meyer,  on  '  The  Early  Eelations  of  the 
Brython  and  the  Gael,'  and  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Roberts,  of  the  Eecord  Office,  on  '  Welsh 
History  in  the  Light  of  Contemporary- 
Statements.'  The  Irish  Literary  Society  has 
arranged  for  lectures  during  the  winter  on 
'Dean  Swift,'  'Barry,  the  Artist,'  'The 
Napiers,'  'The  Wanderings  of  the  Tuatha 
de  Danann,'  and  '  Aubrey  de  Vere's  Poetry.' 

The  next  number  of  Y  Cymmrodor,  which 
will  be  issued  about  Christmas,  will  include 
papers  on  '  The  Legal  Side  of  Welsh  Life 
in  the  Fifteenth  Centur}','  by  his  Honour 
Judge  David  Lewis,  and  on  '  Wat's  and 
Offa's  Dykes,'  by  Mr.  A.  Neobard  Palmer, 
of  Wrexham  ;  while  the  Transactions  for  the 
current  year  will  contain  the  papers  read 
before  the  Society  during  the  last  session, 
including  a  paper  on  '  The  Twrch  Trwyth 
Story,'  by  Prof.  Rhys,  and  an  account  of 
the  exploration  of  Owmhir  Abbey  by  Mr. 
Stephen  W.  Williams,  of  Phayader,  who 
undertook  the  work  with  the  view  of 
definitely  ascertaining  the  burial-place  of 
Prince  Llewelyn. 

A    NEW    and    revised   edition    of    '  Lyra 
Elegantiarum '   is  in  hand.      The  late  Mr. 
Frederick    Locker  -  Lampson    was    assisted 
in  the  preparation  of   the   last   edition  by 
Mr.  Couison  Kernahan,  who  contributes  an 
article  on  his  late  chief  to  the  current  Nine- 
teenth Century.     At  the  time  of  Mr.  Locker- 
Lampson's  death  the  preparations  for  a  new 
edition,  in  which  Mr.  Kernahan  was  again 
to  be  his  collaborator,  were  well  forward. 
The  new  edition,  which  will  be  considerably 
revised  and  entirely  reset,  will  be  produced 
by  Messrs.  Ward,   Lock  &   Bowden  under 
Mr.  Kernahan's  care ;    but  no  addition  or 
omission  will  be  made  which  Mr.  Locker- 
Lampson  had    not   already  discussed   and 
decided   upon,    and   the    aim    of    the    new 
editor  will  be  to  carry  out  in  every  way  the 
original  editor's  wishes  and  intentions. 

The  Peport  of  the  Poyal  Commission  on 
Secondary  Education,  which  has  been  some- 


what delayed  in  order  that  it  might  include 
the  whole  of  the  memoranda  prepared  for 
the  Commission,  may  be  expected  on  Mon- 
day next.  A  full  abstract  of  the  Report 
will  be  issued  as  a  supplement  to  the  Edu- 
cational Times  for  November,  together  with 
an  analysis  of  the  recommendations. 

It  may  not  be  without  utility  to  mention 
that  at  Queen's  College,  Birmingham,  which 
was  established  in  1828  and  incorporated  in 
1867,  the  number  of  students  at  this  moment 
is  nine.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  governors 
was  to  have  been  held  on  October  17th,  but 
only  four  out  of  thirty-two  attended,  and 
the  business  of  this  institution  —  which 
should  be,  but  apparently  is  not  regarded 
as,  important — lapsed. 

Over  a  hundred  members  of  Congregation 
at  Oxford  have  signed  and  forwarded  a  peti- 
tion to  the  Committee  appointed  to  consider 
the  question  of  admitting  women  students  to 
the  degree  of  B.A.,  urging  that  this  ques- 
tion is  "serious  and  fundamental,"  and 
asking  that  the  proposal  should  not,  "at 
present,"  be  submitted  to  Congregation. 
At  the  same  time  they  ask  that  a  university 
diploma  may  be  granted  to  women  who 
have  qualified  in  any  of  the  ordinary  sub- 
jects by  public  examination. 

Special  pleas  having  now  been  put  in 
on  both  sides  of  this  question,  we  may 
expect  that  Congregation  will  take  action, 
one  way  or  the  other.  The  policy  of  the 
University,  meanwhile,  is  vague  and  un- 
decided. As  it  is,  women  pass  the  three 
examinations  which  qualify  men  for  an 
honour  degree,  and  reside  the  requisite 
number  of  terms  in  a  "college,"  without  a 
scrap  of  official  paper  to  show  that  they  have 
done  so. 

The  unequal  treatment  of  schools  and 
colleges  by  the  various  County  Councils, 
which  administer  the  local  taxation  grants 
for  technical  instruction,  is  strikingly  illus- 
trated in  the  case  of  two  of  the  colleges  of 
Victoria  University.  Whilst  the  Yorkshire 
College  at  Leeds  receives  over  8,000/.  from 
the  County  Councils  of  the  three  Pidings 
and  of  Leeds,  the  Lancashire  County  Council 
has  reduced  its  grant  to  Owens  College  to 
a  frugal  250/. 

The  town  authorities  of  Mayence  have 
decided  to  celebrate  in  1897  the  fifth 
centenary  of  Johann  Gutenberg's  birth.  It 
is  to  be  a  festival  on  a  large  scale,  to  which 
representatives  from  other  countries  will 
be  invited.  Preparations  are  being  made 
in  Germany  by  the  teaching  profession  to 
celebrate  on  January  12th,  1896,  the  hun- 
dred and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of  Pestalozzi. 

Messrs.  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  write  : — 
"  May  we  be  allowed  to  state  that  an  English 
translation  of  Prof.  Victor  Henri's  '  Grammaire 
compar^e  de  I'Anglais  et  de  I'Allemand,'  re- 
viewed in  your  issue  of  the  19th,  from  the  pen 
of  the  author  himself,  was  published  by  us 
recently  ?  It  contains  some  alterations  from 
the  French  text." 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  will  publish 
shortly  a  new  work  by  Dr.  James  Mac- 
kinnon,  entitled  '  The  Union  of  England  and 
Scotland  :  a  Study  of  International  History.' 
The  work  is  said  to  be  the  fruit  of  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  documentary  evidence 
bearing  on  the  great  Union  controversy  and 


on  the  relations  of  England  and  Scotland 
during  the  intervening  two  centiu-ies. 

Mr.  Elwert,  of  Marburg,  wiU  publish 
early  in  December  '  Die  Northumbrischen 
Eunensteine,  Beitriige  zur  Textkritik,  Gram- 
matik  und  Glossar,'  by  Dr.  Vietor.  It  will 
include  reproductions  of  original  photo- 
graphs of  all  the  monuments  treated.  In 
Dr.  Vietor's  opinion  the  late  Prof.  Stephens 
was  right  in  dating  the  Newcastle  column 
(with  Maughan  and  others)  about  670,  and 
the  Euthwell  Cross  only  a  little  later. 

Lord  Eendel  has  been  unanimously 
elected  President  of  Aberystwith  College, 
having  been  nominated  in  advance  by  a 
large  majority  of  the  governors. 

In  an  excellent  article  on  *  The  Eeal  John 
Keats,'  in  the  October  number  of  McClure^s 
Mayazine,  the  grand-nephew  of  the  poet, 
Mr,  J.  G.  Speed,  gives  an  illustration  "from 
the  original  portrait  from  life  by  Severn," 
owned  by  himself.  It  would  be  of  interest 
to  know  on  what  he  bases  his  statement 
contained  in  the  words  "  from  life,"  which 
is  opposed  to  Severn's  own  repeated  state- 
ments in  letters  which  exist. 

A  NEW  paper,  Country  Life,  has  just  been 
published  (on  the  9th  inst.)  at  Cape  Town. 
It  deals  with  country  matters  on  the  lines  of 
the  Field  and  Land  and  Water.  Mr.  Morgan 
Evans  is  the  English  contributor  on  rural 
and  agricultural  subjects. 

At  the  Edinburgh  conference  on  the  17th 
inst,  for  the  celebration  of  Thomas  Carlyle's 
centenary  about  thirty  persons  were  present, 
and  letters  were  read  expressing  approval  of 
the  project  from  Lord  Eosebery,  Lord  Reay, 
Mr.  Bayard,  the  Secretary  of  the  London  Car- 
lyle  Society,  Mr.  S.  E.  Crockett,  and  others. 
Prof.  Masson,  who  occupied  the  chair,  said 
there  should  be  a  commemoration  of  Carlyle 
in  Scotland,  and  more  particularly  in  Edin- 
burgh,    The  earlier  part  of  his  life  intellec- 
tually was  spent  in  Edinburgh.      He  was 
an  Edinburgh  man  for  a  part  of  his  life  ;  he 
was  a  citizen  of  Edinburgh ;  the  houses  in. 
which  he  lived  successively  were  still  known  ; 
and  in  his   old   age,  when  crowned  with 
honours,  he   came   back   to   Edinburgh   to 
receive  what  he  (Prof.  Masson)  believed  he 
regarded  as  the  crowning  honour  of  his  life, 
the   Lord    Rectorship    of    the    University, 
Afterwards  he  showed  his  affection  for  that 
university   by  leaving   to  it   the   estate   of 
Craigenputtock,     On   the   motion   of   Prof. 
Calderwood,  seconded  by  Bailie  GuUand,  it 
was  agreed  to  hold  a  commemorative  dinner, 
of   as  national  a  character  as  possible,  on 
December  4th.     A  committee  was  appointed 
to  carry  out  the  arrangements,  and  to  con- 
sider also  the  question  of  a  more  permanent 
memorial.     At  a  meeting  of  the  University 
Court   on  Monday  it  was   agreed  to   ask 
Principal   Sir  William   Muir   to   represent 
the  Court  at  the  dinner. 

Mr,  D,  Lawson  Johnstone,  author  of 
'The  Eebel  Commodore,'  has  arranged 
with  Messrs.  Chambers  for  the  publication 
of  another  tale  of  adventure,  entitled  '  The 
Soldier  of  the  Legion.'  Last  week  he  was 
in  Paris  and  at  St.  Germains  for  local  colour 
in  the  writing  of  a  longer  and  more  im- 
portant historical  romance  upon  which  he 
has  for  some  time  been  engaged. 

The  Social  Democratic  weekly,  Bie  Neue 
Zeit,  has    recently  published  the  facsimile 


N"  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


573 


of  a  hitherto  unpublished  letter  of  Heine, 
addressed  to  Karl  Marx,  and  dated  Ham- 
burg, September  21st,  1844.  The  contents 
of  the  letter  are  chiefly  literary,  but  there  is 
one  passage  which  has  a  political  signifi- 
cance. The  writer  declares  that  he  is  pre- 
paring for  his  departure,  he  having  been 
startled  by  a  hint  from  "  higher  quarters." 
Heine  was  evidently  in  danger  of  being 
imprisoned  by  the  Bundestag,  and  having 
been  warned  he  hastily  returned  to  Prance, 
and  Germany  was  thus  spared  the  shame 
of  throwing  into  prison  her  greatest  modern 
poet  next  to  Goethe. 

The  membership  of  the  Edinburgh  Scott 
Club  is  still  on  the  increase,  the  latest  addi- 
tions being  the  names  of  Prof.  Masson,  Prof. 
Saintsbury,  and  Mr.  A.ndrew  Lang.  "  Ian 
Maclaren"  is  to  deliver  a  lecture  in  con- 
nexion with  the  club  towards  the  end  of 
November. 

Dr.  F.  Liebermann  has  in  the  press  a 
further  instalment  of  his  researches  into  the 
origins  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  Anglo- 
Norman  laws.  The  volume  in  question 
deals  with  the  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, a  subject  of  the  first  importance  to 
English  constitutional  historians. 

Mrs.  Isabella  Fyyie  Mayo  ("Edward 
Garrett")  has  betaken  herself  to  lecturing. 
Any  funds  that  may  accrue  therefrom  are 
to  be  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  Afro- 
Negro  monthly  journal  FraterniUj,  in  which, 
along  with  the  editor  Miss  SilHtoe,  she  is 
much  interested,  if  not  indeed  the  founder. 

At  Messrs.  Bentley's  trade  dinner,  on 
Tuesday  last,  the  Master  of  the  Stationers' 
Company,  Mr.  H.  Sotheran,  who  has  been 
present  at  over  fifty  of  these  dinners,  took 
the  opportunity  to  express  the  general 
sorrow  felt  at  the  death  of  Mr.  George 
Bentley. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  Arch- 
deacon Palmer,  sometime  Corpus  Professor 
of  Latin  at  Oxford  and  an  admirable 
scholar. — The  deaths  are  also  announced  of 
the  veteran  journalist  Mr.  F.  M.  White, 
of  the  Morning  Star  and  afterwards  of  the 
Press  Association  ;  and  of  Mr.  Daniel  Owen, 
the  Welsh  novelist. 

The  decease  is  further  announced  of  M. 
Gustave  Droz,  the  author  of  the  famous 
'  Monsieur,  Madame,  et  Bebe,'  and  of  '  Le 
Cahier  bleu  de  Mile.  Cibot,'  '  Autour  d'une 
Source,'  '  Un  Paquet  de  Lettres,'  and  '  Tris- 
tesses  et  Sourires,'  the  last  probably  the 
best  of  his  books  after  his  masterpiece.  Till 
he^  was  about  thirty-two  M.  Droz  was  a 
painter,  and  he  came  of  an  artistic  family, 
his  father  being  a  weU-known  sculptor  and 
his  grandfather  a  distinguished  engraver. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  interest 
to  our  readers  this  week  is  a  Report  of  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education,  Scot- 
land, with  an  Appendix  (25.  M.). 

SCIENCE 


Notes  on  the  Nebular  TJieory.  By  William 
FordStanley,F.E.A.S.  (KeganPaul&Co.) 
More  than  thirteen  years  ago  our  author 
brought  out  a  thoughtful  and  philosophical 
work,  'Experimental  Eesearches  into  the 
Properties  and  Motions  of  Fluids,  with 
Theoretical  Deductions  Therefrom.'      The 


difficulty  we  then  felt  in  giving  an  adequate 
notice  of  it  applies  quite  as  strongly  to  the 
present  treatise,  and  may  well  be  expressed 
in  the  same  words  : — 

"In  the  first  place  there  are  few  of  the  530  [in 
this  case,  however,  there  are  not  quite  half — 
259]  pages  which  do  not  require  more  than  one 
perusal,  with  an  appropriate  time  for  reflection  ; 
and  in  the  second  place  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
find  room  in  the  columns  of  the  Athenaum  for 
anything  like  an  exhaustive  review." 

Mr.  Stanley  has,  however,  kindly  furnished 
his  readers  with  a  duplicate  contents-index 
in  which  some  items  are  underlined  as  con- 
sidered by  him  to  be  of  special  importance. 
To  these,  therefore,  the  reader  should  pay 
particular  attention  ;  but  the  whole  volume 
is  worthy  of  study  by  all  who  take  a  scien- 
tific interest  in  the  great  problems  of  the 
universe,  and  in  learning  something  of  the 
processes,  ever  in  action  and  equally  without 
haste  and  without  rest,  by  which  these  are 
being  worked  out. 

The  nebular  theory  was  formerly  called 
the  nebular  hypothesis  ;  but  since  increased 
knowledge  has  shown  that,  however  it  may 
have  to  be  modified  in  detail  by  later  and 
by  future  investigations,  in  its  main  lines 
it  does  represent  the  action  of  the  formation 
of  systems,  the  former  expression  is  preferred. 
Mr.  Stanley  begins  with  a  brief  historical 
survey  of  the  views  held  by  eminent 
thinkers  on  the  subject.  It  was  the  great 
discoveries  of  nebulae  by  Sir  William 
Herschel  that  first  brought  it  out  of  the 
region  of  mere  speculation.  Had  we  been 
first  acquainted  with  animals  or  trees  only 
in  a  state  of  maturity  and  afterwards  seen 
them  in  different  stages  of  growth,  our 
ideas  respecting  them  would  obviously 
undergo  a  great  development ;  and  as  nebular 
discoveries  increased,  views  on  nebulous 
systems  and  their  gradual  development  into 
sidereal  systems  advanced.  Following  to  a 
great  extent  on  the  lines  suggested  by  Kant, 
the  powerful  analytical  mind  of  Laplace 
worked  out,  in  his  '  Exposition  du  Systeme 
du  Monde,'  the  details  of  a  scheme  by 
which  a  mass  of  revolving  nebulous  matter 
might  in  the  course  of  ages  have  condensed 
into  our  present  solar  system.  But  the  pre- 
vious work  of  that  great  thinker  of  the 
preceding  century,  Descartes,  should  not 
be  lost  sight  of,  nor  are  his  "  whirling 
vortices  and  rolling  spheres"  the  crude 
absurdities  that  a  great  poet  of  our  own 
would  have  us  believe.  M.  Faye  has,  in  an 
able  treatise  published  a  few  years  ago, 
'  Sur  rOrigine  du  Monde,'  redirected  atten- 
tion to  this  ;  and  Mr.  Stanley  has  shown  his 
appreciation  of  the  work  of  Descartes  by 
inserting  on  his  title-page  the  following 
sentence  of  the  philosopher  of  Touraine  : — 

"A  cause  qu'il  ne  convient  pas  si  bien  h.  la 
souveraine  perfection  qui  est  en  Dieu  de  le 
faire  auteur  de  la  confusion  que  de  I'ordre,  et 
aussi  que  la  notion  que  nous  en  avons  est  moins 
distincte,  j'ay  cru  devoir  ici  prtjferer  la  propor- 
tion et  I'ordre  h.  la  confusion  du  Chaos." 

We  learn  from  within  as  well  as  from 
without,  and  if  the  nebular  discoveries  of 
the  Herschels  threw  light  upon  the  main 
lines  of  the  nebular  theory,  recent  dis- 
coveries in  geology  have  signally  assisted 
in  many  points  of  detail.  This  reflection 
constantly  occurs  during  a  perusal  of  the 
'  Notes '  upon  it  now  before  us,  for  the 
author  is  no  mean  geological  authority,  and 
has  produced  several    papers   of    real  im- 


portance in  that  science.  It  may  be  that 
several  of  these  speculations  are  on  the  border- 
land of  science ;  but  as  we  advance  we  con- 
stantly push  the  borderland  before  us,  and 
in  many  cases  the  speculations  of  one  age 
become  the  established  facts  of  a  later. 
Thoughtful  speculation  is,  indeed,  never  to 
be  deprecated ;  what  is  required  is  that 
those  who  speculate  on  scientific  subjects 
should  first  make  themselves  acquainted 
with  the  facts  which  have  been  already 
acquired.  With  these  brief  remarks  we 
commend  to  our  readers  a  work  which  must 
be  carefully  studied  by  those  who  in  future 
deal  with  or  write  upon  the  nebular  theory. 
We  have  all  heard  of  the  famous  ques- 
tion attributed  to  Epicurus  when  told  that 
the  existing  orderly  arrangement  of  the 
cosmos  was  educed  from  a  primitive 
chaos,  "And  chaos  whence?"  So  in 
treating  of  a  nebulous  preceding  a  stellar 
state  of  a  system,  the  query  inevitably 
arises,  "And  what  preceded  that?"  Mr. 
Stanley,  whilst  taking  care  to  remind  us 
that  the  infinities  of  time  and  space  are 
beyond  the  grasp  of  our  minds,  which  can 
only  take  in  the  idea  of  a  distant  period  of 
time  and  a  limited  space,  does  deal  in  a 
fresh  and  original  way  with  the  pre-nebular 
condition  of  matter.  For  this  he  finds  it 
necessary  to  introduce  a  new  word — new, 
that  is,  in  our  language  and  in  this  con- 
nexion— i.e.,  "pneuma,"  the  idea  intended 
to  be  expressed  by  which  is  that  it  is  an 
active  substance  composed  of  units  which 
represent,  separately  or  in  combination,  all 
the  various  properties  of  matter  : — 

"These  separate  distinct  elements,  of  which 
there  are  assumed  to  be  a  much  greater  number 
than  that  of  our  acknowledged  chemical  elements, 
may  amount  possibly  to  10,000  or  more  factors 
or  varieties.  Upon  this  proposition  it  is  more 
probable  that  chemical  elements  may  be  split 
up  into  many  more  elements  than  that  they  may 
hereafter  be  reduced  in  number  by  finding  any 
more  generally  specialized  constituent  material 
or  atom." 

Mr.  Stanley  goes  on  to  deal  with  stellar 
and  solar  condensation  and  with  the  limits 
of  a  solar-planetary-cometary  system,  point- 
ing out  that  after  the  separation  of  any 
complete  pneuma  or  nebular  system  from 
the  universal  pneuma, 

"the  initial  action  of  gravity  within  this  sepa- 
rate system  would  immediately  commence  to 
form  a  central  condensation  of  greater  density, 
which  would  react  upon  surrounding  matter  in 
proportion  to  its  mass,  and  inversely  to  the 
square  of  its  distance  from  any  part  of  the 
surrounding  widely  distributed  matter." 

The  sixth  chapter  calls  attention  to  certain 
conditions  in  the  early  solar  system  which 
may  be  inferred  from  the  distances  and 
masses  of  the  planets  upon  the  nebular 
theory ;  and  in  the  seventh  suggestions  are 
offered  as  to  the  causes  of  the  direction  of 
rotation  and  revolution  of  the  sun  and 
planets.  We  next  come  to  the  satellites, 
and  particularly  to  the  retrograde  motions 
of  those  revolving  round  the  exterior  planets, 
for  which  Faye  had  proposed  a  modification 
of  the  nebular  hjqjothesis ;  but  our  author 
thinks  that  something  additional  is  needed, 
at  any  rate  in  the  case  of  the  satellites  of 
t^ranus ;  and  he  believes  that  some  light 
may  be  thrown  upon  the  question  by  experi- 
ments of  his  own,  detailed  in  his  work  on 
the  motions  of  fluids.  In  the  ninth  chapter 
comets    are    considered    as     consisting    of 


574 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'*  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


ordinary  gravitative  matter  in  rotation  con- 
structively as  a  part  of  the  planetary  system, 
whicli,  however,  will  probably  apply  to  only 
some  of  them.  The  subsequent  chapters 
treat  principally  of  the  formation  of  the 
earth  imder  purely  nebular  conditions,  so  that 
here  the  reader  is  beguiledinto  an  interesting 
discussion  of  many  facts  in  geology  and  the 
past  history  of  our  planet,  on  which  the 
author  is  entitled  to  speak  with  especial 
authority,  and  has  brought  forward  many 
new  ideas,  which  are  at  least  worthy  of 
careful  consideration.  Reference  is  made 
in  the  tenth  chapter  to  a  most  able  work  (of 
•which  a  second  edition  has  recently  ap- 
peared, modifying  some  of  the  conclusions 
in  the  first)  by  the  Rev.  0.  Fisher  on  the 
'  Physics  of  the  Earth's  Crust.'  We  have 
already  exceeded  the  space  we  can  allot  to 
a  notice  of  a  book  of  even  the  importance 
■which  may  justly  be  claimed  for  that  before 
us,  and  must,  therefore,  close  with  the 
mention  of  the  author's  reassuring  belief 
that,  all  things  considered,  the  probability 
is  that  the  duration  of  life  on  our  world  will 
extend  beyond  another  fifteen  millions  of 
years. 

SOCIETIES. 

liVMlSilATic—  Oct.  17.— Sir  J.  Evans,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Messrs.  E.  G.  Hodge  and  H.  J.  Selby 
were  proposed  as  Members.— Mr.  R.Hewitt  exhibited 
a.  selection  of  gold  angels  of  Henry  VII.  and  Henry 
VIII.,  from  a  hoard  recently  discovered,  which  is 
supposed  to  have  consisted  of  about  two  hundred 
specimens.— Mr.  A.  Prevost  exhibited  a  specimen  of 
the  very  rare  satirical  medal  struck  at  Gotha  on  the 
occasion  of  the  flight  of  Prince  James  (the  Elder 
Pretender)  on  December  Dth  (O.S.),  1G88.  On  the 
obverse  is  Father  Petre  riding  ou  a  lobster,  and 
carrying  in  his  arms  the  infant  prince,  whose  head 
is  surmounted  by  a  little  windmill  ;  behind  this 
group  is  a  French  ship,  and  around  the  legend 
ALLONS  MOX  PRINCE  NOUS  SOMMES  EN  BON 
CHEMIN.  In  the  exergue  is  lAC  .  franc  .  edvard 
SvrPOSEE  ,  20  iviN  .  1688  (N.S.).  On  the 
reverse  is  an  armorial  shield  bearing  a  windmill 
and  surmounted  by  a  biretta.  Encircling  the 
shield  is  a  rosary  of  two  rows  of  beads,  between 
which  is  the  motto  hony  soit  qvi  non  y  pense  ; 
around,  LES  armes  du  pretendu  prince  de 
galles.  Two  dies  were  made  for  the  reverse  of 
this  medal,  and  specimens  of  both  of  them  are  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  other  variety,  which  is 
somewhat  less  rare,  bears  the  motto  hony  soit  qvi 
bon  y  pense. — Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  read  a  paper  on 
a  group  of  English  pennies  reading  edw  .  rex,  and 
endeavoured  to  show  that  these  and  the  so-called 
"pattern  groats,"  usually  attributed  to  Edward  I., 
were  issued  simultaneously,  and  that  both  of  them 
must  be  assigned  to  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.— Mr.  E.  J.  Rapson  read  some  extracts 
from  a  paper  contributed  by  Lieut.-Col.  B.  Lowgley 
on  the  coinage  of  Ceylon. 


Entomological.  —  fc^.  16.— Prof.  R.  Meldola, 
President,  in  the  chair.  — Sir  G.  T.  Carter  and  Mr. 
S.  Wacher  were  elected  Fellows. — The  President 
announced  the  deaths  of  Prof.  C.  C.  Babingtou,  the 
last  but  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Society, 
and  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,  one  of  the  ten  Honorary 
Fellows  of  the  Society,  and  commented  upon  their 
scientific  work. — Mr.  W.  F.  H.  Blandford  spoke  at 
some  length  on  the  services  rendered  by  Prof.  Riley 
to  the  cause  of  economic  entomology,  and  referred 
to  the  enormous  number  of  papers  and  memoirs  on 
the  subject  which  he  had  contributed. — Lord  Wal- 
singham  also  spoke  as  to  the  importance  of  I'rof. 
Riley's  work,  and  the  respect  and  regard  which 
he  had  for  his  personal  qualities. — Mr.  F.  C.  Adams 
exhibited  a  series  of  nineteen  Mcrodon  rquestris, 
containing  several  varieties,  showing  their  resem- 
blance to  wild  bees  of  the  family  Apid;c,  and  made 
a  few  remarks  on  mimicry,  lie  also  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  LcptomorphuH  ivalheri.  Curt.,  taken  in 
the  New  Forest  in  September  last,  and  Mclanostoma 
hyalinatum,V\n.  (male  and  female),  taken  in  the 
iSew  Forest  in  the  latter  i)art  of  August  last.— Mr. 
Verrall,  Dr.  Sharj),  and  Col.  Yerbury  made  some 
remarks  on  the  species  and  their  distribution.- Mr. 
Enock  exhibited  and  made  remarks  on  specimens 
of  the  mature  male  and  female,  and  the  nest  of 
Atvpm  pircm,  the  British  trap-door  spider  ;  also 
male  and  female  specimens  of  Andrena  atriccys 


and  males  of  A.  f viva. — Mr.  Tutt  exhibited  a  long 
series  of  143  males  and  25  females  of  Erehia  nerine, 
captured  in  Tyrol,  partly  in  the  Mendel  Pass  and 
partly  in  the  Val  d'Ampezzo,  and  read  notes  on 
the  species,  in  which  he  criticized  the  description 
and  the  published  observations  as  to  its  habits  by  Dr. 
Lang,  Capt.  Elwes,  and  others.  — Capt.  Elwes  made 
some  remarks  in  reply.— Lord  Walsingham  exliibited 
the  type  of  Pscudodoxla  llmulus  (Rghfr.),  together 
with  the  larval  cases  and  a  preserved  larva.  His 
lordship  directed  attention  to  the  curious  truncate 
concave  head  of  the  larva,  which  forms  an  oper- 
culum to  the  tube,  and  remarked  that  the  cases  of 
this  insect,  which  were  apparently  not  uncommon 
in  Ceylon,  the  larva  feeding  on  mosses  and  lichens, 
had  been  known  for  some  considerable  time.  So 
long  ago  as  1864  Mr.  McLachlan  found  tliem  in  the 
British  Museum  collection  of  cases  of  caddis  worms, 
and  at  that  time,  being  only  acquainted  with  the 
case,  he  was  disposed  to  consider  them  the  work 
of  one  of  the  Leptoceiida?.  In  1889  Herr  Rogenhofer 
gave  the  name  Fumca  limulus  to  the  case  and  its 
contents,  and  Mr.  McLachlan  agreed  from  the  evi- 
dence then  adduced  that  the  insect  was  lepidopte- 
rous  rather  than  tricliopterous. — Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan 
exhibited  an  imago  and  some  larval  forms  of  Ledra 
aurita,  Linn.— Mr.  G.  C.  Griffiths  exhibited  and 
read  notes  on  hybrids  between  Platysamia  cccropia 
(male)  and  P.  gloveri  (female),  and  between 
P.  cecropia  (male)  and  P.  ceanotlia  (female) ;  also 
between  Actias  luna  (male)  and  A.  sclene  (female). 
He  stated  that  thes'^  hybrids  were  bred  by  Miss 
E.  L.  Morton,  of  New  Windsor,  New  York,  in 
1891,  1892,  and  1893.— Lord  Walsingham  stated  that 
at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Society  some  discussion 
ensued,  after  the  reading  of  his  paper,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  having  stated  that  Grapholitha,  W., 
was  preoccupied  by  Grapholitha.  Hb.,  and  he  read  a 
supplementary  note  on  the  subject  explaining  the 
references  in  his  paper.— Dr.  A.  G.  Butler  commu- 
nicated a  paper  entitled  'Notes  on  Seasonal 
Dimorphism  in  certain  African  Butterflies.' 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

MoN.  and  Thi  rs.  Koyal  Academy,  8.  — '  Anatomy,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 
Fri.       Geologists'  Association,  8.— Conversazione. 
—       I'hilological,   8  —'On  French    and   English    Accent,'   Mr. 
Beuzemaker. 


A  life  of  Prof.  Huxley  is  being  prepared  by 
his  son,  Mr.  L.  Huxley,  who  will  be  greatly 
obliged  if  those  who  possess  letters  or  other 
documents  of  interest  will  forward  them  to  him 
at  Charterhouse,  Godalming.  They  will  be 
carefully  returned  when  copied. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  issue  in  the 
course  of  November  a  further  instalment  of 
their  '  Cambridge  Natural  History.'  The  volume 
is  mainly  devoted  to  insects,  being  the  first  part 
of  a  complete  treatise  on  the  subject  by  Mr. 
David  Sharp,  F.R.S.  Introductory  sections  on 
Peripatus  and  on  Myriapods  are  contributed 
respectively  by  Mr.  Adam  Sedgwick,  F.R.S., 
and  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Sinclair.  The  volume  is  the 
fifth  in  the  series,  and  will  be  followed  at  no 
long  interval  by  the  second  volume,  in  which 
various  contributors  deal  with  worms  and  Poly- 
zoa.  The  ninth  volume,  in  which  Mr.  A.  H. 
Evans  treats  of  birds,  may  be  expected  before 
the  end  of  next  year. 

The  seventeenth  session  of  the  Aristotelian 
Society  will  open  on  November  4th.  The 
President,  Dr.  Bernard  Bosanquet,  will  deliver 
the  inaugural  address  on  the  subject  '  Time  as 
an  Appearance.' 

A  NEW  astronomical  observatory  is  to  be 
established  by  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania, 
about  two  miles  beyond  the  limits  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  five  from  the  present  university 
buildings.  The  erection  of  the  edifice  has 
already  been  commenced,  and  when  completed 
it  is  to  be  furnished  with  an  eighteen-inch 
equatorial  (provided  with  a  si)ectroscope)  and 
a  meridian  circle  and  zenith  telescope,  each  of 
four  inches  aperture.  The  new  institution  will 
be  called  the  Flower  Observatory,  and  Prof. 
C.  L.  Doolittle  is  named  as  its  first  Director. 


FINE    ARTS 


The   Moghul  Architecture   of   Fathpur-Sikri. 

Described  and  illustrated  by  Edmund  "W. 

Smith.     (Allahabad,  Government  Press  ; 

London,  Allen  &  Co.) 
Every  traveller  in  India  knows  the  deserted 
city  of  Fathpi^ir-Sikri,  within  the  seven-mile 
circuit  of  which  is  gathered  that  strangely 
beautiful  medley  of  buildings — of  all  styles 
and  plans,  and  destined  for  every  sort  of 
purpose — whicli  has  long  been  the  delight 
and  marvel  of  artists  and  architects.  That 
stern  critic  James  Fergusson,  when  he  stood 
among  the  empty  courts  and  palaces  of  the 
silent  city,  could  only  bow  down  and  wor- 
ship— in  the  terminology  of  his  craft.  How 
keenly  would  he  have  enjoyed  the  admirable 
volume  of  drawings  and  descriptions  which 
Mr.  E.  W.  Smith  has  consecrated  to  the 
remains  of  Akbar's  Escorial  in  the  "Im- 
perial Series"  of  Reports  of  the  Archaeo- 
logical Survey  of  India !  Mr.  Smith  need 
not,  we  think,  be  under  any  apprehension 
that  a  single  qualified  critic  will  find  fault 
with  his  work  on  the  ground  that  "un- 
necessary labour  has  been  bestowed  "  upon 
it.  Obviously  the  labour  of  preparing 
120  elaborate  drawings,  plans,  elevations, 
views,  details,  and  ornaments,  with  minute 
technical  descriptions,  must  have  been  im- 
mense, and  it  is  not  surprising  that  Mr. 
Smith  and  his  native  assistants  have  been 
engaged  during  five  seasons  in  drawing' 
and  surveying  on  the  spot,  for  the  present 
volume  is  but  the  first  of  four  which  are  to 
comprise  the  results  of  their  labours.  But 
they  do  not  appear  to  have  wasted  a  single 
hour  or  over  -  elaborated  their  survey  of 
a  single  yard  of  the  complex  buildings 
they  describe.  Not  only  are  the  edifices 
at  Fathpiir-Sikri  of  very  large  extent, 
several  having  frontages  300  or  400  feet 
long,  but  none  of  them  is  in  the  least  like 
any  other,  whilst  many  are  so  heavily  laden 
with  detail  that  there  is  scarcely  a  square 
foot  that  is  not  covered  with  carved  or 
painted  decoration.  The  former  Director- 
General  of  the  Archoeological  Survey  of 
India,  Dr.  James  Burgess,  laid  down  the 
excellent  rule  that  "  an  exhaustive  and  final 
survey  "  must  be  made  of  each  place  visited  ; 
and  to  carry  this  out  in  the  case  of  Fath- 
piir-Sikri was  a  tremendous  undertaking. 
Indeed,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  repre- 
sent every  detail  of  these  varied  archi- 
tectural designs  in  any  reasonable  compass, 
and  Mr.  Smith  has  been  forced  to  select. 
"  No  two  buildings,"  as  he  truly  says, 
"are  alike  in  design,  and  each  presents  a  totally 
different  study  to  \sic\  the  other.  To  economize 
time,  only  the  principal  and  most  important 
structures  have  been  drawn,  and  although  many 
of  the  minor  fabrics  excite  one's  admiration,  and 
are  full  of  charming  bits  of  detail,  they  have 
been  left  unsurveyed.  My  aim  has  been  to 
prepare  no  more  drawings  than  are  absolutely 
necessary  to  give  a  complete,  useful,  and  truth- 
ful idea  of  the  Moghul  architecture  of  the  city. 
Plans,  sections,  and  elevations,  indispensable  to 
the  practical  architect  and  engineer,  and  to  the 
proper  understanding  of  the  arrangements  and 
construction  of  the  buildings,  have  been  made, 
and  these  have  been  supplemented  by  large 
details  and  photographs." 

Mr.  Smith's  idea  of  the  "absolutely 
necessary,"  however,  is  fortunately  liberal, 
and    at    the    present  rat©  we  shall   have 


N"  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


575 


about  five  hundred  drawings  and  plans  of 
Akbar's  palace-city,  which  ought  to  satisfy 
every  requirement  of  the  architect  and  the 
archaeologist.  It  is  impossible  to  speak  in 
too  high  praise  of  the  acciu'acy  and  beauty 
of  the  120  plates  contained  in  the  present 
instalment.  Mr.  Smith  has  displayed  sound 
judgment  in  his  selection  of  subjects,  and 
he  and  his  staff  are  evidently  highly  efficient 
draughtsmen.  Their  work  has  been  ably 
seconded  by  Col.  "Waterhouse  and  his 
assistants  at  the  Survey  of  India  office, 
where  the  plans  and  drawings  have  been 
skilfully  reproduced.  The  photo- etchings 
are  really  exquisite,  especially  those  of  the 
"Turkish  Sultana's  House,"  the  Panch 
Mahal,  and  the  general  view  from  the  top 
of  the  Diwan-i-Khus.  Mr.  Grriggs,  too, 
has  shown  his  usual  ability  in  reproducing 
the  effects  of  the  coloured  decoration  and 
frescoes  :  the  boating  scene,  plate  xiii.,  is 
specially  noteworthy. 

These  frescoes  are  among  the  most 
striking  and  singular  of  all  the  details  illus- 
trated with  so  much  fulness  and  accuracy  in 
these  splendid  plates.  The  history  of  Indian 
painting  has  never  been  adequately  studied, 
though  for  the  Moghul  period  materials 
abound.  The  British  Museum  possesses 
several  interesting  albums  of  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  century  Moghul  portraits,  and 
Col.  Hanna  some  years  ago  exhibited  a 
superb  collection — not  on'y  of  portraits,  but 
of  landscapes — drawn  by  the  artists  of 
Delhi,  Agra,  and  Lahore.  Early  European 
travellers  in  India  brought  back  curious 
tales  of  Christian  subjects  employed  by 
Moghul  painters  for  the  decoration  of 
palaces,  and,  if  we  remember  aright,  one 
of  Col.  Hanna' 8  pictures  represented  a 
kiosk  of  the  Emperor  Jahangir,  adorned 
with  a  portrait  intended  for  that  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  thus  exactly  confirming  the 
historical  statement  that  such  a  portrait 
existed  in  the  imperial  palace.  The  influ- 
ence of  the  Jesuits  at  Agra,  to  which  Mr. 
Fanthome  has  lately  drawn  fresh  attention, 
was  really  great  in  the  days  of  Akbar  and 
his  immediate  successors,  and  it  is  not 
difficult  to  trace  its  effects  in  the  art  of  the 
time.  Aureoles  and  angels  have  a  most 
Christian  air,  but  it  is  easy  to  push  the 
parallel  too  far,  and  the  winged  creatures 
which  appear  in  these  curious  frescoes  of 
Fathpur-Sikri  may,  after  all,  illustrate  the 
'Epic  of  Kings'  rather  than  the  Gospels.  Mr. 
Smith  is  disposed  to  cast  doubts  upon  the 
so-called  '  Annunciation  '  in  the  building 
known  as  Miriam's  Kothi,  but  he  cannot 
help  seeing  the  strong  resemblance  of  a 
companion  fresco — depicting  a  garden  scene, 
man  and  woman,  fruit-tree  and  serpent — 
to  a  representation  of  the  faU  of  Adam  ; 
and  if  Moghul  artists  drew  their  subjects 
from  the  Old  Testament,  historical  evidence 
and  the  neighbourhood  of  an  influential 
Jesuit  mission  favour  the  belief  that  they 
also  borrowed  from  the  New. 

Other  than  Christian  influences  were  at 
work,  however,  upon  thepainters  of  Fathpur- 
Sikri  ;  and  Mr.  Smith  does  well  to  point 
out  the  strikingly  Chinese  appearance  of 
some  of  the  frescoes  : — 

"Plate  xvi.  a,  b,  and  c,  are  line  drawings  of 
three  paintings  found  by  the  writer  upon  the 
reveals  of  the  windows  over  the  doorways  a  few 
days  before  compleiing  the  siiryey  of  the  city. 
Like  those  upon  the  dado  they  had  been  hidden 


many  years  by  a  thick  coating  of  filth.  It  has 
been  surmised  from  the  treatment  of  portions 
of  the  carved  decoration  in  the  Turkish  Sultana's 
residence  and  elsewhere  that  amongst  others, 
Akbar  employed  Chinese  artists  upon  the  embel- 
lishment of  his  buildings.  One  of  these  paint- 
ings especially  tends  to  prove  the  supposition. 
Unfortunately  the  colours  are  so  much  decayed 
that  it  is  impossible  to  reproduce  them  with  any 
degree  of  accuracy.  The  principal  figure  shown 
on  plate  xv  a.  almost  without  doubt  represents 
Buddha.  He  is  arrayed  in  a  vermilion  and  gold 
robe,  and  is  sitting  under  a  dagdba  (shrine) 
painted  blue,  the  sides  and  bottom  of  which  are 
made   of  bamboos,    coloured   white.     On   each 

side  of  the  shrine  is  a  chamber Within  the 

[right-hand]  room  are  two  headless  beings,  one 
over  the  other,  with  legs  crossed.  The  lower 
stands  upon  a  floor  composed  of  bamboos,  and 
the  upper  is  suspended  in  mid-air.  Both  are 
clad,  and  the  costume  of  the  lower  figure  appears 
to  have  been  red  and  white,  whilst  that  of  his 
companion  was  gold  and  ultramarine.  The  rear 
wall  was  painted  an  ash  colour.  Occupying  the 
apartment  on  the  left  of  Buddha  is  an  erect 
figure  of  a  man  dressed  in  red  and  white  trousers 
and  a  red  tunic  tied  in  at  the  waist  with  a  white 
sash.  He  is  directing  the  attention  of  a  second 
person,  whose  head  only  remains,  to  Buddha. 
The  space  between  the  floor  of  the  shrine  and 
the  bottom  of  the  picture  is  filled  up  with  the 
mutilated  fragments  of  nude  human  beings  of 
both  sexes  painted  in  gold,  red,  black,  and 
white.  They  are  all  falling,  and  trunks,  heads, 
limbs,  hands,  and  feet  are  all  mingled  together. 
Two  or  three,  judging  from  the  coronets  they 
wear,  appear  to  have  been  people  of  distinction. 
On  the  left  is  a  man  dressed  in  white,  who  is 
clapping  his  hands  and  is  evidently  rejoicing  at 
their  downfall.  One  cannot  help  being  struck 
with  the  strong  resemblance  between  the  paint- 
ing and  those  executed  by  Chinese  artists. 
The  peculiar  treatment  of  the  Buddha,  the 
front  of  the  daqdba,  and  the  bamboos  forming 
its  sides  and  bottom,  is  almost  identical  with 
similar  paintings  found  in  China.  It  is  more 
than  probable  that  the  picture  is  by  a  China- 
man, or  if  not,  it  is  a  copy  of  a  Chinese  original. 

The  scene  may  represent  the  Chinese  idea 

of  Buddha  as  Yamantaka  condemning  the 
enemies  of  Buddhism  to  the  nether  world." 

At  the  same  time  it  cannot  escape  the 
notice  of  any  student  of  Indian  portraiture 
that  the  Buddha  of  this  picture  bears  a 
striking  resemblance  to  some  of  the  portraits 
of  Akbar  himself  ;  and  the  scene  may,  after 
aU,  merely  represent,  like  other  battle 
scenes  depicted  at  Fathpur  -  Sikri,  the 
triumph  of  the  emperor  over  his  enemies. 
The  Chinese  style,  however,  is  evident 
enough,  and  there  is  every  probability  that 
Akbar' s  eclecticism  would  have  led  him  to 
commemorate  Buddhist  as  well  as  Christian 
scenes  in  the  decoration  of  his  palace. 
Miriam's  house  is  one  mass  of  coloured 
decoration,  and  the  paintings  (plates  cix.  to 
cxx.)  are  of  unusual  excellence  and  spirit : 

"The  subject  below  the  panel  almost  without 
doubt  represents  a  tournament.  It  is  teeming 
with  life,  and  is  crowded  with  mounted  horse- 
men, most  of  whom  are  armed  with  bows  and 

quivers riding  full  tilt  and  discharging  their 

missiles  as  they  go Two  elephants  also  have 

a  place  in  the  show.  That  on  the  right  of  the 
painting  is  bedecked  with  a  collar  and  feathers, 
and  over  the  broad  bordered  haivda  cloth  hang 
two  bells  which,  tolling  as  the  ponderous 
animal  swings  to  and  fro,  afford  a  timely 
warning  of  its  approach  to  unwary  pedestrians. 

At  the  rear  of  the  elephant  are  the  remains 

of  a  shdmiydna,  beneath  which  are  people 
watching  the  melee,  and  between  it  and  another 
are  other  spectators,  seated  on  a  raised  dais,  to 
whom  the  actors  in  the  tournament  deferentially 
look  as  they  pass  and  icpaos.     The  drawing  ia 


well  and  spiritedly  done,  and  there  is  a  style 
about  it  which  one  would  hardly  expect  native 
artists  of  the  sixteenth  century  capable  of  pro- 
ducing. The  horses  and  elephants  are  par- 
ticularly well  drawn They  had  little  or]  no 

idea  of    the   laws  of    perspective Tradition 

says  the  frescoes  represent  the  events  of 
Firdausi's  poem,  the  '  Shah  Nameh.'  " 

These  extracts  will  furnish  some  idea  of 
the  importance  of  these  Indian  frescoes.  It 
is  a  thousand  pities  that  they  have  been 
allowed  to  fall  into  decay,  for  travellers 
report  that  even  thirty  years  ago  they  were 
in  good  preservation ;  but  since  then  they 
have  been  whitewashed,  and  sometimes  the 
fresco  has  been  cleaned  off  with  the  white- 
wash. Their  value  is  increased  by  the 
absolute  certainty  of  their  date.  Fathpvlr- 
Sikri  was  built  between  1569  and  1605, 
when  Akbar  died,  and  was  deserted  imme- 
diately afterwards,  and  never  again  used 
as  a  royal  residence.  The  paintings  may, 
therefore  be  safely  ascribed  to  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century  or  the  very 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth.  The  carvings 
representing  forest  scenes  are  of  little  less 
interest  than  the  frescoes,  and  the  execution 
is  admirable.  Nor  should  the  geometrical 
designs  be  passed  over  :  they  are  less  com- 
plicated than  those  of  Cairo,  which  they 
resemble,  but  they  are  scarcely  less  effec- 
tive. The  palaces  upon  which  so  much 
exquisite  decoration  was  lavished  were  well 
compared  to  "a  superb  jewel-casket." 

We  have  not  space  to  quote  examples  of 
Mr.  Smith's  excellent  technical  descriptions 
of  the  architecture,  or  his  manner  of  tracing 
the  derivation  of  various  peculiar  forms  to 
Hindu  types,  though  there  is  much  that  is 
extremely  interesting  in  his  interpretation 
of  the  methods  and  ideas  of  Akbar' s  archi- 
tects.    We  do  not,  indeed,  pretend  to  under- 
stand the  speUing  of   Persian  and  Indian 
names    adopted    in  the  text,   which  is  not 
always  identical  with  that  employed  in  the 
lettering  of  the  plates.     Is  it  the  last  new 
idea  of  the  Indian  Government  transliterator 
to  put  a  dot  under  the  t  of  Fathpur,  but  not 
under  the  h — exactly  the  reverse  of  former 
practice  ?     What  purpose    is    served   by  a 
dot  under  the  I:  of  "  Khas "   and   "bakh- 
shish "  it  is  hard  to  conceive  ;    nor  does  it 
appear  consistent  to  write  "  Dewan-i-Khas  " 
and    "Diwan-i-Khas,"     "Moghul"    and 
"  Moghal."     "  Sultana  "  needs  no  dots  or 
accents,  since  it    is  a  European  word  and 
does  not  exist    in    any  Oriental  language. 
Mr.  Smith  does  not  profess  to  bring  much 
historical  learning  to  bear  upon  his  work, 
and  he  is  wise   to    confine   himself  to  his 
proper  field  as  an    architect.     But    in  one 
instance  he  has  slightly  perverted  an  his- 
torical statement.     Abu-1-Fazl,  so  far  as  we 
know,    does    not    "  distinctly   tell    us   that 
Maryam-uz-Zamani   was    the   daughter  ^  of 
Eajah  Bihari  Mall  ":  he  does  not  say  which 
of  Akbar' s  wives  was  stjded  "the  Mary  of 
the  age."     It  was  Prof.  Blochmann  (whose 
name  is  hardly  ever  correctly  spelt  by  Anglo- 
Indian  writers)  who  thought  there  was  no 
doubt  that  Maryam  was  the    daughter  of 
the  Eaja   in   question   and   the  mother  of 
Jahangir;     but    Blochmann     adduced     no 
evidence    worth    mentioning.     Mr.  Smith's 
reference  at  the  foot  of  p.  31  should  be  to 
p.  309   as  well  as  p.  619   of   Blochmann' s 
translation  of  the  '  Ain-i-Akbari.'     It  is,  of 


J,  ^,. 


.;y.^n  +i.o+  "ni. 


Vixrrx-vfViooia 


576 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'^  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


is  correct ;  but  it  must  not  be  fathered  upon 
Abu-1-Fazl.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is 
positively  no  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a 
Portuguese  Christian  wife  of  Akbar  called 
Mary  or  Miriam. 


THE    ARMS    OF   COLCHESTER. 

Woodlane,  Falmouth. 

If  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  consult  No.  154  of  the 
Harleian  collection  of  MSS.  in  the  library  of 
the  British  Museum,  he  will  find  the  true 
reason  of  the  cross  being  the  arms  of  Colchester. 
The  MS.  is  a  pedigree  beginning  with  "  Hubert 
de  Sancto  Claro,"  whose  son  is  "Eudo,  dapifer, 
a  Norman,  Lord  of  Colchester,  who  came  in  with 
William  the  Conqueror."  Eudo  is  one  of  the 
prominent  landholders  of  Domesday  Book,  and 
was  not  only  the  superior  of  Colchester,  but 
the  builder  of  its  famous  castle  and  equally 
renowned  monastery.  He  died  at  his  castle  of 
Preaux,  Normandy,  in  1120,  having  been  a 
principal,  if  not  the  leading  man  of  the  reigns 
of  William  I.,  William  II.,  and  Henry  I.  His 
father,  Hubert  de  Sancto  Claro,  says  Dr.  Brady, 
was  Hubert  from  Rye  in  Normandy,  and  had 
been  privado  or  ambassador  to  both  Edward 
the  Confessor  and  William  the  Conqueror. 
Eudo  was  fourth  son.  That  Colchester  should 
have  preserved  his  arms  for  itself  to  this  day 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  survivals  in 
English  history.  Eudo's  brother  Ralph  had  the 
castle  and  county  of  Nottingham,  hence  the 
cross  was  also  the  arms  there. 

Mr.  Round's  word  on  the  subject  ought  to 
have  very  special  value,  if  he  take  the  trouble 
to  investigate  further.  Thomas  Sinclair. 

Lincoln's  inn  fields. 

51.  Thornhill  Road,  N. 
I  CAME  lately  into  possession  of  what  I  con- 
sider a  very  curious  and  interesting  view  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  one  that  I  had  never 
met  with  before.  It  is  an  etching  by  W.  Hollar 
about  16  in.  long,  and  shows  three  sides  of  the 
square  looking  west  and  the  old  gateway  into 
Duke  Street,  together  with  the  stately  liouses 
and  forecourts  on  three  sides  as  originally  built 
by  Inigo  Jones.  It  is  not  signed  or  dated,  but 
would  be  somewhere  about  the  year  1650,  and 
the  square  appears  to  have  been  used  at  that 
time  for  military  exercises  ;  there  is  a  wooden 
shed  in  the  middle  of  it,  near  which  some 
soldiers  are  being  reviewed,  and  a  troop  of 
cavalry,  preceded  by  a  trumpeter,  is  entering 
the  square  at  the  left  hand  ;  a  wooden  railing 
marks  off  the  space  for  foot  passengers,  and 
various  figures  are  scattered  about.  Altogether 
it  is  extremely  curious,  and  I  should  be  pleased 
to  know  whether  any  of  your  readers  are 
acquainted  with  the  view.  I  have  seen  most 
of  the  large  collections  of  London  topography, 
but  it  is  not  to  be  found  in  them,  nor  is  it 
mentioned  either  in  Vertue's  or  the  much  more 
complete  catalogue  of  Hollar's  works  by  Parthey. 
There  is  in  the  British  Museum  one  small 
section  of  a  bird's-eye  map  of  London  by  Hollar, 
which  shows  the  square  on  a  small  scale,  but  it 
is  altogether  a  different  view. 

H.  Fancourt. 


Mr.  McLean  has  appointed  to-day  (Saturday) 
for  a  private  view  of  his  gallery  in  the  Hay- 
market,  which  now  contains  a  number  of  cabinet 
pictures.  The  public  will  be  admitted  on 
Monday  next. 

The  Society  of  British  Artists  will  open  its 
exhibition,  Suffolk  Street,  on  Monday  next. 
To-day  (Saturday)  is  appointed  for  tlie  private 
view.  The  Fine-Art  Society  similarly  devotes 
these  days  to  the  exhibition  of  a  number  of 
studies  and  sketches  in  pastel  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Abbey. 

A  small  collection  of  drawings    by  Mr.    F. 


will  be  on  view  next  week  at  Mr.  A.  B.  Carter's, 
61,  Jermyn  Street,  S.AV. 

Messrs.  Shepherd  have  on  view  a  number  of 
English  pictures,  ascribed  to  Reynolds,  Gains- 
borough, Constable,  Romney,  Turner,  Boning- 
ton,  Linnell,  H.  Moore,  and  others. 

Among  the  means  by  which  several  of  the 
newly  founded  District  Councils  in  the  provinces 
have  attempted  to  give  themselves  something 
to  do  is  by  prohibiting  thatched  roofs.  If  this 
innovation  be  not  steadily  resisted,  a  most  pic- 
turesque element  of  country  architecture  will 
disappear. 

The  famous  Fragonard  room  at  Grasse  is 
known  to  have  been  sold  recently.  Paris 
rumour  states  that  it  has  been  bought  by  a 
young  French  noble  who  has  just  married  the 
daughter  of  a  New  York  financier,  but  we 
hear  that  it  has  really  been  sold  to  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  who  has,  however, 
only  bought  the  reversion  after  the  present 
owner's  death,  and  has  promised  to  build  a 
room  for  it  in  his  country  house. 

Prof.  Sayce  is  just  starting  for  Egypt,  where 
he  will  join  Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  who  has  already 
left  England  to  continue  his  excavations  and 
researches  at  El-Kaba. 

Some  few  years  past,  when  the  Etruscan 
antiquities  were  first  exhibited  at  the  Museo 
Civico  at  Bologna,  it  was  anticipated  that  the 
museum  would  be  a  model  of  scientific  classifica- 
tion and  arrangement.  Unfortunately  these  high 
hopes  have  not  been  altogether  realized.  In  some 
instances  objects  of  the  same  class  are  grouped 
together  ;  in  others  different  objects  are  fastened 
to  the  same  board,  but  without  any  explanation. 
Indeed,  the  collection  resolutely  ignores  labels, 
and  there  is  no  catalogue  for  the  visitor.  There 
is  a  Guida  in  pamphlet  form,  a  publication 
adapted  to  the  intelligence  of  Board-school 
children.  Considering  the  importance  of  the 
collection,  it  would  seem  that  the  most  urgent 
duty  of  the  municipality  is  to  insist  on  the 
direction  furnishing  adequate  labels  for  all 
the  objects. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

CovENT  Garden  Opera. — '  Carmen,' '  Lohengrin,'  '  Tann- 
hauser.' 

Ckystal  Palace.— Saturday  Concerts. 

St.  James's  Hall. — Richter  Concerts. 

Steixway  Hall.  —  Madame  Esperanza  Kisch-Schorr's 
Pianofoite  Recital. 

There  is  little  to  record  this  week 
about  the  opera  performances  in  Eng- 
lish at  Covent  Garden.  '  Carmen  '  was  pro- 
duced on  Thursday  last  week  with  Miss 
Agnes  Janson  in  the  part  of  the  fickle  and 
unscrupulous  gipsy.  Her  beautiful  voice 
told  well  in  Bizet's  music,  and  she  certainly 
did  not  spare  herself  in  portraying  the  cha- 
racter, for  she  made  it  bold,  vulgar,  and 
realistic  to  the  last  degree.  It  is  with  regret 
that  we  learn  Miss  Agnes  Janson  contem- 
plates retirement  from  the  profession,  for 
such  an  effective  embodiment  should  be 
witnessed  many  times.  Mr.  Philip  Brozel 
was  a  picturesque  and  energetic  Don  Jose, 
and  Miss  Alice  Esty  was  full  of  sympathetic 
charm  as  Michaela ;  but  Mr.  Goff  was 
wanting  in  animation  as  the  Toreador. 

'  Lohengrin '  was  repeated  on  the  next 
evening,  with  Madame  Marie  Duma  as  a 
robust,  but  vocally  charming  Elsa,  and  Mr. 
Edwin  Wareham  as  the  Knight  of  the 
Swan.  It  may  be  remembered  that  the 
last-named  artist  sang  at  the  Olympic 
during  the  unsuccessful  opera  season  of 
Signor  Lago,  and  also  in  the  pretty,  but  on 
the  whole  unsatisfactory,  work  '  The  Golden 
Web.'     He  possesses  a  good  voice,  but  his 


elocution  at  this  performance  was  not  satis- 
factory. 

The  "Jubilee"  performance  of  '  Tann- 
hiiuser '  on  Saturday  would  have  been 
far  more  interesting  had  this  first  repre- 
sentative work  of  the  Bayreuth  master  been 
given  in  accordance  with  the  edition  issued 
with  his  final  directions  and  emendations. 
Owing  to  merciless  cuts  in  the  Venusberg 
scene,  the  Jiti ales  of  the  second  and  third  acts, 
and  even  in  Elizabeth's  Prayer,  which  surely 
has  never  before  been  mutilated,  it  cannot 
be  said  that  the  performance  was  wholly 
worthy  of  the  occasion,  despite  the  beautiful 
singing  of  Miss  Macintyre  as  Elizabeth,  this 
being  one  of  the  most  artistic  and  intelligent 
embodiments  achieved  so  far  by  the  young 
Scottish  soprano.  Mr.  Hedmondt  was  less 
nervous  and  sang  better  in  tune  than  on 
the  first  occasion,  but  the  chorus  only 
showed  slight  improvement.  It  seems 
strange  that  a  more  powerful  body  of 
choristers  could  not  have  been  secured  for 
this  season,  and  if  the  stagemanagement  had 
been  strenuous  they  would  probably  have 
fulfilled  their  duties  with  more  spirit. 

The  propriety  of  celebrating  the  fortieth 
anniversary  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Crystal  Palace  Saturday  Concerts  by  a 
programme  of  music  by  British  -  born 
musicians  of  the  present  century  could 
not  be  questioned,  for  Mr.  Manns  has 
laboured  for  many  years  unremittently  in 
the  interests  of  native  art.  Unfortunately 
English  amateurs  continue  to  betray  but 
little  interest  in  the  musical  products  of 
their  own  country,  and  the  attendance 
was  not  nearly  so  large  as  could  be 
wished.  Mr.  Hamish  MacCunn's  pic- 
turesque and  melodious  overture  *  The 
Land  of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood'; 
Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  spirited  Pianoforte 
Concerto  in  f  sharp,  first  played  by  Mr. 
Dannreuther  in  1880,  and  on  the  present 
occasion  brilliantly  interpreted  by  Mr. 
Frederick  Dawson ;  a  selection  from  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan's  lovely  incidental  music 
to  '  The  Tempest ';  the  piquant  little 
movement  entitled  "The  Lute"  from  Mr. 
F.  H.  Cowen's  suite  for  strings  '  In  the 
Olden  Time';  and  Dr.  A.  C.  Mackenzie's 
characteristic  Scotch  Rhapsody  in  g.  No.  1, 
were  included  in  the  scheme.  The  largest, 
if  not  the  most  interesting  item  was  a  new 
Symphony  in  d  by  Mr.  H.  Walford  Davies, 
formerly  a  scholar  and  now  a  professor  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Music.  The  device  of 
making  a  theme  in  various  modified  forms 
appear  at  frequent  intervals  throughout  a 
symphonic  work  is  defensible,  but  it  does 
not  necessarily  show  inspiration,  and  we 
fear  Mr.  Walford  Davies's  work  must  be 
pronounced  rather  dry  and  tedious,  not- 
withstanding clever  construction  and  scho- 
larly orchestration.  Of  course  it  might 
create  a  better  effect  on  a  second  hearing. 
Mrs.  Helen  Trust,  who  made  her  first 
appearance  at  these  concerts,  sang  with  per- 
fect taste  vocal  pieces  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan 
and  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford. 

Dr.  Hans  Richter  does  not  visit  London 
every  autumn,  but  ho  is  always  welcome, 
and  the  concert  of  last  Monday  was  one  of 
the  finest  ever  given  under  his  direction. 
Tschaikowsky's  '  Symphonic  Pathetiquo ' 
grows  more  and  more  on  the  hearer  every  timft 
it  is  heard;  -'^nd  the  pcrfoiihance  on  this  occa- 
sion was  truly  superb,  every  detail  in  the 


N"  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


577 


Bussian  composer's  score  being  brought  out 
with  perfect  clearness  and  expression.  No 
more  eloquent  orchestral  playing  could  pos- 
sibly be  imagined.  The  effects  produced  by 
moderate  indulgence  in  the  ruhato  style  in 
the  first  movement  were  especially  happy. 
Concerning  the  rest  of  the  programme,  it  is 
only  necessary  to  record  that  magnificent 
interpretations  were  secured  of  Wagner's 
Vorspiel  to  '  Die  Meistersinger '  and  the 
Charfreitags  -  Zauber  from  '  Parsifal '  ; 
Brahms's  delightful  'Academic  Festival' 
Overture  ;  and  Beethoven's  '  Leonora '  Over- 
ture, No.  3. 

Madame  Esperanza  Kisch-Schorr,  a  new 
pianist,  whose  first  recital  occurred  on  Tues- 
day, is  EngKsh  by  birth.  She  had  the 
advantage  of  lessons  from  Leschetizky  and 
personal  advice  from  Eubinstein,  and  from 
the  Eussian  master  she  gained  the  reading 
of  Chopin's  *  Marche  Funebre  '  which  she 
adopted  on  this  occasion,  commencing 
pianissimo,  rising  to  fortissimo,  and  after  the 
trio,  which  we  are  led  to  infer  symbolizes 
the  consoling  words  of  the  Burial  Service, 
recommencing  with  the  loudest  possible  tone 
and  then  gradually  dying  away  into  silence. 
Whether  this  be  accurate  cannot  safely  be 
said,  because  Chopin  was  careless  in  putting 
marks  of  expression  to  his  music,  and  no 
two  editions  of  his  works  exactly  agree,  yet 
at  any  rate  the  march  so  interpreted  is  more 
impressive  than  when  played  in  the  more 
accepted  way.  Madame  Kisch-Schorr  was 
nervous  at  first,  and  suffered  from  a 
momentary  loss  of  memory  in  Bach's 
Chromatic  Fantasia  and  Fugue  in  d  minor  ; 
but  she  was  far  better  in  Beethoven's 
Sonata  in  d  minor.  Op.  31,  No.  2,  and  she 
played  the  whole  of  Chopin's  b  flat  minor 
Sonata  exceedingly  well,  evincing  the  pos- 
session of  a  very  pure  touch. 


The  letters  of  Dr.  Hans  von  Biilow  are  to  be 
issued  early  in  November  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf 
&  Hiirtel.  They  will  be  contained  in  two 
volumes,  and  will  cover  the  period  from  1841 
to  1855,  the  first  letters  being  written  at  the 
age  of  eleven  years.  Besides  music  and  litera- 
ture, the  composer  deals  with  the  politics  of  '48 
and  '49,  when  he  was  a  law  student  at  Leipzig. 
From  his  legal  studies  he  flew  to  Richard 
Wagner  in  Zurich,  where  he  made  his  debut  by 
conducting  the  orchestra  at  the  theatre.  The 
time  at  Weimar  with  Liszt  occupies  an  appro- 
priate portion  of  the  volumes,  and  should  be  of 
especial  interest.  The  edition  contains  a  pre- 
face and  annotations  by  Frau  von  Biilow,  and  it 
is  to  be  hoped  will  soon  be  translated. 

Two  violin  recitals  are  announced  to  be  given 
early  next  month  by  Mile.  Irma  Sethe,  a  young 
Belgian  lady  who  began  to  learn  the  instrument 
at  the  early  age  of  live,  and  has  since  studied 
under  M.  Ysaye  and  Herr  Wilhelmj.  At  the 
first  recital  she  will  have  an  orchestra  under 
Mr.  Gustav  Ernest,  and  will  play  Mendelssohn's 
Concerto. 

The  Misses  Sutro,  whom  we  noticed  in  very 
favourable  terms  when  they  ventured  on  a  first 
recital  a  few  months  ago,  announce  a  further 
series  of  three,  the  first  of  which  took  place  in 
St.  James's  Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  and 
was  largely  attended.  Their  programmes  are 
to  consist  entirely  of  music  composed  or  arranged 
for  two  pianofortes,  and,  as  on  the  previous 
occasion,  the  ensemble  on  Wednesday  was  per- 
fect. Items  by  Schumann,  Raff,  Reinecke, 
Max  Bruch,  Moscheles,  Brahms,  Liszt,  and 
Saint-Saens  were  given   with    beautiful  touch. 


phrasing,  and  unity  of  expression.  It  may  be 
suggested,  however,  that  at  the  next  recital  the 
titles  of  the  various  pieces  should  be  announced 
somewhat  more  fully.  Such  succinct  terms  as 
"Andante  and  Variations,  Schumann,"  "  Fan- 
tasie,  Bruch,"  and  "Variations,  St.  Saens,"  do 
not  convey  much  to  the  general  hearer,  though, 
of  course,  by  cultured  musicians  the  works  would 
in  most  instances  be  at  once  recognized. 

The  statement  that  Johannes  Brahms  will 
visit  London  next  year  and  appear  at  a  Phil- 
harmonic concert  has,  of  course,  no  foundation. 
The  eminent  German  composer  rarely  appears 
in  public,  he  has  not  been  approached  by  the 
Philharmonic  Society,  and  it  is  in  the  highest 
degree  improbable  that  he  will  ever  make  a  pro- 
fessional visit  to  England. 

The  sisters  Giulia  and  Sofia  Ravogli  are  now 
in  England,  and  are  about  to  start  on  a  pro- 
vincial tour.  Another  well-known  artist.  Mile. 
Kleeberg,  will  also  come  to  this  country  in 
November  to  fulfil  numerous  engagements. 

Accounts  from  Berlin  are  in  general  agree- 
ment respecting  the  success  of  Signor  Mas- 
cagni's  new  opera  'Silvano.'  In  spite  of  an 
inferior  company  at  the  Neues  Theater,  the 
audience,  at  first  painfully  frigid,  gradually 
grew  warm,  and  at  the  end  became  in  the 
highest  degree  enthusiastic.  The  opera  is  based 
on  yet  another  story  of  love,  hatred,  and  re- 
venge, and  the  music  is  said  to  be  quite  as  dra- 
matically powerful  as  that  of  '  Cavalleria  Rusti- 
cana.'  We  shall  doubtless  hear  'Silvano'  in 
London  next  year. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


TUES. 

Wed. 


Fri. 
Sat. 


Orchestial  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Mr.  trnest  Cavour'8  Concert,  .3.  Queen's  Hall. 

Covent  Garden  Opera,  7  4.5,    The  Flying  Dutchman.' 

Richter  Concert,  8  30,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Cogent  Garden  Opera,  7  45,  "rhe  Valkyrie  ' 

Musical  Guild  Concert  8,  Kensington  fown  Hall. 

Mr  J   A.  Muir's  Recital,  8  30,  Princes'  Hall. 

Herr  Rosenthal's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 

Co\ent  Garden  Opera.  7  45,   Second  and    Third  Acts  of  '  The 

Bohemian  Girl '  and  '  Cavalleria  Rusticana.' 
Miss   Dora  Bright's  National  Pianoforte  Recital,   8,   Queen's 

Hall. 
3.  Complimentary   Concert   to   Madame  Antoinette   Sterling,  3, 

Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera,  7  45,  '  Lohengrin.' 
Royal  Choral  Society,  'Elijah,' 8,  Albert  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera,  7  45. 

Complimentary  Concert  to  Madame  Sterling,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera,  1  45,  '  The  Valkyrie ';  7  43, '  The  Bohemian 

Girl.' 
Seflor  Sarasate's  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Signor  Scalero's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
Miss  Annie  Muirhead's   Concert  for  Children,  3,    Hampstead 

Vestry  Hall. 
Polytechnic  Popular  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
The  opera  announcements  are,  of  course,  subject  to  alteration. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Garrick.— 'Tlie  Rise  of  Dick  Halward,' a  Play  in  Three 
Acts.    By  Jerome  K.  Jerome. 

Mr.  Jerome  has  seen  before  him  "a 
divided  duty,"  and  has  sought  in  his  '  Rise 
of  Dick  Halward,'  known  on  its  first  pro- 
duction in  America  as  '  The  Way  to  Win 
a  Woman,'  to  reconcile  things  irrecon- 
cilable, and  to  provide  a  happy  termination 
to  a  story  of  baseness  and  crime.  In  a 
narrow  sense  he  has  been  "wise  in  his 
generation."  An  English  audience  would 
not  readily  accept  a  fatal  end  to  a  piece 
beginning  like  a  Christmas  tale  of  Dickens 
or  a  teacup  and  saucer  comedy  of  Robert- 
son. He  would  have  been  better  advised, 
however,  to  have  omitted  some  of  his 
opening  prettinesses,  and  to  have  fortified 
his  piece  with  a  fatal  and  logical  close. 
Strong  enough  are  the  temptations  of  the 
hero  to  render  condonable  any  frailty  on 
his  part.  Neither  he  nor  the  heroine,  sub- 
sequently his  wife,  inspires  one  shred  of 
sympathy,  and  their  final  separation  by 
death  or  by  flight  is  the  only  end  possible 
to  relations  so  close  and  so  unworthy  as  they 
have  known.    The  cause  of  Dick  Halward's 


baseness  is  the  same  that  underlies  much 
tragedy  since  it  was  first  pleaded  in  excuse 
in  the  Garden  of  Eden:  "The  woman 
tempted  me,  and  I  fell" — words  which 
convey  the  spirit,  if  not  the  text, 
of  Adam's  excuse.  Knowing  that  he 
loves  her  even  to  madness,  and  that 
there  is  nothing  which  for  her  sake  he 
would  not  do,  Madge  Carruthers  says,  like 
the  Cyprian  of  all  time,  "  Behold  me,  how 
fair  I  am  and  worthy  to  be  loved,  and  give 
me  the  delicacies  for  which  my  soul  pines 
and  the  surroundings  which  are  indispens- 
able to  my  softness  and  beauty,  and  then  I 
am  thine,  but  on  no  cheaper  terms."  The 
man  does  as  he  is  bidden  ;  he  defrauds  his 
dead  friend,  and  he  pours  into  her  lap  the 
money  that  she  covets.  A  hundred  and 
sixty  odd  years  ago  the  woman's  name  was 
Sarah  Milwood,  the  man's  name  George 
Barnwell,  and  the  denoitment  of  the  action 
took  place  at  Tyburn.  Mr.  Jerome  has,  of 
course,  differentiated  the  theme.  His  heroine 
is  heartless  and  mercenary  enough,  but  is 
ignorant  of  the  price  at  which  her  lover 
satisfies  her  needs.  She  also — which  seems 
a  little  inconsistent  with  the  character  — 
despises  him  somewhat  for  bringing  her 
what  she  wants.  We  recognize  her  again 
when  the  news  of  the  crime  he  has 
committed  warms  her  into  admiration 
and  as  near  an  approach  to  love  as 
is  to  be  hoped.  We  do  not  believe, 
however,  in  her  expiation,  earnestly  as  the 
dramatist  labours  to  convince  us  of  its 
sincerity.  For  the  man  there  is  no  choice 
between  death  and  Wormwood  Scrubbs  ;  for 
the  woman  nothing  but  a  brief  penitence  suc- 
ceeded by  a  second  relapse.  We  are  in  this 
treating  the  characters  as  well  as  the  play 
with  some  severity.  We  are,  however,  reluc- 
tant to  see  a  writer  of  Mr.  Jerome's  ability 
drop  into  the  vice  of  blending  sentiment 
and  crime  which  we  hoped  had  died  in  the 
early  part  of  the  century,  and  we  resent,  as 
did  a  portion  of  the  audience,  the  attempt  to 
win  sympathy  for  a  man  such  as  the  hero 
is  depicted.  It  is  not  to  be  denied  that  the 
play  furnishes  Mr.  Willard  with  good 
opportunities.  His  facial  play  in  the  scenes 
in  which  the  better  self  is  conquered,  and 
indeed  throughout,  as  varjdng  passions 
and  emotions  perturb  or  overmaster  him,  is 
admirably  expressive.  It  is  difficult  to 
recall  anything  quite  like  it  in  intensity, 
variety,  and  apparent  absence  of  effort. 
Miss  Marion  Terry's  gifts  are  wasted  on  a 
wholly  unsympathetic  character. 


The  first  number  of  Pearson's  Magazine  will 
appear  in  December,  and  will  contain,  amongst 
other  features,  the  first  series  of  drawing-room 
comedies  written  by  Sir  Walter  Besant  and  Mr. 
W.  H.  Pollock.  Some  fifteen  years  ago  there  was 
a  good  amateur  dramatic  company  which  used 
to  play  every  year  in  the  drawing-room  of  Lady 
Monkswell  at  Chelsea.  The  company  consisted 
of  Mr.  John  Collier  and  his  wife,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Walter  Pollock,  and  a  few  others.  The 
pieces  performed  were  some  of  them  original. 
Mr.  Pollock  and  Sir  W.  Besant  wrote  together 
several  pieces  for  this  company,  of  which  the 
greater  part  were  unacted,  owing  to  the  death 
of  Lady  Monkswell  and  the  breaking  up  of  the 
theatricals. 

The  Opera  Comique — to  which,  temporarily 
at  least,  the  pit  is  to  be  restored — will,  it  is  said, 
be  reopened  before  the    close  of  the  year  by 


578 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3548,  Oct.  26, ' 


95 


Miss  Nellie  Farren,  with  the  promised  burlesque 
of  '  Trilby  '  and  other  novelties  of  the  lightest 
description. 

*  The  Squiee  of  Dames  '  is  the  title  bestowed 
by  Mr.  Charles  Carton  upon  his  adaptation  of 
'  L'Ami  des  Femmes,'  with  which  Mr.  Charles 
Wyndham  will  resume  his  occupation  of  the 
Criterion. 

Mr.  George  Alexander  will  reopen  the 
St.  James's  on  the  7th  prox.  with  '  Liberty 
Hall,'  to  be  followed  shortly  by  Mr.  Esmond's 
new  piece  'The  Divided  Way.'  A  very  little 
time  seems  likely  to  see  all  the  West  -  End 
theatres  in  full  occupation,  and  those  who,  like 
Mrs.  Langtry,  are  seeking  for  a  house  will  have 
some  difficulty  in  finding  it. 

An  adaptation  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Burnand  of 
'  Madame  Mongodin,'  by  MM.  Blum  and  Toche, 
is  announced  for  November  2nd  at  the  Avenue. 
Misses  Lottie  Venne  and  Alma  Stanley  and  Mr. 
C.  Hawtrey  will  be  included  in  the  cast. 

Upon  its  revival  at  the  Shaftesbury,  'The  Home 
Secretary  '  of  Mr.  R.  C.  Carton,  first  produced  in 
May  last  at  the  Criterion,  proves  to  have  under- 
gone many  modifications  of  cast.  Five  of  the 
original  exponents  remain  :  Miss  Julia  Neilson, 
Mr.  Lewis  Waller,  Mr.  Brough,  Mr.  Brookfield, 
and  Miss  Millett.  Mr.  Wyndham  as  the  Home 
Secretary  is  replaced  by  Mr.  F.  Terry,  who 
plays  the  character  with  earnestness  and  effect  : 
and  Miss  Lottie  Venne  gives  a  picture  of  Mrs. 
Thorpe- Didsbury  more  diverting,  though  not 
perhaps  more  convincing,  than  that  exhibited  by 
Miss  Slary  Moore.  Mr.  Henry  Kemble  assigns 
all  possible  dignity  to  the  Solicitor- General. 
Mr.  Hamilton  Knight  is  Lord  Blayver  ;  and  Mr. 
Malyon  plays  Mr.  Thorpe-Didsbury,  M.P. 
The  play  can  hardly  be  said  to  improve  upon 
acquaintance.  It  was  heard,  however,  with 
interest  and  received  with  applause. 

On  the  17th  inst.  the  Gaiety  witnessed 
a  morning  performance  of  'The  Merchant 
of  Venice. '  The  piece  was  fairly  well  staged. 
The  veteran  Mr.  Loraine  was  a  dignified 
and  gracious  Duke  ;  Mr.  Gillmore  (Bassanio), 
Mr.  Grenville  (Lorenzo),  Mr.  Cuningham 
(Gratiano),  Messrs.  Willes  and  Wyes  as  young 
and  old  Gobbo  respectively.  Miss  Ella 
Tarrant  as  Nerissa,  and  Miss  Oram  as  Jessica 
rendered  excellent  service ;  Miss  Ettie  Wil- 
liams in  Portia  showed  a  distinct  advance  in 
her  art ;  and  Mr.  Charles  Pond,  M'ho  essayed 
for  the  first  time  the  part  of  Shylock,  won  more 
than  a  succes  d'estime.  He  "held  the  stage" 
with  apparent  ease  ;  his  elocution,  if  in  one  or 
two  cases  prematurely  passionate,  in  others  too 
didactic,  was  generally  all  that  could  be  wished  ; 
and  in  some  points — notably  in  the  scene  with 
Tubal,  and  the  original  mode  of  exit  from  the 
tribunal  after  judgment — he  won  considerable 
applause.  Some  cutting  was  inevitable  to  bring 
the  play  within  the  compass  of  a  morning  repre- 
sentation, but  the  performance,  on  the  whole, 
gave  general  satisfaction. 

The  Marie -Seebach-Stiftung  for  aged  and 
indigent  members  of  the  theatrical  profession, 
the  proposed  foundation  of  which  we  mentioned 
before,  was  opened  on  the  2nd  inst.  at  Weimar. 
It  is  a  very  comfortable,  homely  building, erected 
at  the  cost  of  28,000  marks,  which  were  gene- 
rously defrayed  by  the  distinguished  actress 
Marie  Seebach.  A  limited  number  of  actors 
and  singers,  irrespective  of  sex  and  creed,  will 
find  a  pleasant  home  in  the  institution,  the 
ground  for  which  has  been  liberally  granted  by  its 
protector,  the  Grand  Duke  Charles  Alexander. 


To  Correspondents.— T.  T.— L.  M.  B.— J.  M.— H.  P.  S. 
— T.  H.  N.— received. 


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N»  3548,  Oct.  26,  '95 


NOW  READY  AT   ALL 
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THE  BRAIN  OF  AN  ARMY. 

A  Popular  Account  of  the  German 

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KINE. 

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W.  M.  THACKERAY'S  WORKS. 
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bound  in  half-morocco,  8i.  8s. 

Containing  nearly  all  the  small  Woodcut  Illustrations  of 
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MISS  THACKERAY'S  WORKS. 
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10  vols,  each  Volume  illustrated  with  a  Vignette  Title- 
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ROBERT  BROWNING'S  WORKS. 

UNIFORM  EDITION. 

17  vols,  crown  8vo.  bound  in  Sets,  4Z.  5s. ;  or  the  Volumes 
bound  separately,  5s.  each.  This  Edition  contains  3  Portraits 
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Illustrations. 

ELIZABETH  BARRETT 

BROWNING'S  POETICAL  WORKS. 

UNIFORM  EDITION, 

6  vols,  smalt  crown  8vo.  5s.  each.  This  Edition  contains 
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a  few  Illustrations. 
V  Vol.  VI.  AURORA  LEIGH, 

and  lettered  as  a  separate  Volume. 


can  also  be  had  bound 


LIFE  AND  WORKS  OF  CHARLOTTE, 

EMILY,  AND  ANNE  BRONTE. 

LIBRARY  EDITION. 

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#    * 


3Ie8sr8.  SMITH,  ELDER  tO  CO.  ivlll  be  happy  to  fw^ward  a  Copy  of  their  Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 
London :  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo-place,  S.W. 


Editorial  Commanications  ehould  be   acidrossed  to  'The   Editor"  — Ailvortisements  and   Iiu3ine33   Letters  to  "The   I'ubliaher "  —  at  the  Offlco,   Bream's-buildinHS,  Chancory-lane,  B.C. 

Frlated  by  JoiiH  C.  Fttincu,  Athentram  Press,  Breamii-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. ;  and  FubiUhed  by  the  »ald  John  C.  Frvncis  at  Hream's-buUdtngs,  Chancory-lane,  B  C. 

Ageats  tor  SiiQuumv   Uessrs.  Uell  &  Uradfute  and  Btr.  Jobu  Monzies,  BdiaburK-h.— Saturday,  October  ':u,  \«X>. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  (Bn^li^l)  antr  jToreiffit  literature,  ^tienre,  tl^e  fim  ^irtsf,  Mn^it  mts  t6e  I0rama* 


No.  3549. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    2,   1895. 


PRIOH 
THRBBPBNCB 

HBQISTBBBD  AS  A  HBWSPAFBB 


BRITISH  ARCH^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.— 
The  FIRST  MEETING  of  the  SESSION  will  be  held  on  WEn- 
NESDAY,  November  6,  at  32,  Sackville-street,  Piccadilly,  W.    The  Chair 
^  be  taken  at  8  ph. 
Antiquities  will  be  exhibited,  and  the  following  Papers  read  :— 
'  On  the  Frescoes  in  Ashampstead  Church,  Berks,'  by  the  Kev.  V.  H. 
MOYLE.  MA. 
' On Findlater Castle,  Banffshire, 'by  JAMES  BRICE,  Esq. 

W.  DE  GRAY  BIKCH,  F.S.A.  \   Honorary 
GEO.  PATRICK  /Secretaries. 

POYAL    PHOTOGRAPHIC    SOCIETY.— 

XV  FORTIETH  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION,  1895,  at  the  GALLERY, 
5a,  Pall  Mall  East,  NOW  OPEN,  10  A.M.  to  5  p  M.  One  Shilling.  Monday, 
Wednesday,  and  Saturday  Evenings,  from  7  to  10  p.m.,  when  Lantern 
Slides  will  be  shown.  Sixpence. 

GORDON'S  COLLEGE  in  ABERDEEN  (BOYS). 
—WANTED,  a  highly  qualified  TEACHER  of  FRENCH  and 
GERMAN,  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  his  Office.— Particulars 
as  to  salary,  &c.,  from  the  He.id  MiSTiin. 


T 


HE    HIGH    SCHOOL    of    GLASGOW. 


The  SCHOOL  BOARD  of  GLASGOW  invite  applications  for  the 
past  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  ENGLISH  DEPARTMENT.  Salary 
not  less  than  400;.  per  annum —Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifica- 
tions, with  sixteen  printed  copies  of  testimonials,  must  be  lodged  on  or 
before  Wednesday.  November  13,  with  the  Clerk,  School  Board  Offices, 
129,  Bath-street,  Glasgow,  from  whom  all  information  may  be  obtained. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES. 
[A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales  ] 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Chair  of  LOGIC,  PHILOSOPHY, 
and  POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  now  vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council 
will  elect  on  December  18.  Stipend  250i  ,  with  share  of  fees  guaranteed 
up  to  60;  Forty  copies  of  the  application  and  testimonials  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Monday,  November  25  The 
Professor  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of 
the  New  Y^ear. — For  further  particulars  applv  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  MA,,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  October  21, 1895. 


B 


OROUGH      of       PLYMOUTH. 


The  Technical  Instruction  Committee  invite  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  SCIENCE  TECHNOLfJGICAL 
and  COMMERCIAL  DEPARTMENT  of  their  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS. 
He  must  hold  a  University  Degree  and  be  highly  qualified  in  Chemistry, 
Physics,  and  Mechanical  Subjects.  He  will  be  required  to  take  charge 
at  the  beginning  of  January  next     Salary  auO(  per  annum 

A  statement  of  duties  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

Applications,  stating  age.  with  copies  of  testimonials,  which  will  not 
be  returned,  together  with  the  names  and  addresses  of  three  referees, 
to  be  forwarded  on  or  before  November  15  to 

T    W.  BYFIELD,  Secretary. 

Technical  Schools,  Plymouth,  October  22, 1893. 

TO  LIBRARIANS.— LIBRARIAN  WANTED  for 
the  FREE  LIBRARY,  WORKINGTON.    Salary  801.- Applications 
and  testimonials  to  be  sent  to  Mr.  Potts,  Stanbeck,  Workington. 

SECOND-HAND  BOOK  TRADE.— WANTED,  by 
a  Leading  Firm,  an  intelligent,  well-educated  YOUNG  MAN 
(under  251  Some  slight  knowledge  of  the  Second-Hand  Trade  and  of 
Cataloguing  indispensable.  Also  a  well-educated  YOUTH,  about  15. 
Must  not  writea  bad  hand.— Address  2750,  TheAthenaum  Press,  Bream's- 
bnildings,  E.C. 

VACANT  PARTNERSHIP.— Required,  in  an 
established  select  PUBLISHING  HOUSE,  with  increasing  busi- 
ness, capable  of  very  great  development,  an  AC  I IVE  PARTNER,  with 
from  2,000/  to  6,000(.  Any  one  willing  to  work  would  be  well  treated. 
An  excellent  opportunity  for  a  young  man  wishing  a  start. — Address 
Books,  at  Shelley's,  38,  Gracechurch-street,  EC. 


PUBLISHING  INVESTMENT.— Advertiser 
desires  to  meet  ONE  or  TWO  GENTLEMEN  having  10  000/  at 
their  disposal  who  would  join  him  in  ACQUIRING  and  WORKING  an 
old-established  BUSINESS  References  given  and  required  Interviews 
hy  appointment  only.— Address  W.  M.  B.,  care  of  H.  A.  Moncrieff,  19, 
Ludgate-bill,  B.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).- Authors'   M8S.    aoeurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.  of  all  kinds  TYPE- 
WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.  Id.  per  folio.  Large 
quantities  by  arrangement.  Translations.  —  Ed.  GaAU4.>i.  Surrey 
Chambera,  172,  Strand,  W.C.  ■^ 


TYPE-WRITING.— U.  per  1.000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement  Examination  Questions  reproduced  equal  original 
Type-writing  Specimens,  terms,  post  free  —  Fiicrr  D*ai.isoN  2-2 
Wellington-street,  W.C. 

q^YPE-WRITERS    (SECOND-HAND).- Tre- 

-L  mendons  bargains  In  slightly  soiled  Remingtons  Barlocks 
Hammonds.  Yosts.  Caligraphs,  Victors.  &c  Any  Machine  can  be  hireif 
with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free  Terms,  cash  ;  or 
easy  terms.  Ribbons  and  sundries  for  all  Machines  at  reduced  rates 
Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  6«.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free  — N 
TATLoa,  Manager.  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holbom  end),  London.    Telephone  No  6690. 

9,  HART-«raEffr,  Ili/^oMsiBuaT,  Londom 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAV,  formerly  of  York- 
street.  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench.  Triibner  &  Co  .  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  will 
RESUME  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account  upon 
OCTOBER  81  NEXT.  He  will  be  glad  in  the  mean  time  to  hear  from 
Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and  to  consider  proposals  for 
New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

MR.    HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOI-S  and  COLLEGES  have  recommenced 
DRAWING  forthe  PHES.S— STUDIO  open  daily     Private  Instruction 
*nd  by  Correspondence  —123,  Vlctorta-st. ,  ft  W.  (nr.  Army  &  Navy  Stores' 


T 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN. 
8  and  9,  York  place.  Baker-street,  W. 
Founded  1849. 
Principal— Miss    EMILY     PENROSE. 
MICHAELMAS  TERM,  1895. 
The  HALF-TERM  will   BEGIN  on  MONDAY,  November  11.     Two 
Lectures  on  'The  Ethics  of  the  Greek   Iragedians  '  will  be  given  by  A. 
BERNARD  COOK,  MA.,  on  MONDAY,  November  4  and  THURSDAY, 
November  7,  at  5  p.m.    Admission  on  presentation  of  visiting  card. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

HE    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 

grants  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

The  centres  of  Examination  are  St.  Andrews,  Aberdeen,  Bedford, 
Belfast,  Birmingham,  Bournemouth,  Bristol,  Cambridge,  Cardiff, 
Cheltenham,  Cork,  Dollar,  Dublin,  Dumfries.  Edinburgh.  Glasgow, 
Hull,  Inverness,  Leeds,  Leicester,  Liverpool,  London,  Loughborough, 
Manchester,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Oban,  Oxford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro. 

For  Prospectus,  &c.,  apply  to  the  Secretary,  L.L.A.  Scheme,  the 
University,  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 

GOVERNESSES  for  PRIVATE  FAMILIES.— 
Miss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  lor  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  lor 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
Syndicate  and  Press  Agency,  "  A  Medium  of  Communication 
between  Authors,  Editors,  and  Publishers."  MSS.  negotiated.  Inter- 
views by  appointment  only, — Address  the  Secretary,  3,  Victoria-street, 
Westminster. 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— LiTERAEY  Propebtt. 
—The  PHblic  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  offering  to  place  MSS.,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G.  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  Is  published  monthly, 
price  6ii.,  by  Horace  Cox,  Bream 's-buildingg,  E.C. 


THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  '1  hiity  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultatioa 
free.— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuRGHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster- row. 

TO  AUTHORS.— The  ROXBURGHE  PRESS, 
No.  3,  Victoria-street.  Westminster,  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS. 
for  Printing  and  Publication.  Estimates  free.  Accounts  certified  by 
Chartered  Accountant.  Press  Opinion  :— "  The  tasteful  printing  and 
artistic  binding  are  fully  up  to  the  high  standard  the  Koxburghe  Press 
has  attained."— ii6ei'a/. 

NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES,  BOOKS,  Ac- 
king.  SELL  &  R.AILTON,  Limited,  High-Class  Printers  and 
Publishers,  12,  Gough-square,  4,  Bolt-court,  Fleet-sti eet,  EC  .  have 
specially  built  Rotary  and  other  fast  Machines  for  printing  and  binding 
illustrated  or  other  Publications.  Advice  and  assi.-itance  given  to  any 
one  wishing  to  commence  New  Journals.  Editorial  Offices  free.  Adver- 
tising and  Publishing  conducted. 

Telephone  65,121.    Telegraph,  "  Africanism,  London.'' 

C  MITCHELL  tc  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
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12  and  13,  Red  Lion-conrt,  Fleet-street,  E.O. 


R. 


ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising    Agents, 

U,  COCK8PUR-8TREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 
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CEataloQitea. 

Gratis  on  application, 

T-HE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  1. 

jL      Monthly  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 
H,  GREVEL  &  CO  .  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  W,C, 


E 


L      L      I      S         &        EL 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books, 


B      Y, 


NEW  CATALOGUE  of  CHOICE  BOOKS  and 

MANUSCRIPTS 

Now  ready  (No.  81),  post  free.  Sixpence. 

29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W, 

JARROLD  &  SONS,  Norwich.— CATALOGUES 
now  ready.  No.  1,  Fourth  Series— Fine  Arts— Early  Juvenile- 
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(SPECIAL   HISTORICAL  CATALOGUE  of  Vala- 

kj  able  and  Important  BOOKS  relating  to  British  Antiquitifs  and 
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obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
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AMIENS,  ANTIBE8,  BEAULIEU-8UR-MBK,  BIAKRITZ,  BOO- 
DEAUX,  BOULOGNE-SUa-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
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MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  FAU,  SAINT  BAFHABL,  TOUBS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIONAMI  LIBHART,  224,  Rae  de  RlTOU,  Paris. 

TN FORMATION     respecting    WORKS     by    Mr. 

X     RUSKIN  and  others,  published  by  Mr.  ALLEN,  of  Orpinuton  and 
156,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C,  will  be  found  on  p.  588  of  this  paper. 


F 


ORBIGN    BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &   CO,    37,    SOHO-SdUAHE. 

pHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

Vy  BOOKS,  including  a  fine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J.  M.  W. 
'rurner,  R. A. —Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Mez/otints,  after 
Constable— and  Works  by  Professor  Kuskin.  CATALOGUE,  No  16, 
ready.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— Wm.  WAao,  2,  Church-terrace,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey. 

SOTHERAN'S  PRICE  CURRENT  of  LITERA- 
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H.  SoTHERin  &  Co.,  BookseUers,  140,  Strand,  W.C.  ;  and  37,  Piccadilly 
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BISHOP  of  CHICHESTER.— PORTRAIT  of  the 
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Williams  in  1883,  is  now  OFFERED  FOR  SALE.  It  has  not  been  ex- 
hibited in  public  only  at  a  Church  Bazaar.  Life-size  bust,  in  rol'cs. 
Painted  in  this  well-known  Artist's  best  manner.- On  view  at'T,  Toon '.s, 
21,  Prince  Albert-street,  Brighton, 

MARLBOROUGH'S   SERIES  of  BOOKS  for 
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1,  BORROWERS' REGISTER.  10s,      4.  LIBRARY  CATALOGUE,  12». 

2,  LIBRARY  ACCESSIONS,    10s,  6,  MUSEUM  ACCESSIONS,  10«. 

3,  LIBRARY  REGISTER.   lOs.  8.  VISITORS'  BOOK,  10s. 

See  Detailed  List  of  Specialties,  including  above,  and 
MARLBOROUGH  PAMPHLET  CASES,  32  sizes.  Is.  to  4s. 
LOOSE  MAGAZINE  CASES,  about  80  sorts, 
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52,  Old  Bailey,  London,  E,C. 

LONDON         LIBRARY, 
ST'  JAMES'S-SQUARE,  B  W, 
President— LESLIE  STEPHEN,  Esq, 
Vlce-Presidenta— Rt.  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  MP,  The  Very  Rev.  the 
Dean  ol  Llandaff,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  Henry  Barkly.  K_C.B, 

Trnstees— Right  Hon.  Sir  M  Grant  Duff, 
Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart.  MP.,  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Rosebery, 
The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modem 
Literature,  in  various  I.anguages.  Subscription,  31.  a  year;  Life  .Mem- 
bership, according  to  age.  Fifteen  Volumes  are  allowed  to  Country 
and  Ten  to  Town  Members.  R«ading-Room  open  from  Ten  to  half- 
past  Six.  Catalogue,  Fifth  Edition.  2  vols,  royal  8vo  price  21s.  ;  to 
niembers,  16s.    C.  T.  HAGBERG  WRIGHT,  Secretary  and  Librarian. 


M 


UDIE'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


FOREIGN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  Branch  of  the  Library,  which  has  been  considerably 
Increased,  now  contains  upwards  of  80,000  Books  in  French, 
German,  Spanish,  and  Italian  for  Circulation  and  Sale. 

A  Complete  List  of  the  New  Publications  added  to  tho 
Library  is  issued  every  month,  and  will  be  sent  to  any 
address  x>08tage  free  on  application. 


CATALOGUE  of  FOREIGN  BOOKS  for  1895, 
Is,  6d.  each. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY  (Limited), 

30-34,  New  Oxford-street; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.;  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  E.C, 

London ; 

and  Barton  Arcade,  Mancbe«ter. 


586 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


HCTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 

effected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  cautious  treatment, 

by  M.  KAINB  THOMPSON. 

Stadio,  4J,  George-street,  Portman  square,  W. 


rfHE    AUTOTYPE    COMPANY,    LONDON, 

JL  invite  all  interested  in  Fine  Art  to  Inspect  the  important  Col- 
lection ol  Permanent  Autotype  Keproductions  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Art,  exhibited  in  their 

FINE-ART    GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET. 


EFLENOID  COPIES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS  from  all  the  Celebrated 
Galleries  of  Europe. 

KEPRODUCTIONS  of  MODERN  PAINTINGS  from  the  Luxembourg, 
the  Salon,  Royal  Academy,  &c. 

The  ART  of  BARTOLOZZI.    One  Hundred  Designs. 

SIR  JOSmJA  REYNOLDS.  Two  Hundred  and  Thirty-four  Examples 
of  this  Master,  from  Rare  Prints  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALFRED  STEVENS  and  his  'WORK.  Crown  folio,  20  in.  by  15  in. 
Half-bound  morocco.  Fifty-seven  Full-Page  Illustrations.  Memoir 
and  Critical  Descriptions  by  HliGH  STANNUS.  Price  Six  Guineas. 
A  few  Copies  of  this  important  Work  for  Disposal. 

ALBERT  DURER.  Ninety-three  Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile 
from  Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Descriptive  Text  by 
SIDNEY  COLVIN,  M.A.  The  volume  is  imperial  folio,  half- 
morocco.  Plates  linen  guarded.  Price  Six  Guineas.  Edition 
100  Copies. 


nmphlet,  'Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  post  free. 


Offices  and  Fine-Art  GaUery— 74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  'W.C. 
The  Works— EALING  DENE,  MIDDLESEX. 

THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London,  EC.) 
Contains    hairless   paper,    over   which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    Ss.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

OURREY.— OATLANDS  PARK,  WEYBRIDGE. 
TO  BE  LET  ON  LEASE,  THE  LAURELS. 

Grounds  of  about  an  acre,  beautifully  timbered,  with  Kitchen  Garden, 
Lawn  Tennis,  Greenhouse,  Stabling,  with  Three  Stalls,  Coachhouse, 
&c.  The  House  contains  Eight  Bed-rooms,  Dressing  and  Bath  Rooms, 
large  Drawing  and  Dining  Rooms,  Morning  Room,  Kitchen,  Scullery, 
usual  Offices,  and  is  about  a  mile  from  Weybridge  and  Walton  Stations. 

Apply  to  Messrs.  Tvuneb  &  Co.,  199,  Piccadilly  j  or  Messrs.  WiiEttEtt 
&  Sons,  Weybridge  Station,  Surrey. 

URREY.— OATLANDS    PARK,    WEYBRIDGE. 


S 


TO  BE  LET  ON  LEASE,  STRAFFORD  LODGE, 

a  Large  Residence  standing  in  its  own  Grounds  of  over  five  acres, 
beautifully  timbered,  with  Kitchen  Garden,  I>awn  Tennis.  Greenhouses, 
Stabling,  and  other  Outbxiildings.  Contains  Ten  Bedrooms,  large 
JDrawitg  and  Dining  Kooms,  Library  and  Morning  Kooms,  and  usual 
Offices.    Separate  Staircase  to  Servants'  Bed-rooms. 

Apply  to  Xiii.NER  &  Co.,  199,  Piccadilly;  or  Wateree  &  Sons,  Wey- 
bridge Station. 

T1UNBRIDGE  WELLS.— FURNISHED  APART- 
MENTS,  with  cheerful  southern  outlook,  a  few  minutes'  walk 
from  the  Common.  Ye  Pantiles,  and  the  Railway  Stations.  Moderate 
terms  for  the  winter  months.— B.  G.,  18,  Claremont-road,  Tunbridge 
WeUs. 


^alea  bg  faction 

MONO  A  Y  NEXT. 
The  Second  Portion  of  the  Stock  of  WALTER  LAWLEY, 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY NEXT.  November  4,  at  half -past  12  o'clock  precisely.  MICRO- 
SCOPIC APPAK.\TU.S,  Surgical  Instruments  Skeletons.  Skulls,  and 
Half-Sets  of  Osteology,  'Iherniometers,  Barometers,  Telescopes,  and 
Miscellaneous  Scientitic  Instruments,  Showcases,  &c. 

On  ^ew  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad. 

FRI OA  Y  NEXT.— Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms.  .'!8,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  FRIU.\Y 

NEXT,  November  8,  at  half-past  It  precisely,  about  400  Lots  of  SCIEN- 
TIFIC INSritlMENTS  and  ArPAKAILS-Ekctricals— Lanterns  and 
Slides- Books— and  Miscellaneous  Effects. 


Books  from  the  Libraries  of  the  late  T.  BODDINGTON,  Esq., 
the  late  ARCHDEACON  HARHI.SUN,  and  others. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELLby  AT'CTION.attheirHou-e.  No  i:i.  \Vcllinf;t(>n  street 
Strand,  W.C,  on  .MONDAY.  November  4,  ami  llirce  I'ullowing  Days  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  MIS<ELLANEors  IiooKS 
from  various  I'KiVATE  LIHRAKIES,  including  those  of  the  late 
THOS.  BODDINGION,  Esq  ;  the  KE.MAINI.NG  I'OKHON  of  the 
LIIiUAKY  of  the  late  AltCHDKACON  IIARHISON  ,  a  roKIION  of 
the  BIIiLICAL  and  OEOOUAl'HK.AL  LlliRAKY  ..f  Sir  OKDKGE 
GKOVE,  the  I'roperty  of  the  late  Mrs  FOHSTKll,  tlie  I.IHUAKV  nf 
the  late  GEORGE  SCAMKLL  (sold  by  order  of  thr'  Kxecuton  ;  liooKs 
the  Properly  of  an  JIONot'ltAIU.E  MliMlilCR  of  the  l,i;<;lsr,A  II VI: 
COUNCIL  of  NEW  ZKALANI),  the  whole  coiMjiii'iTig  lirst  lilui.iris  of 
the  Works  of  Keats,  i'rol.  Kuskin,  Bewick  lilake.  Dickens,  ■rha<keray. 
Lever,  &c.— Books  on  the  I'lne  Arts,  Caricatures,  Voyages  and  Ti-avels, 
&c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Engravings,  including  the  Collection 'f  the  late  Mrs.  FOSTER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  1.1.  AVellington- 
street.  Strand,  W(  ,  on  MONDAY,  November  II,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  EN(;UAVIN<iS  fl'i-amcd  and  in  the  Poitfolio) 
IjUAWINOS  of  I'OIIIUAIIK,  Ac.  tlie  I'ropcrtv  of  the  late  Mrs 
FOSTKK;  also  I'.NOIIAVINOS  by  OLD  MAS  THUS  and  a  large  CoL- 
LECnlO.N  of  1.NHIAL  LKI'IHKS  the  I'lOioily  of  a  COLLECTOR; 
Theatrical  and  other  I'ortraits  I'.iiicy  S ubiiiis-Kranied  Engravings 
after  Landscer  and  others -and  a  lew  Watei-l'olour  Drawings  and  Oil 
l^lBting". 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


A  Selection  of  Books,  the  Property  of  a  Legal  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AVCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  WC,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  13,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  SELECTION  of  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a  LEGAL  GENTLE- 
MAN, consisting  of  First  Editions  of  Works  by  Dickens,  Thackeray, 
Surtees.  Ruskin,  and  other  modern  Popular  Authors-an  extensive 
Collection  of  Works  illusti-ated  by  Bewick,  Geo.  Cruikshank.  Leech, 
I'hiz.  and  other  artists— and  other  I'roperties,  comprising  Works  in 
most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


The  Library  of  the  late  W.  C.  RCLE,  Esq, 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W C,  on  THUKSDAY,  November  14,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY'  of  the  late  W  C.  RULE,  Esq. 
(sold  by  order  of  the  Administratrix),  and  other  Properties,  comprising 
rare  and  curious  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  Dorat.  Les  Baisers, 
1770,  and  Fables  Nouvelles,  1773,  both  on  Large  Paper— Fine's  Horace, 
1733-7 — La  Fontaine.  Contes  et  Nouvelles,  17(32,  and  other  Editions — 
The  Heptameron  of  Marguerite  of  Navarre,  best  Edition,  1780-1 — Grose's 
Antiquities  of  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  12  vols.,  &c — 
Knight's  Account  of  Ancient  Worship  at  Isernia,  1786 — Banier's  Ovid, 
two  copies.  1767-70— Cervantes's  Don  Quixote,  4  vols.  Large  Paper,  India 
proofs,  1818,  &c  — Galerie  de  Florence.  4  vols.  India  proofs,  1819— Gould's 
Birds  of  Great  Britain,  original  subscriber's  copy,  in  25  parts,  1862-73,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  IS.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  the  FIRST  PORTION  (ANCIENT  BRITISH  and  ANGLO-SAXON 
SERIES)  of  the  very  valuable  and  extensive  COLLECflON  of  COINS 
formed  by  the  late  HYM.AN  MONTAGU,  E.sq  ,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President 
of  the  Numismatic  Society. 

Such  a  Collection  for  completeness  and  richness  has  hitherto  never 
been  offered  for  public  sale.  It  comprises  in  the  Ancient  British  Series 
Staters  and  Quarter-Staters  of  ^'e^ica,  Eppillus,  Epaticcus,  and  Cuno- 
belinus.  many  unpublished  ;  and  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Section  the  series 
of  Pennies  of  Offa  and  Cynethryth  is  unrivalled,  as  also  are  those  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  the  Kings  of  Kent,  East  Anglia,  and 
Northumbria.  That  of  Wessex  includes  the  most  remarkable  Coins  of 
Ecgbeorht,  .\ethelwHlf,  Aelfred,  Eadweard  the  Elder,  Aethelstan,  Eadred, 
Eadwig,  Eadgur,  ?;adweard  II.,  cSc. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  Is. 
each.    Illustrated  copies,  with  Six  Autotype  Plates,  price  2s.  6d.  each. 

The  Collection  of  Modern  Etchings  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMER- 
TON,  Esq.,  Author  of  •  Etching  and  Etchers,'  S;c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  25,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  COLLECTION  of  MODERN  ETCHINGS,  &c.,  formed  by  the  late 
FHILIP  GILBERT  HAMEKION,  Esq  .  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  'The 
Graphic  Arts,'  &c.,  including  a  Number  of  his  own  AVorks. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMERTON,  Esq.,  Author  of 

'  Etching  and  Etchers,'  ^c, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W C.  on  TUESD.^Y,  November  26.  at  I  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS  of  the  late  FHILIP 
GILBERT  HAMEKTON.  Esq  ,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  "Ihe  Graphic 
Arts.'  consisting  of  a  Number  of  fine  Hooks  on  Art  (chiefly  Etching)  by 
the  Best  Modern  Writers,  English  and  Foreign— Special  Copies  of 
Hamerton's  own  W  ritings,  and  the  Original  Manuscripts  of  some  of  his 
Works— Viollet-le-Duc,  Dictionnaire  de  I'Architecture- Ruskin's  Works 
— Encyclopa>dia  Britannica,  Ninth  Edition. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Pictures. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 

AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  November  11,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minntes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECriON  of  OLD  and  MODERN  ENGRAV- 
INGS. Framed  and  in  Portfolio,  including  many  of  the  Early  English 
Schools  (some  in  colours);  also  Modern  Engravings  (in  proof  states), 
after  Landscer,  Luke  Fildes,  Eugene  de  Blaas,  Briton  Rivl&re,  F. 
Goodall,  E.  J.  Poynter,  Sir  F.  Leighton,  Sir  J.  E.  Millais,  B.  W. 
Leader,  &c. ;  also  Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Pictures. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIP  CUNLIFFE 
0\VEN,K.C.B. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C.  on  WED- 
NESDAY, November  20,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  10  minutes  past  1 
o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIP 
CUNLIFFE  OWEN,  KCB,  comprising  Hogarth's  Works- Claude's 
Liber  Veritatis—Lafontaine's Fables,  4  vols  —Nash's  Mansions,  coloured 
plates— Macklin's  Bible  7  vols  blue  morocco— Sterne's  Voyage  .Senti- 
mental, proof  plates— Retif -de- la- Bretonne.  La  I'aysane  Pervertie, 
4  vols  — Pisanus  Frasci,  4  vols.— Abbotsford  Wavcrley- Avesta.  trans- 
lated by  Bleeck,  the  Original  MSS— Album  of  Autographs— Bookcases, 


&c. 


Catalogues  in  preparation. 


Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  A .  YO  UNG,  of  Orlingbury 
Park,  Northampton. 

'ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON  will    SELL 


M^ 


by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square.  W.C, 
EARLY  in  DECEMBHK.  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
A,  YOUNG,  Esq  ,  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  comprising  an 
extensive  ('oileetion  <)f  First  Editions  of  the  Plays  of  Beaumont, 
Fletcher,  Chapman,  Shirley.  Shadwell,  Wycherley.  Steele.  Bionie, 
Davenport,  and  dhers— Haker's  Northampton— Ornierod's  Cheshii-e-- 
Baker's  Northamptonshire  —  Nash's  Worcestershire  —  Shakespeare. 
Second  Folio,  interl.-aved  yyith  numerous  MS.  Notes  —  Holbein's 
I'oitraits,  uncut— Purchas  his  Pilgiimes— Lawes  of  Virginia,  1(362- 
Stephens  s  Philadelphia  Dii.'ctory.  I7'J0— Early  Printed  Works,  and 
Books  in  morocco  bindings  by  Deronie,  &c,,  some  with  arms  of  former 
owners. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Books.— Four  Days'  Sale. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  II.').  Chancery-lane,  WC.  on  MONDAY, 
November  1  aij.l  lliree  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
HOOKS,  ini'luclin-!  MusCe  Fran^ais,  4  vols.- Galerie  de  Versailles— 
MellMi',',  CoTisCuituiople— Catesby's  Carolina,  2  vols  — Sloano's  Jamaica, 
2  \ols  (•;inciiiuic's  by  H  H  .  (  ruikshank,  Heath,  Seymour,  &c.— Hooks 
of  Costiiinc  ;mhI  Sittmi  v  Octicalo^ical,  'Toimgraphica^and  Antiquarian 
Hooks  Ihirvcv  s  nivc-olo'.;i;i,  Hiit;iiinica.  4  vols— Oxford  Historical 
Society  s  I'lililHMiicins,  i'7  vols -l.ilu-ary  of  the  Fathers,  48  vols  — 
HebrcH  anil  ntlicr  ('n?;i-oi(l;iiu'i's.  Miitliematical,  Classical,  and  ttudents' 
Books,  Magazines,  .Musie.  \c 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Valuable  Laiv  Library  of  the  late  BENJAMIN  EYRE,  Esq., 

of  No.  ~.  Stone-buildings  (by  order  of  the  Administratrix) . 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,. 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane.  WC.  on  FRIDAY, 
November  8,  at  1  o'clock,  the  valuable  LAW  LIBRARY  of  the  late  B. 
EY'BE,  Esq  ,  to  which  is  added  that  of  a  BARRISTER,  retiring,  com- 
prising the  New  Law  Reports  (fully  noted  up)  to  1895,  2(>1  vols —another 
set,  2Kj  vols  —the  Law  Journal  Reports.  180  vols  —another  Series, 
83  vols —the  Reports  for  189.3-4.  10  vols —Equity  Cases  from  A'esey,  sen., 
to  Flemming  and  Miller,  231  vols.,  including  2  complete  Sets  of  Ilea  van's 
Reports,  36  vols —and  a  Capital  Selection  of  Modern  Practical  Works- 
Revolving  Bookcase,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

IPSWICH. 

The  COLLECTION  of  PICTURES  and  BOOKS  of  the  late  STERLING 
WESTHORP,  Esq.  The  Oil  Paintings  and  Water  Colours  include 
Examples  of  Samuel  Read,  F.  G.  Cotman,  Henry  Bright,  Jacomb- 
Hood,  Karl  Heflner,  C  H.  Munihen,  R.  Ottenfeld.  Thomas  Richard- 
sou,  and  Local  Artists  of  repute— many  line  Impressions  of  Engravings 
and  Etchings  of  recent  publication.  The  Library  of  1,500  Volumes 
includes  a  Copy  (No.  61)  of  Halliwell-Phillipps's  Shakespeare,  and 
other  Editions  and  Works  relating  to  Shakespeare— Bentleys  Mis- 
cellany, 1837-1841- Natural  History  Works  by  Bewick,  Yarrell,  New- 
man, and  Stevenson — Ruskin's  Modern  Painters  and  Seven  Lamps  of 
Architecture— Hamerton's  Etching andEtchers— 'The  Graphic  Arts  and' 
Landscape,  and  other  Art  Publications— and  numerous  'Topographical 
Works  relating  to  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and  Essex. 

r:;iARROD,    TURNER    &    SON    will     SELL    by 

vT  AUCTION,  at  the  ART  GALLERY,  IPSWICH,  on  WEDNES- 
D.\Y,  November  0,  at  half-past  10  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  valuable 
COLLECTION  (560  Lots),  by  direction  of  the  Executors  of  STERLING 
WESTHORP,  Esq  ,  deceased. 

Catalogues,  price  6<f    each,  may  be  had  of  the  Auctioneers,  I,  014 
Butter  Market,  Ipswich. 


T 


HE      NINETEENTH      CENTURY. 

NOVEMBER,  1895. 
TRAFALGAR  D.AY.    By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne. 
BISHOP  BUTLER  and   his    CENSORS.      By  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 

Gladstone. 
LORD  SALISBURY'  on  EVOLUTION.    By  Herbert  Spencer. 
GREAT    BRITAIN.    VENEZUELA,  and  the  UNITED  STATES.     By 

H.  Somers  Somerset. 
The  CHINESE  VIE^^   of  MISSIONARIES.    By  T.  C.  Hayllar. 
ISLAM  and  CANON  M.\^C  COLL.    By  the  Hon.  Mr.  Justice  Ameer  Alt. 
The  RIGIDITY  of  ROME.    By  Wilfrid  Ward. 
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ART  CONNOISSEURSHIP  in  ENGLAND.    By  Sir  Charles  Robinson. 
AUTHOR,  AGENT,  and  PUBLISHER.    By  T.  Werner  Laurie. 
The  RELIGION  of  the  UNDERGRADUATE: 

(1)  A  Reply  from  Cambridge.    By  Reginald  B.  Fellows. 

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The  CHINESE  NAVY,    II.  The  Siege  of  Wei-Hai-'Wei.     With  a  Plan. 

By  our  Correspondent  in  China. 
IRELAND  REVISITED.    By  Alfred  Austin. 
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Lieut.  Scots  Guards. 
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Burke. 
The  VILLAGE  of  PERFECT  HEALTH ;  Leysin-sur-Aigle.     By  Canon 

H.  D,  Rawnsley. 
A  FOREIGNER.    Chaps.  58-64. 
PROFESSOR  BLACKIE, 

SAINT  MARY'S  LAKE  (YARROW).    By  J.  B.  Selkirk. 
WANDERINGS  in  PERSIAN  KURDISTAN.    By  Walter  B.  Harris. 
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588 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


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N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 THE    ATHEN^UM ^ 591 

MR.  WM.  HEINEMAOTS^N 

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592 


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N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


593 


WARD,    LOCK^&JBOWD^^  BOOKS. 

The  TIMES  says  : — '' '  Haydn^s  Dictionary  of  Dates  ^  is  the  most  universal  hook  of  reference  in  a  moderate 
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21st  TWENTY-FIRST    AND    ENTIRELY    NEW    EDITION.  EEADY 

EDITION.  Containing  about  1,250  pages,  12,000  Articles,  and  140,000  Dates  and  Facts.  THIS  DAY. 

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HAYDN'S    DICTIONARY   OF  DATES 

AND    VNIVEBSAL    INFORMATION. 

A  COMPLETE   RECORD   OF  ALL  NATIONS  AND  TIMES. 

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ESPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  HISTORY  AND  ACHIEVEMENTS  OF  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 

Containing  the  History  of  the  World  to  the  Autumn  of  1895.  By  Benjamin  Vincent, 

Hon.  Librarian  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  Cor.  Mem.  Hist.  Soc,  New  York,  k.c, 

PRESS  NOTICES  OF  THE  TWENTIETH  EDITION. 

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period  in  the  history  of  civilization  when  it  was  not  in  existence It  would  be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  name  a  single  volume  so  opulent  in  the 

information  which  every  man  asks  for  every  day  of  his  life." — Spectator. 

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*,^*  FxiXl  Prospectus,  with  Specimen  Page,  post  free  on  ajfj^Ucation, 
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A  MAN'S  FOES:   a  Tale  of  the  Siege  of  Londonderry. 

By  Mrs.  E.  H.  STBAIN. 


_  The  SPECTATOR,  October  19,  says  :— "  We  can  remember  hardly  any  novel  in  which  a 
series  of  stirring  incidents  is  rendered  with  more  impressive  veracity  of  broad  effect,  and  in 
■which,  at  the  same  time,  single  characters  or  epioodes  stand  out  with  more  arresting 

saliency Fascinate  the  imagination  and  linger  iu  the  memory The  ranks  of  English 

novelists  have  received  a  valuable  accession." 

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is  written,  will  seem  to  be  in  the  very  thick  of  the  events  treated  of,  and  will  be  well  repaid 
for  their  pains  ;  for  a  more  thoroughly  truth-like  narration  and  skilfully  worked  up  environ- 
ment could  not  be  imagined." 

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novel,  pure  and  simple,  that  we  have  bad  since  Mr.  Conan  Doyle  published  '  Micah  Clarke.' 

One  of  the  most  picturesque,  dramatic,  and  absorbing  historical  romances  we  have  read 

for  many  a  long  day An  author  whose  invention,  imagination,  pictorial  vision,  and  fine 

literary  skill  have  harmoniously  co-operated  in  the  production  of  an  exceptionally  fine 
romance." 

"  The  DAILY  TELEGRAPH,  September  13,  says  :— "  If  B.  H.  Strain,  the  author  of  '  A 
Man's  Foes,'  be  a  lady,  she  may  be  cordially  congratulated  on  having  written  a  powerful  and 
impressive  historical  novel ;  if  a  gentleman,  upon  a  rare  gift  of  insight  into  the  more  recondite 
depth  of  feminine  character,  and  on  a  remarkable  capacity  for  composing  vivid  and  thrilling 
narrative  in  an  excellent  literary  style.    The  story  she  or  he  tells  with  masterly  skill  is  that 

of  the  memorable  defence  of  Derry  by  an  extemporized  garrison  of  Ulster  Protestants A 

chronicle  of  intense  and  unflagging  interest." 


Mr.  A.  B.  Walkley  says :—  "  A  new  and  very  remarkable  novel  by  B.  H.  Strain,  I  have 
no  hesitation  in  saying,  is  one  of  the  finest  historical  novels  we  have  had  for  years.  It  is  it 
book  that  will  live  ;  forcible  and  stirring,  yet  weighty  and  sober  ;  brisk  and  cheerful,  yet  so 

deeply  pathetic  as  scarce  to  be  read  without  tears Everybody  will  be  reading  this  book, 

and  its  author  is  bound  to  become  famous The  working  of  the  woman's  mind  is  laid  bare 

to  us,  and,  as  it  were,  every  tieat  of  her  heart,  so  that  we  live  through  the  siege  with  her 

A  masterpiece  in  this  sort  of  historical  reconstruction.  Surely  Scott's  '  Covenanters  ' — yes,  I 
will  say  it,  though  it  may  sound  extravagant  praise — were  not  better  done.  And  there  are 
minor  characters— an  old  Scotch  gardener,  a  wild  Irish  lad — that,  I  dare  to  think,  Sir  Walter 

would  not  be  ashamed  of  either Take  up  '  A  Man's  Foes,'  and  I  defy  you  to  lay  it  down 

until  you  have  finished  it.  And  I  am  much  mistaken  if  you  do  not  feel  a  better  man  for  the 
reading  of  it." 

The  NEW  AGE,  October  10,  says  :—"  The  one  question,  however,  which  the  ordinary 
man  in  the  street,  or  woman  in  the  house,  asks  about  a  novel  is  not  '  Does  it  possess  this  or 
that  quality  which  is  admired  by  superliiie  critics?'  but  '  Is  it  a  story  which  is  likely  to 
interest  me?'  and  this  is  a  question  which  can  be  answered  with  no  uncertain  sound.  'A 
Man's  Foes  '  is  not  merely  interesting  ;  it  is  so  absorbing  that  if  a  reader  takes  it  up  at  a  time 
when  some  duty  imperatively  calls  him,  it  is  likely  to  have  a  perfectly  demoralizing  effect." 

The  ATHEN^IiCM  says:— "A  combination  of  good  sense  and  womanliness,  which 
reminds  us  of  such  a  good  diarist  as  Lucy  Hamilton The  old  Scotch  gardener  is  not  his- 
toric, as  far  as  we  know,  but  is  none  the  less  one  of  the  many  true  types  of  character  for 
which  we  are  indebted  to  the  author." 


SECOND    EDITION,    TWELFTH    THOUSAND. 

Just  ready,  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  35.  6cZ. 


JOSEPH 
L    L        M 


HOCKING'S     NEW    WORK. 
EN       ABE        L    I   A    B 


S. 


By  JOSEPH  HOOKING,  Author  of  '  Ishmael  Pengelly,'  '  The  Story  of  Andrew  Fairfax,'  &c. 

ATHENJEUM. — "  A  work  of  immense  power." 

STANDARD.— '■'■Tc^^xQ  is  a  true  tragedy  in  the  disillusionment  of  Stephen  Edgecombe It  is  a    striking  book It  is  strong  and  earnest  and 

vigorous ;  it  shows  knowledge  of  the  lower  class,  and  impatience  and  contempt  of  shams  of  all  sorts." 

LITERARY  WORLD. — "We  are  now  in  the  midst  of  real  life  with  a  recorder  at  all  times  eloquent  and  not  unfroquently  brilliant." 

GREAT  THOUGHTS. — "A  nobly  planned  book.  Not  Charles  Kingsley  himself  had  a  purer  purpose,  or  was  fired  with  a  fiercer  enthusiasm  for  the 
welfare  of  humanity,  than  Mr.  Hocking.     A  trenchant  impeachment  of  pessimism  and  scepticism  in  so  far  as  they  influence  life  and  conduct." 

GENTLEWOMAN. — "  It  is  an  impressive  story,  and  one  that  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  all  young  people." 

SCOTSMAN.—"  Never  fails  in  interest."  SHEFFIELD  TEL  EG  II A  2' H.—"  Cleverly  devised  and  well  written." 

WHITEHALL  REVIEW.— "Ihoxoughly  unconventional Quite  out  of  the  run  of  the  fiction  of  the  day." 

STAR. —  "Mr.  Hocking  is  deserving  of  gratitude.     One  of  the  most  valuable  novels  he  has  written." 

London :  WARD,  LOCK  &  BOWDEN,  Limited,  Salisbury-square,  E.G. ;  and  of  all  Booksellers. 


504 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


MESSRS.    BELL'S    NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 


SIR  FREDERIC  LEIGHTON, 

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N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 THE     ATHEN^UM  595 

MESSRS.  meth]ljen;s_nev\^books. 

Messrs,   METHUEN  have  just  ptihUshed  a    Volume  of  Letters  hj  ROBERT  LOUIS  STEVENSON,  in 
1  vol.  7s.  6d.,  entitled  VAILIMA  LETTERS. 

Note. — A  Small  Edition  on  Hand-made  Paper,  demy  8vo.  25s.,  will  also  be  published. 

This  book  consists  of  a  series  of  long  journal  letters  written  from  Samoa  to  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin  during  the  last  live  years.  They  form  an  autobiography  of  Mr.  Stevenson  during  this 
period,  giving  a  full  account  of  his  daily  life  and  literary  work  and  ambitions.    Mr.  Colvin  has  written  a  Prologue  and  Epilogue,  and  has  adde-t  numerous  Notes. 

They  have  also  ready,  hy  Mr.   H.  G.    WELLS,  Author  of  '  The  Time  Machine,''  a  New  Boole  entitled  The 
STOLEN   BACILLUS,  in  l  vol.  croivn  Suo.  6s. 

MARIE  CORELLI'S  NEW  ROMANCE. 

FIRST  EDITION  OF  15,000  COPIES  EXHAUSTED.    SECOND  EDITION  OF  5,000  COPIES  EXHAUSTED.    THIRD  EDITION  OF  5,000  COPIES  NEARLY  EXHAUSTED. 

FOURTH  EDITION  IN  THE  PREeS. 

Marie  Corelli.— The  SORROWS  of  SATAN ;  or,  the  Strange  Experience  of  one  Geoffrey  Tempest,  .Alillionaire.     By  Marie 

CORELLI.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'AUNT  ANNE.' 

Mrs.  Cliflford.— A  FLASH  of  SUMMER.     By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Author  of  'Aunt  Anne.'     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

SECOND  EDITION. 

Anthony  Hope.— The  CHRONICLES  of  COUNT  ANTONIO.     By  Anthony  Hope,  Author  of  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,'  '  The 

God  in  the  Car,'  &c.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  A  gallant  tale,  written  with  unfailing  freshness  and  spirit." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"A  romance  worthy  of  all  the  expectations  raised  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  former  books,  and  likely  to  be  read  with  a  keen  enjoyment  and  a  healthy  exaltation  of  the  spirits  by  everyone 
who  takes  it  up." — Scotsman. 

"  It  has  literary  merits  all  its  owa,  of  a  deliberate  and  rather  deep  order la  point  of  execution  '  The  Chronicles  of  Count  Antonio  '  are  the  best  work  that  Mr.  Hope  has  yet  done. 

The  design  is  clearer,  the  workmanship  more  elaborate,  the  style  more  coloured The  incidents  are  most  ingenious,  they  are  told  quietly,  but  with  great  cunning,  and  the  Quixotic 

sentiment  which  pervades  it  all  is  exceedingly  pleasant." — IVestmirtster  Gazette. 

"  No  adventures  were  ever  better  worth  recounting  than  are  those  of  Antonio  of  Monte  Velluto,  a  very  Bayard  among  outlaws To  all  those  whose  pulses  still  stir  at  the  recital  of 

deeds  of  high  courage  we  may  recommend  this  book The  chronicle  conveys  the  emotion  of  heroic  adventure,  and  is  picturesquely  written." — Daily  Aeics. 

SECOND  EDITION. 

S.  Baring-Gould.— NOEMI:  a  Eomance  of  the  Cave-dwellers.      By  S.  Baring-Gould,  Author  of  'Mehalah,'  '  In  the  Eoar 

of  the  Sea,'  &c.     Illustrated  by  R.  Caton  Woodville.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  Mr.  Baring-Gould's  latest  novel  is  in  his  very  best  style.    The  interest  and  excitement  begin  with  the  first  page  and  develope  to  the  last." — Freeman's  Journal. 

J.  M.  Cobban.— The  KING  of  ANDAMAN  :  a  Saviour  of  Society.     By  J.  Maclaren  Cobban,  Author  of  '  The  Red  Sultan,' 

&c.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  An  unquestionably  interesting  book.     It  would  not  surprise  us  if  it  turns  out  to  be  the  most  interesting  novel  of  the  season,  for  it  contains  one  character  at  least  who  has  in  him  the 

root  of  immortality,  and  the  book  itself  is  ever  exhaling  the  sweet  savour  of  the  unexpected Plot  is  forgotten  and  incident  fades,  and  only  the  really  human  endures,  and  throughout 

this  book  there  stands  out  in  bold  and  beautiful  relief  its  high-souled  and  chivalric  protagonist,  James  the  Master  of  Hutcheon,  the  King  of  Andaman  himself The  book  will  be  read  and 

loved  for  the  masterly  portrait  of  the  King  of  Andaman,  crownless  and  landless,  but  hedged  round  with  the  divinity  which  was  his  by  right ;  for  his  whole  life  had  been  true  to  the  grand 
motto  which  belongs  to  him  and  all  his  kingly  tribe—'  Noblesse  oblige.'  "—Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

THIRD  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

Robert  Barr.— IN  the  MIDST  of  ALARMS.     By  Robert  Barr,  Author  of  '  From  Whose  Bourne,'  &e.     Third  Edition. 

Crown  8vo.  6s. 

Mary  Gaunt.— The  MOVING  FINGER :    Chapters  from  the  Romance  of  Australian  Life.     By  Mary  GtAUNT,  Author  of 

'  Dave's  Sweetheart.'    Crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

"  Mary  Gaunt  tells  her  blood-curdling  Australian  stories  with  all  the  verve  and  spirit  of  a  man  who  has  lived  in  the  bush,  and  fought  the  cattle-duffers,  and  seen  policemen  and 
escaped  convicts  dropping  to  the  right  and  left  of  him."— Athentfum. 

"Altogether  we  own  to  finding  Miss  Gaunt's  book  good  reading  from  beginning  to  end,  vigorous,  and  often  powerful.  We  shall  gladly  welcome  some  more  pictures  of  bush  life  and 
Australian  adventures  when  she  has  any  to  give  us."— Standard. 

"All  these  tales  of  primitive  people  are  told  in  admirable  style,  with  graphic  force  and  vivid  sympathy The  book  is  in  every  respect  an  interesting  and  a  well-written 

one.' — Speaker. 

S.  Baring-Gould.— A  BOOK  of  NURSERY  SONGS  and  RHYMES.    Edited  by  S.  Baring-Gould,  and  illustrated  by  the 

Students  of  the  Birmingham  Art  School.    Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  6s. 
A  collection  of  old  nursery  songs  and  rhymes,  including  a  number  which  are  little  known.    The  book  contains  many  illustrations,  borders,  &.C.,  by  the  Birmingham  students  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Gaskin,  and  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  added  numerous  notes.    This  book  and  the  next  have  been  printed  in  a  special  heavy  type  by  Messrs.  Constable. 

H.  C.  Beeching.— A  BOOK  of  CHRISTMAS  VERSE.     Edited  by  H.  C.  Beeching,  M.A.,  and  illustrated  by  Walter  Crane. 

Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  5s. 
A  collection  of  the  best  verse  inspired  by  the  birth  of  Christ  from  the  Middle  Ages  to  the  present  day.    Mr.  Walter  Crane  has  designed  several  illustrations,  and  the  cover.    A 
distinction  of  the  book  is  the  large  number  of  poems  it  contains  by  modern  authors,  a  few  of  which  are  here  printed  for  the  first  time. 

S.   Baring-Gould.— OLD    ENGLISH   FAIRY    TALES.      Collected   and  Edited   by   S.   Baring-Gould.     With  numerous 

Illustrations  by  F.  D.  Bedford.     Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  6s. 
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MACMILLAN  &  CO.  London. 


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THE     ATHEN^UM 


N'^  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S  LIST. 

Notice.— The  TEMPLE  BAR  MAGA- 

ZINE  for  NOVEMBER,  1895,  contains,  among 
other  articles  of  interest :  The  MADONNA  of 
.  a  DAY.  By  L.  Dougall,  Chaps.  7-13.— 
BREAKING  the  LINE.  —  MY  LONDON 
SEASONS.— MY  FIRST  '•  KILL."— PITT'S 
FAVOURITE  NIECE.  — TIMES  to  DIE.— 
SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ?    Chaps.  14-15,  &c. 

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N"  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


599 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  2,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 


FiGE 

599 
600 
601 
601 


Bishop  Heber 

Mr.  Beattv-Kingston's  Reminiscences 

Grayling 

Recent  Platonic  Criticism         

New  Novels  (Too  Fair  a  Dawn ;  Joan  Haste  ;  A  Hard 
Woman  ;  Sir  Jaffray's  Wife  ;  'Mid  Green  Pastures  ; 
The  Coming  of  Theodora  ;  The  Desire  of  the  Moth 
for  the  Star ;    By  Thrasna  River  ;    L'Empreinte) 

602—604 

Manuals  of  English  History     604 

Short  Stories 605 

Local  History 605 

OiTB  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...     606—607 
A   Modern  Greek    Dictionary;    Lord    Tennyson's 
Letters  ;      The     '  Dictionary    of     National 
Biography  ';   The   Secondary  Education  Com- 
mission; Gray's  Works  e07— 609 

Literary  Gossip        609 

Science  —  Harbour    Construction  ;     Dr.    Robert 

Brown  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip  ...  611 — 612 
Fine  Arts — The  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil 
Colours  ;  Excavations  at  Abbey  Dore,  Here- 
fordshire ;  The  Arms  of  Colchester  ;  The 
Buddhist  Relics  in  the  Swat  Valley'; 
'Corporation   Plate';   Esposizione   di   Roma, 

1895-96;  Gossi-P      612—615 

Music- The  Week;  Sir  Charles   Halle ;  Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 615—616 

Drama— Gossip 616 


LITERATURE 


Bishoi)  Keher,  Poet  atid  Chief  Missionary  to 
the  East,  Second  Lord  Bishop  of  Calcutta, 
1783-1826.  By  George  Smith,  C.I.E., 
LL.D.  (Murray.) 
Two  generations  have  passed  away  since 
the  labours  of  Reginald  Heber  were  brought 
to  a  close  by  a  sudden  and  unexpected 
death.  Four  years  after  his  death — not 
*'  promptly,"  as  Dr.  Smith  states — his  widow 
published  a  memoir  of  his  life,  which  contains 
selections  from  his  correspondence,  unpub- 
lished poems  and  private  papers,  the  journal 
of  his  tour  in  Eussia,  and  a  history  of  the 
Cossacks.  The  book  was  put  together  with 
sympathy,  taste,  and  good  judgment,  and  the 
man  was  allowed  to  reveal  himself  by  means 
of  his  own  letters.  A  great  deal  of  ex- 
traneous matter,  which  should  have  been 
printed  in  a  separate  volume,  was,  however, 
unfortunately  inserted  in  the  biography, 
and  it  was  pubhshed  in  two  quarto 
volumes,  too  long  for  the  busy  nineteenth 
century.  From  the  materials  it  contains  a 
most  interesting  short  memoir  might  be 
constructed.  Dr.  George  Smith  has  at- 
tempted the  task,  but  he  has  hardly  made 
the  best  use  of  his  opportunities,  and,  unlike 
the  widow,  he  has  not  always  performed 
his  part  ■with  a  reticent  and  judicious  hand. 
The  story  of  the  life  of  a  man  whose  noble 
simplicity,  reverence,  and  charity  are  stamped 
on  every  line  he  wrote  should  have  been  told 
in  a  simple  way,  and  with  less  Presbyterian 
bias.  Heber  was,  to  use  Dr.  Smith's  own 
words,  "in  the  best  sense  a  man  of  the 
world  and  a  catholic  Christian."  He  was 
not  only  a  divine,  but  he  was  a  country 
gentleman,  a  scholar,  and  a  sweet  singer 
whose  hymns  are  household  songs  with 
most  of  us.  His  prize  poem  '  Palestine ' 
has  become  a  sort  of  classic  among  prize 
poems.  Sir  Walter  Scott — a  chance  sugges- 
tion from  whom  led  to  the  insertion  of  the 
lines 

No  hammer  fell,  no  ponderous  axes  rung ; 
Like  some  tall  palm,  the  ra3-stic  fabric  sprung. 
Majestic  silence ! — 

has  left  an  interesting  portrait  of  Heber 
in  his  undergraduate  days.  Scott  wrote  in 
his  journal,  March  12th,  1829  :— 


"  Read  Reginald  Heber's  journal  after  dinner. 
I  spent  some  merry  days  with  him  at  Oxford 
when  he  was  writing  his  prize  poem.  He  was 
then  a  gay  young  fellow,  a  wit  and  a  satirist, 
and  burning  for  literary  fame.  My  laurels  were 
beginning  to  bloom,  and  we  were  both  madcaps. 
Who  would  have  foretold  our  future  lot  1 " 

In  180-1  Heber,  having  taken  his  degree 
and  gained  the  University  Bachelor's  prize 
for  the  English  prize  essay  on  '  A  Sense  of 
Honour,'  was  elected  Fellow  of  All  Souls', 
and  took  advantage  of  his  Fellowship  to 
travel  for  nearly  two  years  through  Ger- 
many, Eussia,  and  the  Crimea.  His  letters 
to  his  mother  and  brother,  and  his  journals 
throughout  the  tour,  furnish  a  vivid  and 
interesting  account  of  Northern  and  Central 
Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the  century. 
Unluckily  his  best  letters  are  to  be  found 
not  in  the  present  biography,  but  in  the 
old  memoir. 

A  year  after  his  return  from  his  tour 
Heber  was  ordained,  and  was  instituted  by 
his  brother  to  the  family  living  of  Hodnet, 
in  Shropshire.  For  fifteen  years  he 
laboured  diligently  and  successfully  as 
a  parish  priest.  But  like  all  reaUy 
busy  men  he  found  time  for  other 
employment.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
to  be  enlisted  on  the  staff  of  the  Quarterly 
Review,  and  became  a  frequent  contributor. 
His  review  of  '  De  I'Allemagne'  led  Madame 
de  Stael  to  appeal  to  John  Murray  for  the 
name  of  the  critic  ;  of  all  the  reviews  of  her 
book,  she  said,  this  was  the  only  one  which 
had  raised  her  opinion  of  the  talents  and 
acquirements  of  the  English.  His  able  and 
comj)rehensive  criticism  of  Sir  John  Malcolm's 
great  work  on  Persia  is  worth  studying  even 
at  the  present  hour.  He  also  wrote  an  in- 
teresting paper  on  Southey's  *  Brazil.'  A 
keen  traveller  himself,  he  was  at  his  best 
in  reviewing  books  of  travel.  Besides  con- 
tributing essays  to  the  Quarterly,  Heber 
compiled  a  copious  life  of  Jeremy  Taylor  and 
a  review  of  the  writings  of  that  divine  for 
a  complete  edition  of  his  works.  He  was 
well  qualified  for  the  task.  He  had  the 
requisite  learning  and  the  requisite  sym- 
pathy, for  there  was  much  in  common 
between  the  two  men.  They  had  keen 
intellects  united  to  a  great  simj)licity  and 
benevolence  of  character.  Both  had  a 
strong  toleration  for  human  failings  and 
an  ardent  love  of  human  kind,  and  both 
were  endowed  with  a  love  of  the  beautiful. 

Soon  after  the  publication  of  his  *  Life  of 
Jeremy  Taylor,'  Heber  was  offered  the  see 
of  India,  rendered  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Bishop  Middleton.  He  at  first  refused  the 
appointment,  from  the  apprehension  that 
the  climate  would  be  injurious  to  the  health 
of  his  children  ;  but  this  fear  having  been  in 
a  considerable  degree  removed,  he,  after  long 
and  earnest  deliberation,  accepted  the  offer. 
There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  he  made 
a  considerable  sacrifice  in  doing  so,  for 
having  achieved  a  reputation  as  a  writer, 
a  zealous  parish  priest,  and  an  eloquent 
preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  there  was  no 
need  for  him  to  go  to  the  Ganges  for  a  mitre. 
On  Juno  1st  Reginald  Heber  was  con- 
secrated in  the  chapel  of  Lambeth  ;  and  "  on 
June  16th,  1823,  the  bishop  and  his  family 
sailed  for  India."  So  writes  the  wife.  Dr. 
Smith  thus  puts  it:  "So,  on  June  16th, 
1823,  there  went  forth  the  chief  missionary 
of  the  Church   of  England  to  the  East." 


The  title  "Chief  missionary  to  the  East" 
is  often  used  by  Dr.  Smith,  but  it  is  one 
which  the  modest  Heber  would  have  hardly 
cared  to  have  had  appHed  to  himself.  St. 
F.  Xavier  may  well  be  called  "Chief  mis- 
sionary to  the  East,"  and  Bishop  French 
the  chief  missionary  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land to  the  East.  But  Heber  was  chief 
missionary  only  in  the  sense  that  he  was  the 
Metropolitan.  It  is  strange  that  Dr.  Smith 
should  omit  to  mention  the  fact  that  Heber, 
when  he  replied  to  the  valedictory  address 
of  the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge,  created  a  profound  impression 
by  declaring  that  his  last  hope  would  be 
to  be  the  chief  missionary  of  the  Society 
to  the  East.  On  board  ship  Heber  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  Persian  and  Hindu- 
stani, and  in  his  journal  are  some  graceful 
translations  which  might  have  found  a  place 
in  the  present  volume.  After  a  four  months' 
voyage  Heber  arrived  at  Calcutta,  and  took 
up  his  abode  at  the  old  Governor's  house 
in  Fort  William  which  Clive  had  occupied. 
He  threw  himself  with  characteristic  zeal 
and  energy  into  the  new  work,  and  having 
by  months  of  incessant  toil  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  sound  administrative  system,  he 
was  able  to  leave  the  capital  and  set  out  on 
a  visitation  tour  through  his  vast  diocese. 

Much  against  his  will,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  his  family  behind  him,  as 
the  medical  men  considered  the  journey 
by  water  and  the  long  marches  would 
not  be  safe  for  them.  Some  of  his 
most  beautiful  verses  were  composed  whilst 
walking  on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges 
when  the  boats  were  being  slowly  tugged 
against  the  current,  and  are  full  of  tender 
allusions  to  the  absent  ones ;  for  instance, 
'  The  Evening  Walk  in  Bengal,'  written 
when  "endeavouring  to  fancy  that  I  was 
not  alone,"  and  the  '  Lines  written  to  my 
Wife,'  translated  by  Mr.  Gladstone  into 
Latin  verse.  During  his  tour  he  visited 
nearly  every  station  in  Upper  India,  and  in 
his  journal  and  in  the  letters  now  published 
he  furnishes  a  vivid  description  of  the  chief 
places.  He  did  what  few  bishops  have  done : 
he  took  part  in  a  tiger  hunt  and  had  two 
shots  at  the  royal  beast.  At  Delhi  he  was 
presented  in  form  to  the  Moghul  Emperor, 
whom  Lord  Lake  had  delivered  from  the 
thraldom  of  the  Mahrattas,  and  he  had 
sufficient  opportunity  to  meditate  over  the 
fallen  splendour  of  "  The  Great  Moghul  ": 

"  After  this  we  passed  another  richly-carved, 
but  ruinous  and  dirty  gateway,  where  our 
guides,  withdrawing  a  canvas  screen,  called  out 
in  a  sort  of  harsh  chant,  '  Lo,  the  ornament  of 
the  world  !  Lo,  the  asylum  of  the  nations  ! 
King  of  Kings  !  The  Emperor  Akbar  Shah  ! 
Just,  fortunate,  victorious  !  '  We  saw,  in  fact, 
a  very  handsome  and  striking  court,  about  as 
big  as  that  of  All  Souls,  with  low,  but  richly- 
ornamented  buildings.  Opposite  to  us  v.-as  a 
beautiful  open  pavilion  of  white  marble,  richly 
carved,  flanked  by  rose  bushes  and  fountains, 
and  some  tapestry  and  striped  curtains  hanging 
in  festoons  about  it,  within  which  was  a  crowd 
of  people,  and  tlie  poor  old  descendant  of 
Tamerlane  seated  in  the  midst  of  them." 

At  Baroda  the  reigning  Gaikwar  received 
him  with  much  ceremony,  and  offered  to 
bait  an  elephant  for  him,  but  he  declined 
the  proposal.  From  Baroda  he  proceeded  to 
Bombay,  where,  after  a  separation  of  eleven 
months,  he  met  his  wife  and  children.  He 
was  greatly  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the 


600 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N'>3549,  Nov.  2, '95 


capital  of  Western  India,  and  he  delighted 
in  the  sea. 

*'  Nor  ia  there  any  sea  in  the  world  more 
beautifully  blue,  bordered  by  more  woody  and 
picturesque  mountains,  and  peopled  with  more 
picturesque  boats  and  fishermen,  than  this  part 
of  the  Indian  Ocean.  I  know  and  fully  parti- 
cipate in  your  fondness  for  lateen  sails.  They 
are  here  in  full  perfection,  nor  do  they  ever 
look  better  than  when  seen  gliding  under  high 
basaltic)  cliffs,  their  broad  triangles  contrasted 
with  the  dark  feathers  of  the  coco-palm,  or 
when  furled  and  handled  by  their  wild  Mediter- 
ranean looking  mariners,  with  red  caps,  naked 
limbs,  and  drawers  of  striped  cotton." 

In  August,  1825,  Heber  left  Bombay 
after  having  enjoyed  the  hospitality  of 
Mountstuart  Elphinstone  —  "the  greatest 
pleasure  of  its  kind  I  have  ever  enjoyed  in 
India  or  in  Europe."  "  The  Governor,  Mr. 
Elphinstone,"  he  wrote, 

"  is  the  cleverest  and  most  agreeable  man  whom 
I  have  yet  met  with  in  India,  and  the  public 
man  of  all  others  who  seems  to  have  the  happi- 
ness and  improvement  of  the  Indians  most 
closely  and  continually  at  heart.  He  reminds 
me  very  often  of  the  Duke  of  Richelieu  when 
Governor  of  Odessa,  but  has  more  business-like 
talents  than  he  had." 

After  staying  some  little  time  at  Ceylon 
the  bishop  reached  Calcutta.  In  the 
February  of  the  following  year  he  again 
left  his  cathedral  city  for  Madras,  on  a 
visitation  tour  to  the  south  of  India.  At 
Tan j ore  he  visited  the  grave  of  Schwartz, 
"  one  of  the  most  active  and  fearless  as  he 
was  one  of  the  most  successful  missionaries 
who  have  appeared  since  the  Apostles." 
Erom  Tanjore  Heber  proceeded  to  Trichino- 
poly,  where  he  died  of  apoplexy  on  April  3rd, 
1826.  Overwork  in  the  attempt  to  govern 
a  diocese  too  vast  for  a  single  bishop  was 
the  undoubted  cause  of  his  death. 

The  book  by  which  Heber  will  be  best 
remembered  is  the  copious  journal  written 
for  and  transmitted  to  his  wife  during  his 
tour.  Lord  Jeffrey  wrote  of  it  *'  as  a  most 
instructive  and  delightful  publication,  which 
we  confidently  recommend  to  our  readers  as 
more  likely  to  amuse  than  any  book  of 
travels  with  which  we  are  acquainted." 
Though  every  year  sees  a  flood  of  books 
on  India  poured  forth  from  the  press, 
Heber' 8  Indian  journal  still  remains  one 
of  the  best  books  of  Indian  travel.  He  sur- 
veyed the  noble  monuments  of  the  land 
with  the  accuracy  of  a  scholar  and  the  eye 
of  an  artist  and  of  an  antiquar3\  He  never 
indidged  in  the  evil  habit  of  word-painting, 
but  by  a  few  well-chosen  words,  and  by 
calling  attention  to  some  resemblance  be- 
tween the  scene  through  which  he  passes 
and  some  well-known  spot  in  his  own  native 
land,  he  brings  it  home  to  the  reader.  His 
familiar  comparisons  are  always  happy.  Of 
the  great  quadrangle  at  Fathpur  Sikrl  he 
writes : — 

"The  impression  which  this  whole  view  pro- 
duced upon  me  will  be  appreciated  when  I  say 
there  is  no  quadrangle  either  in  Oxford  or 
Cambridge  fit  to  be  compared  with  it,  either  in 
size  or  majestic  proportion,  or  in  point  of  archi- 
tecture." 

The  remark  which  he  made  regarding  the 
Moghul  buildings  has  become  the  common 
property  of  the  book-maker:  "These 
Pathane  built  like  giants  and  finished  like 
jewollors." 


Men,    Cities,    and   Events.      By  W.  Beatty- 

Kingston.  (Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster.) 
This  is  a  more  readable  book  than  some 
of  the  others  which  Mr.  Beatty- Kingston 
has  manufactured  out  of  his  experiences 
as  a  newspaper  correspondent.  Though 
parts  of  the  volume  are  avowedly  reprints 
from  the  Daily  Telegraph,  and  much  else, 
perhaps  with  variations,  appears  to  have 
been  drawn  from  the  same  source,  its  con- 
tents will  be  fresh  to  most  of  those  who 
take  it  up,  and  they  are,  on  the  whole, 
entertaining.  There  is  amusement  even  in 
the  chapter  which  pompously  describes  the 
author's  visit,  at  the  age  of  six  or  seven 
years,  to  Sydney  Smith,  when  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  cutting  off  a  cat's 
whiskers  ;  and  in  another  chapter  which 
tells  us  how,  at  the  age  of  nine,  he  charmed 
Mendelssohn  by  his  "precocious  musicality." 
Mr.  Beatty-Kingston  is  proud  of  his  talents 
as  a  vocalist  and  pianist.  "  I  was  really  a 
musical  child,"  he  says  on  one  page,  "  en- 
dowed by  nature  with  a  correct  ear  and  a 
sweet  treble  voice,  which  latter" — before 
he  was  seven — "had  already  been  trained 
and  developed  by  assiduous  and  judicious 
cultivation."  And  on  another  page  we  read  : 
"Arrayed  in  a  velvet  jerkin  with  a  falling 
lace  collar  and  cut-steel  buttons,  silk  stockings, 
and  silver- buckled  shoes,  I  have  sung  as  a  little 
fair-haired  child  to  Cabinet  Ministers,  great 
social  magnates,  and  grancles  dames  de  par  le 
monde  by  the  hundred." 

As  Mr.  Beatty  -  Kingston's  acquaintance 
with  Mendelssohn  and  Sydney  Smith  came 
to  an  end  before  he  was  in  his  teens,  his 
"reminiscences"  of  them  are  limited  in 
scope ;  but  he  draws  pleasing  pictures  of 
both.  This  anecdote,  if  it  is  authentic, 
shows  us  the  latter  in  a  somewhat  unusual 
light  :— 

"  One  of  the  institutions  of  Combe  Florey 
was  a  handsome  china  bowl,  half  filled  with 
coloured  wafers,  such  as  were  then  in  general 
use  for  closing  letters,  and  placed  in  the  centre 
of  Sydney  Smith's  huge  writing-table,  just 
behind  a  '  presentation '  inkstand  of  massive 
silver,  which  he  spoke  of  as  his  '  fount  of  inspi- 
ration.' On  the  evening  after  our  arrival  at  the 
rectory,  when  bedtime  had  sounded  for  me,  and 
I  went  up  to  the  dear  old  man  to  bid  him  good- 
night, he  took  me  between  his  knees,  drew  the 
bowl  towards  him,  and,  picking  out  a  white 
wafer,  pressed  it  hard  upon  my  forehead,  saying, 
'  While  you  stay  with  us,  in  this  wise  every 
night  I  shall  signalise  your  conduct  throughout 
the  day.  Absolutely  irreproachable  behaviour 
will  be  rewarded  by  a  white  wafer.  Any  trivial 
misdemeanour  will  be  gently  hinted  at  by  a 
coloured  wafer.  A  black  wafer  will  mean  that 
you  have  done  something  really  wrong,  and  that 
I  am  seriously  displeased  with  you.  Now  go 
to  bed,  dear  child  ;  sleep  well  ;  and  if  you  must 
dream,  let  it  be  of  white  wafers.'  " 

About  several  "  personages  of  eminence  " 
who  came  within  his  "personal  cognisance" 
after  he  had  grown  to  man's  estate,  and 
was  in  a  position  to  meet  them  on  equal 
terms,  and  to  patronize  them  on  occasion, 
Mr.  Beatty  -  Kingston  sets  down  much 
gossip,  and  the  best,  perhaps,  concerns  the 
late  German  Emperor,  who  took  an  oppor- 
tunity to  be  very  polite  to  him  at  a  concert 
in  Stargard,  while  Mendelssohn's  '  Wedding 
March '  was  being  played  : — 

"The  Crown  Prince,  who  had  been  standing 
on  one  of  the  stone  steps  leading  up  to  the  main 
entrance  of  the  Castle,  talking  and  laughing 
with  some  of  the  Court  ladies  invited  to  the 


'Zapfenstreich,' suddenly  quitted  his  fair  com- 
panions with  a  courteous  bow,  came  apto  me, 
laid  his  hand  lightly  on  my  shoulder,  and 
smilingly  remarked  :  '  I  am  not  much  of  a 
musician,  but  of  all  tunes  in  the  world,  that  is 
the  one  I  like  best.  Would  you  like  to  know 
why  ?  Because  that  is  the  very  tune  I  heard 
played  as  I  walked  out  of  St.  James's  Chapel 
with  my  wife  on  my  arm,  a  few  minutes  after  1 
had  been  united  to  the  Princess  Royal,  your 
countrywoman.  You  were  only  a  boy  on  that 
wonderful  day,  the  happiest  in  my  whole  life. 
I  am  reminded  of  it  every  time  I  hear  the 
"Wedding  March";  and  that  is  why  I  would 
rather  listen  to  that  tune  than  to  any  other  that 
ever  was  written.' " 

The  present  German  Emperor  does  not 
appear  to  be  one  of  the  "  personages  of 
eminence "  of  whom  Mr.  Beatty-Kingston 
had  "  personal  cognisance  " ;  but  during  au 
interview  with  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  1888, 
"I  ventured  to  ask  his  Holiness  if  the  German 
Emperor's  recent  visit  to  the  Vatican  had  proved 
satisfactory  to  my  august  interlocutor.  '  I  can- 
not say,'  he  replied,  'that  we  are  either  satis- 
fied or  dissatisfied  with  the  Emperor's  visit. 
That  he  came  to  Rome  was  not  at  our  request  j 
nor  was  his  object  in  coming  favourable  to  us, 
but  rather  to  those  who  are  against  us — to 
those  who,  for  ten  years  past,  have  practically 
compelled  me  to  restrict  myself  to  this  palace, 
from  which  I  cannot  issue.  My  dignity  forbids 
me  to  do  so.  This  young  man  (questo  giovane), 
having  acceded  to  the  German  throne,  has  been 
making  a  round  of  visits  to  European  Courts  ; 
to  St.  Petersburg,  Copenhagen,  Vienna,  and 
finally  to  Rome,  where  his  presence  was  calcu- 
lated to  strengthen  our  adversaries  and  consoli- 
date their  position,  not  to  benefit  us.  He  came 
to  see  me  ;  it  was  an  act  of  courtesy,  and  I  was 
glad  to  receive  him.  I  had  much  to  say  to  him  ; 
but,  just  as  I  was  beginning  my  discourse,  he 
interrupted  me  by  calling  in  his  brother,  ia 
order  to  present  him  to  me.  After  that,  I  had 
no  further  opportunity  of  speaking  privately 
with  him.  I  did  not  find  that  the  young 
Emperor  resembled  his  late  father,  whom  I 
personally  knew  and  liked,  and  with  whom  I 
have  conversed  for  more  than  an  hour  at  a 
stretch.  He  was  a  wise  and  good  Prince,  very 
well  read  {molto  istruito),  intelligent,  and  large- 
minded.  His  manners  were  perfect.  What  he 
said  was  always  full  of  good  sense  and  kindness.'  " 

Mr.  Beatty  -  Kingston  saw  more,  and 
thought  better,  of  Pio  Nono  than  of  the 
present  Pope.  The  former  joked  with  hiia 
and  flattered  him.  The  latter  was  more 
dignified  and  discreet,  and  addressed  his 
interviewer  in  this  wise  : — 

" '  I  have  been  told  that  you  represent  a  great 
and  influential  English  journal,  and  that  yoa 
wished  to  be  received  by  the  Pope.  Your 
request,  as  you  see,  has  been  granted.  What 
do  you  desire  to  learn  from  me  1  Ask,  and  I 
will  tell  you  what  I  can.'  " 

In  his  account  of  Pio  Nono,  so  genial  to 
his  interviewer,  Mr.  Beatty-Kingston  makes- 
much  of  the  old  story  that  the  Pope  had  an 
evil  eye : — 

"Even  the  upper  class  of  Romans  entertained' 
this  absurd  superstition  twenty-five  years  ago,, 
and,  I  daresay,  does  so  still.  I  know  that  severall 
times  Roman  ladies — orthodox  and  '  practising ' 
Catholics— with  whom  I  have  been  walking  or 
driving  in  the  Eternal  City,  as  soon  as  they 
caught  a  distant  glimpse  of  the  Pope's  escort  in 
any  main  thoroughfare,  hurried  up  some  side 
street,  or  vicolo,  in  order  to  avoid  meeting  him^y 
or  turned  sharp  round  and  remained  averted 
from  his  presence  as  he  passed  by,  fearing  to 
incur  the  baneful  blight  of  his  '  mnl'  occhio.'  I 
have  seen  women  of  the  lower  orders,  at  hia 
approach,  snatch  up  the  children  toddling  by 
them,    huddle   up  their  faces  in  shawls,   and 


N°  3549.  Nov.  2/95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


601 


crouch  clown  in  doorways,  closing  their  eyes 
while  making  the  sign  of  conjuration  with  both 
hands,  in  the  hope  of  neutralising  the  Papd 
jcUutura.  Whenever  he  drove  out,  or  strolled 
upon  the  Pincio,  foreigners  waylaid  him,  hustled 
one  another  for  front  places  on  either  side  of 
his  path,  and  knelt  in  the  mud  or  dust  to  court 
his  apostolic  benediction.  Meanwhile  the  born 
Romans  shrunk  away  into  alleys,  archways,  and 
shops.  Moreover,  on  ceremonial  occasions 
calling  for  his  appearance  in  St.  Peter's,  they 
shunned  the  Basilica  as  though  it  had  been  a 
lazar  house.  While  the  rfi^cumenical  Council 
was  sitting  daily,  an  P.ilian  newspaper  was 
privately  circulated  in  R  )me  which  had  printed 
a  detailed  list  of  persons  and  undertakings 
smitten  by  deadly  mishap  during  the  previous 
twenty  -  four  years  through  the  immediate 
agency  of  Pio  Nono's  '  evil  eye. '  Could 
any  notion  possibly  be  more  fantastic  and 
amazing  than  that  the  head  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  claiming  spiritual  supremacy  over 
one-sixth  of  the  whole  human  race,  should 
have  been  credited  by  the  inhabitants  of  his 
own  capital  with  the  possession  of  a  super- 
natural and  malignant  power,  enabling  him, 
however  involuntarily,  to  wither  with  a  malora 
or  smite  with  an  accidcnie  anyone  who  might 
come  within  his  ken  ?  " 

Mr.  Beatty-Kingston  in  his  preface  argues 
that  journalists,  unlike  poets,  are  "  earth- 
made  rather  than  heaven-born."  His  jour- 
nalism, at  any  rate,  has  been  shaped  to  suit 
the  requirements  of  the  newspaper  which  has 
benefited  by  his  "  faithful  and  uninterrupted 
service  "  for  nearly  thirty  years.  Literary 
workmanship,  therefore,  must  not  be  ex- 
pected from  him,  and  we  must  interpret  in 
a  journalistic  sense  his  assurance  that  the 
volume  contains  "  facts  only,  for  the  authen- 
ticity of  which  my  memory  vouches,  and 
excluding  all  hearsay  and  statements  at 
second  hand." 


Graylincf  and  liow  to  Catch  Them.  By  F.  M. 
Walbran.  (Scarborough,  '  Angler  '  Com- 
pany.) 
Just  as  Her  Majesty  was  said  to  have  dis- 
covered Loch  Maree,  so  Sir  Humphry  Davy 
may  be  said  to  have  popularized  the  gray- 
ling. This  fish  was,  of  course,  well  known 
to  Walton,  to  Best,  Bowlker,  and  other  old 
angling  writers,  but  it  had  by  no  means 
acquired  the  dignity,  both  as  a  game  fish 
rising  well  to  the  fisherman's  fiy  and  as 
a  ^>/«^  on  the  breakfast  table,  which  has 
attached  to  it  since  the  publication  of 
'  Salmonia.'  Will  Wimble  in  the  Spectator 
was  a  trout  angler,  but  nothing  is  said  of 
his  catching  grayling,  and  Gay  in  his  poem 
on  fishing  knows  nothing  of  this  fish.  But 
when,  in  1828  (first  edition  of  '  Salmonia  '), 
the  seventh  and  eighth  days'  fishing  of  the 
philosophic  Halieus  introduced  the  grayling 
to  comparative  fame,  it  henceforth  began  to 
be  highly  esteemed  by  anglers,  and  Leint- 
wardine  on  the  Teme  was  associated  with  it 
in  all  anglers'  minds.  From  that  time  it 
has  grown  in  public  estimation  so  that  good 
grayling  fishing  is  of  considerable  value. 
Mark  Pattison  was  exceedingly  fond  of 
angling  for  it.  It  is  upon  record  that  a  friend 
asked  if  he  knew  of  a  clerical  substitute  to 
take  his  place  in  a  Herefordshire  rectory. 
He  knew  no  one  who  could  go.  The  friend 
turned  to  leave,  but  happened  to  say  "it 
had  good  grayling  fishing."  "Eh,  what's 
that?"  asked  Pattison.  "I'll  come  myself!" 
Numberless  articles  on  grayling  have 
appeared  in  the  magazines  of  late  years, 


but  Jackson,  a  Yorkshire  angler,  seems  the 
first  who  wrote  on  fly-fishing  with  a  special 
application  to  the  grayling.  His  book  was 
published  in  1852.  Thirty-six  years  after- 
wards Mr.  Pritt's  '  Book  of  the  Grayling ' 
appeared,  in  which  the  fish's  life-history 
and  the  modes  of  taking  it  were  entered 
upon  at  great  length.  The  long  experience 
of  Mr.  Walbran  in  fly-fishing  of  all  kinds, 
and  especially  in  fishing  for  grayling,  has 
prompted  him  to  write  this  little  book.  It 
cannot  be  affirmed  that  it  contains  new 
matter  of  any  kind,  but  its  hints  may  be 
useful  to  the  beginner.  The  two  great 
secrets  of  grayling  fishing  with  fly  are : 
first,  to  persevere  with  a  rising  fish 
until  hooked ;  next,  to  take  care  to  treat 
it  gently  until  actuall)'-  in  the  net. 
These  brief  maxims  contain  the  whole 
mystery  of  grayling  fishing.  It  is  only 
just  to  Mr.  Walbran  to  praise  his  three 
excellent  tables  of  flies,  each,  after  Walton's 
phraseology,  forming  a  jury  which  wiU  con- 
demn any  fish  in  a  river.  The  first  dozen 
are  supposed  to  represent  flies  on  the 
water  for  ordinary  fishing ;  next  come  a 
dozen  of  the  most  killing  fancy  flies  ;  and 
then  a  dozen  of  those  which  have  been  found 
most  serviceable  in  "  dry-fly  "  fishing.  The 
dressings  of  these  are  carefully  described,  so 
that  fishermen  can  have  them  tied  by  any 
one  they  like  if  they  are  not  sufficiently 
skilful  themselves.  Perhaps  the  best  three 
from  the  whole  thirty-six,  to  be  used  any- 
where and  at  any  time,  are  the  willow  fly, 
the  red  tag,  and  the  green  insect.  If  a  man 
cannot  succeed  with  these,  he  may  rest 
certain  he  was  not  born  an  angler. 

But  Mr.  Walbran  suggests  two  other 
modes  of  catching  grayling,  which  are  both 
practicable  at  a  later  period  in  the  year 
than  fly-fishing.  Of  course,  after  November 
but  few  natural  flies  are  born,  and  then 
grayling  seldom  or  never  rise.  But  they 
can  be  caught  in  numbers,  almost  until 
trout  fishing  comes  in  again,  during  the 
heart  of  the  winter,  by  a  process  known  as 
"swimming  the  worm."  The  finest  tackle 
and  a  little  float  like  a  cherry  are  used. 
The  nauseous  worm  has,  of  course,  to  be 
employed,  and  this  sets  many  men  against 
the  style  of  fisliing.  Threading  worms  upon 
hooks  on  a  cold  day  at  a  riverside  is  not 
an  inspiriting  occupation,  but  Mr.  Walbran 
is  loud  in  its  praise.  "I  have  fished,"  he 
says, 

"on  hundreds  of  bright  winters'  days,  when 
the  air  has  been  as  invigorating  as  a  glass  of  good 
champagne  ;  when  the  pure  white  snow — very 
different  to  the  iilthy  slusli  found  in  the  dismal 
town — has  sparkled  in  the  sun's  feeble  rays  like 
diamonds ;  when  every  twig  and  bough  has 
been  feathered  with  snowy  flakes  and  icicles 
depended  from  the  grey  rocks  ;  when  I  have 
felt  that  you  owed  a  debt  of  the  deepest  grati- 
tude to  your  Maker  that  you  were  strong  and 
well." 

Marvellous  to  say,  he  adds,  "  I  have  waded 
every  winter  for  over  thirty  years,  and  I 
can  say  what  few  can,  but  in  no  boasting 
spirit,  that  I  have  yet  to  find  out  what 
rheumatism  means."  It  should  be  borne 
in  mind,  too,  that  the  more  advanced  the 
winter,  the  better  is  the  grayling's  condition. 
One  captured  in  January  is  far  superior  to  an 
autumnal  fish. 

Mr.  Walbran  passes  on  to  a  second  mode  of 
fishing  for  grayling  which  is  highl}'  popular 
at  Leintwardine,  and  in  the  Ludlow  district 


generally.  This  is  known  as  "grasshopper 
fishing,"  the  lure,  however,  not  in  the  least 
resembling  a  grasshopper,  but  rather  a 
hook  first  wrapped  round  with  lead  wire, 
and  then  covered  with  red  and  green  silk. 

Owing  to  the  grayling,  because  of  its 
spawning,  going  out  of  condition  in  spring, 
it  is  a  valuable  sporting  fish  during  autumn 
and  winter.  Fortunately  it  is  easily  accli- 
matized in  suitable  streams,  whore  sharp 
currents  alternate  with  deeper  water,  where 
a  good  supply  of  insect  food  can  be  obtained, 
and  seemingly  above  all  where  the  river  is 
free  from  pollutions.  Thus  it  has  been 
successfully  introduced  into  the  Hereford- 
shire  Monnow  during  tlie  last  dozen  years, 
and  now  abounds  in  that  beautiful  river. 
Whether  it  will  injure  the  trout  is  another 
question,  and  one  for  which  the  materials 
of  an  answer  are  perhaps  not  yet  at  hand. 
Mr.  Walbran  instances  two  bags  of  his 
own,  one  chiefly  full  of  trout,  the  other  of 
grayling,  which  he  caught  in  June  and 
November  of  1889,  and  adds,  "This  is  in- 
contestable proof  that  trout  and  grayling 
will  not  interfere  in  the  least  with  each 
other  in  suitable  water,  not  crowded  out 
with  coarse  fish."  The  latter  condition 
seems  to  us  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
question.  The  bags  merely  prove  that  each 
fish  rises  best  when  in  good  condition  after 
spawning,  the  trout  in  late  autumn,  the 
grayling  in  spring.  Abundance  or  scarcity 
of  food  is  the  true  test.  In  a  largo  river 
with  plenty  of  insect  food  trout  and 
grayling  will  thrive  together,  but  in  a  small 
stream  one  or  the  other  must  give  way,  and 
some  experience  inclines  us  to  believe  that 
this  will  generally  be  the  trout. 

It  is  a  minor  subject  what  is  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  word  "  grayling."  Mr.  Wal- 
bran thinks  it  refers  to  the  grey  lines  on 
the  sides  of  the  fish.  But  the  fish  does  not 
have  grey  lines.  Mr.  Walbran  himself 
speaks  of  "  its  sides  of  silver,"  "  Grayling  " 
is  a  common  diminutive,  like  "  darling," 
"  duckling,"  and  the  like,  and  merely  means 
the  little  grey  fish  as  opposed  to  the  big 
grey  fish  the  salmon,  whose  sides  are  equally 
"  sides  of  silver." 

This  little  volume  comes  out  appropriately 
just  as  grayling  are  getting  into  excellent 
condition  and  are  being  largely  fished  by 
the  happy  anglers  who  have  access  to  the 
streams  which  they  inhabit.  The  second 
part  of  the  book  consists  of  some  dozen 
articles  on  different  aspects  of  the  sport 
which  have  already  seen  the  light  in 
various  periodicals.  They  serve  to  supple- 
ment and  emphasize  the  excellent  advice 
which  Mr.  Walbran  has  already  bestowed 
on  the  grayling  fisher. 

Plato's   llepuhlic.     Edited    by  the    late   B. 
Jowett    and    Lewis    CampbeU,     3    vols. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
A   Companio7i  to  F/afo's  liepublic.     By  Ber- 
nard   Bosanquet,      (Rivington,   Percival 
&Co.) 
Great  men,   it  has   been  said,  magnetize 
their    contemporaries     and     thus    live    in 
several  bodies,  and  write  or  paint  or  act 
by  many  hands.     In  our  own    times  pro- 
babl}-  few  more  striking  examples  could  be 
found  of  the  truth  of  the  remark  than  the 
late   Master   of  Balliol.     The  first   of  the 
books  now  under  notice  is  one  of  the  latest 

9 


602 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N"  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


fruits  of  his  influence,  altogether  inspired 
by  him  and  partly  his  own  work  ;  and  at 
least  among  the  generations  who  have  sat 
at  his  feet,  it  could  not  fail  to  excite  a 
powerful  interest  apart  from  its  value  as  a 
work  of  scholarship,  even  if  his  subject  had 
not  had  the  inexhaustible  attraction  of  the 
'  Eepublic,'  and  his  collaborator  had  not,  like 
Prof.  Campbell,  been  enrolled  among  editors 
of  Plato  for  upwards  of  thirty  years. 

The  edition  is  planned  on  a  scale  worthy 
of  the  subject.  One  volume  contains  the 
text  with  critical  notes,  another  a  series  of 
essays,  and  a  third  the  commentary.  It  is 
noteworthy  (among  other  things)  for  a  new 
collation  by  Prof.  Campbell  of  the  most 
important  MS.  Paris  A.  The  first  volume 
was,  in  fact,  for  the  most  part  printed  before 
this  collation  was  made,  but  the  second 
contains  an  essay  with  appendices  giving 
a  comparison  of  the  text  and  foot-notes  with 
the  true  readings  of  Paris  A,  corrections  of 
Bekker's  collations  of  II  and  S,  and  other 
critical  matter.  The  collation  shows  a 
number  of  readings  of  A  "believed  to  be 
new."  Unfortunately,  however,  the  work 
is  not  free  from  flaws.  For  instance,  in 
496  B  the  fact  that  A  reads  avkkOoi,  not 
av  eXOoL  (which  is  given  as  new),  was  noted 
by  Baiter,  whom,  in  particular.  Prof.  Camp- 
bell is  correcting.  In  580  B  the  foot-note 
has  " Kpiv€ MS:  Kpivat  All."  In  theappendix 
this  is  corrected  "  Kplve  A  (not  K/jtmi),"  and 
the  correction  is  marked  as  new.  The  foot- 
note is,  in  fact,  a  mistake,  and  Kptve  is 
given  by  Baiter  as  the  reading  of  A.  There 
are  similar  mistakes ;  but  for  all  that  the 
critical  value  of  the  edition,  due  mainly 
to  this  collation,  is  considerable. 

The  second  volume  contains  a  number  of 
essays  of  varying  interest.  Of  those  by 
Prof.  Jowett,  the  first,  'On  the  Text  of 
Greek  Authors,  and  especially  of  Plato,' 
though  a  fragment,  is  a  substantial  frag- 
ment. The  rest  are  mere  beginnings,  the 
publication  of  which  may  satisfy  a  pious 
sentiment,  but  can  hardly  be  said  to  increase 
the  sum  of  human  learning. 

Prof.  Campbell's  essay  on  the  structure 
of  the  '  Eepublic '  and  its  relation  to  other 
dialogues  is  supplemented  by  an  excursus 
dealing  with  the  position  of  certain  dia- 
logues in  the  order  of  the  Platonic  writings. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  essay  is  directed 
to  showing  that  the  *  Parmenides,'  '  Thea)- 
tetus,'  'Philebus,'  '  Sophistos,'  '  Politicus,' 
and  '  Timteus  '  have  certain  common  features 
of  philosophical  development,  marking  them 
as  subsequent  to  the  'liepublic'  and  to  other 
dialogues  which  may  be  grouped  with  or 
placed  before  the  'Eepublic'  The  ex- 
cursus, following  a  line  of  investigation 
of  which  Prof.  Campbell  was  the  pioneer, 
deals  more  particularly  with  the  evidence 
of  diction,  and  is  supposed  to  show  that 
the  '  Philebus,'  '  Sophistos,'  '  Politicus,' 
'Timfcus,'  'Critias,'  and  'Laws  '  should  bo 
grouped  together  as  the  latest  of  the  Platonic 
writings.  It  is  worth  a  remark  that  the 
results  of  the  essay  and  the  excursus  do  not 
coincide.  But  the  effect  of  the  evidence 
given  in  the  excursus  is  hard  to  estimate, 
assuming  that  it  has  a  value.  The  state- 
ment is  sporadic  and  incomplete,  and  seems, 
if  it  sliows  anything,  to  show  that  the 
'Phfodrus'  sliould  take  the  idace  of  the 
'Tniil.-bus.'  And  the  reader's  belief  in 
the  Value  of  the  metliud  is  scarcely  streng- 


thened by  observing  that  Prof.  Campbell  is 
obliged  to  treat  the  '  Phpedrus,'  '  Parme- 
nides,'  and  'Philebus  '  as  peculiar  on  account 
of  the  nature  of  their  subject-matter  and  the 
mode  of  treatment  intentionally  adopted. 
The  limitation  implied  is  fatal  to  the  method. 
If  the  same  treatment  were  applied  to  other 
dialogues  to  which  it  is  equally  applicable, 
notably  the  '  Sophistes,'  '  Politicus,'  and 
'  Timoeus,'  the  evidence  woidd  be  practic- 
ally nullified.  Nor  does  there  seem  to  be 
any  adequate  reason  why  it  should  not  be 
applied  in  either  case. 

The  remaining  essay,  on  '  Plato's  Use  of 
Language,'  deals  with  style  and  syntax,  and 
also  with  diction,  both  generally  and  in  the 
case  of  philosophical  terms.  The  reader, 
however,  who  hopes  for  anything  like  com- 
pleteness wiU  be  disappointed.  Only  a  few 
of  Plato's  philosophical  terms  are  noticed  at 
all ;  and  those  that  are  noticed  are  merely 
used  to  illustrate  the  freedom  of  his  use  of 
language  and  the  absence  of  technicality, 
especially  in  the  earlier  dialogues,  and  the 
change  in  the  direction  of  greater  precision 
in  the  later.  Even  so,  the  exclusion  of 
i'o7yo"ts,  rovs,  Aoyo5,  (.Tridvjua,  lySoi'v),  and  other 
words  susceptible  of  instructive  handling  is 
to  be  regretted. 

Of  the  commentary  it  is  not  easy  to  speak. 
In  so  large  an  amount  of  matter  it  would  be 
strange  if  a  very  high  standard  in  point  of 
quality  were  uniformly  maintained.  But  it 
must  be  said  that  Prof.  Campbell  is  often 
unsatisfactory,  apparently  even  to  himself, 
and  sometimes  goes  out  of  his  way  to  create 
difficulties.  On  the  divided  line  in  509  D 
he  suggests  the  following  explanation  of 
the  inequality  of  the  division : — 

"  The  whole  line  maybe  regarded  as  repre- 
senting a  progress  ujjwards  from  the  infinite 
multipHcity  of  sense  and  the  reflections  of 
sense  at  the  lower  end,  to  the  unity  of  good  at 
the  higher  ;  the  reflections  of  sense  are  more 
numerous  than  the  objects  of  sense  as  the 
mathematical  figures  and  other  phenomena  of 
nature  are  more  numerous  than  the  ideas  ;  and 
also  downwards  from  the  infinite  value  of  the 
idea  of  good  to  the  insignificance  of  sensible 
objects  and  their  shadows." 

It  is  surely  plain  that  the  proportions  of 
the  division  indicate  neither  the  number 
nor  the  value  (whatever  that  may  mean) 
of  the  contents  of  the  classes,  but  their 
(Tacfii'iveia.  Again,  on  the  dAArJAwv  KOtvioyia 
of  the  ideas  in  470  A  he  says  :  "  For  the 
intercommunion  of  ideas,  cp.  '  Soph.'  250  ff. 
It  may  also  be  illustrated  from  infra,  478  E, 
where  to  So^aarovis  shown  to  be  to  a/x^orepwi/ 
fi€T€)(ov,  Tov  (Ivai  T€  Kat  ytxry  uv(u  :  there  is 
therefore  no  reason  for  suspecting  or  emend- 
ing the  word  dAAv}Awv."  Here  the  reference 
to  the '  Sophistes'  is  not  only  unnecessary,  but 
positively  misleading;  and  the  illustration 
from  178  E  does  not  illustrate  either  this 
passage  or  tlie  doctrine  of  the  '  Sophistes.' 
If,  as  is  probable,  (IAA>;Aojv  should  be  re- 
tained, Mr.  Bosanquet's  note  on  the  passage, 
though  brief,  is  adequate  :  "  '  Each  other' 
because,  e.g.,  justice  is  a  form  of  goodness." 
Mr.  Bosanquet's  book  ov  TravTairaa-iv  ovto) 
(TilxvvviTai.  It  is  in  form  a  commentary  on 
Davies  and  Vaughan's  translation,  and  is 
intended  for  English  readers — practically, 
indeed,  for  University  Extension  students. 
The  conditions  give  it,  of  course,  a  very 
different  character  from  a  sot  commentary 
on  tho  Greek.     It  is  relieved  from  tlio  mass 


of  notes  on  language  and  of  references  to 
other  dialogues  and  to  other  Greek  writers 
with  which  the  ordinary  commentary  is  apt 
to  be  overloaded,  and  it  is  left  free  to  deal 
more  directly  with  the  argument ;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  reader's  presumed 
want  of  familiarity  with  the  Greek  point  of 
view  requires  the  insertion  of  much  matter 
which  would  be  out  of  place  in  a  book  in- 
tended for  classical  scholars.  This  want  is 
to  a  considerable  extent  supplied  by  a  brief 
introduction  treating  of  the  results  of  pre- 
vious philosophy,  the  Greek  family,  the 
Greek  popular  ideal  of  happiness,  and  other 
matters.  In  his  notes,  though  now  and  then 
they  would  be  more  useful  as  suggestions 
for  a  lecturer  than  as  explanations  for  a 
student,  Mr.  Bosanquet  has  on  the  whole 
succeeded  admirably  in  adapting  himself  to 
tho  English  reader's  point  of  view. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Too  Fair  a  JDawn.    By  M.  Bramston.    2  vols. 

(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
Ckystal  Eow  hurst,  whose  dawn  is  appa- 
rently too  fair  to  be  durable,  inherits  from 
her  father,  the  "Saint  of  Persholt,"  a 
vagueness  about  money  matters  and  also  a 
capacity  for  posing,  which  latter  occasionally 
stands  her  in  good  stead.  She  begins  life 
by  so  impressing  her  would-be  lover  with 
her  high-souled  purity  that  for  her  sake  he 
amends  the  evil  ways  in  which  he  has  been 
reared.  Unfortunately,  by  the  time  Dynovor 
Dagenham  is  able  to  marry  her.  Crystal, 
who  is  as  vulgar  as  her  name,  has  been  also 
emancipated  from  her  upbringing  in  the 
odour  of  sanctity,  and  takes  only  too  readily 
to  the  habits  from  which  her  husband  has 
conscientiously  succeeded  in  freeing  himself. 
Her  deterioration  is,  on  the  whole,  well 
worked  out.  Even  when  she  shifts  the  re- 
sponsibility of  her  sins  on  to  Dy never' s 
long-suffering  shoulders,  it  is  rather  with 
careless  grace  than  with  vicious  intention. 
The  incident,  by  the  way,  with  which  this 
is  connected  will  remind  the  reader  of  more 
than  one  notorious  scandal  of  recent  history. 
Audrey  Dagenham  and  Frank  Ormsby  are 
good,  wholesome  people,  who  ultimately  have 
their  reward.  The  fate  of  her  husband  and 
the  nemesis  that  overtakes  Crystal  are 
much  in  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  story, 
which  is  never  first  rate,  but  will,  no  doubt, 
attract  a  certain  class  of  readers.  We  can- 
not say  whether  the  more  obvious  blunders 
in  the  text  are  the  fault  of  the  author  or  of 
the  printers ;  but  the  style  is  in  no  case 
finished. 

Joan  Haste.  By  H.  Eider  Haggard.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
Ai'TEK  tho  liberal  amount  of  "  human  gore  " 
with  which  Mr.  Haggard  has  bedewed  tlie 
pages  of  most  of  his  previous  romances, 
'  Joan  Haste '  will  probably  strike  liis 
admirers  as  somewhat  anccmic.  With 
heroic  reserve,  moreover,  he  has  laid  the 
scene  entirely  in  England,  and  the  absence 
of  African  colour  materially  detracts  from 
the  impressiveness  of  the  setting.  StiU  the 
book  is  by  no  means  lacking  in  incident, 
though  vigour  rather  than  vitality  is  its 
dominant  characteristic.  As  for  tho  first 
meeting  of  hero  and  heroine,  the  romance 
of  the  situation  is  sadly  impaired  by 
the   grotesque   details   of    llonry   Graves's 


N«  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


603 


gratuitous  attempt  to  play  the  part  of  a 
steeple  -  jack.  It  is  difficult  to  feel  any 
interest  in  the  principal  personages  of  the 
story,  though  some  of  the  minor  portraits 
are  passable  enough.  Edward  Milward  is 
a  perfect  specimen  of  the  moneyed  cad,  and 
there  is  some  humour  in  his  remark  at  his 
wedding  breakfast  that  it  was  the  proudest 
day  of  his  wife's  life.  Milward  is  well 
matched  in  his  wife,  a  worldly,  ambitious 
girl  of  coarse  fibre,  but  the  other  figures 
are  phantasmal  and  unconvincing.  How- 
ever, Mr.  Haggard  works  his  puppets  with 
great  briskness  and  agility,  and  brings  down 
the  curtain  to  the  sound  of  a  death  shot 
fired  by  a  maniac.  The  loss  of  life  is  small, 
but  it  is  contrived  in  Mr.  Haggard's  most 
sensational  manner. 


A  Hard  Woman,  By  Violet  Hunt.  (Chap- 
man &  Hall.) 
This  is  an  extremely  clever  work.  Miss 
Hunt  probably  writes  dialogue  better  than 
any  of  our  young  novelists  except  Anthony 
Hope  ;  and  not  only  are  her  conversations 
wonderfully  vivacious  and  sustained,  but 
she  contrives,  after  the  fashion  of  Gyp, 
to  assign  to  each  of  her  characters  a  distinct 
mode  of  speech,  so  that  the  reader  easily 
identifies  each  of  them,  and,  although  seldom 
assisted  by  explanations  on  the  author's 
part,  can  follow  the  conversations  without 
the  slightest  difficulty.  The  "Hard  Woman " 
is  an  excellently  conceived  and  lifelike,  if 
disagreeable  character :  her  cleverness,  her 
ready  tongue,  her  petty  ambitions,  her  in- 
grained selfishness,  are  all  brought  vividly 
before  the  reader,  and  she  and  many  others 
of  the  women,  though  unamiable  creatures, 
are  thoroughly  alive  ;  but  the  hero  is  rather 
an  impossible  person,  and  the  heroine's 
brother  is  unnecessarily  vulgar  and  dishonest. 
An  obvious  faidt  of  the  book  is  the  absurdity 
of  the  plot,  which  takes  for  granted  that 
a  lady  who  is  possessed  of  50,000/.  is  so 
crippled  by  the  loss  of  10,000/.  that  she  has 
no  money  to  pay  her  bills  or  her  servants' 
wages,  but  borrows  from  her  dressmaker, 
sells  hric-d-hrac,  resorts  to  a  money-lender, 
and  never  thinks  of  using  any  part  of  the 
fortune  she  still  possesses  to  keep  the 
brokers  out  of  her  house.  Miss  Hunt  has 
such  unusual  ability  that  it  is  difficult  to  un- 
derstand why  she  did  not  construct  her  tale 
with  more  regard  for  probabilities.  About 
details  she  is  at  once  careful  and  careless. 
For  instance,  although  she  has  evidently 
taken  pains  to  learn  the  slang  of  the  Stock 
Exchange,  at  one  moment  she  tells  us  that 
the  heroine's  father  is  a  stockbroker,  at 
another  moment  he  is  a  banker.  In  spite 
of  these  defects  her  dialogue  is  so  eminently 
sparkling  that  no  one  can  read  it  without 
keen  pleasure. 

Sir  Jaffraifs  Wife.     By  A.  W.  Marchmont, 

B.A'.  (Wame  &  Co.) 
Readers  of  '  Sir  JafTray's  Wife '  may  feel 
thankful  that  people  like  Sir  Jaffray,  his 
relatives,  "lady  friends,"  wife,  and  wife'sdis- 
carded  husband  do  not  figure  in  their  daily 
lives.  Those  who  are  not  arrant  cads  in  the 
story  are  scoundrels,  and  some  of  them  manage 
to  combine  both  characters.  The  events 
crowded  into  the  volume  are  fortunately 
improbable,  or  at  least  uncommon.  It  is  a 
wild  enough  work,  yet  the  people  and  the 
incidents  are  not  very  startling  or  exciting, 


for  Mr.  Marchmont  has  a  singularly 
bald  and  commonplace  manner  as  a  story- 
teller. His  tale  should  be  a  wondrous  one, 
and  is  merely  foolish.  Murder,  attempts  at 
murder  of  various  kinds,  bigamy,  assaults, 
flights,  and  captures  are  in  the  air.  Sir 
Jaffray  himself  is  less  the  "bold  bad 
baronet"  of  fiction  than  the  common  fool. 
But  there  are  desperate  villains  about  him  : 
a  wicked  Frenchman  and  Frenchwoman,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  heroine.  There  are  also 
policemen  and  detectives  and  others  not 
quite  to  the  manner  born.  The  writing  is 
almost  poorer  than  the  matter,  and  still 
more  vulgar  and  inept.  The  heroine — 
murderess,  bigamist,  and  adventuress  com- 
bined— had  once  occasion  to  start — not 
an  astonishing  impulse  in  her  position,  per- 
haps. As  she  did  so  the  lady  with  her  at 
the  time  felt  "  her  muscles  harden  with 
temper."  Perhaps  these  same  sensitive 
muscles  caused  her  to  fear  "  the  growth  of  a 
cloud  between  herself  and  her  husband,  and 
a  frosting  of  his  love."  She  might  have  had 
sufficient  grounds  in  her  past  for  certainty 
rather  than  fears,  had  it  not  been  for  what 
we  have  already  mentioned  of  Sir  Jaffray's 
characteristics. 

'J//f?  Green  Padurcs.     By  E.  Eentoul  Esler. 

(Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
Mrs.  Esleu  may  be  looked  on  as  the  Miss 
Wilkins  of  our  own  rural  England.  The 
pages  of  her  new  volume,  '  'Mid  Green 
Pastures,'  are  delicate,  yet  singularly  com- 
jietent.  She  has,  as  usual,  refrained  from 
effects  outside  the  lines  she  has  for  the 
present  laid  down  for  herself.  Of  every- 
thing within  those  lines  she  has  an  almost 
perfect  command.  Human  nature  and 
scenery,  both  restricted  in  kind,  are  treated 
with  the  artistic  finish  that  distinguishes 
all  her  work.  Very  slight  and  sketchy,  at 
times  a  little  thin  in  feeling  and  execution, 
are  these  stories.  The  hills  of  "  Grimpat  " 
still  bound  her  literary  horizon,  and  are 
again  the  locality  chosen  in  this  volume. 
It  was  Grimpat  that  first  brought  us 
acquainted  with  this  author's  charm  and 
skill,  and  we  share  her  affection  for 
it.  Her  new  volume  is,  perhaps,  fuller 
of  pathos  than  of  the  humour  of  the 
others.  The  story  of  the  gentle  refined 
woman  who  prefers  her  household  gods  and 
her  "ways"  to  her  restored  lover  is  not 
unlike  one  of  the  New  England  episodes. 
'  Jamie  Myles's  Vehicle  '  shows  a  tempera- 
ment of  unconscious  charm  and  amiability — 
the  temperament  of  a  humble  idealist  amid 
very  uncongenial  surroundings.  There  are 
other  quite  simple  and  apparently  obvious 
situations  and  motives,  yet  simple  as  they 
seem,  it  is  given  to  few  to  know  how  to 
treat  them  adequately.  Some  are  more 
conventional,  yet  are  far  from  commonplace. 
Altogether  the  Grimpat  folk  are  still  in- 
teresting and  striking,  though  the  first 
charm  of  novelty  is  no  longer  theirs.  One 
would  be  sorry  if  Grimpat  and  its  annals 
of  humble  life  ever  became  —  like  certain 
Scotch  villages — overdone  and  monotonous. 
Mrs.  Esler  is  not  the  person  to  overdo  her 
effects,  as  clever  people  occasionally  will. 
It  is  rather  the  imitators — who  nowadays 
rise  in  clouds  and  buzz  over  what  seems  to 
them  a  fertile  "find"  in  fiction— that  arc 
to  bo  dreaded. 


The    Coming    of  Theodora.     By   Eliza   Orne 

White.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
The  coming  of  Theodora  into  her  brother's 
household  was  a  coming  which,  by  no 
special  fault  of  hers  or  of  any  one  else's, 
proved  disastrous  to  the  comfort  or  happiness 
of  every  one  concerned.  And  yet  nothing 
absolutely  tragic  occurred.  No  desperate 
deeds  were  done,  nor  permanently  deadly 
feelings  harboured.  Yet  all  were  from  time 
to  time  utterly  miserable  or  extremely 
"  annoyed."  It  was  brought  about  by  that 
fiendish  thing  called  incompatibility.  The 
good  Theodora  did  much  to  cut  down  the 
family  bills  and  ills,  and  to  bring  order  into 
the  somewhat  Bohemian  and  happy-go- 
lucky  house  of  Davidson.  But  after  the 
first  excitement  no  one  was  grateful  to  her. 
She  was  "municipal"  as  well  as  domestic. 
In  her  hours  of  ease,  if  she  could  be  said  to 
have  any,  she  tidied  up  the  "family  lot" 
— American  for  the  family  burial-ground. 
She  had  come  on  a  mere  "recess"  visit 
one  summer,  and  they  imprudently  implored 
her  to  stay  "  for  ever."  How  often  they 
subsequently  wished  her  and  themselves 
anywhere  but  together  may  be  read  in  this 
chronicle  of  minor  accidents,  vexations,  and 
jealousies.  At  times  the  author  writes  a 
little  heavily,  and  the  reader  may  be  occa- 
sionally disposed  to  be  as  bored  as  the 
Davidsons  were  by  Theodora's  heavy-handed 
excellences.  Surprises,  however,  await  him 
in  the  shape  of  occasional  touches  of  un- 
obtrusive but  real  humour.  There  is  also 
something  probable  and  human  about  most 
of  the  characters,  and  some  command  over 
their  actions  and  feelings,  with  a  good  deal 
of  judgment  and  discrimination  in  tracing 
motives.  Edward,  the  brother  and  husband, 
is  quite  pleasant,  and  shows  glimpses  that 
account  for  his  being  "  a  general  favourite." 
Poor  Theodora  is  firmly  and  clearly  de- 
picted. Her  charmless  beauty,  aggravating 
kindness,  hopeless  obtuseness  yet  clever- 
ness, and  lack  of  all  natural  sympathy 
and  power  of  divination  (often  lavished  on 
less  worthy  folk)  are  cleverly  given. 

The  Desire  of  the   Moth  for  the  Star.     By 

Capel  Vane.  2  vols.  (Bentley  &  Son.) 
'  The  Desire  or  TiiE  Moxn  for  the  Star  ' 
cannot  be  truthfully  termed  choice  litera* 
ture,  but  "  'twill  serve"  at  least  to  fill  a  gap 
(if  such  things  exist)  in  circulating  libraries. 
Many  worse  works  are  daily  published,  read, 
and  nowadays  commented  on.  To  classify 
'The  Desire  of  the  Moth'  is  to  place  it 
amongst  novels  that  combine  passion  with 
principle.  The  poor  moth  wrecks  her  life 
as  well  as  the  lives  of  others,  and  dies  un- 
happily. Her  lover  "reforms"  and  lives 
unhappily.  The  deserted  husband  succumbs 
to  heart  disease.  Luigia  (so  is  this  ^^ctim 
of  inherited  instincts  named)  is  unhappy  at 
home,  and  marries  a  good-hearted  bluff 
squire  forty  and  odd  years  older  than  her- 
self. The  desire  for  the  star — a  certain 
Lord  Egan — is,  as  the  astute  reader  guesses, 
but  a  question  of  time.  Tlie  nature  of  the 
artistic,  half-Italian  girl  is  treated  not  with- 
out originality.  There  is  freedom,  too,  now 
and  again  in  the  dialogue  and  manners, 
yet  at  the  same  time  a  good  many  touches 
suggest  want  of  knowledge  at  first  hand 
of  tlie  people  depicted.  The  father  of 
Luigia,  as  well  as  othiers,  shows  weakness 


604 


allMBfaMHd££dSfiti£pM 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N»  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


of  handling  and  conception.  The  -writing 
itself  is  not  conspicuous  for  sustained  force 
or  elegance  of  expression. 


B}/  Thrasna  River.  By  Shan  F.  Bullock. 
Illustrated  by  St.  Clair  Simmons.  (Ward, 
Lock  &  Bowden.) 

Tins  is  a  charming  book,  and  aifords  quite 
the  best  picture  of  Irish  rural  life  that  we 
have  ever  come  across :  every  character 
— and  there  are  many — is  not  merely  a 
living  human  being,  but  is  an  individual 
with  faults  and  virtues  and  inconsis- 
tencies, whom  we  like  on  one  page  and 
dislike  on  the  next,  much  as  we  like  and 
dislike  our  neighbours.  The  story  is  of  the 
baldest  :  two  country-bred  Irish  lads  are 
sent  as  caretakers  to  a  neighbouring  farm, 
and  the  elder  tells  what  befell  the  peasantry 
aroundthem.  It  is  impossible  to  commend  this 
method  :  the  art  of  construction  is  unknown 
to  Mr.  Bullock,  and  he  does  not  know  when 
to  stop.  Half  this  book  would  have  been 
better  than  the  whole  of  it,  and  a  writer  who 
understood  his  profession  would  have  forged 
from  this  material  a  dozen  short  stories  or 
sketches  worthy  to  rank  with  the  '  Window 
in  Thrums.'  We  advise  Mr.  Bullock  to  study 
the  works  of  such  masters  of  construction 
as  Merimee,  Guy  de  Maupassant,  and 
Tourguenief,  keeping  at  the  same  time  a 
firm  hold  upon  the  great  qualities  that 
he  possesses — above  all,  on  the  open  -  air 
freshness  and  the  rich  flavour  of  nationality 
which  raise  '  By  Thrasna  Eiver '  far  above 
the  pretty  idyls  and  sentimental  stories  of 
town-bred  portrayers  of  Irish  country  life. 
Here  we  have  the  very  heart  and  soul  of 
Ireland,  and  we  feel  in  every  line  that  sense 
of  foreignness  which  all  English  people 
must  feel  in  Ireland.  The  language  is  not 
quite  our  language,  the  way  of  life  and 
thought  not  our  way  of  living  and  think- 
ing ;  and  the  people  have  that  indefin- 
able quality  of  mind  that  is  not  gaiety  and 
is  not  wit,  and  that  yet  is  far  removed  from 
the  gentle  melancholy  of  the  peasant  of 
modern  literature.  Even  the  old  folk  palpi- 
tate with  life,  and  the  young  people,  gentle 
and  simple,  are  the  youngest  and  most 
buoyant  ever  set  down  on  paper.  Harry 
Taylor,  the  one  Englishman,  is  a  remark- 
able creation  ;  Annie  Marvin  is  no  less  ex- 
cellent ;  and  Ilenry  Marvin  is  a  type  of 
vulgar  Irishman  familiar  to  us  in  life,  but 
little  known  in  fiction.  It  would  be  unfair 
to  compare  '  By  Thrasna  Eiver '  to  a  photo- 
graph, for  the  narrative  is  often  charming, 
and  Mr.  Bullock  places  his  characters  before 
us  with  the  vividness  and  lightness  of  a 
master.  Best  of  all,  his  story  is  never 
dismal,  even  when  it  is  sad,  for  it  breathes 
from  first  to  last  the  wholesome  freshness  of 
life  lived  in  the  open  air.  The  book  is  so 
good  in  some  ways  that  wo  wish  it  ton  times 
better ;  but  though  Mr.  Bullock  has  much 
to  learn,  he  has  much  to  treasure,  and  wo 
look  forward  to  his  next  venture  with 
interest.  If  he  wish  to  do  justice  to  his 
great  talent  he  must  build  a  new  house 
in  place  of  Erno,  which  is  burnt  down 
at  the  end  of  the  story ;  keep  his  health, 
his  brogue,  and  his  knowledge  of  human 
nature  ;  and  learn  that  the  stories  of  a  dozen 
families  are  bettor  told  separately  than 
togotlier.  The  illustrations  of  Mr.  St.  Clair 
Simmons  arc  modiocre.' 


L^Empreinte.  Par  Edouard  Estaunie.  (Paris, 

Perrin  &  Cie.) 
Tnis  story  of  the  creation  of  a  Jesuit  mind 
forms  a  curious  book  which  reminds  us  here 
and  there  of  Eenan's  account  of  his  training 
at  St.  Sulpice,  and  here  and  there  of  Bour- 
get's  '  Le  Disciple,'  but  is  on  the  whole 
original.  It  can  hardly  be  recommended  to 
the  ordinary  novel-reader,  as  it  is  full  of 
theology  spun  out  to  needless  length,  which, 
however,  can  hardly  be  skipped  with  suffi- 
cient art  to  avoid  the  loss  of  some  weU- 
drawn  character.  The  hero  is  trained  at  a 
Jesuit  college  to  be  a  priest,  refuses  to 
become  one,  but  fails  to  escape  from  the 
influences  of  his  education.  The  author 
should  find  a  friend  to  sharpen  up  his  ex- 
cellent work  for  presentation  to  the  public. 


MANUALS   OF   ENGLISH   HISTORY. 

Rise  and  Growth  of  the  English  Nation.  By 
W.  H.  S.  Aubrey,  LL.D.  Vol.  II.  1390- 
1658.  (Stock.)— We  have  read  the  second 
volume  of  Dr.  Aubrey's  popular  social  history  of 
England  with  greater  ease  and  pleasure,  and  we 
may  add  with  more  profit,  than  the  first.  Now 
that  he  has  got  away  from  the  Middle  Ages  ho 
has  reached  a  period  much  more  within  his  com- 
pass. In  several  important  respects  his  book  is 
not  a  bad  piece  of  popularization.  It  contains  a 
great  deal  of  interesting  information  which  is 
seldom  seriously  wrong  and  is  generally  fairly 
accurate.  It  is  written  in  a  readable  style, 
which  may  well  prove  attractive  to  not  incon- 
siderable sections  of  the  great  public.  On  the 
other  side,  Dr.  Aubrey  is  most  careless  with  his 
proof-reading,  and  his  carelessness  reaches  its 
maximum  when  he  has  to  deal  with  a  proper  name 
or  a  foreign  phrase.  His  style  is  marred  by  all 
sorts  of  cheap  rhetorical  effects,  and  is,  perhaps, 
mostly  distinguished  for  his  command  of  sonor- 
ous commonplace  phrases  and  his  mastery  over 
the  cheap  moralizing  vein.  His  arrangement  is 
neither  chronological  nor  lucid,  and  we  do  not 
like  the  flashy  and  rather  unmeaning  titles 
which  he  gives  to  his  "periods."  He  still 
writes  in  a  curiously  jerky  way,  with  need- 
lessly abrupt  transitions.  He  perhaps  ob- 
trudes his  own  views  a  little  more  than  is 
necessary,  yet  he  plainly  tries  hard  to  be  fair, 
especially  to  the  champions  of  schools  of  eccle- 
siastical thought  with  which  it  is  clear  that  he 
has  little  sympathy.  He  is  fairer  to  Laud  than 
to  Strafford.  He  does  full  justice  to  Wolsey. 
But  there  is  a  strange  want  of  perception  in 
a  writer  who  says  of  the  muddle-headed  and 
irresolute  Charles  I.  that  "  Machiavelli  never 
had  a  more  diligent  and  apt  student  of  his  noto- 
rious eighteenth  chapter."  It  is  natural  that  the 
opinion  of  Macaulay  is  often  an  ultimate  fact 
to  such  a  writer.  But  it  is  quite  possible 
that  Dr.  Aubrey's  book  will  be  read  in  circles 
where  more  precise  and  scholarly  works  would 
be  found  less  attractive,  and  we  are  glad,  there- 
fore, that  the  solid  facts  of  history  are  generally 
restated  by  him  with  tolerable  accuracy.  For 
his  taste  and  judgment  we  are  less  inclined  to 
vouch. 

An  Advanced  History  of  England.  By  Cyril 
Ransome,  M.A.  (Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.) — 
Prof.  Ransome's  smaller  text-books  of  English 
history  have  been  so  extensively  used  in  schools 
that  he  need  make  no  apology  for  writing 
another  text-book  of  a  more  advanced  sort, 
which  carries  on  still  further  the  methods 
upon  which  he  lias  already  attained  a  consider- 
able measure  of  success.  Those  schoolmasters 
who  have  used  his  smaller  manuals  will  find  in 
the  present  volume  the  same  clearness  of  state- 
ment and  delinitenessof  outline,  the  same  sober 
common  sense  and  trustworthiness  of  judgment, 
the  same  sense  of  proportion  and  practical 
insight  into  the  needs  of  the  class  teacher,  which 
wore  the  groat   merits    of    his   earlier   books. 


Prof.  Ransome  is  always  within  his  limits  an 
accurate  writer,  and  though  he  sometimes  makes 
a  little  slip,  we  think  we  discern  in  the  present 
volume  a  decided  advance,  both  in  accuracy  and 
in  historical  scholarship,  as  compared  with  his 
previous  ones.  The  Anglo-Saxon  part  is  dis- 
tinctly fuller  and  better,  and  the  young  learner 
is  not  puzzled  by  the  quaint  spellings  of  familiar 
names  which  too  many  of  the  modern  school 
mistake  for  accuracy  of  scholarship.  And 
practical  teachers  will  know  how  valuable  a 
thing  it  is  to  have  a  text-book  written  by  a  man 
with  no  fads  or  crotchets.  Prof.  Ransome's 
constitutional  details  are  full,  and  his  battle 
pictures,  written  with  no  small  animation  and 
spirit,  are  perhaps  the  most  readable  things  in 
the  volume.  His  account  of  Poitiers  is  good 
and  up  to  date.  Moreover,  the  "get-up"  of 
the  book  is  fgood ;  the  maps  and  plans  numer- 
ous, accurate,  and  useful ;  and  the  patriotic 
tone  of  the  later  part  of  the  book  will 
have  a  good  influence  on  young  readers.  On 
the  other  hand,  with  all  its  practical  qualities, 
the  book  is  rather  to  seek  in  respect  to  the 
higher  sides  of  the  subject.  The  style  is  flat  ; 
the  sentences  do  not  always  cohere  with  each 
other  ;  the  attitude  of  the  writer  is  a  little  too 
commonplace,  and  there  is  no  sign  of  very  great 
distinction  or  individuality  in  any  part  of  the 
work.  It  is,  indeed,  a  question  quite  arguable 
whether  high  literary  qualities  are  desirable  in 
a  class-book,  and  it  is  pretty  certain  that  they 
are  rarely  found  combined  with  those  practical 
qualities  without  which  no  book  can  long  hold 
its  own  in  the  schoolroom.  But  while  we 
do  not  think  that  Mr.  Ransome's  style 
will  repel  so  many  youthful  readers  as,  for 
example,  the  well  -  known  text  -  book  of  Mr. 
J.  F.  Bright,  yet  we  have  some  doubt  whether 
many  schoolboys  will  get  a  very  lively  interest 
in  history  from  the  perusal  of  his  sensible,  but 
somewhat  commonplace  pages.  But  this  raises 
large  questions  which  cannot  be  decided  without 
that  appeal  to  experience  which  finally  settles 
the  fate  of  all  school-books.  We  shall  be 
surprised,  however,  if  Prof.  Ransome's  book 
is  not  extensively  used,  even  though  it  be 
not  the  definitive  advanced  text-book  of  English 
history  for  which  all  teachers  have  so  long  been 
waiting  in  vain. 

King  and  Baronage  (1135-1327).  By  W.  H. 
Hutton,  B.D.  "The  Oxford  Manuals  of 
English  History."  (Blackie  &  Son.)  — Mr. 
Hutton  writes  under  this  title  the  second  instal- 
ment of  the  joint  school  history  to  be  written 
by  some  half-dozen  Oxford  teachers  of  history 
under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Oman.  The 
book  is  bright,  careful,  and  judiciously 
planned.  It  will  be  decidedly  interesting  to 
young  readers,  though  written,  perhaps,  in 
rather  a  more  abrupt,  jerky  style  than  has 
generally  marked  Mr.  Hutton's  writings.  It 
possesses  that  reasonable  measure  of  accuracy 
without  which  a  text-book  has  no  right  to  exist. 
When  Mr.  Hutton  goes  wrong,  which  is  but 
seldom,  he  does  not  make  slips  of  carelessness 
or  negligence.  But  in  several  cases  Ave  note 
statements  that  are  not,  perhaps,  quite  up  to 
date.  Despite  Mr.  Round,  Mr.  Ilutton  re- 
iterates on  p.  21  the  opinion  that  the  tax  about 
which  Henry  II.  and  Becket  quarrelled  at 
Woodstock  in  11G3  was  Danegeld.  "Earl  of 
Striguil  (or  Pembroke),"  on  p.  2G,  may  easily 
be  misread.  Vacarius's  teaching  at  Oxford  is 
not  quite  so  certain  as  Mr.  Hutton's  text  sug- 
gests. On  p.  51  it  is  pretty  clearly  assumed 
that  the  sentence  of  Philii)  Augustus,  by  which 
King  John  was  deprived  of  his  French  fiefs, 
was  directed  against  him  as  the  murderer  of 
Arthur,  though  M.  B(^mont  has  clearly  demon- 
strated the  contrary.  In  the  index  Ilenry  de 
Lacy  is  erroneously  described  as  "  .lusticiar  of 
Edward  I."  But  such  small  points  as  these  do 
not  prevent  Mr.  Hutton's  little  book  from  well 
fulfilling  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  designed. 
It  contains  a  great  deal  of  sound  history  neatly 
put  in  a  small  compass,  and  yet  is  by  no  means  a 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


605 


mere  collection  of  dull  facts.  But  is  there  never 
to  be  an  end  of  the  making  of  school-books  I 
We  should  have  been  better  pleased  to  see  the 
Oxford  lecturers  associating  themselves  for  some 
more  scholarly  purpose.  Moreover,  it  is  open 
to  grave  doubts  whether  the  ideal  school  history, 
for  which  schoolmasters  are  still  waiting,  can 
ever  be  the  result  of  the  joint  action  of  several 
writers. 

Essays  in  English  History.  By  R.  P.  Kar- 
karia.  (Bombay,  'Times  of  India'  Press.) — 
This  little  unbound  pamplilet  of  104:  pages  is 
the  work  of  a  Parsee  gentleman,  wlio  aims 
especially  at  helping  Indian  students  for 
university  entrance  examinations  by  writing 
for  them  a  series  of  short  essays  explaining 
and  amplifying  such  points  of  English  history 
as  are  inadequately  dealt  with  in  the  ordinary 
text-books.  Mr.  Karkaria  also  aims  at  giving 
the  Indian  student  information  on  points  which 
are  commonly  assumed  to  be  known  to  the 
European  student,  but  which  are  necessarily 
less  familiar  to  the  Oriental.  He  has  done  his 
work  honestly  and  well.  He  writes  English 
fluently,  and  judiciously  goes  to  the  best 
authorities  for  his  facts  and  ideas.  The 
result  is  that  his  explanations  of,  let  us  say, 
the  history  of  English  religion  and  of  the 
English  constitution  are  eminently  fair-minded 
and  sensible.  We  note  a  few  slips,  some  of 
which — such  as  "Breton"  laws  for  JJrehon 
laws — are  jjrobably  the  fault  of  the  printer. 
The  book  will,  we  think,  well  serve  its  purpose. 
It  is  a  pity  that  it  is  printed  on  such  thin  paper 
that  the  type  almost  cuts  through  the  page 
and  in  some  cases  makes  the  book  rather  hard 
to  read. 


.SHORT   STORIES. 


Miss  Marv  E.  Wilkins  is  credibly  reported 
to  have  won  a  very  respectable  prize  by  writing 
the  tale  of  murder  and  mystery  which  forms  the 
title  story  of  The  Long  Arm,  and  other  Detective 
Stories  (Chapman  &  Hall).  It  is  not  an  excep- 
tionally plausible  or  ingenious  piece  of  fiction, 
and  it  is  gruesome  in  its  details  ;  but  the  way  in 
which  it  is  told  is  simple  and  circumstantial, 
and  the  author  makes  the  best  of  her  mystery. 
Mr.  Ira  Brett  gives  us  another  murder  story, 
and  escapes  the  commonplace  by  leaving  his 
readers  in  some  doubt  as  to  the  actual  perpe- 
trator of  the  crime.  Mr.  Brander  Matthews 
and  Roy  Tellet  avoid  the  sanguinary,  and  sjjin 
their  mystifications  out  of  the  purloining  and 
selling  of  secret  information.  Both  are  inge- 
nious, perhaps  more  so  than  the  two  writers 
previously  mentioned  ;  but  all  the  four  tales  in 
this  first  volume  of  "Chapman's  Story  Series  " 
are  good  enough  to  sustain  the  reader's  interest 
throughout. 

Our  remembrance  of  the  novels  of  Mr.  E.  L. 
Arnold  is — if  a  little  liazy — of  something  the 
very  reverse  of  commonplace.  Tlie  Storg  of 
Vila,  which  gives  its  name  to,  and  is  the  first 
of,  a  batch  of  .short  stories  which  Messrs.  Long- 
man send,  completes  the  impression  of  dis- 
tinction. '  Ulla '  is  remarkable  in  itself,  and 
is,  perhaps,  the  best  as  well  as  the  first  of 
these  stories.  '  The  Vengeance  of  Dungarvan  ' 
follows.  It  is  also  fine,  strong,  and  vividly 
presented.  The  most  successful  of  the  ten  are 
those  placed  in  times  remote  from  the  present. 
Mr.  Arnold  can  write  well  of  primitive,  ele- 
mental passions  and  persons.  He  has  his  share 
of  that  rare  and  almost  indescribable  power 
that  enables  a  few  writers  to  reproduce  tlie 
past  by  really  putting  their  own  personality 
into  it.  In  his  first  two  stories  he  .shows  this 
power  to  a  considerable  extent.  His  is  at 
times  a  weird  fancy,  and  his  v(;cabulary  is  well 
fitted  to  help  his  efi'ects.  '  A  Dreadful  Niglit ' 
show.s  it,  though  the  style  of  this  particular 
story  is  slightly  cheap  and  "piled  up."  The 
word  "wicked"  specially  tempts  him.  He 
knows  well  how  to  employ  it  as  a  rule,  though 
signs  of  its   abuse  arc  not  wanting  in  places. 


His  descriptions  of  wild  seas  and  strange  land- 
scapes are  excellent.  So  are  his  stirring 
battles  and  hand-to-hand  combats.  Some  of 
the  stories — we  shall  not  particularize — are  so 
inferior  in  quality  to  the  rest  that  we  can  only 
explain  their  presence  as  make-weights.  Pari 
of  Mr.  Arnold's  success  in  giving  the  effects  he 
desires  seems  to  lie  in  his  seldom  using  even 
one  word,  much  less  handling  any  idea,  that 
might  destroy  the  congruity  or  the  illusions  of 
distance  and  unfamiliarity  he  has  been  able  to 
create. 

The    Land    of    Mist    and    Mountain.      By 
Katharine  Tynan  (Mrs.  Hinkson).  (Catholic  Truth 
Society.) — All  Mrs.   Hinkson's   work  possesses 
charm  and  individuality,  for  her  vision  of  life  is 
her  own,  she  paints  what  she  sees,  and  portrays 
simply  and  with    great  charm  the  world  as  it 
appears  to  her — a  world  of  mist  rather  than  of 
mountain,  of  sweet  dreamy  thought  and  vague 
emotion — a  world   that  has  a   likeness  to    the 
world  of  Fra  Angelico,  which  is  hid  from  most 
of  us,  and  which,  even  at  its  saddest,  is  never 
sordid,  nor  grim,  nor  squalid,  nor  terrible.     It 
may  be  said  that  one  at  least  of  these  tales  is 
terrible  in  its  sadness,  for  '  A  Poor  Little  Thing  ' 
is  a  story  of  a  young  girl's  life  that  has  no  joy,  and 
that  is  broken  on  the  verge  of  its  first  happi- 
ness ;  but  every  destiny  can  be  seen  from  several 
standpoints,  and   Mrs.    Hinkson   narrates    her 
tragic  tale  through  the  medium  of  a  sympathetic 
outsider.     The  incident  of  the  ghost  is  artistic- 
ally treated,  and  altogether  the  story  is  one  of 
the  cleverest  in  the  book.     Quite  our  favourite 
is   'A  Long  Quest,'   whose    unsolved    mystery 
haunts  us  long  after  we  have  read  it.     What 
became  of  the  lost  girl  ?     How  and  where  did 
she  disappear  ?     What  fate  is  covered  by  that 
mystery  and   silence  ?     The  tale  is  placed  last 
in  the  book  ;  we  should  have  given  it  the  post 
of   honour,  for  the    love  story  that   leads   the 
way  is  comparatively  commonplace,  being  less 
personal  and  less  original  than  any  of  the  others. 
ISIo  one  will  peruse  the  touching  sketch  of  '  A 
Prodigal '  without  a  smile  ;  all  tlie  purity,  all 
the    goodness  of  Mrs.  Hinkson's  soul,   all   her 
divine    and    charming   ignorance    of    life    and 
human  nature,  are  artlessly  exposed  in  it.     It 
is  a  picture  painted   by   an  inspired   child,   or 
by  some  nun  who  has  lived  shielded  from  all 
knowledge  of  the  world,  and  its  utter  uncon- 
sciousness of  such  qualities  as  manliness,  duty, 
honour,  and  courage  is  amazing.     Yet  the  cha- 
racters so  quaintly  seen  are  placed  before  us  most 
vividly,  and  Mrs.  Hinkson  carries  the  reader's 
sympathy  along  with    hers   to   the   gentle    old 
prodigal  as  against  his  hard,  respectable  old  wife. 
We  have  said  that  the  delightful  childishness  of 
this  tale  is  amazing  ;  but  Mrs.  Hinkson,  like  all 
poets,  possesses  a  mingling  of  guilelessness  and 
shrewdness  incomprehensible  to  those  who  walk 
on  the  solid  muddy  ground.     Jimmy's  faithless- 
ness, his  desertion  of  his  wife  and  little  children, 
his  heartless  abandonment  of  the  creatures  he 
had  conceived,  she  regards  as  lightly  as  a  child 
would   view   them  ;  yet   tlie    unpleasant    Mrs. 
Doran   is    as  masterly  a   sketch  of  the   clean, 
honest,  hard-working,  grim,  and  unloving  "  re- 
.spectable "  poor  person  as   the   sternest  natu- 
ralist could  suggest.      '  An  Exile's  Sister  '  is  not 
a  story,  but  a  portrait.  Every  one  will  recognize 
it  as  a  tribute  to  Miss  Ellen  O'Leary,  herself  a 
writerof  verse,  anda  sisteras  devoted  as  Antigone. 
It  aff'ords  a  pleasing  picture  of  life  in  Dublin. 
Mrs.  Hinkson  has  the  essential  gifts  ;  her  glass 
is  not  large,  but  she  drinks  in  her  glass.  These 
stories  and  .sketches  are  her  own  ;  and  thougli 
they  owe  much  of  their  charm  to  a  delightful 
simplicity  of  lieart  rather  tlian  to  a  consummate 
knowledge    of    the    wicked    world,    that    very 
cliildishncss  places  us  in  closer  sympathy  witli 
the  simple  people  portrayed.  The  sketches  breathe 
an  atmosphere  of    unself  -  conscious   goodness, 
and  arc  painted  in  sweet,  pure  colours  that  are, 
perhaps,  as  lifelike  as  the  murky  tones  that  are 
more  fashionable.     But  they  lack  "go";  Mrs. 
Hinkson   writes    like   a    dreamy   Momaii,    pre- 


occupied with  other  things.  If  she  would  brace 
herself  up,  and  work  with  a  thoroughness  and 
energy  equal  to  her  talent,  she  could  write  far 
better  stories  than  these,  pleasing  though  they  be. 

My  Doubles.  By  John  T.  Blanch.  (Digby, 
Long  &  Co.) — Mr.  Blanch  has  not  only  written 
the  little  tales  in  this  volume,  but  has  alscj 
obligingly  introduced  into  them  more  than  one 
imaginary  criti(|ue,  no  doubt  with  the  kind 
intention  of  saving  his  reviewers  any  further 
trouble.  The  remarks  of  the  excessively  tedious 
person  whom  he  calls  "the  Pessimist"  cer- 
tainly leave  little  to  be  said  ;  but  on  the  whole 
"  the  Saturday  Slater's  "  observations  are  more 
appropriate  to  the  present  occasion,  and,  more- 
over, they  have  the  advantage  of  being  much 
better  expressed.  To  tell  the  truth,  more  than 
one  of  these  stories  has  really  struck  the  present 
writer  as  being  "disjointed  and  invertebrate," 
with  little  obvious  vwtif.  The  tale  which  the 
author  points  out  as  his  "favourite  child" 
suffers  from  most  of  the  drawbacks  he  has 
enumerated  and  some  others  as  well.  Some  of 
the  stories  show  a  livelier  sense  of  humour  than 
would  naturally  be  expected  from  one  who  has 
occupied  himself  so  much  with  the  verdict  which 
an  authorof  more  tasteand  discretion  would  leave 
to  be  pronounced  by  those  who  read  his  work. 

Down  the  Village  Street :  Scenes  in  a  Wcst- 
Conntry  Hamlet  (Blackwood  &:  Sons),  by  Mr. 
Christopher  Hare,  consists  of  eight  short  tales  of 
humble  West-Country  folk.  They  are  extremely 
simple,  genial,  and  pathetic,  '  Diana's  Broken 
Pitcher '  being  one  of  the  best  of  them  in 
these  respects.  The  surreiititious  visit  of 
the  old  woman  to  the  market  town,  whilst  her 
"  wold  man  "  was  away  at  his  work;  her  call  at 
the  county  hospital,  where  she  received  her 
sentence  of  death  ;  her  silent  agony  over  the 
coming  sorrow  of  her  husband  ;  the  good  omen 
when  she  returns  to  her  cottage  and  finds  that 
old  Evram  had  got  everything  as  clean  and 
bright  and  comfortable  as  she  could  have  made 
it  herself — all  is  perfectly  true  and  very  touching, 
though  destitute  of  anything  like  sensation  or 
morbid  excitement. 

In  Paul  Hcriofs  Pictures  (Warno  &  Co.) 
Alison  M'Lean  has  produced  a  pleasant  com- 
panion volume  to  her  '  Quiet  Stories  from  an 
Old  Woman's  Garden.'  Paul  Heriot,  "the  mad 
gentleman,"  died  in  the  midst  of  his  pictures, 
after  giving  seven  of  them  to  a  friend  and  telling 
him  the  stories  that  belonged  to  them.  In  this 
setting  we  have  a  series  of  simple  and  pathetic 
little  tales,  which  will  please  a  not  too  exacting 
taste  and  satisfy  a  reader  whose  appetite  has 
not  been  jaded  with  strong  meats. 


LOCAL   history. 


A  History  of  tlie  Tou-n  and  Port  of  Fordwich. 
By  C.  E.  "Woodrufi".  (Canterbury,  Cross  & 
Jackman.)— Monographs  on  local  history  vary 
so  greatly  in  value  that  it  is  always  a  pleasure 
to  call  attention  to  those  which  are  based  on 
patient  research  among  original  documents. 
To  students  of  municipal  antiquities  Fordwich 
has  long  been  kiu)wn  as  a  curious  relic  of  tlie 
past.  The  tide  of  trade  has  receded  from  it  as  from 
the  once  corporate  Essex  town  of  Thaxted,  leaving 
it  stranded  and  forlorn.  Its  rise  was  originally 
owing  to  its  position  at  the  head  of  the  navigable 
portion  of  the  Stour,  which  made  it  tlie  port  of 
Canterbury  ;  the  silting  up  of  the  stream  })rovcd 
its  ruin  ;  yet  even  in  its  last  inglorious  days  it 
was  to  the  Stour  that  its  ancient  cori)oration 
owed  its  remaining  importance  and  its  cliief 
source  of  revenue.  It  may,  indeed,  be  said  to 
liave  survived  mainly  owing  to  its  rights  to 
the  catch  of  "Fordwich  trout."  Early  in  the 
sixteenth  century  we  find  tlie  Abbot  of  St. 
Augustine's,  whose  rights  at  Fordwich  were 
a  subject  of  continual  jealou.sy  to  its  cor- 
poration, making  terms  with  them  as  to 
his  share  of  tlie  catcli  at  the  town  weir  — 
evidently  one  of  those  wattled  weirs  which 
I\Ir.    Seebohm   has   described   for    us,    as   they 


606 


THE    ATHEN^tlM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  ^95 


still  exist  on  the  Severn,  to  illustrate  the  ser- 
vices of  the  gebnr  at   Tidenham   in   the  tenth 
century.     Till  now  we  have  only  known  of  the 
Fordwich   muniments    through  Dr.  Sheppard's 
brief  report  on  them  to  the  Commission  on  His- 
torical MSS.  Mr.  Woodruff,  therefore,  deserves 
our  gratitude,  not  only  for  the  patient  study  he 
has  made  of  them,  but  also,  and  better  still,  for 
printing  copious  extracts,  enabling  us  thus,  in 
many  cases,  to  check  his  conclusions  for  ourselves. 
So  dense  is  still  the  obscurity  surrounding  the 
institutions  of  the  Cinque  Ports  that  we  eagerly 
scan  Mr.  Woodruff's  discoveries  to  learn  what 
light  they  afford  on  the  origin  of  these  institu- 
tions.    Fordwich  was  a  member  of  the  port  of 
Sandwich,   and  bore  its    share    of    the   "ship- 
service."      Mr.     Woodruff     perhaps      scarcely 
realizes  the  importance  of  the  reference,  printed 
by  him,  to  its  service  under  the  Confessor.     As 
elsewhere  with  the  Ports,  the  local   Custumal 
is  a  document  of  great  value,  and,  indeed,  we 
are   modestly  assured  that  its  transcription   is 
"  undoubtedly  the  most  valuable  part  "  of  the 
volume  before  us.     This  fifteenth  century  MS. 
(of    which    the    first    page    is    here    given    in 
facsimile)    is    alleged   to   be    transcribed   from 
an  older  copy,  and  is  closely  akin,  as  we  might 
expect,  to  that  of  Sandwich.     It  opens  with  the 
key  to  the  local  liberties,  which  is  undoubtedly 
headed  in  the  Custumal  "Carta  regis  Henrici 
secundi."     This  document  has  been  duly  recog- 
nized as  a  charter  of  Henry  II.  by  Dr.  Sheppard, 
Prof.  Burrows,  and  now  by  Mr.  Woodruff,  who 
rightly    terms    it    "remarkable,    not    only    as 
being  one  of  the  earliest  instances  "  of  a  grant 
of  (jilda  mercatoria,  "  but  because  in  no  other 
case  was  a  grant  of  this  kind  made  to  a  member 
of  the  Cinque  Ports."     Now,  on  turning  to  this 
all-important  charter,  we  find,   to  our  amaze- 
ment, that  the  style  is  that  not  of  Henry  II., 
but    of    Henry    III.   ("Dominus   Hybernie "), 
that  the  king  speaks  in  the  plural  number,  that 
the  contents  of  the  charter  are  suspicious,  its 
dating  clause  anomalous,  and  its  alleged  wit- 
nesses impossible  !     That  the  text  is  hopelessly 
corrupt  is  the  very  least  one  can  say  ;  one  is 
tempted  to  go  further  still,  and  to  suggest  that 
the   document   was    "faked"   out   of    genuine 
charters  of  Henry  II.  and  Henry  III.  in  com- 
bination.    How   far   a   gild   merchant   actually 
existed  at  Fordwich  it  is  impossible  to  discover 
from  this  book.     "  We  learn,"  says  Mr.  Wood- 
ruff, "from  the  town   books   that   there  were 
in   Fordwich    two    public    buildings,    the    one 
called      indifferently     the     Common     House, 
Court   Hall,    or  Geldhall,    and  the   other   the 
Give-ale  house."    But  after  careful  examination 
of  the  extracts  from  the  mayors'  accounts  we 
find  the  ''Gelde    Halle"   clearly  distinguished 
from  the  "Court  Hall "  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
As  to  the  "  Give-ale  house  "  (pulled  down,  we 
read,  in  the  following  century),  the  usual  form 
of  the  name  was,   it  is  admitted,   "Geveale," 
and  Mr.  Woodruffs  assumption  that  the  house 
was  built  for  the  holding  of  "church-ales  "  is 
here  supported  by  no  evidence.     This  is  tan- 
talizing,  for  such  derivation   is  the  reverse  of 
obvious,  and  unless  it  can  be  demonstrated,  one 
is  led  to  suspect  a  typical  prank  of  folk-etymo- 
logy.    Among  the  most  curious  entries  in  the 
town  records  are  those  of  the  proclamation  and 
other  instructions  for  the  Corporation  brought 
by  the  "  boader."     The  chapter  on  "  Municipal 
History "    throws    some    light    on    this    little 
microcosm  of  "mayor  and  combarons,"  and  we 
learn  that  the  election  of  the  former  still  took 
place  in  the  jjarish  church  in  the  early  years  of 
the  last  century.     A  recorder,  town  clerk,  two 
borsholders,  «&c.,  added  to  the  dignity  of  tlic 
Corporation,   till    it   so   sank  that,    in  spite  of 
possessing  an  annual  court  of  general  sessions 
of  its  own,  it  could,  in  1835,  only  produce  one 
])erHon  in  the  liberty   "competent  to  exercise 
magi.sterial  functions."     Yet  it  was  not  till  188() 
that  this   ancient   body   was  finally   dissolved. 
Dr.  Sheppard  gave    a  description  of   it  in    its 
last  days,    more    flattering   than   that   of    Mr. 


Woodruff.  Even  so  late  as  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  crane  and  wharfage 
dues  point  to  a  trade  by  no  means  decaying, 
but  "the  last  Fordwich  barge  disappeared 
nearly  twenty  years  ago."  Apart  from  the 
history  of  general  interest,  that  which  more  espe- 
cially concerns  those  connected  with  the  locality 
is  worked  up  carefully  and  well.  Not  only  is 
the  church  fully  described,  but  a  good  and 
annotated  list  of  rectors  is  provided.  Pedigrees 
of  local  families  are  given,  and  a  special  feature 
is  made  of  wills  and  feet  of  fines.  The  volume 
is  handsomely  produced  and  excellently  illus- 
trated ;  good  representations  of  the  seal  of  the 
"barons"  and  that  of  the  mayor  are  placed 
on  the  title-page.  Mr.  Woodruff  would  have 
increased  the  value  of  his  labours  if  he  had 
paginated  his  table  of  contents  and  elaborated 
his  index  a  little  further. 

A  History  of  the  Parish  of  Leyton.  By  J. 
Kennedy.  (Leyton,  Phelps.) — Tliis  account 
of  an  Essex  parish,  now  being  rapidly  swamped 
in  the  suburbs,  is  a  favourable  specimen  of 
the  antiquarian  work  often  undertaken  by 
local  clergy.  Mr.  Kennedy  tells  us,  in  a  modest 
preface,  that  the  book  is  primarily  intended 
for  his  own  parishioners,  and  rightly  claims 
that  much  may  prove  of  interest  to  them 
which  the  general  reader  may  deem  unattrac- 
tive. Good  use  has  been  made  of  the  extant 
records  of  the  parish — registers,  vestry  minutes, 
churchwardens'  books,  and  so  forth — authorities 
in  print  have  been  duly  employed,  and  some 
useful  maps  and  illustrations  included.  Special 
attention  has  been  paid  to  the  monuments  in 
the  church  and  other  memorials  of  the  dead, 
and  to  the  history  of  the  church  itself.  "A 
newe  steple "  and  "a  newe  Ille "  were 
built  under  the  Commonwealth,  while  in 
1693  a  new  chancel  was  made,  on  the  ground 
that  the  old  was  too  narrow  to  allow  of  the 
people  seeing  the  consecration  of  the  elements, 
or  even  receiving  them  there,  so  that  "the 
minister  was  fain  to  go  about  from  pew  to  pew 
to  deliver  the  sacrament."  This  entry  deserves 
notice.  From  the  registers,  which  here  begin 
in  1575,  Mr.  Kennedy  has  made  many  curious 
extracts.  We  observe  the  significant  word 
"forged  "  against  the  entry  of  a  marriage  in  1581. 
Mr.  Kennedy  may  like  to  know  that  the  second 
entry  on  his  list  refers  to  the  (second)  marriage  of 
Weston  Browne,  of  Rookwoods  Hall,  Esq.  The 
churchwardens'  accounts  bo;;iii  in  1651,  and 
illustrate  the  proverbial  taste  of  these  officials 
by  their  mention,  even  in  1666-7,  of  "  settinge 
up  the  Comandments,"  and  "whitting"  parts 
of  the  church  and  writing  "scripture  verses" 
thereon.  "Two  decayed  gentlemen"  were 
relieved  in  1681,  and  "distressed  officers" 
two  years  later.  The  accounts  are  of  a  l.ighly 
miscellaneous  character,  and  a  barber-surgeon 
is  paid  (1787)  "for  shaving  and  drawing  the 
teeth  of  the  poor."  Among  the  briefs  is  one 
(1675)  for  a  sturdy  Cavalier  "  now  ancient  and 
in  want,"  against  which  we  read  the  significant 
word  "  forged."  Was  it  usual  to  forge  these 
briefs  ?  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  other  clergymen 
may  be  induced  to  follow  in  Mr.  Kennedy's  foot- 
steps, and  not  only  interest  their  jjarishioners  in 
local  history,  but  record  information  that  will  be 
prized  in  the  future.  It  is  right  to  praise  the 
local  printers  for  the  handsome  appearance  of 
the  volume. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 


A  CURIOUS  book  is  The  New  Kingdom,  by  Mr. 
Reginald  Statham,  published  by  Messrs.  Sonnen- 
Hchein  &  Co.  :  curious  because  the  author  seeuis 
to  be  a  man  of  mucli  brain  power  who  has 
invented  his  Socialism  for  himself,  and  to  be 
unaware  of  the  fact  that  the  subjects  he  dis- 
cusses have  a  vast  literature.  Every  suggestion 
that  he  makes,  as,  for  example,  that  the  State 
should  "take  charge  of  all  children  irrespective 
of  birth,"  has  been  made  and  remade  and  worked 
out  by   writers  innumerable,  especially  about 


1848.  We  do  not  suppose  that  Mr.  Statham 
thinks  it  likely  that  Parliament  is  going  to  enact 
such  a  law,  or  to  "insist  on  the  learning  of  a 
handicraft  by  at  least  every  male  in  the  com- 
munity." But  he  writes  as  though  he  had  been 
called  in  by  the  community  to  prescribe  remedies 
for  evils  the  existence  of  which  we  at  once  con- 
cede to  him.  Much  of  the  book  is  the  ordinary 
teaching  of  the  lecturer  of  the  Social  Democratic 
Federation  ;  but  then,  when  that  lecturer  stands 
to  get  votes,  he  receives  about  one  for  every 
hundred  polled  by  those  whose  doctrine  is 
directly  opposite.  The  book  contains  one  ex- 
cellent anecdote,  which  is  not  given  as  new,  but 
which  is  new  to  us  :   "  'We  are  just  beginning,' 

said  a  New  Zealand   statesman to Lord 

Onslow, 'to   struggle    against  the  struggle 

for  existence.'  " 

A  Book  of  Cliristmas  Verse  (Methuen), 
selected  by  so  good  a  judge  of  poetry  as  Mr. 
Beeching,  and  picturesquely  illustrated  by  Mr. 
Crane,  is  likely  to  prove  a  popular  Christmas 
book,  more  especially  as  it  is  printed  by  Messrs. 
Constable  with  their  usual  excellence  of  typo- 
graphy.— Another  charming  volume  is  The  Poetry 
of  Pathos  and  Delight  (Heinemann),  choice  pas- 
sages from  the  works  of  Mr.  Coventry  Patmore, 
selected  by  Mrs.  Meynell.  Mrs.  Meynell  has 
shown  sound  and  delicate  judgment  in  picking 
out  passages  which  deal  with  "delight  and 
sorrow,  those  human  and  intelligible  passions," 
as  she  rightly  says,  "to  which  all  real  poetry  has 
access."  If  anybody  has  hitherto  been  ignorant 
of  the  verse  of  Mr.  Patmore,  this  little  book 
should  teach  him  how  real  a  poet  he  has 
unwisely  neglected.  Mrs.  Meynell's  preface  is  en- 
thusiastically appreciative. — Messrs.  Macmillan 
have  begun  the  publication  of  "The  People's 
Edition  "  of  The  Poetical  Works  of  Alfred,  Lord 
Tennyson,  volumes  at  a  shilling,  of  very  con- 
venient size  —volumes  that  will  really  slip  into 
the  pocket  without  putting  it  out  of  shape  or 
embarrassing  the  wearer,  clearly  printed,  con- 
taining a  little  over  a  hundred  pages  each,  and 
just  the  thing  to  please  the  poet's  admirers. 
The  two  volumes  before  us  contain  '  Juvenilia  ' 
and  '  The  Lady  of  Shalott,  and  other  Poems.' 

Mr.  a.  C.  Hare  has  reprinted  from  sundry 
magazines  sundry  Biographical  Sketches  (George 
Allen).  The  interest  of  that  of  Dean  Stanley 
has  been  largely  diminished  by  the  publication 
of  Mr.  Prothero's  biography,  but  the  memoir  of 
Dean  Alford  is  decidedly  worth  reading. 

Of  Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson's  able  monograph 
The  Brain  of  an  Army  Mr.  Constable  has  sent 
us  a  new  edition,  to  which  the  author  has  pre- 
fixed an  interesting  preface,  in  which  he  dis- 
cusses the  vexed  question  of  the  powers  of  the 
new  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  British  Army. 
The  same  publisher  has  brought  out  a  fourth 
edition  of  Capt.  Siborne's  careful,  but  prolix 
account  of  The  Waterloo  Campaign,  Prof. 
Arber  has  been  the  causa  causans,  apparently,  of 
this  revival  of  an  obsolete  work. 

Messrs.  Innes  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  new  edition 
of  Haifa  Hero,  by  Anthony  Hope. — Messrs.  Put- 
nam's Sons  have  printed  at  the  Knickerbocker 
Press  a  really  pretty  edition  of  the  Essays  of  Elia. 
Hcrcward  the  Wake  is  the  latest  addition  to 
the  pretty  "Pocket  Edition"  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan are  publishing  of  Charles  Kingsley'a 
novels.  The  second  series  of  Matthew  Arnold's 
Essays  in  Oriticism  has  been  republished  by  the 
same  firm  in  "  The  Eversley  Series." 

Wb  have  received  The  Country  Doctor,  an- 
other instalment  of  that  important  undertaking 
a  complete  translation  of  Balzac,  which  Messrs. 
Dent  are  publishing  and  Prof.  Saintsbury  is 
furnishing  with  prefaces.  —Messrs.  Routledge 
have  issued  the  immortal  I'hrce  Musketeers  in 
the  "  D'Artagnan  Edition"  of  the  novels  of 
tlic  elder  Dumas.  The  frontispieces  are  good 
and  the  type  clear. 

A  NEW  edition  of  Mr.  L.  B.  Seeley's  Fanny 
B\irney  and  her  Friends  has  been  brought  out 
by  Messrs.  Seeley 


N°3549,  Nov.  2, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


607 


Messrs.  Mudie  have  rather  surprised  us  by 
bringing  out  a  neatly  bound  edition  of  Montes- 
quieu's Considerations  snr  les  Causes  de  la 
Grandeur  des  Romains.  The  typography,  which 
is  German,  is  only  passable. 

We  have  received  by  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Vincent  Caillard,  President  of  the  Council  of 
Administration  of  the  Ottoman  Public  Debt,  his 
report  for  the  year  March,  1894,  to  March,  1895. 
It  gives,  as  usual,  a  birdseye  view  of  the  finance 
of  Turkey,  of  which  the  section  which  deals  with 
the  Tobacco  Re'gie  will  be  of  interest  both  to 
the  smoker  and  to  the  politician.  Even  the 
student  of  sacred  history  may  note  that  "the 
sale  in  certain  Nazarets  had  been  adversely 
afifected  by  the  appearance  of  cholera."  The 
existence  of  an  Armenian  people  and  an  Arme- 
nian question  is  not  hinted  at,  but  under  "  Salt  " 
we  find  an  account  of  the  raids  of  the  Kurds  and 
of  the  weakness  of  the  Government  which  con- 
firms the  popular  beliefs.  The  Council  of  the 
Debt  reports  the  favourable  result  of  an  expedi- 
tion  dispatched  against  plundering  Arab  tribes 
in  the  Nazaret  of  Bagdad — apparently  by  itself 
rather  than  by  the  authorities  of  the  empire. 

There  reaches  us  from  Mr.  Fenton,  the 
Assistant  Government  Statist  of  Victoria,  the 
fifth  section  of  T/ie  Victorian  Year-Book  for  1804^, 
containing  law,  crime,  and  social  condition,  and 
also  the  general  Australasian  or  comparative 
statistics. 

We  have  on  our  table  From  Sunrise  Land,  by 
Amy  Wilson-Carraichael  (Marshall  Brothers), — 
Excerpta  Cypria,  translated  and  transcribed  by 
C.  D.  Cobham  (J^icosia,  Clarke), — Cicero,  De 
Finibus,  Book  II.,  edited  by  J.  D.  Maillard 
(Clive), — Bell's  English  Classics :  De  Quincey's 
Revolt  of  the  Tartars  and  The  Etiglish  Mail- 
Coacli,  with  Introduction  and  Notes  by  C.  M. 
Barrow  and  M.  Hunter, — Goethe's  Faust,  First 
Part,  with  a  Literal  Translation  and  Notes  for 
Students  by  Beta  (Nutt), — Pan-Gnosticism,  by 
N.  Winter  (Transatlantic  Publishing  Company), 
— Agricidtxire,  by  R.  H.  Wallace  (Chambers), — 
Field  Training  made  Easy,  compiled  by  Capt. 
G.  D'Arcy-Evans  (Gale  &  Polden), — Pixy-Led 
in  North  Devon,  by  Z.  E.  A.  Wade  (Marshall 
Brothers), — Hull-House  Maps  and  Papers,  by 
Residents  of  Hull  House  (New  York,  Crowell), 
—  The  St.  Andrew's  Gazette,  Vol.  I.,  1894 
(Buenos  Aires,  Office),  —  Out  with  the  Old 
Voyagers,  by  H.  G.  Groser  (Melrose), — Dead 
Man's  Court,  by  M.  H.  Hervey  (Simp- 
kin),  —  Modern  Song  from  Classic  Story, 
by  G.  H.  Jackson  (Spottiswoode),  —  The 
Ethics  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  W.  S. 
Bruce  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  C\a.vk),—Cantica 
Canticorum:  EiglUy-six  Sermons  on  the  Song  of 
Solomon,  by  Saint  Bernard,  translated  and 
edited  by  S.  J.  Bales  (Stock), — Recherches  snr 
I'Origine  et  la  Nature  des  Mysteres  d'£leusis, 
by  M.  P.  Foucart  (Paris,  Imprimerie  Nationale), 
— Asphodil,  ein  Roman,  by  W.  Jensen,  2  vols. 
(Williams  &  Norgate), — De  Ausonii  Mosella, 
by  H.  de  la  Ville  de  Mirmont  (Hachette), — 
Der  Alhanipsaller  in  Hildesheim,  by  A.  Gold- 
schmidt  (Berlin,  Siemens),— and  Variations  sur 
le  meme  Air,  by  P.  Valdagne  (Paris,  Ollendorfi'). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Stephens's 
Catechism  of  Practiced  Agric\dture,  revised  and 
rewritten  by  J.  Macdonald  (Blackwood), — Stoni 
of  Pitcairn  Island,  1790-189 J,,  by  R.  A.  Young 
(Kegan  Paul), — Two  in  the  Bush,  by  F.  F.  Moore 
(Innes), — and  A  Text-Book  of  the  Principles  of 
Physics,  by  A.  Daniell  (Macmillan). 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 


TTieologi/. 

Aitken's  (W.  H.  M.  H.)  Temptation  and  Toil,  Sermons,  3/« 

Barrows's  (Rev.  J.  H.)  The  World's  Parliament  of  Religions, 
8vo.  30/  cl. 

Bernard's  (J.  H.)  From  Faith  to  Faith,  Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6 

Bernard's  (T.  D.)  The  Songs  of  the  HdJy  Nativity  Con- 
sidered, cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Carpenter's  (W.  B.)  Some  Thoughts  on  Christian  Reunion, 
cr.  8vo.  .3/«  net,  cl. 

Oloag's  (P.  J.)  Introduction  to  the  Synoptic  Gospels,  7/6  cl. 

Ctordon's  (Q.  A.)  The  Christ  of  To-day,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 


Granger's  (F.)  The  Worship  of  the  Romans  viewed  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Roman  Temperament,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Gregory's  (J.)  Puritanism  in  the  Old  World  and  in  the  New, 

8vo.  6/  cl. 
Hurlbut  (J.  L.)  and  Roherty's  (R.  R.)  Illustrative  Notes  of 

the  International  Lessons,  18i»6,  5/  cl. 
Pierson's  (A.  T  )  The  Acts  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Simpson's  (W.  J.  S.)  The  Prophet  of  the  Highest,  .3/6  cl. 
Te.xts  and  Studies,  &c..  edited   l)y  J.  A.  Robinson  :  Vol.  3, 

No.  'J,  41  h  Book  of  Kzra,  by  Bensly  and  James,  cr.  8vo. 

5/  net,  swd.  ;  Vol.  3,  No.   3,  Euthaliaua,  by  the  Editor, 

cr.  8vo.  4/  net,  swd. 
Townsend's  (J.  H.)  Spiral  Stairs,  or  the  Heavenward  Course 

of  the  Cliurch's  Seasons,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Williamson's  (M.  R.)  The  Truth  and  the  Witness,  cr.8vo.  4/6 

Law. 
Austen's  (E.)  The  Law  relating  to  Factories  and  Workshops, 

8vo.  616  el. 
Loyd's  (A.  K.)  Four  Lectures  on  Bills  of  Exchange,  3/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Art  Annuals,  3  vols,  in  1,  Luke  Fildes,  Meissonier,  and  J.  C. 

Hook,  folio.  10,6  cl. 
Crickmore's  (H.   H.)  Old   Chester  Etched  and  Described, 

imp.  16mo.  7/6  net,  cl. 
Cundall's  (J  )  A  Brief  History  of  Wood  Engraving,  2/6  cl. 
Denning's  (D.)  Fretwork  and  Marquetry,  illustrated,  2/6  cl. 
Flory's  (M.  A.)  A  Book  about  Fans,  imp.  16mo.  10/6  cl. 
James's  (R.)  Painters  and  their  Works,  a  Dictionary  of  Great 

Artists,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  25/  net,  cl. 
Reed's  (E.  T.)  Prehistoric  Peeps  from  '  Punch,'  16/  net,  cl. 
Universal  Portrait  Gallery,  4to.  6/  cl. 

Waldstein's  (C.)  The  Study  of  Art  in  the  Universities,  2/6  cl. 
Wolf,  J.,  Animal  Painter,  Life  of,  by  A.  H.  Palmer,  8vo.  21/ 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Bruce's  (M.)  Poetical  Works,  with  Life  by  Rev.  W.  Stephen, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Dolman's  (C.  W.)  Song  Favours,  16mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Mottoes  and   Commentaries  of   F.  Froebel's  Mother  Play, 

rendered  into  English  Verse  l)y  H.  R.  Eliot,  6/  cl. 
Shakespeare,  Plajs  of,  founded  on  Literary  Forms,  18/  net. 
Shakespeare's    Tempest,    a   Reduced  Dallastype  Facsimile 

from  the  First  Folio,  Intro,  by  Dr.  Furnivall,  6/  net,  cl. 

Philosophy. 

D'Arcy's  (C.  F.)  A  Short  Study  of  Ethics,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Political  Economy. 

Laughlin's  (L.)  The  History  of  Bimetallism  in  the  United 
States,  8vo.  12/ cl. 

History  and  Biography. 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian,  a  Biography,  by  R.  N.  Bain,  16/ 

Bulloch's  (J.  M.)  A  History  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen, 
119.5-1895,  cr.  8vo.  4/6 

Darmesteter's  (M.)  Froissart,  trans,  by  E.  F.  Poynter,  illus- 
trated, 8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Forbes's  (A. )  Memories  and  Studies  of  War  and  Peace,  16/ 

Marmontel's  Memoirs,  written  by  Himself,  2  vols.  21/  net. 

Parry's  (D.  H.)  Britain's  Roll  of  Glory,  7/6  cl. 

Social  England,  edited  by  Traill,  Vol.  4,  8vo.  17/  cl. 

Spielmann's  (M.  H.)  The  History  of  '  Punch,'  16/  cl. 

Vailiraa  Letters,  Correspondence  addressed  by  R.  L.  Steven- 
son to  S.  Colvin,  November,  1890,  to  October,  1895,  7/6 

Villari's  (P.)  Two  First  Centuries  of  Florentine  History, 
Vol.  2,  8vo.  16/  cl. 

Watson's  (M.  E.)  Robert  and  Louisa  Stewart  in  Life  and  in 
Death,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Weston's  (J.  A.)  Historic  Doubts  as  to  the  Execution  of 
Marshal  Ney,  royal  8vo.  12/  net,  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bayley's  (A  M.  C.  C.)  Vignettes  from  Finland,  cr.  8vo.  7/6 
Lentherio's  (C.)  The  Riviera,  Ancient  and  Modern,  7,6  cl. 
Little's  (Mrs.  A.)  My  Diary  in  a  Chinese  Farm,  7/6  net,  bds. 
Picturesque  New  Zealand,  6/  cl. 

Todd's  (G.  B.)  Scotland,  Picturesque  and  Traditional,  6/  cl. 
Wright's  (M.  J.)  Three  Years  in  Cachar,  or.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Jataka,  The,  or  Stories  of  the  Buddha's    Former  Births, 

edited  by  Prof.  E.  B.  Cowell,  Vol.  2,  royal  8vo.  12/6  net. 
Science. 
Adams's  (H.)  Practical  Trigonometry  for  Use  of  Engineers, 

&c.,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Aikman's  (C.  M.)Milk,  its  Nature,  &c.,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Bruce's    (late  C.)    Breeding     Racehorses     by    the    Figure 

System,  roy.  8vo.  31/6  cl. 
Campbell's  (U.  H.)  The  Structure  and  Development  of  the 

Mosses  and  Ferns,  8vo.  14/  net.  cl. 
Cavell's  (Miss  F.  M.  S.)  Guide  to  the  Medical  and  Dental 

Professions,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Dana's  (B   S.)  Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them,  6/6  net,  cl. 
Elliott's  (H.  B.)  An  Introduction  to  the  Algebra  of  Quanties, 

l.V  cl. 
Freitag's  (J.  K.)  Architectural  Engineering,  10/6  net,  cl. 
Gregory's  iR.  A.)  An  Exercise  Book  of  Elementary  Practical 

Physios,  imp.  16nio.  2/6  swd. 
Lawler's  (J.  J.)  Practical  Hot-Water  Heating,  Steam,  and 

Gas  Fitting,  cr.  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
Lyell,  C,  Life  and  Work  of,  by  Prof.  T.  G.  Bonney,  ;V6  cl. 
Ox,  its  External  and  Internal  Structures,  with  Illustrations, 

by  A.  Seyfferth,  4to.  .'i  6  net,  bds. 
Richards's  (F.)  Compressed  Air,  cr.  8vo.  6/6  net,  cl. 
Scherren's  (H.)  Popular  History  of  Animals,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Sowerby's  f  J.  G.)  Rooks  and  their  Neighbours,  6/  net,  cl. 
Tilden's   (W.  A.)  Hints  on    the    Teaching  of    Elementary 

Chemistry,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Welsford  (J.  W.)  and  Mayo's  (C.  H.  P.)  Elementary  Algebra, 
cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 

"  A  L  "  Penholding  Chart,  3/6  on  roller. 

Avery's  (H.)  An  Old  Boy's  Yarns,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 

Belloc's  (B.  R.)  In  a  Walled  Garden,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Brightwen's  (Mrs.)  Inmates  of  my  House  and  Garden,  illus- 
trated, cr.  8vo.  .'i/6  cl. 

Brown's  (liev.  A.)  The  French  Prisoners  of  Norman  Cross, 
cr.  8vo.  2  6  cl. 

Burgin's  (G.  B.)  Tuxter's  Little  Maid,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

C<)l>lmn's  (J.  M.)  The  Tyrants  of  KooISim.  illus,  8vo.  -V  cl. 

Crawford's  (F.  M.)  Casa  Braccio,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  12  cl. 

Ellis's  (E.  S.)  The  Young  Ranchers,  cr.  "vo.  2/6  cl. 

Fairy  Tales  Far  and  Near,  retold  by  (^,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  ol. 


Farningham's  (M.)  Girlhood,  cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 
Farrow's  (G.  E.)  The  Wallypug  of  Why,  illus.  5/  cl. 
Fforde's  (B.)  Phantoms  of  the  Dome  ;    The  Sign  of  the 

Snake,  12mo.  2/6  each,  cl. 
Francis's  (F.)  Wild  Rose,  a  Tale,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Gilmore's  (M.)  A  Son  of  Esau,  12mo.  2/  bds. 
Glanville's  (B.)  The  Golden  Rock,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Graves's  (Col  P.)  With  Claymore  and  Bayonet,  cr.  8vo.  .5/  cl. 
Hardy's  (T.)  Jude  the  Obscure,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Harrison's  (F.)  Studies  in  Early  Victorian  Literature,  10/6 
Henderson's  (W.  J  )  Sea  Yarns  spun  for  Boys,  cr.  8vo.  hi  cl. 
Holmes's  (F.  M.)  Great  Works  of  Great  Men,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Jacberns's  (R.)    Mists ;    An    Uncut    Diamond,    and    other 

Stories,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  each,  cl. 
Jack's  (F.  B.)  The  Art  of  Laundry  Work,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Jephson's  (R.  M.)  Sword  and  Song.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Jocelyn's  (Mrs.  R. )  A  Dangerous  Brute,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Keightley's  (S.  R.)  The  Cavaliers,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
King  Stork  and  King  Log,  a  Study  of  Modern  Russia,  by 

Stepniak,  2  vols.  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Legh's  (M.  11.  C.)  How  Dick  and  Molly  went  round  the 

World,  imp.  16mo.  5/  cl. 
Mackay's  (K.)  The  Yellow  Wave,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Maclaren's  (I.)  The  Days  of  Auld  Langsyne,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Master  Wilberforce.  a  Study  of  a  Boy,  by  Rita,  cr.  8vo.  5/ 
Mather's  (M.)  Lancashire  Idylls,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Mistress  Dorothy  Marvin,  Excerpta  from  the  Memoirs  of 

Sir  E.  Armstrong,  edited  by  J.  C.  Snaith,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Mitford's  (B.)  The  White  Shield,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
More's  (Sir  T.)  Utopia  in  Latin  and  English,  with  Notes, 

&c.,  by  J.  H.  Lupton,  8vo.  10/6  net,  half-roan. 
Morrison's  (A.)  Chronicles  of  Martin  Hewitt,  cr.  8vo.  ,5/  cl. 
Mulholland's  (C.)  A  Striking  Contrast,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Oracle  Encyclop;i'dia,  Vol.  1,  imp.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Original  Wager,  An,  by  a  Vagabond,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  3,6  cl. 
Parry's  (D.  H.)  For  Glory  and  Renown,  cr.  8vo.  .5/  cl. 
Phelps's  (E.  B.)  A  Singular  Life,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Phillpotts's  (E.)  Down  Dartmoor  Way,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Pollard's  (E.  F.)  The  Green  Mountain  Boys,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Russell's  (H.)  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  !  cr.  8vo.  3/'6  cl. 
Saintsbury's  (G.)  Essays  in  English  Literature,  1780-1860, 

2nd  Series,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Sharp's  (H.)  Practical  Wildfowling,  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 
Sindbad  the  Sailor  and  All  Baba,  illustrated  by  W.  Strang 

and  J.  B.  Clark,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Smith's  (L.  P.)  The  Youth  of  Parnassus,  and  other  Stories, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  el. 
Story  of  the  Sea,  edited  by  Q,  Vol.  1,  9/  cl. 
Thompson's  (H.  M.)  The  World  and  the  Wrestler's   Per- 
sonality and  Responsibility,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Totten's  (C.   A.  L.)  Our    Race,  its    Origin   and  Destiny, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  swd. 
Vynne's  (N.)  A  Comedy  of  Honour,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Watt's  (F.)  The  Law's  Lumber  Room.  12mo.  .3/()  net,  cl. 
Wells's  (H.  G.)  The  Stolen  Bacillus,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Wheatly's  (8.   W.)  Tables  of  Maximum  Rates  and  Charges 

of  the   Great  Nortliern,   Great  Eastern  Railways,  &c., 

4to.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Whishaw's  (F.  J.)  The  Romance  of  the  Woods,  ]2mo.  6/  cl. 
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Lawyer,  3/6  cl. 
Wortley's  (M.  S.)  The  Story  of  Zelinda  and  the  Monster, 

illustrated,  4to.  6/  net,  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Kunze(J.):  Marcus  Eremita,  e.  neuer  Zeuge  f.  das  altkirchl. 
Taufbekenntnis,  6m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Amelung  (W.)  :  Die  Basis  des  Praxiteles  aus  Mantinea,  4ra. 
Breton  (J.)  :  Un  Peintre  paysan,  3fr.  50. 
Durm    (J.):    Handbuch    der  Architektur,   Div.   3,  Vol.  2, 

Part  3,  No.  2,  14m. 
Molmenti  (P.) :  Carpaccio,  son  Temps  et  son  CEuvre,  6fr.  75. 
Montelius  (O.):  La  Civilisation  primitive  en  Italie  depuis 
rintroduction  des  Metaux,  150m. 

History  and  Biography, 
Giesebrecht  (W.) :    Geschichte  der    deutschen    Kaiserzeit, 

Vol.  6,  16m.  40. 
Marmottan  (P.J :  Le  Royaume  d'Etrurie  (1801-7),  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Juvenalis  Saturarum  Libri  V.,  mit  erkliir.  Anmerkgn.    v. 

L.  Friedliinder,  2  vols.  14m. 
Kirchhoff  (A.) :    Thukydides    u.    sein    Urkundenmaterial, 
3m.  60. 

Scierue. 
Strasburger  (B.):  Streifziige  an  der  Riviera,  5m. 

General  Literature. 
Hinzelin  (E.)  :  Le  huitieme  P^che,  3fr.  50. 
Leblanc  (M.)  :  L'CEuvre  de  Mort,  3fr.  50. 
Mende-s  (C.) :  Le  Chemin  du  Caur.  3fr.  50. 
Meunier  (Madame  S.)  :   Plaisir  d'Amour,  3fr.  .50. 
Vand^rem  (F.) :  Le  Chemin  de  Velours,  3fr.  50. 


A  MODERN  GREEK   DICTIONARY. 

Dr.  Jannaris  writes  regarding  his  'Modern 
Greek  Dictionary': — 

"As  to  the  'misleading'  sign  .^  permit  mc  to 
observe  that  if  your  critic  finds '  dozens  of  words 
not  so  marked  which  are  (luite  familiar  to  us  in 
classical  Greek,'  I  could  on  my  part  prove  that  most 
of  these  terms  have  not  been  '  preserved '  from 
classical  Greek,  but  have  been  ricived  and  so  belong 
to  the  cultivated  language.  I  take  it  for  granted, 
of  course,  that  he  does  not  refer  to  such  coinuion 
words  as  koKoq,  /iticpoc,  avroc,  i^tx,  6i\u>,  the  par- 
ticles, the  prepositions,  the  article,  or  the  numerous 
cases  where  an  Englisli  term  has  no  equivalent  in 
Greek,  e.xcept  a  periphrasis  of  which  one  or  more 
or  even  all  the  parts  may  be  classical  words,  vet  the 
whole  is  modern  :  in  all  these  cases  I  have  deemed 
it  more  correct  to  omit  the  symbol  of  anti(iuity, 
l)ecau6e  its  addition  every  time  the  above  words 
recur  would  be  really  '  misleading,'  and,  moreover, 


608 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


unpleasant  to  the  eye.  The  proper  place  to  append 
regularly  this  mark  is  the  Greek-English  part,  and 
there  it  is  systematically  prefixed  to  every  'ancient 
relic  '  when  it  is  first  entered." 

*if.*  This  explanation  only  shows  that  we  were 
justified  in  calling  attention  to  a  serious  am- 
biguity, likely  to  mislead  Dr.  Jannaris's  readers. 


LORD  TENNYSON'S   LETTERS. 

October  28,  1895. 

After  the  death  of  a  poet  so  illustrious  and  a 
man  so  beloved  as  the  late  Poet  Laureate,  it  is,  of 
course,  in  the  nature  of  things  that  apocryphal 
anecdotes  concerning  him  should,  now  and  then, 
get  into  print,  and  sometimes  it  becomes  im- 
perative that  an  anecdote  of  this  kind  should 
be  contradicted.  As  a  rule,  it  must,  I  think, 
be  said  for  the  Athenctum  that  it  is  especially 
careful  in  scrutinizing  the  authenticity  of  the 
literary  paragraphs  sent  for  insertion.  In  your 
current  issue,  however,  appears  a  statement  that 
the  forthcoming  biography  of  Lord  Tennyson 
will  contain  "  letters  which  he  addressed  to  Her 
Majesty,  and  which,  despite  their  very  flattering 
terms,  the  Queen  has  nob  felt  she  ought  to  with- 
hold from  publication."  I  happen  to  know 
upon  excellent  authority  that  the  writer  of  the 
biography,  the  present  Lord  Tennyson,  has 
never  asked  the  Queen  for  a  single  letter  of  his 
father's,  and  also  that  Her  Majesty  has  never 
sent  him  one.  Theodore  Watts. 


THE   'DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

The  following  is  the  fifth  part  of  a  list  of 
the  names  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  under 
the  letter  S  (Section  II.)  in  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.  The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  ' 
will  be  obliged  by  any  notice  of  omissions 
addressed  to  him  at  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.  's,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.  W.  He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

Stearne,  John,  founder  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Dublin, 

1621-1669 
Stearne,  John,  Bishop  of  Clogher  and  friend  of  Swift,  1660- 

1745 
StebbJng,  Henry,  D.D  ,  divine  and  author,  1790-1883 
Stedman,  Charles,  '  History  of  the  American   War,'   1753- 

1812 
Stedman,  John  Andrew,  lieutenant-general,  1788-1824 
Stedman,  John  Gabriel,  officer  in  Dutch  service,  1745-1797 
Stedman,  Rowland,  Nonconformist  divine,  1673 
Steel,  Sir  John,  sculptor,  1804-1891 
Steel,  Sir  Scudamore  Winde,  major-general,  17S9-1865 
Steele,  Ann,  hymn-writer,  1717-1778 
Steele,  Edward,  portrait  painter,  1760* 
Steele,  Joshua,  writer  on  prosody,  1776* 
Steele,  Richard,  ejected  minister  and  author,  1628-1692 
Steele.  Sir  Richard,  essayist,  dramatist,  and  politician,  1671- 

1729 
Steele,  Thomas,  Irish  politician,  178S  1818 
Steele,  Sir  Thomas,  general,  1890 
Steele,  William,  judge,  fl.  1640-1661 
Steell,  Gourlay,  artist,  1820-1894 
Steenwyck,  Henry,  painter  of  interiors,  fl   1635 
Steere,  Edward,  African  bishop,  1S28-18?'2 
Steevens,  Charles,  rear-admiral,  1761 

Steevens,  George,  commentator  on  Shakspeare,  1736-1800 
Steevens,  Rich.ard,  sculptor,  iiainter,  and  medalist,  fl.  1570 
Steevens,  Richard,  founder  of  the  Steevens  Hospital,  Dublin, 

1710 
Stenhouse,  John,  chemist,  1809-1880 
Stenhouse,  Nicol  Drysdale,  Australian  writer,  1876 
Stennett,  Joseph,  divine,  1663-1713 
Stephanoff,  Francis  Philip,  painter,  1788-1860 
Stephen,  King  of  England,  110.5-1154 
Stephen,  Abbot  of  Whitby,  1112 
Stephen  of  Exeter,  chronicler,  1246-1273* 
Stephen,  Sir  Alfred,  Australian  judge,  1802-1891 
Stephen,  Sir  George,  author,  1794-1879 
Stephen,  Henry  John,  legal  writer,  1787-1864 
Stephen,  James,  lawyer  and  political  writer,  1759-1832 
Stephen,  Sir  James,  Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History  at 

Cambridge,  1789-1859 
Stephen,  James,  judge,  1820-1894 
Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjanies,  judge,  1829-1894 
Stephens,  Alexander,  author,  1821 
Steplii-ns.  Catherine,  afterwards  Countess  of  Essex,  vocalist, 

1794-1882 
Stephens,  Charles  Edward,  composer,  1821-1892 
Stephens,  Edward,  ijamphlefeer,  fl.  1680 
Stephens,  Edwiu-d  Hell,  scientific  writer,  1797-1844 
Stephens,  Edward  liowring,  sculptor,  1817-1882 
Stephens,  George,  dramatist,  18(M)-1m,-)1 

^'' 'I'siTlKf^-*^'"^*^"'   ^'''" ''='"*'"■    "f    English  at    Copenhagen, 
StcpbeiiB,  Henry,  agricultural  writer,  1795-1874 
Btephens,  James  Francis,  entomologist,  1792  1853 


Stephens  or  Stevens,  Jeremy,  divine,  1592-1065 

Stephens,  John,  satirist,  1615 

Stephens,  Joseph  Rayner,  pamphleteer,  1805-1879 

Stephens,  Nathaniel,  ejected  minister,  160a-1678 

Stephens,  Sir  Philip,  Bart.,  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  1722- 

1809 
Stephens,  Robert,  Historiographer  Royal,  1732 
Stephens,  William,  divine,  tl.  1663-1698 
Stephens,  William,  President  of  Georgia,  1671-1753 
Stephens,    William,  author   and    biographer    of    Jones    of 

Nayland,  1732-1807 
Stephenson,  George,  founder  of  the  railway  system  in  Eng- 
land, 1781-1848 
Stephenson,  Henry  Palfrey,  engineer,  1826-1890 
Stephenson,  Robert,  civil  engineer,  1803-18.'9 
Stephenson,    Samuel     Martin,    M  D.,    Iiish    Presbyterian 

divine,  1742-1833 
Stephenson,  Thomas,  Jesuit,  1624 
Stepnej',  Catherine,  Lady,  novelist,  1845 
Stepney,  George,  diplomatist,  1663-1707 
Sterling,  Sir  Anthony  Conynghara,  'The  Highland  Brigade 

in  the  Crimea,'  1871 
Sterling,  James,  dramatist,  fl.  1728 
Sterling,  John,  critic  and  essayist,  1806-1844 
Stern,  Henry  A.,  missionary,  1820-1885 
Sterne,  John,  Bishop  of  Clogher.  1660-1745 
Sterne,  Laurence,  humourist,  171.3-1768 
Sterne,  Richard,  Archbishop  of  York,  1596-1683 
Sternhold,  Thomas,  poet,  1549 
Sterry,  Peter,  Cromwell's  chaplain,  fl.  1657 
Steuart,  Sir  Henry,  F.R.S.,  author,  1759-18.36 
Steuart  or  Stewart,  Richard,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1651 
Stevens,  Alexander,  architect,  1796 
Stevens,  Alfred  George,  artist,  1817-1875 
Stevens,  Francis,  water-colour  painter,  1781-1824'^ 
Stevens,  George  Alexander,  strolling  player  and  author,  1781 
Stevens,  John,  author  and  translator,  1726 
Stevens,  Paul,  Canadian  writer,  1830-1882 
Stevens,  Richard  John  Samuel,  musician,  1757-1837 
Stevens,  Thomas,  modeller,  fl.  1450 
Stevens,  William  Bagshaw,  poet,  1755-1800 
Stevenson,  Alan,  engineer,  1866 
Stevenson,  David,  engineer,  1815-1886 
Stevenson,  George,  Australian  journalist,  1799-1850 
Stevenson,  George  John,  editor  of  the  '  Methodist  Hymn- 

Book,'  1818-1888 
Stevenson,  Sir  John,  oculist,  1846* 

Stevenson,  Sir  John  Andrew,  musical  composer,  1760-1833 
Stevenson,  John  Hall,  '  Crazy  Tales,'  1785 
Stevenson,  Joseph,  historical  and  antiquarian  writer,  1806- 

1895 
Stevenson,  Matthew,  poet,  fl.  1673 
Stevenson,  Robert,  civil  engineer,  1772-1850 
Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour,  novelist,  1850-1894 
Stevenson,  Seth  William,  Mayor  of  Norwich  and  antiquary, 

1784-1853 
Stevenson,  William,  physician,  1785* 
Stevenson,  William,  .agricultural  writer,  1772-1829 
Stevenson,  W.  B.,  writer  on  South  America,  fl.  1800-1825 
Stevin,  Simon,  '  Decimall  Arithmetike,'  fl.  1608 
Stew.ard  or  Wells,  Robert,  Dean  of  Ely,  1557 
Steward,  Sir  Simeon,  minor  poet,  fl.  1630 
Steward,  Thomas,  Presbyterian  divine,  1669*-]753 
Steward,  Thomas,  writing  master  to  the  Queen,  1772*-1859 
Stewardson,  Thomas,  portrait  painter,  1781-1859 
Stew.xrt,  Alexander,  "  The  Wolf  of  Badenoch,"  1394 
Stewart,  Alexander,  Earl  of  Mar,  1435 
Stewart,  Alexander,  Duke  of  Albany,  1485 
Stewart,  Alexander,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1495-1513 
Stewart,  Andrew,  Lord  Avondale  and  Earl  of  Lennox,  1488 
Stewart,  Andrew,  Irish  ecclesiastical  historian,  1615*-1671 
Stewart,  Andrew,  of  Inverhayle,  Jacobite,  fl.  1750 
Stewart,  Anthony,  miniature  painter,  1773-1846 
Stewart,  Balfour,  scientific  writer,  1828-1887 
Stewart,  Charles,  scientific  writer,  fl.  1800 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Charles,  Baron  Stuart  de  Rothesay,  17.")3- 

182S 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Charles,  general  and  Orientalist,   1760- 

1828 
Stewart,  Charles  James,  Bishop  of  Quebec,  1775-1837 
Stewart,  Charles  William,  3rd  Marquis  of    Londonderry, 

1778-18.54 
Stewart,  David,  major-general,  1772-1829 
Stewart,  Dugald,  metaphysician,  1753-182? 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Bsme,"Earl  of  March,  1579-1624 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Frances  Teresa,  Duchess  of  Richmond, 

"La  Belle  Stu,art,"  1702 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  George,  Earl  of  G.allow.ay,  admiral,  1763- 

18.34 
Stewart,  Henry,  Lord  Methven,  1.551* 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Henry,  Earl  of  Darnley,  1546-1567 
Stewart,  Henry,  2nd  Lonl  Methven,  1572 
Stewart,  Henry  D'Arcy  Cranstoun,  song-writer,  1765-1S3S 
Stewart,  Sir  Herbert,  general,  1813-1885 
Stewart,  Sir  Houston,  G.C.B.,  admiral,  1791-1875 
Stewart,  Isabella,  novelist,  1867 
Stewart,  James,  High  Steward  of  Scotland,  1.309 
Stewart,  James,  Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1476-1501 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Earl  of  Moray,  1499-1.544 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Abbot  of  Melrose,  1.55S 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Earl  of  Moray,  15.33+-1570 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Earl  of  Moray,  1.592 
.Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Earl  of  Arran,  1596 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  James,  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Lennox, 

1612-1655 
Stewart,  James,  Scottish  politician,  fl.  1687 
Stewart,  James,  engraver,  1791-1863 
Stewart,  John,  Earl  of  Buehan,  1424 
Stewart,  John,  Earl  of  Mar,  1479 
Stewart,  John,  Earl  of  Lennox,  1495* 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  John,  Lord  of  Aubigny,  1503 
Stewart,  John.  DuUe  of  Albany,  1536 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  John,  4th  Earl  of  Atholl,  1679 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  John,  Lord,  Royalist,  1644 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  John,  Karl  of  Traquair,  1659 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  John,  3rd  Earl  of  Jhite,  1713-1792 
Stewart,  John,  "  Walking  Stewart,"  1822 
Stewart  or  Stuart ,  Ludovick,  2nd  Earl  of  Lennox,  1621 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Matthew,  4th  Earl  of  Lennox,  1571 
Stewart,  Matthew,  mathematician,  1717-1785 
Stewart,  Murdac  or  Murdoch,  2nd  Duke  of  Albany,  1425 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Patrick,  2nd  Earl  of  Orkney,  1614 


Stewart,  Robert,  1st  Duke  of  Albany,  1339-1419 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Robert,  Earl  of  Orkney,  fl.  1581 
Stewart,  Sir  Robert,  Governor  of  Londonderry,  II.  1643-1661 
Stewart,  Robert,  Viscount   Castlercagh  and  Ist  Marquis  of 

Londonderry,  1739-1821 
Stewart,  Robert,  2nd  Marquis  of  Londonderry,  1769-1822 
Stewart,  Robert  Prescott,  Professor  of  Music,  1825-1891 
Stewart,  Walter,  Earl  of  Atholl,  1437 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  Walter,  1st  Lord  Blantyre,  1617 
Stewart,  Sir  William,  of  Jedworth,  soldier,  1429 
Stewart,  William,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1479''-1545 
Stewart  or  Stuart,  William,  1st  Viscount  Mountjoy,  1653- 

1692 
Stewart,  Sir  William,  general,  1827 

Stewart-Mackenzie,  Hon.  Mrs.,  friend  of  Scott,  1783-1862 
Stewart- Vane,  Charles  William,  3rd  Marquis  of  Londonderry, 

1778-1854 
Stichell,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Durham,  1274 
Stigand,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1070 
Still,  John,  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1513-1607 
Stillingfleet,  Benjamin,  naturalist,  1702-1771 
Stillingfleet,  Edward,  Bishop  of  Worcester,  1635-1699 
Stillingfleet,  James,  Prebendary  of  Worcester,  1729-1817 
Stillington,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1491 
Stirling,  James,  mathemsitician,  1690-1772 
Stirling,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh,  1805 
Stirling,  Sir  James,  admiral  and  first  Governor  of  Western 

Australia,  1791-1865 
Stirling,  Robert,  divine  and  inventor,  1790-1878 
Stirling,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.,  general,  1808 
Stirling,  Sir  Walter,  captain  in  the  navy,  1718-1786 
Stirling-Maxwell,  Sir  William,  Bart.,  historian,  1818-1878 
Stisted,  Sir  Henry  William,  general,  1817-1875 
Stock,  Richard,  Puritan  divine,  1626 
Stockdale,  Percival,  divine  and  author,  1736-1811 
Stocker,  Charles  William,  miscellaneous  writer,  1794-1870* 
Stocker,  Thomas,  tr.auslator,  fl.  1580-1594 
Stocks,  Lumb,  engraver,  1812-1892 
Stockton,  Owen,  Puritan,  1630-1680 
Stockwood,  John,  schoolmaster,  1610 

Stocqueler,  Joachim  Hayward,  military  writer,  fl.  1832-1850 
Stoddard,  Charles,  traveller,  1842 
Stoddard,  Sir  John,  journalist,  1772-1856 
Stoddart,  Thomas  Tod,  writer  on  angling,  1810-1880 
Stogdon,  Hubert,  Dissenting  divine,  1692-1728 
Stokes,  David,  Orientalist,  fl.  1668 
Stokes,  Henry  Sewell,  Cornish  poet,  1808-1895 
Stokes,  John  Lort,  admiral,  1885 

Stokes,  Whitley,  Professor  of  Physio  at  Dublin,  1763-1845 
Stokes,  William,  physician,  1804-1878 
Stokesley,  John,  Bishop  of  London,  15.39 
Stokys,    Matthew,    Registrary    of    Cambridge    University, 

1514-1.591 
Stone,  Alfred,  musician,  1878 
Stone,  Andrew,  sub-governor  to  George  III.,  1773 
Stone,  Benjamin,  master  cutler,  fl.  1640 
Stone,  Edmund,  mathematician,  1768 
Stone,  Francis,  divine,  1813 
Stone,  Frank,  painter,  1800-1859 
Stone,  Gilbert,  Canon  of  Wells,  fl.  1400 
Stone,  Henry,  "  Old  Stone,"  painter  and  statuary,  1653 
Stone,  Henry,  architect,  fl.  1820 
Stone,  Jerome,  scholar  and  poet,  1727-1757 
Stone,  Nicholas,  sculptor  and  architect,  1586-1647 
Stone,  Nicholas,  architect,  fl.  1800 
Stone,  Samuel,  Puritan  divine,  fl.  1062 
Stone,  Thomas,  mason,  1681 
Stone,  Thomas,  agricultural  writer,  1815 
Stone,  Willi.am,  Governor  of  Maryland,  1603-1695 
Stoner,  John  Talbot,  Catholic  divine,  1756 
Stonford,  John  de,  judge,  1373* 
Stonhewer,  Richard,  friend  of  Gray,  1809 
Stonhouse,  Sir  James,  religious  writer,  1716-1795 
Stonor,  John  de,  judge,  1354 
Stoop,  Dirck,  or  Peter,  painter  and  etoher,  1686* 
Stopes,  Leonard,  seminary  priest  and  poet,  1538-1586* 
Stopford,  James,  Bishop  of  Cloyne,  1759 
Stopford,  Sir  Robert,  .admiral,  1768-1847 
Stoppelaer,  Herbert,  painter  and  actor,  1772 
Storace,  Anna  Selina,  actress  and  vocalist,  1766-1817 
Storace,  Stephen,  musical  composer,  1763-1796 
Storer,  Anthony  Morris,  wit,  1799 
Storer,  James  Sargent,  engraver,  1782-1854 
Storer,  Thomas,  poet,  1601 
Storks,  Sir   Henry  Knight,   major-general   and    politician, 

1811-1874 
Story,  Edward,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1.503 
Story,  John,  traitor,  1571 
Story,  Robert,  Scottish  writer,  1790-1859 
Story,  Thomas,  Quaker,  1667*- 1 742 
Stothard,  Charles  Alfred,  antiquarian  draughtsrnan,   1780. 

1821 
Stothard,  Thomas,  painter,  1755-1834 
Stoughton,  Israel,  colonist,  1645 
Stoughton,  Robert,  painter,  fl.  1.5.50 
Stovin,  Sir  Frederick,  general,  1783-1865 
Stow,  David,  founder  of  t  he  "  Glasgow  system,"  1793-1S64 
Stow,  James,  engraver,  1770-1824* 
Stow,  John,  historian,  1525*-1605 
Stowe,  William  Henry,  journalist,  1825-1855 
Stowell,  Hugh,  divine,  1799-1865 

(Tb  be  continued.) 


THE  SECONDARY  EDUCATION  COMMISSION. 
In  the  Aihenamm  of  October  21st,  1893,  wo 
referred  to  a  suggestion  made  at  the  Oxford  Con- 
ference on  Education,  by  the  Bishoj)  of  London 
and  others,  that  the  Government  should  be 
asked  to  issue  a  Royal  Commission  on  Secondary 
Education  ;  and  we  summed  up  our  remarks  by 
saying  :  "It  is,  then,  extremely  expedient  that, 
if  there  is  to  be  a  Royal  Commission,  its  work 
should  bo  short,  sharp,  and  decisive."  Tho 
Commission  was  appointed  on  March  2nd, 
1894  ;  it  has  taken  evidence,  deliberated,  and 
presented  its  Report ;  and  the  recommendations 


N"  3549, 


Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


609 


oflfered  by  it  with  a  view  to  legislation  are 
sufficiently  important  to  be  placed  on  record  in 
our  columns. 

It  may  be  stated  in  three  words  that  the 
demand  for  a  Commission,  and  the  claim  put 
forward  by  high  authorities  for  the  intervention 
of  Parliament,  have  been  based  (1)  on  the 
generally  chaotic  state  of  education  in  England, 
above  the  elementary  and  compulsory  age  ; 
(2)  on  the  relative  depression  of  what  may  be 
classed  as  literary  schools,  especially  since  the 
lavish  encouragement  of  technical  instruction  by 
the  Local  Taxation  Act  of  1890  ;  and  (3)  on  the 
growing  confusion  of  grades  which  has  been 
caused  by  the  multiplication  of  higher  -  grade 
schools  under  the  elementary  Boards,  and  of 
organized  science  schools  as  fostered  by  South 
Kensington.  The  distinction  between  secondary 
and  primary  education  is  being  rapidly  lost 
sight  of  ;  primary  school  managers,  and  teachers 
trained  up  to  a  primary  code  and  syllabus,  are 
clearly  not  the  ideally  best  managers  and 
teachers  for  secondary  schools  ;  whilst  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  and  the  County 
Councils,  which  dispense  a  vast  amount  of 
public  money  every  year,  are  so  limited  by  the 
conditions  imposed  upon  them  that,  with  all 
the  good  will  in  the  world,  they  cannot  come  to 
the  assistance  of  any  but  technical  and  science 
schools. 

After  thoroughly  reviewing  the  present  state 
of  things,  and  taking  the  evidence  of  a  large 
number  of  witnesses,  the  Commissioners  recom- 
mend a  series  of  changes  which  in  their  opinion 
are  best  calculated  to  secure  the  coherence 
and  correlation  of  existing  institutions,  without 
sacrificiiig  them  to  the  mere  desire  for  uni- 
formity and  central  control,  A  central  autho- 
rity is,  of  course,  the  crown  of  the  new  system 
suggested  in  the  Report,  but  its  aim  would  be 
rather  to  supervise  than  to  control.  It  "  ought 
to  consist  of  a  department  of  the  executive 
Government,  presided  over  by  a  Minister 
responsible  to  Parliament,  who  would  obviously 
be  the  same  Minister  as  the  one  to  whom  the 
charge  of  elementary  education  is  entrusted." 
To  this  end  the  Education  Department  as  we 
now  have  it  should  be  extended  so  as  to  receive 
the  powers  and  exercise  the  functions  of  the 
Endowed  Schools  Commissioners,  and  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  should  be  absorbed 
into  the  two  sections  of  the  new  Central  Office 
dealing  respectively  with  secondary  and  primary 
education.  Thus  all  control  and  expenditure, 
and  all  purely  administrative  details,  would  be 
combined  under  a  single  authority  ;  whilst  the 
special  judicial  and  professional  functions,  in- 
cluding the  hearing  of  appeals  and  the  main- 
tenance of  a  comprehensive  register  of  teachers, 
should  be  assigned  to  a  new  advisory  body,  to 
be  called  the  Educational  Council,  which  should 
be  independent  of  the  Department,  and  ap- 
pointed as  follows  :  four  by  the  Government, 
four  by  the  Universities  of  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
London,  and  Victoria,  and  four  by  co-optation 
"from  among  experienced  members  of  the 
teaching  profession."  This  Council  is  the  most 
distinctive  feature  of  the  new  scheme,  and  no 
doubt  such  an  authority  would  be  an  effective 
guarantee  for  the  continuity  of  English  educa- 
tion on  its  present  lines. 

One  of  the  first  duties  of  the  central  authority 
would  be  to  assist  in  the  constitution  of  the  new 
local  authorities.  For  these  authorities  the 
county  is  selected  as  the  most  convenient  area, 
and  it  is  proposed  that  the  existing  County 
Councils  should  nominate  a  majority  of  the 
members.  The  size  of  the  local  authorities 
should  vary  from  fourteen  to  forty-two,  accord- 
ing to  the  population  of  the  county.  Taking 
twenty-eight  as  the  number  for  one  of  the  larger 
counties,  it  is  recommended  that  the  County 
Council  should  nominate  sixteen  and  the  Central 
Office  four,  whilst  these  twenty  should  nominate 
the  other  eight,  taking  care  that  "of  the  twelve 
not  chosen  by  the  County  Council,  several  should 
be  taken  from  persons  actually  or  recently  en- 


gaged in  teaching."  It  is  suggested  that  the 
London  secondary  education  authority  should 
be  composed  as  follows :  appointed  by  the 
County  Council,  eighteen  ;  by  the  School  Board, 
seven  ;  by  the  City  and  Guilds  Institute,  two  ; 
by  the  City  Parochial  Charities  Trustees,  two  ; 
by  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
two  ;  by  the  University  of  London,  two  ;  and 
co-opted  by  the  other  members,  nine.  The 
functions  of  the  local  authority  would  be  to 
secure  a  due  provision  of  secondary  instruction  ; 
to  remodel,  where  necessary,  and  supervise  the 
endowed  schools  and  other  educational  endow- 
ments ;  to  "survey  the  field  of  secondary  edu- 
cation with  the  object  of  bringing  proprietary 
and  private  schools  into  the  general  educational 
system,  and  of  endeavouring  to  encourage  and 
facilitate,  so  far  as  this  can  be  done  by  stimulus, 
by  persuasion,  and  by  the  offer  of  privileges  and 
advice,  any  improvements  they  may  be  inclined 
to  introduce";  and  to  administer  such  sums, 
either  arising  from  rates  or  paid  over  from  the 
national  Exchequer,  as  may  be  at  its  disposal. 
The  great  crux  of  any  public  system  of  secondary 
education  will  be  the  equitable  treatment  of  the 
private  schools.  It  is  evident  that  the  Com- 
missioners have  been  anxious  to  remove  the 
misgivings  which  have  been  widely  felt  on  this 
score.  The  local  authorities  would  naturally 
have  to  undertake  the  duties  of  inspection  and 
examination  ;  and  they  would  be  in  a  position 
to  offer  encouragement,  in  the  shape  of  scholar- 
ships and  otherwise,  to  private  schools  which 
submitted  themselves  to  a  test  of  efficiency. 

The  "literary"  as  distinguished  from  the 
technical  schools  could  not  fail  to  profit  con- 
siderably by  such  a  systematization  as  the  Com- 
missioners propose  —  of  course  provided  that 
there  is  no  interference  with  the  initiative  and 
independence  of  the  masters.  At  any  rate,  the 
efficient  schools  would  receive  their  share  of 
material  advancement  from  the  common  edu- 
cation fund,  which  would  be  available  for 
secondary  schools  of  all  types,  and  which  would 
be  made  up  of  (1)  endowments  more  evenly 
distributed  ;  (2)  the  statutory  grants  of  1890  ; 
(3)  local  rates,  now  limited  to  a  penny  in  the 
pound,  which,  the  Commissioners  think,  might 
fairly  be  doubled ;  (4)  scholars'  fees,  which  ought 
not  to  be  remitted,  except  under  the  form  of 
scholarships ;  and  (5)  the  Science  and  Art  grants 
and  the  Education  Department  grants  to  evening 
and  continuation  schools. 

This,  in  mere  outline,  is  the  proposal  of  the 
Commission.  The  Commissioners  claim  in  their 
Report  that  they  have  meddled  as  little  as  possible 
with  existing  agencies.  They  have  "sought  to 
increase  their  usefulness  by  bringing  them  into 
harmonious  relations  with  one  another."  What- 
ever may  be  thought  of  the  wisdom  or  practica- 
bility of  certain  details  of  their  scheme,  it  must 
be  allowed  that  Mr.  Bryce  and  his  fellow  workers, 
including  the  very  authoritative  witnesses,  have 
treated  the  difficult  matter  referred  to  them  with 
statesmanlike  breadth  of  conception,  and  in  a 
manner  which  demands  careful  consideration  by 
competent  j udges.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether 
the  country  is  prepared  for  such  a  sweeping 
change,  and  whether  the  present  Government 
are  alole  or  willing  to  honour  the  draft  of  the 
Commission. 


GRAY'S  WORKS. 

New  York,  Oct.  21,  189o. 

In  your  issue  of  October  5th  we  notice  a 
letter  signed  by  Edmund  Gosse,  in  which  he 
says  : — 

"  An  American  publishing  firm,  of  which  I  know 
absolutely  nothing,  announces  that  it  is  about  to 
issue  ' "  The  Works  of  Thomas  Gray,"  edited  by 
Edmund  Gosse.'  Will  you  allow  me  to  say  that  I 
hear  of  this  enterprise  iirst  from  a  printed  adver- 
tisement ?  " 

The  facts  of  the  matter  are  these. 

The  Worthington  Company  failed  in  1892, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1893  there  was  a  sale  of 
all  their  property,  including  their  plates.  A 
representative  of  this  company  was  present  at 


the  sale,  and  bought  the  plates  of  "  The  Works 
of  Thomas  Gray,  edited  by  Edmund  Gosse,"  at 
auction.  By  the  terms  of  the  sale  all  purchasers 
were  assured  that  no  copyrights  were  infringed, 
and  we  took  it  for  granted  (perhaps  we  were 
careless  in  doing  so,  however)  that  these  works- 
were  published  with  the  consent,  or  at  least 
the  knowledge,  of  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse.  We  are 
exceedingly  sorry  if  he  feels  aggrieved  in  the 
matter  ;  but  it  seems  to  us  that  he  must  have 
been  aware  that  these  works  were  published  by 
the  Worthington  Company,  and  that  the  fact 
has  slipped  from  his  mind. 

Mr.  Gosse  speaks  of  our  company  as  an 
American  publishing  firm  of  which  he  knows 
nothing.  If  he  will  consult  some  of  his  pub- 
lishers in  England,  he  will  find  that  at  the 
present  time  we  are  handling  two  books  recently 
edited  by  him,  'The  Tavern  of  the  Three 
Virtues  '  and  '  Undine.' 

Mr,  Gosse  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Critic, 
which  was  referred  to  us.  We  have  written  to 
him  in  the  matter,  and  shall  send  him  a  set  of 
this  new  edition  of  '  The  Works  of  Thomas 
Gray '  as  soon  as  they  come  from  the  binders, 
and  we  think  that  he  will  then  admit  that  they 
were  edited  by  him  as  announced. 

George  F.  Foster, 
Treasurer  Frederick  A,  Stokes  Company. 


Hiterarp  Gossip. 

Messrs,  Blackwood  will  publish  the 
biography  of  Sir  Samuel  Ferguson  by  his 
widow,  Lady  Ferguson. 

Mr,  Emmaxuel  Lasker,  the  chess  cham- 
pion, has  written  a  book  on  *  Common 
Sense  in  Chess,'  which  Mr,  George  Red  way 
is  about  to  bring  out. 

The  new  building  fund  of  the  London 
Library  is  growing  apace.  Nearly  3,000^, 
of  the  total  amount  of  5,000/,  have  been 
raised  since  the  annual  meeting  in  May  last. 
Mr.  James  Crossley  Eno  has  just  contri- 
buted 500/.  The  total  membership  of  the 
library  now  reaches  about  2,300,  and  sub- 
scriptions have  been  received  from  more 
than  a  quarter  of  the  number,  so  that  tho 
committee  consider  themselves  sure  of  the 
final  success  of  their  appeal  to  the  members-, 

A  NEW  illustrated  quarterly,  entitled  The 
Savoy,  will  be  published  early  in  December. 
It  will  be  edited  by  Mr,  Arthur 
Symons  and  Mr,  Aubrey  Beardsley,  and  the 
first  two  numbers  will  contain  literary  con- 
tributions by  Mr,  Frank  Harris,  John 
Oliver  Hobbes,  Mr.  G.  Bernard  Shaw,  Mr. 
Frederick  Wedmore,  Miss  Mathilde  Blind, 
Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats,  Mr.  Max  Beerbohm,  Mr. 
D.  S.  MacColl,  Mr.  Havelock  EUis,  Mr. 
Joseph  Pennell,  Signer  Cesare  Lombroso, 
M.  Paul  Verlaine,  Mr,  George  Moore,  and 
the  editors.  Among  the  art  contributors 
will  be  M.  Degas,  M.  Forain,  Mr.  "Will 
Eothenstein,  Mr.  C.  H.  Shannon,  M.  Anque- 
tin,  Mr.  Charles  Conder,  Mr.  Guthrie, 
M.  Lemmen,  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell,  M.  Fritz 
Thaulow,  M.  J.  E.  Blanche,  and  Mr.  Aubrey 
Beardsley,     The  price  wiU  be  half- a- crown. 

Messrs.  Masters  &  Co.  have  in  the  press 
a  volume  of  poetry  (some  of  it  translated 
from  the  modern  Icelandic  poets)  by  Mrs. 
Disney  Leith,  joint  author  of  '  The  Chil- 
dren of  the  Chapel,'  a  book  much  sought 
after  by  collectors  of  Mr.  Swinburne's  works. 

The  next  novel  to  appear  in  Messrs. 
Hutchinson  &  Co.'s  "  Zeit-Geist  .Library" 
will  be  by  Mr.  Julian  Sturgis. 

The  Cambridge  Press  has  undertaken  the 
larger  edition  of  the  Septuagint  for  which 


610 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'>3549,  Nov.  2, '95 


the  Manual  Edition,  recently  prepared  by 
Dr.  Swete,  was  meant  to  be  preparatory. 
It  is  intended  to  reproduce  the  text  printed 
in  the  Manual  Edition  with  as  f  uU  a  critical 
apparatus  as  can  be  contained  in  a  work  of 
reasonable  size.  The  readings  of  the  extant 
uncials  will  be  given,  together  with  those 
of  a  certain  number  of  cursives,  selected, 
after  careful  investigation,  with  the  view  of 
representing  the  different  types  of  text. 
The  evidence  of  the  Old  Latin,  Egyptian, 
Syro-Hexaplar,  and  Armenian  versions,  and 
of  the  quotations  in  Philo,  Josephus,  and 
the  most  important  fathers  will  be  included. 
The  editors  are  the  Eev.  A.  E.  Brooke, 
Fellow  of  King's  College,  and  Mr.  McLean, 
Fellow  of  Christ's  CoUege.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  Octateuch,  which  will  form  the  first 
volume,  may  be  issued  in  about  five  years. 

The  Eoyal  Historical  Society  announces 
for  the  coming  session  several  papers  which 
have  special  reference  to  early  parliamentary 
history,  in  connexion  with  the  six  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  meeting  of  a  representa- 
tive Parliament  on  the  27th  of  November, 
1295.  Thus  Mr.  Hubert  HaU  wiU  read  a 
paper  on  '  The  First  Parliament  Poll,'  whilst 
Mr.  A.  Hughes,  of  the  Record  Office,  and 
Mr.  J.  P.  Wallis,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
*  State  Trials,'  will  read  papers  on  'The 
Parliament  of  Lincoln '  and  '  The  Origins 
of  Parliamentary  Institutions  in  America ' 
respectively. 

Other  important  papers  arranged  for 
dviring  the  session  will  be  read  by  Prof. 
Tout  on  '  The  Aquitanian  Policy  of  Ed- 
ward I.';  by  Dr.  F.  Salomon,  of  Leipzig, 
on 'The  Foreign  Policy  of  William  Pitt'; 
and  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Maiden  on  '  Shakespeare 
as  an  Historian.'  A  new  volume  of  Tratis- 
admis  will  shortly  be  issued,  containing 
some  original  papers  on  economic  subjects 
and  a  cui-ious  narrative  of  travel  in  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  by  a  German  noble  in  the 
years  1584  and  1585. 

The  ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Scottish 
History  Society  was  held  in  Edinburgh  on 
Tuesday,  the  29th  ult.,  the  President,  the  Earl 
of  Eosebery,  in  the  chair.     Two  volumes  of 
the  '  Lyon  in  Mourning :  Forbes's  Memorials 
of  the  1745  '   have  just  been  issued.     The 
third  volume,  which  is  in  progress,  will,  it 
is   expec.;ed,  contain  an   historical   memoir 
on   the   subject  by  Lord    Eosebery.     Mr. 
C.  H.  Firth  has  in  preparation  a  volume  of 
documents  to  be  entitled  '  Scotland  under 
the   Protectorate,'    in   continuation    of    his 
*  Scotland  under  the  Commonwealth.'     Mr. 
J.   Gr.    Fotheringham    is    to     edit    for   the 
Society   the    correspondence    of    Montreuil 
with  Cardinal  Mazarin  and  others  on  Scot- 
tish afiairs  in  1615-8,  from  the  originals  in 
the  French  Foreign  Office.     The  first  portion 
of  these  letters  relates  to  the  ambassador's 
negotiations  which  led  to  Charles  putting  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  the  Scots  army. 
The  second  portion  consists    of  despatches 
from  Edinburgh  written  by  Montreuil  when 
he  was  accredited  as  French  Minister  to  the 
Scottish  Government.  The  Society  have  also 
in  view   the   publication   of    a   number  of 
documents  concerning  the  rebellions  of '15 
and  '45,  and  other  pai)er3  which  have  been 
placed  at  their  disposal  by  the  Lord  Provost 
and  magistrates  of  the  city  of  Perth. 

Mil.  W.  EouEUTs,  whoso  '  Book-hunter  in 
London'    was  issued   on    Monday  last,   is 


preparing  a  work  on  '  The  Private  Libraries 
of  London,'  and  will  be  glad  to  receive  any 
information  respecting  collections  of  a  special 
character.  Communications  may  be  sent 
to  him  at  86,  Grosvenor  Eoad,  S.W.  The 
proposed  work  will  contain  portraits,  views 
of  library  interiors,  and  so  forth. 

The  second  part  of  the  '  Mediaeval  Jewish 
Chronicles,'  edited  by  Dr.  A.  Neubauer,  will 
appear  in  the  course  of  November.  It  wiU 
contain,  amongst  others,  an  unknown  and 
unique  history  of  the  Jews  in  South  Italy 
in  the  ninth  century,  and  of  the  invasion 
of  that  country  by  the  Saracens,  from  a  MS. 
in  the  Cathedral  Library  of  Toledo ;  a 
Judceo-Arabic  chronicle  from  the  Creation  to 
1100  A. D., probably  writtenin  Egypt,  acquired 
lately  by  the  Bodleian  Library ;  and  the 
diary  of  the  famous  David  of  the  tribe  of 
Eeuben,  who  visited  the  Pope  and  the  King 
of  Portugal  in  1524.  There  is  an  index  of 
proper  names  for  the  two  parts. 

According  to  the  twenty-second  annual 
report  on  the  Cambridge  University  Exten- 
sion Lectures,  the  special  feature  of  the 
year's  work  has  been  the  recasting  and 
enlargement  of  the  scheme  of  certificates. 
They  have  decided  to  appeal  for  funds  to 
enable  them  to  establish  superintendent 
lecturers  to  take  charge  of  particular  dis- 
tricts. Successful  work  has  been  carried 
on  in  connexion  with  the  Norfolk  Count}' 
Council  in  the  preparation  of  teachers  of 
elementary  schools  for  evening  classes  in 
science  subjects,  and  the  Syndics  believe  it 
is  in  this  direction  rather  than  by  the  pro- 
vision of  ordinary  technical  courses  for 
rural  audiences  that  they  can  now  best  aid 
the  County  Councils.  The  secretary,  Dr. 
Eoberts,  in  a  special  report  appended  to  that 
of  the  Syndicate,  sketches  a  large,  but  viewy 
scheme  of  expansion  and  development. 

Messrs.  Sjiith,  Elder  &  Co.  will  publish 
towards  the  end  of  this  month,  in  one-volume 
form,  a  new  novel  by  Sarah  Tytler,  author 
of  '  Citoyenne  Jacqueline,'  &c.,  entitled 
'  Kincaid's  Widow.' 

Lord  Eussell's  proposition  that  a  royal 
charter  should  be  obtained  to  establish  a 
school  of  law,  to  be  called  "  The  Inns  of 
Court  School  of  Law,"  has  not  been  received 
with  enthusiasm  by  the  various  Inns.  The 
advice  of  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  is  that 
the  Inns  themselves  should  seek  a  charter 
for  the  creation  of  a  permanent  academic 
school  which  should  be  governed  inde- 
pendently of  themselves.  Would  not  Lord 
Eussell  be  more  likely  to  secure  his  object 
by  promoting  the  new  London  University, 
the  scheme  of  which  already  provides  for 
such  a  teaching  faculty  as  he  desires  to  see '? 
Dr.  Masson  is  to  receive  a  testimonial 
from  his  friends  and  admirers  on  the  occa- 
sion of  his  retiring  from  the  Edinburgh 
Chair  of  Ehetoric.  The  emeritus-professor 
presided  on  Wednesday  at  a  lecture  by 
Prof.  Seth  on  Keats. 

Prof.  Hardie  and  Prof.  Saintsbury  have 
both  printed  their  inaugural  addresses  at 
Edinburgh.  Prefixed  to  Mr.  Hardio's  is  a 
valedictory  poem  "Ad  Gra>ciam  Scrip- 
torosque  Graicos,"  in  which  he  bids  adieu 
to  his  Oxford  associates  on  exchanging 
Hellas  for  an  Ausonian  homo.  His  first 
extra-academic  lecture  was  one  to  the  Celtic 
Society  on  '  The  Vein  of  Eomance  in  Classical 
Literature. , 


The  foundation  deeds  of  Cowbridge 
Grammar  School,  which  one  would  naturally 
imagine  to  be  among  the  archives  of  Jesus 
College,  appear  to  have  gone  astray.  The 
governors  are  not  able  to  lay  their  hands 
upon  them,  and  in  their  absence  there  seems 
to  be  a  difficulty  in  proving  the  distinct 
original  Church  character  of  the  school. 
Such  proof  is  necessary,  under  the  Welsh 
Act  of  1889,  in  order  to  retain  power  to 
teach  the  Church  catechism  and  formularies 
under  the  new  Intermediate  system. 

A  statement  was  drawn  up  some  time 
ago  and  privately  circulated  at  St.  Andrews, 
placing  on  record  the  exact  position  of 
affairs  between  the  University  and  the 
Dundee  CoUege.  According  to  this  paper, 
which  is  understood  to  represent  the  views 
of  a  large  majority  of  the  Senate,  the 
real  obstacle  in  the  way  of  an  agreement  is 
that  St.  Andrews  is  not  prepared  for  any- 
thing short  of  an  incorporating  union, 
whilst  the  authorities  of  University  College, 
Dundee,  though  they  have  already  consented 
to  some  of  the  changes  which  would  be  neces- 
sary in  that  case,  cannot  see  their  way  to 
give  the  University  Court  the  control  of  their 
finances  and  the  nomination  to  their  chairs. 

A  NEW  romance  by  Prof.  Georg  Ebers 
is  announced  for  publication  at  Stuttgart 
during  November,  named  '  Im  blauen 
Hecht.'  The  period  of  the  story  is  the  age 
of  the  sixteenth  century  humanism. 

Tide  Tide  for  1895  will  contain  a  complete 
novel  by  "  Q."  A  Christmas  Annual  is  to 
appear  at  Cambridge. 

In  celebration  of  the  hundredth  return  of 
his  birthday,  December  21st,  1895,  it  is 
proposed  to  erect  a  monument  to  the  his- 
torian Leopold  von  Eanke  in  his  native 
town  of  Wiehe,  in  Thuringia. 

The  "private  university"  of  Vienna, 
exclusively  to  be  devoted,  as  we  mentioned 
about  two  months  ago,  to  the  instruction 
of  women,  was  opened  on  October  15th, 
when  Prof,  von  Berger  delivered  the  in- 
augural address. 

Mrs.  Alfred  Marks  writes : — 

' '  Fraternity  is  not  adequately  described  as 
'  an  Afro-Negro  journal '  (surely  a  misprint  for 
Afro-American  1).  It  has  a  wider  aim,  viz., 
the  interests  of  all  the  varied  races  and  less- 
privileged  classes  which  compose  the  British 
empire.  It  goes  without  saying  that  it  is  the 
friend  of  the  negro  race,  whether  in  Africa  or 
America.  Fraternity,  however,  is  but  the 
organ  of  the  International  Society  for  the 
Recognition  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Man,  which 
was  inaugurated  in  Aberdeen,  in  April,  1893, 
by  Mrs.  Fy  vie -Mayo.  Its  council  already  com- 
prises men  and  women  of  all  countries,  creeds, 
and  classes." 

The  central  committee  of  the  Comenius 
Gesellschaft  in  Berlin  resolved  at  its  late 
meeting  to  publish  in  1896  a  series  of  the 
scientific  works  of  Comenius. 

A  Public  Schools  and  Universities  Asso- 
ciation has  been  formed  in  New  York,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  clubs  there,  and  in 
Chicago,  San  Francisco,  and  Toronto,  mem- 
bership of  which  is  to  be  confined  to  British 
public-school  and  university  men. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Miss  Knatch- 
bull  Hugessen,  whose  Christmas  stories  may 
bo  remembered. 

An  interesting  Goethe  Museum  on  a  small 
scale  has  boen  founded  at  the  village  of 


N"  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


611 


Sesenheim,  famous  through  the  idyl  played 
there  between  the  student  Goethe  and 
the  pastor's  daughter  Friederike  Brion. 
Among  the  principal  promoters  of  the 
museum — which  consists  of  a  collection  of 
all  the  "  documents  "  relating  to  the  charm- 
ing love  episode,  of  autographs,  portraits, 
souvenirs,  &c. — were  a  descendant  of  the 
Brion  family  and  the  Stiftsdame  Ulrike  von 
Levezow.  The  latter,  who  is  now  in  her 
ninety-second  year,  had  in  the  years  1822 
and  1823,  when  she  visited  with  her  mother 
Carlsbad  and  Marienbad,  inspired  in  the 
septuagenarian  poet  such  a  passion  that  he 
dedicated  to  her  in  1823  his  famous  elegy 
in  the  cycle  '  Trilogie  der  Leidenschaft.' 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  this  week 
likely  to  be  of  interest  to  our  readers  is  one 
containing  Appendices  to  the  Report  on 
Public  Eecords,  Ireland,  for  1893-4  (4s.  4d.). 

SCIENCE 


Civil    Engineering   Series.  —  Principles    and 
Practice  of  Harbour  Construction.    By  Wil- 
liam Shield.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 
The  design  of  breakwaters  for  the  forma- 
tion of  sheltered  harbours  does  not  depend, 
like   the   construction   of   bridges  or  roofs, 
upon  measurable  stresses,  subject  to  known 
laws,    but    has    to    provide    against    the 
variable  forces   of  winds  and   waves,  and 
the    changeable    nature   of    the   sea-coast. 
Accordingly  a  harbour  engineer  requires  to 
ascertain  the  force,  duration,  and  period  of 
occurrence  of  the  winds  to  which  the  site  he 
proposes  to  protect  may  be  exposed  ;  he  has 
to  investigate    the   local   conditions  which 
determine  the  possible  size  and  force  of  the 
"waves  which  may  beat  upon  the  coast ;  and 
he  must  note  the  direction  and  extent  of  the 
travel  of   sand  or  shingle  along  the  shore 
imder  the  action  of  the  waves,  and  any  ten- 
dency to  erosion  or  silting  up  near  the  site. 
He  has  also  to  be  largely  guided  by  the 
results    of   previous    sea  works   in   various 
localities,  after   making  due  allowance  for 
differences  in  the  relative  conditions.      The 
fetch,  or  the  distance  along  which  the  wind 
can  blow  over  an  unbroken  stretch  of  sea, 
the  depth  of  the  sea  near  the  coast,  and  the 
force  and  permanence  of  the  wind  furnish 
the  best  indications  of  the  probable  power 
of  the  waves  at  any  particular  spot.     The 
tidal  range    also,  which   varies   greatly   in 
different  localities,  forms  an  important  con- 
sideration  in  the   design   of   breakwaters ; 
for   whilst,    if    the   tidal    range    be   large, 
masonry  or  concrete  work  can  be  laid  at  a 
low  level  out  of  water  during  low  tide,  it 
exposes   a  considerable  height  of  the  sea 
face   of  the  breakwater  to  the   action    of 
breaking  waves,  owing  to  the  varying  level 
of  the  sea  ;  and  it  necessitates  an  increased 
height  of  breakwater,  corresponding  to  the 
maximum  range,   to  ensure  the  shelter  of 
the  harbour  at  high  water.     A  large  tidal 
rise,  moreover,  combined  with  a  contracted 
channel  through  which  the  tide  flows  to  fill 
a  large  expanse,  produces  strong  tidal  cur- 
rents, which  increase  the  difficulty  of  carry- 
ing out  works,  and  are  liable  under  certain 
conditions  to  create  a  dangerous  breaking 
sea.     On  the  other  hand,  a  good  tidal  rise 
may  render  a  harbour  readily  accessible  at 
high  water,  which  would  otherwise  possess 
inadequate  depth. 


As  the  above  matters  provide  the  most 
trustworthy  guidance  in  the  selection  of  a 
site  for  a  harbour,  and  in  determining  the 
form  and  dimensions  that  should  be  adopted 
for  breakwaters,  Mr.  Shield  has  wisely  de- 
voted the  first  five  chapters  of  his  book  to 
the  consideration  of  wind,  waves,  tides,  cur- 
rents, fetch,  exposure,  and  wave-power ; 
and  he  has  also  collected  the  results  of 
experience  and  observation  at  numerous 
ports  and  various  stations  on  the  sea-coast, 
with  reference  to  the  above  subjects  and 
also  sea  works,  many  of  which  and  of  the 
drawings  illustrating  the  book  have  been 
gathered  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  and  previously  pub- 
lished books  on  the  meteorology  of  the  sea, 
tides,  and  harbour  construction. 

Chapters  on  quarrying  and  materials  pre- 
cede the  consideration  of  the  design  and 
construction  of  harbours  ;  and  of  the  various 
materials  referred  to,  employed  for  struc- 
tures in  the  sea,  Portland  cement  and  the 
concrete  formed  with  it  are  of  most  interest 
to  maritime  engineers,  for  the  adoption  of 
Portland  cement,  of  the  best  quality  and 
very  finely  ground,  has  enabled  huge  con- 
crete blocks,  concrete  in  bags,  and  concrete 
in  mass  to  be  used  safely  in  the  construction 
of  breakwaters  —  even  under  water  with 
special  precautions.  Concrete,  accordingly, 
has  in  great  measure  taken  the  place  of 
dressed  stone  in  the  construction  of  break- 
waters, and  has  enabled  harbours  to  be 
economically  formed  where  no  suitable 
materials  beyond  sand  and  shingle  are 
available. 

Three  chapters  relate  to  the  design  of 
harbours,  and  one  to  the  various  types  of 
breakwaters ;  but  as  this  latter  chapter 
(the  most  important  in  the  book)  extends 
over  fifty  pages,  and  the  other  three 
together  occupy  only  thirty-three  pages 
(one  of  them  containing  barely  four  pages, 
nearly  half  filled  with  extracts),  it  is  clear 
that  a  better  subdivision  of  the  matter 
might  have  been  arranged.  The  plan  and 
extent  of  a  harbour  are  determined  by  naval 
or  mercantile  requirements,  by  the  local 
surroundings  of  the  site  selected,  and  by  the 
funds  available.  In  some  cases  the  form 
of  the  coast-line  provides  considerable 
natural  shelter,  which  only  has  to  be  com- 
pleted by  the  construction  of  a  breakwater 
across  the  exposed  side,  with  an  entrance 
at  each  end,  as  at  Plymouth,  Cherbourg, 
and  Portland  ;  in  other  cases  shelter  from 
the  worst  storms  is  provided  by  a  single 
breakwater  extending  out  from  the  shore, 
as  at  Dover,  Newhaven,  and  Colombo ; 
whilst  occasionally  ample  shelter  has  to  be 
secured,  on  a  fully  exposed  coast,  by  break- 
waters enclosing  an  adequate  area,  of  which 
Tynemouth,  Ymuiden,  Marseilles,  and 
Madras  harbours  are  instances.  Con- 
siderable encouragement  has  recently  been 
awarded  to  the  establishment  at  suitable 
points  along  the  British  coast  of  fishery  har- 
bours, to  provide  places  of  access  and  refuge 
for  the  fishing  boats,  in  which  the  natural 
partial  shelter  of  the  sites  generally  chosen 
for  fishing  stations  has  to  be  improved  and 
extended  by  small  solid  piers  at  a  moderate 
outlay. 

The  author  classes  breakwaters  under  the 
vertical  and  mound  types,  though  a  com- 
bination of  the  two  constitutes  the  most 
common  form  of  breakwater ;  and  he  enu- 


merates seven  different  kinds  of  the   first 
type  and  two  of  the  second.  Vertical  break- 
waters   may   be  built    of   timber    framing 
filled  with  rubble,  outer  walls  of  masonry 
or  concrete    blocks   with    rubble   hearting^ 
concrete  blocks  in  horizontal  courses,  con- 
crete in  mass  deposited  within  frames,  con- 
crete in  mass  resting  upon  a  foundation  of 
concrete  bags  raised  to  low  water,  concrete 
blocks  in  sloping  courses,  or,  lastly,  any  one 
of  the  foregoing  with  the  addition  of  a  wave- 
breaker  of  concrete  blocks  on  the  outer  side. 
Mound    breakwaters    are    composed    of    a 
mound  of  rubble  stone  deposited  at  random 
in  the  sea,  or  of  a  mound  of  concrete  blocks^ 
to  which  should  be  added  a  rubble  mound 
protected  on  the  top  and  its  exposed  slope  by 
large  concrete  blocks.     The  type  of  break- 
water must  depend  on  the  conditions  of  the 
site  and  the  materials  available.     The  early 
breakwaters  of   Cherbourg   and  Plymouth 
were  composed  of  a  mound  of  rubble,  pro- 
cured   in     abundance    from    neighbouring 
quarries,  and  deposited  from  barges  ;    but 
the    objections     to     this    system    are    the 
quantity    of     material     required    in    deep 
water  in  an  exposed  site,  the  large  space 
occupied  by  the  mound,   and  the  liability 
of  the  sea  face  of  the  mound  to  disturbance 
by  waves,  especially  when  there  is  a  large 
tidal  variation  in  level.  At  Port  Said,  where 
stone  is  scarce,  the  volume  and  extent  of 
the    mound    have    been   reduced,    and    its 
stability  increased,  by  the  use  of  concrete 
blocks ;  and  at  Algiers  and  Alexandria  the 
rubble  mound  is  faced  on  the  sea  side  by 
concrete     blocks.      "Where    the     depth    is 
moderate   and   the  bottom  firm,  a  vertical 
breakwater  is  adopted  with  advantage,  com- 
posed of   a  concrete   bag-work   foundation 
and  concrete  in  mass  above  low  water,   a 
system  resorted  to  at  the  Aberdeen,  New- 
haven,  and  Fraserburgh  breakwaters.     The 
cost   of    the  plant   for  depositing  concrete 
bags  precludes  their   use  in    small  works, 
which    are,  therefore,    built    up   from   the 
bottom   with    concrete   in    mass    deposited 
within  framing.     Where  the  bottom  is  soft 
or  the  depth  considerable,  a  base  of  rubble 
or  concrete  blocks  has  to  be  formed,  upon 
which  a  vertical  breakwater  can  be  built ; 
and  in  large  works  this  upper  breakwater 
is  now  generally  formed  of  sloping  rows  of 
large  concrete  blocks  deposited  by  a  huge 
overhanging  travelling  crane,  or  "  Titan," 
resting  upon  the  portion  already  built,  of 
which  the  Madras,  Colombo,  and  Mormugao 
breakwaters  furnish  examples.     Moreover, 
the  upper  vertical  breakwaters  at  Ymuiden, 
Madras,   and    Mormugao    have   been    pro- 
tected on  the  sea  face  by  a  wave-breaker  of 
concrete  blocks.     Sections    of  the  principal 
forms  of  breakwaters  illustrate  the  chapter 
on  "Various  Types  of  Breakwaters";   and 
a  table  at  the  end  of  the  chapter  gives  the 
form,   conditions  of  site,  rate  of  progress, 
and  cost  of  construction  and  maintenance  of 
twenty-eight  breakwaters  on  the  coasts  of 
Great  Britain  and  abroad.     In  a  subsequent 
chapter  on  "The  Methods  of  constructing 
Breakwaters, "the  staging.barges,  and  block- 
setting  machines  employed  are  described  and 
illustrated ;  and  in  another  chapter  on  float- 
ing breakwaters  the  author    expresses  the 
opinion  that  such  structures  cannot  be  made 
really   efficient,    a    statement   which   is    in 
accordance  with  the  views   of  some  of  the 
most  experienced  harbour  engineers. 


612 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3549,  Nov.  2, '95 


The  book  contains  a  considerable  amount 
of  information  relating  to  meteorology,  the 
sea,  the  coast,  and  the  construction  of 
harbours,  which  has  been  arranged  sys- 
tematically, and  will  be  serviceable  both  to 
students  and  harbour  engineers.  Search, 
however,  will  be  made  in  vain  for  plans  of 
some  of  the  most  noted  and  typical  har- 
bours, as  a  plan  of  the  old  harbour  of  Peter- 
head is  the  only  one  inserted  in  the  book. 
The  matter,  moreover,  is  unfortunately 
broken  up  into  a  number  of  very  short 
paragraphs,  in  a  meaningless  and  some- 
what distracting  manner,  without  the 
slightest  regard  to  the  connexion  of  the 
subjects  under  discussion,  adding,  indeed, 
to  the  apparent  length,  but  imparting  to 
the  book  a  fragmentary  appearance,  and  an 
impression  of  discontinuity,  which  judicious 
editing  should  have  removed.  Nevertheless, 
these  are  only  minor  defects  in  a  book  which 
contains  much  to  commend  it  to  engineers  ; 
it  is  written  in  a  clear  style  by  an  en- 
gineer who  has  gained  experience  at  Port 
Elizabeth  and  Peterhead  Harbour ;  and  it 
is  decidedly  the  best  book  of  the  series  that 
has  hitherto  been  published. 


DR.    ROBERT   BROWN. 


We  have  to  mourn  the  loss  of  a.  valuable  con- 
tributor in  Dr.  Robert  Brown,  who  died  early 
on  the  morning  of  last  Saturday  at  his  house  at 
Streatham,  at  the  early  age  of  fifty-three.  He 
studied  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  also 
at  Leyden,  Copenhagen,  and  Rostock.  In  1861 
lie  made  his  first  Arctic  voyage,  and  between  1863 
and  1866  he  was  busily  employed  as  botanist  of 
the  British  Columbia  Expedition  and  commander 
of  the  Vancouver  Island  Exploring  Expedition, 
and  the  results  of  his  researches  are  recorded 
in  numerous  memoirs  and  volumes  in  English, 
German,  and  Danish.  In  1867  he  visited 
Greenland  for  the  second  time,  and  afterwards 
he  travelled  in  the  Barbary  States.  He  lectured 
on  geology,  botany,  or  zoology  in  various  insti- 
tutions in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  but  in  1876 
he  came  to  London,  and  became  a  contributor 
to  the  Standard  and  to  this  journal.  For 
Messrs.  Cassell  he  edited  sundry  popular  works  : 
'Countries  of  the  World,'  'Our  Earth  and  its 
Story,'  and  'Peoples  of  the  World.'  At  the 
time  of  his  decease  he  was  busy  in  preparing 
a  translation  of  Leo  Africanus  for  the 
Hakluyt  Society. 


Physical.  5.—'  The  Magnetic  Field  of  any  Cylindrical  Coil  or 
Plane  Circuit,'  Mr  W.  H  Everett;  'The  Latent  Heat  of  the 
Volatilization  of  Benzene,'  Mr.  Griffiths  and  Miss  Marshall; 
'  Comparison  of  Latent  Heats  of  Volatilization,"  Prof.  Kamsay 
and  Miss  Marshall. 


SOCIETIES. 


Physical.— Cc^.  25.— Mr.  W.  Baily,  V.P.,  in  the 
uhair. — Prof.  J.  Perry  read  a  paper  by  himself  and 
Mr.  H.  F.  Hunt '  On  the  Development  of  Arbitrary 
Functions.' — Mr.  F.  W.  Lanchester  read  a  paper  '  On 
the  Radial  Cursor,  a  New  Addition  to  the  Slide 
Rule.'  

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Mo».     Hellenic,  5  — '  The  Enneakrounoa  Question,'  Miss  J.  Harrison. 

—  Koyal  Institution,  .5  —General  Monthly. 

—  Eoeioeers,  7J— 'The  Effect  of    Strain  on  Ilailway  Axles  and 

the  Minimum  Flexion   Kcsistance   Point   in  Axles,'  Mr.  T. 
Andrews. 

—  Koyal  Academy,  8 —' Anatomy,' Mr.  W  Anderson. 

—  Aristotelian,  8  —The  President's  Inaugural  Address,  'Time  as 

an  Appearance  ' 

—  Institute  of  liriiish  Architects,  8.— The  President's  Opening 

Address. 
Tuia.     lilblical  Archaology,    8.— 'Deuteronomy  xxxiii ,'  llev.  C.  J. 

Kail. 
Wed.     Archaeological  Institute,  4  — '  Garlands,'  Mr.  E.  Peacock  ;  'Signs 

of  Old  Fleet  Street,'  Mr.  F  C  H.  Price 

—  Geological,  8  — "J'hc  Serpentine,  Gneissoid,  and  Homblcndic 

Kocks  of  the  Lizard   iHstrict,'  Prof.  T.  G    lionney  ;    'The 
"KchiBtenlustrf^s"  of  Mont  Jovet  (Savoy),'  Dr.  J.  W.  Gregory. 

—  Entomological,  8 —' Notes  on    Pupae:    Orneodes,   Epcrmonia, 

Chrysocorys,  and  I'tcrophorus,'  Ur,  T  A.  Chapman. 

—  lirltish     Archanloglcal    Association,    8  — 'The     Frescoes    in 

Ashampstead  Church,  Iterks,'  Uev.  V.  H.  Moyle  ;  '  Findlalcr 
Castle,  iianHshire,'  Mr.  J,  Huie. 
Till  BS.  Itoyal  Academy,  8  -'Anatomy,'  Mr  W  Anderson. 

—  Chemical,  8  — "IcmpcratureB    of  Flames    and    the  Acetylene 

Theory  of  Luminosity,'  Prof  Hmithells;  'Action  of  Acidic 
Oxides  on  Salts  of  Ilydroxy-Acids,'  Prof  G  G  Henderson 
and  Mr  1>  Prentice;  'Sodium  Nitrososulphate  and  the  Con- 
Htltutlon  of  Nitrososulphates,'  Profs  Divers  and  Haga. 
I.inncan,  H  -■  Mimicry  In  llutlerdlos  of  the  (;enus  llypo- 
Iminas.  Hnbn  ,'  Col  Swinhoe  ,  'A  Kcviston  of  the  Genus 
J,"'.',  'i, "'="''' ■'  •*■■  ''•  *■■  **•  Elliot;  'An  Account  of  the 
Jiutterflies  of  the  Genus  Charaxcs,  Ochs  ,'  Dr.  A  G.  liutler. 


Mes.srs.  Henry  Sotheran  &  Co.  have  in 
the  press  a  new  work  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Millais, 
author  of  'Game  Birds  and  Shooting  Sketches,' 
&c.,  giving  an  account  of  sport  and  natural 
history  in  Southern  Africa.  Sir  John  Millais 
will  contribute  a  frontispiece. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  been  nominated 
to  serve  on  the  Council  of  the  London  Mathe- 
matical Society  during  the  ensuing  session  : 
President,  Major  Macmahon,  R.A.;  Vice-Pre- 
sidents, Messrs.  M.  J,  M,  Hill,  M.  Jenkins, 
and  A.  B.  Kempe  ;  Treasurer,  Dr.  J.  Larmor  ; 
Hon.  Sees.,  Messrs.  R.  Tucker  and  A.  E.  H. 
Love  ;  other  Members,  Messrs.  Baker,  Bryan, 
Cunningham, Elliott,  Glaisher,Greenhill,Hobson, 
Hudson,  and  F.  S.  Macaulay.  On  the  retirement 
of  Mr.  H.  M.  Bon  pas  (November  20th,  1865), 
Mr.  Jenkins  was  requested  to  act  as  temporary 
secretary,  and  at  the  following  annual  meeting 
(January  15th,  1866)  he  and  the  late  Mr.  G.  C. 
de  Morgan  were  elected  secretaries.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  he  now  closes  thirty  years  of 
service,  which  are  almost  conterminous  with  the 
years  of  the  Society,  which  held  its  first  meeting 
on  January  16th,  1865, 

The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest 
western  elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  night  of 
the  10th  inst.,  and  will,  therefore,  about  that 
time  be  visible  before  sunrise,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  constellation  Virgo,  Venus  is  still 
a  morning  star,  passing  during  the  month  from 
Leo  into  Virgo,  about  4°  due  north  of  Spica  on 
the  29th  ;  she  will  be  at  greatest  western 
elongation  from  the  sun  on  that  day.  Mars  is 
also  visible  in  the  morning,  being  situated  in 
the  constellation  Libra  ;  but  he  is  a  faint 
object,  and  will  not  be  well  seen  in  the  northern 
hemisphere  this  year  on  account  of  his  increasing 
southern  declination.  Jupiter  is  in  Cancer, 
rising  now  about  eleven  o'clock,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  month  about  nine  o'clock,  in  the 
evening  ;  he  will  be  in  conjunction  with 
the  moon  on  the  morning  of  the  9th.  Saturn  is 
not  visible  at  present  (being  in  conjunction  with 
the  sun  on  the  2nd),  but  will  become  so  in  the 
early  morning  as  the  month  advances  ;  he  will 
be  in  conjunction  with  Mars  on  the  16th.  No 
planet,  therefore,  will  adorn  the  sky  this  month 
during  the  early  hours  of  the  night,  Jupiter 
only  being  visible  before  midnight  in  any  part 
of  it.  The  moon,  which  is  full  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  2nd,  will  pass  over  a  portion  of  the 
Pleiades  very  early  on  the  morning  of  the  4th, 
The  Leonids,  or  mid-November  meteors,  will  be 
due  on  the  morning  of  the  15th,  but  no  con- 
siderable display  of  them  is  expected  on  this 
occasion.  The  stream  connected  with  the 
defunct  comet  of  Biela  is  somewhat  more  erratic 
in  its  appearances,  and  a  watch  will  be  kept  on 
the  part  of  the  sky  near  its  radiant  point  on  the 
evening  of  the  27th. 

A  NEW  small  planet  was  discovered  by  Prof, 
Max  Wolf  at  Heidelberg  on  the  13th  ult.  This 
is  probably  the  tenth  discovered  in  the  present 
year,  and  raises  the  number  known  to  408. 

FINE    ARTS 


THE   institute   OF   PAINTERS   IN   OIL   COLOURS. 

Taking  the  advice  of  its  friends,  this  society 
has  adopted  the  rule  of  the  Salon,  and  set 
an  example  the  Royal  Academy  will  do  well 
to  follow,  as,  indeed,  many  of  its  Council 
have  repeatedly  urged  it  to  do.  By  refusing 
to  examine,  much  less  to  exhibit,  more  than 
two  works  by  any  outsider,  the  selecting  and 
hanging  committees  of  the  Institute  have  con- 
siderably shortened  as  well  as  simplified  their 
labours.    At   the   same    time  would-be  contri- 


butors have  to  rely  for  admission  upon  their 
best  works,  and  are  consequently  induced  to 
make  them  as  good  as  they  can,  and  the  result 
is  a  much  better  exhibition  than  usual  ; 
pictures  are  seen  to  greater  advantage ;  and, 
what  concerns  critics  as  much  as  the  public, 
instead  of  the  average  six  hundred,  there  are 
fewer  than  five  hundred  on  view.  Further- 
more, it  is  a  distinct  advantage  that  the  reduc- 
tion of  numbers  has  allowed  several  of  the  best 
works  to  be  hung  a  little  apart  from  their  neigh- 
bours. Indeed,  the  uncomfortable  "top  line" 
has  almost  disappeared.  There  are  still  too 
many  pictures,  however,  and  it  would  be  well 
if  next  year  witnessed  the  effects  of  a  self- 
denying  ordinance  on  the  part  of  the  members 
themselves. 

There  being  no  very  marked  differences  in  the 
merits  of  the  noteworthy  pictures  of  figure 
subjects,  we  shall  take  them  in  the  order  of 
the  Catalogue.  Mr.  F.  W.  W.  Topham's  Waiting 
(No.  2)  accordingly  comes  first  under  notice,  but 
it  is  not  by  any  means,  in  our  opinion,  the  finest 
work  in  the  exhibition.  It  is  neat,  pretty  as  a 
whole,  and  more  deftly  as  well  as  correctly 
drawn  and  crisply  touched  than  most  of  the 
artist's  rather  amateurish  works.  —  Although 
broad  and  more  limpid  than  usual,  Mr.  C,  A. 
Smith's  Breakfast  oxer,  Grace  is  said  (8),  can- 
not be  described  as  being  so  crisply  touched  as 
it  ought  to  be,  but  it  exhibits  feeling  for 
character,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  com- 
positions in  the  gallery.  The  pose  of  the  child 
is  exceedingly  good. — The  slovenly,  not  to  say 
coarse  and  "slapdash"  execution  of  Mr.  J,  R. 
Reid's  Love-sick  Poet  (17),  its  forced  and  untrue 
effect  and  lighting,  and  the  absurd  leanness 
of  the  single  figure  will  do  much  to  injure  the 
reputation  of  a  painter  whose  lack  of  technical 
refinements  is  almost  abnormal.  If  the  ex- 
pression of  pathetic  or  poetic  sentiment  was  the 
artist's  aim  in  this  case,  as  may  fairly  be  sup- 
posed, it  is  a  pity  that  he  should  have  produced 
what  is  not  even  sentimental,  but  a  caricature. 
There  is  much  more  merit  in  his  picture  of  a 
street  dancer  and  her  teacher,  called  The  Bread- 
Winner  (317),  although  it  is  made  up  of  com- 
monplace elements,  while  its  execution  is  crude 
and  its  coloration  extremely  artificial  and  coarse. 
The  harshness  and  hotness  of  the  shadows 
are,  for  open  daylight,  at  once  inartistic  and 
incredible. — A  Cigarette  (19),  by  Mr.  C,  Kerr, 
representing  a  plump  young  woman  reclining 
on  a  couch  and  smoking,  has  many  respectable 
points  about  it,  among  which  the  expression  of 
the  damsel  is  not  to  be  counted,  unless,  indeed, 
we  should  understand  that  the  tobacco  is 
becoming  "  too  much  "  for  her. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Egley  is  fortunate  in  the  expres- 
sion, brightness,  and  firm  handling  of  the  figure 
in  Absence  makes  the  Heart  grow  Fonder  (50). 
It  is,  nevertheless,  somewhat  hard  and  metallic. 
— In  Handy  Pandy,  which  Hand  ivill  You  Have  ? 
(55)  Miss  E.  Hayllar  has  painted  brightly  and 
carefully,  and  treated  an  interior  light  truly  ; 
her  figures  of  a  playful  child  and  an  elderly 
gentleman  are  good  and  spirited,  more  espe- 
cially the  former.  Unluckily,  the  execution  is 
over-defined,  while  the  colours  want  massing 
and  breadth. — The  spirited  sketch  of  a  tiger 
crouching  in  a  wood  which  Mr.  Nettleship 
calls  Watchfxd  (57)  is  his  most  successful  con- 
tribution to  this  exhibition  ;  but  we  have  seen 
much  better  work  of  his,  and  it  is  a  pity 
that  here,  as  elsewhere,  faulty  taste  permits 
him  to  design  melodramatically  the  wild 
beasts  he  paints  so  well.  —  Mr.  L.  Calkin's 
A  Sad  Story  (73)  tells  its  tale  with  spirit  and 
pathos,  but  his  execution  is  loose,  and  his  touch 
is  decidedly  heavier  than  itshould  be. — Although 
more  heavily  touched  and  more  painty  than 
his  work  usually  is,  Mr.  Haynes-Williams's 
Romance  (100),  a  capital  design  of  a  lover 
reading  to  his  mistress  and  her  friend,  is 
extremely  pleasing  and  clever ;  the  Georgian 
costumes  and  the  picturesijuo  garden  and 
fountain   are    in    the    artist's    best    vein,   and 


N*'  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


613 


just  what  they  ought  to  be,  barring  a 
slight  opacity  and  chalkiness  which  are  the 
usual  defects  of  the  scene-painter's  art.  The 
Governess  (405),  one  of  Mr.  Williams's  plump 
and  rosy  damsels  in  a  white  frock,  left  out  in  the 
cold  during  her  employer's  garden  party,  we  have 
already  described.  Suffice  it  now  to  say  that  it 
is  a  capital  example  of  the  painter's  method 
and  manner,  while  its  subject  is  perhaps  the 
least  happy  that  he  has  ever  chosen.  —  Mr. 
M.  C.  Tayler,  in  his  life-size,  three-quarters- 
length  figure  of  Mrs.  Venables  (118),  has  not 
made  the  best  of  a  difficult,  not  to  say  un- 
promising task.  To  dress  a  brunette  in  cold 
black  and  purple,  over-define  her  marked  fea- 
tures, and  put  in  her  hands  a  guitar,  which  she 
holds  as  if  it  were  a  baby  she  feared  to  drop, 
were  not  wise  proceedings.  Still  less  to  be 
admired  are  the  hard  and  unsympathetic  expres- 
sion of  her  eyes  and  lips,  the  unquestionably 
bad  drawing  of  the  arms,  and  the  somewhat 
harsh  and  heavy  painting  of  the  flesh.  A 
much  better  piece  of  art  is  the  capital  por- 
trait of  the  Countess  of  Annesley  (131),  by  the 
same,  although  it  partakes  in  a  measure  of  the 
shortcomings  of  its  neighbour  and  does  but 
scant  justice  to  the  charms  of  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  ladies  of  our  time — charms  which  it 
would  seem  difficult  not  to  paint  beautifully. 

In  Madame  H.  Ronner's  cat  pictures,  For  a 
Ribbon  (119)  and  A  Literary  Dispute  (400), 
her  best  qualities  are  present,  animation,  bright- 
ness, and  pleasing  colour  ;  but  they  are  not  very 
ambitious  efforts,  and  she  has  done  quite  as 
good  work  before. 

A  fine  thing  in   its  way  is   M.  H.   Fantin- 
Latour's    L'Aurore   et    la    Nuit    (126).      It    is 
original,  artistic,  and  harmonious  in  colour  and 
tone,  and    its  pearly    half-tints   and    clearness 
are  worthy  of  admiration.     Yet  after  all  it  is 
a  mythological   theme  treated  naturalistically, 
and     the    discrepancy     between     the     ideality 
of   the   theme  and   the   realism   of    the   treat- 
ment    is     unfortunately     manifest  ;      besides, 
the  motives  of  the  design  resemble  overmuch 
the  graceful  sentimentalism   of    Lemoine    and 
Santerre  rather  than  the  austere  classicism  of 
Nicholas    Poussin    or    the  robust   carnality  of 
Rubens.    Of  M.  Fantin's  flower-pieces,  Mauves 
Blanches  et  Bases  (235)  is  rather  dry  and  papery, 
and  not   so  happily  composed  as  usual,  while 
Eaisim    et    Peches    (283)    is     somewhat    cold, 
heavy,  and  opaque.     Both  are,  nevertheless,  in 
every  other  respect  excellent  as  art. — Mr.   E. 
Ward's  piece  of  homely  qcnre.  The  Old  Scissor 
Grinders  (151),  is  the  work  of  a  practised  artist, 
who,  however,  has  forgotten  that  in  paintings  of 
this  class  the  first  need  of  a  picture  is  to  be 
pleasing  and  such   as   any   one    would   care  to 
live  with.     It  would  require  much  to  induce  us 
to  live   with   this  unpleasant  group. — Mr.  T. 
Graham,  too,  who  has  before  now  produced  some 
clever,    if    not   very    sound    and   accomplished 
specimens  of  melodramatic  ge7ire,  clearly  mistook 
his  vocation  when  he  thought  of  depicting  the 
tragic  theme  of  A  Sailor's  Wife  (186)  standing 
at  a  pier-head  and  holding  on  high  a  lantern, 
while  the  furiously  boiling  waves  rush  in  as  if 
to  drown  her.     This  pretentious  piece  is  redo- 
lent of  the  lamp,  and  in  consequence  it  is  un- 
faithful to  nature  :  there  is  no  true  modelling 
nor  drawing  in  the  wool-like  billows,  and  but 
little  knowledge  in  the  treatment  of  the  sky; 
and    the    figure,  which  should  be    the  leading 
element  of  the  work,  is  merely  indicated  in  a 
confused  way,  neither  thought  out  nor  expressed. 
Ideas   such  as  this  are  anything  but  welcome 
when  recklessly  transferred  to  the    canvas  in 
the  leisure  of  a  studio. — A  most  charming  idea, 
delicately   and   truly   expressed   in   a   cultured 
manner  which  suits  it  excellently,  is  depicted  in 
Mr.G.Wetherbee's^»SipnH5r-Da?CTi(190),ofwhich 
we  saw  a  larger  and  still  choicer  version  lately 
at  the  New  Gallery.     The  painter  has  gracefully 
combined  the  moods  of  Mason  and  Corot,  and 
treated  the  resultant  in  his  own  fashion,  blaster 
H.    Wethcrhee   (219)  is   a   capital   small  whole-  | 


length  portrait  of  a  boy  in  a  red  jacket,  a  speci- 
men of  Gainsborough-like  harmonies  of  colour 
and  tone  which  it  would  be  hard  to  overpraise. 
Notice  likewise  this  painter's  Bower  of  Green 
Shade  (473).— Mr.  E.  B.  Leighton's  Portrait 
Stiidy  (195),  if  hard,  is  carefully  studied  and 
neatly  touched,  although  rather  metallic. 

No.  211,  "Do  you  quarrel.  Sir?"  if  rather 
slighter  in  execution  than  usual,  is  one  of  the 
most  clever  and  lively  of  Mr.  F.  Dadd's  many 
contributions  to  dramatic  genre. — Mr.  E.  M. 
Hale  chose  what  was  for  him  a  new  path  when 
he  set  about  painting,  with  noticeable  skill  and 
animation,  as  well  as  a  pretty  sense  of  colour,  a 
whole  series  of  pictures  of  girls  bathing  in  the 
sea,  racing  naked  upon  sunlit  sands,  or  gam- 
bolling half-dressed,  and  he  has  produced  none 
better,  fresher,  or  more  deftly  designed  and 
drawn  than  the  nudities  in  By  the  Sea  (214)  ; 
but  really  we  have  by  now  had  enough  of  these 
dainty  things.  They  are  an  echo  of  the  favourite 
themes  of  M.  Aubert,  who,  however,  put  into 
his  work  much  more  research  than  Mr.  Hale.  In 
fact,  compared  with  the  fascinating  Frenchman, 
Mr.  Hale  is  but  a  sketcher. — An  admirably 
painted  Study  (241)  of  a  woman's  head  in  one- 
third  view  to  our  left,  which  Mr.  T.  B.  Ken- 
nington  has  sent,  is  noteworthy  for  solid  model- 
ling and  painting,  and  really  deserves  praise  for 
its  lifelike  carnations  and  truemorbidezza. — Mr. 
W.  H.  Bartlett's  Preparing  for  Kelp  Burning 
(268)  is  a  quasi-Hook,  without  much  of  that 
master's  brilliance,  refinement,  and  subtle 
colouring. — Mr.  R.  Morley's  little  design,  which 
he  calls  A  Consultation  (272),  is  spirited  and  like 
nature  ;  his  street  view  In  Nuremberg  (349)  is 
neat  and  firm,  but  wants  breadth  and  expression 
enough  to  lift  it  above  the  level  of  an  architect's 
drawing. 

Sir  J .  Linton  has  painted  more  animated  and 
interesting  figures  than  that  of  Portia  (281),  in 
her  doctor's  gown,  and  having  a  portfolio  under 
her  arm.     The   flesh  is  open  to  the  charge  of 
paintiness,  or  rather  of  opacity,  and  the  roses 
of  the  life  are  faintly  represented.     Sir  James's 
landscape,  No.  180,   Neivhouse  Park,   although 
otherwise  good,  is  rather  scattered  and  too  black 
in    the   shadows  for   open    daylight. — Mr.    F. 
Brangwyn's  confused   and   ill  -  grouped   figures 
and  old  buildings   in    Funchal    (290)   illustrate 
the  increasing  heaviness  of  his  touch  and  the 
decline  of  his  power  to  see  nature  in  pure  and 
brilliant  light,  while  the  picture  lacks  breadth 
as  well  as  luminosity.      This  is  so  despite  the 
subject,    which    would    seem     to     demand,    if 
not    harmony,   at    least    the   purity  and    bril- 
liance  of   the    local   colours    comprised   in    it. 
Velazquez   is  sujiposed  to  be  Mr.  Brangwyn's 
model,  but   the   Spaniard's   pictures  are  never 
opaque  nor   scattered.  — In  Barbaro   (296)  we 
have  from  Mr.  E.  C.  Alston  a  most  charming, 
sincere     study.  —  Mr.     E.    Bundy's     Nelson's 
Critics     (407)     possesses      many     merits,     but 
lightness  of  touch  is  not  one  of  them. — For  a 
long  time  Mr.  W.  P.  Frith  has  exhibited  nothing 
so  pleasing,  unpretending,    and  simple  as  the 
damsel's  figure  in  Her  First  Fancy  Dress  Ball 
(412).— Mr.    A.    Hacker's  Meditation  (415),    a 
nun  in  a  sunlit  woodland  alley,  is  a  pot-boiler 
of     merit,     and     much      more      sincere     and 
spontaneous   than    anything    of    his    that    we 
remember.     We  should  like  to  have  some  more 
such  thoughts  of  his,  even  when  they  are  not 
profound. — Mr.  J.  Clark's  ^  i^'air;/  World  {i40), 
a  group  of  children  in  a  cottage  kitchen,  is  first 
rate  in  its  way,  especially  in  the  expressions  and 
attitudes,  which  are  noticeably  spontaneous. 

Taking  the  landscapes  and  seascapes  in  the 
same  order  as  we  have  taken  the  figure  and  sub- 
ject pictures,  we  may  mention  Miss  S.  Stanley's 
The  Porphyry  Brothers,  Venice  (12),  good  both  in 
colouring  and  lighting  ;  Mr.  E.  Parton's  deli- 
cate, luminous,  and  well-drawn  Golden  Light 
(43),  a  view  of  a  calm  river  in  a  shadow- 
less twilight  while  the  golden  light  lingers, 
and  his  still  finer  and  more  refined  landscape 
the  Dervent  Valley  (390),  where  the  herbage  of 


the  foreground  is  a  first-rate  specimen  of  art  and 
skill ;  Mr.  T.  C.  S.  Benham's  Eesting-Place 
(89),  which  is  noteworthy  because  of  the 
motion  of  the  sea,  but  is,  at  the  same 
time,  a  little  painty ;  Mr.  W.  Osborne's 
Village  Farm  (114) ;  Mr.  Fulleylove's  bright, 
glowing,  richly  coloured,  and  finely  drawn  Gate 
Post  of  the  Sixth  Centu7-y,  Venice  (156),  and  the 
noble  Columivs  of  St.  Mark,  Venice  (169)  ;  Mr. 
J.  Aumonier's  At  Houghton  (159)  ;  Mr.  W. 
Logsdail's  Country  Lane  in  the  Veneto  (172), 
and  his  Church  of  the  Misericordia,  Venice  (179), 
worth  looking  at  on  account  of  its  shimmering 
reflections  in  the  water ;  Mr.  J.  S.  Hill's  soft 
and  pearly  sketch  of  Old  Deal  Church  (189)  ; 
Mr.  J.  Farquharson's  effective  and  powerful 
view  of  a  rift  in  the  Ice-worn  Bocks,  Loch 
Hourn  (396),  flushed  in  purplish  light,  but 
marred  by  the  blackness  of  the  shadows  ;  and 
Mr.  C.  E.  Johnson's  The  Corrie  na  Creach  (447), 
which  is  impressive  and  massive. 


EXCAVATIONS    AT   ABBEY   DORE,    HEREFORDSHIRE. 

During  the   past  summer  some  interesting 
results  have  been  obtained  by  excavating  on  the 
site  of  the  nave  of  the  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Dore, 
about   twelve   miles  west  of   Hereford,  at   the 
southern  end  of  the  Golden  Valley.     Hitherto 
only  an  approximate  idea  of  the  length  of  the 
western  arm  has  been  possible.      The  excava- 
tions,  however,   have   revealed  the  position  of 
the  west  wall  at  its  north-west  corner,  and  also 
the  bases  of  all  the  columns,  except  two,  which 
supported  the  north  arcade.     The  nave  was  of 
nine  bays,  divided  by  circular  columns  3  ft.  6  in. 
in  diameter,  and  standing  on  square  bases  or 
plinths.      At  the  second   column  west  of   the 
"  crossing  "  the  base  of    the  great  rood-screen 
was  found,  partly  composed  of  thirteenth  cen- 
tury worked  stones  reused.     Many  of  these  still 
retained  traces   of  colour,  and  fragments  of  a 
shrine     or    tomb    found    close    by   were    also 
elaborately  coloured  and  gilt.     The  rood-screen 
crossed  the  aisles  as  well  as  the  central  alley. 
The  side  screen  walls  between  the  columns  of 
the   nave  west   of  the   rood-screen — so  charac- 
teristic a  feature  of  Cistercian  churches — were 
found  in  two  bays,  but  towards  the  west  end  the 
destruction   of   the   walls    generally    had   been 
more   complete,   even  the  columns  themselves 
being  cleared  away  to  the  level  of  the  footings. 
Some  beautiful  screenwork  was  found  of  stone, 
of    the    thirteenth  century,    also  fragments  of 
armorial  and  embossed  tiles  ;  and  a  horseshoe 
of  some  age  was  discovered  at  the  base  of  one  of 
the  columns,  five  feet  below  the  present  level  of 
the  churchyard.     Burials  have  taken  place  for 
some  years  past  on  the  site  of  the  south  arcade, 
and  although  most  of  the  worked  stones  have 
been  preserved,  a  great  deal  of  valuable  inform- 
ation has  no  doubt  been  lost.    Quite  recently, 
during  the  digging  of  a  grave,  the  southern  end 
of  the  rood-screen  was  discovered,  and  unfortu- 
nately partially  destroyed.    Just  west  of  this  an 
elaborate  Early  English   cap  from  one   of   the 
large  circular  columns  was   found  in  a  perfect 
state. 

The  excavations  have  been  made  by  Mr. 
Roland  Paul,  with  the  permission  of  the  lord 
of  the  manor  and  the  rector,  the  Rev.  A. 
Phillipps. 

THE   ARMS   OF   COLCHESTER. 

Mr.  Sinclair's  statements,  though  doubtless 
well  meant,  cannot  be  treated  seriously.  If  we 
went,  in  these  days,  to  "Dr.  Brady"  as  an 
original  authority  for  the  eleventh  century,  we 
might  learn  that  Eudo  Dapifer  was  a  Sinclair 
("  De  Sancto  Claro  "),  or  that  he  bore  a  cross 
for  his  arms,  or  that  he  acted  as  "  privado  "  for 
Edward  the  Confessor,  or  other  curious  and 
novel  facts.  But  as  we  do  not,  it  is  waste  of 
time  to  discuss  such  fantasies. 

J.  H.  Round. 


614 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    BUDDHIST    RELICS    IN   THE    SWAT    VALLEY. 
BournemouDi,  Oct.  23,  1895. 

I  HAVE  just  read  Col.  Godwin- Austen's  letter 
on  the  subject  above  mentioned  in  the  Athe- 
naum  of  October  19th.  He  may  well  ask,  "  What 
is  the  Archaeological  Survey  of  India  doing  that 
they  are  not  here  to  protect  these  most  interest- 
ing remains  ?  "  I  believe  that  in  most  of  the 
provinces  the  archa3ological  department  has 
ceased  to  exist.  And  my  impression  is  that  no 
adequate  attention  will  be  given  to  this  im- 
portant subject  until  the  British  public  has 
realized  that  under  the  existing  system  (or  want 
of  system)  numbers  of  beautiful  buildings  are 
rapidly  disappearing,  and  has  expressed  an  un- 
hesitating disapproval  of  the  acts  of  vandalism 
which  are  continually  being  perpetrated. 

From  motives  of  economy  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment has  curtailed  the  scope  of  the  Arch;eological 
Survey.  In  some  places  the  work  is  being 
partially  done.  In  the  North-West  Provinces, 
for  instance.  Dr.  Fiihrer  and  a  diminished  staff 
of  experts  are  doing  their  utmost,  with  the 
limited  resources  at  their  disposal,  to  examine, 
catalogue,  and  protect  the  many  interesting 
monuments  ;  but  in  the  greater  part  of  the 
peninsula  these  things,  the  glory  of  India,  are 
left  to  the  destructive  influences  of  the  monsoon 
rains  and  the  jungle  growth,  or  to  the  chance 
attention  of  the  collector  or  civil  engineer,  who, 
even  if  animated  by  the  best  intentions,  does 
not  always  possess  the  requisite  knowledge  for 
such  delicate  work. 

A  memorial  praying  the  Government  of  India 
to  take  this  matter  into  consideration  with  a 
view  to  the  establishment  of  some  systematic 
control  and  guardianship  of  the  historical  monu- 
ments of  India  was  presented  to  the  late  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India  in  1894.  It  was  signed 
by  the  chief  artistic  and  antiquarian  societies  of 
England,  and  by  a  large  number  of  distinguished 
individuals  interested  in  India  and  in  art,  but 
as  yet  with  no  apparent  result. 

In  the  mean  time  the  mischief  being  done 
every  day  is  simply  irreparable. 

A.  H.  Hallam  Murray. 


'  CORPORATION  PLATE. 


Town  Clerk's  Office,  Louth. 

I  NOTICE  your  polite  reference  to  myself  in 
your  paper  of  19th  inst.  I  presume  that  you 
receive  a  fee  for  reviewing  favourably  the  above 
book,  the  editors  of  which  had,  as  is  so  often 
the  case,  the  main  object  of  their  own  personal 
advantage.  Why  I  should  assist  them  in  that 
object  I  know  not. 

As  it  happens,  however,  the  Borough  of 
Louth  is  a  modern  one,  created  by  the  Act  of 
1836,  and  the  editors  ought  to  have  known  this. 
I  did  not  suppose  they  were  anxious  to  have 
information  regarding  modern  boroughs — if  so, 
they  had  better  write  another  book,  it  would  be 
so  very  interesting  and  profitable  to  the  editors. 
You  may  think  that  you  have  done  a  clever 
thing  in  "gibbeting"  me — others  think  that  it 
is  only  another  proof  of  your  natural  Radical 
snobbism.  Thos.  Falknek  Allison. 

*^*  We  congratulate  the  inhabitants  of  Louth 
on  possessing  so  intelligent  and  courteous  a 
Town  Clerk.       

ESPOSIZIONE  DI  ROMA,  1895-9(5. 
The  sixty-sixth  exhibition  of  the  Societii  degli 
Amatori  e  Cultori  delle  Belle  Arti  was  this  year 
timed  to  open  at  the  period  of  the  national 
festivities  of  September  20th.  It  is  held,  as 
usual,  at  the  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts  in  the  Via 
Nazionale,  a  building  containing  a  number  of 
well-planned  and  excellently  lighted  rooms, 
admirably  adapted  to  display  with  advantage 
both  pictures  and  sculpture.  The  arrangement 
of  the  pictures  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  :  all 
are  well  seen,  there  is  no  inconvenient  crowd- 
ing, nor  are  any  skied  or  placed  near  the  floor. 
The  intervals  of  wall  space  between  the  frames 
prevent  the  clashing  of  colour  or  efl"ect  so  often 


detrimental  to  a  meritorious  work.  There  is,  in 
short,  the  feeling  that  the  convenience  of  the 
visitor  in  inspecting  the  exhibition  and  the 
respect  due  to  the  artist  in  the  display  of  his 
works  have  both  been  consulted. 

The  art  itself  evinces  a  marked  advance  on 
that  of  some  previous  years.  A  sense  of  har- 
monious colour  pervades  the  exhibition,  and 
the  aim  at  natural  representation  is  often  suc- 
cessfully achieved.  The  eye  is  seldom  ofiended 
by  eccentricities  of  subject  or  efi"ect.  Extra- 
vagant absui-dities  of  frames,  by  which  the 
inferior  painters  of  past  years  sought  to  attract 
notice  to  their  immature  productions,  are  dis- 
appearing. The  prevailing  tendency  of  Italian 
artists  to  force  the  eflTect  is  not  yet  entirely 
eradicated,  but  this  is  a  weakness  not  con- 
fined to  the  painters  of  Italy.  Another 
tendency,  in  which  also  they  are  not  singular, 
is  the  enlargement  of  their  canvases  for  sub- 
jects which  would  be  much  more  happily  pre- 
sented on  those  of  moderate  dimensions,  and 
which  might  even  secure  permanent  reputation 
if  executed  in  cabinet  size.  When  the  subject 
aims  at  representing  some  well-known  historical 
event  the  monumental  scale  is  often  permissible. 
Thus  no  one  would  grudge  Signor  Simoni  his 
acreage  in  portraying  his  Alessandro  il  Grande  a 
Persepoli:  Taide,  Danzatrice  Ateniese,  propone 
I'Incendio  del  Palazzo  (No.  84)  ;  but  when 
Signor  Banti,  in  his  Cattivo  Incontro  (117), 
claims  many  square  yards  of  wall  space  for  the 
display  of  a  trivial  incident  his  demand  appears 
ill  advised.  The  subject  here  is  a  horse,  ridden 
by  a  lady,  frightened  by  suddenly  meeting  a 
herd  of  swine.  The  horse  is  rearing,  standing 
indeed  perpendicularly  on  his  hind  legs,  and  one 
has  the  uncomfortable  feeling  that  he  must  lose 
his  balance  and  crush  his  rider.  The  scamper- 
ing pigs  are  cleverly  executed,  and  the  landscape 
has  ^space  and  air  ;  still  the  gigantic  animal 
towering  in  the  air  is  not  an  agreeable  object  to 
contemplate  ;  most  persons  would  prefer  seeing 
the  lady  cantering  across  country  and  the  pigs 
quietly  pursuing  their  ordinary  avocation.  As 
for  Signor  Simoni's  gorgeous  spectacle,  I  am 
afraid  it  will  adorn  neither  the  dining-room  of 
Sir  W.  Harcourt  nor  that  of  Sir  "W.  Lawson, 
although  the  former  when  in  office  might  have 
found  some  consolation  for  the  shock  to  his 
feelings  in  the  reflection  on  the  handsome  con- 
tribution to  the  revenue  involved  in  the  con- 
sumption of  so  much  excisable  beverage.  The 
orgy  has  evidently  been  on  a  colossal  scale  and  of 
portentous  duration  ;  in  fact  everybody  appears 
to  be  blind  drunk,  including  Alexander,  who, 
however,  has  retained  sufficient  sense  of  his 
imperial  dignity  not  to  divest  himself  of  his 
attire  (which  serves  also  the  useful  end  for  the 
painter  of  focussing  a  mass  of  scarlet  vermilion 
in  the  centre  of  the  picture)  ;  others  of  the 
festal  company,  including  the  "Athenian 
dancer,  "have  shown  less  regard  for  decency  ;  she, 
indeed,  is  absolutely  naked.  The  composition 
of  the  picture  follows  the  scheme  of  Couture's 
'  Romans  of  the  Period  of  the  Decadence,'  and 
has  possibly  been  inspired  by  that  work,  the 
coloration,  however,  being  hotter  and  blacker. 
Before  subjects  and  treatment  of  this  calibre 
one  naturally  asks  what  was  the  aim  and  inten- 
tion of  the  painter,  and  one  is  forced  to  the  con- 
clusion that  both  are  insoluble  conundrums. 

Some  few  other  classical  and  historical  pic- 
tures are  on  a  moderate  scale,  and  call  for  no 
particular  remark.  The  taste  for  such  subjects 
is  evidently  waning,  and  Italian  painters  show 
a  continually  increasing  predilection  for  inci- 
dents of  modern  life,  urban  and  rural,  the  latter 
often  conceived  with  grace  and  a  delicate  senti- 
ment truly  national.  When  not  vitiated  by 
the  unfortunate  impressionist  influence — an  in- 
fectious malady  of  foreign  derivation  —  they 
suggest  capacities  for  idyllic  conceptions  of  rare 
charm.  It  is  here  that  the  coarse  and  slovenly 
drawing  of  the  impressionist  has  the  most 
disastrous  efi"ect.  The  art  critic  of  the  I'opolo 
liomano  speaks  of  one  of  them  as  "un  impres- 


sionista  distinto,  ma  un  infelice  disegnatore  "; 
but,  indeed,  he  might  have  applied  the  latter 
qualification  to  the  entire  school.  Nothing  com- 
pensates for  the  deficiency  of  refinement  of 
design  in  the  idyl.  Let  the  drawing  be  slurred 
and  shirked,  and  there  remains  naught  but  an 
immature  blotting  ;  and  this  is  too  frequently 
the  result  with  many  Italian  canvases  which 
one  feels  should  have  deserved  a  better  fate. 

Especially  noteworthy  is  the  improvement  in 
the  department  of  landscape  art  in  the  exhibi- 
tion. The  attempt  to  force  the  effect  is  here 
less  prevalent.  Crude  colouring  is  rare,  and 
often  a  bright,  pleasant  rendering  of  some  well- 
selected  scene  is  decidedly  attractive.  Signor 
Cecconi's  II  Tevere  a  Tor  di  Quinto  (60)  is  an 
instance  of  an  autumnal  effect  in  which  the 
warm  tints  of  the  vegetation  harmonize  with 
the  brilliant  light  of  the  sky  and  water.  Of  a 
more  refined  character  is  the  Aniene  (203)  of 
Signor  Sartorio,  a  water-colour  picture  executed 
with  much  delicacy,  and  pervaded  with  a  genuine 
feeling  for  the  more  subtle  aspects  of  nature. 
Could  the  Italian  painter  but  free  himself  from 
the  fatal  habit  of  seeking  to  imitate  the  methods 
of  the  modern  schools  of  France,  Belgium,  and 
Germany,  what  a  position  might  he  not  conquer 
for  himself  in  the  domain  of  landscape  art ! 
He  lives  in  a  country  justly  claiming  to  possess 
the  most  varied  and  beautiful  scenery  in  Europe. 
He  is  endowed  by  nature  with  clearer  faculties  of 
observation,  an  inborn  sense  of  beauty  of  form, 
a  delicacy  of  manipulative  execution  far  above 
his  Northern  rivals.  The  essence  of  the  charm 
of  Italian  landscape  lies  in  its  subtle  atmospheric 
effects,  in  its  dignity  of  form,  in  its  purity  of 
colour  and  the  exquisite  gradation  of  tints. 
Why,  with  all  his  manifold  gifts,  does  not  the 
native  artist  translate  these  qualities  on  to  his 
canvases  ?  But  it  is  not  only  in  the  department 
of  landscape  that  the  question  may  be  asked. 
It  might  be  further  inquired,  When  will  the 
Italian  figure  painters  take  up  the  wondrous  tale 
suddenly  stopped  short  in  the  sixteenth  century  ? 
That  it  will  be  continued  some  day  no  one  can 
doubt,  for  the  Italian  will  ever  be  the  artistic 
race  ^mr  excellence  of  Europe.  And  it  has 
shown  in  other  matters  that  all  things  come  to 
those  who  can  wait.  Therein  lies  the  strength 
of  Italy,  in  her  inextinguishable  tenacity. 

There  is  a  fair  average  number  of  portraits, 
some  of  which  show  good  drawing,  and  in  which 
the  character  is  evidently  well  rendered.  Mr. 
Alma  Tadema  sends  the  sympathetic  portrait 
of  the  young  sculptor,  the  late  Cav.  G.  B. 
Amendola,  which,  if  I  rightly  remember,  was 
once  exhibited  in  London.  Signor  Mancini, 
who  has  a  certain  vogue  at  Rome  as  a  portraitist, 
and  who  is  extravagantly  extolled  by  a  small 
clique  of  critics,  might  with  advantage  study 
some  of  the  special  qualities  of  the  English 
master — his  restraint  in  effect,  his  refined  exe- 
cution, and  his  consummate  modelling  of  form. 
In  one  sense,  perhaps,  in  the  matter  of  model- 
ling, Signor  Mancini  may  think  he  has  little 
to  learn,  since  portions  of  his  works  are  in 
actual  bas-relief.  Certainly  while  Signor  Man- 
cini's  practice  as  a  portraitist  is  flourishing  his 
colourman  has  no  fear  of  bankruptcy  before 
his  eyes. 

The  favourable  indications  I  have  discerned 
in  painting  are  equally  manifest  in  the  galleries 
devoted  to  sculpture.  Here  again  it  is  not  so 
much  in  the  presence  of  commanding  work  as  in 
absence  of  the  former  rough, intentionally  vulgar 
presentation  that  the  inauguration  of  a  new  era 
may  be  hoped  for.  What  may  be  called  the 
"blatant"  style,  which  characterizes  so  many  of 
the  eftigies  of  Victor  Emanuel  and  Garibaldi 
set  up  in  the  various  cities  of  Italy,  is  fast  dying 
out.  It  is  being  recognized  that  the  reproduc- 
tion of  ignoble  form  is  not  the  end  of  sculpture. 
Ridiculous  incidents  of  slum  life  are  no  longer 
carved  in  marble,  but  are  left  to  the  so-called 
comic  papers.  Some  of  the  busts  and  medallion 
portraits  show  modelling  of  thoroughly  excel- 
lent quality  ;  also  in  bronze  work,  especially  in 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


615 


the  treatment  of   low  relief,  the    execution   is 
admirable.  W.  H. 


It  is  rumoured  that  two  of  the  London 
picture  exhibitions  conducted  by  private  persons 
are  definitely  closed,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
conductors  of  some  other  similar  galleries  will 
shortly  follow  the  same  course. 

The  Fine- Art  Society  has  on  view  Mr.  G.  Du 
Maurier's  original  drawings  for  the  illustration 
of  his  novel  '  Trilby. ' 

The  New  English  Art  Club  has  appointed 
Saturday  next,  the  9th  inst.,  for  a  private  view 
of  its  exhibition  in  the  Dudley  Gallery,  Picca- 
dilly. The  public  will  be  admitted  on  the 
Monday  following. 

The  Times  records  the  death  at  Cricklewood, 
on  the  26th  ult.,  of  Mr.  George  Redford,  one 
of  its  oldest  and  most  accomplished  contri- 
butors on  art  matters.  Born  seventy-eight  years 
ago,  at  Uxbridge,  we  believe,  and  the  son  of 
another  George  Redford,  who  published  a  use- 
ful history  of  that  town,  the  recently  deceased 
writer  studied  medicine  and  surgery  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  practised  his  pro- 
fession for  some  years,  serving  in  the  Crimea 
with  the  58th  Regiment,  In  his  leisure  hours, 
when  he  was  already  middle-aged,  he  made  him- 
self a  tolerable  musician,  and,  for  an  amateur,  a 
skilled  draughtsman  and  painter.  Confining 
himself  to  the  literature  of  art  and  the  history 
of  pictures,  Redford  wrote  numerous  essays, 
and  when  the  Crystal  Palace  was  completed 
acted  as  Registrar  of  the  Collection  of  Sculp- 
ture, 185o-4.  At  Manchester  he  was  one  of  the 
curators  of  the  Art  Treasures  there  collected  in 
1857,  and  he  was  similarly  employed  at  Leeds  in 
1868,  His  '  Manual  of  Ancient  Sculpture  '  is  a 
useful  and  popular  compilation.  A  more  recent 
publication  of  his,  'Art  Sales, 'gave  the  result  of  his 
observations  and  notes  which  during  many  years 
the  Times  had  published  with  regard  to  important 
auctions  at  Christie's  and  elsewhere  in  London. 
It  was  a  noteworthy  compilation,  although 
neither  complete  nor  faultless.  Quite  lately, 
and  after  his  retirement  from  the  Times, 
Redford  compiled  for  the  Duke  of  Portland  a 
laborious  and  interesting  catalogue  of  the  works 
of  art  at  Welbeck  Abbey,  which  has  been 
privately  printed.  Although  not  strictly  speaking 
an  art  critic,  his  knowledge  of  paintings  which 
had  gone  to  the  hammer  was  very  curious  and 
comprehensive,  while  his  industry,  vivacity, 
and  amiable  character  won  him  many  friends 
and  much  esteem. 

A  GREAT  light  among  the  picture  dealers  of 
the  metropolis  has  disappeared  with  the  death, 
on  Monday  last,  in  his  eightieth  year,  of  Mr. 
William  Vokins,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
firm  which  was  long  seated  in  Great  Portland 
Street.  When  young  he  was  a  pupil  of  Clint 
and  E.  Childe,  and  attained  a  practical  know- 
ledge of  water-colour  painting  that  stood  him  in 
stead  as  a  dealer,  a  business  to  which  he  turned 
in  later  life.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  became 
acquainted  with  William  Hunt,  David  Cox, 
John  Varley,  and  De  Wint,  and  also,  but  less 
intimately,  with  Turner  himself  and  .John  Lin- 
nell.  His  humorous  conversation  abounded  in 
anecdotes  of  these  worthies.  It  was  in  his 
house,  as  the  Times  reminds  us,  that  Varley, 
when  hiding  from  creditors,  died,  and  from 
him  not  Varley  alone,  but  many  unfortunate 
artists  received  kindly  help.  For  nearly  half  a 
century  no  one  was  better  known  or  liked  in 
the  auction  rooms  of  London  where  pictures  are 
sold  than  Mr.  W.  Vokins,  whose  keen  and 
kindly  face  will  be  missed  at  all  the  private 
views  of  the  coming  season  and  long  after  tliat. 

A  GOOD  many  years  ago  the  Royal  Aca- 
demicians won  anticipatory  gratitude  by  pro- 
mising to  reprint  the  whole  of  the  catalogues  of 
their  exhibitions  of  modern  pictures.  Surely  it  is 
time  that  promise  was  kept,  and  we  would  suggest 


that,  in  order  to  enable  those  whose  collections 
of  the  original  catalogues  are  not  complete  to 
fill  up  the  gaps  in  their  sets,  the  reprint  should 
be  of  the  old  size  and  typography. 

Messrs.  Robinson  &  Fisher  sold  on  the  25th 
ult.  the  following  pictures:  S.  Ruysdael,  'A 
Landscape  and  Figures,'  105L  Sir  W.  Beech ey, 
'Portrait  of  John,  Lord  Wodehouse,'  131L  Cos- 
way,  '  Portrait  of  Isabella  Susannah,  Countess 
of  Beverley,'  352L  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  '  Portrait  of 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  ToUemache  as  Miranda,'  198Z. 
H.  Dawson,  '  The  Tower  of  London,'  210L 

The  mosaic  which  decorates  the  third  cupola 
of  the  Escalier  Daru  in  the  Louvre,  a  portion  of 
a  scheme  of  decoration  to  which  we  have  more 
than  once  referred,  is  now  finished.  The  vault 
above  the  grand  antique  sculpture  known  as 
the  '  Victory  '  of  Samothrace  is  thus  decorated 
with  four  large  figures  upon  gold  grounds, 
representing  the  four  great  ages  of  ancient  art, 
the  Egyptian,  Assyrian,  Greek,  and  Latin,  and, 
in  four  medallions,  portraits  of  the  great  masters 
of  those  epochs. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

CovEXT  Garden. —'  The  Flying  Dutchman,'  '  Cavalleria 
Eusticana.' 

St.  James's  Hall. — Eichter  Concerts  ;  Herr  Eosenthal's 
Pianoforte  Eecital. 

Mr.  Hedmondt  may  be  fairly  congratu- 
lated upon  his  revival  of  '  The  Elying 
Dutchman'  on  Friday  last  week.  That 
Mr.  William  Ludwig  would  again  afford 
a  highly  picturesque  impersonation  of  the 
unhappy  Vanderdecken  was,  of  course, 
taken  for  granted  beforehand,  and  Madame 
Duma  was  effective  vocally  and  dramatic- 
ally as  Senta.  Mr.  William  Llewelj-n  was 
also  commendable  as  Daland,  and  Mr. 
Reginald  Brophy  as  the  steersman,  both 
singing  pleasantly  and  speaking  their  words 
with  clearness.  The  chorus  showed  some 
improvement,  and  the  business  of  the  ships, 
though  far  from  perfect,  was  more  credit- 
able than  it  has  been  on  some  former  occa- 
sions on  the  same  stage. 

The  only  other  performance  at  Covent 
Garden  that  we  have  to  notice  at  present 
is  that  of  Wednesday  evening,  when  two 
acts  of  that  terribly  hackneyed  opera  'The 
Bohemian  Girl '  were  followed  by  '  Caval- 
leria Eusticana,'  in  which  Miss  Lilian  Tree 
displayed  perhaps  unexpected  dramatic  intel- 
ligence and  vocal  effectiveness  as  Santuzza, 
and  Miss  Ormerod  gave  much  promise  as 
Lola.  The  chorus  was  more  efficient  than 
on  any  previous  occasion  during  the  present 
season. 

Goldmark's  overture  to  Kalidasa'sromantic 
drama  '  Sakuntala '  is  not  a  novelty  in 
London,  but  Monday's  performance  was  the 
first  at  the  Eichter  Concerts.  It  is  rightly 
said  in  the  programme  book  that  the  piece 
might  be  more  appropriately  termed  a  sym- 
phonic poem  than  an  overture.  It  cannot 
take  classic  rank,  yet  it  is  unquestionably 
effective  in  its  way.  So  are  Smetana's  three 
symphonic  poems  '  Vysehi-ad,'  'Yltava,' 
and  '  Sarka,'  from  the  set  of  six  entitled  by 
the  Bohemian  composer  '  Mein  Vaterland.' 
Whether  the  enjoyment  of  the  music  is 
enhanced  by  the  elaborate  prefaces  with 
which  Smetana  has  headed  his  scores  is  a 
matter  that  can  only  be  decided  by  individual 
feelings,  but,  at  any  rate  as  programme 
music,  the  pieces  must  rank  highly.  Schu- 
mann's light  and  melodious  Symphony  in 
B  flat,  No.  1,  was  beautifully  played;  and, 


of  course,  the  fuUest  justice  was  accorded 
to  those  somewhat  hackneyed  selec- 
tions Liszt's  '  Hungarian  '  Ehapsody 
in  F,  No.  1,  and  the  Prelude  and  close 
from  '  Tristan  und  Isolde.'  The  last  con- 
cert for  the  present  wiU  take  place  next 
Monday  afternoon,  with  a  highly  attractive 
programme,  including  the  Liebes-Duet  from 
'  Die  Walkiire,'  to  be  sung  by  Madame 
Medora  Henson  and  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd. 

Herr  Eosenthal  has  revisited  London  at 
an  early  period  of  the  season,  and  the  first 
of  three  recitals  in  St.  James's  HaU,  which 
was  given  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  served 
to  confirm  the  impression  made  last  season 
that  he  is  a  performer  of  extraordinary 
calibre.  He  commenced  with  Weber's 
Sonata  in  a  flat.  Op.  39,  the  first  move- 
ment of  which  was  played  with  splendid 
energy,  and  the  third  at  a  pace  which  it 
seemed  incredible  could  be  maintained, 
though  Herr  Eosenthal  never  faltered  for 
an  instant.  Nor  did  he  in  Schumann's 
'  Etudes  Symphoniques,'  making  allowance 
for  the  fact  that  in  the  final  movement, 
which  was  taken  much  too  fast,  his  memory 
gave  way  in  one  passage  ;  but  he  continued 
playing,  the  hiatus  being  only  observable  to 
those  familiar  with  the  work.  The  artistic 
interest  of  the  recital  ended  with  some 
selections  from  Scarlatti,  Mendelssohn,  and 
Chopin,  the  rest  of  the  programme  consist- 
ing of  what  may  be  termed  vii-tuoso  music. 


SIR   CHAKLES   HALLE. 


Not  for  many  years  has  musical  life  in  this 
country   sustained  so   severe   a   loss   as  by  the 
painfully  sudden  death,  of    Sir    Charles   Halle 
on    Friday   morning    in    last  -week.     We    say 
painfully    sudden,    but    in    reality     it   was     a 
beautiful  ending   of    a    noble    career,    for   the 
eminent  musician  had  only  just  returned  from 
active  work  in  South  Africa,  and  was  quite  pre- 
pared to   continue   his  inestimable  services  in 
the  cause  of  the  art  in  the  north  of  England. 
So  many  biographical  details  have  already  ap- 
peared since  his  decease  that  the  merely  formal 
records  of  his  life  may  be  lightly  dealt  with  in 
this  place.      Karl  Halle  was  born   at   Hagen, 
near  Elbersfeld,  on  April  11th,  1819,  his  father 
being  a   Kapellmeister   in  Westphalia.      After 
he  had  gained  proficiency  as  a  pianist  he  made 
Paris  his  home,  where  he  became  intimate  with 
Berlioz,    Chopin,   Cherubini,    Stephen    Heller, 
and  Kalkbrenner,  and  in  the  French  capital  he 
remained  for  the  most  part  until  the  Revolution 
in  1848,   though  he  paid  at  least  one  visit  to 
London,   and  gave  a    concert   at  the  Hanover 
Square  Rooms  on  June    30th,  1843,   when  he 
played    Beethoven's    '  Kreutzer '   Sonata    with 
Signor  Sivori.      After  the  overthrow  of  Louis 
Philippe  he   settled  permanently  in   England. 
Discovering  for  himself  that  he  possessed  natural 
gifts  for  conducting,  he  succeeded  in  the  establish- 
ment of  his  Manchester  Concerts  in  1857,  and 
the  value  of  the  work  done  by  this  choral  and 
orchestral  association,  not  only  in  Manchester, 
but  in  many  other  parts  of  the  country,  cannot 
be  over-estimated.     Halle  had  naturally  strong 
sympathy  with    French    masters.   Hector  Ber- 
lioz being  at  the  head  of  the  list,  and  in  the 
endeavour  to  secure  appreciation  for  his  works 
he  achieved  partial  success.     The  symphonies, 
overtures,    and    the    beautiful    oratorio     '  The 
Childhood  of  Christ '  have  not  taken  particularly 
strong  root  here,  but  '  La  Damnation  de  Faust ' 
has  become  popular  in  all  directions.     As  a  con- 
ductor  he  was   very   firm   and    precise,    never 
indulging  in  eccentric  readings  of  either  classical 
or  modern  works.     Similar  remarks  will  apply 
to  his  pianoforte  playing,  sometimes  described 
as  cold,  but  never  as  incorrect  or  meretricious. 


616 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


His  recitals  in  former  years  of  Beethoven's 
sonatas  in  chronological  order  were  of  inestim- 
able value  to  young  players.  His  efforts  to 
secure  acceptance  in  London  for  his  Manchester 
orchestra  were  not  successful,  and  metropolitan 
amateurs  were  really  to  blame  for  their  frigid 
attitude  towards  such  an  admirable  organization. 
Halle's  '  Pianoforte  Method  '  is  one  of  the  best 
books  of  its  class  in  existence,  and  his  editions 
of  classical  pianoforte  music  are  in  all  respects 
trustworthy.  In  1888  he  was  knighted  by  the 
Queen,  and  in  the  same  year  he  took  for  his 
second  wife  Madame  Norman-Ndruda,  who  had 
for  many  previous  years  been  one  of  his 
artistic  associates.  There  was  never  a  more 
indefatigable  worker  in  the  cause  of  music  than 
Sir  Charles  Halle,  and  how  his  place  is  to  be 
filled  in  Manchester  it  is  very  difficult  to  say. 


The  presentation  of  prizes  at  the  Guildhall 
last  week  to  promising  students  at  the  school 
named  after  the  time-honoured  civic  building 
does  not  demand  more  than  formal  record  in 
this  place  ;  but  attention  may  be  drawn  to  Sir 
Joseph  Barnby's  remarks  with  reference  to  the 
excellent  work  being  carried  out  by  the  institu- 
tion on  the  Victoria  Embankment,  perhaps  more 
for  amateur  pupils  than  for  those  who  desire  a 
professional  career. 

Herr  Alfred  Reisenauer,  who  gave  the 
first  of  three  pianoforte  recitals  at  St.  James's 
Hall  on  Friday  afternoon  last  week,  is  not  a  new- 
comer, and  the  remarks  we  made  upon  him 
three  years  ago  will  still  apply.  He  continues 
to  indulge  in  startling  contrasts,  and  if  his 
pianissimo  is  generally  charming,  his  fortissimo  is 
sometimes  unpleasantly  noisy.  His  technical 
command  over  the  instrument  is  astonishing, 
and  he  played  Schumann's  'Carnaval,'  Liszt's 
transcription  of  Schubert's  'Erlkonig,'  and 
Weber's  '  Psrpetuum  Mobile  '  with  the  utmost 
possible  brilliancy. 

At  last  Saturday's  Crystal  Palace  Concert 
Mr.  Edward  German's  Leeds  Festival  Suite  in  D 
minorwas  performed  for  the  first  time  at  Syden- 
ham. It  was  conducted  by  the  composer  and 
made  a  favourable  impression.  The  symphony 
was  Dvorak's  picturesque  work  in  E,  *  From  the 
New  World  ';  and  Herr  Hans  Wessely  played 
in  his  usual  exemplary  manner  Vieuxtemps's 
Violin  Concerto  in  a,  No.  5.  Mr.  Santley  was 
the  vocalist. 

A  PIANOFORTE  recital  was  given  by  M.  Gus- 
tave  Pradeau  at  the  Princes'  Hall  on  Saturday 
afternoon  last,  his  programme  containing  Beet- 
hoven's Sonata  in  c.  Op.  53,  a  number  of 
familiar  pieces  by  Schumann  and  Chopin,  and 
Weber's  Sonata  in  c.  Op.  24.  This  was  a 
decidedly  ambitious  scheme,  and  its  execution 
can  only  be  described  as  mediocre. 

The  new  comic  opera  entitled  '  The  Bric-a- 
Brac  Will,'  produced  at  the  Lyric  Theatre  on 
Monday,  cannot  be  described  as  a  success,  in 
spite  of  some  praiseworthy  features.  The 
mounting  is  very  brilliant  and  in  good  taste, 
and  Signor  Emilio  Pizzi's  music,  though  not 
original,  is  refined  and  fairly  melodious.  The 
orchestration  and  choral  part-writing  show  the 
hand  of  a  cultured  musician.  But  the  libretto 
and  lyrics  by  Messrs.  S.  J.  Adair  Fitzgerald  and 
Hugh  Moss  are  so  feeble  and  silly  that  we 
should  be  rash  in  predicting  success  for  the 
latest  venture  at  this  handsome  theatre. 

The  Musical  Guild  commenced  its  thirteenth 
series  of  chamber  concerts  at  the  Kensington 
Town  Hall  on  Tuesday,  the  programme  includ- 
ing two  quartets,  Beethoven's  in  E  flat,  Op.  74, 
and  Dvorak's,  also  in  e  flat.  Op.  51,  played  with 
considerable  effect  by  Messrs.  Arthur  Bent, 
Wallace  Sutcliffe,  Alfred  Hobday,  and  Paul 
Ludwig.  Bach's  Concerto  in  d  minor,  for  two 
violins,  was  ably  interpreted  by  Miss  Winifred 
Holiday  and    Miss   Isabella    Donkersley  ;    and 


Mrs.  Helen  Trust  contributed  songs  by  Arne 
and  Giordani  in  her  usual  charming  manner. 

The  first  of  Miss  Dora  Bright's  national 
pianoforte  recitals,  to  which  we  have  already 
drawn  attention,  took  place  at  the  Queen's  Hall 
on  Wednesday.  The  programme  was  headed 
'  Early  Germany, '  a  title  that  was,  perhaps, 
scarcely  consistent,  considering  that  the  com- 
posers represented  were  Handel,  Bach,  Hasler, 
Weber,  and  Beethoven ;  but,  of  course,  it  might 
be  contended  that  before  the  two  masters  first 
named  Germany  could  scarcely  be  considered 
a  musical  nation.  Miss  Dora  Bright,  who  played 
with  vigour  and  intelligence,  was  associated  with 
Mr.  David  Bispham,  who  sang  Tannhauser's 
'  Busslied,'  circa  1240,  several  other  antiquarian 
pieces,  and  Beethoven's  cycle  "To  the  absent 
beloved  one  "  with  the  fullest  artistic  feeling. 

In  connexion  with  the  approaching  Purcell 
celebrations,  it  may  be  mentioned  that,  by  way 
of  memorial,  a  new  case  for  the  organ  in  West- 
minster Abbey  is  to  be  erected.  Mr.  Pearson, 
B.A.,  has  prepared  the  design,  and  the  work 
will  cost  not  less  than  2,00OL  Subscribers  will 
be  entitled  to  seats  at  the  Commemoration 
Festival  in  the  Abbey  on  Thursday,  the  21st  inst. 
For  these  application  should  be  made  to  Mr. 
Basil  Tree  at  St.  James's  Hall. 

After  all,  the  next  revival  at  the  Savoy 
Theatre  is  to  be  '  The  Mikado,'  and  it  will  see  the 
light  next  Wednesday,  pending  the  production 
of  the  new  Gilbert  and  Sullivan  opera,  which 
will  probably  not  be  wanted  until  after  Christ- 
mas. 

The  Shinner  string  quartet  of  lady  artists 
will  give  three  concerts  shortly,  the  first  of 
which  will  take  place  at  18,  Craven  Gardens, 
Lancaster  Gate,  on  November  19th,  when  a 
Quartet  in  e  minor  by  Sraetana  will  be  in  the 
programme. 

Mr.  Ernest  Fowles  announces  a  second 
series  of  his  interesting  concerts  of  British 
chamber  music,  to  take  place  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  November  8th  and  22nd,  and  Decem- 
ber 6th  and  20th.  The  programmes  will  in- 
clude compositions  by  Messrs.  H.  Walford 
Davies,  Arthur  O'Leary,  Algernon  Ashton, 
John  C.  Ames,  Stanford,  Stewart  Macpherson, 
Swinnerton  Heap,  Hamish  MacCunn,  Hubert 
Parry,  G.  W.  S.  Marshall  Hall,  Alfred  Wall, 
and  B.  Luard  Selby  ;  and  Misses  Agnes  Zimmer- 
mann  and  Rosalind  Ellicott. 

Mr.  J.  H.  BoNAWiTz  has  organized  a  new 
association  for  vocal  and  instrumental  music,  to 
be  called  the  Mozart  Society,  though  its  opera- 
tions will  not  be  confined  to  the  study  of  music 
by  the  Salzburg  master. 

Beethoven's  note-books  are  very  numerous, 
and  another  has  recently  been  discovered  at 
Berlin  by  Herr  Guido  Peters,  dated  1809,  and 
containing  sketches  of  the  Choral  Fantasia,  the 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  flat,  and  an  unpub- 
lished song. 


DRAMA 


TUES. 

WEr. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Kicliter  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Sophocles's  'Antigone,'  with  Mendelssohn's   Music,  8,  Hamp- 

stead  Conservatoire. 
Popular  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Messrs.  Hann's  Chamber  Concert,  8,  Brixton  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 

Herr  Keisenauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Miss  Itcninglield's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 

Misses  Sutro's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Repetition   Performance    of    '  Antigone,'  8,  Hanipstead   Con- 
servatoire 
London  Itallad  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Gompertz's  Quartet  Concert.  8  15,  Queen's  Hall. 
Revival  of  '  riie  Mikado,'  8  'M,  Savoy  Theatre. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 
i.  Signor  V.  Galiero'8  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
London  Symphony  Conceit.  8,  St,  James's  Hall. 
Rcrnhard  Carrodus  Quartet  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 

Messrs  Greene  and  Horwick's  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Ilritish  (.'hamber  Music  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
(,'ovcnt  (Jarden  Opera 
Popular  Conceit,  3.  St  James's  Hall. 
Signor  Scalero's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall, 
(.'rystal  I'alace  Concert,  3. 
MiBs  Annie  Muirhead's  Concert  for  Children,  3,  'West  Theatre, 

Albert  Hall 
Polytechnic  I'opular  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Covent  Garden  Opera. 


irsmstic  eonljg* 

After  a  circuitous  journey  from  Manchester, 
where  it  was  first  produced  on  September  7th, 
Mr.  Paul  M.  Potter's  adaptation  of  'Trilby' 
has  at  length  found  its  way  to  London,  and  has 
been  given  at  the  Haymarket.  One  unimport- 
ant change  has  been  made  in  the  cast,  the  part 
of  Madame  Vinard,  first  played  by  Miss  Annie 
Hughes,  being  assigned  Miss  Agnes  Russell. 
In  other  respects  the  interpretation  is  the  same  on 
which  we  have  already  commented.  Nothing  has 
to  be  added  to  the  opinion  already  expressed 
concerning  this  adaptation.  It  is  a  roughly 
effective  rendering  of  what  in  the  novel  is  most 
daring  and  least  sympathetic  and  convincing. 
Svengali,  with  his  nervous  and  potent  indivi- 
duality, dominates  the  action  and  dwarfs  the 
other  characters,  including  Trilby  herself,  whose 
pleasing  personality  is  lost  when  she  becomes 
throughout  a  mere  unconscious  tool  in  the  hands 
of  the  hypnotist.  The  outward  aspects  of  Taffy, 
the  Laird,  Zouzou,  and  Dodor  are  faithfully 
presented,  and  all  that  is  lost  from  the  book  is  the 
atmosphere,  which,  as  everybody  knows,  is  its 
chief  charm.  Mr.  Tree's  Svengali  gains  in  pic- 
turesqueness  and  intensity,  and  is  a  remark- 
able exhibition  of  quasi-diabolic  influence.  The 
play  has,  to  use  technical  language,  "caught 
on  "  in  London  as  elsewhere,  and  is  likely  to 
secure,  during  the  winter  and  the  spring,  the 
fortunes  of  the  Haymarket. 

Mr.  Arthur  Williams  has  been  chosen  for 
Bob  Acres  in  the  revival  of  *  The  Rivals  '  forth- 
coming at  the  Court.  Not  altogether  unknown 
is  Mr.  Williams  in  connexion  with  classical 
comedy.  So  long  a  period  has,  however,  elapsed 
since  he  has  been  seen  in  anything  higher 
than  burlesque,  that  the  choice  must  perforce 
be  regarded  as  an  experiment. 

The  Ope'ra  Comique  will  reopen  on  the  16th 
inst.  with  a  two-act  comedy  by  Mr.  T.  G. 
Warren,  and  a  burlesque  by  Messrs.  Brookfield 
and  Yardley  entitled  '  The  Model  Trilby  ;  or,  a 
Day  or  Two  after  Du  Maurier.' 

A  WELL-KNOWN  adaptation  of  Mr.  Hall  Caine's 
novel  '  The  Manxman '  will  be  produced  at 
the  Shaftesbury.  The  principal  parts  will  be 
assigned  Messrs.  Lewis  Waller,  Brookfield, 
H.  Kemble,  Fernandez,  and  Hamilton  Knight, 
Mrs.  Arthur  Ayres,  Miss  Florence  West,  and 
Miss  Kate  Phillips. 

Mr.  Bourchier  will  shortly  produce  at  the 
Royalty  a  one-act  play  by  Miss  Alicia  Ramsey 
and  M.  Rudolph  de  Cordova,  entitled  '  Monsieur 
de  Paris,'  in  which  Miss  Violet  Vanbrugh,  as  the 
heroine,  will  play  a  character  of  a  romantic  girl, 
unlike  anything  she  has  hitherto  attempted. 

Mr.  Grein  has  resigned  the  management  af 
the  Independent  Theatre,  which  will  now  devolve 
upon  Miss  Dorothy  Leighton,  Mr.  Charrington, 
and  Mr.  Teixeira  de  Mattos.  Next  season's 
programme  includes  '  Mrs.  Warren's  Profession/ 
by  Mr.  George  Bernard  Shaw  ;  '  Lonely  Souls,' 
by  Herr  Gerhardt  Hauptmann  ;  and  new  plays 
by  Mr.  OUivier  and  Prof.  Murray. 

M.  Sardou  has  read  to  the  company  of  the 
Vaudeville  his  new  piece  'Marcelle,' of  which 
the  scene  is  laid  in  Britanny.  Madame  Jean 
Hading  takes  the  chief  part.  It  is  to  be  brought 
out  in  December,  and  a  Russian  version  will  be 
played  simultaneously  at  St.  Petersburg. 


To  CORHESPONDKNT.S. — A.  A.  J.  E.— W.  M.— F.  A.— S.  R. 
—A.  W.-E.  R.  L.  O.-P.  W.-D.  F.-H.  Z.-Q.  F.  B.- 
F.  C.  W. — received. 

Erratum.— "So.  3548,  p.  572,  col.  3,  line  10,  for"  Newcastle  " 
read  Beiccastle.  


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
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N° 3549, Nov.  2/95 THE    ATHEN^UM 617 

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LIFE    of    GEORGE    STEPHENSON. 

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JAMES  NASMYTH,  ENGINEER.    An 

Autobiography,    Illustrated.    6?. 

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]!\3.smylh."— Edinburgh  Review. 

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LIFE  and  IiABOUR;  or,  Character- 
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MEN    of    INVENTION     and    IN- 
DUSTRY.   G*. 

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chapters  in  the  history  of  industry  and  scientific  investigation  wUl  be 
quite  as  popular  as  their  predecessors."— Timss. 

Gs.  each. 
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CHARACTER.         |  DUTY. 

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romance.  He  has  pursued  his  investigations  with  a  laborious  minute- 
ness worthy  of  the  .Statistical  Society  and  of  the  Heralds'  College  ;  and 
yet  it  is  as  impossible  to  skip  a  page  as  in  reading  his  'Life  of  Stephen- 
son.'"'— Jiritish  Quarterly/  Ret'ieic. 

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His  motto  and  his  watchwords,  In  the  energy  of  hi*  younger  labour,  as 
in  his  refusal  to  yield  to  the  pressure  of  his  later  troubles,  were  ever, 
Work,  IX'Votion,  High  Endeavour-in  a  word,  that  Self-help  which  U 
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JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle-Btreet. 


620 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


623 


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A  MAN  PROPOSES.    Second  Edition. 

"The  personages  are  strongly  conceived  and  thocghtfully,  almost 
poetically  developed.  The  story  is  told  with  a  pathetic  and  narrative 
skill  which  unflaggingly  sustains  its  interest  to  the  close. ''—Scotsman. 


BY  FERGUS  HUME. 

The  LONE  INN.    Second  Edition. 

"  Even  such  a  master  of  mysteries  as  the  author  may  be  congratulatcil 
on  the  ingenuity  of  that  which,  in  The  Lone  Inn,'  keeps  the  reader 
from  first  to  last  in  a  maze  of  expectancy  and  doubt.  The  whole  tale  is 
exceptionally  weird  and  effective. "—.Uoiiiwi/  Fast. 


BY  SCOTT  GRAHAM. 

The  GOLDEN   MILESTONE. 


Third 


Edition. 
"A  novel,  the  Interest  of  which  deepens  as  it  goes,  written  wittiiy 
and  brightly,  with  an  absence  of  padding  and  hyperbole  " 

Daily  Telegraph.. 

London :  JARROLD  &  SONS, 
10  and  11,  Warwick-lane, E.G. ;  and  all  Booksellers 


NOTES  on  the  NEBULAR  THEORY.     By  W.  V. 
STANLEY,  F.R.A.S.  F  G.S.     260  pp.  imperial  8vo.  with  Plates 
and  Cuts,  price  9s.    See  review,  Atlien<n{m,  October  26,  p.  573. 
Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co..  Ltd. 

ACCIDENTS    TO    LIFE    AND    LIMB, 

RAILWAY  ACCIDENTS, 

EMPLOYERS'     LIABILITY, 

INSURED    AfJATNST    BY   THE 

RAILWAY    PASSENGERS'   ASSURANCE    CO. 
Established  1849.  Capital  £1,000,000, 

COMPENSATION  PAID  £3,550,000. 
64,  CORNHILL,  LONDON.  A.  VIAN,  Secretary. 

T^HROAT  IRRITATION  and  COUGH.— Soreness 
and  drvness,  tickling  and  irritation,  inducing  cough  and  affecting 
the  voice,  lor  these  symptoms  use  EPPS'S  GLVCEHINE  JVJUBES. 
In  contact  with  the  glands  at  the  moment  they  are  excited  by  the  act  ol 
sucking,  the  glycerine  in  these  agreeable  confections  becomes  actively 
healing. 

T7PPS'S  GLYCERINE  JUJUBES. 


HROAT   IRRITATION  and  COUGH.— EPPS'S 

GLYCERINE  JUJUBES  are  sold  in  boxes,  73<i  .  and  in  tins,  \s.  IjdL, 


1 

labelled  "James  Epps  &  Co.,  Limited,  Homiropathio  Chemists,   170^ 
Piccadilly,  and  48,  Ihreadneedlestreet,  liOndon.  ' 

LAW. 


W     M.  &  G    E     0. 

C    0    F    F    E    E— 


SUGAR- 
TEA. 

104,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 


There  are  mines  and  mines. 
There  are  soaps  and  soaps  ; 
All  mines  arc  not  gold  mines, 
All  soaps  are  not  VIXOLIA. 


DI  N  N  B  F  O  R  D'S      MAGNESIA. 
The  best  remedy  for 
ACiniTT  of  the  STO.MACH,  HBARTBUKN, 

KBAUACUS,  OOUT, 

and  INUIOEBTIOM, 

And  Saleit  Aperient  for  I>ellc&te  Constitutions, 

Children,  and  Infant*. 

DINNEFOUD'S        MAGNESIA. 


624 


THE    ATHEN.S:UM 


N°  3549,  Nov.  2,  '95 


EEEDEEICK  WAENE  &  CO.'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  LITTLE  LORD  FAUNTLEROY.' 

TWO  LITTLE  PILGRIMS'  PROGRESS.    By  Frances  Hodgson 

BURNETT.    With  Original  Illustrations  by  R.  W.  Macbeth,  A.R.A.     In  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  gilt 
edges,  6s. 
MBS.    BVRNETrS  LONGEST  AND    MOST  NOTABLE  JUVENILE  SINCE    'FAUNT- 
LEROY: 

In  '  Two  Little  Pilgrims'  Progress'  Mrs. Burnett  is  at  her  best.  It  is  a  charming  story  of  two  children— a  little  boy  and 
girl  whose  eventful  pilgrimage  is  told  in  the  author's  well-known  delightful  manner.  It  is  safe  to  prophesy  that  this  will 
be  a  prime  favourite  among  books  for  the  young,  and  will  rival  even  '  Fauntleroy '  in  popularity. 

LANCASHIRE    IDYLLS.    By  J.  Marshall  Mather,  Author   of 

'Popular  Studies  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  Poets,'  'John  Ruskin,'  &c.  In  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt, 
gilt  top,  trimmed  edges,  6s. 

Intimately  acquainted,  by  long  residence  and  close  study,  with  the  people  living  in  the  district  of  which  he  writes,  Mr. 
Mather  in  his  '  Idylls '  places  before  his  readers  the  rude  moorland  and  busy  factory  life  of  the  Kossendale  Valley. 

SILAS  K.  HOCKING'S  NEW  VOLUME. 

The  HEART  of  MAN.    By  Silas  K.  Hocking,  Author  of '  A  Son  of 

Reuben,'  '  One  in  Charity,'  &c.  With  Original  Illustrations  by  Charles  Prater.  In  large  crown  8vo. 
cloth  gilt,  bevelled  boards,  3s.  6^. 

The  First  and  Second  Editions  of  Mr.  Hocking's  new  book  have  already  been  exhausted,  and  a  THIED  EDITION 
(Ten  Thousand)  is  now  ready. 

"  Mr.  Hocking,  in  his  new  story,  has  struck  a  deeper  vein  of  fiction  than  that  which  he  has  already  worked.  There  is 
an  intensity  in  the  style  and  a  well-worked  individuality  in  the  characters  which  make  the  narrative  one  of  unfailing 
interest." — Scotsman. 

A  STIRRING  LANCASHIRE  STORY. 

The  SHUTTLE  of  FATE.    By  Caroline  Masters.    With  Original 

Illustrations  by  Lancelot  Speed.     In  large  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  bevelled  boards,  3s.  Qd, 

The  author,  in  utilizing  the  material  facts  of  a  strike  among  the  cotton  operatives,  has  woven  together  a  story  of  great 
power  and  dramatic  interest,  replete  with  character  study.  No  more  powerful  Lancashire  story  has  appeared  since  Mrs. 
Burnett's  '  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's.' 

FIRST  EDITION  EXHAUSTED.     SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

PAUL  HERIOT'S  PICTURES.    By  Alison  McLean,  Author  of 

'  Quiet  stories  from  an  Old.  Woman's  Garden.'    With  Original  Illustrations  by  H,  R.  Steer,  R.I. 

In  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  3s.  &cl. 
"It  is  a  pleasure  nowadays  to  come  across  a  collection  of  short  stories  which  are  neither  aggressively  realistic  nor 
ostentatiously  impressionist.  In  '  Paul  Heriot's  Pictures,' by  Alison  M'Lean,  the  authoress  has  had  the  courage  to  revive 
a  fashion  somewhat  out  of  date  and  to  tell  her  tales  with  a  simplicity,  a  grace,  an  old-world  sentiment  that  give  to  these 
stories  the  fragrance  of  pot-pourri,  the  charm  of  cottage  flowers,  the  wistful  prettiness  of  an  old-fashioned  water-colour 
sketch." — Manchester  Guardian. 

AN  ORIGINAL  WAGER.    By  a  Vagabond.   With  Original  lUus- 

trations  by  Georges  Michelet.     In  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  3».  Qd. 

'  An  Original  Wager '  is  an  account  of  a  unique  experience.  In  consequence  of  a  bet  with  some  sporting  friends,  the 
author  undertook  to  spend  six  weeks  in  France,  during  which  time  he  agreed  to  earn  his  living  solely  and  simply  by 
utilizing  his  capacities  as  an  amateur  sportsman.  The  story  of  his  diflScuIties  and  trials,  and  his  ultimate  success,  is  told 
with  brightness  and  vivacity.  One  of  the  most  enthralling  incidents  is  the  twenty  kilometre  race  which  he  rode  on  horse- 
back against  the  champion  lady  cyclist  of  the  world. 

NEW  VOLUME  IN  "THE  LIBRARY  OF  FICTION." 

SIR  JAFFRAY'S  WIFE.    By  A.  W.  Marchmont,  B.A.    In  crown 

8vo.  picture  covers,  2s. ;  or  cloth  gilt,  2s.  6d. 
"  Interesting  from  beginning  to  end." — Liverpool  Mercury. 

NEW  BOOK  ON  CHESS. 

By  One  of  the  Veteran  Competitors  at  the  recetit  Hastings  Tournament. 

CHESS  NOVELTIES  and  their  LATEST  DEVELOPMENTS. 

By  H.  E.  BIRD,  Author  of  '  Chess  Masterpieces,'  &c.     With  upwards  of  70  Diagrams  of  notable 

Games.     In  small  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  top,  3s.  6d. 
"  Ought  to  be  studied  by  all  serious  players." — Leeds  Mercury. 
"  Contains  some  of  the  most  brilliant  games  it  has  ever  been  our  pleasure  to  play  over."— Liverpool  Post. 

COMPLETION  OF  THE  FOURTH  VOLUME. 

The   ROYAL   NATURAL    HISTORY.    Edited   by   Richard 

LYDEKKER,  B.A.  F.G.S.  F.Z.S.  Richly  illustrated  with  12  Coloured  Plates  and  upwards  of  200 
Engravings.  In  super-royal  8vo.  handsomely  bound  in  cloth  gilt,  9s.  net;  or  half-morocco, 
12s.  6d.  net. 

"Both  the  text  and  the  drawings  of  this  admirable  work  of  reference  are  thoroughly  abreast  of  the  most  recent  con- 
clusions in  zoology.    Alike  in  fulness,  authority,  and  literary  skill  this  work  merits  attention." — Standard. 

THE  BEST  ILLUSTRATED  WORK  ON  BIRDS. 

BIRDS.   Being  Sections  VI.,  VII.,  and  VIII.  of  the  '  Royal  Natural 

History.'  With  18  Coloured  Plates  and  Hundreds  of  Black  and  White  Engravings.  In  3  vols, 
super-royal  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  15s.  net;  or  half-morocco,  24s.  net. 


RANDOLPH  CALDECOTT  AND 
EDWARD  LEAR. 


y  FREDERICK  WARNE  <&  CO.'S  COMPLETE  CATALOGUE  contains  a  large 
■seledi'm  of  Works  in  all  Departments  of  Literature,  and  will  he  sent  post  free  on  application. 


"THE  KINGS  OP  NURSERY 
LITERATURE." 

RANDOLPH    CALDECOTT'S 

PICTURE      BOOKS. 

The  late  B.  CALDECOTT'S  inimitable  Picture 
Books  are  no7V  issued  in  the  Three  following  forms  : — 

1.  In  TWO  SIX-SHILLING  VOLUMES.  Large  square 
crown  4to.  handsome  binding,  coloured  edges,  each  con- 
taining 4S  Coloured  Pictures  and  innumerable  Outline 
Sketches,  entitled — 

COLLECTION  of  PICTURES  and  SONGS. 

First  Series.     Upright  Shape. 

COLLECTION  of  PICTURES  and  SONGS. 

Second  Series.    Oblong  shape. 

2.  In  FOUR  TWO-AND-SIXPBNNY  VOLUMES.  Large 
square  crown  4to.  handsome  cloth  binding,  coloured  edges, 
each  containing  24  Coloured  Pictures  and  numerous  Outline 
Sketches,  entitled — 

R.  CALDECOTT'S  PICTURE  BOOK,  No.  1. 
R.  CALDECOTT'S  PICTURE  BOOK,  No.  2. 
HEY-DIDDLE-DIDDLE  PICTURE  BOOK. 
The  PANJANDRUM  PICTURE  BOOK. 

3.  In  SIXTEEN  SIXPENNY  VOLUMES.  Sewed,  Picture 
Covers,  each  containing  6  Coloured  Plates  and  numerous 
Outline  Sketches. 

EDWARD    LEAR'S 

NONSENSE     BOOKS. 

THE    BOOK    OF     NONSENSE. 

THIRTIETH  EDITION. 

Reissued  in  its  Original  Form,  with  110  Droll  Illustrations, 

printed  in  Black  and  White,  with  full  Letterpress 

Descriptions. 

In  oblong  4to.  cloth  gilt,  6«. 


MORE    NONSENSE. 

FOURTH  EDITION. 

104  pages  of  Droll  Illustrations,  with  full  Letterpress 

Descriptions  and  an  Original  Preface. 

In  oblong  4to.  cloth  gilt,  6s. 


NONSENSE  SONGS  AND  STORIES. 

NINTH  EDITION. 

With  Additional  Songs  and  Illustrations, 

and  an  Introduction  by  Sir  EDWARD  STRACHBY,  Bart. 

In  large  fcap.  4to.  Zs.  Gd. 


NONSENSE  BOTANY  AND  NONSENSE 
ALPHABETS. 

FIFTH     EDITION. 

With  162  Illustrations.    In  large  fcap.  4to.  gilt,  3s.  Gd. 


LEAR'S    NONSENSE    BIRTHDAY   BOOK. 

A  Humorous  Volume  of  Edward  Lear's  famous  Nonsense 

Rhymes  and  Verses. 

Collected  and  Arranged  so  as  to  form  a  Daily  Record. 

With  Interleaved  Diary  for  Signatures. 

In  square  fcap.  8vo.  cloth  gilt  and  gilt  edges,  3s.  6rf. ; 

or  French  morocco,  5s. 


THE  OWL  AND    THE  PUSSY  CAT, 

AND 

THE  DUCK  AND   THE   KANGAROO: 

Nonsense  Drolleries. 

Humorously  illustrated  by  W.  Foster. 

In  small  4to.  coloured  picture  cover,  price  Is. 


London:  FREDERICK  WARNE  &  CO.  Bedford-street,  Strand. 


Bdltorial  CommDnications  should  be  addressed   to   "The   EJitor"  — AdvortUcmenls  and   liusiness    Letters   to  'The   Publisher" —at  the  Oflico,   ltream'8-bnildln(?s,   Chancory-IanB,  E.C. 

Printed  by  John  C.  FaiNcis,  Athenaeum  Press,  Jireain's-buUdin!?s,  C'hanceiy-lane,  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  the  said  John  C.  Feimcis  at  Hream's-bulldinss,  Chancery-lane,  B.C. 

Agents  tor  Scotumd,  Messrs.  lieU  &  liradlute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburi^h.— Saturday,  November  2,  1895. 


THE  ATHENJEUM 

Soumal  of  Cnglisift  anlr  jTureign  iCiUrature,  ^timtt,  tf)e  fim  ^irtsf,  iHusiir  an^  tfte  IBrama. 


No.  3550. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    9,  1895. 


PBIOH 
THRBEPBNCB 

BB8ISTHBBD  AS  A  NBWSPAFBB 


THE  FORTIETH  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  of 
the  ROYAL  PHOTOGRAPHIC  SOCIETY,  at  the  Gallery  of  the 
»oy»l  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours.  5v.  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W  , 
CLOSES  THURSDAY,  Norember  14.  The  Catalogue  contains  37  pages 
of  nittstrations,  Reproductions  of  Pictures  in  the  Exhibition,  price  Oci. ; 
-p(M  tree,  9d. 

ROYAL  ACADEMY  of  ARTS.— NOTICE  IS 
HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  the  President  and  Council  will  proceed 
to  Elect  on  TUESDAY,  November  26  ONE  COUSINS  ANNUITANT. 
Applicants  for  the  Annuity,  which  is  of  the  ralue  of  not  more  than  80/ , 
dust  be  deserving  Artists,  Painters  in  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  Sculp- 
tors, Architects  or  Engravers  in  need  of  aid  through  unavoidable 
failure  of  professional  employment  or  other  causes  —Forms  of  ap- 
plication can  be  obtained  by  letter  addressed  to  the  SECRErvar,  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts,  Piccadilly,  W.  They  must  be  filled  in  and  returned 
an  or  before  Saturday,  Norember  2.3. 

By  order, 

FRED.  A.  EATON,  Secretary. 

AMPSHIRE      RECORD     SOCIETY. 


H 


GORDON'S  COLLEGE  in  ABERDEEN  (BOYS). 
—WANTED,  a  highly  qualified  TEACHER  of  FRENCH  and 
GERMAN,  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  his  OSce— Particulars 
as  to  salary,  &c.,  from  the  Head  Master. 

OROUGH      of       PLYMOUTH. 


WILLIAM  OF  WYKEHAM'S  REGISTER,  A.D.  1.367-1404. 

The  publication  for  the  year  1896  will  be  the  First  Volume  of  an 
Edition  of  WILLIAM  of  WYKEHAMS  EPISCOPAL  REGISTER, 
containing  Institutions  and  Collations  to  Benefices,  Confirmations  of  the 
Heads  of  Monasteries,  and  Ordinations  during  the  period  of  his  Episco- 
pate (A  D  1367-1404),  by  T  F  KIRBY,  M  A  ,  F  S  A  ,  Bursar  of  Win- 
Chester  College     It  will"  be  issued  early  in  the  ensuing  year 

The  Edition  will  be  limited  to  500  copies.  The  price  to  Non-Members 
Of  the  Hampshire  Record  Society  will  be  i;  l.«  Subscribers'  Names  are 
being  received  by  the  Hon.  Treasurer,  F,  Bowkeh,  Esq.,  junior,  Win- 
chester 

It  is  proposed  to  complete  the  publication  of  the  Register  by  the  issue 
of  a  Second,  or  possibly  Two  further  Volumes,  containing  Wykeham's 
Official  Documents 

Volumes  devoted  to  the  REGISTERS  of  BISHOPS  SANDALE  and 
ASSARn316-23:.  Edited  by  FRANCIS  RAIGENT,  Esq  .  and  of  BISHOP 
PONTISSARA  1 1230-1304),  Edited  by  the  DEAN  of  WINCHESTER,  are 
m  progress 

YOUNG  MAN.  well  educated— French  (fluent), 
Italian,  Latin.  Archeology  of  Art— seeks  EMPLO\'>rENT  as 
LIBRARIAN  or  CURATOR,  or  in  First-Class  Book  Trade.  Can  under- 
take Literary  Work —Address  H  ,  Willing's  Advertisement  Offices,  162, 
Piccadilly 

THE  KEW  COMMITTEE  have  been  requested 
to  recommend  a  Gentleman  as  FIRST  ASSISTANT  to  the  MAG- 
NETICAL  and  METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATORY,  MAURITIUS. 
Salary  4,000  rupees.  Candidates  "  should  possess  a  practical  knowledge 
»f  the  methods  of  obtaining  and  measuring  photographic  records  of  the 
variations  of  the  meteorological  and  magnetical  elements  and  of  sun- 
ypots  as  practised  at  the  Kew  Observatory."  They  must  be  prepared  to 
leave  by  Mail  from  Marseilles  December  1.  Particulars  can  be  obtained 
at  the  Meteorological  Office.  63.  Victoria-street —Applications  to  be 
-sent  to  C.  Chree,  Esq  ,  D  Sc  ,  Kew  Observatory,  Richmond,  Surrey, 
before  the  1.5th  instant 

ART  MISTRESS.— WANTED,  by  a  Certificated 
Art  Mistress  fGroup  I.  and  part  of  II  ).  ex-Student  in  Training  at 
the  National  Art  Training  School.  South  Kensington,  with  two  years' 
subsequent  experience  in  Teaching  in  Schools  of  Art,  a  POSITION  as 
ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  in  a  School  of  Art,  or  Mistress  of  an  Art  Class 
•at  Drawing  Mistress  in  a  High  School. 

Address  H.  B.,  Dunkirk,  Devizes. 

T'HE     VICTORIA     UNIVERSITY. 


The  REOISTRARSHIP  of  the  UNIVER.SITT  will  SHORTLY 
BECOME  VACANT  by  the  resignation  of  A  T.  Bentlev.  Efiq  ,  M  A  — 
Applications,  accompanied  by  references,  and,  if  thought  proper,  by 
testimonials,  should  be  sent  on  or  before  December  1  to  the  Vice- 
Chancellor,  under  cover  to  the  Rr,Gi';Tn*R.  the  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester, who  will  furnish  all  necessary  information. 

Manchester,  November,  1805. 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY,  an  experienced  HEAD 
MISTRESS  of  the  GIRLS'  DEPARTMENT  of  a  DUAL 
COUNTY  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL  A  Graduate  preferred  -com- 
petent to  teach  English  Subjects,  French  (including  Conversational), 
Domestic  Economy.  Subjects  desirable  but  not  essential :— Vocal 
Music.  Needlework,  Drawing.  Shorthand,  Agriculture  Salary  100?.  per 
annum  —Applications,  with  qualifications  and  testimonials,  to  be  sent 
to  the  Hevd  Master,  County  School,  Narberth. 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY,  an  experienced 
SCIENCE  MASTER-a  Science  Graduate  preferred— qualified 
to  earn  science  and  Art  grants  in  Mathematics.  Chemistry  Mechanics 
Sabjects  desirable,  hut  not  essential  -—Agriculture.  Drawing  Vocal 
Music,  French  Book  keeping.  Shorthand  Must  he  a  thorough  dis- 
ciplinarian Salary  l.(i/  per  annum  and  half  of  the  Science  and  Art 
grant  gained  for  School  and  Evening  Classes.— Applications,  with  qoali- 
flcattons  and  testimonials  to  be  sent  to  the  Head  M.ister  County 
School,  Narberth.  ' 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES. 
f  A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales  ) 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Chair  of  LOGIC.  PHILOSOPHY 
and  POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  now  vacant  in  this  College  The  Council 
wUI  elect  on  December  18  Stipend  250(  ,  with  share  of  fees  guaranteed 
up  to  501  Forty  onpies  of  the  application  and  testimonials  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Mondav,  Noveml>er'.'5  The 
Professor  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  ot 
the  New  Year —For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDW.ARD  LLOYD,  MA,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  October  21, 1895. 

ORPETH     GRAMMAR     SCHOOL. 


M 


B 


APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 

The  Governors  of  the  above  School  invite  applications  for  the  Office 
of  HEAD  MASTER,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University  In  the 
United  Kingdom  The  fixed  yearly  stipend  is  l.»;  ,  with  a  further 
Cwitation  payment  of  21  5,«  a  year  for  each  Boy  attending  the  School, 
and  a  house  and  garden  rent  free  I  here  is  accommodation  in  the 
house  for  Twelve  Boarders  Present  number  of  Boys  in  the  School, 
Eighty-three  —Applications,  stating  age  and  past  experience,  together 
with  copies  of  not  more  than  Ave  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  not  later 
than  Tuesday,  the  2Sth  Inst ,  to  me.  the  undersigned,  from  whom  any 
further  information  may  be  obtained.  No  canvassing  the  Governors  by 
letter  or  otherwise  permitted. 

r„    ,.■    «».       .,  GEO   BURNELL,  CTerk  to  the  Governor*. 

aerk  9  Office,  Morpeth  November  5, 189S. 


The  Technical  Instruction  Committee  invite  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  SCIENCE  fECHNOLOGICAL 
and  COMMERCIAL  DEPARTMENT  of  their  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS. 
He  must  hold  a  University  Degree  and  be  highly  qualified  in  Chemistry, 
Physics,  and  Mechanical  Subjects.  He  will  be  required  to  take  charge 
at  the  beginning  of  January  next.    Salary  300^  per  annum. 

A  statement  of  duties  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

Applications,  stating  age,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  which  will  not 
be  returned,  together  with  the  names  and  addresses  of  three  referees, 
to  be  forwarded  on  or  before  November  15  to 

T.  W.  BYFIELD,  Secretary. 

Technical  Schools,  Plymouth,  October  22, 1895. 

COUNTY  OF  MERIONETH. 

DOLGELLEY    COUNTY    INTERMEDIATE 
SCHOOL 
WANTED,  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School,  who  must  have 
taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom.    Preference  (other  things  being 
equal)  given  to  those  who  have  had  experience  in  Teaching. 
Salary  160/ ,  together  with  a  fixed  Capitation  Fee  of  II. 
The  Head  Master  will  be  allowed  to  make  private  arrangements  for 
boarding  of  Pupils. 

Each  Candidate  must  Send  ten  printed  copies  of  his  application, 
together  with  ten  printed  copies  of  not  more  than  six  recent  testi- 
monials, to  the  undersigned  (who  will  give  any  further  information) 
on  or  before  the  23rd  day  of  November,  1835. 

R   JONES  GRIFFITH, 
Clerk  to  the  County  Governing  Body. 
Finsbury-square,  Dolgelley,  November  2, 1895. 

TO  LIBRARIANS.— LIBRARIAN  WANTED  for 
the  FREE  LIBRARY,  WORKINGTON.    Salary  80/ —Applications 
and  testimonials  to  be  sent  to  Mr.  Pons,  Stan  beck,  Workington. 

SENIOR  ASSISTANT  WANTED  for  BOURNE- 
MOUTH PUBLIC  LIBRARY.  Salary  to  commence  at  5^/  .  and 
rising  in  three  years  to  70/.  Previous  experience  in  a  Public  Library 
essential.  Candidates  must  apply  in  own  handwriting,  and  applications 
must  be  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testi- 
monials, and  sent  not  later  than  November  15.  1895.  Duties  to  com- 
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month's  notice  on  either  side. — Charles  Riddle.  Librarian  and  Secretary. 

VACANT  PARTNERSHIP.— Required,  in  an 
established  select  PUBLISHING  HOUSE,  with  increasing  busi- 
ness, capable  of  very  great  development,  an  ACTIVE  PARTNER,  with 
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An  excellent  opportunity  for  a  young  man  wishing  a  start  —Address 
Books,  at  Shelley  s,  38,  Gracechurch-street,  B.C. 

NEWSPAPER  PROPERTY.— WANTED  TO  BUY, 
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accountant —Full  particulars  to  Abisodok,  Central  Press,  22,  Parlia- 
ment-street, S.W. 

TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.    per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Authors.— Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'   MSS.    accurately   and 
quickly  TypedL    Usual  terms. 


T^YPE-WRITING  by  CLERGYMAN'S 
DAUGHTER  and  Assistants —Authors'  MSS,  Is.  per  1,000  words. 
Type-written  Circulars,  &c.,  by  Copying  Process.  Authors'  references. 
—Miss  SiKEs,  13,  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith,  W. 


TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
views.  Literary  Articles,  &c  ,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Irf.  per  folio  Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies —Address  Miss  E  'Iigar, 
23,  Maitland  Park-villas,  Haverstock-hill,  N.  W.    Established  18*J 


TYPE-WRITING.— Is.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement  Examination  Questions  reproduced  equal  original 
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Wellington-street,  W.C 

TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.  of  all  kinds  TYPE- 
WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.  Id.  per  folio.  Large 
quantities  by  arrangement.  Translations.  —  Ed.  Grvhim,  Surrey 
Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W  C. 

HE    LITERARY.    TECHNICAL,    and    TYPE- 

A\'RITING  ASSOCIATION  undertake  Work  for  Authors  and  others 
on  moderate  terms.  Searches,  Translations,  Tjrpe-writing.  Shorthand, 
&c     Write  or  call  —16,  Furnival-strect,  Holborn,  E  C. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREA  U.— Confidential 
Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  i  Nat  Sci  Tripos)  9,  Strand, 
London  —English  and  Foreign  Secretaries.  Expert  Stenographers, 
Typist*  (Remington  and  Hammond i.  skilled  in  the  use  of  Phonograph. 
Trained  Secretaries  for  Medical  and  Scientific  .Men,  Publishers,  Members 
of  Parliament,  and  others  Correspondence  indexed  by  special  method 
Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialty,  Medical  Type- 
writing 

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X  mendons  bargains  In  slightly  soiled  Remingtons  Barlocks, 
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Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  6j  Special  attention  to  country  orders  Catalngne  free— N 
Titioa.  Manager.  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holborn  endi.  London     Telephone  No.  6690. 

MR.    HENRY   BLACKBURN'S    LECTURES 
at  ART  SCHOOLS  and  COLLEGES  have  recommenced 
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FRANCE The     ATHEN.ffiUM     can    b« 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 

France  :— 

AMLEN8,  ANTIBE8,  BBAULIEU-SUB-jatH,  BIAERm,  BOR- 
DEAUX, B0ULOGNE-8CR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUH- 
KIRK,  HAVRE,  LLLLB,  LYONS,  MAESBILLBS,  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  BAFHARTi,  TOUBS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIONANI  LIBBARI,  224,  Rne  d«  RiTOU,  PariA 

9,  HART-eniEST,  Bloomsboet,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  ol  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Audress  as  above. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Staines— The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  tor  Employment  in  Europe,  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
40  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  1896.  The  Secretary  ot 
State  will  oflfer  them  for  CompetitionTwelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraph  Department.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  to  the  SEcaeriRT-,  at  the  College. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J,  Beivor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  Loudon,  W.C. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Pbopebty. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  oflering  to  place  MSS,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    Q  HERBERT  THEXNO,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal-street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d..  by  Horacr  Cox,  Bream  s-buildings,  EC. 


THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  EstabUshed  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M  BURGHES,  1,  Patemoster-row.  The 
Interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted  'Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuRGHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Patemoster-row. 

THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
Syndicate  and  Press  Agency.  "  A  Medium  of  Communication 
between  Authors,  Editors,  and  Publishers."  MSS  negotiated.  Inter- 
views by  appointment  only —Address  the  Secrbtart,  8,  Victoria-street, 
Westminster. 

ryO     AUTHORS.— The     MARLBOROUGH 

X  LITERARY  AGENCY  ofters  unique  and  valuable  advantages. 
No  preliminary  fees.  Prospectus  free  on  application.- Marlborough 
House.  11.  Ludgate-hill,  EC. 

NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES,  BOOKS,  &:c.— 
KING.  SELL  &  RAILTON,  Limited,  High-Class  Printers  and 
Publishers,  12,  Gough-square,  4,  Bolt-court,  Fleet-street,  E  C,  have 
specially  built  Rotary  and  other  fast  Machines  for  printing  and  binding 
Illustrated  or  other  Publications.  Advice  and  assistance  given  to  auy 
one  wishing  to  commence  New  Journals.  Editorial  Offices  tree.  Adver- 
tising and  Publishing  conducted. 

Telephone  65.121.    Telegraph,  "  Africanism,  London." 

TO  AUTHORS.— The  ROXBURGHE  PRESS, 
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for  Printing  and  Publication.  Estimates  free.  Accounts  certified  by 
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artistic  binding  are  fully  up  to  the  high  standard  the  Roxburghe  Press 
has  attained." — Liberal. 


R     ANDERSON    k    CO.,    Advertising    Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR-8TRBET,  CHARING  CROSS.  S  W., 
Insert  Advertisements  In  all  Papers,  Magazines,  *c  ,  at  the  lowest 
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C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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ol  Terms  on  application.  __ 

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E 


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tree.  

pHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

Vy  BOOKS  including  a  floe  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J  M  W. 
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ready  Post  free.  Sixpence.— Wii  Wi«D,  2,  Church-terrace,  liidj- 
mond,  Surrey. 


626 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3550,  Nov.  9,  ^95 


Gratis  on  application, 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  2. 

JL     Monthly  last  ol  the  most  important  I'ublications  issued  by 
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Jost  issued, 

CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS  at  greatly 
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FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
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AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

ftre  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  suitable  margins,  any  size  up  to 
Semy,  22  inches  by  17  inches.  This  process  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
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COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS  ; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS; 
COPIES  OF  PEN-AND-INK  SKETCHES; 
COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN  ; 
mad  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British   Museum,  the  Paloco- 
■raphical,  Numismatical,  Antiquarian,  and  other  Learned  Societies,  and 
by  the  Lestding  Publishers. 

The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  for  the  Decoration  of  the  Home  with 
permanent  Photographs  from  the  most  celebrated  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
aod  Drawings  of  the  GREAT  MASTERS,  Ancient  and  Modern. 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ARTCATALOGUE  of  184  pages  (New  EditiOB), 
with  illustrated  Supplement,  containing  nearly  Seventy  Miniature 
Photographs  of  notable  Autotypes.    Post  free,  1.,. 

New  l*ampl)lct,  '  Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  free  on 
application. 

A       UTOGRAVURE. 


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Copper.  Copies  of  Paintings  by  Gainsboro,  Holman  Hunt,  Herbert 
Fctamalz ;  of  Portraits  by  Holl,  R.A  ;  Oulcss,  R  A. ;  Pettie,  R.A. ; 
Prinsep.  A  R  A  ;  ol  the  I'lesco  in  Guy's  Hospital ;  '  Spring,'  l>y  Herljert 
I>r»p«r,  Ac  ;  Antogravure  Iteproductions  of  Photographs  from  Art 
Objects  and  from  Nature,  can  be  seen  at  the  Autotype  Gallery. 
Estimates  and  particulars  on  application. 
The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W.C. 


THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  60,  Leadenhall-street, 
London,  EC.) 
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(Sales  bg  ^nxtion 

Engravings,  including  the  Collection  of  the  late  Mrs.  FOSTER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wiU  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  11.  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio), 
DRAWINGS  of  PORTRAITS,  &c  ,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs. 
FOSTER ;  also  ENGRAVINGS  by  OLD  MASTERS  and  a  large  COL- 
LECTION of  INITIAL  LETTERS,  the  Property  of  a  COLLECTOR; 
Theatrical  and  other  Portraits— Fancy  Subjects— Framed  Engravings 
after  Landseer  and  others— and  a  few  Water-Colour  Drawings  and  oil 
Paintings. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


A  Selection  of  Books,  the  Property  of  a  Legal  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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street.  Strand,  WC,  on  WEDNESDAY,  Novt-mber  13,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  SELECTION  of  BOOKS,  the  Property  of  a  LEGAL  GEN'ILE- 
MAN,  consisting  of  First  Editions  of  Works  by  Dickens,  'Thackeray, 
Surtees,  Ruskin,  and  other  modern  Popular  Authors— an  extensive 
Collection  of  Works  illustrated  by  Bewick.  Geo.  Cruikshank,  Leech, 
Phiz,  and  other  artists— and  other  Properties,  comprising  Works  in 
most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Ihe  Library  of  the  late  W.  C.  RULE,  Esq. 

MESSRS,  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  'THUKSDAY,  November  14,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  W.  C.  RULE,  Esq. 
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1770,  and  Fables  Nouvelles,  1773,  both  on  Large  Paper— Pine's  Horace, 
173-3-7- La  Fontaine.  Contes  et  Nouvelles,  176'J,  and  other  Editions— 
The  Heptameron  of  Marguerite  of  Navarre,  best  Edition,  1780-1— Grose's 
Antiquities  of  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  12  vols.,  &c. — 
Knight's  Account  of  Ancient  Worship  at  Isernia,  1786— Banier's  Ovid, 
two  copies.  17C7-70— Cervantes's  Don  Quixote,  4  vols.  Large  I'aper.  India 
proofs,  1818,  &c  — Galerie  de  Florence,  4  vols.  India  proofs,  1819— Gould's 
Birds  of  Great  Britain,  original  subscriber's  copy,  in  25  parts,  1862-73,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 

MESSRS,  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  November  18.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  the  FIRST  PORTION  (ANCIENT  BRITISH  and  ANGLO-SAXON 
SERIES)  of  the  very  valuable  and  extensive  COLLECTION  of  COINS 
formed  by  the  late  HYMAN  MONTAGU,  Esq  ,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President 
of  ttie  Numismatic  Society. 

Such  a  Collection  for  completeness  and  richness  has  hitherto  never 
been  offered  for  public  sale.  It  comprises  in  the  Ancient  British  Series 
Staters  and  Quarter-Staters  of  Verica,  Eppillus.  Epaticcus.  and  Cuno- 
belinus.  many  unpublished  ;  and  in  tlie  Anglo-Saxon  Section  the  series 
of  Pennies  of  Offa  and  Cynethryth  is  unrivalled,  as  also  are  those  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  the  Kings  of  Kent,  East  Anglia,  and 
Northumbria.  'That  of  Wessex  includes  the  most  remarkable  Coins  of 
Ecgbeorht,  Aethelwulf,  Aelfred,  Eadweard  the  Elder,  Aethelstan,  Eadred, 
Eadwig,  Eadgur,  Eadweard  II.,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  Is. 
each.    Illustrated  copies,  with  Six  Autotype  Plates,  price  2s.  6d.  each. 

The  Collection  of  Modern  Etchings  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMER- 
TON,  Esq.,  Author  of '  Etching  and  Etchers,'  ^c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  LS,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY',  November  2.5,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  COLLECTION  of  MODERN  ETCHINGS.  &c.,  formed  by  the  late 
PHILIP  GILBERT  HAMER  TON.  Esq  .  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  'The 
Graphic  Arts,'  &c.,  including  a  Number  of  his  own  Works. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMERTON,  Esq.,  Author  of 
'  Etching  and  Etchers,'  Sjc. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  "\V C,  on  TUESD.^Y,  November  26.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS  of  the  late  PHILIP 
GILBERT  HAMERTON,  Esq  .  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  ''The  Graphic 
Arts.'  consisting  of  a  Number  of  fine  Hooks  on  Art  (chiefly  Etching)  by 
the  Best  Modern  Writers,  English  and  Foreign— Special  Copies  of 
Hamerton's  own  Writings,  and  the  Original  Manuscripts  of  some  of  his 
Works— Viollet-le-Duc.  Dlctionnaire  de  I'Architecture— Ruekin's  Works 
— Encyclopa^dia  Britanniea,  Ninth  Edition. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLYWOOD. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  27,  and  Following 
1  lay.  at  1  o'clock  precisely  (by  order  of  the  Administratrix ),  the  LIBR.\R  Y 
of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLYWOOD,  consisting  of  Theological  and 
Historical  Literature,  and  another  Property,  consisting  of  Popular  and 
standard  Authors — English  History  —  Archa'ology  and  Topography — 
Theology  and  Classics— Poetry  and  the  Drama-Sporting— Biography — 
'1  ravels— and  Works  in  most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  the  Air- 
TioNEEns;  ofR  N.  RiioDts,  Esq..  Solicitor. 'Tandeld  Chambers.  Bradford, 
Yorks ;  and  Messrs.  Douson  &  Sun  31,  Sunbridge-road,  Bradford. 

MONDA  Y  NEXT.— British  Lepidoptera. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  MONDAY 
NEX'T,  November  II,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  the  remaining 
PORTION  of  th-  valuable  and  extensive  COLLKC'TION  of  BRITISH 
LKl'lDOl'lKRA  tonned  by  V.  1).  WHEELER.  Esq,  of  Norwieh-lhe 
well-made  4i>drawer  .Mahogany  Cabinet— Birds'  Eggs  and  .Skina,  &c. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 


M 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. — Miscellaneous  Properly. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
his  Great  Rooms.  .')8,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  FRIDAY 
NK.XT,  November  in.  at  hall-past  12 precisely,  about  400  Lots  of  SCIEN- 
TII'IU  INSTRUMENTS  and  APPARATUS— Elcctricals— Lanterns  and 
Slides— Hooks— and  ,MiNcellaneous  EllCcts. 


MONDA  Y,  November  IS. 
The  THIRD  PORTION  of  the  Stock  of  WALTER  LAWLEY, 

of  Farringdon-street,  icho  is  retiring  from  business. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY, November  18.  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  the  OPTICAL 
GOODS — Surgical  Instruments— an  immense  Assortment  of  Opera  and 
Race  Glasses— and  various  Apparatus. 


Porcelain  and  Decorative  Objects,  the  Property  of  a  Gentleman, 
deceased,  and  from  other  Private  Sources. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at 
their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James's-square.  on  'TUESDAY, 
November  12.  at  1  o'clock  precisely  (by  order  of  the  Executors),  a  Small 
COLLECTION  of  PORCELAIN,  F.ilENCE,  and  OBJECTS  of  ART, 
the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  deceased  ;  also  an  Old  CHINESE 
PORCELAIN  DINNER  SERVICE,  sold  bv  order  of  Mr.  Justice  North 
in  the  matter  of  the  Estate  of  CHARLES  EDMUND.  BARON  ELLEN- 
BOROUGH,  deceased;  and  Porcelain,  Faience,  and  Decorative  Objects 
and  Furniture  from  other  Private  Sources. 

May  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIP  CUNLIFFE 
OWEN,  K.C.B. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, November  20.  and 'Two  Following  Days,  at  10  minutes  past  1 
o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIP 
CUNLIFFE  OWEN,  K  CB  ,  comprising  Hogarth's  Works  — Claude's 
Liber  Veritatis—Lafontaine's Fables,  4 vols— Nash's  Mansions, coloured 
plates— Macklin's  Bible.  7  vols,  blue  morocco— Sterne's  Voyage  Senti- 
mental, proof  plates— Retif-de-la-Bretonne.  Le  Paysan  Pervertie, 
4  vols  — Pisanus  Fraxi,  4  vols.— Abbotsford  Waverley— Avesta,  trans- 
lated by  Bleeck,  the  Original  MSS.— Album  of  Autographs— Bookcases, 
&c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  A.  YOUNG,  of  Orlingbury 
Park,  Northampton. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C, 
EARLY  in  DECEMBER,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
A.  Y'OUNG,  Esq  ,  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  comprising  an 
extensive  Collection  of  First  Editions  of  the  Plays  of  Beaumont, 
Fletcher,  Chapman,  Shirley.  .Shadwell,  Wyclierley,  Steele,  Brome, 
Davenport,  and  others— Hoare's  Wiltshire,  Large  Paper— Ormerod's 
Cheshire— Baker's  Northamptonshire— Nash's  Worcestersliire- Shake- 
speare. .Second  Folio,  interleaved  with  numerous  MS.  Notes— Holbein's 
Portraits,  uncut— Purchas  his  Pilgrimes— Lawes  of  Virginia,  1662— 
Stephens's  Philadelphia  Directory,  1796-Spenser  Complaints,  1581— 
Early  Printed  Works,  and  Books  in  morocco  bindings  by  Derome,  &c., 
some  with  arms  of  former  owners. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Valuable  Works  on  India,  from, 
the  Library  of  a  Gentleman ;  a  Selection  from  an  Editor's 
Library,  ^c. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY, 
November  12.  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  V.\LUABLE 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Watson  and  Knye's  Peoples  of 
India,  8  vols.  4to  — Forbes's  Oriental  Memoirs,  4  vols  — Broughton's 
Mahratta  Camp— Dixon's  Mairwara— Solvyns's  Costume  of  Hindostan — 
Bowring's  Siam,  2  vols.  8vo— Yule's  Marco  Polo  and  Court  of  Ava, 
3  vols  — Tcnnent's  Ceylon,  2  vols  —Tod's  Rajast'han,  2  vols  — Kaye  and 
Malleson's  Sepov  War,  Indian  Officers,  &c.,  '/l  vols— Wheeler's  India, 
5  vols— Duft's  Mahrattas,  3  vols.- Briggss  Mahomedan  Power,  4  vols. 
— Wellesley'B  Despatches,  5  vols.- Sleeman's  Indian  Official,  2  vols.— 
Edwardes's  Punjaub  Frontier,  &e  ,  7  vols  — Masson's  Afghanistan,  &C. 
5  vols  —Terry's  E:ist  Indies,  1665— Ovington's  Suratt,  1689— Glanius's, 
Bengala,  1682— Atkinson's  Curry  and  Rice— Sir  Walter  Scott's  Works, 
100  vols —The  Novels  of  Ainsworth,  Dickens,  and  'Trollope— Ruskin's 
Stones  of  Venice.  3  vols  — Hewett's  Ancient  Armour,  3  vols  —Evelyn 
and  Pepvs's  Memoirs— Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Works,  10  vols.— 
Marston's  Works,  3  vols  — Le  Cabinet  des  Fees,  41  vols.  —  Camden 
Society's  Publications,  148  vols— British  Association  Reports,  59  vols.— 
'i'he  Ecclesiastic  and  Ecclesiologist,  59  vols.,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


IRE 


Monthly,  price  Half-a-Crown, 

CONTEMPORARY 


REVIEW. 


Contents  for  NOVEMBER. 
OUR  FOREIGN  POLICY.    By  E  J.  Dillon 
LOUIS  PASTEUR.    By  Patrick  Geddes  and  J.  A.  Thomson. 
The  PERSECUTION  of   CHRISTIANS   in  RUSSIA.     By  Count  Leo 

Tolstoy. 
CHURCH  REFORM.    By  the  Editor. 

NORSE  and  IRISH  LITERATURE.    II.    By  'William  Larminie. 
JUDGES  and  LAWYERS.    By  Herbert  Spencer. 
The  BUDGET  ;  a  New  Scheme.    By  M.  G.  Mulhall. 
JESUIT  ZOOPHILY  :  a  Reply.    By  Father  Tyrrell,  S.J. 
VICTOR  8CHEFFEL.    By  T.  W.  Kolleston. 
COULD  the  CHURCH  TRANSFER  her  SCHOOLS  to  SCHOOL  BOARDS  ? 

By  Dean  l"arrar.  Archdeacons  Wilson  and  Sinclair,  and  Canons  H. 

Scott  Holland  and  Eyton. 
'The  CONSTANTINOPLE  MASSACRE.    By  Canon  McColI. 

London :  Isbister  &  Co.,  Limited,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 

T^HE      NINETEENTH      CENTURY. 

X  NOVEMBER,  1895. 

'TRAFALGAR  DA'Y.    By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne. 
BISHOP  BUTLER  and   his   CENSORS.      By  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 

Gladstone. 
LORD  SALISBURY  on  EVOLUTION.    By  Herbert  Spencer. 
GREAT    BRITAIN,    VENEZUELA,  and  the  UNITED  STATES.    By 

H  Somers  Somerset. 
■The  CHINESE  VIEW   of  MISSIONARIES.    By  T.  C.  Hayllar. 
ISLAM  and  CANON  MAC  COLL.    By  the  Hon.  Mr.  Justice  Ameer  Alt. 
The  RIGIDITY  of  ROME.    By  Wilfrid  Ward. 
HULDERICO  SCHMIDEL.    By  R.  B.  Cunninghamo  Graham. 
The  PAST  and   the   FUTURE   of  GIBRALTAR.    (With  a  Map.)    By 

Lieut  -Col.  Adye. 
The  CHANGE  of  our  MUSICAL  PITCH.    By  J.  Cuthbert  Hadden. 
ART  CONNOISSEURSHIP  in  ENGLAND.    By  Sir  Charles  Robinson. 
AUTHOR,  AGENT,  and  PUBLISHER.     By  T.  Werner  Laurie. 
The  RELIGION  of  the  UNDERGRADUATE: 

(1)  A  Reply  from  Cambridge.    By  Reginald  B.  Fellows. 

(2)  A  Reply  from  Oxford     By  11.  Leggc. 

INDIAN    FRONTIERS  and    INDIAN    I'IN.\NCE.      By  Sir  Auckland 
t'olvin,  K.C.M.G.  K  C.S.I. 

London :  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.  Ltd, 


N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


627 


DAVID   NUTT,  270-271,  STRAND. 


LATEST  PUBLICATIONS. 
KATAWAMPUS :  its  Treatment  and 

Cure.  By  his  Honour  Judge  EDWAHD  ABBOTT 
PARRY.  Illustrated  by  Archie  Macgregor.  Square 
crown  8vo.  viii-96  pp.  Sumptuously  printed  by  Ballan- 
tyne  on  thick  paper  with  wide  margins.  With  7  Full- 
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specially  designed  by  A.  Macgregor  and  printed  in  Two 
Colours.  3s.  tW. 
The  Westminster  Gazette  says  : — "  The  brightest,  wittiest, 

and  most  logical  fairy  tale  we  have  read  for  a  long  time 

Perfect  in  its  way." 

An  INTRODUCTION  to  FOLK- 

LORE.     By  MARIAN  ROALFE  COX,  Editor  of  'Cin- 
derella, 345  Variants.'    Crown  8vo.  xii-320  pages,  cloth, 
uncut,  Zs.  6d. 
%*  This  work  sets  forth  clearly  and  concisely  the  doctrines 
held  by  the  majority  of  folk-lore  students  at  the  present  day, 
and  supplies  a  well-selected  series  of  the  facts  upon  which 
these  doctrines  are  based.     It  purposes  to  do  for  folk-lore 
what  Mr.  Edward  Clodd's  primers  have  done  for  anthro- 
pology and  prehistoric  arch;coIogy. 

VERSES.    By  J.  A.  Nicklin.    Square 

crown  8vo.  printed  by  Constable  on  hand-made  paper, 
and  bound  in  limp  parchment.  Is.  net. 


WM. 


THE  CLASSICAL  REVIEW. 

Vol.  IX.  No.  8,  NOVEMBER,  Is.  6rf. 
Contents. 

J.  B.  MAYOR— Critical    Notes    on   the   Stromateis   of   Clement    of 

Alexandria,  Book  VII. 
G.  C.  W.  'WARR.— The  Hesiodic  Hecate. 
L.  R.  HIGGINS.— On  the  meaning;  of  /SouXouai  in  Homer. 
M.  L.  EARLE— Notes  on  Soph.  Trach.  56  and  Eur.  Med.  1.3. 
J.  WOOD  BROWN.— The  Corrections  in  the  Florence  MS.  of  Nonias. 
BE■V^E•\VS : 

Lindsay's  Latin  Language —R.  S.  CONWAY. 

VerraU'sEuripides  the  Rationalist.— J.  R.  MOZLEY. 

Sehrwald's  Apollonmythus— E.  E.  8IKES. 

Gehring  3  Index  Homericns.— T.  W.  ALLEN. 

The  Oracles  Ascribed  to  Matthew  by  Papias.  a  Contribution  to  the 
Criticism  of  the  New  Testament.— A.  U.  HEADLAM. 
AECH^OLOrSYr 

The  '  System '  in  Greek  Musie  — C.  F.  ABD Y  WILLIAMS. 

Note  on  the  Parthenon.— JANE  E.  HARRISON. 
MONTHLY  RECORD— SUMMARIES— BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

NEW  ISSUE  OF 

STANFORD'S  COMPENDIUM  OP 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TRAVEL. 

REWRITTEN,  AND  WITH  NEW  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Just  ready,  large  crown  8vo.  cloth,  155. 

AFRICA:  Vol.  II.  South  Africa.    By 

A.  H.  KEANE,  F.R.G.S.,  Author  of  'North 
Africa'  in  same  Series,  'Eastern  Geography,' 
&c.     With  11  Maps  and  92  Illustrations, 

The  Vols,  already  issued  in  the  New  Series  are  : — 

AFRICA:  Vol.  I.  North  Africa.    By 

A.  H.  KEANE,  F.R.G.S.,  Author  of  'Asia' in 
same  Series,  'Eastern  Geography,'  &c.     With 
9  Maps  and  77  Illustrations.     15s. 
"  The  preparation   of  the   book   mu.st   have  in- 
volved immerse  and  original  labour,  for  the  volume 
in  the  former  series  by  the  late  Keith  Johnston  has 
been  entirely  superseded.     Mr.  Keane  is  to  be  com- 
plimented  on   the   manner  in   which  he  has  dis- 
charged his  ta.sk."— Glasff07v  Herald. 

AUSTRALASIA:    Vol.    I.  Australia 

and  NEW  ZEALAND.     By  A.  R.  WALLACE, 

LL.D.  F.R.S.  15.?. 
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in  a  striking  degree  the  higher  ideal  and  wider 
range  of  information  aimed  at  by  modern  geo- 
graphers as  compared  with  their  predecessors  of 
thirty  or  forty  years  ago."—  Tirnes. 

AUSTRALASIA:    Vol.  II.  Malaysia 

and   the    PACIFIC    ARCHIPELAGOES.     By 
F.  H.  H.  GDILLEMARD,  M.D.    1.5s. 
"Dr.  Guillemard's  volume  is  certainly  the  most 
interesting  and  accurate  account  extant  on  the  tro- 
pical portion  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago."— A'a^urc. 
Other  Volumes  in  preparation. 

London:  EDWARD  STANFORD. 

26  and  27,  Cockspur- street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 

Geographer  to  Her  Majuty  the  (^tieen. 


MESSRS. 

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ANNO  UNCEMENTS. 


THE  EDINBURGH  GIFFORD  LECTURES, 

1894-5. 
On  November  16  will  be  published  THE  PHILO- 
SOPHY OF  THEISM.  First  Series.  By 
Alexander  Campbell  Fraser,  LL.D.,  Hon. 
D.C.L.,  Oxford,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Logic 
and  Metaphysics  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh.   In  One  Volume.     Post  8vo.  Is.  Qd,  net. 


PROFESSOR  BURROWS'S  NEW  WORK. 

Next  week  will  be  published  THE  HISTORY  OF 
THE  FOREIGN  POLICY  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN.  By  Montagu  Burrows,  Chichele 
Professor  of  Modern  History  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  Captain  R.N.,  F.S.A.,  &c.,  Officier 
de  rinstruction  Publique,  France,  Author  of 
'  Commentaries  on  the  History  of  England,'  &c. 
In  One  Volume.     Demy  8vo.  12s. 


PROFESSOR  BLACKIE'S  LIFE. 

Now  ready  at  all  Libraries  and  Booksellers',  the 
SECOND  EDITION  of  JOHN  STUART 
BLACKIE:  A  BIOGRAPHY.  By  Anna  M. 
Stoddart.  With  an  Etching  after  Sir  George 
Reid's  Portrait  of  the  Professor,  and  other  Illus- 
trations.    In  Two  Volumes.     Demy  8vo,  21s. 


THE  TABLE-TALK  OF  SHIRLEY. 

The  FOURTH  EDITION  of  Dr.  John  Skelton's 
Reminiscences  of  and  Letters  from 
FROUDE,  THACKERAY,  DISRAELI, 
BROWNING,  ROSSETTI,  KINGSLEY, 
BAYNES,  HUXLEY,  TYNDALL,  and 
Others,  is  now  ready  at  all  Booksellers'  and 
Libraries.  In  One  Volume.  Small  demy  Svo. 
with  a  Frontispiece,  7s.  Qd. 


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VOLUME. 

Now  ready  at  all  Booksellers,'  POST  MERIDIANA : 
AFTERNOON  ESSAYS.  By  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Author  of  '  Meridiana: 
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Duke  of  Britain,'  &c.  In  One  Volume.  Post 
Svo.  Qs. 

REPLY  TO  DEAN   FARRER'S  '  DANIEL.' 

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CRITIC'S  DE.V:  a  Reply  to  Dean  Farrar's 
'  Book  of  Daniel.'  By  Robert  Anderson, 
LL,D.,  Barrister-at-Law ;  Assistant  Commis- 
sioner of  Police  of  the  Metropolis;  Author  of 
'  The  Coming  Prince,'  '  Human  Destiny.'  In 
One  Volume.     Post  Svo.  4s.  Qd. 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'LORNA  DOONE.' 

A  Cheaper  Edition  of  R.  D.  Blackmore's  Novel, 
THE  MAID  of  SKER,  will  be  ready  in  a  few 
days.     Crown  Svo.  3s.  ^d. 


BLACKWOOD'S  MAGAZINE. 

No.  961.     NOVEMBER,  189.5.     2s.  (,d. 

Contents. 

The  CHINESE  NAVY.     IT.  The  Siege  of  Wei-Hai-Wei.     With  a  Plan 

By  our  Correspondent  in  China. 
IRELAND  KEVISITED.    liy  Alfred  Austin. 
AiTEU  MANY  DAYS.     By  the  Author  of  •  Mona  Maclean.' 


By  Christian 

The  VILLAGE  of  PERFECT  HEALTH :  Leysln-sur-Aigle.     By  Canon 

H   I>  Ilawnsley. 
A  FOUEIGNEtt.    Chaps.  58-«. 
VUOFESSOU  IILACKIE. 

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WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  BY  EARL  NELSON. 

The  OXFORD  CHURCH  MOVEMENT:   Sketches  and 

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LIBRARY  OF  EARLY  ENGLISH  WRITERS.— Vol.  I. 

RICHARD    ROLLE,    of    HAMPOLE, 

an  English  Father  of  the  Church,  and  his  Followers. 
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VERGIL  in  the  MIDDLE  AGES.    By 

Prof.    D.    COMPARETTI.     Translated    by    B.    F.    M. 

BBNECKB.     With  Introduction  by  Prof.  ROBINSON 

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likely  to  be  superseded." 

From  Prof.  RoBixso>f  Ellis's  Preface. 

CONSTITUTIONAL     ANTIQUITIES 

of    SPARTA    and    ATHENS.      By  Dr.   G.  GILBERT. 

Translated  by  E.  J.  BROOKS,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  St.  John's 

College,  and  T.    NICKLIN,  M.A.,  late  Scholar  of  St. 

John's  College.     With    Introductory    Note    by  J.   B. 

SANDYS,  Litt.D.  Pp.  lii-463,  8vo.  10s.  6d. 
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INTRODUCTION   to    HERBART'S 

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IMPORTANT  WORK  ON  CHRISTIAN  SOCIALISM. 

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SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  &  CO.,  Limited,  London. 


630  THE    ATHENJEUM N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  ^95 

MESSRS.  J.  M.  ^ENT^&OVS  NEW  BOOKS. 

NATIONAL  OBSERVER.—" X  book  of  mark  and  a  book  to  be  read." 

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A    SELECTION    FROM   THE    EARLY   PRESS   NOTICES. 

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delicate  (rather  than  full-bodied)  wit,  and  it  becomes  sufficiently  pungent  at  times ;  but  underlying  the  sweet  or  acid  wit,  and  even  the  pure 
fun  (for  fun  abounds),  there  is  a  vein  of  seriousness  and  sadness  which,  with  the  beautiful  descriptive  miniatures  scattered  here  and  there, 
justify  us  in  calling  the  story  a  piece  of  literature.     It  is  happily  free  from  '  precious  words '  and,  generally  speaking,  the  smear  of  affectation 

which  is  termed  a  '  literary  style,'  though  genuine  style  gleams  on  every  page He  has  done  a  thing  well  worth  the  doing,  and  done  it 

better  than  perhaps  any  living  writer  could  have  done  it." 

ATHEN^UM. — "A  singularly  charming  story..  ..The  humour  of  the  situation  is  delightfully  worked  out.  The  satire  throughout 
is  not  ungenerous  and  is  certainly  amusing." 

W.  L.  Courtney  in  the  DAILY  TELEGRAPH. — "  It  would  be  indeed  difficult  to  overpraise  the  grace,  the  delicacy,  and  the  humour 
with  which  the  author  has  accomplished  his  task.  It  is  all  so  piquantly  fresh,  so  charmingly  unconventional,  that  it  carries  one  away  with  it  from 
start  to  finish  in  a  glow  of  pleasurable  sentiment.  Rarely,  amidst  all  the  floods  of  conventional  fiction-spinning  and  latter-day  psychological 
analysis,  does  one  come  across  such  a  pure  jet  of  romantic  fancy  as  that  with  which  Mr.  Wells  refreshes  our  spirits.  It  is  like  a  spring 
of  fresh  water  hidden  amongst  the  bracken,  a  green  and  waving  oasis  in  the  parched  and  interminable  desert." 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE. — "Enthusiastic  we  own  that  we  are;  no  book  could  be  more  prodigal  of  honest  delight,  and  its  promise 
leaves  hardly  any  literary  accomplishment  beyond  the  aspiration  of  its  author." 

BLACK  and  WHITE. — "  Is  assuredly  the  most  remarkable  book  of  the  present  season,  and — though  those  be  brave  words — is  assuredly 
a  work  of  genius ....  Admirably  written,  brimful  of  humour." 

TO-DAY. — "The  beauty  and  pathos  of  the  angel's  love  for  Delia  are  unquotable. .  .  .There  is  something  in  the  story  which. .  .  .touches 
me  to  the  heart,  brings  back  the  golden  dreams  of  youth,  and  dims  my  spectacles.     Try  it." 


NEW    VOLUME    OP    ESSAYS    BY    GEORGE    SAINTSBURY, 

Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature  at  Edinburgh  University, 

ESSAYS   IN   ENGLISH   LITERATURE,   1780-1860. 

SECOND  SERIES. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s.  net. 


NEW      ART      BOOKS. 
MIDSUMMER   NIGHT'S   DREAM.     Edited  by  Israel  Gollancz,  M.A.,  and  illustrated  with 

70  Drawings  in  black  and  white  by  R,  Anning  Bell.     Fcap.  4to.  cloth,  gilt  top,  5s.  net.      Limited  Edition  on  Hand-made  Paper,  the  Full-Page 

Illustrations  duplicated  on  Japanese  silk  paper,  21s.  net. 
*^*  This  Edition  has  been  designed  with  the  idea  of  making  the  reading  of  Shakespeare's  Comedies  attractive  to  the  young.    The  Text  has  been 
specially  prepared  by  Mr.  Gollancz,  who  has  also  contributed  an  Introduction  addressed  to  "  A  Willing  Captive  at  the  Court  of  Oberon  and  Titania,"  and  a  full 
explanatory  list  of  the  more  difficult  words. 

MR.  BATTEN'S  NEW  CHRISTMAS  BOOK. 

ARABIAN  NIGHTS  (FAIRY  TALES  from).    Second  Series.    Edited  and  Arranged  by  Miss  Dixon. 

Illustrated  by  J.  D.  Batten.     With  5  Photogravures  and  about  30   Drawings  in  the  Text,  small  crown  4to.  7s.  6i.  net.     Limited  Edition  on  Hand< 
made  Paper,  the  Illustrations  in  the  Text  duplicated  on  Japanese  silk  paper,  31s,  Qd.  net. 
ENGLISH  MAIL.—''  The  most  sumptuous  and  beautiful  of  all  the  season's  gift-books  yet  to  hand.     The  whole  production  is  worthy  of  the  high 
reputation  of  Aldine  House," 

BY  THE  COUNTESS  OF  LOVELACE, 

The  STORY  of  ZELINDA  and  the  MONSTER ;  or,  Beauty  and  the  Beast.    Retold  after  the  old 

Italian  Version,  and  illustrated  with  10  Photogravures  from  Paintings  by  the  Countess  of  Lovelace,  who  has  also  designed  the  title-page  and 
cover.    Small  crown  4to.  cloth,  6s,  net.     Limited  Edition  on  Hand-made  Paper,  the  Photogravures  printed  on  Japanese  silk  paper,  12*.  Qd.  net, 

MILTON'S  IL  PENSEROSO  and  L'ALLEGRO.    With  13  Photogravures  by  William  Hyde,  and 

an  Introduction  by  T,  GREGORY  FOSTER,  Ph.D.     Small  crown  4to.  art  canvas,  10s.  Qd.  net, 
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in  the  process. 

OLD  CHESTER:  Etched  and  Described  by  H.  Crickmore.    With  11  FuU-Page  Etchings  and  20 

FuU-Page  Pen-and-ink  Sketches.    Fcap,  4to,  cloth.  Is.  6d.  net. 


ALDINE    HOUSE,    E.G. 


N° 3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 THE    ATHEN^UM  631 

MESSRS.  methuen;;s_nevv'  books. 

ROBERT  LOUIS  STEVENSON'S  LETTERS. 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson. — VAILIMA  LETTERS.     By  Egbert  Louis  Stevenson.    With  an  Etched  Portrait  by  William 

Strang,  and  other  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo.  buckram,  7s.  6d.  Also  125  Copies  on  Hand-made  Paper,  demy  8vo.  25s. 

A  series  of  long  journal  letters  written  from  Samoa  to  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin  during  the  last  five  years.  They  form  an  autobiography  of  Mr,  Stevenson  during  this  period,  giving  a  full 
account  of  his  daily  life  and  literary  work  and  ambitions.    Mr.  Colvin  has  written  a  Prologue  and  Epilogue,  and  has  added  numerous  Notes. 

"  The  book  is,  on  the  one  hand,  a  new  revelation  of  a  most  lovable  personality,  and,  on  the  other,  it  abounds  in  passages  of  the  most  charming  prose — personal,  descriptive, 
humorous,  or  all  three;  exquisite  vignettes  of  Saraoan  scenery,  passages  of  joy  in  recovered  health,  to  be  followed — alas  !  too  soon— by  depression,  physical  and  mental  :  little  revelations 
of  literary  secrets,  such  as  of  the  origin  of  '  David  Balfour,'  or  of  the  scheme  of  books  not  yet  published  ;  amusing  stories  about  the  household,  and  altogether  a  picture  of  a  character  and 
surroundings  that  have  never  before  been  brought  together  since  Britons  took  to  writing  books  and  travelling  across  the  seas.  The  Vailima  letters  are  rich  in  all  the  varieties  of  that  charm 
which  have  secured  for  Stevenson  the  affection  of  many  others  besides  '  journalists,  fellow- novelists,  and  boys.'" — Times. 

"  A  fascinating  book." — Standard, 

"  This  book  is  unique  in  literature — unique  in  its  qualities,  unique  in  its  circumstances.  To  those  who  knew  and  loved  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  his  living  voice  seems  to  come  from 
behind  the  veil  with  an  indescribable  freshness  and  vivacity  of  accent.  These  pages  are  instinct  not  only  with  the  rare  vision  and  faculty  of  the  artist,  but  with  the  indomitable  courage, 
the  delicate  and  gracious  humanity  of  the  man.  His  whole  nature  is  here.  How  many  men,  whatever  their  genius,  could  bear  to  have  the  unconsidered  jottings  of  their  daily  life,  their 
fireside  '  cracks  '  with  a  trusted  friend,  thus  suddenly  snatched  up  to  the  plane  of  literature,  and  exposed  to  the  world's  scrutiny  before  Time  has  had  time  to  do  his  work  of  transmutation. 
Stevenson  comes  triumphant  from  the  ordeal,  because  he  is  sound  to  the  core,  because  pettiness,  pretentiousness,  insincerity,  and  morbid  egoism  are  utterly  foreign  to  his  character,  and 
because  genius  with  him  is  neither  a  pose,  a  dexterity,  nor  a  recurrent  paroxysm,  but  a  clear  and  steady  flame  illuminating  and  transfiguring  every  detail  of  life." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Fine  writing  you  will  find,  but  also  slang,  and  mostly  a  combination  of  the  two  that  gives  an  altogether  delightful  impression  of  geniality,  intimacy,  humour,  and  life.  This  is  as 
entertaining,  as  telling,  as  vivid  a  style  as  any  man  need  wish  to  read.     It  is  the  native  tongue  of  the  romantic  realist  he  was." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  Few  publications  have  in  our  time  been  more  eagerly  awaited  than  these  '  Vailima  Letters,'  giving  the  first  fruits  of  the  correspondence  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  But,  high  as 
the  tide  of  expectation  has  run,  no  reader  can  possibly  be  disappointed  in  the  result.  The  elements  of  romance  are  all  here— the  persons,  the  action,  the  passions  ;  the  events  are  alike  sur- 
prising, picturesque,  and  elevated.  In  these  unique  letters  a  nature  which  was  one  of  the  most  extraordinary,  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most  beautiful  which  our  age  has  produced, 
reveals  itself  to  an  intimate  friend  with  the  most  perfect  simplicity  and  fidelity.  There  is  something  uncommonly  wholesome  as  well  as  diverting  and  pathetic  about  these  letters  ;  they 
throb  with  brave  human  feeling.  Mr.  Colvin  has  given  a  preface  and  epilogue,  written  with  the  most  graceful  sobriety,  and  has  facilitated  the  reading  of  the  '  Letters  '  by  just  sufficient 
comment." — iit.  Ja7nes's  Gazette. 

S.  Baring-Gould.— A  BOOK  of  NURSERY  SONGS  and  RHYMES.     Edited  by  S.  Baring-Gould,  and  illustrated  by  the 

students  of  the  Birmingham  Art  School.    Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  6s. 
A  collection  of  old  nursery  songs  and  rhymes,  including  a  number  which  are  little  known.    The  hook  contains  many  illustrations,  borders,  &c.,  by  the  Birmingham  students  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Qaskin,  and  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  added  numerous  notes.    This  book  and  the  next  have  been  printed  in  a  special  heavy  type  by  Messrs.  Constable. 

H.  C.  Beeching.— A  BOOK  of  CHRISTMAS  VERSE.     Edited  by  H.  C.  Beeching,  M.A.,  and  illustrated  by  Walter  Crane. 

Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  5s. 
A  collection  of  the  best  verse  inspired  by  the  birth  of  Christ  from  the  Middle  Ages  to  the  present  day.    Mr.  Walter  Crane  has  designed  several  illustrations,  and  the  cover.    A 
distinction  of  the  book  is  the  large  number  of  poems  it  contains  by  modern  authors,  a  few  of  which  are  here  printed  for  the  first  time. 

SECOND   EDITION  IN   THE  PRESS. 

S.   Baring-Gould.— OLD    ENGLISH   FAIRY    TALES.      Collected  and   Edited   by   S.   Baring-Gould.     With   numerous 

Illustrations  by  F.  D.  Bedford.     Crown  8vo.  buckram,  gilt  top,  6s. 
This  volume  consists  of  some  of  the  old  English  stories  which  have  been  lost  to  sight,  and  they  are  fully  illustrated  by  Mr.  Bedford. 

E.  L.  S.  Horsburgh.— The  CAMPAIGN  of  WATERLOO.    By  E.  L.  S.  Horsburgh,  B.A.    With  Plans.     Crown  8vo.  5s. 

F.  S.   Granger.— The   WORSHIP    of   the    ROMANS.     By  F.    S.   Granger,   M.A.   Litt.D.,   Professor   of  Philosophy  at 

University  College,  Nottingham.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
The  author  has  attempted  to  delineate  that  group  of  beliefs  which  stood  in  close  connexion  with  the  Roman  religion,  and  among  the  subjects  treated  are  Dreams,  Nature  Worship, 
Roman  Magic,  Divination,  Holy  Places,  Victims,  &c.    Thus  the  book  is,  apart  from  its  immediate  subject,  a  contribution  to  folk-lore  and  comparative  psychology. 

NEW     NOVELS. 

MARIE     CORELLI'S    NEW    ROMANCE. 

FIRST  EDITION  OF  15,000  EXHAUSTED.     SECOND  EDITION  OF  5,000  EXHAUSTED.     THIRD  EDITION  OF  5,000  EXHAUSTED.     FOURTH  EDITION  READY. 

Marie  Corelli.— The  SORROWS  of  SATAN.     A  New  Komance.     By  JNUrie  Corelli,  Author  of  '  Barabbas,'  '  A  Komance 

of  Two  Worlds,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  That  Satan  should  have  sorrows  is  undoubtedly  a  novel  and  striking  notion Everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  he  is  trying  to  find  some  human  being  strong  enough  to  repulse 

him  and  all  his  works In  Miss  Marie  Corelli's  pages  is  to  be  found   the  embodiment  of  this  philosophic  idea,  an  evil  which  is  only  the  other  side  of  good,  a  fallen,  pKaintive, 

imploring  angel,  always  going  about  seeking,  not  some  one  to  devour,  but  some  one  who,  on  the  contrary,  can  devour  him This  central  conception,  which  has  an  undeni.^ble  interesi 

and  is  not  devoid  of  a  certain  largeness  and  audacity,  is  made  the  pivot  of  an  extremely  fierce  and  violent  diatribe  on  our  unhappy  metropolis  and  the  '  swagger  society '  thereof 

satire  Juvenalian  in  its  bitterness,  and  reminding  us  now  of  the  temper  of  Swift,  now  of  Pope The  style  is  everywhere  rich  and  luxuriant and  the  novel  itself  remarkable  and 

powerful." — W.  L.  Courtney  in  the  Daili/  Telegraph. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  AUNT  ANNE.' 

Mrs.  Clifford.— A  FLASH  of  SUMMER.     By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford,  Author  of  'Aunt  Anne.'     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  Mrs.  Clifford  is  always  original  and  always  clever  ;  in  '  A  Flash  of  Summer '  she  is  both  in  a  high  degree.  The  story  is  full  of  dramatic  interest ;  the  characters  are  vivid  and  well 
drawn.    Altogether  it  is  full  of  pathos,  full  of  passion,  and  full  of  power."— PaW  Mall  Gazette. 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

Anthony  Hope.— The  CHRONICLES  of  COUNT  ANTONIO.     By  A.  Hope,  Author  of  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda.'    Cr.  8vo.  6s. 

"  It  is  one  of  the  finest 'gift-books' that  have  appeared  for  many  a  day Of  the  eight  chapters  which  it  includes  there  is  not  one  that  is  not  marked  by  an  original  imagination, 

and  that  does  not  present  some  stirring  pictures  of  plots,  of  clashings  of  arms,  strange  encounters,  or  ingenious  rases."— Morning  Post. 

"  It  is  a  perfectly  enchanting  story  of  love,  and  chivalry,  and  pure  romance.  The  outlawed  Count  is  the  most  constant,  desperate,  and  withal  modest  and  tender  of  lovers,  a 
peerless  gentleman,  an  intrepid  lighter,  a  very  faithful  friend,  and  a  most  magnanimous  foe.  In  short,  he  is  an  altogether  admirable,  lovable,  and  delightful  hero.  There  is  not  a 
■word  in  the  volume  that  can  give  offence  to  the  most  fastidious  taste  of  man  or  woman,  and  there  is  not  either  a  dull  paragraph  in  it.  The  book  is  everywhere  instinct  with  the  most 
exhilarating  spirit  of  adventure,  and  delicately  perfumed  with  the  sentiment  of  all  heroic  and  honourable  deeds  of  history  and  Toma.uce."— Guardian, 

"  A  better  book  than  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda.'  " — Queen. 

"  A  romance  worthy  of  all  the  expectations  raised  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  former  books,  and  likely  to  be  read  with  a  keen  enjoyment  and  a  healthy  exaltation  of  the  sphits."— Scotsman. 

"  It  has  literary  merits  all  its  owa,  of  a  deliberate  and  rather  deep  order In  point  of  execution  '  The  Chronicles  of  Count  Antonio  '  are  the  best  work  that  Mr.  Hope  has  yet  done. 

The  design  is  clearer,  the  workmanship  more  elaborate,  the  style  more  coloured The  incidents  are  most  ingenious,  they  are  told  quietly,  but  with  great  cunning,  and  the  Quixotic 

sentiment  which  pervades  it  all  is  exceedingly  pleasant." — IVestminster  Gazette.  .         .  -if 

"  No  adventures  were  ever  better  worth  recounting  than  are  those  of  Antonio  of  Monte  Velluto,  a  very  Bayard  among  outlaws To  all  those  whose  pulses  still  stir  at  the  recital  of 

deeds  of  high  courage  we  may  recommend  this  book The  chronicle  conveys  the  emotion  of  heroic  adventure,  and  is  picturesquely  written."— ^ai7y  Aeics. 

_     _        ,  SECOND  EDITION. 

S.  Banng-Gould.— NOEMI:  a  Romance  of  the  Cave-dwellers.     By  S.  Baring-Gould,  Author  of  'Mehalah,'  '  In  the  .Roar  of 

the  Sea,' &c.    Illustrated  by  R.  Caton  Woodvllle.    Crown  8vo.  6s.  ,  .,  ,     .»  , 

In  '  Noemi '  we  have  the  familiar  type  of  the  magnificent,  masculine,  and  half-tamed  heroine  to  whom  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  habituated  us.    But  the  settmg  of  the  portrait  Is 
novel,  historically  instructive,  and  strikingly  picturesque.     The  closing  scene,  with  a  background  which  is  lurid  with  intense  local  colour,  is  dramatic  as  heart  could  desire.  —J\iius. 
!!  T    ■  ^f""S-'^"u''i's  latest  novel  is  in  his  very  best  style.     The  interest  and  excitement  begin  with  the  first  page  and  develope  to  the  la.st."—Freermn's  Journal. 
It  will  please  those  who  like  adventurous  stories,  with  iilenty  of  battle,  murder,  and  sudden  death  in  them."— Daily  Telegraph.  .        ... 

'  Noemi  IS  as  excellent  a  tale  of  fighting  and  adventure  as  one  may  wish  to  meet.  All  the  characters  that  interfere  in  this  exciting  tale  are  marked  with  properties  of  their  own. 
The  narrative  also  runs  clear  and  sharp  as  the  Loire  itself."— PaZ/  Mall  Gazette. 

J.  Maclaren  Cobban.— The  KING  of  ANDAMAN  :  a  Saviour  of  Society.     By  J.  Maclaren  Cobban.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"An  unquestionably  interesting  book.     It  would  not  surprise  us  if  it  turns  out  to  be  the  most  interesting  novel  of  the  season,  for  it  contains  one  character  at  least  who  has  in  him  the 

root  of  immortality,  and  the  book  itself  is  ever  exhaling  the  sweet  savour  of  the  unexpected Plot  is  forgotten  and  incident  fades,  and  onlv  the  really  human  endures,  and  throughout 

this  book  there  stands  out  in  bold  .md  beautiful  relief  its  high-souled  and  cliivalric  protagonist,  James  the  Master  of  Hutcheon,  the  King  of  Andaman  himself The  liook  mil  be  read  and 

loved  for  the  masterly  portrait  of  the  King  of  Andaman,  crownless  and  landless,  but  hedged  round  with  the  divinity  which  was  his  by  right ;  for  his  whole  life  had  been  true  to  the  grand 
motto  which  belongs  to  him  and  all  his  kingly  tribe—'  Noblesse  oblige.'  "—Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  The  tale  is  exquisitely  told,  and  has  sufficient  romance  worked  into  it  to  captivate  readers  who  may  not  be  so  well  fitted  as  Scotsmen  to  appreciate  the  writer  s  finely-studied  picture 
of  the  declining  days  of  handloom  weaving  in  a  village  apparently  not  very  far  distant  from  Edinburgh."— .Scotsman. 

"  A  fine  story,  finely  told.  It  is  impossible  in  a  few  lines  to  do  justice  to  the  bright  comedy  and  deep  tragedy  of  which  the  warp  and  woof  of  Mr.  Cobban's  story  are  made.  The  book 
is  one  to  be  read  ;  it  will  probably  rank  among  the  best  novels  of  the  season."— /'(ti/is/iers'  Circular. 

H.  G.  Wells.— The  STOLEN  BACILLUS.     By  H.  O.  Wells,  Author  of '  The  Time  ^Machine.'     Crown  8vo.  Gs. 

C.   Phillips   Wolley.— The    QUEENS  BERRY    CUP.      A  Tale   of  Adventure.     By  Clive  Phillips  Wolley,  Author   of 

'  Snap,'  Part  Author  of  '  Big  Game  Shooting.'     Illustrated.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 
This  is  a  story  of  amateur  pugilism  and  chivalrous  adventure,  written  by  an  author  whose  books  on  sport  are  well  known. 

Angus_Evan  Abbott.— The  GODS  GIVE  MY  DONKEY  WINGS.     By  Angis  Evan  Abhott.     Crown  8vo.  3$.  6d. 
JfESSRS.  MErilUKS'S  CAT.ALOGUE  and  '  BOOK  OAZETTE'  sent  to  any  address. 


METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex-street,  W.C. 


632 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N0355O,  Nov.  9,'95 


GEORGE  PHILIP  &  SON'S  LIST. 


NEW  AND  FORTHCOMING  BOOKS. 

The  MOON:   a  Full  Description  and 

Map  of  its  Principal  Phyaical  Features.  By  THOMAS 
GWYN  ELGBR.  F.R.A.S  ,  Director  of  ttie  Lunar  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Astronomical  Association,  Ex-Pre- 
sident Liverpool  Astronomical  Society.  Eoyal  8 vo.  cloth, 
net,  5s. 

MAP  of  the  MOON.    In  One  Sheet. 

By  T.  G.  ELGER.  F.R.A.S.  On  sheet,  net,  2s.  M.; 
mounted  on  millboard  and  varniihed,  4s. 

TELESCOPIC    ASTRONOMY:    a 

Popular  Manual  for  Beginners  on  the  Construction  and 
Practical  Use  of  the  Telescope.    By  A.  FOWLER. 

[Preparing. 

The  ENGLISH  LAKES,  with  Bathy- 

metrical  Maps  and  Illustrations.  By  HUGH  ROBERT 
MILL,  D.Sc.  F.E.S.E.  Royal  8vo.  paper  cover,  net, 
2s.  6rf. ;  cloth,  net,  3s.  6rf. 

The    EXPLORATION     of   AUS- 

TRALIA.  With  numerous  Illustrations  and  large 
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N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


635 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  D,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 


TABE 

635 
636 
637 


LoTJis  Stevenson's  Lettees  

Canon  Tristram  in  Japan 

Two  Biographies  of  John  Knox  

New  Novels  (The  Woman  in  the  Dark;  Lilith;  The 
Chronicles  of  Count  Antonio ;  Red  Eowans ;  A 
Flash  of  Summer;  One  Woman's  Wisdom;  Bocon- 
noc;    The  Light  of  Scarthey;    Confession;   Joug 

d'Amour)       639—640 

Contributions  to  Classical  Philology        640 

Fairy  Tales      642 

English  Medi.eval  History        642 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books  ...  643—644 
Me.  John  Ormsby  ;  '  Ancient  Lives  of  Scottish 
Saints';  Gray  and  Me.  Gosse  ;  'A  Hard 
Woman  ';  Mrs.  Everett  Green  ;  The  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography';  Canadian 
Copyright  ;  The  Burns-Dunlop  MSS.     ...      645—647 

Literary  Gossip        647 

Science— The  Literature  of  Physics  ;  Anthro- 
pological Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip 

643—650 
Fink  Arts— Numismata  Londinensia  ;  Catalogues  ; 

Minor  Exhibitions  ;  Gossi-p 650—652 

Music— The  Week  ;  Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week 652—653 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip         653  -654 


LITERATURE 


Vailhna  Letters :  heing  Correspondence  addressed 
hj  Rolert  Louis  Stevenson  to  Sidncij  Colvin. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 
It  were  idle  to  deny  that  this  book  is  a  dis- 
appointment. That  it  contains  charming 
glimpses  of  a  fascinating  personality,  that 
it  thl-ows  valuable  light  upon  Stevenson's 
processes  of  work  and  self-criticism,  that  it 
has  bits  of  colour  as  vivid  and  passages  of 
reflection  as  manly  as  we  can  find  else- 
where in  Stevenson,  may  be  ungrudgingly 
allowed.  But  all  this  is  buried  in  mos't 
trivial  and  uninteresting  details  of  prac- 
tical life  and  business,  and  even  proof- 
reading, which  require  all  one's  reverence 
for  Stevenson  to  wade  through.  Mr.  Colvin 
was  scarcely  well  advised  to  print  aU  Steven- 
son's letters  to  him  of  recent  years  practically 
at  full  length.  Materials  for  a  book  are  here, 
detailing  Stevenson's  life  at  Apia  during 
the  last  five  years  of  his  life.  But  materials 
do  not  make  a  book.  In  the  passage  on 
p.  200  which  Mr.  Colvin  quotes  as  his 
warrant  for  reproduction  of  these  letters, 
Stevenson  put  it : — 

_  "  This  diary  of  mine  to  you  would  make  good 
pickings  after  I  am  dead,  and  a  man  could  make 
some  kind  of  a  book  out  of  it  without  much 
trouble." 

Mr.  Colvin  has  not  done  much  in  the  way 
of  picking  and  choosing.  Barring  a  note 
here  and  there,  and  an  omission  at  times, 
and  a  few  admirable  pages  of  preface 
and  conclusion,  he  has  printed  the  letters 
pretty  much  as  he  received  them.  Even 
Stevenson  foresaw  that  it  would  take  some 
trouble  to  make  any  kind  of  a  book  of  them. 
Indeed,  this  was  obviously  a  case  where 
Hesiod's  maxim  applies. 

Let  it  be  granted,  however,  that  the  book 
affords  a  good  deal  of  miscellaneous  reading  ; 
but  much  of  the  hotchpotch  is  decidedly 
indigestible.  Whole  masses  of  the  corre- 
spondence turn  on  the  local  affairs  of  Samoa, 
and  even  Mr.  Colvin  seems  to  have  turned 
and  protested  against  Stevenson's  arrange- 
ments in  black  and  chocolate.  With  the 
utmost  willingness  to  be  interested  in  all 
that  interested  Stevenson,  it  seems  impos- 
sible to  care  about  the  rival  pretensions  of 
Thingumga   and  Thingumgee.     Of   course 


the  whole  incident  of  Stevenson's  interference 
in  Samoan  politics  is  an  instructive  example 
of  the  fascination  of  action  to  a  man  of  letters. 
Carlyle  thought  seriously  for  many  years  of 
a  political  career,  Goethe  posed  as  a  Geheim- 
rath,  Dickens  threw  himself  into  all  sorts 
of  practical  objects  with  as  much  energy  as 
into  one  of  his  books — the  list  is  endless  of 
first-class  men  of  letters  preferring  to  pose 
as  third-rate  men  of  action.   With  Stevenson 
the  motive,  in  the  first  instance,  was  some- 
what different.     It  is  clear  from  these  pages 
that  he  hoped  to  make  by  his  plantation  an 
income  "  that  really  comes  in  of  itself,  while 
all  you  have  to  do  is  just  to  blossom  and 
exist  and  sit  on  chairs."    Yet  the  probability 
is  that  he  might  have  attained  even  to  this 
ideal  if  he  could  have  kept  himself  to  his  own 
proper   business    of    writing.      Mr.   Colvin 
declares  his  conviction  that  the  fragmentary 
novel  of  '  St.  Ives,'  on  which  Stevenson  was 
engaged  during  the  last  month  of  his  life, 
was  the  strongest  thing  he  had  done,  and  as 
masterly  a    piece    of   work  as   any  in  the 
whole   literature   of   romance.     It    is    im- 
possible to   help  feeling  a  sense  of  irrita- 
tion at  the  thought  that  we  have  lost  this 
because     Stevenson    chose    to    meddle    in 
politics  and  write  "Foot-notes  to  History." 
Stevenson's  position,  indeed,  presents  in 
its  most  acute  form  the  perpetual  difficulty 
of  the  literary  life.    If  you  do  not  live  a  full 
life,  you  lack  material  for  the  imagination  ; 
yet  if  you  live  it  you  have  so  much  less  time 
and    energy    for    your    imaginative   work. 
Stevenson's  case  was  further  complicated  by 
the  fact  which  gives  the  pathos  of  tragedy 
to  his  career.     "Live,"  said  an  old  rabbi, 
"as    if    to  -  morrow  were    thy    last   day." 
More  than  any  man,  Stevenson  had  to  act 
in  the  spirit  of  that  saying.     How  gallantly 
he  faced  the  fact  this  book  supplies  renewed 
testimony.      Only   here   and   there   do   the 
lights  burn  low,  and  Stevenson  ceases  for  a 
moment  his  strain  of  exuberant  vitality. 

That  strain  is  most  predominant   in  the 
second  of  the  three  sections  into  which  this 
book  divides  itself — a  section  which  might 
be  headed,   if  it  might  be  separated  from 
the    rest,    by  the    device    "  li.  L.  S.   the 
Planter."       How    he    selected,    dismissed, 
fined,  feasted,  rewarded  his  "  boys  ";  how  he 
bore  bores  gladly,  boarded  ships,  cut  paths, 
papered  walls,  drank  kava,  paid  and  received 
visits   from   the   chiefs — are   not   all   these 
things  told  with  wearisome  iteration  in  the 
'  Vailima  Letters  '  ?  Yet  the  curious  thing  is 
that  they  are  told  for  the  most  part  without 
the    slightest   pretension  to  effective  form. 
These  portions  of  the  '  Letters  '  might  have 
been,  for  the  most  part,  by  any  Briton  who 
had   been    bred   at    a    public    school    and 
belonged    to    a   London  club.      Stevenson 
follows     the     example     of     Dickens     and 
Thackeray,  who  selected  club  slang  as  the 
most  appropriate  medium  in  which  to  com- 
municate their  domestic  affairs  to  their  inti- 
mate friends.     There  is  supposed  to  be  a 
gain  of  vivacity  by  the  method  ;    you  are 
supposed  to  prove  by  it  that  you  do  not  put 
on  airs  about  your   position.     Still    Lamb 
was  vivacious  enough ;  no  one  could  accuse 
Lamb  of  putting  on  airs.     Yet  he  had  no 
need  to  resort  to  this  petty  but  efficacious 
method  for  preventing  the  letters  of  literary 
men  becoming  permanent  additions  to  Eng- 
lish literature.     In  the  present  instance  the 
result    has    been    that    those    portions    of 


Stevenson's  correspondence  which  relate  to  his 
daily  life  read  like  the  letters  of  a  thousand 
other  outposts  of  English  civilization  scat- 
tered throughout  the  world.  On  this  side 
of  the  '  Vailima  Letters  '  Stevenson  compares 
by  no  means  favourably  with  Miss  Bird  or 
Miss  North. 

There  is  only  one  exception  to  make  with 
regard  to  this  part  of  the  '  Letters.'  The 
thumbnail  sketches  of  scenery,  which  are 
somewhat  sparsely  scattered  through  them, 
often  recall  Stevenson  of  the  "  Donkey  Eide" 
or  of  '  Prince  Otto.' 

The  passage  that  begins  the  eighteenth 
letter,  and  describes  a  huge  cloud  resembling 
a  man's  hand,  is  too  long  to  quote  in  its 
entirety ;  but  part  of  it  may  be  given  as  a 
specimen  of  the  descriptive  passages  : — 

"  The  sky  behind,  so  far  as  I  could  see,  was 
all  of  a  blue  already  enriched  and  darkened  by 
the  night,  for  the  hill  had  what  lingered  of  the 
sunset.  But  the  top  of  my  Titanic  cloud  flamed 
in  broad  sunlight,  with  the  most  excellent  soft- 
ness and  brightness  of  fire  and  jewels,  enlighten- 
ing all  the  world.  It  must  have  been  far  higher 
than  Mount  Everest,  and  its  glory,  as  I  gazed  up 
at  it  out  of  the  night,  was  beyond  wonder. 
Close  by  rode  the  little  crescent  moon  ;  and  right 
over  its  western  horn,  a  great  planet  of  about 
equal  lustre  with  itself.  The  dark  woods  below 
were  shrill  with  that  noisy  business  of  the  birds' 
evening  worship." 

But  it  should  be  observed  that  Stevenson 
was  here  consciously  doing  a  word-painting, 
for  he  starts  by  saying:  "I  saw  a  sight  I 
must  try  to  tell  you  of."  Elsewhere  the 
effects  are  more  colloquial  and  less  con- 
sciously literary,  but  by  no  means  the  less 
effective  for  that.  Thus  in  a  description  of 
a  shower  occurs  the  touch:  "The  crystal 
rods  of  the  shower  as  I  look  up  have  drawn 
their  criss  cross  over  everything."  This 
puts  with  the  utmost  vividness  a  rain  effect 
never  described  before,  yet  familiar  to  every 
schoolboy  who  reproduces  it  by  drawing  the 
slate  pencil  across  a  sketch  in  parallel  lines 
with  loose  hand.  Similarly  Stevenson  gives 
again  in  words  the  peculiar  fiickering  effect 
of  sunlight  through  trees,  by  speaking  of  a 
thicket  of  low  trees  as  "all  full  of  moths 
of  shadow  and  butterflies  of  sun."  But 
these  felicities  of  phrase  are  excessively  few 
and  far  between. 

Hitherto  we  have  concentrated  our  atten- 
tion on  what  was  uninteresting  or  unsatis- 
factory in  this   book.      Stevenson   "  in  the 
talons  of  politics,"  "E.  L.  S.  the  Planter," 
— these  have  but  a  remote  interest  for  us. 
But  Stevenson  the  writer,  envisaging  Steven- 
son the  man  and  friend — it  is  he  who  has  won 
the  affection  of  every  Briton  who  cares  for 
English  letters,  and  it  is  naturally  this  part 
of  the  book   before  us  which  concerns  us 
mostly  here.     His  plans  and  methods,  his 
criticisms  of  self  and  others — it  was  light  on 
these  that  we  hoped  for  from  the  publication 
of  his  letters.     Nor  are  we  altogether  dis- 
appointed.    Of  criticisms  of   other  writers, 
or  even  mention  of  them,  there  are  extra- 
ordinarily few,  considering  to  wliom  he  was 
writing.      Flaubert    (twice),    Scott,    James 
Payn,  George  Meredith  (coupled  with  Shak- 
spearo),  Zola,  Eenan,  Barbey   d'Aurevilly, 
Mr.    Stanley   Weyman,    Dumas,    and    Mr. 
Crockett — these  seem  absolutely  to  exhaust 
his  references  to  authors  as  authors.     The 
list  is  eminently  characteristic.     One  could 
almost  have  hit  upon  it  a  priori,  with  the 
exception  of  the  names  of  Mr.  Payn  and 


636 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


M.  Zola.  That  the  English  Flaubert  should 
care  for  his  French  prototype  was  but  natural. 
It  was  less  to  be  expected  to  find  such  a 
penetrative  piece  of  criticism  on  Eenan's 
methods  as  is  here  given  on  p.  266  : — 

"I  sit  up  here,  and  write,  and  read  Renan's 
'  Origiiies,'  which  is  certainly  devilish  interest- 
ing ;  I  read  his  '  Nero  '  yesterday,  it  is  very 
good,  O,  very  good  !  But  he  is  quite  a 
Michelet ;  the  general  views,  and  such  a  piece 
of  character  painting,  excellent ;  but  his  method 
sheer  lunacy.  You  can  see  him  take  up  the 
block  which  he  had  just  rejected,  and  make  of 
it  the  comer-stone  :  a  maddening  way  to  deal 
with  authorities  ;  and  the  result  so  little  like 
history  that  one  almost  blames  oneself  for 
wasting  time.  But  the  time  is  not  wasted  ;  the 
conspectus  is  always  good,  and  the  blur  that 
remains  on  the  mind  is  probably  just  enough." 

All  orthodoxy  has  exhausted  itself  against 
Eenan  without  seizing  so  surely  on  his  chief 
weakness. 

There  is  one  author  of  whom  Stevenson 
speaks  here  with  the  utmost  frankness,  but 
in  varying  moods,  and  that  is  R.  L.  Steven- 
son. In  one  passage,  indeed,  he  even  gives 
the  comparative  order  of  merit  of  his  more 
recent  work  : — 

"  With  David  Balfour  I  am  very  well  pleased ; 
in  fact  these  labours  of  the  last  year — I  mean 
'Falesd,'  and  ' D.  B.,' not  Samoa,  of  course — 
seem  to  me  to  be  nearer  what  I  mean  than  any- 
thing I  have  ever  done  ;  nearer  what  I  mean  by 
fiction  ;  the  nearest  thing  before  was  '  Kid- 
napped. '  I  am  not  forgetting  the  '  Master  of 
Ballantrae, '  but  that  lacked  all  pleasurableness, 
and  hence  was  imperfect  in  essence." 

It  is  curious  to  find  the  '  Beach  of  Falesa' 
placed  on  so  conspicuous  an  eminence.  He 
elsewhere  explains  that  it  is  the  charac- 
terization of  Wiltshire,  the  hero  and  nar- 
rator of  the  story,  which  extorted  his 
self-admiration.  This  is  characteristic  of 
Stevenson's  method  in  most  of  his  stories. 
He  obtains  some  of  his  best  effects  by 
the  contrasts  between  the  character  of  the 
narrator  and  the  nature  of  the  narrative. 
The  effectiveness  of  the  '  Master  of  Ballan- 
trae '  depends  upon  its  being  put  in  the 
mouth  of  the  cautious  old  dominie.  Hence 
his  predilection  for  a  romance  in  the  first 
person,  which  he  notices  himself  on  p.  155. 
Curiously  enough,  none  of  the  three  stories 
that  he  there  promises  in  oblique  narration 
was  ever  carried  out. 

Another  reason  for  the  prominence  assigned 
to  the  'Beach'  throws  a  sidelight  upon  much 
of  Stevenson's  later  work  that  has  disturbed 
his  admirers.  The  romancer  has  to  be 
separated  in  point  of  time  from  the  life  he 
idealizes  ;  that  is  a  fundamental  rule  of  the 
game.  Stevenson,  in  much  of  his  later 
•work,  attempted  to  evade  this  exigency  of 
the  situation  by  substituting  remoteness  of 
place  and  circumstances  for  remoteness 
of  time.  Ho  attempted  to  produce  the 
illusion  of  romance  by  fixing  his  scene  in 
the  South  Seas  instead  of  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  Hence  the  '  Island  Nights'  Enter- 
tainments,' hence  the  '  Ebb-Tide  ';  hence 
too,  in  large  measure,  the  '  Wrecker.'  But 
the  innovation  made  success  impossible. 
The  romantic  artist  cannot  work  in  a 
medium,  the  materials  of  which  are  sup- 
plied by  the  life  in  which  he  moves,  however 
remote  that  life  be  from  ordinary  expe- 
rience. He  must  be  a  realist  to  describe  the 
life  next  him.  Hence  these  books  of  Steven- 
son's  come  closer   to  the   realism   of  Mr. 


Eudyard  Kipling  than  to  any  of  his  own 
previous  work,  except  possibly  the  '  New 
Arabian  Nights.' 

He  discovered  his  error  before  it  was 
altogether  too  late.  At  first  he  speaks  of 
the  'Ebb-Tide'  with  some  satisfaction,  but 
when  he  has  finished  it  he  calls  it,  in  his 
expressive  slang,  "  Stevenson's  Blooming 
Error."  And  the  last  year  of  his  life  was 
occupied  with  a  gallant  attempt  to  "put 
Scott's  nose  in  "  with  his  '  St.  Ives.'  Mr. 
Colvin,  in  his  epilogue,  appears  to  be  of 
opinion  that  Stevenson  would  have  suc- 
ceeded if  he  had  lived  to  complete  it.  Of 
this  we  cannot  judge  till  it  comes  before  the 
world,  together  with  the  rest  of  his  opera 
posthuma,  which  seem  to  be  tolerably 
voluminous. 

Of  the  various  books  on  which  Stevenson 
was  engaged  just  before  his  death  it  is 
difficult  to  judge  from  Mr.  Colvin' s  annota- 
tions which  are  in  a  state  sufficiently 
advanced  for  publication.  This  seems  to 
be  the  case  with  the  history  of  his  family, 
entitled  '  Northern  Lights';  with  a  romance  of 
a  "  Hanging  Judge,"  to  be  entitled  '  Weir  of 
Hermiston';  and  with  'St.  Ives.'  Whether 
he  had  done  anything  more  than  plan  out  his 
'  Young  ChevaKer '  and  his  '  Sophia  Scarlet,' 
one  cannot  quite  make  out  from  Mr.  Colvin's 
somewhat  scanty  information. 

There  is  much  of  detail  supplied  in  these 
'  Letters '  as  to  Stevenson's  methods  of  work. 
He  contrasts  his  slowness  with  Scott' s  rapidity. 
Notwithstanding  all  his  early  self-training 
he  never  acquired  facility,  and  was  never 
satisfied  with  a  first  draft.  With  all  his 
hatred  of  joui-nalistic  methods,  it  is  amusing 
to  find  him  calculating  his  work  by  the 
journalistic  method  of  so  many  thousand 
words.  One  letter,  the  twenty-eighth,  is 
whoUy  taken  up  with  comments  on  special 
details  in  *  Catriona  '  —  comments  which 
would  have  been  more  instructive  if  Mr. 
Colvin  had  supplied  more  information  as  to 
the  criticisms  which  elicited  them. 

Greater  interest  attaches  to  Steven- 
son's utterances  here  on  his  aims  and 
general  literary  principles.  He  seems  to 
have  been  under  an  amiable  delusion, 
similar  to  that  of  Wordsworth,  that  he  dare 
not  write  love  scenes,  owing  to  the  passion 
he  would  put  into  them.  The  whole  passage 
is  instructive : — 

"  I  am  afraid  my  touch  is  a  little  broad  in  a 
love  story  ;  I  can't  mean  one  thing  and  write 
another.  As  for  women,  I  am  no  more  in  any 
fear  of  them  ;  I  can  do  a  sort  all  right  ;  age 
makes  me  less  afraid  of  a  petticoat,  but  I  am  a 
little  in  fear  of  grossness.  However,  this 
David  Balfour's  love  affair,  that 's  all  right — 
might  be  read  out  to  a  mothers'  meeting — or  a 
daughters'  meeting.  The  difficulty  in  a  love 
yarn,  which  dwells  at  all  on  love,  is  the  dwelling 
on  one  string  ;  it  is  manifold,  I  grant,  but  the 
root  fact  is  there  unchanged,  and  the  sentiment 
being  very  intense,  and  already  very  much 
handled  in  letters,  positively  calls  for  a  little 
pawing  and  gracing.  With  a  writer  of  my 
prosaic  literalness  and  pertinency  of  point  of 
view,  this  all  shoves  toward  grossness — posi- 
tively even  towards  the  far  more  damnable 
closeness.  This  has  kept  me  off  the  sentiment 
hitherto,  and  now  I  am  to  try  :  Lord  !  Of  course 
Meredith  can  do  it,  and  so  could  Shakespeare  ; 
but  with  all  my  romance,  I  am  a  realist  and  a 
prosaist,  and  a  most  fanatical  lover  of  plain 
physical  sensations  plainly  and  expressly  ren- 
dered ;  hence  my  perils.  To  do  love  in  the 
same  spirit  as  I  did  (for  instance)  D.  Balfour's 


fatigue  in  the  heather  ;  my  dear  sir,  there  were 
grossness — ready  made  !  And  hence,  how  to 
sugar? " 

If  there  were  a  y  danger,  he  certainly  over- 
came it  in  '  Catriona.' 

Another  passage  sums  up  his  literary 
ideals  as  vigorously  and  as  tersely  as  one 
would  wish : — 

"Vital — that's  what  I  am  at,  first:  wholly 
vital,  with  a  buoyancy  of  life.  'Then  lyrical,  if 
it  may  be,  and  picturesque,  always  with  an  epic 
value  of  scenes,  so  that  the  figures  remain  in  the 
mind's  eye  for  ever." 

Vital  he  was,  and  picturesque,  but  lyrical  ? 
but  "  epic  value  of  scenes  "  ?  We  doubt. 
Scott  had  the  latter,  and  Dumas,  but  Ste- 
venson scarcely  ever,  perhaps  because  of 
his  very  picturesqueness. 

Some  explanation  of  his  comparative 
failure  in  getting  what  he  calls  the  "  epic 
value  of  scenes  "  may  be  traced  to  the  heresy 
to  which  he  gives  utterance  on  the  distinc- 
tion between  longs  and  shorts  in  stories  : — 

"Make  another  end  to  it?  Ah,  yes,  but 
that 's  not  the  way  I  write  ;  the  whole  tale  is 
implied  ;  I  never  use  an  effect,  when  I  can  help 
it,  unless  it  prepares  the  effects  that  are  to 
follow  ;  that 's  what  a  story  consists  in.  To 
make  another  end,  that  is  to  make  the  begin- 
ning all  wrong.  The  denouement  of  a  long  story 
is  nothing  ;  it  is  just  a  'full  close,'  which  you 
may  approach  and  accompany  as  you  please — it 
is  a  coda,  not  an  essential  member  in  the 
rhythm  ;  but  the  body  and  end  of  a  short  story 
is  bone  of  the  bone  and  blood  of  the  blood  of 
the  beginning." 

The  distinction  is  quite  illusory.  In  a  long 
as  in  a  short  story  the  end  should  be  pre- 
supposed in  the  beginning.  That  it  is  more 
difficult  to  presuppose  it  makes  no  differ- 
ence. 

Enough  has  perhaps  now  been  said  to 
show  that  the  '  Vailima  Letters,'  if  over- 
burdened with  trivial  detaU,  contain  much 
of  the  deepest  interest  to  students  of  Steven- 
son's art.  But  they  also  indicate  the  danger 
that  his  literary  executors,  in  their  reverence 
for  his  memory,  may  do  it  wrong  by  printing 
much  that  he  would  never  have  allowed  to 
be  printed  himself. 


Rambles  in  Japan,  the  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun. 
By  H.  B.  Tristram,  D.D.  With  Forty- 
five  Illustrations  by  Edward  Whymper. 
(Religious  Tract  Society.) 
From  the  author  of  '  The  Land  of  Moab  '  and 
'  The  Flora  and  Fauna  of  Palestine '  a  better 
book  on  a  country  that  lends  itself  so  well  to 
the  bookmaker  might  have  been  expected. 
The  Canon  teUs  the  mere  story  of  his  rambles 
pleasantly  enough,  and  of  one  or  two  of  the 
places  he  visited,  especially  Aso-San  and 
Kumamoto,  the  description  is  fairly  good. 
But  the  reader  looks  for  more  than  this 
volume  gives  from  a  naturalist  and  traveller 
of  Canon  Tristram's  experience.  Of  dainty 
musmes  and  inquisitive  little  Japs — by  no 
means  so  courteous  in  their  inquisitiveness 
as  the  simple  globe-trotter  often  believes — we 
have  heard  enough  and  to  spare ;  of  the 
hedgerows,  fields,  and  forests,  of  the  birds 
and  beasts  of  Japan  we  know  little  or  nothing, 
and  the  Canon,  it  might  have  been  sur- 
mised, was  just  the  man  to  teU  us  a  good 
deal  more  than  he  has  done.  Even  tho 
birds  aro  scarcely  more  than  alluded  to. 
The  great  black-eared  brown  kite,  Milvus 
mclanotis,  for    instance,  with  its   impudent 


N*'  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


637 


habits,  so  common  and  yet  noteworthy  a 
denizen  of  Central  Japan,  is  not,  we  believe, 
even  mentioned ;  nor  of  the  beautiful  fly- 
catchers and  kingfishers,  striking  birds 
though  they  are,  is  any  account  given. 
Something  too,  we  shoidd  have  thought, 
might  have  been  said  about  the  migrations 
of  Japanese  birds,  and  a  word  or  two  about 
the  cuckoos — the  favourites  of  Japanese 
poets.  A  few  of  the  commoner  shrubs  are 
just  named,  but  of  the  distinctive  aspects 
of  Japanese  vegetation  scarcely  any  notice 
is  taken.  Yet  a  naturalist  can  hardly 
pass  along  the  lanes  and  paths,  over  the 
hillsides  or  along  the  valley  bottoms,  without 
being  struck  by  the  singular  blending  he  sees 
of  Indian,  Southern,  and  Northern  forms, 
with  a  considerable  sprinkling  of  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  American  plants.  The  great 
wayside  Macleyas,  the  curious  bright 
yellow  Houttuynias,  the  parti  -  coloured 
Saururus,  the  twining  Akebias  in  the  hedge- 
rows, and  the  various  climbing  Leguminosae, 
such  as  Atylosia,  Rhynchosia,  &c.,  together 
with  the  various  large  Senecios,  all  the 
varieties  of  Uly,  Hemerocallis,  and  Amaryllis, 
the  beautiful  primulas,  the  two  hundred 
species  of  ferns,  the  numerous  ilexes,  Tern- 
strojmiaceae,  and  oaks,  especially  the  sin- 
gular monstrous  -  leafed  dwarf  Querciis 
dentata  —  all  these  forms  of  vegetable 
life  and  many  others  are  too  prominent 
and  too  easily  recognizable,  we  should  have 
supposed,  to  be  passed  over. 

Of  the  position  of  Christianity — especially 
the  Anglican  variety — in  Japan,  which  it 
was  the  author's  primary  object  to  master, 
not  enough  is  said  to  make  any  judgment  of 
missionary  work,  especially  any  compara- 
tive judgment,  possible.  An  impartial 
survey  of  the  work  of  all  denominations  in 
Japan  would  be  of  great  value  and  interest. 
Of  the  effect  generally  of  Christianity  upon 
the  different  classes  of  the  people,  of  its 
results,  political  and  social,  achieved  and 
likely  to  be  achieved,  we  know  nothing. 
Against  Buddhism  it  seems  to  make  little 
way,  while  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
Christianity  has  ever,  either  in  Japan  or 
China,  produced  any  impression  upon  intel- 
ligent Confucianists.  To  those  who  best 
know  Japan  it  has  always  been  a  marvel 
that  the  Buddhist  and  Confucianist  classics 
are,  in  fact,  used  so  little,  when  they  might 
be  used  so  much,  in  support  of  the  Christian 
scheme  of  ethics,  and  even  of  not  a  few 
among  the  dogmas  of  Christianity.  The 
truth  is  that  Western  rehgious  systems 
cannot  be  brought  down  to  the  Eastern 
Blind  save  by  the  channels  in  which 
Eastern  thought  has  run  for  tens  of 
centuries. 

Much  the  most  interesting  chapters  are 
the  last  three,  and  a  fuller  account  of  the 
Canon's  experiences  in  the  islands  of  Shi- 
koku  and  Kiushiu  might  well  have  occupied 
the  whole  volume.  In  these  chapters,  too, 
by  far  the  most  attractive  picture  of  mis- 
sionary work  is  presented.  In  Shikoku  the 
American  Presbyterian  mission  seems  to 
have  achieved  a  great  success,  for  the  island 
has  returned  several  Christians  (one  would 
like  to  know  what  proportion)  to  the 
Japanese  Parliament,  among  whom  was 
the  Speaker  of  the  Lower  House.  Of  the 
Church  missioninTakeshima  a  highly  favour- 
able account  is  given,  and  a  lively  descrip- 
tion follows  of   shooting  the  sea-rapida  of 


Naruto,  where  a  sort  of  bore  runs  with  the 
tide  to   the  height  of   several  feet.     Near 
Fukuoka,  in   Kiushiu,  the   Canon   saw  the 
beautiful  grounds  of  the  Daimio  family  of 
Kuroda,     whose     ancestor    Nagamasa,    in 
1623,    was    a    Christian    prince    frequently 
mentioned  in  the  Jesuit  letters  ;  the  present 
heir  is  an  Oxford   graduate,  but  a  "  pro- 
minent anti- foreigner  and  anti-Christian." 
In  this  town  our  author  witnessed  the  con- 
secration by  Bishop  Bickersteth  of  a  Chris- 
tian church.  The  ceremonial  was  very  much 
upon  Western  lines,  and  ended  with  a  por- 
tentously   long     sermon     from     a     native 
preacher  "gifted  with  Hibernian  eloquence 
and  more  than  Hibernian  vehemence."     Of 
three  things  the  Japanese  are  never  tired : 
making   speeches,    hearing    speeches,    and 
going  to   law  with  each  other.      At  Oya- 
mada  the  Christian  community  is  a  develop- 
ment of  an  earlier  society  maintained  from  the 
days  of  Xavier,  through  all  the  persecution 
and  isolation  of  the  Tokugawa  regime,  up  to 
recent  times,  when  a  Nagasaki  Church  mis- 
sionary, Mr.  Hutchinson,  took  them  in  hand, 
and  has  now  a   congregation  of  some  140 
well-instructed  communicants.     On  the  last 
page  as  on  the  title-page  of  this  book  we 
meet  with  the  common  expression  "  Land  of 
the  Rising  Sun."     Nippon  (Japan)  does  not 
mean,  however,  the  rising  sun  at   all,  but 
merely  the  quarter  in  which  the  sun  rises — 
the  Orient.  Dai  Nippon  is  therefore,  strictly, 
the  Great  Orient  Land.     "Rising  sun"  in 
Sinico-Japanese  would  be  the  not  very  har- 
monious compound  shutstmitsu  or  shutsujitsu 
(shujjitsu).     The  mirror  of  Shinto  temples, 
we  may  add,  has  nothing  to  do  with  Shintoism, 
which  is  scarcely  more  than  the  rudiment 
of  a  religion.     The  real   sacred  thing  of  a 
Shinto  shrine    is    something — more    often 
nothing — kept  in  a  box  within  boxes  in  the 
innermost  room  of  the  building.  The  mirror 
was  borrowed  from  the  Shingon  Buddhists. 
All  this  has  been  known  for  some  twenty 
years  or  more,  and  for  errors  of  this  kind  in 
a  modern  book — and  there  are  several  such 
in  the  present  volume — there  is  really  no 
excuse. 


J^okn  Knox :     a   Biography.     By    P.    Hume 

Brown.     2  vols.     (Black.) 
John    Knox.      By    Florence    A.    Maccunn. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 

We  have  here  a  life-size  portrait   and   a 
miniature,  each  in  its  own  way  admirable. 
Hitherto  the  standard  life  of  the  Reformer 
has    been  that  by  the   Rev.   Dr.  Thomas 
M'Crie,  which,  published  in  1812,  reached 
a  seventh  edition  in  1855.     M'Crie's  work 
is  a  monument  of  laborious,  conscientious 
research,  but  it  is  disfigured  throughout  by 
the  strongest  partisan  bias.    He  is  incapable 
of  justice  to  a  "  Papist."     Thus,  while  for 
Knox   there   is   never   one  word   of   fault- 
finding, even  Quintin  Kennedy  "  seems  to 
have  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in 
the  same  neglect  of  professional  duty  which 
characterized  his  brethren."     Besides,  since 
M'Crie's  day  we  have  had  Laing's  invalu- 
able  edition   of  Knox's    works ;  the  State 
Papers,  domestic   and   foreign,  have    been 
rendered    accessible ;    and  a   multitude   of 
important   books   have    been  published  on 
the   history  of    Scotland   in    the   sixteenth 
century.     It  was  full  time,  then,  for  a  new 
life  of  Knox  to  be  written ;  and  to  no  hands  I 


could  the  task  have  fallen  more  worthily 
than  to  those  of  Mr.  Hume  Brown.  It 
is  five  years  now  since  we  reviewed  his 
'George  Buchanan';  in  this  work  are  found 
the  selfsame  qualities  —  grace  of  literary 
style,  patient  mastery  of  details,  and  that 
comprehensive  grasp  of  the  larger  aspect  of 
affairs  which  is  to  the  historian  what 
atmospheric  effect  is  to  the  landscape 
painter. 

Many  new  facts   are  here  for    the   first 
time    elucidated,    and  —  which   is    almost 
equally  important — a    number   of    ancient 
myths  are  swept  away.     Knox  is  no  longer 
disgusted  at  an  early  age  with  scholasticism  : 
"it   was    impossible  that  he  could  really 
break  with  the  mental  habits  and  modes  of 
thought  that  distinguished  the  schoolmen." 
We  hear  no  more  of  his  partial  conversion 
about  1535,  and  of  his  professing  himself  a 
Protestant   before    1542 ;   in  March,  1543, 
he  was  still  a  priest  and  apostolic  notary — 
presumably,  therefore,  of  good  repute  in  the 
Church  till  almost  the  day  when  he  left  it. 
So   one  might  go    through  both  volumes, 
noting  point  after  point  on  which  Mr.  Hume 
Brown     either     supplements     or     corrects 
M'Crie.     Of  aU  his  discoveries  none  is  more 
interesting  than  the  Latin  letter  written  by 
Peter  Young  to  Beza  on  November  13th, 
1579.     For  that  letter,  whilst  triumphantly 
establishing  the  genuineness  of  the  portrait 
of  Knox   in   Beza's    'Icones,'    and    conse- 
quently discrediting  the  Somerville  portrait, 
on  which   Carlyle   pinned  his  faith,  gives 
this   minute  description  of  the  Reformer's 
outward  appearance : — 

"  In  stature  he  was  slightly  under  the  middle 
height,  of  well-knit  and  graceful  figure,  with 
shoulders  somewhat  broad,  longish  fingers,  head 
of  moderate  size,  hair  black,  complexion  some- 
what dark,  and  general  appearance  not  un- 
pleasing.  In  his  stem  and  severe  countenance 
there  was  a  natural  dignity  and  majesty  not 
without  a  certain  grace,  and  in  anger  there  was 
an  air  of  command  on  his  brow.  Under  a  some- 
what narrow  forehead  his  brows  stood  out  in  a 
slight  ridge  over  his  ruddy  and  slightly  swelling 
cheeks,  so  that  his  eyes  seemed  to  retreat  into 
his  head.  The  colour  of  his  eyes  was  bluish- 
grey,  their  glance  keen  and  animated.  His 
face  was  rather  long  ;  his  nose  of  more  than 
ordinary  length  ;  the  mouth  large  ;  the  lips 
full,  the  upper  a  little  thicker  than  the  lower  ; 
his  beard  black  mingled  with  grey,  a  span  and 
a  half  long,  and  moderately  thick." 

That  Mr.  Hume  Brown  himself  is  abso- 
lutely impartial   we   are  not  prepared   to 
concede,  but  then  neither  would  a  thorough- 
going worshipper  of  Knox  concede  it.     So 
much  (indeed  everything)  depends  on  one's 
standpoint.     At  the    end,   for  example,   of 
Knox's  first  "  idolatrous  sermon  "  a  name- 
less priest  of  Perth  proceeded  to  say  mass 
— "with  a  curious   fatuity,"    according   to 
our  author ;  with  quiet  heroism,  as  it  may 
seem  to    others.     On  a  point  such  as  this 
one  might  argue  and  argue,  and  come  to 
no  conclusion ;  but  sometimes  it  could,  we 
think,  be  shown  by  facts,  or  by  absence  of 
facts,  that  Mr.  Hume  Brown  is  a  little  more 
than  fair  to  Knox  and  his  adherents,  and  a 
httle  less  than  fair  to  Knox's  adversaries. 
The   "assured  Scots,"   whom  ho  essays  to 
vindicate,  are,  it  appears  to  us,  incapable  of 
vindication  ;  and  a  nice  dilemma  arises  as 
to  the  body  general  of  the  Scottish  nobility. 
For    in    the   early    days    of    Reformation, 
according  to  Mr.  Hume  Brown,  "  with  many 


638 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


of  the  Scottisli  nobles,  both  Protestant  and 
Catholic,  patriotism  and  religion  were  real 
motives  for  which  they  ventured  both  life 
and  freedom."  Yet  he  has  to  admit  that 
a  dozen  years  afterwards  only  "  a  few  Pro- 
testant nobles "  were  against,  and  "  the 
great  majority  of  the  nobles "  were  for. 
Queen  Mary.  That  is  to  say,  the  same 
men  opposed  her  when,  even  from  Knox's 
point  of  view,  she  was  comparatively  inno- 
cent, but  sided  with  her  when,  again  from 
Knox's  point  of  view,  she  was  notoriously 
guilty.  Such  tergiversation  may  not,  of 
course,  be  imputed  to  Reformation  in- 
fluences ;  so  we  are  driven  to  question  their 
original  honesty. 

One  particular  instance  must  stand  for 
many  more.  Gilbert,  fourth  Earl  of  Cas- 
sillis,  may  in  1566  have  "  caused  to  reforme 
his  churches  in  Carrick,  and  promised  to 
maintaine  the  doctrine  of  the  Evangell"; 
none  the  less,  we  opine,  three  years  after- 
wards he  did  roast  the  Commendator  of 
Crossraguel.  "  The  story,"  says  Mr.  Hume 
Brown,  "  has  been  greatly  exaggerated  "; 
and  he  appeals  to  Mr.  Hunter  -  Blair's 
'  Charters  of  Crossraguel.'  We  turn  up 
the  '  Charters,'  and,  behold,  Mr.  Hunter- 
Blair  is  for  whitewashing  Cassillis  as  a 
loyal  Marian :  the  exaggerations  are  those 
of  Knox's  own  secretary,  Richard  Banna- 
tyne  !  No,  we  abide  still  by  a  contemporary 
verdict  on  the  earl — "  ane  particidar  manne, 
and  ane  werry  greedy  manne,  that  cairitt 
nocht  how  he  gatt  land,  so  that  he  culd  cum 
be  the  samin." 

There  lies  the  endlessness  of  the  Knoxo- 
Marian  controversj'.  Almost  every  one 
Knox  came  in  contact  with  has  furnished 
subject  for  the  most  opposite  judg- 
ments. Of  the  slayers  of  Beaton,  Mr. 
Hume  Brown  writes  that  "  to  call  these 
men  murderers  in  the  sense  in  which  we 
now  use  the  word  is,  of  course,  absurd." 
Perhaps,  and  yet  we  do  call  them  murderers 
in  the  sense  in  which  we  call  Eavachol  a 
murderer.  Mr.  Proude  believed  Moray  to 
be  "  the  honestest  man  in  the  whole  island  "; 
M.  Philippson,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
no  condemnation  strong  enough  for  the 
bastard's  perfidy  towards  his  half-sister. 
Maitland  of  Lethington,  the  "  Chamseleon  " 
of  Buchanan,  has  found  a  eulogist  in  Mr. 
Skelton ;  and  good  Mrs.  Bowes,  Knox's 
mother-in-law,  has  not  escaped  scandal,  nor 
Margaret  Stewart,  whom,  a  girl  of  sixteen, 
Knox  married  at  fifty  -  nine.  Mr.  Hume 
Brown  ignores  her  subsequent  history,  but 
Mrs.  Maccunn  observes  shrewdly  : — 

"  Two  years  after  Knox's  death  she  married 
again — this  time,  perhaps,  to  please  herself. 
Her  second  husband  was  Andrew  Ker  of 
Faldonside,  notorious  as  one  of  Rizzio's  mur- 
derers. He  was  by  conviction  an  earnest  Pro- 
testant, and  a  ruffian  by  habit  and  repute." 

And  Mary  herself — but  no,  we  draw  back 
before  Mary  :  that  were  a  question  too  vast 
to  open  up  here.  Yet  this  much  we  must 
eay,  that  to  us  Mr.  Hume  Brown  seems  to 
wrong  Mary  foully,  and  to  imperil  his  own 
case  by  violent  overstatement,  in  suggesting 
that  llizzio  was  Mary's  "  lover."  Is  there 
a  shadow  of  proof  of  it,  any  ground  of  rea- 
sonable presumption,  beyond  such  base  and 
empty  tittle-tattle  as  might  assail  the  most 
virtuous  sovereign,  as  did  assail  Knox  him- 
self? But  granted  Queen  Mary's  guilt — 
and  for  ourselves  we  believe  she  was  guilty 


of  complicity  in  Darnley's  murder — does  not 
her  guilt  lie  partly  at  Knox's  door  ?  It  was 
not  her  fault  that  she  was  born  a  Catholic 
and  half  a  Frenchwoman ;  of  course, 
though,  it  may  have  been  the  fault  of 
Reprobation,  and  she  might  so  easily  have 
changed  her  creed.  But  loyalty,  pity,  com- 
mon manliness,  were  they  elements  lacking 
in  the  Reformer's  nature?  Must  we  explain 
the  Reformer  by  the  churl  ?  Truly,  no,  we 
think  better  of  churls. 

The  real  explanation  is  Knox's  intense 
belief  in  God  and  intense  belief  in  himself — 
beliefs  practically  identical,  for  his  God  was 
simply  himself,  John  Knox,  writ  large, 
omnipotent  as  he  would  fain  have  been,  and 
omniscient  as  he  was  or  claimed  to  be.  He 
seemed  to  himself  God's  oracle,  a  very 
prophet,  and  to  stand  towards  Maiy  as 
Elijah  had  stood  towards  Jezebel.  Mr. 
Hume  Brown  decides  that  Knox  in  all  pro- 
bability was  neither  art  nor  part  of  Rizzio's 
murder ;  if  so,  it  was  a  singular  coincidence 
that  on  the  evening  of  the  "just  punish- 
ment of  that  pultron  and  vyle  knave  Davie  " 
he  should  have  read  in  St.  Giles's  the  story 
of  Haman's  doom,  for,  according  to  Knox, 
the  conspirators  meant  to  hang  Rizzio. 
Certainly  the  prophetic  gift  had  its  dangers 
in  an  age  so  savage.  Yet  in  such  an  age 
the  murders  of  Beaton,  Rizzio,  Darnley, 
and  Moray  would  seem  mere  episodes,  and 
Knox  was  for  such  an  age  comparatively 
humane. 

Of  his  greatness  there  can  be  no  question ; 
no  little  man  could  achieve  what  he  achieved. 
He  was  the  maker  of  Scotland  more  than 
Bruce  even  or  Wallace ;  he  was,  too,  the 
unintentional  creator  of  democracy.  Mr. 
Hume  Brown  points  out  how  more  than  any 
other  man  he  has  a  right  to  be  called  the 
founder  of  English  Puritanism,  and  how  in 
France  also  he  bore  a  part  in  the  develop- 
ment of  religion  which  earned  for  him  the 
maledictions  of  French  Catholic  historians. 
"  But,"  he  proceeds, 

"it  is  by  his  achievement  in  his  own  country 
that  his  relative  place  must  be  assigned  among 
the  great  characters  of  history.  However  the 
tendency  of  that  achievement  may  be  regarded, 
of  its  far-reaching  issues  no  doubt  can  exist. 
Had  Mary  on  her  return  to  Scotland  found  her 
people  united  in  their  allegiance  to  Rome  and 
their  predilection  for  France,  the  course  of 
British  history  must  have  been  different  from 
what  it  has  actually  been.  With  three-fourths 
of  her  subjects  Catholic,  Elizabeth  could  not 
have  held  her  own  against  a  sovereign  in  Mary's 
position,  backed  by  the  dominant  opinion  of 
Europe.  But  to  Knox  more  than  to  any  other 
single  person  was  due  that  revolution  in  policy 
and  religion  which  put  it  out  of  Mary's  power 
to  realise  the  destiny  which  seemed  to  await 
her.  In  the  revolution  of  1567,  which  com- 
pleted the  work  of  1560,  the  influence  of  Knox 
is  less  apparent  only  because  his  own  pen  has 
not  described  it.  In  reality,  the  part  he  bore  in 
the  settlement  that  followed  the  dethronement 
of  Mary  was  as  conspicuous  and  as  significant 
as  in  the  overthrow  of  her  mother.  In  the 
following  century  it  lay  again  with  Scotland  to 
determine  at  a  critical  period  the  course  of 
events  in  the  two  countries  ;  for  in  the  quarrel 
of  the  English  Parliament  with  Charles  I.  it 
was  the  action  of  Presbyterian  Scotland  that 
decided  the  issues  between  them." 

And  yet  Knox  had  also  his  littlenesses  ; 
he  did  not  always  evince  the  courage  of  his 
convictions.  He  fled  from  England  abroad 
when  Mary  succeeded  Edward,  though, 
according  to  Mr.  Hume  Brown,  "his  place 


must  always  be  where  the  fray  was  hottest." 
True,  the  little  fray  between  Knox  and  Cox 
at  Frankfort  over  trivialities  of  ritual  was  hot 
enough ;  stiU,  the  fires  of  Smithfield  were 
hotter.  On  occasion,  too,  he  could  employ 
most  unworthy  means  to  effect  an  end,  as 
when  in  1559  he  allowed  it  to  go  forth  that 
Mary  of  Lorraine  had  been  deposed  from 
the  regency  under  the  authority  of  her 
daughter  Queen  Mary,  or  when  a  little 
later  he  proposed  to  Crofts  to  send  English 
troops  to  assist  in  the  siege  of  Leith,  but, 
for  fear  of  offending  France,  to  "  declayr 
thame  rebells  when  ye  shalbe  assizred  that 
thei  be  in  our  company e." 

Mr.  Hume  Brown's  book,  it  will  be  seen,  is 
interesting,  and  it  should  pass  through  many 
editions.  For  the  benefit  of  those  future 
editions  we  submit  seven  errata,  the  only 
ones  we  have  been  able  to  detect.  Vol.  i. 
p.  37,  foot-note,  the  annexation  of  Burgundy 
and  Brittany  to  France  can  hardly  have 
stimulated  Henry  VIII.  to  make  himself 
master  of  Scotland.  P.  70,  foot-note,  Hamil- 
ton was  not  Knox's  bishop  in  the  spring  of 
1547  ;  the  Act  of  Consistory  confirming  his 
nomination  to  the  archbishopric  of  St. 
Andrews  is  dated  November  25th  of  that 
year,  but  he  still  signed  as  Bishop  of 
Dunkeld  as  late  as  May  28th,  1549. 
P.  279,  the  Regent  Arran  was  created  Duke 
of  Chatelherault  on  February  5th,  1548,  and 
not  in  1551.  Vol.  ii.  p.  45,  in  1559  "a 
scheme  was  taking  shape  in  the  minds  of 
the  Protestant  leaders  which  was  well  fitted 
to  turn  the  head  of  a  man  like  Chatelherault."' 
That  same  scheme  had  been  in  Chatelherault's 
head  as  far  back  as  1545,  when  he  drew  up 
a  bond  proclaiming  it  expedient  that  the 
queen  should  at  proper  age  marry  his  eldest 
son.  P.  77,  "ane  administratioun  of  the 
sacramentis "  stands  deio  administration  in 
the  original  document.  P.  185,  foot-note, 
the  earldom  of  Moray  was  conferred  on  the 
Lord  James  in  1564,  not  1562.  P.  204,  the 
notion  of  Mary's  marriage  to  Don  Carlos 
did  not  emanate,  as  Mr.  Hume  Brown 
suggests,  from  Moray  and  Lethington  in 
1563.  Mary  was  earnestly  bent  on  it  more 
than  a  twelvemonth  before,  and  did  not 
finally  relinquish  it  tiU  the  autumn  of  1564. 

We  have  left  ourselves  not  much  space 
for  Mrs.  Maccunn's  little  book.  Little 
though  it  is,  it  more  than  once  supplements 
Mr.  Hume  Brown's  great  work,  e.g.,  in  the 
passage  quoted  above,  in  its  chapter  on 
Knox's  political  writings,  and  in  its  sketch 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Order.  Its  admira- 
tion for  Knox  is  genuine,  but  discriminating, 
and  it  is  brilliantly  written,  full  of  such 
epigrammatic  touches  as  the  following  : — 

"Singularly  enough,  though  Knox  never 
failed  to  vociferate  his  belief  in  the  im- 
measurable superiority,  spiritual  and  intel- 
lectual, of  man,  his  warmest  and  most  con- 
fidential friendships  were  with  women." 

"Of  all  the  Churches  in  Christendom,  the 
Scottish  alone  ignored  the  festivals  of  the 
Birth  and  Resurrection  of  her  Redeemer  ;  and, 
to  avoid  all  false  opinion  concerning  the  state 
of  the  soul  after  death,  allowed  the  Christian 
dead  to  be  laid  in  the  grave  without  one  word 
of  hope  or  faith  or  consolation." 

"  '  Imposition  of  hands  '  is  exijlicitly  rejected, 
the  Reformers  preferring  to  disagree  with 
Apostles  rather  than  to  agree  with  Papists." 

"Time  has  its  revenges.  In  that  same  Ayr- 
shire two  centuries  later  the  dogmas  most 
sacred  to  Knox  were  parodied  with  an  irre- 
verence as  reckless  as,  but  with  a  humour  far 


N»  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


639 


richer  and  keener  than,  his  own.  '  Holy 
Willie's  Prayer '  has  paid  full  compensation 
for  Knox's  scoffs  at  the  Mass." 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Woman  in  the  Bark,     By  F.  W.  Eobin- 

son,  2  vols.  (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
The  veteran  author  of  '  Owen :  a  Waif,' 
*  Mattie :  a  Stray,'  and  scores  of  other 
novels,  has  here  told  a  story  the  plot  of 
which  is  so  interesting  that  its  brevity 
seems  almost  its  only  fault.  Therefore  it 
would  be  unreasonable  to  make  the  com- 
plaint that  we  miss  in  Mr.  Eobinson's 
latest  story  what  specially  distinguishes 
his  work  from  that  of  his  contemporaries 
— the  study  of  the  London  street-arab — a 
study  in  which  he  has  no  equal.  There 
is,  however,  in  this  story  one  middle-class 
character  of  a  peculiar  excellence  of  delinea- 
tion— Gladwell,  the  genial  scoundrel  in  whom 
villainy  and  fatuous  vanity  are  mingled 
in  equal  proportions.  Indeed,  if  the  book 
has  a  moral  it  is  this,  that  crime  is,  in  almost 
every  case,  nothing  but  the  natural  fruitage 
of  vanity  in  an  exceptionally  high  develop- 
ment. Men's  goals  of  life  are  all  connected 
with  the  passion  for  winning  the  admiration 
of  their  fellow  men.  After  the  simplest 
natural  wants  are  satisfied,  there  is  nothing 
to  strive  for  but  the  breath  of  human  praise, 
and  what  makes  the  punishment  of  the 
criminal  who  has  fallen  from  the  well-to-do 
world  seem  so  terrible  is  the  thought  that 
he  whom  society  is  dooming  to  mount  the 
gallows  or  to  toil  in  penal  servitude  has 
been  impelled  to  commit  his  crime  by  an 
irrational  yearning  to  win  the  plaudits  of 
that  same  society  which  is  now  punishing 
and  execrating  him.  In  the  delineation  of 
Gladwell,  the  vain  scoundrel  who  adores 
respectability,  there  are  touches  which  are 
almost  worthy  of  Dickens  himself,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  dialogue  between  him,  his 
wife,  and  his  sister-in-law,  Mrs.  Faremouth, 
whom  he  has  been  confining  as  a  madwoman 
in  order  to  use  her  money,  and  against  whom 
he  is  beginning  to  have  projects  of  a  still 
fouler  kind : — 

"  '  God  be  praised  for  it,  Lavinia  I  [said  Mrs. 
Faremouth].     Oh  !  James,  shall  we  pray  ? ' 

"No,  not  quite  sane,  thought  Mr.  Gladwell, 
to  propose  prayer  at  so  inopportune  a  moment. 
People  who  prayed  at  odd  times  and  seasons 
were  never  quite  sane,  was  Mr.  Gladwell's  firm 
conviction.  He  had  tried  the  experiment  him- 
self once  or  twice  in  certain  crises  of  his  career, 
but  it  had  never  answered  satisfactorily. 

"'I— I  don't  think  we  will  disturb  Provi- 
dence with  any  prayers  at  present,  Gertrude. 
The  girl  will  clear  away  the  dessert  in  a  minute 
or  two,  and  she  would  be  so  very  much  in  the 
way.     Don't  you  think  so,  fairy  1 '  " 


Lilith.  By  George  Mac  Donald.     (Chatto  & 

Windus.) 
"  Our  life  is  no  dream,  but  it  should  and 
will  perhaps  become  one,"  is  the  paradox 
from  Novalis  with  which  Dr.  Mac  Donald 
ends  his  strange  and  complicated  allegory. 
To  us  who  remember  Eobert  Falconer  and 
David  Elginbrod,  Sir  Gibbio,  and  many 
another  stimulating  and  poetic  creation  of 
this  accomplished  author,  it  is  not  less  than 
grievous  to  find  the  sweet  bells  jangled, 
and  the  imagination,  once  lofty  and  pene- 
trating, dechned  to  the  incoherent  and 
grotesque.      We    have    honestly    tried    to 


follow  Dr.  Mac  Donald's  raven  with  the  tail 
which,  when  the  proprietor  assumes  human 
form,  takes  the  shape  of  a  "  claw-hammer" 
coat,  and  to  enter  into  the  strange  games 
with  Adam,  Eve,  and  others  to  which  he 
introduces  the  narrator  on  the  further  side  of 
the  mysterious  door  in  the  library ;  but  a 
regard  for  the  preservation  of  sanity  pre- 
vented us  from  dwelling  on  the  shifting 
phases  of  nightmare,  which  is  all  the  narra- 
tive recalled  to  us.  "That  some  high  purpose 
pervades  this  strange  mystical  farrago  we 
are  willing  to  believe,  but  its  method  of 
presentment  seems  to  be  neither  lucid  nor 
edifying. 

The     Chronicler     of     Count     Antonio.      By 

Anthony  Hope.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
AjS'thony  Hope  has  never  reached  such  a 
high  level  as  he  did  in  '  The  Prisoner  of 
Zenda,'  but  he  has  never  before  been  dis- 
appointing as  he  is  in  '  The  Chronicles  of 
Count  Antonio,'  which,  for  him,  is  abso- 
lutely dull.  Its  chief  fault  is  that  the 
story  or  stories  are  so  badly  told :  the 
narrator  purports  to  be  a  monk,  who  knew 
and  had  collected  anecdotes  about  the  free- 
lance Count  Antonio  ;  but,  possibly  from  a 
false  notion  of  dramatic  effect,  the  monk  is 
so  prolix  and  irrelevant  in  his  exordiums 
and  moralizings  that  one  gets  thoroughly 
tired  of  him  by  the  second  page.  Further, 
there  is  very  little  continuous  interest  in  the 
book  :  the  different  chapters  are  so  many 
detached  stories  with  one  or  two  cha- 
racters constantly  recurring,  none  of  them 
(except,  perhaps,  the  Count  himseK)  clearly 
enough  defined  to  conceal  the  absence  of 
unity.  The  Count  Antonio  is  a  regular 
Anthony  Hope  hero  gone  mad  :  the  strength 
and  self -repression,  quite  unmixed  with  any 
priggishness,  so  admirable  in  the  hero  of 
'  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,'  degenerate  here 
into  an  almost  inhumanly  stiff  and  pedantic 
quixotism.  However,  it  is  not  so  much  that 
Antonio  is  quixotic  in  his  sense  of  honour, 
as  that  he  does  all  his  noble  actions  in 
such  an  aggravatingly  pious  manner  and 
always  puts  all  the  dots  on  the  ?''s  of  his 
integrity,  that  makes  the  man  so  tiresome. 
Some  of  the  chapters  as  isolated  incidents 
are  good  in  themselves,  especially  the 
chapter  about  the  carrying  off  of  St. 
Frisian's  relics. 

Red  Rowans.     By  Mrs.  F.  A.  Steel.     (Mac- 

millan  &  Co.) 
Mrs.  Steel's  present  book  has  not  the 
freshness  of  local  interest  which  added  much 
to  the  value  of  her  Indian  stories ;  but  in 
the  more  familiar  Scottish  Highlands  she 
exhibits  the  same  fidelity  to  nature,  in- 
animate and  human,  and  in  point  of  skill 
in  characterization  Paul  Macleod  is  as  good 
as  any  one  she  has  portrayed.  For  he  is 
an  intensely  average  man,  if  the  oxymoron 
may  be  allowed.  Possessed  of  personal  and 
mental  gifts  which  commend  him  to  men 
and  women,  to  the  latter  he  shows  a  faculty 
of  adoration,  sincere  but  fleeting,  which  is 
apt  to  leave  its  impression  longer  on  the 
divinity  than  the  worshipper.  When  we 
first  meet  him  he  has  had — being  then  "  the 
Laird's  Jock,"  and  not  the  Laird — a  perilous 
love-passage  with  a  beautiful  peasant  on 
his  brother's  estate  of  Gleneira.  Jeanie 
Duncan  learns  to  love  him  by  the  time  he 
has  made  up  his  mind  (for  the  sake  of  both. 


as  he  prudently  puts  it)  to  place  the  seas 
between  them.  The  tenacity  of  purpose 
which  Jeanie  shows  in  her  attempted 
revenge  is  a  very  natural  trait  in  a  Scotch- 
woman, and  so  is  the  unabated  love  which. 
underlies  the  last  message  which  reaches 
him  from  her  death-bed.  But  at  the  time 
the  main  story  introduces  us  to  Paul  again, 
Capt.  Macleod,  now  Laird  of  Gleneira,  has 
forgotten  the  love  which  so  nearly  proved 
serious  on  his  side,  and  he  is  free  to  cul- 
tivate the  acquaintance  of  the  charming 
Marjorie  Carmichael,  his  factor's  cousin. 
At  the  same  time  he  is  prosecuting,  as 
seriously  as  he  may,  the  pursuit  of  a  soap- 
boiler's daughter,  to  whom  he  looks  to 
rehabilitate  the  family  estate.  Marjorie  is 
an  admirable  creation,  weU.  bred  and  well 
educated,  but  simple  in  spite  of  her  shrewd- 
ness, and  one  who  "has  not  yet  learnt  to 
differentiate  her  head  from  her  heart."  Her 
head  can  estimate  Paul  coolly,  but  her  heart 
in  the  end  triumphs  absolutely,  and  fatally 
for  herseK.  It  is  difiicult,  indeed,  to  approve 
the  denoument;  Marjorie  should  have  married 
Paul,  and  Violet  is  far  too  charming  to  be  rele- 
gated to  funeral  baked  meats.  We  venture 
to  say  on  our  own  responsibility  that  the 
Scotch  of  Messrs.  MacColl  and  John  the  Post 
is  admirable,  though  certain  unmitigated 
Sassenachs  have  doubted  it;  and  Blasius 
or  "Blazes"  is  an  admirable  boy.  Few 
fathers  or  mothers  will  read  the  chapter 
on  his  one  outbreak  and  proper  subjugation 
without  a  touch  of  sympathy.  Verily  "he 
is  not  a  kindergarten  child." 

A  Flash  of  Summer.     By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clif- 
ford.    (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Mrs.  Clifford,  in  a  short  preface,   states 
that  this    story  was    conceived  eight  years 
ago,    and    is     to    be     considered    simply 
as     a     story,    without     any    reference     to 
recent  controversies  about  "marriage  pro- 
blems  and   questions."     Such  a  statement 
is,  or  ought  to  be,  unnecessary,  because  it 
seems    to    imply   that    an    author's    inner 
motive  in  writing  a  story,  apart  from  the 
story  as  it  stands,  is  of  consequence  to  any- 
body but  the  writer.      The   roman  a  these, 
whether  about  the  marriage  or  any  other 
problem,  is  only  objectionable  when  it  in- 
duces  the   author  to  make  his   characters 
mere  stalking  horses  for  his  theories,  or  to 
introduce  irrelevant  discussions  for  the  sake 
of  airing  his  hobbies.     For  all  we  know  or 
care,  Mr.  Meredith  may  have  had  "  marriage 
and  woman  problems"  in  his   mind  when 
he  wrote  '  One  of  our  Conquerors';  but  if  so, 
he  lets  his  characters  live  and  work  out  the 
problem  themselves  ;  he  does  not  put  them 
up  and  knock  them  down  to  suit  a  cut-and- 
dried  conclusion.     These  remarks  are  sug- 
gested   more    by    Mrs.   Clifford's    preface 
than  by  her  novel,  though  even  that,  excel- 
lent as  it  is,  seems   to   be   marred   by  an 
anxiety   rather   to   prove   a  point  than   to 
secure    that    conviction    of     inevitableness 
which  a  work  of  fiction  demands.  The  story, 
briefly,  is  that  of  a  young  girl  forced  into 
an  unnatural  marriage  with  a  ruffian ;  she 
is  driven  to  desperation  by  his  brutality  and 
flies  abroad  from  him,  and  there  meets  with 
a  man  she  loves.      But  she    conceals    her 
marriage   from  liim  till   the  last   moment, 
and  after  the  revelation  he  and  his  mother 
urge  her  to  return  to  her  husband.     This 
she  finally    consents  to   do  ;  but   the  man 


640 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N" 


3550,  Nov.  9, '95 


■ffliose  noble  love  had  endowed  her  with 
strength  to  do  this  dies  at  the  very  moment, 
and  unable  to  bear  more,  she  throws  herself 
into  a  lake.  The  most  convincing  person  in 
the  book  is  the  unfortunate  heroine  Katha- 
rine, who  reminds  one  in  her  fate,  and  to 
some  extent  in  the  development  of  her  cha- 
racter, of  Browning's  Pompilia.  The  best  part 
of  the  book  is  the  beginning,  which  describes 
the  weird  horror  of  her  solitary  childhood 
in  the  gaunt  house  tenanted  only  by  her- 
self, a  hypochondriacal  uncle,  and  a  terrible 
old  family  servant ;  her  musings  on  the 
decayed  glories  of  Eltham  Palace,  where 
Henry  and  Anne  Boleyn  feasted  and  danced ; 
and  her  dreary  walks  to  the  little  school  a  few 
miles  off.  All  this  is  wonderfully  told,  and 
the  author  succeeds  in  imparting  that  feeling 
of  unutterable  melancholy  which  the  natural 
surroundings,  added  to  the  human  misery, 
only  enhance.  The  very  air  seems  heavy 
with  a  dull  kind  of  terror  in  a  way  which 
recalls  no  writer  so  much  as  the  Brontes. 
Admirable  too,  though  in  a  different  way, 
is  the  description  of  Katharine's  gradual 
awakening  to  the  truths  of  life,  and  of  the 
chastening  influence  of  love  on  her,  about 
which  some  good  things  are  said.  The 
following  passage,  for  example,  contains  a 
truth  finely  put : — 

"Then  Katharine  went  back  to  her  room  and 
thought  awhile.  '  Now  I  understand, '  she  said 
to  herself,  '  and  see  the  use  and  the  divinity  of 
love.  Out  of  it  has  grown  the  world's  whole 
happiness ;  for  all  other  things  are  but  its 
children.  To  love  well  is  the  best  good  that  can 
come  to  us.' 

"  'But  there  is  work,'  something  seemed  to 
answer  her,  as  it  had  done  in  the  waiting-room 
at  Paddington  the  day  she  left  Mr.  Belcher's 
house.     '  It  has  done  more  than  love.' 

"  '  Work  is  Love's  sturdiest  child  of  all,'  she 
whispered.  'Perhaps  some  day,  if  only  for 
love  of  what  is  beautiful,  I  may  learn  to  do  my 
share.' " 

But  with  Katharine  unstinted  praise  must 
end.     None  of  the  other  characters  appears 
to    be   quite    convincing  ;    they   have    the 
air     of     being    brought    in     too     conve- 
niently, as  it  were,  to  make  things  harder 
for    her.     The    husband     seems    to    have 
hardly  an    adequate  motive  for  marrying 
her,  and  though  such  an  unrelieved  brute 
may  be  a  possible  character,  he  requires  a 
little  more  explaining  than  is  vouchsafed. 
The  meetmg  of  her  friends,  too,  on  board 
the  steamer  somehow  comes  in  almost  too 
obviously,  and  one  is    certainly    not  quite 
persuaded  that  she  would  have  refrained  so 
long  from   telling  them  of  her   miserable 
marriage.     Again,  the  Frenchwoman    who 
marries  her  uncle  seems  rather  improbable, 
and  at  any  rate  is  perfectly  irrelevant ;  and 
finally,  the  conclusion  is  weak.     It  looks  as 
if  the  author  really  did  not  know  how  to 
dispose  of  Katharine,  and  so  kills  off  Jim 
without  any  very  good  reason  in  order  to 
give  her  an  excuse  for  committing  suicide, 
and  so  of  a  sudden  belying  all  the  increased 
strength  of  character,  and  the  determination 
to  live  her  life  whatsoever  it  cost,  which  love 
and  work  had  taught  her.     These  faults  are 
the  more  noticeable   and  the  more   worth 
indicating   because    the   early  part   of   the 
book,  and  indeed    most   of  what   directly 
deals   with  Katharine,  is    really  splendid, 
and    makes    the    novel,    in    spite    of    its 
shortcomings,   a  most  noteworthy  produc- 
tion. 


One    TFoman's    Wisdom,     By  A.  G.  Murphy. 

(Eoutledge  &  Sons.) 
The  following  remark,  very  characteristic  of 
the  whole  tone  of  this  book,  is  put  in  the 
mouth  of  the  heroine,  and  renders   unne- 
cessary any  further  criticism  : — 

"  To  my  thinking,  all  the  critical  wisdom  of 
Arnold,  Swinburne,  and  Ruskin  was  contained 
in  a  brief  deliverance  by  Pinero  the  other  day, 
when  he  said  that  praise  was  to  talent  as  sun- 
shine to  flowers,  and  that  silence  was  the  best 
judgment  on  inferiority." 


Boconnoc.  By  Herbert  Vivian.  (Henry  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Vivian  has  got  an  exceedingly  good 
idea  of  telling  a  story,  but  he  has  not  yet 
attained  the  art  of  describing  a  character 
so  as  to  make  it  live.  It  is  really  rather 
difficult  to  imderstand  what  it  is  that  makes 
one  content — in  fact,  almost  anxious — to  go 
through  with  the  book  ;  for  the  hero,  who 
is  said  to  be  charming,  appears  to  be  nothing 
but  a  weak  and  selfish  fool ;  the  heroine  is 
called  a  lady,  but  does  not  behave  like  one ; 
and  the  remaining  characters  are  ludicrous. 
There  is  a  succession  of  fairly  entertaining 
incidents  in  the  description  of  life  at  Monte 
Carlo  and  at  Aix-les-Bains,  and  of  Venice 
in  winter,  while  the  attempts  of  Boconnoc's 
friends  to  shield  him  almost  promise  to  be 
amusing,  but  somehow  fail. 


Bloomfield,  Vermont,  caused  a  mighty  flutter 
in  that  dovecote.  Extracts  from  his  first 
sermon  are  quoted  at  great  length,  and  the 
sensations  of  the  yoxmg  ladies  of  the  choir 
are  done  full  justice  to  in  the  opening 
chapter.  It  is  then  revealed  that  the  youth- 
ful divine  has  a  guilty  past,  and  it  presently 
appears  that  at  least  two  of  the  younger 
members  of  his  Arcadian  congregation  are 
burdened  with  a  similar  possession.  The 
story  is  neither  particularly  interesting  nor 
well  written ;  yet  it  might  at  least  have 
deserved  the  epithet  "pretty,"  but  for  the 
peculiarly  painful  and  even  shocking  episode 
of  Lucy  Allen's  schooldays.  As  it  is,  one 
carries  away  a  painful  impression,  and  with 
it  the  irritating  conviction  that  to  have 
soiled  so  fair  a  dove  is  a  gratuitous  violation 
of  the  reader's  feelings  and  of  all  the  pro- 
babilities of  a  pure-minded  girl's  life. 

Joug  d^ Amour.   Par  Brada.   (Paris,  CalmanE) 

Levy.) 
The  lady  who  writes  under  the  name  of 
"  Brada  "  has  produced  an  excellent  novel — 
the  touching  story  of  the  married  life  of 
a  tender-hearted  loving  woman,  suffering 
under  the  infirmity  of  lameness,  with  a  man 
not  more  weak  and  not  more  selfish  than 
are,  perhaps,  most  men  of  the  fashion  of 
the  great  world. 


The  Light  of  Scarthey.     By  Egerton  Castle. 

(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
A  ROMANCE  so  ponderous,  in  all  senses  of 
the  word,  takes  a  great  deal  of  time  and 
reading ;    but  there   is   little  else  that  can 
profitably  be  said  about  it,   except  that  a 
fair  proportion  of  the  hours  devoted  to  its 
perusal  pass  not  unpleasantly.     '  The  Light 
of  Scarthey'  made  its  first  appearance  in 
serial  form   in  the  weekly  edition   of  the 
Times  this  year,  where  various  readers  may 
have  already  made  its  acquaintance.     The 
story  opens,  in  the  good  old  leisurely  fashion 
less  familiar  nowadays  than  when  some  of 
us  were  young,  with   detailed  descriptions 
of  the  islet  of  Scarthey  (off  the  Lancashire 
coast),   its   half-ruined   castle,   the    solemn 
master  of  this  ancestral  abode,  his  French 
retainer,  his  dog,  and  other  things  that  are 
his.     Sir  Adrian  Landale  of  Pulwick,  who 
retired  to  spend  some  years  in  this  fastness, 
had  a  past,  of  course ;  he  also  has  a  future ; 
both  are  related  at   considerable  length  in 
the  ensuing  chapters.      His  first  love,  the 
fascinating  Madame  de  Savenaye,  who  had 
fled  from  the  horrors  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion to  his  father's  house,  leads  the  youthful 
Adrian  a  great  dance  to  avenge  her  hus- 
band's death.     She  perishes,  in  fact,  in  the 
effort,  but  Adrian  escapes  from  the  hands 
of  the  murderers,  and  lives  to  be  the  hero 
of  another  complicated  and  elaborate  romance 
with  the  second  generation  of  the  De  Save- 
nayes.     His  youthful  bride,  however,  finds 
him  a  tedious  personage,  in  which  opinion 
other  people  may  agree  with  her.     Her  own 
adventures  were  of  a  slightly  different  nature, 
and  she  gave  her  husband  plenty  of  occupa- 
tion.    The  hanging  episode  is   excessively 
unpleasant.    Otherwise  the  story  ends  well. 

Confession.     By  Elizabeth  E.  Evans.     (Son- 

nenschein  &  Co.) 
The  introduction  of  a  handsome  and  young 
rector    to    the    episcopal    congregation    of 


CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY. 


A  Short  Manual  of  Comparative  Philology  for 
Classical  Students.     By  P.   Giles,  M.A.     (Mac- 
millan    &    Co.)— Mr.    Giles    has   executed   an 
extremely  difficult  task  with  laudable  skill  and 
judgment,  and  has  moreover  shown  that  he  is 
capable  of  better  things  than  registering  German 
investigations  and  choosing  between  conflicting 
German  theories.      Unfortunately  comparative 
philology  is  just  now  in  a  transitional  state,  so 
that  a  teacher  who  wishes  to  arm  his   pupils 
against  the  machinations  of  examiners,  or  who 
is  actuated  by  the  higher  motive  of  tilling  in  the 
outline  of  his  subject  as  far  as  possible,  has  to 
thrash  out  endless  crops  of  German  wheat,  of 
which  nearly  all  the  ears  are  sterile,  thus  leaving 
himself  little  time  and  energy  for  original  work. 
Mr.  Giles  has    of  course  consulted  American, 
Italian,  French,  and  English   writers,    not    tO' 
mention  other  nationalities,  but  in  amount  of 
output  Germany  throws  the  rest  of  the  world 
into  the  shade.     The  work  before  us  may  be 
compared,  allowing  for  the  dtfiferences  in  bulk 
and     scope,    with     Brugmann's    great    work,, 
'  Grundriss  der  vergleichenden  Grammatik  der 
indo-germanischen  Sprachen.'     In  many  points 
Mr.  Giles  has  made  a  manifest  advance,  and  he 
often  exhibits  more    accurate   scholarship  and 
sounder  judgment  than  his  German  predecessor. 
In  §  515  Mr.  Giles's  own  explanation  of  Latin 
imperfect  and  pluperfect  subj  unctives,  as '  'formed 
of  a  noun  in  the  locative  or  instrumental  with 
the  optative  of  the  substantive  verb  in  its  short 
form  *siem,  whence  -sem,"  is  the  best  of  three 
solutions  given.     This  reminds  us  of  Wacker- 
nagel's  less  happy  fancy  (§  489)  that  Greek  de- 
sideratives  "in  -o-fiw arise  through  the  running 
together  of  a  dative  case   and    a  participle  in 
such  forms  as  oif^eiovres  (  =  oi/€i  lovres),  'going 
for  a  view.'"     Why  not  rest  content  with  the 
antiquated  suggestion  that  -a-eio)  was  formed  on 
the  so-called  ^olic  aorist  -creta  ?    In  §  374  the 
forms  dtpd-n-aiva,  SoTupa,   and  other  such,  are 
explained  ;  but  the  student   is  left  to  wonder 
why  (XKavOa  is  declined  like  dtpdnaiva.  Perhaps 
the  least  satisfactory  section  is  §  219,  on  com- 
pensatory lengthening  of  vowels,  where  such  a 
common  form  as  ^epwv  is  not  discussed,  and  na 
reference  is  given  to  the  note  on  p.  237  where 
it  is  mentioned,  or  to  the  summary  of  Streit- 
berg's  views  given  pp.  193,  194.     Chapter  xx.,. 


N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


641 


on  the  uses  of  the  cases,  is  the  freshest  and 
brightest  portion  of  the  work,  while  the  speci- 
mens of  Greek  dialects  are  extremely  interesting 
and  instructive.  There  are  few  errors  to  notice, 
but  h  should  not  be  called  an  "  aspirate,"  §  85  ; 
and  it  is  a  pity  to  burden  a  manual  with  such 
very  doubtful  conjectures  as  the  derivation  of 
wKcavos  from  a  preposition *ti ( =  Skt.  u),  meaning 
"round  about,"  and  a  participle  from  the  same 
rootas  Kei-ixai  (§  239),  and  of  English  eft  from  the 
root  of  Latin  aqua  (§  240).  In  §  268  iraxvAos 
is  cited  as  a  dactylic  word,  though  only  7r(?xvAc3s 
is  found.  This  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the 
views  propounded  by  Mr.  Giles,  as  we  take  it 
he  had  not  space  to  establish  fresh  theses,  which 
it  would  be  idle  to  put  forward  without  ade- 
quate demonstration  ;  so  that  we  cannot  tell 
how  far  Mr.  Giles  subscribes  to  the  doctrines 
which  he  has  so  lucidly  recorded,  or  how  far 
he  has  presented  comparative  philology  as  she 
is  taught.  The  tables  of  consonant  combinations, 
pp.  160-165,  deserve  special  mention  for  the 
excellence  of  their  arrangement  and  their 
usefulness  to  students. 

Caesaris  Belli  Gallici  Libri  VII.,  Hirtii 
Liber  VIII.  Receiisuit  Henricus  Meusel. 
(Berlin,  Weber.) — While  no  fewer  than  three 
elaborate  lexicons  to  Cresar  have  been  recently 
produced,  comparatively  little  has  been  done  of 
late  years  for  the  text  of  the  author,  which  still 
remains  in  an  unsatisfactory  condition.  Meusel, 
the  compiler  of  the  best  of  the  three  lexicons, 
now  puts  forward  a  critical  edition  of  the  '  Bel- 
lum  Gallicura,'  which  marks  a  great  advance. 
It  has  long  been  known  that  all  codices  of  the 
'  Gallic  War  '  have  come  down  to  us  through  a 
single  archetype,  and  further  that  they  may  be 
divided  into  two  distinct  families,  which  are 
commonly  denoted  by  a  and  (3.  Editors  have 
hitherto  leaned  almost  exclusively  on  the  MSS. 
of  the  class  a,  and,  stamping  those  of  the  class 
f3  as  interpolati,  have  taken  little  pains  to  re- 
cord their  readings.  The  main  part  of  the 
missing  information  is  now  supplied  by  Meusel, 
who,  however,  intends  his  present  text  to  be 
merely  the  forerunner  to  an  edition  on  a  larger 
scale,  and  equipped  with  a  more  complete 
apparatus  critic^is.  While  there  is  every  reason 
to  be  thankful  for  the  present  volume,  we  hope 
that  the  larger  edition  will  not  be  long  delayed. 
After  Meusel's  labours,  it  is  hardly  likely  that 
any  one  will  in  future  question  the  critical  value 
of  the  codices  of  the  /8  family.  The  phrase 
interpolati,  as  used  by  critics,  has  several  dis- 
tinct meanings,  and  is  often  misleading.  These 
MSS.,  like  many  others,  may  be  called  in  a 
sense  interpolati,  without  implying  that  they 
have  failed  to  preserve  a  great  deal  that  is  of 
importance.  We  may  note  a  few  passages,  out 
of  a  good  many,  where  Meusel  seems  to  have 
abandoned  without  necessity  the  reading  of 
all,  or  the  majority  of  good  MSS.,  or 
what  is  probably  the  reading  of  the  arche- 
type. I.  10:  "Ocelo,  quod  est  provinciae 
extremum."  It  is  not  necessary  here  to  insert 
oppidum  ;  the  substantival  use  of  extremum  is 
perfectly  good.  I.  14 :  "Quod  tam  diu  se  impune 
iniurias  tulisse  admirarentur."  So  all  MSS., 
but  Meusel  gives  intnlitise  after  Prammer. 
Yet  "impune  ferre  aliquid  "  is  idiomatic  Latin 
for  "to  get  oflf  scot-free,"  occurring  in  Cicero, 
Catullus,  Propertius,  and  many  other  authors. 

I.  48  Jin. :  a  trivial  alteration  in  the  order  of 
the   words  is   made    for    no    apparent   reason. 

II.  21  :  "  Galeas  inducendas,"  for  which  Meusel 
gives  induendas,  is  probably  right ;  indncere  is 
to  be  found  in  good  Latin  applied  to  the  don- 
ning of  garments  or  equipments.  III.  17 :  it  is 
not  worth  while  to  write  sevocahat  for  revocabat, 
which  may,  in  the  context,  very  well  bear  pre- 
cisely the  same  sense.  Nor  in  III.  24  need 
injirmiores  animo  be  substituted  for  injirmifyre. 
The  expression  "  infirmus  anirao  esse  "  is  every 
whit  as  good  as  "  inBrmo  animo  esse";  simi- 
larly Ca>sar  employs  "  incitati  cursu  "  as  well  as 
"  incitato  cursu  "  ('  Bell.  Gall. ,'  I.  79  and  II.  2G). 
IV.    25 ;     "  Barbari    constiterunt    ac    paulum 


modo  pedem  rettulerunt."  So  the  MSS.,  and 
rightly  :  "  The  barbarians  (6rst)  halted,  and 
then  retreated,  but  only  a  little."  V.  25  : 
surely  "inopia  frumentaria "  is  an  excellent 
Latin  phrase  and  needs  no  retouching.  VII.  36  : 
the  despici  of  the  MSS.  is  certainly  in  place 
here,  as  the  mention  is  of  looking  down  from  a 
height  ;  dispici  is  far  less  appropriate.  VII.  76  : 
moverentnr,  the  MS.  reading,  is  clearly  better 
than  tnoveretnr. 

The  "Parnassus  Library  of  Greek  and  Latin 
Texts,"  which  Messrs.  Macmillan  have  begun 
to  issue,  is  clad  in  gaily  coloured  boards  which 
would  fit  it  for  admission  to  Messrs.  Smith's 
bookstalls.  The  two  volumes  before  us  are  the 
Iliad,  edited  by  Mr.  Leaf,  and  Virgil,  edited 
by  Mr.  Page.  The  Iliad  is  printed  in  the  Mac- 
millan type — rather  a  bold  proceeding,  for 
although  it  is  a  handsome  fount  and  pleasant 
to  read  when  the  eye  is  accustomed  to  it,  it  is 
somewhat  puzzling  to  the  uninitiated.  The  iota 
subscript  is  banished,  and  on  parting  with  it 
Mr.  Leaf  unkindly  calls  it  names ;  but  (rightly, 
we  think)  he  has  not  attempted,  as  Mr. 
Piatt  has  done,  to  produce  a  text  more  archaic 
than  that  presented  by  the  existing  MSS., 
for  although  it  is  quite  true,  as  Hinrichs  says, 
that  the  text  of  Aristarchus  is  "  nur  Mittel  zum 
Zweck,"  nine  readers  out  of  ten  are  only  per- 
plexed, not  edified,  by  restorations  of  lost 
forms.  This  neat  volume  of  350  pages  or  so 
presents  the  Iliad  in  a  handsome  and  readable 
shape.  One  little  slip  in  the  list  of  various 
readings  is  too  tempting  to  be  passed  in  silence. 
Commenting  on  book  xxiii.  v.  103,  Mr.  Leaf 
attributes  "Sunt  aliquid  manes"  to  Virgil! 
We  suppose  his  memory  was  misled  by  the  fact 
that  V.  104  is  imitated  in  the  'Georgics.'  Mr. 
Page  has  placed  his  various  readings  at  the  foot 
of  the  page.  His  text  is  more  to  our  liking 
than  that  of  Ribbeck,  which  has  of  late  been 
more  than  once  reprinted  in  this  country  ;  but 
he  has  adhered  to  the  stupid  English  habit 
of  omitting  the  '  Catalecta '  and  the  other  minor 
works. 

II  Nome  Personale  nella  Lombardia  durante  la 
Dominazione  Bomana.  Del  Dr.  Bartolomeo 
Nogara.  (Milan,  Hoepli.) — The  object  of  this 
work  is  to  furnish  a  view  of  the  proper  names  pre- 
served in  inscriptions  found  in  the  district  whose 
boundaries  are  the  Mincio,  the  Alps,  the  Ticino, 
and  the  Po,  arranging  them  according  to  their 
characters,  as  names  of  men,  women,  or  slaves, 
nomina,  pranomina,  or  cognomina,  Roman  or 
barbarous  ;  and  thus  to  furnish  materials  for  a 
wider  general  theory,  which  may  be  extended 
to  other  parts  of  the  peninsula  or  of  the  empire. 
It  is  a  valuable  storehouse  of  facts  for  the 
student  of  names,  though  it  might  be  wished 
that  the  author  had  allowed  himself  a  little 
more  liberty  in  theorizing  within  the  region  to 
which  he  has  confined  his  attention,  or  at  any 
rate  had  ventured  upon  a  few  more  inferences 
from  the  distribution  of  names  therein.  He 
does,  indeed,  deduce  that  the  tendency  of 
population  was  towards  the  cities,  especially 
Brescia,  Bergamo,  Milan,  and  Como,  and  out- 
side of  these  to  certain  regions  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  lakes,  other  parts  (such  as 
the  eastern  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Como,  the 
zone  round  Milan,  and  the  district  between  that 
city,  Lodi,  and  Pavia)  being  almost  unoccupied  ; 
and  he  calls  attention  to  possible  inferences  to 
be  drawn  as  to  the  relative  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity. But  numbers  of  other  most  interest- 
ing (questions  which  occur  to  the  reader  are 
left  unnoticed.  Why,  for  example,  should 
there  have  been  a  run  on  Cornelius  and  Nonius 
as  gentile  names  at  Brescia,  on  Atilius  and 
Virginius  at  Milan  ?  Why  are  there  so  many 
Cassii,  and  none  of  them  found  east  of  the 
Adda  1  Why  do  the  Valerii  account  for  more 
than  10  per  cent,  of  houses  whose  names  appear 
on  the  records,  beating  the  Cornelii,  their 
nearest  competitors,  by  nearly  two  to  one '! 
Listly,  why,  considering  that  the  inscriptions 
belong  nearly  all  to  post-republican  times,  do 


these  and  other  republican  nomina  so  im- 
mensely outweigh  Aurelius,  Claudius,  Flavius  t 
The  book  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first 
being  a  general  discussion  of  the  Roman  sys- 
tem  of  personal  names,  based  largely  on  Momm- 
sen's  '  Romische  Forschungen  '  and  the  '  Corpus 
Inscriptionum,'  with  statistical  details  relating 
to  the  district  under  discussion.  It  is  remarkable 
howlargeamajority  of  thenames  seem  to  follow  the 
genuine  Latin  arrangement  of  personal,  gentile, 
family.  "Marcus  Tullius  Cicero "  remains  the 
model,  "  Anicius  Manlius  Torquatus  Severinus 
Boethius  "  the  exception.  But  before  one  could 
argue  much  from  this,  it  would  be  necessary  to 
get  the  names  placed  in  some  kind  of  chrono- 
logical order,  and  this  Dr.  Nogara  does  not 
attempt.  It  may  be  said,  however,  that  he 
takes  "  the  Roman  domination  "  as  extending 
down  to  the  arrival  of  the  Lombards.  This 
being  so,  the  predominance  of  genuine  Roman 
names  to  be  found  in  the  lists  of  which  the 
second  part  of  the  book  is  composed  is  cer- 
tainly striking.  Occasionally  a  Sex.  Cuno- 
pennus  Secundus  or  a  L.  Veturius  Segomarus 
betrays  his  barbarian  origin,  and  Greek  names 
are  rather  frequent,  especially  among  the  ladies  ; 
but  so  far,  at  any  rate,  as  prcenomina  and 
nomina  go  (for  cognomina  do  run  riot  to  some 
extent),  there  is  really  very  little  change  from 
the  old  days.  But  this  is,  perhaps,  what  might 
have  been  expected.  Names  are,  on  the  whole, 
wonderfully  permanent  over  long  periods  ; 
and  one  may  safely  predict  that  Edwards, 
Williams,  and  Alfreds  will  outlive  the  modern 
fashion  of  making  personal  names  out  of  what 
should  only  be  family  names.  There  are, 
indeed,  few  eccentricities  of  modern  nomen- 
clature which  cannot  be  paralleled  from  the 
lists  given  by  Dr.  Nogara.  Remembering  that 
the  middle  name  in  Latin  is  the  true  surname, 
we  shall  find  L.  Publicius  October  a  fair  match 
for  Thursday  October  Christian ;  while  M. 
Juventius  Secundus  Rixa  Postumius  Pansa 
Valerianus  beats  the  Plantagenet-Browns  and 
Neville-Jobsons  on  their  own  ground.  The 
want  of  true  surnames  among  the  Teutonic 
races  no  doubt  helped  to  give  a  finishing  blow 
to  the  orderly  Roman  system.  But  the  names 
were  not  allowed  to  fall  wholly  into  disuse, 
though  mediaeval  Marks,  Pauls,  and  Anthonys 
were  probably  called  rather  after  Christian 
saints  than  after  Roman  statesmen.  The  re- 
vival of  classical  literature,  however,  supplied  a 
fresh  start  to  some  less  sanctified  names,  though, 
as  our  author  points  out,  all  distinction  between 
nomen,  pranwmen,  cognoynen,  and  signum,  or 
nickname,  has  disappeared,  and  godparents 
are  equally  ready  to  "name  this  child"  Mar- 
cus, or  Atilius,  or  Regulus ;  Pius,  or  Felix,  or 
Augustus. 

Harvard  Studies  in  Classical  Philologif, 
Vol.  V.  (Boston,  U.S.,  Ginn.)  — Our  only 
objection  to  this  volume  is  its  exceeding  dry- 
ness. But  this  is  a  serious  objection,  for  it 
makes  the  book  almost  impossible  to  read. 
Who,  for  example,  except  Dr.  Rutherford,  now- 
editing  the  scholia,  will  adventure  himself  to  read 
an  essay  of  eighty-four  pages  in  Latin,  under  the 
title  'De  Schol.  Aristoph.  Qurestiones  Mythicie '  ? 
It  looks  very  learned,  and  may  possibly  contain 
new  things,  but  are  they  worth  finding  out  ? 
Mr.  Greenough's  paper  called  '  Early  Latin 
Prosody  '  is  really  an  inquiry  into  the  nature 
of  length  b\i  position,  and  how  the  shortening 
of  syllables  (in  Plautus)  which  should  be  long 
by  position  is  effected.  He  thinks  that  there 
is  by  nature  a  pause  between  the  two  conso- 
nants, and  so  another  syllable,  or  something 
like  it,  implied.  But  we  will  not  follow  him 
into  the  subtle  distinctions  he  proposes  in  the 
pronunciation  of  the  word  strength,  as  s-trength^ 
st-rength,  &.C.,  which  only  stops  short  oistrengt-h. 
There  are  also  forty  pages  on  '  The  Stage  Terms 
of  Heliodorus's  "^-Ethiopica,"  '  which  wa  have 
not  read.  But  why  not  leave  such  things  to 
the  Germans  ?  Wliy  frighten  away  the  Harvard 
sophomore  from  classical  philology   by  setting 


642 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»3550,  Nov.  9,^95 


before  him  such  repulsive  fare  ?  This  is  not 
the  first  time  we  have  felt  ourselves  compelled  to 
make  this  protest.  The  fashion  of  young  Ame- 
ricans is  to  go  for  a  year  to  a  German  university, 
and  there  to  produce  these  dissertations,  which 
might  serve  for  a  doctor's  degree.  But  even 
among  such  dissertations,  which  appear  by  the 
do^en  yearly  in  Germany,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  pick  out  seven  so  barren  of  interesting  results. 
Perhaps  we  should  except  a  couple  of  pages  of 
emendations  on  the  '  Bacchte '  of  Euripides. 
Emendations,  though  seldom  convincing,  except 
to  the  emendator  himself,  are  often  brilliant, 
often  amusing.  The  notes  before  us  are  not 
bad  on  the  whole,  though  they  only  affect  very 
slight  points,  and  though  the  writer  explains  a 
"deep-seated  corruption"  by  "such,  e.g.,  as 
mutilation  or  illegibility  of  the  archetype."  We 
have  seldom  met  with  a  worse  definition,  or  one 
further  from  the  truth.  But  what  can  be  said 
of  his  improvement  of  v.  211,  which  stands  in 
our  texts  eyw  jrpofjjrJTi]';  crot  Xoyiov  yevrjcro/JiaL  1 
He  proposes  eyw  7rpo7^y7;Ti)p  Aoywv  yevrjcrofj.ai, 
a  dangerous  line  for  a  fifth-form  boy  to  bring 
up  to  his  master  ! 


FAIRY   TALES. 


Fairy  Tales,  Far  and  Near.  Retold  by  Q. 
(Cassell  &  Co.)— When  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
and  his  wife  felt  the  need  of  change  of  air  and 
scene,  they  migrated  from  the  blue  bed  to  the 
brown  ;  and  when  the  publishers  and  authors  cff 
the  present  day  set  about  providing  children 
with  a  change  of  reading,  they  dress  up  in  a 
binding  of  a  new  colour  the  stories  which  nearly 
every  child  in  the  country  already  knows  by 
heart,  and  think  that  the  appetite  for  new 
reading  will  be  satisfied.  "The  hungry  sheep 
look  up  and  are  not  fed,"  for,  to  quote  a  child 
of  our  acquaintance,  they  "know  the  stories 
quite  as  well  as  the  book  itself  does."  Mr. 
Quillor  Couch  could  not  tell  a  story  badly  if 
he  tried,  but  why  should  he  exercise  his  great 
gift  on  Perrault's  '  Bluebeard  '  or  Grimm's 
'  "Valiant  Little  Tailor '  and  '  Goose-Girl, '  which 
have  been  told  well  and  told  ill,  and  told  again 
and  again  both  well  and  ill,  more  often  than 
can  be  counted,  and  have  been  familiar  to 
every  reading  child  since  it  could  read  at  all  ? 
Why  should  a  child  want  his  stories  in  a  book 
with  a  light  brown  back  when  he  has  them 
already  in  books  of  every  colour  of  the  rainbow  ? 
There  are  other  stories  in  this  book  from  the 
'Nouveaux  Contes  des  Fees,'  Croker's  'Fairy 
Legends,'  &c.,  but  none  is  particularly  new. 

Eric,  Prince  of  Lorlonia.  By  the  Countess 
of  Jersey.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — Lady  Jersey 
has  a  certain  gift  of  writing,  as  witness  the 
beginning  of  this  story,  and  she  has  much 
graceful  fancy ;  but,  in  artistic  parlance,  she 
has  overcrowded  her  canvas  with  figures.  Let 
her  choose  a  simpler  subject  with  well-defined 
incidents,  and  not  so  many  of  them,  and  we 
feel  convinced  she  would  write  a  good  story. 

Old  Enrilish  Fairy  Tales.  By  S.  Baring- 
Gould.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — Readers  of  this 
book  will  know  what  to  expect,  for  Mr.  Baring- 
Gould  says  in  his  preface,  "I  now  give  English 
children  an  instalment  of  seventeen  old  English 
stories  and  two  that  are  Welsh,  told  in  my  own 
way,  and  in  most  cases  expanded,  as  1  have  seen 
fit."  Besides  this,  he  has  "  woven  two  or  three 
stories  into  one,  introduced  episodes  from 
others,"  and  then  thrown  into  them  copious 
extracts  from  old  ballads.  Judging  the  stories 
from  the  standard  of  a  folk-lorist,  we  can  only 
say  that  no  method  could  be  worse  ;  judging 
them  as  stories  intended  to  please  intelligent 
children  with  an  insatiable  appetite  for  fairy 
fiction,  they  are  excellent,  and,  after  all,  the 
incipient  folk-lorist  will  always  be  able  to  dis- 
entangle his  materials  and  seek  each  story  or 
fragment  of  story  at  the  fountain-head,  for  Mr. 
Baring-Gould,  in  his  interesting  notes,  supplies 
full  information  as  to  the  sources  whence  ho  has 
obtained  them.    Face  all  folk-lorists,  the  stories 


really  are  good  :  '  Desideratus '  is  excellent, 
and  to  the  child  weary  of  the  endless  and  most 
unsatisfying  rechauffes  of  Grimm  and  Perrault — 
by-the-by,  why  has  Mr.  Baring-Gould  dropped 
an  r  in  Perrault's  name  ? — it  will  be  a  delight 
to  enter  "  the  confines  of  Bohemia  "  and  read  of 
Prince  Oriol,  and  to  make  the  acquaintance 
of  King  Horn,  and  of  Havelock  and  Argentile 
and  Cadwallon. 

Tlie  Silver  Fairy  Book.  (Hutchinson  it  Co.) — 
There  are  several  good  stories  in  this  book. 
Madame  Sarah  Bernhardt  contributes  the  first, 
and  it  is  decidedly  Bernhardtesque  in  manner. 
Various  names  of  authors  are  ajipended  to  others 
which,  when  read,  seem  to  have  been  in  a  great 
measure  derived  from  Grimm  and  Asbjornsen. 
'The  Golden  Spinning-wheel,'  'The  Palace  of 
Vanity,'  '  The  Two  Genies,'  and  others  are  good 
stories  ;  but  there  are  some  in  this  collection 
which  appear  to  have  strayed  into  it  from  a 
'  Leaden  Fairy  Book '  which  may  possibly  be 
undergoing  preparation. 

More  Fairy  Tales  from  the  Arabian  Nights. 
Edited  by  E.  Dixon.  (Dent.)  — 'Ali  Baba,' 
'Aladdin,'  'Agib,'  &c.,  are  old  and  familiar 
friends,  yet  seldom  have  they  presented  them- 
selves in  so  acceptable  a  guise  as  this.  They 
are  well  told,  and,  what  fathers  and  mothers  will 
be  grateful  for,  told  virginibus  pueriscpie,  and 
they  have  the  benefit  of  Mr.  J.  D.  Batten's 
excellent  illustrations. 

Whispers  from  Fairyland.  By  Charles  Roper. 
(John  Hey  wood.)— The  public  will  not  be  pre- 
possessed in  favour  of  this  book  by  its  cover,  or 
by  its  illustrations,  which  are  of  the  kind  which 
makes  figures  with  large  and  deformed  noses  do 
duty  for  spirited  drawing  and  comic  effect ;  but 
the  stories  themselves  are  well  imagined  and 
not  ill  told. 

No  European  race  is  richer  in  folk-lore  stories 
than  the  Magyar,  but  we  fail  to  find  any 
trace  of  racial  idiosyncrasies  in  Old  Hungarian 
Fairy  Tales  (Dean  &  Son).  These  tales  are 
said  to  have  been  "adapted  by  Baroness 
Emmuska  Orczy  "  from  national  nepmesel:,  but 
they  have  been  so  disguised  in  the  process  that 
no  genuine  Magyar  will  recognize  them.  As 
'  Snowwhite,'  'Forget-me-not '  is  a  story  common 
to  many  literatures  ;  '  Princess  Fire-Fly  '  and 
'  Mr.  Cuttlefish's  Love  Story '  are  both  pre- 
eminently modern  ;  and  there  is  nothing  what- 
ever in  this  small  collection  suggestive  of  a 
Magyar  origin.  Certain  indications  in  the 
little  book  render  us  even  somewhat  suspicious 
of  the  adapter's  knowledge  of  Hungarian.  The 
volume  is  a  seasonable  gift-book  for  children, 
and  the  illustrations,  apparently  of  American 
origin,  are  pretty,  but  the  language  is  not  always 
so  simple  as  it  might  be,  considering  the  class 
of  readers  it  is  designed  for. 


ENGLISH   MEDIAEVAL   HISTORY. 

Calendar  of  Patent  Bolls,  1292-1301.  (Sta- 
tionery Office.) — This  useful  calendar  is  making 
such  steady  progress  that  all  the  Patent  Rolls 
of  Edward  I.  will  before  long  have  been  com- 
pleted. The  afiairs  of  Scotland  bulk  largely  in 
this  instalment,  and  recent  critics  of  the  Record 
Office  may  be  reminded  that  Welsh  matters  also 
occupy  a  good  deal  of  space.  One  interesting 
feature  to  which  we  may  call  attention  is  the 
lists  of  clergy  and  their  benefices  in  1294-7, 
covering  some  thirty  pages.  Writers  on  parochial 
history  should  be  glad  of  their  assistance.  The 
elaborate  index  testifies,  as  usual,  to  the  care  of 
its  compiler,  Mr.  Black,  though  occasional  errors 
will  always  creep  in.  Wissant,  for  instance,  is 
not  in  Normandy  ;  and  though  Bramblety  is 
assigned  to  Essex  in  the  text  as  well  as  the 
index,  we  only  know  of  the  Sussex  mansion 
so  named.  "Gyngeston,"  surely,  is  Ingatc- 
stone.  The  allusion  to  "other  men,  ladies, 
and  damsels "  of  Aquitaine,  ruined  by  their 
support  of  Edward  against  the  King  of  France, 
savours  of  romances  of  chivalry.     We  liave  no 


doubt  that  the  rendering  is  correct,  but  the 
word  represented  by  "damsels"  might  have 
been  given  in  brackets,  for  the  satisfaction  of 
students. 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council  of  England.  Vol.  IX., 
1575-7.  (Stationery  Office.)— In  the  preface  to 
this  volume  the  editor,  Mr.  J.  R.  Dasent,  gives 
us  a  sketch  of  Sir  H.  Sidney's  connexion  with 
the  government  of  Ireland  in  Elizabeth's  reign, 
and  specially  of  his  last  administration,  which 
began  in  1575.  On  this,  however,  the  Council 
Register  cannot  be  said  to  give  us  any  fresh 
information  of  consequence.  It  is  on  foreign 
trade,  the  command  of  the  seas,  and  the  tension 
of  our  relations  with  the  Dutch,  connected  with 
these  subjects,  that  its  evidence  seems  to  us  to 
be  of  special  interest.  We  wish  that  some  plan 
could  be  made  for  collation  of  the  Register 
with  such  sources  as  the  Burghley  MSS.  at 
Hatfield.  For  instance,  the  important  letter 
from  the  Council,  March  5th,  1575/6,  placing 
an  embargo  on  Dutch  shipping,  is  abstracted  in 
the  Hatfield  MSS.  (ii.  127),  and  is  there  found 
to  be  signed  inter  alios  by  Lincoln,  the  High 
Admiral.  His  attendance  at  the  Council  on 
that  occasion  is  omitted  in  the  Register,  and 
this  bears  upon  its  accuracy.  The  popular 
sympathy  with  the  Dutch  Protestants  must  have 
been  sorely  tried  by  the  doings  of  the  pirates 
from  Flushing  —  the  famous  "Beggars  of  the 
Sea  "  and  their  successors — and  the  embargo 
had  to  be  followed  by  sterner  measures.  The 
statement  of  a  writer  in  the  Hatfield  MSS. 
(August  7th,  1576)  that  "her  Majesty  is  so 
moved  with  these  insolent  delinges  of  the  Prince 
and  his  Zellanders  as  none  dare  move  her  to 
ani  consideratyon  towards  them,  but  all  is  sett 
uppon  revenge  of  their  lewd  acts  and  worse 
speche,"  is  fully  borne  out  by  the  allusions  here 
to  our  designs  at  the  time  against  a  Dutch  fleet 
lying  in  Torbay,  and  the  vigour  with  which 
William  Holstock  (who  replaced  Palmer,  the 
Admiral  in  charge  of  the  Narrow  Seas)  attacked 
and  captured  the  ships  of  the  Dutch,  while  their 
merchants  in  London  were  arrested.  The  jea- 
lousy felt  by  native  workmen  towards  the  refugees 
from  the  Low  Countries  must  have  made  the 
position  of  these  exiles  at  this  period  additionally 
awkward  ;  but  the  Crown  seems  to  have  loyally 
supported  them,  in  pursuit  of  its  traditional 
policy — the  introduction  and  improvement  of 
manufactures.  They  were,  however,  inge- 
niously made  to  contribute  to  the  support 
of  the  Dutch  prisoners  taken  by  Holstock. 
If  the  Council  interfered  with  trade  to  an 
extent  we  should  deem  disastrous,  its  efforts 
were  at  least  well  meant,  and  its  determina- 
tion to  restore  and  uphold  the  high  character 
of  English  cloth  is  deserving  of  all  praise. 
Its  instructions  to  the  Mayor  of  Gloucester 
to  reduce  the  "excessive  number  of  tippling 
houses  "  have  a  curiously  modern  tone  ;  while  a 
letter  from  the  Lord  Mayor,  written  the  same 
day  to  Burghley,  might  be  compared  as  illus- 
trating the  difficulties  of  such  a  policy,  useless 
in  practice,  he  urges,  unless  it  can  be  uniformly 
enforced.  On  the  treatment  of  recusants  and 
of  such  "mass  priests"  as  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  authorities  we  have  some  entries,  imply- 
ing watchfulness  rather  than  extreme  severity ; 
while  as  to  finance,  the  Register  shows  the 
administration  emerging  from  the  disreputable 
and  precarious  devices  employed  in  the  pre- 
ceding reigns.  The  many-sided  character  of 
the  Council's  work  is  as  usual  most  marked. 
From  the  charges  for  the  Queen's  theatrical  and 
bear-baiting  amusements  to  a  servant's  ill  treat- 
ment by  her  mistress,  nothing  came  amiss  to  it. 
We  still  think  that,  naturally  enough,  the  editor 
is  inclined  to  over-estimate  the  importance  of  his 
materials.  When  he  writes,  for  instance,  that 
"no  entries  relating  to  the  commercial  activity 
of  this  period  are  so  interesting  as  the  few  lines 
which  refer  to  Martin  Frobislier's  voyages,"  to 
which  the  Queen,  we  read,  was  "to  continbute 
largely,"  they  toll  us  even  less  than  we  knew 
already,  namely,   that  the  Queen's  share  wag 


N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


643 


5001.,  though,  in  fact,  she  sold  the  adventurers 
the  Aid,  receiving  for  it,  as  we  should  say  now, 
5001.  in  shares  and  2501.  in  cash. 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council.  Vol.  X.,  1577-8. 
(Stationery  Office.) — As  the  publication  of  these 
records  advances  we  find  them  increasing  in 
miscellaneous  rather  than  in  direct  historical 
interest.  And  the  fact  that  the  present  volume 
covers  a  year  and  a  half  only,  while  the  nine 
which  have  preceded  it  comprise  a  period  of 
thirty-five  years,  confirms  our  fears  that  the  very 
elaborate  system  of  publication  adopted  will  en- 
tail a  lamentably  slow  rate  of  progress.  One  of 
the  most  prominent  features  in  the  volume  before 
us  is  that  of  the  "Elizabethan  compromise  "  in 
xeligion.  On  the  one  hand,  a  sharp  look-out 
was  kept  for  "  Popish  priests  "  and  on  those  at 
the  universities  or  Inns  of  Court  who  sym- 
pathized with  the  old  religion  ;  on  the  other. 
Nonconformity  was  rigidly  discouraged,  and  the 
strange  tenets  of  "  the  Family  of  Love,"  which 
had  even  spread  among  the  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard,  were  suppressed.  But  when  Mr.  Dasent, 
the  editor  of  these  records,  urges — as,  we  think, 
lie  has  done  before — that  orders  for  ' '  the  due 
observation  of  Lent  and  Fish  Days  "  point  to 
solicitude  for  a  Catholic  practice,  we  believe  that 
he  may  be  mistaken,  as  they  have  been  generally 
attributed  to  encouragement  of  the  fisheries.  The 
preface  alludes  to  the  practice  of  raising  money 
for  specified  objects  by  collections  in  church, 
but  not  to  what  we  might  term  the  Government 
collections  ordered  in  several  inland  counties 
for  the  ill-fated  new  harbour  at  Hastings.  Storms 
were  by  no  means  the  only  dangers  that  mer- 
chantmen  had  to  encounter  ;  pirates  and  wreckers 
'V  haunted  our  coasts,  and  seem  at  times  to  have 
secured  support  in  influential  quarters.  Even 
on  shore,  and  in  the  City  of  London,  life  and 
property  were  iasufficiently  secure  ;  while  the 
references  to  coiners  imply  that  in  the  currency 
trade  had  a  further  difficulty  to  contend  with. 
We  should  like  to  know  more  of  those  "pictures 
of  waxe,"  found  in  the  City  of  London,  which 
are  described  as  "  magicall  devices."  The 
-Cheshire  gatherings  at  which  people  assembled 
for  "  tipling,  terming  them  wakes,"  are  a  curious 
glimpse  of  the  past ;  and  if,  as  we  presume, 
"  pike,"  on  p.  69,  is  used  in  the  sense  oi pique, 
it  seems  an  early  occurrence  of  the  word. 
■Greater  care  might  be  devoted  to  the  place- 
names.  Great  Bardfield  (Essex),  for  instance, 
is  indexed  under  "  Much,"  and  is  not  identified. 

Calendar  of  the  Close  Bolls,  1318-23. 
•(Stationery  Office.) — We  have  praised  on  more 
than  one  occasion  this  excellent  calendar,  pre- 
pared by  the  able  hands  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Steven- 
son. The  present  volume  covers  a  stirring 
and  critical  period,  that  of  the  struggle  with 
Lancaster  and  the  temporary  overthrow  of  the 
Despencers.  We  have  here  the  famous  process 
against  the  latter,  together  with  its  reversal  in 
1322.  We  are  not  told,  however,  if  this  very 
lengthy  document  has  been  printed  elsewhere, 
as  the  original  process  has  been.  The  details 
of  the  despoiling  of  the  two  Despencers  are 
-exceedingly  curious,  and  one  is  surprised  to 
find  "  chess-boards " — if  the  word  is  rightly 
translated  —  included  as  "other  necessaries" 
with  carts,  waggons,  and  victuals.  The  term 
*' peers  of  the  realm,"  as  is  well  known,  first 
emerges  on  this  occasion,  and  the  technical 
point  raised  by  the  Despencers,  that  they  had 
been  condemned  "without  the  assent  of  the 
prelates  who  are  peers  of  the  realm  in  Parlia- 
ment," is,  of  course,  most  important.  Much 
out-of-the-way  learning  is  needed  for  dealing 
with  such  records  as  are  found  in  this  calendar, 
especially  as  so  many  of  them  concern  com- 
mercial transactions  witli  foreign  countries. 
The  identification  of  place-names  also  is  a  work 
the  difficulty  of  which  is  known  to  those  only 
who  attempt  it.  Even  Mr.  Stevenson  makes 
"  Rewenhale "  to  be  Rownall  in  Stafford- 
shire, though  it  was  certainly  Rivenhall  in 
Essex.  If  some  system  could  be  devised 
for  utilizing  the  now  accumulated  labours  of 


scholars  in  this  department,  by  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  general  reference  index,  it  would,  we 
suggest,  undoubtedly  save  much  toil  in  the  future. 
The  one  point  on  which  the  Record  Office  still 
seems  to  be  unsuccessful  is  its  treatment  of 
"  Filius  "  and  "Fitz."  Here,  for  instance,  we 
have  Peter  Fitzwarme  indexed  separately  under 
"Fitz"  and  "Fi*,"  Fulk  Fitzwarine  under 
"  Fiz "  and  "Warin,"  and  Giles  Fitzwarine 
under  "Fitz"  and  "Warin"  with  no  cross- 
references.  Fitzwarine  was,  we  need  hardly 
say,  a  surname  from  an  early  date. 

Calendar  of  State  Papers  relating  to  the 
Negotiations  between  England  and  Spain. — 
Vol.  VI.  Part  II.  Henry  VIII.  Edited  by 
P.  do  Gayangos.  (Eyre  &  Spottiswoode.) — 
This  is  not  so  interesting  a  volume  as  some  of 
those  that  have  previously  appeared  under  the 
editorship  of  the  veteran  Spanish  scholar.  It 
is  mainly  occupied  with  the  rather  wearisome 
details  of  the  protracted  negotiations  for  an 
alliance  between  Charles  V.  and  Henry  VIII. 
Henry  wished  so  to  draft  its  clauses  that  those  of 
his  subjects  who  refused  to  recognize  his  claims 
to  the  headship  of  the  Church  of  England  should 
be  included  among  the  rebels  whom  his  ally 
should  be  bound  to  extradite,  and  that  he 
should  further  be  forced,  if  Henry  chose,  to  treat 
the  Pope  as  an  enemy  ;  while  Charles  desired  to 
make  Henry  declare  the  Duke  of  Clfeves  and 
the  Duke  of  Holstein  his  enemies.  Neither  was 
able  to  persuade  his  brother  monarch  to  fall 
into  the  trap  set  for  him  ;  but  after  all,  when 
the  treaty  was  signed,  the  first  use  Charles 
made  of  the  alliance  was  to  reduce  the  Duke 
of  Cleves  to  submission.  Two  or  three  points 
of  detail  may  be  noticed.  Vannes,  the  town 
mentioned  on  p.  437,  which  puzzles  Senor  de 
Gayangos,  is  possibly  Avesnes ;  and  in  the  excel- 
lent index  he,  by  a  momentary  lapse,  places  the 
county  of  St.  Pol  in  the  department  of  Finis- 
terre  (confusing  it  with  the  city  of  St.  Pol  de 
Leon),  and  Aigues Mortes  in  "the  French  Rous- 
sillon  (department  of  Gers)."  A  more  im- 
portant point  is  that  Lartigue,  whom  Seilor  de 
Gayangos  has  apparently  failed  to  identify,  was 
probably  Pierre  de  Bidoux,  Seigneur  de  Lar- 
tigue, and  Vice-Admiral  of  Brittany  in  1521. 
He  was  a  Gascon,  and  had  a  suit  in  the  French 
Parliament  in  1528  for  an  act  of  piracy.  A 
few  blunders  of  the  printer  may  be  noted  : 
"radouleir"  for  raduulcir  (p.  165)  ;  "  Sena  "  for 
Sessa  (p.  213);  an  "and  "  left  out  in  the  second 
foot-note  on  p.  261  ;  and  "  sas  "  for  sus  in  the 
foot-note  on  p.  436. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 


Messrs.  Blackwood  &  Sons  publish  Some 
Memories  of  Paris,  by  Mr.  F.  Adolphus,  a 
volume  of  pleasant  gossip.  In  his  account  of  the 
changes  in  Paris  the  author  is,  perhaps,  to  be 
charged  with  some  exaggeration.  He  thinks 
that  "there  is  not  now  one  single  glove  shop 
left  in  Paris  (I  mean  a  shop  in  which  gloves 
alon-e  are  kept)."  But  glove  shops  always  sold 
men's  ties,  and  there  are  several  glove  shops 
still  in  existence.  He  thinks  the  Champs 
Elys^es  now  "half  deserted  in  comparison  with 
what  it  was."  The  writer  of  this  notice  re- 
members the  part  of  the  Champs  ifelysees  here 
described  at  the  time  of  which  the  author  speaks, 
and  has  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  crowd 
on  a  fine  Sunday  in  winter  is  as  great  now  as  in 
1855.  The  author  considers  that  the  ball  at  the 
Hotel  de  la  Ville  given  to  the  Queen  of  England 
I^rescnted  a  variety  of  uniforms  and  a  brilliancy 
of  picture  such  as  cannot  now  be  matched  in 
any  country.  The  writer  of  these  lines  was 
present  at  that  ball,  and  knows  that  the  great 
number  of  guests  who  wore  no  uniform  spoiled 
it  as  a  sight.  A  levee  at  St.  James's  in  the 
height  of  the  London  season,  with  its  show  of 
Highland,  of  Chinese,  of  Magyar,  and  of  Greek 
costumes,  and  with  the  wonderful  display  of 
Indian  cavalry  uniforms,  compares  favourably 
even  with  a  court  ball  at  Vienna,  and,  except 


in  the  one  point  of  the  framing  of  each  man  of 
the  Cent  Garde  in  verdure  as  a  living  statue 
on  the  staircase,  completely  excels  the  display 
of  uniforms  at  an  imperial  ball  at  the  Hotel  de 
Ville.  We  can  hardly  understand  the  author's 
"strangers  no  longer  come  to  Paris."  All 
foreigners  go  to  Paris,  as  all  did  ;  the  change 
is  that  they  come  more  to  London,  too.  Mr. 
Adolphus  gives  an  account  of  the  failure  of  th** 
celebrated  Mile.  Falcon's  voice  in  1840.  Ic 
would  have  added  to  the  interest  of  the  passage 
if  he  had  recalled  to  his  readers  the  fact  that 
this  gifted  lady,  who  has  given  her  name  to  a 
class  of  successors  on  the  operatic  stage,  still 
receives  her  friends  in  the  very  rooms  in  the 
Chausse'e  d'Antin  which  she  has  occupied 
since  1838,  and  in  wliich  not  a  piece  of  furni- 
ture has  been  changed.  We  can  commend  the 
book  to  all  who  care  for  Paris  and  things  French 
as  giving  exactly  that  for  which  its  title  prepares 
the  reader. 

Mr.  Charles  Lowe,  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent life  of  'Alexander  III.  of  Russia,'  con- 
tributes to  the  series  "  Public  Men  of  To-day," 
edited  by  Mr.  Jeyes,  and  published  by  Messrs. 
Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster,  an  equally  interesting  and 
va,la&h\evo\\ime,ThcGermanE7n2)erorWilliamII. 
We  have  praised  the  three  earlier  volumes  of  the 
series — the  *  M.  Stambuloff, '  Prof.  Robert  K. 
Douglas's  *Li-Hungchang,'  and  Mr.  Stephen 
Wheeler's  '  The  Ameer  Abdur  Rahman  ' — yet 
we  are  able  to  pronounce  Mr.  Lowe's  'German 
Emperor '  the  best  of  all,  and  a  volume  which  it 
will  be  hard  to  beat.  Mr.  Lowe  is  daring  in 
the  extreme  ;  he  has  a  strong  opinion  on  the 
former  quarrel  between  the  Empress  Frederick 
and  her  son,  in  which  he  puts  both  the  illus- 
trious persons  heavily  in  the  wrong,  and  an 
equally  clear  opinion  on  the  Bismarck-Emperor 
quarrel,  in  which  he  equally  puts  both  actors  in 
the  wrong.  Yet  his  young  Emperor,  with  all 
his  serious  faults,  which  are  nowhere  concealed, 
stands  out  as  an  interesting  and  even  an  attrac- 
tive personality.  As  in  his  life  of  Alexander  III. , 
Mr.  Lowe  is  a  real  biographer,  and  his  person- 
ages are  lifelike  and  different  from  the  courtly 
puppets  of  court  histories.  His  Emperor  Wil- 
liam has  doubtless,  after  his  own  fashion,  a  strong 
sense  of  religion,  but  he  is  sadly  wanting  in  the 
Christian  forgiveness  of  injuries  ;  and  although, 
on  the  whole,  the  greatest  living  king,  he  under- 
stands the  modern  art  of  advertisement.  Mr. 
Lowe,  who  does  not  flatter  him  —  as  witness 
his  language  about  the  really  remarkable  ora- 
torical power  of  the  Emperor — thinks  him  likely 
to  be  a  good  general-in-chief,  as  he  undoubtedly 
possesses  the  power  of  handling  with  rapidity 
great  masses  of  men.  We  do  not  know  what  Mr. 
Lowe  exactly  means  by  saying  of  the  German  fleet 
that  it  is  "now  about  the  second  strongest  on 
the  continent  of  Europe."  He  knows,  of  course, 
that  the  German  fleet  is  infinitely  behind  the 
Italian  and  the  Russian  in  the  material  for  the 
line  of  battle.  If  he  means  that  he  thinks  that 
it  could,  in  spite  of  its  hopeless  inferiority  in 
first-class  ships,  beat  either  the  Italian  or  the 
Russian,  then  the  word  "strongest"  is  badly 
chosen.  Those  who  best  know  the  German  fleet 
put  it  first  of  all  in  organization  and  training, 
but  to  expect  that  it  could  defeat  the  Russian 
fleet  as  the  Japanese  defeated  the  fleet  of  China 
is  to  venture  into  the  region  of  dangerous 
hypothesis.  Mr.  Lowe  thini<s  that  Prince  Bis- 
marck could  have  been  Duke  of  Lauenburg 
"  long  ago,"  that  is,  long  before  he  was  created 
Duke  of  Lauenburg  on  his  dismissal  from  office. 
It  is,  however,  the  fact  tliat  IVince  Bismarck 
asked  the  Emperor  William  I.  for  that  dukedom 
and  was  refused.  A  little  modem  slang  has 
crept  into  the  pages  of  Blr.  Lowe,  as,  for 
example,  "The  Emperor  had  his  Chancellor 
there." 

Mr.  Fisher  L'nwix  publishes  Algerian 
Memories:  a  Bicycle  Tour  over  the  Atlas  to 
the  Sahara,  by  F.  B.  Workman  and  W.  H. 
Workman.  The  lady  and  gentleman  had  a 
Ijleasant  trip,  and  have  told  its  story  well  and 


644 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'  3550,  Nov.  9,  »95 


illustrated  it  -with  good  photographs.  There  is 
some  bad  French  in  the  book,  but  it  appears 
to  be  due  to  non-correction  of  proofs.  Some  of 
the  statements  of  the  authors  are  exaggerated, 
as,  for  instance,  that  ten  thousand  men  of  Arab 
or  Kabyle  race  fell  at  Worth,  Sedan,  and  Orleans. 
The  Turcos  fought  well  at  Worth,  but  the 
majority  of  them  were  taken  prisoners,  and 
their  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  during  the 
•war  fell  far  short  of  the  number  stated.  We 
cannot  believe  that  the  Kabyles  paid  210,000,000 
francs  fine  for  the  rising  of  1870.  We  are 
grateful  to  the  authors  for  trying  to  send 
travellers  to  Bougie,  which  we  agree  with  them 
in  ranking  with  Palermo. 

Bishop  Knight-Bruce  publishes  through  Mr. 
Arnold  Memories  of  Mashonaland,  a  volume 
which  gives  an  excellent  impression  of  the  pluck 
and  of  the  practical  Christianity  of  the  author. 
It  contains  a  fine  picture  of  the  life  and  cha- 
racter of  Khama,  a  strong  expression  of  hope 
that  he  will  be  left  alone  by  the  Chartered 
Company,  and  an  explanation  that  the  bishop's 
presence  with  the  forces  which  defeated  Loben- 
gula  must  not  be  taken  (as  it  has  been  taken)  as 
implying  approval  of  the  Matabele  war. 

Miss  Church's  volume  Life  and  Letters  of 
Dean  Church  was  so  warmly  welcomed  on  its 
first  appearance  that  we  are  not  surprised  at 
Messrs.  Macmillan  issuing  a  new  and  cheaper 
edition.     This  is  a  "  net  "  book  that  has  sold. 

The  Lyrical  Poems  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
belongs  to  that  really  pretty  series  ' '  The  Lyric 
Poets,"  which  Messrs.  Dent  are  issuing.  The 
phrasing  of  Mr.  Rhys's  introduction  is  need- 
lessly ambitious,  and  his  account  of  the  fight  at 
Zutphen  is  not  accurate.  We  do  not  much  like 
to  see  the  title  '  Lyrical  Poems '  applied  to  a 
collection  of  verses  most  of  which  are  sonnets, 
although  Mr.  Quiller  Couch  has  lately  defended 
the  practice. 

The  number  of  translations  of  French  novels 
is  markedly  on  the  increase,  and  indeed  they 
are  becoming  to  the  diligent  reviewer  somewhat 
of  an  embarrassment,  by  reason  of  their  mul- 
tiplicity. They  seem  mostly  of  Transatlantic 
origin.  An  English  version  of  Notre  Dame  de 
Paris,  with  plenty  of  illustrations  of  varying 
merit,  has  been  issued  in  two  volumes  by  Messrs. 
Routledge.  It  is  printed  at  Oxford  from  Ame- 
rican plates,  and  the  translation  is  by  Mr.  Alger. 
It  is  a  characteristically  American  arrangement 
that  while  the  illustrators  have  evidently  sought 
before  everything  to  be  grotesque,  the  frontis- 
piece of  the  second  volume  is  from  a  prosaic 
photograph  of  Notre  Dame  of  to-day  in  which 
there  is  nothing  romantic. — Messrs.  Dent  send 
us  two  pretty  volumes  printed  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  and  containing  translations  of  La  Petite 
Fadette  and  Francois  le  Chamjyi  by  Mrs.  (?) 
Sedgwick.  George  Sand  is  not  an  easy  author 
to  turn  into  English. — Mr.  William  Heinemann 
publishes  a  competent  translation  of  Zola's 
'Contes  k  Ninon,'  by  Mr.  Edward  Vizetelly, 
under  the  title  Sti^riesfor  Ninon. 

The  Popydar  Tales  of  Miss  Edgeworth  have 
been  added  to  the  "Illustrated  Standard 
Novels  "  of  Messrs.  Macmillan.  Mrs.  Thackeray 
Ritchie  has  contributed  a  brief  but  pleasant 
introduction,  and  Miss  Hammond  several  meri- 
torious illustrations. — Two  more  volumes  have 
reached  us  of  the  convenient  edition  of  Mrs. 
Ewing's  works  which  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge  is  publishing,  the  first 
containing  I'he  Peace  Egg,  and  other  Tales,  and 
the  second  Verses  for  Children  and  Hongs  far 
Music.  The  illustrations  which  accompanied 
the  verses  in  Annt  Judy's  Magazine  are  repro- 
duced, and  so  are  Mr.  Caldecott's  sketches 
which  belong  to  'Mother's  Birthday  Review.' 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Confucian  Analects, 
a  Translation  by  W.  Jennings  (Routledge), — 
A  History  of  Greece,  JtOJt-3G:i  B.C.,  by  A.  H. 
AUcroft  (Olive),  —  Primer  of  French  Prose 
Composition,  by  J.  Duhamel  and  B.  Minssen 
(Rivington),  —  Junior-      Algebra,     by     W.     J. 


Browne  (Heywood),  —  Light,  with  Illustra- 
tions, by  H.  P.  Highton  (Rivington), — Exterior 
and  Interior  Photography,  by  F.  W.  Mills 
(Dawbarn  &  Ward),  —  Cricket  and  How  to 
Play  It,  by  R.  Abel  (Dean),  —  Shakespeare's 
Hamlet,  edited  by  L.  W.Lyde  (Blackie), — Shake- 
speare's King  Henry  the  Eighth,  with  Intro- 
duction and  Notes  by  K.  Deighton  (Macmillan), 
— AgricuUtire,  Practical  and  Scientific,  by  J. 
Muir  (Macmillan), — Dairy  Bacteriology,  by  Dr. 
E.  von  Freudenreich,  translated  by  J.  R.  A. 
Davis  (Methuen), — The  Practice  of  Massage,  by 
A.  S.  Eccles  (Macmillan), — Punishment  and 
Reformation,  by  F.  H.  Wines  (Sonnenschein), — 
Selected  Essays  of  De  Quincey,  with  Introduction 
by  Sir  George  Douglas,  Bart.  (Scott), — Vig- 
nettes of  the  North,  by  G.  Eyre-Todd  (Glasgow, 
Morison  Brothers), —  Worthy,  by  the  late  Mrs. 
H.  M.  Cadell  (Remington), — Intervieics  with 
the  Immortals,  by  A.  Green  (Simpkin), — Caller 
Herrin',  by  G.  Douglas  (Glasgow,  Wright), — 
Little  Folks'  Land,  by  H.  G.  Groser  (Melrose), 
— An  Episode  of  Gamelyn,  Elena  and  Gerardo, 
and  other  Poems,  by  S.  Dorman  (Ambleside, 
Middleton),— T/ie  Baby  Pilgrims,  by  F.  H. 
Williams  (Ballin), — The  Catechism  of  the  Catholic 
Religion,  by  the  Rev.  V.  Staley  (Mowbray), — 
Cliristianity  in  Common  Speech,  by  J.  C.  Rickett 
(Cassell), — Outlines  of  Dog')natic  Theology,  by 
S.  J.  Hunter,  Vol.  II.  (Longmans), — Henry 
William,  Crosskey,  LL.D.,  F.G.S.,  his  Life  and 
Work,  by  R.  A.  Armstrong  (Birmingham,  Corn- 
ish Brothers), — St.  Columha,  the  Story  of  his 
Life,  by  S.  Keyworth  (Hodges), — Traite  de 
Prononciation  Anglaise,  by  Raymond  Alezais, 
S.J.  (Paris,  Klincksieck),  —  ia  Reforme  en 
Allemagne  et  en  France,  by  Comte  J.  Boselli 
(Paris,  Picard), — and  Alsace-Lorraine,  by  G. 
Moch  (Paris,  Colin). 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology, 

Anglican    Pulpit    Library:    Vol.  3,  Sexagesima   to   Good 

Friday,  royal  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Biblical  Illustrator  :  I  Corinthians,  2  vols.  8vo.  7/6  each,  cl. 
Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools  :   Timothy  and  Titus,  by  Bev. 

A.  B.  Humphreys,  12mo.  3/  cl. 
Carpenter's  (Bight  Bev.  W.  B.)  The  Great  Charter  of  Christ, 

cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Church's  (the  late  E.  W.)  Paschal  and  other  Sermons,  67  cl. 
Dale's  (B.  W.)  The  Epistle  of  St.   James,  and  other  Dis- 
courses, cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Fleming's  (S.  H.)  Fifteen-Minute  Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  ,5/01. 
Four  Foundation  Truths,  a  Message  to  Churchmen,  by  Bev. 
W.  Abbot,  A.  is.  B.  Lawrence,  and  others,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Hort's  (F.  J.  A.)  Six  Lectures  on  the  Ante-Nicene  Fathers, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Manual  of  Modern  Church  History,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Mitchell's  (Bev.  J.)  Points  and  Illustrations  for  Preachers 

and  Teachers,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Pierson's  (A.  T.)  Lessons  in  the  School  of  Prayer,  2/6  cl. 
Bobinson's  (A.)  The  Saviour  in  the  Nevi'er  Light,  7/6  net,  cl. 
Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  Words  of  Cheer  for  Daily  Life;  Words  of 

Warning  for  Daily  Life,  cr.  8vo.  2/  each,  cl. 
Thompson's  (B.  M.)  A  History  of  the  Somerset  Carthusians, 

illustrated,  8vo.  12/ net,  cl. 
Vickers's   (J.)  The  Crucilixion    Mystery,  a  Beview  of  the 
Great  Charge  against  the  Jews,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Law. 
Annual  Practice,  1896,  by    Snow,  Burney,  and   Stringer, 

2  vols.  8vo.  25/  cl. 
Statutes,  Public  General,  1895,  royal  8vo.  3/  cl. 

Fine  Art. 
Hiatt's  (C.)  Picture  Posters,  a  Short  History  of  the  Illus- 
trated Placard,  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 
Le  Fage's  (J.)  Considerations  on  Painting,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Old  Dutch  and  Flemish  Masters,  engraved  by  T.  Cole,  with 

Critical  Notes  by  J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  imp.  8vo.  42/  cl. 
Shakespeare,  Sonnets  of,  with  Decorations  by  B.  G.  Treg- 

lawn,  4to.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Stevenson's  (B.  A.  M.)  The  Art  of  Velasquez,  illustrated, 
'Ito.  45/  net,  half-parchment. 
Poetry. 
Burns's  Complete  Poems,  edited  by  Manson,  2  vols.  5/  cl. 
Dobson's  (A.)  The  Story  of  Bosina,  and  other  Verses,  illus- 
trated, cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Mark's  (A.)  The  Sea-King's  Daughter,  and  other  Poems,  4to. 

5/  net,  cl. 
Buskin's  (J.)   Studies  in  Both    Arts,  being  Ten  Subjects 

Drawn  and  Described,  folio,  21/  net,  cl. 
Tavey's  (1{.)  Shiloh,  and  other  Poems,  12mo.  .'5/6  cl. 
Watson's  (W.)  The  Father  of  the  Forest,  and  other  Poems, 
12mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Lao  Tsze,    tlie    Great  Thinker,  by    Major-General    G.   G. 
Alexander,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Smart's  (W.)  Studies  in  Economics,  8vo.  8/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bicknell's  (A.  L.)  Life  in  the  Tuileries  under  the  Second 
Empire,  Svo.  12/  cl. 


Chevalier,  Albert,  by  B.  Daly,  illustrated,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Craig's  (W.  H.)  Dr.  Johnson  and  the  Fair  Sex,  a  Study  of 

Contrasts,  Portraits,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Life  of  a  Conspirator,  Biography  of  Sir  B.  Digby,  by  Author 

of  '  Life  of  Archbishop  Laud,'  8vo.  9/  cl. 
Lightfoot's  (J.  B.)  Historical  Essays,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl.  (Bversley 

Series.) 
Maugras's  (G.)  The  Due  de  Lauzun  and  the  Court  of  Marie 

Antoinette,  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Mitchell's  (D.  G.)  Queen  Anne  and  the  Georges,  7/6  cl. 
Sargent's  (H.  H.)  Napoleon  Buonaparte's  First  Campaign,  6/ 
Tuckerman's  (C.    K  )    Personal    Becollections    of    Notable 

People  at  Home  and  Abroad,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Wood's  (General  Sir  E.)  Cavalry  in  the  Waterloo  Campaign, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bicknell's    (A.    C.)    Travel    and    Adventure    in    Northern 

Queensland,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Jefferson's  (B.  L.)  Awheel  to  Moscow  and  Back,  cr.  8vo.  2/ 
Travels  in  Europe  and  America,   1893,  by  H.H.  the  Baja-i- 

Bajgan  Jagatjit  Singh  of  Kapurthala,  4to.  21/  cl. 
Weekss  (B.  Lord)  From  the  Black  Sea  through  Persia  and. 

India,  8vo.  16/  cl. 

Philology. 
Eve  (H.  W.)  and  Baudiss's  (F.  de)  First  German  Exercises,  2/ 
Horati  Flacci  Opera,  edited  by  T.  E.  Page,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 

Science. 
Ball's  (W.  W.  B.)  A  Primer  of  the  History  of  Mathematics^ 

cr.  8vo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Buckton's  (G.  B.)  The  Natural  History  of  Eristalis  tenax, 

or  the  Drone  Fly,  8vo.  8/  net,  cl. 
Elliot's  (D.  G.)  North  American  Shore  Birds,  illustrated,  10/ 
Glazebrook's  (B.  T.)  Mechanics  :  Part  3,  Hydrostatics,  3/  cl. 
Hayem's  (G.)  Physical  and  Natural  Therapeutics,  14/  cl. 
Korschelt  (Dr.  B.)  and  Heider's  (Dr.  K.)  Text-Book  of  the 

Embryology  of  Invertebrates,  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Lumsden  (J.)  and   Brown's  (A.)  A  Guide  to  the  Natural 

History  of  Loch  Lomond,  8vo.  2,6  net,  cl. 
MacCord's    (C.   W.)    Elements    of    Descriptive  Geometry,. 

8vo.  12/6  net.  cl. 
Natural  History  in  Anecdote,  edited  by  A.  H.  Miles.  3/6  cl. 
Smith's  (B.  M.)  Science  of  Statistics  :  Part  1,  Statistics  and- 

Sociology,  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 
Stuart's  (D.  M.  D.)  The  Origin  and  Bationale  of  Colliery- 
Explosions,  4to.  7/6  net.  cl. 
Tayler's  (A.  J.  W.)  Sugar  Machinery,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Taylor's  (H.  M.)  Euclid,  1-6  and  11-12,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Warren's  (J.)   Elementary  Treatise    on    Heat    and  Steam. 

Engine,  12mo  6/  cl. 
Wheeler's    (A.)  Tlie  Student's   Guide   to  Practical  Thera- 

peutics,  12mo.  6/  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Abbott's  (A.  B.)  The  Gods  give  my  Donkey  Wings,  3/6  cl. 
Allen's    (G.)    The    British    Barbarians,  a    Hill-top  Novel, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Alliott's  (Mrs.  J.  B.)  The  Dowager  Lady  Fremaine,  3/6  cl. 
Boothby's  (G.)  A  Bid  for  Fortune,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Brenda's  The  Earl's  Granddaughter,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Buchanan's  (R.)  Rachel  Dene,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Cox's  (P.)  The  Brownies  through  the  Union,  4to.  6/  cl. 
Crockett's  (S.  B.)  Sweetheart  Travellers,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
De  la  Grange's  (Madame  A.  K.)  The  Ferryman  of  the  Tiber,. 

12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Dickson  (F.  T.)  and  Pechell's  (M.  L.)  A  Ruler  of  Ind,  6/  cl. 
Donovan's  (D.)  Eugfene  Vidocq,  Soldier,  Thief,  Spy,  Detec- 
tive, cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Edwardes's  (C  )  Tlie  New  House  Master,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
EUot's  (G.)  Daniel  Deronda,  Standard  Edition,  Vols.  1  and  2,. 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  each,  cl. 
Evergreen,  The  :  The  Book  of  Autumn,  4to.  5/  net,  leather. 
Farrar's  (F.  W.)  Gathering  Clouds,  a  Tale  of  the  Days  of 

St.  Chrysostom,  2  vols.  8vo.  28/  cl. 
Fenn's  (G.  M.)  An  Electric  Spark,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. ;  Boy  Boy- 
land,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Foster's  (B.  F.)  Whist  Tactics,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Fothergill's  (G.  A.)  A  Biding  Retrospect,  illus.  4/  net,  swd.- 
Frost's  (J.  B.)  Love  Fugue,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Green's  (E.  E.)  A  Soldier's  Son,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Harris's  (J.  C.)  Mr.  Babbit  at  Home,  illus.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Harte's  (B.)  In  the  Hollow  of  the  Hills,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  swd. 
Hume's  (F.)  The  Best  of  her  Sex,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Jacbern's(B.)  Witch  Demonia,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Kipling's  (B.)  The  Second  Jungle  Book,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl.. 
Lamb's  (C.)  A  Dissertation  upon  Boast  Pig,  illus.  2/  cl. 
Macleod's  (F.)  The  Sin-Eater,  and  other  Tales,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl.. 
Macquoid's  (K.  S.)  His  Last  Card,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Masters's  (C.)  The  Shuttle  of  Fate,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Mayhew's  (A.)  The  Three  Impostors,  or  Transmutations,. 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Girls  New  and  Old,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl.;  The  Voice 

of  the  Charmer,  3  vols.  cr.  8vo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Middlemass's  (J.)  Hush  Money,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Newton's  (S.)  Joe  Ford,  cr.  8vo.  3,6  cl. 
Pyle's  (H.)  The  Garden  behind  the  Moon,  illus.  6/  cl. 
Boberts's  (M.)  A  Question  of  Instinct,  an  Analytical  Study,  6/ 
Sand's  (G.)  Fadette  ;  Franfois  the  Waif,  translated  by  J.  M.. 

Sedgwick,  3/  each,  net,  cl. 
Scott   (Sir  W.),   Facsimile   Beprint  of  Favourite  Edition  : 

Monastery,  2  vols.  12mo.  3/  net,  cl.  paper  label. 
Stoddart's  (T.   T.)  The  Death  Wake,  or  Lunacy,  a  Neero- 

maunt  in  Three  Chimeras,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Story  of  jEneas,  with  Introduction,  &c.,  by  A.  H.  AUcroft,  2/ 
Story  of  Bluebeard  from  Perrault,    illustrated    by  J.  E.. 

Southall,  royal  16mo.  2/6  cl. 
Thicknesse's  (L.)  Bgeria,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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Wolley's  (C.  P.)  The  Queensberry  Cup,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Wordsworth's  (B.)  The  Snow  Garden,  and  other  Fairy  Tales, 

cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Yeo's  (K.  M.)  Under  the  Deep  Blue  Sea,  a  Story,  12mo.  2/6 

FOBEiaN. 

Theology. 
KOhler  (W.  B.) :  Luthers  Schrift  an  den  christlichen  Adel 

deutscher  Nation  im  Spiegel  der  Zeitgeschichte,  6m. 
Schall  (E  )  :  Die  Stiiatsverfassung  der  Judeii,  Part  I,  5m. 
Seeberg   (A.)  :   Der  Tod  Christi   in  seiner  Bedeutung  f,  die 

Eriiisung,  5ni.  .W. 
Waudel  (G.) :  Der  Brief  des  Jakobus,  2m.  50. 


N**  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


645 


Law. 
Annuaire   de   I'Institut  de   Droit   International :  Vol.  \i. 

Session  de  Cambridge,  6fr. 
Feraud-Giraud  ,(L.  J.  D.) :  fitats  et  Souverains  devant  les 
Tribunaux  Etrangers,  2  vols.  18fr. 
Archteology . 
D'Espouy   (H.) :    Des   Fragments    d'Architecture    Antique 
d'aprfis  les  Releves  des  anciens  Pensionnaires  de  I'Aca- 
demie  de  France  a  Rome,  Part  1,  15fr. 
Thomas  (G.) :  fitudes  sur  la  Gr6ce  :  Beaux-Arts,  les  Sites,  et 
la  Population,  3fr.  50. 

Bibliography. 
Bodemann   (B.) :    Die  Leibniz-Handschriften    der   konigl. 
Bibliothek  zu  Hannover,  7m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Aulard  (F.  A.)  :  La  Societe  des  Jacobins,  Vol.  5,  7fr.  50. 
Bapst  (G.) :  Memoires  du  General  Lejeune,  Vol.  2,  3fr.  50. 
Bloch  (M.) :  Femmes  d'Alsace,  3fr. 
Calmettes  (F.) :    MSmoires  du    General  Baron  Thi6bault, 

Vol.  5,  7fr.  50. 
Caro  (G.) :  Genua  u.  die  Miichte  am  Mittelmeer,  1257-1311, 

Vol.  1,  10m. 
Hartmann  (L.  M.) :  Ecclesiae  S.  Maris  in  Via  Lata  Tabu- 

larium,  18m. 
Loizillon  (H.) :  Lettres  ecrites  de  Crimee,  6fr. 
Bousset    (Commandant) :    La    Guerre     Franco-Allemande, 

1870-1,  Vol.  5,  7fr.  50. 
Stapfer  (P.)  :  La  Famille  et  les  Amis  de  Montaigne,  3fr.  50. 
Turquan  (J.) :  La  Generale  Bonaparte,  3{r.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Dubois   (M.)  et  Guy  (C):  Album    GSographique,  Vol.   1, 
15fr. 

Philology. 
Diophanti  Opera  Omnia,  ed.  P.  Tannery,  Vol.  2,  5m. 
Dissertationes  Philologicae  Halenses,  Vol.  13,  Part  1,  2m.  80. 
Fliigel    (B.) :    Neuenglisches  Leeebuch :   Vol.   1,    Die  Zeit 

Heinrichs  VIIL,  10m. 
Geoponica  sire  Cassiani  Bassi  de  Re  Rustica  Eclogae,  rec. 

H.  Beekh,  10m. 
Gercke  (A.) :  Seneca-Studien,  9m. 
Heyne  (M.) :  Deutsches  Worterbuch,  6  Halbbd.  5m. 
Hippocratis  Opera,  Vol.  1,  rec.  H.  Kuehlewein,  6m. 
Historische  Grammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  bearb.  v. 

H.  Blase,  &c.,  Vol.  1,  Part  2,  7m. 
Keller  (O.) :    Zur  lateinischen    Sprachgeschichte,   Part  2, 

14m. 
Levy  (B.) :  Provenzalisches  Supplement- Worterbuch,  Part  5, 

4m. 
Margalits     (B.)  :     Florilegium      Proverbiorum    Universae 

Latinitatis,  5ra. 
Philodemi  Volumina  Rhetorica,  ed.  S.  Sudhaus,    Supple- 

mentum,  Im.  80. 
Vergili   Maronis  Opera,   iterum    rec.    O.    Ribbeck,  Vol.  4, 

Im.  50. 
Windscheid    (K.) :    Die    englische     Hirtendichtune    von 
1579-1625,  2m.  80. 

Science. 
Biedermann  (VV.) :  Elektrophysiologie,  Part  2,  9m. 
Kantor  (S.) :  Theorie  der  endlichen  Gruppen  v.  eindeutigen 

Transformationen  in  der  Bbene,  6m. 
Krause  (M.>:  Die  doppeltperiodisohen  Functionen  e.  veriin- 

derlichen  Grosse,  Vol.  1,  12m. 
Ostwald  (W.)  :  Elektrochemie,  28m. 
Wirtinger  (W.) :  Untersuchungen  lib.  Thetafunctionen,  9m. 

General  Literature. 
Bois  (J.)  :  La  Douleur  d' Aimer,  3fr.  50. 
Cornut  (S.) :  Miss,  3fr.  50. 
Dugue  (F.) :  Geoffroy  Budel,  3fr.  50. 
Gilbert  (B.) :  Sorciers  et  Magiciens,  3fr.  50. 
Julliard  (E.) :  Femmes  d'Orient  et  Femmes  Buropeennes, 

3fr.  50. 
Laforest  (Dubut  de)  :  Mademoiselle  de  T...,  3fr.  50. 
Mael  (P.) :  Les  derniers  Hommes  rouges,  3fr.  60. 
Moulin  (M.) :  La  Confession  d'un  Paysan,  3fr.  50. 
Ohnet  (G.) :  La  Fille  du  Depute,  2fr. 
Perret  (P.) :  Les  Demoiselles  de  Lir6, 3fr.  50. 
Romain  (C.) :  Le  Pretre  Ambroise,  3fr,  50. 
Hosny  (J.  H.)  :  Eyrimah,  3fr.  50. 
Villeurs  (J.  de) :  Nouveaux  Contes  de  Garnison,  3fr.  50. 


MR.  JOHN  ORMSBY. 
Wb  greatly  regret  to  hear  of  Mr.  Ormsby's 
death  at  Ramsgate  on  October  30th.  Born  at 
Gortner  Abbey,  Mayo,  on  April  2oth,  1829, 
Mr.  Ormsby,  on  the  death  of  his  parents,  was 
placed  under  the  guardianship  of  Denis  Brown, 
Dean  of  Emly.  He  was  educated  at  Dr.  Homan's 
private  school  at  Seapoint,  passed  through 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  won  a  silver  medal 
for  chemistry  at  the  University  of  London.  A 
member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Mr.  Ormsby 
was  never  called  to  the  bar,  for  his  literary 
tastes  were  developed  early,  and  articles  from 
his  pen  are  easily  to  be  recognized  in  the 
Saturday  Review,  in  Fmser's  Magazine,  in  the 
Quarterly  Review,  the  Cornhill,  and  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  in  its  earliest  incarnation.  In 
1862  Mr.  Ormsby — then  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Alpine  Club — contributed  to  the  second 
series  of  '  Peaks,  Passes,  and  Glaciers '  an 
account  of  his  ascent  of  the  Pic  de  Grivola  in 
the  Graian  Alps.  Two  years  later  appeared  his 
'Autumn  Rambles  in  North  Africa,'  a  vivid 
sketch  of  two  years  of  wanderings  between 
Constantine  and  Carthage  ;  and  in  1876  he  col- 
lected his  '  Stray  Papers  '  in  a  volume.  But  he 
will  be  remembered  best  by  the  admirable  work 


done  by  him  in  the  domain  of   Spanish  litera- 
ture.    His  acquaintance  with  Spain,   with    its 
political  and  literary  history,  was  both  deep  and 
wide.     Published  in  1879,  his  translation  of  the 
'  Poema  del  Cid '  is,  if  we  except  Frere's  frag- 
mentary renderings,  the  only  version  in  Eng- 
lish.    The  condensation   into  prose  of  the  less 
interesting  passages  leaves  it,  to  some  extent, 
incomplete  ;    but   in   all    essentials — in    spirit, 
grace,   fidelity — Mr.   Ormsby's  verses  come  as 
near  the  spirit  of  the  great  Spanish  epic  as  a 
translation     may.      His     rendering    of     'Don 
Quixote  '  in  1885  is  another  excellent  piece  of 
work,  valuable  both  for  its  accurate  scholarship 
and  its  bibliographical  appendices.  Mr.  Ormsby's 
health  began  to  fail  in  June  ;  but  till  the  last 
few  weeks  his  interest  in  his  favourite  studies  re- 
mained unabated.  Those  who  were  brought  into 
personal  relation  with  him  knew  his  affability 
and   charm  :  a   wider   circle   can   testify  to  his 
generosity  in  helping  younger  rivals  in  his  own 
line  of  study.     The  roll  of  England's  Spanish 
scholars    contains    many  considerable   names : 
Rowland,    Young,     Shelton,     Mabbe,    Bowie, 
Frere,    Holland,    Ford,    and   McCarthy.     Mr. 
Ormsby's  name   is  worthy  to  be  ranked  with 
theirs— is  worthy  to  be  remembered  with  honour 
and  with   gratitude  by  all  serious  students  of 
the  history  and  literature  of  the  Peninsula. 


'ANCIENT  LIVES   OF   SCOTTISH   SAINTS.' 

South  Manse,  Paisley. 

Will  you  allow  me  to  thank  you  for  your 
kindly  notice  of  my  '  Ancient  Lives  of  Scottish 
Saints,'  and  your  contributor  for  pointing  out 
the  "awkward  slip  "  I  have  made  in  the  intro- 
duction   as    to    the    teaching    of  the   lives    in 
respect  to  Purgatory,  &c.  ?     Obviously  I  ought 
to  have  added  the  words,  "  In  the  earlier  lives." 
At  the  same  time  will  you  allow  me  to  say  that 
I  cannot  plead  guilty  to  translating  the  words 
"  Quam  decora  et  desideranda  sit  nativa   cas- 
titas,"  "How  fair  and  winsome  is  the  immacu- 
late conception  "  ?  The  words  I  tried  to  translate 
are  "  hversu  fogr  ok  fysilig  er  hrein  getning." 
lonseus's  "nativa  castitas  "  does  not  strike  me  as 
a  fair  translation  of  "hrein  getning,"  nor  does 
your  contributor's  "  innate  chastity. "  Sir  George 
Dasent's  rendering  for  the  phrase  I  see  is  "pure 
getting."    As  to  the  literal  meaning  of  the  words 
there  is  no  difficulty  ;  the  real  difficulty  (so  at 
least  it  seems  to  me)  is  to  get  at  the  idea  in 
Master  Robert's  mind  when  he  used  them  and 
to  know  exactly  what  he  meant.     Whether  I 
have  been  wrong  in  using  the  article  is  a  ques- 
tion on  which  I  need  not  here  enter.  I  may  add, 
however,  that,  though  the  words  I  have  used 
certainly  refer  to  the  idea  of  the  immaculate 
conception,  they  do  not  necessarily  refer  to  its 
definition  as  a  dogma.         W.  M.  Metcalfe. 

*:)^*  The  literal  meaning  of  the  words  ren- 
dered by  the  Latin  translator  nativa  castitas 
maybe  "  pure  conception  "  or  "pure  begetting." 
Dr.  Metcalfe's  strange  error  consists  in  the  use 
of  the  technical  term  "immaculate,"  and  in 
prefixing  to  it  the  definite  article,  thereby 
suggesting  that  the  ancient  biographer  imagined 
St.  Magnus  to  have  been  conceived  without 
incurring  the  guilt  or  stain  of  original  sin.  "  The 
immaculate  conception" — immunity  from  original 
sin — is  the  exceptional  and  unique  privilege 
attributed  by  the  Roman  Church  to  the  Virgin 
Mary.  Dr.  Metcalfe  may  have  been  misled  by  I 
his  dictionary.  Miraculous  conceptions  and  I 
births  may  be  common  enough  in  the  lives  of 
Northern  saints,  but  no  one  familiar  with  the 
meaning  of  "the  immaculate  conception"  or  with 
the  history  of  dogma  could  put  into  the  mouth 
of  Maister  Robert  the  words  "  immaculate  con- 
ception "  in  relation  to  St.  Magnus.  The  Latin 
translator  knew  better. 


A.  Stokes  Company,  of  New  York,  make  matters 
much  more  agreeable  by  their  secretary's  letter 
to  you. 

By  arrangement  with  Messrs.  Macmillan  my 
four-volume  edition  of  Gray  was  published  in 
New  York  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  Armstrong  &  Son 
in  1885.  But  now  I  am  told  that  plates  of  some 
edition  issued  under  my  name  were  sold  in  1893 
in  the  bankrupt  stock  of  the  Worthington  Com- 
pany. From  these  plates  the  Frederick  A. 
Stokes  Company  print  ofi"  something  which 
they  announce  as  an  edition  of  Gray  edited  by 
me.  But  I  never  heard  before  of  the  Worth- 
ington Company,  which  I  take  to  be  some  gay, 
thoughtless  nest  of  pirates  who  stole  the  book 
in  the  first  instance.  But  what  do  Messrs. 
A.  C.  Armstrong  &  Son  say'?  And  if  the 
Frederick  A,  Stokes  Company  want  to  act  in 
a  "  high-toned  "  manner,  why  do  they  announce 
as  a  first  publication,  without  asking  my  leave, 
an  old  book  which  they  bought  by  auction  of 
a  bankrupt  who  does  not  seem  to  have  ever 
possessed  any  right  to  it  but  the  right  of 
plunder  ? 

These  are  melancholy  questions,  but  the 
answers  would  be  devoid  of  interest. 

Edmund  Gosse. 


'A  HARD  WOMAN.' 

Miss  Violet  Hunt  writes  : — 

"I  would  not  for  the  world  cavil  at  any  literary 
criticism  on  my  work  in  your  columns,  and  I  am 
very  grateful  to  your  reviewer  of  last  week  for  hi& 
favourable  opinion  of  '  A  Hard  Woman,'  but  I  hope 
you  will  not  mind  my  defending  myself  against 
what  is  a  stricture  by  your  reviewer  on  the  purely 
financial  and  non-literary  portion  of  my  book.  He 
says  that  it  is  impossible  that  a  woman  possessing 
oO,C)00;.  could  be  brought  to  ruin  by  the  loss  of 
10,(X)0i.  I  say  that  it  is  quite  possible  thata  woman, 
having  the  management  of  a  big  house  in  Pont 
Street,  keeping  a  carriage,  giving  dinners  and  enter- 
tainments, dressing  extravagantly,  and  paying  the 
calls  upon  the  shares  which  she  had  taken  up,  could 
in  a  year  and  a  half  so  exceed  the  income  derived 
from  oO,OOOZ.  as  to  be  at  her  wits'  end  for  money 
when  a  fifth  of  that  income  has  been  taken 
from  her.  She  could,  of  course,  have  realized  the 
capital  amount,  but  then  the  point  is  that  she 
wished  to  keep  her  extravagance  and  its  result  a 
secret  from  her  world  and  from  her  husband.  She 
did  not  want  to  pull  down  the  pillars  of  her  house — 
to  break  up  her  establishment  and  be  socially  dis- 
graced. She  chose  what  such  a  woman  would  think 
the  lesser  evil :  she  raised  money  from  bills  of  sale 
on  her  furniture,  and  from  loans  at  usurious  interest 
from  her  milliner." 

Miss  Hunt  supposes  that  a  woman  ambitious 
of  social  success  would  prefer  to  be  sneered  at 
by  her  dressmaker,  insulted  by  her  servants,  be 
threatened  with  an  execution,  and  have  her 
embarrassments  talked  of  by  her  acquaintances, 
rather  than  use  part  of  her  fortune  of  40,000L 
to  pay  her  bills. 


GRAY  AND   MR.   GOSSE. 

November  2,  189.i. 

I  MU.ST  not  weary  your  readers  with  this  little 
controversy.  But  I  cannot  see  that  the  Frederick 


MRS.  EVERETT  GREEN. 

We  regret  to  record  the  death,  on  the  1st  of 
this  month,  of   Mrs.  Everett   Green,  who   for 
nearly  forty  years  has  been  engaged  as  an  editor 
of  the  Rolls  Series  of  State  Paper  Calendars. 
In  fact,  Mrs.  Green  had  outlived  all  her  con- 
temporaries upon  the  official  stafi"  of   editors, 
and  yet,  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven,  she  was  as- 
clear-sighted  and  as  energetic  as  ever.     Born  in 
Yorkshire  in  the  year  1818,  Mary  Anne  Wood 
settled  down  to  literary  work  in  London  during 
the   "forties."     Her  husband,  whom    she  sur- 
vived, was  also  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  and  an 
artist  of  considerable  ability.     From   the  year 
1849,  the  date  of  the  publication  of  her  great 
work  the  '  Lives  of  the  Prince.sses  of  England,' 
Mrs.   Green  devoted    herself    to   the   study  of 
history  from  original  sources,  and  certainly  no 
other  worker  of   our  own  time  has  produced 
so  many  valuable  works  of  reference.     Indeed, 
Mrs.    Green's    prodigious    industry,     and    the- 
rapidity  with  which  the  volumes  of  her  Calendars 
followed  each  other,  were   matters   of  general 
astonishment  to  all  who  were  accustomed  to  the 
more  leisurely  progress   of    her  contemporary 


646 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"*  3550,  Nov.  9,  ^95 


co-editors.  The  facts  in  connexion  with  these 
publications  have,  we  believe,  never  before 
been  correctly  stated,  and  they  will  be  found 
to  furnish  one  of  the  most  striking  curiosities 
of  modern  literary  work.  In  addition  to  the 
'Lives  of  the  Princesses,'  which  occupied  six 
volumes,  and  less  important  works — such  as 
'Letters  from  Royal  and  Illustrious  Ladies,'  the 
*  Diary  of  John  Rous, '  and  the  '  Letters  of 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria  '—it  is  a  fact  that  Mrs. 
Green  herself  edited  no  fewer  than  forty-one 
volumes  of  Calendars  of  State  Papers  for  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  the  Common- 
wealth, and  Charles  II.  Now  a  Calendar  is  a 
large  imperial  octavo  of  some  600  to  800  pages. 
The  latest  volume  issued  under  her  editorship 
contains  866  pages,  of  which  130  pages  are 
index  in  small  type.  From  this  instance  alone 
we  can  judge  to  some  extent  the  immense  debt 
of  gratitude  which  historical  students  owe  to  the 
industrious  worker  whose  interesting  and  vener- 
able figure  will  be  missed  by  many  who  frequent 
the  Public  Record  Office. 


THE   'DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGEAPHY." 

The  following  is  the  last  part  of  a  list  of 
the  names  which  it  is  intended  to  insert  under 
the  letter  S  (Section  II.)  in  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  When  one  date  is  given, 
it  is  the  date  of  death,  unless  otherwise  stated. 
An  asterisk  is  affixed  to  a  date  when  it  is  only 
approximate.  The  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary ' 
will  be  obliged  by  any  notice  of  omissions 
addressed  to  him  at  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.'s,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.  He  particularly 
requests  that  when  new  names  are  suggested, 
an  indication  may  be  given  of  the  source  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

Stracban,  Archibald,  colonel,  fl.  1650 

Strachan,  Sir  John,  captain  in  navy,  1778 

Strachan,  John,  Canadian  bishop,  1778-1867 

Strachan,  Sir  Richard  John,  Bart.,  admiral,  1760-1828 

Strachey,  Christopher,  rear-admiral,  1778-1855 

Strachey,  William,  secretary  of  Virginia,  fl.  1610 

Stradling,  Sir  Edward,  scholar,  1529-1609 

Stradling,  Sir  John,  poet,  1637 

Strahan,  William,  printer,  1715-1785 

Strang,  John,  Principal  of  Glasgow  University,  1651 

Strang,  John,  '  Glasgow  and  its  Clubs,'  1795-18(53 

Strange,  Col.  Alexander,  military  scientist,  1818-1876 

Strange,  Sir  John,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  1696-1754 

Strange,  Sir  John,  British  minister  at  Venice,  1799 

Strange,  Richard,  Jesuit,  1611-1682 

Strange,  Sir  Robert,  engraver,  1721-1792 

Strange,  Roger  le,  judge,  1312 

Strangewaies,  Sir  James,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 

1516 
Stratford,  Edmund,  Roman  Catholic  scholar,  1640 
Strattoid,  Edward,  2nd  Earl  of  Aldborough,  1795* 
Stratford,  John  de.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1348 
Stratford,  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Chester,  1633-1707 
Stratford,  Ralph  de.  Bishop  of  London,  1354 
Stratford,  Robert  de.  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1362 
Stratford,  William  Samuel,  naval  officer  and  astronomer, 

1791-1853 
Strathearn,  Malise,  7th  Earl  of,  1280*-1350* 
Stratton,  Adam  de,  judge,  fl.  1270-1290 
Stratton,  John  Proudfoot,  army  surgeon,  1835-1895 
Straubenzee,  Sir  Charles,  general,  1812-1892 
Streat,  William,  '  The  Dividing  of  the  Hoof,'  1600-1666 
Streater,  Robert,  painter,  1624-1680 
Street,  George  Edmund,  architect,  1824-1881 
Street,  Sir  Thomas,  judge,  1625  1696 
Stretton,  Robert  de.  Bishop  of  Lichfield,  fl.  1360 
Strickland,  Agnes,  historian,  1806-1874 
Strickland,  Hugh  Edwin,  naturalist,  1811-1853 
Strickland,  Sir  Roger,  admiral,  fl.  1688 
Strickland,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Namur,  1740 
Strickland,  Walter,  friend  of  Milton,  fl.  1660 
Strickland,  William,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  1419 
Strickland,  Sir  William,  Cromwellian,  1671* 
Scringer,  Philip,  Fellow  of  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  1610* 
Stringer,  Thomas,  judge,  1689 
Strode,  Thomas,  mathematician,  fl.  1688 
Strode  or  Stroud,  William,  '  The  Floating  Island,'  1599-1644 
Strode,  William,  politician,  1.589-1666 
Strong,  William,  Independent  divine,  1654 
Strother,  Edward,  medical  writer,  1737 
Stroud,  Charles,  organist  and  composer,  1726 
Stroud,  Henry,  admiral,  17971892 
Struthers,  John,  Scottish  poet,  1776-18.53 
Strutt,  Edward,  Lord  Belper,  1801-1880 
Strutt,  Jacob  George,  landscape  painter,  1854* 
Strutt,  Jedediah,  improver  of  the  stocking-frame,  1726-1797 
Strutt,  Joseph,  engraver  and  antiquary,  1749-1802 
Strutt,  William,  inventor  of  the  self-acting  mule,  fl.  1785 
Btrutt,  William  Goodday,  Governor  of  Quebec,  176.3-1843 
Strype,  John,  divine  and  historian,  1643-1737 
Stuart,  Andrew,  polemical  writer,  fl.  1799 
Stuart,  Bernard,  Earl  of  Lichfield,  1645 
htuart,  Daniel,  journalibt,  1766-1816 
bluart.  Lord  Dudley  Ooutts,  friend  of  Poland,  1803-1854 
«tuart,  Jerdinand  Smith,  opponent  of  vaccination,  fl.  1807 
Diuari,  Uilbert,  historical  essayist,  1742-1786 
raiuart,  Uilbert  Charles,  portrait  painter,  1756-1828 


Stuart,  James,  "Athenian  Stuart,"  1713-1788 

Stuart,  James,  historian  of  Armagh,  fl.  1811-1819 

Stuart,  James,  of  Dunearn,  journalist,  1776-1849 

Stuart,  Sir  James,  Chief  Justice  of  Canada,  1780-1853 

Stuart,  Sir  John,  general,  1761-1815 

Stuart,  John,  Scottish  genealogist,  1813-1877 

Stuart,  John  Macdougall,  Australian  explorer,  1819*-1869 

Stuart,  Robert,  '  Caledonia  Romana,'  1812-1848 

Stuart  -  Wortley,    Lady     Bmmeline    Charlotte     Elizabeth, 

poetical  writer,  1806-1855 
Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie,  James  Archibald,  Lord  Wharn- 

cliffe,  1776-1845 
Stubbe  or  Stubbs,  John,  political  writer,  1543»-1600* 
Stubbe,  Henry,  controversialist,  1631-1676 
Stubbes,  Henry,  Nonconformist  divine,  1605-1678 
Stubbs,  George,  animal  painter,  1724-1806 
Stubbs,  Philip,  'Anatomic  of  Abuses,'  fl.  1583 
Stubbs,  Samuel,  Dissenting  divine,  1715-1753 
Stuckley  or  Stukeley,  Sir  Lewis,  Vice-Admiral  of  Devon, 

1620 
Studley,  John,  translator,  1590* 
Stukeley,  Sir  Thomas,  Catholic  agent,  1578 
Stukeley,  William,  antiquary  and  physician,  1687-1765 
Stump,  John  S.,  miniature  painter,  1863 
Bturch,  William,  '  Apeleutherus,'  1753-1838 
Sturge,  Joseph,  Quaker,  1794-1859 
Sturgeon,  Henry,  colonel,  1814 
Sturgeon,  William,  electrician,  1783-1850 
Sturges,  Octavius,  physician,  1894 
Sturgess,  Charles,  divine,  1805 
Sturgion,  John,  Baptist  and  pamphleteer,  fl.  1660 
Sturt,  Charles  H.,  Australian  explorer,  1869 
Sturt,  John,  engraver,  1658-1730 
Stuteville,  Robert  de,  judge,  fl.  1170 
Style,  William,  legal  writer,  1603-1679 
Styles,  Henry,  Benedictine  monk,  1640 
Suckling,  Sir  John,  poet,  1609-1641 
Suckling,  Maurice,  Comptroller  of  the  Navy,  1778 
Sudbury,  Simon  de.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1381 
Sudbury,  William,  writer,  fl.  1380 
Suefred  or  Suaebhard,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  fl.  710 
Suett,  Richard,  actor,  17.58-1805 

Suffield,  R.  Rodolph,  Roman  Catholic  divine,  1821-1891 
Sugden,  Edward  Burtenshaw,  Lord  St.  Leonards,  1781-1875 
Suidbert,  Bishop  of  the  Frisians,  714 
Sulcard,  chronicler  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1082* 
Sulivan,  Sir  Bartholomew  James,  admiral,  1890 
Sulivan,  Thomas  Ball,  rear-admiral,  1781-1857 
Sullivan,  Alexander  Martin,  Irish  politician,  1830-1884 
Sullivan,  Barry,  actor,  1824-1891 
Sullivan,  Daniel,  Irish  priest,  1858 

Sullivan,  Sir  Edward,  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  Ireland,  1822- 
1885 

Sullivan,  Luke,  engraver,  1771 

Sullivan,  Sir  Richard  Joseph,  Bart.,  author,  1806 

Sullivan,  Robert,  educational  writer,  1800-1868 

Sullivan,  Robert  Baldwin,  Canadian  judge,  1853 

Sumbell,  Mary,  actress,  fl.  1800 

Sumerleid,  Lord  of  Argyll,  fl.  1159 

Summerfield,  John,  engraver,  1817 

Summers,  Charles,  Australian  sculptor,  1827-1875 

Sumner,  Charles  Richard,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  1790-1874 

Sumner,  John  Bird,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1780-1862 

Sumner,  Robert,  master  at  Harrow,  1771 

Sundon,  Charlotte  Clayton,  Lady,  Mistress  of  the  Robes, 
1742 

Sunman  or  Sonman,  William,  portrait  painter,  1707 

Surenne,  John  Thomas,  musician,  1816-1878 

Surfleet,  William  of,  author,  1469 

Surr,  Thomas  S.,  novelist,  fl.  1815 

Surtees,  Robert,  topographer,  1779-1834 

Sutcliffe,  Matthew,  Dean  of  Exeter,  1550»-1629 

Sutcliffe,  Col.  Thomas,  Governor  of  Juan  Fernandez,  1790- 
1849 

Sutherland,  John,  sanitarian,  1891 

Sutherland,  William,  2nd  Earl  of,  1325 

Sutherland,  William,  4th  Earl  of,  1370 

Suthfeld  or  Suffield,  Walter  de.  Bishop  of  Norwich,  1257 

Sutton,  Sir  Charles,  commander  in  Portuguese  service,  1828 

Sutton,  Christopher,  divine,  1629 

Sutton,  Oliver  de.  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  1299 

Sutton,  Richard,  benefactor  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1524 

Sutton,  Sir  Richard,  master  of  foxhounds,  1798-1855 

Sutton,  Robert,  1st  Baron  Lexinton,  1668 

Sutton,  Robert,  2nd  Baron  Lexinton,  1723 

Sutton,  Thomas,  founder  of  the  Charterhouse,  1532*-1611 

Sutton,  Thomas,  preacher,  1623 

Sutton,  Thomas,  medical  writer,  1835 

Swadling,  Thomas,  divine,  1669 

Swain,  Charles,  poet,  1803-1874 

Swain,  Francis,  marine  painter,  1782 

Swain,  Joseph,  engraver  and  hymn-writer,  1761-1796 

Swaine,  John,  engraver,  1775-1860 

Swainson,  Charles  Anthony,  Professor   of  Theology,  1820- 
1892 

Swainson,  William,  naturalist,  1788-1855 

Swainson,  William,  Attorney-General,  New  Zealand,  1809- 
1883 

Swale,  Richard,  civilian,  1545-1608 

Swan,  Joseph,  engraver,  fl.  1836 

Swan,  Joseph,  medical  writer,  fl.  1820-1860 

Swan,  Nathan  Walter,  Australian  writer,  1843-1884 

Swanborough,  Ada,  actress,  1893 

Swanley,  Richard,  naval  commander,  fl.  1650 

Sweet,  Robert,  botanist,  fl.  1818-1832 

Sweetman,  Jolin,  United  Irishman,  1752-1826 

Swereford,  Alexander  de,  judge,  1216 

Swete,  John,  antiquary,  1821 

Swetnam  or  Swetenham,  John,  Jesuit  and  translator,  1581- 
1622 

Swetnam.  Joseph,  "  the  woman-hater,"  fl.  1620 

Sweyn,  King  of  Denmark  and  of  England,  1014 

Sweyn,  son  of  Godwine,  1070* 

Swift,  Deane,  '  Life  of  Swift,'  1707-1783 

Swift,  John  Warkup,  marine  painter,  1815-1869 

Swift,  Jonathan,  satirist,  1667-1745 

Swift,  Robert,  Chancellor  of  Durham,  1599 

Swift,  Theophilus,  writer,  1H15 

Swinburne,  Henry,  judge,  1624* 

Swinburne,  Henry,  traveller,  1743-1803 
;  Swinden,  Henry,  schoolmaster  and  antiquary,  1717-1772 


Swinerton   or    Swinnerton,  Thomas,   controversialist   and 

translator,  1554 
Swiney,  Dr.  George,  eccentric,  1844 
Swinfleld,  Richard  de.  Bishop  of  Hereford,  1817 
Swinnock,  George,  Nonconformist  divine,  1673 
Swinshed,  Roger,  mathematician,  fl.  13E0 
Bwinton,  Alexander,  Scottish  judge,  1700 
Swinton,  Sir  John,  soldier  and  statesman,  1424 
Swinton,  John,  Scottish  politician,  1679 
Swinton,  John,  antiquary,  1703-1777 
Swinton,  John,  Scottish  judge,  1799 
Swiny,  Owen  Mae,  playwright,  1754 
Swithun,  St.,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  800»-862 
Switzer,  Stephen,  agricultural  writer,  1745 
Swynford,  Catherine,  third  wife  of  John  of  Gaunt,  1403 
Sybrecht,  John,  landscape  painter,  1625-1703 
Sydenham,  Cuthbert,  divine,  1623-1654 
Sydenham,  Floyer,  translator,  1710-17f7 
Sydenham,  Humphrey,  "  Silver-tongued  Sydenham,"  1650 
Sydenham,  Thomas,  physician,  1624-1689 
Sydenham,  William,  Cromwellian  soldier,  fl.  1660 
Sydney,  Sir  William  Robert,  parliamentary  pleader,  1788- 

1866 
Sydserf,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Galloway,  1663 
Sykes,  Arthur  Ashley.  Prebendary  of  Winchester,  1684*-1756 
Sykes,  Godfrey,  designer,  1826-1866 
Sykes,  Sir  Mark,  book-collector,  1771-1823 
Sykes,  Sir  Tatton,  patron  of  the  turf,  1772-1863 
Sykes,  Col.  William  Henry,  President  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 

Society,  1790-1872 
Sylvester,  Joshua,  poet,  1563-1618 
Sylvester,  Matthew,  Nonconformist  and  executor  of  Baxter, 

1708 
Syme,  Ebenezer,  Australian  journalist  and  politician,  1860 
Syme,  James,  surgeon,  1799-1870 
Syme,  John,  friend  of  Burns,  1765-1831 
Syme,  John,  portrait  painter,  1795-1861 
Syme,  Patrick,  flower  painter,  1774-1845 
Symes,  Michael,  ambassador  in  Burmah,  1765*-1809 
Symington,  Andrew,  engineer,  fl.  1780 
Symington,  Andrew,  divine,  1785-1853 
Symington,  William,  supposed  inventor  of  the  steamboat, 

1836* 
Symmons,  Charles,  divine  and  author,  1749-1826 
Symonds,  John,  Professor  of  Modern  History  at  Cambridge, 

1730-1807 
Symonds,  John  Addington,  physician,  1807-1871 
Symonds,  John  Addington,  critic  and  historian,  1840-1893 
Symonds,  Richard,  antiquary,  fl.  seventeenth  century 
Symonds,  Sir  Thomas  Matthew,  admiral,  1813-1894 
Symonds,  William,  divine,  1557-1613 
Symonds,  Sir  William,  F.R.S.,  rear-admiral,  1782-1856 
Symonds,  William  Samuel,  geologist.  1818-1887 
Symons,  Benjamin  Parsons,  Warden  of  Wadham  College, 

Oxford,  1786-1878 
Symons,  Jellinger  Cookson,  miscellaneous  writer,  1810-1860 
Symson  or  Sympson,  Patrick,  Church  historian,  fl.  1624 
Syndercomb,  Miles,  Leveller,  1657 
Synge,  Charles,  colonel,  1789-1854 
Synge,  Edward,  Archbishop  of  Tuam,  1659-1741 
Synge,  W.  W.  FoUett,  diplomatist,  1826-1891 


CANADIAN   COPYRIGHT. 


After  returning  home  from  a  visit  to  Ireland 
to  examine  some  manuscripts  relating  to  my  forth- 
coming biography  of  Sheridan,  I  have  learnt  that, 
during  my  absence,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  had 
dealt  with  Canadian  copyright  in  a  letter  to 
the  Times.  His  letter,  which  appeared  on  the 
22nd  of  last  month,  was  a  commentary  upon 
the  contents  of  one  by  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper,  the 
Canadian  Minister  of  Justice,  which  had  been 
reproduced  in  the  Times  on  the  14th.  Sir 
C.  H.  Tupper  sought  to  prove  that  British 
authors  of  eminence  had  expressed  their  ap- 
proval of  "the  manufacturing  clause  "  when  a 
copyright  convention  was  discussed  between 
Great  Britain  and  Canada.  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper 
having  naturally  mentioned  Mr.  Spencer's  name 
as  that  of  the  most  important  among  these 
authors,  Mr.  Spencer  rightly  gave  his  version  of 
what  had  occurred. 

I  can  add  a  little  more  information  to  that 
which  has  been  made  public.  I  drafted  the 
document  which  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper  appears  to 
have  read  and  misunderstood.  Mr,  Spencer 
revised  it,  inserting  the  sentence  which  Sir 
C.  H.  Tupper  quoted,  and  upon  which  Mr. 
Spencer  comments  in  his  own  masterly  style. 
Perhaps  I  ought  to  state,  in  proof  of  my  being 
well  informed  on  the  subject,  that  all  the  papers 
are  now  in  my  possession,  and  that  the  fact  has 
not  faded  from  ray  memory  of  being  permitted 
to  enjoy,  without  any  objection,  the  privilege  of 
paying  the  bill  for  printing  and  other  expenses. 

It  is  a  quarter  of  a  century  since  the  docu- 
ment in  question  was  drawn  up,  signed,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  The  object  of  those  who  did  so 
was  to  inform  him  of  the  minimum  de- 
mands which  he  ought  to  make  on  behalf 
of  authors  throughout  the  British  Empire 
when  negotiating  a  treaty  for  International 
Copyright  with  the  United  States  of  America. 


N«  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


647 


He  received  good  advice  from  publishers  also  ; 
but  nothing  was  done.  I  think  it  worthy  of 
note,  however,  that  the  leading  American  pub- 
lishers were  ready  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago 
to  accept  International  Copyright,  provided  that 
they  dealt  directly  with  British  authors  ;  and, 
furthermore,  that  they  were  prepared  to  repro- 
duce their  books  in  the  United  States  from 
stereotype  plates  made  in  England.  Indeed, 
the  custom  of  reproducing  a  book  in  this  fashion 
was  a  common  one  at  the  time,  and  it  proved 
beneficial  alike  to  publishers  in  America  and 
authors  in  this  country. 

Since  then,  an  Act  of  Congress  has  been  passed 
giving  copyright  to  alien  authors  on  conditions 
which  in  most  cases  are  impracticable,  and  in 
all  are  unworthy.  Nations  less  civilized,  pos- 
sibly, than  the  United  States,  and  it  may  be 
less  free  according  to  the  terms  of  the  American 
Constitution,  have  agreed  to  acknowledge  the 
same  right  of  property  in  an  author's  copy- 
right as  they  do  in  his  umbrella  and  his  watch. 
This  is  a  moral  advance.  Owing  to  the  con- 
nexion with  this  country  of  which  Canadians 
boast  when  loyalty  costs  nothing,  the  authors  of 
Canada  enjoy  rights  corresponding  in  every  par- 
ticular to  those  enjoyed  by  authors  in  those 
civilized  countries  which  have  adopted  the  Con- 
vention of  Berne,  the  most  noteworthy  exceptions 
among  those  countries  being  the  United  States 
of  America  and  Russia.  The  Dominion  of 
Canada  apparently  envies  the  retrograde  posi- 
tion which  these  two  countries  occupy,  and 
desires  to  deny  to  authors  any  control  over 
their  copyrights,  save  one  which  is  both 
illusory  and  farcical.  To  withdraw  from  the 
Convention  of  Berne  is  to  lose  caste  among 
civilized  and  progressive  nations.  I  cannot 
believe  that  Canadians  as  a  body,  who  are 
really  enlightened  and  anxious  to  remain 
members  of  a  model  community,  would  will- 
ingly do  anything  so  discreditable,  if  not 
immoral  and  degrading.  Happily,  the  present 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  is  a  man  of 
high  principle,  and  he  is  as  little  likely  as 
his  predecessor  to  be  a  party  to  any  legisla- 
tion in  Canada,  concerning  the  British  Empire, 
which  is  utterly  repugnant  to  all  sane  ideas  of 
right  and  wrong.  Let  the  Dominion  Parliament 
legislate  as  it  pleases  for  Canadians.  Its  action 
ought  not  to  be  sanctioned  by  the  Crown  when 
fellow  citizens  of  Canadians  in  other  parts  of 
the  empire,  who  write  books,  are  to  be  de- 
prived of  their  copyrights  without  their  consent 
by  such  legislation,  and  despoiled,  too,  on  the 
plea  that  some  printers  in  Canada  have  not  so 
much  employment  as  they  desire. 

Though  the  document  mentioned  at  the  out- 
set has  no  immediate  bearing  upon  copyright 
now,  yet,  as  it  has  never  to  my  knowledge  been 
printed  in  this  country,  I  subjoin  a  copy,  to 
which  I  append  a  list  of  the  signatories  : — 

Memorial  of  British  Authors  on  the  Suljcct  of 
Cojnjright  in  the  United  States. 

Ilarmomous  relations  being  happily  estabh'shed 
between  the  United  States  and  the  United  King- 
dom, we,  the  undersigned,  hope  for  a  reconsidera- 
tion of  the  policy  in  virtue  of  which  British  authors, 
as  authors,  enjoy  no  rights  which  American  citizens 
are  bound  to  respect. 

Letters  from  influential  Americans— one  of  them 
a  leading  New  York  publisher— which  have  recently 
appeared  here,  joined  with  the  approval  of  them 
expressed  in  the  journals  of  the  United  States, 
show  the  desire  of  the  Americans  for  the  conclusion 
of  a  Copyright  Convention  between  their  country 
and  ours.  They  maintain  that  such  a  convention 
should  provide  for  the  vesting  of  the  British 
author's  American  copyright  absolutely  and  in- 
alienably in  him.  That  condition  appears  to  us 
both  equitable  and  satisfactory.  We  understand 
that  the  demands  of  publishers  in  this  country 
have  hitherto  been  the  most  formidable  obstacles 
to  the  negotiation  of  a  Copyright  Convention.  We 
are  of  opinion  that  the  interests  of  our  publishers 
in  American  copyrights  are  (juite  indej)endent  of 
the  just  claims  of  British  authors  ;  and  that  the 
latter  may  be  fully  admitted  without  recognition 
of  the  former.  We  think  it  would  be  a  grave  error 
if  the  settlement  of  this  matter  were  retarded,  or 
rendered  impossible,  in  consequence  of  two  classes 


of  claims,  which,  in  essence,  are  wholly  distinct,  if 
not  antagonistic,  being  regarded  by  negotiators 
representing  this  country  as  identical  and  in- 
separable. 

Americans  distinguish  between  the  author,  as 
producing  the  idea?,  and  the  publisher,  as  producing 
the  material  vehicle  by  which  these  ideas  are  con- 
veyed to  readers.  The)'  admit  the  claim  of  the 
British  author  to  be  paid  by  them  for  his  brain- 
work.  The  claim  of  the  British  book-manufacturer, 
to  a  monopoly  of  their  book-market,  they  do  not 
admit.  To  give  the  British  author  a  copyright  is 
simply  to  agree  that  the  American  publisher  shall 
pay  him  for  work  done.  To  give  the  British  pub- 
lisher a  copyright  is  to  open  the  American  market 
to  him  on  terms  which  prevent  the  American  pub- 
lisher from  competing. 

Without  dwelling  on  the  argument  of  the 
Americans  that  such  an  arrangement  would  not 
be  free  trade,  but  the  negation  of  free  trade,  and 
merely  noticing  their  further  argument  that,  while 
their  protective  system  raises  the  prices  of  all  the 
raw  materials,  free  competition  with  the  British 
book-manufacturer  would  be  fatal  to  the  American 
book-manufacturer,  it  is  clear  that  the  Americans 
have  strong  reasons  for  refusing  to  permit  the 
British  publisher  to  share  in  the  copyright  which 
they  are  willing  to  grant  to  the  British  author. 

We  venture  to  suggest,  therefore,  that,  respond- 
ing to  the  cordial  feeling  recently  expressed  by 
Americans  on  the  subject,  and  duly  appreciating 
the  force  of  their  reasons  for  making  the  above 
distinction,  negotiations  be  renewed  to  secure  a 
copyright  on  the  conditions  the)'  specify. 

Without  making  it  the  foundation  of  a  formal 
claim  for  reciprocity  of  treatment,  we  mention  the 
fact,  that  American  authors  may,  if  they  please, 
secure  all  the  advantages  of  copyright  in  the  United 
Kingdom  which  are  enjoyed  by  native  authors. 

(Signed)  J.  B.  Leicester  Warren. 
(Signed)  Herbert  Spencer,  Charles  Darwin, 
Thomas  H.  Huxley,  Thomas  Hughes,  G.  H.  Lewes, 
Jos.  D.  Hooker,  John  Stuart  Mill,  J.  A.  Froude, 
T.  Carlyle,  (The  Rev.  Dr.)  Thomas  Guthrie,  Helen 
Taylor,  John  Morley,  (The  Rev.)  William  Arthur, 
William  Black,  Edward  Jenkins,  (The  Rev.)  Harry 
Jones,  (Sir)  Erasmus  Wilson,  Edward  Dicey,  (Sir) 
James  Caird,  William  Gilbert,  J.  E.  Hilary  Skinner, 
(The  Rev.)  E.  H.  Bickersteth,  Philip  James  Bailey, 
C.  Tabor,  Eliza  Tabor,  J.  B.  Leicester  Warren, 
Sheldon  Amos,  John  Ruskin,  Andrew  Edgar,  Edwin 
Pears,  W.  R.  S.  Ralston,  John  Paget,  George 
Augustus  Sala,  (The  Rev.  Dr.)  James  Martineau, 
Archibald  Forbes,  J.  C.  Parkinson,  W.  Durrant 
Cooper,  Shirley  Brooks,  (Sir)  George  Scharf, 
Edmund  Yates,  Justin  McCarthy,  and  others. 

W.  Eraser  Rae. 


THE  BURNS-DUNLOP  MSS. 
Grange  Publishing  Works,  Causewayside,  Edinburgh. 

The  current  number  of  the  Fwtnightly  Beview 
contains  an  article  entitled  '  The  Burns  and 
Dunlop  Correspondence,  with  Extracts  from 
some  Unpublished  Letters  of  the  Poet,'  and 
signed  " L.  M.  Roberts." 

Permit  us  to  state  that  the  article  is  wholly 
unauthorized  ;  that  the  extracts  contained  in  it 
are  private  property  ;  and  that  its  existence  is 
the  result  of  a  breach  of  confidence  (which  we 
will  not  qualify)  on  the  part  of  "  L.  M.  Roberts." 

This  on  the  authority  of  the  present  owner 
of  the  Burns-Dunlop  MSS.,  Col.  Wallace,  of 
Lochryan,  who  some  months  back  entrusted 
to  us,  as  editors  of  'The  Centenary  Burns,' 
the  whole  correspondence  between  Mrs.  Dunlop 
(nee  Wallace)  and  Burns — preserved  at  Loch- 
ryan, and  not  seen  these  many  years — for 
publication  some  time  in  189G,  the  centenary  of 
Burns's  death. 

W.  E.  Henley — T.  F.  Henderson, 

Editors  of  '  The  Centenary  Burns.' 


Hiteiarg  Gossip. 

Mr.  Bakry  O'Brien,  wlio  contributed  the 
article  on  Parnell  to  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,'  is  writing  a  fuller  life 
of  him,  which  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 

The  latest  addition  to  our  growing  Anglo- 
Egyptian  literature  will  be  Col.  Andrew 
Haggard's  '  Under  Crescent  and  Star,' 
which  is  to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Black- 


wood. It  is  said  to  be  full  of  reminiscences 
of  the  defence  of  Suakin,  the  fighting  in  the 
Soudan,  and  the  Nile  expedition. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have  in  the 
press  a  volume  of  selections  from  the  poetry 
of  Robert  and  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning, 
designed  for  the  young.  The  work  is  edited 
by  Mr.  F.  G.  Kenyon,  of  the  British 
Museum,  notable  for  all  his  labours  on  the 
recently  discovered  treatise  on  the  Athenian 
Constitution. 

The  Committee  of  the  Oxford  Heb- 
domadal Council  has  invited  several  ladies 
interested  in  women's  education  to  give 
evidence  on  the  proposed  admission  of 
women  to  degrees.  No  action  can  be  taken 
by  Congregation  until  this  committee  has 
reported,  and  it  is  not  expected  that  the 
evidence  will  be  concluded  much  before  the 
end  of  Michaelmas  term. 

Miss  Rogers,  Honorary  Secretary  to  the 
Association  for  the  Education  of  Women  in 
Oxford,  writes  to  us  to  point  out,  in  regard 
to  a  statement  in  the  Athenaeum  of  October 
26th,  that  women  students  "receive  from 
the  University  examiners  a  written  state- 
ment that  they  have  passed  University  ex- 
aminations, and  their  names  are  officially 
published  in  the  Gazette.''^  It  seems  that 
a  certificate  to  this  effect  may  be  had  on 
application,  and  by  payment  of  a  small  fee. 

Dr.  S.  E.  Gardiner  has  been  elected  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Eoyal  Historical 
Society ;  the  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  Prof. 
Mommsen,  and  Messrs.  E.  L.  Poole  and 
C.  H.  Firth  have  been  elected  Honorary 
Fellows.  Several  distinguished  foreign 
scholars  have  also  been  elected  Correspond- 
ing Members  in  recognition  of  their  services 
in  connexion  with  the  Gibbon  Commemo- 
ration, November,  1894. 

A  VERY  complete  biographical  notice  of 
the  late  Mr.  William  Noel  Sainsbury  appears 
in  the  last  volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Antiquarian  Society.  Mr.  Sains- 
bury was  the  oldest  foreign  member  of  the 
Society  for  this  country,  having  been  elected 
in  1867.  The  other  English  members,  in 
order  of  seniority,  are  the  Duke  of  Argyll, 
Mr.  Bryce,  Dr.  Beddoe,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Mr. 
Lecky,  Mr.  John  Bellows,  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth, 
and  Mr.  Hubert  Hall. 

The  adoption  by  the  Council  of  King's 
College  of  a  "  conscience  clause  "  is  a  sub- 
stantial concession,  and  it  will  practically 
have  the  effect  of  opening  the  College 
associateship  to  any  matriculated  student  on 
the  results  of  a  three  years'  course  of  regular 
study,  without  the  condition  of  attendance 
at  theological  lectures.  In  the  engineering 
dej)artment,  especially,  the  associateship  is 
a  diploma  of  considerable  value.  As  it  was 
expressly  on  the  ground  of  the  restriction  in 
question  that  the  College  was  excluded  from 
the  subsidy  of  the  London  County  Council 
for  technical  education,  it  is  hoped  that  the 
grant  will  now  be  restored. 

A  NEW  edition  of  Capt.  Marryat's  novels 
and  boys'  books  is  about  to  be  issued  by 
Messrs.  Eoutledge  &,  Sons,  who  have  been 
the  publishers  of  his  novels  for  the  last 
forty  years.  This  edition  will  contain 
original  prefaces,  and  will  be  issued  in 
monthly  volumes. 

The  lectures  delivered  by  the  Ecv.  A.  F. 
Winnington-Ingram,   head  of  the   Oxford 


648 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*'  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


House,  Bethnal  Green,  in  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School  during  the  Easter  term, 
will  be  issued  in  book  form  by  Messrs. 
Wells  Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.,  under  the 
title  of  '  Work  in  Great  Cities.'  They  deal 
chiefly  with  the  subject  of  mission  work 
among  the  densely  populated  districts  in 
large  towns. 

L^iDY  Sophia  Palmer  is  making  progress 
with  her  '  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Selborne,'  and 
hopes  to  be  able  to  publish  the  first  "  memo- 
rial volume  "  early  next  year.  She  will  be 
very  much  obliged  if  any  of  the  late  Lord 
Selborne's  correspondents  who  have  letters, 
&c.,  which  may  be  useful  for  the  purposes 
of  the  book,  will  kindly  entrust  them  to  her 
care  for  a  short  time  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford. 

The  third  and  concluding  volume  of  Dr. 
Aubrey's  '  Else  and  Growth  of  the  English 
Nation,'  covering  the  period  from  1658  to 
1887,  is  announced  for  immediate  publica- 
tion by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

Me.  Joseph  Coxrad,  the  author  of  '  Al- 
mayer's  Polly,'  is  going  to  publish  with 
Mr.  T.  Pisher  Unwin  a  new  story,  entitled 
*  An  Outcast  of  the  Island.'  Like  its  pre- 
decessor, the  story  has  a  Bornean  back- 
ground, and  the  old  characters  reappear  in 
an  earlier  stage  of  their  life. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Miss  Georgiana 
Craik  (Mrs.  May),  the  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  Prof.  G.  M.  Craik,  of  Belfast. 
Miss  Craik  was  born  in  London  in  1831, 
and  for  quite  forty  years  was  a  busy  writer 
of  fiction.  '  Riverston,'  her  first  novel  in 
three  volumes,  came  out  as  long  ago  as 
1857,  and  'Lost  and  Won,'  one  of  her  most 
popular  novels,  appeared  in  1859. — News 
comes  from  the  United  States  of  the  death 
of  Mr.  Eugene  Pield,  a  well-known  man  of 
letters,  author  of  various  tales  and  poems. 

The  Court  of  Governors  at  Bangor  have 
not  gone  so  fast  as  the  Cardiff  authorities 
in  recommending  students  to  prepare  for 
Welsh  degrees  in  preference  to  London 
d.egree3.  That  they  will  eventually  adopt 
such  a  course  may  be  taken  for  granted, 
"but  in  the  mean  time  they  have  requested 
the  Council  to  confer  with  the  Senate  as  to 
the  continued  preparation  of  students  for 
degrees  other  than  those  of  the  University 
of  Wales. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Bristol  School  Board 
has  printed  the  result  of  an  inquiry  into  the 
existing  endowments,  distinct  from  State 
grants,  available  for  educational  purposes 
in  Bristol.  The  amount  is  stated  to  exceed 
ten  thousand  pounds  a  year.  Sir  John 
Gorst  might  find  it  possible,  and  worth  his 
while,  to  encourage  School  Boards  and  other 
"bodies  throughout  the  country  to  make 
similar  inquiries.  The  aggregate  result 
might  have  an  important  bearing  on  the 
proposals  of  the  Eoyal  Commission  for  a 
national  scheme  of  secondary  education. 
The  practicability  of  such  a  scheme  largely 
depends  on  the  value  of  existing  endow- 
ments, about  which  nobody  has  any  adequate 
information. 

The  Glasgow  University  Council,  at  its 
first  meeting  for  the  present  session,  resolved 
to  petition  the  Crown  against  the  last  ordi- 
nance of  the  Scottish  University  Commis- 
sioners. It  would  appear  from  opinions 
freely  expressed   at  the   meeting  that   the 


Council  is  by  no  means  convinced  of  the 
value  of  the  Commission  as  an  organ  of 
university  government  in  Scotland. 

The  committee  appointed  to  consider  the 
incorporation  of  Firth  CoUege,  Sheffield, 
with  Victoria  University  has  recommended 
that  the  College  should  apply  for  such 
incorporation  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
University  Court,  to  be  held  this  month, 
undertaking  at  the  same  time  to  amalgamate 
the  College  and  the  Medical  School  at 
Sheffield,  and  to  raise  an  additional  sum 
of  20,000Z.  for  the  foundation  of  a  new 
professorship  in  Philosophy  and  Political 
Economy,  together  with  new  lectureships 
in  science  and  medicine. 

Dr.  FitzPatrick  writes  in  reference  to 
a  book  quoted  by  Mr.  Lecky  in  his  '  His- 
tory ' : — 

"Letters,  both  of  a  business  and  literary 
character,  have  been  addressed  to  me  on  the 
assumption  that  I  have  lately  brought  out  a 
new  edition  of  'The  Sham  Squire,'  which 
has  been  out  of  print  for  many  years.  The 
copyright  passed  out  of  my  hands  in  the  sixties. 
Its  reissue  is  not  my  act,  and  I  have  no  financial 
interest  in  the  work.  One  correspondent  has 
asked  to  be  pointed  out  the  '  new  matter  '  as 
announced  by  one  of  the  newspaper  advertise- 
ments. In  point  of  fact  there  is  no  new 
matter.  The  confusion  may  have  arisen  from 
the  reprint  of  a  title-page  which,  thirty  years 
ago,  did  announce  new  matter.  If  I  were  dis- 
posed to  bring  out  any  new  literary  venture, 
I  would  hardly  go  back  on  such  old  ground  as 
'The  Sham  Squire';  but  I  had  no  power  to 
prevent  the  respectable  firm  who  have  acquired 
the  copyright  and  stereos  from  republishing  it. 
They  kindly  promised  to  correct  a  few  misprints, 
which  I  assume  has  been  done  ;  but  I  have 
been  afforded  no  opportunity  of  seeing  the  new 
edition." 

Mr.  H.  a.  Shuttleworth,  of  the  Derit- 
end  branch  of  the  Birmingham  Free 
Libraries,  has  been  appointed  librarian  of 
Rotherhithe. 

Under  the  title  '  In  My  City  Garden,'  by 
"  George  Umber,"  Mr.  Alexander  Gardner 
will  publish,  towards  the  end  of  the  present 
month,  a  volume  of  essays  from  the  pen  of 
Dr.  Findlay,  a  well-known  medical  prac- 
tioner  in  Glasgow,  which  will  be  illustrated 
by  his  son  IVIr.  William  Findlay. 

Marcel  Herwegh,  the  son  of  Georg 
Herwegh,  is  about  to  publish  at  Zuiich  the 
letters  of  Ferdinand  Lassalle  to  his  father 
during  the  years  1860-63.  The  book  will 
also  contain  the  correspondence  of  the 
Countess  Hatzfeldt  —  the  "  miitterliche 
Freundin"  of  Lassalle — with  Frau  Emma 
Herwegh. 

At  the  fiitieth  anniversary  of  the  German 
Oriental  Society,  which  took  place  at  Leipzig 
early  in  October,  the  following  eminent 
foreign  savants  were  elected  Honorary 
Members :  E.  B.  Cowell  (Cambridge), 
E.  G.  Bhandarkar  (Poena),  Jules  Oppert 
and  E.  Senart  (Paris),  I.  Guidi  (Eome), 
W.  Eadloff  (St;  Petersburg),  H.  Kern 
(Leyden),  V.  FausboU  and  V.  Thomsen 
(Copenhagen). 

About  four  months  ago  a  literary  expedi- 
tion started  from  St.  Petersburg  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  the 
capital,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  Eussian 
popular  songs  in  the  provinces.  Upwards 
of  one  hundred  songs  are  said  to  have  been 
already  secured,  of  which  several  date  from 
I  a  remote  age,  and  possess  considerable  in- 


terest from  both  a  literary  and  a  musical 
point  of  view. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  three  volumes  on  Secondary  Educa- 
tion :  Yol.  1 ,  containing  the  Eeport  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission  (Is.  \\d.);  Yol.  5,  con- 
taining Memoranda  and  Answers  to  Ques- 
tions (2.9.  9^.)  ;  and  Yol.  9,  consisting  of  an 
Appendix  and  Statistical  Tables  (Is.  dd.). 

SCIENCE 


the  literature  of  physics. 

The  llicory  of  Heat.  By  Thomas  Preston, 
M.A.(Dub.).  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— There  is  a 
marked  absence  in  English  literature  of  com- 
prehensive general  treatises  on  the  various 
branches  of  physics.  Compared  with  such 
works  as  the  '  Cours  de  Physique  '  of  Jamin 
and  Bouty,  our  text-books,  however  excellent 
in  their  way,  are  mere  compends.  Prof. 
Preston  is  doing  his  best  to  remove  this  de- 
ficiency. He  published  a  few  years  since  an 
excellent  text-book  of  physical  optics,  and  the 
present  work  deserves  still  higher  praise.  It 
contains  full  accounts  of  the  best  experimental 
researches;  ample  information  on  the  history  of 
discovery  ;  judicious  summaries  of  the  evidence 
on  disputed  points ;  clear  presentations  of 
modern  fundamental  conceptions,  such  as 
vortex  atoms  and  encounters  of  molecules;  and 
masterly  discussions  on  philosophical  questions, 
such  as  the  best  statement  of  the  second  law 
of  thermodynamics.  The  language  is  singularly 
clear  and  well  chosen,  flowing  easily  with- 
out any  sacrifice  of  precision.  The  book 
contains  700  octavo  pages,  and  consists 
of  eight  chapters,  bearing  the  titles  "Pre- 
liminary Sketch,"  "Thermometry,"  "Dilata- 
tion," " Calorimetry, "  "Change  of  State," 
"Radiation  and  Absorption,"  "Conduction," 
"Thermodynamics."  The  following  extract  is 
from  the  section  on  the  nature  of  matter  in  the 
first  chapter  : — 

"  Let  us  consider  the  case  of  a  person  situated  in 
an  ocean  of  water  on  the  earth's  surface,  and 
ignorant  of  the  top  and  bottom,  and  let  this  person 
be  furnished  with  a  number  of  pieces  of  cork  and 
also  a  number  of  pieces  of  stone.  Then  if  he  at 
first  takes  a  piece  of  cork  and  a  piece  of  stone 
simultaneously  in  his  hand  and  lets  them  go,  he 
observes  that  the  cork  flies  in  one  direction  and 
the  stone  in  the  opposite.  His  first  inference  is 
probably  that  the  cork  and  stone  repel  each  other. 
He  now  takes  a  piece  of  cork  by  itself,  and 
he  finds  that  it  moves  in  the  same  direction 
as  the  other  piece  of  cork,  and  similarly 
any  piece  of  stone  will  descend  after  the 
other  without  a  piece  of  cork  being  near  it. 
He  now  will  probably  begin  to  doubt  the  truth 
of  his  first  surmise,  that  cork  and  stone  repel  each 
other.  For  he  has  found  that  the  cork  rises  just  as 
rapidly  whether  the  stone  be  near  it  or  not.  The 
force  on  a  piece  of  either  material  is  the  same  at  all 
distances  from  the  other,  so  that  the  law  of  force 
on  each  of  them  is  independent  of  the  distance  or 
magnitude  of  the  other  body.  He  will  probably 
look  beyond  his  immediate  surroundings  and  begin 
to  speculate  in  the  wildest  manner,  till  by  chance 
he  becomes  acquainted  with  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean.  He  will  now  assert  that  the  bottom  is  the 
vera  causa  of  the  motion,  and  that  it  repels 
cork  and  attracts  stone.  If,  however,  he  had 
first  become  acquainted  with  the  top,  he 
would  have  been  quite  satisfied  that  the  top 
attracted  the  cork  and  repelled  the  stone,  and  when 
he  knows  both  top  and  bottom  he  is  furnished  with 
a  variety  of  alternatives.  He  may  say  that  the  top 
attracts  the  cork  and  the  bottom  attracts  the  stone, 
or  that  the  top  repels  the  stone  and  the  bottom 
repels  the  cork.  Probably  the  last  thing  that  will 
strike  him  will  be  that  the  top  and  bottom  may  be 
without  influence  on  both  pieces  of  matter,  and 
that  these  bodies  may  also  be  without  direct  action 
on  each  other,  but  that  their  motion  in  all  cases 
arises  from  the  immediate  action  of  a  medium  in 
which  they  are  immersed." 

Polyphase  Electric  Currents  and  Alternate- 
Current  Motors.  By  Silvanus  P.  Thompson, 
F.R.S.  (Spon.) — It  has  long  been  known  that 
a  steady  current  in   one   direction,  such  as  is 


N''  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


649 


generated  by  a  direct-current  dynamo,  can  be 
used  to  produce  rotation  in  a  second  dynamo 
which  may  be  at  a  considerable  distance.  It  is 
theoretically  possible  in  like  manner  for  one 
alternate-current  dynamo  to  drive  another,  but 
the  conditions  necessary  for  success  are  not  such 
as  can  conveniently  be  carried  out  in  practice. 
Much  better  methods  of  driving  by  alternate 
currents  have  been  invented  in  recent  years, 
and  the  work  before  us  is  devoted  to  an  expo- 
sition of  them.  The  principle  on  which  they 
rest  is  the  production  of  a  rotating  magnetic 
field  by  means  of  alternating  currents  in  fixed 
coils.  Mathematicians  are  familiar  with  the  fact 
that  two  simple-harmonic  motions  can  be  so 
combined  as  to  result  in  uniform  circular  motion. 
Bearing  in  mind  that  magnetic  fields  are  com- 
pounded like  vectors,  it  follows  at  once  that  two 
fields  crossing  one  another  at  right  angles  in 
fixed  directions,  and  varying  in  intensity  accord- 
ing to  a  simple-harmonic  law,  can  be  so  combined 
as  to  produce  a  field  of  constant  intensity  and 
of  uniformly  revolving  direction.  Instead  of 
two  alternating  fields  at  right  angles,  with  a 
retardation  of  a  quarter  of  their  common  period, 
we  may  combine  three  alternating  fields  at 
angles  of  60^,  with  retardations  of  one-sixth  of 
the  period,  and  so  on  for  any  larger  number  of 
components.  The  rotating  field  thus  produced 
might  be  employed  to  make  a  permanent  magnet 
revolve  with  the  same  velocity  as  the  field  itself, 
or  to  make  a  copper  disc  revolve  somewhat 
slower,  as  in  the  experiment  of  Arago's  rotations. 
The  best  form  of  "  rotor  "  appears  to  be  a  copper 
frame,  resembling  a  mouse-mill,  with  an  iron 
core.  The  first  notable  public  demonstration  of 
the  transmission  of  power  on  this  principle  was 
given  at  the  Frankfort  Electrical  Exhibition 
of  1890,  at  which  a  hundred  horse-power  was 
transmitted  from  Lauffen  to  Frankfort,  a 
distance  of  110  miles,  by  a  combination  of  three 
alternating  currents  sent  through  three  wires. 
The  same  principle  will  be  employed  in  the 
transmission  of  power  from  Niagara  Falls. 
Prof.  Thompson  treats  the  subject  with  his 
usual  clearness,  both  as  regards  text  and  illus- 
trations, and  with  ample  historical  details. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL   NOTES. 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  the  Correspond- 
ing Societies  Committee  to  the  British  Associa- 
tion that  thirty-three  papers  on  anthropology 
were  published  by  nineteen  local  societies  during 
the  year  1894-5.  The  Berwickshire  Naturalists' 
Club  heads  the  list  with  five  papers,  all  of  them 
descriptive  of  recent  discovery  or  research,  viz.. 
Dr.  Hardy,  on  three  British  cists,  one  contain- 
ing an  urn,  found  near  Callaly  Castle,  and  on 
some  prehistoric  antiquities  from  the  eastern 
borders  ;  Mr.  R.  G.  Huggup,  on  a  dagger  and 
buckle  found  with  a  skeleton  on  the  inner  Fame 
island  ;  Mr.  VV.  Laidlaw,  on  the  remains  of  the 
Roman  station  at  Cuppuck  ;  and  Capt.  J.  F. 
Macpherson,  on  the  stature  of  the  men  of  Rox- 
burgh and  Selkirk  shires.  The  Dumfriesshire 
and  Galloway  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Society  and  the  Belfast  Naturalists'  Field  Club 
have  each  three  papers.  Those  of  the  former 
are  by  IMr.  F.  R.  Coles,  on  the  cairns  of  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire ;  Mr.  A.  D.  Murray,  on  recent 
investigations  of  the  Roman  Wall  between  the 
Tyne  and  Solway  ;  and  Mr.  James  Shaw,  on 
words  collected  from  the  Dumfriesshire  dialect 
during  the  last  thirty  years.  Those  of  the  latter 
society  appear  to  be  of  a  more  general  character. 
Six  societies  have  two  papers  each  :  the  Buchan 
Field  Club  (Rev.  J.  Forrest,  on  a  supposed 
ancient  grave  at  Crimonmogate  ;  Rev.  W. 
Gregor,  on  kilns,  mills,  millers,  meal,  and  bread), 
the  Cardiff  Naturalists'  Society  (Mr.  Ivor  James, 
on  ancient  circular  shallow  excavations  on  the 
mountains  of  Monmouth  and  Brecon ;  Mr.  John 
Storrie,  on  ancient  remains  on  Ely  racecourse), 
the  Dorset  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Field  Club  (Mr.  E.  Cunnington  on  the  Helstone 
on    Ridge    Hill,    Portesham,    and    Mr.   T.    B. 


Groves  on  some  local  stone  marks),  the  Hert- 
fordshire Natural  History  Society  (Sir  John 
Evans  on  the  bronze  age,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Strad- 
ling  on  man  as  an  animal),  the  Penzance  Natural 
History  Society  (Rev.  W,  S.  Lach-Szyrma  on 
the  pre-Aryan  people  of  ancient  Cornwall,  and 
Mr.  G.  F.  Tregelles  on  the  stone  circles  of 
Cornwall),  and  the  Somersetshire  Archajological 
and  Natural  History  Club  (Mr.  A.  Bulleid  on  the 
lake  village  near  Glastonbury,  and  Mr.  J.  Mor- 
land  on  some  Roman  remains  at  Long  Sutton). 
Among  the  authors  whose  papers  constitute 
the  smgle  contribution  to  anthropology  of  the 
societies  to  which  they  belong  may  be  men- 
tioned Mr.  W.  E.  Darwin  on  bronze  imple- 
ments found  at  Bitterne  (the  Hampshire  Field 
Club),  Mr.  E.  Lovett  on  the  opening  of  a  round 
barrow  near  Arundel  (the  Croydon  Micro- 
scopical and  Natural  History  Club),  Mr.  Mey- 
rick's  continuation  of  the  anthropometric  statistics 
of  Marlborough  College  (the  Marlborough  Col- 
lege Natural  History  Society),  Mr.  R.  Rogers's 
notes  on  folk-lore  as  to  snails  (Northamptonshire 
Natural  History  Society  and  Field  Club),  Dr. 
David  Ross's  notes  on  the  place  -  names  and 
dialect  of  Shetland  (Glasgow  Philosophical 
Society),  Mr.  T.  F.  Tannahill's  remarks  on 
human  bones  found  in  the  district  of  Rochester 
(Rochester  Naturalists'  Club),  and  Dr.  G.  F. 
Tregelles  on  the  stone  circles  of  Cornwall  (Pen- 
zance Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Society). 
This  report  shows  that  much  excellent  work  is 
being  done  all  over  the  country,  and  that 
materials  are  constantly  being  accumulated  for 
the  ethnographic  survey  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Among  papers  recently  published  in  the 
Bulletins  of  the  Society  of  Anthropology  of 
Paris  is  a  discussion  by  M.  L.  Manouvrier 
of  Pithecanthropus  erectus  as  a  presumed 
precursor  of  man.  The  discovery  by  Dr. 
Dubois  to  which  that  name  has  been  given  is 
of  a  cranium,  a  tooth,  and  a  femur,  that  may  or 
may  not  have  belonged  to  the  same  individual. 
Of  the  femur  alone,  M.  Manouvrier  thinks  that 
the  differential  characters  pointed  out  by  Dr. 
Dubois  are  insuflicient  to  distinguish  it  from  a 
human  femur.  The  tooth,  a  third  upper  molar, 
appears  to  have  belonged  to  a  large  anthropoid, 
though  a  skull  from  New  Caledonia  in  the 
Broca  Museum  has  a  similar  one.  The  cranium 
is  remarkable  for  its  small  volume,  if  human  ; 
for  its  enormous  volume,  if  anthropoid.  Having 
regard  to  its  small  volume,  the  peculiarity  of 
the  supra-orbital  region  is  even  more  marked 
than  in  that  of  Neanderthal.  M.  Manouvrier 
concludes  that  it  must  have  belonged  either 
to  a  man  exceptionally  inferior  for  his  race,  or 
of  a  race  inferior  to  the  lowest  races  now 
existing,  or  to  an  unknown  anthropoid  species 
or  race.  He  agrees  with  Sir  William  Turner 
and  Dr.  Garson  that  several  of  its  distinctive 
characters  may  be  found  in  skulls  undoubtedly 
human,  but  not  the  whole  of  them  together  in 
any  one  skull,  and  leaves  the  question  an  open 
one. 

Two  other  communications  made  to  the  same 
society  are  worthy  of  note.  The  first  was  by 
M.  Charles  Rochet,  an  eminent  sculptor,  now 
in  his  eightieth  year,  on  the  anthropology  of 
the  fine  arts,  in  which  he  seeks  to  enforce  the 
doctrines  as  to  the  canon  of  the  human  figure 
laid  down  in  his  work  'The  Prototype  of  Man,' 
an  English  edition  of  which  has  been  published. 
In  the  second,  Dr.  Durand  (de  Gros),  an  equally 
venerable  member  of  the  Society,  passes  under 
a  retrospective  review  the  several  anthropo- 
logical questions  in  the  discussion  of  which  he 
first  took  an  active  part  thirty  or  forty  years 
ago,  with  a  view  to  show  that  ideas  then  con- 
sidered to  be  scientific  heresies  have  since  been 
generally  accepted. 


SOCIETIES. 
Royal  In-stitution.— Aoc.  4.— Sir  J.  Crichton- 
Browne  in  the  chair.— The  followlDg  were  elected 
Members :  H.R.H.  Prince  Louis  Philippe,  Due 
d'Orleaug,  Sir  .lohn  Evans,  Hon.  A.  V.  Verney- 
Cave,  Mr.  W.  Allcroft,  and  Mr.  J.  Beale. 


Society  of  Biblical  Aech^ology.— iVor.  5.— 
Mr.  P.  le  P.  Renouf,  President,  in  the  chair. — A  paper 
was  read  by  the  Rev.  C.  J.  Ball  on  Deutero- 
nomy xxxiii. 

Hellenic— A-ov.  4.— Prof.  P.  Gardner,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair.— Miss  Jane  Harrison  read  a  paper  on  the 
site  of  the  Enneacrunus  in  the  light  of  Dr.  Dorp- 
feld's  recent  discoveries  and  theories,  and  in  special 
connexion  with   Thucydides,  ii.  15.     This  passage 
up  to  the  date  of  Dr.  Dorpfeld's  recent  excavations 
has  always  been  quoted  in  favour  of  the  orthodox 
view  that  the  primitive  city  of  Athens  lay  in  and 
to  the  south  of  the  Acropolis,  i.e.,  that  the  words 
irpoQ  TovTO  TO  fx'tpoQ  refer  back  to  to  vir'  auT>)v  TrpoQ 
vorov  /idXtora    riTpafinkvov.      The    ancient   sanc- 
tuaries mentioned  by  Thucydides  as  lying  close  to 
this  ancient  ttoXiq — i.e.,  the  sanctuaries  of  Olympian 
Zeus,  Apollo,  Pythius,  Ge.and  Dionysus  tv  MfivaiQ— 
have  been  identified  with  the  Olympieion,  near  the 
Ilissus ;  the  Pythion  and  precinct  of  Ge,  known  from 
Pausanias  to  have  adjoined  it ;  and  the  precinct  of 
the  theatre  of  Dionysus  Eleutherius,  all  lying  to  the 
south  and  south-east  of  the  Acropolis  ;  the  adjacent 
Enneacrunus  was,  on  the  same  showing,  supposed  to 
be  on  the  Ilissus,  and  the  whole  passage  was  used 
in   support  of  the  famous  theory  of  the  "  Ennea- 
crunus episode."    Of  all  this  accredited  system  of 
topography  Dr.  Dorpfeld  would  make  a  clean  sweep. 
He    points    out    that    the     whole    contention    of 
Thucydides  is    that  the    ancient   polls   was  much 
smaller  than  the  Themistoclean  city.     How,  then, 
can  he  adduce  sanctuaries  lying  outside  the  The- 
mistoclean wall  in  support  of  his  argument }    Dr. 
Dorpfeld  transplants  the  primitive  city  from  the 
south  and  south-east  to  the  west  and  south-west. 
He  claims  to  have  localized  the  Enneacrunus  under 
the  Pnyx  rock,  and    to    have  actually  found  the 
precinct   of  Dionysus   Limnajus  in   the    low-lying 
ground  between  the  Pnyx,  Areopagus,  and  Acropolis. 
The  precinct  there  laid  bare  contains,  unquestion- 
ably, an  altar,  a  temple,  and,  most  noticeable  of  all, 
a  primitive  wine-press,  this  last  especially  character- 
istic of  Dionysus  Lenaius.     The  Pythion  Dr.  Dorp- 
feld places  close  to  the  cave  of  Aglaurus,  and  to 
this  site  he  refers  the  passage  in  the  '  Ion '  (v.  185). 
Here  omens  were  taken  from  the  Pythian  lightnings 
on  an  altar  lying   between  the   Pythion  and    the 
Olympieion ;  an  Olympieion  must,  therefore,  have 
once  existed  close  at  hand.    A  sanctuary  of  Ge  was 
seen  by  Pausanias  immediately  before  he  entered  the 
Propylaja.     Thus  the  series  of  ancient  sanctuaries 
is  complete,  and  named  by  Thucydides  in    their 
natural  order,  going  westwards  down  the  hill.    Miss 
Harrison  drew  attention  to  the  fact  that  Tr/oof  with 
the  accusative  frequently  implies  not  only  direction, 
but  proximity,  and  is  used  by  Thucydides  (iv.  110) 
in  describing  Torone  to  indicate  exactly  the  situa- 
tion he  claims  for  the  sanctuaries  in  question.     It 
remained  for  scholars  to  decide  whether  irpoq  tovto 
TO  fiipog  could  fairly  be  read  as  near  to  the  primitive 
polis,  instead  of,  as  before,  in  a  southerly  direction. 
—Mr.  E.  Gardner  said  that  the  brilliancy  and  per- 
suasiveness of    Dr.  Dorpfeld's   exposition  and   of 
Mjss  Harrison's  presentation  of  his  views  must  not 
blind  us  to  the  old  arguments,  mainly  of  a  literary 
kind,  which  had  certainly  not  been  entirely  disposed 
of  by  the  new  theory.    In  reference  to  the  passage 
in  Thucydides,  the  question  was  not  whether  the 
words  could  possibly  be  interpreted  to  fit  Dr.  Dorp- 
feld's theory,  but  what  was  their  natural  meaning  ; 
and  here  all  scholars  had  hitherto  been  agreed.    It 
was  difficult  to  believe  that  if,  in  mentioning  the 
Olympieion  and  Pythion,  Thucydides  did  not  mean 
the  temples  best  known  under  those  names,  he  would 
not  have  used  some  distinctive  epithet,  as  he  did  in 
the  case  of  the   Dionysion.     Again,  the  terms  in 
which  Thucydides  referred  to  the  Enneacrunus  did 
not  correspond  with  the  new  view   of   a  scanty 
spring,  stored  in  reservoirs  and  supplemented  by 
wells,  and   ultimately  superseded  by  an  aqueduct 
bringing  water    from   a    distance    in  the  time  of 
Peisistratus.     It  was  surely  more  likely  that    the 
symbolical  bath  before  marriage  would  be  associated 
with  the  river-god  Ilissus  than  with  a  scanty  spring 
or  the  end  of  an  aqueduct.    The  epithet  ya/ioaroXoe 
applied  to  Ilissus  by  Nonnus  deserved  notice.     The 
topographical  and  literary  evidence  given  by  Leake 
and  others  seemed  to  favour  the  old  site,  and  the 
geological  evidence,  so  far  as  available,  might  be  held 
to  support  either  view.  The  area  of  the  new  so-called 
precinct  of  Dionysus  did  not  seem  at  all  large  enough 
for  the  celebration  of  a  great  popular  festival  like 
the  Lenaia,  and  the  surrounding  district  must  have 
been  too    thickly  populated  to    afford    additional 
space.  There  was  the  further  objection  that,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Dorpfeld,  the  whole  precinct  was  closed 
except  for  one  day  in  the  year.    On  these  grounds 
it  seemed  advisable  to  suspend  judgment  until  more 
definite  and  certain  evidence  was  available  for  the 
solution  of  a  very  complicated  problem.— Sir.  J.  L. 
Myres  said  that  detailed  geological  investigation  of 
the  gite  of  Athens  showed,  as  against  Dorpfeld,  that 


650 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


there  could  have  been,  and  probably  was,  marshy  I 
ground  between  the  Acropolis  and  the  llissus,  held 
up  by  the  rocky  north  bank  of  the  river,  and  draining 
south-west  into  llissus  below  the  Museum  hill  ; 
and,  as  against  Dorpfeld's  critics,  that  the  hollow 
between  Pnyx,  Areopagus,  and  Acropolis  was  also 
probably  marshy.  As  to  primaeval  Athens  being 
south  of  Acropolis,  the  statement  of  Thucydides 
was  confirmed  by  the  identification  of  Mycensean 
and  Stone  Age  settlements  in  the  UiXaayiKov. 
Dorpfeld's  site,  with  the  Museum — Pnyx  ridge 
behind,  offered  better  cover  for  Pelasgian  brigands 
than  the  llissus  bank,  which  was  commanded  by 
watchmen  on  the  Acropolis. —  Dr.  Sandys,  mainly  on 
literary  grounds,  supported  Mr.  E.  Gardner  in  up- 
holding the  traditional  view  until  more  convincing 
evidence  was  forthcoming. — Sir  John  Evans  thought 
that  a  Eoman  house  would  hardly  have  been  built 
over  the  site  of  a  sacred  well,  as  seemed  to  be 
demanded  by  Dr.  Dorpfeld's  theory. — Miss  Harrison 
replied  briefly  to  these  criticisms. 


MEETINGS  FOE,  THE  ENSL'ING  WEEK. 

Koyal  Academy,  8.— 'Anatomy,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

Library  Association,  8  — '  On  the  Bibliography  of  Periodical 
Literature,'  Mr.  F.  Campbell, 

Geographical,  83.  —  Introductory  Address  by  the  President; 
'The  Progress  of  the  Jackson-Harmsworth  Arctic  Expedi- 
tion,' Mr.  A.  Montefiore. 

Asiatic.  4,— '  Chao-Ju-kua:  a  New  Source  of  Mediaival  Geo- 
graphy,' Prof.  F.  Hirtb. 

Colonial  Institute.  8.  — '  The  Extension  of  British  Trade  in 
Africa,'  Capt.  F.  D.  Lugard. 

Civil  Engineers,  8.— Prebident's  Address  and  Presentation  of 
Medals.  &c. 

Anthropological  Institute,  8i.  — '  Customs  and  Habits  of  the 
Natives  Inhabiting  the  Bondee  Country,'  Rev.  G.  Dale. 

Huguenot,  8. —  'By-Paths  of  Huguenot  History,'  Mr.  W.  S. 
Cottew. 

—  Cymrarodorion,  S\  —'  The  Historical  Importance  of  the  Cymric 

Tribal  System,' Dr.  Seebohni. 
Thurs.  Royal  Academy,  8.  — 'Anatomy.'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

—  Mathematical,  8.— 'On  the  Stability  and  Instability  of  certain 

Fluid  Motions,  iii.,'  and  '  On  the  Propagation  of  Waves  upon 
the  Plane  Surface  separating  Two  Portions  of  Fluid  of  Dif- 
ferent Vorticities,' Lord  Kayleigh ;  'Note  on  Matrices/  Mr. 
J.  Brill ;  and  other  Papers. 


WZD. 


The  committee  engaged  in  promoting  a 
memorial  of  the  late  Prof.  Huxley  finds  itself 
pretty  equally  divided  in  opinion,  some  members 
proposing  to  erect  a  statue,  some  to  found  a 
scholarship  for  the  promotion  of  scientific 
research ;  and  the  question  has  not  yet  been 
settled.  Let  us  hope  the  statue  may  carry  the 
day,  as  surely  there  are  already  in  existence 
scholarships  enough. 

The  Hon.  Alicia  Amherst's  '  History  of 
Gardening  in  England  '  will  be  published  by 
Mr.  Quaritch  at  the  end  of  this  month. 

In  addition  to  the  small  planet  (mentioned  in 
our  "Science  Gossip  "  last  week)  registered  by 
Prof.  Max  Wolf  on  photographic  plates  on  three 
several  occasions,  another  has  been  recognized 
on  the  same  dates,  the  first  of  which  was  the 
13th  ult.  This  will  probably,  therefore,  be 
reckoned  as  No.  409. 

The  Ilev.  Dr.  Anderson,  of  Edinburgh,  the 
discoverer  of  Nova  Aurigse  in  1892,  writes  to 
Ast.  Nach.,  No.  3314,  to  state  that  he  has 
noticed  the  variability  of  a  star  in  Delphinus, 
B.D.+l?"  4452,  the  approximate  place  of  which 
for  the  present  year  is  R.A.  20''  50™  5% 
N.P.D.  72°  46'_.  Dr.  Anderson  had  the  star 
under  observation  from  August  24th  till  Octo- 
ber 10th,  and  found  that  its  brightness,  which 
at  the  beginning  of  September  amounted  to  8'0 
(probably  the  maximum),  had  diminished  by  the 
last-named  date  to  8  "9. 


FINE    ARTS 


Humismata  Londinensia.  With  Notices  by 
Charles  Welch,  F.S.A.  (Published  by 
authority  of  the  Corporation  of  London.) 
This  sumptuous  volume  contains  photo- 
graphic reproductions  of  the  twenty-six 
medals  struck  by  the  Corporation  of  London 
to  commemorate  the  most  important  muni- 
cipal events  of  the  last  sixty  years.  Beyond 
an  interesting  account  of  old  London  Bridge, 
the  letterpress  consists  mainly  of  loyal 
addresses  and  toasts,  royal  replies,  and  a 
record  of  the  honours  conferred  on  the 
Lord  Mayor  and  Sheriffs  of  the  year.     The 


interest  of  such  details  is  evanescent,  and 
need  not  detain  the  reader  from  an  examina- 
tion of  the  medals  themselves.  Some  praise 
is  due  to  the  Corporation  for  endeavouring 
to  revive  and  foster  in  this  country  the  art 
of  designing  medals.  It  is  an  art  in  which 
Englishmen  have  not  often  excelled,  and  one 
to  which  they  might  with  advantage  turn 
their  attention,  for,  with  few  exceptions, 
the  most  successful  and  pleasing  medals 
produced  in  England  have  been  the  work 
of  foreign  artists,  whether  Italian,  German, 
French,  or  Dutch. 

The  medallic  art  may  fairly  be  claimed 
as  one  of  the  inventions  of  the  Renaissance, 
for  though  the   coins    and   medals   of  the 
Eoman     Empire     were    occasionally    com- 
memorative of  events,  they  are  separated  by 
a  gap  of  more  than  a  thousand  years  from 
the   earliest  Italian   medals,   the  technique 
of  which  is  quite  different,  as  they  were  not 
struck,  but  cast  from  moulds.     The  new  art 
did  not  find  favour  in  England  till  the  six- 
teenth century.     Jacopo  Trezzo,  an  Italian, 
executed    lifelike    portraits    of    Mary  and 
Philip ;  and  to  another  Italian,  Primavera, 
we  owe  a  most  charming  and  sympathetic 
presentment  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots.  Many 
portrait-medals  of  private  persons  were  due 
to  Stephen,  of  Holland.     The  most  interest- 
ing medals  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  are  by 
Dutch  artists,   and  Briot,   the  engraver  of 
the  Paris  mint,  worked  for  Charles  I.     The 
medals  of  the  period  of  the  Civil  War  were 
often  worn  as  party  badges,  and  the  demand 
for   these   on   the  Parliamentary  side  was 
weU  responded  to  by  two  Englishmen,  the 
brothers  Simon,  whose  work  certainly  bears 
comparison  with  that  of  any  contemporary 
medalist.     With  Charles  II.  begins  the  era 
of  the  Dutch  artists,   one  of  whom,  John 
Eoettier,  was   the   last  great   worker  in  a 
branch  of  art  to  whose  decadence  he  largely 
contributed  by  perfecting  the  machinery  by 
which  medals  of  considerable  size  could  be 
struck  instead  of  cast.  His  designs  are  large 
and  broad  in  style,  but  those  of  his  suc- 
cessors  degenerated  rapidly.     The  medals 
of   the    Georgian  era,   though   numerically 
important,  are  artistically  valueless,  and  the 
art  sank  into  low  repute. 

Whatever  the  merits  or  demerits  of  our 
earlier  English  medals,  they  are,  it  will 
be  seen,  almost  entirely  the  productions 
of  foreign  artists ;  but  a  glance  at  the 
signatures  appended  to  the  specimens  in 
the  volume  before  us  shows  that  they  may 
fairly  be  taken  as  representative  of  English- 
men's efforts  in  the  art  of  medal-making. 
These  medals,  owing  to  the  great  number 
of  copies  required,  are  all  struch,  and 
the  designs  undoubtedly  suffer  from  the 
mechanical  nature  of  the  process  by  which 
they  are  reproduced.  In  the  earlier  days 
of  the  art  all  medals  were  cast,  and  for 
large  pieces  this  method  was  retained  until 
the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
After  casting,  the  artist  retouched  his  de- 
sign, and  was  thus  able  to  give  a  personal 
character  to  his  work,  no  two  copies  of 
which  were  absolutely  alike.  The  me- 
chanical process,  again,  is  responsible 
for  the  low  relief  of  the  designs, 
and,  in  a  secondary  degree,  for  their 
ineffectiveness.  The  earlier  artists,  who 
frequently  did  the  casting  themselves,  knew 
from  j)ractical  experience  both  that  a  design 
in  very  low  relief  was  ineffective,  and  that 


only  a  broad  and  simple  one  could  be  repro- 
duced in  high  relief.  It  is,  in  fact,  this 
divorce  of  the  arts  and  the  crafts  which 
makes  all  later  work  appear  so  poor  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  fifteenth,  sixteenth, 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  Under  the  old 
method  the  artist  was  forced  to  consider 
whether  his  design  was  both  technically  and 
artistically  appropriate.  Working  under 
the  influence  of  sculpture,  he  treated  his 
medals  as  sculpture  in  relief.  But  the 
medalists  of  the  last  two  centuries,  who 
have  been  chiefly  coin- engravers  by  pro- 
fession, have  not  always  realized  the  dif- 
ferent requirements  of  the  two  branches  of 
their  art.  This  failure  is  well  evidenced 
by  the  thirteen  medals  in  this  volume  con- 
tributed by  different  members  of  the  Wyoa 
family  of  coin  and  seal  engravers.  Their 
work  is  characterized  by  extreme  delicacy 
and  finish :  the  details  of  their  designs  are 
often  executed  in  a  masterly  manner,  but 
the  designs  themselves  are  conventional  and 
far  from  picturesque. 

Custom  requires  that  a  medalist  should 
furnish  two  designs  for  his  medal,  a  por- 
trait for  the  obverse,  a  picture  for  the 
reverse.  The  medals  now  before  us — even 
when  allowance  has  been  made  for  the  dis- 
advantages inherent  in  the  method  of  pro- 
duction— cannot  be  said  to  reach  even  a 
moderate  standard  of  excellence  in  either 
of  these  classes  of  designs.  The  obverses 
are  most  inadequate,  and  English  medalists 
have  obviously  much  to  learn  from  the 
earlier  Italian  and  German  medals,  both  as 
to  the  arrangement  and  the  treatment  of 
the  subject.  The  practice  exemplified  in 
the  medals  of  the  '  Numismata  Londinensia,' 
of  setting  an  isolated  head  in  the  very 
centre  of  a  large  medallion,  so  as  to  leave 
a  wide  margin  all  round  it,  is  not  artistic, 
for  a  head  gains  much  by  being  set  on  its 
natural  pedestal,  the  shoidders,  and  by 
rising  from  a  setting  of  drapery  to  which 
the  edge  of  the  medal  forms  a  fitting  finish. 
In  these  medals  there  is  no  attempt  at  cha- 
racteristic portraiture.  If  we  contrast  the 
heads  with  the  portraits  of  Pandolfo  Mala- 
testa  by  Pisano,  or  of  Mary  of  England  by 
Trezzo,  we  see  that  they  are  not  portraits, 
but  silhouettes  which  tell  us  nothing  of  the 
persons  represented.  Two  only  (Nos.  9  and 
13) — the  heads  of  Princess  Alexandra  and 
of  the  Shah  of  Persia — seem  to  be  inspired 
by  some  insight  into  character.  They  are 
both  by  members  of  the  Wyon  family,  and 
make  us  regret  that  family  tradition  caused 
them  to  turn  their  attention  to  coin- engraving 
rather  than  to  sculpture.  Of  all  the  per- 
sonages portrayed,  Queen  Victoria  has 
fared  the  worst,  and  the  semi- classical 
disguise  under  which  she  is  generally 
represented  effectually  robs  her  features 
of  all  character. 

But  if  these  obverse  designs  err  by 
omission,  the  reverse  types  offend  yet  more 
grievously  by  their  fatal  want  of  appro- 
priateness. The  demon  of  classicism  has 
entered  into  our  artists  and  has  caused 
them  to  do  strange  things.  The  Greeks 
and  Eomans  personified  their  cities  in  the 
form  of  a  female  figure  attired  in  the 
national  dress,  but  why  should  London 
invariably  appear  in  the  garb  of  the  first 
or  second  century  b.c.  ?  The  Greek  city 
was  under  the  direct  protection  of  an 
eponymous  founder,  whose  effigy  or  symbol 


N"  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


651 


was  adopted  as  typifying  it ;  but  what  pos- 
sible connexion  has  London  with  a  female 
in  hybrid  classical  attire,  or  why  should 
Greek  and  Roman   divinities  preside  over 
the  undertakings  and  the  festivities  of  its 
citizens  ?    The  social  standing  of  Gog  and 
Magog   may   not    be   sufficiently  high    to 
entitle  them  to  the  honour  of  receiving  dis- 
tinguished visitors  to   the   City,   but  there 
are    surely  picturesque  Saxon  heroes   and 
heroines,  or  even  famous  merchant  princes, 
who  could  more  adequately  fulfil  the  duty 
than  the  anachronism  to  whom  it  is  now 
entrusted.     The  result  of  this  convention  is 
painfully  illustrated  in  the  design  for  the 
medal  (No.   25)  struck  in  honour   of    the 
Duke    of    York's    wedding.       This    is    as 
frankly  eclectic  as  a  fancy-dress  ball,  and 
comprises  a  Greek  lady  in  indoor  costume, 
a  Teutonic  knight  in  his  robes  of  ceremony, 
a  cupid,  a  Roman  matron  wearing  a  mural 
crown,    a   Greek   chariot,   two   ironclads,  a 
trident,  and  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.     Yet  the 
designer  of    this   specimen,   in   an   earlier 
medal  struck  when  the  freedom  of  the  City 
was  conferred  on  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  has 
made  a  praiseworthy  attempt  to  represent 
a  civic  scene  as  it  really  took  place.     The 
City  magnates  wear    their  robes,  and  the 
duke  and  his  parents  modern  dress.     The 
arrangement  and  grouping    are    not  alto- 
gether  satisfactory,    but    there   is   nothing 
incongruous    in    the   design,    nor    does    it 
suffer  through  the  over- elaboration  of  detail 
which  spoils  the  well-conceived  idea  of  the 
Epping  Forest  medal  (No.  17),  where  the 
trees  and  herbage  are  so  elaborately  ren- 
dered as  to  distract  the  attention  from  the 
action  of  the  main  figure.     The  conception 
is  excellent — the  City  of  London  breaking 
the  fence   which   encloses   the  forest — but 
the   artist  has  not  realized  the  limitations 
of  his  material,  and  has,  therefore,  designed 
a  pictiu'e,  not  a  relief.     The  same  want  of 
knowledge  is  shown,  though  in  a  less  degree, 
in  the  medal  (No.  26)  struck  to  commemo- 
rate the  visit  of  the  King   and   Queen  of 
Denmark.     It  is  the  last,  and  in  many  ways 
by  far  the  most  satisfactory,  of  the  series. 
The  obverse  portraits  are  carefully  modelled, 
and  the    reverse  design — a   seated   female 
figure  of  Teutonic  type  personifying  London 
— is  simple  and  picturesque.     Yet  even  this 
figure  is  in  such  low  relief  that  the  general 
effect    is    thin    and    sketchy.     The    back- 
ground is  barely  visible  in  places,  and  the 
lettering  is  indistinct — defects  from  which 
a     fuller      technical      knowledge      would 
have    saved     the    designer.     Such  know- 
ledge can  only  be  gained  by  reverting  to 
the  earlier    practice  of   casting   medals — a 
practice  which   would,  moreover,  free    the 
medaUic  art  from  the  over- elaboration  which 
it  has  borrowed  from  the  arts  of  coin  and 
gem     engraving.     This    larger    technique 
will,   however,  avail   but   little   unless  our 
artists  will   avoid   the  pitfall  of  classicism 
and  frankly  work  in  consonance  with  the 
spirit  of   their   age.     Meanwhile,  the   con- 
templation of  the  plates  of  the  '  Numismata 
Londinensia '  can  hardly  fail  to  stimulate  a 
desire  for  better  things,  nor  will  this  pub- 
lication have  been  issued  in  vain  if  it  fur- 
nishes  the    medalist    of    the   future   with 
conspicuous  examples  of  what  to  avoid. 


CATALOGUES. 

A  Brief  Catalogue  of  the  Pictures  in  the  Fitz- 
x(yiXliam  Museum.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
— This  is  a  list  of  paintings  according  to  the 
alphabetical  order  of  the  painters'  or  alleged 
painters'  names,  with  measurements  and  a  few 
other  details  ;  and  the  title-page  states  that  it 
has  been  compiled  under  Mr.  S.  Colvin's  direc- 
tion. Such  a  list,  if  not  a  catalogue  proper, 
was  very  much  wanted,  and  this  one  is  sure  to 
be  useful. 

Catalogue  Baisonne  des  Tableaux  et  des  Sculp- 
tures,  Musee  Boyal  de  La  Haye.      Illustrated. 
(The  Hague,  NijiiofF.) — M.  Bredius,  one  of  the 
greatest  authorities  concerning  the  art  of   the 
Low  Countries,   has   supplied  the  biographical 
matter  which  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  this, 
the  latest  edition  of  the  catalogue  of  a  famous 
collection.     He  has   carried  his  annotations  to 
the    latest    date,    and   thoroughly  revised    the 
memoirs    of    the  artists,    while    M.    de    Groot 
has  supplied  a  great  deal  of  additional  matter. 
The  official  records  of  the  Musee  have  yielded 
many  details  of  the  provenance  of  the  pictures 
severally,    including    the     names     of     former 
owners  of  them,  some  of  whom  were  contem- 
poraries   of    the    painters,    and    probably,    in 
the    modern    phrase,    "bought    them    of    the 
artist";  among  these  Charles  I.  of  England  is 
conspicuous  by  means  of  his  crowned  "C.R. " 
branded  on  the  backs  of  the  panels.     The  fac- 
similes of  signatures,  armorials,  dates,  and  the 
like,  with  which  (in  much  greater  numbers  than 
those  of  the  '  Notice  Historique  '  of  1874,  now 
long  out  of  print)  the  new  '  Catalogue  Raisonne  ' 
is  enriched,  have  been  drawn  by  M.  J.  A.  Boland, 
of  the  Amsterdam  Print  Room.     The  descrip- 
tions of  the  pictures  are  systematic,  detailed,  and 
accurate  ;  for  instance,  that  of  '  Portrait   d'une 
jeune  Femme,'  No.  275,  which,  as  is  so  often  the 
case,  has  been  diversely  attributed  to  Leonardo 
da  Vinci  and  Holbein,  and  is,  undoubtedly,  by 
neither,  but  the  work  of  a  master  of  the  old 
Flemish  school,  begins  as  follows:    "  Elle   est 
assise   et    vue   h.  mi-corps   de    trois    quarts    k 
gauche,    presque  de    face  ;    elle   a    les    mains 
crois^es  modestement  sur  le  giron."     Her   hair, 
headdress,  robes,  ornaments,  and  jewellery  are 
successively  mentioned.     Lastly,  the  colour  of 
the  background  is  described  as  "  vert-bleuatre 
uni."     This  was  King  Charles's  picture,  beyond 
which  its  history  does  not  go,  although,  probably, 
the  records  of  that  monarch's  wonderful  English 
collection  might  have  told  more  of  its  history. 
This  systematic  treatment  of  the  subjects  is  most 
convenient.  The  history  of  the  gallery,  as  such,  is 
highly  interesting  ;    it  includes  the  contents  of 
the  House  in  the  Wood,  the  Old  Court,  of  the 
palaces    at   Ryswick  and   elsewhere,  in    all  of 
which  Maurice  of  Orange  and  Frederick  Henry, 
Stadholders,   collected  pictures.      The  illustra- 
tions, which  are  autotypes,  are  excellent.     On 
the  whole,  therefore,  we  recommend  this  book  to 
students,   travellers,  and  connoisseurs  at  large 
as  a  most  desirable  addition  to  that  host  of  cata- 
logues every  art-lover  ought  to  possess. 


MINOR   EXniBITIOXS. 


The  advantages,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
limitations,  of  painting  in  pastels  are  ably 
illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Abbey's  sketches 
(nearly  fifty  in  number)  that  are  now  on  view 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Fine-Art  Society.  They 
illustrate  in  felicitous  fashion  his  skill  in 
drawing,  his  fine  sense  of  tone  and  colour, 
and  his  very  rare  appreciation  of  the  chiar- 
oscuro of  light,  which  is  tlie  converse  of 
Rembrandt's  and  Correggio's  chiaroscuro  of 
shadow.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the  brilliance 
of  Mr.  Abbey's  colour  schemes,  their  variety, 
and,  what  is  most  unusual  in  pastel  painting, 
the  limpidity  and  pearliness  of  his  half-tones 
and  shadows  are  especially  worthy  of  praise. 
In  design  he  inclines — not  ungracefully,  how- 
ever— to  the  theatrical,  so  that  most  of  these 
pastels  are  slightly  more  vivacious  and  demon- 


strative than  they  need  be.  It  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  they  are  rightly  called  "studies," 
and  as  such  may  be  looked  upon  as  subject 
to  that  revision  which  elaborated  and  finished 
works  are  sure  to  profit  by.  It  is  needful  to 
say  this  lest  English  readers,  as  they  are  un- 
accustomed to  paintings  in  this  method,  should 
fancy  high  finish  is  not  obtainable  by  its  means. 
The  contrary  is  the  fact.  The  best  drawings 
in  this  collection,  where  nearly  all  are  charm- 
ing, are  Beatrice  (No.  2) ;  the  brilliant  and 
energetic  Impromptu  Dance  (7)  ;  the  glowing 
and  fervid  harmony  of  colour  here  called 
Summer  Afternoon  (8)  ;  the  vivacious  and  grace- 
ful Dancing  Girl  (13)  ;  the  apt  and  sympathetic 
Miss  Richland  from  '  The  Good-natured  Man ' 
(16) ;  Lticy's  charming  face  and  figure  (25) ; 
The  Bed  Hat  (29),  a  capital  piece  of  sumptuous 
colour  and  fine  keeping  ;  the  dainty  and  choice 
Gold  Necklace  (30)  ;  and  the  beautiful  and  ap- 
propriate costume  studies  in  A  French  Queen 
(34)  and  A  Boman  Queen  (35). 

Mr.  McLean  is  more  than  usually  fortunate 
in  his  winter  exhibition  of  oil  paintings,  which 
comprises  Mr.  Poynter's  scholarly  Barine  (No. 
16),  the  life  -  size  figure  crowned  with  roses 
which  was  lately  at  the  Academy  ;  M.  G.  Saint- 
pierre's  lifelike  and  yet  classic  whole-length 
figure  of  a  nymph  with  a  dog,  here  called  Diana 
(36),  not  long  since  at  the  Salon  ;  a  charmingly 
homely  Pastoral  (65)  by  Corot ;  M.  J.  Israels's 
Fisherman's  Daughter  (5)  ;  a  small  Troyon  of 
Cattle  in  a  Landscape  (10)  ;  Going  to  Market 
(12),  by  E.  van  Marcke  ;  and  Mr.  P.  Graham's 
characteristic,  if  somewhat  hackneyed  Moor- 
land and  Mist  (17),  and  his  more  spontaneous 
and  solid  Wind  and  Bain  (26),  a  picture  of 
1873.  Besides  these  the  visitor  will  find  ex- 
amples of  the  tact  and  skill  of  Mr.  J.  B. 
Burgess,  Sir  J.  Gilbert,  M.  E.  de  Blaas, 
T.  Faed,  A.  Schreyer,  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones, 
W.  Muller,  J.  Holland,  G.  Chambers,  and 
C.  Daubigny. 

The  visitor  will  find  just  now  in  the  gallery 
of  the  Society  of  British  Artists  a  certain 
number  of  examples  which  deserve  atten- 
tion. Of  these  the  most  important  are  the 
land  and  sea  scapes,  forty-one  in  all,  which 
Sir  F.  Leighton  has  magnanimously  lent. 
With  the  finest  taste,  working  in  a  truly  classic 
mood,  the  P.R.A.  has  reproduced  the  light  and 
local  colours  of  each  subject  which  attracted 
him.  His  devotion  to  beauty  for  its  own  sake 
appears  everywhere  in  these  delightful  studies. 
They  are  at  least  as  spontaneous  as  his 
more  ambitious  and  larger  pictures,  and 
evince  the  same  rare  accomplishments.  Wo 
may  further  commend  to  the  visitor  the  Defied 
(No.  2)  and  In  Bothenburg  (4)  of  Mr.  J.  Morley ; 
the  rather  mannered  Winter  Harmonies  (10) 
of  Mr.  V.  Davis  ;  Mr.  G.  S.  Hunter's  Dutch 
Interior  (73)  ;  Mr.  H.  King's  Polishing  the 
Horisehold  Treasures  (83)  ;  Mr.  C.  E.  Marshall's 
Portrait  of  Sir  W.  Des  Vo'.ux  (114)  ;  Mr.  J.  S. 
Wells's  Sunset  on  the  Cornish  Coast  (130)  ;  Mr. 
C.  H.  Eastlake's  Mornmgf  Sunshine  (137) ;  Mr. 
A.   H.   Buckland's  Portrait  of  Madame   Veuve 

I.  M. (148)  ;  the  Sea  Urchin  (164)  of  Mr. 

A.  Mead  ;  The  Appraitice  (173)  of  Mr.  A.  E. 
Proctor ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Jackson's  Blacksmith's 
Shop  (205) ;  Mr.  R.  Smith's  Fistral  Bay  (214)  ; 
and  Mr.  A.  Kinsley's  Specton  Cliffs  (232). 
We  do  not  regard  any  of  these  pictures  with 
unmixed  admiration,  but  it  is  our  duty  to  say 
that  of  the  three  hundred  and  fifty  odd  instances 
before  us  they  seem  to  be  the  best. 

There  is  much  to  be  said  in  favour  of  Mr. 
Du  Maurier's  sketches  in  illustration  of  his  own 
'Trilby';  still  the  drawings  now  at  the  Fine- 
Art  Society's  rooms  do  not  wholly  come  up  to 
our  hopes  of  them,  nor  quite  justify  all  that  we 
have  heard  said  in  their  favour.  It  is  right  to 
say  that  these  are  the  original  drawings  in 
pencil  (chierty  from  well-selected  male  and 
female  sitters)  of  single  figures  in  the  com- 
positions which  were  afterwards  engraved 
and  published.     The  sketches  are  about  three 


652 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


hundred  in  number,  and  by  the  side  of  most 
of  them  have  been  placed  reduced  versions  of 
the  compositions  to  which  the  figures  belong. 
We  confess  that  we  miss  much  the  novel  pre- 
pared us  to  expect  ;  for  example,  we  can  hardly 
sympathize  with  Mr.  Du  Maurier's  representa- 
tion of  Svengali,  which  lacks  the  melodramatic 
force  and  tragic  grotesqueness  of  the  tale  ;  while 
as  to  the  "Musketeers  of  the  Brush,"  as 
Trilby's  three  champions  were  called,  neither 
together  nor  separately  do  they  satisfy  the 
critic.  In  these  respects  the  exhibition  con- 
firms the  old  criticism  which  condemns  an 
artist,  even  so  accomplished  an  illustrator  as 
Mr.  Du  Maurier,  who  makes  designs  for  his 
own  writings.  Trilby  alone,  and  that  only  in 
the  illustrations  of  the  later  scenes  of  the  novel, 
is  completely  satisfactory.  Trilby's  Repentance 
(No.  40)seems,  in  fact,  tobethe  finestof  theseries, 
and  certainly  it  is  most  Du  Maurier-like  of  all  the 
designs.  Next  to  this  Cafera  unefame^ise  Crapule 
de  Moins  !  (27) ;  My  Sister  dear  !  (52)  ;  Darlings, 
Old  or  Yonng  (66) ;  Bonjoiir,  Suzon !  (71) ; 
May  Heaven  go  with  her !  (74) ;  and  Et 
maintenant  dors,  ma  Mignonne !  (106)  may 
be  reckoned  not  only  the  truest  and  most 
sympathetic  conceptions,  but  the  best  speci- 
mens of  draughtsmanship.  Technically  speak- 
ing, it  would  be  hard  to  admire  too  much 
the  extraordinary  felicity,  precision,  and  nervous 
facility  of  the  artist's  touch,  his  rare  command 
of  the  pencil,  or  the  wonderful  care  which  this 
multitude  of  studies  shows  he  bestowed  upon 
his  task. 


Mr.  Hook  is  painting  a  life-size,  three- 
quarters  -  length  portrait  of  his  younger  son, 
which,  with  other  works,  some  of  them  lately 
executed  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  will  probably 
appear  at  Burlington  House  next  May.  A  few 
years  since  this  Academician  painted,  as  many 
of  our  readers  may  remember,  a  similar  portrait 
of  Mr.  Allan  Hook,  his  elder  son. 

The  first  of  Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  & 
Woods's  sales  of  the  season  occurs  to-day 
(Saturday),  when  140  pictures,  variously 
ascribed  to  W.  Daniell,  Jordaens,  Snyders, 
" —  Cox,"  J.  Wallis,  Landseer,  Lawrence, 
Monamy,  Mierevelt,  Breughel,  Raeburn,  Mr. 
A.  Hughes,  Watteau,  Bronzino,  Morland,  Cres- 
wick,  and  others,  will  be  put  up  for  auction. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Mr. 
E.  P.  Loftus  Brock,  F.S.A.,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
three,  which  took  place  last  Saturday,  the  result 
of  a  serious  malady  which  attacked  him  in  the 
summer.  Mr.  Brock's  professional  career  as 
an  architect  has  been  marked  by  a  strong 
leaning  to  the  conservation  of  what  is  old,  its 
proper  repair  and  preservative  treatment,  as 
opposed  to  the  ruthless  so-called  restoration  so 
frequently  employed,  to  the  detriment  of  our 
ancient  buildings.  As  one  of  the  honorary 
secretaries  of  the  British  Archaeological  Asso- 
ciation for  a  long  period,  he  actively  pursued 
his  favourite  vocation  of  an  expounder  and 
teacher  of  domestic  and  ecclesiological  antiqui- 
ties ;  and  his  excellent  knowledge  of  Roman  and 
medifeval  buildings  and  numismatics,  old  books, 
and  prints,  has  contributed  liberally  to  the 
Jonrnal  of  the  Association,  of  which  lately  he 
had  been  honorary  treasurer. 

There  is  now  forming  at  Vienna  an  exhi- 
bition, which  it  is  intended  to  make  as  nearly 
complete  as  possible,  of  the  works  of  M.  van 
Haanen.  It  is  proposed  to  open  the  gathering 
in  about  a  month,  and,  meanwhile,  owners  of 
the  artist's  pictures  are  requested  to  communi- 
cate with  Mr.  McLean,  of  the  Haymarket,  who 
for  this  country  is  the  agent  of  tlie  promoters 
of  the  exhibition. 

The  Duchess  of  Wellington,  who  is  com- 
piling an  exhaustive  catalogue  of  the  Apsley 
House  pictures,  requests  us  to  state  that  she 
would  be  grateful  if  any  one  having  letters  or 


other  documents  relating  to  the  collection  would 
allow  her  to  see  them,  as  there  is  a  difficulty  in 
tracing  the  history  of  some  of  the  pictures. 

The  Dundee  Fine- Art  Exhibition,  with  which 
this  year  the  exhibition  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Water-Colour  Society  is  associated,  will  be 
opened  next  week  by  Mr.  Bayard,  the  United 
States  Ambassador.  The  day  and  hour  will  be 
advertised.  To-day  (Saturday)  is  the  press 
view. 

The  Kentish  Gazette  says  that  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  have  decided  to  convert  the  baptistry 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral  into  a  lay  clerks' 
vestry.  The  font  will  be  removed  and  placed 
in  the  nave.  We  hope  the  new  dean  is  not  going 
to  inaugurate  his  reign  with  such  an  act  of 
vandalism. 

At  Messrs.  Colnaghi  &  Co.'s  gallery,  Pall 
Mall  East,  may  be  seen  an  interesting  portrait 
of  Rembrandt,  supposed  to  be  the  earliest  of 
those  painted  by  himself. 

That  busy  firm  the  Fine- Art  Society  has 
appointed  to-day  (Saturday)  for  a  private  view 
of  drawings  by  Mr.  H.  Marshall  of  "London, 
its  Streets  and  River,"  to  see  which  the  public 
will  be  admitted  on  Monday  next. 

At  the  Munich  Exhibition  Mr.  Stanhope 
Forbes  has  received  one  of  three  First  Class 
Medals  for  his  'Transport  des  Pierres,' which, 
as  'The  Quarry  Team,'  was  No.  461  in  the 
Academy,  1894  ;  Mr.  W.  Crane  a  Second  Class 
Medal  for  his  'Flying  Hours  ';  Sir  F.  Leigh  ton 
a  similar  distinction  to  the  latter  for  his 
'  Rizpah ';  and  Mr.  S.  J.  Solomon  a  third  such 
medal  for  a  'Portrait.' 

According  to  the  French  Journal  des  Arts, 
there  has  been  erected  in  the  salon  of  the 
President  of  the  Municipal  Council  of  Paris, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  rooms  of 
that  magnificent  building  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
a  chimney-piece  of  white  marble,  the  work  of 
a  syndicate  of  ouvriers-sculpteurs,  the  cost  of 
which  is  upwards  of  55,000  francs. 

The  Musee  de  Sculpture  Comparee  on  the 
Trocade'ro  has  just  obtained  an  important 
addition  in  the  shape  of  a  cast  of  the  group 
representing  the  'Descent  from  the  Cross,' 
the  masterpiece  of  Ligier  Richier,  which  is  in 
the  Abbey  Church  of  St.  Mihiel.  The  library 
of  the  museum  has  lately  received  a  series, 
10,000  in  number,  of  photographs  from  foreign 
monuments  of  art,  obtained  in  exchange,  and 
supplementing  the  collection  of  such  records 
which  was  begun  by  Viollet-le-Duc. 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

CovENT  Garden.—'  Lohengrin,'  '  Pagliacci.' 
Crystal  Palace  —Saturday  Concerts. 
St.  James's  Hall. — Richter  Concerts  ;  Monday  Popular 
Concerts. 
Hampstead  CONSERVATdlKE. — Mendelssohn's  '  Antigone. 

At  Covent  Garden  the  season  of  opera  in 
EngliBh  will  conclude  this  (Saturday)  even- 
ing, and  there  is  little  further  to  record.  The 
performance  of  'Lohengrin'  on  Thursday 
last  week  served  to  reveal  the  fact  that  Miss 
Susan  Strong  has  still  something  to  learn  in 
vocalization  and  in  stage  deportment,  but 
her  embodiment  of  Elsa  was  decidedly  sweet 
and  sympathetic,  and  she  was  especially 
effective  in  the  bridal  chamber  duet.  On 
Saturday  afternoon,  however,  the  young 
lady  was,  owing  to  indisposition,  compelled 
to  disappoint  the  large  audience  that  had 
assembled  to  witness  '  Die  Walkiire,'  and 
'  The  Plying  Dutchman '  was  substituted 
for  it,  with  Mr.  David  Bispham  as  a  re- 
markably fine  exponent  of  the  part  of 
Yanderdecken. 

'  Pagliacci '  was  heard  for   the  first  and 
only  time  this  season  on  Wednesday,  and 


the  performance  was  one  of  the  most  satis- 
factory that  have  been  offered  under  Mr. 
Hedmondt's  direction.  Mr.  David  Bispham 
sang  the  Prologue  superbly,  and  so  did 
Mr.  Brozel  the  part  of  Canio.  Nedda 
had  a  pleasing  representative  in  Miss 
Margaret  Ormerod;  and  there  was  a  little 
more  animation  in  the  chorus  than  here- 
tofore. 

At  the  Crystal  Palace  last  Saturday  after- 
noon Mendelssohn's  '  Italian '  Symphony, 
Wagner's  Yorspiel  to  *  Die  Meistersinger,' 
and  Beethoven's  '  Leonora '  Overture,  No.  2, 
were  among  the  orchestral  items  in  the  pro- 
gramme, and  were  superbly  interpreted. 
The  first  performance  was  given  of  an 
andante  religioso,  entitled  '  St.  Cecilia,'  for 
organ,  harp,  violin,  and  orchestra,  by  Mr. 
Claudius  H.  Couldery.  It  is  an  expressive 
piece,  devotional  in  character,  and  it  was 
warmly  received.  Beethoven's  Pianoforte 
Concerto  in  c  minor,  No.  3,  was  played  with 
exquisite  refinement  by  Mile.  Clotilde 
Kleeberg.  She  introduced  a  cadenza  by 
Moscheles,  whose  music  is  now  so  seldom 
heard.  The  Misses  Florence  and  Bertha 
Salter  were  most  pleasing  in  vocal  pieces  by 
Lalo,  Delibes,  and  Gade. 

The  afternoon  Eichter  Concert  on  Mon- 
day was  composed  of  music  by  Beethoven, 
Berlioz,  and  Wagner.  The  Bonn  master 
was  represented  by  his  genial  Symphony 
in  F,  No.  8,  and  Berlioz  by  his  eccentric 
'  King  Lear '  Overture,  the  tedium  of  which 
is  relieved  by  the  tender  second  subject. 
The  first  Wagner  item  was  the  Paris  version 
of  the  overture  and  Venusberg  music  from 
'  Tannhauser,'  which,  however  beautifully 
played,  as  it  was  on  this  occasion,  is  never 
effective  in  the  concert-room.  Madame 
Medora  Henson  sang  with  perfect  refine- 
ment, if  scarcely  with  suflB.cient  dramatic 
force,  the  part  of  Sieglinde  in  the  "Liebes- 
duett"  from  'Die Walkiire,'  andMr.  Edward 
Lloyd  was,  as  usual,  matchless  as  Siegmund. 
'  Der  Eitt  der  Walkiiren '  completed  the 
scheme. 

The  thirty-eighth  season  of  the  Popular 
Concerts  commenced  in  a  fairly  successful 
manner  on  Monday  evening.  True,  the 
rendering  of  Schumann's  Quartet  in  A, 
Op.  41,  No.  3,  by  Mile.  Wietrowetz  and 
Messrs.  Eies,  Gibson,  and  Whitehouse,  was 
not  marked  by  perfect  ensemble ;  but  Mr. 
Leonard  Berwick  was  little,  if  at  all,  short 
of  perfect,  alike  in  intellectual  strength  and 
expressiveness,  in  Chopin's  Sonata  in  b  flat 
minor,  with  the  Marche  Punebre.  This  was 
introduced  as  a  slight  tribute  to  the  memory 
of  the  late  Sir  Charles  HaUe.  Four  recalls 
followed,  but  the  gifted  English  pianist 
wisely  declined  to  add  another  piece.  Mile. 
Wietrowetz  played  the  adagio  from  Spohr's 
Violin  Concerto  in  g  minor,  No.  6 ;  and 
Mozart's  Sonata  in  a,  No.  17,  for  piano  and 
violin,  completed  the  instrumental  portion 
of  the  programme.  Herr  von  Dulong  wa-s 
highly  acceptable  in  Zicder  by  Brahms, 
Schubert,  and  Schumann. 

The  revival  of  'Antigone'  with  Men- 
delssohn's music  at  the  Hampstead  Con- 
servatoire on  Monday  evening  was  a 
conspicuous  (indeed,  a  remarkable)  success. 
Everything  that  was  possible  had  been  done 
to  counterfeit  the  appearance  of  the  Greek 
stage ;  there  was  a  fine  orchestra  and  chorus, 
conducted  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Geaussent;  and  the 
principal  artists — all  members  of  the  Irving 


N"  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


653 


Dramatic  Club — had  been  thoroughly  "well 
drilled.  Special  praise  may  be  given  to 
Miss  Olive  Kennett  for  her  graceful  and 
essentially  feminine  impersonation  of  the 
heroine,  to  Mr.  Ernest  Meads  for  his  ad- 
mirable declamation  as  Creon,  and  to  Mr. 
Arthur  Fayne  as  Teiresias.  Miss  Lilian 
Braithwaite  as  Ismene,  Mrs.  Leonard  Lea 
as  Eurydice,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Arundel  Bell 
as  Hsemon  were  also  highly  commendable ; 
and  in  fact  the  entire  performance  "was  so 
earnest  and  intelligent  that  Mr.  Charles  Fry, 
who  arranged  it,  may  be  strongly  urged  to 
continue  his  good  work,  and  revive  other 
Greek  plays  for  which  Mendelssohn,  Prof. 
Stanford,  Dr.  Hubert  Parry,  and  Mr.  Gadsby 
have  written  effective  music. 


JSB,n%ml  Basils* 

We  drew  attention  recently  to  the  adoption 
of  the  diapason  normal  at  the  Queen's  Hall, 
and  expressed  the  hope  that  it  would  become 
general  in  due  course.  This  will  naturally  take 
some  time,  but  the  management  of  the  spacious 
building  in  Langham  Place  is  so  satisfied  with 
the  result  of  its  praiseworthy  experiment  that 
the  fine  organ  is  to  be  remodelled  to  the  scale 
of  A  435.  As  every  one  acquainted  with  the 
technicalities  of  organ  construction  is  aware, 
the  matter  must  involve  no  little  expense,  and 
players  of  orchestral  wind  instruments  may  be 
put  to  considerable  outlay.  But  whatever  it 
may  cost,  the  reform  should  be  carried  out  in 
every  direction,  and  when  it  is  once  accomplished 
there  need  be  no  further  trouble. 

It  is  now  stated,  on  what  seems  good  autho- 
rity, that  the  site  most  stupidly  devastated  by 
the  destruction  of  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  in  the 
Haymarket  is  again  to  be  utilized  as  an  opera- 
house  on  a  palatial  scale,  and  that  building 
operations  are  to  commence  at  once,  under  the 
control  of  a  powerful  syndicate.  For  the  pre- 
sent, however,  it  would  be  well  to  speak  with 
caution  respecting  a  very  ambitious  scheme. 

A  BRILLIANT  Commencement  was  made  to 
the  season  of  the  Royal  Choral  Society  at  the 
Albert  Hall  on  Thursday  evening  last  week 
with  '  Elijah,'  Mr.  Santley  resuming  once  more 
his  historic  personation  of  the  Prophet,  and 
singing  the  music  with  much  of  his  former 
power  and  energy.  Miss  Macintyre,  Miss 
Clara  Butt,  and  Mr.  Lloyd  Chandos  ren- 
dered admirable  service  in  the  other  leading 
parts,  and  commendation  may  be  rightly 
bestowed  on  Miss  Maggie  Purvis,  Madame 
Emily  Himing,  Mr.  James  A.  Bovett,  and 
Mr.  R.  E.  Miles.  Sir  Joseph  Barnby's  superb 
choir  has  never  rendered  the  Baal  choruses  or 
"Thanks  be  to  God  "  with  finer  eflfect. 

There  was  a  very  large  audience  on  Saturday 
afternoon  last  at  St.  James's  Hall  for  the  second 
of  Senor  Sarasate's  concerts,  and  perfect  per- 
formances were  given  with  Madame  Berthe 
Goldschmidt  of  Bach's  Sonata  in  a,  No.  2 
Goldmark's  Second  Suite,  Op.  43,  and  Saintl 
Saens's  Concertstiick  in  a,  Op.  20. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Thorne  and  Miss  Beatrice  Thome 
gave  the  first  of  two  interesting  pianoforte 
recitals  in  the  small  Queen's  Hall  last  Saturday 
afternoon,  their  programme  including  items  by 
Handel,  Bach,  Arne,  Clementi,  Liszt,  and  Raff 
not  frequently  heard,  together  with  a  Serenade 
for  four  hands  by  Mr.  Algernon  Ashton, 
cleverly  written,  and  intelligently  interpreted 
by  Mr.  Thorne  and  the  composer. 

The  fifth  series  of  string  quartet  concerts 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Richard  Gompertz 
opened  on  Wednesday  evening  in  the  small 
Queen's  Hall.  A  noteworthy  feature  was  RaflTs 
Quartet  in  d  minor.  No.  1,  Op.  77,  which  we 
do  not  remember  to  have  heard  before  in 
London.  It  is  the  first  of  eight,  and  is  in  the 
over-industrious  composer's  brightest  and  most 


genial  style.  The  performance,  in  which  the 
concert-giver  was  assisted  by  Messrs.  Haydn 
Inwards,  Emil  Kreuz,  and  Charles  Ould,  was 
extremely  commendable,  as  was  that  of  Beet- 
hoven's Quartet  in  e  flat,  Op.  127.  Songs  de- 
lightfully rendered  by  Mrs.  Henschel  completed 
the  scheme. 

The  first  of  the  Manchester  orchestral  and 
choral  concerts,  conducted  for  thirty-seven  years 
by  Sir  Charles  Halle,  took  place  on  Thursday 
last  week,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  the  programme  appropriately  com- 
mencing with  his  'In  Memoriam '  Overture.  It 
included  Beethoven's  c  minor  Symphony ;  Men- 
delssohn's and  Bach's  a  minor  violin  concertos, 
both  played  by  Herr  Adolph  Brodsky  ;  and  the 
overtures  to  '  Oberon  '  and  '  The  Flying  Dutch- 
man.' The  question  as  to  who  shall  be  appointed 
permanent  conductor  of  these  valuable  concerts 
has  yet  to  be  decided,  and  the  matter,  of  course, 
must  give  rise  to  considerable  anxiety. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League  Orchestral  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Roval  Academv  ol    Music   Students'  Concert,  3,  St.  James's 

Hall. 
Mr.  Ernest  Carour's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Signer    Bonetti's    Farewell    Concert,   8,    Koyal    Institute    of 

Painters  in  Water  Colours. 
Popular  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Miss  Dora    Brlght's   National  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Queen's 

Hall. 
Miss  Maude  Rhill's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Musical  Guild  Concert,  8,  Kensington  Town  Hall. 
Mr.  Lonis  Cottell's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  Felix  Mottl's  'NVs^ner  Concert.  8  15.  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  Rosenthal's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Royal  College  of  Music  Concert,  7  45. 

Herr  Po^nanski's  Violin  Recital,  8,  London  College  of  Music. 
Queen's  Hall  Choir,  '  Walpurgis  Night,' '  Athalie,'(!i:c.,  8. 
Mr  Gompertz's  Quartet  Concert,  8  15,  Queen's  Hall. 
i.  London  Symphony  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Mr.  Utto  Dene  and  Miss  Emily  Vpton's  Recital,  8:  Queen's  Hall. 
Messrs.  G  and  H  Saint  George's  Recital,  8,  Steinway  Hall. 
Herr  Reisenauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Hampstead  Popular  Concert.  8,  Hampstead  Vestry  Hall. 
Signor  Giambattista's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
Mozart  Society's  Concert,  3,  Morley  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr,  E.  H.  Thome's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mrs    Royal-Dawson    and    Master    Royal -Dawson's    Recital, 

3,  St.  James's  ^Banqueting)  Hall, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henschel's  Vocal   Recital,  4,   Hampstead   Con- 
servatoire. 
Polytechnic  Popular  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Annie  Muirhead's  Concert  for  Children,  Hampstead  Vestry 
Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

AVEKTJE.  — '  Mrs.  Ponderbury's  Past,'  adapted  by  F.  C. 
Burnand  from  '  Madame  Mongodin '  by  Ernest  Blum  and 
Kaoul  Toche. 

Strand.—'  The  Lord  Mayor,'  a  "  What  You  Will  "  in  Three 
Acts.    By  H.  and  E.  A.  Paulton  and  W.  B.  Bradley. 

Criterion.  —  '  The  Squire  of  Dames,'  adapted  from 
'  L'Ami  des  Femmes  '  of  Alexandre  Dumas  /ils.  By  H.  C. 
Carton. 

Of  two  farces,  respectively  of  home  and 
foreign  growth,  which  have  been  produced 
in  London  theatres,  the  latter,  though  there 
is  little  to  choose,  is  on  the  whole  the 
preferable.  Mi*.  Burnand's  adaptation  of 
'  Madame  Mongodin '  follows  closely  an 
original  which  the  Parisian  public  found 
amusing.  There  has,  indeed,  been  singu- 
larly little  need  for  alteration.  A  lady,  who 
in  the  original  owes  her  fortune  to  alluvion 
from  several  streams,  in  the  adaptation 
derives  it  in  a  more  becoming  fashion  from 
one  source,  namely,  a  deceased  husband. 
This  is  practically  the  only  change,  except 
the  transference  of  the  scene  to  England. 
Idea  and  incidents  are  the  same  in  both 
pieces.  A  conspicuous  ornament  in  a 
country  house  is  a  knife  with  which  the 
heroine  is  supposed  to  have  defended  her 
honour  from  an  enterprising  stranger. 
On  the  strength  of  her  heroic  deed 
Mrs.  Ponderbury  has  posed  as  the  chief 
moral  influence  in  the  country  town 
she  inhabits,  and  has  ground  into  abject 
submission  her  husband  and  her  house- 
hold. The  end  of  this  despotism  is 
brought  about  when  a  stranger,  arriving 
from  oversea,  proves  to  be  the  hero  of  the 


adventure,  and,  tmconscious  where  and 
amongst  whom  he  is,  establishes  the  fact 
that  the  supposed  intrusion  was  practically 
an  assignation,  and  that  the  alleged  defence 
was  a  ruse  employed  when  discovery  seemed 
ine-vi table.  This  revelation  brings  with  it 
a  new  taming  of  the  shrew,  since  the  all  but 
guilty  woman  has  to  submit  to  the  spouse 
she  has  hitherto  hectored.  Here  is  a 
commonplace  variant  of  a  familiar  theme. 
Not  one  whit  more  original  is  the  central 
situation,  which  reveals  the  detection  by  a 
wife  of  a  husband  closeted  under  compro- 
mising conditions  with  a  lady  of  easy  virtue, 
or,  in  other  words,  of  no  virtue  at  all. 
Tame  enough,  under  any  conditions,  are 
such  themes,  and  Mr.  Burnand,  by 
changing  the  atmosphere,  has  rendered 
them  improbable,  and  all  but  unacceptable. 
For  the  sense  of  loss  thus  experienced,  Mr. 
Burnand's  dialogue  makes  some,  but  not 
much  amends.  Misses  Alma  Stanley  and 
Lottie  Venne  and  Mr.  C.  H.  Hawtrey  strive 
resolutely  to  compensate  for  the  short- 
comings of  the  action,  but  are  not  specially 
successful.  Mr.  Hawtrey  especially  was  out 
of  his  element  as  the  henpecked  husband. 
It  is  a  curious  fancy  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Burnand  to  end  seriously  and  tenderly  a 
piece  of  nonsense  such  as  he  has  provided. 

In  '  The  Lord  Mayor '  the  three  English 
dramatists  who  have  been  requisitioned  to 
forge  a  failure  have  got  hold  of  a  comic 
idea  they  have  not  known  how  to  work. 
Their  novelty  seems  intended  to  parody 
'  Faust '  first  and  '  Judah '  afterwards,  to 
have  an  oblique  reference  to  '  TrQby,'  and 
to  run  on  lines  not  unlike  those  of  '  Niobe.' 
Mr.  H.  Paulton  has  assumed  all  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  performance,  and  quaint 
and  humorous  as  he  is,  he  is  not  strong 
enough  for  the  task.  In  '  Niobe '  the  case 
was  different ;  Mr.  Paulton  had  then  the 
support  of  Miss  Beatrice  Lamb,  whose  per- 
formance of  the  heroine  was  what  really 
commended  the  piece  to  the  pubhc.  It  is 
a  painful  lesson  for  our  comedians  to  learn, 
but  the  days  are  over  in  which  they  could 
practically  alone  and  unassisted  carry  the 
fortunes  of  a  piece.  The  experiment  has 
often  of  late  been  tried  at  the  Strand  with 
one  unvarying  result — failure.  Was  it 
with  a  hope  that  it  would  reach  remu- 
neratively a  twelfth  night  that  the  authors 
called  the  piece  a  "  what  you  will"? 

By  excising  almost  everything  on  which 
the  author  prided  himself,  Mr.  Carton  has 
converted  '  L'Ami  des  Femmes '  of  M. 
Dumas  into  a  wholly  presentable  and  very 
agreeable  play.  In  so  doing  he  has  shown 
how  slight  is  the  framework  on  which  M. 
Dumas  hung  out  his  brilliant,  if  sometimes 
interminable  discussions,  and  how  much  of 
the  method  of  Scribe  and  Bayard  and 
the  ccole  bourgeoise  survives  in  the  ecole 
psychologique.  We  are  not  at  present 
concerned  with  the  French  play,  else  we 
might  dwell  upon  the  exaggeration  dis- 
played in  a  character  such  as  that  ol  the  hero, 
in  which  the  virtues  of  Maxime  in '  Le  Eoman 
d'un  Jeune  Homme  Pau-vre '  are  united 
with  powers  of  logic  and  observation  which 
led  directly  up  to  Sherlock  Holmes.  The 
English  version  is  shapely  and  genuinely 
stirring,  the  changes  that  have  been  made, 
considering  that  the  piece  is  cleansed  from 
all  that  is  morbid  or  uncomfortable,  being 
singularly  slight,  the  whole  bearing  now  some 


654 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


resemblance  to  '  Les  Pa  ties  de  Mouche,'  and 
beingquiteas  brightand  as  innocent  asanyof 
tbe  English  adaptations  of  that  well-known 
work.  What  in  '  L' Ami  des  Femmes  '  pro- 
voked protest  and  outcry  is  not,  as  is  shown, 
essential  to  the  piece.  In  '  The  Squire  of 
Dames '  the  heroine  breaks  from  her  hus- 
band on  her  wedding  day,  because  she 
learns,  in  a  very  commonplace  and  rather 
melodramatic  fashion,  of  his  ante-nuptial 
relations  with  another  woman.  M.  Dumas 
prefers  to  rest  a  separation  upon  a  species 
of  feminine  revolt  which — if  not  regarded, 
as  it  would  have  been,  as  too  extravagant 
for  belief — might  have  been  debated  in  a 
Provencal  Court  of  Love  or  have  suggested 
material  for  an  erotic  sketch  by  some  con- 
teur  of  the  eighteenth  century.  His  theories 
disappear,  and  the  play  is  not  a  whit  the 
worse. 

We  have  said  that  the  English  adapta- 
tion is  bright  and  pleasing.  To  this  there 
is  no  more  to  be  added  than  that  it 
furnishes  opportunity  in  the  character 
of  the  hero  for  a  piece  of  acting 
by  Mr.  Charles  Wyndham  which  has  not 
been  surpassed  on  the  modern  stage.  It 
is  the  fashion  to  compare  Mr.  Wyndham 
with  Charles  Mathews.  He  is,  in  fact, 
nearer  to  Lafont,  who,  as  has  been  said, 
was  Mathews  plus  another  man.  The 
general  interpretation  was  good,  though 
Miss  Ferrar,  a  young  actress,  spoiled  by 
exaggeration  an  otherwise  pleasing  perform- 
ance, and  Mr.  Bernard  Gould  as  the  lover 
of  the  heroine  was  wanting  in  dignity. 
Among  the  minor  characters,  the  husband 
of  Mr.  Fenton  was  the  best.  Miss  Fay 
Davis,  an  American  actress,  lacks  experience, 
but  displays  promise. 


Mr.  WiLLARD  has  revived  at  the  Garrick 
Theatre  for  a  few  afternoon  performances  '  The 
Professor's  Love  Story  '  of  Mr.  Barrie,  in  which 
he  displays  again  his  remarkable  comic  gifts. 
The  portrait  of  the  beaming  old  scientist  re- 
mains admirable.  Mr.  Barrie's  play,  moreover, 
displays  genuine  gifts  of  characterization,  and 
overflows  with  humour.  We  wish  he  had 
made  his  heroine — now  played  by  Miss  Annie 
Hughes — a  little  less  ebullient.  Her  games 
at  "  peep-bo "  with  her  middle-aged  admirer 
are  a  trifle  too  skittish.  In  one  or  two  other 
respects  the  piece  stands  in  need  of  revision. 
Comparatively  little  alteration  would  convert  it 
into  an  almost  ideal  piece  of  its  class,  and  a 
sustainedly  competent  interpretation  might 
commend  it  afresh  to  the  public.  The  character 
of  Pete  is,  next  to  the  professor  himself,  the 
best  played. 

'  Cinderella  '  is,  it  is  said,  to  be  once  more 
the  subject  of  the  Drury  Lane  pantomime,  in 
the  concoction  of  which  Sir  A.  Harris  and  Mr. 
Raleigh  are  to  be  assisted  by  Mr.  Gordon 
Sturgess. 

A  COUPLE  of  afternoon  representations  of 
'The  Passport,'  in  which  Miss  Gertrude  Kings- 
ton and  Mr.  Charles  Giddens  will  take  part,  are 
announced  for  the  21st  and  26th  inst.  at  the 
Duke  of  York's  Theatre. 

In  order  to  make  room  for  Mr.  Carton's  adap- 
tation 'The  S(iuire  of  Dames,'  'All  Abroad' 
has  been  withdrawn  from  the  Criterion. 

By  an  oversight  the  character  of  Madame 
Vinard  in  '  Trilby  '  was  last  week  assigned  Miss 
Agnes  Russell.  It  was  really  played  brightly 
and  convincingly  by  Miss  Rosina  Filippi. 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 
NEW    BOOKS. 

MR.  GLADSTONE'S  TRIP  TO  THE  BALTIC. 

THE  LOG  OF  THE 
"TANTALLON    CASTLE." 

TO  THE  BALTIC  AND  BACK  WITH  MR.  GLADSTONE. 

By  HENRY  W.  LUCY. 

Illustrated  by  W.  L.  Wyllie,  A.R.A.,  Linley  Sambourne, 

E.  Reid,  and  others. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth  extra,  6s. 


GENERAL  SIR  EVELYN  WOOD'S  NEW  BOOK. 

CAVALRY  IN  THE 
WATERLOO   CAMPAIGN. 

Forming  the  Third  Volume  in  the   "  Pall  Mall  Magazine 
Library." 
With  Portraits,  Maps,  and  Plans. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  3s.   &d, 
"  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  spirited  and  vividly  written  little 
book  ia  a  reprint  of  a  series  of  remarkable  articles  in  the 
Pall  Mall  Magazine.    It  is  perhaps  a  fortunate  circumstance 
that  the  volume  is  published  at  a  time  when  the  appoint- 
ment   of    Lord   Wolseley  to   the  Command-in-Chiet    fore- 
shadows important  changes  in  military  administration  and 
organization.      Whatever  may  be  thought  of  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood's  opinions  in  this  couctry,  it  is  obvious  that  they  have 
the  unquestioning  support  of  military  commanders  on  the 
Continent."— £>at7y  A'euis,  Nov.  5,  1895. 


DR.   JOHNSON   AND    THE 
FAIR  SEX. 

A    STUDY    OF    CONTRASTS. 

By  W.  H.  CRAIG,  M.A.,  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 

With  Portraits  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  (after  Reynolds), 

Mrs.  Abington,  and  others. 

Small  post  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  7s.  M. 


DE    QUINCEY   AND    HIS 
FRIENDS: 

Personal   Recollections,  Souvenirs,  and  Anecdotes  of 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  his  Friends  and  Associates. 

"Written  and   Collected   by   JAMES    HOGG, 

Editor  of  De  Quincey's  '  Uncollected  Writings.' 

With  Photogravure  Portrait  and  Facsimiles  of  some  of  De 

Quincey's  Letters.    Crown  8vo.  half-roan,  gilt  top,  10s.  6rf. 

"A    book  for  which  all   lovers  of  De  Quincey  will  be 

grateful." —  Times. 

"  Mr.   Hogg  has  written  a  book  of   delightful    literary 
flavour  and  uncommon  interest." — Leeds  Mercury. 


TOWNSEND    HARRIS:    First 

American   Envoy  to  Japan.     By    WILLIAM    ELLIOT 
GRIFFIS,  D.D..  Author  of  'Japan:  its  History,  Folk- 
lore, and  Art.'    With  Portrait.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  8s.  6d. 
"An  important  contribution  to  Oriental  diplamatic  his- 
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N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  '95 


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John  Addikgton  Stmonds  on  Thomson  :—"  During  the  last  few  weeks 
I  have  been  studying  the  poetry  and  prose  of  James  Thomson,  a  very 

remarkable  writer But  there  is  no  English  poet  now  living,  except 

Tennyson,  Browning,  Swinburne,  and  Morris,  who  comes  near  him,  and 
he  has  qualities  which  raise  him  to  a  level  at  least  with  these,  though  he 
is  not  so  all-round  as  any  one  of  them  " 

'  Memoir  of  Symonds,"  vol.  ii.  pp.  229-230. 


Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  6s. 

BIOGRAPHICAL    and    CRITICAL 

STUDIES.    By  JAMES  THOMSON  ("  B.  V."). 

[Ready  shortly. 


Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  5s.  net. 

HUMAN  DOCUMENTS.     By  Arthur 


LYNCH. 


[Ready  shortly. 


BERTRAM  DOBELL, 

77,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C, 


Fourth  Edition,  pp.  300,  5s. 

PROTOPLASM  :  Physical  Life  and  Law.  By  Prof. 
LIONEL  BEALE,  F.R.S.  Facts  and  Arguments  against  Mechani- 
cal Views  of  Life  as  accepted  by  HiuUey,  Herbert  Spencer,  Strauss, 
Tyndali,  and  many  others. 

Harrison  cS  Sons,  59,  Pall  Mali. 

ALLEN'S      SOLID      LEATHER 
PORTMANTEAUS. 
ALLEN'S  VICTORIA  DRESSING  BAG. 
ALLEN'S  STRONG  DRESS  BASKETS. 
ALLEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 

37,  West  Strand,  London.    Discount  10  per  cent. 

■pPPS'S    COCOA,    WITH    BOILING    MILK, 

p  RATEFUL  and  COMFORTING. 

"PPPS'S  COCOA. 

"DREAKFAST— SUPPER. 

T^PPS'S    COCOA,  WITH   BOILING  WATER. 


& 


GEO. 


W  " 

C    O    F    F    E    E— 

SUGAR- 
TEA 

104,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 


LAW. 


►REMIER 


KEEPS  THE 
CO.MPLEXION  CLEAK. 


CAUSES  NO  BLOTCHES. 

yiNOLIA 

QOAP 
i.d.  a  Tablet. 


D 


INNBFORD'S       MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  lor 
ACIDITY  of  the  STO.VLiCH,  HEARTBURN, 

HKADACHB,  GOUT, 

Mid  INDIOE8T10N, 
And  Stleat  Aperient  tor  Delicftte  Constitutions, 

Children,  and  Inlanu. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


660 THE     ATHEN^UM N°  3550,  Nov.  9,  ^95 

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Editorial  CommanlcaMons  shoald  be  addressed  to  "The   Elitor "  — AdvertUciments  and   HuHinn?'*   Letters  to  "The   Pablisher"— at  the  Office,   Bream's-bolldinKs,  Cbancery-lane,  B.C. 

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Journal  of  (Sn^li^i)  mxti  jTottfen  iCiUrature,  ^timtt,  tf)t  jTme  ^irtsi,  M^^it  antr  fte  Mtditmu 


No.  3551. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    16,  1895. 


FBIOB 

THRBBPBNOB 

BBaiSTBBBD  AS  A  HBWSFAFHB 


R° 


YAL       HISTORICAL      SOCIETY. 

(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 

Fatron— HER  MAJESTY  THE  QXJEEN. 

President— The  Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  E.  GRANT-DUFF,  G.C.S  I. 

THURSDAY,  November  21,  at  5  p.m.,  the  following  Papers  will  be 

read:— 

'  The  First  Parliament  Roll,'  by  HUBERT  HALL.  F  S  A. 
'The  Celtic  Chroniclers  ol  Britain,' by  J.  FOSTER  PALMER,  F.C.P. 
M.E.C.S.F.R.HistS. 

HUBERT  HALL.  Director  and  Hon.  Sec. 
Musenm  of  Practical  Geology,  Jermyn-street,  S.W. 

THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.  (Session  1895-96.) 
—The  FIRST  EVENING  MEETING  will  be  held  at  22,  Albemarle- 
street.  Piccadilly,  on  TUESDAif.  November  19,  at  8  p.m  ,  when  Mr. 
F.  T.  ELWORTHY  will  exhibit  and  describe  some  Charms  against  '  the 
Evil  Eye  "  After  which  a  Paper,  entitled  'The  Story  of  Barlaam  and 
Josaphat  in  the  Ancient  Armenian  and  Georgian  Literatures,'  will  be 
read  by  Mr.  F.  CONYBEARE.  Mr.  J.  T.  WHEELER  will  also  exhibit 
.a  Cattle-Drovers  "Nest-Egg";  and  the  PRESIDENT  a  "Split  Ash" 
ifrom  Suffolk,  presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  Llngwood. 

F.  A.  JULNE,  Secretary. 
11,  Old-sqnare,  Lincoln's  Inn,  Nov.  13, 189.5. 


u 


NIVERSITY      of       LONDON. 


S 


COTTISH      TEXT       SOCIETY. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  That  the  NEXT  HALF-YEARLY 
EXAMINATION  for  MATRICULATION  in  this  University  will  COM- 
MENCE on  MONDAY,  January  13,  1896  In  addition  to  the  Examination 
at  the  University.  Provincial  Examinations  will  be  held  at  Mason  Col- 
lege. Birmingham  ;  the  Merchant  Venturers'  Technical  College.  Bristol; 
Dumfries  College  (for  University  College).  Cardiff;  the  Training  Col- 
lege, New  City-road,  Glasgow ;  the  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds ;  Ruther- 
ford College.  Newcastle-on-Tyne ;  the  High  School,  Oswestry ;  the 
Athenaeum,  Plymouth  ;  and  the  Grammar  School,  Portsmouth 

Every  Candidate  is  required  to  apply  to  the  Registrar  (University  of 
London.  Burlington-gardens,  London,  W.)  for  a  Form  of  Entry  not 
later  than  Monday,  December  16. 

ARTHUR  MILiL^N,  M.A.  LL.D.,  Registrar. 

November  7, 1895. 


C 


HARLES      POND      as      SHYLOCK. 


The  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  the  above  Society  will  be  held  on 
TUESDAY,  November  26.  at  3  p.m.,  in  DOWELL'8  ROOMS  (Room 
No.  13),  18,  George-street,  Edinburgh. 

MR.  B.  DAYDON  JACKSON  wishes  to  RE- 
COMMEND  his  ASSISTANT,  who  was  engaged  for  more  than 
twelve  years  on  the  '  Index  Kewensis.'  and  is  accurate  and  diligent, 
as  AMANUENSLS,  &c  Reference  permitted  to  Sir  Joseph  Hooker, 
K.C.8.I.— Address  H.  R.  Hutchinson.  3,  Park  Cottages,  Kew. 

SYMPATHETIC  voice  of  pure  accent  in  THREE 
L.ANGUAGES  for  READING  ALOUD,  TRANSLATIONS.  Short- 
hand and  Type-writing.  YOUNG  LABY  has  still  some  hours  at  her 
disposal.  First-class  references  given,  and  only  those  prepared  to  give 
the  same  need  apply  —'Write  Pkrseveke,  'Willing's,  16'2,  Piccadilly,  W. 

'1"'0  PROVINCIAL  NEWSPAPER  PROPRIETORS. 

A  — JOURNALIST  of  experience  (University  Graduate  and  Barrister, 
Leader-'Writer  on  London  Morning  Paper)  desires  EDITORSHIP  or 
MANAGING  EDirORSHIP  of  sound  PROVINCIAL  PAPER,  capable 
of  development.  Has  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  economical 
Newspaper  production,  paper,  machinery.  Linotypes,  &c. — Address  R., 
<!are  of  Smith,  Wig-Maker,  Temple,  E.C. 

LIBRARIAN   WANTED    for   STIRLING'S   and 
GLASGO'W  PUBLIC  LIBRARY.— Apply,  by  letter,  to  J.  Fokbes 
FEaoL'soN,  Hon.  Secretary,  138,  West  George-street,  Glasgow. 

CITY  of  LONDON  SCHOOL. —  WANTED,  a 
SECTRETARY,  accustomed  to  Secretarial  Duties.  Good  Accountant, 
and  if  with  a  knowledge  of  Shorthand  preferred  Salary  commencing 
2501.  a  year.  Age  23  to  35 —Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials, 
must  be  received  by  the  Chairman.  City  of  London  School.  Victoria 
Embankment.  London,  EC,  not  later  than  noon  on  Wednesday,  the 
20th  Inst.  Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  of  the  Sei  kltarv  at 
the  School. 


ON  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  HIBBERT  TRUST. 

THREE       PUBLIC       LECTURES 
will  be  delivered  by  F.  C   CONYBEARE.  Esq  ,  MA. 
(late  Fellow  of  University  College),  in 
MANCHESTER  COLLEGE.  OXFORD,  on  MONDAY  AFTERNOONS, 
November  18  and  25,  and  December  2,  at  half-past  4.; 
Subject :— '  The  Nature  and  Importance  of  Demonological  Beliefs  in 
Early  Christianity.' 

SOUND  INVESTMENT.  — FOR  SALE  at  par 
twenty  10(.  Eight  per  Cent.  PREFERENCE  SHARES  in  well- 
known  established  company.  Profits,  year  ending  July  31  last, 
21,0001- For  last  balance-sheet,  address  Miss  C,  9,  Champion  Grove, 
London,  EC, 


VACANT  PARTNERSHIP.— Required,  in  an 
established  select  PUBLISHING  HOUSE,  with  increasing  busi- 
ness, capable  of  very  great  development,  an  ACTIVE  PARTNER,  with 
from  2,000i  to  5,000/.  Any  one  willing  to  work  would  be  well  treated. 
An  excellent  opportunity  for  a  young  man  wishing  a  start— Address 
Books,  at  Shelley  s,  38,  Gracechurch-street,  EC. 

TrPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words     References  to  Authors —Miss  Gliddino,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist) —Authors'   M8S.   accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usnal  terms. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.  of  all  kinds  TYPE 
WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.    Id  per  folio 


quantities    by    arrangement. 
Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 


Translations.  —  Ed.    Gh 


Large 
Surrey 


•pH 


E     VICTORIA     UNIVERSITY. 


The  BEGISTR.VRSHIP  of  the  UNIVERSITY  will  SHORTLY 
BECOME  VACANT  by  the  resignation  of  A  T.  Bentley.  Esq  ,  M  A  — 
Applications,  accompanied  by  references,  and.  if  thought  proper,  by 
testimonials,  should  be  sent  on  or  before  December  1  to  the  Vice- 
Chancellor.  under  cover  to  the  RE(,i»rn  ir,  the  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester, who  will  furnish  all  necessary  information. 

Manchester,  November,  1895. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES. 
[A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  'VVales  ] 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Chair  of  LOGIC.  PHILOSOPHY, 
and  POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  now  vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council 
will  elect  on  December  18  Stipend  250/.,  with  share  of  fees  guaranteed 
up  to  50/.  Forty  copies  of  the  application  and  testimonials  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Monday,  November  25  The 
Professor  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of 
the  New  Year —For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  October  21. 1895. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Is.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement.  Examination  Questions  reproduced  equal  original 
Type-writing  Specimens,  terms,  post  free— Fiicir  Durlison,  22, 
Wellington-street,  W.C. 

q^YPE-WRITING      by      CLERGYMAN'S 

A  DAUGHTER  and  Assistants —Authors'  MSS.,  Is.  per  l,a»  words. 
Type-written  Circulars,  &c  ,  by  Copying  Process.  Authors'  references. 
—Miss  SiKEs,  13,  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith,  W. 


jyjORPETH      GRAMMAR     SCHOOL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 
The  Governors  of  the  above  School  invite  applications  for  the  Office 
of  HEAD  MASTER,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University  in  the 
United  Kingdom  The  fixed  yearly  stipend  is  150/.  with  a  further 
Capitation  payment  of  2/  5*  a  year  for  each  Eoy  attending  the  School 
and  a  house  and  garden  rent  free  'I  here  is  accommodation  in  the 
house  for  Twelve  Boarders.  Present  number  of  Hovs  in  the  School, 
Eighty  three  —Applications,  stating  age  and  past  experience  together 
with  copies  of  not  more  than  five  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  not  later 
than  Tuesday,  the  2t)th  inst  ,  to  me,  the  undersigned,  from  whom  any 
fortherlnformation  may  be  obtained.  No  canvassing  the  Governors  by 
letter  or  otherwise  permitted 

GEO   BURNELL,  CTerk  to  the  Governors. 
Clerk's  Office,  Morpeth,  November  5, 1895. 


COUNTY  OF  MERIONETH. 

DOLGELLEY    COUNTY    INTERMEDIATE 
SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School,  who  must  have 
taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom  Preference  (other  things  being 
equal  I  given  to  those  who  have  had  experience  in  Teaching 

Salary  150/  .  together  with  a  fixed  Capitation  Fee  of  U 

The  Head  Master  will  be  allowed  to  make  private  arrangements  for 
boarding  of  Pupils. 

Each  Candidate  must  send  ten  printed  copies  of  his  appliiation, 
together  with  ten  printed  copies  of  not  more  than  six  recent  testi- 
monials, to  the  undersigned  (who  will  give  any  further  information; 
on  or  before  the  23rd  day  of  November  I,s9) 

11   JONKS  GRIFFITH. 

_.     .  Clerk  to  the  County  Governing  Body. 

Finsbary-sqaare,  Dolgcllcy,  November  2, 1895. 


''PHE    LITERARY,    TECHNICAL,    and    TYPE- 

-M.  'WRITING  ASSOCIA'nON  undertake  Work  for  Authors  and  others 
Searches,  Translations,  Type-writing,  Shorthand, 
"■  "      lival-street.  Holboru,  E.C. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREA  U.— Confidential 
Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos),  9,  Strand, 
London, — English  and  Foreign  Secretariea.  Expert  Stenographers, 
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GAIETY  THEATRE,  October  17, 1895. 
The  MORNING  POST  says:  "Mr.  Pond's  Shylock  won  much 
applause  from  an  audience  in  which  there  were  many  actors  and 
actresses.  In  the  earlier  scenes  and  in  the  Judgment  Hall  it  was  correct 
and  in  good  taste.  The  scene  with  Tubal,  in  which  disappointment,  in- 
dignation, and  hate  rise  high,  did  not  move  us ;  Mr.  Pond  played  it  In  a 
key  which  was,  to  our  feelings  a  little  too  high,  but  we  are  bound  to 
say  that  the  bulk  of  the  audience  felt  otherwise,  and  were  pleased  with 
Mr.  Pond  in  this  scene.  We  advocate  a  sparing  use  of  strong  move- 
ments, in  order  that,  when  employed,  they  may  add  real  force  and 
emphasis.  Yesterday's  performance  shows,  indeed,  a  progress  in  the 
direction  here  indicated ;  and  the  general  excellence  of  the  acting,  the 
absence  of  the  old  rant  and  exaggeration,  only  throw  into  relief  such 
excesses  of  the  kind  as  remain.  The  scenery  was.  of  course,  not  spe- 
cially prepared,  but  let  managers  note  that  it  did  not  hurt  the  play  nor 
mar  any  one's  enjoyment.  The  better  part  of  the  public  would  rather  see 
true  acting  in  front  of  a  baize  curtain  than  feeble  play  in  front  of  scenes 
painted  by  Turner  himself  "—The  DAILY  NEWS  says:  'His  imper- 
sonation was  marked  by  traces  of  independent  study,  notably  in  the 
prominence  given  to  the  religious  sentiment  of  the  Jew." 

The  PALL  MALL  GAZETTE  says:  " This  was  a  special  matin(5e  of 
the  kind  understood  as  an  application  for  histrionic  passport  by  aspi- 
rants to  fame— and  business.  We  know  not  how  far  reluctant  oppor- 
tunity is  made  to  yield  as  a  result  of  such  experiments,  but  it  is  certain 
that  its  closed  portals  are  tried  as  often  as  not  with  skeleton  keys.  On 
rare  occasions  the  appeal  seems  legitimate,  and,  all  things  considered, 
one  is  pleased  to  acknowledge  that  such  is  the  case  in  the  present 
instance.  It  is  always  an  unalloyed  delight  to  listen  to  good  elocution 
and  to  see  an  earnest  and  sincere  bid  for  '  Excelsior.'"— The  WE.ST- 
MINSTER  GAZErTE  says:  "A  large  house  was  present  yesterday 
afternoon  at  the  Gaiety  Theatre  when  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice '  was 
presented  for  one  occasion  only.  Since  a  large  part  of  the  audience 
were  members  of  the  profession,  the  hearty  applause  that  was  given 
may  be  taken  as  weighty  evidence  of  the  merit  of  the  performance. 
Mr  Pond,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  is  a  stranger  to  London  playgoers, 
and  they  must  see  in  him  an  actor  of  much  promise  and  no  mean  per- 
formance. His  acting  in  many  respects  was  excellent  That  Mr.  Pond 
has  more  than  common  ability  is  clear  "—The  GLOBE  says:  "Mr. 
Charles  Pond,  the  Shylock,  displayed  considerable  intelligence."— The 
WHITEHALL  REVIEW  says:  "The  special  matin(^e  of  'The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice'  on  Thursday,  proved  a  very  great  success  Mr. 
Charles  Pond's  Shylock  was  an  excellent  rendering.  It  is  quite  evident 
that  the  public  will  welcome  more  of  these  special  matinees." 

The  ECHO  says  :  "  A  full,  intfrested,  and  largely  professional  house 
came  to  see  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice  '  yesterday  afternoon.  Shylock 
found  an  intelligent  exponent  in  Mr.  Charles  Pond.  He  was  at  his  best 
in  the  trial  scene."— The  ATHENjEUM  says:  "  Mr.  Charles  Pond,  who 
essaved  for  the  first  time  the  part  of  Shylock,  won  more  than  a  succts 
d  'csiime.  He  '  held  the  stage '  with  apparent  ease ;  his  elocution,  if  m 
one  or  two  cases  prematurely  passionate,  in  others  too  didactic,  was 
generally  all  that  could  be  wished  i  and  in  some  points— notably  in  the 
scene  with  Tubal  and  the  original  mode  of  exit  from  the  tribunal  after 
judgment— he  won  considerable  applause."- The  ERA  says  :  ••  Mr. 
Charles  Pond,  who  played  Shylock.  is  not  altogether  unknown  as  a 
Shakespearian  actor,  having  some  time  ago  at  the  Olympic  appeared  as 
lago  to  Mr.  Edmund  Tearle's  Othello.  The  actor  showed  considerable 
force  and  vigour,  qualities  which  induced  the  audience  to  recall  him. 
In  the  trial  scene  Mr.  Pond  was  impressive,  and  the  conflicting  feelings 
of  the  claimant  for  Justice  were  powerfully  expressed.  "—The  REFEREE 
says:  "  Mr.  Pond's  Shylock  was  certainly  earnest-,  and  that  counts  for 
much.    Also  he  knew  his  text,  which  counts  for  more." 

The  SKE'rCH  says:  "It  is  surprising  to  see  such  an  excellent  per- 
formance at  a  mere  trial  raatinf^e  as  that  given  of  •  The  Merchant  of 
Venice'  Mr  Charles  Pond  is  an  actor  new  to  me.  One  seems  likely  to 
see  much  of  such  an  able,  earnest  actor.  There  were  really  fine 
moments  in  his  work  during  the  trial  scene,  and  it  was  not  unnatural 
that  the  audience,  chiefly  of  the  profession,  were  pleased  with  the 
entertainment  and  wondered  whv  the  niatini'e  has  gone  out  of  fashion.' 
—The  NEWS  OF  THE  WORLD  savs  :  "Mr.  Pond  gave  a  very  power- 
ful representation  of  Shylock.  We  should  see  more  of  Mr.  Pond  than 
we  do  "—The  SCOTSMAN  says  :  "  Mr  Pond,  as  Shylock.  naturally  chose 
the  modern  serious  reading  of  the  part  He  has  a  good  presence  and 
a  rich  voice  which  he  seemed  to  use  with  some  difficulty,  for  certainly 
he  had  not  full  advantage  of  it.  At  times  he  was  really  powerful,  and 
gives  the  idea  that  he  has  valuable  gifts  that  deserve  further  cultivation. 
The  performance  met  with  hearty  favour  from  an  audience  that  should 
be  competent  to  criticize." 


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ahonld  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  K.  J.  Bssvoa,  MA.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
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M^ 


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662 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N'^  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


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M 


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On  view  the  day  prior  2  tiU  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad. 


FRIDA  y,  November  29. 
A   valuable  Microscope  by  Ross  and  an  immense  Quantity  of 
Apparatus,  consisting  of  Eight  Objectives,  Eye-pieces,  Sub- 
stages,  Condensers,  Micrometers,  ^c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will    SELL   the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  FRIDAY,  November  29. 


THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SKLL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C,  on  MONDAY,  November  18.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  the  FIRST  PORTION  (ANCIENT  BRITISH  and  .VNULO-SAXON 
SERIES)  of  the  very  valuable  and  extensive  COLLECIION  of  COINS 
formed  by  the  late  HYMAN  MONTAGU,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President 
of  the  Numismatic  Society. 

Such  a  Collection  for  completeness  and  richness  has  hitherto  never 
been  oficred  for  public  sale.  It  comprises  in  the  Ancient  British  Series 
Staters  and  Quarter-Slaters  of  Verica,  Eppillus,  Epatiecus.  and  Cuno- 
belinus,  many  unpubliBhed  ;  and  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Section  the  series 
of  Pennies  of  Offa  and  Cynethryth  is  unrivalled,  as  also  are  those  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  the  Kings  of  Kent,  East  Anglia.  and 
Northuinbria.  'Tbal  of  We^scx  includes  the  most  remarkable  Coins  of 
Eegbeorbt,  Actliclwiilf,  Aclficd,  Kadweard  the  Elder,  Aethelstan,  Eadred, 
Eadwig,  IjilKur.  J-lnhvtard  II  ,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  <'atalogues  may  be  had,  price  Is.  each.  Illustrated 
copies,  with  Six  Autotype  Plates,  price  2s.  lid.  each. 

Ike  Collection  of  Modern  Etchings  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMER- 
TON,  Esq.,  Author  (f '  Etching  and  Etchers,'  S,c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON   &  HODGE 
will   SKl.l,  bv  Ar(-)Ii)N.  at  their   Hoiibo,  No.  1.1,  WcllinL-ton- 
Street.  Slrari.l    W  r  ,  on   Mci.Ml.W.  NovcimLci- L'.'i,  at  I  o'clock  ;ir.i;s;ly, 

the  (:oi,I,l-,(  IKiN  of  .MDIil.liN    j':T(:illN(;s,  .'i.e.  ri>rnicil  i>v  lale 

PHILIP  (ill.iuair  IIAMDRKI.N,  K-q  .  Honorary  Iclhnvot  llu>  Koval 
Society  of  rainter-ftch.-rs.  Author  of  ■  Ktclmiif  and  lUchers,'  '  i'be 
Graphic  Arls,'&c  ,  including  a  Number  of  his  own  Works. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMERTON,  Esq.,  Author  of 
'  Etching  and  Etchers,'  l>,c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  TUESD.W.  November  26.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  and  M,\NUSCRIPTS  of  the  late  PHILIP 
GILBERT  HAMERTON,  Esq.,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Societv 
of  Painter-Etchers,  .\uthnr  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  "The  Graphic 
Arts,'  consisting  of  a  Number  of  fine  Books  on  Art  (chiefly  Etching;  by 
the  Best  Modern  Writers,  English  and  Foreign— Special  Copies  of 
Hamerton's  own  Writings,  and  the  Original  Manuscripts  of  some  of  his 
Works — Viollet^le-Duc,  Dictionnaire  de  r.\.rchitecture — Rnskin's  Works 
— Encyclopa'dia  Britannica,  Ninth  Edition. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Ihe  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLywOOD. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  WEDNESD.W,  November  27,  and  Following 
Day.  at  1  o'clock  precisely  ( by  order  of  the  Administratrix ),  the  LIBRARY 
of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLYWOOD,  consisting  of  Theological  and 
Historical  Liteiaiure,  and  another  Property,  consisting  of  Popular  and 
Standard  Authors— English  History  — Archaeology  and  'Topography — 
'Theology  and  Classics— Poetry  and  the  Drama— Sporting— Biography — 
'Travels— and  Works  in  most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  the  Avc- 
TioNtEiiS;  of  R.  N.  Rhodes,  Esq.,  Solicitor.  Tanfield Chambers.  Bradford, 
Yorks;  and  Messrs.  Dodso.n  &  Son  31,  Sunbridge-road,  Bradford 

Engravings  and  Drawings,  including  the  Collection  of  the  late 
B.  M.  OLIVER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  November  29,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS,  including  the 
Collection  of  the  late  B.  M.  OLIA'ER.  Esq.  comprising  Engravings  alter 
Reynolds,  Romney,  Gainsborough,  Cosway,  and  Hoppner— Mezzotints 
by  Doughty,  C.  'Turner,  W^atson,  and  Jones,  including  the  rare  Portrait 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  engraved  by  Doughty — also  Fancy  Subjects  after 
Hamilton,  A.  Xautimann,  and  Cipriani,  including  some  rare  proofs, 
many  printed  in  colours— Views,  Military  Portraits  and  Scenes,  Sport- 
ing Prints,  &c.,  together  with  a  large  Collection  of  Old  Playing  Cards — 
a  Series  of  Portraits  after  Gainsborough,  the  Property  of  a  well-knowB 
Collector — Water-Colour  Drawings,  Caricatures,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIP  CUNLIFFE 
OWEN,K.C.B. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, November  20,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  10  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  in- 
cluding a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Sir  PHILIPCUNLIFFE 
OWEN,  K.C.B.,  comprising  Hogarth's  Works— Claude's  Liber  Veritatis, 
3  vols. — Lafontaine's  Fables,  4  vols.— Nash's  Mansions,  coloured  plates — 
Macklin's  Bible,  7  vols,  blue  morocco — Pisanus  Fraxi,  4  vols.— Abbots- 
ford  Waverley— Art  Journal,  27  vols,  half-morocco- Surrey  Archreolo- 
gical  Collections,  8  vols  —Persian  MSS.,  some  with  miniatures— Punch, 
32  vols.— Album  of  Autographs— List  of  Assyrian  Verbs,  unpublished 
MS.— A  vesta,  the  Religious  Books  of  the  Parsees— Bookcases,  &c. 
Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Antique  Silver  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester -square,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  29,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COL- 
LECTKJN  of  MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY,  consisting  ol  several 
Hundred  Ounces  of  Antique  Silver— Sheffield  Plated  Goods— China- 
Curios,  &c.,  from  various  Private  Sources. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


Water-Colour  Dratcings  and  Pictures. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  December  4,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
choice  COLLECTION  of  WATER-COLOUR  DRAWINGS,  including 
several  Examples  of  David  Cox  and  others  of  the  Early  English  School ; 
also  PICTURES  by  OLD  and  MODERN  MASTERS,  the  Property  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  removed  from  Nottingham. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


Two  valuable  Law  Libraries,  including  that  of  LEONARD 
FIELD,  Esq.  (of  the  Chancery  Bar),  retiring. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C.  on  THURSDAY, 
November  21,  at  1  o'clock,  valuable  L.\W  BOOKS,  comprising  the 
New  Law  Reports,  lS«3-6  to  1895,  266  vols,  halt-calf  (fully  noted  up)— 
another  Set  for  the  same  period,  full  bound  calf— The  Revised  Reports, 
21  vols.  half-mOrocco— Equity  Reports  from  Cary  to  Hemming  and 
Miller,  206  vols.  —  Exchequer,  Common  Pleas,  King's  Bench,  and 
-Admiralty  Cases— Law  Journal  Reports,  1852  to  1891, 115  vols —Jeremy 
Bentham's  Works,  11  vols.— Chltty's  Statutes,  last  edition,  12  vols  — 
Daniell's  Chancery  Practice,  with  Forms,  4  vols.  — Prideaux's  Con- 
veyancing, 3  vols  —  Greenwood's  Conveyancing,  and  other  Recent 
Pi'actical  Works— Dwarf  Bookcase,  &c. 

'To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Modern  Boohs  and  Remainders  in  Cloth  and  Quires. 
ESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  WC,  on  FRIDAY, 
November  22,  at  1  o'clock,  MODERN  BOOKS  and  REMAINDERS, 
in  cloth  and  quires,  including  188  Knight's  Old  England,  2  vols  (21.  12s.> 
—100  Howie's  Scots  Worthies  — 730  Budgen's  Live  Coals  (21.  2s)— 
150  Paterson's  .Scotch  Appeals.  2  vols.  ■•5/.  5-s. )— 7  Wheeler's  Privy 
Council  Appeals  (1/.  ll.v  0.7.)- 10  Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas  (12/.  12.«.) 
—30  EUioit's  American  Interiors  (2/.  2s  )— ."lOO  Soap-Bubble  Stories 
(3s.  6d  ),  and  the  Copyright  and  Plates— 600  Olga's  Dream  (5s.),  and  the 
Copyright 'and  Woodblocks  by  Harry  Furniss— 10  OtO  Coloured  'Toy- 
Books,  on  iinen  (2s.  each )— 100  Soutligate's  Bridal  Bouquet- 100  Wright's 
Piers  Ploughman,  2  vols.— 50  Keats's  Poems,  by  Buxion  Forman— 
1  600  vols,  of  "Old  Jonathan  "—68,000  Photos  of  Eminent  Clergymen- 
Kindergarten  and  other  Juvenile  Books— Educational  Works— Books 
on  Science  and  Art,  Poetry,  Fiction,  &c. 

'To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  IJooms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

ON  WEDNESDAY,  November  20,  the  CELLARS 

of  WINES  of    C  J    MIDDLETON,  Esq.,    deceased,    and   of   W.   H. 
KINGS.MILL,  Esq.,  deceased. 

ON     FRIDAY,     November     22,     PLATE     and 

JEWELS,   the  Propei'ty  of  the  late  Mrs.   HONYWOOD,  and  magni- 
ficent PEARLS. 

ON  SATURDAY,  November  23,  PICTURES  by 

OLD  MASTERS,  the  I'roperty  of  E.  H.  MORGAN,  Esq.,  deceased,  and 

others. 

ON  MONDAY,  November  25,  and  Following  Day, 

OLD  I  HINICSi;  PORCELAIN  received  from  the  East. 

ON  THURSDAY,  November  28,  OLD  ENGLISH 

ENGRAVINGS. 

ON     SATURDAY,     November     30,     MODERN 

I'lCTURES,  the  Property  of  W.  1'.  H.VNCOCK,  Esq..  and  others. 


N^  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


663 


BOOK  SEASON.— For  Collectors  disposing  of 
their  Duplicate  Copies  to  the  best  advantase.  and  for  Buying. 
Sellinsr.  or  Exchanging  anjthinK  that  is  required,  there  is  no  better 
medium  than  the  BAZA_V.R,  EXCHANGE,  and  MA.RT,  wliich  affords  an 
open  market  to  every  one,  wherever  he  may  live  Get  a  copy  at  any 
jNewsvendor'8  or  Bookstall  and  judge  for  yourself.  Specimen  Copy, 
three  stamps ;  three  months"  subscription,  one  copy  weekly,  post  free, 
3s.  3d.    Stamps  may  be  sent.— Office,  170,  Strand,  London,  \V  C. 

■J^OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Sekies.) 

THIS  WEEK  S  XUMBER  contain!:— 
NOTES:— ^neas  Sylvius  and  the  Library  of  St.  Paul's-Our  Saxon 
Kings— Grant  of  Lands  to  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset—'  Old  Mother 
Hubbard  '—The  House  of  Stewart  and  88— Noiri^s  Analysis  of  Kant's 
Philosophy— Stage  Plays  in  Plague  Times — Clifford's  Inn— Quotation 
in  '  Old  Mortality  —Harvest  Festivals— Effigies,  Living  and  Dead. 

Qt'ERIES  :— 'Women  on  Commissions— King,  of  Somersetshire— Sir 
F.  Ottlcy's  Burial-place- Sir  Toby  Belch  — Shower  of  'Wheat  — 
"Namancos  and  Bavona's  hold"— J,  Mortlock — Words  in  Account- 
book— Rev  M  W  Peters,  R.A  — Capt.  J.  Talbot— Christian  Names 
from  Week-days— C.  Rogers— Latin  Inscription- Knight— Rev.  Dr. 
Glasse— Saffi.x  "  -cock." 

REPLIES:— The  Earldom  of  Stratherne  — Cupples —  "  Running  the 
Gantlope" — Prescott's  'Mexico'- Sarah  Martin— Lichfield — Fox- 
glove— Ball-playing  in  Churchyards—  Henry  Grey.  Duke  of  Suffolk — 
"The  Dismal  Scienee"—"Chanticleer  "  of  the  Gospels— Portrait  of 
■Warren  Hastings— Latin  Motto— Punch  as  an  English  Beverage- 
Churchyard  Curiosities— Graham  M  P  s — Movable  Types— Kentish 
MPs  — Welsh  Plaee-Names —Philip  II.  of  Spain  — The  Trans- 
Jignration— Elias  Levita— Colne  Priory— Eaton  Family— "  Poor's  "— 
Rev.  B.  M'ard— B.  Gales— Society  lor  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Know- 
ledge. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Fouqu(''s  'tTndine '—North's  'Plutarch's  Lives,' 
Vols,  III.  and  I'V'.— Maxwell's  '  Post  Meridiana '— Lawson's  'Private 
Life  of  Warren  Hastings' — 'The  Reliquary' — Marshall's  'Hand- 
book to  the  Ancient  Courts  of  Probate.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  id.  ;  by  post,  i^d. 

Published  by  John  C.  Francis,  Bream's- buildings,  Chancery-lane,  EC. 

NOTES  on  SHIPPO.  A  Sequel  to  'Japanese 
Enamels. '  By  JAMES  L.  BOWES,  .\uthor  of  '  Japanese  Pottery,' 
&c.  With  Plates,  Original  Text,  Signatures,  and  a  History  of  the 
Hirata  Family.    Imperial  8vo.  10*.  6ii. 

"It  displays  a  unique  knowledge  of  its  subject,  and  so  accurate  and 
minute  a  learning  in  both  the  literature  and  the  varieties  of  the  art, 
that  it  must  always  rank  as  a  work  of  first  authority  on  its  subject." 

Scot'man. 

"An  interesting  addition  to  the  series  of  works  on  Japanese  Art 
which  bear  Mr  Eowes's  name,  some  of  them  being  of  a  character  that 
■»vas  never  surpassed  for  beauty.  'Ihe  book  will  call  attention  to  one 
variety  of  work,  and  it  will  serve  as  a  warning  to  purchasers  who  are 
more  liable  to  be  deceived  in  purchasing  enamels  than  with  pottery  and 
metal  vrotk"— Architect 

"The  book,  plentifully  and  well  illustrated,  is  one  without  which 
no  one  can  pretend  to  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  art,  or  can  hope  to 
escape  deception  in  purchasing  specimens  '—^.siod'c  Quarterly  Review. 

"  A  standard  work  on  the  subject In  itself  is  a  work  of  art." 

Langvnges. 

"Numerous  illustrations  admirably  executed  lend  an  additional 
charm  to  this  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  Japanese  enamel- 
ting  &TX."—Birmingha'n  Poit. 

•■  Mr.  Bowes's  volume  appeals  only  to  the  initiated,  but  to  them  it  has 
the  highest  interest  and  significance."— i\'o/<s  and  Queries. 

Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Trubner  &  Co.,  Limited,  Paternoster  House, 
Charin.g  Cross-road,  London. 


SKEFFINGTONS'  LIST.      A.  &  C.  BLACK'S  LIST. 


BEHIND  THE  SCENES  AT  MONTE  CARLO. 
BEHIND  THE  SCENES  AT  MONTE  CARLO. 
BEHIND    THE    SCENES   AT   MONTE    CARLO. 

Se3  the  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  of  the 
See  the  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  of  the 
See  the  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  of  the 

pALL  MALL  MAGAZINE. 
T>ALL  MALL  MAGAZINE. 
pALL  MALL  MAGAZINE. 

Ready  on  MONDAY  NEXT,  the  18th  inst. 

Price  EIGHTEENPENCE. 

THE  CHIEF  COXTRIBUTORS  ARE— 

THE  DUCHESS  OF  CLEVELAND, 
L.  ALMA  TADEMA,  R.A., 
CHRISTIAN  BURKE, 
LORD  ERNEST  HAMILTON, 
JOHN  J.  WALLER,  &c. 


The  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  is  lavishlv  illustrated,  and  forms  the 
Maga-zinc  de  hue  of  the  Season.    Among  its  attractive  Contents  are  :— 

BEHIND  the  SCENES  at  MONTE  CARLO. 

By  JOHN  J.  WALLER  An  unvarnished  narrative  of  the  inner 
working  of  the  Mecca  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  will  be  read  with 
avidity  by  ev-cry  reader  The  article  contains  information,  never 
before  published,  of  the  world-famous  Casino.  It  gives  the  balance 
sheets  of  recent  years,  and  furnishes  particulars  of  the  management 
hitherto  inaccessible  Moralists  will  find  in  the  details  given  the 
inspiration  for  renewed  crusades,  while  evnics  will  smile  at  the 
disclosures  as  a  fresh  illustration  of  the  vanities  in  which  Society 
indulges.  ^ 

RABY  and  its  MEMORIES, 

By  the  DUCHESS  of  CLEVELAND,  is  a  richly  illustrated  historic 
article,  charmingly  nari-ated,  describing  the  beauties  of  this  famous 
North-Country  castle. 

The  CHESS  CLUB, 

By  Lord  ERNEST  HAMILfON,  is  a  thrilling  story  of  modnrn 
Nihilism,  in  which  a  Railway  Race  forms  a  sensatio  al  incident 

PRINCESS  CHERRY-BLOSSOM, 

By  E  P.  LARKEN,  is  a  delightfully  told  old-world  Fairy  Storv 
finely  Illustrated  by  Herbert  Cole. 

ADESTES  FIDELES, 

By  CHRISTIAN  BURKE,  is  a  new  rendering  of  the  Christmas 
Hymn,  full  nf  deep  religious  and  Christian  feeling.  The  verses  are 
strikingly  Ulusrrated  by  Abbey  Altson. 

The  POTTERIES.  By  L.  Alma  Tadema,  R.A. 

Every  Article  is  profiuely  illustrated  by  the  Leading  Artists. 

Publishing  and  Editorial  Offices : 
18,    Charing  Cross-road,   London,   W.C. 


BY  THE  REV.  J.  ROOKER,  M.A., 

Vicar  of  Coldharbour,  Dorking. 

This  day,  with  6  Illustrations  taken  on  the  spot,  crown  8vo. 

price  2s.  Gd. 

A  MODERN   PILGRIM   in  JERU- 

SALEM:  being  a  Series  of  bright,  graphic  Sketches  of  a 

short  Visit  to  the  Holy  Land. 
Among  many  extremely  interesting  Chapters  are  First 
Sight  of  Palestine — Going  up  to  Jerusalem — The  Stones  of 
the    Temple — Gethsemane — Good    Friday    at    Jerusalem- 
Ascension  Day  on  Olivet— The  Village  of  Bethany,  &c. 

BY    THE    REV.   SPENCER    JONES,   M.A. 

With  Preface  by  the  Rev.  CANON  BODY,  D.D. 

Just  out,  Third  Edition,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  3s.  &d. 

The  CLERGY  and  the  CATECHISM. 

Being  an  Adaptation  of  the  '  Methode  de  St.  Sulpice,'  as 
Expounded  by  Mgr.  DUPANLOUP  to  the  Ways  and 
Wants  of  the  English  Church. 
Caxon  Body  says  :— "  I  commend  this  book  to  my  brethren 
as  a  valuable  addition  to  our  works  on  Pastoral  Theology." 

The  Church  Times  says : — "  We  hope  to  find  this  book  cir- 
culating by  thousands,  for  it  contains  scores  of  hints  on  how 
to  apply  the  system  in  various  localities. 

CANON    BODY'S    BOOK. 
CHEAP  EDITION,  price  2s. 

The  GUIDED  LIFE ;  or,  Life  Lived 

under  the  Guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
(The  Way  of  Contrition— The  Way  of  Sanctity— The  Way 
of  Ministry— The  Way  of  Patience,  &c.) 

BY  THE  REV.  H.  ARMSTRONG  HALL,  B.D., 

Vicar   of    St.    John's,    Perth. 
Crown  Svo.  price  2s.  Gd. 

WHEN  the  JUDGES  RULED.     An 

entirely  New  Series  of  Mission  Addresses  on  the  First 
Chapter  of  the  Book  of  Ruth. 

BY  W.  J.  BUTLER,  D.D.,  Late  Dean  of  Lincoln. 

With  a  Preface  by  EDWARD  KING,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Lincoln. 
Price  3s.  6d. 

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664 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


MR.    WM.    HEINEMANN'S    ANNOUNCEMENTS, 


UNPRECEDENTED  SALE. 

60,000     COPIES. 
THE    MANXMAN. 

MR.  HALL  CAINE'S  cele- 
brated Novel,  on  which  the  Play  at 
the  Shaftesbury  Theatre  is  founded. 

THE    MANXMAN. 

By  HALL  CAINE. 

Times.—"  With  the  exception  of  '  The  Scapegoat,'  this  is 
unquestionably  the  finest  and  most  dramatic  of  Mr.  Hall 

Caine's  novels '  The  Manxman '  goes  very  straight  to  the 

roots  of  human  passion  and  emotion.     It  is  a  remarkable 
book,  throbbing  with  human  interest." 

THE    MANXMAN. 

IN   ONE  VOLUME. 

Standard. — "  A  singularly  powerful  and  picturesque  piece 

of  work,  extraordinarily  dramatic Taken  altogether,  '  The 

Manxman '  cannot  fail  to  enhance  Mr.  Hall  Caine's  reputa- 
tion.   It  is  a  most  powerful  book." 

THE    MANXMAN. 

PKICE  SIX  SHILLINGS. 

Morning  Post. — "If  possible,  Mr.  Hall  Caine's  work,  '  The 
Manxman,'  is  more  marked  by  passion,  power,  and  brilliant 

local  colouring  than  its  predecessors It  has  a  grandeur  as 

well  as  strength,  and  the  picturesque  features  and  customs 
of  a  delightful  country  are  vividly  painted." 

THE    MANXMAN. 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS'. 

World. — "  Over  and  above  the  absorbing  interest  of  the 
story,  which  never  flags,  the  book  is  full  of  strength,  of 
vivid  character  sketches,  and  powerful  word-painting,  all 
told  with  a  force  and  knowledge  of  local  colour." 

THE    MANXMAN. 

By  HALL  CAINE. 

Sketch. — "  A  life-long  delight  to  every  reader  of  one  of  the 
very  finest  novels  of  the  century." 

THE   MANXMAN. 

IN  ONE  VOLUME. 

Daily  News. — "  A  work  of  magnificent  vitality  and  dra- 
matic force." 

THE   MANXMAN. 

PRICE  SIX  SHILLINGS. 

Guardian. — "  Like  a  Greek  tragic  drama  in  the  intensity  of 
its  interest  and  the  depth  of  its  overshadowing  gloom." 

THE   MANXMAN. 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS'. 

Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  in  the  Sun.—"  A  very  fine  and  great 

ttory— one  of  the  finest  and  greatest  of  our  time Mr.  Hall 

Caine  reaches  heights  which  are  attained  only  by  the  greatest 
masters  of  fiction. " 

THE    MANXMAN. 

By  HALL  CAINE. 

•Scotsman. — "  It  is  not  too  much  to  oay  that  it  is  the  most 
powerful  story  that  has  been  written  in  the  present  genera- 
tion  The  love  of  Pet,e,  his  simple-mindedness,  his  suffer- 
ings when  he  has  lost  Kate,  are  painted  with  a  master-hand. 
It  is  a  work  of  genius." 


RE  A  DY  NO  V EMBER  25. 

ANTONIO  ALLEGRI  DA 
CORREGGIO : 

His  Life,  his  Friends,  and  Ms  Time. 

By  DR.  CORRADO  RICCI. 

One  Volume,  imperial  8vo.  with  16  Photogravures, 

21  Full-Page  Plates  in  Tint,  and  190  other 

Illustrations  in  the  Text, 

price  21.  2s.  net. 

By  inducing  Dr.  Kicci  to  undertake  an  elaborate 
life  of  Correggio,  in  which  all  the  scattered  results 
of  recent  research,  including  his  own,  shall  be  em- 
bodied in  a  continuous  narrative  and  illustrated 
with  the  utmost  completeness,  the  publisher  of  this 
volume  hopes  to  be  conferring  a  real  boon  upon 
lovers  of  Renaissance  Art.  As  Director  of  the 
Gallery  in  Parma,  the  city  in  which  Correggio  spent 
the  most  fruitful  years  of  his  life,  Dr.  Kicci  has 
had  access  to  otherwise  inaccessible  material,  and 
has  received  help  not  only  from  the  Italian  Govern- 
ment, but  from  all  who  were  able  to  throw  new 
light  on  the  work  of  this  great  artist.  The  pictorial 
magnificence  of  the  volume  will  speak  for  itself, 
the  illustrations  being  altogether  superior  to  pre- 
vious reproductions  of  Correggio's  works,  consisting 
of  plates  in  photogravure  and  tint,  with  numerous 
blocks  in  the  text,  presenting  over  200  original 
illustrations. 

*^f*  There  will  be  a  Special  Edition  printed  on 
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cates of  the  Photogravure  Plates  on  India  paper. 
A  detailed  and  illustrated  Prospectus  will  be  for- 
warded on  application. 


UNIFOHM  WITH  •  THE  MANXMAN: 

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THE    SCAPEGOAT. 

PRICE  SIX  SHILLINGS. 


SECOND  EDITION,  ENLARGED  AND 
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REMBRANDT: 

His  Life,  his  Work,  and  his  Time. 

By   EMILE    MICHEL, 

of  the  Institute  of  France. 

Edited  by  FEEDERICK  WEDMORE. 

Translated  by   ELORENCE    SIMMONDS. 

With  76  Full-Page  Plates,  and  250  Illustrations  in 
the  Text. 

In  2  vols,  imperial  8vo.  21.  2s.  net. 

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Duplicates  of  the  Photogravures),  \2l.  12s.  net,  are 
still  on  sale. 

Times. — "  Merely  to  look  through  the  reproduc- 
tions of  M.  Michel's  book  is  enough  to  explain  the 
passionate  eagerness  with  which  modern  collectors 
carry  on  their  search  after  Rembrandt's  drawings, 
and  the  great  prices  which  are  paid  for  them." 

Grapluc. — "  It  is  safe  to  say  that  never  have 
author  and  publisher  combined  to  better  purpose. 

Never  before  has   so   complete   a   picture  of 

Rembrandt's  personality,  his  surroundings,  and  his 
work,  been  placed  before  the  world  ;  and  never  in 
the  present  generation,  at  least,  is  its  position  likely 
to  be  usurped  by  any  other  book." 

World. — "  This  book,  in  all  the  magnificence  of 
two  profusely  illustrated  volumes,  should  certainly 
find  a  place  on  the  bookshelves  of  every  one,  for  no 
such  complete  and  comprehensive  work  on  one  of 
the  greatest  painters  of  all  time  has  ever  before 
been  given  to  the  world." 

Lady  News. — "  M.  Michel  and  his  English  inter- 
preters between  them  have  produced  a  masterpiece 
in  this  superb  work." 


THE  NOVELS  OF 
IVAN      TURGENEV. 

Translated  by  CONSTANCE  GARNETT. 

Fcap.  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  net  each  volume. 

Daily  Chronicle. — "  If  to  Defoe's  convincing  detail  could  be 
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thing like  Turgenev." 

RUDIN.    With  a  Portrait  of  the 

Author. 
Pall  Mall  Gazette.— "There  is  no  cleverness,  no  prancing 
intellectual  pride ;  the  picture  grows  before  your  eyes,  full 
of  its  own  humour  and  pathos." 

A  HOUSE  OF  GENTLEFOLK. 

Times. — "  These  pages  leave  us  marvelling  at  the  art, 
which,  disdaining  all  sensational  aid,  can  weave  such  slight 
materials  into  such  subtle  fabric." 

ON  THE  EVE. 

Guardian. — "  A  melancholy  so  profund  and  so  inconsolable 

an  irony  so  poignant  and  so  tender these  are  the 

notes  of  all  Turgenev's  work.  In  none  of  his  novels  do  they 
find  so  full  or  so  haunting  an  expression  as  in  this  beautif'il 
story." 

FATHERS  AND  CHILDREN. 

Morning  Post.— "The  novel  shows  on  every  page  the- 
touch  of  a  master." 

A   SPORTSMAN'S    SKETCHES. 

2  vols. 
Times. — "  It  is  superfluous  to  praise  the  excellent  tales  of 
Turgenev.  The  strong,  unaffected,  and  sympathetic  draw- 
ing of  rustic  character,  the  landscape,  the  very  atmosphere, 
are  all  alike  admirable.  These  tales  are  a  pleasing  corrective 
of  much  affected  and  unwholesome  modern  nonsense." 

TO  BE  FOLLOWED  BY 

SMOKE. 

VIRGIN  SOIL.    2  vols. 


THE  NEW  "  PIONEER." 

THE  RED  BADGE  OF  COURAGE. 

By  STEPHEN  CBANB.    Cloth,  3s.net;  paper,  2s.  6rf. 
net. 

NEW  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS. 

BY  DR.  NORDAU,  AUTHOR  OF  '  DEGENERATION.' 

A  COMEDY  OF  SENTIMENT.    By 

MAX  NORDAU. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'MR.  BAILEY  MARTIN.' 

CORRUPTION.    By  Percy  White. 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.— "  None  can  travel  over  his  brightly- 
written  pages  without  being  gladdened  by  the  little  flashes 
of  epigram  which  light  up  the  scenes  for  us,  or  stirred  by 
the  shrewdness  and  worldly  wisdom  which  he  has  put  into 
the  mouths  of  his  characters." 

A  STORY  OF  THE  GREAT  STRIKE. 

MISS  GRACE  OF  ALL  SOULS'.    By 

WILLIAM  EDWARDS  TIREBUCK. 
Times.—"  Since  Mrs.  Gaskell  wrote  her  '  Mary  Barton  '  we 
have  seen  no  more  interesting  novel  on  the  condition  of  the 
working  classes.    Mr.  Tirebuck  is  thoroughly  master  of   his 
subject." 

ZOLA'S  CONTES. 

STORIES  FOR  NINON.    By  Emile 

ZOLA.    With  Portrait  by  Will  Rothenstein. 
Scotsman.—"  Few  who  know  the  author  only  by  his  great 
labours  in  the  miiiest  fields  of  fiction  can  have  guessed  that 
there  is  in  him  so  much  of  tenderness  and  airy  fancy  as 
these  idylls  and  souvenirs  reveal." 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  '  A  MARIAGE  DE  CONVENANCE.' 

HERBERT  VANLENNERT.    By 

C.  F.  KEAKY. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'JOANNA  TRAILL.' 

THE  YEARS  THAT  THE  LOCUST 

HATH  EATEN.    By  ANNIE  B.  HOLDSWORTH. 


London:  WILLIAM    HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE     ATHEN.EUM 


665 


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N°3551,  Nov.  ]6/95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


667 


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THE    DAYS    OF 
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Scotsman. 


STUDIES  in  THEOLOGY.    Lectures 

delivered  in  Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  By  the 
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the  HOLY  LAND.    By  GEORGE  ADAM  SMITH.  D.D., 

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London:  HODDER  &  STOUGHTON, 


Paternoster-row. 


668 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3551,  Nov.  16/95 


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RUSSELL. 

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London  :  CHATTO  «fe^WlNDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  W. 


N° 3551,  Nov.  16, '95 THE    ATHBN^OM 669 

MESSRS.  METHUEN  heg  to  announce  that  they  2}uhlish  to-day,  in  1  vol.  crown 
8vo.  6s.,  a  New  Book  by  GILBERT  PARKER,  entitled 

AN   ADVENTURER  OF   THE   NORTH. 

BEING  THE  LAST  ADVENTURES  OF  PRETTY  PIERRE. 

GILBERT    PARKER'S    NOYELS. 

UNIFORM  EDITION,  crown  8vo.  6s.  each. 

"There  is  strength  and  genius  in  Mr.  Parker's  style." — Dally  Telegraph. 

"  He  has  the  instinct  of  the  thing :  his  narrative  has  distinction,  his  characters  and  incidents  liave  the  picturesque  quality,  and  he  has  the  sense  of  the 
scale  of  character-drawing  demanded  by  romance,  hitting  the  happy  mean  between  lay  figures  and  over-analyzed  '  souls,'" — St.  James's  Gazette. 

THIKD  EDITION. 

PIERRE      AND      HIS      PEOPLE. 

"  stories  happily  conceived  and  finely  executed.    There  is  strength  and  genius  in  Mr.  Parker's  style."— Daili/  Telegraph. 

"  He  has  the  right  stuff  in  him.  He  has  the  story-teller's  gift.  When  you  lay  down  the  book  the  salient  scenes  and  incidents  and  characters  remain  with  you— they  are  so  vivid  and 
picturesque." — St.  James's  Gazette. 

"  Mr.  Parlfer's  book  throbs  with  vitality.  These  men  and  these  women  are  no  mere  shadow  shapes  that  come  and  go  across  a  landscape  of  dream.  They  are  preoccupied  with  the 
central  facts  of  life.  On  the  whole,  too,  his  dialogue  is  a  vast  deal  better  than  his  narrative— a  rare  and  very  admirable  gift.  And  his  book  remains  a  daring  attempt  carried  out  by  sound 
practices  to  a  solid— sometimes  a  brilliant — issue.  It  is  an  achievement  of  the  sort  that  a  man  under  forty  has  the  right  to  plume  himself  upon— a  performance  pledging  to  performances 
of  far  greater  latxit."— National  Observer. 


SECOND  EDITION. 

MRS.         FALCHION. 

"  We  have  come  to  expect  good  work  from  Mr,  Gilbert  Parker,  but  we  hardly  expected  anything  so  good  as  '  Mrs.  Falchion.'  The  story  is  sustained  throughout,  and  enriched  with 
a  wealth  of  detail  which  only  a  very  accomplished  novelist  could  achieve.  It,  is  written,  moreover,  with  a  terseness  and  crispness  and  individuality  of  style  which  leave  their  mark  on  the 
memory.     Indeed,  on  the  whole,  the  epithet  it  most  deserves  is  '  distinguished.'  "—Westminster  Gazette. 

"  '  Mrs.  Falchion  '  stands  out  distinctly  from  the  crowd  of  novels  as  a  work  of  original  power." — Manchester  Guardian. 

"  A  very  clever  and  even  fascinating  piece  of  fiction.    Mr.  Parker  has  a  great  future  before  him."— Speaker. 

■'  A  very  striking  and  admirable  novel."— 6'i.  James's  Gazette. 

"  The  dialogue  is  almost  entirely  natural  and  full  of  point.  The  writing  of  the  book  is  most  admirable,  and  very  far  ahead  of  anything  Mr.  Parker  has  yet  done,  and  but  little  behind 
anything  that  has  been  done  by  any  writer  of  our  times.     '  Mrs.  Falchion,'  in  short,  could  not  have  been  written  but  by  a  man  with  a  fine  sympathy  for  literature." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  This  story  is  a  splendid  study  of  character,  illumined  by  subtle  touches  of  observation  which  reveal  a  no  common  grasp  of  human  nature.  The  book  is  one  of  remarkable  power 
and  still  more  remarkable  ptomise."—Atheniium. 

SECOND  EDITION, 

THE      TRANSLATION      OF      A      SAVAGE. 

"  The  plot  is  original  and  one  difficult  to  work  out ;  but  Mr.  Parker  has  done  it  with  great  skill  and  delicacy.  The  reader  who  is  not  interested  in  this  original,  fresh,  and  well- told 
tale  must  be  a  dull  person  indeed."— /;ai7y  Chronicle. 

"  A  strong  and  successful  piece  of  workmanship.    The  portrait  of  Lali,  strong,  dignified,  and  pure,  is  exceptionally  well  dra.\fn."— Manchester  Guardian. 
"  A  very  pretty  and  interesting  story,  and  Mr.  Parker  tells  it  with  much  skill.    The  story  is  one  to  be  Te&a."—St.  James's  Gazette. 


THIRD  EDITION. 

THE      TRAIL     OF      THE      SWORD. 

"  The  most  finished  piece  of  work  Mr.  Parker  has  yet  done."— Westminster  Gazette. 

"  The  old  tree  of  historical  romance  has  put  forth  of  late  new  shoots,  to  the  manifest  refreshment  of  a  world  weary  of  prigdom.  Among  several  admirable  new  writers  of  romance, 
Mr.  Gilbert  Parker  takes  a  high  place.  He  has  the  instinct  of  the  thing :  his  narrative  has  distinction,  his  characters  and  incidents  have  the  picturesque  quality,  and  he  has  the  sense  for 
the  scale  of  character-drawing  demanded  by  romance,  hitting  the  happy  mean  between  lay  figures  and  over-analyzed  '  souls.'  Everybody  with  a  soul  for  romance  will  thoroughly  enjoy 
'  The  Trail  of  the  Sword.'  "St.  James's  Gazette. 

''A  rousing  and  dramatic  tale.  A  book  like  this,  in  which  swords  flash,  great  surprises  are  undertaken,  and  daring  deeds  done,  in  which  men  and  women  live  and  love  in  the  oUl 
straightforward  passionate  way,  is  a  joy  inexpressible  to  the  reviewer,  brain-weary  of  the  domestic  tragedies  and  psychological  puzzles  of  every-day  fiction  ;  and  we  cannot  but  believe  that 
to  the  reader  it  will  bring  refreshmeiitas  welcome  and  as  keen."— ZJaity  Chronicle. 

"  Capitally  told,  breezy,  healthy,  and  delightful,  with  a  strain  of  sentiment  which  is  never  sentimentality,  and  a  whiff  of  that  chivalry  which  makes  one's  blood  warm  pleasantly 
after  a  course  of  stories  of  analysis.  It  is  a  story  of  two  men  and  a  maid,  the  men  of  different  nationalities,  whose  enmity  grows  as  naturally  as  their  love,  and  whose  adventures  are 
picturesquely  told  ;  for  Mr.  Parker  is  pre-eminently  a  stylist,  and  never  anything  but  picturesque.  Scenes  rise  up  in  the  minds  eye  long  after  one  has  done  with  the  book,  and  the  hour 
or  two  of  real  pleasure  which  its  reading  afforded  ;  and  if  this  be  not  the  best  test  it  is  one  of  sound  value."— Oai7y  Graphic. 

"  We  are  glad  to  commend  this  thoroughly  wholesome  and  stirring  tale  of  cut-and-thrust  adventure  and  fortune  by  flood  and  field.  The  book  has  the  supreme  and  elementary  merit 

of  commanding  the  reader's  attention  from  start  to  finish The  book  is  crowded  with  incident,  and  the  sense  of  rivalry  between  England  and  France  is  brought  home  with  a  certain 

happy  largeness  of  touch  which  fits  in  well  with  the  greatness  of  the  issues  involved."— TafiW. 

THIRD  EDITION, 

WHEN  VALMOND  CAME  TO  PONTIAC :  the  Story  of  a  Lost  Napoleon. 

"  ^i"  ^*,';'^^'"  ^'^  already  done  some  strong  work,  but  never  .anything  nearly  so  good  as  this.  He  has  not  only  written  a  technically  excellent  novel,  but  one  of  quite  remarkable 
Charm  and  mellowness.  All  the  characters  are  drawn  with  the  firm  grasp  that  ensures  distinctness  ;  the  plot,  moreover,  has  the  simplicity  and  directness  which  preserve  the  interest 
unflagging  to  the  end.  Everything  in  the  book  centres,  as  it  should,  on  the  meteor-like  hero,  who,  in  the  few  months  that  he  dwells  at  Poutiac,  makes  the  whole  town  mad  for  him, 
raises  a  regiment_to  fight  fur  his  claims  to  the  French  throne,  and  enthralls  all  the  women.  He  is  magnificently  drawn.  One  of  the  most  dramatic  episodes  is  bis  meeting  with  the 
survivor  ot  La  Grande  Arm^e,'  followed  by  the  rapid  mastery  over  his  incredulity.  The  scene  ends  with  a  fine  description  of  the  old  soldier's  drum  taps,  which  recalls,  not  unworthily. 
Heine  8  great  character,  the  drum-major  Le  Grand  The  feminine  element  in  the  hero's  adventures  is  dealt  with  in  admirable  taste.  Finally,  a  word  of  praise  must  be  awarded  to  the 
delightful  set  of  old  village  cronies,  who  play  no  unimportant  part  in  the  stOTy."—Athena;u/n. 

.1,-  ^""^  '°  ^"  artistry  in  all  his  work  on  which  we  set  high  store,  but  we  do  not  know  where  it  is  more  beautifully  in  evidence  than  in  this,  his  last.  Here  we  find  rom.ance— real, 
breathing,  living  romance,  but  it  runs  flush  with  our  own  times,  level  with  our  own  feelings.  Not  here  can  we  complain  of  lack  of  inevitabk-ness  or  homogeneity.  The  character  of 
Valmond  is  drawn  unerringly  ;  his  career,  brief  as  it  is,  is  placed  before  us  as  convincingly  as  history  itself.  The  book  must  be  read,  we  may  say  re-read,  for  any  one  thoroughly  to  appre- 
ciate Mr.  Parker  s  delicate  touch  and  innate  sympathy  with  humanity."- /'a/i  Mall  Gazette. 

'•'.  XT     «"*?''  '^^  *  whole  is  admirably  written,  wrought  and  polished  to  a  high  degree  of  literary  perfection  without  losing  any  of  its  spirit  and  verve."- Westminster  Gaze'te. 
Mr.  Parker  provides  what  seems  to  me  one  of  the  most  dramatic,  most  originally-conceived,  and  most  perfectly-rendered  situations  in  modern  fiction—the  duel,  in  which  the 
weapons  are  words  and  glances,  between  Valmond  and  the  veteran  Sergeant  Laeroin.     '  When  Valmond  Came  to  Pouliac'  is,  so  far,  the  one  work  of  genius  in  fiction  which  1895  has 
produced."— A'ew  Age. 

'•  Subtle  in  conception  and  in  handling,  with  a  fine  blending  of  romantic  and  idyllic  sentiment,  a  delicate  touch  in  character-drawing,  and  an  excellent  style  in  narrative,  Mr. 
Parkers  new  romance  discovers  that  fitness  of  treatment  to  subject  which  was  wanting  in  some  of  its  predecessors."- ii'wi^n. 

"' When  Valmond  Came  to  Pontisc' belongs  to  a  very  delightful  genre, 'u\  which  the  charms  of  a  fine  and  simple  realism  are  combined  with  the  charms  of  pure  romance.  The 
motive  of  the  story  is  frankly  im[)Ossible,  yet  Mr.  Parker's  treatment  is  everywhere  convincing  ;  but  its  convincingness  is  that  of  a  fairy  tale,  the  threads  of  which  are  cunningly  wrought 
into  a  fabric  of  familiar  flesh  and  blood.  This  is  the  sort  of  feat  which  could  never  be  performed  successfully  with  deliberation  and  set  purpose  ;  it  can  be  done  by  the  sure  leap  of  instinct 
or  not  at  all,  and  Mr.  Parkers  instinct  is  his  art.     Mr.  Parker's  temerity  is  justified  by  a  wonderful  success.'  —Z>ai/y  Chronicle. 

,  A  finely  imaginative  story.    The  most  successful  of  all  Mr.  Parker's  clever  romances."— .Vcofsmnn. 
.  Mr.  Gilbert  Parker  has  surpassed  all  his  former  essays  in  fiction,  and  has  gone  as  far  as  weexpectcd  ot  him.  in  the  finely-conceived  and  delicately-executed  romance  of  history,  as  it 

might  have  been  entitled,  'When  Valmond  Came  to  Pontiac'  Its  extravagance  is  skilful,  its  romance  is  simple  and  pure,  the  tone  is  fine  from  the  first  indication  of  the  daring  plot,  and 
the  adventurer  is  a  fascinating  figure  from  that  moment  to  the  last  scene,  which  is  touching  and  beautiful.  The  solution  is  a  foregone  conclusion,  but  admirably  managed  by  the  touch 
of  legitimate  realism  which  introduces  Prince  Pierre  Buonaparte. "—  World. 

METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex-street,  W.C. 


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garet's Reader  in  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge. 

Crown  Svo.  6s. 

THE  ECCLESIASTICAL 

EXPANSION  OF  ENGLAND 
IN  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE 
ANGLICAN  COMMUNION. 

The  Hulsean  Lectures  for  18!tl-lS95.  By 
ALFRED  BARRY,  D.D.  D.C.L.,  formerly 
Bishop  of  Sydney  and  Primate  of  Australia  and 
Tasmania. 

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AND  LATIN  TEXTS. 

P.  VERGILI  MARONIS  BUCOLICA, 
GEORGICA,  iENEIS. 

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of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Assistant 
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HOMERI   ILIAS. 

Edited  by  WALTER  LEAF,  Litt.D.,  late 
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Q.  HORATI  FLACCI  OPERA. 

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MACMILLAN  &  CO.  London. 


672 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


STANDARD  WORKS 

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The  HISTORY  of  ROME.     By 

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The  HISTORY  of  ANTIQUITY. 

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The    HISTORY   of  the    RISE   and 

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A  MATTER  of  SKILL,  and  other  Stories. 

By  BEATHICE  WHITBY. 


The  AWAKENING   of  MARY   FENWICK. 

By  BEATRICE  WHIIBY 
"  Mary  Fenwick  and  her  husband  liye  and  move  and  make  us  believe 
in  them  in  a  way  wlueh  lew  but  the  great  masters  of  fiction  have  been 
able  to  compass."— /)(/iOi<™m. 

TWO  ENGLISH  GIRLS.    By  Mabel  Hart. 

"  This  story  is  distinguished  by  its  pure  and  elegant  English,  and  the 
refinement  of  its  style  and  thought. . .  .Will  recommend  the  story  to  all 
cultivated  Teaien"— Spectator. 

HIS   LITTLE   MOTHER,   and  other  Tales. 

By  the  AUTHOR  of  'JOHN  HALIFAX,  GENTLEMAN. ' 
"  The  book  is  written  with  all  Mrs,  Craik's  grace  of  style,  the  chief 
charm  of  which,  after  all,  is  its  simplicity."— O/u.si/uw  Herald. 

MISTRESS  BEATRICE  COPE  ;  or,  Passages 

in  the  Life  of  a  Jacobite's  Daughter.    By  M.  E.  LE  CLEKC. 
"  It  is  a  good  story  well  and  dramatically  told,  which  gives  a  lifelike 
picture  of  the  end  of  the  most  stirring  and  heroic  period  of  our  national 

history."— Qi«m. 

A  MARCH  in  the   RANKS.     By  Jessie 

FOTHEUGILL 
"  The  interest  awakened  by  the  opening  of  the  tale  never  declines 
until  the  close,  but  rather,  as  is  fitting,  becomes  richer  and  deeper." 

Aciide^ny. 

NINETTE.    By  the  Author  of  '  Vera,' '  Blue 

Roses.'  &c. 
"  'Ninette'  is  evidently  based  on  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
French  rural  districts,  is  excellently  written,  and  cannot  fail  to  please." 

Scotsman. 

A  CROOKED  PATH.     By  Mrs,  Alexander. 

"  '  A  Crooked  Path '  is,  to  say  the  least,  as  good  a  novel  as  the  best  of 
the  many  good  novels  which  Mrs.  Alexander  has  written." — (rraphic. 

ONE  REASON  WHY.    By  Beatrice  Whitby. 

"Every  page  of  'One  Reason  Why'  shows  the  mark  of  a  fresh, 
vigorous  mind  'Ihe  style  is  good— in  some  parts  excellent.  It  is  clear, 
expressive,  and  often  rhythmic."— Sco^swioh. 

MAHME   NOUSIE.     By  G.  ManviUe  Fenn. 

"Mr.  Manville  Fenn  has  the  gift  of  not  only  seeing  truth,  but  of 
drawing  it  picturesquely.  His  portrait  of  Mahme  Nousie  is  faithful  as 
\\ell  as  touching." — Saturday  lUvtew. 

The  IDES  of  MARCH.     By  G.  M.  Robms. 

"  '  The  Ides  of  March  '  is  a  capital  \>qq)l."— Literary  World. 

PART  of  the  PROPERTY.     By  Beatrice 

WHITBY. 
"  It  is  refreshing  to  read  a  novel  in  which  there  is  not  a  trace  of  slip- 
shod work." — Spectator. 

CASPAR  BROOKE'S  DAUGHTER.  By 

ADELINE  SEKGEANT. 
"'Caspar  Brooke's  Daughter'  ig  as  good  as  other  stories  from  the 
same  hand — perhaps  better." — AtJitncp^tm. 

JANET.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

'Janet'  is  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  author's  recent  novels ;  perhaps 
the  ablest  book  of  the  kind  that  she  has  produced  since  the  Carlingford 
series." — Manchester  Ezauiiner. 

A  RAINBOW  at  NIGHT.     By  the  Author  of 

'  Mistress  Beatrice  Cope.' 
"Thanks  to  an  interesting  plot  and  a  graphic  as  well  as  refined 
manner.  '  A  Rainbow  at  Night,'  when  once  commenced,  will  not  readily 
be  laid  aside." — Morning  Post. 

IN   the   SUNTIME   of  HER  YOUTH.    By 

BEATRICE  WHITUY. 
"A  sense  of  fairness  pervades  the  book  which  is  rarely  found  in  the 
work  of  a  lady.    There  is  interest  in  it  from  first  to  last,  and  its  pathos 
is  relieved  by  touches  of  true  hiimoa.r."~IUustrated  London  Xeus. 

MISS  BOUVERIE.    By  Mrs.  Molesworth. 

"  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  this  is  one  of  the  prettiest  stories 
which  has  appeared  for  years." — 3Lonung  Post. 

FROM  HARVEST  to  HAYTIME.     By  the 

Author  of  '  Iwo  English  Girls. ' 


The  WINNING  of  MAY.    By  the  Author  of 

*  Dr.  Edith  Komney.' 
"  The  book  has  this  merit— the  first  merit  of  a  novel— that  the  reader 
is  interested  in  the  people  rather  than  the  plot,  and  that  he  watches  the 
development  of  character  rather  than  that  of  event."— Literurt/  World. 

SIR  ANTHONY.    By  Adeline  Sergeant. 

"  The  plot  is  good  and  thoroughly  sustained  from  first  to  last." 

Academy. 

THUNDERBOLT.    By  the  Rev.  J.  Middleton 

MACDONALD 
"  'Thunderbolt'  is  an  Australian  rival  of  Claude  Duval,  and  Mr.  Mac- 
donald  records  his  daring  feats  with  unflagging  \'erve."—MM-niiig  Post. 


MARY    FEN  WICK'S    DAUGHTER. 

BEATRICE  WHITHY. 


By 


ROBERT    CARROLL.     By  the    Author   of 

'  Mistress  Beatrice  Cope.' 
" '  Itobcrt  Carroll,'  though  by  no  moans  a  noteworthy  novel,  has  a 
winning  tendernesH,  and  it  is  certainly  worthy  of  the  pen  that  wrote  the 
ytor-y  of  '  Mistress  licatricc  Voim.' "—i>pectator. 

The    HUSBAND    of    ONE    WIFE. 

the  Author  of  'Some  Married  Fellows. ' 
"Mrs.  Venn's  novels  are  books  to  which  we  can  confidently  look 
forward  with  pleasure."— G'lwrt/md. 

BROTHER    GABRIEL.     By    M.    Betham- 

EDWARDS. 
"  'Ihe  book  is  Huontly,  ilowlngly,  carefully  written,  and  contains  many 
pleasant  sketches  of  character."— y1r«(/r«/y. 


By 


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The    R-OMANCE    of    PRINCE 

EUGENE.  An  Idyll  under  Napoleon  the  First. 
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London:  EDWARD  ARNOLD,  G7,  Bedford-street. 
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N°  3551,  Nov.  16/95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


673 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  16,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

The  Histoby  of  'Punch' 

The  Litebatube  of  Chess  

Travels  of  an  Indian  Prince     

Thb  Dictionary  of  National  Biography     

New  Novels  (No6mi ;  Anthony  Graeme ;  The 
Shoulder  of  Shasta  ;  Morton  Veriest ;  The  Scripture 
Eeader  of  St.  Mark's  ;  The  King  of  Andaman  ; 
Corruption  ;  Jack  Westropp  ;  Samson's  Youngest ; 
Lady  Bonnie's  Experiment ;  Wilmot's  Child ; 
Geoffrey  Austin  ;  Susannah ;  The  Yellow  Wave) 

677- 

Christmas  Books        

Bkpbints  

Odb  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...     680- 

The   Suicide's   Grave  ';    '  Hand   and  Soul  ';  Mb. 

Round    on    Wibbal    Place  -  Names  ;     Mb.    G. 

Stanley  Fabnell;  The  Bubns-Dunlop  Corbe- 

spondence  ...         681- 

LiTEBARY  Gossip        

Science— Library  Table  ;  Geogeaphical  Notes  ; 
Societies  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip         683- 

FnrK  Arts- Fans  of  Japan;  Libbary  Table;  Por- 
traits OF  Keats  from  the  Life  ;  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields  ;  Gossip  685- 

Mirsic- The  Week  ;  Gossip  ;  Performances  Next 
Week  688- 

Obama  —  The  Week  ;  Shakspeabe  and  his  Con- 
temporaries; Gossip 689 


FAGE 

673 

674 


-679 
679 
680 

-681 


-639 
•690 


LITERATURE 


The  History  of  '  Punch:  By  M.  H.  Spiel- 
mann.  "With  Numerous  Illustrations. 
(CasseU  &  Co.) 
A  Jorum  of  ^  Punchy  with  those  who  Helped 
to  Brew  It:  being  the  Early  History  of 
'  The  London  Charivari:  By  Athol 
Mayhew.  (Downey  «&  Co.) 
Had  lie  delayed  the  writing  of  his  small 
book  till  he  could  study  Mr.  Spielmann's 
bulky  volume,  Mr.  Athol  Mayhew  would 
probably  have  either  abandoned  his  enter- 
prise or  shaped  it  differently.  He  had  a 
real  grievance — albeit  of  but  slight  interest 
to  the  public — against  those  in  authority 
who,  eight  years  ago,  stated  that  "Mr. 
Henry  Mayhew  was  never  at  any  time 
editor  of  Punch,"  and  who,  when  this  state- 
ment was  contradicted,  only  in  part  cor- 
rected it.  The  facts,  however,  have  now 
l)een  clearly  set  forth  by  Mr.  Spielmann 
irom  authentic  sources,  and  his  narrative, 
if  more  concise  than  Mr.  Athol  Mayhew's, 
is,  on  the  whole,  more  favourable  to  "the 
projector  of  Punch:'  It  is  likely  enough 
that,  as  we  are  told,  "  the  idea  of  a  decent 
comic  weekly  periodical,"  as  a  London  rival 
to  the  Paris  Charivari,  occurred  to  Henry 
Mayhew  in  183.5,  and  was  cherished  by  him 
for  six  years  before  he  could  get  it  adopted. 
But  a  like  "idea,"  with  or  without  much 
regard  for  decency,  had  been  favoured  by 
others.  Mayhew  had  himself  been  con- 
cerned with  Gilbert  a  Beckett  in  bringing 
out  Figaro  in  London  in  1831,  and  this  penny 
sheet,  which  ran  for  eight  years,  and  Douglas 
Jerrold's  Punch  in  London,  which  lived  only 
through  four  months  of  1832,  as  one  of 
several  competitors,  had  helped  to  make 
the  "idea"  common  property.  Mr.  Athol 
Mayhew's  filial  zeal  outruns  discretion  in 
raking  up  stories  about  his  father's 
Bohemian  escapades,  spiced  with  unkind 
gossip  about  some  of  his  father's  associates, 
which  throw  no  useful  light  on  "  the  history 
of  Punch:' 

That,  however,  is  done  only  too  pro- 
fusely by  Mr.  Spielmann,  who  has  enjoyed 
access  to  all  available  records  and  account- 
books,  and  tells  us  that  he  has  spent  four 
years  in  collecting  and  sifting  the  evidence 


of  several  hundred  correspondents.  A 
smaller  and  better  constructed  volume  would 
have  sufficed  and  been  more  acceptable. 
Mr.  Spielmann  goes  over  his  ground  at 
least  three  times.  In  his  first  253  pages 
he  discourses  at  large  about  Punch's  origin 
and  early  struggles,  its  subsequent  suc- 
cesses as  a  champion  joker,  political  philo- 
sopher, and  social  mentor,  its  services  in  the 
development  of  pictorial  art,  and  so  forth. 
In  154  pages  he  furnishes  short  biographies 
of  the  Punch  editors  and  writers,  from  Lemon, 
Mayhew,  and  the  other  contributors  to  the 
first  number,  down  to  Mr,  Anstey  and  the 
present  staff.  In  164  pages  he  deals  in  like 
way  with  the  artists,  from  Archibald  Hen- 
ning  and  Brine  down  to  Mr.  E.  T.  Reed 
and  Mr.  Phil  May.  Under  this  arrange- 
ment several  men,  like  Thackeray,  have  to 
be  referred  to  again  and  again,  with  consider- 
able repetition  and  some  confusion.  Much 
that  is  said  about  well-known  people,  more- 
over, is  trite  matter ;  and  if  Mr.  Spielmann 
is  mildly  critical  about  those  who  are  dead, 
he  appears  to  have  felt  himself  constrained 
to  offer  nothing  but  indiscriminate  praise  of 
the  living.  It  is  unfortunate,  too,  that 
though  his  book  has  more  than  twelve 
dozen  illustrations,  most  of  them  well 
chosen  and  several  of  them  excellent,  many 
of  his  remarks  about  the  artists  are  un- 
interesting and  barely  intelligible  unless 
we  have  a  file  of  Punch  to  turn  to  while  we 
read. 

"With  all  its  shortcomings  and  redun- 
dancies, however,  the  volume  is  one  to  be 
thankful  for.  A  good  deal  of  it  is  enter- 
taining, and,  besides  being  a  useful  con- 
tribution to  the  history  of  journalism,  it 
pleasantly  reminds  us  of  much  that  is  im- 
portant in  the  progress  of  the  past  half- 
centuxy. 

While  arguing  pretty  conclusively  that 
Ebenezer  Landells  had  most  to  do  in  the 
starting  of  Punch,  Mr.  Spielmann  renders 
full  justice  to  Henry  Mayhew  as  its  guiding 
spirit, 

"  founding  the  tradition  and  personality  of  '  Mr. 
Punch,'  and  converting  him  from  the  mere 
strolling  puppet,  an  irresponsible  jester,  into 
the  laughing  philosopher  and  man  of  letters, 
the  essence  of  all  wit,  the  concentration  of  all 
wisdom,  the  soul  of  honour,  the  fountain  of 
goodness,  and  the  paragon  of  every  virtue." 

Punch  has  not  been  invariably  wise  or 
witty,  it  has  had  its  foibles  and  petty  vices, 
but  it  has,  on  the  whole,  been  commendably 
loyal  to  its  original  purj^ose,  and  all  the 
more  credit  is  due  to  Mayhew  and  his 
associates  for  keeping  it  clean  and  whole- 
some in  days  of  adversity,  when  they  might, 
perhaps,  have  easily  obtained  present  profit 
by  pandering  to  tastes  that  were  more  vulgar 
fifty  years  ago  than  now.  "When  Landells, 
the  only  man  of  business  among  the  original 
owners,  handed  over  the  losing  concern  to 
Messrs.  Bradbury  &  Evans,  and  Mayhew's 
editorial  control  was  transferred  to  Mark 
Lemon,  previously  his  helper.  Lemon  justi- 
fied the  trust  placed  in  liim  by  maintaining 
the  high  standard,  and  at  the  same  time 
adapting  himself  audit  to  the  arrangements 
necessary  for  making  Punch  a  "  paying 
property."  "There  are  forty  men  of  wit 
for  one  man  of  sense,"  said  Swift.  Lemon 
was  the  man  of  sense  who  knew  how  to  get 
help  from  such  men  as  Gilbert  a  Beckett, 
Douglas  Jerrold,  and  Thackeray.     Of  those 


three  the  first  filled  an  average  of  nearly 
four  columns  a  week,  the  second  more 
than  three,  and  the  third  about  one  and  a 
half,  between  1844  and  1848. 

Mr.  Spielmann  is  at  pains  to  trace  the 
genesis  of  some  of  the  more  famous  jokes 
in  Punch.  The  most  famous  of  all — "Advice 
to  Persons  about  to  marry:  Don't" — the 
authorship  of  which  has  been  attributed  to 
scores  of  people,  he  assigns  on  "authorita- 
tive information  "  to  Henry  Mayhew,  who 
also  "invented  that  first  Almanac  which 
had  saved  the  paper's  life,"  though  Mr. 
Athol  Mayhew  evidently  errs  in  stating 
that  the  whole  Almanac  was  written  by 
his  father  and  H.  P.  Grattan  during  a 
week's  residence  in  Fleet  Prison.  Mayhew, 
who,  according  to  Henry  Vizetelly,  "was 
brimming  over  with  novel  ideas  on  all 
manner  of  subjects,"  made  many  jokes, 
but,  in  this  line  of  work,  did  more  in  throw- 
ing out  hints  for  others  to  work  up.  Leech 
called  him  his  "indispensable  Jack-aU  or 
broad-grin  provider." 

Douglas  Jerrold  supplied  most  of  the 
Eadical  politics  and  much  of  the  exposure 
of  social  abuses  which  were  conspicuous  in 
Punch  through  many  of  its  earlier  j'ears. 
Of  his  '  Caudle  Curtain  Lectures,'  which 
were  in  lighter  vein,  he  said,  "  It  just 
shows  what  stuff  the  people  will  swallow.  I 
could  write  such  rubbish  as  that  by  the  yard." 
Thackeray,  who  more  than  once  threatened 
to  break  with  the  Punch  staff  on  account  of 
Jerrold's  attacks  on  Louis  Napoleon  ("  Upon 
my  word,  I  don't  think  I  ought  to  pull  in 
the  same  boat  with  such  a  savage  little 
Eobespierre,"  he  wrote  to  Mrs.  Brookfield), 
was  really  driven  away  in  1854,  as  he  ex- 
plained in  a  letter  now  for  the  first  time 
printed,  by  Leech's  "picture  of  a  Beggar 
on  Horseback,  in  which  the  Emperor  was 
represented  galloping  to  hell  with  a  sword 
reeking  with  blood."  That  was  four  years 
after  Sir  John  Tenniel's  first  cartoon,  *  Lord 
Jack  the  Giant  Killer,'  representing  Lord 
John  Eussell  and  Dr.  "Wiseman  as  David 
and  Goliath,  had  caused  "  Dicky  "  Doyle's 
secession.  "Awfully  bad  it  is,"  Sir  John 
says  of  this  cartoon  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Spiel- 
mann ;  "in  fact,  all  my  work,  at  that  par- 
ticular time,  now  seems  to  me  about  as  bad 
as  bad  could  be,  and  fills  me  with  wonder 
and  amazement." 

Mr.  Spielmann  calls  special  attention,  as 
is  right,  to  notable  contributions  to  Punch 
by  notable  outsiders.  One  such  was  Mr. 
Coventry  Patmore's  fierce  condemnation  of 
General  Pelissier's  burning  of  Arabs  in 
Algeria  in  1845,  including  these  lines  : — 

Ply  the  furnace,  fling  the  faggots  ! 

Lo,  the  flames  writhe,  rush,  and  tear ! 
And  a  thousand  writhe  like  maggots 

In  anion;  them— Fir^  la  guene  ! 

Another,  written  in  1846,  was  Tennyson's 
retort  to  Bulwer  Lytton,  "the  padded  man 
who  wears  the  stays,"  who  in  his  'New 
Timon  '  had  sneered  at 

A  jingling  medley  of  purloined  conceits 
Out-babying  Wordsworth  and  out-glittering  Keata, 
Where  all  the  airs  of  patchwork  pastoral  chime 
To  tkown  the  ears  in  Tennysonian  rhyme. 

To  which  "Alcibiades"  replied  in  ton 
stanzas,  of  which  this  is  half  a  one  : — 

What  profits  now  to  understand 

The  merits  of  a  spotless  shirt — 
A  dapper  boot — a  little  hand — 

If  half  the  little  soul  is  dirt  ? 


674 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


Tennyson's  only  other  contribution  to 
Punch  appeared  a  week  later  as  an  *  After- 
thought '  : — 

And  I  too  talk,  and  lose  the  touch 

I  talk  of.     Surely,  after  all. 
The  noblest  answer  unto  such 

Is  kindly  silence  when  they  brawl, 

Charles  Dickens  in  1849    sent  one  con- 
tribution to  Punch.     It  was  "  declined  with 
thanks,"   and  forty    years   later  the  page 
of   MS,    was    sold    for  16/,    at   Sotheby's. 
Dickens  was,  however,  an  occasional  guest 
at  the  Punch  dinner ;    and  once  Mr.  Glad- 
stone was  of  the   company.      Two  of  Mr. 
Gladstone's    former     colleagues    in    office, 
Lord  Eussell    of  Killowen  and  Sir  Frank 
Lockwood,  have  had  apparently  to  content 
themselves  with  participation  in  the  exploits 
of  the  Two  Pins  Club,  which  is  only,  as  a 
Punch  joker  might  say,  a   "rider"   to  the 
Punch  coterie,  being  a  clique  of  humorous 
horsemen    who    go    forth    occasionally    to 
lunch  in  kneebreeches.      Sir  Frank  Lock- 
wood,  however,  has  often  helped  Mr,  E,  T. 
Heed,  one  of  the  latest  recruits  of  the  Punch 
staff,  with  material  for  his  eccentric  draw- 
ings ;  and  two  years  ago  in  the  great  comic 
organ  he  "  appeared  in  his   own  right  with 
a  comic    scribble  representing   a  barrister 
afflicted  with  a  bad  cold  energetically  ad- 
dressing  the  Court :  it  was  entitled  '  Cold, 
but  In- vig- orating.' "   Who  will  deny  that — 
although  three  successive  editors  carried  on 
what  Mr.  Spielmann  terms  ' '  a  dynastic  ven- 
detta" against  Mr.  Sala,  which  Mr.  Burnand 
abandoned — Punch  in  its  lifetime  of  three- 
and-fifty  years   has,  as  a  rule,   offered  an 
asylum  to  all  the  wits  ?    That  Mr.  Burnand 
was  fit  for  the  post  he  now  admirably  fills 
was  proved  a   dozen  years  before  he  had 
anything  to  do  with  Punch,  and  some  thirty 
years  before  he  was  promoted  to  the  editor- 
ship.     While    he    was     at    a    theological 
seminary,  to  which   he   had  been  sent  to 
be  prepared  for  the  priesthood  by  the  late 
Cardinal  Manning,   the  worthy  ecclesiastic 
suggested  that  he   appeared    to  have    no 
vocation  for  the   Church,      Mr,    Burnand 
modestly  acquiesced, adding  that  he  "thought 
he    had    a   vocation  for  the  stage,"     "A 
'vocation'  concerns  the  spiritual  welfare," 
solemnly  remarked  the  cleric.     "  You  can- 
not  speak  of   '  going   on  the   stage '   as  a 
'  vocation.'     You  might  as  well  call  '  being 
a  cobbler'  a  'vocation.'  "     "  Well,  yes.  Dr. 
Manning,"  Mr.    Burnand  answered,    "  but 
if  I  were  a  cobbler  I  should  still  have  the 
cure  of  soles." 


SOME   CHESS   BOOKS, 

The    Chess   Mentor.     By    F,    J.    Lee    and 

G,  H,  D,  Gossip,     (Ward  &  Downey.) 
Chess  Novelties.     By  H.  E.  Bird.     (Warne 

&Co.) 
The  Art  of  Chess.   By  James  Mason.  (Horace 

Cox.) 
Chess  Sparks.  By  J.  H.  Ellis,  M.A.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
The  first  work  on  our  list  is  a  specimen  of 
those  shilling  manuals  with  which  the  chess 
market  has  been  flooded  of  late  years.  Mr. 
Gossip,  one  of  the  joint  authors,  is  respon- 
sible for  three  of  these,  as  we  learn  from  a 
notice  inserted  in  the  book,  and  we  have 
heard  of  many  more.  The  same  writer  has 
produced  in  the  past  several  works  on  a 
larger  scale,  which  have  met  with  varying 


degrees  of  success,  so  that  he  is  no  novice 
in  the  field  of  chess  authorship.     Mr,  Lee, 
his  colleague,  is  well  known  as  a  practical 
chess  master  and  conductor  of  chess  columns, 
but  this,  we  believe,  is  the  first  book  which 
bears  his  name  on  the  title-page.     Among 
so  great  a  profusion  of  booklets,  each  one 
may  fairly  be  expected  to  justify  its  raison 
d'etre  ;  and  of  the  existence  of  this  particular 
specimen  we,  in  Talleyrand's  phrase,  do  not 
see  the  necessity.     It  may  be  of  some  use 
to  beginners,  but  the  authors  fxu'ther  claim 
to    supply  the  wants   of   "more   advanced 
students,  who,  while  tolerably  proficient  in 
the  game,  are  still  more  or  less  unacquainted 
with  its  principles."     Now  it  is  precisely  in 
these  "  principles  "  that  they  seem  to  us  to 
be  most  deficient.     As  players  they  would 
no    doubt    carry   them    out    efficiently    in 
practice,  but  pen  in  hand  they  seem  not  to 
know  how  and  when  to  generalize.     Hence 
the   chapter    on    end-games    is    decidedly 
meagre ;    a  few  unclassified   examples  are 
supplied,  but  the  opportunity  of  enforcing  a 
broad  general  maxim  is  missed.     Thus  we 
have  the  rather  superfluous  information  that 
the  king  and  two  pawns  always  win  against 
the  king,  but  no  help  in  deciding  the  more 
important  question  in  what  cases  the  king 
and   single  pawn  will  win   or  draw.     All 
experts  are  aware  in  practice,  though  they 
may  not  always  be  able  to  formulate  their 
knowledge,  that  the  end-game  of  king  and 
pawn  is  won  only  with  both  the  following 
conditions  in  its  favour  :  ( 1 )  the  king  being 
in  front   of  the  pawn,   (2)  with  the  oppo- 
sition ;    except  that  the  king  on  the  sixth 
rank  wins  with  or  without  the  opposition ; 
and,  of  course,  if  the  pawn  is  a  rook's  pawn 
the  game  cannot  be  won  at  all.     As  these 
two    conditions    are    seldom    combined,    a 
drawn  game  is  the  rule,   a  won  game  the 
exception.      The    following    remark,    also, 
is  not  very  edifying:   "A  rook   and  pawn 
seldom  do  more  than  draw  against  a  rook, 
except  in  very  rare  cases,   as  the  weaker 
force  can  usually   get    a    stalemate,"      It 
would  be  more  to  the  purpose  to  say  that 
the  game  is  drawn  if  the  defending  king 
can  be  brought   in   front    of   the  enemy's 
pawn,   but  won  if  he   can    be  kept   at   a 
distance.    There  is  in  an  example  of  pawn  on 
bishop's  seventh  drawing  against  the  queen 
no  mention  of  the  general  rule  that  in  such 
positions  the  bishop's  or  rook's  pawn  can 
usually  draw,  while  the  king's,  queen's,  or 
knight's    pawn    will    lose,       Mr,    Gossip's 
influence  in  this  joint  production  is  shown 
by  his  frequent  references  to  his  own  chess 
writings,  and  also,  we  are  sorry  to  add,  by 
a  carping,  fault  -  finding   attitude   towards 
other  authors.     He  seems  more  anxious  to 
score  off  rivals  than  to  promote  the  interests 
of  the  student.     There  is  a  display  of  learn- 
ing in  frequent  quotations  from  the  Italian 
writers,  but  so  little  depth  of  knowledge  that 
in  one  place  (p.  58)  Ponziani  is  coupled  with 
the  writers  of  the  sixteenth  century,  while 
in  another  (p.  80)  we  read  of  a  good  move 
recommended  centuries  ago  by  Lolli,  "  one 
of  the  grand  old  masters."     Both  Lolli  and 
Ponziani  belong  to  the  eighteenth  century. 

Mr.  Bird's  work  contains  a  large  amount 
of  valuable  and  interesting  matter,  but  the 
reader's  satisfaction  is  considerably  damped 
by  the  Brotneid  or  professional  jealousy 
which  he  constantly  displays.  In  particular, 
his  attack  upon  Mr,  Freeborough's  intro- 


duction   to    the    new    edition    of    George 
Walker's  '  Chess   Studies'  of  1844  is  abso- 
lutely uncalled  for  and  unjustifiable.     He 
sneers   at   the    book    itself    as    though    it 
promised  something  which  it  did  not  per- 
form ;     he    complains    that     it    is    simply 
reprinted    with    all     its     faults,    and    not 
remodelled,  though  it  bears  upon  its  face 
the  statement  that  it  is  reproduced  page  for 
page  by  an  electrotype  process,   and  at  a 
price    for   which   it    could   not   have   been 
printed  afresh.     But  his  chief  thunders  are 
reserved  for   the   new  introduction,  which 
he    styles   "inaccurate,  disingenuous,    and 
deceptive."     He  accuses  it   of  injustice  to 
Staunton,  whom  it  acknowledges  to   have 
been  the  first  player  of  his  time,  while  it 
calls    his  'Handbook'   "a   great    work"; 
of  ignoring  Boden,  Morphy,  Steinitz,  and 
other  modern  masters  of  two  generations, 
regardless  of  the  fact  that  Mr.  Freeborough 
was  not  writing  on   the   history   of    chess 
subsequent  to  1844,  but  tracing  its  progress 
down  to  that  year.     The  real,  though  un- 
avowed    head    and     front    of    Mr.    Free- 
borough's  offending  would  appear  to  be  that 
he  is  the  responsible  editor  of  a  most  success- 
ful book,  '  Openings  Ancient  and  Modern/ 
in  which  he    has   been    assisted   by  other 
amateurs,  and  which  has  gone  through  two 
editions.      Chess    theory,    it    seems,   is    to 
be    a   preserve    of    the    professionals,    on 
which   amateurs   are  not   to  trespass.     In 
another    passage   (p.    xxix)    we   are    told 
that  "  modern  chess    books    on   the  large 
scale  are  never  up  to  date,  and  are  gener- 
ally written  by  players  past  practice,  being 
little    better    than    compilations    from   the 
works  of  older  writers."     This  compliment, 
we  presume,  is  intended  for  the  great  German 
'  Handbuch,'  the  seventh  edition  of  which 
was  completed  in  1891 ;  and  we  must  demur 
to  every  one  of  Mr.  Bird's  statements  respect- 
ing it.     The  '  Handbuch  '  was  fully  up  to  the 
date  of  1891,  though,  of  course,  new  matter 
has  accrued  during  the  last  four  years  ;  its 
writers  are  young  and  by  no  means  decadent 
German  masters ;   and  those  who  compare 
the  successive  editions   are  aware  that,  so 
far  from   being  a    ' '  compilation  from   the 
works   of   older  writers,"   the   new  matter 
introduced  in  each  comes    from  the  latest 
periodicals    and    records    of    master  play. 
We  are  sincerely  sorry  to  see  a  veteran  of 
Mr.  Bird's  well-established  fame  descending 
to  these  insinuations  against  rival  authors. 
His   acquaintance  with  chess   literature  in 
general,  and  especially  in  the  German  lan- 
guage, seems  to  be  fitful,  and  mostly  picked 
up  for  controversial  purposes. 

While  entitling  his  book  'Chess  Novel- 
ties,' Mr.  Bird  is  careful  to  point  out  that 
he  does  not  claim  originality  for  all  its 
contents.  The  case  is  rather  that  these 
particular  openings  are  now  out  of  favour, 
and  that  Mr.  Bird  is  the  only  master  of  the 
firstrankwho  recommends  and  practises  them 
in  important  games.  We  fully  agree  with 
our  author  that  modern  match  play  moves 
on  too  narrow  lines,  and  that  a  freer  choice 
of  openings  adds  to  the  interest  of  games. 
The  explanation  is  that  the  few  favourite 
openings  are  found  to  "pay"  best,  and 
that  no  one  likes  to  give  away  a  chance. 
There  are  not  a  few  amateurs  whose  ordinary 
play  is  limited  to  the  same  small  selection  ; 
but  in  the  club  with  which  the  writer  is 
most  familiar  a  more  chivalrous  spirit,  and 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


675 


one  more  akin  to  Mr.  Bird's  own  practice, 
prevails.  All  openings  are  played  in  their 
tiu-n,  and  far  more  interesting  results  are 
produced  than  from  the  too  close  adhesion 
to  the  favourite  Euy  Lopez  for  first  player 
and  French  Defence  for  second.  As  far  as 
we  have  seen  the  games,  not  yet  collected, 
of  the  Hastings  Tournament,  we  are  glad 
to  recognize  a  greater  variety  of  openings 
than  has  prevailed  in  matches  for  many 
years  past. 

Mr.  Bird's  predilections  include  P  to  KB  4, 
both  as  first  move  and  in  reply  to  P  to  Q  4, 
and  other  forms  of  the  close  game  ;  new  and 
important  variations  on   the  Two  Knights' 
Defence,   Prom's  Counter  Gambit,  and  the 
Lesser  (also  called  Limited)  Bishop's  Gambit. 
Of  less  value,  we  think,  are  his  special  form 
of  the  Giuoco  Piano,  his  defence  to  the  Buy 
Lopez  3  . . .  Kt  to  Q  5,  and  his  attempt  to  re- 
habilitate the  counter  gambits  in  Philidor's 
Defence,  1 ,  P  to  K  4,  P  to  K  4  ;  2,  Kt  to  KB  3, 
Pto  Q3;  3,  P  toQ4  or  BtoB4,  P  to  KB  4. 
In   the  last-mentioned    opening    the    new 
matter  is  interesting  enough,  but  there  is 
sometimes  a  want  of  logical  perception  of 
the  points  to  be  proved,  and  an  ignoring  of 
variations  which   tell   the   other  way,   and 
which  date  from  so  far  back  as   Staunton's 
'  Handbook.'      Sometimes,    too,  proofs  are 
promised  which  are  not  forthcoming.     An 
example  occurs  in  the  Two  Knights'  De- 
fence :   1,  P  to  K  4,  P  to  K4  ;  2,  Kt  to  KB  3, 
Kt  to  QB  3  ;  3,  B  to  B  4,  Kt  to  B  3  ;  4,  Kt  to 
Kt  5,  P  to  Q  4  ;  0,  P  takes  P,  Kt  to  QR  4  ; 
6,  B  to  Kt  5  ch,  P  to  B  3 ;  7,  P  takes  P,  P  takes 
P  ;  8,  Q  to  KB  3,  now  put  forward  as  best. 
This   move   was    elaborately   analyzed    by 
Boden  forty  years  ago,  and  was  then  found 
wanting ;  Mr.  Bird  pronounces  it  "  obviously 
the  best"  (p.  27).     He  then  says  (p.  31) 
that  the  choice  for  Black  rests  between  8  . . . 
Q  to  B  2  and  8  ...  Q  to  Kt  3,  and  proposes 
to   consider   both ;    but   in   the    sequel   he 
merely  gives  "  Q  to  Kt3  (best),"  and  omits 
Q  to  B  2,  which  in  the  German  '  Handbuch ' 
and  other   recent  works    is   made   to   give 
Black  the  better  game.     Mr.  Bird  regards 
himself  as   the   only  player  who  has  dis- 
covered a  sound  defence  to  the  Sicilian  ;  that, 
namely,  in  which  Black  leaves  the  KP  un- 
moved for  some  time,  playing  P  to  KKt  3, 
B  to  Kt  2,  and  P  to  Q,  3.     This  variation 
was  played  years  ago  by  the  late  eminent 
master  L.   Paulsen ;    but    Mr.   Bird,    who 
derives  little  from  the  German  sources  he 
disparages,  no  doubt  hit  uj)on  it  independ- 
ently.    We  have  criticized  some  details  of 
Mr.  Bird's  book  ;  but  viewed  simply  as  a 
collection  of  spirited  and  interesting  games 
there  is  much  to  admire  in  it. 

Mr.  Mason's  'Ait  of  Chess,'  a  sequel  to 
his  *  Principles  of  Chess,'  which  appeared 
about  two  years  ago,  stands  on  a  higher 
level  both  of  literary  skill  and  dignified 
reticence.  It  is  refreshing  to  come  across  a 
chess  work  perfectly  free  from  self-advertise- 
ment and  from  "log-rolling."  So  anxious  is 
Mr.  Mason  to  avoid  personal  questions  that, 
in  his  chapter  on  combination  in  the  middle 
game,  out  of  more  tlian  150  diagrams  of 
positions  from  the  best  recent  examples,  no 
names  but  those  of  deceased  masters  are 
mentioned.  The  student  is  invited  to  con- 
centrate his  attention  on  the  lessons  to  bo 
learnt,  not  on  the  comparative  merits  of  the 
players.  This  chapter,  the  central  one  in 
the  book  and  much  the  longest,  wo  regard 


also  as  the  most  important.  Mr.  Mason 
holds,  however,  that  the  end-game  should 
come  first  in  order  of  study  on  account  of 
the  more  frequent  application  of  general 
principles  which  it  admits,  and  accordingly 
devotes  his  first  ninety-six  pages  to  a  series 
of  end-game  positions.  These  are  well 
selected,  and  illustrate  a  great  variety  of 
principles ;  but  in  claiming  for  them  the 
character  of  "little  less  than  a  compre- 
hensive treatise  on  the  end-game,"  Mr. 
Mason,  we  think,  goes  a  little  too  far.  For 
a  really  systematic  treatment  of  this  branch 
of  chess  study  we  must  turn  to  the  '  Stra- 
tegie  Eaisonnee  des  Fins  de  Partie '  of 
Durand  and  Preti,  the  German  *  Hand- 
buch,' the  elaborate  work  of  Berger,  or  the 
more  concise  treatise  on  end-games  of  Mr. 
Freeborough. 

The  remaining  section  of  the  book 
(pp.  251-309)  is  devoted  to  the  openings. 
The  amount  of  space  allotted  is  clearly 
insufiicient  to  enable  the  writer  to  do  justice 
to  so  wide  a  subject ;  this  part  of  the  work 
must,  therefore,  be  regarded,  not  as  com- 
peting with  the  regular  treatises,  but  as  the 
acute  and  well-reasoned  criticism,  on  certain 
favourite  openings,  of  an  eminent  practical 
exponent  of  the  game.  We  should  not  be 
sorry  if  Mr.  Mason  were  to  complete  the 
trilogy  by  producing,  as  has  been  suggested, 
a  third  part,  in  which  all  the  openings 
should  be  passed  under  review  at  much 
greater  length. 

The   last  work   on    our   list,   Mr.  Ellis's 
'Chess     Sparks,'    is    only    just     out.      It 
recalls    various    collections    of    short    and 
sparkling    games,    published    under    such 
names  as  '  Chess  Brilliants  '  or  *  Brevity  and 
Brilliancy  in  Chess ';  but  it  is  on  a  larger 
scale   than    these,   the    number    of  games 
running    to  four   hundred.     Similar  books 
have  sometimes  been  clogged  with  purely 
artificial    restrictions ;    the    only    condition 
Mr.  Ellis  has  imposed  upon  himself  is  the 
limit   of   twenty   moves   before   a   winning 
position  is  reached.    The  games  are  selected 
from  the  principal  collections,  British  and 
foreign,  from  George  Walker  (1844)  down- 
wards, and  from  periodicals,  in  which  the 
editor  is  widely  read.     His  work   is  done 
with    great  judgment,   perfect    taste,   and 
modesty ;  he  admits  a  single  specimen  only 
of  his  own  play.     Diagrams  are  frequent, 
notes  sparing  and  judicious.     The  mature 
student  will  discover  many  old    favourites 
from  the  play  of  Staunton,  Labourdonnais, 
MacDonnell,    Kieseritzky,    and   other    past 
masters  ;  the  novice  will  find  on  every  page 
"a  thing  of  beauty,"  which  we  trust  may 
prove  "a  joy  for  ever."     The  arrangement 
is  chronological.     Among  the  older  games 
we    may  call  special    attention    to  Nos.  5 
(A.  MacDonnell's  gem  of  odds-giving),  6, 
29,  33  (the  initials  "  W.  P."  here  stand  for 
the  late  Wellington  Pulling),  51,  57   (An- 
derssen's    two    "immortal"    games),    and 
93  (also  by  Anderssen).     The  play  of  such 
masters  as  Bird,  Blackburne,  Steinitz,  and 
Zukertort    is  abundantly  illustrated ;    that 
of  Morphy,  perhaps,  rather  less  than  might 
be  expected — possibly  because  his  games, 
like  Staunton's,  form  a  collection  by  them- 
selves. 


3/y  Travels  in  Eurojye  and  America,  1893. 
"Sy  His  Highness  the  Eaja-i-Eajgan 
Ja^atjit  Singh  of  Kapurthala.  (Eout- 
ledge  &  Sons.) 
The  intetest  which  commonly  attaches  to 
royal  authorship  might  find  some  special 
justification  in  the  sumptuous  but  tasteful 
volume  before  us.  An  Eastern  monarch 
who  approves  of  female  education,  and 
sympathizes  with  the  troubles  of  third-class 
railway  passengers  ;  who  is  an  enthusiastic 
dancer,  a  tennis-player,  and  a  sportsman ; 
and  who,  besides,  has  been  complimented 
by  the  King  of  Italy  on  his  perfect  acquaint- 
ance with  the  French  language,  and  by  his 
own  sovereign  on  his  English,  is  pretty  far 
removed  from  the  conventional  Oriental 
type  ;  and — we  may  observe  in  passing — 
it  is  greatly  to  the  honour  of  the  Indian 
Government  that  among  the  native  rulers 
our  author  is  not  unique. 

The  diary  is  short,  for  the  compact  rect- 
angle of  large  handsome  type  on  each  of 
the  200  quarto  pages  is  surrounded  by  a 
vast  margin.  The  writer  wisely  avoids  long 
set  descriptions  of  scenes  familiar  to  his 
European  readers ;  but  to  his  untravelled 
countrymen  his  reflections  on  these  may 
not,  in  the  absence  of  description,  prove 
particularly  interesting.  Not  the  least  note- 
worthy feature  of  the  diary  is  the  almost  total 
absence  of  the  mistakes  which  might  easily 
be  made  by  an  Oriental  unfamiliar  with  the 
every-day  life  of  Europe  (alas  for  the  small 
prospect  of  another  Hadji  Baba  !).  All  our 
author's  observations  seem  made  from  a 
standpoint  not  different  from  the  ordinary 
educated  Englishman's,  sufficiently  educated, 
too,  to  be  conscious  of  the  points  where  his 
training  has  been  defective ;  thus  in  the 
picture  galleries  of  Florence  : — 

"Although  I  was  lost  in  admiration  of  their 
beauties,  I  could  not  help  feeling  how  much 
greater  my  appreciation  of  such  art  treasures 
would  have  been  had  I  been  educated  to  this 
taste.  In  a  general  way  one  may  admire  a 
beautiful  object  of  art,  either  for  its  shape  or 
colour  ;  but  a  special  training,  added  to  a  certain 
natural  capacity,  is  requisite  to  the  true  appre- 
ciation of  art  in  all  its  details." 

He  is  struck  on  landing  in  Italy  with  the 
excitement  and  animation  of  the  crowds,  so 
different  from  the  Indian,  and  "it  was  im- 
mediately apparent  to  me  that  the  Italians 
are  an  excitable  people."  At  Chicago, 
while  pleased  with  the  enthusiasm  of  his 
reception,  he  quite  sees  the  humorous  and 
absurd  side  of  it— as  is  evident  from  the  quo- 
tations he  prints  from  the  local  newspapers. 
In  London  he  is  surprised 
"to  notice  young  ladies  riding  in  the  Park 
regularly  before  breakfast,  after  dancing  night 
afFer  night  almost  until  daylight.  This  must 
have  a  wearying  effect  on  the  constitution, 
though  I  must  say  there  are  no  signs  of  early 
decay." 

His  Highness  seems  to  have  been  treated 
with  distinguished  consideration  and  kind- 
ness by  "our  beloved  Empress  -  Queen," 
of  whom  he  writes  with  respect  and 
admiration,  as  weU  as  by  other  members  of 
the  royal  family,  and — no  doubt  in  conse- 
quence— by  various  continental  potentates. 
He  enlarges  specially  on  the  charms  and 
virtues  of  the  royal  family  of  Italy,  but 
here  as  elsewhere  combines  frankness  with 
perfect  discretion  and  good  taste ;  and  ho 
modestly    accepts    the    cordiality    he    was 


676 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N**  3551,  Nov.  16/95 


treated  with  "as  a  compliment  to  Inrl^'a 
generally,  and  not  to  me  as  an  individual 
merely."  Of  one  eminent  personag-a  only 
he  reveals  a  confidential  if  legitimpce  aspi- 
ration. Talking  to  the  Duke  of  CVjnnaught, 
"I  expressed  a  wish  that  he  -niight  return 
one  day  to  India  as  Yiceroy ;  to  which  he 
replied  :  '  My  dear  friend,  that  is  the  desire 
of  my  heart.'  "  With  ordinary  mortals  he 
allows  himself  more  freedom.  At  Buda- 
Pesth  we  hear  of  an  old  acquaintance  : — 

"We  had  a  very  interesting  morning,  as  the 
celebrated  Prof.  Arminius  Vambery,  of  Central 
Asian  fame,  came  to  breakfast  with  me.  He 
insisted  on  talking  Persian  all  the  time,  and  I 
marvelled  at  his  fluency  in  that  language.  He 
keeps  up  his  knowledge  of  Eastern  affairs  by  a 
close  study  of  the  different  Oriental  newspapers. 
Of  course,  politics  were  freely  indulged  in,  as 
they  are  M.  Vambery 's/orie,  I  could  not  help 
remarking  that  his  pessimistic  views  appeared 
to  be  as  far  ofl'  of  realization  as  when  he  began  to 
utter  them  in  1861,  whereat  he  shook  his  head 
solemnly  and  said,  '  Wait ! '  I  should  say  he  is 
a  monomaniac,  having  Russia  on  the  brain.  In 
appearance  M.  Vambe'ry  is  still  young,  and  his 
ideas  are  fresh  and  vigorous." 
Politics,  the  author  tells  us,  he  expressly 
excludes  from  his  diary,  and  almost  the 
only  allusion  to  them  is  the  mention  of 
his  attendance  in  London  at  a  great 
Home  Rule  demonstration,  where,  he  ob- 
serves, the  enthusiasm  was  great,  but 
its  reality  doubtful.  However,  he  highly 
approves  of  free  talk  as  a  safety  valve  in 
such  matters,  adding,  "  These  remarks  apply 
with  equal  force  to  the  artificial  agitation 
recently  started  in  India,  known  as  the 
National  Congress." 

We  do  not  doubt  that  he  worked  pretty 
hard  in  pursuit  both  of  instruction  and 
amusement.  His  occasional  records  of  social 
engagements  are  certainlyf  ormidable  enough, 
and  he  was  besides,  he  informs  his  readers, 
continually  engaged  in  grave  discussions 
with  statesmen  and  officials,  resulting  in  the 
accumulation  of  much  useful  information 
which  he  "  hopes  to  put  to  good  use."  And 
if  he  returned  home  a  wiser  man,  it  was 
also,  if  we  rightly  interpret  his  allusions  to 
his  varied  purchases,  as  a  poorer.  His  first 
impression  of  London,  due  to  the  "sombre 
appearance "  of  its  buildings  and  the 
"murkiness  of  the  atmosphere,"  was  one 
of  "gloom  and  sadness."  His  politeness, 
indeed,  makes  him  add  that  this  was 
"speedily  dispelled  by  subsequent  events." 
But  there  were  no  such  reservations  in  his 
appreciation  of  Paris — where  still,  no  doubt, 
even  under  republican  austerity,  le  roi 
s' amuse  more  satisfactorily  than  anywhere 
else  in  the  world.  Nevertheless  England, 
after  all,  as  he  assures  his  readers,  is  the 
place  where  comfort  is  really  understood, 
only  "  one  must  " — even  a  Maharaja  must — 
"  be  rich  to  be  able  to  enjoy  it." 

There  are  singularly  few  slips,  of  spelling 
or  otherwise,  in  the  book,  and  the  English 
is  clear  and  idiomatic.  The  author,  how- 
over,  should  not  tell  us,  on  p.  132,  that  he 
found  several  Turki  words  in  the  Ped 
Indians'  language,  and  six  pages  later  that 
he  found  no  such  resemblance. 


Dictionary  of  National  Biograplnj . — Vols.  XL.- 

XLIV.     Mi/llar  —  Pernj.     (Smith,   Elder 

&  Co.) 

The   five    volumes   of   the    '  Dictionary   of 

National    Biography'   that   lie    before    us 


fully  maintain  the  high  level  of  excellence 
that    is    now    associated    with    Mr.    Lee's 
editorship.     No  signs  of  scamped  work  are 
to  be  discovered,  though  some  of  the  con- 
tributors are  still  rather  diffuse.     Mr.  Lee 
himself,    for    example,    lingers   too    fondly 
over    the   death   of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury. 
Prof.   Laughton,  on  the    other  hand,  has 
entirely  mended   his   waj's,   as    his    article 
on  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier  shows — one 
of  the  first  to  .attract  attention  in  vol.  xl. 
In  dealing  with  the  Napier  banquet,  which 
preceded  the  departure  of  the  fleet  for  the 
Baltic,    he    might    have    mentioned    that, 
according  to  Greville,  the  real  braggart  was 
not  Napier,  but  Sir  James  Graham.  Another 
omission   is   to   be  found   in   Col.   Vetch's 
notice  of  Lord  Napier  of  Magdala,  namely, 
his   appointment    to    command    the    expe- 
ditionary army  in  1878,  when  war  appeared 
imminent    between    England   and    Russia. 
In  treating  of  Beau  Nash,   Mr.  Seccombe 
says  that  "  Bath  had  been  rendered  fashion- 
able as  a  health  resort  by  Queen  Anne's 
visit   in    1703."      Does   not  its   popularity 
date  from  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  if  not 
earlier  (see  Macaulay's  third  chapter)  ?  The 
father  of  Charles  Nasmyth,  the  defender  of 
Silistria,  may  have  been  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  but  he  was  also  a  den- 
tist in  good  practice  in  Edinburgh.     Under 
James  Nasmyth  (article  by  Mr.  Pressor)  we 
can  discover  no  allusion  to  his  strange  specu- 
lations on  the  sun- ray  origin  of  the  pyra- 
mids, which  are  to  be  studied  in  his  auto- 
biography.     Prof.    Laughton's    article    on 
Nelson  is  careful  and  exhaustive,  but  rather 
opinionative.      His    defence     of     Nelson's 
conduct    in    the    Caracciolo    affair    strikes 
us  as  too   thoroughgoing.     There   can   be 
no  doubt   that  Nelson   allowed  himself  to 
become   entangled   in   Neapolitan    politics, 
when  prudence  demanded  that    he  should 
have  kept  entirely  aloof  from  them.     Prof. 
Bywater   is  not   sufficiently  definite    as   to 
Henry    Nettleship's   share   in    Conington's 
edition  of  Virgil.     The  preface  to  the  third 
edition  indicates  that  he  composed  the  notes 
to  the  tenth  and  twelfth  books,  and  revised 
the  whole.  Mr.  James  Tait's  scholarship  has 
been   turned   to    excellent   account    in    his 
articles   on  the   great   NeviUes.     His  final 
summary     of    Warwick's     character    does 
not      altogether     square,     however,     with 
his  detailed    account  of    the    breach    with 
Edward,  in  which  the  earl  is  represented, 
and  rightly,  as  suffering  from  very  legiti- 
mate   grievances.      Mr.   Lilly's    article    on 
Cardinal   Newman  is  a   trifle  ecstatic,   but 
the  fault  is   venial,   more  especially  as   he 
gives  a  valuable  list  of  Newman's  writings. 
The  only  fault  that  we  have  to  find  with 
Mr.  Glazebrook's  admirable  account  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  is  that  he  might  have  vouch- 
safed  a  little  more  information  about  the 
reform  of  the  currency. 

Turn  we  now  to  vol.  xli.,  in  which  the 
earlier  pages  do  not  contain  many  names 
of  high  importance.  Mr.  Buckland's  article 
on  Baptist  Noel  fails  to  take  into  account 
the  influence  of  Charles  Simeon  on  his 
career.  Nollekens  falls  to  Mr.  Walter 
Armstrong,  who,  we  think,  is  rather  too 
severe  on  J.  T.  Smith's  biography  of  the 
sculptor.  There  can  bo  no  doubt  that  it 
does  substantial  justice  to  a  decidedly  for- 
bidding character.  Mr.  Russell  Barker's 
treatment  of  Lord  North,  the  statesman,  is 


fairly  adequate,  but  he  might  have  supplied 
some  more  instances   of  the    inexhaustible 
good    humour    of    the    man.      "You  see, 
gentlemen,  the  advantage  of  being  in  the 
secret,"   he  remarked  to  the    members   of 
the    Opposition   when,    on    his    unexpected 
resignation,  they  were  waiting  in  the  rain 
for  their  carriages.     Mr.  Lionel  Cust  gives 
some    sound    criticism    of     Northcote     the 
painter,  but  the  article  would  have  gained 
by  a  list  of  his  writings  with  dates.     Dr. 
Gamett  suppresses  so  much   as  a  hint   at 
Mrs.  Norton's  connexion  with  Mr.  Sidney 
Herbert,  though  little  question  can  exist  as 
to   the  fact.      Noye's  "old  new  plan"   of 
ship-money  was  too  important  to  be  treated 
to  a  mere  reference,  as  it  is  by  Mr.  Rigg. 
Why  is  Count  Nugent,  Prince  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  included  in  the  *  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography'  ?  Mr.  Beazley's  notice 
of  Frederick  Oakeley,  the  Tractarian,  should 
have  contained  an  allusion  to  his  influence 
over  Newman.     Mr.  Seccombe  writes  with 
spirit  on  Titus  Gates,  but  is  not  the  sugges- 
tion that  he  was  responsible  for  the  assas- 
sination   of    Sir    Edmund    Berry   Godfrey 
rather  extravagant  ?    Mr.  Dunlop  supplies 
a  discriminating  article  on  O'Connell,  but 
he  might  have  furnished  more  details  of  his 
home  life  at  Darrynane :  for  example,  his 
keeping  of  a  pack  of  beagles.     The  priest 
O'Coigley,  who  played  a  rather  prominent 
part  just  before  the  Irish  rebellion  of  '98,  is 
omitted. 

In  vol.  xlii.  Mr.  James  Tait  does  not  lay 
quite  enough  stress  upon  the  political  aims 
of  Sir  John  Oldcastle.     According  to  Oap^ 
grave,  he  ventured  to  propose  to  the  king 
a  Bill  for  confiscating  the  temporalities  of 
the  Church.     Mr.  Aitken  states  the  facts  of 
Oldmixon's  life  correctly  enough,  but  he  is 
rather    uncritical.     Oldmixon  was   a  party 
hack  of   a  most  unscrupulous  description. 
We    do    not    exactly  understand  why  Mr. 
Gardiner,  in  his  admirable  article  on  Owen 
Roe  O'Neill,  withholds  from  him  the  merits 
of  a  great  commander.     Few  soldiers  have 
done  more  with  more  hopelessly  inadequate 
means.     Among    Opie's    paintings    (article 
by  Mr.  Cosmo  Monkhouse)  his  very  cha- 
racteristic    portrait      of     Priestley     might 
have    been    mentioned.      The   *  Dictionary 
of    National    Biography '    does    not    often 
make     us    smile,    but    Mr.   MacDonagh's 
description  of  John  Boyle  O'Reilly  "  visit- 
ing "    many    English     convict    prisons    is 
pleasingly  naive.     Was  not  Sherard  Osborn 
an  active  promoter  of  turret  ships  as  well 
as   commander    of     the    Royal    Sovereign 
after    she   had   been   equipped  with  these 
contrivances   (article  by  Prof.  Laughton)? 
Mr.  Lee's  account  of  that  many-titled  states- 
man Thomas  Osborne,  best  known  as  the 
Earl  of  Danby,  is  a  sound  piece  of  work. 
He  rather    misses    the   point,  however,  of 
Danby's  offer  of  the  crown,  on  the  flight  of 
James  II.,  to  the  Princess  of  Orange.     He 
shrank  from  declaring  her  father  deposed. 
"  They  ought   to  distinguish,"  he  declared 
long  afterwards,   "  between  resistance  and 
revolution,  for  vacancy  or    abdication  was 
the   thing   they  went  upon,   and  therefore 
resistance  was  to  be  forgot."     Some  effort 
should   have   been   made,  we   consider,    to 
discover  the  parentage  of  Arthur  O'Shaugh- 
nessy,    the    poet.     Mr.  Courtney,   in   deal- 
ing with  Richard  Oswald's  negotiations  in 
Paris,  might  have  stated  that  Oswald  him- 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16/95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


677 


self  brought  about  tbe  crisis  between  Shel- 
bume  and  Fox  by  confiding  to  Thomas 
Grrenville  the  secret  of  the  Canada  paper. 
Mr.  Lee  is  rather  too  severe  on  Otway  as  a 
comic  dramatist.  *  The  Soldier's  Fortune ' 
may  be  coarse,  yet  it  contains  some  highly 
diverting  passages.  Sir  William  Flower's 
memoir  of  Sir  Eichard  Owen  is  thoroughly 
authoritative,  but  the  bibliography  might 
have  been  fuller. 

In  vol.  xliii.  we  cannot  discover,  under 
John  Oxenford,  any  allusion  to  his  familiar 
adaptation  '  The  Two  Orphans.'  And  the 
story  of  the  Oxenham  bird  should  surely 
have  found  place  in  the  article  on  John 
Oxenham,  sea  captain,  since  it  has  always 
borne  the  reputation  of  being  a  most  punc- 
tual and  conscientious  apparition.  The  late 
Mr.  Boase  actually  contrived  to  deal  with 
Don  Pacifico  without  an  allusion  to  Lord 
Palmerston's  "  civis  Roman  us  sum  "  speech. 
Col.  Lloyd's  account  of  Lord  Anglesey's 
(Henry  "William  Paget)  Irish  administra- 
tions is  rather  slight,  and  should  certainly 
have  included  his  military  precautions,  which 
were  admirable.  We  miss,  too,  his  dialogue 
"with  the  Duke  when  wounded  at  AVaterloo. 
"By  God,"  he  exclaimed,  "I  am  shot." 
"  Ai'e  you,  by  God?"  was  the  laconic 
reply.  Mr.  Barker  might  possibly  have 
enlivened  his  article  on  Sir  John  Pakington, 
afterwards  Lord  Hampton,  by  giving  some 
of  the  numerous  stories  alDout  him  which 
are  to  be  found  in  contemporary  memoirs. 
For  example.  Lord  Derby  gave  the  toast  at 
a  whitebait  dinner  of  "The  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  and  the  wooden  spoons  of 
Old  England."  Mr.  Eigg's  appreciation 
of  Lord  Selborne's  judicial  reforms  does 
not  take  into  account  his  indebtedness  to 
Lord  Cairns.  In  the  article  on  the  late 
Surgeon-Major  Parke  Capt.  Stairs  is  called 
Stair.  Mr.  S.  Lane-Poole  becomes  un- 
necessarily controversial  in  his  article  on 
Sir  Harry  Parkes  when  he  censures  the 
abandonment  of  Port  Hamilton.  The  anony- 
mous biography  of  Charles  Stewart  Parnell, 
able  though  it  is,  can  hardly  be  criticized  by 
a  non-political  paper  like  the  Athenaum.  We 
notice,  however,  a  small  error  in  fact.  Miss 
Fanny  Parnell's  verse  was  not  "the  solo 
poetical  influence"  of  the  Nationalists, 
for  there  was  Mr.  T.  D.  Sullivan's  as  well. 
The  volume  of  the  "Badminton  Library" 
on  cricket  might  have  been  cited  among 
the  authorities  on  George  Parr,  the  famous 
batsman. 

The  Fastens,  letter-writers,  occur  early  in 
vol.  xliv.,  and  some  account  should  have 
been  given,  we  consider,  of  the  editions  of 
their  correspondence  previous  to  Mr.  James 
Gairdner's.  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse,  in  his 
appreciative  article  on  Walter  Pater, 
blunders  in  speaking  of  Mr.  Swinburne 
as  a  Fellow  of  Balliol.  Mr.  Hewins's 
description  of  William  Paterson's  Darien 
scheme  is  rather  defective,  since  it  barely 
touches  upon  the  fact  that  it  was  only  part 
of  a  gigantic  plan  for  securing  the  trade  of 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  In  his  article 
on  George  Peacock,  Dean  of  Ely,  Mr.  J.  W. 
Clark  furnishes  one  of  those  explanations 
which  only  provoke  further  curiosity  :  "He 
was,  in  fact,  in  favour  of  compromise  and  con- 
ciliation, but  thought  it  his  duty  to  shield, 
at  cost  to  his  own  reputation,  the  real  author 
of  the  offensive  statutes"  (of  Cambridge 
University).     ^Vho   was    the  real  author? 


Mr.  James  Gairdner's  '  Studies  in  English 
History'  might  have  found  j)lace  among 
the  authorities  on  Eeginald  Pecock,  the 
anti-Lollard  controversialist.  Mr.  George 
Peel  may  be  congratulated  on  a  most  read- 
able and  correct  summary  of  Sir  Eobert 
Peel's  public  career.  He  might  have  men- 
tioned, however.  Peel's  contributions  with 
Croker  and  Palmerston  to  the  Courier  and 
other  ministerial  papers,  which  were  after- 
wards republished  under  the  title  of  '  The 
New  Whig  Guide.'  '  The  Trial  of  Henry 
Brougham  for  Mutiny '  was  by  him,  and  it 
was  hardly  a  successful  effort  of  humour. 
Another  Prime  Minister,  Henry  Pelham, 
has  been  entrusted  to  Mr.  Eussell  Barker, 
and  with  fairly  satisfactory  results,  though 
the  details  of  his  masterly  reduction 
of  the  interest  on  the  National  Debt 
might  have  been  given.  The  terms 
were  3^  per  cent,  for  eight  years  and 
3  per  cent,  after  1758.  Mr.  Eigg  deals  with 
William  Penn  too  much  in  the  spirit  of  an 
advocate.  Macaulay  was,  no  doubt,  ex- 
tremely prejudiced ;  but  to  say  that  "it  is 
hard  to  attach  any  importance  to  the  occur- 
rence of  Penn's  name  in  a  list  of  advisers 
of  an  invasion  of  England"  is  to  err  on  the 
opposite  side.  Mr.  C.  A.  Harris  omits  the 
best  modern  authority  on  Sir  William  Pep- 
perell,  the  "hereof  Louisbourg,"  namely, 
Mr.  Francis  Parkman.  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen's 
notice  of  Samuel  Pepys  is  quite  worthy  of 
its  subject,  though  we  cannot  help  thinking 
that  Mrs.  Pepys  is  dismissed  rather  curtly. 
That  stock  blunder  "the  Marquess  o/Wel- 
lesley "  occurs  in  Mr.  J.  A.  Hamilton's 
otherwise  well-informed  article  on  Spencer 
Perceval.  Lastly,  under  Hugh  Percy,  second 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  there  should 
certainly  have  been  an  allusion  to  the 
Anti-Jacoliii  parody  '  Duke  Smithson  of 
Northumberland,'  which  was  provoked  by 
his  attempt  to  evade  the  powder  tax. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Noemi :    a   Story   of  Rock-dwellers.      By  S. 

Baring-Gould.  (Methuen  &,  Co.) 
In  his  new  romance  Mr.  Baring -Gould 
travels  far  afield,  both  in  space  and  time, 
transporting  his  readers  to  the  France  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  when  England  held  sway 
in  Aquitaine,  and  laying  his  scene  on  the 
rocky  banks  of  the  Dordogne.  In  Mr. 
Baring-Gould's  novels  the  landscape  plays 
a  singularly  important  part.  Some  novelists 
can  get  on  quite  comfortably  with  a  field 
and  a  tree  or  two ;  but  with  the  author  of 
'  Mehalah '  landscape  is  an  integral  part  of 
his  scheme.  Local  tradition  has  it  that  the 
strange  rock  castles  on  the  Dordogne  and 
Vezere  were  destroyed  by  fire ;  and  upon 
this  basis,  backed  by  a  good  deal  of  his- 
torical reading  and  a  personal  knowledge 
of  the  localities  described,  Mr.  Baring- 
Gould  has  built  up  one  of  those  lui-idly 
imaginative  romances  in  the  composition 
of  which  he  has  no  rival.  The  story  is  one 
of  incident  rather  than  character  drawing ; 
but  there  is  not  a  little  to  attract  and  in- 
terest the  reader  in  Noemi  herself — one  of 
those  elfin  heroines  so  dear  to  Mr.  Baring- 
Gould's  heart — and  her  foster-father,  the 
savage  bandit  seigneur,  whose  death  scene 
is  one  of  the  grimmest  and  most  fantastic 
things  ever  imagined,  even  by  Mr.  Baring- 
Gould. 


Anthony    Graeme.     By  Edith  Gray  Wheel- 
wright.    (Bentley  &  Son.) 

The  central  idea  of  Miss  Wheelwright's 
novel,  if  not  original,  is  by  no  means  un- 
promising. But  the  plain  truth  of  the 
matter  is  that  she  never  affords  her  hero  a 
chance,  and  long  before  the  crisis  arrives  in 
which  he  becomes  an  object  of  sympathy, 
the  patience  of  the  most  gentle  reader  is 
worn  out  by  the  portentous  pedantry  of  his 
conversation.  Anthony  Graeme  is  a  prize 
prig — nothing  more — and  Miss  Wheelwright 
would  have  been  far  better  advised  if  she 
had  developed  her  story  on  farcical  rather 
than  tragic  lines.  What  is  to  be  done  with  a 
man  who  greets  a  charming  girl,  whom  he 
has  found  singing  by  herself  in  a  wood, 
with  the  remark,  "You  are  robbing  the 
birds  of  their  prerogative,  or  are  there 
snakes  in  the  forest  which  you  wished  to 
charm?"  or  who  replies  to  her  rhapsody 
on  the  appearance  of  the  clouds:  "  I  had 
noticed  the  simset  as  I  came  along,  and  it 
did  strike  me  as  being,  perhaps,  unusually 
brilliant.  But  the  weather  has  been  alto- 
gether exceptional  for  the  time  of  the 
year'" " 


."? 


TJie  Shoulder  of  Shasta.     By  Bram  Stoker. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Bkam  Stoker's  story,  '  The  Shoulder 
of  Shasta,'  will  not,  it  is  to  be  feared, 
increase  his  literary  reputation,  nor  appeal 
to  many  readers.  The  "Shoiilder"  must 
be  a  particularly  beautiful  spot,  amid 
admirable  natural  surroundings,  but  the 
people  placed  there  are,  in  spite  of  the 
author's  genial  and  kindly  manner,  scarcely 
worthy  those  surroundings.  Not  a  little 
crudity  in  them  and  in  the  treatment  of 
what  does  duty  for  a  story  is  unfortunately 
but  too  visible.  This  want  of  maturity  and 
sense  of  humour  may  be  due  to  haste,  for 
the  book  bears  the  stamp  of  being  roughly 
and  carelessly  put  together.  Mr.  Stoker 
can  probably  do  much  better  work  than 
this ;  so  perhaps  the  less  said  about  '  The 
Shoulder  of  Shasta  '  the  better  for  every  one 
concerned. 

Morton     Verlost.      By    Marguerite    Bryant. 
(Black.) 

The  hero  of  Miss  Bryant's  story,  '  Morton 
Veriest,'  early  developed  into  a  very  blighted 
being.  He  had  his  troubles,  no  doubt,  like 
other  people,  but  they  are  scarce  an  ade- 
quate explanation  of  his  quarrel  with  life 
on  general  principles.  His  friends  and 
biographer,  however,  pity  him  as  a  man 
unjustly  and  only  too  intimately  acquainted 
with  grief.  In  fact,  in  spite  of  the  faults 
allowed  him,  he  and  his  career  are  taken 
just  a  little  too  seriously,  and  he  is  looked 
on  as  a  more  interesting  personage  than  he 
appears,  at  least  to  one  reader.  Early  in 
life  he  was  unfortunate  enough  to  offend 
his  father,  and,  both  being  of  more  than 
usually  proud  and  implacable  dispositions, 
the  ill  feeling  gi-ew  apace.  The  father's 
end  produced  a  silent  reconciliation.  Before 
it  they  had  frequently  met  "  in  society,'* 
but  as  strangers.  Morton  was  also  unfor- 
tunate enough  to  love  the  lady  destined  to 
be  his  stepmother.  Being  a  high-minded 
man,  he  restrained  his  feelings  and  "  be- 
haved well."  Finally,  he  wedded  a  forlorn 
maiden,  not   because  he  loved  her  or  she 

9 


678 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N«  3551,  Nov.  16,  '95 


him,  but  because  their  respective  fortunes — 
especially  hers — depended  on  the  step.  In 
her  case,  too,  the  health  and  well-being  of 
a  favourite  sister  were  also  involved.  In 
time  Mrs.  Morton  Yerlost  came  to  love 
"  another,"  but  not  very  indiscreetly.  Ver- 
iest (whose  name  was  reaUy  Grrevil)  then 
made  arrangements  to  get  himself  put  out 
of  her  way  by  utilizing  a  rising  of  natives 
In  a  mysterious  island,  which  plays  a  mys- 
terious and  unconvincing  part  in  the  storj'. 
The  thing  is  most  seriously  and  laboriously, 
but  not  conspicuously  well  told,  though  the 
author  has  evidently  brought  to  bear  on 
the  character  of  Verlost  all  she  could  of  care 
and  insight. 

The    Scnptnre   Reader    of    St.   Marl's.     By 

K.  Douglas  King.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
Perhaps  a  first  novel,  but  by  no  means  one 
of  a  common  type,  is  '  The  Scripture  Reader 
of  St.  Mark's.'  It  contains  stuff  not  at  all 
on  conventional  lines.  The  ordeal,  as  well 
as  the  scripture  reader  himself,  is  vigorously 
handled.  So  is  the  stranger  girl  who  brings 
into  his  toilsome  life  all  he  knows  of  infinite 
pleasure  and  infinite  pain.  In  spite  of  stern 
repression  and  unceasing  labour,  the  man  is 
warmly  human,  capable  of  narrow  yet  heroic 
self-surrender  or  fervent  resistance,  and 
able  to  love  with  a  long  -  deferred  but  pas- 
sionate intensity,  and  to  suffer  in  like 
degree.  The  selfish  yet  affectionate  Alex- 
andra, with  her  small  wiles  and  wiser  tactics 
(in  a  way  difficidt  to  xinderstand),  is  still  a 
child  of  nature  and  avery  woman.  Thissome- 
what  grim  and  inexorable  story  is  not  devoid 
of  faults,  yet  it  is  sufficiently  firmly  handled, 
and  has  so  many  passages  of  power  as  to 
afford  promise  of  future  excellence. 

The   King  of  Andaman.      By  J.   Maclaren 

Cobban.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 
ALxnouGH     the     scene    of    Mr.    Maclaren 
Cobban's  delightful  story  is  laid  in  modern 
Scotland,  and  his  dramatis  ^J^rsoncB -with,  iew 
exceptions    come    of    simple    rather    than 
gentle  blood,  there  is  little  of  the    "kail- 
yard"   atmosphere  in  his  pages,  and   the 
dialect  is  used  with  a  discretion  which  will 
be   appreciated    by   all   Southron    readers. 
The   author's  previous  work  had  prepared 
us  for  vigorous  narrative  and  picturesque 
characterization,  but  'The  King  of  Andaman' 
has   transcended   our    rosiest   expectations. 
If  only  for   the  brilliant  portraits  of  "the 
Maister" — a    sort   of    modern   Parsifal   of 
industrialism — and  his  false  friend  Fergus 
O'Ehea,    ex -Chartist   and   adventurer,    the 
book  deserves  to  be  read  and  remembered. 
The    sketches     of    the    Chartist   movement 
are  wonderfully  vivid  and  engrossing,  while 
the   whole  episode    of    James    Hutcheon's 
fantastic  yet   noble  scheme  of    transplant- 
ing his  poor  friends  to  the  Happy  Isles  of 
the  Southern  seas  is  handled  with  wonder- 
ful spirit  and  sympathy.     The  womenfolk 
are    less    convincing,     but    the    little    boy 
Hamish   McCree   is    a  most   touching   and 
fascinating   figure.      The    chapter    headed 
"The    Adventures    of    Hamish's    Penny," 
•which  sets  forth  how  the  little  fellow,  on 
the  strength  of  the  present  of  that  humble 
coin,  rushed  off  by  himself  to  see  life  in  a 
neighbouring  town,  is  quite  a  masterpiece. 
*  The  King  of  Andaman,'  in  short,  is  a  book 
whicli  does  credit  no  less  to  the  heart  than 
the  head  of  its  author. 


Corruption.       By    Percy    White.      (Heine- 
mann.) 

Mk.  White  has  written  at  least  two  good 
books,  but  this  one  is  decidedly  disappoint- 
ing. There  are,  it  is  true,  some  clever 
bits  in  it  —  there  could  hardly  fail  to 
be  so — such  as  the  descriptions  of  parlia- 
mentary proceedings  and  of  electoral  con- 
tests, which  contain  some  pointed,  if  rather 
obvious  satire.  But  the  whole  thing  is 
rather  dull  and  very  long.  It  is  an  account 
of  a  politician's  intrigue  with  a  married 
woman,  and  of  the  degradation  it  brings  on 
him  and  her.  They  are  both  dreary  people, 
without  enough  vitality  in  them  to  make 
them  interesting,  and  they  talk  the  same 
sort  of  thing  over  and  over  again  at  inordi- 
nate length.  There  might  be  some  point  in 
it  if  one  were  told  how  the  intrigue  began, 
or  what  happened  to  them  when  it  ended ; 
but  as  it  is  the  whole  book  seems  merely  a 
bit  of  an  uncommonly  sordid  ej^isode,  with- 
out any  earthly  meaning  in  it.  They  ruined 
a  few  other  people's  lives  in  the  course  of 
their  proceedings,  among  others  that  of  the 
politician's  wife,  who  is  really  the  only  living 
person  in  the  book ;  but  the  tragedy  of  her 
rather  commonplace  life  is  hardly  interest- 
ing enough  to  carry  one  through  the  three 
hundred  odd  pages. 


Jack  Westropp  :  an  Autobiography.    (Downey 

&Co.) 
'  Jack  Westkopp  '  inevitably  recalls  both 
'  Barry  Lyndon'  and  some  of  Charles  Lever's 
novels,  but  hardly  to  profit  by  the  com- 
parison. About  Barry  Lyndon  there  is  no 
mistake — he  is  throughout  a  prince  of 
rascality ;  but  the  author  of  *  Jack  West- 
ropp' never  seems  quite  to  make  up  his 
mind  how  to  present  his  hero,  whether  as  a 
reckless  and  half-unconscious  scoundrel  or 
as  a  sentimental  humbug ;  and  the  conse- 
quence is  that  ho  falls  between  two  stools. 
We  think  we  begin  to  understand  the  man, 
when  suddenly  we  are  brought  up  short  by 
the  dirty  trick  of  the  Polish  subscription 
list,  and  so  on ;  it  is  not  of  the  man's  incon- 
sistency that  we  complain,  but  rather  of  the 
inconsistent  manner  in  which  he  is  pre- 
sented. Again,  the  innumerable  practical 
jokes  suggest  for  a  moment  a  comparison 
with  Lever  ;  but  in  most  of  them  the  fun  is 
rendered  almost  nugatory  by  their  extreme 
shabbiness  and  cruelty ;  there  is  never  any 
of  Lever's  rollicking  humour  about  them. 
One  is  sometimes  tempted  to  think  that  the 
whole  book  is  meant  to  be  an  elaborate 
satire  on  Irish  political  methods  ;  but  if  so, 
it  very  much  overshoots  the  mark.  There 
is  a  fairly  sympathetic  picture  of  the  great 
Liberator,  though  even  that  is  rather  a 
grudging  tribute ;  however,  his  speech  at 
the  wedding  breakfast  is  certainly  most 
charming  and  worthy  of  a  great  man.  The 
book,  which  is  evidently  written  by  a  clever 
man,  would  be  more  satisfactory  if  it  had 
been  written  by  a  man  who  knew  his  own 
mind. 

Samson's     Youngest.      By    Marian    Bower. 

(Fisher  Unwin.) 
This  is  another  version  of  the  old  story  of 
a  plausible  scion  of  the  aristocracy  who 
marries  a  wealthy  and  innocent  young  vul- 
garian, and  then  proceeds  to  ill-treat  her 
generally,  and  to  drink.     But  the  book  is 


saved  from  falling  into  the  ruck  of  common- 
place mediocrity  by  two  of  the  subsidiary 
characters — the  honest,  self-made  father  of 
the  heroine  and  a  silent  lover,  whose  de- 
votion has  something  fine  and  uncommon 
about  it.  The  father,  though  perhaps 
slightly  caricatured,  is  nevertheless  a  striking 
specimen  of  the  dignified  and  honourable 
working  man  who  has  made  his  pile,  and 
is  rendered  supremely  uncomfortable  in  the 
attempt  to  spend  it.  His  little  private 
parlour  and  the  Christmas  dinner  to  which 
he  bids  his  most  intimate  associates,  his 
humility  and  his  childlike  trust  in  the  book- 
learning  of  his  brother  and  his  nephew,  are 
hit  off  admirably.  Altogether  Miss  Bower 
is  at  her  best  when  describing  the  rustic 
mind  and  rustic  talk.  When  she  attempts 
the  gentlemanly  villain  she  becomes  more 
than  ordinary. 

Lady  Bonnie'' s  Experiment.  By  Tighe  Hop- 
kins. (CasseU  &  Co.) 
Though  the  story  of  this  little  volume  is  of 
the  most  flimsy  and  erratic  description,  it  is 
so  brightly  and  amusingly  written  that  its 
sparkle  keeps  it  alive  from  cover  to  cover. 
The  first  scene,  which  has  no  more  to  do  with 
the  book  than  King  Charles's  head,  is  a 
delightful  piece  of  fun  most  gravely  pre- 
sented, and  deceives  the  reader  quite  as 
much  as  it  did  Lady  Bonnie.  For  the  rest, 
the  "experiment"  of  recalling  the  Court 
of  Love  fizzles  away  in  the  most  comic 
manner  under  the  influence  of  the  husband's 
cool  and  dispassionate  piece  of  historical 
criticism.  The  whole  thing  is  a  charming 
bit  of  Hoiirderie,  without  a  dull  line  in  it. 


Wilmofs  Child.      By  Atey  Nyne.      (Fisher 

Unwin.) 
The  silliness  of  this  story  is  only  rivalled 
by  the  idiotic  manner  in  which  it  is  told. 
The  author  possesses  a  hearty  geniality  of 
manner  which  is  quite  unabashed  at  the 
heaviest  form  of  chaff,  and  at  a  sort  of  joke 
which  has  become  a  byword  at  one  at  least 
of  the  universities.  It  is  all  an  involved 
talk  about  an  adopted  child,  a  nurse  who  is 
really  its  mother,  and  a  couple  whose  con- 
versation drove  one  another  wild  and  has 
the  same  effect  upon  the  reader ;  but  what 
it  really  all  means  may  be  left  to  the  author's 
breast — if  he  knows. 


Geoffrey  Austin:  Student.     (Dublin,  Gill  & 

Son.) 
"'Sometime  back  in  the  fifties,  two  figures 
might  be  seen  emerging  from  the  fast  express 
that  reached  San  Francisco  at  four  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon  of  a  warm  summer  day.  That  is 
Henry  James's  style.  One  was  an  old  eccle- 
siastic, the  other  a  young  athlete,  with  dark 
curls  Apollonian,  and  a  slight  stoop  in  his 
shoulders,  d  la  Thersites.  Do  you  recognize  the 
pictures  ? '  " 

We  quote  the  words  of  a  friend  of  Geof- 
frey Austin,  but  for  our  own  part  we 
do  not  see  a  likeness  in  this  or  any  other 
passage  of  the  book  to  "  Henry  James's 
style."  Wo  wish  that  we  did,  but  in  truth 
'  Geoffrey  Austin '  is  a  poor  performance ; 
and  if  there  be  truth  in  the  report  that  its 
author  is  a  parish  priest,  it  seems  likely  that 
he  could  bring  his  indictment  against  certain 
Catholic  colleges  with  more  force  in  a 
signed  magazine  article  than  in  an  anony- 
mous novel.     Certainly  the  state  of  Mayfiold 


^"3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


679 


College  was  deplorable :  the  students  re- 
ceived little  instruction  in  matters  human 
or  divine ;  but  the  incidents  of  the  story  are 
so  far-fetched  that  there  can  be  only  a  small 
foundation  of  fact,  if  there  be  any.  From 
the  dedication  we  infer  that  the  author 
intends  this  for  a  solitary  attempt  at  fiction, 
and  ■will  in  future  devote  himself  to  the 
"deeper  and  diviner  things"  which  are 
more  consistent  with  the  dignity  of  his 
office,  and  which  he  doubtless  understands 
better  than  the  making  of  books. 

Susannah.  By  Mary  E.  Mann.  (Henry  &  Co.) 
SusAN^An  in  her  own  character  and  com- 
position, as  well  as  in  her  surroundings,  is 
made  of  fresh  and  original  stuff.  She  is 
distinctly  interesting  from  the  time  she 
enters  the  room  to  be  "interviewed"  by  a 
chilly  uncle  till  she  makes  her  exit  as  the 
betrothed  of  the  young  doctor.  She  is  never 
for  a  moment  on  the  Knes  6f  the  common 
or  conventional  heroine.  She  is  not  too 
serious  or  too  obtrusively  high-minded,  yet 
lier  flippancy  —  though  modern  —  is  not 
tediously  all  pervading.  Under  every  be- 
setting circumstance  she  shows  real  in- 
dividuality, in  action,  speech,  and  manner. 
She  is  faulty,  but  never  overstrained  in 
her  defects  or  in  her  virtues  either  — 
never  unduly  strange  or  weird,  but  al- 
ways human,  comprehensible,  yet  some- 
how unique.  The  dialogue  is  bright  and 
amusing,  light,  and  frequently  humorous 
in  touch.  We  scarce  know  which  is,  in  its 
way,  the  more  entertaining — the  household 
of  the  economical,  impulsive  Mrs.  Foote,  or 
the  lodging-house  in  Great  Kirby  Street 
with  its  various  types  of  latter-day  youth. 
Both  are  certainly  cleverly  depicted,  and 
a  tlu'ead  of  something  Kke  comedy  runs 
through  the  description  of  them.  The  tragic 
element,  though  present,  is  not  too  much 
insisted  upon.  The  author,  whether  giving 
a  glimpse  of  life  below  or  above  stairs  in 
either  house,  or  of  the  respective  manners 
and  customs  of  the  dining-room,  drawing- 
room,  or  third-floor  lodgers,  seldom  ex- 
aggerates their  humours.  It  is  human 
nature  rather  than  caricature  that  faces 
us  in  all  her  pages.  Mrs.  Foote  and  her 
good-tempered,  ease-loving  son  "  The  Para- 
gon "  will  be  plainly  visible  to  many  readers, 
as  well  as  other  persons  and  things  in  the 
story.  The  variations  in  Susannah's  own 
appearance,  which  depend  on  her  moods, 
are  well  suggested.  The  miserable  figui-e 
of  poor  drug-ridden  Alfio,  the  young  brother 
she  tends  in  the  lodging-house,  seems  to 
us  pathetically  lifelike.  The  treatment  of 
"  Susan  the  slave  "  by  the  young  men,  each 
after  his  kind,  is  another  clever  piece  of 
writing.  Altogether,  though  there  may  be 
a  slight  falling  off  in  the  interest  towards 
ihe  close.  Miss  Mann  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  having  written  a  most  readable  and 
taking  book. 

The    Yellow    Wave.      By  Kenneth   Mackay. 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
The  Australian  politician  who  has  written 
this  novel  entertains  a  low  opinion  of  the 
politics  of  Aiistralia  in  the  future  in  which  his 
story  is  laid.  He  is  a  better  judge  than  we 
can  be  of  the  probabilities  of  the  case.  The 
sham  wars  of  the  romance  writer  arc  seldom 
lifelike,  and  the  invasion  of  (Queensland  by 
a.  force  of  Northern  Chinese  under  Russian 


leadership,  which  forms  the  base  of  Mr. 
Mackay's  story,  is  not  made  to  seem  possible 
by  his  way  of  describing  it.  The  manner 
in  which  the  command  of  the  seas  has  been 
lost  by  us  is  left  to  the  imagination.  A 
little  love  episode  is  brought  to  a  conclusion, 
but  the  book  has  no  real  ending. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 


Mr.  G.  a.  Henty's  admirers  (and  they  are 
many)  will  welcome  and  delight  in  four  new 
volumes  from  the  untiring  pen  of  that  popular 
writer.  The  Tiger  of  Mysore  (Blackie  &  Son), 
Through  Russian  Snoivs  (same  publishers),  A 
Ktiight  of  the  JVJiite  Cross  (same  publishers), 
and  A  Woman  of  the  Gommune  (White  &  Co.) 
are  alike  in  this,  that  they  are  all  speci- 
mens of  Mr.  Henty's  good  work.  '  The  Tiger 
of  Mysore '  takes  the  reader  back  a  hundred 
years,  to  the  time  of  Tippoo  Saib,  and,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  tells  of  the  brave  deeds  of  an 
English  lad,  who,  to  free  his  captive  father, 
braved  and  outwitted  the  savage  prince.  Mr. 
Henty  not  only  concocts  a  thrilUng  tale,  he 
weaves  fact  and  fiction  together  with  so  skilful  a 
hand  thatthe  reader  cannot  help  acquiring  a  just 
and  clear  view  of  that  fierce  and  terrible  struggle 
which  gave  to  us  our  Indian  empire.  '  Through 
Russian  Snows  '  is  a  story  of  Napoleon's  retreat 
from  Moscow.  Two  young  Englishmen,  brothers, 
after  a  series  of  extraordinary  adventures,  chiefly 
connected  with  smuggling,  find  themselves  fight- 
ing on  opposite  sides  in  Napoleon's  Russian 
campaign.  As  is  usual  when  we  read  Mr. 
Henty's  books,  we  learn  much  of  the  history  of 
the  time  ;  but,  interesting  and  instructive  as  is 
the  study  of  the  wars  of  the  Corsican  Terror, 
most  readers  will  probably  confess  that  they  turn 
again  to  the  tale  of  the  wild  adventures  and 
hairbreadth  escapes  of  Julian  in  the  days  when 
he  little  dreamed  that  he  would  ever  be  found 
in  the  ranks  of  the  Grand  Army.  In  '  A  Knight 
of  the  White  Cross  '  the  reader  finds  himself  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  and  follows  the  fortunes 
of  a  young  knight  of  St.  John  at  the  first  siege 
of  Rhodes  and  elsewhere.  '  A  Woman  of  the 
Commune,'  as  the  title  implies,  belongs  to 
modern  times.  Minette,  who  fights  and  dies  in 
the  hideous  confusion  of  the  Commune,  is  by 
no  means  the  heroine  of  the  story  ;  one  Mary 
Brander  has  much  more  claim  to  the  post,  and 
the  knavish  tricks  and  plots  of  Mary's  father,  a 
kind  of  modern  Pecksnifi",  occupy  almost  more 
of  our  time  and  attention  than  the  great  and 
real  tragedy  across  the  seas. 

Good  books  of  adventure  are  plentiful  this  year. 
Dr.  Gordon  Stables,  who  knows  pretty  well  what 
boys  want,  supplies  in  his  latest  book,  entitled 
Fur  Life  and  Liberty  (Blackie  &  Son),  a  spirited 
picture  of  life  in  the  field  during  the  American 
War  of  Secession. — The  Blue  i>aZ/ooji,(Chambers), 
which  deals  with  the  same  war,  comes  from  the 
other  side  of  the  sea,  and  is  by  Mr.  R.  Horsley. 
It  is  a  capital  story  of  danger  and  difficulty 
overcome  by  courage  and  wit.  At  first  we  think 
that  we  are  in  Jules  Verne's  world,  but  the  old 
Blue  Bag,  as  the  balloon  is  familiarly  called, 
having  conveyed  our  heroes  into  the  enemy's 
lines,  retires  from  active  service,  and  for  the 
rest  of  the  campaign  we  remain  on  the  solid 
earth.  What  promised  to  be  a  good  joke  turns 
out  deadly  earnest,  and  our  young  heroes  take 
their  lives  in  their  hands  from  the  moment  they 
leave  the  balloon.  Stonewall  .Jackson  is  adored 
by  both  lads  ;  indeed,  both  in  '  The  Blue 
Balloon '  and  in  Dr.  Gordon  Stables's  story  we 
hear  much  of  "Stonewall  .Jackson's  way." — A 
&dt- Water  Hero,  by  the  Rev.  E.  A.  Rand 
(Nisbet  &  Co.),  is  an  American  story  of  whalers 
and  their  icy  adventures.  The  villain  of  the 
book  is  a  grim  sea-captain  ;  he  is  trying  enough 
at  sea,  but  on  land  he  is  a  demon.  Luckily  he 
meets  with  his  deserts. 

Since  the  time  of  the  'Arabian  Nights,'  the 
magic  carpet  has  always  been  a  favourite  en- 


chantment. Hans  Andersen's  travelling  trunk 
is,  perhaps,  rather  a  clumsy  form  of  the  fairy 
thing  ;  in  these  days  we  have  flying  ships  and 
the  like,  which  are  graceful  enough.  The 
Antelope,  a  craft  propelled  by  a  new  and 
marvellous  motor-power,  is  the  magic  carpet  by 
means  of  which  a  party  of  bold  travellers  seek 
out  and  find  The  Secret  of  the  Desert  (Arnold). 
When  we  remember  that  Mr.  Douglas  Fawcett 
is  the  chronicler  of  the  deeds  of  Hartmann 
the  Anarchist,  we  know  that  he  is  thoroughly 
versed  in  strange  inventions,  and  we  prepare  to 
enjoy  ourselves.  The  travellers  go  to  rescue  a 
friend  who  is  a  prisoner  in  the  wilds  of  Arabia  ; 
their  voyage  in  the  marvellous  land-ship  is,  as 
one  can  imagine,  full  of  strange  adventures  ;  the 
friend  is  found,  but,  alas  !  the  gallant  Antelope 
does  not  survive.  The  tale  of  her  wondrous 
voyage  and  sad  destruction  is  well  worth 
reading. 

The  Family  at  Misrule  (Ward,  Lock  & 
Bowden)  is  a  pretty  Australian  story  of  family 
life — a  sequel,  apparently,  to  a  book  by  the 
same  author  entitled  '  Seven  Little  Austra- 
lians.' Some  of  the  little  ones  are  grown  up, 
and  the  cares  of  this  world  invade  them  ;  their 
strength  and  weakness  are  made  apparent,  and 
many  a  lesson  may  be  learnt  from  the  life  of 
Misrule. — It  is  impossible  to  say  so  much  for  Dr. 
Gilbert's  Daughters,  by  M.  H.  Mathews  (Arnold), 
a  somewhat  lengthy  American  story  of  two  gii'ls, 
Fay  and  May  Gilbert,  who  have  various  adven- 
tures in  childhood  and  girlhood,  and  finally 
marry  in  orthodox  fashion. 

"  The  Fifty-two  Library  "  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
is  growing  portentously.  It  now  consists  of 
seventeen  volumes,  each  containing  fifty-two 
stories,  some  good,  some  —  less  good.  The 
present  volume,  entitled  Fifty-tv-o  Stories  of 
Life  and  Adventur-e  for  Girls,  is  very  like  its 
predecessors.  Some,  but  not  all,  of  its  stories 
are  attractive. 

Four  separate  studies  of  girl-life  now  come 
before  us.  The  Lady's  Manor  (Nisbet  &  Co.) 
is  by  Mrs.  Emma  Marshall,  and  is  good,  but 
not  quite  up  to  the  writer's  usually  high  level  of 
excellence.  Myrtle,  who  thinks  herself  to  be 
the  lady  of  the  manor,  is  the  chief  heroine  ;  but 
she  has  girl  friends  who,  like  her,  have  troubles 
and  trials,  and  we  hear  of  all  the  maidens  and 
follow  them  for  awhile  :  perhaps  we  leave  them 
rather  abruptly,  but  we  do  not  mind. — Mrs. 
Henry  Clarke's  High  School  Girl  (Sunday  School 
Union)  is  rather  a  tiresome  person.  Nell 
Lawrence  is  strong  in  her  own  conceit,  and 
wants  to  rule  all  her  family  and  friends.  There 
is  a  mystery  in  the  background,  and  it  is  not 
adequately  cleared  up.  Nell  does  not  get  much 
of  her  own  way  after  all  her  eflbrts  ;  but  we 
leave  her  on  the  point  of  going  to  Newnham, 
which  is  almost  more  than  she  deserves. — Miss 
S.  Doudney's  tale  of  Katherine's  Keys  (Nisbet  & 
Co.)  is  attractive  enough.  Katherine,  like  many 
heroines,  is  somewhat  headstrong,  but  she  learns 
from  life  and  is  worthy  of  the  lessons.  Her 
early  life  is  passed  in  London,  in  the  City, 
which  Miss  Doudney  knows  so  well  and  de- 
scribes so  charmingly. — A  Victory  Won  (Hutch- 
hison  &  Co.), by  Miss  AimieS.  Swan,  is  curiously 
unequal.  In  Scotland,  in  the  country  homes 
and  with  the  country  people.  Miss  Swan  is  at 
her  best,  and  the  strong,  dour  Kerr  of  Haugh 
and  his  gentle  wife  are  fine  creations.  But  the 
French  folk  who  invade  the  quiet  place  are  not 
real  ;  they  are  mere  puppets,  and  they  jar.  The 
heroine  Eleanor  is  of  course  at  odds  with  her 
home  and  her  family;  they  do  not  suffice  for  her, 
and  she  takes  up  with  the  flimsy  French  folk. 
It  is  not  easy  to  bring  Eleanor  to  her  senses, 
but  Miss  Swan  succeeds  at  the  last. — Miss  Sarah 
Tytler  has  a  gift  for  making  dry  bones  live  ; 
her  historical  sketches  are  lifelike  and  full  of 
interest.  In  her  Tudor  Queens  and  Friiu^esses 
(Nisbet  &  Co.)  she  has  put  together  twelve 
charming  studies  of  the  royal  ladies  of  that  great 
house.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  illustrations  of  her 
book  arc  not  equal  to  the  letterpress. 


680 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16,  '95 


The  Story  of  the  Sea,  published  by  Cassell  & 
Co.,  is  said  to  be  "edited  by  Q,  assisted  by 
Professor  Laughton,  H.  O.  Arnold-Forster,  j 
M.P.,  W.  Laird  Clowes,"  and  others.  It  is  a 
copiously  and  well  illustrated  gift- book  for  boys 
which  contains  almost  every  story  of  adventure 
by  sea  which  is  worth  relating,  and  really 
admirable  accounts  of  our  great  naval  battles. 
There  are  also  chapters  on  yachting  and  on  life- 
boats. If  "  Q  "  is  only  the  editor,  we  ought  to 
know  who  wrote  this  book,  in  order  that  the 
boys  may  make  him  famous,  which  they  will  do 
unless  they  are  changed  from  what  they  were. 

Schoolboys  Three,  by  William  P.  Kelly  (Downey 
&  Co.),  is  a  lively  and,  on  the  whole,  a  healthy 
and  sensible  story  of  schoolboy  life  in  one  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  colleges  in  England.  It 
is  evidently  drawn  from  observation  and  from 
the  life.  Its  comparative  freshness  and  sim- 
plicity make  it  a  welcome  variation  upon  the 
ordinary  schoolboy  narrative,  and  it  will  secure 
the  favourable  verdict  of  straightforward  and 
unsophisticated  boys. 


REPRINTS. 


Popular  British  Ballads,  Ancient  and  Modern. 
Chosen  by  R.  Brimley  Johnson.  Illustrated  by 
W.  Cubitt  Cooke.  4  vols.  (Dent  &  Co.)— The 
first  and  second  of  these  volumes  contain  a  selec- 
tion of  "popular  ballads  "  in  the  ordinary  sense, 
that  is  to  say,  of  traditional  and  for  the  most 
part  anonymous  compositions  such  as  are  col- 
lected in  the  great  work  of  Prof.  Child.  Mr. 
Johnson's  choice  has,  on  the  whole,  been  judi- 
dicious,  and  the  short  notes  on  the  literary 
history  of  each  ballad  which  are  given  in  the 
table  of  contents  aflbrd  evidence  of  care  and 
some  independent  research.  The  spelling  is 
modernized :  several  instances  in  which  the 
obsolete  form  of  a  word  has  been  inadvertently 
allowed  to  stand  are  (with  rather  unnecessary 
scrupulosity)  corrected  in  the  errata.  A  few 
passages  here  and  there,  which  offend  against 
modern  ideas  of  decorum,  might  have  been 
omitted  without  disadvantage.  The  third  and 
fourth  volumes  consist  chiefly  of  poems  by 
modem  writers,  some  of  which,  like  Browning's 
'Count  Gismond,'  are  neither  "popular"  nor 
"ballads"  in  any  conceivable  meaning  of  the 
words.  The  collection  is  curiously  hetero- 
geneous, beginning  with  Goldsmith's  '  Edwin 
and  Angelina,'  and  including  'John  Gilpin,' 
'  Christabel '  and  'The  Ancient  Mariner,' 
"  Monk  "  Lewis's  unintentionally  comic  '  Alonzo 
the  Brave,'  Hood's  'Faithless  Sally  Brown' 
and  'The  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram,' and  speci- 
mens of  nearly  all  the  more  prominent  poets  of 
this  century  except  Tennyson  and  Mr.  William 
Morris,  besides  many  writers  of  lesser  note. 
The  Irish  ballads,  of  which  nearly  fifty  are 
given,  are  placed  together  at  the  end  of  the 
fourth  volume.  Two  or  three  of  them  are  of 
pofjular  origin,  and  many  of  those  by  living 
authors  are  amongst  the  finest  modern  examples 
of  the  true  ballad  style.  Mr.  Johnson's  antho- 
logy has  abundance  of  interest,  though  so  far  as 
the  modern  portion  of  it  is  concerned  it  does 
not  correspond  very  accurately  to  its  title.  The 
illustrations  are  striking,  but  correctness  of 
drawing  is  often  sacrificed  to  "effectiveness." 

Messrs.  Dent  have  sent  us  small-paper  copies 
of  four  more  volumes  of  the  excellent  edition 
of  Defoe  which  Mr.  Aitken  is  editing  for  them. 
They  contain  the  History  and  liemarkulile  Life 
of  the  Truly  Ilonmirable  Colonel  Jacqne  and  The 
Fortunate  Mistress.  '  Colonel  Jacque  '  is,  to  our 
thinking,  much  the  more  interesting  of  these 
tales,  and  if  Defoe  had  been  able  to  keep  the 
story  up  to  the  level  of  the  beginning  it  might 
have  been  his  masterpiece  ;  but  he  lacked  the 
art  of  basing  his  novels  on  a  central  incident, 
and  except  in  the  first  part  of  '  Robinson 
Crusoe,'  where  a  happy  choice  of  subject  main- 
tained the  unity  of  the  plot  in  spite  of  liim,  his 
stories  resolve  themselves  into  a  series  of  adven- 
tures but  sligh  tly  connected  one  with  another.  The 


most  interesting  portion  nowadays  of  '  Colonel 
Jacque  '  is  the  picture  of  slavery  in  Virginia  in 
the  time  of  Queen  Anne.  Mr.  Aitken  has  ap- 
pended to  '  Colonel  Jacque  '  two  pamphlets  of 
considerable  interest,  Everybody's  Business  is 
Nobody's  Biisiness  and  The  Protestant  Monastery. 
There  is  no  need  to  praise  Mr.  Aitken's  careful 
and  competent  introductions.  Mr.  Yeats's  illus- 
trations seem  to  grow  in  merit  as  he  goes  on. 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  Messrs.  Macmillan 
&  Co.  have  issued  Peter  Simple  in  their  "Illus- 
trated Standard  Novels."  It  is  not  easy  to 
conjecture  why  two  other  novels  of  Marryat's 
have  been  brought  out  before  this,  his  master- 
piece ;  but  the  question  of  order  is  unimportant. 
The  volume  contains  some  spirited  illustrations 
by  Mr.  J.  Ayton  Symington,  and  a  chatty  in- 
troduction by  Mr.  David  Hannay,  author  of 
'  Marryat '  in  the  "Great  Writers."  Gentleman 
Chucks,  he  says  wisely,  is  "one  of  the  fellow- 
ship of  brave,  good  men  with  a  bee  in  the 
bonnet,  a  relation,  humble  but  undoubted,  of 
Don  Quixote,  my  Uncle  Toby,  Lismahago,  and 
the  Baron  of  Bradwardine." 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  have  reprinted 
Mr.  James  Gairdner's  excellent  edition  of  The 
Paston  Letters,  apparently  from  the  original 
plates,  but  the  publishers  have  omitted  to  state 
this  on  the  title-page.  As  the  sheets  have  been 
more  carefully  worked  the  rejDrint  is  clearer  and 
looks  better  than  the  original  edition,  but  the 
errata  have  not  been  corrected. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  published  The  Neiv 
Testament  in  the  Original  Grreek  (the  Westcott 
and  Hort  text)  in  their  new  fount.  It  makes  a 
handsome  octavo,  but  it  will  rather  astonish 
country  parsons  when  they  see  it. 

Two  volumes  of  Daniel  Deronda  have  appeared 
in  the  Standard  Edition  of  George  Eliot's  works, 
which  Messrs.  Blackwood  are  publishing. — 
Messrs.  Constable's  highly  successful  revival 
of  the  Author's  Favourite  Edition  of  "The 
Waverley  Novels  "  has  reached  The  Monastery. 

Mr.  Marion  Crawford  is  so  prolific  and 
popular  that  he  gives  his  publishers  plenty  of 
occupation.  Reprints  of  The  Ralstons  and 
Katharine  Lauderdale,  two  of  his  American 
tales  which  are  not  so  interesting  as  his  Italian, 
have  been  issued  by  Messrs.  Macmillan. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Under  the  title  The  Making  of  the  Empire, 
Mr.  Arthur  Temple  has  written  a  bright  little 
history  of  the  rise  of  our  power  across  the  seas, 
which  is  published  by  Mr.  Andrew  Melrose. 
The  cover  is  intended  to  represent  the  British 
tar,  the  British  soldier,  and  the  British  digger  ; 
but,  doubtless  by  no  fault  of  the  author,  the 
should-be  "  blue- jacket  "  wears  the  uniform  of 
the  United  States  Navy,  and  the  white  helmet  and 
the  trousers  of  the  infantry  private  are  not  those 
of  Mr.  Kipling's  Tommy  Atkins.  Would  such 
an  error  be  possible  in  any  other  country  1  It 
is  hardly  true  to  say  of  the  Portuguese  in  the 
days  of  their  glory  that  they  "had  no  care  for, 
or  skill  in  colonization."  The  heroes  of  Camoens 
were  rather  explorers  than  founders  of  colonies, 
and  the  great  Portuguese  dominion  in  Africa 
was  little  more  than  a  gold  field  ;  but  Goa  and 
Macao  were  great  colonies,  and  Mr.  Temple, 
who  exalts  Singapore  and  Hong  Kong,  should 
admit  that  Macao  was,  for  its  time,  their  illus- 
trious predecessor.  Mr.  Temple  contradicts 
himself  about  the  West  Indies.  On  one  page 
he  says  of  the  abolition  of  slavery,  "Since  that 
time  the  prosperity  of  the  islands  has  collapsed. " 
On  the  next  page  he  gives  facts  which  tell  the 
other  way.  The  truth  is  that  some  of  the  islands 
are  highly  prosperous,  and  exports,  revenue, 
and  population  increasing  very  fast.  There  is 
a  good  deal  of  doubt  as  to  the  possibility  of 
justifying  the  following  statement :  "The  Trans- 
vaal is  still  in  some  measure  subject  to  Great 
Britain,  but  the  Boers  have  utterly  failed  to 
keep  the  terms  of  their  treaty  with  us."  In  his 
recent  visit  to  Pretoria  Sir  Hercules  Robinson 


on  behalf  of  the  British  Crown  said  the  oppo- 
site. The  official  view  appears  to  be  that,  like 
Afghanistan,  the  Republic  is  subject  to  our 
control  in  foreign  affairs  only,  and  that,  also 
like  Afghanistan,  it  has  kept  within  the  terms 
of  the  treaty.  The  Transvaal  is  a  cant  name  : . 
the  style  of  the  country  is,  by  our  own  treaty, 
the  South  African  Republic.  Mr.  Temple's 
book  is  prettily  illustrated  ;  but  ' '  A  Squatter's 
Station "  represents  the  Victorian  squatter's 
station  of  1849  rather  than  the  "station  "  of  our 
time.  The  poorest  "  cockatoo  farmer  "  or  "  free 
selector "  has  a  better  place  to  live  in,  and 
"squatter"  is  a  term  now  only  used  of  "the 
squatter  aristocracy,"  i.e.,  "Crown  tenants." 

English  Lands,  Letters,  and  Kings  (Sampson.- 
Low  &  Co.),  a  Transatlantic  production  by  Mr. 
D.  G.  Mitchell,  shows  a  genuine  appreciation  of 
literature,  but  is  disfigured  by  tricks  of  style, 
such  as  the  abuse  of  the  present  tense.  It  is 
unlucky  that  Bentley  should  be  almost  the  first 
name  in  Mr.  Mitchell's  list,  for  it  is  obvious  he 
has  only  the  vaguest  idea  where  Bentley's  great- 
ness lay.  Mr.  Mitchell  is  more  at  home  among 
poets  and  novelists,  but  he  should  not  suppose 
that  Rogers  had  a  "reputation  for  unmitigated 
respectability";  nor  is  it  wise  to  talk  of  White 
of  Selborne  as  "  Parson  White,"  seeing  he  held 
no  cure  ;  nor  is  Croker's  account  of  Sheridan's 
death  to  be  accepted  as  true. 

The  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge has  published  a  touching  little  memorial 
of  Christina  Rossetti,  by  Miss  Proctor,  entitled 
A  Brief  Memoir  of  Christina  G.  Rossetti. 

Messrs.  Warne  &  Co.  publish  An  Original 
Wager:  being  a  Veracious  Account  of  a  Genuine 
Bet,  by  "A  Vagabond."  An  Englishman  who 
is  a  good,  but  not  remarkable  "  all-round  man," 
able  to  swim,  ride,  row,  box,  cycle,  run,  and 
walk  well,  makes  a  bet  at  his  club,  where 
Frenchmen  are  being  ridiculed,  that  by  appeal- 
ing to  the  sporting  instincts  of  the  French  he 
will  live  for  some  time  in  France  gratis.  This- 
he  does,  chiefly  in  French  Flanders,  and  tells 
pleasantly,  in  an  illustrated  volume,  the  story. 
of  how  he  won  his  bet. 

Dr.  Creighton's  interesting  and  pleasant 
Rede  Lecture  on  The  Early  Renaissance  in  Eng- 
land has  been  printed  at  the  Cambridge  Press. 
There  is  at  least  one  bishop  left  in  England  who 
is  not  afraid  to  lighten  his  discourses  with  a 
touch  of  humour. 

We  have  on  our  table  the  Reports  of  the  Free 
Libraries  at  Bristol,  Cambridge,  Holborn, 
Manchester,  Nottingham,  St.  Helens,  and' 
Sheffield.  All  these  reports  speak  of  the  con- 
tinued prosperity  of  the  libraries.  From  Holborn 
comes  a  complaint  of  petty  thefts  from  the  news- 
room. At  Cambridge  a  library  in  Braille  type 
is  forming.  At  Manchester  the  Reference 
Library  suffers  from  lack  of  space,  and  during^ 
the  severe  weather  of  last  winter  the  heating 
apparatus  broke  down.  The  number  of  books 
issued  from  the  branch  libraries  for  home  read- 
ing exceeded  a  million.  The  American  system 
of  delivery  stations  has  been  introduced,  with 
no  great  success  as  yet.  It  is  to  be  tried  at 
Sheffield  also.  From  the  Lincoln  Public  Library 
we  have  received  a  Catalog'tie  of  Books  in  the 
Lending  and  Reference  Departments.  Mr.  Bond 
has  got  together  an  excellent  nucleus  of  a  library. 

We  have  on  our  table  Ancient  Rome  and  its 
Neighbourhood,  by  R.  Burn  (Bell), — Abelard,  by 
G.  Compayre  (Heinemann), — Easy  Pieces  for 
Translation  into  Latin  Prose,  by  G.  Carter 
(Relfe  Brothers),— T/ie  Carlylc  Reader,  edited  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Wood,  Part  II.  (Simpkin), — Herbart 
andthellerbartians,  byC.  dcGarmo  (Heinemann), 
— Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institutey 
Vol.  XXVI.  (The  Institute),— TFif/i-  Fire  and 
Sivord,  by  H.  Sicnkicwicz,  translated  by  J. 
Curtin  (Dent), — A  Devil  in  Nioi's  Veiling,  by 
F.  C.  Philii)s  (White),— Melody,  the  Story  of  a 
Child,  by  Laura  E.  Richards  (Guy  &  Bird), 
— The  People  of  the  Moon,  by  T.  Carter  (Tli© 
'Electrician '  Printing  and  Publishing  Company), 


N^'SSSl,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


681 


— Life  and  Labours  of  the  Rev.  William  Johnston, 
D.D.,  by  the  Rev.  S.  Prenter  (Nisbet), —ilo?^ 
Christ  came  to  Chnrch,  by  the  Rev.  A.  J. 
Gordon,  D.D.  (Baptist  Tract  and  Book  Society), 
— Life  Here  and  Hereafter,  by  Malcolm  MacColl, 
M.A.  (Longmans), — Jesus  et  la  Femmc,  by  H. 
Coulon  (Paris,  OllendorS"),  —  Le  Chemin  de 
Velours,  by  F.  Vand^rem  (Paris,  Ollendorff), — 
L'CEuvre  de  Mort,  by  M,  Leblanc  (Paris,  Ollen- 
dorff),—and  La  Fin  de  V Europe,  by  A.  Bocher 
(Paris,  Ollendorff).  Among  New  Editions  we 
have  Dante's  Comedy  in  Emjlish  Prose,  by  Sir 
E.  Sullivan  (Stock), — A  Harmony  of  the  Four 
Gospels  in  the  Revised  Version,  by  S.  D.  Waddy, 
Q.C.  (Kelly), — and  Elementary  Commercial  Geo- 
graphy, by  H.  R.  Mill  (Cambridge,  University 
Press). 

LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS- 
ENGLISH. 
TTieology. 
Adamnani  Vita  S.  Columbae,  ed.  by  J.  T.  Fowler,  9/6  net. 
Barry's  (A.)  The  Ecclesiastical  Expansion  of  England  in  tbe 

Growth  of  the  Anglican  Communion,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Bird's  (R.)  Joseph  the  Dreamer,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Glover,  B.,  Memorials  of,  comprising  Twelve  Sermons,  ed. 

by  G.  Glover,  and  a  Brief  Memoir  by  M.  J.  C,  3/  net,  cl. 
Lamennais's  (Abbe  F.  de)  Essays  on  Indifference  in  Matters 

of  Heligion,  royal  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Marrat's  (Rev.  J.)  Gates  of  Imagery,  Anecdotal  Illustrations 

of  Religious  Truth,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Law. 
Emery's  (G.   F.)  Handbook    for  Parish   Councils;    Parish 
Meetings,  cr.  8vo.  2/  each,  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archtcologp. 
Bradley's  (E.  T.)  Annals  of  Westminster  Abbey,  illus.  63/  cl. 
Jackson's   (C.)  A   Course   of    Kindergarten    "Drawing   and 

Crayon  Work,  roj^al  16mo.  2/  bds. 
Milton's  (J.)  L'AlIegro  and  II  Penseroso,  with  Drawings  by 

W.  Hyde,  4to.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Monkhouse's  (C.)  The  Christ  upon  the  Hill,  a  Ballad,  with 

Nine  Etchings  by  W.  Strang,  42/  net,  Japanese  vellum. 
Pennells  (J.)  Modern  Illustration,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Wedmore's  (F.)  Etching  in  England,  4to.  8/6  net,  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama, 
Carmichael's  (J.)  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Chapman's  (G.)  Plays,  edited  by  W.  L.  Phelps,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 

cl.    (Mermaid  Series.) 
Hinkson's  (K.  T.)  Miracle  Plays,  Our  Lord's  Coming  and 

Childhood,  12mo.  4/6  net,  cl. 
Lowell,  J.  K.,  Last  Poems  of,  cr.  8vo.  4/  net,  cl. 
Martin's  (A.   P.)  The  Withered  Jester,  and  other  Verses, 

royal  16mo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Rhys's  (G.)  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Shakespeare's  Midsummer  Night's   Dream,  illustrated   by 

R.  Bell,  with  Introduction  by  I.  GoUancz,  5/  net.  cl. 
Thoreau's  (H.  D.)  Poems  of  Nature,  selected  by  Salt  and 

Sanborn,  12mo.  4/6  net,  cl. 

Music. 
Clarke's  (A.  M.)  A  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Fiddlers,  &c., 

12mo.  6/  cl. 

Bibliography. 
Roberts's  (W.)  Rare  Books  and  their  Prices,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net. 

Philosophy. 
Kulpe's  (0.)  Outlines  of  Psychology,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Anson's  (O.  H.  S.  G.)  With  H.M.  9th  Lancers  during  the 

Indian  Mutiny,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Arnold,     Matthew,    Letters     of,     1848-1888,     collected    by 

G.  W.  E.  Russell,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Church's  (Rev.  A.  J.)  Stories  from  English  History  from 

Richard  II.  to  Charles  I.,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Dickinson's  (G.  L.)  The  Development  of  Parliament  during 

the  Nineteenth  Century,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Djemaleddin  Bey's  Sultan  Murad  and  the  Turkish  Dynastic 

Mystery,  cr.  8vo.  9/  net,  cl. 
English   Men  of  Letters :    Vol.   II,   Sidney,   De    Quincey, 

Sheridan,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Fry's  ^H.)  The  History  of  North  Atlantic  Steam  Navigation, 

cr.  8vo.  10/6cl. 
Lockhart,  W.  P.,  Merchant  and  Preacher,  a  Life  Story,  by 

his  Wife,  cr.  8vo.  3,6  cl. 
Olcolt's  (H.  S.)  Old  Diary  Leaves,  the  True  Story  of  the 

Theosophical  Society,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Eadcliffe's  (Rev.  W.  T.)  Elian  Vannin,  Sketches  of  History, 

Ac,  of  Isle  of  Man,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Colquhoun's  (A.  R.)  The  Key  of  the  Pacific,  the  Nicaragua 

Canal,  illustrated,  royal  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Hubbard's  (E.)  Little  Journeys  to  the  Homes  of  Good  Men 

and  Great,  12mo.  h,'  cl. 
Hughes's  (T.)  Vacation  Rambles,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Lucy's  (H.  W.)  The  Log  of  the  Tantallon  Castle,  illus.  6/  cl. 
Wolfe's  (T.  F.;  A  Literary  Pilgrimage  among  tbe  Haunts  of 

Famous  British  Authors  ;  Literary  Shrines,  the  Haunts 

of  some  Famous  American  Authors,  cr.  8vo.  6/  each,  cl. 
Philology. 
Aristotle,  Poetics,  translated  by  S.  H.  Butcher,  ,3/  net.  cl. 
Arnolt's    (W.  M.)  A  Concise  Dictionary  of   tbe  Assj'rian 

Language,  Part  3,  4to.  5/  net,  swd. 
Pope's  (G.  M.)  A  First  Catechism  of  Tamil  Grammar,  ?/ 

Science. 
Barling,  G.,  On  Appendicitis,  &c.,  8vo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Benjamin's  (P.) The  Intellectual  Rise  in  Electricity,  21/ cl. 
Cambridge  Natural  History.-    Vol.  5,  Peripatus,  by  Sedg- 
wick ;    Myriapods,   by    Sinclair ;    Insects,   Part    1,    by 

Sharp,  roy.  8vo.  17/  net,  cl. 
Cooke's  (M.  C.)  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fungi,  14/  cl. 
Humfrey's  (M.)  A  Manual  of  01  stetric  Nursing,  Vol.  2,  3/6      I 


Kearton's  (R.)  British  Birds'  Nests,  21/  cl. 

Morten's   (H.)  How  to  Treat  Accidents    and    Illnesses,  a 

Handbook  for  the  Home,  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Stowers  (J.  H.)  and  Sheild's  (A.  M.)  Transactions  of  the 

Dermatological  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 

roy.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Text-Book  of  Nervous  Diseases,  by  American  Authors,  edited 

by  F.  X.  Dercum,  roy.  8vo.  25/  net,  cl. 
General  Literature. 
Andreae's  (P  )  The  Signora,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Atkinson's  (B.)  A  Commonplace  Girl,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Beckman's  (E.)  Pax  and  Carlina,  a  Story,  illus.  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Benson's  (A.  C.)  Essays,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Binns's  (H.)  Cotton  and  tbe  Cosmos,  In  Praise  of  Optimism  ; 

Essays  on  Trade  Questions,  roy.  8vo.  2/6  each,  net,  cl. 
Brockman's  (J.)  Roseacre,  or  Teddies  Inheritance,  illus.  2/ 
Burnett's  (F.  H.)  Two  Little  Pilgrims'  Progress,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Butler's  (M.  M.)  The  Rightful  Daughter,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Chetwode's  (K.  D.)  The  Lord  of  Lowertale,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Compton's  (M.)  Snow  Bird  and  the  Water  Tiger,  and  other 

American  Indian  Fairy  Tales,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Cowper's  (F.)  The  Hunting  of  the  Auk,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Fothergill's  (G.  A.)  A  Riding  Retrospect,  illus.  4to.  5/  swd. 
Gissing's  (G.)  The  Unclnssed,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Green's  (E.  E.)  Olive  Roscoe,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Hirst's  (J.  C.)  Crozet  Joe,  12mo.  2/  cl. 

Howarth's  (M.)  Stories  of  Norway  in  the  Saga  Days,  3/6  cl. 
Hume's  (F.)  The  Expedition  of  Capt.  Flick,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Irving's  (W.)  Tales  of  a  Traveller,  2  vols.  8vo.  25/  net,  cl. 
Jones's  (D.  M.)  Dr.  Brent's  Neighbours,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Jusserand's  (J.  J.)  English  Essays  from  a  French  Pen,  7/6 cl. 
Keeling's  (E.  D.)  Old  Maids  and  Young,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
King's  (B.)  The  Red  Terror,  cr.  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
Landor,  W.  S.,  Works  of,  with  Portraits,  2  vols.  15/  cl. 
Lyon's  (G.  M.  F.)  One  Hour  of  Madness,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Maclaren's  (I.)  A  Doctor  of  the  Old  School,  cr.  8vo.  9/  cl. 
Marsh's  (T.)  The  Romance  of  a  Picture,  and  other  Stories,  3/6 
Marshall's  (B.)  By  the  North  Sea.cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Meredith's  (G.)  The  Amazing  Marriage,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  12/ cl. 
Murger's  (H.)  Bohemian  Life,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Nordau's  (M.)  A  Comedy  of  Sentiment,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Oxford  University  Calendar,  1896,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Parker's  (G.)  An  Adrenturerof  the  North,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Peek's  (H.)  Nema,  and  other  Stories,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
Phillips's  (E  )  How  to  become  a  Journalist,  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Pocock's  (R.)  The  Rules  of  the  Game.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Prescott's  (E.  L.)  The  Apotheosis  of  Mr.  Tyrawley,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Ruding's    (W.)    An    Evil    Motherhood,    an    Impressionist 

Novel,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Saunders's  (J.)  A  Noble  Wife,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Scott's  (Sir  W.)  Guy  Mannering,  2/6  cl.    (Standard  Edition.) 
Stathara's  (F.  R.)  The  Fiery  Furnace,  a  Tale  in  Two  Acts,  6/ 
Turgenev's  (I.  S.)  Tales  from  the  Note-Book  of  a  Sportsman, 

cr.  8vo.  ;i/6  cl. 
Williams's  (G.)  Dr.  Fitzsimond's  Sweetheart,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Wilson's  (W.)  Playground  and  Indoor  Games,  4to.  2/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bibliscbe  Studien,  hrsg.  v.  O.  Bardenhewer,  Vol.  1,  Part  1, 

2m.  50. 
Gall  (A.  Frhr.  v.) :  Die  Einheitlichkeit  des  Buches  Daniel, 

3ni.  60. 
Kirchengeschichtliche  Studien,  hrsg.  v.  Knopfler,  Schrors, 

u.  Sdralek,  Vol.  2,  Part  4,  3m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology . 
Corpus  Inscriptionum  Etruscarum,  ed.  C.  Pauli,  Parts  2-4, 

40m. 
Seler  (E.) :  Wandmalereien  v.  Mitla  eriautert,  30m. 
Tocilesco  (Gr.  G.) ;  Das  Monument  v.  Adamklissi,  40m. 

Drama. 
Deroul6de  (P.)  :  Messire  du  Guesclin,  2fr. 
Nos  grandes  Axtistes  :  Mile.  Bartet,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Mabilleau  (L.) :    Histoire  de  la  Philosophic  Atomistique, 

12fr. 
Schroder   (B.) :    Vorlesungen   iib.  die  Algebra  der  Logik, 

Vol.3,  Parti,  16m. 

Political  Economy. 
Friedrich(G.):  MathematischeTheoriederreichsgesetzlichen 

Invaliditats-  u.  Altersversicherung,  4m. 
History  and  Biography . 
Annales     Gandenses,     nouvelle    edition,     par     F.    Funck- 

Brentaup,  4fr.  25. 
Bourgeois  (E.) :  Le  grand  SiOcle,  .30fr. 
Bhrenberg  (R.)  :    Hamburg  u.  England  im  Zeitalter  der 

Konigin  Elisabeth,  7m.  50. 
Guyot  (Y.):  Trois  Aus  au  Ministfire  des  Travaux  Publics, 

3fr.  50. 
Lettres  do  la  Duchesse  de  Broglie,  1814-1838.  3fr.  50. 
Noel  (J.  N.  A.) :  Souvenirs  militairesd'un  Officierdu  Premier 

Empire,  Cfr. 

Philology. 
Holmes  (D.  H.) :  Index  Lysiacus.  Sm. 
Justi  (F.) :  Iranisches  Namenbuch,  40m. 
Langlois  (E.) :   Le  Jcu  de  Robin  et  Marian,  par  Adam-le- 

Bossu,  ofr. 
Lewin  (M  ) :  Aramiiische  Sprichworter  u.  Volksspriiche,  2m. 
Ludwig  (K.) :  Die  Schulregeln  der  hebriiischen  Grammatik, 

2m. 
Soerensen  (A.) :  Entstebung    der  kurzzeiligen  serbo-kroat- 

iscben  Liederdichtung,  3m. 
Solini  (C.  Julii)  Collectanea  Rerum  Memorabilium,  iterum 

rec.  Th.  Mommsen,  14m. 
Wessely  (C.) :     B.   System  altgriecbischer    Tachygraphie, 

3m.  50. 

Science. 
Gcigel  (H.)  u.  Voit  (F.):  Lebrbuch  der  klinischen  Unter- 

suchungsmethoden,  12m. 
Strassmatin  (F.) :  Lelirbuch  der  gerichtlichen  Medicin,  16m. 

General  Literature. 
Brulat  (P.) :  Sous  la  Fenetre,  3fr.  .50. 
Caters  (L.  de)  :  Passionnette,  3fr.  50. 
Docquois  (G.)  :  Betes  et  Gens  de  Lettres,  3fr.  50. 
Eckstein  (E.) :  Kyparissos.  7m. 
Ferrol  (L.)  :  Brillant  Mariage  ?  3fr.  50. 
Ficy  (P.) :  Le  Roman  d'un  Forestier,  2fr.  50. 
Houssaye  (A.) :  Les  Cbarmereeees,  3fr.  50. 


Lano  (P.  de) :  L'Amour  a  Paris,  3fr.  .50. 
Mairet  (J.)  ;  Chercheur  d'Ideal,  3fr.  50. 
Mary  (J.) :  Mademoiselle  Guignol,  2  vols.  7fr. 
Michel  (H.)  :  L'ld^e  de  I'Etat,  lOfr. 
Mourey  (G.) :  Les  Brisants,  3fr.  50. 
Poradowska  (M.) :  Marylka,  3fr.  50. 
Reinach  (J.) :  Demagogues  et  Socialistes,  3fr.  50. 
Rzewuski  (S.) ;  Les  Filles  du  Rhin,  3fr.  50. 


'THE   SUICIDE'S   GRAVE.' 

A  NEW  edition  of  the  Ettrick  Shepherd's  tale 
'The  Suicide's  Grave'  has  just  been  issued  by 
Messrs.  Shiells  &  Co.,  London. 

In  the  publishers'  "Note"  it  is  stated  that 
"Mr.  Lang  and  other  critics  incline  to  the 
opinion  that  the  book  was  not  wholly  written 
by  Hogg,  but  that  J.  G.  Lockhart  had  some 
part  in  its  production  ;  for  this  opinion,  how- 
ever, there  is  no  documentary  support." 

Mr.  Lang  leans  to  this  opinion  in  an  article 
by  him  in  the  Illustrated  London  News  of 
November  24th,  1894,  in  which,  while  admit- 
ting the  absence  of  all  documentary  proof,  h.e 
writes :  "So  unlike  Hogg  is  the  sustained 
terror  of  the  tale  and  the  refinement  of  some 
scenes  that  I  and  others  have  suspected  the 
collaboration  of  Lockhart. " 

I  believe  this  opinion  to  be  a  mistaken  one, 
and  it  would  require  very  strong  documentary 
proof  to  convince  me  that  Lockhart  aided  in  the 
production  of  this  tale. 

In  the  first  place,  the  MS.  of  the  work  is  in 
my  possession,  clearly  and  neatly  written  in  my 
father's  hand,  and  showing  no  mark  whatever 
of  having  been  corrected  or  added  to  by  Lock- 
hart. 

In  the  second  place,  this  tale,  under  the  title 
of  '  Confessions  of  a  Fanatic, '  along  with  my 
father's  other  collected  works,  was  corrected  by 
himself  just  before  his  death,  and  was  in  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  Blackie  at  the  time  that  event 
occurred  ;  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
trifling  alterations,  the  text  is  the  same  as  that 
now  given  to  the  public. 

I  am  not  one  of  the  critics,  but,  if  I  were,  I 
should  say  I  saw  the  mark  of  Hogg's  pen  in 
every  line.  M.  G.  Garden. 


'HAND  AND   SOUL.' 
3,  St.  Edmund's  Terrace.  Nov.  11,  1895. 

May  I  be  allowed  to  correct  through  your 
columns  a  statement  which  appeared  lately  in  a 
London  newspaper,  and  which  gets  copied,  with 
more  or  less  of  uniformity,  into  journal  after 
journal  1     The   statement  is  to  the  effect  that 
Dante    G.   Rossetti's   prose   story    '  Hand   and 
Soul,'  which  appeared  in  the  Germ  in  1850,  had 
never  since  been  reprinted  in  this  country  until 
now   that   it   is   coming  out  at  the  Kelmscott 
Press.     It    "was  passed    over,"   we    are   told, 
"by  the  editor  of  the  English  edition  of  Ros- 
setti's works,"  a  phrase  which  can  only  apply  to 
me.    This  is  quite  erroneous.    '  Hand  and  Soul ' 
is  included  in  the  '  Collected  "Works  of  Dante  G. 
Rossetti,'  which  were  published  under  my  editor- 
ship (Ellis  &  Elvey)  at  the  end  of  1886,  and  which 
still  continue  on  sale.     Moreover,  my  brother 
himself,  in  or  about  1869,  got  the  tale  reprinted 
in  the  Fortniyhtly  Recierc,  and  towards  the  same 
date  it  appeared   in   a  pamphlet  form,   which, 
though  privately  printed,  is  occasionally  in  the 
hands  of  booksellers.     The  firm  above  named, 
Ellis  &  Elvey,  is  the  same  which  has  announced 
for  issue  on  December  2nd  a  new  book,  named 
'  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,  his  Family  Letters,' 
with  a  memoir  by     Wm.  Michael  Rossetti. 


MR.  BOUND   ON  WIRRAL  PLACE-NAMES. 

The  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Round  insists  upon  sucli  a  high 
standard  of  accuracy  in  historical  inquiries,  and 
the  brilliant  elucidation  of  Domesday  Book  in 
his  recently  pulilished  '  Feudal  England  '  illus- 
trates so  admirably  the  value  of  the  exact  and 
painstaking  methods  he  inculcates,  that  I  con- 
fess I  rubbed  my  eyes  in  amazement  on  coming 
across  the  following  passage  (p.  86) : — 

"  Mr.  Green  ('Conquest  of  England,'  pp.  121,  276) 
alluded  to  the  Danieh  '  byes "  as  found,  by  excepti(Hi, 


682 


THE     ATHEN^U 


N°3o51,  Nov.  16, '95 


'about  Wirral  in  Cheshire,'  and  held  that  Norsemen 
from  the  Isle  of  Man  had  founded  '  the  little  group 
of  northern  villages  which  we  find  in  the  Cheshire 
peninsula  of  the  VVirral.'  I  cannot  find  them  m)-self. 
In  his  '  Notes  on  the  Domesday  Survey,  so  far  as  it 
relates  to  the  Hundred  of  Wirral,'  Mr.  Fergusson 

Irvine has  collated  all  the    Domesday  entries. 

'  Raby '  is  the  one  place   I  can  there  find  in  the 

peninsula    with    the     '  bye '    termination There 

were,  doubtless,  Norse  elements  in  the  peninsula, 
but  they  were  not  strong  enough  to  change  the 
place-names  or  divide  the  land  on  their  own 
system." 

It  is  very  strange  that  Mr.  Round,  who  else- 
where (p.  16)  lays  such  stress  on  actual  and 
possible  omissions  in  Domesday  Book,  should 
not  have  thought  it  necessary  to  look  at  a  map 
of  Cheshire  before  contradicting  so  flatly  the 
very  precise  statement  of  Mr.  Green.  He  would 
there  have  found  seven  townships  with  names 
ending  in  "by" — West  Kirkby,  Frankby, 
Greasby,  Irby,  Pensby,  Raby,  and  Whitby — 
with  two  others  as  obviously  Norse — Thingwall 
and  Nesse,  with  its  hamlet  of  Denwall.  Heswall 
and  Crabwall  may  also  be  Norse  names.  These 
may  surely  be  held,  without  any  straining  of 
words,  to  constitute  a  "little  group  of  northern 
villages. "  It  is  true  that  Raby  is  the  only  one 
with  the  "by"  termination  which  appears  in 
Domesday,  if  we  hold  the  Gravesberie  of  the 
Survey  to  be  a  more  correct  form  than  Greasby, 
which  can  be  traced  back,  however,  to  the 
thirteenth  century  (Ormerod's  'Cheshire,'  ii. 
493).  The  proximity  of  Greasby  to  Kirkby 
and  Frankby  may  suggest  that  it  is  Domesday 
Book  which  is  in  error.  [West]  Kirkby  occurs 
in  a  charter  of  1081,  Whitby  and  Irby  in  one  of 
1093  (ib.  ii.  424,  485,  510).  Thingwall,  Nesse, 
and  Heswall  are  all  surveyed  in  Domesday 
Book.  There,  too,  we  find  Helsby,  which, 
though  in  the  neighbouring  hundred  of  Eddis- 
bury,  is  clearly  an  outlier  of  the  Norse  settle- 
ments in  Wirral.  An  unidentified  Signeby, 
included  in  a  list  of  Wirral  townships  given  by 
Ormerod  (ii.  356)  from  Harl.  MS.  2115,  ought 
also  to  be  mentioned  ;  and  another  paper  by  Mr. 
Fergusson  Irvine,  'Place-Names  in  the  Hun- 
dred of  Wirral '  {Transactions  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  Historical  Society,  xliv.  279),  which 
Mr.  Round  does  not  appear  to  have  seen, 
supplies  evidence  of  hamlet  and  field  names  of 
distinctly  Norse  origin  scattered  throughout 
Wirral.  It  is  not  my  intention  to  impugn  Mr. 
Round's  inference  from  the  absence  of  the  six- 
carucate  assessment  in  Wirral  that  the  Norse  were 
not  strong  enough  to  "divide  the  land  on  their 
own  system."  Their  settlements  appear  to  have 
been  made,  generally  speaking,  in  the  wilder 
and  less  fertile  parts  of  the  peninsula.  But  it 
does  seem  necessary  that  what  amounts  to  a 
charge  of  carelessness  against  Mr.  Green,  which 
is  quite  without  justification,  should  not  be 
allowed  to  nass  unnoticed.  James  Tait. 


MR.   a.   STANLEY  FARNBLL. 

We  announce  with  regret  the  death  of  Mr. 
George  Stanley  Farnell  at  the  early  age  of  thirty- 
four.  A  younger  brother  of  Mr.  L.  R.  Farnell, 
a  well-known  Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Mr. 
G.  S.  Farnell  was  educated  at  the  City  of 
London  School  and  at  Wadham  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  gained  a  scholarship  in  1879, 
and  graduated  B.A.  in  1883  and  M.A.  in  1886. 
After  acting  for  some  years  as  assistant  master 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  he  was  appointed  in  1892 
principal  of  Victoria  College,  Jersey.  Of  modest 
and  unassuming  manner,  he  possessed  much 
shrewd  sense  and  kindly  humour,  and  proved 
an  efficient  teacher  both  as  under  master  and 
head  master.  But  it  is  as  a  classical  scholar 
of  exceptional  taste  and  learning  that  he 
deserves  some  notice  at  a  biographer's  hand. 
In  1891  he  published  (with  Messrs.  Longman) 
'  A  Complete  Collection  of  the  Surviving  Pas- 
sages from  the  Greek  Song-writers,  arranged 
with  Prefatory  Articles,  Introductory  Matter, 
and  Commentary.'  This  cncyclop;udic  volume 
proved     a    notable     contribution     to     modern 


scholarship.  It  disclosed  a  wide  range  of 
general  literary  knowledge,  sound  critical  power, 
and  a  capacity  of  writing  well  in  English,  as 
well  as  in  Latin  and  Greek.  Prof.  Tyrrell,  of 
Dublin,  bestowed  high  praise  on  the  book  in  an 
article  respecting  it  which  he  contributed  to 
Hennntlieiia  in  1892.  "It  ia  really  called 
for,"  Prof.  Tyrrell  wrote,  "by  the  needs  of 
both  learners  and  teachers,  and  it  is  executed 
with  conscientious  care  and  no  lack  of  fruitful 
research." 

Last  Monday  week  (November  4th)  Mr.  Far- 
nell was  killed  by  an  accidental  fall  from  the 
clifis  at  Plymouth,  Jersey.  A  career  which 
promised  much  distinguished  and  useful  work  is 
thus  prematurely  closed. 


THE  BURNS-DUXLOP  CORRESPONDENCE. 

November  12,  1895. 

Will  you  allow  me  to  state  that  in  the  next 
number  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  it  is  my 
intention  to  publish  a  note  explaining  that  the 
letters  between  the  poet  Burns  and  Mrs. 
Dunlop  are  the  property  of  Col.  Wallace  of 
Lochryan,  and  expressing  my  regret  that  any 
unauthorized  quotations  from  them  should  have 
appeared  in  the  Eevievj  ? 

From  the  correspondence  which  has  passed 
between  me  and  L.  M.  Roberts  on  this  subject 
I  gather  that  my  contributor  was  not  aware  that 
the  letters  were  private  property. 

W.  L.  Courtney. 


Ui'terarg  ffiossfp. 

Among  the  relics  of  Dr.  Busby  to  be 
shown  at  Westminster  next  week  are  por- 
traits of  Busby  and  some  of  his  pupils,  of 
the  Deans  of  Christ  Church  and  "Westminster 
and  Masters  of  Trinity  in  Busby's  time,  of 
the  Governors  of  the  school  in  the  Common- 
wealth times,  illustrations  of  places  connected 
with  Busby,  and  books  bearing  on  him.  The 
Dean  of  Westminster,  the  Governing  Body 
of  Christ  Church,  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
Christ  Church,  the  Council  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  together  with  many  corporations 
and  private  owners,  have  lent  portraits  and 
relics.  One  of  the  most  interesting  features 
of  the  exhibition  will  be  a  display  of  many 
documents  relating  to  the  school  in  Busby's 
time,  recently  discovered  in  the  muniment 
room  at  the  Abbey.  A  memoir  of  Busby 
by  Mr.  Eussell  Barker  has  just  been  issued 
by  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  BuUen. 

We  noticed  last  summer  the  fourth 
volume  of  the  memoirs  of  General  Thie- 
bault,  and  we  shall  notice  next  week  the 
fifth  volume,  which  completes  the  work,  and 
has  just  been  published  in  Paris.  We  are 
glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  A.  J.  Butler,  who 
translated  Marbot's  memoirs  in  a  masterly 
fashion,  is  at  work  on  an  English  version  of 
Thiebault's.  He  will  reduce  them  to  two 
volumes — they  will  certainly  bear  curtail- 
ment— and  the  work  will  be  issued  by 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  in  the  spring. 

Mu.  Joseph  Jacobs  is  collecting  the 
various  papers  he  has  contributed  to  maga- 
zines on  Jewish  theology  and  history  during 
the  past  twenty  years :  among  them  an 
essay  upon  '  The  God  of  Israel :  a  History,' 
which  appeared  in  the  Nineteenth  Century ; 
'  The  Defence  of  "  Daniel  Deronda"  from  a 
Jewish  Point  of  View,'  which  came  out  in 
Macmill ail's  Magazine;  a  lecture  on  'Jewish 
Ideals  ';  and  a  monograph  on  the  legend  of 
Little  St.  Hugh,  which  we  noticed  about  a 
year  ago.     Mr.  Nutt  is  the  publisher. 


The  current  number  of  the  Archceologia 
Cambrensis,  the  journal  of  the  Cambrian 
Archaeological  Association,  contains  two  im- 
portant contributions  dealing  with  linguistic 
traces  of  the  Goidels  in  Wales.  One  is  a 
paper  by  Prof.  Ehys  on  some  sixty  '  Goi- 
delic  Words  in  Bry thonic ' ;  the  other  is  an 
account  of  the  recent  discovery,  at  Llan- 
fallteg,  Carmarthenshire,  of  the  tombstone 
of  Voteporis,  Prince  of  Demetia,  who  is 
identified  with  Gildas's  Yortiporius.  The 
inscriptions  on  the  stone  are  in  Latin  and 
Ogam,  and  Prof.  Ehys's  reading  of  the 
latter  is  accompanied  with  an  historical  note 
on  the  title  of  "Protector,"  which  is  given 
Voteporis  in  the  inscription. 

Mr.  W.  a.  Shaw's  '  History  of  Currency ' 
will  shortly  be  published  in  a  French  trans- 
lation by  Guillaumin  &  Cie.  The  transla- 
tion, which  is  based  on  the  second  English 
edition,  has  been  made  by  M.  A.  Eaffalo- 
vich,  Financial  Agent  of  the  Eussian 
Government  in  Paris.  Mr.  Shaw  has  also 
completed  an  accompanying  volume,  en- 
titled '  Writers  on  English  Monetary  His- 
tory, 1626-1730,'  which  is  intended  as  a 
selection  of  materials  for  first-hand  study 
of  the  monetary  history  of  the  seventeenth . 
century  and  the  beginning  of  the  eigh- 
teenth. It  comprises  an  account  of  a 
hitherto  unknown  debasement  of  the 
coinage  by  Charles  I.  in  1626;  extracts 
from  the  State  Papers  Domestic  of  the 
Commonwealth  period  and  from  tracts  of 
Henry  Eobinson;  a  reprint  of  two  tracts 
directed  against  John  Locke  on  the  subject 
of  the  recoinage  of  1696;  the  whole  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  mint  reports  bearing  on 
currency  and  exchange  matters  as  submitted 
by  him  to  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  here 
printed  entire  for  the  first  time  from  the 
originals  at  the  Public  Eecord  Office ;  and 
a  reprint  of  John  Conduitt's  '  Observations 
on  the  Present  State  of  our  Gold  and  Silver 
Coins,'  1730.  The  volume  will  appear  in 
the  course  of  a  week  or  two. 

Messrs.  Ltjzac  &  Co.  are  to  publish  a  work 
relating  to  Assyrian  sorcery  and  magic  by 
Mr.  L.  W.  King,  assistant  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Antiquities, 
British  Museum.  The  book  will  contain 
some  seventy-five  plates  of  cuneiform  texts, 
copied  chiefly  from  a  series  of  tablets  known 
among  Assyriologists  by  the  title  of  "The 
Prayers  of  the  Lifting  up  of  the  Hand  "; 
these  will  be  accompanied  by  complete 
transliteration,  and  a  number  of  full  trans- 
lations with  notes,  vocabulary,  and  indexes. 
The  texts,  the  greater  number  of  which  are 
now  published  for  the  first  time,  consist  of 
prayers,  magical  formulaj,  and  incantations 
which  were  recited  during  the  performance 
of  certain  ceremonies  with  which  they  were 
connected.  Certain  of  them  were  believed 
to  be  efficacious  in  putting  a  man  out  of  the 
reach  of  hostile  charms,  spells,  and  fiends, 
and  others,  which  are  not  unlike  the  peni- 
tential Psalms,  delivered  him  from  his  sins 
and  secured  for  him  the  favour  of  his  deity; 
others  again  were  intended  to  deliver  Assyria 
from  the  evils  which  were  thought  to  follow 
an  eclipse  of  the  moon.  The  documents 
date  from  the  seventh  century  B.C.,  but  they 
are,  no  doubt,  derived  from  very  ancient 
Babylonian  works  on  magic. 

A  FAIR  number  of  candidates  for  the  now 
Oxford  degrees  of  B.Litt.  and  B.Sc.  have 


N'^SSol,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE      ATHEN^UM 


683 


sent  in  their  names  to  the  General  Com- 
mittee wliicli,  under  the  recent  statute,  has 
to  decide  the  preliminary  question  whether 
they  have  received  ' '  a  good  general  educa- 
tion." Those  in  whose  favour  this  question 
is  decided  will  have  to  pursue  a  two-year 
course  of  "special  study  and  research,"  at 
the  end  of  which  they  will  produce  a  thesis 
and  submit  to  a  public  examination.  It  is 
understood  that  several  of  the  candidates 
are  resident  graduates  of  some  standing  in 
the  University. 

A  coxFERExcE  of  f»ersons  interested  in 
University  Extension  work  in  Yorkshire, 
Lancashire,  and  Cheshire  was  held  last 
Saturday  at  Halifax,  and  a  resolution  was 
passed  which  virtually  asks  the  universities 
of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Victoria  to 
combine  their  schemes  of  Extension  lectures. 
Such  co-operation  is  looked  upon  by  many 
as  the  best  means  of  strengthening  and 
developing  the  general  movement. 

Though  the  new  English  School  at  Oxford 
has  not  yet  had  sufficient  time  to  bring  the 
zeal  of  its  promoters  to  fruition,  we  are  glad 
to  note  that  University  and  St.  John's 
Colleges  have  appointed  excellent  English 
lecturers  in  the  persons  of  Mr.  de  Selincourt 
and  Mr.  T.  C.  Snow.  Other  colleges,  we 
believe,  have  already  made  similar  appoint- 
ments. 

The  Earl  of  Crawford  has  been  appointed 
by  the  Wigan  Corporation  to  the  position 
of  chairman  of  its  Library  Committee. 
Lord  Crawford  has  for  many  years  been  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Committee,  and 
his  contributions  to  the  fine  Reference 
Library  at  Wigan  are  well  known. 

The  opening  meeting  of  the  fourth 
session  of  the  Bibliographical  Society  will 
be  held  on  Monday  evening.  Dr.  Garnett  in 
the  chair,  and,  as  usual,  will  be  of  a  rather 
more  popular  character  than  those  of  the 
rest  of  the  session.  The  paper  to  be  read 
is  by  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  on  '  English  Book- 
Illustration  of  I860,'  and  will  be  illustrated 
with  lantern  slides. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  decease  of  Miss 
Jane  Lee,  daughter  of  the  late  Archdeacon 
Lee  and  Vice- Principal  of  Newnham  College. 
Eor  some  years  before  she  was  appointed 
Vice-Principal  she  had  been  Lecturer  on 
Modern  Languages  at  the  College,  and  she 
published  a  careful  edition  of  the  first  part 
of  Goethe's  '  Faust.' 

At  the  annual  festival  of  the  Quatuor 
Coronati  Lodge,  which  took  place  last  week, 
it  was  announced  that  the  number  of  sub- 
scribers to  its  publications  exceeded  two 
thousand.  The  new  master  is  Mr.  Edward 
Macbean,  and  the  treasurer  (who  has  held 
office  since  the  lodge  was  established)  Sir 
Walter  Besant. 

The  late  Mr.  Eichard  Heme  Shepherd 
left  ready  for  the  press  a  complete  biblio- 
graphy of  Tennyson  and  a  scheme  for  a 
collected  edition  of  the  works  which  he 
commended  to  the  attention  of  some  "  enter- 
prising Transatlantic  publisher."  The  biblio- 
graphy will  be  privately  printed,  and  issued 
to  subscribers  shortly. 

The  loan  collection  of  portraits,  pictures, 
manuscripts,  and  other  memorials  pertain- 
ing to  or  associated  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Carlyle  is  to  be  opened  on  Wednesday, 
December  4th  (the  centenary  of  Carlyle's 
birth),  at  his  house  in  Cheyne  Row. 


It  seems  that  the  memoir  of  Parnell 
which  appeared  in  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography '  is  not  the  undivided 
work  of  Mr.  Barry  O'Brien,  as  we  sup- 
posed when  we  spoke  of  it  last  week.  The 
editor  tells  us  that  it  embodies  much  in- 
formation of  value  supplied  by  Mr.  O'Brien, 
but  in  its  final  form  it  was  the  work  of  more 
hands  than  one,  and  only  a  portion  came 
from  Mr.  O'Brien's  pen. 

The  edition  of  Quevedo  which  the  late 
Don  A.  Fernandez- Guerra  y  Orbe  under- 
took for  the  "Biblioteca  de  Autores 
Espanoles  "  included,  as  is  well  known  to 
students  of  Spanish  literature,  only  the 
prose  works  of  "  the  Spanish  Juvenal." 
The  poetical  works  appeared  in  a  separate 
volume,  revised  in  very  perfunctory  fashion 
by  Don  Florencio  Janer.  Senor  Fernandez- 
Guerra,  however,  left  behind  him,  it  seems, 
ready  for  the  press  an  edition  of  Quevedo's 
poetry,  and  also  a  revised  and  augmented 
edition  of  the  prose  works.  On  the  basis  of 
these  valuable  materials  the  Sociedad  de 
Bibliofilos  Andaluces  proposes  to  begin  next 
year  the  publication  of  a  ''definitiva  edi- 
cion  "  of  the  complete  writings  of  Quevedo, 
superintended  by  Senor  Menendez  y  Pelayo, 
who  will  add  notes  of  his  own  to  the  com- 
mentary of  Senor  Fernandez-Guerra. 

Dr.  K.  T.  Gaedertz,  the  Custos  of  the 
Royal  Library  of  Berlin,  will  shortly  issue 
a  volume  entitled  '  Aus  Fritz  Renter's  alten 
und  jungen  Tagen.'  It  wiU  contain,  among 
other  interesting  matter,  Reuter's  minor 
poems  discovered  among  his  literary  remains, 
together  with  his  portrait  made  by  himself. 

The  Froebel  Society  is  going  to  hold  in 
London  a  ten  days'  holiday  course  of  lec- 
tures and  demonstrations  on  Froebelian 
methods  from  Friday,  January  3rd,  to  Tues- 
day, January  14th,  1896.  Miss  Agnes  Ward 
and  Mr.  Courthope  Bowen  are  to  take  part 
in  it. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Report  of  the  Niger  Coast  Pro- 
tectorate for  1894-5  {3d.);  and  three 
further  volumes  of  the  Evidence  of  the 
Secondary  Education  Commission  (6.s.  Wd. 
for  the  three  volumes). 

SCIENCE 


Scientific  and  Technical  Papers  of  Werner 
von  Siemens.  Translated  from  the  Second 
German  Edition.  2  vols.  (Murray.) — The  first 
volume  of  these  collected  writings  consists  of 
papers  and  addresses  of  general  scientific 
interest ;  the  second  is  more  technical,  con- 
taining elaborate  descriptions  of  apparatus  and 
methods,  including  several  specifications  of 
patents.  The  translator  is  anonymous,  but  his 
work  is  well  done.  Werner  von  Siemens  took 
so  large  a  share  both  in  inventing  and  in 
executing  those  applications  of  electricity  to 
human  wants  which  have  revolutionized  modern 
society,  that  the  record  of  his  thoughts  and 
doings  as  it  stands  before  us  in  this  long  series 
of  contributions,  commencing  with  1845,  con- 
stitutes a  most  valuable  permanent  memorial  of 
electrical  history.  It  deals  with  such  subjects 
as  the  early  construction  of  telegraphic  lines  ; 
the  coating  of  wires  with  gutta-percha  ;  under- 
ground and  submarine  lines  ;  the  invention  of 
the  relay  ;  duplex  telegraphy  ;  instruments  for 
automatic  sending  ;  standards  of  resistance  and 
Siemens's  mercury  unit ;  the  laying  and  testing 
of  cables  ;  the  invention  of  the  dynamo  ;  the 
selenium  photometer;  and  pneumatic  despatch. 


The  author  shows  himself  well  abreast  of  the 
scientific  theory  of  his  time,  and  exhibits  a  fair 
command  of  mathematics.  His  style  is  emi- 
nently clear  and  direct.  The  editors  (who  are 
anonymous)  have  executed  their  task  judiciously, 
but  they  make  a  promise  in  the  preface  to 
vol.  i.  (as  regards  an  appendix  with  description 
of  instruments)  which  they  have  forgotten  to 
fulfil.  A  more  serious  fault  is  the  omission  of 
page-headings,  every  page  being  simply  inscribed 
with  the  title  of  the  book. 

Theoplirastus  on  Winds  and  on  Weather  Signs. 
Translated  by  Jas.  G.  Wood.  (Stanford.)— This 
little  book  owes  its  existence  to  the  generosity 
and  enthusiasm  of  Mr.  G.  J.  Symons,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Meteorological  Society, 
who  cherishes  an  ambition  to  collect  and  make 
accessible  ancient  works  on  meteorology.  Mr. 
Symons  engaged  to  defray  the  cost  of  publica- 
tion, and  Mr.  Wood,  who  appears  to  take  a  per- 
sonal interest  in  meteorological  observations, 
volunteered  to  undertake  the  "congenial 
labour "  of  translation.  The  work  is  not 
designed  for  classical  scholars,  though  they 
will  find  in  it  much  that  is  interesting,  but 
primarily  for  meteorologists  and  the  general 
public.  Mr.  Wood  expressly  repudiates  any 
intention  of  entering  on  a  critical  examination 
of  these  notoriously  corrupt  tracts.  He  is  con- 
tent to  found  himself  on  Schneider's  edition  of 
1818  and  Wimmer's  of  1860,  and  to  use  his  own 
discretion  where  they  difl;er.  Often,  and  with 
good  cause,  he  expresses  dissatisfaction  with  the 
conventional  text  and  interpretation,  but  he 
shrinks  from  supplements  and  restorations,  and 
his  suggestions  are  limited  to  some  small  gram- 
matical corrections.  In  a  few  desperately 
mutilated  passages  he  actually  prints  a  string 

of  meaningless  Avords,  e.g.,  "  if  where wind 

and  desire hot  or  cold  nevertheless dif- 
ference of  the  air such  as  it  may  be."     This 

is  carrying  modesty  and  fidelity  to  an  extreme. 
So  far  as  the  text  is  sound,  the  translation  is 
good  and  accurate  and  well  suited  for  its  purpose. 
We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  diving  Kopu'ivq  is  not 
made  a  crow  ;  but  it  is  not  really  certain  that 
the  bird  is  the  cormorant.  Theophrastus  says 
that  the  7rvei'/xwv  OaXdrTLOs  appearing  in 
numbers  in  the  sea  is  a  sign  of  storm  ;  Mr. 
Wood  suggests  that  the  jelly  fish  is  meant, 
observing  that  in  the  fine  year  1893  jelly  fish 
were  very  infrequent  on  the  south-east  coast. 
A  hexameter  and  pentameter  may  be  subjoined 
as  a  specimen  of  the  metrical  versions  : — 
Lips  is  the  wind  that  makes  quickly  the  clouds  and  quickly 

the  sunshine. 
Cloud  follows  Argestes  all  the  way  unto  its  end. 

The  introduction,  which  is  disfigured  by  a  bom- 
bastic peroration,  contains  an  attempt  to  explain 
in  popular  language  the  Aristotelian  theory  of 
the  nature  and  origin  of  wind  ;  but  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  the  ordinary  reader  will  take 
the  trouble  to  understand  speculations  which 
will  necessarily  appear  to  him  both  obscure  and 
absurd.  The  better  way  is  to  skip  the  abstract 
reasoning  of  the  treatise  on  winds,  and  attend 
only  to  the  quaint  weather  lore  and  the  little 
touches  that  help  to  revive  the  sights  and 
sounds  of  ancient  Greece — the  owl  hooting 
quietly  in  a  storm,  the  sparrows  chattering  in 
the  evening,  the  howling  of  the  wolf,  the  light- 
ning showing  bright  over  Fames,  the  white 
cloud  settling  down  on  Hymettus.  For  the 
Greek  titles  of  the  winds  Mr.  Wood  has  sub- 
stituted the  modern  nomenclature  according  to 
the  points  of  the  compass,  and  has  compiled 
a  useful  appendix,  in  which  he  reviews  the 
number,  names,  and  positions  of  the  various 
winds  distinguished  in  classical  and  later  times. 
The  book  is  illustrated  by  two  maps— one  of 
Greece  and  the  adjoining  countries,  one  of  the 
neighbourhood  of  Athens— by  Aristotle's  "  dia- 
gram "  of  the  winds,  and  by  photographs  of  the 
Horologium  of  Andronicus  at  Athens,  and  the 
"Table  of  the  Winds"  from  the  Belvidere 
Terrace  adjoining  the  Museo  Pio  Clementine 
of  the  Vatican. 


684 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


GEOGRAPHICAL   NOTES. 

Me.  B.  F.  Stevens  will  shortly  publish  '  John 
Cabot,  the  Discoverer  of  North  America,  and 
Sebastian  his  Son,'  a  chapter  of  the  maritime 
history  of  England  under  the  Tudors,  1496-1537, 
by  Mr.  Henry  Harrisse.  The  author's  object  is 
to  furnish  a  true  history  of  John  and  Sebastian 
Cabot,  based  exclusively  upon  authentic  docu- 
ments and  facts  drawn  from  original  sources, 
chiefly  manuscript,  and  from  contemporary 
authorities,  without  regard  to  commonly  re- 
ceived notions.  The  nationality  of  both  father 
and  son,  the  various  expeditions  and  voyages  of 
both,  Sebastian's  planisphere,  his  character, 
claims,  and  alleged  genius,  his  various  employ- 
ments in  England  and  Spain,  will  be  discussed. 
The  volume  will  be  enriched  with  a  syllabus  of 
ninety  documents,  English  and  Spanish,  of  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  a  number  of 
them  being  hitherto  unknown  ;  also  by  numerous 
maps  and  by  a  photographic  facsimile  of  a 
unique  autograph  letter  of  Sebastian  Cabot. 

Dr.  Donaldson  Smith  is  shortly  expected  home, 
after  a  most  successful  journey  in  Eastern  Africa. 
Having  failed  to  penetrate  to  Kafa,  owing  to  the 
obstacles  placed  in  his  way  by  the  raiding  expe- 
ditions of  King  Menelik,  he  made  a  second  start 
from  the  Shebeli  or  Haines  River,  passed  through 
the  country  of  the  Borani  Gallas,  reached  Lake 
Stephanie  and  the  north  end  of  Lake  Rudolf, 
?.nd  finally  passed  to  the  east  of  Mount  Kenya 
on  his  way  to  Korokoro  on  the  Upper  Tana. 
The  problem  of  the  Omo  appears  thus  still  to 
await  a  solution.  It  seems  certain,  however, 
that  that  river  does  not  flow  eastward  into  the 
Indian  Ocean. 

Dr.  K.  Haebler  has  discovered  in  the  archives 
of  Prince  Fugger  a  MS.  copy  of  the  '  Copia  der 
neuwen  Zeytung  aus  Presillglandt, '  which  has 
puzzled  the  critical  acumen  of  Humboldt,  Varn- 
hagen,  Wieser,  Ruge,  and  others.  He  reports 
on  his  interesting  find  in  the  Zeitschrift  of  the 
Berlin  Geographical  Society.  The  MS.  is  fuller 
than  any  of  the  three  printed  editions,  and  Dr. 
Haebler  is  thus  enabled  to  state  with  con- 
fidence that  the  two  vessels  engaged  in  this 
expedition  were  fitted  out,  by  licence  of  the 
King  of  Portugal,  by  D.  Nuno  Manuel,  captain 
of  the  king's  body  guard,  and  Cristobel  de 
Haro — that  they  discovered  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
sailed  beyond  it  to  about  lat.  40°  S.,  and 
came  back  to  Madeira  on  October  12th,  1514. 
The  report  was  evidently  written  by  an  agent  of 
the  Welsers  who  resided  at  Madeira,  and  is  not 
a  translation  from  the  Italian.  It  appears  thus 
that  the  Portuguese  anticipated  the  Spaniards 
in  the  discovery  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  for 
Pinzon  and  Diaz  de  Solis,  in  1509,  do  not  appear 
to  have  proceeded  further  than  Cape  Santa 
Maria.  Incidentally  we  learn  from  this  in- 
teresting paper  that  the  Fuggers  ordered  a  chart 
of  the  world  to  be  compiled  for  them  by  Sebas- 
tian Cabot,  for  which  they  paid,  but  which  they 
never  received. 

Dr.  G.  Schott,  in  the  same  ZeiLschrift, 
publishes  a  set  of  '  Synchronous  Passage 
Charts  for  Sailing  Vessels,'  compiled  from 
several  thousand  logs.  The  idea  of  charts 
of  this  kind  was  first  suggested  and 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Francis  Galton.  A  glance 
at  those  before  us  shows  that  two  vessels,  the 
one  sailing  round  Cape  Horn,  the  other  round 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  will  arrive  simultane- 
ously at  Tahiti  or  the  Marshall  Islands  in  the 
Pacific,  and  that  the  homeward  voyage  from 
New  Zealand  occupies  1.30  days  going  round  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  but  only  100  by  the  Cape 
Horn  route. 

Prof.  J.  du  Fief's  Carte  de  VMat  independant 
du  Corujo,  on  a  scale  of  1 : 2,000,000,  embodies  a 
mass  of  information  up  till  now  hardly  accessible. 
The  stations  of  the  State  and  factories  are  dis- 
tinctly shown.  There  are  no  hills,  but  numerous 
altitudes  are  given.  The  Lower  Congo  is  shown 
on  a  scale  of  double  that  of  the  principal  map. 
If  any  further  evidence  were  wanted  to  prove 


the  secrecy  with  which  some  of  the  operations  of 
the  Congo  State  are  being  carried  on,  it  would 
be  furnished  by  this  map,  for  Prof,  du  Fief, 
although  on  the  spot  and  no  doubt  a  persona 
grata,  has  been  unable  to  obtain  any  informa- 
tion on  the  route  followed  by  Capt.  Kethulie  in 
his  expedition  or  ivory  raid  towards  Hofraten- 
jSahas.  We  also  notice  that  the  territory  on  the 
Upper  Nile  leased  to  the  King  of  the  Belgians 
only  extends  to  7°  30'  N.,  instead  of  to  10^  N., 
as  defined  in  the  Convention. 

Petcrmann's  MitteUxmgen  publishes  a  welcome 
article  on  '  Siberian  Waterways,'  based  upon  the 
writings  of  the  well-known  Siberian  merchant 
M.  Sibiriakof  and  other  Russian  authorities 
not  readily  accessible  in  Western  Europe. 

The  Mittheilungen  ai(s  Deutschen  Schutz- 
gebieten  publishes  a  most  valuable  set  of  maps 
based  upon  the  surveys  and  observations  made 
by  Dr.  Passarge  during  his  journey  from  Cama- 
rons  to  the  Upper  Benue.  Yola,  the  capital  of 
Adamawa,  has  been  shifted  about  eight  miles 
eastwards  of  its  former  position.  This  naturally 
reduces  to  a  considerable  extent  the  area  of  the 
German  sphere,  and  a  German  colonial  organ 
seriously  suggests  that  England  ought  to  be 
called  upon  to  compensate  Germany  to  a  similar 
extent  elsewhere. 

The  Verhandhingen  of  the  Berlin  Geographical 
Society  publishes  letters  from  Dr.  Sven  Hedin 
giving  an  account  of  his  disastrous  experience 
in  crossing  the  Takla  Makan  desert.  Having 
left  Kashgar  on  February  11th,  he  explored  first 
of  all  the  country  in  the  directionof  Yarkand  and 
to  the  west  of  the  river  named  after  that  town, 
and  discovered  rivers  there  and  lakes,  instead 
of  the  sand-dunes  which  he  had  expected  to 
find.  On  April  10th  he  left  the  Yarkand  river 
and  ventured  into  the  Takla  Makan,  the  dreaded 
"  Dekken  Dekka  "  or  desert  of  the  "  one  thou- 
sand and  one  buried  cities,"  where  the  "be- 
witched "  traveller  is  made  to  wander  round  in 
a  circle  until  he  perishes.  Dr.  Sven  Hedin 
narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  Two  of  his 
men  died  of  thirst,  and  six  out  of  eight 
camels  were  lost.  After  much  suffering  he 
succeeded,  on  May  5th,  in  reaching  the  Khotan 
river,  where  two  of  his  men  subsequently 
joined  him  ;  two  appear  to  have  perished  in  the 
desert.  This  disaster  compelled  Dr.  Sven  Hedin 
to  return  to  Kashgar  and  to  postpone  his  visit 
to  Tibet  until  next  summer.  Fortunately  his 
journals  and  most  of  his  instruments  were 
saved. 


SOCIETIES. 
Geological.— A'bi'.  6.— Dr.  H.  Woodward,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Mr.  S.  J.  Truscott  was  elected 
a  Fellow.  —  The  following  communications  were 
read  :  'The  Serpentine,  Gneissoid,  and  Hornblendic 
Rocks  of  the  Lizard  District,'  by  Dr.  T.  G.  Bonney, 
—and  'The  "  Schistes  Lustres"  of  Mont  Jovet 
(Savoy),'  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Gregory. 

British  Arch^siological  Association.— iVw. 6. 
—Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.- Mr. 
Patrick,  Hon.  Sec,  expressed  the  sorrow  be  felt  in 
making  the  formal  announcement  to  the  meeting 
of  the  irreparable  loss  the  Society  had  sustained  by 
the  lamented  death  of  Mr.  E.  P.  Loftus  Brock,  the 
Hon.  Treasurer. — The  Chairman  and  Mr.  W.  de  Gray 
Birch  also  made  reference  to  the  sad  event,  and 
spoke  of  the  great  services  rendered  to  archeology 
by  the  deceased  during  the  period  of  nearly  thirty 
years  in  which  he  had  been  connected  with  the 
Association.— The  Chairman  exhibited  a  cast  of  a 
rather  unusual  seal  connected  with  Rievaulx 
Abbey,  and  read  some  notes  preparatory  to  a  future 
paper.— Mrs.  Collier  brought  for  exhibition  a  small 
collection  of  bronze  tokens,  mostly  from  War- 
wickshire and  Staffordshire.— Mr.  A.  Oliver  pro- 
duced two  elegant  lloman  lamps  of  rather  unusual 
design  from  Corfu.— Mr.  Patrick  exhibited  some 
lloman  libulai  of  silver  and  bronze,  and  some  beads, 
hair-pins,  and  dice,  some  of  the  last-named  show- 
ing distinct  evidence  of  having  been  plugged  ;  also 
an  elegant  little  bronze  figure  of  the  infant  Her- 
cules brought  from  Italy.— Owing  to  the  unfortunate 
indisposition  of  the  authors  of  the  two  papers 
advertised  for  the  evening,  they  were  not  completed 
and  stand  postponed. — Mr.  Patrick  then  read  a 
short  paper  upon  Winchester  House,  Southwark, 
and  the  recent  discoveries  of  some  remains  of  the 


buildings,  which  he  illustrated  by  some  old  en- 
gravings and  maps  and  a  plan  of  the  locality.— A 
discussion  ensued,  in  which  Mr.  K.  W.  Barrett  took 
part,  and  he  afterwards  drew  the  attention  of  the 
meeting  to  the  nature  of  the  excavations  in  progress 
upon  the  line  of  the  Roman  Wall  in  the  north  of 
England,  which  he  had  quite  recently  visited. 

Arch^ological  Institute. —  i\''of.  6. —  Judge 
Baylis,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Bishop  Vertue  exhibited 
a  Cartulary  of  Reading  Abbey  belonging  to  Lord 
Fingall,  and  found  some  years  ago  among  rubbish 
in  a  triangular  room  in  the  old  Manor  House  of 
Shlnfield,  Berks,  since  destroyed. — Mr.  E.  Peacock 
read  a  paper '  On  Garlands,'  showing  the  widespread 
origin  and  the  symbolical  use  by  almost  every  race 
that  has  emerged  from  absolute  savagery.  He  cited 
instances  where  garlands  are  mentioned  in  the  Bible, 
and  showed  that  in  more  modern  times  they  were 
connected  for  the  most  part  with  religious  feeling, 
although  previous  to  the  sixteenth  century  they  were 
used  on  secularas  well  as  religious  occasions.— Mr.  H, 
Price  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Signs  of  Old  Fleet  Street, 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  End  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century.'  After  a  short  introduction  he  pro- 
ceeded to  enumerate  the  various  signs  of  old  houses 
which  he  had  collected,  principally  from  the  early 
newspapers  and  contemporary  literature.  He  stated 
that  he  had  met  with  315  signs  of  this  street,  some 
being  of  an  early  date,  out  of  which  only  about 
65  could  be  identified  as  occupying  the  site  of  the 
present  numbers  ;  the  rest,  for  the  most  part,  he 
was  able  to  assign  to  special  parts  of  the  street,  such 
as  those  occurring  between  the  two  Temple  Gates, 
over  against  St.  Dunstan's,  by  Temple  Bar,  &c. 
The  author  did  not  attempt  to  explain  the 
meaning  of  the  signs,  as  that  had  been  so 
ably  done  by  others,  but  he  simply  stated 
the  sign,  where  it  occurred  (when  practicable), 
the  date  of  the  earliest  record  of  it,  the  occu- 
pier and  his  trade,  together  with  an  abridged 
history  of  the  houses  when  anything  was  known  of 
them.  He  commenced  with  Temple  Bar,  and  then 
took  the  signs  down  the  south  side  of  the  street,  to 
Fleet  Bridge,  and  then  up  the  north  side  back  to 
Temple  Bar.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
street  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
were  booksellers,  printers,  and  tavern  keei)€rs,  and 
next  came  the  goldsmiths. 

Entomological. —  iYov.  6.— Lord  Walsingham, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  C.  Barker  and  Lieut.  H.  G.R. 
Beavan  were  elected  Fellows.— Lord  Walsingham 
announced  the  death  of  M.  E.  L.  Ragonot,  President 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  France,  and,  since 
1887,  a  Foreign  Fellow  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  London.  He  remarked  that  M.  Ragonot  was 
especially  distinguished  by  his  knowledge  of  the 
Phycid»,  a  monograph  on  which  group  he  had 
brought  out  in  Russia,  and  for  his  amiable  personal 
qualities  and  the  readiness  he  showed  to  assist  other 
workers  in  the  identification  of  species.  He  said 
that  the  loss  of  M.  Ragonot  would  be  greatly  felt 
not  only  by  the  Entomological  Society  of  France, 
but  by  entomologists  all  over  the  world,  and  that 
the  Council  had  that  evening  passed  a  resolution 
to  the  effect  that  the  secretary  should  write  a  letter 
of  condolence  to  the  French  Entomological  Society 
on  the  death  of  their  distinguished  President.— Col. 
Swinhoe  also  spoke  as  to  the  great  loss  sustained 
by  the  death  of  M.  Ragonot,  and  of  the  kindness 
and  generosity  of  the  deceased,  which  he  had  per- 
sonally experienced. — Mr.  Goss  read  a  letter  from 
Mr.  Waterhouse,  calhng  attention  to  the  prospectus 
of  a  monograph  by  Mr.  E.  Green  on  the  Coccidic 
of  Ceylon.— A  copy  of  the  prospectus  and  specimen 
plates  were  shown,  and  Lord  Walsingham  and  Mr. 
McLachlan  commented  on  the  importance  of  the 
proposed  work  and  the  beauty  of  the  plates. — Mr. 
Stevens  exhibited  two  larvte,  supposed  to  be  those 
of  a  species  of  Anobium,  which  had  been  damaging 
oil  paintings  in  his  possession  ;  also  two  specimens 
of  a  luminous  species  of  Pyrophorus,  which  he  had 
received  alive  from  the  West  Indies. — Mr.  Adkin 
exhibited  a  portion  of  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera 
made  in  Hoy,  Orkney,  in  1895,  including  the  follow- 
ing species,  viz.,  Agrotis  vcstigialis,  A.  tritici,  and 
A.  cursoria,  not  previously  recorded  from  Orkney ; 
NemeopMla  jdantaginis,  having  the  usual  yellow 
ground-colour  of  the  hindwings  replaced  by  red  in 
many  of  the  females  ;  Ilepialus  humtili,  of  the 
ordinary  white  form,  bearing  no  resemblance  to  the 
Unst  (Shetland)  form  ;  Triphoena  comes,  all  very 
dark,  the  forewings  almost  black,  the  yellow  of 
the  hindwings  of  many  of  the  specimens  much 
obscured  by  blackish  scales ;  A'octva  /estiva,  show- 
ing forms  of  variation  ranging  between  the  pale 
southern  and  the  dark  conjfva  forms  ;  Epvnda  lutu- 
Icnta,  some  almost  uniformly  black,  others  pale  grey 
with  dark  markings  ;  lladena  adusta,  one  almost 
black,  others  much  variegated  ;  Thera  jnniperata, 
many  having  the  central  fascia  and  ai)ical  streak 
very  dark  brown  ;  and  Ilysivetcs  xordidata,  varying 
from  blackieh-browu  to  pale  green.— Mr,  Tutt  ex- 


N''  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


685 


hibited  a  series  of  Emydia  crihnim,  var.  Candida, 
which  he  had  bred  from  eggs  obtained  from  a 
specimen  caught  by  Mr.  Merrilield  in  Ma}', 
1895,  in  Northern  Ital}'.  He  stated  that  being 
unable  to  obtaia  Calluna  vulgaris,  the  ordinary 
food-plant,  he  had  tried  them  with  knot  grass 
(Polygonvm  aviculaJ-e),  and  had  no  difficulty  in 
rearing  them.— Canon  Fowler  exhibited,  on  behalf 
of  Prof.  Poulton,  living  Diapheromera  femorata 
bred  from  eggs  received  from  Prof.  E.  B.  Titchener, 
of  New  York.  He  stated  that  the  young  larvaj  had 
emerged  from  the  eggs  in  July  and  August  last  and 
fed  on  lime.  Several  pairs  had  arrived  at  maturity, 
and  were  feeding  in  cases  in  the  Oxford  Museum. 
—The  Kev.  J.  H.  Hocking  exhibited  a  specimen  of 
Xylina  zinclienii,  taken  by  him  at  sugar  on  the 
trunk  of  an  oak  tree  at  Copdock,  near  Ipswich,  on 
the  30th  of  September  last.  It  was  in  beautiful 
condition,  and  had  apparently  only  recently  emerged 
from  the  chrysalis.  He  also  exhibited  two  specimens 
of  Xanthia  ocellaris  taken  at  the  same  time. — Mr. 
Barrett  referred  to  the  few  recorded  captures  of 
X.  zinckenii  in  this  country. —  Mr.  R.  W.  Lloyd 
exhibited  male  and  female  specimens  of  Amara 
alpina  from  Garvell,  Perthsliire.  —  Col.  Swinhoe 
stated  that  he  had  during  the  past  summer  captured 
four  specimens  of  Pieris  daplulice  at  Deal,  They 
were  worn,  and  had  probably  been  blown  over  from 
France.— Mr.  Tutt  remarked  that  he  had  collected 
at  Deal  for  many  years,  but  had  never  met  with 
Pieris  daplidice. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  read  a  paper 
entitled  'Notes  on  Pup^  :  Orueodes,  Epermenia, 
Chrysocorys,  and  Pterophorus.' — Lord  Walsingham, 
Mr.  Blandford,  and  Mr.  Tutt  took  part  in  the  discus- 
sion which  ensued. 


Chemical. — iVbi-.  7.— Mr.  A.  G.  Vernon  Harcourt, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  following  papers  were 
read  :  '  On  Flame  Temperatures  and  the  Acetylene 
Theory  of  Luminous  Hydrocarbon  Flames,'  by  Prof. 
Smithells, — 'A  New  Series  of  Hydrazines,'  by  Dr. 
F.  D.  Chattaway  and  Mr.  H,  Ingle,— '  Note  on  the 
Action  of  Hydrofluoric  Acid  on  Crystallized  Silicon,' 
by  Mr.  G.  S.  Newth, — 'The  Action  of  Acetic  Oxides 
on  Salts  of  Hydroxyacids,'  by  Prof.  Henderson  and 
Mr.  D.  Prentice, — '  Sodium  Nitrososulphate  and  the 
Constitution  of  the  Nitrososulphates,'  by  Profs. 
Divers  and  Haga, — '  Normal  Hexane  from  Petroleum 
Ether,  and  the  Vapour  Pressure,  Specific  Volume, 
and  Critical  Constants  of  Normal  Hexane,'  by  Prof. 
Young  and  Mr.  G.  L.  Thomas,— 'Acidylthiocarbi- 
mides,'  by  Prof.  A.  E.  Dixon,—'  Some  Constituents 
of  the  Eoot  of  Polygonum  cuspidatum,'  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Perkin, — '  Note  on  the  Colour  Reaction  of  Fur- 
furans,'  by  Dr.  Laycock, — '  Periodides  of  Theobro- 
mine,' by  Mr.  G.  E.  Shaw, — 'Synthesis  of  Diphenyl- 
triazoline,'  by  Dr.  G.  Young, — '  Note  ou  Piperova- 
tines,'  and  '  Dibenzaconine  and  Tetracetylaconiae,' 
hy  Prof.  W.  E.  Dunstan  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Carr. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— i\''^;i\  12.— 
The  chair  was  taken  by  Sir  B.  Baker,  the  new  Pre- 
sident, who  delivered  his  inaugural  address. 


Physical.— i\'M-.  8— Prof.  A.  W.  Eucker,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  H.  Everett  read  a  paper 
'  On  the  Magnetic  Field  of  any  Cylindrical  Coil  or 
Plane  Circuit.' — Mr.  E.  H.  Griffiths  read  a  paper 
by  himself  and  Miss  D.  Marshall  '  On  the  Latent 
Heat  of  Evaporation  of  Benzene.' — A  paper  was 
read  by  Prof.  Ramsay  and  Miss  Marshall  '  On  a 
Method  of  comparing  the  Heats  of  Evaporation 
of  Different  Liquids  at  their  Boiling- Points.' 


Aristotelian.  — JN'of.  4. —  Dr.  B.  Bosanquet, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Dr.  S.  Coit  was  elected  a 
Member.  —  The  President  delivered  the  inaugural 
address  'On  Time  as  an  Appearance.'  The  problem 
fell  into  two  divisions  :  the  rank  of  time  in  experi- 
ence, and  the  relation  between  the  datum  that  time 
is  in  the  absolute,  and  the  ioference  that  the  abso- 
lute is  in  time.  In  regard  to  the  first  part  of  the 
subject  it  was  pointed  out  that  pure  succession  could 
give  no  sense  of  time,  and  as  the  temporal  form  grew 
up  in  experience  the  aspect  of  continued  identity 
(as  evidenced,  for  example,  both  by  the  logical  treat- 
ment of  causation  and  by  the  de  facto  tendency  of 
historical  science  and  other  forms  of  experience  to 
pass  beyond  a  chronological  stage)  grew  up  with 
it,  ultimately  assuming  an  altogether  predominant 
position  over  the  aspect  of  succession.  The  second 
part  of  the  subject  was  referred  to  in  antithesis  to 
views  which,  it  was  maintained,  fail  to  appreciate 
the  transformation  of  appearances  as  an  inherent 
characteristic  of  experience,  and  lay  an  unwarranted 
stress  on  given  individual  minds  with  their  sense 
of  imperfection,  itself  an  appearance  which,  rela- 
tively speaking,  can  be  transcended  or  "seen 
through  "  no  less  readily  than  other  appearances 
in  human  life.  It  was  urged  that  if  philosophy  is 
to  make  any  serious  use  of  the  conception  of  part 
and  whole,  it  must  be  impossible  to  qualify  a  whole 
which  is  not  given,  unreservedly  by  a  part  as  given. 


Therefore  no  inference  held  from  the  givenness  of 
time  in  the  absolute  to  the  absolute  being  in  time. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINU  WEEK. 

Koyal  Academy,  8  —' Demonstrations,' Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

Aristotelian,  8  —'What  is  meant  by  the  a  priori  Element  in 
Knowledge?  '  Mr.  E  C.  Henecke. 

Institute  of  British  Architects,  8.-'  Sculptured  Columns  of  the 
Temple  of  Diana  at  Epiiesus.'  Dr.  A.  S.  .Murray. 

Statistical,  5  — '  Gold  and  Silver,  and  the  Money  of  the  Woild,' 
Mr.  h  C.  Probyn. 

Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'The  City  and  South  London  llailway  ; 
Subaqueous  'runnelling  by  shield  and  Compressed  Air,'  Mr. 
0.  It   Greathead 

Zoological,  8j.— 'Contributions  to  the  Comparative  Anatomy 
and  Histology  of  the  Supra-renal  Capsules,  No.  1,'  Mr.  S. 
Vincent ;  '  Complete  or  Partial  Suppression  of  the  Right  Lung 
in  the  Amphisba?nidx,  and  of  the  Left  Lung  in  Snakes  and 
Snake-like  Lizards  and  Amphibians,'  Mr.  G.  W.  ISutler ; 
•Observations  on  the  Frilled  Lizard  (Chlamydosanrus  kintji) 
of  Western  Australia,'  Mr.  W.  S  Kent;  'Collection  of  Butter- 
flies made  by  Consul  A.  Sharpe  at  Zomba,  British  Central 
Africa,'  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler. 

Meteorological,  7J— 'Origin  of  the  Cold  Weather  Storms  of  the 
Year  1893  in  India,  and  the  Character  of  the  Air  Movement  on 
the  Indian  Seas  and  the  Etiuatorial  Belt,  more  especially 
during  the  South-West  Monsoon  Period,'  Mr.  J.  Eliot; 
•  Diurnal  Variation  of  Wind  Velocity  at  Tokio,  Japan,'  Mr. 
C.  Davison. 

Society  of  Arts,  8.— Opening  Address  by  Major-General  Sir  J. 
Donnelly,  Chairman  of  the  Council. 

Geological,  8 — 'Additional  Notes  on  the  Tarns  of  Lakeland,' 
Mr.  J.  E  Marr :  'Notes  on  the  Glacial  Geology  of  Arctic 
Europe  and  its  Islands :  Part  I.  Kolguev  Island,'  Col  H.  W. 
Feilden. 

Microscopical,  8.—'  Numerical  Aperture  Reconsidered,'  Mr. 
M  J.  Michael;  •  Foraminifera  of  the  Gault  of  Folkestone,' 
Mr.  F.  Chapman. 

Royal.  4. 

Historical,  .5 

Royal  Academy,  8  —'Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

Chemical.  8. —  ' Evolution  of  Carbon  Monoxide  by  Alkaline 
PyrogalUd  Solution  during  Absorption  of  Oxygen,' and 'The 
Composition  of  the  Limiting  Explosive  Mixtures  of  Various 
Combustible  Gases  with  Air,'  Prof.  Clowes  ; '  Barium  Butyrate 
and  the  Estimation  of  Butyric  Acid,'  Mr.  W.  H.  Willcox  ,  and 
other  Papers. 

Linnean.  8  — '  Development  of  a  Single  Seed  in  the  Fruit  of  the 
Cocoanut  Palm  ( Cocos  nuci/era).'  Mr.  D.  Morris ; '  Assimilation 
in  Plants  under  Abnormal  Conditions,' Mr.  A  J.  Ewart;  'On 
a  New  Species  of  Pinites  from  Wealden,  England,'  Mr.  A.  C. 
Seward. 

Antiquaries,  8.J.— '  Notes  on  a  Late  Celtic  Sword  and  Sheath 
found  in  the  North  of  England,  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Greenwell,'  Mr  C.  H.  Read  ;  '  Report  as  Local  Secretary  for 
Bucks,' Mr  J.  Parker;  ''The  Craft  Gilds  of  Coventry,'  Miss 
M.  D.  Harris- 
Physical,  5  — '  Exhibition  of  Photographs  of  Spectra,'  Mr.  G  J. 
Stoney  ;  '  Direct  Receding  Platinum  Thermometer,'  and  '  His- 
torical Note  on  Resistance  and  its  Change  with  Temperature,' 
Mr.  R.  Appleyard. 


Mr.  Story  -  Maskelyne  has  resigned  the 
Chair  of  Mineralogy  at  Oxford,  which  he  has 
held  since  1850.  During  his  tenure  the  endow- 
ment of  the  professorship  has  been  merely 
nominal,  but  it  now  becomes  a  Waynflete  Pro- 
fessorship connected  with  Magdalen. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  have  been 
recommended  by  the  President  and  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society  for  election  into  the  Council 
for  the  year  1896  at  the  anniversary  meeting  on 
the  30th  inst. :  President,  Sir  Joseph  Lister  ; 
Treasurer,  Sir  John  Evans  ;  Secretaries,  Prof. 
Michael  Foster  and  Lord  Rayleigh  ;  Foreign 
Secretary,  Dr.  E.  Frankland  ;  other  members  of 
the  Council,  William  Crookes,  Sir  Joseph 
Fayrer,  Lazarus  Fletcher,  Dr.  W.  Holbrook 
Gaskell,  Dr.  W.  Huggins,  Lord  Kelvin,  Prof. 
A.  B.  W.  Kennedy,  Prof.  Horace  Lamb, 
Prof.  E.  R.  Lankester,  Prof.  C.  Lapworth, 
Major  P.  A.  Macmahon,  Prof.  J.  H.  Poynting, 
Prof.  A.  W.  Riicker,  Osbert  Salvin,  Prof.  H.  M. 
Ward   and  Admiral  W.  J.  L.  Wharton. 

The  volume  of  the  Connaissance  des  Temps  for 
1898  has  recently  been  issued.  This  valuable 
publication  has  appeared  regularly  since  the  first 
volume  was  brought  out  by  Picard  in  1679.  Im- 
provements and  additions  have  from  time  to 
time  been  introduced,  corresponding  to  new 
astronomical  requirements  ;  and  on  the  present 
occasion  there  is  the  addition  of  a  table  giving 
the  elements  for  computing  the  positions  of  the 
satellites  of  Mars. 

M.  Javelle  contributes  to  Ast.Nach.  No.  3316 
the  results  of  a  series  of  observations  of  Faye's 
comet  obtained  by  him  at  Nice  from  September 
26th  to  October  20th.  He  describes  it  as  "assez 
faible  ;  c'est  une  n^bulosit^  a  peu  pres  ronde, 
de  20"  k  25"  de  diametre."  The  comet  is  still 
in  Aquarius,  moving  slowly  in  a  nearly  easterly 
direction,  and  on  the  30th  inst.  will  be  (accord- 
ing to  Herr  Engstrom's  ephemeris)  about  5'  due 
south  of  the  star  a  in  that  constellation. 

M.  Faye  has  just  published  a  third  edition  of 
his  popular  and  interesting  work  '  Sur  I'Origine 
du  Monde.' 


FINE    ARTS 


Fans  of  Japan.  By  C.  M.  Salwey,  ■vrith.  an 
Introduction  by  W.  Anderson.  Illus- 
trated. (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
The  fine  taste  and  industry  of  Dr.  Birch's 
daughter  deserve  the  best  thanks  of  all  fan 
lovers  in  these  islands.  Moved  by  her 
enthusiasm,  her  readers  will  no  doubt  become 
strong  advocates  for  the  revived  use  of  fans 
by  men  as  well  as  women  (they  are  used  by 
men  to  this  day  in  the  West  Indies),  and 
this  notwithstanding  we  have  failed  to  find 
Mrs.  Salwey's  authority  for  the  statement 
that,  in  the  reign  of  the  British  Solomon, 
some  of  his  courtiers,  who,  as  we  know, 
carried  huge  fans,  used  them  for  thrashing 
their  recalcitrant  daughters,  and  although 
it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  be  an  historic 
fact  that  in  the  time  of  Addison  "  an  academy 
was  erected  in  London  for  the  training  of 
young  women  in  the  use  of  this  weapon, 
according  to  correct  and  fashionable  notions." 
It  is,  nevertheless,  true  that  prints  of 
George  III.'s  reign  occasionally  represent 
gentlemen  with  fans  as  weU  as  muffs.  A 
revival,  therefore,  would  not  be  from  a  very 
remote  period.  The  incorporation  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Fan-makers  dates 
from  1709,  and  marks  an  epoch  in  the  use 
of  the  fan,  which  before  that  time  was 
more  frequently  imported  from  the  extreme 
East  than  made  at  home. 

At  the  outset  Mrs.  Salwey  supplies  some- 
thing more  than  the  limitations  of  her  title 
demanded  in  the  shape  of  a  general  his- 
tory of  the  fan  from  the  remotest  antiquity 
to  a  meeting  of  the  Fan  Society  which  was 
held  in  the  Adelphi  in  1892.  It  is  a  pity 
that,  having  undertaken  even  to  sketch  so 
large  a  subject,  she  did  not  make  her  narra- 
tive less  scrappy  and  more  homogeneous. 
The  subject  is  a  very  large  one,  yet  her 
account  of  it  might  have  been  digested  into  a 
much  more  comprehensive  and  compact  whole. 
Especially  should  we  have  liked  more  than 
extremely  brief  and  occasional  references 
to  the  fans  used  by  what  Mrs.  Salwey 
calls  the  Hermit  Nation  of  Corea ;  for 
Corean  fans  possess  a  character  of  their 
own,  and  they  are  distinct  in  colour  and 
decoration,  though  not  in  make  and  shape, 
from  those  of  China  on  the  one  hand,  and 
of  Japan  on  the  other.  We  doubt,  too,  if 
Mrs.  Salwey  is  correct  in  assuming — as,  if 
we  understand  her  aright,  she  does — that 
the  fan  is  more  used  in  the  Island  Empire 
than  in  China  ;  and  we  should  like  to  know 
on  what  grounds  she  asserts  that,  flat  or 
stiS  fans  [ochiwa)  coming  admittedly  from 
China  to  Japan,  the  ogi,  or  folding  fan,  long 
before  "invented  by  the  Japanese,"  found 
its  Way  into  China  by  way  of  the  Corea, 
before  which  time  all  the  Chinese  fans  were 
flat  and  did  not  fold.  We  quite  agree  with 
our  author  in  admiring  the  skill  and 
patience  with  which  the  ivory  laminated 
or  folding  fans  were  carved  in  very  low 
relief  on  both  sides  with  scenes  in  daily 
life  upon  a  ground  of  dehcately  cut  per- 
pendicular lines,  and  consequently  semi- 
transparent.  These  are  among  the  marvels 
of  Oriental  workmanship,  and  are  more 
exquisitely  wrought  than  anything  Europe 
has  produced.  In  the  coUection  of  the 
writer  of  this  review  is  a  specimen  of 
this  kind,  dating  from  c.  1450,  the  leaves 


686 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


of  whicli  are  pivoted  upon  a  pin  of 
silver  with,  a  sapphire  at  each  end.  Such 
marvels  are  Chinese  rather  than  Japanese. 
It  is  not  peculiar  to  Japan,  but  a  character- 
istic of  Eastern  industry,  that,  as  our  author 
has  it,  "from  a  very  early  date  this  work 
[fan-making]  was  carried  on  in  the  private 
homes  of  independent  workers  all  over  the 
islands"  of  Japan. 

It  was  natural  that  Mrs.  Salwey,  in  this 
account  of  the  beautiful  fans  of  Japan, 
shoidd  give  most  attention  to  the  art  of 
the  nation  which  produced  them ;  still  it 
seems  to  ixs  that,  consciously  or  uncon- 
sciously on  her  part,  there  runs  through 
her  book  an  inclination  not  only  to  exalt 
Japanese  doings,  but  to  depreciate  the  skill 
of  the  Chinese  a  great  deal  more  than  it  is  fair 
to  do.  In  mentioning  the  innumerable  uses 
made  of  fans  in  Japan,  she  omits,  while 
including  the  State  fans  which  in  processions 
were  carried  before  the  Shoguns,  to  remind  her 
readers  that  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Assyrian 
monarchs  and  Egyptian  tempera  pictures 
representing  similar  processions  illustrate 
the  practice,  and  also  that  in  both  of  them 
the  feather-bearers  who  follow  the  regal 
chariots  perform  similar  functions.  In  size, 
however,  if  not  in  splendour,  the  State  fans 
of  the  Shoguns  far  exceeded  those  of  Western 
Asia  and  Africa,  and,  whatever  their  ori- 
ginal use  may  have  been,  they  soon  became 
banner-like  insignia  of  dignity,  for  which 
each  (laimio  chose  his  own  particular 
symbol.  It  is  surely  a  mistake  to  say 
that  the  boxes  of  delicate  workmanship 
which  always  encase  the  fans  of  the  best 
Japanese  makers  are  "  a  conceit  peculiar  to 
this  people."  "We  possess  a  dozen  English, 
French,  and  Spanish  fans  in  their  original 
cases,  some  of  which  are  carefully  worked. 

Mrs.  Salwey  is  at  her  best  in  the  chapters 
devoted  to  the  materials  used  by  fan-makers. 
The  ochiiva  and  ogi  are  made  and  exported 
literally  by  millions.  Nearly  eight  millions 
went  to  the  United  States,  the  largest  cus- 
tomers, in  1891,  while  fewer  than  one  and  a 
half  millions  came  to  this  country.  It  is 
important  as  well  as  edifying  to  be  told  that 
fans  made  for  the  Japanese  themselves  are 
usually  not  the  same  as  those  intended  for 
the  European  market.  The  Japanese  prefer 
smaller  fans,  quieter  in  tone  and  colour,  and 
more  refined  altogether  than  those  that  Euro- 
peans like ;  some,  though  quite  inexpensive, 
are  most  beautiful,  and  likewise  exceedingly 
durable.  The  seven  gifts  of  a  Japanese 
bride  to  her  spouse  invariably  include  a 
fan  ;  in  fact,  they  are  the  most  frequent 
gifts  in  Japan,  and  they  are  used  to  present 
gifts  upon.  They  are  much  employed  for 
juggling ;  singers  modulate  their  voices  with 
fans  ;  they  have  served  as  news  sheets,  some- 
times seditious  news  sheets,  and  as  vehicles 
of  satires  of  the  Pasquin  sort ;  maps  for 
travellers  are  printed  on  fans ;  and  for  accom- 
panying the  graceful  movements  of  dancers 
they  are  in  universal  use.  Ceremonial  fans 
are  employed  when  houses  and  other  build- 
ings are  finished,  and  the  etiquette  of 
the  fan  is  at  once  elaborate  and  graceful, 
while  the  painting  on  fans  is  so  warmly 
admired  in  this  country  that  even  Mrs. 
Salwey' 8  raptures  concerning  it  are  not 
much  overstrained.  But  she  is  apt  to  write 
on  this  theme  as  if  she  had  had  something 
to  do  with  the  discovery  of  it.  She  evidently 
does    not  know    how    great    an    influence 


Japanese  fan  painting,  or  rather  the  imita- 
tion of  it,  has  exercised  on  what  in  Europe  and 
the  United  States  is  called  Impressionism. 
On  this  point  she  may  for  another  edition 
of  her  book  cull  some  choice  hints  from  the 
pictures  of  Mr.  Whistler. 

A  highly  readable  chapter  is  devoted  to 
"Legends  of  the  Land  concerning  Eans," 
in  which  it  is  truly  said  that  our  scanty 
knowledge  of  Japanese  manners,  customs, 
and  traditions  has  debarred  most  of  us 
from  appreciating  them  to  their  just  extent. 
A  few  of  them  have  much  of  the  air  of  the 
'  Arabian  Nights,'  but  the  greater  number  of 
them  turn,  as  usual  in  what  concerns  the 
national  life  of  the  people,  upon  furious  and 
ruthless  bloodshedding,  disregard  of  life, 
and  self-sacrifice  of  the  most  extravagant 
kind.  In  these  the  use  of  the  iron  fan  as  a 
weapon  analogous  to  European  battle-axes 
and  maces  is  frequently  mentioned. 

We  must  not  close  this  notice  without 
warm  praise  of  the  beauty,  spirit,  and  fine 
colouring  of  the  plates  which  really  adorn 
Mrs.  Salwey's  book,  and  which  are  in  a 
high  degree  creditable  to  Messrs.  McLagan 
&  Cumming,  of  Edinburgh. 


English  Embroidery :  its  Technique  and  Sym- 
bolism,.    By  F.  and   H.   Marshall.     Illustrated. 
(Horace  Cox.) — Without  going  deeply  into  the 
matter,  the  writers  and  illustrators  of  this  book 
have  contrived  to  produce  a  readable  volume, 
comprising  historical  and  anecdotic  details  and 
descriptions  of  choice  examples.     To  this  they 
have  added   a   comparatively  small  number  of 
symbols     and     their     explanations,     generally 
meagre  and,  except  in  a  popular  way,  not  worth 
printing.     About  the  technique  itself  there  is 
much  left  to  be  desired  in  a  book  the  title  of 
which  professes   a  good    deal   and   is,    on    the 
whole,  too  ambitious.    The  writers  are  much  ad- 
dicted to  gushing  phrases,  and  their  views  are 
apt  to  be  more  comprehensive  than  exact ;  they 
have  picked  out  of  all  sorts  of  records,  mostly 
at  second  hand,  notes  of  what  concerns  the  craft 
of  the   embroiderer  and  its  allies,  but  surely 
they  were  not  wise  in  saying  with  regard  to  that 
age,  whenever  it  might  have  been,  which  pro- 
duced "the  monk  in  his  cell  and  the  needle- 
woman working  in  her  lonely  tower,"  that  "in 
those  painstaking  days  nothing  was  accidental, 
everything  that  was  introduced  into  a   design 
had  a  meaning."     Need  we  say  that  Penelope 
and  Dido  are  trotted  out  as  expert  needlewomen 
under  the  protection  of  Pallas,  herself  an  expert 
whom  none  dared  rival  ?    The  worst  of  it  is  that 
readers  are  likely  to  get  a  little  confused  in  a 
history  which  jumps  from  Pallas  to  the  mother 
of  Sisera,  and  to  Achan,  and  to  Boadicea,  who, 
we  are   told,  went   to  battle   in  a  garment   of 
embroidered  skins.     When  they  come    to  the 
inevitable   Bayeux  tapestry,    our    authors    err 
slightly  in  describing   the  incident  which  con- 
cerns a  vane  on  the   extreme  east  end   of  the 
Confessor's    Westminster    Abbey    as     that    of 
"  workmen  "  "  fixing  a  weathercock,  the  earliest 
pictorial  representation  of  its  use  in  England." 
If  "fixing"  means  erecting,   and    not  making 
fast  so  that  it  should  not  rotate,  we  think  we 
should  read  that  the  man  (there  is  but  one)  who 
is  perched  on  a  ladder  extending,  bridge-wise, 
from  what  looks  like  a  detached  campanile  to 
the  east  end  of  the  Romanesque  church,  is  really 
taking  down  the  vane  as  a  sign  of  humiliation 
and  mourning,  so  as  to  be  in  keeping  with  the 
adjoining  legend,   "Hie  portatvr   corpvs  Ead- 
wardi  Regis  ad  Ecclosiam,"  according  to  which 
we   have    the    king   extended   on    a    bier   and 
borne   by   eight   persons    towards   the   church. 
In  spite  of  our  authors,  we  think  there  is  very 
great  reason  for  doubting  if  the  Anglo-Saxon 
ladies  assisted  Queen  Matilda  in  working  this 


tapestry,  and  the  compilers  must  know  little  of 
the  literature  of  the  subject  if  they  see  no 
reason  for  doubting  if  Matilda  had  anything 
whatever  to  do  with  it.  The  best  part  of  the 
book  is  that  devoted  to  an  extremely  curious 
section  of  the  subject,  the  almost  forgotten  craft 
of  "embroidering  on  the  stump,"  or  stump 
work,  which  was  much  practised  in  the  later 
decades  of  the  sixteenth  century.  We  doubt 
if  there  is  much  truth  in  the  legend  that  the 
inmates  of  Little  Gidding  introduced  it  into 
England.  Older  examples  are  by  no  means  un- 
recorded or  unknown.  It  consists  in  padding 
the  raised  portions  of  a  piece  of  stitchery  with 
cotton  wool  or  hair,  and  embroidering  on  this, 
which  is  called  the  stump.  Many  specimens  of 
this  work  are  known  to  everybody.  Much 
rarer  are  those  in  which  stump  work  has  been 
finished,  not  with  silks,  but  with  pearls  and 
beads  of  various  colours,  and  thus  representing 
portraits,  the  British  lion  and  unicorn,  flowers, 
buildings,  tents,  and  very  frequently  indeed 
parrots — which  seem  to  refer  the  particular 
examples  to  Catherine  of  Braganza — insects, 
and  all  sorts  of  animals.  That  the  luckless  wife 
of  the  "  Merry  Monarch  "  had  much  to  do  with 
stump  work  or  bead  work  is  manifest  from  the 
number  of  her  portraits  which  occur  in  examples 
of  the  kind. 

Vol.  IV.  of  Fictaresfrom  '  Punch  '  (Bradbury, 
Agnew  &  Co.)  has  rapidly  followed  vol.  iii. 
Its  frontispiece  is  a  capital  portrait  of  Charles 
Keene  at  the  age  of  thirty,  and  it  contains  some 
of  the  choicest  favourites  of  our  youth,  and  some 
which,  hailing  from  our  fathers'  days,  are  bril- 
liant to  this  hour,  including  not  a  few  of  Leech's 
best  studies,  dating  from  the  early  "  fifties,"  as 
well  as  those  illustrations  of  the  doings  of 
the  Brook  Green  Volunteer  which  represent 
the  mimic  war  of  half  a  century  since.  We  are, 
too,  reminded  that  Sir  J.  Tenniel  drew  capital 
pieces  more  than  forty  years  ago.  Doyle's 
'  Manners  and  Customs  of  ye  Englyshe '  have 
lost  none  of  their  wit  and  raciness,  although 
they  were  first  published  in  1?50,  and  a  gene- 
ration has  grown  up  since  "Dicky"  joined  the 
majority.  H.  R.  Howard,  who,  as  Mr.  Spiel- 
mann  has  told  us,  died  but  the  other  day,  and 
was  almost  forgotten,  proved  to  be  a  serviceable 
draughtsman  while  Mr.  Punch  himself  was 
young.  The  other  artists  represented  here  are 
Messrs.  Du  Maurier,  W.  J.  Hodgson,  A.  Hop- 
kins, L.  Sambourne,  and  a  few  of  less  note,  as 
well  as  some  of  no  note  at  all.  On  looking 
at  collections  of  this  kind,  it  is  impossible  to 
avoid  wondering  if  a  few  flowers  of  literary  wit 
could  not  be  culled  from  Mr.  Punch's  garden  ; 
there  ought  to  be  enough  of  them  to  fill  a 
hortus  siccus  of  moderate  size. 

The  interesting  study  on  Les  Collections 
formees  par  les  Medicis  au  XVI.  Steele,  read 
by  M.  Eugene  Miintz  before  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions,  and  printed  in  the  memoirs 
of  its  proceedings,  has  now  been  brought 
out  in  a  sej^arate  form  (Paris,  Klincksieck). 
These  collections  have  often  been  the  sub- 
ject of  investigation  by  various  students, 
and  quite  recently  Herr  Diitschke  devoted 
to  their  history  several  learned  pages  of  his 
'Antike  Bildwerke  in  Ober  -  Italien.'  The 
text  of  M.  Miintz  will,  however,  be  found  to 
contain  much  valuable  matter  hitherto  unpub- 
lished, from  which  may  be  gleaned  details  and 
particulars  of  the  greatest  importance  in  deter- 
mining the  history  of  many  works  of  art  still 
preserved  in  the  galleries  of  Florence,  such  as 
the  'Venus  di  Medici'  and  other  well-known 
remains  of  classical  antiquity. 


I'OUTRAITS   OF   KEATS   FKOM   THE  LIFE. 

McClnrc's  Magazine  being  produced  for  home 
consumption  only,  there  is  no  great  need,  so  far 
as  English  readers  are  concerned,  for  correcting 
the  misstatement  about  the  Severn  portrait  of 
Keats  ;  and  across  the  water  our  cousins  would 
probably  prefer  not    to    be    disabused    of  the 


N'' 3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


687 


notion  that  they,  and  not  we,  have  the  original 
portrait  from  life  by  Severn.  Still,  in  this  year 
of  the  poet's  hundredth  birthday,  close -to  the 
very  day,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  set  down  a 
few  data  on  this  vexed  question  of  portraits 
from  the  life  by  Severn.  Of  these  there  are 
certainly  three,  but  just  as  certainly  that  "  pro- 
cessed "  in  McChire's  Magazine  is  not  one  of 
them.  They  are  three  totally  different  composi- 
tions, all  of  which  were  repeated  by  Severn, 
and  one  of  them  over  and  over  again — one  would 
almost  say  too  often  but  for  the  great  and  abid- 
ing respect  in  which  the  public  should  hold  the 
devotion  to  Keats  that  took  the  young  artist  to 
Rome  with  him  in  1820,  and  left  him  still  paint- 
ing pictures  of  the  poet  up  to  within  the  last 
few  years,  and  still  in  Rome  reckoning  on  that 
burial  beside  his  friend  which  he  at  length 
received. 

Early  in  their  friendship  Severn  did  that 
fascinating  little  charcoal  drawing  on  blue-grey 
paper  which,  through  the  vast  acquisitiveness 
of  the  late  John  Forster,  was  preserved  amid 
countless  treasures  of  a  kindred  sort,  and  ulti- 
mately given  to  the  people.  This  "original 
portrait  from  the  life  "  is  in  the  Forster  Library 
at  the  South  Kensington  Museum.  It  was 
prettily,  but  inaccurately  engraved  by  Henry 
Meyer,  as  early  as  1828,  for  Leigh  Hunt's  '  Lord 
Byron  and  Some  of  his  Contemporaries,'  in  both 
editions  of  which  it  figures.  Of  this  portrait 
there  was  an  inferior  replica,  of  which  a  litho- 
graph was  printed. 

Secondly,  Severn  executed  from  the  life  the 
miniature  by  which,  in  some  form  or  another 
of  reproduction,  Keats  is  best  known — the 
half-length  looking  directly  at  the  spectator, 
the  chin  and  cheek  resting  on  the  left  hand, 
the  left  elbow  on  a  table,  whereon  is  also  an 
open  book,  upon  which  the  right  hand  rests. 
This  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1819  ;  it  passed  thence  into  the  hands  of  the 
poet,  who  gave  it  to  Fanny  Brawne  ;  and  ulti- 
mately it  came  into  the  possession  of  Keats's 
intimate  friend  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke,  the 
virtual  founder  of  this  journal.  Of  that  miniature 
Severn  made  many  and  various  copies  ;  and  up 
to  the  end  of  his  life  it  was  a  favourite  model 
for  his  reminiscent  portraits  of  his  friend.  The 
familiar  print  which  first  appeared  in  the  '  Life, 
Letters,  and  Literary  Remains  '  in  184:8,  and 
afterwards  in  many  of  Lord  Houghton's  editions 
of  Keats's  poetry,  was  engraved  by  H.  Robin- 
son from  a  copy  which  Severn  made  for  Mr. 
Dilke,  and  lias  so  unfailing  a  charm  as  a  truly 
representative  transcript  in  black  and  white 
that  the  print  itself  is  well  worth  the  atten- 
tion of  the  photographic  engraver  of  to-day. 
The  frontispiece  to  vol.  i.  of  the  library  edition 
of  Keats's  works  (1883  and  1889)  is  a  photo- 
gravure by  A.  Dawson  (touched  by  hand)  from 
a  very  beautiful  miniature  in  a  more  transparent 
medium  than  the  original.  This  example  was 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  poet  Thomas 
Hood,  and  passed  from  his  son's  widow  into 
the  hands  of  Mr.  Buxton  Forman.  Another 
example,  not  so  fine,  was  in  the  possession  of 
Keats's  sister,  Senora  Llanos,  whose  grand- 
daughter, Scuorita  Elena  Blockmann,  made  an 
excellent  copy  of  it  in  oils  for  Mr.  Forman.  The 
examj^le  now  reproduced  in  McCTnre's  Magazine 
must  be  inferior  to  all  those  already  mentioned, 
if  the  reproduction  is  faithful  ;  but  it  is  pro- 
bably an  early  copy,  though  it  is  not  easy  to 
get  at  the  truth  about  it.  The  McClure  screen- 
block  has  doubtless  been  made  directly  or  in- 
directly from  the  same  original  which  yielded 
the  atrocious  coloured  frontispiece  to  vol.  i. 
of  Mr.  Speed's  edition  of  Keats,  published  by 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  in 
1883.  It  has  the  same  general  faults :  the 
slouchy  shoulders,  so  foreign  to  tlie  true  con- 
ception of  Keats  as  a  "compact  little  man," 
the  muddle  of  tumbled  stuff  by  way  of  shirt- 
front,  the  wooden  hands,  and  the  bookless 
table.  The  Dodd-Mead  horror  is  inscrilied  as 
"from  the  painting  in   oil   by   Severn":    the 


McClure  reproduction  is  said  to  be  "from  the 
original  portrait  from  life  by  Severn,  owned  by 
Mr.  J.  G.  Speed."  It  should  follow  that  Mr. 
Speed's  picture  is  an  oil  painting.  But,  as  the 
prospectus  of  the  Dodd-Mead  edition  says, 
"The  volumes  will  contain  portraits  of  the 
three  brothers,  John,  George,  and  Tom,  repro- 
duced in  colour  from  the  originals  in  oil  by 
Severn  " — and  as  the  originals  of  George  and 
Tom  are  certainly  a  miniature  and  a  water- 
colour  drawing  (both  admirable) — the  original 
of  John  may  be  anything  from  a  pastel  up  to  a 
signboard,  so  far  as  the  value  of  the  evidence 
is  concerned.  "  From  the  life  "  it  is  emphatic- 
ally not.  The  miniature  from  the  life  has  only 
quite  recently  been  directly  reproduced  by  the 
photo-intaglio  process  of  Messrs.  Walker  & 
Boutall,  and  issued  as  a  frontispiece  to  'John 
Keats,  a  Critical  Essay,'  a  privately  printed 
book  by  Mr.  Robert  Bridges.  The  size  desir- 
able for  the  frontispiece  of  that  little  book  is 
too  small  for  the  best  result  to  be  obtained, 
and  the  resultant  brown  print  is  not  one  of 
the  best  of  Messrs.  Walker  &  Boutall's  photo- 
intaglios  :  still,  it  is  a  thing  to  be  thankful  for. 

Severn's  third  portrait  from  the  life  was 
in  Indian  ink,  "drawn  to  keep  him  awake" 
on  January  28th,  1821,  as  he  watched  by 
his  dying  friend's  bedside.  The  late  W.  B. 
Scott,  working  from  an  excellent  photograph, 
etched  upon  steel  a  plate  which  was  perfectly 
successful  as  a  representation  of  this  final  por- 
trait from  the  life.  The  etching  forms  the 
frontispiece  to  the  '  Letters  to  Fanny  Brawne  ' 
(1878  and  1889),  and  to  vol.  iv.  of  the  library 
edition  of  Keats's  whole  works.  Of  his  indian- 
ink  drawing  the  artist  made,  after  Keats's  death, 
more  than  one  careful  copy.  If  he  did  any 
other  portraits  from  the  life  besides  these  three, 
they  are  not  in  evidence. 

Before  his  friend  had  been  long  dead  Severn 
was  already  at  work  upon  that  charming  little 
interior  representing  him  reading  in  his  study 
at  Wentworth  Place.  It  is  of  high  value  and 
interest,  not  only  for  costume  and  local  colour, 
but  also  on  account  of  its  early  date  and  that 
freshness  and  vigour  of  the  artist's  affectionate 
impressions  of  Keats,  which  would  secure  at 
least  a  moderate  resemblance.  "The  room,  the 
open  window,  the  carpet,  chairs,"  wrote  Severn 
in  1858,  "are  all  portraits,  even  to  the  mezzo- 
tinto  portrait  of  Shakspeare,  given  him  by  his 
old  landlady  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  On  the 
morning  of  my  visit  to  Hampstead  (1819)  I 
found  him  sitting  with  the  two  chairs,  as  I  have 
painted  him."  It  is  curious  tliat  this  delightful 
pictorial  reminiscence  has  not  till  quite  lately 
been  reproduced  in  black  and  white.  Messrs. 
Walker  &  Boutall  have  now  executed  a  most 
successful  photo-intaglio  from  it,  which  appears 
as  the  frontispiece  of  Mr.  Forman 's  revised  and 
complete  edition  of  Keats's  'Letters'  just  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Reeves  &  Turner  ;  and  a  good 
screen-block  appears  to  have  been  manufactured 
for  the  Century  Maqazine,  in  the  October 
number  of  which  it  decorates  an  article  en- 
titled 'Keats  at  Hampstead,'  containing  also  an 
admirable  view  of  Wentworth  Place  ("Lawn 
Bank  "). 

It  is  well  to  mention  that  Severn  made  a 
good  oil  painting,  half  life-size,  for  Mr.  Edward 
Moxon,  probably  about  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury, reproducing  in  essentials  the  original 
miniature,  and  having  a  well  -  expressed  cha- 
racter, though  not  to  be  mistaken  for  a  life 
portrait.  This  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  well- 
known  artist,  Mr.  George  P.  Boyce.  Finally, 
not  long  before  his  death  Severn  painted  a 
picture  in  oils  on  the  same  lines,  of  which 
a  photograph  was  sent  to  several  of  his  friends. 
It  betrayed,  naturally,  the  decay  of  his  powers. 
The  frontispiece  to  Lord  Houghton's  Aldine 
edition,  though  far  better  done,  is  not  very 
much  happier  as  a  portrait.  It  reproduces  a 
portion  of  a  large  picture  which  Severn  painted 
long  after  Keats's  death,  and  which  can  doubt- 
less still  be  heard  of  at  Fryston  Hall. 


There  are,  of  course,  authentic  portraits  from 
the  life  besides  Severn's.  The  earliest  of  all  is 
the  vigorous  pen-sketch  in  profile  which  Ben- 
jamin Robert  Haydon  made  in  November,  1816, 
with  a  small  three-quarter-length  sketch  show- 
ing what  manner  of  figure  the  head  was  to  sur- 
mount. These  were  studies  for  the  portrait  of 
Keats  introduced,  with  those  of  other  contem- 
poraries, into  the  great  picture  of  Christ's  entry 
into  Jerusalem.  Exact  facsimiles  of  the  two 
sketches  are  given  in  vol.  iii.  of  the  library 
edition  of  Keats.  The  portrait  by  Hilton  form- 
ing the  frontispiece  of  vol.  ii.  of  the  same 
edition  is  also  from  the  life.  The  original  was 
a  chalk  sketch  ;  from  this  the  excellent  steel 
plate,  by  which  and  by  reproductions  from 
which  it  is  known,  was  engraved  by  Charles 
Wass,  and  appeared  as  early  as  1841  in  Smith's 
second  collected  edition  of  Keats's  then  known 
poems.  It  was  afterwards  used  as  frontispiece 
for  more  than  one  of  Moxon's  editions  of  the 
poems  and  of  the  '  Life,  Letters,'  &c. 

The  bas-relief  profile  by  Girometti,  which 
Severn  prized  so  highly,  must  be  set  down 
among  the  posthumous  portraits.  Sir  Charles 
Dilke  possesses  an  example  in  plaster  of  Paris  in 
fine  condition ;  and  a  woodcut  outline  executed 
by  the  late  George  Scharf  appears  in  the  illus- 
trated edition  of  Keats's  poems  published  by 
Moxon  in  1854,  and  also  at  p.  Ivi  of  vol.  i. 
of  Mr.  Forman's  library  edition.  The  actual 
engraved  boxwood  block  on  which  the  late 
Curator  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  made 
his  drawing  is  in  Mr.  Forman's  collection. 

A  bust  by  Frederick  Smith,  a  pupil  of  Chan- 
trey,  probably  executed  from  the  life  -  mask 
known  as  Haydon's,  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1822.  The  London  Magazine  for 
May  of  that  year  pronounced  it  a  good  likeness, 
and  lovers  of  the  poet  would  doubtless  gladly 
learn  where  it  is,  even  if  it  should  prove  of  no 
greater  value  than  the  pretty  bust  by  Miss 
Witney,  lately  sent  over  from  America,  and 
set  up  in  the  parish  church  at  Hampstead. 
There  is  at  all  events  the  chance  that  Smith 
knew  Keats. 

Hilton's  life-size  parody  in  oils  of  Severn's 
miniature  is  a  standing  disgrace  to  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  It  has  been  well  photo- 
graphed by  the  South  Kensington  Museum 
authorities  ;  and  a  good  woodcut  of  it  appeared 
some  years  ago  in  the  Illustrated  London  Neu's. 
Hard  and  forbidding  as  the  original  is,  it  does 
not  display  any  visual  obliquity  ;  but  an  etch- 
ing by  Mr.  S.  H.  Llewellyn,  done  from  it  for 
an  edition  of  Keats's  poems  published  by 
Messrs.  Kegan  Paul,  Trench  &  Co.,  adds  a 
wall-eye  to  the  other  disadvantages  of  this 
unhappy  production. 

Severn's  three  portraits  from  the  life,  Hilton's 
life-sketch,  and  Haydon's  profile  all  have  the 
real  vitality  of  charm  that  distinguishes  the 
true  portrait.  They  represent  Keats  in  different 
aspects  ;  and  we  are  fortunate  indeed  in  pos- 
sessing so  varied  a  record.  The  miniature  is  no 
doubt,  on  the  whole,  the  most  representative  ; 
but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Charles  Cowden 
Clarke,  who  described  the  death-bed  sketch  as 
"  marvellously  correct,"  considered  the  charcoal 
drawing  the  best  portrait  of  Keats,  and  that  John 
Hamilton  Reynolds  gave  the  palm  to  the  Giro- 
metti bas-relief.  The  w]iole  of  the  portraits  are, 
of  course,  to  be  tested,  at  all  events  structurally, 
by  the  life-mask  ;  and  those  from  the  life  all 
boar  the  test  fairly  well — Severn's  final  indian- 
ink  drawing  best  of  all.  Indeed,  Keats's  sister 
gave  the  absolute  preference  to  the  mask  itself, 
and  to  a  beautiful  little  study  in  grisaille  which, 
at  her  request,  her  son,  Senor  Juan  Llanos  y 
Keats,  made  from  the  mask,  disposed  in  a 
favourable  light,  and  sent  to  Mr.  Buxton 
Forman,  who,  however,  as  late  as  1883  found 
it  unsuitable  for  mechanical  reproduction. 

As  to  the  credibility  of  American  statements 
about  portraits,  views,  and  facsimiles,  it  may  be 
worth  pointing  out  that  the  article  in  McClure's 
Magazine  mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  these 


688 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


I 


remarks  contains  a  picture  of  Lawn  Bank  (John 
Street,  Do wnshire  Hill)  inscribed  "The  house 
in  Well  Walk,  Hanipstead,  in  which  Keats  and 
his  brothers  lived,"  while  a  reproduction  of 
W.  B.  Scott's  etching  of  the  indian-ink  brush 
drawing  representing  Keats  on  his  death-bed 
is  said  to  be  "after  a  pen  sketch  by  Severn," 
although  the  monogram  "W.  B.  S."  clearly 
attests  the  origin  ;  and  that  it  is  not  very  many 
years  since  Harper's  Magazine  contained  a  fac- 
simile of  George  Keats's  writing  as  a  facsimile 
of  John's,  together  with  the  McClure  portraits 
of  both  John  and  George,  each  described  as 
"from  Severn's  sketch." 


LINCOLN  S   INN  FIELDS. 


It  may  possibly  be  of  interest  to  Mr.  H. 
Fancourt,  in  connexion  with  his  pleasant  dis- 
covery of  the  Hollar  etching  of  "The  Fields" 
in  the  Commonwealth  era,  to  know  that  this 
spot  was  constantly  used  for  military  exercise. 
In  the  'Memoirs  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick,'  p.  418 
(ed.  1701),  this  passage  occurs:  "So  several 
members  meeting  at  the  Speaker's  House, 
thither  came  divers  of  the  Colonels,  they  drew 
up  the  regiments  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields." 
The  book  is  not  by  me,  or  I  would  give  the 
exact  date.  Afterwards  in  certain  apprentice 
riots  Lord  Craven  drew  his  troops  up  in  the 
square  here,  as  recorded  by  Pepys.  It  was 
here,  at  the  house  of  Sir  P.  T.,  that  A.  Guerdon 
is  said  to  have  "faithfully  taken  down  in  cha- 
racters "  the  devout  sermon  delivered  there  by 
Lieut. -General  O.  Cromwell  in  April,  1649 
(reprinted  in  1712).  Its  authenticity  is  disputed 
by  Cromwellites,  but  more  upon  prejudice  than 
by  any  proof  produced.  The  '  Bibliotheca 
Topog.  Brit.'  shows  Richard  Cromwell  as  living 
in  the  Fields  at  one  time,  and  Milton's  house 
in  Holborn  looked  back  upon  this  square. 
Commonwealth  and  Restoration  incidents, 
names,  and  anecdotes  cluster  round  the  spot, 
though  not  much  chronicled  as  yet. 

C.  A.  Ward. 


still  unfortunate  in  his  way  of  treating  the  towers 
and  spires  which  rise  in  the  middle  distances  of 
his  rather  too  mannered  pictures  of  misty  and 
smoky  vistas  and  skies  laden  with  vapour.  They 
are  simply  silhouettes,  and  almost  unsubstantial, 
although  he  paints  them  so  neatly  and  crisply. 
The  avowed  object  of  the  artist  in  preparing  this 
exhibition  has  been  "  to  prove  how  much  beauty 
lies  at  the  doors  of  four  millions  of  Londoners 
if  only  they  will  open  their  eyes  to  see  it." 
While  we  may  be  allowed  to  say  that  there  have 
been  men  and  artists  who  have  seen  so  much  as 
this  before  Mr.  Marshall  was  kind  enough  to 
take  the  four  millions  by  the  hand,  and  open 
their  eyes,  as  the  angel  did  to  Tobit,  it  must  be 
admitted  that  our  artist  not  only  does  his  best 
to  illustrate  the  beauty  of  London,  which,  to 
him,  is  a  matter  of  atmosphere  rather  than  of 
greatness,  splendour,  or  form  ;  but  he  does  well 
to  hide  its  ugliness  and  those  defects  wliich  the 
ignorance  of  architects  and  engineers  has  made 
conspicuous.  Thus,  in  depicting  the  'Tower 
Bridge,'  No.  81,  he  is  careful  not  to  show  how 
thoroughly  that  iron  monster  has  destroyed  the 
stately  dignity  of  the  White  Tower.  He  has 
likewise  refrained  from  illustrating  the  pro- 
digious ugliness  of  the  termini  of  the  South- 
Eastern  Railway.  It  would  not  have  been 
possible  to  make  Mr.  Marshall's  favourite 
subject,  'The  Sanctuary,  Westminster,'  more 
picturesque  and  variously  fair  than  in  No.  25. 
Besides  this  the  drawings  which  seem  to 
be  most  charming  are  'London  Bridge 
from  the  Steamboat  Pier '  (2) ;  '  The  Pool 
and  Tower  from  London  Bridge'  (6);  'The 
Mansion  House  '  (14) ;  '  Sunset  from  the  Tower 
Bridge  '  (15)  ;  '  Trafalgar  Square — Winter  After- 
noon '  (23)  ;  '  Ludgate  Hill  from  the  Cathedral 
Steps  '  (27)  ;  '  Chelsea— Twilight '  (.33)  ;  '  Bird- 
cage Walk  '  (48)  ;  '  All  Hallows,  Barking  '  (51); 
'  Knightsbridge '  (65);  'Sunset  on  the  River 
during  the  Frost  of  1895  '  (71)  ;  and  last,  and 
best  of  all,  '  Piccadilly — Corner  of  Bond  Street ' 
(79). 


Not  wishing  to  encounter  London  fogs.  Sir 
John  E.  Millais  has  determined  to  remain  in 
Scotland  for  the  present,  and  is,  excepting  the 
customary  irritability  of  his  throat,  strong  and 
well,  and  actively  painting. 

The  death,  on  the  6th  inst.,  is  announced  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Francis  Dicksee,  a  frequent 
painter  of  Shakspearean  and  genre  pictures  and 
portraits,  who  was  born  in  London  in  1819, 
became  a  pupil  of  H.  P.  Briggs,  R.A.,  and  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  commenced  exhibiting  in 
1841,  when  he  contributed  '  Mysie  Happer,' 
from  Scott's  'Monastery,'  to  the  gallery  in 
Trafalgar  Square.  Since  this  date  he,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Graves's  dictionary,  put  before  the 
public  no  fewer  than  129  works,  65  of 
which,  until  1893,  were  at  the  Academy  ;  the 
remainder  being  at  the  British  Institution, 
Suffolk  Street,  and  various  minor  exhibitions. 
The  most  eminent  of  his  children  who  have 
become  artists  is  Mr.  F.  Dicksee,  R.A. 

Messrs.  Sothedy,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  have 
issued  an  illustrated  catalogue  of  the  first  por- 
tion (containing  British  and  Saxon  coins,  to  be 
sold  next  week)  of  the  great  collection  formed 
by  the  late  Mr.  Montagu,  who  devoted  to 
numismatics  all  the  time  he  could  spare  from 
the  business  of  a  City  solicitor.  The  second 
portion  will  be  dispersed  by  the  same  auctioneers 
in  May.  They  are  to  sell  the  Greek  coins  in 
March,  and  the  Roman  gold  coins  are  to  be  sold 
in  Paris  in  April. 

Mr.  H.  Marshall's  "Drawings  of  London, 
its  Streets  and  River,"  now  on  view  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Fine-Art  Society,  are  more  than  eighty  in 
number,  and,  as  a  whole,  denote  a  considerable 
improvement  in  his  feeling  for  brilliant  light 
and  vivid  and  varied  colours.  Wo  have  not 
before  had  so  much  of  them  from  him.     He  is 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's  Hall.— London  S.vmphony  Concerts  ;  Messrs. 
Greene  and  Berwick's  Kecital ;  HerrKeisenauer's  Pianoforte 
Recital. 

Crystal  Palace.— Saturday  Concerts. 

St.  James's  Hall.— Popular  Concerts. 

Queen's  Hall.— Herr  Mottl's  Wagner  Concert. 

St.  Jamrs's  Hall  —Herr  Rosenthal's  Pianoforte  Recital. 

Queen's  Hall.— Queen's  Hall  Choral  Society. 

Nearly  ten  years  have  elapsed  since  Mr. 
Henschel  commenced  liis  London  Symphony 
Concerts,  and  in  spite  of  indifferent  support 
he  continues  them  from  season  to  season, 
and  therefore  deserves  the  -warmest  praise 
from  all  -who  admire  one  of  the  highest 
forms  of  musical  art.  The  eleven  perform- 
ances this  season  are  to  be  largely  devoted 
to  Beethoven's  music,  in  commemoration  of 
the  master's  one  hundred  and  twenty-fifth 
anniversary,  and  the  nine  symphonies  will 
be  played  in  chronological  order.  The  first 
in  c,  which  was,  of  course,  performed  on 
this  occasion,  is  rarely  heard,  for  it  only 
represents  the  true  Beethoven  to  a  very 
small  extent,  though  it  is  bright  and  genial 
music,  in  which  the  characteristics  of  Haydn 
and  Mozart  are  happily  mingled.  The  other 
Beethoven  items  were  the  '  Prometheus ' 
Overture  ;  the  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  b  flat, 
known  as  No.  2,  thougli  it  is  really  No.  1, 
played  with  the  utmost  finish  by  Miss  Fanny 
Davies ;  and  '  Adelaide,'  sung  with  refine- 
ment by  Herr  von  Dulong,  though  his 
tempi  in  botli  sections  differed  from  those 
generally  adopted.  Wagner's  '  Siegfried 
Idyl'  and  Brahms's  'Academic'  Overture 
completed  the  programme.     Mr.  Henschel's 


orchestra  was  in  excellent  order,  though 
what  is  meant  by  styling  it  "The  London 
Festival  Overture"  we  are  unable  to  explain. 
One  of  the  most  successful  entertainments 
in  every  sense  that  have  been  devised  this 
autumn  was  the  "  Song  and  Pianoforte 
Recital  "  given  by  Messrs.  Plunket  Greene 
and  Leonard  Borwick  on  Friday  afternoon 
last  week.  These  admirable  artists,  who 
have  now  been  associated  for  some  time,  are 
starting  on  a  tour  in  various  parts,  and  they 
should  be  decidedly  successful,  for  their 
efforts,  whether  singly  or  in  combination,  are 
praiseworthy  in  a  very  high  degree.  Mr. 
Borwick's  solos  were  Bach's  so-called  French 
Suite  in  e,  No.  6,  and  a  selection  of  minor, 
but  for  the  most  part  difficult  pieces  by  Schu- 
mann, Brahms,  Chopin,  Eachmanikoff,  and 
Liszt.  The  statement  made  in  some  journals 
that  he  broke  down  shortly  after  the  opening 
of  Schumann's  Toccata  in  c  is  unjust. 
Mr.  Borwick  simply  stopped  because  of 
wretched  street  cries  which  too  often  are 
audible  at  afternoon  performances  in  St. 
James's  Hall.  Mr.  Greene  sang  the  whole 
of  Schumann's  '  Dichterliebe '  with  the 
fullest  possible  expression,  and  also  several 
lyrics  by  Battison  Haynes,  Maude  White, 
Stanford,  Parry,  and  other  composers. 

Herr  Reisenauer's  second  pianoforte  recital, 
which  could  not  take  place  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon last  week,  even  though  the  audience  had 
assembled,  as  the  artist  was  seized  with  tem- 
porary illness,  came  off  on  Friday  evening. 
In  Bach's  Chromatic  Fantasia  and  Fugue 
in  D  minor,  Herr  Eeisenauer  was  commend- 
ably  clear  in  his  delivery  of  the  principal 
subject,  and  he  played  a  Pastorale  in  e  minor 
by  Scarlatti  with  all  the  delicacy  that  should 
be  bestowed  on  harpsichord  music.  Chopin's 
Sonata  in  b  minor  was  intelligently  and 
brilliantly  interpreted,  and  Herr  Eeisenauer 
may  fairly  be  said  to  have  advanced  his 
reputation  here  by  this  recital. 

In  the  Crystal  Palace  programme  on 
Saturday  last  week  the  principal  item  was 
Goring  Thomas's  cantata,  '  The  Swan  and 
the  Skylark,'  first  produced  at  the  Birming- 
ham Festival  last  year  {Athen.  No.  3494). 
There  is  nothing  to  add  concerning  a  work 
that  scarcely  contains  the  elements  of  popu- 
larity, however  refined,  tuneful,  and  musi- 
cianly  it  may  be.  It  is  a  veritable  swan's 
song,  and  is  quite  worthy  to  represent  the 
conclusion  of  the  career  of  a  highly  gifted 
musician  whose  delicate  health  was  the 
primary  cause  of  his  premature  decease. 
With  a  new-comer  of  promise,  Miss  Jessie 
Scott,  Miss  Dews,  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd, 
and  Mr.  Andrew  Black  as  the  principal 
vocalists,  an  effective  performance  was 
secured;  and  Madame  Dory  Burmeister- 
Petersen  was  careful,  though  not  powerful, 
in  Liszt's  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  flat, 
No.  1 .  The  rest  of  the  concert  does  not  call 
for  remark. 

The  Popular  Concert  on  Monday  com- 
menced with  Mozart's  Quartet  in  c,  No.  6 
of  the  set  dedicated  to  Haydn,  a  work  that 
simply  exasperated  the  critics  of  the  time 
owing  to  the  curious  discords  with  which 
it  opens.  It  was  finely  played  by  Mile. 
Wiotrowetz  and  Messrs.  Kies,  Gibson,  and 
Paul  Ludwig;  and  Miss  Fanny  Davies  gave 
an  ideal  rendering  of  Schumann's  Sonata 
in  F  sharp  minor,  Op.  11,  a  work  not  fre- 
quently heard  and  not  altogether  satis- 
factory as   to  form,  but  full  of    beautiful 


N*'  3551,  Nov.  16,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


689 


ideas.  Miss  Da  vies  shares  the  honours  with 
Mr.  Leonard  Berwick  as  the  best  interpreters 
of  Schumann's  music.  Mile.  Wietrowetz 
gave  some  of  Brahms' s  Hungarian  Dances 
for  violin,  in  which  she  recalled  the  methods 
of  Herr  Joachim ;  and  the  concert  ended  with 
Beethoven's  Pianoforte  Trio  in  e  flat,  Op.  70, 
No.  2.  The  well-produced  baritone  voice 
of  Mr.  Kennerley  Rumf ord  was  agreeable  in 
Lieder  by  Schumann  and  an  old  Irish  song. 
The  first  of  the  so-called  "Wagner  Concerts 
under  the  direction  of  Herr  Felix  Mottl,  on 
Tuesday  evening,  was  in  every  way  a  bril- 
liant success.  Considering,  however,  that 
the  first  half  of  the  programme  consisted  of 
Weber's  Overture  to  'Oberon,'  Schubert's  un- 
finished Symphony  in  b  minor,  and  an  inter- 
mezzo from  Eeznicek's  opera  '  Donna  Diana,' 
we  do  not  perceive  how  it  could  be  properly 
termed  a  Wagner  concert.  E.  N.  von  Eez- 
nicek,  whose  music  is  scarcely  known  here, 
was  born  in  Vienna  on  May  4th,  1861.  He 
has  been  Kapellmeister  at  several  theatres, 
and  has  produced  some  operas,  which,  on  the 
whole,  have  proved  successful.  The  inter- 
mezzo played  on  Tuesday  is  a  delicate  and 
piquant  little  piece,  and  made  a  favourable 
impression.  The  Wagner  selections  were 
the  'Faust'  Overture,  the  '  Walkiirenritt,' 
and  the  whole  of  the  farewell  duet  between 
Wotan  and  Briinnhilde,  sung  by  Mr.  Plunket 
Oreene  and  Miss  Marie  Brema,  thelast-named 
artist  rendering  her  share  of  the  music  very 
finely,  both  in  a  vocal  and  a  declamatory 
sense.  Throughout  Herr  Mottl  conducted 
in  characteristic  fashion,  securing  strong 
accentuation  and  vivid  contrasts  from  his 
magnificent  orchestra  of  over  a  hundred 
players,  and  bringing  out  points  in  the 
scoring  frequently  neglected. 

Herr  Rosenthal  made  another  conspicuous 
success  at  his  recital  on  Wednesday  after- 
noon. Whether  the  rubato  should  be  adopted 
in  the  slow  movement  of  Beethoven's  Sonata 
in  F  minor,  Op.  57,  is  questionable,  but  the 
rendering  of  the  finale  was  marvellous  in 
pace  and  brilliancy.  An  interesting  item 
in  the  programme  was  a  Sonata  in  b  flat, 
Op.  53,  by  Ludvig  Schytte,  a  Danish  com- 
poser whose  name  is  gradually  becoming 
familiar  in  London.  It  is  a  clever  work, 
and  the  middle  movement,  styled  intermezzo, 
is  deeply  expressive.  Some  Chopin  pieces, 
including  the  Nocturne  in  d  flat  and  the 
Ballade  in  a  flat,  were  delightfully  played, 
but  objection  must  be  raised  against  the 
so-called  '  Contrapuntal  Study '  on  the  Polish 
composer's  Waltz  in  d  flat,  though  for  the 
purposes  of  mere  finger  training  it  may 
probably  prove  useful. 

The  Queen's  Hall  Choir  commenced  its 
third  season  on  Wednesday  evening  with 
Mendelssohn's  '  Athalie,'  the  '  First  Wal- 
purgis  Night,'  and  Beethoven's  rarely  per- 
formed Choral  Fantasia,  the  pianoforte 
part  in  which  was  most  intelligently  played 
by  Miss  Sybil  PaUiser.  Though  scarcely 
noteworthy  for  voice  power,  the  choir,  which 
we  imderstand  has  undergone  considerable 
revision  since  the  last  season,  seemed  quite 
at  home  in  Mendelssohn's  music,  and  the 
solo  parts  in  all  the  works  were  commend- 
ably  rendered  by  Misses  Thudichum,  Emily 
Squire,  and  Marian  McKenzie,  and  Messrs. 
Iver  McKay,  F.  B.  Ranalow,  and  W. 
Ludwig.  Mr.  Richard  Temple  gave  the 
recitation  in  '  Athalie '  with  fair  emphasis, 
and  Mr.  Randegger  conducted  with  care. 


The  family  of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Halle  are 
anxious  that  those  who  possess  letters  written 
by  him  should  either  lend  the  originals  (which 
will  be  carefully  preserved  and  promptly  re- 
turned) or  else  send  copies  of  such  letters  to 
Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  15,  Waterloo 
Place,  S.W.,  for  the  purposes  of  a  forthcoming 
memoir  of  the  eminent  musici  an. 

No  excuse  is  needed  for  renewing  attention 
to  the  Purcell  commemorations  next  week. 
Thursday  being  the  actual  two  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  composer's  death,  a  celebration 
on  an  extensive  scale  will  appropriately  be  held 
in  the  afternoon  in  Westminster  Abbey.  On 
the  previous  day  pupils  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Music  will  appear  in  a  performance  of  '  Dido 
and  ^neas '  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  with  Prof. 
Villiers  Stanford  as  conductor  ;  and  on  Friday 
the  Philharmonic  Society,  under  Sir  Alexander 
Mackenzie,  will  give  a  complimentary  concert  to 
its  subscribers  in  the  Queen's  Hall.  Mr. 
Frederick  J.  Crowest  will  contribute  to  the 
December  number  of  Blackivood  an  article  on 
'Purcell  and  the  Musical  Making  of  England.' 

Several  valuable  free  scholarships  will  almost 
immediately  be  open  to  competition  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Music.  Particulars  must,  of  course, 
be  obtained  at  the  institution  in  Tenterden 
Street. 

The  report  and  balance  sheet  of  the  recent 
Leeds  Festival,  now  made  public,  must  be 
regarded  as  eminently  satisfactory.  'The  average 
attendance  at  the  performances  was  1,850, 
against  1,844  at  the  previous  festival,  but  the 
ever-increasing  demands  of  the  principal  artists 
form  a  matter  that  will  call  for  future  considera- 
tion.    The  net  profit  was  2,015L 

A  CONSIDERABLE  number  of  interesting  con- 
certs, which  at  a  less  busy  time  would  have 
commanded  attention,  must  pass  without  notice ; 
and  judging  by  the  diminishing  audiences,  music 
is  being  oflfered  in  excess  this  autumn  season. 

On  Saturday  afternoon  last  week  the  Mozart 
Society  gave  its  first  concert  in  the  Morley  Hall, 
Regent  Street.  Founded  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Bona- 
witz,  the  association  is  doing  good  work  in  a 
small  way. 

Another  chamber  performance  on  Saturday 
was  the  first  of  four  by  the  Ladies'  Concert 
Society  at  the  Bloomsbury  Hall.  Mendelssohn's 
popular  Quartet  in  E  flat.  Op.  12,  was,  on  the 
whole,  effectively  played  by  Misses  Robinson, 
Turner,  Werge,  and  Ould,  and  Miss  Kate  Ould 
merits  special  commendation  for  her  skilful 
handling  of  the  violoncello. 

At  the  Royal  Academy  students'  chamber 
concert  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Monday  after- 
noon a  String  Quartet  in  d  by  the  Russian 
composer  Borodine  was  performed.  The  works 
of  this  musician  have  not  made  any  headway  in 
this  country,  though  they  exemplify  the  cha- 
racteristics of  the  modern  Russian  school  as 
illustrated  by  Rubinstein,  Tschai'kowsky,  and 
others.  It  is  quite  unnecessary  to  enter  into 
details  concerning  the  concert,  the  efforts  of  the 
pupils  showing  a  fairly  even  standard  of  merit, 
and  we  are  pleased  to  learn  that  the  Academy 
is  in  a  prosperous  condition,  the  number  of 
pupils  at  present  being  considerably  over  five 
hundred. 

Miss  Mai'de  Rihll,  who  gave  a  pianoforte 
recital  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon, 
is  an  ex-Thalberg  Scholar  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Mr.  Tobias  Matthay 
and  afterwards  of  Herr  Leschetizky.  She  is  an 
executant  of  more  than  average  ability,  her 
rendering  of  Schumann's  '  Papillons  '  and  pieces 
by  Chopin  showing  not  only  sound  technique, 
but  considerable  artistic  feeling.  Three  pieces 
by  Mr.  Matthay,  played  for  the  first  time, 
tnay  be  warmly  commended  for  freshness  and 
musicianly  writing. 
I      Mr.  Harold  Bauer  has  proceeded  to  Berlin, 


under  the  management  of  Mr.  Daniel  Mayer, 
and  will  make  his  dehut  in  that  town  at  an 
orchestral  concert  in  the  Singakademie.  He 
wUl  follow  this  up  by  a  recital  at  the  Bechstein 
Hall  on  November  23rd. 

Herr  David  Popper  was  to  arrive  in  England 
on  November  13th,  and  will  play  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  this  afternoon.  He  will  after  that  tour 
in  the  provinces. 


SrK. 

MoN. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
National  Sunday  Leajtue,  ■  Elijah.'  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert,  8.  .St  James's  Hall. 
Messrs  Hann's  Chamber  Concert,  8,  Brixton  Hall. 
Miss    Grace  Henshaw  and    Mr.  F.  Frideriksen's  Concert,   8, 

Queen's  Hall 
Miss  Cowen  and  Miss  Annie  Marriotts  Matin(!e,  3.  Steinway 

Hall. 
Highbury  Plulharmonic  Society,  Gluck's  'Orpheus,' Stanford's 

■  Revenge.'  8,  Highbury  Athen;pura. 
Miss  Dora    Bright's   National  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Queen's 

Hall. 
Mr.  Campbell  Forsyth's  Concert.  8,  Steinway  Hall. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sobell's  Recital.  8  30,  St  James's  Hall. 
Misses  Sutro's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Royal  College  of  Music.  Performance  of  Purcells  '  Dido  and 

^neas.'  3,  Lyceum  Theatre. 
St.  James's  Ballad  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Bernhard  Carrodus  Quartet  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  David  AVilaon's  Concert.  8  15.  Steinway  Hall. 
I.  Purcell  Bicentenary  Commemoration  Festival,  7,  Westminster 

Abbey. 
Mr.  Ernest  Mead's  Recital,  8,  Hampstead  Conservatoire. 
Mr.  P.  Munro's  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Fanny  Wentworth's  Recital.  8.  Steinway  Hall. 
Royal  Choral  Society.  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  '  Invocation  to  Masic  ' 

and  Parts  I  and  2  of  '  The  Creation,'  8,  Albert  Hall. 
British  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Philharmonic    Society's    Purcell   In    Memoriam   Concert,    8, 

Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Campbell  Forsyth's  Concert,  8,  Steinway  Hall. 
Popular  Concert.  3.  St.  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert.  3 
Miss  Annie  Muirhead's  Concert  for  Children,  3,  West  Theatre, 

Albert  Hall. 
Mr  Alexander  Watson's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mozart  Society's  Concert,  3,  Morley  Hall. 
Ladies'  Concert  Society,  Chamber  Concert,   7  43,  Bloomsbury 

Hall. 
Polytechnic  Popular  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
West  London  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 

Concert,  8,  St.  George  s  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

CotTRT. — '  The  Rivals.'    By  Sheridan. 

Oto  young  actors  have  lost — as  how  should 
they  otherwise  ?  —  the  bearing,  the  dis- 
tinction, and  other  things  which,  conven- 
tional as  they  were,  are  indispensable  for 
the  proper  rendering  of  the  comedy  of 
manners.  Few  of  them  are  at  ease  in 
their  trappings ;  scarcely  one  of  them 
knows  how  to  deal  with  the  "properties" 
in  use  in  the  last  century.  Canes,  swords, 
snufi-boxes,  and  the  like  are  impediments 
to  them.  Of  the  youngest  of  them,  then, 
all  that  can  be  said  is  that  at  the  revival  of 
Sheridan's  play  at  the  Court  Theatre  they  did 
as  well  as  could  be  expected,  and  better  than 
was  expected.  Mr.  Sydney  Brough  was  quite 
acceptable  as  Capt.  Absolute,  and  Mr. 
Brandon  Thomas  as  Sir  Lucius  and  Mr. 
Arthur  WiUiams  as  Bob  Acres  were  pass- 
able. The  best-played  part  among  the  minor 
characters  was  the  Lucy  of  Miss  Marie 
Hudspeth,  who  entered  into  the  spirit 
of  the  part  and  showed  genuine  comedy. 
Mr.  WiUiam  Farren  is  the  one  exponent  of 
artificial  comedy  who  preserves  the  grand 
style.  He  is  an  old  man  now,  and  almost 
alone  keeps  up  the  best  traditions  of  his  art. 
From  his  Sir  Anthony  younger  actors  may 
obtain  the  best  education  within  their  reach. 
Always  good  in  old  men,  Mr.  Farren  is  now 
quite  excellent.  Mrs.  John  Wood  has  had  less 
experience,  but  her  Mrs.  Malaprop  is  also 
admirable.  Very  many  years  have  elapsed 
since  any  actress  has  played  the  part  with 
equal  breadth,  finish,  and  artistic  feeling. 
As  now  played,  then,  '  The  liivals '  may  be 
seen  with  pleasure,  though  the  Lydia  Lan- 
guish and  the  Julia  Melville  are  quite  in- 
adequate. What  we  cannot  but  wonder, 
however,  is  how  long  this  amount  of  praise 
win  be   justified.     Mr.  Farren  is  a  sound 


690 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


and  conscientious  artist  wliom  no  tempta- 
tions -will  lead  far  astray.  With  regard  to 
the  others  we  are  less  confident.  The  sense 
that  the  piece  is  flagging,  losing  its  hold 
upon  the  public,  and  the  wish  to  make  it 
go,  bring  about  all  too  soon  sad  processes 
of  deterioration.  We  can  only  advise  those 
who  wish  to  revive  or  make  acquaintance 
with  '  The  Eivals  '  as  an  acting  play  to  go 
soon.  They  may  not  be  pleased,  but  at 
least  they  will  not  be  hurt  or  offended.  That 
the  actors  may  be  content  to  remain  as 
moderate  as  now  they  are  is  a  consumma- 
tion devoutly  to  be  wished.  Will  they  ? 
We  shall  see. 


SHAKSPEAKE   AND   HIS   CONTEMPORARIES. 

Cambridge,  Oct.  22,  1S05. 

Have  any  of  your  readers  noticed  the  follow- 
ing points  of  tangency  between  certain  Eliza- 
bethan celebrities  ? 

Among  the  best  known  of  the  Cambridge 
officials  in  the  closing  years  of  the  sixteenth 
century  was  Thomas  Legge.  After  receiving 
his  early  university  training  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  he  had  been  elected  to  a  scholarship, 
and  afterwards  to  a  fellowship,  at  Trinity. 
Removing  to  Jesus  College,  he  had  obtained 
such  fame  as  a  tutor  that  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Caius  had  chosen  him  to  be  head  of  the  college 
since  known  by  his  name.  But  Legge  had 
gained  renown  in  other  than  tutorial  ways  ;  he 
had  produced  a  Latin  play  on  the  subject  of 
Richard  III.,  which  had  obtained  great  applause. 
Many  MS.  copies  of  it  remain,  and  there  are 
frequent  allusions  to  it  in  contemporary  litera- 
ture. Meres,  for  instance,  in  his  '  Palladis 
Tamia,'  1598,  gives  a  prominent  place  among 
"  our  best  for  tragedie  "  to  "Dr.  Leg  of  Cam- 
bridge." Legge's  doctorate  was  that  of  law  ; 
and  he  held  various  official  positions  in  the  legal 
world. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  year  1597  entries  in  the 
Stationers'  Register  and  subsequent  publica- 
tions show  us  that  the  animated  English  play 
'Richard  III.,'  written  or  improved  by  Shak- 
speare,  was  creating  a  great  sensation  in  the 
literary  world.  Now  just  at  this  very  time  an 
endeavour  was  being  made  by  Shakspeare's 
parents  (doubtless  at  the  expense  of  the  poet)  to 
recover  some  of  their  Warwickshire  property 
which  had  been  mortgaged,  and  we  have  in- 
teresting details  preserved  of  the  legal  proceed- 
ings instituted  in  the  Court  of  Chancery. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  curious  coincidences 
of  history  (and  I  have  never  seen  the  point 
noticed)  that  when  the  case  was  heard  at  West- 
minster, the  pleadings  were  sworn  before  no 
less  a  person  than  Thomas  Legge,  LL.D.,  lately 
(38  Eliz.)  appointed  a  Master  in  Chancery. 

With  what  interest  must  the  celebrated  Cam- 
bridge author  of  the  Latin  '  Richard  III.'  have 
watched  the  case  of  W.  Shakspeare,  the  rising 
author  of  the  popular  English  '  Richard  III.' ! 

My  next  point  is  only  a  probability.  But, 
if  the  eye  of  the  reader  of  the  pleadings  as 
given  by  Malone  (Variorum  Edition,  1821, 
ii.  533-536)  will  wander  from  the  heading  of 
answer  to  the  Shakspearean  bill  on  Novem- 
ber 24th,  1.597,  where  the  name  of  Thos.  Legge 
occurs,  to  the  signature  at  the  end  of  the  docu- 
ment, he  will  notice  a  name — "  Overbury  " — 
linked  with  one  of  the  darkest  tragedies  in 
English  liistory.  And  if  he  will  refer  to  the 
subsequent  legal  proceedings  (as  given  by 
Halliwcll-Phillipps  in  his  'Outlines,'  seventh 
edition,  vol.  ii.  p.  204)  he  will  see  that  Mr. 
Overbury  was  "one  of  the  defendantes 
councell. "  It  is,  as  I  have  said,  but  a  con- 
jecture that  this  was  (Sir)  Thomas  Overbury 
himself,  for  that  unfortunate  man  had  only 
entered  the  Middle  Temple  in  that  year  (1597); 
still  the  suggestion  is  rendered  possible  by  the 
fact  that  Thos.  Overbury  had  from  his  baptism 
onwards  been  connected  with  the  Warwickshire 


village,  Barton-on-the-Heath,  where  the  de- 
fendant lived.  If  young  Overbury  is  out  of  the 
question,  the  name  may  be  that  of  his  father, 
the  future  judge.  H.  P.  Stokes. 


The  next  Shakspearean  performance  at  the 
Lyceum  will  consist  of  'Othello,'  with  Mr. 
Forbes  Robertson  as  the  Moor,  and,  pre- 
sumably, Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  as  Desdemona. 

We  hear  of  the  death,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
two,  of  Mr.  Thomas  Swinbourne,  treasurer  to 
the  Royal  General  Theatrical  JFund.  After 
playing  in  the  country  he  appeared  in  London, 
September  5th,  1862,  at  Drury  Lane,  as  Capt. 
Randal  Macgregor  in  Boucicault's  'Relief  of 
Lucknow.'  He  was  best  known  in  connexion 
with  tragedy  at  Drury  Lane,  playing  parts  such 
as  Macdufi",  Caius,  Cassius  ('Julius  Ctesar '), 
Hubert,  and  the  like.  On  October  31st,  1874, 
he  appeared  at  the  Lyceum  as  Claudius  to  the 
Hamlet  of  Mr.  Irving.  At  the  same  house  he 
played  Macduff,  the  Ghost  in  '  Hamlet, '  Horatio, 
Cromwell  in  'Charles  I.,'  &c.  He  was  a  re- 
spectable actor  of  an  old-fashioned  type  in  this 
class  of  parts.  For  some  time  previous  to  his 
death  he  had  been  ailing. 

The  St.  James's  reopened  on  Thursday,  the 
7th  inst. ,  with  a  revival  of  Mr.  Carton's  four-act 
comedy  'Liberty  Hall.'  Mr.  Alexander's  per- 
formance of  the  Lord  Burleigh-like  hero,  who, 
in  order  to  win  a  heart  that  is  set  against  him, 
hides  his  dignity  and  personates  a  "traveller  in 
soap,"  has  mellowed  since  it  was  first  seen  three 
years  ago,  and  is  now  very  delicate,  pleasing, 
and  highly  finished.  The  play  is  revived  for  a 
short  time,  otherwise  the  falling  off  in  the 
general  cast  might  form  a  subject  of  regret. 
The  orphan  sisters  have  lost  much  of  the  sweet- 
ness and  distinction  they  formerly  possessed. 
Mr.  E.  M.  Robson  gives  a  reading  of  the  old 
Bloomsbury  bookseller  different  from  that  of 
Mr.  Righton,  his  predecessor,  but  not,  perhaps, 
inferior  to  it.  Mr.  Allan  Aynesworth  is  good 
as  the  libertine  young  Harringay.  The  per- 
formance was  greeted  with  high  favour,  Mr. 
Alexander's  reception  being  rapturous. 

A  BURLESQUE  entitled  '  A  Trilby  Triflet '  has 
been  introduced  into  'Gentleman  Joe,'  now 
running  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's.  It  is  only 
noticeable  for  the  excellent  parody  of  Mr.  Tree 
as  Svengali  furnished  by  Mr.  A.  Roberts. 

Upon  the  production  of  the  pantomime  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre,  '  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer ! '  will 
be  transferred  to  the  Olympic. 

'  The  Professor's  Love  Story  '  has  been 
transferred  by  Mr.  Willard  to  the  evening  bill 
at  the  Garrick,  supplanting  thus  '  The  Rise  of 
Dick  Hal  ward,'  which  has  not  answered  hopes 
or  expectations. 

As  we  anticipated,  '  The  Lord  Mayor  '  has 
been  hastily  withdrawn  from  the  Strand,  its 
place  being  taken  on  Thursday  by  '  Niobe  (all 
Smiles),'  with  Miss  Beatrice  Lamb  in  her 
original  role  of  Niobe. 

'  Venice  Preserved  '  was  played  in  Paris 
last  week,  in  a  French  translation,  by  the 
Theatre  de  I'CEuvre.  M.  Dupont  was  Jaffier  ; 
Mile.  Melly,  Belvidcra  ;  and  M.  P.  Garnier, 
Pierre. 

Mr.  Esmond  now  plays  the  part  of  Little 
Billee  in  the  Haymarket  version  of  '  Trilby.' 


To    COKRESPONDKNTS.— W.  J.   D.— B.   B.   N.— M.  C.    M.— 

W.  C.  a.— T.  W.  C— J.  R.— W.  L.  Q.— W.  M.  L.— received. 
W.  T.— We  cannot  undertalie  to  answer  sucli  questioi  s. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  commuuicationF. 


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and  Man,'  can  now  he  obtained  at  all 
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N**  3551,  Nov.  16, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


691 


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M 


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„  GKO.  BURNELL,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Clerk  9  Office,  Morpeth,  November  5, 1895. 

COUNTY  OF  MERIONETH. 

DOLGELLEY     COUNTY    INTERMEDIATE 
SCHOOL. 
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Typists  (Remington  and  Hammond),  skilled  in  the  use  of  Phonograph. 
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Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialty,  Medical  Type- 
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Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies  About 
4<)  Students  wiU  be  admitted  in  September,  1896.  The  Secretary  of 
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ticulars apply  to  the  SEcROTAav,  at  the  College. 


'■PHKEE    POUNDS    BONUS  given   to    the    best 

1-  quoter  of  Lines  of  Sorrow  and  Lines  of  Regret  from  at  least 
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of  Westertons  Library,  -Jl,  St.  Oeorgcs-place,  Hyde  Park  Corner,  S.W. 


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MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Co  vent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  TrQbner  &  Co.,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
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consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
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advice  of  the  Society     By  order,    G  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W  C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  la  published  monthly, 
price  Sd.,  by  Hoaics  Cox,  Bream's-bnildings,  EC. 


'^l^HE   AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

i  Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BUROHES.  1,  I'aternoster-row.  Tbe 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
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with  Publishers  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  'I'hirty  years"  practical 
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free —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  appliealloa  to 
Mr.  A.  M,  BuRGQEs,  Authors"  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

THE  AUTHORS'  BUREAU,  Limited.— A  Literary 
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views by  appointment  only  —Address  the  SECREriat,  3,  Victoria-street, 
Westminster. 


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Vy»  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
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ot  Terms  on  apollcatlnn. 

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FRANCE The    ATHEN.ffiUM    can    ba 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
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MONACO, NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  KAPHAKI.,  TODBS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRAKT,  224,  Rue  de  BlTOU,  Pari*. 

TO  AUTHORS.— The  ROXBURGHE  PRESS. 
No  3,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS. 
for  Printing  and  Publication.  Estimates  free.  Accounts  certified  by 
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MENTS,  with  cheerful  southern  outlook,  a  lew  minutes'  walk 
from  the  Common,  Ye  Pantiles,  and  the  Railway  Stations.  Moderate 
terms  for  the  winter  months.— R.  Q.,  18,  Claremont-road,  Tunbridgo 

Wells^ ^ 

Just  issued, 

CATALOGUE   of  FRENCH  BOOKS  at  greatly 
reduced  prices.    I.  PHILOSOPHY.    II.  RELIGION. 
DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho-square,  London. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
Including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  I.ever,  Alnsworth;  Books  Ulns- 
tnited  by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson.  Leech,  &c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues Issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  Bought.— 
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ESSRS.  KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH.  TRUBNER 

&  CO.,  Ltd.,  Paternoster  House,  Charing  Cross-road,  W  C  ,  will 
be  pleased  to  furnish  a  copy  of  their  latest  CATALOGUE  of  PUBLICA- 
TIONS post  free  on  application.  ^^ 

Gratis  on  application, 

q^HE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  2. 

X     Monthly  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 
H.  GREVEL  &  CO.,  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 

pHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,  and 

\j  BOOKS,  including  a  fine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J  M  W. 
Turner.  R  A -Turner  s  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Mezzotints,  after 
Constable— and  Works  by  Professor  Ruskin.  C'AT-ALOGUE.  No  16, 
ready.  Post  Iree,  Sixpence.— Wm.  Wakd,  2,  Church-terrace,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey. 

/CATALOGUE  of  RARE  and  VALUABLE  BOOKS 

V^  in  choice  condition  and  handsone  bindings— First  Editions  ot 
Ainsw.^rth  Arnold,  Coleridge,  Cowper,  Dickens,  Fielding,  Keats. 
Lamb  Lander,  Owen  Meredith.  Rossetti,  Tennyson.  Thackeray,  W  hit- 
man—Books  Illustrated  by  Alkcn.  Bennett,  Bewick,  Cruikshank, 
Caldecott  Crane,  Doyle,  Furniss.  Keene,  Leech,  Phiz,  Rowlandson, 
Tenniel.  Ihomson  —  Alpine  —  Bibliography  —  Binding  —  Dramatic  — 
Gallantry— Jest.  Song,  and  Sporting  Books— extra  Illustrated  Books. 
Paget  &  Co.  25,  West  Bar  Green,  Sheffield. 

~~E      Y. 


E 


L      L      I      S         &        E      L      V 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  of  CHOICE  BOOKS  and 
MANUSCRIPTS 

Now  ready  (No.  81),  post  free.  Sixpence. 
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Travel    in    Africa,  Australia.  America.  &c— Architecture.  Ornament. 
Decoration— Works  illustrated  by  Rowlandson.  Cruikshank,  Partoloza 
—fine    Mezzotint    and  Stipple    Engravings  after  Constable.  Cosway, 
Blake.   Morland,  Romney,  Remolds,    stothard.  &c— Etchings— iarly 
Woodcuts— Autographs— Ex-Llbris— Original  Drawings,  &c. 
E.  PARSONS  &  SONS, 
4o.    Brompton  -  road,    London,    S.W. 
C.VTALOGUES   sent   post   free   to   any   address. 

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and  Fine-Art  Hooks.  Bibles.  Prayer-Hooks,  and  Annual  ^  olumes. 
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— H.  U.,  Uessett  Rectory,  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 


698 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N«3552,  Nov.  23,'95 


WANTED,  a  copy,  clean  and  coraplete,  of  the 
DAILY  NEWS  of  JANUARY  21.  1846— Apply,  stating  price,  to 
662  Z,  Daily  yetcs  Inquiry  OHice,  67.  Fleet-street,  E.C. 

WANTED,  the  1623  FOLIO  SHAKESPEARE, 
a  perfect  copy,  in  good  condition ;  also  some  oripinal  4to. 
Shakespeare  Plays.  A  Reprinted  Set  of  Fortythvee  CJuartos  is  offered 
lor  Twelve  Guineas. 

BERs.iED  Qt  AKiTCH,  15,  Piccadilly,  London. 
♦^*  A  Printed  List  of  Books  Wanted  to  Purchase  for  one  stamp. 

EOOK-PLATES  DESIGNED  and  ENGRAVED 
in  best  style  on  Wood,  Copper,  or  Steel.  Specimens  sent  on 
»ppl:cation.  One  Shilling  each  Set,  viz.  {!)  Modern  Heraldic;  i->j 
BlediaeTal ;  (3)  Non-Heraldic. 

THOMAS  MORING,  5L'.  High  Holborn.  London,  W  C.    Established  1791. 
(A  Leiifld  on  BOOK-PLATES  sent , free.) 


M 


U  D  I  E  'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS  and  SCHOOL  PRIZES. 


A  LARGE  COLLECTION  OF  SUITABLE  BOOKS  IN  LEATHER 
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application. 

A  SELECTION  OF  GOOD  EDITIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  GERMAN 

STANDARD  AUTHORS  IN  LE.VTHER  BINDINGS 

IS  ALSO  KEPT  IN  STOCK. 

A  POPULAR  CHRISTMAS  PRESENT  IS  A 
YEAR'S   SUBSCRIPTION    TO    THE   LIBRARY. 

TERMS  ON  APPLICATION. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON  ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  8.W.  i  and  48,  Queen  Yictoria-street,  EC. ; 

And  at  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

HCTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 

effected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  cautious  treatment, 

by  M.  RAINE  THOMPSON, 

Studio,  41,  George-street,  Portman  square,  W. 


0 


0 


E. 


AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

are  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  stiitable  margins,  any  size  up  to 
Demy,  22  inches  by  17  inches.  This  process  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lence in 

COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS ; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS; 
COPIES  OF  PEN-AND-INK  SKETCHES  ; 
COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN  ; 
snd  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  the  Palaeo- 
praphical,  Numismatical,  Antiquarian,  and  other  Learned  Societies,  and 
by  the  Leading  Publishers. 

The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  for  the  Decoration  of  the  Home  with 
permanent  Photographs  from  the  most  celebrated  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
and  Drawings  Of  the  GREAT  MASTERS,  Ancient  and  Modem. 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  CATALOGUE  of  1&4  pages  (NewEdition), 
with  illustrated  Supplement,  containing  nearly  Seventy  Miniature 
Photographs  of  notable  Antotypes.    Post  free.  Is. 

New  Pamphlet,  '  Antotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  free  on 
application. 


A 


U 


OGRAVURE. 


The  AUTOTYPE  PROCESS  adapted  to  Photographic  Engraving  on 
Copper.  Copies  of  Paintings  by  Gainsboro,  Holman  Hunt,  Herbert 
fichmalir ;  of  Portraits  by  Holl,  R.A. ;  Ouless,  R  A  ;  Pettie,  R.A.  j 
rrintep,  A  K  A  ;  of  the  Fresco  in  Guy's  Hospital ;  'Spring,' by  Herbert 
Draper,  &c  ;  Autogravure  Reproductions  of  Photographs  from  Art 
Objects  and  from  Nature,  can  be  seen  at  the  Autotype  Gallery. 
Estimates  and  particulars  on  application. 
The  AUTOIYPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W  C. 


T 


"<HE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 

(The  LEADEN  HALL  PRESS,  Ltd,  50,  LeadenhaU-street, 
London,  EC) 

Contains   hairless   paper,    over    which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    6».  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 


MONDA  Y  NEXT. 

The  COSCLVDIXG  PORTION  of  the  Stock  of  WALTER 

LAWLE  y,  if  Fariingdon-itrcet,  who  is  retiring  from  liusiness. 

MR.  J.  V.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Ortat  Booms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden.  on  MON- 
DAY   NKXr,    November   M,    at    half-past    12    o'clock    precisely,    the 
Surgical    Instruments.    Pbotogiaphic    Lenses   and  Apparatus,    Micro- 
scopic Apparatus,  and  MisceltaneouH  Scientific  Instruments,  &c. 
On  view  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  ol  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


M 


EHIDA  Y  NEXT. — Scientific  Apparatus. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  hjs  Great  Rooms.  :'A.  King-street.  Covent-garden,  on  FI!II).\  Y 
NKXT.  November  1'!).  at  hall-past  11'  o'clock  precisely,  a  number 
of  SiJlENl'IKIC  INSIRr.MBNl'.-*.  and  a  <|uantity  of  various  Apparatus 
—  .'Magic  I^intcrns  and  Slides  — Photographic  Lenses  —  Cameras  and 
Koquuiites— and  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  yicw  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 
A  valuable  Microscope  by  Ross  and  an  immense  Quantity  of 
Apparatus,  consisting  of  Eight  Objectives,  Eye-pieces,  Sub- 
stages,  Condensers,  Micrometers,  \c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL  the  above  by 
.\UCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  FRIDAY',  November  ». 

till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


M 


Antique  Silver,  Furniture,  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 


AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester -square,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY',  November  29,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COL- 
LECTION of  ANTIQUE  SILVER -Jewellery— Electro-Plated  Goods— 
China— Old  Cut  Glass— .Miniatures— Cuiios— Bronzes— Clocks— and  other 
Miscellaneous  Property  ;  also  a  few  Pieces  of  Carved  Oak  and  Chippen- 
dale Period  Furniture. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

M'ater-Colour  Drauings  and  Pictures. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
FRID.VY.  December  6,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
choice  COLLECTION  of  WATER -COLO  I  it,  DRAWINGS,  including 
several  Examples  of  David  Cox  and  others  of  the  Early  English  School ; 
also  PICTURES  by  OLD  and  MODERN  MASTERS,  the  Property  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  removed  from  Nottingham. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


Miscellaneous  Rooks. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  -  square,  W.C  on 
WEDNESD-W,  December  11.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  from  VARluUS 
PRIVATE  SOURCES,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Reichenliacliia 
Orchids,  illustrated  and  described  by  F.  Sander,  coloured  plates- 
Lever's  Charles  O'Malley,  First  Edition,  original  cloth— Gallery  of 
Modern  Etchings— Hogarth's  Works- Bourke's  History  of  White's— 
Leicester  Architectural  Society,  4  vols— Original  Drawings  by  Owen 
Jones— Col.  Hamilton  Smith's  Original  Coloured  Drawings  of  Land  and 
Water  Birds,  in  11  vols.— Native  Drawings  of  Oriental  Birds— Weln- 
mann's  Beschryoingen  der  Bloemdragende  Gewassen.  coloixred  plates, 
8  vols.— Pyne's  Costume  ol  Great  Britain,  coloured  plates. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Valuable  Bocks  from  the  Libraries  of  the  late  A .  YO  UNG,  Esq., 
of  Orlingbury  Park,  and  of  a  Gentleman,  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  16,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  from  the  LIBR.\RIES  of  the 
late  A,  Y'OUNG,  Esq  .  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  and  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  recently  deceased,  comprising  Hoare's  Wiltshire — 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire — Manning  and  Bi-ay's  Surrey  —  Ormerod's 
Cheshire— Baker  s  Northampton— Nash's  Worcester— Wright's  Rut- 
land—Lawes  of  Virginia.  106'-'— Stephens's  Philadelphia  Directory, 
1796— Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes— Shakespeare.  Second  Folio,  with  MS. 
Notes  —  Spenser's  Complaints,  1591  —  Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village, 
Haunch  of  Venison,  &c  .  First  Editions— Holbein's  Portraits,  fine  copy 
— Preces  Privat;e,  First  Edition,  1504 — Liber  Precum  Publicarum,  IMy— 
Pamphlets  relating  to  the  Civil  War,  &c  ,  an  extensive  Collection  of  the 
Plays  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Behn,  Dryden,  Shadwell,  Shirley, 
Steele,  Chapman,  &c.,  many  First  Editions,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

The  Collection  of  Modern  Etchings  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMER- 
TON,  Esq.,  Author  of '  Etching  and  Etchers,'  S;c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  AY  C,  on  MOND.W,  November  1'5,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  COLLECTION  of  MODERN  ETCHINGS,  &c.,  formed  by  the  late 
PHILIP  GILBERT  HAMERTON,  Esq  .  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers,'  'The 
Graphic  Arts,'&c  ,  including  a  Number  of  his  own  Works. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  P.  G.  HAMERTON,  Esq.,  Author  of 
'  Etching  and  Etchers,'  %c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  AV.C,  on  TUESDAY,  November  26,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  and  M.ANUSCRIPTS  of  the  late  PHILIP 
GILBERT  HA.MERTON,  Esq.,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers,  Author  of  'Etching  and  Etchers.'  'The  Graphic 
Arts,'  consisting  of  a  Number  of  fine  Itooks  on  Art  (chiefly  Etching)  by 
the  Best  Modern  Writers— Special  Copies  of  Hamerton's  own  Writings, 
and  the  Original  Manuscripts  of  some  of  his  Works. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLYWOOD. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Sti-and.  WC,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  L'7,  and  Following 
Day.  atl  o'clock  precisely  (by  orderof  the  Administratrix  i,  the  LI  BR  Alt 'Y 
of  the  late  Rev.  JOHN  HOLLYWOOD,  consisting  of  Theological  and 
Historical  Literature,  and  another  Property,  consisting  of  Popular  and 
standard  Authors— English  History —  . Archaeology  and  Topography— 
'Iheology  and  Classics— Poetry  and  the  Drama— Sporting— Biography — 
'Iravels— and  Works  in  most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  the  At-c- 
TioNKERS;  of  R.  N.  Rhodes,  Esq.,  Solicitor.  Tanfield Chambers,  Bradford, 
Yorks ;  and  Messrs.  Dolsu.n  &  Son   31,  Suubridge-road,  Bradford. 

Engravings  and  Drawings,  including  the  Collection  of  the  late 
B.  M.  OLIVER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Hou=e,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand.  WC.  on  FRIDAY,  November  29,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  ENGUAYINGS  and  DRAWINGS,  including  the 
Collection  of  the  late  li  M.  OLIVER.  Esq. ,  comprising  Engravings  after 
Revnolds.  Ronmey.  Gainsborough,  Cosway.  and  Hoppner— Mezzotints 
by  Doughty,  C.  Turner,  Watstm,  and  Jones,  including  the  rare  Portrait 
of  Dr.  .Jfthnson,  engraved  by  Doughty— also  Fancy  Subjects  after 
Hamilton,  A.  Kaudinann,  and  Cipriani,  including  some  rare  proofs, 
many  printed  in  colours— a  Series  of  Portraits  after  Gainsborough,  the 
Propeity  of  a  well-known  Collector— Water-Colour  Drawings,  Carica- 
tures, 4;c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Collection  of  Engravings  by  the  Old  Masters  of  the  late 
Capl.  L.  WVNDT. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
Kill  SELL  by  AI'CTION.  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Siiand,  W  V.  ,  on  .MONIWY,  December  2,  at  I  o'clock  preciselv. 
the  COLLECTION  of  ENCiRAVINOS  and  E'rcHlNGS  l]y  OLD 
MASIERS.  Woodcuts,  Sa-  ,  formed  by  the  late  (apt  L.  'V\  I'NDT;  also 
numerous  Diuwings  in  Black  and  White,  executed  for  reproduction  in 
the  U'lem  Newspaper,  and  a  few  Oil  Paintings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Portion  of  the 
Library  of  the  late  HYDE  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.R.H.S.,  SiC. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13,  AYellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  TUKSD.AY,  December  3,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including 
a  Portion  of  the  ORIEN'rAL  and  PHILOLOGICAL  LIBR.\RY  of  the 
late  HYDE  CLARKE,  Esq  ,  FR.HistSoc,,  &c.  ;  and  Selections  from 
various  Piivate  Libraries,  comprising  an  important  Historical  M.S., 
ancient  Classical  Codexes,  numerous  Heraldic  and  Genealogical  MSS., 
the  Property  of  a  LADY' ;  Kingswood  Charters,  and  other  Vellum 
Documents  and  Autograph  Letters,  the  Pengelly  Papers,  the  Property 
of  the  late  A  C  RAN  YARD,  Esq. ;  Books  on  Oriental  and  Indian  Philo- 
logy—tine  illustrated  French  Books- rare  Works  on  America— Books  of 
Hours,  Breviaries,  and  Missals— rare  Early  English  Writers— fine  copy 
of  the  Second  Folio  Shakespeare —Topographical  — Sporting  — First 
Editions  of  Modern  Authors— Collection  of  upwards  of  2,(XX)  Postage 
Stamps,  many  rare. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  four  stamps. 


M 


A  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  English  School,  including 
7nany  in  Colours. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No,  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  SATURDAY',  December  7,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  chiefly  Fancy  Subjects  of 
the  English  School,  including  many  in  Colours,  "and  comprising  Ex- 
amples by  or  after  F.  Bartolozzi,  W.  Bigg,  Mi's  Cosway,  Gainsborough, 
Dickinson,  V  Grehn,  Greuze,  Hamilton,  Hoppner"  A.  Kauflmann. 
Mareuard,  G.  Morland,  Bamberg,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  G.  Romney,  H. 
Singleton,  J.  R.  Smith,  AV.  Ward,  F.  Wheatley,  and  others 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalog-aes  may  be  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  MONDAY,  December  9,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY'  of  a  GEN'l'LE.MAN,  comprising  an  extensive  Collection 
of  Works  relating  to  India- scarce  Topographical  Works— Voyages  and 
Travels— fine  Illustrated  Books— and  including  Antiquarian  Repertory^ 
4  vols.  Large  Paper— D'Herbelot,  Bibliothf'que  Orientale,  best  Edition— 
Harleian  Miscellany,  10  vols  ,  best  Edition— The  Hedaya.  by  Hamilton. 
4  vols.— Parry's  Four  Voyages— Turner's  Southern  Coast— Lord  Somers's 
Tracts,  13  vols.,  best  Edition— Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey.  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Mezzotint  and  other  Engravings,  the  Property  of  the 
late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  HARRISON. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  TUESDAY,  December  10,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
valuable  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  well-known  COLLECTOR, 
andof  the  late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  HARRISON, includirgMezzo- 
tints  of  Portraits  and  Fancy  Subjects  after  J.  Hoppner,  G  Morland.  Sir 
J.  Revnolds,  G.  Romney.  J.  R.  Smith,  and  others— a  complete  Set  of  the 
Life-size  Heads  by  T.  Frye— Line  Engravings  by  Sir  R  Strange,  W. 
Woollett,  &c  .  many  in  Proof  States,  and  mostly  in  unusually  fine 
condition  ;  also  the  celebrated  Series  of  Original  Drawings  by  R, 
Caldecott,  illustrating  Goldsmith's  The  Mad  Dog. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  Works  by  Modern  Authors,  the  Property  of  a 
Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AlCTION.  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of  a  GEN  TLE- 
MAN,  consisting  of  Works  by  Modern  Authors  and  Poets,  mostly  First 
Editions,  Large  Papers,  and  Limited  Issues,  including  Works  by  Austin 
Dobson,  Norman  Gale,  Andrew  Lang,  Swinburne,  Tennyson,  and 
others ;  also  a  very  exensive  Collection  of  Books  on  Folk-lore  and  the 
Popular  Superstitions  ol  Various  Countries,  and  another  Property, 
consisting  of  Modern  Books  and  Novels. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Theological  and  Miscellaneous  Library  of  a  Gentleman,  deceased; 
'Two  Early  American  Tracts,  MSS.,  Monographs,  Drawings, 
6,0,  from  the  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  CANON  JACKSON, 
Rector  of  Leigh  Delamere,  Wilts;  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY, 
November  26,  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  valuable  THEO- 
LOGICAL and  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  Trommii  Con- 
cordantiie,  2  vols.  Large  Paper — Macktin's  Bible,  7  vols. — Twysden  and 
Savile's  Early  English  Chronicles,  3  vols  — Co.xe's  Historical  Works. 
18  vols -Exeter  Diocesan  Society's  Transactions,  6  vols —Aberdeen 
Breviary,  2  vols  — Graduale  Sarisburiense- Vie  de  S.  Francis  d'Assisi— 
S.  Aquinatis  Summa,  8  vols  —Speaker's  Commentary,  12  vols — Words- 
worth's Bible,  10  vols —Clark's  Ante-Nicene  Library.  24  vols  — Anglo- 
Catholic  Theology,  88  vols  —Hansard's  Debates,  116  vols  —Chronicles  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  98  vols  — Surtees  Society,  43  vols  —Yorkshire 
Archaeological  Society,  11  vols— Surrey  Archa-ological,  14  vols  — Linnean 
Society  Journal  and  'i'ransactions  to  ISM-an  illustrated  Granger,  9  vols. 
— Cassell's  Encyclopa-dic  Dictionary,  7  vols  — Hallen  s  Registers  of  S. 
Botolph,  3  vols —Merchant  Taylors'  Registers,  2  vols.— Punch,  complete 
to  1894.  107  vols,  half  bound— MSS  ,  Monographs,  Topographical  Prints. 
Drawings,  Portraits,  &c  ,  from  the  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  CANON 
JACKSON. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  ■will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James'8- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : — 

On  MONDAY,  November  25,  and  Following  Day, 

OLD  CHINESE  PORCELAIN  received  from  the  East. 

Oti  WEDNESDAY,  November  27,  a  COLLEC- 
TION of  ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  of  .UlT,  the  Property  of  J.  M.  LUFF. 
Esq. 

On  THURSDAY,  November  28,  OLD  ENGLISH 

ENGRAVINGS. 

On  FRIDAY,  November  29,  PORCELAIN  and 

OBJECrs  of  ART  of  the  late  Captain  M.   THOMAS,  R.N  ,  and  ot 
W.  F.  HANCOCK,  Esq, 

On    SATURDAY,  November  30,  the  COLLEC 

TION  of  MODERN  PICTI  RES  of  W,  F.  HANCOCK,  Esq. 

Important  Sale  of  an  exceedingly  choice  Collection  of  Pictures, 
the  Property  of  a  Bristol  Connoisseur,  who  is  reducing  his 
Collection. 

ALEXANDER,  DANIEL,  SELFE  &  CO.  will 
SELL  by  AUCTION  at  the  BANK  AI'CTION  MART,  CORN- 
STREET  BRISTOL  on  Till  KSDAY,  November  IS.  punctually  at 
1"  o'clock  the  valuable  (OLLI.CIION  of  I'.VIN  TINGS,  comprising 
Four  Works  by  William  Miillcr  'ieii  Works  by  John  Sycr— and  others 
by  Hcywood  Hardy,  A  Vickcrs.  James  Webb,  W  Sharer,  Curnock,  J. 
Phillips,  R  A  ,  Vervecr,  W.  C.  Knell,  &c  'The  Water-Colour  Drawings 
include  choice  Examples  by  John  S.ver,  Jackson  (;urnock,  James  Hardy, 
jun.,  George  Wolfe,  Fripp,  C.  Branwhito,  P.  I'.  Poole,  and  others. 
Catalogues  may  be  obtained  of  the  An-rioNrf:us,  Corn-street,  Bristol. 


N»  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


699 


A  valuable  Collection  of  Oil  Paiiitiiigs,  Water  Colours,  S,c. 

MESSRS.  CHURTON,  ELPHICK,  ROBERTS 
&  RICHARDSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  the  AUCTION 
MART,  FOREGATE-STREET,  CHESTER,  on  TUESDAY,  November  1'6, 
at  11  o'clock  A.M.  punctually,  a  COLLECTION  of  OIL  PAINTINGS  by 
Darid  Cox,  W  J.  MiiUer,  R.  Ansdell,  Moucheron.  Valentin!,  &c— Water 
Colours  by  P.  Wheatley,  R  A.,  Paul  Sandby,  A.  Nasmyth,  AV.  J.  Miiller, 
Ac.  ;  also  Engravings  and  Books. 

On  view   day  prior  to  Sale.     Catalogues  may  be  had  from  the 
AucrioNEERs,  Chester. 

LIVERPOOL. 

Collection  of  Paintings  by  the  Old  Masters. 

MESSRS.  BRANCH  &  LEETE  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  on  MONDAY  and  TUESDAY,  December  Sand  .•?,  at 
1  o'clock  each  day,  in  the  HANOVER  ROOMS,  Hanover-street.  Liver- 
pool, about  TWO  HUNDRED  OIL  PAINPINGS,  including  Works  by 
J.  Rnysdael,  N.  lierghem,  Steenwyck,  De  Heeni,  Artoi3,Teniers.  Honde- 
koeter.  Claude,  Both,  J.  Gainsborough,  Salvator  Rosa,  Van  Huysum, 
Van  der  Neer,  Breughel,  Ostade,  and  others. 

Catalogues  on  application  to  the  Acc-tioseers. 


T 


H 


E 


Monthly,  Eighteenpencc. 

F         0 


R 


U       M, 


Coidenli  for  XOVEMBEB. 
The  THIRD-TERM  TRADITION.    John  Bach  McMaster. 
The  GENERAL  RAILROAD  SITUATION.    O.  D.  Ashley. 
The  NAVY  as  a  CAREER.    Capt,  Alfred  T.  Mahan,  U.S.N. 
A.  REVIEW  of  HUXLEV'S  ESSAYS.    Dr.  W.  K.  Brooks. 
PLUTOCR.ACY  and  PATERNALISM.    Prof.  Lester  F.  Ward. 
WOMAN  S  POSITION  in  PAG.AN  TIMES.    H.  H  Boyesen. 
STUDIES  of  NOTABLE  MEN  :  Stamboloft'.    Stoyau  K.  Vatralsky. 
The  MODERN  LITERARY  KING.     E.  W.  Bok. 
The  CHIEF  INFLUENCES  on  MY  CAREER.    Anatole  France. 
The  CENTEN.ARY  of  JOHN  KEA'FS.    Montgomery  Schuyler. 
CO-OPERATION  AMONG  FARMERS.    Edward  F.  Adams. 
\  GENER-\.TION  of  COLLEGE  WOMEN.    Frances  M  .Ibbott. 
London :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  24,  Bedford-street,  Strand. 

BOOK  SEASON.— For  Collectors  disposing  of 
their  Duplicate  Copies  to  the  best  advantage,  and  for  Buying. 
Selling,  or  Exchanging  anything  that  is  required,  there  is  no  better 
medium  than  the  B.iZ.\AR,  EXCH.\NGE,  and  MAR'r,  which  affords  an 
open  market  to  every  one,  wherever  he  may  live.  Get  a 'copy  at  any 
Isewsvendor's  or  Bookstall  and  judge  for  yourself.  Specimen  Copy, 
three  stamps;  three  months'  subscription,  one  copy  weekly,  post  free, 
3s.  3d.    Stamps  may  be  sent— Office,  170,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


N 


OTES   and   QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 


THIS   WEEK'S  ?rUMBEll  contains— 

NOTES  :— The  Chevalier  dfion—Casanoviana— Bibliographical  Exhibit 
at  Columbian  Exposition  — Soiuhey  — Muniment  Room,  Fulham 
Palace— Mons  Badonicus— 'J'hatched'  Cottage,  Faddington— Curfew 
Bell. 

QUERIES  :—CanalPtto  in  England  — .Udcrmen  of  Billingsgate —  W. 
Norris- Leonard  Slopes — Anonymous  "Works- Source  of  Quotation 
— "Hola"— House  of  Previte— Catherine  of  Berran— Coloured  Wine 
Glasses  —  Portrait  Resemblances— "Hebberman"— Cannon  at  tlie 
Tower — .\nchorite  at  Westminster— Waterloo  Campaign— J.  Worth- 
ington  — W.  Thompson  — "Man -Jack  "  —  Eschnid  — Double  Stair- 
cases in  Crypts— Cambridge  Sheet  Almanack— Abbey  of  Laundea— 
Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  —Napoleon's  Marshals  — "Halifax  Law"  —  Fleur-de-lis— 
Dorset  Dialect— Students  at  Padua— W.  .Sotheby— Waterloo  Ball- 
Vatican  Emerald— Wakefield  Railway— Rain  at  Cherra  Poonjee— 
Rindle  —  Archdeacons  of  Taunton  — "  Comfortable  "  —  O'Brien — 
Niello  Cup— The  Sun  and  the  Fire— Discovery  of  Oxygen— St  Teresa 
or  St.  Ignatius— Leitchtown  and  Gartur  Arms— Lucas  Family- 
Families  of  Multon.  Claymond,  and  Gra— Rhyme  to  '■  Hecatomb  — 
Belden  Monument— Cliburne—"  Woful  "  —  Capt.  .).  Talbot— Shak- 
speare's  London  Lodging— Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore— Charter  of 
Free  Warren— Thatched  Churches— '  Old  Mother  Hubbard'— Rev. 
Dr.  Glasse. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS .—Stoddarts  'John  Stuart  Blaekie '  —  Aeworth's 
'Ballads  of  the  Marathas'— Roper's  '  Materials  for  the  History  of 
the  Church  of  Lancaster.'  Vol.  II.— .Milne's 'English  Topogiaphy 
("  Gentleman  s  Magazine  Library  '). 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

EAST  WEEK'S  XU3IBER  eoutains— 
NOTES  :—.i:neas  Sylvius  and  the  Library  of  St  Paul's— Our  Saxon 
Kings— Grant  of  Lands  to  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset—'  Old  Mother 
Hubbard  '—The  House  of  Stewart  and  88— Noirc^s  .Analysis  of  Kant's 
Philosophy- Stage  Plays  in  Plague  rimes— ClilTord's  Inn— Quotation 
in  '  Old  Mortality  '—Harvest  Fcbtivals— Effigies,  Living  and  Dead. 
QUERIF.<  —Women  on  Commissions— King,  of  Somersetshire— Sir 
F.  Ottley's  Burial-place- Sir  I'obT  Belch  — Shower  of  Wheat  — 
"Naniancos  and  Havona's  hold"— J  Mortlock — Words  in  .\ccount- 
book  — Kev.  M.  W,  Peters,  R.A  — Capt.  J.  Talbot— Chi  istian  Names 
from  Weekdays— C  Rogers— Latin  Inscription— Knight— Rev  Dr 
Glasse— SufRx  "  -cock." 
REPLIES  —The  Earldom  of  Strathemc  —  Cupples —  "  Running  the 
Gantlope  "—Prescott's  ■  Mexico —Sarah  Martin  — Lichfield— Fox- 
glove—Ball-playing  in  Churchvards-  HenrvGrev,  Duke  of  Suffolk— 
■■'rhe  Dismal  Science  "—"Chanticleer  "  of  the  Gospels— Portrait  of 
"Warren  Hastings— Latin  Motto— Punch  as  an  English  Beverage- 
Churchyard  Curiosities— Graham  M  Ps— Movable  lypes— Kentish 
MPs  — Welsh  Place-Names —Philip  II.  of  Spain  — The  rrans- 
figuration— Ellas  Leviw-Oolne  Priory-Eaton  Family—  Poor's  — 
Rev  B.  Ward— B  Gales— Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Know- 
ledge. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  !—Fouqu<^'8  '  Undine '—North's  'Plutarch's  Lives.' 
Vols.  Ill  and  IV— Maxwell's  '  Post  Meridiana '— Lawson's    Private 
Life  of  Warren  Hastings '—"Ihe   Reliquary '—Marshall's  'Hand- 
book to  the  Ancient  Courts  of  Probate.' 
Notices  to  Coi  respondents. 

Price  id.  each  ,  by  post,  4J(f. 
Published  by  John  C.  Francis,  Bream's-buildlngs,  Chancery-lane.  EC. 


Fonrth  Edition,  pp.  300,  5s. 

PROTOPLASM  :  Physical  Life  and  Law.  By  Prof. 
LIONEL  BEALE,  F  R  S  Facts  and  Arguments  against  Mechani- 
cal Views  of  Life  as  accepted  by  Huxley,  Herbert  Spencer,  Strauss, 
Tjndall,  and  many  others. 

Harrison  &  Sons.  59,  Pall  Mall. 


DATED  BOOK-PLATES.     By  Walter  Hamil- 
ton     Part  III    (Conclusionj  now  ready,  4to  .  with  2  Copper- 
plates and  :jr  Facsimiles  of  interesting  modern  liook-Plates. 

This  Part  contains  a  Chronological  List  of  I>ated  Plates  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  British,  American,  French,  and  Colonial,  with  details 
of  their  Sizes.  Styles.  Engravers,  and  .Mottoes  A  List  of  Modern 
Engravers.  Additions  and  corrections  to  Previous  Lists,  an  Index  to 
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ATHEN^UM,  November  2. 

"  This  is  a  charming  book  and  affords  quite  the  best 
pictures  of  Irish  rural  life  that  we  have  ever  come  across  : 
every  character — and  there  are  many — is  not  merely  a  living 
human  being,  but  is  an  individual  with  faults  and  virtues 
and  inconsistencies,  whom  we  like  on  one  page  and  dislike 

on  the  next the  open-air  freshness  and  the  rich  flavour 

of  nationality  which  raise  '  By  Thrasna  River  '  far  above  the 
pretty  idyls  and  sentimental  stories  of  town-bred  portrayers 
of  Irish  country  life.  Here  we  have  the  very  heart  and 
soul  of  Ireland,  and  we  feel  in  every  line  that  sense  of 
foreignness  which  all  English  people  must  feel  in  Ireland. 

The  narrative  is  often  charming,  and  Mr.  Bullock  places 

his  characters  before  us  with  the  vividness  and  lightness  of 
a  master." 

"  Q "  in  the  SPEAKER,  November  16. 

'"By  Thrasna  River '  contains  the  truest  portrait  of  the 

Irish  peasant  yet  drawn  in  fiction A  remarkable  book 

The  charm  of  it  I  cannot  describe Of  page  after  page  one 

has  to  admit  that  it  could  only  have  been  written  by  an 
Irishman  who  feels  with  his  countrymen's  feelings,  and  yet 
is  able  to  stand  outside  and  give  those  feelings  their  true 
perspective.  Add  to  this  a  sure  but  apparently  artless  gift 
of  describing  a  scene  and  colouring  it  with  a  mood  :  boyish, 
unflagging  spirits,  the  keenest  sympathy  with  out-of-door 
life,  and  you  have  as  clear  a  notion  as  I  can  give  you  of  Mr. 

Bullock's  quality  as  a  story-teller I  do  not  know  that  the 

sorrows  of  emigration  have  ever  been  more  vividly  rendered 
— or    with    more    dignified    pathos — than    in    the    chapter 

'  Bound  for  El  Dorado.' An  antidote  to  melancholy It 

is  Irish  of  the  best  kind.  Its  darkest  mood  is  backed  with 
cheery  stoicism,  and  its  lighter  pages  brim  over  with  health 
and  spirits  and  with  a  sort  of  intoxication  of  out-of-door 
gaiety." 

NATIONAL  OBSERVER,  November  16. 

"  As  a  study  of  Hibernian  peasant  life  it  is  certainly 
admirable,  and  we  think  Mr.  Bullock's  comprehension  of  the 
kindly,  plausible,  soft-hearted,  devil-may-care  Irish  cha- 
racter as  complete  as  it  is  uncommon.  There  is  not  a  line  in 
the  book  that  is  untrue  to  real  life.  The  characters  of  Rose 
and  of  Thady,  of  Pete  and  of  Phil,  stand  out  with  special 
vividness." 

LIVERPOOL  POST,  November  6. 

"A narrative  in  tlie  true  Irisli  vein  of  mingled  humour  and 

pathos Presents  the  reader  with  many  an  odd  yet  no 

doubt  faithful  picture  of  Irish  life." 

MANCHESTER  GUARDIAN,  November  5. 

"Mr.  Bullock  is  indisputably  a  humourist  and  as  indis- 
putably a  very  clever  writer.  He  describes  life  in  a  small 
Irish  country  town  with  a  master  hand." 

LIBERAL,  October  26. 

"  In  many  respects  this  book  reminds  us  of  Carleton  and 
Sam  Lover.  There  is  the  same  quaint  humorous  depiction 
of  Irish  life  and  character,  the  same  half- pathetic,  half- 
rollicking,  but  wholly  deligljtful  characters,  drawn  with  a 
keenness  of  touch  and  fidelity  to  nature  as  skilful  as  it  is  un- 
strained  Mr.  Bullock's  b>ok  is  not  a  novel,  it  is  a  photo- 
graph, so  minutely  correct  and  true  are  the  characters.  To 
Irish  people  the  book  will  come  as  a  treat  indeed." 


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HAYDN'S   DICTIONARY    OF   DATES   AND    UNIVERSAL 
INFORMATION.    A  Complete  Record  of  all  Nations  and  Times. 

Completely  Revised  and  Corrected,  and  containing  the 

HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD    TO    THE   AUTUMN   OF   1895. 

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and  140,000  Dates  and  Facts. 
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702 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  &  GO, 


GREATER  VICTORIAN  POETS 

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THE    ATHENiEUM 


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LL.D.  Revised  by  L.  KELLNER,  Ph.D.,  with 
the  assistance  of  HENRY  BRADLEY,  M.A. 

Svo.  8.«.  Gd.  net. 

A  LABORATORY  COURSE  IN 

EXPERIMENTAL  PHYSICS. 

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Physics  in  the  University  of  Toronto,  and 
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THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS 

OF  DEAN  CHURCH. 

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CHURCH.     A  New  and  Cheaper  Edition. 
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MEMORIALS  OF  EDWARD  GLOVER, 

late  Vicar  of  Whittlesford,  and  formerly 
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Twelve  Sermons  edited  by  Rev.  G.  GLOVER, 
Vicar  of  Bourton,  Dorset,  and  a  Brief  Memoir 
by  M,  V.  G. 

MACMILLAN  &  CO,  London. 


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THE  TRUTH  AND  THE  WITNESS. 


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SOME  THOUGHTS  ON 

CHRISTIAN  REUNION. 

Being  Seven  Addresses  given  during  his  Visita- 
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TER, D.D,  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Ripon,  and  Hon. 
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THE  SONGS  OF  THE 

HOLY  NATIVITY 

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PASCAL,  and  other  Sermons. 

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Crown  Svo.  3s.  Gd. 

SIX  LECTURES  ON  THE 

ANTE-NICENE  FATHERS. 

By  FENTON  JOHN  ANTHONY  HORT,  D.D., 
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garet's Reader  in  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge. 

Crown  Svo.  6s. 

THE  ECCLESIASTICAL 

EXPANSION  OF  ENGLAND 
IN  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE 
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The  Hulsean  Lectures  for  1894-1805.  By 
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Bishop  of  Sydney  and  Primate  of  Australia  and 
Tasmania, 

Fcap,  Svo.  6s.  net. 
THE  PARNASSUS  LIBRARY  OF  GREEK 
AND  LATIN  TEXTS. 

P.  VERGILI  MARONIS  BUCOLICA, 
GEORGICA,  ^NEIS. 

Edited  by  T.  E.  PAGE,  M.A.,  formerly  Fellow 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Assistant 
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Q.  HORATI  FLACCI  OPERA. 

Euitcd  by  1.  E.  PAGE,  M.A. 


706 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N»  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


GEORGE  PHILIP  &  SON'S  LIST. 


POPULAR 
ASTRONOMICAL  WORKS. 


Small  4to.  handsome  cloth  gilt  cover  (designed  by  Walter 
Crane),  gilt  edges,  155. 

AN  ATLAS  OF  ASTRONOMY. 

By  Sir  ROBERT  S.  BALL,  Lowndean  Professor  of  Astro- 
nomy and  Geometry  at  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
Author  of  '  Starland,'  '  Story  of  the  Heavens,'  &c.  Con- 
taining 72  beautifully  executed  Plates,  with  Explanatory 
Letterpress  and  Complete  Index. 
TIMES  says: — "Admirably  adapted  to  meet  the  needs 

and  smooth  the  difficulties  of  young  and    inexperienced 

students  of  astronomy,  as  well  as  materially  to  assist  the 

researches  of  those  who  are  more  advanced." 
ATHEN^^VM  says  ;  —  "  Cannot   fail  to    be    exceedingly 

useful  to  students  and  amateurs  of  Astronomy." 

The  MOON:   a  Full  Description  and 

Map  of  its  Principal  Physical  Features.  By  THOMAS 
GWYN  ELGER,  F.R  A.S,,  Director  of  the  Lunar  Sec- 
tion of  the  British  Astronomical  Association,  Ex-Pre- 
sident Liverpool  Astronomical  Society.  EoyalSvo.  cloth, 
net,  5s. 

MAP  of  the  MOON.    In  One  Sheet. 

By  T.  G.  ELGER,  F.R. A.S.  On  sheet,  net.  2s.  Qd.  ; 
mounted  on  millboard  and  varnished,  4s. 

ASTRONOMY  for  EVERY-DAY 

READERS.  By  B.  J.  HOPKINS,  F.R.A.S.,  Member  of 
the  British  Astronomical  Association.  With  numerous 
Illustrations.  Crown  8vo.  stiff  boards.  Is. ;  or  clotli 
gilt.  Is.  6rf. 
SCOTSMAN  says  : — "  An  admirable  popular  manual,  and 
deserves  to  be  widely  read." 

TELESCOPIC    ASTRONOMY:    a 

Popular  Manual  for  Beginners  on  the  Construction  and 
Practical  Use  of  the  Telescope.    By  A.  FOWLER. 

\_Preparing. 

BOOKS  FOR  PRESENTS  AND 
SCHOOL  PRIZES. 

THE    WORLD'S    GREAT 

EXPLORERS    AND 

EXPLORATIONS. 

EDITED   BY 

J.  SCOTT  KELTIE,  H.  J.  MA.CKINDER,  M.A., 
and  E.  G.  RAVENSTEIN,  F.R.G.S. 

Plain  neat  cloth,  price  per  vol.  4s.  6(i. ;  or  cloth  gilt  extra, 
per  vol.  .5s. 

LIST  OF  THE  SERIES. 

1.  JOHN  DAVIS,  Arctic  Explorer  and 

Early  India  Navigator.    By  CLEMENTS  E.  MARK- 
HAM   C.B. 

2.  PALESTINE.     By    Major    C.    R. 

CONDBR,  E.E. 

3.  MUNGO   PARK   and  the  NIGER. 

By  JOSEPH  THOMSON. 

4.  MAGELLAN  and  the  FIRST  Cir- 

cumnavigation of  the  GLOBE.    By  F.  H.  H. 
GUILLEMAUD,  M.A,  M.D. 

5.  JOHN    FRANKLIN    and    the 

NORTH-WEST  PASSAGE.    By  Admiral  ALBERT 
MARKHAM,  R.N. 

6.  LIVINGSTONE  and  the  EXPLOR- 

ATION  of  CENTRAL  AFRICA.    By  H.  H.  JOHN- 
STON, C.B.  F.R.G.S.  F.Z.S. 

7.  LIFE  of  CHRISTOPHER  COLUM- 

BUS.  By  CLEMENTS  R.  MARKHAM,  C.B. 
TIMES  says  :— "  The  series  of  the  '  World's  Great  E.x- 
plorers'  is  an  improvement  on  others  of  the  same  kind. 
The  heroes  of  the  volumes  are  made  the  central  figures  in 
consecutive  narratives  of  exploration  and  discovery.  More- 
over, the  writers  of  these  volumes  have  been  specially  selected 
for  exceptional  knowledge  of  their  subjects." 


THOMAS  HARDY'S  NEW  NOVEL. 
J  U   D  E 

THE    OBSCURE. 

With  Preface,  Frontispiece  Etching,  and  Map. 

Cloth  extra,  6s.     (Being  immediately  included 

in  the  New  and  only  Uniform  Series  of  the 

Wessex  Novels  upon  its  first  publication  in 

book  form.) 

"  The  best  thing  he  has  written.     Sue  is  one  of 

Mr.  Hardy's  very  best  heroines — she  is  the  most 

lifelike  and  inevitable  character  in  a  book  which 

has  as  real  men  and  women  as  any  book  in  English 

literature." —  Queen. 

JUDE    THE    OBSCURE. 

"I  know  that  many  critics  will  devote  their 
reviews  to  scourging  Mr.  Hardy  for  his  social 
departures  in  '  Jude  the  Obscure.'  But,  after  all, 
I  do  not  think  that  Mr.  Hardy  intended  its  morality 
or  immorality  to  be  the  most  prominent  feature  in 
the  book.  I  believe  he  meant  the  feature  of  the 
book  to  be  the  ffidipus-like  fate  of  Jude  the 
Obscure.  The  book  is  ingrained  with  the  fine 
irony  which  we  call  Sophoclean." — Queen. 

JUDE    THE    OBSCURE. 

"  Jude  is  obviously  a  companion  portrait  to  Tess, 
and,  were  Mr.  Hardy  not  averse  from  discussing 
his  own  writings,  he  would  probably  confess  his 
desire  to  have  it  accepted  as  the  record  of  '  a  pure 
man.'  It  is  a  marvellous  piece  of  portraiture,  and 
the  studies  of  Arabella  and  Sue  are  amazing  clever, 
whilst  the  minor  characters  and  the  Wessex 
environment  are  all  touched  with  distinction. 
The  greatness  of  the  book  is  patent." 

Black  and  White, 

JUDE    THE    OBSCURE. 

"  We  cannot  but  commend  the  firmness  of  the 
master-hand  which  has  drawn  the  rival  women, 
Arabella  and  Sue,  contrasted,  as  they  are,  in  every 

fibre  of  their  phjsical  and  spiritual  being The 

general  texture  of  the  book  is  admirable,  so  far  as 
the  descriptive  passages  go  ;  where  a  scene  has  to 
be  brought  up  before  the  eye — a  fallow  field,  an 
Oxford  street  at  night,  a  cottage  interior,  a  pro- 
cession of  dignitaries — Mr.  Hardy  asserts  his  unique 
power." — *S^.  James's  Gazette, 

JUDE    THE    OBSCURE. 

"Mr.  Hardy's  new  novel,  'Jude  the  Obscure,'  is 
one  of  the  most  powerful  and  daring  that  ever 
came  from  his  pen.  Judgments  will  differ  widely 
as  to  whether  this  is  a  good  book  or  a  bad  book. 
But  there  can  be  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to  its 
intellectual  strength,  its  vivid  realism,  and  its 
tragic  intensity.  For  the  rest,  the  human  figures 
and  the  main  action  of  the  drama  engross  the 
attention." — Scotsman. 

JUDE    THE    OBSCURE. 

With  Preface,  Frontispiece  Etching,  and  Map. 
Cloth  extra,  6s.  (Being  immediately  included 
in  the  New  and  only  Uniform  Series  of  the 
Wessex  Novels  upon  its  first  publication  in 
book  form.) 
"Extremely  powerful.  The  book  may  be  un- 
hesitatingly pronounced  a  masterpiece." 

Daily  Telegraph. 
"  Certainly  few  novels  of  recent  years  have  been 
greeted  with  such  eager  welcome." — Sketch. 


London : 
GEORGE  PHILIP  &  SON,  32,  Fleet-street,  E.G. 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S 
NEW   BOOKS. 

ANTONIO  ALLEGRI  DA 
CORREGGIO : 

His  Life,  his  Friends,  and  his  Time. 

By  Dr.  CARRADO  RTCCI. 

One  Volume,  imperial  8vo.  with  16  Photogravures, 
21  Full-Page  Plates  in  Tint,  and  190  other 
Illustrations  in  the  Text,  price  21.  2s.  net. 
By  inducing  Dr.  Kicci  to  undertake  an  elaborate 
life  of  Correggio,  in  which  all  the  scattered  results 
of  recent  research,  including  his  own,  shall  be  em- 
bodied in  a  continuous  narrative  and  illustrated 
with  the  utmost  completeness,  the  publisher  of  this 
volume  hopes  to  be  conferring  a  real  boon  upon 
lovers  of  Renaissance  Art.  As  Director  of  the 
Gallery  in  Parma,  the  city  in  which  Correggio  spent 
the  most  fruitful  years  of  his  life.  Dr.  Ricci  has 
had  access  to  otherwise  inaccessible  material,  and 
has  received  help  not  only  from  the  Italian  Govern- 
ment, but  from  all  who  were  able  to  throw  new 
light  on  the  work  of  this  great  artist.  The  pictorial 
magnificence  of  the  volume  will  speak  for  itself, 
the  illustrations  being  altogether  superior  to  pre- 
vious reproductions  of  Correggio's  works,  consisting 
of  plates  in  photogravure  and  tint,  with  numerous 
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illustrations. 

*,^*  There  will  be  a  Special  Edition  printed  on 
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spectus will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

SECOND  EDITION,  ENLARGED  AND 
REVISED,  NOW  READY. 

REMBRANDT:  his  Life,  his 

Work,  and  his   Time.     By  ^MILE  MICHEL, 
of  the  Institute  of  France.  Edited  by  FREDE- 
RICK WEDMORE.  Translated  by  FLORENCE 
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WORKS  BY  DR.  MAX  NORDAU. 

NINTH  EDITION  NEARLY  BEADY. 

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London :  OSGOOD,  McILVAINE  &  CO. 
45,  Albemarle-street,  W. 


FIVE  NEW  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS. 
CORRUPTION.      By    Percy    White, 

Author  of  '  Mr.  Bailey  Martin.' 
Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  None  can  travel  over  his  brightly- 
written  pages  without  being  gladdened  by  the  little  flashes 
of  epigram  which  light  up  the  scenes  for  us,  or  stirred  by 
the  shrewdness  and  worldly  wisdom  which  he  has  put  into 
the  mouths  of  his  characters." 

MISS  GRACE  OF  ALL  SOULS'.    By 

WILLIAM  EDWARDS  TIREBUCK. 

Times.—"  Since  Mrs.  Gaskell  wrote  her  '  Mary  Barton'  we 
have  seen  no  more  interesting  novel  on  the  condition  of  the 
working  classes.    Mr.  Tirebuck  is  thoroughly  master  of  his 

subject." 

STORIES  FOR  NINON.    By  Emile 

ZOLA.    With  Portrait  by  Will  Kothenstein. 
Scotsman.—"  Few  who  know  the  author  only  by  his  great 
labours  in  the  miriest  fields  of  fiction  can  have  guessed  that 
there  is  in  him  so  much  of  tenderness  and  airy  fancy  as 
these  idylls  and  souvenirs  reveal." 

HERBERT  VANLENNERT.    By 

C    F.  KKAKY,  Author  of  '  A  Marioge  dc  Convcnance.' 

THE  YEARS  THAT  THE  LOCUST 

HATH    EATEN.      By    ANNIE    E.    HOLDSWORTH, 
Author  of  '  Joanna  Traill.' 


THE  NEW  "  PIONEER.  " 

THE  RED  BADGE  OF  COURAGE. 

By  STEPHEN  CRANE.  Cloth,  as.  net;  paper,  2s.  fc'd.  net. 
London  : 
WM.  IIEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 


N"  3552,  Nov.  23, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


707 


ARCHIBALD    CONSTABLE    &    CO.'S    NEW    BOOKS. 
THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE.    By  George  Meredith. 

2  vols,  crown  8vo.  12i\ 


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Daily  Nens. 


"  It  has  to  a  superb  degree  Mr.  Meredith's  two  great  qualities— movement 
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and  fulness  beside  which  the  most  laboured  are  thin. ' — Westminster  Gazette. 


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tation to  all  the  various  characters  who  crowd  Mr.  Meredith's  brilliant  canvas,  we  send  our  readers  to  the  book  itself." — Standard. 

The  KEY  of  the  PACIFIC :  the  NICAEAGUA  CANAL.    By  Archibald 

je  demy  8vo.  with  Maps 


R.  COLQUHOUN,  F.RG.S,,  Gold  Medallist  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  Special  Correspondent  of  the  Times. 
and  Illustrations,  21s.  net. 


Lai 


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the  engineering  and  iinancial  questions  involved,  has  a  lighter  and  brighter  side.  It  contains  many  picturesque  passnges,  and  among  the  plans  of  sections  and 
levels  and  the  charts  of  routes,  we  find  plenty  of  views  that  memory  stamps  as  correct,  in  spite  of  inevitable  surface  changes.  Many  as  have  been  the  author's 
literary  productions  concerning  the  Far  East  and  the  growingly  important  section  of  our  empire  in  South  Africa,  he  has  never  written  a  book  showing  more 
knowledge,  more  grasp,  and  more  foresight.     And  if  we  cannot  always  see  precisely  with  his  eyes,  we  are  none  the  less  grateful  to  him  for  a  great  work." 

Daily  Chronicle. 

The  MARVELLOUS  ADVENTURES  of  Sir  JOHN  MAUNDEVILE,  Kt. 

Being  his  Voyage  and  Travel  which  treateth  of  the  Way  to  Jerusalem  and  of  the  Marvels  of  Ind 

with  other  Islands  and  Countries. 

Edited  and  Profusely  Illustrated  by  ARTHUR  LAYARD. 

With  a  Preface  by  JOHN  CAMERON  GRANT. 

With  130  Illustrations.     Large  crown  8vo.  gilt  top,  6?.  [^Now  ready. 


Of   SHASTA.    By 


The   SHOULDER 

BEAM  STOKER.    3s.  M. 

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the  Pacific  slope  that  has  been  penned  for  many  a  long  day. 
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"  A  genuine  romance." — Literary  IJorW. 

At  all  Booksellers'  and  Bookstalls.     SEVENTH  EDITION 
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MY  JAPANESE  WIFE.    By   Clive 

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THE  PLEASURE  SERIES  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 

AN     ENGLISH     GARNER. 

Ingatherings  from  our  History  and  Literature.  By 
EDWARD  ARBER,  F.S.A.,  Fellow  of  King's  College, 
London;  late  English  Examiner  at  the  London  Uni- 
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The   RED    SPELL.    By   Francis 

GRIBBLE.     Paper,  Is.  ;  cloth,  2s. 
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CITY  CHURCHES.  By  A.  E.  Daniell. 

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GUSTAVE  FLAUBERT,  as  seen  in 

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708 


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N^  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


709 


■SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER 


CONTENTS. 


1895, 


Mr.  Haedy's  Netw  Novel 

Westminster  in  Early  Times     

FitzQerald's  Letters  to  Fanny  Kemble     

Db.  Weight's  Visit  to  Palmyra  

Philo  

The  Valk  of  Kashmir        

Christmas  Books        

Natal  and  Military  Biosrapht         

Short  Stories 

OuB  LiBRARr  Table— List  of  New  Books     

John  Kkox  ;  'Ancient  Lives  of  Scottish  Saints'; 
WiRRAL  Place  -  Names  ;  Unpublished  Letters 
OF  Lord  Dalhousie  ;  Coleridge  ;  The  Post- 
humous Writings  of  Mr.  K.  L.  Stevenson 

717- 

Literabt  Gossip        

Science— The  Water  Supply  of  Towns;  Gazet- 
teers AND  Atlases  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  ; 
Gossip  720- 

FlHE  Arts— The  Coins  of  the  Ach^an  League; 
Educational  Litfrature  ;  Demolition  at  the 
EOMAN  Fortress  of  Babylon  at  Cairo  ;  Gossip 


PiGE 

709 
710 
710 
711 
712 
71.3 
714 
71.5 
715 
716 


723—724 


Music— The  Week  ;  Gossip  ;   Performances  Next 

Week  

Drama— The  Week;  "Ducdame";  Gossip    ...      '2b- 


LITERATURE 


Hardy. 


Jude    the    Ohscure.      By    Thomas 

(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
To  the  attentive  student  of  literature  a 
certain  field  of  interest  might  be  presented 
by  a  study  of  the  bad  books  of  great  writers 
as  throwing  a  light  on  the  genius  of  their 
authors.  There  are,  it  is  true,  cases  where 
the  study  is  useless  from  any  point  of  view ; 
Balzac's  early  works,  for  example,  are  not  only 
extraordinarily  bad,  but  so  bad  that  they 
show  no  glimmering  of  the  mind  that  could 
write  'La  Peau  de  Chagrin.'  Grenerally,  how- 
ever, the  bad  work  of  a  great  writer  not 
only  indicates  some  of  the  elements  of  his 
greatness,  but  exaggerates  one  or  two  of 
them  in  a  manner  which  maj'  often  render 
them  more  readily  perceptible  than  when 
blended  in  the  harmony  of  some  more 
perfect  work.  '  A  Lesson  to  Fathers,'  para- 
doxical as  it  may  sound,  helps  to  the  com- 
prehension of  Wordsworth's  charm  and  his 
greatness,  and  some  of  Browning's  most 
crabbed  poems  write  in  large  characters 
part  of  the  power  which  is  more  coyly 
disclosed  in  '  Eabbi  Ben  Ezra.'  A  great 
man's  bad  work  is  like  a  Titan's  over- 
throw :  it  calls  rude  attention  to  the 
strength  which  had  been  masked  in  the 
easy  hitting  of  the  mark. 
-'  Now,  here  we  have  a  titanically  bad>. 
book  by  Mr.  Hardy.  We  have  had  bad 
books  from  him  before ;  but  so  far  his  bad 
books  have  been  feeble  rather  than  any- 
thing else.  In  'Jude  the  Obscure,' 
however,  we  have  Mr.  Hardy  running 
mad  in  right  royal  fashion.  In  all  his 
greatest  novels  the  tragic  effect  is  partly 
gained  by  the  sense  of  an  inevitable  doom 
which  hangs  heavy  over  the  characters. 
In  *  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd,'  in  '  The 
Mayor  of  Casterb ridge,'  in  'Tess  of  the 
D'Urbervilles,'  this  sense  of  an  ineludahile 
fatum,  which  sometimes  turns  to  naught 
men's  worthiest  efforts,  is  a  legitimate  and 
potent  element  in  the  tragedy.  But  Mr. 
Hardy's  idea  of  Destiny  is  by  no  means 
stationary,  and  in  its  latest  development  in 
this  book  it  becomes  almost  grotesque.  Even 
in  '  Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles,'  though  there 
the  idea  was  not  so  pronounced  as  to  be 
repellent,  the  notion  seems  shaping  itself  in 


Mr.  Hardy's  mind  that  fate  is  not  a  mere 
blind  force  that  happens  at  times  to  upset 
men's  calculations  and  to  turn  their  strength 
into  weakness,  but  rather  a  spiteful  Pro- 
vidence, whose  special  delight  it  is  to  score 
off  men,  and  whose  proceedings  make  any- 
thing but  absolute  quietism  an  absurdity. 
In  '  Tess,'  as  we  said,  there  are  indications 
of  this  notion,  but  here  it  is  predominant. 
The  way  it  is  done  is  extremely  simple  :  you 
take  a  man  with  good  aspirations — a  weak 
man  he  must  be,  of  course — and  put  down 
to  his  credit  all  his  aspirations  and  the 
feeble  attempts  he  makes  to  realize  them, 
while  all  the  mistakes  he  makes,  which 
render  his  life  a  failure,  you  put  down  to 
the  savage  deity  who  lies  in  wait  to  trip 
him  up.  It  reminds  one  a  little  of 
Victor  Hugo's  remark  about  the  cause 
of  Napoleon's  defeat  at  Waterloo,  "Napo- 
leon avait  ete  denonce  dans  I'infini,  et  sa 
chute  etait  decidee.  II  genait  Dieu," 
which  is  really  a  very  fair  burlesque  of  Mr. 
Hardy's  primitive  theory. 

It  is  not  meant  to  be  implied  that  an  im- 
possible theory  of  the  universe  is  necessarily 
incompatible  with  a  good  novel,  although 
there  is  a  considerable  likelihood  of  this 
being  so.  But  what  is  fatal  to  Mr.  Hardy's* 
art  in  this  latest  and  extreme  development 
of  his  theory  is  that  it  makes  him  so  angry. 
It  is  always  fatal  to  lose  one's  temper,  but 
it  is  particularly  so  for  a  novelist  for  several 
reasons.  In  the  first  place  a  scolding  tone 
is  the  worst  possible  form  of  stating 
views,  because  it  irritates  the  reader,  and 
instead  of  raising  sympathy  creates  an 
unreasonable  antipathy  in  his  mind. 
And  this  book  reads  almost  like  one  pro- 
longed scolding  from  beginning  to  end  :  the 
preface ;  the  mottoes  to  the  different  parts 
of  the  book ;  occasional  remarks  in  the 
author's  own  person,  such  as  this  about  an 
Oxford  college,  "  The  outer  walls  of  Sarco- 
phagus College — silent,  black,  and  window- 
less — threw  their  four  centuries  of  gloom, 
bigotry,  and  decay  into  the  little  room  she 
occupied";  and  still  more  the  actions  and 
words  of  the  characters,  all  jar  by  their  que- 
rulous bitterness  and  their  limited  outlook 
on  life.  Another  reason  why  this  bitterness^, 
is  fatal  to  art  is  that  the  novelist  loses 
his  sense  of  humour.  In  his  self-imposed 
task  of  heaping  obloquy  on  Fate  or  Provi- 
dence or  Destiny  or  what  you  will,  he 
casts  about  for  all  sorts  of  de^^ces  for 
making  his  characters  miserable.  It  is 
wonderful,  for  example,  what  a  number  of 
trains  they  miss  and  how  much  of  their 
misery  depends  on  this.  Then  that  idiotic 
son  of  Jude  who  is  brought  on  as  a  sort  of 
chorus  to  accentuate  his  and  Sue's  misery, 
and  who  puts  the  finishing  touch  to  their 
woes,  seems  a  quite  gratuitously  improbable 
being.  Or  how  could  an  author  who  had 
not  sacrificed  Ids  very  real  sense  of  humour 
make  a  rustic,  even  with  Jude's  unhealthy 
hypertrophy  of  culture,  talk  like  this  to  the 
cousin  he  is  in  love  with,  "  Wifedom  has  not 
yet  annihilated  and  digested  you  in  its  vast 
maw  as  an  atom  which  has  no  further  in- 
dividuality," or  the  same  cousin  say  to  her 
husband,  "  She  or  he,  '  who  lets  the  world 
or  his  own  portion  of  it  choose  his  plan  of 
life  for  him,  has  no  need  of  any  other 
faculty  than  the  ape-like  one  of  imitation.' 
J.  S.  Mill's  words,  those  are.  Why  can't 
you  act  upon  them?    I  wish  to  always"? 


No  wonder  the  husband  "  moaned,  '  What 
do  I  care  about  J.  S.  MiU  ! '  "  And  finaUy 
the  crowning  absurdity  of  the  double  re- 
marriage makes  the  whole  book  appear 
dangerously  near  to  farce. 

The    fact    is    that    Mr.    Hardy,    in    his 
anger  against  Destiny  and  in  his  desire  to 
make  Destiny  and  its  offspring  Society  odious, 
has   overreached  himself,  and  has  entirely 
failed  in  attaining  what,  in  his  preface,  he 
professes  to  be  his  object — to  expose  "  the 
tragedy   of    unfulfilled    aims."      In  truth, 
there  is  no  tragedy,  at  any  rate  so  far  as 
Jude's  unfulfilled   aims  go,   because    it    is 
impossible  to  understand  the  man  and  feel 
any  sympathy  with  him,  and  without  the 
sympathy  at  least  of  human  fellow  feeling 
there  is  no  tragedy  possible.     To  take  about 
as  strong  an  instance  as  is  possible  among 
modern  novelists  :  there  is  a  tragedy  in  Sir 
Willoughby  Patterne's  fate  for  which  one 
feels  a  sympathy ;  for  however  odious  he  is 
made,  he  is  always  a  man,  and  one  knows 
enough  about  him  to   say  that  he  would 
have  done  exactly  what  he  is  said  to  do. 
Now  about  Jude  one  does  not  feel  that ;  he 
is  rather  a  flabby  atom  without  any  indi- 
viduality, who    does    things    because    Mr. 
Hardy  wants  to  point  a  moral  by  them,  or 
he  does  not  do  them  for  the  same  reason, 
and    that   Mr.    Hardy  may  rage  furiously 
because  he  is  made  miserable  thereby.     Ho 
is  meant  to  be  weak,  of  course,  but  as  he  is 
presented  from  one  point  of  view  his  refine- 
ment at  least  would  have  saved  him,  if  not 
from  Arabella  altogether,  at  any  rate  from 
his  shameful  return  to  her  in  the  middle  of 
the  book ;  for  as  she  appears  in  these  pages 
she  is  nothing  less  than  loathsome  and  re- 
pulsive in  the  highest  degree,  and  she  cer- 
tainly would  be  to  a  man    enamoured  of 
Sue's  comparative    grace    and   refinement. 
There   is  another  reason  why  the  tragedy 
is  not  a  real   tragedy  as  Mr.  Hardy   sees 
it.      His   whole   point  would    seem   to    be 
that  men  are  made  miserable  by  the  com- 
bined efforts  of  Destiny  and  Society  when 
they    are    disobedient    to     Society's    laws. 
But    the    fact   is   that  Mr.   Hardy's    cha- 
racters have  a  habit  of  trying  to  combine 
obedience  to  their  own  private  wishes  with 
obedience  to  Society,  or  rather   to  get  all 
they  can  out  of  Society  and  also  to  outrage 
her  laws  when  it  pleases  them.     Sue  and 
Jude  may  have  been  right  in  their  detesta- 
tion and  abandonment  of  the  mamage  tie 
—  that    is    not    the    question :    the    point 
is  that  if  they  act  as  they  did  with  their 
eyes  open,  it  is  absurd  of  them  to  repine 
because  Society  and  Destiny  do  not  accept 
their  conduct  in  the  same  way  that  they  do. 
A  brave  and  fearless  bearing  might  help  to 
convert  Society  and  Destiny  to  their  views, 
and   at   least    they   would    have    the   con- 
solation of  having  done  what  they  thought 
right ;  but  there  is  no  tragedy  in  the  foolish 
weakness   of  their  behaviour  as  displayed 
here — it  is  merely  ludicrous. 

As  for  the  question  about  which  Mr. 
Hardy  chooses  to  exhibit  his  theory  of  the 
universe,  one  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to 
wish  that  it  had  not  been  that  dreary  ques- 
tion of  the  marriage  tie  and  its  permanence. 
Not  that  the  subject  is  in  itself  out  of  plac* 
in  fiction  ;  Mr.  Meredith  has  triumphantly  ' 
shown  that  it  is  in  place;  but  lately  so 
many  of  the  inferior  writers  of  novels  have 
stirred  up  the  mud  with   this   controversy 


710 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3552,  Nov.  23,  '96 


that  one  would  have  been  content  if  so 
great  a  writer  as  Mr.  Hardy  had  not  touched 
it,  if  he  was  not  going  greatly  to  dignify  it. 
Of  course,  if  a  man  be  bent  on  railing  at 
Destiny,  here  he  has  a  subject  ready  to  hand 
from  almost  the  earliest  dawn  of  literature. 
How  far  these  characters  were  right  or 
wrong  is  not  a  matter  to  be  discussed 
here  ;  that  most  of  them  make  themselves 
exceedingly  ridiculous  is,  in  our  opinion, 
much  more  disastrous. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  as  this 
book  is  by  Mr.  Hardy,  it  is  yet 
a  work  in  some  respects  worthy  of  a 
great  wiiter.  The  sense  of  a  gloomy 
background  of  nature,  conveyed  more  by 
little  hints  than  by  set  descriptions,  is  still 
as  striking  as  ever,  and  some  of  the  minor 
characters  that  pass  over  the  stage  are  de- 
cidedly telling.  Phillotson,  the  husband  of 
Sue,  both  in  his  strength  and  his  weakness 
is  a  very  living  character ;  and  Arabella's 
father,  though  little  more  than  hinted  at, 
furnishes  a  suggestion  of  a  gloomy,  sullen 
force  which  is  undeniably  real.  In  a  way 
the  whole  book  recalls  those  now  famous 
shadow-plays  at  the  Chat  Noir — wonderful 
landscapes,  strangely  horrific  when  meant  to 
suggest  the  terrible,  and  true  by  their  very 
reticence — but  the  characters  mere  paper 
marionettes,  well  cut  out,  it  is  true,  but  still 
cut  out,  and  the  words  they  purport  to  say 
recited  by  a  man,  standing  visibly  to  the 
audience  in  front  of  the  show,  to  accom- 
paniment of  solemn  music. 


Westminster.     By  "Walter  Besant.     (Chatto 

&  Windus.) 
Sir  Walter  Besant  says  in  his  preface  that 
he  does  not  "pretend  to  offer  a  History  of 
Westminster,"  and  we  regret  this  because 
a  history  of  Westminster  is  much  wanted. 
What  he  does  offer,  however,  is  a  description 
of  the  place  and  people  written  in  the  agree- 
able manner  natural  to  him,  so  that  this 
new  book  will  doubtless  take  a  place  by  the 
side  of  its  companion  '  London,'  and  be 
equally  regarded  by  the  general  reader  as 
a  most  interesting  companion  to  the  scenes 
it  describes. 

In  spite  of  this  disclaimer,  the  author 
throws  out  some  suggestions  as  to  the  his- 
torical origin  of  Westminster  which,  although 
interesting  in  themselves,  will  not  bear 
much  investigation.  He  says  it  has 
been  his  endeavour  "to  show,  contrary  to 
received  opinion,  that  the  Isle  of  Bramble 
was  a  busy  place  of  trade  before  London 
existed  at  aU";  and  further  on  he  writes: 
"  It  is  now  impossible  to  doubt  the  existence 
of  a  Roman  station."  In  passing  we  would 
ask  why  Thomey  should  be  styled  "the 
Isle  of  Bramble."  We  presume  that  bramble 
is  here  used  as  a  synonym  of  thorn,  but  this 
it  certainly  is  not.  We  know  no  authority 
for  this  use,  and  none  for  supposing  the 
place  to  have  been  overrun  with  black- 
berry bushes. 

Sir  Walter's  theory,  stated  generally  in 
the  preface,  is  elaborated  in  the  first  chapter, 
styled  "The  Beginnings,"  and  in  support  of 
it  five  points  are  set  out  and  discussed  : — 

"(l)The  evidence  of  situation;  (2)  the  evi- 
dence of  excavation  ;  (3)  the  evidence  of  ancient 
monuments,  ruins,  foundations,  fragments  ; 
(4)  the  evidence  of  tradition;  and  (5)  the 
evidence  of  history." 


The  appearance  of  axithority  here  is  im- 
posing, but  it  really  comes  to  little.  The 
whole  of  the  evidence  for  the  assumption 
that  the  place  afterwards  called  Thorney 
was  a  Roman  station  resolves  itself  into  the 
finding  of  one  sarcophagus  and  one  Roman 
pavement  in  the  nave  of  the  abbey  church, 
and  also  of  "  Roman  bricks  and  fragments  of 
Roman  buildings,"  but  of  the  last  mentioned 
no  particulars  are  furnished.  Surely  this  is 
a  somewhat  weak  foundation  for  so  positive 
an  assertion.  Thorney  was  not  very  far 
from  London,  and  one  or  more  Romans 
might  well  have  settled  there  without  the 
necessary  existence  of  a  station,  which  would 
certainly  have  left  its  mark,  if  not  its  name. 
When  the  earliest  name  of  a  place  is  Saxon, 
that  is  some  evidence  of  itself  against  a 
British  or  Roman  origin. 

Sir  Walter  Besant  supposes  that  the 
Roman  line  of  Edgeware  Road  was  first 
carried  to  Thorney,  and  then,  when  Lon- 
dinium  was  founded,  was  turned  off  along 
the  present  line  of  Oxford  Street,  New 
Oxford  Street,  and  Holborn.  Oxford  Street 
and  Holborn  may  have  been  Roman  roads, 
but  the  matter  is  not  so  certain  as  the 
author  seems  to  think.  At  all  events,  if 
they  were  such,  they  formed  the  great 
westernroadoutofLondinium,  and  not  merely 
a  detour  from  the  original  northern  road. 
One  difiiculty  in  the  reception  of  this  view 
is  the  diversion  of  the  high  road  roimd  the 
church  of  St.  Giles's  in  the  Fields.  The 
Roman  road  may  have  gone  straight  and 
been  afterwards  diverted,  but  when  Sir 
Walter  Besant  sketched  the  plan  on  p.  11, 
where  the  "Military  Road  (New  Oxford 
Street) "  is  made  as  straight  as  a  dart,  he 
might  have  mentioned  the  fact  that  for 
many  centuries  previous  to  1847  there  was 
no  road  where  New  Oxford  Street  now  runs. 

For  the  statement  that  Thorney  was  "  a 
place  of  throng  and  turmoil  far  back  in  the 
centuries  before  the  coming  of  the  Roman" 
we  cannot  find  any  authority  whatever. 
The  author  sets  himself  to  refute  the  received 
opinion  that  the  monks  chose  Thorney  on 
account  of  its  retired  seclusion,  and  he 
writes : — 

"Why  should  not  a  Benedictine  monastery 
be  planted  in  the  midst  of  the  people  ?  Two 
hundred  years  later,  when  the  Priory  of  the 
Holy  Trinity  was  founded,  did  they  place  the 
monastery  in  the  wilds  of  Sheppey,  or  in 
the  marshes  of  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  or  on  lonely 
Canvey  ?  Not  at  all ;  they  placed  it  within 
London  walls  at  Aldgate,  the  busiest  place  in 
the  City.  And  the  Franciscans,  were  they 
exiled  to  some  remote  quarter  ?  Not  at  all  ; 
they  were  established  within  the  walls;  so  were 
the  Austin  Friars  and  the  Crutched  Friars, 
while  the  White  Friars  and  Black  Friars  were 
close  to  the  City  walls." 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  causes  of 
the  foundation  of  Holy  Trinity  at  Aldgate, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  the  earlier 
time  monasteries  were,  as  a  rule,  situated 
outside  the  city.  With  regard  to  the  other 
illustrations,  there  is  a  confusion  between 
monks  and  friars.  The  latter  were  preachers, 
and  naturally  went  where  the  people  to  be 
preached  to  lived.  The  Black,  the  White, 
the  Grey,  and  the  Austin  Friars  divided  up 
half  the  cities  of  the  country  between  them. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  in  Roman 
times  there  was  a  means  of  travelling  south 
from  Thorney  by  the  ferry  to  what  was 
afterwards  Lambeth,  but  this  does  not  make 


a  Roman  station  any  the  more  probable, 
and  the  author  goes  too  far  in  laying  so 
much  stress  on  the  access  to  what  was  after- 
wards the  Dover  Road.  During  the  Roman 
occupation  Dubra3  (Dover)  did  not  occupy 
the  commanding  position  as  the  seaport  for 
the  Continent  which  it  afterwards  obtained. 
The  Roman  road  led  from  Londinium  tO' 
Durovernum  (Canterbury),  and  thence  there- 
was  a  choice  of  three  roads  to  three 
leading  ports,  viz.,  Ritupa)  (Richborough), 
Dubra3  (Dover),  and  Lemaneo  (Lymne),  and 
of  these  Ritupee  was  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant. 

Sir  AValter  Besant's  last  two  evidences 
are  practically  the  same  in  respect  to  West- 
minster, for  there  is  no  trace  of  true  history 
during  its  earliest  years — we  have  little 
more  than  tradition  written  down  in  docu- 
ments. What  is  really  wanted  is  a  search- 
ing examination  of  the  old  charters,  in  order 
to  winnow  out  the  false  from  the  true. 

The  author  is  at  his  best  in  such  chapters 
as  those  on  the  King's  Palace  at  West- 
minster, the  vanished  palace  of  Whitehall, 
and  the  Abbey  itself.  Here  he  throws  life 
into  the  records,  and  covers  the  dry  bones 
of  the  chroniclers  with  flesh  and  blood,  so 
that  the  facts  live  again  in  his  pages.  As 
showing  how  thoroughly  he  set  to  work  to 
understand  the  old  life,  we  find  that  he 
visited  the  Benedictine  Fathers  of  Downside, 
near  Bath,  to  learn  what  a  Benedictine 
house  is  like  now,  and  what  it  may  have 
been  like  at  Westminster. 

The  chapter  on  the  streets  and  the  people 
contains  an  interesting  account  of  the  alms- 
houses and  schools  that  form  so  picturesque 
a  feature  of  the  place.  The  author  naturally 
regrets  the  destruction  of  Emanuel  Hospital, 
and  expresses  his  fear  that  the  Blue  Coat 
School  will  foUow  it : — 

"It  is  still  most  useful — therefore  one  feels 
certain  that  it  is  doomed  ;  it  must  soon  go  to 
make  room  for  residential  flats  and  mansions 
fifteen  stories  high  ;  it  must,  we  have  no  doubt, 
follow  the  other  monuments  of  the  past,  and  be 
absorbed  into  Consolidated  Schools.  If  there 
were  any  other  reason  wanted  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  School,  it  is  the  tradition  that  Wren 
built  it." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  satirical  remarks 
may  have  their  proper  effect,  and  that  the 
wanton  destruction  of  picturesque  buildings 
may  cease. 

The  volume  is  handsome,  and  the  illus- 
trations are  good.  The  griffins  from  the 
roof  of  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel  crawling  down 
the  page  are  truly  delightful. 


Letters  of  Edward  FitzGerald  to  Fanny  Kemhle, 
1871-1883.  Edited  by  WiUiam  Aldis 
Wright.  (Bentley  &  Son.) 
According  to  one  who  is  mentioned  a  score 
of  times  in  the  course  of  these  letters, 
"E,  F.  G.  could  say  to  '  Fanny  '  what  no  one 
else  dare  say  to  her.  He  was  perfectly  fear- 
less—one reason,  perhaps,  why  she  liked  him 
so  much— and  he  had,  I  will  not  say  a  malign, 
but  a  sort  of  artistic  pleasure  in  seeing  '  Fanny  ' 
in  her  splendour  of  indignation.  One  day  she 
came  to  my  father's  house  :  I  suppose  E.  F.  G. 
had  been  out-Heroding  Herod.  Down  she  sat, 
and  forthwith  began  to  pour  out  her  complaints 
respecting  him.  When,  catching  a  twinkle  in 
my  father's  eye,  she  roared  out,  '  The  Wretch  I 
I  see  he  has  been  here  before  me';  and  there- 
upon all  her  wrath  '  melted  into  air,  into  thin 
air.'  " 


N*"  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


711 


Ah. !  those  old  stories  :  there  is  nothing 
of  Heroding  even  in  any  of  these  one  hun- 
dred and  fourteen  letters,  the  first  of  which 
was  not  written  till  Fitz Gerald  and  Mrs. 
Xemble  were  both  well  into  their  sixties, 
whilst  the  last  one  is  dated  less  than  three 
weeks  before  his  death.  More  delightful 
letters  there  are  not  in  our  literature — not 
Gray's,  nor  Cowper's,  nor  Lamb's,  nor 
FitzGerald's  own,  edited  six  years  ago  by 
Mr.  Aldis  Wright.  True,  they  were  charm- 
ing, but  these  are  more  charming  still ;  for 
FitzGerald  to  Mrs.  Kemble  set  forth  only 
his  very  best.  How  good  that  best  could 
be  shall  be  shown  by  one  adequate  sample  : 

"What  inspires  me  now  is,  that,  about  the 
time  you  were  writing  to  me  about  Burns  and 
Be'ranger,  I  was  thinking  of  them,  '  which  was 
the  Greater  Genius  ? ' — I  can't  say  ;  but,  with 
all  my  Admiration  for  about  a  Score  of  the 
Frenchman's  almost  perfect  Songs,  I  would  give 
all  of  them  up  for  a  Score  of  Burns'  Couplets, 
Stanzas,  or  single  Lines  scattered  among  those 
quite  imperfect  Lyrics  of  his.  B^ranger,  no 
doubt,  was  The  Artist,  Avhich  still  is  not  the 
highest  Genius — witness  Shakespeare,  Dante, 
^'Eschylus,  Calderon,  to  the  contrary.  Burns 
assuredly  had  more  Passion  than  the  French- 
man ;  which  is  not  Genius  either,  but  a  great 
part  of  the  Lyric  Poet  still.  What  Be'ranger 
might  have  been,  if  born  and  bred  among  Banks, 
Braes,  and  Mountains,  I  cannot  tell  :  Burns 
had  that  advantage  over  him.  And  then  the 
Highland  JNIary  to  love,  amid  the  heather,  as 
compared  to  Lise  the  Grisette  in  a  Parisian 
suburb  !  Some  of  the  old  French  Virelays  and 
Vaux-de-vire  come  much  nearer  the  Wild  Notes 
of  Burns,  and  go  to  one's  heart  like  his  ; 
Beranger  never  gets  so  far  as  that,  I  think. 
One  knows  he  will  come  round  to  his  pretty 
refrain  with  perfect  grace ;  if  he  were  more 
Inspired  he  could'nt. 

My  Love  is  like  the  red,  red.  Hose 

That  'a  new!3'  sprung  in  June, 
My  Love  is  like  the  Melody 

That's  sweetly  played  in  tune. 

and  he  will  love  his  Love, 

Till  a'  the  Seas  gang  dry 

Yes — Till  a'  the  Seas  gang  dry,  my  Dear.  And 
then  comes  some  weaker  stuff  about  Rocks 
melting  in  the  Sun.  All  Imperfect  ;  but  that 
red,  red  Rose  has  burned  itself  into  one's  silly 
Soul  in  spite  of  all.  Do  you  know  that  one  of 
Burns'  few  almost  perfect  stanzas  was  perfect 
till  he  added  two  Syllables  to  each  alternate 
Line  to  fit  it  to  the  lovely  Music  which  almost 
excuses  such  a  dilution  of  the  Verse. 


Ye  Banks  and  Braes  o'  bonny  Doon, 

How  can  ye  bloom  (so  fresh)  so  fair  ? 
Ye  little  Birds,  how  can  ye  sing. 

And  I  so  (w  eary)  full  of  care  y 
Thou  'It  break  my  heart,  thou  little  Bird, 

That  sings  (singest  so)  upon  the  Thorn  : 
Thou  minds  me  of  departed  days 

That  never  shall  return 

(Departed  never  to  return). 

"Now  I  shall  tell  you  two  things  which  my 
last  Quotation  has  recalled  to  me. 

"Some  thirty  years  ago  A.  Tennyson  went 
over  the  Burns  Country.  When  he  was  one 
day  by  Doon-side  — 'I  can't  tell  how  it  was, 
Fitz,  but  I  fell  into  a  Passion  of  Tears ' — And 
A.  T.  not  given  to  the  melting  mood  at  all, 

"  No.  2.  My  old  friend  Childs  told  me  that 
one  day  he  started  outside  the  Coach  in  company 
with  a  poor  Woman  who  had  just  lost  Husband 
or  Child.  She  talked  of  her  Loss  and  Sorrow 
with  some  Resignation  :  till  the  Coach  happened 
to  pull  up  by  a  roadside  Inn.  A  '  little  Bird  ' 
was  singing  somewhere  ;  the  poor  Woman  then 
broke  into  Tears,  and  said— 'I  could  bear  any- 
thing but  that.'  I  dare  say  she  had  never  even 
heard  of  Burns  ;  but  he  had  heard  the  little  Bird 
that  he  knew  would  go  to  all  Hearts  in  Sorrow." 

There!  that  seems  to  us  simply  admirable, 
worth  all  the  thousand  and  one  Burns 
dinners,  with  their  tedious,  twaddly,  half- 


tipsy  tomfoolery — worth,  too,  all  the  lucubra- 
tions of  those  critics  who  hold  the  plenary 
inspiration  theory,  and  who,   if  you  quote 
them  for  Burns' s  a  stanza  by  Fergusson,  will 
give  you   a  dozen  reasons  why  no  one  but 
Burns   could  have  written  it.     The  letters 
are   not    all,    of    course,    Hke    this ;    some 
readers,  indeed,  very  likely  may  call  them 
unequal.    So  they  are,  in  the  sense  in  which 
jagged  hills  are  unequal ;  but,  then,  in  the 
hoUows  one  lights  on  such  exquisite  babble 
about  common  things  and  common  people  : 
the  sea  and  nightingales  and  daffy- do wn- 
diUies,  fisher-folk,  the  Great  Twalmley,  and 
that  boy-reader  whose  blunders  were  often 
more  entertaining  than  the  Times — "  han- 
garoos  in  the  French  Assembly  "  and  "  iron- 
clad   laughter    from    the    Extreme    Left." 
Who  but  FitzGerald  would  ever  have  written 
of    nightingales,    "I  don't  care   for   those 
latter  at   Night :   they  ought  to   be  in  Bed 
like  the  rest   of   us "  ?     Or  who  else  that 
inimitable  epitome    of    an   excellent   lady, 
"After  which  she  married  herself  to  a  Mr. 
Wilkinson — made   him  very  Evangelical — 
and  tiresome — and  so  they  fed  their  Flock 
in  a  Suffolk  village  "  ?     Or 

"positively  the  only  new  thing  we  have  in 
Woodbridge,  a  Waxen  Bust  (Lady,  of  course)  at 
the  little  Hairdresser's  opposite.  She  turns 
slowly  round,  to  our  wonder  and  delight  ;  and 
I  caught  the  little  Barber  the  other  day  in  the 
very  Act  of  winding  her  up  to  run  her  daily 
Stage  of  Duty." 

Many  are  so  eager  to  be  saying  good 
things  themselves  that  they  have  no  ears 
for  the  good  things  said  by  others.  Fitz- 
Gerald was  not  one  of  these ;  and  some  of 
the  finest  bits  in  his  letters  are  utterances 
by  other  people,  which  but  for  him  might 
have  passed  unrecorded.  Thus,  "  Alfred 
de  Musset,"  he  writes,  "loved  to  read — 
'  Clarissa  ' !  which  reminds  me  of  Tenny- 
son, some  forty  years  ago,  saying  to  me, 
apropos  of  that  very  book,  'I  love  those 
large,  still  Books.'  "  Tennyson,  too,  it  was 
who  once  said  to  him  that  "  '  Lycidas  '  is  a 
touchstone  of  poetic  Taste  ";  and  a  Suffolk 
girl,  a  heroine  of  FitzGerald's,  who  re- 
marked of  trees  in  the  Highlands,  "  0,  they 
give  themselves  no  dying  Airs,  but  turn 
Orange  in  a  Day,  and  are  swept  off  in  a 
Whirlwind,  and  Winter  is  come."  Dorothy 
Wordsworth  could  have  said  that,  and,  we 
had  fancied,  no  one  besides. 

Thackeray  and  Tennyson,  Spedding  and 
Carlyle,   Donne  and   Dean    Merivale,    and 
many  others — we  catch  glimpses  of   them 
through  these  letters  as  of  the  sun  through 
a  telescope,  only  FitzGerald  shows  no  spots, 
in  those,  at  least,  whom  he  loved.     He  was 
no  indiscriminate,   universal  admirer.     He 
never  cared  for  Browning's  poetry,  or  Sir 
Henry     Irving' s     acting,    or     Sir     Arthur 
Helps's  essays,  or  Goethe's   'Faust';   and 
there   was    a    something,  too,  he   did   not 
like    in  —  his     own    mother's    face :     that 
face     which     we    know    through    George 
Raphael  Ward's  engraving  of  Lawrence's 
portrait,    and   which    "bore    a    surprising 
resemblance  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington." 
The  following  passage  was  written,  be   it 
remembered,  in  a  private  letter  to  an  old, 
old  friend  ;    still,  we  could  have  wished  it 
unwritten,  though  it  may  help  us  the  better 
to  understand  the  writer  : — 


Squire  passing  over  the  Lawn  with  their  little 
pack  of  Harriers — an  almost  obliterated  Slide 
of  the  old  Magic  Lantern.  My  Mother  used 
to  come  up  sometimes,  and  we  Children  were 
not  much  comforted.  She  was  a  remarkable 
woman,  as  you  said  in  a  former  letter  ;  and  as 
I  constantly  believe  in  outward  Beauty  as  an 
Index  of  a  Beautiful  Soul  within,  I  used  some- 
times to  wonder  what  feature  in  her  fine  face 
betrayed  what  was  not  so  good  in  her  Character. 
I  think  (as  usual)  the  Lips  :  there  was  a  twist  of 
Mischief  about  them  now  and  then,  like  that  in 
— the  Tail  of  a  Cat  I — otherwise  so  smooth  and 
amiable." 

We  should  like  to  have  had  a  present- 
ment of  that  face  here,  instead  of  a  repeti- 
tion of  FitzGerald's ;  for  the  portrait  of 
Fanny  Kemble  we  are  grateful.  There  is  a 
capital  index,  which  was  lacking  in  the  first 
edition  of  the  '  Letters  and  Eemains  ';  and 
Mr.  Aldis  Wright  has  done  his  work 
admirably  as  an  editor.  His  notes  are 
brief  and  always  to  the  point ;  many  of 
them  must  have  entailed  a  great  deal  of 
careful  research.  Tom  Taylor  can  hardly 
be  said  to  have  "  pubUshed  a  very  good 
Memoir  of  Haydon" — it  was  the  painter's 
own  wonderful  autobiography  that  he 
edited.  The  Crabbe  article  in  the  Corn- 
hill  was,  if  we  mistake  not,  by  Mr.  Leslie 
Stephen;  the  "  Great  Murder  of  Fualdes  " 
might  have  called  forth  a  foot-note;  and 
Thomas  GriflB.ths  Wainewright  did  not  poison 
his  wife,  but  only  her  mother,  her  sister,  and 
an  uncle. 


"From  that  window  at  Bredfield  House    I 
remember    seeing     my    Father    with     another 


Palmyra    and    Zenobia.     By   the    Eev.    W. 

Wright,  D.D.  (Nelson  &  Sons.) 
The  true  connexion  between  the  Tadmor  of 
Scripture  and  the  Palmyra  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  is  still  an  open  question ;  nor  can 
it  be  definitely  solved  so  long  as  the  identifi- 
cation of  the  former  place  with  the  city  built 
by  Solomon  in  the  wilderness  remains  un- 
substantiated. According  to  the  late  Prof. 
Robertson  Smith,  who  devoted  a  full  article 
in  the  '  Encyclopoedia  Britannica '  to  the 
question,  Tadmor  represents  "almost  cer- 
tainly the  Tamar  of  Ezekiel  xlvii.  19  and 
xlviii.  28  "  ;  consequently  the  reference  is 
to  a  site  on  the  south  -  east  frontier  of 
Judaea,  hundreds  of  miles  away  from  the 
conventional  Tadmor — probably  near  En- 
gedi. 

The  vexata  quastio  is  not  very  closely  con- 
sidered, nor  is  the  evidence  bearing  upon  it 
quite  critically  or  thoroughly  sifted,  in  the 
weU  -  printed   and  well  -  illustrated   volume 
which  Dr.  Wright  has  just  added  to    the 
bibliography  of  the  Palmyrene — the  Syria 
Secunda    and   Salutaris  of   some    authors ; 
but  he  has  produced  a  most  attractive  and 
instructive    narrative,    whether    considered 
from   an  historical  point   of  view  or  as  a 
book   of  travel.     Tamar,    in   the   Book   of 
Kings,   he  finds   "identified  as    a   ruin   at 
Kurnub  in  the  land  of  Juda";  but,  practi- 
cally, he  does  what  most  people  do — more 
especially  map-makers — and  accepts  Tadmor, 
north-east  of  Damascus,  as  Palmyra,  and 
vice  versa. 

Of  the  Palmyra  of  Odeenathus  and  Zenobia 
the  author  spares  no  pains  to  lay  before  his 
reader  a  full  account.  Not  only  has  he  con- 
cisely refashioned  an  old  story,  told  and 
retold  by  popular  writers  of  former  genera- 
tions, but  he  has  embellished  his  summary 
with  additions  gathered  from  coins,  from 
seals,    and  from   monumental  inscriptions. 


712 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


He  has  made  little  mention  of  contem- 
porary travellers  or  explorers  in  Syria, 
though  the  names  of  Sir  Richard  Burton 
and  Lady  Anne  Blunt  once  or  twice  ap- 
pear in  his  pages.  We  could  wish  that  he 
had  said  a  word  or  two  more  on  what  he 
calls  the  "  pleasant  book  "  of  that  accom- 
plished and  energetic  lady  Miss  Beaufort, 
afterwards  Lady  Strangford.  Her  'Egyptian 
Sepulchres  and  Syrian  Shrines  '  has  a  claim 
to  something  better  than  ephemeral  reputa- 
tion, and  her  notices  of  Palmyra  and  its 
belongings  are  superior  to  those  of  the 
average  traveller. 

It  must  not  be  imagined  from  the  above 
remarks  that  Dr.  Wright's  welcome  publi- 
cation is  a  repertory  of  dry  facts  or  archaeo- 
logical research.  By  no  means  is  it  wanting 
in  anecdotes  of  personal  adventure  and  in- 
cidents of  travel — in  proof  of  which  one 
may  be  selected  out  of  many  passages.  Our 
traveller  describes  how,  on  one  occasion,  his 
pluck  was  suffered  to  override  his  discre- 
tion, and  the  description  is  vivid  enough  to 
warrant  an  unabridged  extract : — 

"Crossing  the  Abu  Sahil  Cemetery,  I  noticed 
a  hole  made  by  a  fox  or  a  jackal,  at  the  base  of 
one  of  the  mounds.  I  threw  a  stone  into  the 
hole,  and  heard  it  rolling  down  a  considerable 
distance.  The  spirit  of  adventure  was  roused, 
and  squeezing  myself  through  the  hole  with 
some  difficulty,  and  sliding  down  gently,  I  sud- 
denly dropped  seven  or  eight  feet,  into  a  pitch 
dark  dungeon.  I  thought  I  had  fallen  a  much 
greater  distance  ;  indeed,  in  the  unknown  dark- 
ness, I  thought,  in  my  descent,  I  was  never 
going  to  reach  the  bottom. 

"Having  recovered  from  the  shock  of  the 
fall,  I  lighted  a  piece  of  magnesian  wire,  and 
found  myself  amply  rewarded  for  my  abrupt 
tumble,  by  the  marvellous  scene  that  met  my 
view.  By  the  bright  light  I  saw  that  I  was  in 
a  low-browed  vault,  surrounded  by  the  moulder- 
ing remains  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  Pal- 
myrans.  The  vault  was  sixty  feet  long  by 
twenty-seven  wide,  and  seven  or  eight  feet  high. 
There  were  nine  recesses  for  bodies  on  either 
side,  and  five  at  the  lower  end.  The  recesses, 
in  length  and  general  dimensions,  resembled 
the  loculi  in  the  tomb-towers,  which  we  had 
already  explored  ;  but  they  were  cemented 
down  the  sides,  and  each  had  five  shelves  of 
hard-baked  pottery  fitted  and  cemented  into 
them.  On  these  shelves  the  embalmed  corpses 
of  the  Palmyrans  were  laid,  the  bodies  having 
been  rammed  in  head  foremost,  with  their  feet 
out.  As  I  looked  around  this  silent  and  awful 
resting-place  of  the  dead,  I  could  not  help 
thinking  that  Isaiah  may  have  had  in  view  such 
a  charnel-house  when  he  described  the  commo- 
tion that  would  be  caused  by  the  arrival  of  the 
Chaldean  monarch  :  'Hell  [sheol]  from  beneath 
is  moved  for  thee  to  meet  thee  at  thy  coming  ; 
it  stirreth  up  the  dead  for  thee  '  (Isa.  xiv.  9). 

"My  magnesian  wire  soon  burned  to  the  end, 
but  before  it  was  exhausted  I  had  time  to  make 
the  accompanying  ground  plan  of  the  vault,  on 
a  piece  of  cigarette  paper  which  I  happened  to 
have  in  my  pocket.  When  the  bright  light 
went  out,  the  darkness  became  palpable.  I 
struck  my  few  remaining  matches,  one  after 
another,  but  they  only  served  to  disclose  the 
denseness  of  the  gloom.  I  was  in  a  veritable 
trap  of  death.  The  hole  through  which  I  had 
descended  was  several  feet  beyond  my  reach. 
I  had  been  a  considerable  time  in  the  pit,  but 
the  minutes  seemed  hours,  and  it  was  clear  that 
none  of  my  party  knew  anything  of  my  position. 
In  the  still  darkness,  I  heard  the  beating  of  my 
own  heart  distinctly. 

"  After  a  few  minutes  of  bewilderment,  it 
became  apparent  that  I  must  depend  on  my 
own  efforts  to  effect  my  escape  from  the  awful 
charnel-house.     I   began   at  once  to  draw  the 


pottery  shelves  from  under  the  skeletons,  to 
form  a  step  by  which  to  reach  the  hole  at  the 
top.  It  was  not  pleasant,  in  the  darkness,  to 
grope  among  the  bony  skeletons,  sometimes 
putting  my  hands  on  a  skull,  and  sometimes  on 
the  fleshless  toes  of  a  foot.  I  tried  to  set  up 
the  longest  tiles  on  their  ends,  laying  others 
across,  and  propping  up  the  structure  with 
shin-bones  and  other  fragments  of  skeletons  ; 
but  the  erection  came  down  when  I  tried  to 
mount  it,  and  I  found  that  it  would  be  necessary 
to  build  up  a  solid  mass  of  the  tile  shelves.  The 
tiles  were  about  an  inch  thick,  and  I  knew  that 
there  were  one  hundred  and  fifteen,  but  some  of 
them  were  so  well  cemented  into  their  places 
that  I  could  neither  draw  them  out  nor  break 
them.  It  soon  became  a  struggle  for  life,  and 
in  the  darkness  I  lost  a  good  deal  of  time  in 
finding  the  exact  spot  on  which  to  place  the 
tiles  when  I  had  succeeded  in  drawing  them 
from  under  the  fleshless  skeletons.  In  the 
midst  of  my  operations,  I  heard  footsteps 
overhead.  I  made  all  the  noise  I  could, 
singing  the  Druze  war -song,  which  carries 
a  great  burden  of  sound.  I  heard  voices, 
and  believed  I  was  heard  ;  but  the  sound 
of  voices  and  of  the  footfalls  died  away. 
I  resumed  my  labours  with  a  feeling  of  con- 
sternation. I  do  not  think  I  was  much  troubled 
with  superstitious  feelings,  but  I  worked  so  hard 
that  the  perspiration  dropped  from  ray  face. 
Suddenly,  to  my  great  joy,  many  voices  and 
more  numerous  footsteps  returned.  Some  of 
the  Palmyrans  who  had  heard  me  underground 
declared  with  alarm  that  the  dead  were  being 
disturbed,  and  that  they  were  shouting  for 
the  '  Sheikh  Ibn  el-Hamdan  ';  and  some  of  my 
people,  who  had  missed  me,  hearing  the  report, 
and  recognizing  a  bit  of  my  desert  Druze  song, 
came  hurrying  off  to  find  me. 

"A  rope  with  a  grappling-iron  was  let  down 
the  hole.  I  put  my  foot  on  the  hook,  using  it 
as  a  stirrup,  and  holding  by  the  rope,  I  was, 
after  a  little  trouble,  drawn  out  once  more  into 
the  light  of  day.  I  had  been  absent  scarcely  an 
hour,  though  the  time  of  my  detention  in  the 
darkness  seemed  an  age." 


PMlo  about  the   Contemplative    Life ;   or,   the 
Fourth    Book    of    the    Treatise    concerning 
Virtues.     Critically  edited,  with  a  Defence 
of    its  Genuineness,    by  Fred.  C.  Cony- 
beare,  M.A.  With  a  Facsimile.     (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 
Philo  and  Holy   Scripture ;  or,  the   Quotations 
of  Philo  from  the  Books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
With  Introduction  and  Notes  by  Herbert 
Edward  Eyle,  D.D.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Mk.  Contbeare  supplies   his  readers  with 
all  that  is  necessary  for  a  knowledge  of  the 
treatise   '  De  Vita   Contemplativa,'  for   he 
begins  by  discussing  the  various  authorities 
on  which  the  text  can  be  constituted,  and 
he  then  gives  a  recension  of  the  Greek  text, 
with   copious   testimonia  from    the  writings 
of   Philo,  illustrative  of  the  subject  or   of 
the    style.      This   is    followed   by   editions 
of  the  old  Latin  version,  of  the  Armenian 
version,    and    of    the    Eusebian    excerpts. 
Then  we  have  a  commentary  on  the  trea- 
tise,   and  last   comes   an   excursus  on   the 
authorship. 

Mr.  Conybeare  has  taken  infinite  pains 
with  his  task.  He  has  made  use  of  every 
available  source,  and  has  exercised  an  inde- 
pendent judgment  in  coming  to  his  conclu- 
sions. The  work  abounds  in  inquiries  into 
subjects  on  which  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  in- 
formation, and  throws  considerable  light  on 
points  in  early  Christianity  which  have  not 
received  much  attention.  The  notes  are 
consequently  fuU  of  interest. 


The  work  is  by  far  the  best  edition  extant 
of  the  '  De  Vita  Contemplativa,'  and  is  in  the 
highest  degree  creditable  to  British  scholar- 
ship. It  is  also  a  valuable  contribution  to 
a  more  complete  and  satisfactory  edition  of 
the  entire  works  of  Philo  than  now  exists, 
for  Mr.  Conybeare  has  endeavoured  to 
improve  the  texts  of  his  testimonia  by 
adducing  readings  from  manuscripts  which 
have  hitherto  been  unrecorded. 

The  main  purpose  which  Mr.  Conybeare 
set  before  him  in  his  labours  was  to  prove 
that  the  book  is  a  genuine  work  of  Philo's. 
He  has  had  specially  in  view  the  treatise  of 
Lucius,  *  Die  Therapeuten  und  ihre  Stellung 
in  der  Geschichte  der  Askese.'  This  dis- 
sertation consists  of  two  parts.  In  the  first 
Lucius  tries  to  show  that  the  work  could 
not  have  been  written  by  Philo  ;  and  in  the 
second  he  propounds  a  theory  as  to  its 
authorship.  Mr.  Conybeare  is  completely 
successful  in  demonstrating  that  the  theory 
is  in  the  highest  degree  improbable ;  but 
he  appears  to  us  to  fail  in  his  attempt  to 
invalidate  the  arguments  which  Lucius 
adduces  to  prove  that  the  work  was  not 
written  by  Philo.  Of  course,  all  allow  that  the 
book  contains  many  similarities  of  style  to 
what  we  find  in  Philo.  The  only  question, 
is  whether  these  similarities  are  best 
accounted  for  by  supposing  that  Philo 
wrote  the  book,  or  that  some  one  living  in 
the  same  place,  breathing  the  same  atmo- 
sphere, and  familiar  with  Philo's  works^ 
introduced  them  in  the  composition  of  the 
'  De  Vita  Contemplativa.'  The  existence  of 
forms  of  expression  that  cannot  be  paral- 
leled in  the  genuine  writings  of  Philo 
suggests  that  the  book  was  not  written  by 
him.  Mr.  Conybeare  adduces  three  such 
expressions  from  Lucius  on  p.  343,  and 
refers  to  his  testimonia  as  convincing  proofs 
that  they  are  thoroughly  Philonean.  His 
testimonia  prove  that  Lucius  was  wrong 
in  regard  to  the  first.  But  Mr.  Cony- 
beare's  testitnonia  do  not  contain  the 
second  or  the  third,  and  only  show  that 
they  may  have  been  compounded  out  of 
Philonean  expressions. 

Then,  again,  it  is  not  easy  to  deny  that 
there  are  Christian  elements  in  the  work,. 
as  Mr.  Conybeare  must  do  in  maintaining 
that  it  is  Philo's.  The  writer,  indeed,  uses 
vague  language  even  in  regard  to  the 
practices  of  the  Therapeutse,  and  tells  us 
nothiilg  of  their  doctrines.  We  can  gather 
easily  that  he  intends  us  to  believe  that 
they  were  of  the  Jewish  way  of  thinking, 
but  even  in  regard  to  this  his  statements 
are  more  suggestive  than  positive.  At  the 
same  time  he  certainly  does  not  represent 
them  as  Christians.  Yet  he  has  expressions 
which  seem  connected  with  Christianity. 
Thus  he  speaks  of  a  ixovaaTTJptov.  Mr.  Cony- 
beare is  obliged  to  allow  that  the  word  does 
not  occur  in  any  other  work  of  Philo  or  any 
contemj)orary,  and  that  it  "is  not  again  met 
with  in  any  Greek  document  until  the  end 
of  the  third  century,  when  it  has  acquired 
the  sense  of  a  building  or  establishment  for 
a  single  monk  or  hermit."  Again,  we  do  not 
think  that  Mr.  Conybeare  is  happy  in  his 
treatment  of  the  expression  ttu  I'a-y eo-raTov 
diriov.  Lucius  thinks  that  the  epithet  was 
suggested  by  the  character  of  the  bread 
used  at  the  Sacrament.  Mr.  Conybeare  has 
to  avert  this  reference  by  devising  a  new 
meaning  for  ^raiayvys.  Ilamyrjs  seems  to  be 


N"  3552,  Nov.  23, '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


713 


invariablj'  employed  by  heathen  writers  in 
the  sense  of  sacrosanctus,  and  Mr.  Conybeare 
represents  the  Armenian  version  as  trans- 
lating TravayiciraTov  hy  sacrosanctus  in  the 
passage  in  the  '  De  Yita  Contemplativa.' 
Sacrosanctus  means  that  the  person  or  object 
is  especially  under  the  care  of  the  gods,  and 
that,  if  any  one  violates  him  or  it,  he  may 
expect  that  the  gods  -will  take  vengeance  on 
him.  In  this  sense  it  was  applied  to  the 
tribunes,  the  vestal  virgins,  and  other  sacred 
persons.  And  it  is  easy  to  conceive  that  it 
would  be  an  appropriate  epithet  for  the 
bread  of  the  Sacrament,  the  profaner  of  it 
being  regarded  as  in  a  special  way  incurring 
the  wrath  of  God.  The  application  of  the 
term  to  the  bread  taken  by  the  Therapeutoc 
at  their  great  festival  is  most  easily  ex- 
plained by  siii^posing  it  to  be  a  transference 
fi-om  the  Christian  idea.  Mr.  Conybeare 
thinks  of  getting  rid  of  this  inference  by 
suggesting  that  the  word  may  mean  "  all 
pure" — for  which  there  is  no  foundation 
whatever — or  "all  sacred,"  of  which  mean- 
ing he  gives  no  definition.  He  lays  much 
stress  on  Lucius's  translation  "  die  aller- 
heiligste  Speise,"  which,  like  "  all  sacred," 
does  not  express  well  the  meaning  of 
TravayccrraTOV. 

The  only  account  which  we  have  of  the 
Therapeutce  is  contained  in  this  treatise. 
The  Therapeutcc  were  altogether  a  singular 
sect.  They  came  from  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  settled  down  in  a  district  of 
Egypt.  They  dwelt  each  separately  in  a 
small  sequestered  house,  and  had  no  inter- 
course with  each  other  during  six  days  of 
the  week.  They  never  emerged  from  the 
precincts  of  their  solitary  abodes  during 
that  time.  They  spent  the  entire  period  of 
the  day  in  which  there  was  light  in  meditat- 
ing on  the  Divine  Being,  and  did  not  take 
food  till  darkness  came  on.  Then  they  ate 
bread  and  drank  water,  but  took  nothing 
else.  No  indication  is  given  how  they  were 
supplied  with  the  bread.  But  surely  such 
an  extraordinary  sect  would  be  certain  to 
attract  attention.  Yet  Philo  in  his  other 
works  never  speaks  of  them.  Strabo  de- 
scribes the  locality  in  which  they  are  said 
to  have  dwelt  at  the  very  time  when  they 
must  have  been  there,  if  Philo  wrote  the 
treatise,  and  yet  he  knows  nothing  of  them. 
There  are  strong  reasons  for  expecting  that 
Josephus,  Pliny,  Apion,  and  others  would 
have  mentioned  them,  but  none  of  these 
writers  once  alludes  to  them.  Mr.  Cony- 
beare imagines  that  Philo  does  allude  to 
them,  but  all  the  passages  which  he  adduces 
merely  prove  that  there  were  people  in  his 
day  who  retired  from  the  busy  cities  to  the 
country  to  devote  themselves  to  the  contem- 
plation of  God.  But  such  people  have 
existed  in  aU  ages.  !Mi'.  Conybeare  makes 
light  of  the  silence  of  the  others,  and  of 
course  it  is  not  absolute  proof  that  the 
Therapeuta)  did  not  then  exist,  but  it  ought 
to  weigh  among  the  considerations  which 
determine  the  authorship. 

Several  other  points  come  up  for  exa- 
mination which  we  think  Mr.  Conybeare  is 
not  inclined  to  A'iew  with  impartiality.  But 
all  his  arguments  deserve  the  careful  atten- 
tion of  scholars,  and  they  will  help  to  an 
ultimate  solution  of  the  problem  as  to  the 
authorship. 

Mr.  Conybeare  is,  perhaps,  rather  apt  to 
accept  without  question  the  genuineness  of 


any  work  which  happens  to  be  contained  in 
the  MSS.  of  Philo.  He  quotes  the  treatise 
"  Quod  omnis  probus  liber "  as  if  there 
were  no  doubts  in  regard  to  its  authenticity, 
though  Ausfeld,  whom  he  never  mentions, 
has  shown  it  to  be  very  likely  that  it  is  not 
the  work  of  the  Alexandrian  Jew. 

Though  we  may  differ  from  Mr.  Cony- 
beare, we  desire  to  express  our  high  opinion 
of  the  value  of  the  work  which  he  has  done, 
and  of  the  great  independence  with  which 
he  has  pursued  his  investigations.  In 
issuing  a  new  edition,  he  would  benefit 
readers  if  he  introduced  the  letters  as  well 
as  the  numbers  of  the  pages  of  the  princeps 
editio,  and  if  he  also  adopted  the  arrange- 
ment in  chapters. 

Dr.  Eyle,  in  his  turn,  has  done  a  useful 
piece  of  work,  for  which  all  students  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  of  Philo  wiU  thank  him. 
He  has  extracted  all  the  quotations  which 
Philo  makes  from  the  Old  Testament  and 
printed  them  in  full  in  the  order  in  which 
they  occur  in  the  Bible.  He  has  also  written 
a  short  introduction,  in  which  he  has  sum- 
marized Philo' s  references  to  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. Nearly  all  the  Alexandrian  Jew's 
quotations  are  taken  from  the  Pentateuch ; 
he  makes  no  reference  at  all  to  Euth,  Esther, 
Ecclesiastes,  Song  of  Songs,  Lamentations, 
Ezekiel,  or  Daniel ;  and  his  references  to  the 
other  books  of  Scripture  are  few,  and  some 
of  them  of  doubtful  import.  Dr.  Ryle  en- 
deavours to  account  for  the  absence  of  these 
references  in  such  a  way  as  to  save  the 
canonicity  of  most  of  the  books ;  but  he 
gives  up  Esther,  Ecclesiastes,  Song  of  Songs, 
and  Daniel,  remarking  that  "  there  is  good 
ground  for  supposing  that  their  canonicity 
had  not  been  fully  recognized  in  Egypt  in 
the  lifetime  of  Philo." 

Dr.  Eyle's  work,  as  far  as  the  text  is 
concerned,  can  be  regarded  only  as  provi- 
sional. Eor,  first,  the  text  of  Philo  has  not 
yet  been  constituted  on  the  available  manu- 
script and  other  authorities  ;  and,  second,  it 
is  difficult  to  determine  how  far  Christian 
transcribers  have  altered  the  quotations  of 
Philo  in  order  to  harmonize  them  with  the 
texts  of  Scripture  which  they  themselves 
were  in  the  habit  of  using.  But  Dr.  Eyle 
has  laid  a  good  foundation :  the  notes  which 
he  has  supplied  are  pertinent  and  valuable, 
and  the  introduction  is  helpful  to  a  right 
use  and  understanding  of  the  book. 


The  Valley  of  Kashmir,  By  Walter  E. 
Lawrence,  Settlement  Commissioner, 
Kashmir  and  Jammu  State.  (Frowde.) 
Those  who  have  had  the  good  fortune  to 
travel  in  Kashmir  will  acknowledge  how 
difficult  it  is  to  describe  with  moderation 
of  language  its  beauties  and  attractions, 
for  not  only  do  they  equal  those  of  any 
other  part  of  the  world,  but  they  are  in 
most  instances  enhanced  by  contrast  with 
the  repulsive  monotony  of  the  plains  of 
India  during  the  hot  season.  From  those 
plains  the  traveller  turns  with  appreciation 
to  any  part  of  the  Himalaya,  the  change 
of  climate  alone  sufficing  to  make  him 
grateful,  but  in  Kashmir  his  every  sense 
is  satisfied  :  the  artist  can  find  no  finer 
landscape,  no  better  figures  ;  the  active  may 
enjoy  the  highest  forms  of  sport  amongst 
hills  and  surroundings  not  to  be  surpassed  ; 
and  the  weary  may  rest.     Such  a  country, 


isolated  though  it  be,  could  not  hope  to 
escape  the  notice  of  conc|uerors,  and  so  it 
hai:»pened  that  its  men,  by  nature  effeminate 
and  by  order  clothed  as  women,  have 
deteriorated  till  they  may  in  certain  re- 
spects be  classed  as  amongst  the  most 
abject  of  the  earth. 

The  state  became  a  dependency  of  the 
Punjab  in  Eanjit  Singh's  time,  and  with 
Jammu  its  rule  was  entrusted  to  Gulab 
Singh,  brother  of  Wazir  Dhyan  Singh. 
At  the  close  of  the  first  Sikh  war,  GuUib 
Singh  represented  the  Punjab  dming  the 
negotiations  for  peace,  and,  for  a  considera- 
tion of  three-quarters  of  a  miUion  sterling, 
secured  recognition  as  ruler  of  Kashmir. 
His  grandson  is  now  Maharaja,  and  cir- 
cumstances have  changed  so  gi'eatly  during 
recent  years  that  relations  with  India  are 
necessarily  more  intimate  than  they  used 
to  be.  These  are  conducted  by  a  Eesident 
who  lives  in  the  state  throughout  the  year, 
whereas  in  old  days  that  official  merely 
spent  the  summer  in  the  coimtry ;  and  one 
result  of  the  change  is  that  endeavom-  has 
been  made  to  raise  the  status  of  the  people. 
"With  a  view  to  this  Mr.  Wingate,  of  the 
Indian  Civil  Service,  was  deputed  in  1887 
to  undertake  the  revenue  settlement  of  the 
country,  and  was  succeeded  in  1889  by  Mr. 
Walter  E.  Lawrence,  author  of  the  hand- 
some volume  under  consideration.  It  is 
unquestionably  a  work  of  much  merit,  and 
it  forms  the  record  of  an  honest  attempt  to 
attack  corruption  where  it  is  most  strongly 
rooted,  and  to  cleanse  an  administration 
said  to  have  been  notorious  for  dishonesty 
to  the  ruler  coupled  with  venality  and  oppres- 
sion of  the  ruled.  Its  preparation  involved 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
this  was  acquired  by  patient  personal  in- 
vestigation in  the  towns  and  villages. 
Chapters  are  devoted  to  the  geology  and 
archteology  of  the  vaUey,  to  its  history,  its 
flora  and  fauna,  its  trade  and  agriculture ; 
there  is  also  useful  information  about  the 
peoi:)le,  their  mode  of  life  and  occupations. 
But  though  aU  these  matters  are  relevant, 
the  chief  interest  of  the  book  to  visitors 
lies  in  the  descriptions  of  the  fatma,  which 
attracts  sportsmen,  and  of  the  buildings 
and  scenery,  which  are  the  admiration  of 
travellers. 

Eespecting  the  fauna  the  remarks  in 
chap.  V.  are  sound  and  sensible.  From 
various  causes  game  is  now  scarce  where 
once  it  was  plentiful,  and  unless  it  is  to 
become  extinct  (and  one  of  the  chief  induce- 
ments the  Anglo-Indian  has  for  visiting  the 
country  be  thus  lost)  measures  must  be  taken 
for  its  preservation.  On  this  subject  Mr. 
Lawrence  writes  : — 

"  I  do  not  think  that  game  preservation  will 
be  placed  on  a  satisfactory  basis  until  an  asso- 
ciation is  formed  for  the  purpose  of  controlling 
sport  in  Kashmir.  If  some  association  were 
formed,  a  healthy  public  opinion  would  be 
created,  which  would  soon  check  wholesale 
slaughter  of  game,  and  all  unsportsmanlike 
behaviour.  The  question  is  of  considerable 
importance,  as  Kashmir  and  its  neighbouring 
mountains  have  afforded  health  and  excitement 
to  British  officers  serving  in  India,  and  it  would 
be  a  matter  of  serious  regret  if  game  were  ex- 
terminated by  the  selfish  and  ignorant  conduct 
of  the  '  fin  de  siecle  '  sportsman,  and  if  the  grand 
stalking  of  the  Kashmir  mountains,  so  congenial 
a  relaxation  to  the  soldier,  became  a  thing  of 
the  pa.st." 


714 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


Possibly  in  time  the  forests  may  be  let, 
in  which  case  preservation  will  become  im- 
perative, and  the  State  may  profit  by  their 
rents  ;  if  so,  the  Indian  Government  should 
surely  lease  a  large  area  in  order  to  induce 
officers  to  spend  their  leave  in  the  way  most 
profitable  to  their  physical  training.  The 
sport  to  be  had  in  addition  to  big  game 
includes  pheasants  and  partridges,  whilst 
snipe  and  wild  fowl  are  abundant  in  suit- 
able localities.  Fish,  too,  are  plentiful,  and 
may  be  taken  by  rod  and  line ;  the  author 
suggests  the  introduction  of  American  trout, 
which  may  be  advisable. 

In  buildings  and  relics  of  antiquity 
Kashmir  is  rich,  but  trustworthy  informa- 
tion concerning  them  is  meagre.  Some, 
such  as  the  temples  at  Awantipura, 
are  mere  ruins,  for  whose  destruction 
fanaticism  rather  than  the  hand  of  time 
must  be  blamed.  Others,  such  as  the 
buildings  at  Martand  and  Payech,  are  in 
better  order,  but  demand  the  care  of  the 
State.  In  addition  to  decay  from  age  they 
are  liable  to  the  shock  of  earthquakes,  and 
it  would  indeed  be  grievous  if  the  grandest 
and  most  perfect  of  ancient  holy  places 
should  be  permitted  to  perish. 

Of  the  various  Kashmir  industries  shawl- 
making,  either  by  hand  or  by  loom,  was  the 
most  celebrated.  It  is  now  unfortunately  a 
memory  of  the  past ;  fashion  has  changed, 
and  the  trade  with  Europe,  which  is  said  to 
have  been  ruined  by  the  Franco- German 
War  of  1870,  has  never  revived.  The 
weavers  are  scattered  over  the  country  and 
are  miserably  poor,  for  they  seem  unable  to 
work  at  other  pursuits ;  and  this  can  scarcely 
arise  from  religious  prejudice,  for  it  is  said 
that  of  late  years  much  laxity  has  been 
observed:  the  Brahmans  "drink  water 
brought  by  a  Musalman ;  they  will  eat 
food  cooked  on  a  Musalman  boat  ";  they 
wiU  not  touch  certain  vegetables  whose 
colour  is  red,  yet  they  are  flesh- eaters. 
They  worship  the  likeness  of  the  Queen,  con- 
sidering her  as  their  sovereign  to  be  divine. 
The  Musalmans,  too,  are  not  fanatical,  and 
appear  to  entertain  a  kindly  feeling  towards 
the  old  Hindu  religion. 

The  result  of  Mr.  Lawrence's  con- 
scientious work  is  epitomized  in  chap,  xviii. 
He  has  endeavoured  to  raise  the  cultivators 
from  their  unfortunate  condition  by  giving 
them  rights  in  the  land  and  by  relaxing 
the  present  oppressive  system  of  adminis- 
tration. He  has  further,  with  great  wisdom 
and  prudence,  recommended  that  they  should 
be  forbidden  to  sell  or  mortgage  these  rights, 
believing  that  the  power  to  do  so  would 
prove  to  be  injurious.  All  this  seems 
excellent ;  but  before  singing  songs  of 
triumph,  as  some  of  our  contemporaries 
have  done,  for  the  victory  of  righteousness, 
typified  by  an  Indian  official,  over  oppres- 
sion and  dishonesty,  we  should  like  to 
know  what  guarantee  exists  that  Mr.  Law- 
rence's reforms  will  be  efficiently  introduced 
and  supported.  There  are,  at  any  rate, 
two  dangers  which  must  be  avoided  if 
success  is  to  be  secured  :  one,  that  the  work 
maybe  shelved  or  abandoned,  in  which  case 
the  last  state  of  the  cultivator  who  ventured 
to  assert  his  rights  would  be  worse  than 
the  first — a  probable  contingency  unless  the 
Indian  Government  take  efficient  steps  to 
prevent  it ;  the  other,  that  if  they  do  what 
is  required,  the  limit  of  prudence  may  bo 


passed,  and,  as  in  some  parts  of  India,  a 
system  unsuited  to  the  people  may  be  in- 
troduced, whereby  before  long  the  property 
in  the  land  will  be  transferred  to  the  money- 
lenders. 

The  volume  is  clearly  printed ;  the  illus- 
trations are  characteristic  and  well  repro- 
duced. It  should  be  useful  to  visitors  as 
well  as  to  Indian  officers,  for  both  wiU  find 
much  information  conveyed  in  a  pleasant 
and  unassuming  manner. 


CHRISTMAS    BOOKS. 


One  of  the  most  interesting  Christmas  books 
that  the  present  season  has  brought  to  our  table 
is  Lighthonses,  their  History  and  Romance,  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Hardy  (R.T.S.).  Mr.  Hardy  is  an 
excellent  antiquary,  and  his  volume  is  conse- 
quently not  the  production  of  a  bookmaker,  but 
the  work  of  a  competent  scholar  well  acquainted 
with  the  subject,  and  a  very  interesting  subject 
it  is.  Every  one  has  heard  of  the  successive 
Eddystone  lighthouses,  but  there  is  a  great  deal 
of  romance  and  adventure  attached  to  the  light- 
houses all  round  the  coast.  Our  only  complaint 
against  Mr.  Hardy  is  that  he  has  coniined  him- 
self to  England,  and  ignored  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, not  to  speak  of  France,  where  Fresnel 
invented  the  dioptric  system  of  lighting  ;  and 
the  United  States,  to  which  we  owe  the  siren. 
It  may  be  presumed  that  he  deemed  the  subject 
too  extensive.  Within  its  limits  his  volume  is 
excellent,  and,  it  may  be  safely  predicted,  will 
be  found  a  favourite  with  boys. 

Mr.  S.  R.  Keightley,  the  author  of  'The 
Crimson  Sign,'  again  reminds  us  that  he 
has  to  be  added  to  the  ranks  of  the  historical 
novelists.  Though  in  form  an  illustrated  book 
for  boys,  there  need  be  no  hesitation  in  reading 
The  Cavaliers  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)  on  the  part 
of  children  of  a  larger  growth.  Dealing  with 
that  exhaustless  treasure  house  the  Civil  Wars 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  Mr.  Keightley, 
through  his  hero  Tom  Duncombe,  conveys  the 
spirit  of  the  times  in  excellent  English.  Yet 
we  would  urge  that  "  trouble,"  in  the  reflective 
verbal  sense,  was  not  good  grammar  in  those 
days,  whatever  it  may  be  now  ;  that  Lady 
Penelope  Askew  could  not  be  the  sister  of  a 
commoner  ;  that  the  battle  of  Worcester  was 
not  fought  till  1651,  and  that  Preston  must 
have  been  meant  on  p.  265  ;  that  it  is  wrong  to 
call  a  lady  laudator  temporis  acti ;  and  that  caput 
lupinis  on  p.  9  is  a  literary  felony  for  which  no 
doubt  the  compositor  should  be  hanged,  drawn, 
and  quartered.  We  have  said  so  much  in  no 
carping  spirit,  but  because  we  desire  the 
minutest  accuracy  in  a  writer  generally  admir- 
able in  matter  and  style. 

The  Golden  Bock,  by  Ernest  Glanville  (Chatto 
&  Windus),  is  one  of  the  best  books  of  adven- 
ture we  have  lately  seen.  The  author  has 
evidently  revelled  in  the  multitude  of  actions 
fought  and  perils  surmounted  by  sea  and  land — 
whether  his  hero  takes  part  on  the  torpedo- 
catcher  Swift  in  the  most  modern  struggles  of 
sea  monsters,  or,  with  Sirayo,  the  Zulu  chief, 
at  his  side,  penetrates  the  primeval  wilds  of 
South  Africa  on  the  quest  left  him  by  his  uncle 
to  find  the  treasures  of  the  golden  rock.  There 
is  a  sufficient  love  story,  too,  in  which  Frank 
and  his  friend  Webster  show  mutual  loyalty, 
and  the  heroine  is  the  sort  of  gracious  Amazon 
whom  boys  will  respect. — Leaves  from  a  Middt/s 
L()(j,  by  Arthur  Lee  Knight  (Nelson  &  Sons), 
relates  the  adventures  of  some  sailors  who  are 
cut  off  by  pirates  on  an  expedition  against 
mutineers  in  Cuba,  and  carried  to  a  volcanic 
island,  which  is  convulsed  by  an  eruption  in 
the  nick  of  time  to  destroy  the  walls  of  the  cave 
in  which  they  are  imprisoned,  and  enable  them 
to  escape  by  sea  in  a  tisliing-tub  manned  by  two 
friendly  negroes  and  a  valiant  "shegro,"who 
are  as  anxious  to  escape  the  pirates  as  them- 
selves.     Midshipman    Darcy   is   a   fairly   good 


narrator,  and  Mr.  Trigg  the  gunner  and  Ned 
the  coxswain  are  excellent  comrades  in  many 
exciting  adventures. — Sea-yarns  for  Boys,  by 
W.  J.  Henderson  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  is  a 
volume  of  grotesques  in  the  American  style. 
Of  such  is  'The  Boy  King  Islands,'  where  the 
old  people  go  to  school  and  eat  bread  and 
potatoes,  but  die  early  because  "candy"  has  been 
their  principal  diet  in  youth.  '  The  Queendom  of 
Girlika,'  "the  land  w'ere  women  was  boss"; 
'The  Divided  Sea-Serpent,'  the  experiment  of 
sinking  the  Phantom  Ship  with  a  torpedo,  &c., 
are  other  remarkable  subjects  dilated  on. 
We  fancy  most  children  will  find  the  clowning 
a  little  "  thin. "  Some  of  the  illustrations  are 
good. 

It  does  not  tend  to  edification  to  connect  the 
ushers  in  private  schools  with  burglary,  as  is 
done  in  Mr.  C,  Edwardes's  rather  sinister  tale 
The  New  House-master  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.). 
Mr.  Jones,  the  new  usher,  is  a  forger  and  thief 
who  places  himself  in  Mr.  Dunn's  academy  for 
youth  for  felonious  purposes.  The  characters 
of  Mactavish  and  his  schoolfellows  suggest 
that  Mr.  Edwardes  could  do  better  work  than 
is  traceable  in  this  slight  story. 

Mr.  Lang  has  a  keen  sense  of  what  is  accept- 
able to  a  juvenile  reader,  and  has,  perhaps, 
never  given  better  proof  of  it  than  by  editing 
The  Bed  True  Story  Book  (Longmans  & 
Co.).  Nearly  all  the  stories  are  good,  but  far 
the  best  is  the  one  in  which  he  himself  tells 
of  "that  bravest,  kindest,  best  and  wisest  of 
women,"  who  began  life  by  dancing  round  "the 
Good  Ladies'  Lodge  " — otherwise  known  as  ' '  the 
Fairies'  Tree  " — at  Domremy,  and  ended  it  at 
the  stake  at  Rouen,  for  so  Mr.  Lang,  and  we 
fear  history  also,  will  have  it.  We  must  confess 
to  a  lurking  hope  that  the  Dame  des  Amboises, 
who  was  five  years  afterwards  regarded  by  the 
people  of  Orleans  as  the  "Maid"  herself,  and 
sumptuously  entertained  at  the  expense  of  the 
town  whenever  she  entered  its  gates,  was  the 
real  Maid.  Anything  is  better  than  believing 
that  neither  her  king  nor  her  countrymen  raised 
a  finger  to  save  her.  Mr.  Lang  tells  the  story 
of  Orthon  from  Froissart.  It  is  a  delightful 
little  story,  and  one  which  children  love.  It 
would,  perhaps,  have  been  wiser  to  pre- 
serve some  of  Froissart's  quaint  forms  of  ex- 
pression. '  The  Man  in  White '  is  also  good. 
'Wilson's  Last  Fight,'  by  Mr.  Rider  Haggard, 
is  well  told.  Mr.  Crockett  contributes  two 
stories,  neither  of  which  is  quite  so  good  as  his 
stories  are  wont  to  be.  The  illustrations  are  by 
Mr.  H.  J.  Ford,  and  most  of  them  are  very  good. 

Foundling  Mick  (P'tit  Bonhomme).  By  Jules 
Verne.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) — M.  Jules  Verne's 
works  do  not  to-day  call  forth  that  rapture 
which  invaded  the  last  generation  when  'A 
Journey  to  the  Centre  of  the  Earth '  appeared. 
But  they  are  always  worth  reading,  and  those 
who  want  a  good  rattling  book  of  adventure 
cannot  do  better  than  possess  themselves  of 
'Foundling  Mick,'  a  thoroughly  satisfactory 
tale  of  virtue  triumphant.  Mick  is  a  little  Irish 
waif,  who  begins  the  "struggle  for  life"  in 
truly  disastrous  circumstances :  everything  is 
against  him,  and  an  ordinary  character  would 
have  succumbed  ;  but  Mick  is  no  ordinary  cha- 
racter ;  circumstances  give  way  before  his 
indomitable  will,  and  when  he  has  hardly 
attained  the  age  of  sixteen  he  is  a  successful 
merchant  and  financier  and  the  good  angel  of 
all  who  have  befriended  him.  The  Ireland  of 
M.  Jules  Verne  is  an  interesting  study. 

Fifty-tiro  Stories  of  Life  and  Advent^ire  for 
Boys,  edited  by  Alfred  H.  Miles  (Hutchinson  & 
Co."),  is  an  excellent  collection.  The  only  doubt 
it  excites  is  whether  the  American  element  is  not 
a  shade  too  pronounced.  We  do  not  desire  any 
further  importation  of  American  i)hrases  in  th-e 
language  of  the  rising  generation  ;  and  although 
of  course  there  is,  or  was,  a  great  field  for 
stories  of  adventure  on  the  prairies,  "  Life  and 
Adventure  at  Home  and  at  School "  should  be 
British  for  British  youth.     This  is  not  the  case 


N"'  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


715 


in  several  instances  in  the  book  before  us. — The 
Path  in  the  Ravine,  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Ellis,  illus- 
trated (Cassell  &  Co.),  is  a  circumstantial  story, 
also  from  America.  The  noble  savage,  here 
called  the  "dusky  miscreant,"  and  "old 
Ephraim, "  the  grizzly  bear,  are  much  in  evidence ; 
and  there  is  a  characteristically  sentimental 
ending,  in  which  the  winning  ways  of  a  little 
fair-haired  girl  of  eight,  who  asks  after  his 
daughter,  induce  the  Indian  chief  to  release  his 
white  prisoners.  Some  knowledge  of  West 
Point  and  its  students  is  exhibited  by  the  writer. 
— In  The  Saga  Book  of  Lunda,  illustrated  by 
Mr.  C.  0.  Murray  (Nisbet  &  Co.),  a  sequel  to 
the  '  Lads  of  Lunda, '  Mrs.  Saxby  has  produced 
another  spirited  account  of  simple  and  yet 
hazardous  lives.  Some  of  the  tales  ('  A 
Brother's  Love  '  may  be  instanced)  have  really 
an  heroic  ring  in  them,  and  their  religious 
bias  is  nowhere  otherwise  than  obviously 
sincere. 

The  form  of  A  Stepmother's  Strategy,  by  Miss 
Everett  Green  (Hutchinson),  and  its  illustra- 
tions indicate  the  Christmas  book,  but  it  reads 
rather  like  a  novel.  Judged  by  such  a  standard, 
it  is  not  without  a  certain  quiet  merit,  though 
the  bitterness  of  Mr.  Challoner  against  his  sup- 
posed son  Geoffrey,  and  the  whole  entanglement 
■of  circumstances  to  which  Father  Ignatius  holds 
the  clue,  are  not  a  little  unnatural.  The  vision 
in  which  the  priest  is  guided  to  the  proper 
•means  of  restoring  Geoffrey  to  his  rights  is  quite 
in  character  with  the  dignity  of  a  rural  mansion 
and  a  family  of  ancient  respectability.— In  The 
Divinations  of  Kala  Pcrsad  (Ward,  Lock  & 
Bowden)  Mr.  Headon  Hill  lias  improved  upon 
•the  ordinary  detective  story  by  the  introduction 
of  a  Hindoo,  whose  instinct  in  the  matter  of 
crime  is  more  picturesque  than  the  common 
methods.  '  The  Divination  of  the  Vagus  Nerve  ' 
and  that  of  the  '  Kodak  Films  '  are  highly  in- 
genious. Other  tales  are  more  commonplace  in 
their  machinery,  but  such  boys  as  really  take 
an  interest  in  the  forms  of  crime  and  methods 
of  criminals  will  find  much  ingenuity  in  the 
•devices  of  Detective  Zambra  and  others. 
Whether  such  a  study,  intensely  distasteful  as 
it  is  to  most  adults  of  any  education,  be  whole- 
some for  youth,  is  another  matter. — An  Old 
Boy's  Yarns,  by  Mr.  Harold  Avery  (Cassell  & 
Co.),  is  a  lively  collection  of  stories  of  school- 
boy life  (grammar-school  variety)  which  should 
be  popular.  But  do  English  boys  say  "  Hello  !  " 
and  "go  'long"? — Nailing  the  Colours,  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Metcalf  (Jarrold  &  Sons),  relates  how  a 
young  lad  goes  to  sea  in  the  merchant  service, 
and  shows  the  rough  company  he  sails  with  that 
religion  and  courage  may  go  well  together. 
"The  nautical  knowledge  of  the  writer  is  con- 
siderable, and  the  characters  of  young  Davenant, 
his  grim  skipper,  and  others  are  depicted  with 
plenty  of  force  and  distinctness. — Eon  Royland ; 
or,  the  Young  Castellan  (W.  &  R.  Chambers),  is 
an  excellent  story  by  Mr.  George  Manville  Fenn, 
telling  how  a  castle  in  the  West  was  defended, 
in  the  absence  of  its  owner  in  King  Charles's 
service,  by  Sir  Granby's  young  son  and  a  few 
■faithful  followers.  The  details  of  the  siege  are 
told  with  much  spirit,  and  the  traitor  Pawson 
is  well  contrasted  with  the  stout  combatants  on 
both  sides  in  the  great  struggle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 


NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    BIOGRAPHY. 

The  Memoir  of  William  Wolseley,  Admiral 
■of  the  Red  Squadron,  by  his  granddaughter, 
Mary  C.  Innes  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  contains 
perhaps  forty  pages  of  memoir,  and  about  two 
hundred  of  extracts  from  very  well-known  books 
— the  continuation  of  Campbell's  '  Lives  of  the 
Admirals  '  and  James's  or  Brenton's  '  Naval 
History.'  Even  so,  it  is  not  uninteresting,  and 
the  passages  (juoted— though  of  preposterous 
length— serve  to  illustrate  the  career  of  the  old 
admiral,  whose  personality,  it  is  to  be  feared,  is 
•of  more  importance  to  the  members  of  his  family. 


including  Viscount  Wolseley,  than  to  the  world 
at  large.  A  few  letters  from  Lord  Hood  and 
from  Lord  Nelson,  hitherto  unpublished,  give 
the  book  a  value  which  it  would  not  otherwise 
have.  The  autobiographical  sketch,  dictated 
by  the  admiral  when  upwards  of  eighty,  and 
written  down  by  Mrs.  Innes,  shows  signs 
of  failing  memory,  and  cannot  be  accepted  as 
accurate  in  its  details.  One  instance  of 
this  may  be  detected  in  the  account  of  an 
interview  on  service  between  Wolseley,  as 
captain  of  the  Trusty,  and  Prince  William 
Henry,  as  a  midshipman  of  the  Hebe.  The 
point  of  the  story  is  that  Prince  William  was  a 
midshipman,  and  that  Wolseley  addressed  him 
as  "You  young  monkey!"  But,  in  fact,  the 
prince  joined  the  Hebe  as  a  lieutenant,  and  was 
certainly  a  lieutenant  when  the  Trusty  was 
fitting  out.  Such  a  record,  however,  is  not  to 
be  examined  too  critically. 

The  fifth  and  last  volume   of    the  Memoires 
du  General  Thiehault,  dealing  chiefly  with  the 
years  1813-1815,  but  containing  a  final  chapter 
written  in  August,  1837,   is  published  by   the 
Librairie  Plon.      "The  reader   should    skip  the 
greater  part  of  this  volume,  containing  the  ac- 
count  of   the   blockade    of   the   army  corps  of 
Davoust,  cut  off  from  the  world  in  Hamburg, 
and   of    the   consequent   trials    of    Thiebault's 
temper.     There  is  some  interest  to  readers  on 
this  side  the  Channel  in  Thiebault's  strictures 
on  the  generalship  of  Wellington,  who  is  chiefly 
blamed  for  his    "incommensurable  prudence," 
or,    in    other   words,   slowness    of    movement. 
Thiebault  wrote   a    pamphlet   on    the   military 
conduct  of  the  Duke  in  the  Peninsula,   which 
the  Minister  of  War   in  1812  refused  to  allow 
him    to    publish.     He  suggests  that  there  was 
already  treason  in  the  air  in  Paris.     Probably, 
however,  the  French  War  Oftice  thought  that, 
as  Wellington  had  beaten  them,   the  less  said 
the  better  about    his  bad  generalship.     More- 
over, Thiebault  doubtless  attacked  his  numerous 
personal  enemies  among  his  brother   generals, 
and,    looking   to    his    cross  -  grained    character 
and    his   soreness,    we    may   suspect   that  this 
was  possibly  his  real  reason  for  writing  on  the 
subject.       His   pamphlet  was   printed,  though 
not   published,  in   June,    1815,    before  Water- 
loo,   and    he    says    that    a    few    copies    were 
sold,    without   leave,  at   81.    apiece,    of    which 
the    Duke    of    Wellington     had     one.       Thie'- 
bault  tells  a  long   story  of  the  trial,   by  him- 
self  and  other   generals   of   division,  of   Count 
Bentinck,  over  which  he  had  his  worst  quarrel 
with  Davoust,  and  he  is  justly  indignant  at  a 
letter   from   Clarke:    "Count   Bentinck    is    to 
be  tried  and  shot  within   24   hours."     He  was 
not  shot,  thanks  to  Thiebault,  but  the  phrase 
is  the  same  which  Napoleon  used  in  the  case 
of   the    Due   d'Enghien.      We    hardly   wonder 
that  Thiebault  was  generally  in  disgrace  when 
we  find  that,  being  in  command  of  a  division, 
he  started  nominally  for  Brussels  to  buy  horses  ; 
signed  at  Brussels  a  pass  for  his  "secretary" 
to  go  to  Paris  ;  went  himself  to  Paris  as  this 
secretary,  and  spent  four  days  with   his  wife  ; 
all,  of  course,  without  the  leave  of  the  general 
commanding  the  army  corps.     Yet  he  tells  us 
he  was  always  the  slave  of  discipline,  and  would, 
in  1815,  have  fired  on  Napoleon  at  Charenton, 
where  he  commanded  for  Louis  XVIII.,  if  the 
Emperor  on  his   return   from    Elba   had  come 
that  way,  though  he  went  to  Paris  to  cheer  "  the 
usurper  "  the  same  night.     It  is  interesting  to 
learn,    as   to   the    quality    of    Napoleon's   later 
levies,  that  in  Thiebault's  division  in  1813,  when 
he   was  holding   Liibeck,   neither   his   infantry 
nor  his   artillery  had   ever   fired   a  shot,    even 
at  a   target.      Thiebault   waited    until   after    a 
battle  before   he  began  to   teach  them.      This 
inferior  general    certainly  succeeds  in  proving 
the  singular  blindness  wliicli  cau.sed  Napoleon 
to  lock  up  120,000  men  in  North  CJerman  for- 
tresses who  might  have  saved  him  if  he  had  had 
them  in  hand  in  the  campaign  of  1814.     They 
seem  to  have  been  forgotten,  for  while  Davoust  I 


had  positive  orders  to  hold  on  to  Hamburg, 
when  at  last  he  heard  from  the  Minister  of  AVar, 
after  months  of  interval,  the  letter  began : 
"What  are  you  doing  in  Hamburg?  Your 
place  is  nearer  Paris."  Thiebault  tells  a  story 
of  Bemadotte — angry  at  his  treatment  by  the 
coalition,  who,  after  Leipzig,  left  him  to  com- 
mand the  rear — sending  to  Davoust  to  propose 
that  the  latter,  with  all  the  garrisons,  should 
join  the  Crown  Prince  of  Sweden  and  set  Napo- 
leon on  his  legs  again  by  imposing  terms  on 
the  coalition.  But  the  intermediary,  like  Regnier 
at  Metz,  was  probably  not  really  charged  with 
any  mission  at  all.  There  is  a  good  deal  of 
amusing  gossip  about  Mare'chal  Lefebvx'e,  the 
Due  de  Dantzig  of  the  play  of  '  Madame  Sans- 
Geiie,'  and  the  allusions  to  his  wife  are  con- 
sistent with  the  view  presented  of  her  by  M. 
Sardou.  She  says  of  the  Palace  during  the  first 
restoration  :  "  J  'y  allais  quand  c'^tait  chez  nous. 
Maintenant  que  c'est  chez  eux,  je  n'y  serais 
plus  chez  moi."  We  will  end  with  Thie- 
bault's account  of  the  Champ  de  Mai.  What 
absorbetl  him  was  Queen  Hortense  with  her 
two  pretty  children,  Louis  Napoleon  and  his 
elder  brother,  engaged  in  sketching  the  scene. 
He  then  reflects  on  the  fate  of  the  children — at 
thatmoment(1815),  "when  anything  may  happen 
to  the  King  of  Rome, "  so  near  the  throne,  and, 
now  (183G),  one  prematurely  dead,  and  the  other 
saved  "from  a  still  more  awful  death"  by 
Louis  Philippe's  clemency.  The  other,  hero 
of  the  "attempt  of  Strasbourg,"  was  to  be 
Napoleon  III. 


SHORT   STORIES. 


There  is  much  miscellaneous  feeding  in  The 
King  in  Yellow,  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Chambers 
(Chatto  &  Windus).  The  first  story,  '  The  Re- 
pairer of  Reputations,' is  the  almost  too  I'ealisfeic 
expression  of  the  feverish  dreams  and  perverted 
cunning  of  a  lunatic,  though  the  madness  which 
predicts  the  political  and  social  state  of  the 
American  republic  in  1920  has  much  method 
in  it.  Other  stories,  such  as  'The  Mask,'  deal 
more  in  diablerie,  while  the  siege  of  Paris  and 
the  sortie  during  the  bombardment  form  the 
lurid  setting  of  the  love  story  of  Trent,  the 
American  artist.  The  writer  seems  familiar 
with  the  Latin  Quarter,  and  the  Parisian  stories 
—  especially  the  last  two,  in  which  virtuous 
affections  prove  the  redemption  of  grisettes 
amid  perilous  surroundings— are  not  the  least 
vivacious.  The  description  of  maudlin  in- 
toxication is  a  low  form  of  humour,  but  cer- 
tainly the  miraculous  performance  of  Cliflbrd 
in  that  mellow  state  is  a  masterpiece  of  its 
kind.  The  little  volume  is  readable  enough  in 
spite  of  some  orthographic  deformities. 

In  Timnty  Stories  by  Tu-^nty  Tellers  (Fisher 
Unwin)  Mr.  Leopold  Wagner  has  gathered 
together  and  reprinted  a  score  of  tales  and 
sketches,  more  or  less  slight  and  more  or  less 
representative,  by  living  or  recently  dead 
authors.  His  object  is  to  show  "a  certain 
number  of  popular  modern  authors  at  their  best 
as  writers  of  .short  stories,"  and  he  implies  that 
the  reading  public  lost  many  good  things  of  the 
same  kind,  from  these  and  other  authors,  by 
frowning  on  the  short  story  ten  or  twenty  years 
ago.  There  is  some  truth  in  the  suggestion. 
The  better  part  of  this  volume  is  worth  read- 
ing, and  was  worth  reprinting  ;  but  tlie  collec- 
tion as  a  whole  seems  to  show  that  the  i)ublic 
had  good  cause  for  changing  its  mind  on  the 
subject  after,  and  not  before,  these  particular 
stories  were  written.  Authors  have  generally 
more  to  do  with  sucli  changes  of  taste  than  their 
readers  have,  and  the  essential  (jualities  of  a 
good  short  story  are  better  understood  to-day 
than  they  were  in  the  last  generation. 

The  Ragged  Edge.  By  Anna,  Comtesse  de 
Bremont.  (Downey  &  Co.)— This  is  a  collection 
of  rather  undistingui.shotl  stories  about  life  in 
the  African  goldfields ;  they  have  not  much 
point,  and  the  people  who  appear  in  them  are 


716 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


mostly  vulgar  and  coarse  without  being  interest- 
ing. There  is,  too,  about  some  of  the  sketches 
a  rather  unctuous  tone,  notably  in  '  The  Scala- 
wag Journalist,'  which  is  distinctly  depressing. 
It  may  be  admitted,  however,  that  there  is  some 
cleverness  in  the  last  tale,  '  The  Ubiquitous  Jew 
Boy, '  as  a  description  of  some  of  the  less  pleasing 
sides  of  the  pushing  Hebrew  financier  ;  and  'His 
Last  Fad'  begins  by  stimulating  an  interest, 
though  unfortunately  the  ending  is  terribly 
feeble.  It  contains  an  ingenious  idea  which 
ought  to  have  been  utilized  to  better  purpose. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Eraser  makes  his  modest  tirst 
appearance  with  a  preface  to  explain  how  he 
began  writing  stories  some  years  ago  for  a 
couple  of  local  papers,  and  how  in  The  Whcttqys 
of  hurley  (Fisher  Unwin)  he  is  reprinting  a 
selection  of  his  earlier  productions.  Lest  such 
modesty  on  the  part  of  the  author  should  lead 
to  patroniidng  airs  on  the  part  of  some  of  his 
readers,  it  may  as  well  be  stated  at  once  that 
there  is  little  evidence  of  immaturity  in  these 
genial  chapters  of  life  and  romance  in  Glen 
Durley.  The  book  is  written  largely  in  Low- 
land Scotch,  even  the  writer  himself,  apart  from 
his  characters,  enriching  his  vocabulary  with 
many  words  which  have  not  been  acclimatized 
south  of  the  Tweed.  The  "  whaups  "  are  very 
good-hearted  young  fellows,  and  their  story 
may  be  followed  with  unbroken  interest. 

Tlie  appearance  of  a  new  book  by  M.  Alex- 
andre Dumas  Jils  is  a  literary  event.  The 
prettily  illustrated  volume  Ilka,  published  by 
M.  Calmann  Levy,  is,  however,  sadly  slight. 
The  first  and  longest  of  the  stories  appeared  in 
an  illustrated  paper  in  Paris  a  few  years  ago  ; 
the  others  are  new,  we  believe,  but  none  of 
them  remarkable,  and  most  of  them  are  what 
the  French  call  contes  lestes.  They  are  well 
told,  but  not  so  well  as  Hal^vy  could  tell 
them. 

When  M.  Paul  Margueritte,  the  son  of  the 
distinguished  cavalry  general  of  1870,  began  to 
write,  we  welcomed  him  as  evidently  destined  to 
produce  admirable  work.  He  has  never  written 
a  great  novel,  in  our  modern  sense  of  the  word, 
but  he  has  become  the  first  living  writer  of 
short  stories,  and  in  Simple  Histoire  (Paris,  Plon, 
Nourrit  &  Cie.)  he  is  not,  perhaps,  on  the 
whole,  inferior  to  himself,  though  here  and 
there  a  story  is  wanting  in  point  and  interest. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 


The  Arthurian  Epic  :  a  Cvmparative  Study  of 
the  Cambrian,  Breton,  and  Anglo-Norman  Ver- 
sions of  the  Story,  and  Tennyson's  ^Idylls  of  the 
King.'  By  S.  Humphreys  Gurteen.  (Putnam's 
Sons.) — Mr.  Gurteen  has  chosen  to  play  the 
part  of  a  scientific  Rip  van  Winkle.  He  has 
based  his  study  of  the  Arthur  romance  upon  the 
theory  that  there  is  an  Arthurian  "  epic,"  with 
a  central  point  of  unity,  the  Holy  "Graal," 
around  which  the  whole  story  revolves,  due  to 
the  genius  of  Walter  Map.  In  elaborating  this 
theory  he  has  relied  solely  upon  authorities 
writing  before  the  year  1864,  and  has  neglected 
entirely  the  rich  and  fruitful  criticism  to  which 
the  Arthur  romances  have  been  subjected  during 
the  last  fifteen  years.  The  edifice  he  has  raised, 
pretty  in  decoration  and  ingenious  in  details 
as  it  often  is,  lacks  every  element  of  solidity. 
Mr.  Gurteen  has  enthusiasm  for  his  subject- 
matter,  and  an  amiable  fluency  of  exposition  ; 
but  so  hopelessly  is  he  handicapped  by  his 
fundamental  assumptions  that  scarce  a  single 
contribution  of  permanent  value  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  the  Arthur  legend  can  be  found  in  his  four 
hundred  pages.  Much  of  the  work  is  taken  up  by 
a  discursive  discussion  of  Tennyson's  'Idylls.' 
Mr.  Gurtecn's  criticism,  frequently  acute  and  by 
no  means  unduly  severe,  miscarries  for  the  most 
part  owing  to  his  misconception  of  the  true 
nature  and  growth  of  the  Arthurian  romance. 
Tennyson's  failure  lay,  not  in  his  episodic 
handling  of  the  Arthur  stories  —  herein  his 
artistic  instinct  served  him  rightly— not  in  any 


ignoring  of  an  epic  unity  which  never  existed 
save  in  Mr.  Gurteen's  imagination,  but  in  his 
imperfect  appreciation  of  the  animating  spirit  of 
the  romances,  and  in  his  attempts,  often  futile, 
to  make  them  the  vehicles  of  essentially  modern 
ideals.  In  fine,  as  a  scholarly  study  of  the 
Arthur  legend  this  work  is  worthless  and  worse 
than  worthless  ;  as  a  miscellaneous  collection  of 
dissertations  upon  Arthurian  literature  it  is  often 
interesting  and  sometimes  intelligent. 

TJie  Story  of  a  Baby,  by  Ethel  Turner,  pub- 
lished in  the  "Nautilus  Series"  by  Messrs. 
Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden,  is  an  account  of  the 
dreary  bickerings  between  a  silly  young  married 
couple.  The  man  is  a  weak  fool  who  knows  he 
ought  to  exercise  some  will-power,  but  never 
does  it  at  the  right  time,  and  the  wife  is  an 
empty-headed  little  doll  ;  of  course  they  quarrel 
irretrievably,  and  of  course  the  baby  makes 
it  up  between  them  ;  but  at  the  end  of  the  book 
they  are  left  pretty  well  where  they  were  at 
the  beginning.  It  is  a  pointless  book,  quite 
unrelieved  by  the  verisimilitude  of  the  people's 
hopeless  dulness.  The  unanswered  complaint 
made  by  Messrs.  Dent  in  these  columns,  that  the 
publishers  have  unwarrantably  imitated  their 
"Iris  Series,"  seemsfuUy  justified. — The  Woman 
Who  Stood  Betiveen,  by  Minnie  Gilmore  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons),  purports  to  be  an  autobiography 
delivered  by  a  lunatic  anarchist  in  his  condemned 
cell.  Perhaps  under  the  circumstances  the 
crude  bloodthirstiness  of  it  and  the  exaggeratedly 
maudlin  sentiment  occasionally  exhibited  are  to 
be  excused  as  local  colouring,  but  they  are 
rather  tiresome.  Moreover,  the  book  is  not  par- 
ticularly successful  in  proving  what  is  pi'esum- 
ably  meant  to  be  the  moral,  that  love  is  better 
than  hate,  except  so  far  as  the  man  gets  his 
deserts  for  killing  the  woman  he  was  in  love 
with.  Enough  trouble  is  not  taken  to  make  the 
man  interesting  in  himself,  and  without  that 
there  is  not  much  excuse  for  this  somewhat 
extravagant  book. 

Ojsr  the  occasion  of  the  purchase  of  Carlyle's 
house  in  Cheyne  Row,  Mr.  Blunt  has  published 
an  elaborate  monograph  on  The  Carlyles'  Chelsea 
Home  (Bell  &  Sons),  which  is  abundantly  illus- 
trated from  drawings  and  photographs,  and 
provided  with  maps  and  plans  which  will  charm 
American  visitors,  for  they  will  find  the  spot 
marked  on  which  stood  the  bed  occupied  by 
Emerson.  The  compilation  of  this  excellent 
handbook  for  pilgrims  must  really  have  cost  Mr. 
Blunt  much  trouble,  and  he  has  put  it  together 
in  a  sensible  and  satisfactory  manner. 

Messrs.  Blackwood  have  sent  us  the  con- 
cluding volume  of  Daniel  Deronda  in  their 
"Standard  Edition  "  of  George  Eliot's  novels. 
Another  welcome  reprint  of  theirs  is  the  new 
edition  of  "The  Works  of  John  Gait,"  to  which 
The  Entail  has  been  just  added.  Mr.  Wallace's 
illustrations  to  the  two  handy  volumes  which 
contain  the  novel  are  excellent,  and  Mr. 
Crockett's  introduction  is  full  of  sound  sense. 

Mr.  Lionel  Tolleiniache  has  never  produced 
anything  before  so  interesting  or  showing  so 
much  insight  as  his  little  monograph  Benjamin 
Jowett,  Master  of  Balliol  (Arnold).  It  is  amus- 
ing, and  at  the  same  time  gives  the  reader  a 
better  idea  of  Jowett  than  anything  that  has 
hitherto  been  written  about  him  by  his  friends. 
The  Librairie  Hachette  &  Cie.  publish  Lc 
Congres  des  Religions  a  Chicago  en  1803,  par  G. 
Bonet-Maury,  Professeur  h  la  Faculty  de  Th^o- 
logie  Protestante  a  Paris,  a  volume  containing 
a  full  account  of  the  speeches  at  the  Parliament 
of  Religions,  and  fourteen  excellent  portraits. 
The  work  is  virtually  an  abridgment  of  the  two 
big  volumes  by  Mr.  Barrows  which  form  the 
Hansard  of  this  strange  parliament.  It  has  the 
advantage  of  being  written  by  a  Frenchman  who 
is  in  thorough  sympathy  with  the  Reunion 
movement,  although  his  theology  has  a  Uni- 
tarian tinge,  and  he  backs  up  the  criticisms  of  the 
Japanese  and  Indian  delegates  on  missionary 
methods.     The  volume  ends  with  the  statement 


that  the  Pope  has  assented  to  the  participation 
of  French  Catholics  in  the  second  Congress  of 
Religions,  to  be  held  in  Paris  in  1900  ;  but  the 
author  appears  to  anticipate  a  lack  of  friendliness 
on  the  part  of  some  of  the  French  cardinals. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  sell  in  London 
a  small  volume  published  in  Paris  by  the 
Librairie  G.  Martin,  under  the  title  Mrmdmans 
et  Chretiens:  Notes  sur  la  Guerre  de  I'lndepend- 
ance  Grecque,  par  Alfred  Lemaitre.  The  writer 
is  fiercely  opposed  to  the  Greeks,  charges  Lord 
Cochrane  with  having  gone  to  fight  for  them 
with  only  venal  motives,  and  says  he  was  fit  at 
the  best  to  be  a  naval  lieutenant.  The  present 
publication  seems  to  be  but  a  first  part. 

M.  Calmann  L^vy  publishes  La  France 
Idcale,  by  Madame  Edgar  Quinet,  of  which  the 
scofier  might  be  inclined  to  say  that  if  France 
were  to  become  the  ideal  Protestant  Republican 
France  of  Madame  Quinet,  or  rather,  perhaps, 
of  Edgar  Quinet,  we  should  not  know  her,  and 
the  world  would  be  more  dull.  There  is  an 
appreciative  and  philosophic  chapter  on  English 
history  and  there  is  a  chapter  on  Mrs.  Browning, 
which  show  that  Madame  Quinet  knows  us  well. 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theologi/. 

Andrewes,  L.,  and  his  Private  Devotions,  a  Biography,  a' 

Transcript,  and  an  Interpretation,  by  llev.  A.  Whyte, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Creegan  (C,  C.)  and  Goodnow's  (J.   A.  B.)  Great  Missioa^ 

aries,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Meyer's  (F.  B.)  David,  Sliepherd,  Psalmist,  King,  2/6  cl. 
Peloubert's  (F.  N.  and  M.  A.)  Select  Notes,  a  Commentary 

on  the  Intermediate  Lessons  for  1896,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Ramsay's  (W.  M.)  St.  Paul   the  Traveller  and  the  Eomau 

Citizen,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Sacred  Books  of  the  Buddhists:  Vol.  1,  The  GatakamalS, 

translated  by  J.  S.  Speyer,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Salmond's  (S.  D.  F.)  The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Immortality, 

royal  8vo.  14/  cl. 
Webster's  (Rev.  F.  S.)  Christ  and  the  Comforter,  12mo.  2/  cl. 

fine  Art  and  Archaology, 
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the  Achtcan  League,  illus.  18/  net,  cl. 
Correggio,  Antonio  AUegri  da,  his  Life,  &c.,  by  C.  Ricci, 

translated  by  Simmonds,  illus.  folio,  42/  net,  cl. 
English-Speaking  World,  Photographic  Reproductions    of 

its  Scenery,  oblong,  5/  cl. 
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Newman's  (E.)  Gluck  and  the  Opera,  a  Study  in  Musical 
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Blunt's  (R.)  The  Carlyles'  Chelsea  Home,  5/  net,  cl. 
Burrows's  (M.)  The  History  of  the  Foreign  Policy  of  Great 

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4to.  21/  net,  cl. 
Buss,  Frances  Mary,  and  her  Work  for  Education,  by  A.  B. 

Ridley,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
China-Japan  War,  The,  compiled  by  Vladimir,  illus.  16/  cl. 
Collingridge's  (G.)  The  Discovery  of  Australia,   a  Critical) 

Documentary  and  Historical  Investigation,  illustrated, 

folio,  25/  net,  cl. 
Eitel's  (E.  J.)  Europe  in  China,  the  History  of  Hong-Kong. 

from  the  Beginning  to  1882,  cr.  Svo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Memoirs  of  Constant,  the  Emperor  Napoleon's  Head  Valets 

4  vols.  Svo.  42/  net,  cl. 
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Robertson's   (J.  M.)  Buckle  and  his  Critics,  a   Study  in 

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Rossetti,  Dante  G.,   his  Family  Letters,  with  Memoir  by 

W.  M.  Rossetti,  2  vols.  Svo.  21/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Cave's  (H.  W.)  Picturesque  Ceylon,  Vol.  3,  28/  net,  cl. 
Leitner's  (G.  W.)  The  Future  of  Chitral  and  Neighbo  uring. 

Countries,  royal  Svo.  4/  net,  swd. 
Spry's  (W.  J.  J.)  Life  on  the  Bosphorus,  royal  Svo.  21/  net. 


N°  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


717 


Philology. 
Hebrew  and  English  Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testament,  edited 
by  F.  Brown  and  others.  Part  5,  -Ito.  2/6  swd. 

Science. 
Byford'a  (H.  T.)  Manual  of  Gynecology,  illus.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Clinical  Society  of  London,  Transactions,  Vol.  28,  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Kappel's    (A.   W.)  British    and  European  Butterflies  and 

Moths,  Coloured  Plates,  4to.  25/  cl. 
Knight's  (J.)  Food  and  its  Functions,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Lindsay's  (R.)  An  Essay  on  Malaria  and  its  Consequences,  4/ 
Loudoun's  (W.  J.)  A  Laboratory  Course  of  Experimental 

Physics,  Svo.  8/6  net,  cl. 
Medico -Chirurgical   Society    of    Edinburgh,  Transactions, 

Vol.  14,  New  Series,  Svo.  8/6  cl. 
Thompson's  (C.  J.  S.)  The  Chemist's  Compendium,  2/6  net. 
Turpin's  (G.  S.)  Practical  Inorganic  Chemistry,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Wild  Fowl  and  Sea  i'owl  of  Great  Britain,  by  a  Son  of  the 

Marshes,  illus.  Svo.  14/  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Addison's  (W.)  Crimean  and  other  Short  Stories.  12mo.  2/ 
Allen's  (F.  M.)  The  Little  Green  Man,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Austen's  (J.)  Pride  and  Prejudice,  illustrated  by  C.  E.  Brock, 

Introduction  by  A.  Dobson,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Baldwin's  (Mrs.  A.)  The  Shadow  on  the  Blind,  and  other 

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Battersby's  (H.  F.)  Hockey,  illustrated,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
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Dumas's  (A.)  Ascanio,    cr.   Svo.   3/6    net,    cl.;    Celebrated 

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Goldie's  (J.)  The  Poor  and  their  Happiness,  cr,  Svo.  3/6 

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Pickering's  (S.)  The  Romance  of  his  Picture,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Regeneration,  a  Reply  to  Max  Nordau,  Svo.  14/  cl. 
Richardson,    Letters    from    Sir    C.    Grandison,    with    Bio- 
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FOBBIGN. 

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JOHN  KNOX. 

Mr.  Hume  Brown  writes  : — 

"  In  the  able  review  of  my  '  Life  of  John  Knox  ' 
which  appeared  in  the  Athentpum  of  November  9th 
there  are  certain  statements  on  which  I  should  like 
to  make  some  comment.  The  writer  accuses  me  of 
minimizing  the  brutality  of  the  Earl  of  Cassillis  in 
'  roasting '  the  abbot,  because  he  turned  Protestant. 
For  the  conversion  of  Cassillis  I  have  as  little  respect 
as  my  reviewer  ;  but  I  was  bound  to  follow  the  best 
authority  as  to  the  '  roasting,'  whatever  might  be 
my  view  of  his  personal  character.  In  the  intro- 
duction to  the  '  Charters  of  Crossraguel '  (p.  li)  the 
editor  has  the  following  passage  :  '  But  there  is  a 
vein  of  exaggeration  pervading  the  whole  story  ; 
and  those  who  compare  the  signature  of  the  "  halt- 
roasted  hand  "  with  the  same  autograph  of  a  slightly 
later  date  will  hardly  detect  a  difference.'  On  the 
strength  of  this  passage  I  have  ventured  to  make 
the  statement  to  which  the  reviewer  objects.  Again, 
my  reviewer  savs  that  I  'foully'  wrong  Mary  in 
suggesting  that  Ilizzio  was  her  lover  ;  and  he  prints 
the  word  lover  in  inverted  commas,  thus  inadver- 
tently giving  the  impression  that  I  had  used  it.  Not 
only  do  I  not  use  the  word,  but,  as  far  as  I  can 
judge,  there  is  no  passage  in  my  book  that  suggests 
the  coarse  implication  the  reviewer  evidently  assigns 
to  it. 

"With  regard  to  the  errafa  to  which  the  writer 
courteously  draws  my  attention,  I  cannot  accept  his 
corrections  except  in  one  case. 

"1.  He  says  that  'the  annexation  of  Burgundy 
and  Brittany  to  France  can  hardly  have  stimulated 
Henry  VIII.  to  make  himself  master  of  Scotland.' 
This  is  hardly  an  adequate  account  of  my  suggestion. 
What  I  really  say  {i.  37  and  note)  amounts  to  this  — 
that  the  recent  consolidation  of  France  and  of  Spain 
must  have  quickened  Henry's  desire  to  unite  Scot- 
land with  England.  To  those  acquainted  with  the 
European  politics  of  the  period  this  will  seem  a 
natural  enough  suggestion. 

"  2.  '  Hamilton  was  not  Knox's  bishop  in  the  spring 
of  1547.'  It  is  Knox  himself,  however,  who  speaks 
of  Hamilton  as  his  bishop  at  that  date  (Laing's 
'  Knox,'  i.  185  et  seq.) ;  and  Laing  supports  his  state- 
ment by  the  following  passage  in  a  note  (ibid., 
p.  193)  :  'In  the  title  of  his  [Hamilton's]  Accounts, 
commencing  1st  October,  1546,  and  rendered  on  the 
IGth  of  September,  1550,  he  is  styled  Archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews.' 

"  3.  I  do  not  say,  as  my  reviewer  affirms,  that 
Arran  was  made  Duke  of  Chiitelherault  in  1.551. 
What  I  do  say  (i.  279)  is  borne  out  by  Leslie  ('  His- 
toric of  Scotland,'  pp.  237-8,  Ban.  Club)  and  by  Keith 
('Affairs  of  Church  and  State  in  Scotland,'  i.  136, 
141,  Spottiswoode  Soc).  The  dukedom  was  otfered 
to  Arran  in  1548,  but  for  various  reasons  was  not 
definitely  accepted  till  1550— not  1551,  as  the  reviewer 
makes  me  say. 

"4.  I  was  quite  aware  that  as  early  as  1545  Chatel- 
herault  (then  the  Earl  of  Arran)  had  conceived  the 
notion  of  marrying  his  eldest  son  to  Mary  ;  but  I 
fail  to  see  the  relevancy  of  the  fact  to  the  passage 
in  question  (ii.  45). 

"5.  '  Atie  administratioun  of  the  sacramentia'  is 
undoubtedly  a  misprint  for  'de7V  administratioun  of 
the  sacramentis.' 

"0.  I  state  (ii.  185,  note)  that  the  earldom  of  Moray 
was  conferred  on  the  Lord  James  Stewart  in  1562  ; 


but  my  reviewer  corrects  me,  and  says  it  was  in  1564. 
He  is  in  error,  as  he  will  find  from  the  Records  of 
the  Privy  Council  (Keith,  '  Affairs  of  Church  and 
State,'  ii.  163). 

"  7.  The  notion  of  Mary's  marriage,  my  reviewer 
sa)'S,  did  not  emanate  from  Moray  and  Lethingtou 
in  1563,  since  Mary  was  bent  on  it  more  than  a 
twelvemonth  before.  As  I  have  implied  (ii.  97-8 
and  note),  such  a  scheme  was  in  Mary's  mind  imme- 
diately after  the  death  of  her  first  husband  ;  but  ia 
the  passage  to  which  the  reviewer  refers  it  would 
have  been  irrelevant  to  restate  the  fact." 

The  abbot's  right  hand  would  not  be  the 
portion  of  his  body  that  would  suffer  most  frona 
the  roasting. 

That  Rizzio  was  Mary's  "lover"  is,  we  stil} 
think,  suggested  by  the  passage,  "  Her  *i€i<? 
lover  and  adviser  was,  in  his  way,  as  strange  a 
figure  as  Rizzio  himself  "(' Life  of  Knox,'  ii. 
235),  especially  when  we  remember  the  language 
used  about  Rizzio  by  Knox  and  others  of  Mary's 
enemies. 

1.  Henry  VIII.  had,  we  fancy,  conceived  th® 
notion  of  making  himself  master  of  Scotland 
years  before  the  annexation  of  Brittany  to 
France. 

2.  Unless  Mr.  Hume  Brown  can  show  that 
the  Act  of  Consistory  confirming  Hamilton's 
nomination  to  the  archbishopric  of  St.  Andrews 
is  misdated  November  25th,  1547,  we  still  think 
that  Hamilton  was  not  Knox's  bishop  in  the 
spring  of  that  year.  Accounts  rendered  in  1550 
are  little  proof  one  way  or  the  other. 

3.  '  Life  of  Knox,'  i.  278-9  :— 

'■  In  September  of  the  same  year  (1550)  the  Qaeen- 
mother  proceeded  to  France  with  the  express  pur- 
pose of  gaining  the  support  of  Henry  II.  to  her 
assuming  the  regency.  Along  with  her  she  took  a 
large  following  of  the  leading  Scottish  ndbles, 
whose  presence  would  show  the  feasibility  of  her 
claim.  As  the  Guises  were  now  all-powerful  at  the 
French  Court,  Henry  readily  furthered  a  scheme 
which  fell  in  with  his  own  interests  as  well  as  theirs. 
In  accordance  with  the  decision  taken,  Panter, 
Bishop  of  Ross,  Sir  Robert  Carnegie,  and  Gavin 
Hamilton,  Commendator  of  Kilwinning,  were  em- 
ployed to  approach  Arran  before  the  Queen-mother's 
return.  On  condition  that  he  demitted  the  regency, 
he  7vas  himself  to  receive  the  dukedom  of  Chiitel- 
herault." 

The  whole  passage,  and  especially  the  words  we 
have  italicized,  still  seem  to  us  absolutely  in- 
compatible with  the  fact  which  we  pointed  out, 
and  which  Mr.  Hume  Brown  seems  disinclined 
to  accept,  that  Arran  had  been  created  Duke  of 
Chatelherault  on  February  5th,  1548,  more  than 
two  years  before  the  Queen-mother's  visit  t€> 
France. 

4.  A  man's  head  is  not  apt  to  be  turned  by  a 
scheme  he  had  himself  conceived  fourteen  years 
before.  Anyhow,  that  he  had  conceived  such  a 
scheme  might  well  have  been  mentioned. 

5.  Calls  for  no  remark. 

6.  Here  Mr.  Hume  Brown  is  right.  The  title 
Earl  of  Moray  was  conferred  upon  the  Lord 
James  in  1562  ;  but  it  was  not  originally  con- 
ferred upon  him  "during  the  late  expedition 
to  the  North  against  Huntly  "  ('  Life  of  Knox,' 
ii.  185),  but  more  than  seven  months  earlier,  on 
January  30th,  1562.  The  earldom  of  Mar  was 
conferred  on  February  7th  of  the  same  year, 
"  with  a  special  preference  of  the  latter  title  iri 
the  patent." 

7.  We  have  not  space  to  quote  pp.  97-8  and 
pp.  204-5  of  the  'Life  of  Knox,'  but  we  still 
think  that  the  former  passage  would  never 
suggest,  to  any  one  who  did  not  know,  that 
Mary  herself  was  keenly  bent  on  marrying  Don 
Carlos,  and  that  the  latter  passage  does  suggest 
that  such  a  scheme  emanated  from  Moray  and 
Lethington.  We  therefore  would  still  advise  a 
slight  revision  of  both  passages  in  a  future 
edition. 


•ANCIENT  LIVES   OF  SCOTTISH   SAINTS.' 

Dr.  Metcalfe  returns  to  the  attack  with  a 
letter  in  which  he  says  : — 

"  My  '  strange  error,'  it  would  now  seem,  '  con- 
sists in  the  use  of  the  technical  term  "  immaculate," 
and  in  prefixing  to  it  the  definite  article,  thereby 
suggesting  that  the   ancient  biographer  imagined 


718 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


NO  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


St.  Magnus  to  have  been  conceived  without  incur- 
ring the  guilt  or  stain  of  original  sin.'  I  am  also 
told  that '  the  Latin  translator  knew  better  '  than  to 
'put  into  the  mouth  of  Master  Robert  the  words 
"immaculate  conception  "  in  relation  to  St.  Magnus.' 
Of  course  he  did  ;  and  so  did  I.  This  part  of  my 
'  strange  error '  exists  only  in  your  contributor's 
imagination.  I  do  not  wish  to  talce  up  your  space 
any  more  than  I  can  help,  but  I  must  ask  you  to  let 
me  quote  the  words  I  put  into  the  mouth  of  Master 
Robert  when  trying  to  translate  him.  After  apply- 
ing to  St.  Magnus  certain  words  of  St.  Paul,  he 
says :  '  And  he  fought  valiantly  and  triumphed 
happily,  for  it  seemed  to  him  that  he  would  be 
much  too  easy  a  knight,  who  would  have  glory 
before  he  had  done  works  of  virtue  ;  for  virtue  is 
the  way  to  glory,  and  glory  comes  from  virtue. 
Treacherous  is  the  glory  and  vain  is  the  beauty 
which  is  not  begotten  of  holy  virtue.  And  I  marvel, 
-says  the  Scripture,  how  fair  and  winsome  is  the  im- 
maculate conception  with  its  purity  and  love.'  No 
ordinary  reader,  I  will  venture  to  say,  would  ever 
imagine  that  there  was  here  in  this  italicized  sen- 
tence so  much  as  a  suspicion  of  a  suggestion  '  that 
the  ancient  biographer  imagined  St.  Magnus  to 
have  been  conceived,'  &c.  Following  the  example 
of  your  contributor,  I  might  fling  about  a  number 
of  insinuations ;  but  I  prefer  to  believe  that  even 
he,  like  the  divine  Homer,  occasionally  nods,  and 
that,  like  him,  he  is  not  always  infallible. 

"With  respect  to  the  rest  of  the  'strange  error,' 
your  contributor  tumbles  head  over  heels  into  a  trap 
which  might  have  been  laid  for  him.  I  used 
the  definite  article  partly  to  show  that  the  idea 
on  which  Master  Robert  is  dwelling  in  the  sen- 
tence in  question  had  no  reference  to  St.  Magnus, 
and  partly  because,  whatever  my  familiarity  with 
the  '  history  of  dogma '  may  be,  my  knowledge  of 
the  history  of  this  particular  dogma  convinced  me 
that  I  was  perfectly  justified  not  only  in  using  the 
definite  article,  but  also  in  putting  the  whole  phrase 
into  the  mouth  of  Master  Robert  in  order  to  bring 
out  his  meaning.  And  this  for  the  simple  reason 
that  he  would  be  perfectly  familiar  with  it.  Long 
before  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century  the  idea 
of  the  holy,  if  not  of  the  immaculate,  conception  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  had  been  floating  about  in  the 
Greek  as  well  as  in  the  Roman  Church  ;  but  in 
1140  certain  canons  of  Lyons  proposed  to  set  up  the 
doctrine  of  the  immaculate  conception— a  proposal 
which  brought  down  upon  them  a  pretty  sharp 
rebuke,  written  either  by  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux 
or  by  another,  and  started  a  sharp  and  enduring 
controversy.  Master  Robert,  for  the  reason  I  have 
given  in  the  introduction  to  Pinkerton's  'Vitaj,' 
could  not  have  written  his  saga  before  the  year 
1230.  The  lapse  of  close  upon  a  century,  aided  by 
the  controversy  as  well  as  by  other  circumstances 
which  are  doubtless  well  known  to  your  contributor, 
was  quite  sufficient  to  allow  of  the  phrase  spreading 
to  the  Northern  convents  (even  assuming  that  it 
was  not  known  among  them  before),  and  of  a  literary 
man  like  Master  Robert  becoming  quite  familiar 
with  it ;  and  nothing,  I  should  say  (and  most,  I 
imagine,  will  agree  with  me),  would  be  more  likely 
than  for  Master  Robert,  when  speaking  of  chastity, 
more  especialij'  when  he  had  mounted  the  high 
horse  of  his  rhetoric,  to  make  some  allusion  to  the 
doctrine,  and  to  use  the  phrase  which  has  since 
become  technical.  What  the  Scripture  is  to  which 
he  refers  I  do  not  know.  I  shall  be  greatly  obliged, 
however,  to  any  one  who  will  do  me  the  favour  of 
pointing  it  out." 

Dr.  Metcalfe  may  well  ask  to  what  Scripture, 
containing  the  expression  "the  immaculate 
conception,"  Master  Robert  referred.  He 
apparently  justifies  a  translation  which  is  in 
itself  inaccurate  and  misleading,  and  in  reference 
to  St.  Magnus  utterly  unmeaning,  by  the  sug- 
gestion that  the  biographer  of  the  saint  may 
have  known  and  thought  of  the  doctrine  in 
reference  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 


WIEEAL  PLACE-NAMES. 

It  has  been,  unfortunately,  so  rare  to  meet 
with  a  straightforward  critic  of  my  book,  that 
I  must  begin  by  thanking  Mr.  Tait  for  the 
fainiess  and  courtesy  of  his  remarks.  He  frankly 
admits  that  my  argument  is  not  affected  by 
them,  as  I  only  touched  on  the  Wirral  "  byes  " 
with  reference  to  the  absence  in  the  peninsula 
of  the  six-carucate  assessment. 

I  tested  Mr.  Green's  statement  as  to  "the 
little  group  of  northern  villages "  there  by 
reference  to  Domesday,  because  experience  has 
taught  me  what  ludicrous  errors  have  arisen 
froni  taking  the  modern  forms  of  names  as 
original,  instead  of  relying  on  our  oldest  autho- 


rity. It  is  undisputed  and  indisputable  that 
of  the  fifty-one  Wirral  names  in  Domesday,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  Irvine,  only  one,  as  I  state,  ends 
in  "  bi,"  the  "  bye  "  of  Mr.  Green.  But,  writes 
Mr.  Tait,  "it  is  very  strange  that  Mr.  Round, 
who  elsewhere  (p.  16)  lays  such  stress  on  actual 
and  possible  omissions  in  Domesday  Book,  should 
not  have  thought  it  necessary  to  glance  at  a  majD 
of  Cheshire."  The  assumption  is  somewhat 
hasty.  I  did  glance  at  a  map  of  Cheshire  which 
gave  the  "villages,"  and  only  found  one  "  by" 
termination.*  All  the  "  bys  "  but  this  one  are 
hamlets,  "townships  "  as  Mr.  Tait  calls  them. 
His  list  of  these  is  quite  correct,  and  justifies 
Mr.  Green's  view ;  and  if  that  brilliant  writer  had 
spoken  of  "  place-names,"  or  even  of  "town- 
ships," I  should  not  have  been  misled.  The 
point,  as  I  have  said,  is  unimportant,  for  Mr. 
Tait  admits  that  he  does  not  "  impugn "  my 
inference  ;  but  I  have  shown  how  naturally  I 
came  to  misunderstand  Mr.  Green. 

It  must  be,  I  am  sure,  by  inadvertence  that 
Mr.  Tait  misrepresents  what  I  say  in  '  Feudal 
England  '  (p.  16)  as  to  omissions  in  Domesday. 
I  deal  there  with  clerical  errors,  by  which  words 
were  dropped,  or  even,  in  rare  cases,  a  virgate 
or  a  hide  omitted.  I  certainly  say  nothing  of 
townships  being  omitted,  and  my  conclusion 
reads  :  "  The  only  wonder  is  that  the  omissions 
are,  after  all,  so  few."  J.  H.  Round. 


UNPUBLISHED   LETTEES    OF   LOED    DALHOUSIB. 
I. 

The  other  day,  when  indulging  in  that  most 
delightful  of  all  pastimes,  a  hunt  after  old  books, 
I  was  informed  by  the  proprietor  of  a  second- 
hand book-shop  on  the  Quay  at  Dublin  that  he 
had  some  old  letters  relating  to  India  which 
might  be  of  interest  to  me.  The  letters,  he 
stated,  had  been  purchased  by  him  some  years 
ago  at  an  auction  ;  that  he  had  mislaid  them  ; 
and  that  they  had  only  lately  come  to  light  when 
he  was  about  to  change  his  premises.  He  pro- 
duced an  old  brown-paper  packet.  On  opening 
it  I  found  it  contained  eighty-four  letters  written 
by  the  Marquis  of  Dalhousie  to  Sir  Arthur 
Phayre,  the  first  Chief  Commissioner  of  Burma. 
These  letters  will  prove  of  considerable  service 
when  the  time  comes  for  writing  a  comprehensive 
biography  of  the  great  Proconsul,  who  not  only 
increased  the  bounds  of  our  Indian  Empire,  but, 
by  developing  and  improving  the  internal 
administration,  created  a  government  of  which 
perpetual  striving  towards  improvement  is  the 
vital  principle.  The  letters  bear  witness  to  the 
zeal,  tact,  and  judgment  with  which  he  laboured 
to  found  a  sound  administrative  system  in  a 
newly  acquired  province.  The  letters  not  only 
show  the  imperious  will  of  the  man,  but  they 
also  reveal  that  the  imperious  will  was  adorned 
by  tenderness  and  sympathy.  It  was  the  union 
of  these  qualities  which  gave  Dalhousie  his  great 
power  of  attracting  men.  Men  served  him  with 
heart  and  soul  because  they  knew  that  their 
trials  and  difficulties  were  the  object  of  his 
attentive  concern  and  that  he  would  never  fail 
them  in  the  hour  of  need.  In  the  Punjaub  and 
Burma  he  chose  his  instruments  with  care  ;  he 
guided  them,  but  he  gave  them  freedom  of 
action  ;  he  trusted  them  and  they  trusted  him, 
and  the  beneficent  results  are  stamped  on  the 
page  of  history. 

In  September,  1851,  certain  British  merchants 
at  Rangoon,  who  had  been  subjected  to  gross 
outrages  by  the  officers  of  the  King  of  Ava, 
laid  their  wrongs  before  the  Governor-General 
of  India.  Lord  Dalhousie,  holding  to  the 
wisdom  of  Lord  Wellesley's  maxim  that  an 
insult  offered  to  the  British  flag  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Ganges  should  be  resented  as  promptly 
and  as  fully  as  an  insult  offered  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Thames,  demanded  reparation.  The  Govern- 
ment of  India,  the  great  ruler  considered,  could 

*  And  this  is  the  only  one  to  be  found  under  Clieshire  in 
the  "Alphabetical  Index  to  Towns,  Villages,  &c.  in  Eng- 
land," given  in  Bacon's  '  Ordnance  Atlas  of  the  British 

Isles.' 


never,  consistently  with  its  own  safety,  permit 
itself  to  stand  for  a  single  day  in  an  attitude 
of  inferiority  towards  a  native  power.  Every 
effort  was  made  to  obtain  reparation  by  friendly 
means.  But  every  effort  was  vain.  Our  de- 
mands were  evaded  ;  our  officers  were  insulted. 
The  warnings  which  we  gave  were  treated  with 
disregard  ;  and  the  period  of  grace  which  we 
allowed  was  employed  by  the  Burmese  in 
strengthening  their  fortifications,  and  in  making 
every  preparation  for  resistance.  Thereupon 
Lord  Dalhousie  dispatched  a  powerful  expe- 
dition to  Pegu.  The  golden  pagoda  at  Rangoon 
was  captured  by  a  daring  feat  of  arms,  and  the 
city  lay  at  the  mercy  of  the  conquerors. 

Though  his  army  was  dispersed,  the  King  of 
Ava  showed  no  sign  of  submission.  Lord 
Dalhousie,  after  paying  a  visit  to  Rangoon, 
determined  to  push  the  war  into  the  interior. 
An  advance  was  ordered  to  be  made  to  Prome, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  1852  that  city,  which 
commanded  the  river  approach  to  the  royal 
capital  Ava,  was  captured  Ijy  our  troops.  Lord 
Dalhousie,  however,  hesitated  to  advance  against 
the  capital,  for  he  wrote:  "To  march  to  Ava 
will  give  no  peace  unless  the  army  remain  at 
Ava — in  other  words,  unless  we  absorb  the 
whole  Burmese  Empire."  The  king,  however, 
refused  to  hold  any  communication  with  the 
English,  and  the  patience  of  Lord  Dalhousie 
became  exhausted.  On  the  8th  of  December, 
1852,  he  wrote  to  Capt.  Phayre,  then  Commis- 
sioner of  Aracan  : — 

"  So  very  little  progress  has  been  made  of  late 
towards  the  termination  of  hostilities  in  Burmah, 
that  I  am  not  disposed  to  make  my  proclamation 
wait  any  longer  upon  General  Godwin's  fight. 
Wherefore  I  have  sent  Zenobia  to  take  you  down 
with  instructions.  Those  instructions  are  so  full, 
and  leave  you  so  sufficient  a  discretion,  that  I  think 
it  hardly  necessary  to  add  anything  to  them. 

"  It  may,  however,  give  you  confidence,  in  form- 
ing your  decision  as  to  the  proper  date  of  issue  for 
the  proclamation,  to  say  at  once  that  I  don't  care 
how  soon  you  issue  it." 

He  closes  his  letter  with  a  wish  that  he  would 
hear  from  Capt.  Phayre  regularly  and  con- 
fidentially : — 

"You  will  find  such  correspondence  a  material 
aid  to  you  ;  and  I  beg  you  to  state  your  views  and 
wishes  to  me  at  all  times  unreservedly." 

On  the  25th  of  December  the  proclamation  was 
issued.  It  announced  that  Lower  Burma  had 
become  a  portion  of  the  British  dominions.  To 
fix  the  boundaries  of  the  new  territory,  and  to 
get  the  King  of  Ava  to  sign  a  formal  treaty  of 
peace,  were  now  the  main  objects  which  occupied 
the  attention  of  Dalhousie.  The  anxiety  which 
he  showed  for  a  formal  treaty  of  peace  sprang 
simply  from  the  desire  of  the  ministry  at  home 
to  settle  the  Burman  question.  On  the  18th  of 
March,  1853,  he  wrote  : — 

"  I  conceive  that  the  arrival  of  Father  Domingo, 
corroborated  as  his  language  is  by  all  collateral 
reports  of  the  events  at  Ava  and  of  the  ruling  feel- 
ing there,  entitles  me  to  entertain  a  sanguine  hope 
that  the  envoys  will  arrive  and  that  peace  will  be 
concluded  in  all  this  month." 
The  sanguine  hope  was  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment. Two  months  afterwards,  on  the  16th  of 
May,  he  writes  : — 

"  It  is  of  no  use  to  speculate  whether  the  treaty 
has  been  signed  or  not.  We  must  soon  know.  If 
they  had  any  sense  or  any  truth,  I  should  make 
sure  it  had  been  already  signed.  As  they  have 
neither,  I  reckon  on  nothing. 

"  The  words  of  the  priest  do  not  go  with  me  for 
much.  They  of  course  desire  to  make  the  best 
terms  they  can  for  the  king— and  may  be  trying 
to  alarm  us  into  giving  good  ones.  I  have  obviated 
every  possible  reproach  by  taking  a  frontier  at 
Prome,  and  from  that  I  will  not  budge  an  inch." 

The  following  reveals  that,  though  he  was 
invariably  severe  towards  criminals,  the  senti- 
ments of  honour  and  generosity  regulated  the 
conduct  of  Dalhousie  towards  honourable  foes  : 

"  Some  time  ago  you  were  instructed  to  deal  very 
severely  with  dacoits,  or  plundering  leaders,  if  they 
were  captured.  Although  Myat-toon  was  not,  I 
believe,  in  the  service  of  the  Government,  and 
appears   to   have  been  a    plunderer   on   hig   own 


N*'  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


719 


account,  it  will  not  do,  I  think,  to  treat  bim  as  a 
dacoit  or  as  a  robber,  and  to  deal  with  him  crimi- 
nally. A  man  who  has  4,000  men  under  him— who 
repulses  three  British  attacks,  captures  their  guns, 
and  after  a  very  stout  defence  is  finally  routed  only 
by  a  brigadier-general — must  be  regarded  as  a  chief 
and  a  soldier,  and  a  good  one  too.  Wherefore  if 
you  catch  him  or  his  sons  don't  deal  with  them 
criminally,  but  report  what  you  would  advise." 

Lord  Ellenborough  subsequently  asserted  in 
the  House  of  Lords  that  money  had  been  offered 
on  the  part  of  the  Government  for  the  head  of 
Myat-toon.  Dalhousie  wrote  on  June  13th, 
■when  the  debate  reached  him  : — 

'•  The  same  tale  modified  has  been  lately  revived, 
and  it  is  stated  that  rewards  have  been  offered  for 
apprehending  him.  The  first,  I  am  very  certain,  is 
false.  The  second  I  do  not  believe,  because  no  such 
offer  was  enjoined  by  the  Government,  nor  was  any 
reported." 

Meanwhile  new  difficulties  had  arisen  with 
regard  to  the  treaty.  The  Burmese  envoy  objected 
to  our  frontier  being  advanced  to  Meraday,  which 
Capt.  Phayre  considered  would  be  a  better  site 
than  Prome  for  a  cantonment.  Lord  Dalhousie 
pointed  out  that  public  opinion  was  adverse  to 
the  war,  and  would  strongly,  "and  I  think 
justly,  condemn  the  Government  if  it  lost  a 
treaty  between  Meraday  and  Prome  ": — 

"You  have,  therefore,  been  told  to  give  up  that 
'  debateable  land  '  if  the  envoy  holds  out.  If,  how- 
ever, he  attempts  another  turn  of  the  screw,  and 
proves  to  be  humbugging  altogether,  you  are  not  to 
give  in  one  inch  further.  I  have  fixed  ten  miles  as 
the  maximum  distance  of  the  frontier  from  Prome," 

The  envoy  did  prove  to  be  "humbugging 
altogether,"  and  on  May  ICth,  1853,  Dalhousie 
wrote  : — 

"The  news  of  the  negotiations  having  been 
broken  off  were  not  a  surprise  to  me.  They  were  a 
disappointment,  but  they  would  not  have  been  even 
that,  were  it  not  that  the  home  authorities  much 
desire  a  treaty.  I  regret  that  my  original  design  of 
cutting  off  all  formal  connexion— neither  demand- 
ing nor  asking  nor  accepting  a  treaty— was  not 
adhered  to. 

"You  will  receive  full  instructions  for  your 
guidance  in  the  event  of  negotiations  being  renewed, 
as  you  seem  to  anticipate.  But  under  no  circum- 
stances will  I  now  recede  from  Meraday.  Ava  may 
become  ours,  but  Meraday  never  will  be  theirs 
again." 

The  Court  of  Ava — with  the  hope,  no  doubt, 
of  prolonging  negotiations — suggested  sending 
an  embassy  to  the  Governor-General.  Lord 
Dalhousie  wrote  : — 

"  With  respect  to  envoys  to  Bengal,  you  may  say 
that  I  shall  be  happy  to  receive  any  person  or  persons 
of  rank  who  may  be  deputed.  They  shall  be  sent 
up  in  a  ship  of  war  and  shall  be  treated  with  every 
distinction.  But  they  must  sign  a  treaty  of  peace 
first.  Until  they  have  signed  a  treaty  I  will  not 
receive  any  of  them,  and  you  will  not  permit  them 
to  pass." 

The  Governor-General  now  determined  to 
follow  his  original  line  of  action.     He  wrote  : — 

"  If  these  people  make  peace,  well  and  good.  If 
they  do  not,  and  are  not  likely  to  do  so,  but  still  are 
not  likely  to  attack  us  in  force,  I  propose  to  issue  a 
Notification  by  way  of  closing  the  war,  and  then  to 
break  up  the  army  ;  not  removing  a  soldier  at  pre- 
sent, but  merely  doing  away  with  the  war  footing." 

A  month  later  satisfactory  intelligence  seemed 
to  have  reached  Lord  Dalhousie  regarding  a 
definite  settlement  having  been  arrived  at  with 
the  Court  of  Ava.     He  writes  on  June  26th  : — 

"  I  have  received  half  an  hour  ago  your  letters 
and  despatches  by  Moozuffur.  They  are  very  wel- 
come ;  and  as  far  as  my  opinions  and  wishes  are 
concerned  quite  satisfactory.  You  have  done  quite 
right  to  raise  the  blockade  at  once." 

Four  days  later  he  wrote  : — 

"  I  accept  the  king's  declaration,  of  course  ;  for  it 
is  to  my  mind  as  good  as  any  treaty.  I  have  to  add 
that  I  place  no  confidence  in  either  the  one  or  the 
other  ;  and  regard  our  only  security  to  be  an  ade- 
quate military  strength  in  Pegu." 

The  following  passage  illustrates  the  little 
confidence  that  he  placed  in  the  King  of  Ava  : — 

"I  am  decidedly  opposed  to  granting  permission 
for  the  performance  of  pilgrimages  and  the  offering 
of  gifts  by  the  King  of  Ava  to  the  pagodesof  Prome. 
Kangoon,  and  Pegu  under  present  circumstances  and 
at  the  present  time.    Father  Abbone's  declaration, 


that  if  permission  be  refused  war  will  be  renewed 
by  the  king,  has  no  weight  with  me  whatever. 

"Nothing  will  prevent  the  Burmese  making  re- 
newed war  against  us  except  the  consciousness  of 
their  inability  to  do  so.  If  they  fancy  that  they  are 
able  to  make  war  now,  they  will  do  so,  even  though 
we  grant  their  request.  For  not  obtaining  a  pre- 
text in  the  refusal  of  their  request,  they  will 
speedily  find  another  pretext.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  tliey  do  not  feel  themselves  able  to  make  war, 
the  refusal  of  the  request  will  not  be  followed  by 
war. 

"  Wherefore  I  hold  that  war  or  peace  is  a  question 
which  stands  quite  independent  of  this  request ; 
for  if  they  are  disposed  to  war,  they  will  make  it, 
even  though  the  request  be  conceded  ;  and  if  they 
are  not  prepared  to  make  war,  they  cannot  make  it, 
even  though  the  request  be  refused. 

"It  remains  to  consider  whether  the  request 
should  be  granted  on  its  own  merits.  I  think  most 
certainly  not. 

"  The  Burmese  have  made  no  formal  cession  of 
Pegu  to  us.  Whatever  they  may  do,  it  is  certain 
they  must  desire  to  recover  it.  It  is,  therefore, 
most  probable  that  this  offer  of  gifts  is  designed  to 
afford  opportunities  for  intrigue,  and  to  maintain  in 
the  eyes  of  the  people  of  Pegu  a  claim  to  that  pro- 
vince, and  an  avowed  expectation  that  they  will  yet 
recover  it.  Anything  of  this  sort  (apart  from  active 
intrigue),  which  is  calculated  to  keep  alive  hope 
among  the  Burmese  of  their  recovering  Pegu  and 
doubt  among  the  Peguers  of  our  retaining  it,  is 
likely  to  be  most  mischievous. 

"If  the  Burmese  had  signed  a  treaty,  formally 
and  publicly  ceding  Pegu  forever  to  us,  there  would 
not  have  been  the  same  objection  to  permitting 
them  to  send  gifts  to  pagodes  in  one's  territory, 
just  as  foreign  states  have  long  been  accustomed  to 
send  gifts  to  Benares  and  Juggernatt  in  these  pro- 
vinces. 

"  I  would  therefore  wish  you  peremptorily  to 
refuse  to  permit  any  royal  pilgrimage  or  the  offer 
of  any  royal  gifts  to  temples  in  Pegu  until  the 
treaty  already  offered  shall  he  signed  by  the  king. 
When  that  has  been  done,  the  gifts  may  be  sent, 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Governor  of  India 
may  fix. 

"This  is  the  answer  which  you  must  give.  And 
you  may  tell  Father  Abbone  from  me,  that  he  may 
tell  it  to  the  king  that  I  swear  solemnly  that  if  the 
Burmese  nation  renews  war  with  us  I  shall  hold 
myself  free  to  utterly  destroy  the  Burmese  kingdom, 
and  to  hunt  down  the  race  that  rules  over  it  till  I 
make  them  beggars  upon  the  face  of  the  earth." 

Father  Abbone  was  an  Italian  priest  who 
resided  at  Ava,  and  seemed  to  have  been  in 
the  confidence  of  the  Court.  Lord  Dal- 
housie, in  one  of  his  letters,  intimated  a  strong 
suspicion  that  he  was  a  spy.  On  the  4th  of 
November,  1853,  he  writes  ; — 

"  If  Padre  Abbone  makes  any  more  proposals 
such  as  you  describe,  laugh  in  his  face.  He  is  either 
a  fool  or  thinks  us  so.  If  he  talks  of  war,  tell  him 
to  let  the  king  make  it  if  he  dare." 

But  though  the  rage  of  the  king  flamed  high, 
he  dared  not  make  war.  He  sent  envoys  to  Cal- 
cutta, but  he  made  no  treaty.  The  story  of  the 
conclusion  of  the  negotiation  must  be  set  forth 
in  another  paper.  There  are  other  topics  of 
interest  and  importance  which  remain  to  be 
noticed.  George  W.  Forrest. 


COLERIDGE. 


Great  Staughton  Vicarage,  St.  Neots,  Nov.  5,  169?. 

Mr.  Ward,  in  his  letter  in  your  issue 
of  October  26th,  says  that  he  announced 
some  time  ago  that  he  had  come  into  the  pos- 
session of  two  volumes  in  MS.  of  Coleridge's 
opus  magnum,  '  The  Elements  of  Logic '  and 
'  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Logic,' and  he 
speaks  with  surprise  at  the  lack  of  interest  in 
his  announcement. 

I  did  not  see  this  at  the  time,  but  now  beg  to 
be  permitted  to  say  that  there  are  some  who 
are  very  much  interested  in  the  bringing  to 
light  of  these  MSS.  la  connexion  with  this 
subject  may  I  call  your  attention  to  the  fact 
that  Mr.  Simon,  the  editor  of  '  Green's  Philo- 
sophy founded  on  the  Teaching  of  S.  T.  Cole- 
ridge,' says  in  his  preface  :  "But  in  truth  the 
existence  of  any  such  work  was  a  mere  matter  of 
moonshine;  Coleridge  had  not  left  any  available 
written  materials  for  setting  comprehensively 
before  the  public,"  &c.;  and  again,  "There 
was  the  tradition  of  his  oral  teachings  "  ? 


These  statements  have  always  surprised  the 
friends  of  Coleridge,  who  thought  that  some 
manuscript  of  the  poet  must  exist  ;  (1)  because 
Coleridge  repeatedly  said  so  ;  (2)  because  Mr. 
Green,  his  literary  executor,  in  conversation  with 
friends— among  them  especially  the  late  H.  H. 
Carwardine,  Esq.,  of  Colne  Priory,  Essex — 
virtually  admitted  that  there  was  manuscript  ; 
(3)  because  my  father,  the  Rev.  James  Gillman, 
whose  home  was  with  his  father,  James  Gill- 
man,  of  Highgate,  up  to  nearly  the  age  of  thirty, 
frequently  affirmed  that  he  had  seen  Mr.  Green 
during  a  period  of  some  years  constantly  writing 
from  Coleridge's  mouth.  In  1865  my  father 
made  a  written  statement  in  reference  to  Mr. 
Simon's  preface,  a  portion  of  which  is  as  fol- 
lows :  "Mr.  Green  to  my  certain  knowledge 
was  constantly  writing  from  Coleridge's  dic- 
tation, and  there  was  also  to  my  knowledge  a 
vast  quantity  of  written  matter  in  Mr.  Green's 
handwriting  for  him  to  work  on,"  &.c. 

One  gathers  from  Mr.  Ward's  letter  that 
he  has  reason  to  think  the  MSS.  in  his  pos- 
session may  be  portions  of  the  so-called  "great 
work."  Any  parts  of  this  (even  though  frag- 
mentary) the  friends  of  Coleridge  have  always 
thought  should  have  been  published  as  the 
philosopher's  own.  I  trust  these  MSS.  may  yet 
be  given  to  the  world. 

As  Mr.  Ward  speaks  of  not  having  seen  the 
late  Mr.  Dykes  Campbell's  work,  he  will  be 
interested  with  the  note  on  these  MSS.  on 
p.  251 ;  also  the  note  in  '  Letters  of  S.  T. 
Coleridge,'  edited  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Coleridge,  on 
p.  753.  Lucy  E.  Watson. 


THE  POSTHUMOUS  WRITINGS  OF  MR.  R.  L. 

STEVENSON. 

With  reference  to  the  above,  may  I  be 
allowed  to  state  for  the  information  of  readers 
that  the  fragment  called  '  The  Great  North  Road,' 
which  appears  in  the  forthcoming  Christmas 
number  of  the  Illustrated  London  News,  should 
have  been  described  as  belonging  to  theyear  1884  ? 
It  consists  of  the  opening  chapters  of  a  romance 
which  the  author  began  in  that  year,  but  which 
he  quickly  abandoned  owing  to  the  pressure 
of  other  work,  and  never  took  up  again.  The 
executors  have  thought  it  of  sufficient  interest 
to  be  worth  printing,  but  it  must  not  be  sup- 
posed to  be  the  work  on  which  the  author  was 
engaged  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  of  the 
high  quality  of  which  so  much  has  been  said. 
It  seems  necessary  to  repeat  (since  your  own 
contributor,  in  reviewing  the  '  Vailima  Letters,' 
fell  into  a  mistake  on  the  point)  that  the  title 
of  Mr.  Stevenson's  last  book  is  '  Weir  of  Her- 
miston.'  Those  who  have  read  it  are  agreed  in 
thinking  it,  so  far  as  it  goes,  by  far  his  best ; 
but  it  also  unfortunately  remains  a  fragment. 
Arrangements  have  been  made  for  its  serial 
publication  in  the  early  months  of  next  year  in 
the  new  periodical  Cosmopolis,  and  it  will  be 
published  in  book  form,  probably  in  May,  by 
Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus.      Sidney  Colvin. 


ILittrarp  ffiossfp. 

The  late  Mr.  Locker-Lampson's  memoirs, 
edited  by  his  son-in-lasv  Mr.  Augustine 
Birrell,  may  be  expected  early  in  the  new 
year  from  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  The 
title  given  to  the  volume  is  '  My  Con- 
fidences.' 

Under  the  general  title  of  "Women 
of  Colonial  and  Eevolutionary  Times  in 
America,"  Mr.  Murray  is  preparing  (in 
conjimction  with  Messrs.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons)  a  series  of  volumes,  the  aim 
of  which  is  not  only  to  present  carefully 
studied  portraits  of  distinguished  American 
women,  but  to  offer  as  a  background  for 
these  portraits  pictures  of  the  domestic  and 
social,   instead   of  the   political   and   other 


720 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


W  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


public,  life  of  the  people  in  successive 
periods  of  national  development.  The  pro- 
ject thus  includes  a  series  of  closely  con- 
nected narratives,  for  which  use  has  been 
freely  made  of  old  letters,  wills,  inventories, 
bills,  &c.,  from  which  have  been  gleaned 
many  details  of  the  daily  life  of  colonial 
and  revolutionary  days.  In  addition  to 
these,  diaries,  memoirs,  autobiographies — 
in  fact,  all  sources — have  been  drawn  upon 
for  material  to  add  to  the  truthfulness  and 
attractiveness  of  the  picture.  Puritan  Eng- 
land under  James  I.  will  be  depicted  in 
Mrs.  Earle's  '  Margaret  Winthrop,'  who 
did  not  reach  New  England  until  some  time 
after  her  husband,  the  Governor.  The 
hospitality  displayed  later  by  the  landed 
gentry  of  Virginia  will  be  shown  in  the 
lives  of  Martha  Washington  and  of  "  Dolly  " 
Madison,  as  well  as  the  official  and  semi- 
official functions  over  which  they  presided 
in  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Washing- 
ton. The  part  played  by  Boston  women  in 
the  movement  which  culminated  in  the 
Revolution  is  indicated  in  Miss  Brown's 
life  of  Mercy  Otis  Warren,  while  various 
aspects  of  Klnickerbocker  life — both  the  town 
life  that  centred  in  Bowling  Green,  and  the 
manor  life  of  the  valley  of  the  Hudson — 
will  receive  treatment. 

A  XEw  serial  story,  entitled  '  Clarissa 
Euriosa,'  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Norris,  will  begin 
in  the  January  number  of  the  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine ;  and  Mr.  S.  E.  Crockett's  '  Cleg  Ivelly, 
Arab  of  the  City,'  will  be  followed  by  a 
story  in  three  parts  by  Mr.  J.  Payn,  entitled 
'  The  Disappearance  of  George  Drilfell.' 

The  JDaily  News  will  celebrate  its  jubilee, 
which  occurs  on  the  21st  of  January,  1896, 
by  publishing  a  sketch  of  its  history  and 
accounts  of  the  conductors  who  have  con- 
tributed to  make  it  famous,  from  Dickens 
(who  was  the  first)  down  to  the  present 
occupant  of  his  chair. 

The  fourth  volume  of  "  Chaj)man's  Story 
Series,"  which  will  follow  Mr.  James's  '  At 
the  Sign  of  the  Ostrich,'  will  be  '  The  White 
Eeather,'  by  Mr.  Oswald  Orawf urd ;  and  a 
little  later  will  appear  a  story  by  Mr.  Clark 
Russell. 

The  Oxford  Hebdomadal  Council  has 
appointed  a  committee  to  consider  the 
recommendations  of  the  Eoyal  Commission 
on  Secondary  Education.  Many  of  the 
teachers'  associations  have  arranged  to 
hold  conferences  in  January  to  discuss  the 
questions  raised  by  the  Report.  A  general 
conference  of  educational  bodies  is  already 
being  spoken  of,  to  be  held  in  the  spring 
of  next  year. 

Messrs.  CnAniAN  &  Hall  have  ready 
for  immediate  publication  Mr.  Charles  G. 
Harper's  promised  work  on  *  The  Dover 
Road,'  one  of  a  series  of  road-books  upon 
which  Mr.  Harper  has  been  for  some  years 
at  work.  The  Dover  road,  as  the  author 
remarks  in  his  preface,  is  the  most  ancient 
and  historic  highway  in  England,  and  no 
other  stretch  of  seventy-six  miles  in  our 
island  is  so  storied  with  records  of  olden 
times.  Mr.  Harper  claims  consideration  for 
his  work  on  the  ground  that  it  preserves 
for  us,  in  pictures  and  prose,  something  of 
that  old-time  aspect  of  the  roads  which  is 
so  surely  being  improved  away.  The  book 
is  profusely  illustrated  from  drawings  by 
the  author  and  from  old-time  prints. 


Two  books  for  hunting  men  are  about  to 
be  published  by  Mr.  Redway.  One  is  a 
volume  of  hunting  and  steeplechasing  re- 
collections by  "  Eox  Russell " ;  the  other  is 
a  new  book  of  sporting  stories,  hitherto  un- 
published, by  "  G.  G.,"  brother  of  Mr. 
Harper,  the  well-known  gentleman  rider. 

Cap  and  Gown  is  to  be  the  title  of  a  new 
weekly  journal  devoted  to  secondary  and 
higher  education. 

Mr.  Walter  B.  Harris's  account  of  his 
journey  in  the  Atlas  Range  and  his  ex- 
periences among  the  Berbers  is  to  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Blackwood.  A  chapter 
is  devoted  to  the  sudden  death  of  the  ruler 
of  Morocco,  and  the  intrigues  which  made 
the  succession  a  matter  of  political  anxiety, 
of  all  which  events  Mr.  Harris  was  an  eye- 
witness, having  joined  the  late  Emperor's 
camp  at  Tafilet. 

Mr.  Ebsworth  is  slowly  advancing  with 
the  printing  of  part  xxiv.  of  the  '  Rox- 
burghe  Ballads.'  Every  page  of  manu- 
script is  in  the  hands  of  the  printers  at 
Hertford,  and  he  hopes  part  xxiv.  will  be 
ready  in  January.  It  fills  over  two  hundred 
pages.  A  couple  of  dozen  ballads,  or  less, 
will  remain  for  the  final  part  next  year. 
The  additional  notes  (to  Mr.  Chappell's 
vols.  i.  and  ii.)  are  written,  the  Ballad 
Index  to  vol.  viii.  made  out,  and  the  General 
Index  to  all  the  historical  names,  &c.,  pre- 
pared to  the  midway  of  the  eight  volumes. 

Mr.  J.  M.  CowPER  has  been  appointed 
Honorary  Curator  of  the  Records  of  the 
City  of  Canterbury,  in  the  room  of  the  late 
Dr.  J.  B.  Sheppard. 

The  December  number  of  Blackicood  will 
contain  a  gossipy  article  by  Lady  Gregory 
on  the  Athenseum  Club  and  some  of  its 
members,  such  as  the  late  Mr.  Kinglake, 
Mr.  Hayward,  and  Mr.  Chenery,  with 
extracts  from  some  unpublished  letters  of 
the  historian  of  the  Crimean  War. 

Messrs.  Eyre  &  Spottiswoode  have  in 
the  press  a  popular  illustrated  handbook  on 
the  subject  of  the  transmission  of  the  texts 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  by  Mr. 
F.  G.  Kenyon,  of  the  Department  of  Manu- 
scripts at  the  British  Museum.  It  is 
especially  intended  for  those  who  study 
the  Bible  in  English,  but  will  be  useful  to 
students  who  are  beginning  to  study  the 
subject  of  textual  criticism,  especially  in 
relation  to  the  Septuagint  and  New  Testa- 
ment. The  plates  will  illustrate  the  cha- 
racteristics of  the  MSS.  and  the  errors  of  the 
scribes. 

Messrs.  Archibald  Constable  &  Co.  are 
about  to  publish  '  The  Coming  Individual- 
ism,' the  new  work  by  Mr.  Egmont  Hake 
and  Mr.  0.  E.  Wesslau.  Some  idea  of  the 
scope  of  the  book  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact  that  it  contains  chapters  on  "  The 
Economic  Imbroglio,"  "The  Errors  of 
Democracy,"  "  Imperial  Free  Trade,"  "Free 
Trade  in  Drink,"  "  Free  Trade  in  Amuse- 
ments," &c. 

Mr.  H.  Holman,  one  of  Her  Majesty's 
Inspectors,  will  read  a  paper  at  the  College 
of  Preceptors  this  (Saturday)  afternoon,  to 
bo  followed  by  a  discussion,  on  '  The  Use 
of  Fairy  Talcs  in  Education.' 

Tue  Jowett  memorial  at  St.  Paul's  School 
is  now  taking  definite  shape.  The  sub- 
scribers to  the  fund,  which  exceeds  800/., 


have  appointed  a  committee  to  obtain  tenders 
for  the  erection  of  an  organ  in  the  Great 
Hall. 

The  University  of  St.  Andrews,  having 
decided  to  take  no  further  step  towards  the 
incorporation  of  Dundee  University  College, 
will  doubtless  lose  the  3,000?.  included  in 
its  parliamentary  grant  for  the  benefit  of 
Dundee.  The  Scottish  Commissioners  have 
recommended  that  this  sum  should  be 
annually  granted  to  Dundee. 

The  town  authorities  of  Mayence,  after 
having  decided,  as  we  announced  on  the 
26th  ult.,  to  celebrate  in  1897  the  fifth  cen- 
tenary of  Johann  Gutenberg's  birth,  although 
1397  is  by  no  means  generally  accepted  as 
the  year  of  his  birth,  have  recently  resolved 
to  consult  the  principal  authorities  on  the 
subject,  in  and  out  of  Germany,  whether  the 
year  selected  is  the  most  appropriate. 

We  have  already  mentioned  that,  at  tha 
time  of  his  sudden  death,  Dr.  Robert 
Brown  was  engaged  in  seeing  through  the 
press  the  edition  of  the  '  Travels  of  Leo 
Africanus '  on  which  he  had  long  been  at 
work  for  the  Hakluyt  Society.  It  was  at 
first  feared  that  the  work  had  been  left  in 
an  incomplete  condition  ;  but  we  are  glad  to 
learn  that  Dr.  Brown  had  finished  his  anno- 
tation and  written  the  introduction.  Thus 
there  only  remains  the  task  of  piloting  the 
work  through  the  press,  and  for  this 
arrangements  have  now  been  made. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Papers  likely  to 
be  of  interest  to  our  readers  this  week  are 
Reports  of  the  Secondary  Education  Com- 
mission :  on  Bedford  and  Devon,  &c.  (25.  ^d.) ; 
and  on  Surrey,  Warwick,  Yorkshire,  Ame- 
rica, and  Canada  (2.s.  Id.). 

SCIENCE 


The  Water  Supply  of  Towns  and  the  Construc- 
tion of  Waterworks.  By  W.  K.  Burton. 
(Crosby  Lockwood  &  Son.) 
Though  this  book  has  been  published  in 
England,  its  preface  is  dated  from  Tokyo, 
where  its  author  is  Professor  of  Sanitary 
Engineering  in  the  University,  consulting 
engineer  for  the  waterworks  of  the  city,  and 
engineer  to  the  Sanitary  Bureau.  Prof. 
Burton,  however,  has  not  in  the  least 
degree  restricted  his  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject to  his  practice  in  the  East ;  and  although 
for  the  sake  of  Japanese  students  he  has, 
naturally  enough,  assigned  special  promi- 
nence to  provisions  for  the  extinction  of  fires, 
and  has  introduced  other  matters  of  special 
interest  and  utility  in  Japan,  he  has  for  the 
most  part  relegated  them  to  foot-notes,  so 
as  not  to  interrupt  general  readers  in  their 
perusal  of  the  book.  A  paper  also  by  Prof. 
Milne,  on  the  effects  of  earthquakes  on 
waterworks,  and  the  precautions  to  be  taken 
in  earthquake  countries,  has  been  placed  in 
an  appendix. 

The  book  first  deals  with  the  different 
qualities  of  water,  the  quantity  to  be  pro- 
vided, and  the  necessary  storage  capacity. 
The  author  then  proceeds,  in  a  very  short 
chapter,  to  classify  waterworks  under  the 
two  general  heads  of  gravitation  works  and 
pumping  works,  illustrated  by  diagrams. 
Next,  after  describing  impounding  reser- 
voirs, he  goes  on  to  the  consideration  of 
the     design    of    earthwork    and    masonry 


N^  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE      ATHEN^UM 


721 


dams  for  the  formation  of  these  reser- 
voirs, indicating  their  form  and  construc- 
tion by  sections  of  an  earthwork  dam, 
the  puddle  trench,  and  valve  towers,  so 
necessary  for  controlling  the  flow  through 
the  outlet  conduit ;  and  for  masonry  dams, 
by  five  theoretical  profiles,  and  sections  of 
the  Vyrnwy  dam  in  Wales  and  the  Tytam 
dam  at  Hongkong.  The  purification  of 
water  by  settling  reservoirs,  filtration 
through  sand,  shaking  up  with  iron,  and 
mixing  with  lime  is  next  considered  in  four 
successive  chapters,  leading  up  naturally 
to  the  subject  of  service  reservoirs.  Then 
follow  two  chapters  on  pumping  machinery 
and  the  flow  of  water  in  conduits,  which 
should  have  preceded  the  chapters  on  puri- 
fication, in  order  to  maintain  the  proper 
sequence  of  operations  in  providing  a  water 
supply,  evidently  aimed  at  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  volume.  Of  the  remaining 
five  chapters  with  which  it  terminates, 
the  most  important  is  on  the  prevention  of 
waste  of  water  due  to  leakage  in  the  pipes, 
bad  fittings,  and  carelessness  ;  for  by  care- 
ful inspection  at  night  with  the  aid  of  a 
special  meter  the  waste  can  be  localized,  and 
to  a  great  extent  stopped  by  repairs  and 
proper  regulations,  and  thus  not  merely  is 
the  daily  consumption  of  water  reduced,  but 
also  costly  works  for  an  increase  of  the 
supply  can  be  deferred.  The  descriptions 
are  greatly  aided  and  simpHfied  by  numerous 
clear  illustrations  distributed  through  the 
text,  and  filling  forty-four  folding  plates  ; 
but  the  ample  size  of  the  print  and  figures 
has  rendered  the  volume  somewhat  bulky. 

The  book  wiU  be  readily  intelligible 
throughout  to  any  students,  for  the  author 
has  sedulously  avoided  the  use  of  for- 
midaj,  even  in  treating  of  such  matters 
as  the  discharge  of  water  in  channels  and 
the  stability  of  masonry  dams,  contenting 
himself  in  the  one  case  by  a  reference  to  Mr. 
Fanning' s  '  Treatise  on  Hydraulic  and  Water- 
works Engineering,'  and  in  the  other  with 
diagrams  of  theoretical  profiles  of  masonry 
dams  given  by  Eankine  and  Wergmann. 
It  is  curious  that  a  professor  of  engineering 
should  have  made  a  mistake  in  the  only 
calculation  introduced  into  the  book, 
namely,  in  finding  the  area  of  the  cross 
section  of  a  river  from  a  series  of  equally 
spaced  depths ;  for  evidently  the  denomi- 
nator of  the  fraction  on  p.  28  should  be  11 
instead  of  12,  and  the  area  of  fig.  4  is  73-363 
square  feet,  instead  of  67-260  square  feet,  as 
stated  by  Prof.  Burton,  and  the  estimated 
discharge  on  the  next  page  264-107  cubic 
feet  per  second,  in  place  of  242-136  cubic 
feet.  The  late  Mr.  Thomas  Hawksley  ought 
to  be  too  weU  known  by  name  to  aU  EngHsh 
waterworks  engineers  to  be  quoted  on 
p.  34  as  "Sir  John  Hawksley";  and  the 
name  of  this  celebrated  engineer  should  not 
have  been  omitted  on  p.  75,  in  the  reference  to 
the  Yyrnwy  reservoir  dam  which  he  designed. 
On  the  chemical  side  of  the  subject  the 
author  has  relieved  reviewers  of  all  need  of 
criticism,  in  publishing,  as  an  appendix, 
the  remarks  on  the  book  made  in  private 
letters  to  him  by  his  candid  colleague  Dr. 
Divers,  with  which  he  acknowledges  that 
he  does  not  wholly  ag^ee.  Probably  few 
authors  would  have  published  such  passages 
as  the  following  :  — 

*'Sponqij   iron.  —  You  are    not    justified  in 
saying  what  you  do.     There  is  no  rationality 


in  exalting  nails  and  borings  (oily  and  dirty 
from  the  drills)  at  the  expense  of  spongy  iron 

clean  from  the  furnace Your  illustration  of 

Perth  is,  in  my  opinion,  entirely  wrongly  inter- 
preted— that  is,  against  the  facts  and  against 
your  previous  correct  account  that  water  may 
rise  to  a  river  and  not  always  go  down  from  it  ; 
and  therefore  your  moralizing  about  Nature's 
work  is  as  weak  as  all  such  moralizing  usually 
is." 

Evidently  Dr.  Divers  is  fully  qualified  to 
review  the  books  of  his  friends,  in  their 
chemical  aspect,  with  proper  candour  ;  and 
his  criticisms  have  the  advantage  of  appear- 
ing in  the  book  to  which  they  refer,  and 
therefore  are  readily  accessible  to  its  readers. 
The  water  supply  of  towns  is  every  year 
assuming  enhanced  importance,  owing  to 
the  growth  of  population,  the  absorption  of 
the  nearest  available  sources  of  water,  and 
the  increasing  demands  for  a  purer  and 
more  abundant  supply.  Comprehensive 
books,  however,  relating  to  waterworks 
have  not  increased  in  number  at  all  in 
projDortion  to  the  growing  interest  in  the 
subject,  owing,  probably,  to  the  small  return 
obtained  by  authors  of  this  class  of  tech- 
nical treatises  in  comparison  with  the  time 
and  labour  involved  in  their  preparation. 
This  volume,  accordingly,  though  far  more 
complete  in  regard  to  practice  than  theory, 
should  be  welcome  to  those  who  are  con- 
cernedin  the  construction  or  management 
of  waterworks,  as  well  as  to  students  who 
desire  to  acquire  a  general  knowledge  of 
the  subject. 

GAZETTEERS   AND   ATLASES. 

Cassell's  Gazetteer  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
— Vol.  I.   A.  to  died.     Vol.  II.   Cheddington  to 
Frome.     (Cassell   &   Co.)  —  The    publishers   of 
this  work  have  deserved  well  in  publishing  a 
new  gazetteer.     The  two  volumes  before  us  are 
excellently  printed  and  got  up,  and  their  con- 
tents  are   as   satisfactory  as  their  appearance. 
There  is  a  liberal  supply  of  maps,  on  the  scale  of 
five  miles  to  an  inch,  arranged  tlirough  the  two 
volumes,  taking  England  from  north  to  south. 
An  admirable    feature   is   a   foot-note   to   each 
place,  giving  the    nearest  railway  station  to  it 
and  its  distance  from  London  or  Dublin.     The 
illustrations  are  somewhat  mean,  and  we  should 
prefer   them   away,   but  at    least  they   do   not 
occupy  much  space.     There  is  no  introduction, 
so  that  we  are  not  quite  certain  what  principle 
has  been  followed  as  to  the  scope  of  the  work, 
but  we  apprehend   that  all  parishes  are  men- 
tioned— at  least,  we  have  not  been  able  to  dis- 
cover any  omissions.      In  Ireland  hundreds  do 
not  seem  to  be  referred  to.     There  is,  as  a  rule, 
no  fault  to  be  found  with  the  contents  of  each 
heading.     Banbury  Cross  is  mentioned,  but  not 
Banbury  cakes,   which,  unlike  Bath  buns  and 
Bath   clivers,  are  made  in  the  place  they  are 
called  after.     Justice  is  done  to  the  coracles  of 
Carmarthenshire.     We  must  demur  to  the  old- 
fashioned    spelling    of     Brecknockshire     being 
treated  as  the  recognized  form  of  the  word,  and 
the  Mid- Wales  Railway  referred  to  under  that 
title   has   ceased    to    exist.     The    Brecon    and 
Neath  Railway  also  is  omitted  from  the  same 
place.     The  Cambrian  Railway,  too,  is  not  men- 
tioned.    The  curious  flint  trade  at  Brandon  is 
referred   to,  but  the  antiquity  of    the  town  is 
unnoticed,  which  is  worth  remarking,   because 
anti(juarian  objects  generally  are  well  noticed  as 
a  rule.     Altogether,  the  execution  of  the  work 
is  a  credit  to  all  parties  concerned,  and  we  hope 
that  it  may  be  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion 
as  speedily  as  possible. 

Lon(imnns'  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  edited 
by  Mr.  George  G.  Chisholm  (Longmans  & 
Co.),    will    certainly   recommend   itself    to    all 


persons  in  want  of  a  practical  world  -  wide 
gazetteer  contained  in  a  moderate  compass. 
The  principles  on  which  places  are  included 
are  lucidly  explained  in  the  preface.  With- 
out going  into  detail  it  may  be  observed  that 
as  far  as  the  United  Kingdom  is  concerned 
the  work  professes  to  include  every  parish  and 
place  which  gives  a  name  to  a  railway  station  or 
post  oflice,  every  village  in  Scotland  mentioned 
in  the  census,  and  every  townland  in  Ireland 
with  a  population  over  250.  In  other  parts  of 
the  world  a  population  of  2,000  in  Western 
Europe  and  5,000  elsewhere  is  recognized  as  a 
ground  for  inclusion  ;  but,  of  course,  many  places 
having  practically  no  population  at  all  are  also 
mentioned.  We  have  failed  to  discover  any 
departures  from  these  rules,  and  we  have  found 
sufficiently  full  details  relating  to  the  Hispar 
and  Baltoro  glaciers.  Pioneer  Peak,  Mississippi 
Bay,  and  the  Swin  Channel.  On  the  other 
hand,  Rockall  is  not  mentioned,  nor  are  Fox 
Hill,  the  Long  Valley,  or  Cove  Common,  though 
it  is  not  probable  that  their  omission  will  ever 
cause  any  practical  inconvenience.  The  omission 
of  Upware  is  a  more  serious  matter.  The  more 
important  titles  are  well  dealt  with  ;  under  the 
title  Ireland,  for  instance,  we  find  fifteen  tables 
and  a  variety  of  useful  information,  though  we 
doubt  the  wisdom  of  giving  some  three  inches 
to  an  ethnographical  account  of  its  inhabit- 
ants. In  most  cases  sufficient  information 
is  afforded  as  to  each  place  to  enable  the  reader 
to  locate  it  on  a  small  map,  and  its  population  is 
indicated  according  to  the  best  authority.  On 
the  whole,  there  is  every  sign  throughout  the 
work  that  the  maximum  of  diligence  and  con- 
siderable scientific  knowledge  have  been  em- 
ployed in  its  construction. 

Phili2)'s  Handy  Volume  Atlas.  A  New  and 
Enlarged  Edition.  By  E.  G.  Ravenstein. 
(Philip  &  Son.)— The  'Handy  Volume  Atlas' 
is  already  favourably  knovvu  to  that  great  part 
of  the  public  who  like  to  have  their  geography 
purveyed  in  the  most  convenient  possible  form. 
All  the  maps  have  been  redrawn  and  re-en- 
graved, and  with  how  good  a  result  may  be  seen 
by  referring  to  the  maps  of  England  and  the 
south  of  South  America,  to  take  two  examples 
of  excellent  work  on  very  different  scales.  The 
colours  in  the  tinted  maps  are  both  distinctive 
and  subdued,  and  much  of  the  mountain  shading 
is  beautifully  done,  considering  the  modest  pre- 
tensions of  the  work.  We  trace  a  difference 
between  this  work  and  some  other  standard 
authorities  as  to  the  exact  boundaries  of  British 
Central  Africa — but  African  watersheds  are 
puzzling  things.  Equatorial  Africa  has,  in  fact, 
fared  comparatively  badly,  as  the  lakes  are  not 
marked  blue  enough  ;  but  such  errors  are  trifling, 
and  are  not  likely  to  deceive  any  one.  The  in- 
formation printed  on  the  blank  pages  is  correct 
and  appropriate,  and,  what  is  more  important, 
does  not  show  through  the  paper  in  the  least. 
There  are,  in  fact,  no  signs  of  cheapness  about 
the  work  except  its  price,  and  everybody  con- 
cerned in  its  production  is  entitled  to  the  highest 
praise. 

Philips  Systematic  Atlas.  School  Edition. 
By  E.  G.  Ravenstein.  (Philip  &  Son.)— This 
is  a  cheap  edition  of  a  work  of  which  we  have 
recently  had  occasion  to  express  our  opinion. 
The  size  is  reduced  by  the  omission  of  an  intro- 
duction dealing  with  projections  (which  can  in 
fact  well  be  spared)  and  of  some  of  the  less  im- 
portant plates.  A  few  of  the  maps  show  signs 
of  being  a  second  edition :  the  map  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  a  very  satisfactory  production  in 
the  former  edition,  reappears  in  this  printed  in 
colours  which  are  as  confusing  as  they  are  ugly  ; 
and  something  has  gone  decidedly  wrong  in  the 
printing  of  the  map  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
We  regret  the  disappearance  of  an  instructive 
map  of  the  Alps  ;  but  all  the  maps  with  tinted 
altitudes  reappear  as  good  as  ever.  We  notice 
with  satisfaction  that  the  railway  to  Zermatt  is 
marked,  but  regret   to    find   the  Tusker   bank 


722 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3552,  Nov.  23, '95 


still  portrayed  as  the  chief  island  off  the  coast 
of  South  Wales.  The  omission  of  any  map  of 
the  Poles  seems  to  us  an  error,  particularly  in 
an  atlas  intended  for  the  use  of  the  young,  to 
whom  it  is  difficult  to  explain  the  nature  of  the 
polar  regions  in  any  ordinary  work  ;  but  on  the 
whole  the  School  Edition  of  this  work  may  be 
safely  recommended  to  all  persons  who  cannot 
afford  to  buy  the  other. 


SOCIETIES. 

Statistical. — Xov.  19.— A  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
L.  C.  Frobvn  '  On  Gold  and  Silver  and  the  Money 
of  the  Worid.'     

LiNNEAN.— jVor.  7.— Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Mr.  G.  Massee  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 
—  Several  volumes  of  cryptogamic  exsiccata, 
recently  received  from  Madame  Weddell  as  a  be- 
quest from  her  late  husband,  a  Foreign  Member  of 
the  Society,  were  shown  and  some  remarks  made 
thereon  by  the  Botanical  Secretary.— A  portrait  of 
the  French  naturalist  Guillaume  Rondelet,  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Montpellief,  1545,  recently  presented  to  the  Society 
by  Dr.  H.  Woodward,  was  exhibited  by  the  Zoolo- 
gical Secretary,  who  gave  an  account  of  his  life  and 
work,  supplemented  by  remarks  from  the  President. 
—Mr.  C.  T.  Druery  exhibited  and  made  remarks  on 
a  Scolopendrium  raised  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Lowe,  bearing 
archegonia  and  antheridia  upon  the  fronds,  consti- 
tuting a  more  advanced  phase  of  apospory  than  any 
previously  noted. — Some  remarks  thereon  were  made 
by  Mr.  G.  Murray.— Dr.  M.  T.  Masters  exhibited 
specimens  of  the  fruit  of  Pyrvs  sorhus,  Aberia  caffra, 
and  small  Cocas  avstralis,  from  the  gardens  of  Mr. 
T.  Hanbury  at  La  Mortola,  Mentone,  and  some  palm 
fruits  of  Cocos  australis  from  Naudin's  garden  at 
Antibes,  Alpes  Maritimes. — Mr.  J.  E.  Harting  exhi- 
bited a  specimen  of  the  American  yellow-billed 
cuckoo  which  had  been  picked  up  dead  in  a  garden 
at  Bridport,  Dorsetshire,  on  October  5th,  and  gave 
some  account  of  the  wanderings  of  this  species  and 
its  previous  occurrence  in  the  British  Islands.— A 
paper  was  read  by  Col.  Swinhoe  on  mimicry  in 
butteriiies  of  the  genus  Hypolimnas,  Hiibner.  By 
means  of  a  series  of  coloured  lantern  slides 
he  showed  the  changes  in  mimetic  forms  in  a 
single  genus  of  nymphalid  butterflies,  from  India 
through  Arabia  to  Africa,  and  from  India  through 
the  Malay  Archipelago  to  Australia,  commenting 
upon  the  resemblance  they  always  bear  in  colour 
and  pattern  to  different  forms  of  Danais  and  Euploea, 
insects  well  known  to  be  distasteful  to  birds  and 
reptiles. — Mr.  G.  F.  Scott  Elliot  communicated  a 
paper  entitled  '  A  Eevision  of  the  Genus  Pentas,' 
in  which  some  account  was  given  of  the  distribution 
of  these  plants  in  Africa,  with  a  rectification  of  the 
synonymy  and  descriptions  of  five  new  species. 
The  genus  as  a  whole  showed  in  a  remarkable 
manner  the  way  in  which  local  species  occur  when- 
ever a  different  climate  restricts  the  distribution 
of  a  wide  -  ranging  form,  and  several  examples  of 
this  were  mentioned.  —  A  discussion  followed,  in 
which  the  President  and  Mr.  W.  P.  Hiern  took  part. 
— On  behalf  of  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler  an  abstract  was 
read  of  a  paper  on  butterflies  of  the  genus  Charaxes, 
of  which  159  species  were  recognized,  nearly  all  of 
which  are  represented  in  the  national  collection. 
Five  species — Charaxes  princeps,  C.  repetitxis,  C. 
layardi,  C.fervens,  and  C.  coniger — were  described 
as  new. 

Meteorological.- TVor.  20.— Mr.  R.  Inward?, 
President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  by  Mr.  J.  Eliot 
was  read,  '  On  the  Origin  of  the  Cold  Weather 
Storms  of  the  Year  189.3  in  India,  and  the  Character 
of  the  Air  Movement  on  the  Indian  Seas  and  tlie 
Equatorial  Belt,  more  especially  during  the  South- 
West  Monsoon  I'eriod.'  This  was  really  a  discussion 
of  the  data  contained  in  the  '  Indian  Monsoon  Area 
Charts,'  the  publication  of  which  was  sanctioned  by 
the  Indian  Government  for  the  two  years  189.3-4. — 
Mr.  W.  H.  Dines  showed  an  instructive  experiment 
illustrating  the  formation  of  the  tornado  cloud. — A 
paper  by  Mr.  C.  Davison  was  also  read,  'On  the 
Diurnal  Variation  of  Wind  Velocity  at  Tokio, 
Japan.' 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— iW.  19.— 
Sir  B.  Baker,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  paper 
read  was  '  On  the  City  and  South  London  Railway, 
with  some  Remarks  on  Subaqueous  Tunnelling  by 
Shield  and  Compressed  Air,'  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Great- 
bead. 

Mathematical.— iVor.  14.— Major  MacMahon, 
I'resideiit,  in  tlie  chair. — The  President  announced 
the  death  on  tlie  1st  inst.  of  Mr.  E.  II.  Rhodes,  who 
was  elected  on  June  10th,  1875.— The  gentlemen 
whose  names  were  published  in  the  Atheneeum  of 
November  2nd  were,  after  the  ballot  had  been  taken, 


declared  to  be  duly  elected  on  the  Council  for  the 
ensuing  session.  —  The  following  communications 
were  made  :  '  On  the  Stability  and  Instability  of  Cer- 
tain Fluid  Motions  (III.),  and  on  the  Propagation 
of  Waves  upon  the  Plane  Surface  separating  Two 
Portions  of  Fluid  of  Different  Vorticities,'  by  Lord 
Rayleigh  (cf.  for  the  earlier  papers  Proceedings, 
vol.  xi.,  1880,  and  vol.  xix.,  1887),— '  Determination 
of  the  Volumes  of  Certain  Species  of  Tetrahedra 
without  Employment  of  the  Method  of  Limits,'  by 
Prof.  M.  J.  M.  Hill,—'  An  Extension  of  Sylvester's 
Constructive  Theory  of  Partitions,'  by  the  Presi- 
dent (who  communicated  a  paper  by  Prof.  Forsyth, 
related  to  his  own  paper,  entitled  '  Some  Alge- 
braic Theorems  connected  with  the  Theory  of 
Partitions'),  —  'On  the  Evaluation  of  a  Dialytic 
Determinant,'  by  Mr.  W,  W.  Taylor,  —  'Notes  on 
Matrices,'  by  Mr.  J.  Brill,—'  Certain  General  Series,' 
by  Mr.  F.  H.  Jackson,—'  Note  on  the  Representation 
of  a  Conic  by  a  Linear  Equation,'  by  Mr.  J.  Griffiths, 
— 'On  the  Representation  of  a  Number  as  a  Sum  of 
Two  Squares,'  by  Prof.  G.  B.  Mathews, — '  Researclies 
in  the  Calculus  of  Variations  :  Part  VII.  Limiting 
Conditions  in  Multiple  Integrals  ;  Part  VIII.  Reduc- 
tion of  the  Problem  of  the  Discrimination  of 
Maxima  and  Minima  Values  in  Double  Integrals 
with  Variable  Limits  to  a  New  Problem  in  Single 
Integrals.'  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Culverwell,— '  A  Note  on 
Certain  Forms  of  the  Equation  of  Normals  to  Conic 
Sections,'  by  Mr.  J.  L.  S.  Hatton,— and  '  Criterion  of 
2  as  a  16'"^  Residue,'  by  Lieut.-Col.  Cunningham.- 
This  last  gentleman  added  some  remarks  upon  cer- 
tain of  Mersenne's  numbers. 


Hakluyt. — Kov.  I'ii.—Annval  General  Meeting. 
— Mr.  C.  R.  Markham,  President,  in  the  chair. — The 
statement  of  accounts  showed  that  the  financial 
affairs  of  the  Society  were  in  a  satisfactory  con- 
dition. The  report  stated  that  in  the  space  of  two 
years  nearly  fifty  members  had  been  added  to  the 
roll,  and  expressed  a  hope  that  this  rate  of  progress 
would  be  not  only  maintained,  but  increased.  Owing 
to  various  hindrances,  only  one  volume  had  been 
published  during  the  year,  but  two  works  (making 
three  volumes)  were  in  the  press,  and  might  be 
expected  shortly.  The  death  of  Dr.  R.  Brown 
while  his  edition  of  Leo  Africanus  was  still  in 
the  printer's  hands  had  brought  the  work  tem- 
porarily to  a  standstill ;  but  arrangements  were 
being  made  for  seeing  the  remaining  portion 
through  the  press.  Finally,  the  report  deplored 
the  death,  within  a  short  period,  of  both  of  the 
vice-presidents,  Sir  H.  Rawlinson  and  Lord  Aber- 
dare.  —  The  report  and  accounts  having  been 
approved,  the  four  vacancies  on  the  Council  were 
filled  by  the  election  of  Col.  Church  and  Messrs. 
Beazley,  Heawood,  and  Peek. 


I  on  Mr.  Greatheails  Paper  ' On 


Huguenot.- iVor.  13.— Sir  H.  W.  Peek,  President, 
in  the  chair.— The  following  were  elected  Fellows  : 
Messrs.  H.  B.  Arnaud,  L.  M.  Brousson,  L.  R.  de 
Fonblanque,  R.  L.  Devonshire,  E.  de  Witt,  A.  H. 
Gosset,  R.  H.  Julian,  H.  P.  Ryland,  and  A.  R.  Wylie, 
the  Rev.  G.  W.  W.  Minns,  Dr.  J,  H.  Philpot,  Madame 
Guizot  de  Witt,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Gardner,  Miss  A.  Goodis- 
son,  and  Miss  F.  Pechell.  The  library  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  and  the  Astor  Library,  New  York,  were  also 
admitted.— A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Cottew 
'On  B)'- Paths  of  Huguenot  History,'  illustrated 
with  lantern  slides. 


Bibliographical.— iVor.  18.— Mr.  H.  B.  Wheat- 
ley  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  Pennell  read  a  paper  '  On 
Englisli  Book-Illustrators  of  I860.'  After  showing 
that  the  "school"  drew  its  inspiration  and  methods 
in  the  first  place  from  the  works  of  Menzel  and 
other  German  illustrators,  Mr.  Pennell  traced  its 
development  through  the  early  works  of  Rossetti, 
Millais,  and  the  other  Pre-Raphaelites  till  its  cul- 
mination in  the  hands  of  the  later  group  led  by 
Houghton,  Pinwell,  and  Walker.  Mr.  Pennell  ex- 
pressed the  opinion  that  under  these  men  black- 
and-white  illustration  reached  an  excellence  un- 
equalled in  any  other  period  or  country.  His  paper 
was  illustrated  by  lantern  slides,  giving  examples 
from  the  works  of  the  above-named  artists,  and 
from  those  of  Messrs.  A.  Hughes,  Sandys,  North, 
Birket  Foster,  and  others.— A  discussion  followed, 
in  which  Mr.  Wheatley,  Mr.  Redgrave,  Mr.  Clulow, 
and  Mr.  L.  Housman  took  part,  the  last-named 
drawing  attention  to  the  great  physical  disabilities 
under  which  Houghton's  work  was  produced. — In 
his  reply  Mr.  Pennell  emphasized  the  need  of  some 
attempt  being  made  to  preserve  and  index  the  cheap 
periodicals  and  other  fugitive  literature  for  which 
most  of  the  finest  work  between  1860  and  1870  was 
executed. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINO  WEEK, 
M'jN.      London  Institution.  5,  —  '  Dr.  Johnson.'  Mr.  A.  liirrcll. 

—  Institute  of  Actuaries,  7  —Address  liy  tlic  I'resiUent  'On  the 

Hecent  International  Con(;re88  oJ  Actuaries  at  Uruseels.' 

—  Koyal  Academy.  8.—'  Ueiuonttrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

—  Surveyors'  Institute.  8.  — 'Landlords  and  'I'euauts  in  Ireland,' 

Mr.  11.  M.  1),  Saunders, 

—  GcoBrapliical,  8J,— '  J'he  I'icroc  Islands,'  Dr.  K.  Grosemann. 


Ties.     Civil  Engineers,  8.— Uiscussi 

the  City  and  South  London  Railway. 
WzD.     Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Locomotive  Carriages  for  Common  Roads,' 

Mr.  H.  H.  Cunynjfhame, 
Thvus.  London   Institution,    (i  — '  A   Forest   Primeval,'  Prof.  W.    B. 

Dawkins. 

—  Royal  Academy.  8 —'Demonstrations,' Mr.  W  Anderson. 

—  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— 'Electric  Wiring  Question,'  Mr.   F. 

Rathurst;  'Concentric  Wiring,' Mr.  S.  Mavor. 

—  Antiquaries,  8^,— ■  ^■otes  on  a  Photograph  of  a  iloman  Painting 

recently  discovered  at  Pompeii,'  .Sir  A.  W    Franks     'Exca- 
vations at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire,'  Mr.  R.  W.  Paul 


An  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  for 
the  reading  of  papers,  not  announced  upon  the 
printed  card,  will  be  held  on  the  28th  inst. 

A  SPECIAL  meeting  of  tlie  Anthropological 
Institute  will  be  held  on  Monday  next,  when 
Dr.  Eugene  Dubois  will  exhibit  and  describe 
the  fossil  remains  from  Java  named  by  him 
Fithecanthropus  erectns. 

Dr.  Alfred  Ru.ssel  Wallace  has  written 
an  introductory  note  to  a  work  by  a  new 
writer  whose  pseudonym  is  "V.  C.  Desertis." 
The  title  of  the  book  is  '  Psychic  Philo- 
sophy as  the  Foundation  of  a  Religion  of 
Natural  Law,'  and  Mr.  George  Red  way  is  the 
publisher. 

Many  friends  of  the  late  naturalist  Mr.  Alex- 
ander G.  More  wish  to  see  a  short  memoir  of 
him  published.  Any  one  having  letters  or 
papers  of  interest  would  greatly  oblige  by  lend- 
ing them  for  selection  to  his  sister,  Miss  More, 
74,  Leicester  Road,  Rathmines,  Dublin. 

A  comet,  described  as  bright  with  a  tail,  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  Perrine  at  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory, California,  on  the  morning  of  the  17th 
inst.,  in  the  constellation  Virgo.  It  was  ob- 
served by  Dr.  Halm  at  Edinburgh  about  6  o'clock 
on  the  morning  of  Tuesday  last,  the  19th  inst., 
when  its  place  was  R.A.  ISi^  48"",  N.P.D. 
89°  12',  moving  towards  the  south-east. 

The  death  has  occurred,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven  years,  of  Prof.  George  Lawson,  who 
occupied  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy 
in  the  University  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  He 
was  a  native  of  Dundee,  and  while  engaged  as  a 
young  man  in  a  city  office  he  devoted  his  leisure 
to  science  pursuits,  and  in  1848  he  left  his  native 
town  for  Edinburgh  as  assistant  to  Prof.  Balfour. 
In  1858  he  was  called  to  fill  the  Chair  of  Natural 
History  at  Kingston  College,  Canada,  some 
years  afterwards  taking  up  his  late  position  at 
Halifax.  In  1888  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Canada.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  to  Prof.  Lawson  must  be 
ascribed  much  of  the  success  attendant  on  fruit- 
growing in  the  Dominion,  since  he  was  the  first 
to  direct  attention  to  the  possibilities  of  Canada's 
development  in  this  direction.  He  was  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Physical  and  Botanical  Societies  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry 
of  Great  Britain,  and  an  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Edinburgh  Geological  and  Scottish  Arbori- 
cultural  Societies.  He  was  also  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Canada.  In  the  summer  of 
last  year  he  visited  Scotland,  and  in  October 
last  he  retired  from  college  work,  looking  for- 
ward to  well-earned  rest.  On  November  1st, 
however,  he  was  seized  with  paralysis,  and  ten 
days  later  passed  away.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  his  first  wife.  Miss  Lucy  Stapeley,  of  London, 
contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Botanical 
Society  of  Canada  a  paper  on  '  The  Silkworm 
and  other  Fibre-yielding  Insects,  and  the  Growth 
of  their  Food  Plants  in  Canada. ' 

The  third  International  Congress  of  Psy- 
chology will  meet  at  Munich  next  August.  The 
opening  of  the  Congress  will  take  place  in  the 
great  hall  of  the  University  on  the  morning  of 
the  4th  of  that  month.  Prof.  Stumpf  is  the 
President  of  the  Congress  ;  Prof.  Lipps,  Vice- 
President  ;  and  Freiherr  von  Schrenck-Notzing 
is  the  General  Secretary.  Those  desiring  to 
take  part  in  the  Congress  should  communicate 
either  with  the  General  Secretary  or  with  Prof. 
Sully,  of  East  Heath  Road,  Hainpstead. 


N*'  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


723 


FINE    ARTS 


Catalogue  of  the  Corns  of  the  Achceayi  League. 

By  Major-GeneralM.Gr.  Clerk.  (Quaritch.) 
Federal  governments  accompanied  by 
federal  coinages  are  of  not  uncommon 
occui'rence  even  in  the  earlier  periods  of 
Greek  history.  The  federal  coinages  of 
Phocis,  Boeotia,  and  Arcadia  are  amongst 
the  oldest,  and  extend  over  a  period  of  four 
or  five  centuries,  viz.,  from  the  sixth  century 
to  close  upon  the  Eoman  occupation  of 
Greece.  Those  of  Euboea,  iEolis,  Thessaly, 
and  the  Achtean  League  belong  to  later 
times  ;  but  it  is  the  last  which  surpasses  all 
others  in  interest,  politically  as  -well  as  from 
a  numismatic  point  of  view.  The  Achrean 
League  was,  as  is  well  known,  of  ancient 
origin,  and  in  its  early  formation  consisted 
of  a  federation  of  the  twelve  principal  cities 
of  Achaia.  These  were  united  not  so  much 
for  a  political  purpose  as  for  a  religious 
one,  as  is  shown  by  the  common  sacrifice 
offered  to  Poseidon  at  Helice.  For  a  long 
period  the  League  slumbered  on  almost 
unnoticed  by  the  rest  of  Greece,  but  at 
the  beginning  of  the  third  century,  when 
Macedon  was  weakened  by  internal  strife, 
the  Achi?eans  availed  themselves  of  this 
opportunity  of  reviving  their  ancient  federa- 
tion, and  used  it  as  a  successful  means  of 
shaking  off  the  foreign  yoke.  This  revival 
took  place  at  a  time  when  Greece  seemed 
hopelessly  prostrate  beneath  the  feet  of 
Macedon,  and  it  shed  a  lustre  over  the 
declining  period  of  Greek  independence. 
The  cities  of  Patrre  and  Dj'me  were  the  first 
to  strike  the  blow,  and  their  alliance  was 
soon  joined  by  one  town  after  another, 
•which  speedily  expelled  the  Macedonian 
garrisons  and  t3'rants,  and  thus  for  a  wliile 
regained  their  independence.  The  League, 
however,  acquired  its  chief  strength  in 
B.C.  25 1 ,  when  Aratus  united  his  native  place, 
Sicyon,  with  it,  and  a  few  years  later  gained 
Corinth  also  for  it. 

Poly  bins  in  describing  the  Achaean  League 
remarks  that  not  only  did  its  members  enjoy 
perfect  equality  and  liberty,  "but  they  also 
used  the  same  laws,  weights,  measures,  and 
coins,  and  in  addition  the  same  magistrates, 
senators,  and  judges."  This  is  to  a  certain 
degree  correct,  and  the  coins  show  that 
each  city  struck  a  uniform  coinage  in  silver 
and  copper  ;  but  yet  some  of  the  more  im- 
portant towns  of  the  Peloponnesus  reserved 
to  themselves  the  right  of  issuing  their  own 
coins  concurrent!}-  with  those  of  the  League. 
The  great  variety  of  names,  either  in  full  or 
in  an  abbreviated  form,  on  the  coins,  also 
shows  that  each  city  had  its  own  monetary 
officers,  and  that  the  office  was  frequently 
changed.  It  was  also  an  office  of  minor 
degree,  since  the  names  of  none  of  the  chief 
presidents  of  the  League  who  are  known  to 
history  appear  on  the  coins. 

The  money  issued  by  the  League  was  of 
silver  and  copper.  The  silver  coins  were  of 
one  denomination  only,  viz.,  an  iEginetic 
hemi-drachm  of  about  40  grains  in  weight, 
which  was  equivalent  to  the  Corinthian 
drachm  or  Attic  tetrobol.  This  coin 
would  work  in  with  all  the  standards  of 
Greece,  Macedon,  and  Asia  Minor.  It  had 
on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Zeus,  and  on  the 
reverse  the  Acha?an  monogram,  within  and 
around  which  were  arranged  the  initials  of 


the  magistrate,  and  also  those  of  the  city 
issuing  the  coin  or  its  particular  symbol. 
The  copper  coin,  the  current  value  of  which 
has  not  been  ascertained  with  any  certainty, 
but  which  may  have  been  a  chalcos,  has  on 
one  side  the  figure  of  Zeus,  holding  Nike 
and  sceptre,  and  on  the  reverse  Demeter 
seated,  holding  wreath  and  sceptre.  The 
name  of  each  city  is  given  in  full.  Historic- 
ally, on  this  account,  the  copper  pieces  are 
more  important  than  those  of  silver.  These 
two  types  were  preserved  in  the  whole 
coinage  of  the  League,  so  that  the  earlier 
and  later  issues  can  be  distinguished  by  only 
a  slight  difference  of  style  and  fabric. 

The  task  undertaken  by  General  Clerk  in 
the  work  before  us  has  not  been  to  give  an 
exhaustive  history  of  the  coinage  or  of  the 
circumstances  under  which  it  was  issued,  this 
having  already  been  done  by  other  numis- 
matists, but  to  collect  together,  as  far  as 
he  was  able,  and  describe  all  varieties, 
both  published  and  unpublished.  For  this 
purpose  he  visited  the  principal  museums  in 
Europe,  and  examined  also  most  of  the 
more  important  private  collections,  both  at 
home  and  abroad.  By  this  means  he  has 
been  able  to  describe  443  varieties  in  silver 
and  copper,  or  nearly  double  the  number 
given  by  Dr.  "VVeil  in  his  article  in  the 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Kiimismatih.  The  towns  of 
which  he  gives  coins  are  forty-four  in 
number.  These  were  situated  in  Achaia, 
Argolis,  Arcadia,  Elis,  Messenia,  and 
Laconia.  Though  some  of  these  places  were 
mere  villages,  yet  there  are  many  which 
joined  the  League,  but  do  not  appear  to 
have  struck  any  League  coins,  or,  at  least, 
nothing  is  known  of  them.  For  instance, 
of  the  eighteen  cities  or  towns  of  Laconia 
which  Pausanias  tells  us  joined  the  League, 
coins  only  are  known  which  can  be  classed 
to  Sparta.  It  is  very  clear,  therefore,  that 
in  many  cases  the  chief  city  alone  of  a 
district  issued  the  League  coins.  The  prin- 
cipal seat  of  the  mints  is  naturally  in  Achaia 
and  Arcadia.  Elis,  Messenia,  and  Lace- 
da}mon  did  not  join  the  League  till  a  very 
late  period  of  its  existence  ;  consequently 
their  mints  are  few  and  the  coins  are  scarce. 
General  Clerk  has  not  been  able  to  identify 
any  new  mints,  but  in  the  short  preface  to 
his  catalogue  he  suggests  a  few  modifica- 
tions as  regards  the  attribution  of  some 
coins. 

The  work  is  furnished  with  complete  and 
useful  indexes,  which  will  be  of  great  ser- 
vice to  any  one  studying  the  subject ;  but 
its  chief  feature  is  a  series  of  thirteen  photo- 
gravure plates,  in  which  nearly  every  silver 
coin  is  illustrated.  The  copper  coins  are 
rarely  found  in  good  condition,  and  there- 
fore do  not  lend  themselves  to  photographic 
illustration.  The  author  is  much  to  be  com- 
mended for  the  pains  he  has  taken  in 
issuing   so   complete    and    useful    a    little 


EDUCATIONAL  LITERATURE. 
Figure  Drcvinq  and  Composition.  By  R.  G. 
Hatton.  Ilhistrated.  (Chapman  &  Hall.)  — 
This  extremely  instructive  and  thoroughly 
logical  treatise  fulfils  very  fortunately  the 
writer's  intention  of  offering  to  students  of  j 
design  and  drawing  a  collection  of  practical 
and  practicable  "hints"  upon  the  pictorial 
and  decorative  treatment  of  the  human  figure, 
and  its  delineation  when  associated  with 
other    objects,    as    well    as    when    a    number 


of  human  figures  are  grouped  in  what 
artists  call  compositions.  Besides  all  this  Mr. 
Hatton,  in  half  a  dozen  pages,  including  illus- 
trative diagrams,  has  written  a  greater  amount 
of  common  sense  on  the  subject  of  drapery,  and 
condensed  a  larger  mass  of  observation  of  the 
natural  laws  which  govern  it,  than  we  remember 
to  have  met  with  elsewhere,  even  when  ten 
times  as  many  pages  and  diagrams  have  been 
employed  for  the  purpose.  The  history  of 
the  subjects  he  discusses  has  not  escaped  our 
author,  and  he  sums  up  in  a  short  space  a  good 
deal  of  knowledge  of  a  large  and  curious  subject. 
Although  professing  to  be  but  elementary,  Mr. 
Hatton's  book  is  a  good  deal  more  than  that. 
The  nearly  two  hundred  illustrations,  mostly 
outlines,  which  the  author  has  employed,  are, 
with  very  few  exceptions — such  as  the  human 
eyes  on  pp.  77,  79,  80— extremely  well  and 
elegantly  drawn,  suitable  to  the  purpose  they 
were  intended  to  serve,  and  not  overloaded  with 
superfluous  details.  It  is  quite  an  exception 
when  we  find,  on  p.  283,  a  statement  which  is 
open  to  challenge  on  the  use  of  backgrounds  to 
isolated  figures  used  decoratively  :  "Compare 
the  Pompeian  wall  decoration,  where  a  figure 
is  often  seen  in  the  middle  of  a  large  panel 
without  any  ground."  It  would  seem  that  Mr. 
Hatton  has,  for  a  moment,  forgotten  that  the 
dancing  figures  to  which  he  refers  are  not  placed 
in  the  true  centres  of  the  panels  to  which  they 
give  so  great  a  charm,  but  gain,  by  being  raised 
a  little  above  the  centres,  a  great  deal  of  that 
airy  grace  which  characterizes  them.  Of  course, 
this  oversight  of  a  characteristic  detail  in  the 
method  of  design  to  which  he  refers  does  not 
in  the  slightest  degree  aSect  the  value  of  his 
argument  or  the  aptitude  of  his  illustration. 
Occasionally  Mr.  Hatton's  grammar  is  not  quite 
what  could  be  wished,  nor  is  his  meaning  so  clear 
as  he  intends.  Thus,  on  the  above-named  page, 
he  has  it : — 

"  The  Byzantine  method  of  decoration  may  be 
defined  as  by  a  vesture.  They  clothed  their  works 
in  so  much  pattern.  Mosaics  and  marble-facings 
were  the  chief  means  adopted,  and  they  spread  the 
thin  marble  or  gorgeous  mosaics  over  the  surface  of 
their  walls." 

It  would  be  hard  for  a  beginner  in  decorative 
art  to  guess  what  is  the  meaning  of  this  para- 
graph ;  but  such  paragraphs  are  exceptional 
with  Mr.  Hatton.  It  is  seldom  that  his  think- 
ing is  confused  or  his  statement  defective. 
From  more  strictly  historical  points  of  view,  we 
find  Mr.  Hatton  less  exact  than  we  could  wish, 
and  not  so  well  "up  to  date  "  as  he  should  be. 
For  instance,  after  commenting  on  the  inferiority 
of  Egyptian  drawing  of  the  human  figure  to 
that  which  represented  animals,  he  tells  us  : — 

"  It  is  quite  possible  that  in  Egypt  the  drawing 
of  the  figure  was,  as  has  always  been  said,  restricted 
to  a  formula  under  which  it  made  no  progres.",  if 
indeed  no  retrogression,  and  that  thus  it  fell  behind 
the  animal  drawing  [of  the  same  people].  A 
similar  stagnation  and  conventionality  fettered  the 
Byzantine  [artists  ?].  and  does  still,  according  to 
J.  B.  Atkinson,  whatever  of  really  national  art  there 
is  in  Kussia." 

Writing,  as  Mr.  Atkinson  did,  of  devotional 
painting  rather  than  of  art  in  general,  we  could 
not  have  expected  much  more  than  this  state- 
ment conveys  about  design  in  modem  Russia ; 
but  when  ancient  Egypt  was  in  question  Mr. 
Hatton  might  as  well  have  pointed  out  that  the 
hieratic  design  to  which  he  refers  was  not  really 
the  art  of  the  nation  in  its  original  condition, 
but  simply  a  tradition  maintained  by  the  over- 
powering influence  of  the  priesthood,  and  not 
far  removed  from  our  method  of  heraldic  re- 
presentation, and,  like  that,  emblematic  and 
suggestive  rather  than  pictorial  or  intended  to 
represent  nature.  Modern  discoveries  have 
shown  that  pre-hieratic  art  in  Egypt  was  as 
naturalistic  as  it  well  could  be.  The  author  is 
more  in  the  right  path  when  he  says  :  — 

"  The  fact  is,  right-seeing  has  come  only  gradually. 
The  Byzantine  and  early  Gothic  drawings  were  more 
symbols  than  portraits  ;  but  a  change  was  rapidly 
made  in  the   thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries. 


724 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3552,  Nov.  23, '95 


The  minute  and  penetrating  style  of  the  fourteenth 
and  early  fifteenth  centuries,  as  seen  in  later  Gothic 
and  early  Eenaissance  works,  is  possibly  due  to  the 
avidity  with  which  the  masters  of  those  times 
seized  upon  the  newly-seen  details.  From  this  point 
the  acquisition  of  true  sight  is  marked  by  the  repre- 
sentative works  of  great  artists,  till  at  last  we  find 
ourselves  in  a  vortex  of  impressionism,  which  is  the 
truest  '  seeing '  yet  recorded.  The  Impressionist 
relies  upon  the  spectator's  sense  of  aspect,  rather 
than  [upon]  his  knowledge  of  the  constituent  parts 
or  formation  of  the  object  represented,  as  the  older 
artists  did." 

"Sense  of  aspect"  is  one  of  those  happy 
phrases  in  which  this  book  abounds.  It  refers 
to  that  superficial  recognition  by  the  eye  which 
is  at  the  bottom  of  the  oddities  of  the  modern 
Impressionist,  and  is  far  removed  from  the 
searching  knowledge  which  underlies  and  ani- 
mates the  painting  of  Rembrandt  and  Velazquez. 
That  this  is  Mr.  Hatton's  meaning  is  clear. 
He  says,  further  on  : — 

"  Vagueness  and  the  conditions  which  cause  it 
are  as  much  matters  of  knowledge  as  are  the  hardest 
of  edges.  There  is  a  vagueness  before  fact  and  a 
vagueness  after  fact,  before  knowledge  and  after 
knowledge.  When  the  knowledge  is  too  slight  there 
is  the  vagueness  of  ignorance  [idleness  and  presump- 
tion] ;  with  more  knowledge  there  is  the  distinctness 
of  fact;  then  finally  with  complete  knowledge,  know- 
ledge not  merely  of  the  objects  themselves,  but  of 
the  conditions  of  lighting,  &c.,  under  Avhich  they 
are  existing,  there  comes  the  second  vagueness,  the 
vagueness  of  true  appearance.  There  is  little  doubt 
of  the  art  student's  becoming  proficient  in  the  first 
of  these  three  courses.  He  must,  however,  master 
the  other  two,  '  sheer  intensity  of  drawing,'  as 
Bastien-Lepage  called  it,  and  the  vague  breadth  of 
actual  appearance,  before  he  can  hope  to  do  really 
artistic  work.  The  student  must  then  become  a 
Pre-Ilaphaelite.  He  must  not  rest  till  he  can  repre- 
sent to  the  last  touch,  with  the  completest  fidelity, 
the  form  of  detail  of  any  object  that  could  possibly 
be  placed  before  him.  He  must  be  an  Impressionist 
too.  In  Velasquez  the  Impressionists  see  their 
master.  In  him  knowledge  is  subordinate  to  aspect; 
but  what  a  wealth  of  knowledge  there  was  1  Students 
impressionistically  inclined  overlook  the  fact  that 
his  early  work  was  hard  aud  severe,  and  that  he 
studied  the  antique.  It  was  by  his  greater  know- 
ledge, wielded  by  an  intellect  of  remarkable  power 
and  comprehension,  that  he  succeeded  in  eliminat- 
ing his  means  of  production.  There  is  as  much 
knowledge  required  to  lose  an  outline  as  to  get  one." 

Let  us  conclude  by  saying  that  mere  tyros  in 
draughtsmanship  and  youthful  painters  will  find 
this  manual  less  useful  than  it  will  be  to  those 
who  have  got  beyond  rudimentary  exercises  of 
the  hand  as  a  drawing  instrument.  Its  digests 
of  artistic  anatomy  deserve  as  much  praise  as 
we  have  given  to  what  is  said  upon  the  delinea- 
tion of  drapery.  What  is  said  here  of  Velazquez 
is  even  truer  of  Rembrandt. 

Philips'  Di'awing  Series. — Hints  on  Drawing 
in  Light  and  Shade.  (Philip  &  Son.) — These 
"  Hints  "  are  of  the  most  commonplace  and  un- 
attractive character,  and  are  conveyed  by  means 
of  very  bad  copies  printed  on  cards.  We  re- 
commend would-be  draughtsmen  to  have  nothing 
to  do  with  them.  —  Working  Diagrams  of  the 
Engliah  Series  of  Sloyd  Models.  By  W.  Nel- 
son and  P.  Cole.  (Same  publishers.) — These 
neat  and  firmly  drawn  "models"  are  really 
diagrams  set  out  to  scale.  For  "  sloyd  "  as 
sloyd  they  are  suitable  enough  ;  but  it  is  odd 
to  find  in  what  professes  to  teacli  a  branch, 
however  humble,  of  one  of  the  formative  arts, 
certain  errors  in  the  perspective  of  its  diagrams  ; 
for  example,  the  box  No.  2.5  intended  to  be 
drawn  in  angular  perspective  is  radically  wrong  ; 
so  likewise  are  the  footstool,  No.  23  ;  the  lamp- 
stand  (1),  No.  31  ;  part  of  the  knife-box,  No.  33  ; 
and  the  stand  for  tools,  No.  45.  We  are  not 
able  to  see,  supposing  it  is  not  due  to  the 
ignorance  of  the  teacher,  how  this  unusual 
mode  of  draughtsmanship  is  likely  to  be 
profitable  to  the  pupil.  However,  sloyd  is 
losing  its  vogue,  so  it  does  not  much 
matter.  —  We  have  entirely  failed  to  learn 
for  whom  such  a  book  as  Hand  and  Eye 
Training:  Colour- Work,  by  G.  Ricks  and  .J. 
Vaughan,  illustrated  (Cassell  &  Co.),  can  be 
intended.      It   is  a   long  way  over   the    heads 


of  children  who  have  to  learn  what  it  professes 
to  teach,  while,  if  their  instructors  require  to  be 
taught  anything  the  "Art  Masters"  who  have 
written  it  impart  in  this  book  or  its  diagrams, 
all  we  can  say  is  that  they  are  not  fit  for  their 
posts.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  these  instructors  | 
do  not  require  to  be  taught  in  this  manner,  it  is 
simply  impertinence  on  the  part  of  Messrs. 
Ricks  and  Vaughan  to  lay  before  them  the 
laboured  commonplaces  (which  are  not,  of  course, 
destitute  of  common  sense)  of  which  the  letter- 
press is  composed.  Professedly  intended  to 
advise  in  respect  to  the  uses  of  pigments  and 
the  combinations  of  colours,  the  book  contains 
only  the  hackneyed  trivialities  of  third-rate  draw- 
ing schools,  which  surely  could  be  left,  and,  in 
fact,  must  needs  be  left,  to  the  teachers  who  are 
paid  for  the  purpose,  and  ought  to  be  able  to 
impart  them  by  means  which,  in  their  judgment, 
will  best  suit  the  prodigiously  varying  degrees  of 
stupidity  and  intelligence  in  their  pupils.  It  is 
on  this  that  the  worth  of  a  teacher  depends  ; 
without  it  he  is  but  a  mechanic,  with  it  he  has  no 
need  of  "  Hand  and  Eye  Training  "  of  the  sort 
before  us.  But  if  we  accept,  for  argument's  sake, 
the  pretensions  of  this  book,  it  would  seem  that 
"  colour"  can  only  be  rightly  taught  by  means 
of  diagrams  which  are  themselves  good  speci- 
mens of  colour,  and  not  by  means  of  those  in 
the  book,  which  are  crude,  lack  purity  and 
brilliance,  and  are  as  ugly  and  mechanical  as 
departmental  teaching  can  desire.  To  call 
those  who  teach  such  things  "Art  Masters" 
is  absurd  ;  there  is  no  art  in  anything  of  the 
kind,  although,  the  mechanic's  part  of  it  being 
eliminated,  there  might  be  craftsmanship  of  a 
sort  combined  with  a  puerile  kind  of  science. 

A  Manual  of  Decorative  Composition  for 
Designers,  Decorators,  Architects,  and  Indus- 
trial Artists.  By  H.  Mayeux.  Translated  by 
J.  Gonino  (?).  Revised  by  W.  Millard.  Illus- 
trated. (Virtue  &  Co.)  —  Without  diagrams 
and,  as  in  the  book,  plenty  of  them,  it  would 
be  absolutely  impossible  to  review  this  work 
in  an  adequate  manner.  M.  Mayeux,  a  French 
official  of  some  note,  is  a  master  of  his  subject, 
and  he  has  treated  it  comprehensively  and 
lucidly,  according  to  the  settled  principles  of  de- 
corative art,  and,  as  was  right,  he  has  divided 
his  subject  into  two  parts,  one  devoted  to 
the  theory  which  rules  it,  the  other  to  the 
application  of  that  theory  to  various  materials, 
such  as  marble,  wood,  metal,  enamel,  glass,  and 
worsted  ;  and  as  to  each  of  these  he  has  set 
forth  judiciously  the  mode  in  which  it  should 
be  treated  for  decorative  purposes.  Mr.  (?) 
Gonino's  part  has  been  fairly  well  performed, 
with  a  tolerable  degree  of  spirit  and  finish, 
and  the  result  in  its  English  form  lacks  only 
a  little  of  that  brilliance  no  one  but  a  master 
hand  could  impart.  The  task  of  Mr.  Millard 
seems  to  have  been  that  of  adapting  the 
French  text  to  the  English  market ;  this  he 
has  done  with  zeal  and  discretion.  The  cuts, 
which  are  exceedingly  numerous,  suffer  from 
want  of  brightness,  grace,  spirit,  and  clearness  ; 
worst  of  all,  they  are  badly  printed. 


and  the  remaining  bastion.  Other  demolition 
of  the  fortress  is  spoken  of.  We  believe  the 
ground  within  the  fortress  belongs  to  the  Copts. 
If  the  destruction  has  been  perpetrated  by 
them,  they  cannot  be  considered  responsible 
agents,  since  they  have  not  even  a  rudimentary 
conception  of  the  value  of  an  historical  monu- 
ment. Neither  have  the  Mussulmans,  whether 
lettered  or  unlettered.  It  must,  therefore,  be 
said  that  the  responsibility  rests  with  the  Eng- 
lish officials,  who  have  allowed  this  single  and 
majestic  monument  of  Roman  dominion  in 
Egypt — this  "splendid  Roman  building,  unique 
in  construction,"  as  Mr.  Butler  terms  it  in  his 
'  Ancient  Coptic  Churches  in  Egypt ' — to  be 
pulled  down  under  their  very  eyes.  In  point  of 
fact  a  railway  station  now  stands  within  a  few- 
yards  of  the  fortress.  It  need  scarcely  be  sai-d 
that,  if  only  for  the  sake  of  the  other  monuments 
in  Egypt,  this  matter  ought  to  be  thoroughly 
sifted.  It  is  understood  that  gentlemen  in  the 
public  service  cannot  be  expected  to  have  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  Pharaonic  antiquities  ;  it  has 
always,  however,  been  supposed  that  an  edu- 
cated Englishman  was  able  to  appreciate  the 
historical  importance  of  a  Roman  monument. 


DEMOLITION   AT   THE   ROMAN   FORTRESS 
OF   BABYLON   AT   CAIRO. 

We  receive  the  intelligence  from  Cairo  of  very 
serious  destruction  having  taken  place  at  the 
Roman  fortress  (known  as  Babylon)  at  Cairo, 
which,  as  our  readers  are  aware,  stands  just 
outside  the  city  at  Fostat,  or  old  Cairo.  We 
are  informed  that  two  of  the  three  huge  rounded 
bastions  on  the  south-west  face  have  been 
levelled  to  the  ground,  and  a  large  modern 
house  built  on  the  site  of  the  more  northern 
bastion,  the  one  which  stood  at  the  angle  of 
the  fortress.  Tlic  Roman  gateway,  standing 
between  one  of  the  bastions  destroyed  and  the 
southern  bastion  of  the  former  three,  has  been 
excavated  to  the  ground  level,  and  a  wall  is 
being  built  before  it — apparently  with  the  inten- 
tion of  afterwards   jjulling  down  the   gateway 


Mr.  D.  G.  Hogarth's  book,  '  A  Wandering 
Scholar  in  the  Levant,'  is  nearly  ready.  It  will 
be  illustrated  after  the  author's  photographs 
and  sketches.     Mr.  Murray  is  the  publisher. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Dymond,  F.S.A.,  has  in  the  press 
a  monograph  on  '  The  Megalithic  Remains  at 
Stanton  Drew.' 

Although  it  has  suffered  much  and  been 
greatly  vulgarized  by  hordes  of  trippers,  Tre- 
barwith  Strand  has  not  wholly  ceased  to  he  an 
artistic  paradise,  and  delightful  to  the  pedestrian 
in  search  of  that  austere  and  solemn  beauty 
which  abounds  on  the  north  coast  of  Cornwall. 
All  those  who  love  the  place  will,  therefore,  be 
sorry  to  hear  that  a  tunnel  is  about  to  be  made 
from  Delabole  Quarry  to  the  shore  of  the 
Strand,  a  distance  of  about  two  miles,  by  means 
of  which  those  mountains  of  waste  slate  which 
now  encumber  the  precincts  of  Delabole  will 
be  shot  over  the  cliffs,  upon  the  Strand,  and 
into  the  sea. 

The  University  of  Leipzig  has  just  suffered  a 
great  loss  by  the  death  of  Dr.  J.  Overbeck,  the 
learned  Professor  of  Classical  Archeology,  and 
nephew  of  the  well  -  known  painter  Friedrich 
Overbeck.  Prof.  Overbeck,  who  was  born  in 
1826  at  Antwerp,  was  the  author  of  several  im- 
portant works,  among  others  of  a  '  Griechische 
Kunstmythologie,'  of  a  'Geschichte  der  griech- 
ischen  Plastik,'  &c.  He  had  been  connected  with 
the  University  of  Leipzig  since  1853. 

M.  FALGUikRE  having  nearly  finished  the  bust 
of  Ernest  Renan  which  he  undertook  for  the 
French  Direction  des  Beaux-Arts,  that  work 
will  soon  be  placed  in  the  College  de  France. 

A  STATUE  of  Paul  Baudry  is  shortly  to  be 
erected  at  Roche-sur-Yon,  his  birthplace.  It 
is  the  work  of  M.  G^rome.  The  monument 
in  honour  of  Augustin  Thierry  was  erected 
in  the  square  in  front  of  the  Chateau  at 
Blois  on  Sunday,  the  10th  inst.  It  comprises  a 
column  of  rose-coloured  granite,  on  which  is 
placed  the  bust  of  Thierry  which  Etex  sculp- 
tured many  years  ago.  Twenty  years  since, 
this  bust  was  offered  to  the  city  of  Blois  by  the 
brother  of  the  celebrated  writer,  but  (why  we 
know  not)  it  was  not  then  accepted.  We  trust 
that,  like  Shelley's  monument  at  Oxford,  it  may 
be  protected  from  the  weather. 

The  Hermitage  has  recently  obtained  from 
the  Lazienski  Collection,  near  Warsaw,  the 
under-mentioned  pictures,  ascribed  to  famous 
artists :  Rembrandt,  '  Portrait  of  a  Young 
Man,'  signed  and  dated  1634;  'Portrait  of 
A.  de  Gelder,'  by  liimself  ;  '  Portrait  of  B. 
Vander  Heist,'  by  himself ;  '  Wealth  and  Love,' 


N«  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


725 


by  Jan  Steen ;  '  Le  Baiser  k  la  Derobee,' 
by  Fragonard  ;  '  Ecce  Homo  ! '  by  M.  A.  Cara- 
vaggio  ;  'Jupiter  and  Juno,'  by  Rubens  ;  and 
a  sketch  for  part  of  a  picture  in  the  Louvre, 
representing  '  LaDestin^ede  Marie  de  M^dicis.' 
Besides  these,  minor  pictures  have  gone  to  the 
same  gallery,  such  as  works  of  G.  Peeters, 
J.  S.  Van  Hemesen,  Van  Oost,  Guardi,  &c. 

The  Verein  Berliner  Kiinstler  resolved  at 
its  November  session  to  hold  a  special  festival 
in  honour  of  Adolf  Menzel's  eightieth  birthday 
on  December  8th.  The  venerable  painter  has 
just  completed  an  etching,  under  which  he  has 
inscribed  the  words  "  Das  Letzte  !  "  It  repre- 
sents an  old  woman  pledging  her  last  ring  at 
a  pawnbroker's.  The  etching  is  to  appear 
in  the  next  Heft  of  the  Verein  fiir  Original- 
radierungen. 

In  the  Gazette  des  Beaux-Arts  for  this  month 
M.  A.  de  Champeaux's  nineteenth  article  on 
'  L'Art  De'coratif  dans  le  Vieux  Paris  '  is  pub- 
lished, and  concludes  a  series  of  papers  of 
great  charm  and  value,  chiefly  devoted  to  de- 
scriptions and  historic  notes  on  the  interior 
enrichments  of  the  noble  mansions,  most  of 
which  exist,  or  lately  existed,  in  quarters  of 
the  city  fashion  has  abandoned,  but  which, 
with  more  or  less  completeness,  retain  the 
beautiful  paintings  and  sculptures  of  the  time 
of  Louis  XV.  and  earlier  periods.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  these  capital  papers  may 
be  enlarged,  collected,  and  republished  with 
all  their  excellent  illustrations.  The  same 
issue  of  our  contemporary  contains  the 
third  instalment  of  M.  M.  Maindron's  accom- 
plished notes  on  '  L'Armeria  de  Madrid,'  and  an 
essay  by  M.  E.  Miintz  on  '  L'Enseignement  des 
Beaux- Arts  en  France.' 

MUSIC 


shadowing  of  Wagner's  in  '  Tristan  und 
Isolde.'  The  libretto,  by  Nahum  Tate,  is 
the  most  wretched  balderdash,  and  would 
be  promptly  rejected  by  any  composer  of 
the  present  day  who  respected  his  art. 
Much  pains  had  been  taken  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  Lyceum  revival.  Mr.  Richard 
Temple  and  Mr.  B.  Soutten  were  responsible 
for  the  stage  arrangements,  and  the  mount- 
ing may  be  described  for  the  most  part  as 
exceedingly  tasteful.  The  additional  accom- 
paniments of  Dr.  Charles  "Wood  are  written 
with  musicianly  skill  and  discretion.  Those 
who  assert  only  a  harpsichord  and  a  quartet 
of  strings  should  have  been  used  mean 
practically  that  works  of  the  seventeenth 
century  should  be  placed  on  the  shelf.  For 
Prof.  ViUiers  Stanford,  who  conducted,  we 
have  nothing  but  praise,  and  it  is  worthy 
of  note  that  the  orchestra  consisted  entirely 
of  past  and  present  pupils  of  the  CoUege. 


THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's  Hall. — London  Symphony  Concerts. 
Lyceum  Theatre.— PurceU's  '  Dido  and  ^Eneas.' 

Beethoven  was  again  largely  under  con- 
tribution at  the  second  of  Mr.  Henschel's 
Symphony  Concerts  on  Thursday  last  week. 
The  concert- giver  himself,  besides  conduct- 
ing, sang  with  readiness  and  full  acceptance 
the  'Busslied,'  in  place  of  Herrvon  Dulong, 
who  was  taken  suddenly  ill ;  and  the  Bonn 
master  was  further  represented  by  the  Sym- 
phony, No.  2,  in  D  ;  the  '  Coriolan '  Overture  ; 
and  the  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  c  minor,  the 
solo  part  in  the  last-named  work  being 
played  with  welcome  purity  of  style  by 
Miss  Mathilde  Verne.  Dvorak's  Slavonic 
Rhapsody  in  d,  Op.  45,  No.  1,  and  the  Pro- 
cession of  the  Grods  into  Walhalla  from  '  Das 
Eheingold  '  completed  the  programme  of  an 
excellent  concert. 

The  Purcell  in  memoriam  performances 
commenced  too  late  for  us  to  notice  the  most 
important  of  them  this  week;  but  a  few 
words  may  be  said  concerning  the  inter- 
pretation of  '  Dido  and  iEneas '  by  pupils 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Music  on  Wednes- 
day afternoon.  There  seems  to  be  consider- 
able doubt  as  to  when  the  opera  was  actually 
composed  and  first  produced  ;  but  it  is  cer- 
tain that  it  was  performed  in  1680  "at  Mr. 
Josias  Priest's  Boarding  School  at  Chelsey 
by  young  gentlewomen."  It  has  been  given 
more  than  once  in  recent  years  on  the 
concert-room  platform,  so  that  the  music 
need  not  be  minutely  criticized  again. 
Though,  as  a  very  early  work  and  written  for 
girls,  it  is  not  fully  representative  of  PurceU's 
genius,  it  contains  some  characteristic  music, 
the  finest  number  being  Dido's  death  song, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  fore- 


Tschaikowsky's  Symphony  in  e  minor,  No.  5, 
which  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  programme 
of  last  Saturday's  Crystal  Palace  Concert,  was 
performed  in  London  at  one  of  Herr  Nikisch's 
concerts  on  June  29th  (Athen.  No.  3532).  It 
is  a  very  vigorous  work,  with  all  the  grip  in  the 
thematic  material  which  is  so  characteristic  of 
the  new  Russian  school,  though  it  cannot  be 
placed  on  terms  of  equality  with  the  '  Symphonie 
Pathetique.'  There  was  little  else  in  the  pro- 
gramme to  call  for  mention.  Herr  David  Popper 
played  his  one-movement  Violoncello  Concerto 
in  G  with  his  usual  fluency,  and  other  solos 
with  pianoforte  accompaniment ;  and  Miss  Rina 
Allerton  gave  satisfactory  evidence  that  a  suc- 
cessful career  may  be  before  her  as  a  soprano 
vocalist. 

The  programme  of  last  Saturday's  Popular  Con- 
cert included  Mendelssohn's  beautiful  Quartet 
in  E  minor.  Op.  44,  No.  2  ;  Brahms's  concise 
Pianoforte  Trio  in  c  minor,  Op.  101  ;  piano 
pieces  by  Chopin,  played  with  the  utmost  refine- 
ment by  Miss  Agnes  Zimmermann  ;  and  three 
of  Brahms's  Hungarian  Dances,  brilliantly  exe- 
cuted by  Mile.  Wietrowetz.  Mr.  Santley,  who 
was  in  excellent  voice,  contributed  familiar  songs 
by  Sullivan  and  Gounod. 

On  Monday  Herr  Rosenthal  made  his  first 
appearance  at  these  concerts,  and  played  a  por- 
tion of  Brahms's  Variations  on  a  Theme  by 
Paganini  with  a  measure  of  ease  that  seemed 
almost  incredible,  considering  the  difiiculty  of 
the  finger  work.  For  particulars  concerning 
these  remarkable  variations,  which  may  be  com- 
pared with  Bach's  Chaconne  and  Beethoven's 
Thirty-three  Variations  on  a  Waltz  by  Diabelli, 
reference  may  be  made  to  Deiter's  book  'Johannes 
Brahms  :  a  Biographical  Sketch,'  in  which  they 
are  fully  described.  The  balance  of  tone  in 
Beethoven's  Pianoforte  Trio  in  b  flat,  Op.  97, 
was  not  satisfactory,  for  although  M.  Johannes 
WolS"  and  Mr.  Paul  Ludwig  were  commendable, 
the  powerful  pianoforte  rendered  their  efl'orts  to 
a  certain  degree  nugatory  in  some  passages. 
Miss  Louise  Phillips  was  very  pleasing  as  the 
vocalist  in  an  old  French  song  'Le  Portrait' 
and  in  Lieder  by  Brahms. 

The  programme  of  Herr  Reisenauer's  third 
pianoforte  recital,  which  took  place  at  St. 
.James's  Hall  on  Friday  last  week,  included 
Beethoven's  so-called  'Moonlight'  Sonata,  Schu- 
mann's 'Etudes  Symphoniques '  (which  were 
brilliantly  played,  though  the  last  movement 
was  taken  too  quickly),  and  smaller  items  by 
Mozart,  Couperin,  Rameau,  Bach,  Mendelssohn, 
Chopin,  and  Liszt. 

An  operatic  performance  was  given  on  Friday 

afternoon  last  week  by  students  of  the  London 

I  Academy  of  Music  at  St.  George's  Hall.    Scenes 


from  '  Der  Freischiitz '  and  '  II  Trovatore  '  were 
very  creditably  rendered  under  the  direction  of 
Madame  Heritte  -  Viardot,  and  conducted  by 
Mr.  A.  PoUitzer.  The  orchestra  included  a 
large  number  of  female  players. 

Though  it  must  be  readily  admitted  that 
operas  performed  without  stage  accessories  lose 
some  of  the  legitimate  effect  they  should  pro- 
duce, areallyimpressive  interpretation  of  Gluck's 
'  Orpheus '  was  secured  by  the  Highbury  Phil- 
harmonic Society  under  Mr.  G.  H.  Betjemann 
on  Monday  evening.  The  Miles.  Giulia  and 
Sofia  Ravogli  took  their  original  parts,  and  Miss 
Kate  Cove  was  pleasing  as  Eros.  A  very  fine 
performance  was  subsequently  given  of  Prof. 
Villiers  Stanford's  ever- welcome  ballad  'The 
Revenge.'  Mr.  Betjemann's  choir  is  in  excel- 
lent condition  this  season. 

Sir  .Joseph  Barney  conducted  the  Halle  con- 
cert at  Manchester  on  Thursday  last  week,  the 
programme  consisting  of  Berlioz's  '  Faust.'  This 
week's  concert  was  announced  to  be  directed  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen. 

The  Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  and  Choral 
Society  announce  three  concerts  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  Tuesdays,  December  3rd,  February  18th, 
and  April  21st.  The  programmes  will  include 
a  new  suite  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Walthew,  a  new  over- 
ture, '  Othello, '  by  Mr.  Walter  Macfarren,  and 
a  new  concert  overture  by  Miss  Clarisse  Mallard. 
Herr  Oberthur,  the  harpist,  whose  death 
took  place  a  few  days  ago,  was  in  his  time  a 
distinguished  player  ;  but  recently,  owing  to 
advanced  age,  his  name  was  not  frequently  seen 
in  concert  programmes.  Born  in  Munich  on 
March  4th,  1819,  he  came  to  England  in  1844, 
and  found  a  firm  friend  in  Moscheles.  He 
obtained  an  engagement  in  the  orchestra  of  the 
Italian  opera,  but  soon  gave  it  up,  devoting  his 
life  subsequently  to  private  teaching  and  com- 
position, his  appearances  as  a  soloist  growing 
fewer  year  by  year.  He  was  a  master  of  his 
instrument,  and  his  compositions  are  said  to 
number  over  200,  but  they  are  marked  more 
by  fluency  than  inspiration,  and  it  would  be  rash 
to  predict  that  any  of  them  will  survive. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Ernest  Cavour  s  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Clerkenwell  Benevolent  .Society's  Annual    Ballad  Concert,  8, 

Agricultural  Hall,  Islington. 
Mr.  Charles  Fry's  Recital,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  August  Stradal's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Messrs.  Harrison's  Patti  Concert.  8,  Albert  Hall. 
Musical  Guild  Concert.  8,  Kensington  Town  Hall. 
Miss  Corinne's  Vocal  Recital,  8,  St  George's  Hall. 
Herr  Felix  Mottl's  Wagner  Concert,  8  15.  Queen's  Hall 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society's  Concert,  9,  Portman  Rooms. 
St.  James's  liallad  Concert,  3,  .St  James's  Hall. 
Madame  Burmeister-Petersen's  PianoJorte  Recital,  3,  Steinway 

Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr  Gompertz's  Quartet  Concert,  8  15,  Queen's  Hall. 
1.  London  symphony  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Miss  Uora   Bright'3  National  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Queen's 

Hall. 
StrolliBg  Players'  Concert.  8.45,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Corinne's  Vocal  Ueoital,  3,  St.  George  s  Hall. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sobells  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Royal  Artillery  Band  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Dora  Bright's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Hampstead  Popular  Concert,  8,  Hampstead  Vestry  Hall. 
Royal    Society  of    Musicians'   Anniversary   Performance,    8, 

Queen's  Hall. 
Benefit  Concert  to  Mr.  Edwin  Houghton,  8,  St.  Martin's  Town 

Hall. 
Popular  Concert.  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert.  3 
Mr.  Charles  Fry's  Recital.  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Annie  Muirhead  s  Concert  for   Children,   3,    Hampstead 

Vestry  Hall. 
Mozart  Society's  Concert,  3,  Morley  Hall. 
Scotch  Concert,  7  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Scotch  Concert,  8.  St.  James's  Hall. 
National  Festival  Concert,  8,  Albert  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Shafte.shi'KY.— 'The  Manxman,'   a  Play  in  Four  Acts. 
Adapted  from  Hall  Caine's  Novel. 

It  is  next  to  impossible  to  preserve  in  a 
play  the  atmosphere  of  Mr.  Hall  Caine's 
powerful  novel  '  The  Manxman.'  What 
most  commends  the  romance,  to  a  certain 
public  at  least,  is  its  vivid  presentation 
of  local  characters,  scenes,  and  super- 
stitions. When  these  are  excised,  what 
remains  is  conventional  melodrama.  Judged 


726 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3552,  Nov.  23,  '95 


from  this  point  of  view,  the  adaptation — 
anonymous  so  far  as  the  playbills  are  con- 
cerned, but  popularly  ascribed  to  Mr.  Wil- 
son Barrett — is  roughly  effective.  It  is 
probable  that  a  less  trenchant  way  of  deal- 
ing with  the  story  would  have  given  the 
adaptation  stronger  claims  to  consideration. 
That  atmosphere,  when  preserved,  adds  to 
the  attraction  and  the  enduring  charm  of  a 
play,  is  shown  in  works  so  widely  different 
as  '  L'Ami  Fritz  '  and  '  Les  Beaux  Mes- 
sieurs de  Bois  Dore,'  or  even — we  write  this 
with  some  misgivings  —  in  *  The  Doll's 
House  '  and  '  Hedda  Gabler.'  Whether  any 
efiort  has  been  made  to  preserve  the  atmo- 
sphere of  *  The  Manxman '  we  know  not. 
The  pretty  glade  in  which  the  action  begins 
might  be  in  Westmoreland  or  Devonshire. 
Kate  Cregeen  might  come  from  any  place 
in  which  girls  are  young,  self  -  willed, 
and  amorous ;  Pete  Quilliam  might  hail 
from  Plymouth  or  Penzance.  So  with 
all  the  characters.  Many  of  them  are 
strongly  painted,  but  we  fail  to  see  any  sign 
of  Manx  origin.  What  we  are  shown  is  the 
conquest  by  Kate  of  Philip  Christian,  who, 
during  the  absence  of  his  cousin  and  friend 
Pete  Quilliam,  has  consented  to  guard  the 
Castle  Perilous,  and  to  preserve  intact  for 
his  friend  the  girl  he  himself  loves.  No 
magic  brewage,  no  philtre,  no  interference 
of  offended  powers,  is  requisite  to  make  this 
Manx  Lancelot  false  to  his  Arthur.  Nothing 
is  needed  but  the  simple  influences  of  youth 
and  complexion,  and  the  wilfulness  and 
coquetry  of  girlhood.  When  Pete,  the  real 
hero,  returns,  the  damage  is  done,  and  he 
marries  his  sweetheart  while  she  bears 
within  her  the  proof  of  her  own  folly  and  of 
Philip's  wrong.  Common  enough  is  what 
follows.  Pete's  magnanimity  and  tender- 
ness wound  the  disloyal  woman  worse  than 
blows.  Her  existence  with  her  husband  is 
perpetual  and  unbearable  torment,  and  she 
flies  to  her  lover.  Por  a  while  the  guilty 
secret  is  hidden,  but  discovery  comes,  and 
expiation  and  atonement  are  made.  Pete's 
magnanimity — like  his  previous  conduct 
with  regard  to  his  faithless  wife — saves  the 
whole  from  hanaliU,  and  the  character  of 
Philip's  expiation  adds  a  certain  amount 
of  dignity  to  the  theme.  Far  more  impres- 
sive are  these  things  as  elaborated  in  the 
novel  than  as  shown  in  the  play.  In  the 
latter  Kate's  subjugation  of  her  lover  is  so 
sudden  as  to  be  commonplace,  and,  to  those 
who  make  acquaintance  with  the  story  for 
the  first  time,  almost  vulgar.  The  punish- 
ment inflicted  may  be  adequate,  but  it  fails 
to  reconcile  us  to  the  offence.  Mr.  Waller 
plays  the  Deemster  Philip  with  a  melancholy 
dignity  and  penitence,  and  Mr.  Cockburn 
renders  touching  the  good-heartedness  and 
suffering  of  Pete  ;  Miss  Florence  West  is 
not  the  Kate  of  our  preconceived  ideas,  but 
Miss  Kate  Phillips  goes  near  being  the  true 
Nancy.  Mr.  C.  H.  Brookfield,  Mr.  Henry 
Kemble,  Mr.  Fernandez,  and  other  actors 
present  characters  vigorous  or  comic.  Not 
one  of  them  seems,  however,  to  have  stepped 
out  of  Mr.  Caine's  novel. 


"  DUCDAME." 
Yattendon  Hectory,  Newbury,  Nov.  6, 1895. 
May  I  beg  a  few  lines  to  propose  an  emenda- 
tion of  the  celebrated  passage  in  Shakspeare, 
'As    You    Like   It,'   II.    v.?     The   first  folio 
reads  :  — 


If  it  do  come  to  passe,  that  any  man  turne  Asse  : 

Leauing  bis  wealth  and  ease, 

A  stubborn  will  to  please, 

Ducdame,  ducdame,  ducdame  : 

Heere  shall  he  see,  grosse  fooles  as  he 

And  if  he  will  come  to  me. 

The  theory  that  makes  ducdame  nonsense,  intro- 
duced for  the  sake  of  rhyming,  is  ruled  out  of 
court :  first,  by  the  fact  that  the  rhyme  is  a  bad 
one  when  there  was  nothing  to  hinder  it  from 
being  the  best  possible  ;  and  secondly,  by  its 
leaving  without  point  Jaques's  explanation  of  the 
phrase  as  "a  Greek  invocation  to  call  fools  into 
a  circle."  Any  emendation  such  as  Hanmer's 
"due  ad  me,"  which  spoils  the  rhyme,  is  equally 
inadmissible.  I  should  observe  in  passing  that 
the  scansion  is  as  follows  : — 
Ducd;ime,    ducd;imi;,  ducdamS  [like    Come    hithtr,  come 

hithi^r,  come  hither] 
And  it  lie  wfU  come  t6  me  ; 

the  preposition  receiving  the  accent,  as 
commonly  in  English  before  pronouns. 

The  nearest  explanation  already  offered  to 
what  I  believe  to  be  the  truth  is  that  of  Farmer, 
who  saw  in  ducdame  a  reference  to  the  nursery 
rhyme  : — 

Dame,  what  makes  your  ducks  to  die. 

He  claims  to  have  heard  a  country  squire  near 
Cambridge  sing  this,  sounding  the  final  e  of 
dame !  Or  rather  Steevens  quotes  Farmer  to 
that  effect,  which  makes  a  difference.  I  propose 
to  supply  an  e  after  due,  and  read  ducedame,* 
i.  e.  douce  dame. 

My  proposal  is  supported  by  the  discovery  made 
many  years  ago  by  Halliwell-Phillipps,  in  an 
uncollated  MS.  of  'The  Vision  of  Piers  Plough- 
man' in  the  Bodleian  (MS.  Rawl.  Poet.,  137  f.b), 
of  the  phrase  Diisadam-me-me,  which  he  conjec- 
tured to  be  the  burden  of  a  song,  from  the  fact 
of  its  being  replaced  in  printed  texts  by  Hoto- 
trolly-trolly.f  Dnsadam-me  is  evidently  douce 
dame,  the  refrain  being  parallel  to  "the  gay 
ladie  "  of  the  well-known  Christmas  part-song 
"  Come  let  us  be  merry." 

It  seems  to  me  that  we  should  expect  from 
Jaques,  considering  the  character  the  Duke 
gives  him,  a  covert  reference  to  female  society, 
which  must  always  constitute  a  chief  element 
in  "  wealth  and  ease,"  and  which  was  lacking  to 
the  exiles  ;  more  especially  as  Amiens  had  sung 
about  "tuning  his  merry  note  unto  the  sweet 
bird's  throat,"  which  suggests  pairing.  I  would 
further  point  out  that  no  invocation  is  so  potent 
"  to  call  fools  (and  wise  men)  into  a  circle." 

If  any  one  cares  to  say  that  Amiens  must 
have  understood  French,  I  would  reply  that 
Shakspeare  is  often  inconsistent  in  these  small 
matters  ;  and  that  as  Le  Beau  is  distinguished 
and  ridiculed  as  a  Frenchman,  we  are  plainly 
entitled  to  forget  that  the  scene  is  not  laid  in 
England.  The  "  forrest  of  Arden  "  is  the  only 
note  of  place  after  the  first  scene,  and  Arden 
was  in  Warwickshire.  H.  C.  Beeching. 

P.S. — I  know  the  suggestion  has  been  made 
that  the  word  is  Romany,  dukherdom  me  being 
said  to  mean  "  I  tell  fortunes  ";  but,  apart  from 
other  considerations,  it  is  difficult  to  understand 
how,  in  Shakspeare's  day  any  more  than  in  our 
own,  English  fools  should  be  "drawn  into  a 
circle  "  by  promises  in  an  unintelligible  tongue. 


Not  too  well  suited  to  Bliss  Farren's  patrons 
is  one  portion  at  least  of  the  entertainment 
with  which  that  popular  actress  has  opened 
the  Op^ra  Comique.  'Nannie,'  as  the  first 
piece  is  called,  is  a  sentimental  and  lachry- 
mose drama,  by  Mr.  T.  G.  Warren,  show- 
ing the  seduction  of  a  village  maiden,  and 
her  return  after  desertion  to  her  home.  It  has 
a  good  deal  of  Faust  and  Gretchen,  and  a  great 
deal  of  Steerforth  and  Little  Emily.     Careful 

*  Ducedame  is  quoted  as  a  name  in  Bardsley's  'English 
Surnames.' 
t  See  '  Shakespc^are  Society  Papers,'  vol.  i.  pp.  103  ff .  ;— 

Thanne  sete  tber  some, 

And  sunge  at  the  ale. 

And  helpen  to  eryethat  half  akre. 

With  JJusadam-me-me. 


acting  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Taylor,  Mr.  Sass,  and  Mr. 
Adye  averted  calamity,  but  could  not  win  the 
attention  of  the  audience,  or  prevent  its  in- 
dulgence in  ironical  comment.  More  to  the  taste 
of  the  public  was  '  A  Model  Trilby, '  by  Messrs. 
C.  H.  Brookfield  and  W.  Yardley,  which  is  as 
happy  as  such  travesties  ordinarily  are.  There 
was  a  pretty  and  musical  Trilby  in  the  per- 
son of  Miss  Kate  Cutler,  and  an  amusing 
parody  of  Mr.  Tree  as  Svengali  was  afibrded 
by  Mr.  Ilobb  Harwood.  The  feature  of  the 
opening  entertainment  was  the  overwhelming 
reception  accorded  Miss  Farren,  when,  at  the 
close  of  a  performance  in  which  through  illness 
she  could  not  participate,  she  revealed  herself 
to  the  public  and  addressed  it  from  a  chair. 

Upon  its  revival  at  the  Strand  'Niobe  all 
Smiles  '  proves  to  have  lost  little  of  its  power 
to  amuse.  Miss  Beatrice  Lamb's  performance 
of  Niobe  remains  a  marvellous  display  of  mock 
heroics,  and  is  still  pleasant  as  well  as  amusing 
to  contemplate.  Miss  Lamb  is  the  most  success- 
ful of  the  many  actresses  who  have  presented 
a  statue  warmed  into  life,  and  wears  her  drapery 
with  superb  efi'ect. 

A  PROLOGUE  has  been  added  to  '  Her  Advocate' 
at  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre,  and  serves  to 
render  the  action  more  comprehensible  and 
conceivable  to  those  who  see  the  play  for  the 
first  time.  It  furnishes  some  opportunities  to 
Miss  Gertrude  Kingston,  of  which  the  most  is 
made,  but  is  not  otherwise  valuable.  '  Giddy 
Galatea,'  an  opening  novelty,  burlesques,  not 
too  happily,  '  Pygmalion  and  Galatea '  and 
'  Niobe  all  Smiles. ' 

The  painful  news  of  the  death  in  Australia 
of  Mr.  Arthur  Dacre  and  his  wife.  Miss  Amy 
Roselle,  has  caused  naturally  a  great  sensation  in 
theatrical  circles.  Both  were  competent  actors, 
and  Miss  Amy  Roselle,  who  has  been  much  seen 
both  in  London  and  the  country,  held  out  at  one 
time  remarkable  promise,  and  may  be  credited 
with  some  absolute  accomplishment.  In  pieces 
of  Robertson  and  Albery  she  was  often  seen  to 
high  advantage.  Their  dismal  fate  at  the  other 
side  of  the  world — due,  it  is  said,  to  defeat  and 
disappointment — puts  sadly  before  us  the  reverse 
of  that  stage  life  which  now  more  than  ever 
holds  out  irresistible  fascination  for  youth. 
Easy  indeed  is  it,  while  youth,  vivacity,  good 
looks  and  figure,  and  the  joy  of  living  are 
possessed,  to  obtain  what  seems  a  facile,  fairly 
remunerative,  and  joyous  means  of  existence. 
With  ripening  years  and  augmented  ambition  and 
self-confidence  comes  almost  invariably  defeat. 
It  is  but  rarely,  of  course,  that  the  end  is  so 
terrible  as  in  this  case,  but  the  young  and 
sanguine  aspirants  who  rush  so  lightly  and 
debonairly  on  to  the  stage  know  little  of  the 
blighted  lives  of  their  predecessors.  It  would 
be  no  less  edifying  than  futile  in  the  way  of 
warning  to  learn  the  number  of  actors,  once 
prosperous  and  well  graced,  who  are  now  eating 
out  their  hearts  in  idleness.  Coleridge  is  credited 
with  the  saying  that  "experience,  like  the  stern 
lights  of  a  ship,  illuminates  the  track  over  which 
we  have  passed."  This  maxim,  true  generally, 
has  special  truth  when  applied  to  the  stage. 

The  great  attraction  in  Mr.  Douglass's  drama 
'A  Dark  Secret,'  upon  its  transference  to  the 
Princess's,  consists  in  a  presentation  of  Marlow 
Lock  with  real  water,  in  which  the  heroine 
supports  herself  by  swimming.  Mr.  R.  Pate- 
man  and  Miss  Agnes  Hewitt  play  the  principal 
characters. 


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man— Books  lUu-^lrated  by  Aiken.  Bennett.'  Bewick,  Cruik shank, 
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THE  ATHENiEUM  of  May  23,  1885  (No.  .3004). 
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TRACTS,  PAMPHLETS,  and  BOOKS,  Local  and 
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Books  not  in  stock  obtained  as  soon  as  possible. 


BOOKS.— CATALOGUE  of   FRENCH  LITERA- 
TURE, also  CLEARANCE  CATALOGUE  of  ENGLISH  BOOKS, 
sent  post  free. 

E  IlEcron,  Bookseller,  John  Bright-street,  Birmingham. 
Please  state  wants. 

f CATALOGUE    of   a   COLLECTION  of   valuable 

\J  BOOKS,  including  many  Books  about  Books— Works  illustrated 
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on  application  to  Mawson,  Swan  &  MoaciM,  Grey-Street,  Newcastle-on- 
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AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  of  Pope,  Chatham, 
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Maurier,  'Thackeray,  Dickens.  Shirley  Brooks  (re  runch),  Tom  Hood, 
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pHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

yj  BOOKS,  including  a  fine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J.  M  W. 
Turner.  R.A.— Turner's  Liber  Studioru'm— Lucas's  Mezzotints,  after 
Constable— and  Works  by  Professor  Ruskin.  CATALOGUE.  No  16, 
ready.  Post  free.  Sixpence.— W'm.  Ward,  2,  Church-terrace,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey. 

pATALOGUE  of  UNCOMMON  and  INTEREST- 

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and  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURIES,  including  Works  from  the  Presses 
of  the  Aldi,  Junta,  Elzevirs.  Stephani.  and  other  famous  Printers,  and 
Miscellaneous  Books  in  Greek,  Latin.  English,  and  other  Languages, 
on  Sale  by  B  H.  Buckwell,  50  and  51.  Broad-street.  Oxford. 

Just  published,  post  free, 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  CATALOGUE  for  1895.  con- 
taining  a  large  Assemblage  of  Pooks  on  County,  Local,  and 
Family  History  (many  with  additional  Engravings  inserted >  including 
a  fine  Collection  relating  to  Yorkshire  and  the  C'itr  of  I.nndon— scarce 
Old  Engravings— Early  Maps— Original  Water-Colour  Drawings,  &c  ,  on 
Sale  at  his  usual  moderate  prices  by 

■Walter  V.  D.in-ieli., 

53,   Mortimer-Street,  Cavendish-square,  London,   W. 

■lelejraphic  Address— "  Topography,  London." 

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B 


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T      0    N     D    O    N        LIBRARY, 

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Dean  of  LlanOaff,  Mr  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  Henry  Baikly,  K.C.B. 

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RightHon  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart  .  M  P.,  Right  Hon   Earl  of  Rosebery. 

The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modem 
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and  Ten  to  Town  Members  Rcadlng-Room  open  from  Ten  to  lialf- 
past  Six  Catalogue,  Fifth  Edition.  2  vols  royal  8vo  pnce  21.<  ;  to 
Slcmbcn,  16».    C.  T.  HAOUERQ  WRIGHT,  Secretary  and  Librarian. 


734 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N^SSSS,  Nov.  30, '95 


M 


U  D  I  E  'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS  and  SCHOOL  PRIZES. 


A  LAKGE  COLLECTION  OF  SUITABLE  BOOKS  IN  LEATHER 
BINDINGS  IS  KEPT  IN  STOCK  IN  THE  SHOW-KOOMS. 

A  FVLL  and  REVISED  CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUE  sent  post  free  on 
application. 

A  SELECTION  OF  GOOD  EDITIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  GERMAN 

STANDARD  AUTHORS  IN  LEATHER  BINDINGS 

IS  ALSO  KEPT  IN  STOCK. 

A  POPULAR  CHRISTMAS  PRESENT  IS  A 
YEAR'S    SUBSCRIPTION    TO    THE    LIBRARY. 

TERiMS  ON  APPLICATION. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON  ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W. ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  EC. ; 

And  at  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

PICTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 
effected  with  eyery  reftard  to  safe  and  cautious  treatment, 
by  M.  KAINE  THOMPSON, 
Studio,  41,  George-street,  Portman  square,  W. 

J^HE    WORKS    of    J.    M.    W.    TURNER,    R.A. 

ITie  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY  have  pleasure  in  annnnneing  the  pub- 
lication of  a  new  issue  of  AUTOTYPE  REPRODUCTIONS  of  the 
WORKS  of  J.  M.  W.  TURNER,  R.A.,  including  a  number  which  have 
not  previously  been  reproduced  in  any  adequate  form.  Among  these 
are  ;— 

AGEIPPINA  LANDING  with  the  ASHES  of  GER- 

MANICUS. 
CHICHESTER  CANAL. 
ULYSSES  DERIDING  POLYPHEMUS. 
The  FIGHTING  TKMERAIRE  TUGGED  to  her  LAST 

BERTH. 
The  PRINCE  of  GRANGE  LANDING  at  TORBAY. 
PEACE.    The  Burial  of  Wilkie. 

SOL  DI  VENEZIA.    The  "  Sun  of  Venice  going  to  sea." 
And  many  others. 

Also  Works  by  CONSTABLE,  COTMAN,  CROMB, 
GAINSBOROUGH,  GLOVER,  WILLCOCK,  &c. 


The  AUTOTY'PE  FINE-ART  CATALOGUE,  184  pages,  and  ILLUS- 
TRATED SUPPLEMENT,  containing  68  Miniature  Photographs  of 
Notable  Autotypes, 

POST  FREE  ONE  SHILLING. 

The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W.C 

T'HE      AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS      PAPER-PAD. 

J-        (The  LEADENHALL  PRESS.  Ltd  ,  SO,  Leadenhall-street, 
London.  E.C  ) 
Contains   hairless   paper,  over  which   the   pen    slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    5s  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

,SaU«  bg  Sanction 

The  Collection  of  Engravings  ly  the  Old  Masters  of  the  late 
Capt.  L.  WUNDT. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  tiy  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  n,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  MONDAY.  December  2,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
the  COLLEi.VION  of  E.NGR.AVINGS  and  ElYHINfiS  hy  OLD 
MASTERS.  Woodcuts.  &c  ,  formed  hy  the  late  Capt  L  W  I'NDT;  also 
rumerous  Drawings  in  Black  and  White,  executed  lor  reproduction  in 
the  Queen  Newspaper,  and  a  few  Oil  Paintings. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Books   and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Portion  of  the 
Library  of  the  late  HYDE  CLAUKE,  Esq.,  F.Ii.U  S.,  >Sc. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY.  December  3,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  Hooks  and  Manuscripts,  including 
a  Portion  of  the  OKIEN  I'AL  and  PHILOLOGIC.VL  LIllK.^ItY  of  the 
lat«  HYDE  CLARKE,  Esq..  FR.HistSoc,  &c  ;  and  Selections  from 
various  I'rivate  Libraries,  conipribing  an  iinpoitant  lliatorical  MS., 
ancient  Classical  Codexes,  numei-ous  Heraldic  and  Genealogical  .MSS 
the  Property  of  a  L.\DY  ;  Kingxwood  C'liarK-rs.  and  oiticr  Vellum 
Documents  and  Autograph  Letters,  the  I'en:.'ellv  rapers,  the  Property 
of  the  late  A  C  RAN  YAltl).  Knq  ,  Ht.oke  on  Oru-ntal  ;iik1  Indian  I'hilo- 
logy— Hne  illustrated  French  Hooks— lare  Works  on  .Arneijca— Hooks  of 
Hours,  Breviaries,  and  Missals-i-are  Early  Lnnlish  Writers— Hne  copy 
of  the  Second  Folio  Shakespeare — Topographical  —  Sporting— First 
Editions  of  Modern  Authors—Collection  of  upwards  ol  2,000  Postage 
Stamps,  many  rare. 

May  be  viewed.  Catalogues  may  be  had  -,  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of 
four  stamps. 

A  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  English  School,  including 
many  in  Colours. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  l.'l,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C,  on  SATURD.W,  Decemher  7,  at  1  o'clock  riro- 
ciselv,  a  (;oLI,ECT10N  of  ENGRAVINGS,  chielly  Fancy  Sul)jeclH  of 
the  English  School,  Including  many  In  Colours,  and  comprising  Ex- 
amples by  or  aft«r  F.  Bartolozzi,  W.  Bigg,  Mtk  Cosway,  (;aii8liorough 
DickinRon,  V  Grehn,  (;icuze,  Hamilton.  Hoppner.  A  Kaultioann, 
Marcuard,  G  Morland,  Hamberg.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  (,  Ki.mLcy  H 
Singleton,  J.  K  Smith,  W.  Ward,  F,  Wheatley,  and  oti.eis 

May  bo  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Valuable  Library  of  a  Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  9,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY'  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  comprising  an  extensive  Collection 
of  Works  relating  to  India— scarce  Topographical  Works— Voyages  and 
Travels — fine  Illustrated  Books— and  including  Antiquarian  Repertory, 
4  vols.  Large  Paper— D'Herbelot,  Bibliothique  Orientale.  best  Edition— 
Harleian  Miscellany,  10  vols  ,  best  Edition— The  Hedaya,  by  Hamilton, 
4  vols— Parry's  FourVovages— Turner's  Southern  Coast— Lord  Somers's 
Tracts,  13  vols.,  best  Edition- Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Mezzotint  and  other  Engravings,  the  Property  of  the 
late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  IIAHIili>ON. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Sti-and,  W.C  ,  on  TUESDAY.  December  10.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
valuable  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  well-known  COLLECTOR, 
and  of  the  late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  HARRISON ,  includir  g  Mezzo- 
tints of  Portraits  and  Fancy  Subjects  after  J.  Hoppner.  G.  Morland.  Sir 
J.  Reynolds,  G.  Romney.  J.  R.  .Smith,  and  others— a  complete  Set  of  the 
Life-Size  Heads  by  T.  Frye— Line  Engravings  hy  Sir  R.  .Strange,  W. 
Woollett,  &c. .  many  in  Proof  States,  and  mostly  in  unusually  fine 
condition  ;  also  the  celebrated  Series  of  Original  Drawings  by  R. 
Caldecott,  illustrating  Goldsmith's  The  Mad  Dog. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  Works  by  Modern  Authors,  the  Property  of  a 
Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k.  HODGB 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY.  December  II,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of  a  GEN  TLE- 
M.AN,  consisting  of  Works  by  Modem  Authors  and  Poets,  mostly  First 
Editions,  Large  Papers,  and  Limited  Issues,  including  Works  by  Austin 
l>obson,  Norman  Gale,  Andrew  Lang,  Swinburne,  Tennyson,  and 
others ;  also  a  very  exensive  Collection  of  Books  on  Folk-lore  and  the 
Popular  Superstitions  of  Various  Countries,  and  another  Property, 
consisting  of  Modern  Books  and  Novels. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Pictures. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  December  6,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
choice  COLLECTION  of  WAFER -COLOUR  DRAWINGS,  including 
several  Examples  of  David  Cox  and  others  of  the  Early  English  School ; 
also  PICTURES  by  OLD  and  MODERN  MASTERS,  the  Property  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  removed  from  Nottingham. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  W.  PENNANT,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  -  square,  W C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LI  KHAR  Y  of  W. 
PENNAN'r.  Esq  ,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Reichenbachia 
Orchids,  illustrated  and  described  by  F.  Sander,  coloured  plates- 
Lever's  Charles  O'Malley.  First  Edition,  original  cloth— Gallery  of 
Modern  Etchings— Hogarth's  Works— Bourke's  History  of  White's— 
Leicester  Architectural  Society,  4  vols.— Original  Drawings  by  Owen 
Jones— Col.  Hamilton  Smith's  Original  Coloured  Drawings  of  Land  and 
Water  Birds,  in  11  vols.— Native  Drawings  of  Oriental  Birds— Wein- 
mann's  Beschryoingen  der  Blocmdragende  Gewassen,  coloured  plates, 
8  vols  — Pynes  Costume  of  Great  Britain,  coloured  plates— Dugdale's 
Monasticon  Anglicanum,  8  vols. — Ro>al  Gallery  of  British  Art,  4  vols.— 
Waring's  Masterpieces  of  Art,  crimson  morocco  by  Hayday— Orleans 
Gallery,  2  vols,  crimson  morocco— Gruner's  Specimens  of  Ornamental 
Art,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  If  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 


Valuable  Books  from  the  Libraries  of  the  late  A.  YOUNG,  Esq., 
of  Orlingbury  Park,  and  of  a  Gentleman,  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  16,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARIES  of  the 
late  A  YOUNG,  Esq.,  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  and  of  a 
GEN'TLEMAN,  recently  deceased,  comprising  Hoare's  Wiltshire — 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire  —  Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey  —  Ormerod's 
Cheshire— Baker's  Northampton— Nash's  Worcester— Wright's  Rut- 
land— Lawes  of  Virginia,  1662— Stephens's  Philadelphia  Directory, 
1796— Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes  — Shakespeare.  Second  P'olio,  with  MS. 
Notes  —  Spenser's  Complaints,  1591  —  Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village, 
Haunch  of  Venison,  &c.  First  Editions— Holbein's  Portraits,  fine  copy 
— Preces  Privata;,  First  Edition,  1564— Liber  Precum  Publicarum,  1569— 
Pamphlets  relating  to  the  Civil  \Var,  &c  ;  an  extensive  Collection  of  the 
Plays  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Behn,  Dryden,  Shadwell,  Shirley, 
Steele,  Chapman,  &c.,  many  First  Editions,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  have  received 
instructions  to  SELL  by  AUCTION  the  valuable  COLLECTIONS 
of  BOOKS,  PRINTS.  ROMAN  and  ETRUSCAN  POTl'ERY,  &c  ,  formed 
by  the  late  E.  P.  LOFTUS  BROCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Further  particulars  will  be  duly  announced. 

MONDAY  NEXT. 

Natural  History  Specimens  and  Books. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Coven t-garden.  on  MON- 
DAY NEXT,  December  2,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  the  remain- 
ing PORTION  of  the  valuable  COLLECTION  of  LKPIDOPrKRA 
formed  by  W,M.  FARREN,  a  large  Collection  of  Exotic  Lepidoptei-a, 
Bird  Skins  and  Eggs,  Polar  Bear  Skins  and  Skulls.  Lion  Skin,  shells. 
Minerals,  Fossils,  and  other  Natural  History  Specimens.  Also  valuable 
Works  on  Natui-al  History,  Mahogany  and  other  Cabinets. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 


M 


THURSDA  Y,  December  5.— Choice  Wines. 
R.  J.   C.  STEVENS  has  received  instructions 

from  Messrs  H  HURTER  &  CO.  to  SELL  by  AUCFION.  at  his 
Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  THURSDAY  NEXT, 
December  5,  at  half-past  1  o'clock  precisely  (in  consequence  of  the 
expiration  of  lease  of  the  Cellars  lately  occupied  hy  them  in  Craven- 
street),  the  STOCK  of  CLARETS,  Ports,  Sherries.  Red  and  White 
Burgundies.  Moselle,  and  Sauternes,  Still  and  Sparkling  Hocks, 
Iti-andies,  Whiskies,  &c. 

All  purchases  will  be  delivered  free  within  four  miles  of  Charing 
Cross.  Sample  bottles  can  be  obtained  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

Fill  DAY  N  EXT.— Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  .18,  King  street,  Covent-garden,  on  FIIID.W 
NEXT,  December  0,  at  half -past  12  o'clock  precisely,  -IW  LOTS 
of  MISCELLANEOUS  PBOI'EUIY.  comprising  llinnial  and  other 
Lanterns,  and  an  Assortment  of  Hand-painted  and  other  Slides— Micro- 
scopes, Telescopes,  and  other  Scientific  Instruments- I'hotogiaphic  and 
Electrical  Apparatus,  &c. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  0  and  morning  of  .Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad. 


MONDAY,  December  0. 
A  Valuable  Collection  of  British  Birds'  Eggs. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY, December  9,  at  half- past  12  o'clock  precisely,  a  valuable 
COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  BIRDS'  EGGS,  including  many  Rarities. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

DUBLIN. 

A  choice  Library  of  Miscellaneous  Books,  in  fine  Condition 
and  Binding. 

MESSRS.  BENNETT  &  SON  respectfully  give 
notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms  6 
UPPER  ORMOND  QUAY,  on  THURSDAY,  December  5,  and  Following 
Days,  a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  BOOKS,  including  Lowe's  British 
and  Exotic  Ferns,  8  vols —Fielding's  Works,  5  vols— Morris's  British 
Birds— Carlyle's  Frederick  II.,  6  vols,  half-morocco  extra— Waagen's 
Treasures  of  Art  in  Great  Britain,  4  vols  — Fronde's  English  in  Ireland— 
Ruskin's  Modern  Painters,  The  Two  Paths,  &c— Jameson's  Poetry  of 
Sacred  and  Legendary  Art— Scott's  Poetical  and  Prose  Works— Byron's 
Life  and  Works,  by  Moore,  17  vols  — Hallam's  Histories,  8  vols —Smol- 
lett's Works,  8  vols  —Ben  Jonson's  Works,  by  GiH'ord  and  Cunningham. 
9  vols  — Milman's  Gibbon's  Roman  Empire  — Strickland's  Queens  of 
England  and  Scotland— many  Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank.  Leech, 
and  Phiz— numerous  Works  relating  to  Ireland,  the  Vernon  and  Wilkie 
Galleries -various  Books  on  the  Fine  Arts  and  Kindred  Subjects— to- 
gether with  an  extensive  and  varied  Collection  of  interesting 'Works, 
embracing  almost  every  Department  of  Literature. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

DUBLIN. 

Sale  of  a  very  extensive  and  valuable  Collection  of  Oil  Paintings, 
Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Old  Engravings  (including  that  of  the 
late  ROBERT  NEWLAND,  Esq  ,  M.D.,  the  late  ROBERT  MURDOCH, 
Esq.,  and  the  late  W.  RUXTON,  Esq.,  V.L.,  of  Ardee  House, 
CO.  Louth)  — Fine  Statuary,  Marble  Groups  and  Figures  — Early 
English  and  French  Furniture— Old  China,  embracing  several  rare 
and  important  Pieces  the  product  of  the  most  esteemed  Manufac- 
tories in  England  and  the  Continent— Fine  Bronzes— Carvings  in 
Ivory  — Old  Waterford  and  Cork  Glass  — Bijouterie  —  Miniatures — 
Chippendale  Mirrors— and  Girandoles,  &c. 

MESSRS.  BENNETT  &  SON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  6,  Upper  Ormond  Quay,  on  TUES- 
DAY, December  10,  and  Three  Following  Days,  the  foregoing  valuable 
Property,  descriptive  Catalogues  of  which  can  be  had  on  application. — 
BENNETT  &  SON,  Auctioneers. 


DUBLIN. 

Important  Sale  of  Violins  (the  Property  of  a  well-known 
Collector  in  the  North  of  Ireland) , 

MESSRS.  BENNETT  &  SON  respectfully  give 
notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  6, 
UPPER  ORMOND  QUAY,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  11, 18  VIOLINS, 
each  Instrument  selected  for  some  special  quality,  either  of  workman- 
ship or  tone,  including  examples  by  Sebastian,  Klotz,  1734,  B.  Rugerius, 
E.  Vassallo,  1711,  J.  B.  Zanoli  (2),  Nicholas  Amati,  T.  Perry,  s.  Bila, 
Pierre  Silvestre,  Jacques  Bogtiay,  Geo.  Buckmann,  &c. 

Full  particulars   In   Catalogues,  which   can   be   had  application.— 
BENNETT  &  SON,  Auctioneers. 


DUBLIN. 

Valuable  Collection  of  Antique  Plate  and  Old  Sheffield 
Plated  Ware. 

MESSRS.   BENNETT  &  SON   respectfully  give 
notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  6. 
UPPER  ORMOND  QUAY,  on  SATURDAY,  December  14,  2,000  OUNCES 
of  ANTIQUE  PLATE ;  also  a  large  Collection  of  Sheffield  Plated  Ware. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

DUBLIN. 

SALE  of  High-Class  WINES,  removed  from  the  Co.  Wicklow,  the 
Property  of  a  NOBLEMAN,  and  from  a  Private  Cellar  in  Howth,  Co. 
Dublin.  Champagnes :  Ruinart,  Ayala,  Roederer,  Cliquot,  Perrier 
Jouilt  of  1884,  1887,  and  1889  Vinuges— Clarets :  Chiiteau  Lafitte,  Mar- 
gaux.  La  Rose,  D'Issan  of  1868, 1874, 1875 ;  Chateau  bottled  in  Magnums 
and  Bottles— Hne  Old  East  India  Madeira— Tawney  Port— Hocks,  1865 
—Cabinet  Wines— Liqueurs,  &c. 

I'O    BE    SOLD    by    AUCTION    at    6,    UPPER 

-L     ORMOND  QUAY,   DUBLIN,  on  SATURDAY,  December  14,  at 
2  o'clock. 

Catalogues  on  application.— BENNETT  &  SON,  .Auctioneers,  6,  Upper 
Ormond  Quay. 

Old  Books  and  New,  including  a  Consignment  of  Surplus 
Modern  Worki  from  a  Continental  House;  Stock  of  Banbury 
Chap-Books  ;  and  other  Remainders. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  wiU  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY', 
December  4,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  OLD  BOOKS  and 
NEW,  comprising  Guillim's  Heraldry,  Sixth  Edition— Edmondson's 
Heraldry,  2  vols  — Cough's  Camden,  3  vols  -Hunter's  South  Yorkshire, 
2  vols  — 'Thoresby  and  Whitaker's  Leeds,  2  vols.- Plot's  Oxfordshire — 
Grose's  Antiquities.  8  vols  — Voragine.  Legenda  Sanctorum,  1474— Roman 
Missal,  1861—500  Rusher's  Banbury  Chap- Books  and  16,900  Toy-Books— 
luo  Cameron's  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  folio  (pub.  2i.  10s  ) — 
Monkhouses  Earlier  Water-Colour  Painters,  imperial  8vo.-139  Ed- 
wards's Our  Sea-marks— 45  'Temple -Leader's  Sir  John  Hawkwood, 
imperial  8vo  — 30  Letters  of  Mrs.  Carlyle,  3  vols.  (II.  15s.)— 325  South 
Place  Debate.  Grant  v.  Bradlaugh— Surplus  Modern  Works,  consigned 
from  the  Continent,  &c. 

'To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  include  in  their  S.ALE  of  choice  OLD  WINES  on  MONDAY, 
December  2,  at  3  o'clock,  about  80  dozens  of  Champagne  Bouzy  Cabinet, 
18SU  vintage,  old  landed  extra  special  cuv(?c,  trOs  sec. 

May  be  sampled  time  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  of  the  ArcTio.vEEns, 
as  above. 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-S'TREE'T,  ST.  JAMESS-SQUARE. 
Valuable  Decorative  Property,  Carved  Oak  and  Inlaid  Furni- 
ture, beautiful  Old  Louis  X  VI.  Gold  Snu/f boxes.  Miniatures, 
Carvings,  Old  China,  and  Articles  of  Vtrtu,  removed  from  a 
residence  in  Maida-vale  and  elsewhere  for  convenience  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  k  FISHER  are  favoured 
with  instructions  to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  FRI- 
DAY December  6,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  valuable  PROPER'TY, 
comprising  an  Old  Louis  Seize  Gold  Snufi'box.  beautifully  Chased  and 
EnamelleiT  In  Figure  Subjects— fine  Old  Oriental,  Dresden,  Chelsea. 
Worcester,  and  Derby  China- Figures  and  Groups-ltowls-Cups  and 
Saucers-Old  Carved  Oak  Furniture— High-Hack  Chairs— Inlaid  Marque- 
terie  Tables- beautifullv  carved  Old  French  Coin  Cabinet— finely- 
modelled  Bronzes— Clocks— Carved  Ivories— Ornamental  Items— and 
Ellccls. 

.May  be  viewed  four  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


735 


MESSRS,  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectlully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  foUowinj 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Booms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
aqnare,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  December  2,  a  COLLECTION  of 

OBJECTS  of  ART,  the  Troperty  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  a  SMALL  COL- 
LECTION of  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  LADY,  and  from  other 
i^ivate  Sources. 

On  TUESDAY,  December  3,  JEWELS  and  LACE 

of  the  late  Mrs.  BIRKIN,  and  Miniatures  and  Objects  of  Artand  Vertu 
Irom  various  Sources. 

On  THURSDAY,  December   5,  MODERN    EN- 

OEATENGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  JAMES  ATKINSON,  Esq. 

,  On  FRIDAY,  December  6,  the  COLLECTION 

of  OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  late  W.  CARSAVELL  LADE.  Esq  ,  and 
Objects  of  Art  from  other  Private  Sources;  OLD  FRENCH  and 
FLEMISH  TAPESTRY,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  and  THREE 
other  PANELS  of  OLD  BRUSSELS  TAPESTRY,  the  Property  of  a 
GENTLEMAN. 

On    SATURDAY,    December    7,   the  COLLEC 

TION  of  MODERN  PICTURES  and  SCULPl-URE  of  W.  HOGG,  Esq  , 
deceased,  and  others. 

On  MONDAY,  December  9,  OBJECTS  of  ART, 

the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs.  HALL,  formerly  of  17,  Lowndes-square. 

On   TUESDAY,    December   10,    ENGRAVINGS 

after  Sir  E.  Landseer,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs.  MACKENZIE 
<3i3terof  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R  A.). 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  FINE  WINES 

from  several  Private  Cellars,  and  CHOICE  CIGARS,  the  Property  of 
His  Highness  Prince  BORIS  S\AIATOPOLIv-CZETWERTINSKY. 

On  THURSDAY,   December   12,  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN,  OBJECTS  of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE 
M  Col.  CHARLES  FAIRBROTHER. 

LIVERPOOL. 

Collection  of  Paintings  by  the  Old  Masters. 

MESSRS.  BRANCH  &  LEETE  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  on  MONDAY  and  TUESDAY,  December  2  and  .3,  at 
1  o'clock  each  day,  in  the  HANOVER  ROOMS,  Hanover-street.  Liver- 
pool, about  TWO  HUNDRED  OIL  PAIN'riNGS,  including  Works  by 
J.  Ruvsdael,  N.  Berghem,  Steenwyck,  Ue  Heem,  Artois,  Teniers.  Honde- 
koete'r,  Claude,  Both,  J.  Gainsborough,  Salvator  Rosa,  A'an  Huysum, 
'\"an  der  Neer,  Breughel,  Ostade,  and  others. 

Catalogues  on  application  to  the  Auctioneers. 

On  TUESDA  Y,  December  3. 
A  most  interesting  Sale  of  a  valuable  Collection  of  rare  Gold 
arid  Silver  Coins,  War  Medals,  Tokens,  Coin  Cabinets  and 
Medal  Cases,  rare  British  and  Colonial  Postage  Stamps,  iSc 
(by  direction  of  a  well-known  Collector,  who  is  now  giving  up 
the  pursuit) . 

MESSRS.  LUDLOW,  ROBERTS  &  WELLER 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  18,  NEW-STREET, 
BIRMINGHAM,  on  TUESD.».Y,  Decembers,  commencing  at  12  o'clock, 
the  above  COLLECTION  of  COINS  and  STAMPS,  including  George  III. 
Halt-Guineas— fine  Silver  Pieces  of  Henry  V.,  Charles  I ,  Charles  II., 
Queen  Anne.  W  iUiam  and  Mary,  George  II.,  III.,  and  IV..  William  IV., 
and  A'ictoria — Bronze  Proofs,  including  Pennies,  Halfpennies,  and 
Farthings ;  also  Bronze  Proofs  of  Bank  Tokens,  United  .Slates  Dollars, 
HaJf-DoUars  of  early  issues— rare  Tokens— Silver  and  Bronze  Medals— 
and  a  few  fine  War  Medals— the  valuable  Collection  of  Postage  Stamps, 
including  6d.  litho  Nevis — id.  unused  litho  Nevis— Wood-Block  Capes- 
Early  United  States— and  rare  English  and  Colonials— and  also  a  few 
Numismatic  Books  by  Thompson,  Humfrey,  and  Perry,  &c. 

On  view  day  preceding  Sale.     Catalogues  may  be  obtained  at  the 
Offices  of  the  Ai  ctioxeeks,  18,  New-street,  Birmingham. 


PARIS.— M.  PAUL  CHEVALLIER,  Auctioneer, 
10,  RUE  DE  1,.\.  GRANGE  BATELIERE,  PARIS,  will  SELL  by 
PUBLIC  AUCTION  :— 1  Assisted  by  MM.  FfiRAL  and  MANNHEIM  & 
SON,  Experts,  on  THURSDAY,  FRIDAY,  and  SATURDAY,  Decem- 
ber 5.  6,  and  7,  at  2  r.ji.,  WORKS  of  ART  and  FURNITURE,  Old 
Paintings,  Drawings,  AVater  Colours.  Miniatures,  Fans,  SC-vres  China, 
Silver  Plate,  Sculptures,  Bronzes,  and  Furniture  of  the  Seventeenth  and 
Eighteenth  Centuries,  and  Tapestry  Upholstered  Seats,  the  whole  be- 
longing to  M.  K**»  — On  view  December  3  and  4  2.  Assisted  bv  M.M. 
MANNHEIM  &  SON,  Experts,  on  MONDAY,  December  9,  at  2  p.m  , 
WORKS  of  ART  and  RARE  CURIOSITIES  dating  from  the  Middle 
Ages  and  the  Renaissance,  Objects  in  Ivory,  Enamels,  Silverware, 
Bronzes.  Old  Faenza  and  Dishes  by  Bernard  Palissy,  forming  the  Collec- 
tion of  M.  LEGUILLON.— On  view  December  7  and  8. 


B 


LACKWOOD'S     MAGAZINE. 

No.  962.    DECEMBER,  1895.    2s.  M. 
Contents. 
An  UNCROWNED  KING  :  a  Romance  of  High  Politics. 
' EOTHEX '  and  the  ATHENiUM  CLUB.    By  Lady  Gregory. 
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736 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


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N°  3553,  Nov.  30, '95 THE     ATHEN^UM 741 

MESSRS.    ^^JMUEJfS^JiEVV   BOOKS. 

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bim  and  all  his  works In  Miss  Marie  Corelli's  pages  is  to  be  found   the  embodiment  of   this  philosophic  idea,  an  evil  which  is  only  the  other  side  of  good,  a  fallen,  plaintive. 

imploring  angel,  always  going  about  seeking,  not  some  one  to  devour,  but  some  one  who,  on  the  contrary,  can  devour  him This  central  conception,  which  has  an  undeniable  interesS 

and  is  not  devoid  of  a  certain  largeness  and  audacity,  is  made  the  pivot  of  an  extremely  fierce  and  violent  diatribe  on  our  unhappy  metropolis  and  the  '  swagger  society  '  thereof 

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NOEMI:  a  Romance  of  the  Cave-dwellers.  By  S.  Baring-Gould,  Author  of  'Mehalah,'  'In  the  Roar  of  the  Sea,'  &c.  Illus- 
trated by  R.  Caton  Woodville.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 

''  The  settjng  is  novel,  historically  instructive,  and  strikingly  picturesque.    The  closing  scene,  which  is  lurid  with  intense  local  colour,  is  dramatic  as  heart  could  desire."—  Times. 

"  '  No6mi '  is  as  excellent  a  tale  of  fighting  aud  adventure  as  one  may  wish  to  meet.  All  the  characteis  that  interfere  in  this  exciting  tale  are  marked  wilh  properties  of  their  own. 
The  narrative  also  runs  clear  and  sharp  as  the  Loire  itself."— A;«  Mall  Gazette. 

An  ADVENTURER  of  the  NORTH.      By  Gilbert  Parker,  Author  of  '  Pierre  and  his  People,'  '  When  Vahnond  came  to 

Pontiac'    Crown  Svo.  >is. 
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The  KING  of  ANDAMAN  :  a  Saviour  of  Society.     By  J.  Maclaren  Corban,  Author  of  '  The  Red  Sultan,'  &c.     Crown  Svo.  6s. 

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root  of  immortality,  and  the  book  itself  is  ever  exhaling  the  sweet  savour  of  the  unexpected The  book  will  be  read  and  loved  for  the  masterly  portrait  of  the  King  of  Andaman, 

crownless  and  landless,  but  hedged  round  wilh  the  divinity  which  was  his  by  right;  for  his  whole  life  had  been  true  to  the  grand  motto  which  belongs  to  him  aud  all  his  kingly  tribe— 
•  Noblesse  oblige.'  "—Pall  Mall  Gazette.  "  The  tale  is  exquisitely  told,  and  has  sufficient  romance  worked  into  it  to  captivate  readers."— Scai^mnn. 

The  STOLEN  BACILLUS.     By  H.  G.  Wells,  Author  of  '  The  Time  Machine.'     Crown  Svo.  Qs. 

The  KING  of  ALBERIA  :  a  Romance  of  the  Balkans.     By  L.  Dalvtrey.     Crown  Svo.  6s. 

The    QUEENSBERRY   CUP.      By  Clive  Piiillipps  Wolley,  Author  of  '  Snap,'  Editor  of  '  Big  Game  Shooting.'     Illustrated. 

Crowti  .«\o.  I's.     This  is  a  story  of  amateur  pugilism  and  chivalrous  adventure,  written  by  an  author  whose  books  on  sport  are  well  known. 

The  GODS  GIVE  MY  DONKEY  WINGS.     By  Angus  Evan  Abbott.     Crown  Svo.  3s.  6cL 

MESSRS.  METHUEN'S  CATALOGUE  and  '  BOOK  GAZETTE'  sent  to  any  address. 

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742 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANNS 
NEW   BOOKS. 


ANTONIO  ALLEGRI  DA 
CORREGGIO : 

His  Life,  Ms  Friends,  and  Ms  Time. 

By  Dr.  CORRADO  EICCI. 

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As  Director  of  the  Gallery  in  Parma,  the  city  in 
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his  life,  Dr.  Kicci  has  had  access  to  otherwise  in- 
accessible material,  and  has  received  help  not  only 
from  the  Italian  Government,  but  from  all  who  were 
able  to  throw  new  light  on  the  work  of  this  great 
artist. 

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REVISED,  NOW  READY. 

REMBRANDT:   his  Life,  his 

Work,  and  his   Time.     By  EMILE  MICHEL, 

of   the   Institute   of    France.     Translated  by 

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THE    ATHENiEUM 


743 


SOCIETY  FOE  PEOMOTIMJMEISTIAI  KNOWLEDGE. 

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the  side  of  those  who  see  in  the  Hebrew  Patriarchs  real  men  of  flesh  and  blood,  and  who  hold  that  in  the  narrative  of  the  Pentateuch  we  have  histoiical 
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744 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3553,  Nov.  30, '95 


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a.  UPON  CYNTHIA'S  FAN. 

3.  ENGLISH  OCCUPATIONS  of  MINORCA. 

4.  NATHANIEL  DIXON,  NATURALIST. 

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6.  The  MIGRATION  of  BIRDS. 

7.  WILLIAM  BLAKE. 

8.  FOR  the  CHILTERN  HUNDREDS. 

9.  CATS  and  their  AFFECTIONS.     Part  I. 
iO.  SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  ?    (Conclusion.) 

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OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS  ON  THE 
FIRST  EDITION. 

The  TIMES  says:— 

"  Miss  Blind  is  a  poet  who  has  already  written  much 
varied  and  powerful  verse.  She  once  more  displays  her 
lyrical  skill  and  graceful  fancy  in  these  '  Songs.'" 

The  ATHEN^UM  says  :— 

"  The  poetry  of  Miss  Blind  possesses  the  unusual  merit  of 
being  sincerely  felt,  of  being  the  almost  unconscious  out- 
come of  an  eager  poetic  nature.  Few  women  who  have 
attempted  the  art  of  verse  have  brought  with  them  to  the 
undertaking  so  wide  a  culture,  so  varied  an  experience,  so 
many  keen  interests,  or  have  had  so  rich  and  exceptional  a 

nature  to  express Here,  for  once,  is  verse  which  is  at  all 

events  alive.     It  has  the  genuine  poetic  impulse,  it  has  the 
genuine  note  of  personal  sincerity." 

The  DAILY  NEWS  says :- 

"  A  richly  endowed  poetic  nature  is  here  seen  at  its  very 
best.  It  marks  a  distinct  advance  on  all  her  past  work,  and 
it  is  so  good  that,  in  our  judgment,  it  places  her  quite  in  the 
front  rank  of  living  lyrical  poets." 

The  LITERARY  WORLD  says :— 

"  It  is  a  genuine  pleasure  to  turn  to  Miss  Mathilde  Blind's 
Birds  of  Passage.'  It  contains  much  to  charm,  and  will 
delight  lovers  of  poetry." 

The  SCOTSMAN  says:— 

"The  songs  have  a  charm  of  their  own The  work,  as  a 

whole,  is  one  which  every  lover  of  poetry  will  read  with 
interest  and  enjoyment." 


WOMAN  says:— 


London :  HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limitkd. 


"  Miss  Blind  sings  in  many  modes — she  is  probably  more 
various  than  any  other  woman-poet  in  English  literature. 

A.  book  that  contains  nothing  trivial,  nothing  shallow, 

nothing  that  is  not  poetry." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says  :- 

"These  poems  have  grace,  delicacy,  even  charm We 

can  recall  few  English  poems  which  render  the  curious, 
indeed  unique,  impression  of  the  Orient  as  it  is  rendered  iu 
some  of  Miss  Blind's  verses." 

The  SPEAKER  says:— 

"  Miss  Blind's  poetical  talent  has  reached  a  fine  maturity 
in  her  new  poems.  She  has  a  breadth  and  variety  of  view 
uncommon  in  a  poetess,  and  a  wholesome  enjoyment  of  the 
goods  of  life." 

The  SATURDAY  REVIEW  says :- 

"  Weight  of  thought  and  fervour  are  the  characteristics  of 
Miss  Blind's  best  work Her  outlook  on  life  is  poetic." 

The  LEEDS  MERCURY  says:- 

"  Thoughts  clothed  in  beautiful  language  are  to  be  found 
in  every  page,  and  we  lay  down  the  book,  which  has  been  a 
real  pleasure  to  us,  in  the  hope  that  such  a  prolitic  mind 
may  soon  bring  out  a  companion  worthy  of  this  volume, 
with  its  charming  pictures  of  Eastern  and  Western  life  and 
character." 

The  ACADEMY  says  :- 

"  Miss  Blind  has  attained  a  high  and  definite  rank  among 

English  poets She  has  the  distinction  also  of  being  one 

of  the  very  few  women-poets,  whether  of  our  own  time  or  of 
any  other,  who  have  made  any  mark  iu  English  literature. 

Her  work  in  verse  is  considerable  ns  well  as  e.xcellent. 

It  is  of  almost  all  kinds,  from  tlie  idyllic  to  the  dramatic, 
and  from  simple  narrative  to  the  elucidation  of  subtle  pro- 
blems of  life."  

London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly. 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


745 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  30,  ISO 5. 


CONTENTS. 

Matthew  Arnold's  Letters        , 

Mr.  Watson's  Nsrvr  Poems 

EoLLiNQKR's  Historical  and  Literarf  Addresses 

Mr.  Meredith's  Novel       

tTHE  Life  of  Anthony  Wood        

The  Martyred  Missionaries  in  China         

Christmas  Books        

Books  or  Travel        

Modern  French  History 

OuB  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books    

Infringement  of  Copyright;  'The  Suicide's 
Grave';  Lord  dk  Tabley;  Henry  Vaughan, 
SiLURisT;  The  Posthumous  Writings  of  Mb. 
E.  L.  Stevenson 754—756 

ZiITERARZ  OOSSIP  756 

Science— Societies ;  Meetings;  Gossip  ...  757—758 
Fdte  Arts- Sindbad  the  Sailor  ;  Sale  ;  Gossip  ...  759 
Music- The  Week  ;  Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week 760—761 

Drama— The  Week;  M.  Alexandre  Dumas 761 


TAGE 
745 

746 
747 
74-3 
749 
750 
750 
751 
752 
753 


LITERATURE 


Letters  of  Matthew  Arnold,  1848-1888.  Col- 
lected and  arranged  by  George  "W.  E. 
Eussell.  2  vols.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
How  is  it  that  letters  to  intimate  friends  so 
seldom  give  a  man  as  he  really  is  ?  Part 
of  the  explanation  is,  probably,  that  the 
intimate  friends  know  him  in  that  capacity, 
and  he  need  not,  therefore,  explain  his 
inmost  being  to  them.  "With  them  he  can 
assume  fundamentals,  and  need  only  treat 
of  and  discuss  superficialities.  With  them 
"he  has  often  talked  over  the  deeper  matters 
in  the  field  or  by  the  fireside,  and  it  is 
seldom  necessary  to  revert  to  them  in  his 
■correspondence. 

The  majority  of  these  letters  of  Arnold  are 
addressed  to  his  mother  and  his  sister,  and 
where,  if  not  to  a  man's  mother,  should  he 
ehow  himself  as  he  really  is?  Yet  Mr. 
HusseU,  in  a  few  pages  of  his  introduction, 
very  happily  phrased,  gives  a  juster  view 
of  Matthew  Arnold  as  he  was  than  can  be 
gathered  from  the  letters  which  follow. 
There  is  certainly  no  "  inexhaustible  fun  " 
in  them.  The  "  childlike  pleasure  in  his 
own  performances,"  to  which  Mr.  EusseU 
refers,  occurs  in  the  letters  in  only  a  very 
modest  and  self-critical  form.  The  English 
liabit  of  reticence,  even  with  one's  intimates, 
was  a  note  of  Matthew  Arnold.  In  these 
letters,  at  least,  he  never  speaks  out,  he 
never  lets  himseK  go.  Some  reasons  for 
the  general  effect  produced  by  them  may 
be  seen  in  the  function  they  are  in- 
tended to  fulfil.  Matthew  Arnold,  like 
Thackeray,  objected  to  any  biography  of 
himself,  and  these  letters  are  intended  to 
supply  the  place  of  a  life.  Consequently  Mr. 
Eussell  has  felt  obliged  to  include  matters 
in  the  correspondence,  the  only  interest  of 
which  is  to  prove  that  Arnold  was  here  on 
this  day  and  there  on  that ;  that  he  applied 
iorthis  commissionership  and  that  librarian- 
ship,  and  failed  to  obtain  them  ;  that  he  had 
met  So-and-so  at  Somebody's,  and  what 
each  had  said  to  the  other.  In  this  way 
these  letters  serve  more  as  a  skeleton  bio- 
gi-aphy  than  as  that  genial  presentation  of 
self  which  we  look  for  from  a  well-selected 
correspondence.  Even  from  the  former 
I)oint  of  view,  Mr.  EusseU  might  have  used 


the  pruning  hand  more  freely,  especially 
in  the  letters  relating  to  Arnold's  foreign 
journeys,  which  too  often  degenerate  into 
simple  Baedeker.  The  lists  of  guests  at 
dinner  tables,  however  interesting  to  those 
guests  or  their  relatives,  might  often  be 
omitted  with  advantage ;  and  the  col- 
lection altogether  might  have  been  made 
more  effective  for  its  immediate  purpose  by 
being  reduced  to  a  single  volume,  contain- 
ing the  more  significant  letters  or  passages 
from  them.  The  method  adopted  by  Mr. 
Cross  in  his  *  Life  of  George  Eliot,'  of  only 
giving  extracts  from  the  letters,  could  have 
been  here  adopted  with  advantage. 

StUl,  allowing  for  aU  deficiencies,  every 
one  will  be  grateful  for  a  book  which  de- 
scribes, as  it  were,  Matthew  Arnold  in  the 
making.     We  can  see  his  admiration    for 
France  even  from  the  very  earliest  pages, 
and  his  bias  in  her  favour  leading  him  into 
prophecies   to   which    the    Franco-German 
War  was  to  give  a  rude  denial.     The  strong 
influence  of  his  father  upon  his  thought  is 
recognized  by  him  in  several  passages,  and 
throughout  he  shows   as  much  interest  in 
references  to  "Papa"  as  to   criticisms   of 
his  own  views.     The  attraction  of  Goethe 
to  one  who  was  destined   in  some  way  to 
be  his  English  counterpart  comes  out  very 
distinctly,  especially  when  he  was  at  Eome, 
and  on  visiting  the  Protestant  burial-ground 
showed  more  interest  in  the  tomb  of  Goethe's 
only  son  than  in  the  graves  of  Shelley  and 
Keats.  We  can  often  see  the  germs  of  opinions 
to  which  he  later  gave  formal  and  developed 
expression  in  his  books.     The  lack  of  ideas 
in  English  aristocracy,  the  English  want  of 
independence  of  mind,  the  richness  of  the 
Greek  imagination,  the  need  of  charm  for 
persuasion,  all  these  find  frequent  expression 
in  these  letters.  At  times,  indeed,  he  tells  his 
mother  or  his  sister,  or  Lady  de  EothschUd 
— who  appears  to  have  been  his  chief  friend 
outside  the  family  circle — the  lines  on  which 
some  of  his  best- known  essays  were  about 
to  be  written. 

One  quality  of  Matthew  Arnold  is  more 
fuUy  displayed  in  these  letters  than  one 
would  have  anticipated  from  his  prose  writ- 
ings, though  it  finds  equally  abundant 
display  in  his  poetry.  The  letters  are  fre- 
quently adorned  with  flower  and  fruit  pieces 
of  great  charm,  and  throughout  landscapes 
abound  drawn  with  masterly  hand.  On  one 
of  the  earliest  pages  occurs  the  following 
characteristic  passage : — 

"  It  is  beginning  to  grow  dusk,  but  it  has 
been  a  sweet  day,  with  sun  and  a  playing  wind 
and  a  softly  broken  sky.  The  crocuses,  which 
have  long  starred  the  lawn  in  front  of  the 
windows,  growing  like  daisies  out  of  the  turf, 
have  nearly  vanished,  but  the  lilacs  that  border 
the  court  are  thrusting  their  leaves  out  to  make 
amends. 

The  clouds  of  sickness  cast  no  stain  upon 

Her  valleys  and  blue  hills  : 
The  Doubt,  tiiat  assails  all  things,  never  won 
This  faithful  impulse  of  unfaithful  wills. 

It  gets  more  and  more  gray  and  indistinct,  and 
the  musical  clock  behind  me  is  quickening  its 
pace  in  preparation  for  its  half-hour  peal." 

How  significant  of  Arnold  the  poet,  the 
critic,  the  Wordsworthian  !  As  we  get  on 
further  in  the  book  we  see  less  and  less  of 
Arnold  as  poet,  and  the  suspicion  is  forced 
upon  us  that  he  did  not  sing  because  he 
must,  but  because  he  wanted  to  sing.  There 
is  a  passage  here  which  explains  to  some 
extent  the  want  of  spontaneity  in  Arnold's 


poetry,  and  we  may  quote  it  as,  in  Carlyle's 
phrase,  "  significant  of  much  ": — 

"People  do  not  understand  what  a  temptation 
there  is,  if  you  cannot  bear  anything  not  very 
good,  to  transfer  your  operations  to  a  region 
where  form  is  everything.  Perfection  of  a  cer- 
tain kind  may  there  be  attained,  or  at  least 
approached,  without  knocking  yourself  to  pieces, 
but  to  attain  or  approach  perfection  in  the 
region  of  thought  and  feeling,  and  to  unite  this 
with  perfection  of  form,  demands  not  merely 
an  effort  and  a  labour,  but  an  actual  tearing  of 
oneself  to  pieces,  which  one  does  not  readily 
consent  to  (although  one  is  sometimes  forced  to 
it)  unless  one  can  devote  one's  whole  life  to 
poetry.  Wordsworth  could  give  his  whole  life 
to  it,  Shelley  and  Byron  both  could,  and  were 
besides  driven  by  their  demon  to  do  so.  Tenny- 
son, a  far  inferior  natural  power  to  either  of  the 
three,  can  ;  but  of  the  moderns  Goethe  is  the  only 
one,  I  think,  of  those  who  have  had  an  existence 
assujeltie,  who  has  thrown  himself  with  a  great 

result  into  poetry Goethe  speaks  somewhere 

of  the  endless  matters  on  which  he  had  employed 
himself,  and  says  that  with  the  labour  he  had 
given  to  them  he  might  have  produced  half  a 
dozen  more  good  tragedies ;  but  to  produce 
these,  he  says,  I  must  have  been  sehr  zerrissen. 
It  is  only  in  the  best  poetical  epochs  (such  as  the 
Elizabethan)  that  you  can  descend  into  yourself 
and  produce  the  best  of  your  thought  and  feeling 
naturally,  and  without  an  overwhelming  and  in 
some  degree  morbid  effort  ;  for  then  all  the 
people  around  you  are  more  or  less  doing  the 
same  thing.  It  is  natural,  it  is  the  bent  of 
the  time  to  do  it ;  its  being  the  bent  of  the 
time,  indeed,  is  what  makes  the  time  a  poetical 
one." 

It  is  clear  that  Arnold  had  not  a  demon 
in  him,  and  a  later  passage  in  the  book 
explains  why  he  rather  repressed  than 
developed  whatever  of  it  he  might  once 
have  had : — 

"No  one  has  a  stronger  and  more  abiding 
sense  than  I  have  of  the  '  daemonic  '  element — 
as  Goethe  called  it — which  underlies  and  en- 
compasses our  life  ;  but  I  think,  as  Goethe 
thought,  that  the  right  thing  is,  while  conscious 
of  this  element,  and  of  all  that  there  is  inex- 
plicable round  one,  to  keep  pushing  on  one's 
posts  into  the  darkness,  and  to  establish  no  post 
that  is  not  perfectly  in  light  and  firm." 

As  with  Darwin  science  ultimately 
destroyed  all  interest  in  art  and  literature, 
so  with  Matthew  Arnold  the  continued 
application  of  criticism  to  life  made  the 
creative  impulse  come  more  and  more  rarely. 

The  reference  to  Tennyson  quoted  above  is 
one  of  several  that  deal  with  that  poet  in  not 
too  laudatory  a  strain.  When  the  '  Idylls  ' 
came  out  Arnold  saw  their  chief  weakness, 
the  absence  of  medifeval  tone ;  and  generally 
he,  however  mistakenly,  regarded  the  late 
Poet  Laureate  as  wanting  in  that  "  funda- 
mental brain  work "  which  Eossetti  con- 
sidered indispensable  for  greatness  in  poetry. 

While  these  letters  give  less  and  less 
of  Arnold  the  poet  as  time  goes  on,  they 
are  full  of  Arnold's  criticisms  of  social  life 
from  beginning  to  end.  One  could  pick  out 
from  them  a  series  of  characterizations  of 
almost  aU  the  great  powers.  The  difference 
between  commercialism  in  Holland  and 
England;  the  want  of  backbone  in  the 
Italian  character,  and  the  presence  of 
lucidity  in  Italian  science ;  the  contrast 
between  England  and  Germany  with  regard 
to  law-abidingness,  and  between  England 
and  France  as  regards  the  attitude  of  the 
people  towards  the  power  that  represses 
disorder ;  the  want  of  picturesqueness  in 
American  civilization — these  are  but  a  few 


746 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SSSS,  Nov.  30, '95 


of  the  passages  which,  recall  Matthew 
Arnold  the  critic  at  his  best.  But  it  was 
France  and  French  affairs  that  engaged  his 
chief  attention  from  first  to  last.  France 
was  to  him  the  norm  of  civilized  life.  Thus, 
even  in  the  midst  of  the  horrors  of  the 
Commune,  he  sees  the  lucidity  of  the  French 
mind  : — 

"The  Paris  convulsion  is  an  explosion  of  that 
fixed  resolve  of  the  working  class  to  count  for 
something  and  live,  which  is  destined  to  make 
itself  so  much  felt  in  the  coming  time,  and  to 
disturb  so  much  which  dreamed  it  would  last  for 
ever.  It  is  the  French  working  man's  clearly 
putting  his  resolve  before  himself  and  acting 
upon  it,  while  the  working  man  elsewhere  is  in 
a  haze  about  it,  that  makes  France  such  a  focus 
for  the  revolutionists  of  all  Europe." 

Yet,  characteristically  enough,  he  sees  in 
want  of  seriousness  the  cause  of  the  French 
downfall,  and  remarks  upon  the  declining 
sense  of  the  reality  of  life  in  Eenan  as  com- 
pared with  Sainte  -  Beiive.  With  it  all, 
Matthew  Arnold  was  more  Hebrew  than 
Greek,  and  the  proportion  his  writings  on 
religion  bear  to  his  other  productions  in- 
dicates only  a  natural  tendency.  In  this 
connexion,  perhaps,  the  most  significant, 
certainly  the  most  prophetic  passage  in  these 
volumes,  is  one  in  which  he  refers  to  the 
transformation  of  the  religious  ideals  now 
going  on : — 

"  Man  feels  himself  to  be  a  more  various  and 
richly  endowed  animal  than  the  old  religious 
theory  of  human  life  allowed,  and  he  is  en- 
deavouring to  give  satisfaction  to  the  long  sup- 
pressed and  still  imperfectly  understood  instincts 
of  this  varied  nature.  I  think  this  revolution 
is  happening  everywhere  ;  it  is  certainly  happen- 
ing in  England,  where  the  sombreness  and 
narrowness  of  the  religious  world,  and  the  rigid 
hold  it  long  had  upon  us,  have  done  so  much  to 
provoke  it.  I  think  it  is,  like  all  inevitable 
revolutions,  a  salutary  one,  but  it  greatly  re- 
quires watching  and  guiding.  The  growing 
desire,  throughout  the  community,  for  amuse- 
ment and  pleasure  ;  the  wonderful  relaxation, 
in  the  middle  class,  of  the  old  strictness  as  to 
theatres,  dancing,  and  such  things,  are  features 
which  alarm  many  people  ;  but  they  have  their 
good  side.  They  belong  to  this  revolution  of 
which  I  speak.  The  awakening  demand  for 
beauty,  a  demand  so  little  made  in  this  country 
for  the  last  century  and  more,  is  another  sign 
of  the  revolution,  and  a  clearly  favourable  sign 
of  it.  Religious  disputes  have  for  so  long  a  time 
touched  the  inmost  fibre  of  our  nation's  being, 
that  they  still  attract  great  attention,  and  create 
passions  and  parties  ;  but  certainly  they  have 
not  the  significance  which  they  once  had." 

It  is  a  testimony  to  Arnold's  clear-sighted- 
ness that  he  thus  recognized  that  even  his 
chief  interest  was  declining  in  power  to 
live. 

Hitherto  we  have  been  treating  of  Arnold 
as  he  was  known  in  his  lifetime,  so  far  as 
he  is  shown  in  these  letters,  with  the  i'b 
dotted  and  the  ^'s  crossed ;  but  the  letters 
also  show  him  in  certain  novel  aspects.  One 
would  scarcely  have  expected  to  find  the 
prophet  of  culture  so  much  alive  to  every 
word  said  about  him  by  the  public  press, 
still  less  so  much  alive  to  every  word  said 
about  him  by  the  English  princesses.  Ho 
agreed  with  the  most  enthusiastic  of  his 
admirers  with  regard  to  the  position  held 
by  his  poetry,  and  oven  went,  perhaps, 
somewhat  beyond  them  in  claiming  to  have 
the  best  qualities  of  Tennyson  and  of 
Browning  combined  in  himself.  "While  at 
Munich  he  saw  Wagner's   'Tristan,'   and 


was  suavely  confident  that  he  had  dealt 
better  with  the  subject  himself.  Yet  there 
was  nothing  morbid  or  self-conscious  in 
these  judgments,  and  if  a  man  is  to  be  a 
poet  at  all,  he  must  behove  in  his  own 
poetry.  Yet,  believing  in  it  as  he  did,  it  is 
diflicult  to  understand  why  Arnold  did  not 
give  us  more  of  it  in  his  later  days,  when 
he  mainly  devoted  his  muse  to  epitaphs  on 
deceased  canaries  and  dachshunds.  For 
some  reason  or  other  his  rill  had  dried  up. 
Probably  his  immersion  in  practical  afiairs 
was  the  cause. 

After  all,  there  was  a  touch  of  the  bar- 
barian in  him,  while  he  himself  owned  to 
be  a  little  bit  of  a  Philistine.  In  aU  matters 
of  politics  he  regarded  matters  almost 
directly  from  the  point  of  view  of  Downing 
Street.  But  here  the  influences  of  his  life 
as  an  official  combined  with  his  admiration 
of  French  centralization  and  the  respect  he 
inherited  from  his  father  for  the  Poman 
conception  of  a  state.  As  a  result,  we  find 
Arnold's  later  opinions  on  politics  scarcely 
to  be  distinguished  from  those  of  any  other 
frequenter  of  the  Athenaeum. 

He  has  been  allowed  by  Mr.  Russell  to 
speak  quite  frankly  about  the  chief  political 
personalities  of  our  time.  Mr.  Chamberlain 
is  spoken  of  in  one  place  as  a  "  remnant  and 
dangerous,"  though  elsewhere  he  is  termed 
"  the  Man  with  a  Future."  The  "freshness" 
of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  is  recognized, 
but  Arnold  prefers  Lord  Beaconsfield  to 
most  of  his  rivals.  Perhaps  this  was  due  to 
the  writer's  suspicion  that  Mr.  Gladstone 
disliked  him,  combined  with  the  compli- 
ments paid  him  by  "Dizzy"  on  several 
occasions  when  they  met.  In  speaking  in 
1870  of  Lord  Salisbury  as  a  "dangerous 
man,"  he  was  thinking  less  of  his  political 
than  of  his  intellectual  influence  at  Oxford, 
though  certain  sections  of  the  press  have 
chosen  to  regard  the  statement  as  specific- 
ally political.  It  is  amusing  to  find  that 
Lord  Salisbury  had  thought  of  addressing 
him,  when  conferring  the  D.C.L.  upon  him, 
as  "  vir  dulcissime  et  lucidissime."  A 
reference  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  emotional 
verbiage  "  may  perhaps  be  held  to  counter- 
balance his  remarks  on  leaders  on  the  other 
side. 

While  it  is  certainly  refreshing  and  in- 
teresting to  read  these  outspoken  remarks 
on  contemporaries,  it  is  difficult  to  recon- 
cile them  with  Mr.  Russell's  claim  in  his  pre- 
face to  a  deference  for  living  susceptibilities, 
nor  are  these  utterances  confined  to  political 
personages,  who  may  be  assumed  to  be  ac- 
customed to  such  contemporary  criticism. 
Mr.  Swinburne,  on  his  first  appearance,  is 
referred  to  as  a  pseudo- Shelley.  Bishop 
Stubbs  is  reproved  for  a  dash  of  pedantry. 
Mr.  John  Morley  is  described  as  a  "bitter 
political  partisan"  as  a  writer,  though,  jsi^r 
contra,  "  when  you  meet  him  in  society  he 
is  the  gentlest  and  most  charming  of  men." 
Reference  scarcely  more  complimentary  to 
Froude,  Seeley,  Renan,  and  Huxley,  Mr. 
Russell  may  possibly  excuse  on  the  ground 
that  these  authors  are  no  longer  with 
us.  But  there  are  susceptibilities  con- 
nected with  them  that  might  have  been 
more  tenderly  considered  by  Mr.  RusseU, 
though  their  retention  undoubtedly  imparts 
more  lively  interest  to  the  book.  On  p.  22 
of  the  first  volume  the  address  might  have 
been  omitted,  or  another  initial  given  to  the 


name  :  "  S ,  a  young  Derby  banker,  trea 

sport,  is  completing  an  orgy  in  the  next 
room."  However,  on  the  whole,  little  harm 
is  likely  to  be  done  by  the  publication  of 
these  personal  details  or  opinions,  which 
mostly  deal  with  names  accustomed  to  public 
criticism,  though  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they 
may  not  be  taken  as  a  precedent. 

But  if  Matthew  Arnold  shows  to  some- 
what less  advantage  than  one  would  have 
anticipated  in  his  comments  on  his  rivals, 
these  letters  show  him  in  a  most  charm- 
ing light  in  his  relations  as  son,  brother, 
husband,  father.  Throughout  his  life  Fox 
How  remained  home  for  him.  Refer- 
ences to  "  Papa "  and  his  influence  occur 
throughout  the  letters,  and  we  come  across 
evidence  of  the  latter  even  on  the  American 
journey.  He  was  scarcely  less  proud 
of  his  mother  than  of  his  father,  and  his 
charming  letters  to  her  fill  up  a  large 
proportion  of  these  volumes.  Again  and 
again  references  to  the  economies  he  had 
to  make  remind  us  how  poorly  the  greatest 
English  critic  was  recompensed  by  England. 
Still  more  charming  does  he  appear  in  his 
character  as  father.  The  greatest  grief  to 
his  life  was  the  successive  deaths  of  his  two 
sons,  though  it  is  somewhat  disconcerting 
to  find  him  resort  to  Marcus  Aurelius  as  an 
anodyne  for  his  grief.  Charming  glimpses 
are  supplied  of  the  children  in  their  child- 
hood.    One  anecdote  deserves  quotation : — 

"You  can't  think  how  nicely  the  two  boys  go 
on  with  Mrs.  Querini,  their  governess.  From, 
my  little  study  I  can  hear  all  that  passes.  She 
said  to  Budge  this  morning,  '  Who  do  you  love 
best  of  anybody  in  the  world  1 '  '  Nobody  at  all/ 
says  Budge.  'Yes,'  says  Mrs.  Querini,  'you 
love  your  papa  and  mamma.'  'Well,'  say& 
Budge.  'But,'  goes  on  Mrs.  Querini,  'you  are 
to  love  God  more  than  any  one,  more  even  than 
your  papa  and  mamma.'  'No,  I  shan't,' says 
Budge.     Jolly  little  heathen. " 

On  another  occasion  his  daughter,  on  pass- 
ing some  cows,  said:  "What  a  nice  smell 
from  those  dear  cows,  papa.  Is  it  not  kind 
of  the  dear  cows  to  give  us  smells?  "  Ther& 
was  a  fund  of  humanity  in  the  man  who 
could  repeat  such  things  in  the  midst  of 
disquisitions  on  the  future  of  Europe. 

Altogether,  Matthew  Arnold  comes  out  in 
these  letters  much  as  one  would  have  antici- 
pated from  his  previously  published  writings. 
His  interest  in  ideas,  his  lucidity  and  light- 
ness, his  want  of  "  daemonic  "  force,  are  here,, 
as  in  his  books.  But  over  and  above  these 
qualities,  some  of  these  letters  show  a  tender 
humanity  in  all  his  social  relations  which 
will  give  them  a  permanent  charm. 


ITie  Father  of  the  Forest,  and  other  Poems.  By 

WiUiam  Watson.  (Lane.) 
In  the  *  Apologia '  which  concludes  this 
volume  Mr.  Watson  makes  answer  to  his 
adverse  critics.  He  says — in  lines  which 
read  too  like  a  "Letter  to  the  Editor'^ 
turned  into  blank  verse — that  he  has  been 
accused,  as  a  poet,  of  having  nothing  new 
to  say,  of  saying  nothing  newly,  and  of 
writing  too  much  about  his  poetical  pre- 
decessors. To  the  first  charge  he  replies 
that  we  ought  not  to  expect  the  Muse  to 
"  supplant "  each  year  "  her  derelict  self  of 
yester-year"  —  whatever  that  may  mean. 
To  the  second  count  ho  opposes  the 
aggrieved  inquiry  whether 


N''  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


747 


the  mighty  voices  of  old  days 

At  last  so  tedious  grow,  that  one  whose  lips 

Inherit  some  far  echo  of  their  tones — 

How  far,  how  faint,  none  better  knows  than  he 

Who  hath  been  nourished  on  their  utterance — can 

But  irk  the  ears  of  such  as  care  no  more 

The  accent  of  dead  greatness  to  recall  ? 

Mr.  "Watson  appears  to  hold  that  of  the  said 
•"  dead  greatness  "  he  is  the 

true  descendant,  as  the  veriest  hind 

May  yet  be  sprung  of  kings, 

and  that 

somewhat  of  themselves 

In  me,  their  lowly  scion,  lives  once  more. 

It  is  to  be  feared  that  this  theory  of 
poetical  heredity  wiU  not  bear  examina- 
tion. Poetry  does  not  run,  necessarily,  in 
families,  in  a  spiritual  any  more  than  in  a 
physical  sense.  It  is  not  sufficient  for  a 
writer  of  verse  to  claim  kinship  with  "  dead 
greatness";  that  kinship  cannot  and  will 
not  make  him  "great."  It  may  secure 
for  him  a  certain  measure  of  welcome  ;  it 
may  even  bring  him  popularity,  may  gain 
liim  friends.  But  it  cannot  obtain  for  him, 
at  the  hands  of  the  best  judges,  complete 
acceptance  as  a  poet.  If  anything  is  in- 
evitable in  the  sphere  of  literature,  it  is 
this — that  in  order  to  live  in  the  minds  of 
men  a  writer  must  have  a  personal  message 
or  a  personal  note ;  he  must,  indeed,  have 
both  of  these,  if  he  is  to  take  rank  with  the 
highest.  The  personal  message  is  not  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  permanence,  as  we  see 
in  the  obvious  cases  of  such  men  as  Gray ; 
in  such  instances  it  is  enough  that  the  verse, 
whatever  its  purport,  is  individual,  and  per- 
fect of  its  kind.  The  '  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard'  might  be  described 
as  a  succession  of  venerable  platitudes ; 
but  to  those  j)latitudes  the  poet  has 
accorded  masterly  expression.  If  there  be 
no  personal  message,  the  note  struck,  at  any 
rate,  is  characteristic  and  satisfying. 

Mr.  "Watson,  then,  might  fairly  be  for- 
given for  having  nothing  specially  new  to 
tell  us,  if  he  did  but  say  what  he  has  to  say 
in  a  fashion  wholly  fresh  and  adequate. 
Unhappily  his  verse  is  too  often  reminiscent 
both  of  voices  and  of  ideas.  He  is  not  so 
much  a  "  descendant "  of  "  dead  greatness  " 
as  a  distant  reflection  of  it.  In  poetry  he 
has  read  deeply  as  well  as  widely  ;  he  pos- 
sesses a  receptive  nature,  and  has  assimilated 
much.  "W^hat  he  is  now  engaged  in,  mainly, 
is  in  reproducing,  more  or  less  modified 
by  time  and  circumstance,  what  he  has 
absorbed.  The  opening  piece  in  this  new 
volume — '  The  Father  of  the  Forest ' — would 
eurely  never  have  been  written  had  not 
Mr.  "S\''atson  been  much  impressed  by  *  The 
Talking  Oak'  and  'A  Dream  of  Fair 
Women.'  Here  we  have  a  talking  yew, 
associated  with  a  species  of  panorama  of 
English  histor}'.  The  reader  is  introduced 
eeriatim  to  the  Spanish  Armada,  "  Cran- 
mer's  scorched,  uplifted  hand,"  "the  sweet 
queen  of  a  tragic  hour"  (Lady  Jane  Grey), 

Sidney,  that  pensive  Hesper-light 
O'er  Chivalry- 's  departed  sun, 

"the  roystering  prince"  (Henry  V.),  and 
fio  on — back  not  only  to  the  Conqueror  and 
Harold,  but  to  the  "fair-haired  despots  of 
the  sea,"  "the  hosts  of  Eome,"  and  so 
forth.  The  panorama  is  very  neatlj'  painted ; 
the  workmanship  is  eminently  respect- 
able ;  but  the  brush  is  not  wielded  by  a 
master,    and    such     pictures    have     been  | 


better  limned  before.  There  is  no  reason 
why  this  sort  of  thing  should  not  be  done  ; 
but,  if  done  at  all,  it  should  be  done 
supremely  well. 

In  'The  Tomb  of  Bui-ns'  Mr.  "Watson 
presents  to  us  another  of  his  verse-essays  in 
criticism.  It  is  really  a  "  review,"  couched 
in  rhythm  and  rhyme.  It  is  dignified,  it  is 
sonorous  ;  but  that  is  about  all.  Here  are 
the  opening  stanzas  : — 

What  woos  the  world  to  yonder  shrine? 
What  sacred  clay,  what  dust  divine  ? 
Was  it  some  Master  faultless-fine. 

In  whom  we  praise 
The  cunning  of  the  jewelled  line 

And  carven  phrase  ? 

A  searcher  of  our  source  and  goal, 

A  reader  of  God's  secret  scroll  ? 

A  Shakespeare,  flashing  o'er  the  whole 

Of  man's  domain 
The  splendour  of  his  cloudless  soul 

And  perfect  brain  ? 

Some  Keats,  to  Grecian  gods  allied, 
Clasping  all  Beauty  as  his  bride  ? 
Some  Shelley,  soaring  dim-descried 

Above  Time's  throng. 
And  heavenward  hurling  wild  and  wide 

His  spear  of  song  ? 

A  lonely  Wordsworth,  from  the  crowd 
Half  hid  in  light,  half  veiled  in  cloud  ? 
A  sphere-born  Milton  cold  and  proud, 

In  hallowing  dews 
Dipt,  and  with  gorgeous  ritual  vowed 

Unto  the  Muse  ? 


Here  we  have  Mr.  "Watson  at  his  best.  The 
characterization  of  the  poets  named  is  ex- 
cellent, so  far  as  it  goes ;  Mr.  "Watson,  to 
do  him  justice,  can  "  carve  "  a  phrase  with 
anybody.  But  this  is  not  what  is  wanted  from 
a  writer  who  calls  himself,  and  is  called  by 
others,  "poet."  Mr.  Watson  informs  us  in 
his  'Apologia'  that  he  holds  poets  "to 
be  very  part  of  Nature's  greatness,"  and 
that  he  accounts  their  "descants"  "not 
least  heroical  of  deeds."  Very  well ;  there 
can  be  no  objection  to  the  celebration  of 
bard  by  bard ;  but  the  celebration  should 
be  in  genuinely  poetic  temper.  It  has  been 
so  often  before  ;  why  does  not  Mr.  "Watson 
follow  the  good  examples  set  him  ?  There 
is  all  the  difference  in  the  world  between 
his  clever  but  somewhat  artificial  estimates 
and  epithets,  and  the  tributes  we  all  wot  of, 
charged  -Vfith  exalted  feeling  and  gilded  by 
the  gleam  of  natural  magic. 

Exaltation  and  mag^c,  thrill  and  charm 
— these,  alas  !  are  precisely  what  one  does 
not  find  in  Mr.  "Watson's  volume.  In  the 
'  Apologia '  he  says  of  himself  that 

I,  too,  with  constant  heart, 

And  with  no  light  or  careless  ministry. 
Have  served  what  seemed  the  Voice. 

And  it  must  be  conceded  that  Mr.  "Watson 
is  eminently  conscientious — that  he  gives 
the  public  of  his  best.  He  has  a  method, 
and  fulfils  its  laws.  His  work  has  always 
what  we  have  ascribed  to  '  The  Tomb  of 
Burns ' — dignity,  sonority,  and,  we  may 
add,  a  certain  finish.  He  takes  pains,  and 
has  achieved  some  excellent  results.  Every 
now  and  then,  as  in  the  line 

Youth,  irreprcssibly  fair,  wakes  like  a  wondering 
rose, 

he  seems  to  be  on  the  point  of  rising  out 
of  rhetoric  into  absolute  poetry.  But  he 
never  actually  makes  the  ascent.  One  sees 
in  the  '  Hymn  to  the  Sea,'  for  example,  that 
he  has  done  all  in  his  power.  The  verse 
is  careful,  accurate,  weU-balanced ;  as  an 
exercise    it    is    thoroughly    praiseworthy. 


But  the  intellectual  and  imaginative  material 
is  of  the  slightest ;  and  one  notes  through- 
out the  absence  of  that  atmosphere  of  white 
heat  in  which  alone  so  high  a  topic  can  be 
successfully  grappled  with.  At  present 
what  is  most  laudable  in  Mr.  "Watson's 
work  is  his  poetic  manner  ;  his  matter,  too 
often,  is  not  worthy  of  the  form  which  he 
bestows  upon  it. 


Addresses  on  Historical  and  Literary  Subjects. 
By  John  Ignatius  von  Dollinger,  D.D. 
Translated  by  Margaret  "Warre.  (Murray.) 
Miss  Warre  has  done  a  real  service  to 
students  by  her  translation  of  Dollinger' s 
addresses,  as  a  sort  of  sequel  to  that  of  his 
'  Studies  in  European  History.'  Especially 
are  we  glad  to  possess  in  EngHsh  the 
masterly  dissertation  on  '  The  Empire  of 
Charles  the  Great  and  his  Successors,'  which 
forms  the  kernel  of  the  present  volume.  We 
have  its  main  results,  no  doubt,  adopted, 
with  due  acknowledgment,  in  Mr.  Bryce's 
'Holy  Roman  Empire';  but  the  treatise 
itself,  until  Dr.  Max  Lossen  reprinted  it  in 
the  original  from  which  most  of  this  volume 
is  translated,  could  only  be  read  in  a  volume 
of  the  shortlived  lliinchner  historisches  Jahr- 
buch.  That,  however,  it  should  still  be 
styled  an  "  address"  is  something  of  a  mis- 
nomer, since  the  Vortrag  of  1862  must  have 
been,  in  form  at  least,  a  widely  different  pro- 
duction from  the  weighty  and  elaborate 
dissertation  of  1865.  This  latter  is  now 
supplied  with  numerous  careful  notes,  re- 
vising citations  so  as  to  suit  recent  editions 
of  texts  quoted,  and  taking  account  of  criti- 
cisms of  DoUinger's  views.  We  miss,  how- 
ever, any  reference  to  the  strictures  on  them 
— vicious,  it  may  be,  in  tone,  but  not  on 
that  account  to  be  altogether  ignored — 
which  Father  Michael  has  published  from 
time  to  time  in  the  Zeitschrift  filr  katholische 
Theologie.  On  p.  172  there  is  an  unlucky 
misprint  of  1730  for  1370.  It  is  interesting 
to  remark  that  on  more  than  one  point  of 
imjoortance  the  dissertation  converted  Gre- 
gorovius  from  opinions  he  had  previously 
maintained. 

The  remaining  contents,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  address,  were  left  in  manuscript 
until  Dr.  Lossen  collected  them  in  1891. 
Among  them  two  are  of  direct  value  for  the 
historical  student.  That  entitled  '  Anagni ' 
examines  the  details  of  the  attack  upon 
Boniface  YIII.  at  Anagni  in  the  light  of 
three  contemporary  narratives,  one  of  which 
was  impublished  at  the  time  when  Dollinger 
wrote.  The  latter  lays  great  stress  on  the 
fact  that  the  earliest  authorities  connect  only 
the  Italian  element — Sciarra  Colonna,  the 
turbulent  barons  of  the  Campagna,  and 
the  plunder-seeking  populace  of  Anagni — 
with  the  actual  assaiilt  on  the  Pope.  The 
emissaries  of  Philip  the  Fair  seem  to  have 
kept  behind  the  scenes,  though  doubtless 
all  the  time  they  were  pulling  the  wires. 
The  following  is  a  characteristic  specimen 
of  DoUinger's  style  of  criticism  : — 

"Whenever  the  contemporary  writers  go 
beyond  the  mere  outline  of  the  incidents  and 
allow  themselves  to  pass  on  to  details,  tlieir  un- 
trustworthiness  betrays  itself  even  in  the  case 
of  the  Italians.  Giovanni  Villani's  account,  for 
which  the  moderns — Kopp,  for  instance,  and 
Wattenbach,  Rouniont,  Weber,  and  more  re- 
cently von  Sybel— have  .shown  a  decided  prefer- 
ence,   is  fanciful   and    inaccurate    throughout. 


748 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


Relying  upon  it,  Kopp,  for  instance,  says, 
'  He  [the  Pope]  caused  himself  to  be  arrayed  in 
the  mantle  of  St.  Peter,  the  crown  of  Constant!  ne 
to  be  placed  on  his  head,  took  the  cross  and  the 
keys  in  his  hands,  and  sat  thus,  an  old  man  of 

over  eighty  years,  upon  the  papal  throne.' 

In  opposition  to  these  accounts  I  will  now  point 
out  the  incorrectness  of  the  following  statements 
in  Villani :  First,  he  seems  to  have  thought  that 
among  the  papal  treasure  there  was  still  in  ex- 
istence a  mantle  worn  by  St.  Peter.  This  was 
not  the  case  ;  the  Pope  wore  a  pallium  on  great 
festivals  like  other  prelates  ;  at  his  elect-ion  the 
cappa  rubra,  a  red  mantle  that  had  nothing  to 
do  with  St.  Peter,  was  put  round  him.  Secondly, 
the  crown  of  Constautine,  spoken  of  by  Villani, 
is  most  likely  a  reminiscence  of  a  clause  in  the 
fabulous  Donation  of  Constantine,  according  to 
which  the  emperor  had  destined  a  golden  crown, 
like  that  he  wore  himself,  for  Pope  Sylvester, 
who,  however,  refused  to  wear  it  and  preferred 
the  Phrygian  cap.  Innocent  III.  certainly  says 
that  the  Pope  in  token  of  his  imperium  wore 
the  regnum  (a  gold  circlet),  and  in  token  of  his 
priesthood  a  mitre.  But  a  crown  named  after 
Constantine,  as  his  gift,  never  existed.  The 
third  crown  was  first  added  under  Clement  V. 
On  the  tomb  of  Boniface  VIII.,  the  mitre  upon 

the     Pope's     head has     only   two     crowns. 

Thirdly,  the  crossed  keys  formed,  and,  as  is  well 
known,  still  form,  the  papal  arms ;  but  real 
keys — of  gold,  silver,  or  iron,  not  merely  pic- 
tured, and  such  as  Boniface  could  have  taken  in 
his  hand — belong  only  to  the  realm  of  fancy." 

The  other  address  to  which  we  have  re- 
ferred, that  on  '  The  Suppression  of  the 
"Knights  Templars,'  has  a  peculiar  interest 
as  the  last  academic  lecture  which  Dollinger 
delivered.  He  had  then  (November  15th, 
1889)  almost  completed  his  ninety-first  year, 
and  so  deep  was  the  interest  which  the  sub- 
ject aroused  in  him  that  he  still  hoped  to 
enlarge  it  into  a  substantial  monograph. 
He  continued  to  make  notes  for  this  purpose 
(which  are  here  printed)  almost  until  his 
death  on  January  10th,  1890.  With  Schott- 
miiller  and  Mr.  Lea,  he  argues  strongly  for 
a  verdict  of  acquittal  of  the  order,  and  is  not 
at  all  moved  by  the  learning  of  Prutz  and 
the  authority  of  Ranke,  which  weigh  in  the 
opposite  scale.  It  is  a  pity  Dollinger  did  not 
live  to  see  the  publication  of  Dr.  Gmelin's 
elaborate  treatise  on  the  subject,  which  by 
its  microscopic  investigation  of  the  details  of 
the  trial  powerfully  reinforces  the  conclusions 
to  which  he  had  been  led  by  more  general 
researches. 

The  remaining  addresses  in  the  volume 
we  can  only  mention  cursorily.  The  opening 
one,  on  '  Universities  Past  and  Present,' 
contains  not  only  a  slight  sketch  of  univer- 
sity history  and  a  valuable  survey  of  the 
universities  of  the  world  and  their  various 
methods  and  attainments,  as  they  existed 
in  18GG — we  call  attention  to  the  date,  lest 
any  one  should  cite  it  as  evidence  for  more 
recent  times — but  also  a  luminous  discussion 
of  the  proper  aims  of  universities  and  of  the 
co-ordination  and  co-operation  of  studies. 
The  lecture  on  '  Founders  of  Religion ' 
suffers  from  too  wide  a  scope,  and  also  from 
a  somewhat  capricious  use  of  language.  For 
instance,  Dollinger  reckons  Henry  VIII., 
though  with  qualifications,  among  these 
"  founders,"  and  is  almost  inclined  to  reckon 
Oliver  Cromwell  too.  The  lecture  on  '  The 
History  of  Religious  Freedom'  touches  a 
subject  in  which  Dollinger  was  profoundly 
interested.  The  same  may  be  said  of  those 
on  *  Varioiis  Estimates  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution '  and  on  '  The  Part  taken  by  North 


America  in  Literature';  but  these  do  not 
pretend  to  be  more  than  rapid  sketches 
written  for  special  occasions.  From  the  last 
we  may  quote  a  sentence  which  excited 
some  notice  in  the  newspapers  at  the  time 
it  was  uttered  (December,  1888),  but  which 
may  well  be  repeated  as  a  salve  to  our 
national  habit  of  self-depreciation.  After 
speaking  of  the  diffusion  of  the  English 
language,  Dollinger  says  : — 

"To  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  rather  than  to  the 
German  or  the  Slav,  is  assigned  in  the  coming 
age  the  intellectual  supremacy  that  in  ancient 
times  belonged  to  the  Greeks  and  afterwards  to 
the  Romans.  The  Germans  will  have  their 
share  in  this  primacy,  and  assuredly  it  will  not 
be  a  small  one  ;  but  they  will  have  it  indirectly 
merely — through  the  medium  of  the  English 
lanscuage." 


T7i^  Amazing  Marriage.  By  George  Meredith. 

2  vols.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
Amoxg  the  few  really  exciting  events  in 
literature  is  a  new  novel  by  Mr.  Meredith. 
Other  living  novel-writers,  even  taking  the 
very  best,  have  an  appearance  of  tentative- 
ness,  of  working  from  a  theory,  by  which 
they  sometimes  produce  charming  and 
even  great  results,  but  still  results  which 
leave  something  incomplete,  something 
to  be  desired.  But  Mr.  Meredith  knows. 
After  reading  a  novel  by  him  one  usually 
feels  that  there  is  nothing  more  needed  ; 
there  is  no  other  way  of  looking  at 
the  subject  he  takes  up,  for  he  lives  in 
his  characters  and  a  hint  from  him  ex- 
presses more  than  pages  of  laborious  de- 
scription. The  truth  is,  little  as  it  may 
appear  so  at  first,  sight,  Mr.  Meredith 
belongs  to  that  great  school  of  writers  of 
whom  Aristophanes,  Rabelais,  Montaigne, 
Fielding  are  some  of  the  most  splendid 
names — writers  who  are  filled  with  the 
glory  of  human  life,  pagans  who  love  a 
good  eater  and  a  good  hater,  one  who  can 
give  hard  knocks  and  receive  them,  whose 
soul  is  untroubled  with  sentimentality,  but 
who  holds  to  whatsoever  things  are  lovely 
and  whatsoever  things  are  of  good  repute, 
and  can  laugh  a  fine  bass  laugh  at  the  puny 
miseries  and  absurdities  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Meredith  loves  with  an  exceeding  great  love 
the  rich  brown  earth,  the  mother  of  men, 
and  all  her  stalwart  sons  and  daughters  : 
even  the  sham,  the  sentimentalist  "  who 
fiddles  harmonies  on  the  sensual  strings," 
he  does  not  hate ;  he  sees  him  as  he  is,  a 
false  and  darkling  son  of  his  frank  and 
joyous  mother,  to  be  pitied  and  even  sym- 
pathized with.  Like  all  great  writers,  he 
has  a  philosophy  of  life ;  without  it  life  is 
an  aimless  game  and  fiction  impossible, 
for  there  would  be  no  more  reason  for  one 
action  than  another  ;  and  it  is  a  brave  and 
strong  philosophy,  a  philosophy  of  self- 
reliance  and  self-repression,  but  not  for  that 
of  joylessness,  Man  is  responsible  for  his 
own  fate  is  the  constant  burden  of  his 
theory. 

Life  said,  As  thou  hast  carved  me,  such  am  I, 
comes  in  one  of  his  poems,  iu  words 
curiously  recalling  one  of  Montaigne's  obiter 
dicta,  "La  vie  n'est  de  soi  ny  bien  ny  mal, 
c'est  la  place  du  bien  et  du  mal,  selon  que 
vous  la  leur  faites";  and,  again,  in  the  novel 
before  us  now  : — 

"But  the   man   alive,   if  but   an   inch  alive, 
can  so  take  his  life  in  his  clutch,  that  he  does 


alter,  cleanse,  recast  his  deeds  : — it  is  known  ; 
priests  proclaim  it,  philosophers  admit  it." 

But  strongly  marked  and  prominent  as  is 
this  theory  of  life  in  all  the  novels,  it  is 
not  misused.  It  is  impossible  to  feel  that 
any  of  them  is  written  for  the  sake  of 
expounding  the  theory — in  other  words,  that 
Mr,  Meredith  is  ever  guilty  of  writing  a 
tract  or  a  pamphlet  in  disguise.  It  is  one 
of  the  rarest  and  most  essential  marks  of 
literary  greatness  for  a  man  with  clearly 
defined  and  importunate  beliefs  to  be  able  to 
avoid  writing  up  to  his  theory  instead  of  using 
his  theory  as  the  handmaid  of  his  art ;  for, 
after  all,  theories  and  philosophies  of  life 
are  merely  the  spectacles  through  which  the 
great  writer  looks  to  test  his  characters. 
To  Mr.  Meredith  the  story,  the  living  acts 
of  his  characters,  are  everything,  and  it  is 
just  because  of  this  that  his  philosophy, 
which  supplies  him  with  a  reasoned  method 
of  explaining  them,  is  so  important.  He  uses 
his  philosophy  to  explain  his  story  ;  smaller 
writers  invent  their  stories  to  expound  their 
theories.  It  is  interesting  in  this  connexion 
to  notice  how  frequently  he  takes  soma 
actual  character  or  some  historical  event  as 
the  subject  of  his  novels  :  Mrs.  Norton, 
Ferdinand  Lassalle,  the  Earl  of  Peters- 
borough,  are  well-known  examples ;  in  '  The 
Amazing  Marriage,'  too,  the  industry  of 
journalists  has  already  discovered  several 
prototypes  of  the  characters.  But  he  is  never 
content  to  relate  their  histories  simply  as 
they  appeared  to  the  world,  interesting^ 
even  superficially  as  many  of  them  are ;  he 
explains  seemingly  incongruous  events  and 
apparently  irrational  people  by  making 
them  live,  and  shows  how,  as  interpreted 
by  his  philosophy  of  life,  they  enter  into 
a  rational  and  orderly  scheme  of  human 
emotion  and  human  intelligence.  Ho 
is  never  content  with  Dame  Gossip's 
"endless  ejaculations  over  the  mystery  of 
life,  the  inscrutability  of  character."  This 
is  the  method  of  the  Greek  dramatists : 
they  chose  subjects — hackneyed  indeed  to 
them  and  their  audiences — about  heroes  who 
had  done  or  had  suffered  more  than  falls  to 
the  share  of  common  humanity,  and  inter- 
preted them  by  the  light  of  their  philosophy, 
so  that  men  could  feel,  not  that  they  were 
no  longer  wonderful,  but  that  they  were 
probable  and  real. 

In  almost  all  Mr.  Meredith's  novels,  but 
especially  in  the  later  ones,  the  first  and 
most  lasting  impression  is  of  the  women. 
There  is  no  other  among  English  novelists 
who  has  created  such  a  glorious  company 
of  beautiful,  noble,  and  fearless  women. 
They  are  a  joy  to  think  upon  as  they  pass 
through  the  mind  in  their  f\ill-blooded 
strength  and  pride  of  body  and  of  soul. 
They  are  no  weaklings  these,  with  Clara  at 
their  head,  bending  her  proud  neck  to  escape 
Sir  Willoughby's  kiss ;  and  Rose,  gentle 
and  quiet,  but  strong  enough  to  bear 
the  beloved's  shame ;  and  Ottilia,  grave 
and  wise  and  beautiful;  and  even  poor 
Lucy,  most  beautiful  of  all,  with  her  fair 
ringlets  framing  her  face  on  the  river's 
bank.  And  great,  too,  is  Carinthia  Jane,, 
the  wife  wedded  in  mockery,  who  bears 
bravely  with  the  shame,  and  learns  to  live 
by  suffering.  She  lives  and  breathes  and 
looks  wistfully  beautiful  from  the  very  first, 
when  she  gives  her  heart  to  the  briUiant 
young  lord,  full  of  ill-digested  enthusiasms 


N°3553,  Nov.  SO,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


U9 


and  vague  aspirations,  who  takes  her  by 
storm  in  the  riot  of  his  first  disappointed 
ambition.  She  loves  him  quietly,  doggedly, 
trustfully,  at  first  believing  in  him  as  in 
herself,  and  unable  to  conceive  that  he  is 
unstable  :  with  the  simplicity  of  noble  minds 
she  thinks  that  there  is  some  mistake  which 
only  wants  explaining  to  restore  the  heat 
of  his  love  to  her.  She  squanders  herself 
on  "my  husband"  only  to  be  spurned  by 
him.  Almost  by  these  two  words  and  by 
the  way  Carinthia  uses  them,  Mr.  Meredith 
suggests  the  whole  extent  of  her  splendid 
abandonment  and  half  the  tragedy  contained 
in  her  betrayal.  Then  gradually,  like  a 
child,  she  awakens  astonished  at  the  world  : 
she  learns  to  forgive  her  husband,  but 
forgiveness  is  the  knell  of  love ;  and  when 
he  has  at  last  forced  her  to  carve  out  her 
life  for  herself,  he  finds  there  is  no  place 
in  it  for  his  petty  desires  and  wastrel, 
half  -  begotten  schemes.  Bu.t  strong  as 
Carinthia  becomes,  and  unyielding  to  the 
husband  she  at  last  sees  through,  she 
never  grows  hard  and  unwomanly  ;  indeed, 
there  is  no  one  but  Mr.  Meredith  who  could 
maintain  as  he  does  our  sympathies  for 
Carinthia  in  the  final  development  of  her 
character. 

But  hardly  less  remarkable  than  the  cha- 
racter of  Carinthia  is  that  of  her  husband 
the  Earl  of  Fleetwood.  Pitilessly  as  he 
forces  himself  on  to  his  own  doom  by  his 
obstinacy  and  his  fear  of  personal  humilia- 
tion, the  charm  of  the  man  is  never  lost 
sight  of.  He  is  always  meaning  well,  and 
he  has  a  soul  above  his  destiny,  but  he  has 
not  the  strength  of  mind  to  recall  his  errors  ; 
he  is  a  delightful  companion,  generous  if 
not  prodigal,  eager  to  hear  the  thoughts  of 
thinkers  and  quick  to  seize  them — nay,  not 
unequipped  with  wise  thoughts  of  his  own. 
He  is  a  true  nobleman  in  manner,  and  only 
loses  his  nobility  in  the  savagery  of  dis- 
appointed passion  ;  and  he  can  do  a  fine  act 
unostentatiously  and  well.  But  he  has  no 
plan,  and  so  he  fails  ;  his  actions  are  all  in 
jerks  and  impulses,  so  he  is  always  seeking 
rest,  and  never  finds  it  till  his  "living 
suicide  "  in  the  monastery.  Thus  some  of 
the  finest  thoughts  in  the  book  are  his,  even 
though,  unstable  as  water,  he  does  not 
pursue  them. 

If  there  were  space,  one  might  dwell  on 
the  beauty  of  the  characters  of  Madge, 
Carinthia's  faithful  maid,  and  of  Gower 
Woodseer,  the  itinerant  philosopher  of 
nature ;  but  a  word  must  be  spared  for  the  art 
with  which  Mr.  Meredith  introduces  a  tribu- 
tary character  in  the  story,  and  with  a  word 
or  two  paints  her  whole  life  and  influence. 
Eebecca  Wythain,  the  first  wife  of  the  man 
whom  Carinthia  afterwards  marries,  thus 
describes  herself  to  Carinthia  : — 

"Let  me  say  in  my  turn  ;  I  may  help  you, 
dear.  You  know  I  have  my  husband's  love,  as 
he  mine.  Am  I,  have  I  ever  been  a  wife  to 
him  ?  Here  I  lie,  a  dead  weight,  to  be  carried 
up  and  down,  all  of  a  wife  that  Owain  has  had 
for  years.  I  lie  and  pray  to  be  taken,  that  my 
good  man,  my  proved  good  man,  may  be  free  to 
choose  a  healthy  young  woman  and  be  rewarded 
before  his  end  ])y  learning  what  a  true  marriage 
is.  The  big  simj)leton  will  otherwise  be  going 
to  his  grave,  thinking  he  was  married  !  I  see 
him  stepping  about  softly  in  my  room,  so  con- 
tented if  he  does  not  disturb  me,  and  he  crushes 
me  with  a  desire  to  laugh  at  him  while  I  wor- 
ship.     I  tricked  him  into  marrying  the  pro- 


strate invalid  I  am,  and  he  can't  discover  the 
trick,  he  will  think  it 's  a  wife  he  has  instead  of 
a  doctor's  doll.  Oh  !  you  have  a  strange  hus- 
band, it  has  been  a  strange  marriage  for  j'ou, 
but  you  have  your  invincible  health,  you  have 
not  to  lie  and  feel  the  horror  of  being  a  decep- 
tion to  a  guileless  man,  whose  love  blindfolds 
him.  The  bitter  ache  to  me  is,  that  I  can  give 
nothing.     You  abound  in  power  to  give." 

It  were,  however,  to  be  wished  that  the 
strong,  earnest  men  of  whom  Mr.  Meredith 
is  so  fond — like  Vernon  Whitford,  Mr.  Eed- 
worth  (who  kept  "  a  dungeon- vault  for  feel- 
ings that  should  not  be  suffered  to  cry 
abroad,  and  into  this  oubliette  he  cast  them, 
letting  them  feed  as  they  might  or  perish  "), 
and  Owain  Wythain  in  this  book — were  not 
quite  so  inarticulate  in  their  strength.  They 
win  admiration,  it  is  true,  but  they  give 
the  impression  of  being  hard,  which  they 
are  not  meant  to  be,  and  leave  the  reader 
cold.  However,  in  this  case  Mr.  Wythain 
has  a  very  slight  effect  on  the  story. 

As  to  style,  '  The  Amazing  Marriage  '  con- 
tains none  of  that  too  obvious  pirouetting  on 
the  point  of  an  epigram  which  mars  some 
of  the  other  novels.  Mr.  Meredith's  style 
is  not,  as  a  rule,  so  obscui'e  as  it  is  often 
represented  to  be  :  it  is  undoubtedly  over 
elaborate,  but  it  is  with  the  elaboration  of  one 
who  refuses  to  clothe  great  thoughts  in  slip- 
shod language,  and  it  is  a  notable  fact  that, 
although  all  his  characters  certainly  talk 
with  more  subtlety  of  phrase  and  thought 
than  is  common  in  real  life,  there  is  never 
any  possibility  of  mistaking  them  for  one 
another  or  of  imagining  the  author  to  be 
talking  through  them.  The  artificiality  of 
style  never  interferes  with  the  dramatization 
of  the  characters.  On  the  other  hand, 
though  there  are  some  beautiful  passages 
in  this  book,  especially  in  the  wonderful 
description  of  Carinthia  and  her  brother's 
first  walk,  such  exquisite  bits  of  writing  as 
are  common  in  '  Richard  Feverel '  and  *  Harry 
Richmond  '  are  not  to  be  found  here. 


The  Life  and  Times  of  Anthony  Wood,  Anti- 
quary, of  Oxford,  1632-1695,  described  hj 
Himself.  Collected  from  his  Diaries  and 
other  Papers  by  Andrew  Clark,  M.A. 
— Vol.  IV.  Addenda.  (Oxford  Historical 
Society.) 
Mr.  Clakk  has  completed  his  notable  edi- 
tion of  Anthony  Wood's  'Life' — which  has 
become  in  his  hands,  as  we  have  before 
taken  occasion  to  point  out,  very  largely  a 
new  book — by  a  volume  of  supplementary 
materials.  First,  he  prints  the  records  of 
the  lawsuit  brought  against  Wood  for  libel 
in  the  court  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versit}',  which  led  to  his  expulsion.  Secondly, 
the  reader  is  presented  with  a  mass  of  addi- 
tional notes,  a  considerable  portion  of  which 
consist  of  extracts  from  the  accounts  of  the 
Vice- Chancellor  and  of  the  Proctors.  Among 
these  are  many  notices  affording  particulars 
of  tlio  detailed  expenses  for  building  the 
Bodleian  Library  (or  rather  the  "  now  end  " 
of  it,  as  it  was  then  called,  now  the  "  Sclden 
end,"  over  the  Convocation  House)  in  lGo.3 
and  the  following  years.  The  difficulty  of 
transporting  materials  was  serious.  The 
timber  was  obtained  from  London  and 
Reading;  but  the  Thames  was  navigable 
no  liigher  than  Burcott,  near  Dorclioster 
(Oxon),  and  there,  on  an  estate  whicli  a 
few  years  ago  was  occupied  by  Mr.  Jabez 


Spencer  Balfour,  everything  had  to  be 
landed,  and  carried  by  road  the  last  eight 
miles  to  Oxford.  The  inconvenience  of  this, 
to  which  Thorold  Rogers  more  than  once 
referred,  induced  the  University  to  spend  a 
good  deal  of  money  from  lGo2  onwards 
"  to  be  imployed  toward  the  water- workes- 
for  making  the  river  of  Thames  navigable." 
(Note  that  it  is  always  the  Thames,  never 
the  imaginary  Isis.)  Other  extracts  supplied 
by  Mr.  Clark  furnish  information  about  the 
building  of  the  Sheldonian  Theatre,  the 
Ashmolean  "Repository,"  the  "  Physick 
Garden,"  repaii-s  of  St.  Mary's  Church, 
expenses  on  receptions,  presentations,  and 
other  ornamental  occasions,  purchases  of 
books  for  the  library,  printing,  &c. 

The  third  and  last  section  of  Mr.  Clark's 
volume  is  a  "Catalogue  of  the  MS.  Autho- 
rities used  by  Wood   in   his   Treatises   on 
Oxford  and  cited  by  Him  in  his  Notes." 
This,  it  will  be  seen,  is  a  supplement,  not 
to  the  'Life'  only,  but  also  to  the  "Anti- 
quities of  the  University  "  and  "  of  the  City 
of  Oxford,"  not  to  speak  of  the  '  Athenae.' 
It  begins  with  a  sort  of  miniature  Tanner's 
'  Notitia '  modernized,  an  alphabetical  list 
of  muniments  of  religious  houses,  followed 
by  a  list  of  bishops'  registers,  muniments, 
and  records  of  the  Oxford  parish  churches, 
and  miscellaneous   ecclesiastical  collections. 
In  the  second  place  we  find   "academical 
records,"  carefully  classified.     Among  these 
may  be  singled  out  the   valuable   descrip- 
tion of  the  sundry  collections  of  university 
statutes    and    registers,    with    the   various 
marks  and  designations  by  which  they  have 
been  cited   at  different  times.     Mr.  Clark 
prints  three  "  estimations  of  the  number  of 
students  of  the  L^niversity  "  in  1605,  1611, 
and  1612.     The  totals  are  2,254,  2,409,  and 
2,930.     In  this  last  census  Queen's  College 
heads  the  list  withno  fewer  than  267  members. 
In  the  '  Univei-sity  Calendar'  for  1895,  we 
may  remark,  the  total  is  3,692  ;   but  this 
figure  includes  a  very  large  number  of  under- 
graduates   whose    names     remain    on    the 
college   books,   although    they   have    long 
ceased  to   reside.     For    instance,   the   late 
Comptroller  of  the  Household  still  appears 
as  a  commoner  of  Balliol,  and  the  present 
Financial  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (who,  by 
the  way,  took  his  degree  the  other  day)  as 
a  commoner  of  Corpus  Christi  College.     In 
one  college  about  25  per  cent,  of  nominal 
undergraduates  ' '  on  the  books  ' '  have  left 
Oxford;    and   though  this   is   probably  an 
exceptional  case,  it  would  be  safe  to  reduce 
the  total  given  in  the  '  Calendar  '  by  at  least 
10  per  cent.,  so  that  there  may  now  bo  some 
3,300  residents  at  Oxford,  as  against  nearly 
3,000  in  1612.     If  the  figures  reported  fey 
Mr.  Clark  are  correct,  this  is  a  remarkable 
result,  when  we  consider,  first,  that  residence 
was  strictly  confined  within  the  college  walls, 
and,  secondly,  that  the  college  buildings,  as 
they  then  stood,  were  only  perhaps  a  third 
as  capacious  as  those  now  existing ;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  modern  enumeration 
includes,  besides  students  in  lodgings,  436 
members  of  Congregation,  of  whom  a  largo 
proportion  live  in  their  private  houses.  Even 
if  it  is  assumed  that  as  many  as  five  or  six 
undergraduates  shared  a  single  set  of  rooms, 
it  is  difficult  to  house  all  of  them.    And  what 
is  to  be  said  of  the  ninety-throe  members  of 
All  Souls'  College  ? 

From  the  records  of  the  University  ami 

9 


750 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N-  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


colleges,  not  forgetting  those  of  Cambridge 
and  Paris,  Mr.  Clark  passes  to  an  enumera- 
tion of  the  public  records  in  London,  and  of 
the  special  Oxford  city  documents  consulted 
T^y  Wood.  The  remaining  portion  of  the 
Tolume  is  taken  up  by  a  series  of  collectanea 
■which  must  have  caused  the  author  even 
more  laborious  research  than  those  ah'eady 
mentioned.  It  includes:  (1)  "Collections 
hj  Antiquaries,  having  special  Eeference  to 
Oxford,"  among  which  those  of  Langbaine 
and  Twyne  are  particularly  noticeable  (see 
Mr.  Clark's  observations  on  "  Wood's  debt 
to  Brian  Twyne,"  pp.  223-226) ;  (2)  "Wood's 
Own  Collections,"  an  extremely  elaborate 
description;  (3)  "Miscellaneous  Authors 
Cited,"  a  sort  of  rade  meciim  to  an  historical 
scholar's  library  (that  is,  to  the  works  acces- 
sible to  him)  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
Under  every  heading  Mr.  Clark  prints  full 
references  to  the  manuscripts  of  each  book 
■which  Wood  is  known  to  have  consulted,  as 
■well  as  to  a  great  many  which  he  probably, 
or  possibly,  used.  He  has  added  to  the 
reader's  convenience  by  frequent  citations 
of  the  printed  editions  of  these  works. 

It  is  much  to  be  desired  that  Mr.  Clark 
may  one  day  return  to  his  Oxford  labours, 
and  crown  the  work  which  he  has  pursued 
from  '  The  Antiquities  of  the  City  of  Oxford ' 
to  '  The  Life  and  Times  of  Anthony  Wood ' 
by  a  new  edition,  such  as  he  alone  could 
give,  of  'The  History  and  Antiquities  of 
the  University.' 


Rohert  and  Louisa  Steioart :  in  Life  and  in 
Death.  By  Mary  E.  Watson.  (Marshall 
Brothers.) 
The  murder  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stewart  at 
Hwasang  in  August  last  lends  a  tragic 
interest  to  the  present  volume.  If  the 
faithful  performance  of  the  highest  kind 
of  philanthropic  work,  undertaken  in  the 
•true  spirit  of  unselfishness,  should  be  held 
to  justify  a  biography,  then  the  work  done 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stewart  deserves  to  be 
placed  on  record.  The  only  regret  is  that  in 
the  present  case  this  is  done  so  imperfectly. 
Mrs.  Watson  tells  her  readers  that  this 
is  her  first  efiort  in  literature,  and  it 
may  be  regarded  as  a  misfortune  that 
this  should  be  so.  The  story  is  told  in 
scraps  and  patches,  without  sequence  or 
order  of  any  kind.  Extracts  from  diaries 
and  scraps  from  letters,  referring  to  the 
past,  present,  and  future,  are  thrown 
together  pell-mell.  The  subject  is  so  in- 
teresting that  if  well  treated  it  could  not 
fail  to  form  material  for  a  readable  volume. 
And  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  feeling  that 
the  g^eat  society  to  which  both  the  victims 
belonged  would  have  done  well  had  it 
placed  the  work  in  more  practised  hands. 

An  opportunity  has  been  lost,  and  lives 
which  could  have  been  made  attractive  to 
many  have  been  described  in  a  way  which 
will  disappoint  the  vast  majority  of  readers. 
The  curious  manner  in  which  religious 
phrases  are  interjected  and  the  strange  ex- 
pressions used  may  possibly  be  enjoyed  by  a 
small  section  of  the  public,  but  are  some- 
times scarcely  intelligible  to  most  of  those 
who  would  gladly  know  something  of  the 
Stewarts  and  their  work.  One  example  of 
this  peculiarity  must  suffice.  With  reference 
to  the  tragedy  of  August  Ist  and  the  murder 
of  the  two  Miss  Saundorses,  whose  relatives 


resided  in  Australia,  Mr.  Stock  writes : 
"I  have  heard  from  Australia.  All  Mel- 
bourne went  into  mourning ;  services  were 
held  in  the  churches.  Mrs.  Saunders  is  tri- 
umphant." On  this  Mrs.  Watson  remarks  : 
"  When  we  read  the  words,  '  Mrs.  Saunders 
is  triumphant,'  how  we  praise  God — her 
God  and  our  God."  Surely  there  is  an 
artificial  ring  about  these  phrases.  That  a 
mother  should  be  triumphant  because  her 
two  daughters  had  been  brutally  murdered 
by  savages,  it  is  difficult  to  understand. 
We  can  suppose  a  deeply  religious  lady 
rejoicing  that  her  daughters  have  borne 
testimony  to  their  faith  even  unto  death, 
but  that  she  should  be  triumphant  in  such 
circumstances  is  hard  to  imagine. 

It  is  not  easy  to  gather  the  real  facts 
from  the  present  volume,  but  we  have 
managed  to  learn  from  it  that  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Stewart  went  out  to  China  in  1876,  and 
that  with  the  exception  of  two  visits  to 
England,  necessitated  by  the  state  of  Mr. 
Stewart's  health,  they  remained  the  whole 
of  the  intervening  time  at  their  mission 
station  at  Kucheng.  While  Mr.  Stewart 
directed  his  efforts  to  evangelize  the 
people,  more  especially  the  men,  Mrs. 
Stewart's  main  object  was  to  deliver  the 
gospel  message  to  the  women.  Both  were 
eminently  successful  in  their  endeavours, 
and  numerous  instances  are  mentioned  in 
which  their  converts  stood  steadfast  to  their 
new  faith  under  all  kinds  of  threats  and 
persecution.  Mrs.  Watson  teUs  us  of  a 
man,  Ing  Soi  by  name,  who  on  one  of  his 
mission  journeys  arrived  at  a  city,  on  the 
walls  of  which  was  placarded  a  notice  for- 
bidding any  one  to  teach  the  "  Jesus  doc- 
trine "  under  certain  pains  and  penalties. 
Ing  Soi,  who  was  readily  recognized  as  a 
Christian  teacher,  was  asked  to  promise  that 
he  would  not  speak  any  more  in  the  name 
of  Christ.  He  refused  to  comply,  and  was 
so  cruelly  beaten  for  his  nonconformity  that 
he  died. 

The  Stewarts  early  recognized  the  import- 
ance of  schools  as  a  means  of  promoting  their 
work,  and  succeeded  in  establishing  ninety- 
six  schools  in  their  district.  In  these  children 
were  carefully  taught  the  doctrines  of 
Christianity,  and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to 
say  that  the  lessons  there  learned  exercised 
a  powerful  influence  over  the  people  in 
the  neighbourhood.  Mr.  Stewart  made  it  a 
rule  to  examine  the  schools  in  public,  and 
so  succeeded  in  interesting  the  people  in 
the  work  which  he  was  carrying  on. 
"  Whenever  my  husband  examines  a 
school,"  writes  Mrs.  Stewart, 
"  the  room  is  packed  as  full  as  ifc  can  hold  with 
men  and  boys,  listening  intently  all  the  time, 
sometimes  for  two  or  three  hours,  and  they 
learn  a  good  deal  in  this  way." 

As  the  Stewarts'  fame  and  popularity  in- 
creased, their  meetings  became  sometimes 
inconveniently  crowded.  On  one  occasion 
Mrs.  Stewart  describes  how  on  a  journey 
they  held  a  meeting.  "  We  could  do  but 
little  talking,"  she  writes, 
"as  we  were  so  tired,  and  the  people  so  packed, 
that  they  were  continually  getting  on  the  top  of 
each  other,  or,  worse  still,  on  the  top  of  some 
poor  little  three  or  four  year  old  too  small  to  be 
seen,  this  causing  a  serious  commotion.  We 
tried  singing  'Jesus  loves  me'  to  (juiet  them 
down,  and  were  rather  surprised  at  its  effect  ; 
they  were  evidently  frightened,  for  they  made 
a  rush  for  the  door,  tumbling  over  each  other 


in  their  hurry  to  get  out,  and  we  had  some 
difficulty  in  persuading  them  that  there  was 
nothing  to  fear." 

The  circumstances  connected  with  the 
massacre  at  Hwasang  are  too  well  known 
to  need  repetition.  It  is  enough  to  say 
that  the  infamous  deed  was  the  work 
of  practically  a  rebel  band,  and  was  in  no 
kind  of  way  promoted  by  the  people  of  the 
district,  who  had  learnt  by  a  long  experience 
to  look  upon  the  Stewarts  and  their  friends 
with  regard. 

CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

In  Taunton  Town  (Nelson  &  Sons)  and 
After  Sedgemoor  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)  are  alike 
tales  of  Monmouth's  rebellion.  Both  deal 
with  the  well  -  known  battle,  both  take  the 
side  of  the  Protestant  Duke,  and  both  tell  the 
story  of  Jeffreys,  of  his  browbeating,  cruelty, 
and  downfall.  But  here  the  likeness  ends,  for 
Miss  Everett  Green's  '  In  Taunton  Town ' 
deals  with  home-keeping  folk  who  never  leave 
the  West  Country,  and  with  their  loves  and  sor- 
rows, while  Mr.  Edgar  Pickering's  heroes  after 
Sedgemoor  are  sent  across  the  seas  to  be  sold  as 
slaves.  In  the  end,  of  course,  they  escape  ; 
they  survive  perils  by  land  and  sea,  and 
their  doings  are  told  in  good  stirring  style 
by  Mr.  Pickering,  who  writes  as  pretty 
a  book  of  adventure  as  one  wants.  Miss 
Everett  Green's  chronicle  is  adorned  by 
a  portrait  of  "King  Monmouth."  —  The 
adventures  of  Mr.  Pickering's  banished  rebels 
are  exciting  enough,  but  seldom  have  boys 
read  so  thrilling  a  tale  as  Mr.  D.  L.  Johnstone's 
The  Brotherhood  of  the  Coast  (Chambers).  A 
young  Scot  of  gentle  blood  and  gentle  nur- 
ture flees  from  his  country  when,  "early  in 
Charles  II. 's  reign,  the  unhappy  religious 
troubles  began."  He  flits  hither  and  thither,  he 
ruflles  it  for  a  time  in  London,  then  sails  for  the 
Indies,  where  he  falls  into  the  power  of  the 
dreaded  "Brotherhood  of  the  Coast."  How 
fortune  favours  him,  and  how  he  and  his  lady 
fair  escape  from  the  pirates,  must  be  learnt 
from  Mr.  Johnstone's  pages,  not  from  ours. — 
Another  attractive  historical  tale.  Courtship 
b]i  Command  (Hutchinson  «&  Co.),  "a  story  of 
Napoleon  at  play,"  by  M.  M.  Blake,  shows 
us  the  conqueror  in  a  gentle  mood.  His 
affection  for  his  stepson,  Eugene  de  Beau- 
harnais,  is  well  known,  and  Eugene's  marriage 
with  the  Princess  Augusta  Amelia  of  Bavaria 
is  the  chief  topic  of  the  volume. — The  Master 
cf  the  Musicians  (Seeley  &  Co.)  in  Mrs.  Mar- 
shall's book  of  that  name  is  no  less  a  person 
than  George  Frederick  Handel,  and  Mrs.  Mar- 
shall supplies  a  noble  picture  of  the  great  man, 
especially  dwelling  on  him  as  a  benefactor  of  the 
Foundling  Hospital.  The  scene  opens  on  a  bitter 
night  of  north-east  wind  in  Lamb's  Conduit  Field, 
at  the  gate  of  Capt.  Coram's  House  of  Refuge, 
when  little  Pearl,  afterwards  to  be  Handel's 
pet  and  favourite,  is  brought  in  and  left  as  a 
foundling.  We  hear  further  on  of  Pearl's 
parentage,  and  more  than  one  love  story  is 
woven  in  with  the  story  of  the  music  ;  but  by 
far  the  most  attractive  part  of  the  book  is  that 
which  deals  with  Handel  himself.  The  pictures 
are  excellent,  the  frontispiece  being  a  reproduc- 
tion of  an  engraving  by  Faber  after  Hudson's 
portrait  of  the  musician. 

A  Knight  of  the  Air  (Digby  &  Long)  is 
most  disappointing.  The  title  is  enticing, 
and  from  Mr.  Henry  Coxwell  the  reader 
expects  a  really  good  tale  of  aerial  adven- 
ture ;  but  the  hero,  though  he  certainly 
does  spend  a  good  deal  of  time  in  his  bal- 
loon, occupies  himself  as  any  ordinary  hero 
on  solid  earth  might  do,  in  making  love  and 
in  contending  with  his  rival,  who  is  a 
wonderful  villain  and  an  adept  in  love  and 
in  fraudulent  finance.  There  are  too  many 
people  hovering  about  the  knight  of  the  air, 


N**  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHl^N^UM 


751 


and  they  do  too  many  things  in  too  confused  a 
manner.  As  for  the  episode  of  the  "  flighty 
fiasco "  when  the  financier  and  the  flying 
machine  meet  on  Hayward's  Heath  and  do 
weird  things,  we  have  done  our  best  to  find 
out  its  drift,  but  in  vain.— Miss  E.  Raymond's 
romance  of  The  Mushroom  Cave  (Arnold)  takes 
"boys  and  girls  to  the  depths  of  the  earth  with 
Geraldine  and  Gerald,  the  famous  twins,  who  go 
to  seek  their  fortune,  not  in  vain.  The  twins 
and  their  belongings  are  unusual,  to  say  the 
least  of  it ;  never  surely  in  real  life  was  there 
anything  like  the  Winthrop  House  and  its 
inhabitants.  '  The  Mushroom  Cave '  is  curious 
certainly,  but  few  will  feel  that  they  want  to 
read  it  again. 

Miss  Yonge's  books  are  always  attractive, 
always  full  of  sound  common  sense  and  high 
principle.  The  Carhonels  (National  Society)  de- 
picts English  rural  life  in  the  early  years  of  the 
century  ;  it  is  pleasantly  written  and  will  be 
popular  with  the  author's  many  admirers. — 
Cornwall  Legh's  work  Hoiv  Dick  and  Molly 
went  round  the  World  (Arnold)  every  good 
child  ought  to  read  by  way  of  a  geography 
lesson.  The  little  hero  and  heroine  are  lucky 
enough  to  be  set  free  from  the  schoolroom  for  a 
year,  and  taken  by  their  father  and  mother 
"right  round  the  world."  They  go  westward 
to  America,  then  to  Japan,  China,  Singapore, 
Ceylon,  India,  and  home  by  the  Suez  Canal. 
Their  parents  naturally  instruct  them  as  they 
go  along,  so  that  the  book  would  make  a 
capital  geographical  reader.  There  are  many 
and  excellent  illustrations.  —  Every  Girl's 
Stories  (Routledge)  is  a  collection  of  short, 
well-known  stories  by  various  authors,  includ- 
ing Grace  Aguilar,  the  Countess  d'Aulnoy, 
Maria  Edgeworth,  Miss  Mitford,  and  other  and 
more  modern  writers.  Madame  d'Aulnoy's  story 
is  the  ever-welcome  'Gracieuse  and  Percinet,' 
Miss  Edgeworth's  the  familiar  '  Out  of  Debt, 
Out  of  Danger';  and  there  are  also  some  excel- 
lent new  tales  in  this  delightful  medley. — Every 
Child's  Stories  (same  publishers),  a  like  volume 
for  younger  children,  also  contains  stories  by 
Miss  Edgeworth,  besides  many  modern  tales. 
It  is,  in  its  way,  quite  as  attractive  as  the 
Tolume  for  the  elder  sisters. 

Stories  for  Ten- Year -Olds,  by  Mrs.  F.  W. 
Saunders  (Sonnenschein),  is  surely  a  misnomer. 
The  stories  are  very  short,  very  enigmatic,  and 
printed  on  dull  grey  paper.  They  sometimes 
deal  with  animals,  and  sometimes  with  human 
beings.  Here  is  a  specimen,  entitled  'My 
own  Perwecious  'Enery '; — 

" '  Oh  !  my  Titmouse,  my  own  adored  shrimp,  my 
very  heart  of  my  heart,  do  take  )'0ur  medicine  ;  do, 
darling  love,  do,  for  dear  mamma's  sake  !  '  'Won't,' 
squeaked  the  Titmouse ;  '  won't,  I  say,  won't, 
won't,  won't,  wa-a-ah,  wa  ha,  wa  ha  ha.'  The  per- 
turbed mother  fell  upon  her  knees.  '  Dear  one,  I 
will  give  you  half-a-crown  if  you  will :  dear  sweet- 
meat, listen,  I  implore  you,  to  your  mother's  prayer.' 
Titmouse  paused  in  mid-air,  so  to  speak,  and  on  the 
most  excruciating  note  of  the  chromatic  scale  of 
woe.    'Make  it  five    shillings,'  he   lisped,  'and  I 

will  drink    half.' Next  day  Titmouse  was  very 

ill.  He  had  spent  the  whole  five  shillings  on 
•chocolate  cigarettes,  and  being  a  strongly  imagina- 
tive child,  the  nicotine  had  disagreed  with  him,  and 
made  him  sick  all  down  his  mother's  new  dinner- 
gown  from  Worth's.  '  It  is  the  third  he  has  spoilt 
•in  the  same  way,'  grieved  his  mother.  The  doctor 
•was  sent  for,  the  mother  explained.  '  School,'  said 
the  doctor,  'a  lady's  preparatory  school  to  break 
the  fall ;  it  is  his  only  hope  of  salvation.'  The  fol- 
lowing day  Titmouse  was  taken  to  school  by  his 
father.  His  mother  wept  ;  then  she  eyed  her  ward- 
robe. '  He  was  very  expensive,'  she  mused,  *I  hope 
he  win  not  have  any  brothers.'  " 

We  have  omitted  the  page  which  describes  the 
swallowing  of  the  medicine  ;  with  that  exception 
we  have  transcribed  the  whole  of  this  remark- 
able story.  We  will  merely  add  that  the  book 
contains  twenty-seven  more,  and  that  Mrs. 
Saunders  announces  that  this  volume  only  con- 
tains the  first  series. 

Christmas  would  not  be  Christmas,  in  the 
aiursery  at  least,  without  a  new  book  from  Mrs. 


Molesworth.  The  familiar  red  cover  seems  to 
be  a  thing  of  the  past,  for  Tlie  Carved  Lions  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.)  appears  clad  in  dull  blue,  of  a 
solemn  and  beautiful  shade.  The  lions  them- 
selves adorn  the  cover,  and  very  stately  and 
grand  they  are.  They  are  mysterious  beasts, 
of  a  mysterious  origin.  They  came  from  the 
East,  and  when  we  make  their  acquaintance 
they  are  standing  in  an  old  furniture  shop  in 
the  grim  town  which  is  the  home  of  little 
Geraldine,  the  heroine  of  Mrs.  Molesworth's 
pretty  and  fanciful  tale.  They  were  carved  in 
dark,  almost  black  wood,  they  were  nearly  as 
large  as  life,  and  little  Geraldine  concocted  all 
sorts  of  fancies  about  them.  Sometimes  she 
thought  that  "they  were  enchanted  princes,  some- 
times that  they  were  real  lions,  who  were  only 
carved  wood  in  the  daytime,  and  at  night  walked 
about  wherever  they  liked."  Geraldine  has 
childish  troubles  ;  she  is  at  school,  and  all  are 
not  kind  ;  her  parents  are  exiled  and  she  is 
terribly  alone  ;  but  always  the  lions  are  her 
guardian  angels,  and,  so  she  fancies,  they  bring 
her  happiness  at  the  last. 

My  Book  of  Woiiders,  which  belongs  to  ' '  The 
Children's  Favourite  Series,"  published  by  Mr. 
Edward  Arnold,  would  make  an  excellent  read- 
ing-book. It  contains  pleasantly  written  accounts 
of  the  Tay  Bridge,  the  Tower  Bridge — that 
mighty  Watergate  of  London — and  other  famous 
bridges,  the  gigantic  wheel,  the  Eifi'el  Tower, 
and  many  other  wonders  new  and  old. — Miss 
Edith  Carrington's  Wild  and  Tame  (Bell  &  Sons) 
belongs  to  the  series  of  "  Animal  Life  Readers," 
and  contains  pleasant  stories  about  animals 
arranged  in  easy  lessons,  each  lesson  followed 
by  a  set  of  searching  questions,  to  trip  up  the 
unlucky  child  who  does  not  think  as  he  reads. 
Like  the  other  books  of  the  series,  '  Wild  and 
Tame  '  can  boast  of  numerous  illustrations. 

My  Honey  (Innes  &  Co.),  by  the  author 
of  'Tip-Cat,'  would  be  a  novel  if  it  were 
difi'erently  bound,  but,  for  some  good  reason 
no  doubt,  it  appears  in  the  harmless  guise 
of  a  "book  for  girls."  "My  Honey"  is  a 
wayward  headstrong  girl  who,  through  much 
tribulation,  grows  into  a  noble  woman.  The 
gentle  old  rector  is  a  beautiful  character,  and 
the  friendship  between  him  and  Hetty  is  very 
touching. — The  Captain  of  Five  (same  publishers) 
is  not  a  soldier,  but  a  Scottish  maiden  of  high 
degree,  who  rules  over  her  little  sisters  with  a 
rod  of  iron,  and  cares  for  no  one  outside  the 
clan.  The  experience  of  life  opens  her  eyes, 
and  little  Eiric  grows  wise  and  comes  to  see 
that  there  may  be  good  even  in  a  base  Southron, 
and  then  she  relaxes  her  iron  rule,  and  the 
little  ones  have  a  good  time.  The  writer  is 
Miss  M.  H.  Debenham. — A  Musical  Genius 
(Blackie  &  Son),  by  the  author  of  '  The  Two 
Dorothys,'  is  the  brother  of  a  poor  conjurer, 
a  noble,  unselfish,  and  luckless  being.  Hugo 
Richards  is  a  born  musician,  and  when  a  rich 
patron  appears,  who  offers  to  adopt  and  to  train 
the  lad,  the  good  elder  brother  gives  him  up 
without  a  murmur,  but  in  a  somewhat  quixotic 
manner  refuses  to  allow  any  one  to  pay  Hugo's 
fees,  and  takes  the  burden  on  himself.  Many 
other  burdens  oppress  him  ;  he  struggles  on 
manfully,  but  in  vain,  till  utter  ruin  stares  him 
in  the  face.  Then  Hugo  has  to  choose  between 
his  art  and  his  brother,  and  the  story  of  his 
choice  is  quite  worth  reading. 

Among  tJi€  Gnomes,  by  Dr.  Franz  Hartmann 
(Fisher  Unwin),  is  a  story  in  Lewis  Carroll's 
latest  manner.  Science  enters  fairyland,  and 
disports  itself  there  in  a  fantastic  and  occasion- 
ally amusing  manner.  We  fear,  however,  that 
the  adventures  of  Mr.  Schneider  will  scarcely 
be  acceptable  to  young  people,  and  will  only 
faintly  divert  older  people. 

For  tlteSnke  of  a  Friend,  by  Miss  (?)  Margaret 
Parker  (Blackie  &  Son),  is  an  excellent  school- 
girl story.  Mrs.  Lorraine's  school  is  at  Mel- 
bourne, and  a  vivacious  set  of  scholars  are  the 
Australian  maidens.  The  warmth  with  which, 
according   to   their  several    natures,     they  all 


endeavour  to  undo  the  eflects  of  their  unkind 
suspicion  of  one  of  their  number  as  that  most 
despicable  character,  a  "sneak,"  is  very  admir- 
able, as  are  the  complications  which  so  nearly 
unhinge  the  reason  of  gentle  Susie  Snow,  She 
and  her  friend  Trix  Beresford  are  charming 
girls. 


BOOKS   OF    TRAVEL. 


A  Visit  to   Bashan   and  Argoh.     By    Major 
Heber-Percy.     With  Prefatory  Note  by  Canon 
Tristram.    (Religious  Tract  Society.) — Last  year 
Major   Heber-Percy,  accompanied  by  his   wife 
and  sons,  visited  Jebel  ed-Druze,  and  portions 
of  El-Lejiv'  and  the  Hauran  ;  and  his  book  is  a 
short  account  of   the  journey,  illustrated  with 
numerous  photographs  taken  by  himself  with  a 
kodak.     From    Damascus   he  travelled  by  the 
east  side  of  El-Leja'  (Argob)  to  Shuhba,  Kana- 
wat   (Kenath),    Bozrah   (Bostra),   and   Salkhad 
(Salcah),   whence   he   returned   through   'Ayun 
and  Batanieh,to  rejoin  his  out  ward  route  near  El- 
Hadr.     Major  Heber-Percy  supplies  interesting 
details  of  the  great  lava  bed  known  as  El-Leja', 
its    vast    labyrinth    of     clefts    and    crevasses, 
its   broken   rocky  shore    line   from    twenty  to 
thirty  feet   high,   and    its  deserted  towns  and 
villages.    The  houses  are  all  of  stone,  and  many 
of  them  are  almost  in  the  state  in  which  they 
were    abandoned    centuries  ago.      The    upper 
floors  of  stone  are  laid  on  stone  rafters  supported 
on  a  series  of  arches,  and  the  roofs  are  formed 
in  the  same  way.     The  stone  doors  and  window 
shutters  still  turn  easily  on  their  pivots,  and 
some    of    the    rooms    retain    their    old    stone 
cupboards.     The  towns  were  well  supplied  with 
water  by  underground  conduits,  reservoirs,  and 
wells  ;  and  here  and  there  may  be  seen  stone 
water-mills    that    have    worked   with  overshot 
wheels.     The  old    towns  and  villages  have   in 
many  instances  been  reoccupied  by  Druses,  who 
everywhere  received  the  travellers  in  the  most 
hospitable  manner.  Every  village  has  its  menziU, 
or  guest  house,   sometimes  an  old  temple,  in 
which  visitors  are  received  ;  and  an  interesting 
account  is  given  of  an  interview  in  the  men-^tU 
of  Kanawat  with  the  principal  sheikh  or  priest 
of    the   Druses.     In  his  prefatory  note  Canon 
Tristram  considers  it  possible  that  "some of  the 
buildings  of  the  time  of  Moses  still  exist — the 
sixty  cities  of  Argob,  the  cities  of  the  giants  " ;  but 
this  is  extremely  doubtful.  Nearly  all  the  exist- 
ing buildings  are  of  the  Greek  or  Roman  period, 
when  the  district  was  thickly  peopled  and  the 
land  was  well  cultivated.  The  book  is  pleasantly 
written,   and,  though  it  contains  little  that  is 
new,  the  reader  will  find  much  useful  informa- 
tion  respecting   Argob    and    Bashan,    the   old 
towns  that   were   built  when  the  country   was 
prosperous,  and  the  Druse   colonists,  who   are 
replanting   vineyards,    and  covering    the  long- 
deserted  fields  with  waving  corn.     More  care 
should  have  been  taken  in  the  preparation  of 
the  small  map  (p.  25).      There  are  not  many 
nameson  it,  but  in  no  fewer  than  seven  cases  they 
are  not  written  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  text. 
Some  of  the  Arabic  and   Turkish    names   and 
words  also  need  re\-ision ;  for  instance,  the  well- 
known   Turkish    official   Kaimakam   is   always 
called  "  Kaimakhan."     All  the  illustrations  are 
interesting,  and  some  of  the  pictures  are  good, 
but  a  few  have,  apparently,   been   reproduced 
from    photographs   taken   under    unfavourable 
conditions  of  light  and  shade. 

Three  3Ioni}is  in  tJie  Forests  of  France,  by 
Miss  Margaret  Stokes  (Bell  &  Sons),  is  in 
some  respects  remarkable.  Its  second  title 
describes  it  to  be  "a  pilgrimage  in  search  of 
vestiges  of  the  Irish  saints  in  France,"  a  subject 
attractive  enough  to  the  hagiographer  ;  but 
for  the  general  reader  the  interest  of  tlie 
book  consists  in  the  careful  study  the 
author  has  devoted  to  certain  little  -  known 
localities  in  France,  the  pretext  for  visiting 
wliich  was  to  explore  the  traces  of  her  canonized 
countrymen.      An  admirable  way  of  becoming 


752 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


acquainted  with  a  country  is  to  take  some  indi- 
vidual or  set  of  individuals  and  track  his  or  their 
progress  from  place  to  place.  This  is  what  Miss 
Stokes  has  done,  and  as  the  result  of  her  travels 
and  sojourn  in  many  out-of-the-way  old-world 
places  she  has  produced  a  series  of  meritorious 
monographs  on  districts  in  Champagne,  Picardy, 
and  other  provinces,  which,  though  not  in- 
accessible, are  rarely  visited  by  tourists.  The 
ecclesiastical  monuments,  which  are  the  most 
interesting  objects  in  the  places  described,  have 
not  much  architectural  association  with  the 
pious  Hibernians  whose  names  are  connected 
with  the  localities.  St.  Columban,  St.  Fursa, 
and  St.  Gobain  went  from  Ireland  to  France  in 
the  sixth  and  seventh  centuries,  and  the  abbey 
churches  at  Luxeuil  and  St.  Riquier,  where  the 
two  former  sojourned,  were  built  at  a  period 
further  removed  from  their  time  than  from  ours; 
while  the  magnificent  cathedral  of  Laon,  which 
is  referred  to  on  account  of  St.  Gobain  (whose 
name  has  been  associated  for  the  last  two  hundred 
years  with  the  great  mirror  manufactory  in  the 
same  department),  dates  from  the  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries.  Both  it  and  the  beau- 
tiful church  of  St.  Riquier,  near  Abbeville,  are 
neglected  by  tourists,  though  they  are  both  near 
important  stations  on  the  railway  most  fre- 
quented by  our  travelling  fellow  countrymen. 
In  the  account  of  Lagny  we  have  noticed  one  or 
two  inaccuracies.  It  is  not  dependent  on  the 
archdiocese  of  Paris,  but  is  in  the  diocese  of 
Meaux ;  and  Chelles,  close  by,  is  more  like 
twenty  miles  from  Paris  than  six.  The  volume 
is  excellently  printed  and  bound,  and  copiously 
illustrated  with  well-executed  photographs  and 
etchings. 

North-Western  France,  by  Augustus  J.  C. 
Hare  (George  Allen),  conveys  rather  the  im- 
pression that  the  author  has  wearied  of 
his  series  of  guide-books.  His  other  three 
volumes  on  France  have  an  average  of  nearly 
600  pages,  but  he  has  allotted  only  400  to 
the  great  region  which,  containing  Normandy 
and  Brittany,  is  of  particular  interest  to  the 
tourist,  and  of  that  diminished  number  nearly 
forty  are  reprinted  from  'Days  near  Paris.' 
This  repetition  is  due  to  Mr.  Hare  making 
Paris  the  starting-point  for  all  his  journeys — a 
plan  which  we  think  is  mistaken,  as  not  one 
British  traveller  in  a  thousand  who  makes  a 
tour  in  Normandy  or  Brittany  arrives  in  those 
regions  by  way  of  the  capital  :  our  tourists 
disembark,  almost  without  exception,  at 
Dieppe,  Le  Havre,  St.  Malo,  or  some  other 
seaport  on  the  Channel,  and  do  not  want 
detailed  histories  of  Meudon,  Dreux,  Port 
Royal,  and  other  places  in  the  environs 
of  Paris,  however  interesting  and  well  com- 
piled. Mr.  Hare  has,  indeed,  bestowed  a 
little  revision  upon  this  part  of  his  volume,  and 
uses  an  efiective  method  to  offer  a  handsome 
apology  to  the  owner  of  the  Chateau  de 
Bosny  for  his  reference  to  him  in  '  Days  near 
Paris.'  In  that  volume,  after  mentioning  some 
of  its  past  illustrious  occupants,  he  adds,  "The 
chateau  of  Rosny  now  belongs  to  Lebaudy  the 
sugar-refiner  !  "  but  in  'North- Western  France  ' 
he  tells  how  its  "  beautiful  park  is  most  cour- 
teously thrown  open  by  its  generous  owner 
M.  Lebaudy."  Mr.  Hare  evidently  has  got  over 
his  dislike  for  sugar-refiners.  There  is  a  more 
magnificent  chateau  which,  in  another  place,  he 
once  deplored  to  find  in  the  hands  of  one  of 
that  fortunate  class  ;  and  there  area  good  many 
people  in  France  who,  approaching  the  subject 
from  a  difi'erent  point  of  view  from  that  of  Mr. 
Hare,  lament  the  economic  cause  of  the  colossal 
wealth  possessed  by  sugar  -  refiners,  of  which 
their  fine  chateaux  are  the  visible  sign.  Mr. 
Hare  seems  to  have  been  rather  more  sparing 
of  his  illustrations  than  in  the  other  numbers 
of  his  French  series,  and  this  is  much  to  be 
regretted,  as  his  sketches  constitute  the  chief 
charm  of  his  guide-books.  In  these  days  of 
kodaks  and  of  photogravure,  with  their  flat 
representations  of  scenery  and  of  architecture, 


it  is  a  pleasure  to  meet  with  an  illustrator  of 
works  of  travel  as  conscientious  as  Mr.  Hare, 
who  at  the  same  time  insjDires  his  sketches 
with  an  artistic  and  poetic  spirit.  We  wish  he 
had  given  us  some  more  of  his  pictures  in  the 
place  of  some  of  the  English  quotations  ;  there 
is,  for  example,  on  his  last  page  but  one,  a  woeful 
and  meaningless  stanza,  which  occupies  just  the 
space  in  which  he  might  have  put  one  of  his 
picturesque  bits  of  old  building.  Mr.  Hare  is 
not  very  clear  about  the  identity  of  the  owner 
of  the  Chateau  de  Josselin.  He  says,  quite 
correctly,  that  it  is  the  Due  de  Rohan,  but  adds 
that  "as  Prince  de  Leon,  the  intimate  friend  of 
the  Due  d'OrMans,  he  became  well  known  at 
the  time  of  his  imprisonment."  He  is  mixing 
him  up  with  the  Due  de  Luynes,  who  is  a  very 
difi'erent  person.  The  Due  de  Rohan,  who 
succeeded  to  the  title  in  1893,  is  old  enough  to 
be  the  father  of  the  Due  d'Orldans,  and  has 
been  a  royalist  deputy  for  twenty  years  ;  but  he 
had  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  young 
prince's  escapade  in  1890.  In  the  same  depart- 
ment of  the  Morbihan,  the  great  pilgrimage  of 
St.  Anne  d'Auray  is  not,  we  believe,  as  Mr. 
Hare  says,  "in  the  week  after  Pentecost,"  but 
on  the  feast  of  St.  Anne  at  the  end  of  July. 
It  is  useless  to  ask  Mr.  Hare  to  give  the  refer- 
ences to  his  quotations  ;  to  do  so  would  double 
the  value  of  his  guide-books,  but  we  fear  it  is 
too  late  for  him  to  amend  his  system. 

A  full  account  of  the  manners  of  the  Afghans 
about  the  Court  of  the  Ameer  is  fresh  and  in- 
teresting even  to  those  who  have  mastered  Mr. 
Wheeler's  excellent  life  of  our  ally.  Mr.  Gray, 
lately  the  Ameer's  surgeon,  in  his  At  the  Court 
of  the  Amir  (Bentley  &  Son)  shows  his  reader 
that  he  was  something  more  than  surgeon.  He 
was,  for  example,  portrait  painter  in  ordinary  to 
His  Highness,  and  official  taster  of  the  spirits 
produced  by  the  distillery  of  the  capital.  Por- 
traits and  "  Old  Tom  "  being  equally  condemned 
by  strict  Moslems,  it  is  plain  that  Afghan 
"orthodoxy"  is  not  of  a  serious  kind.  The 
most  important  political  point  in  the  book  is 
the  precedence  accorded  to  the  Ameer's  baby 
son  over  the  eldest  and  the  second — our  friend 
Nasrullah — on  the  Oriental  ground  that  the 
baby  is  not  born  of  a  common  mother,  but 
kingly  on  both  sides.  A  story  of  Nasrullah's 
wedding,  at  which  Mr.  Gray  was  a  guest,  is 
that  the  lady  was  much  older  than  the  husband, 
who  had  promised  when  a  child  to  marry  her. 
When  grown  up  he  did  not  wish  to  do  so,  but 
the  Ameer  insisted  that  a  prince  must  keep  his 
word.  Mr.  Gray's  book  sufl'ers  by  his  evidently 
knowing  little  of  the  non-Afghan  East.  He  de- 
scribes minutely,  for  example,  as  though  they 
were  Afghan,  many  things  which  are  Russian. 

Mr.  Thomas  Hughes  has  reprinted,  under  the 
title  of  Vacation  Rambles  (Macmillan  &  Co.), 
the  good-tempered  and  cheerful  letters  which  he 
has  contributed  to  the  Spectator  under  the  title 
of  "Vacuus  Viator."  Some  of  his  remarks  on 
the  buildings  he  saw  are  rash  ;  but  what  he  says 
about  the  people  he  came  across  is  always 
sensible. 

The  Log  of  the  Tantallon  Castle  (Sampson  Low 
&  Co.)  is  a  pleasantly  illustrated  account,  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  Lucy,  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  recent 
voyage  to  the  Baltic.  The  substance  of  it 
appeared  in  the  Daily  Neivs. 

Pierre  Loti's  La  Galilee,  published  by  M. 
Calmann  Le'vy,  is  a  second  part  of  his  'Jeru- 
salem,' and  had  no  great  success  when  it  appeared 
in  a  newspaper  last  August.  Since  its  publication 
as  a  volume  on  October  39th  it  has  been  run  after 
in  a  fashion  which  its  merits  are  hardly  sufii- 
cient  to  explain.  Loti  is  not  so  great  a  land- 
scape painter  in  words  as  was  Fromentin,  and 
there  is  little  in  this  volume  except  the  Syrian 
landscape.  Abuse  of  Cook's  tourists  and  their 
"marche  idiote  "  may  provoke  the  reply  that  for  a 
commander  in  the  French  navy  and  member  of  the 
Academy  to  disguise  himself  as  an  Arab,  and  stain 
his  nails  red,  in  order  to  travel  from  Jerusalem 


to  Damascus  in  these  days,  is  perhaps  more  silly 
than  to  "do"  the  same  journey  with  a  tin  of 
preserved  peas  and  a  copy  of  the  Times.  Loti 
is,  however,  still  a  great  artist  when  he  pleases,, 
as  witness  his  preface  and  his  concluding  para- 
graph on  the  "  black  ages  which  will  begin  after 
the  death  of  our  grand  Heavenly  dreams."  A 
short  sketch  of  Broussa  follows  the  main  journey. 


FRENCH   HISTORY. 


A  CONSCIENTIOUS  book,  written  in  an  agree- 
able  style,   is   Life  in   the  TuiJeries   under  the 
Second   Empire,  by   Anna   Bicknell,   published 
by    Mr.    Fisher    Unwin.      Having    said    this,, 
however,   and   added   that   it   contains  a   most: 
remarkable  historical  picture  of    the  Empress 
Eugenie  (neither  pleasing  nor  yet  malevolent) , 
we  have  to  go  on  to  find  fault  with  the  author. 
There  is  in   this  work  an  undue  readiness  to 
treat  living  people  as  though  they  were  long 
since  dead— without  any  regard  for  their  feel- 
ings   or    those    of     their    friends.      Princesse 
Mathilde  "was  "  "  ill  bred,"  "  semi-barbarian," 
"as  coarse  in  her  personal  appearance  as  in  her 
language."     But  this  lady  is  a  private  lady — 
not  even  one  of  those  kings  or  princes  keeping, 
princely  state  whose  lives  are,   unfortunately, 
looked   upon   as   the   proper   prey   of   gossips. 
The  Duclaesse  de  Sesto,  too,  is  described  as  a 
"  strange  being  "  with  the  "  temper  "  of  a  child 
who  ought  to  be  whipped,  and  is  reproached 
with    an    imaginary    bastardy  which    is  also  a 
libel  for  which  there  is  not  a  trace  of  foundation. 
It  is  simply  wicked  to  say  of  a  lady  who,  to  the- 
knowledge  of  all  her  living  friends,  adored  the 
Due  de  Morny,  her  first  husband,   "  Such  an 
exhibition   of  temper   may  give   some   idea   of 
the  home  delights  which  she  provided  for  her 
husband."     In   one   passage  an  initial   is   sub- 
stituted for  a  name,  but  as  the  initial  is  the 
true  one,  and  as  we  are  told  that  the  lady  is  the- 
sister  of  the  Duchess  of  Manchester,  or  present 
Duchess  of  Devonshire,  the  allusion  is  as  plain 
as  though  the  name  was  printed.     In  this  par- 
ticular story  there  is,  however,  no  harm.     The- 
same    cannot    be   said   of  a   cruel    account   of 
Madame  Ristori's  way  of  eating,  and  that  dis- 
tinguished   lady   will   also   be    pained    by   the 
description  of  her  lately  deceased  husband  as- 
"small  "  and  "  insignificant,"  which  the  Marquis 
del    Grillo   was    not.     H.R.H.    the    Prince  of 
Wales    is     attacked,     and     attacked     in     the- 
Empress's  name.      There  is  a  remarkable  but 
unkind  story  of  the  Empress  wagering  that  she- 
would  make  a  sentinel  of  the  Cent  Garde  move, 
and  failing  to  do  so   after  going  so  far   as   to- 
strike  him  on  the  face.     The  Prince  Imperial's- 
plan  of  making  the    same   attempt  was    more 
humorous  :  he  emptied  his  bag  of  sugarplums 
into  the  man's  jack-boots.     The  best  story  in 
the  book  is  of  the  Emperor  saying,  as  he  listened 
to  '  Partant  pour  la  Syrie '  for  the  hundredth 
time  in  the  day,  that  his  poor  mother  little  knew 
the  misery  she  was  preparing  for  him  "  whem 
she  composed  that  tune. "     The  last  part  of  the 
volume,  about  the  war  and  Commune,   is  not 
from  the  personal  experience  of  the  writer,  and 
it  is  a  pity  that  she  did  not  limit  herself  to  what 
she  knew.  In  politics  she  is  out  of  her  depth  ;  she- 
twice  says,  for  example,  that  after  the  war  "all 
remembered  "  the  Prince  Imperial  "with  fond 
afl'ection, "  while ' '  beyond  a  small  minority,  no  one- 
cared  for  the  Comte  de  Chambord."   Exactly  the 
opposite  was  the    case.     At  that  moment  the 
Bonapartists  were  overwhelmed   by  the  hatred 
entertained  for  the  Empress  and  the  memory  of 
Sedan,  while  the  Comte  de  Chambord  had  found 
a  clear  majority  of  the  National  Assembly  ready 
to  place  him  on  the  tlirone.     Our  author  even 
thinks  that  the  Prince  Imperial  was  supported, 
and  that  the  Emperor  had  been  throughout  his 
reign,  "until  the  German  war,"  "universally" 
supported  by  the  working  men  of  Paris.     The 
constituencies    of    Paris    almost    all    returned 
violent  opponents  of    the  Emj)eror   for    many 
years  before  the  war,  and  the  Prince,  after  hia 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


753 


father's  fall,  was  habitually,  though  most  in- 
accurately, called  "the  long  -  eared  one  of 
Chislehurst."  The  author  attributes  the  ill 
feeling  of  France  for  England  to  the  desertion 
of  the  Prince,  which  is,  indeed,  a  wonderful  case 
of  "Post  hoc,  propter  hoc."  A  violent  attack 
is  made  on  the  Empress  for  staying  at  Con- 
stantinople under  the  Sultan's  roof.  She  did 
not  do  so.  To  come  to  slighter  errors,  the 
descent  of  the  Empress  is,  though  she  "  was  not 
of  royal  blood,"  rendered  a  little  too  exclusively 
"illustrious" — the  Kirkpatricks  and  Campbells 
and  the  orange  trade  being  wholly  ignored  in 
the  accounts  of  the  glory  of  the  Guzmans.  The 
statement  that  the  light-hearted  Taschers  used, 
during  the  long  years  of  Louis  Napoleon's 
youthful  residence  in  Germany,  to  feel  "a  sort 
of  awe  in  his  presence,  as  in  that  of  a  superior 
being,"  may  have  been  what,  when  he  was 
Emperor,  they  thought  they  had  felt  ;  but  we 
should  imagine  that  what  his  cousins  really  felt 
at  the  time  was  that  the  boy  was  "a  muff." 
The  palace  of  St.  Cloud  was  destroyed  not  "  by 
the  Prussians,"  but  by  the  deliberate  fire  of  Mont 
Val^rien.  It  is  not,  we  believe,  the  case  that  Can- 
robert  "  was  the  son  of  an  officer  of  good  family 
in  the  emigre  &rmj,"  If  he  thought  so,  we  shall 
have  the  statement  shortly  in  his  memoirs,  but 
we  doubt  his  producing  evidence.  The  illustra- 
tions— chiefly  from  Disderi  photographs  which 
were  well  known  about  18G0 — are  interesting, 
but  that  of  Madame  de  Morny  is  a  bad  repro- 
duction of  the  very  beautiful  photograph  of  her 
which  was  for  sale  in  1859.  The  book  is  printed 
in  New  York,  and  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  the 
American  printer's  art,  but  the  American  spell- 
ings are  too  much  for  us.  As  the  book  was  to 
be  published  by  a  London  firm  it  would  have 
been  well  to  turn  francs  into  pounds  sterling 
as  well  as  into  dollars. 

The  Lettres  de  la  Duchesse  de  Broglic,  I8I4- 
1838  (Paris,  Calmann  L^vy),  were  worth  publica- 
tion, for  the  daughter  of  Madame  de  Stael  and 
mother  of  the  Due  de  Broglie  was  an  interest- 
ing woman  ;  but  they  are  sadly  out  of  date  for 
all  who  are  not  French  Orleanists.  Most  of  them 
are  dated  from  Coppet,  but  only  one  has  much 
bearing  on  the  Coppet  of  the  days  of  Madame 
de  Stael — one  which  tries  to  prove  that  Corinne 
was  on  the  road  to  exemplary  piety,  in  the 
narrower  sense  of  the  term,  in  her  last  years. 
Many  of  the  letters  are  to  Guizot.  One  con- 
tains a  criticism  of  Macaulay's  article  on  Bacon. 
Another  is  to  Wilberforce,  and  explains  that 
France  is  indifferent  to  negro  slavery,  partly 
because  she  thinks  that  Abolition  was  decided 
by  England  upon  selfish  business  grounds,  and 
partly  because  she  sees  that  the  English  are 
themselves  indifferent  to  the  sufferings  of  the 
Greeks  at  the  hands  of  Turkey, 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Oxford  aiul  her  Colleges,  by  Mr.  Goldwin 
Smith  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  does  not  profess  to  be 
more  than  a  short,  chatty  description  of  Oxford 
for  the  benefit  of  the  American  visitor.  It  furnishes 
a  singularly  clear  account  of  the  growth  of  the 
University  and  of  the  foundation  of  the  colleges, 
and  all  this  purely  historical  part  is  well  done, 
and  made  decidedly  interesting.  But  when 
Mr.  Goldwin  Smith  comes  to  his  own  opinions, 
he  seems  to  us  the  very  last  person  to  write  a 
sympathetic  sketch  of  Oxford.  A  good  deal  of 
his  criticism  of  what  he  calls  the  "  clericism  " 
of  Oxford  since  the  time  of  Laud,  and  of  the 
perversion  of  the  college  system  till  recent  times, 
may  be  right,  but  it  is  much  out  of  place  in 
a  book  of  this  kind.  Moreover,  it  entirely 
overlooks  what  should  be  brought  out  for  the 
benefit  of  the  American  visitor  :  how  much  of 
the  peculiar  influence  of  Oxford  on  English 
thought  and  its  charm  is  still  due  to  these 
faults,  if  they  be  so,  which  the  author  repro- 
bates. The  fact  is  that  in  much  of  his  criticism 
of  the  old  ways,  and  laudation  of  the  new 
"Parka'  system,"  &c.,  Mr.  Goldwin  Smith  is 


too  obviously  concerned  rather  in  defending  the 
results  of  his  labours  as  a  member  of  the  Uni- 
versities Commission  than  in  making  Oxford 
intelligible  to  the  foreign  visitor.  It  is,  perhaps, 
hardly  excusable  to  quote  again  the  celebrated 
words  of  Matthew  Arnold,  but  they  suggest 
themselves  inevitably  as  an  antidote  to  Mr. 
Smith,  and  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that 
Mr.  Smith  would  prefer  an  Oxford  in  the 
similitude  of  Tiibingen.  We  cannot  always 
agree  either  with  the  author  in  questions  of 
taste.  While  he  quotes  Addison's  buildings 
in  Magdalen  as  an  instance  of  "  false  classical 
fashion,"  and  says  enigmatically  that  the  beauti- 
ful spire  of  All  Saints'  is  "a  soaring  monument 
of  Dean  Aldrich's  taste,  if  not  of  his  genius,  for 
architecture,"  he  regards  the  new  buildings  at 
Christchurch  as  a  proof  "of  a  happy  emancipa- 
tion from  architectural  tradition."  Finally,  an 
occasional  tendency  to  verbosity  might  well  be 
spared  in  this  slight  book.  The  illustrations 
from  photographs  which  are  interspersed  in  the 
book  might  well  be  less  hazy. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  publish  a  most  able 
treatise,  entitled  The  Development  of  Parliament 
during  the  Nineteenth  Century,  by  Mr.  Lowes 
Dickinson,  a  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. The  title  will  hardly  prepare  the 
public  for  the  contents.  "Development" 
is  often  understood  as  conveying  some  mea- 
sure of  approbation  ;  but  Mr.  Dickinson 
points  out  that  Whigs  and  Tories  have  con- 
tributed, without  intending  it,  to  the  at  least 
potential  reign  of  a  democracy  to  which  he 
is  himself  strongly  opposed.  His  history  is 
sound.  With  his  beliefs  we  are  not  concerned  ; 
they  seem  to  point  in  the  direction  once  sug- 
gested by  the  Spectator,  of  Referendum  to  be 
set  in  motion  by  a  reformed  House  of  Lords. 

There  are  a  looseness  of  style  and  a  bewilder- 
ing want  of  concentration  in  A  Matter  of  Angles, 
by  Everard  North  (Fisher  Unwin),  which  make 
it  diflicult  to  grasp  the  author's  exact  meaning. 
Steirland  left  to  himself  is  a  good  enough 
example  of  a  young  Briton.  He  is,  however, 
compelled  to  play  a  rule  assigned  to  him  by  the 
author  rather  than  by  nature.  It  may  be  his 
poetical  temperament,  of  which  we  have  only 
too  much  proof,  which  starts  by  making  him 
dissatisfied  in  his  profession  and  afterwards  loses 
him  his  very  ordinary  chances  of  happiness  ;  but 
we  are  inclined  to  think  that  it  is  merely  faint- 
ness  of  heart.  In  any  case,  since  he  is  pre- 
destined to  be  a  misfit  in  life,  we  are  sorry  that 
more  is  not  made  of  the  situation.  The  girl  is 
pleasant  and  commonplace,  like  her  surround- 
ings, as  her  lover  should  have  been  ;  but  as  a 
heroine  we  think  she  is  hardly  treated.  Why 
should  a  certain  Mrs.  Londax  so  far  usurp  the 
place  of  honour  as  to  have  her  portrait  on  the 
frontispiece,  and  her  "ineffable  smile"  as  a 
finish  to  the  story  ?  And  why  should  one  or 
two  other  unimportant  ladies  have  any  place  at 
all  ?  We  must,  however,  admit  that  the  author 
can  describe  the  commonplace  events  of  life 
with  accurate  minuteness  ;  also  that  in  laying 
his  scenes  in  a  corner  of  Anglo-India  in  Asia, 
and  in  another  corner,  equally  Anglo-Indian, 
which  may  easily  be  located  in  our  own  country, 
he  is  writing  of  what  he  thoroughly  knows. 

Mr.  Russell  Barker's  Memoir  of  Richard 
Bushy  (Lawrence  «fe  BuUen)  is  an  excellent 
piece  of  work,  and  was  fortunate  in  appearing 
at  the  time  when  the  interesting  exhibition 
at  Westminster  School  had  attracted  renewed 
attention  to  the  great  schoolmaster.  A  careful 
account  of  school  life  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury is  given,  and  probably  it  might  have  been 
supplemented  by  wider  investigation  ;  but  the 
limits  of  his  monograph  have  confined  Mr. 
Barker's  attention  to  Westminster.  It  is  a  pity 
he  has  failed  to  discover  how  Busby  managed  to 
maintain  his  ground  at  Westminster  under  the 
Commonwealth.  It  is  obvious  that  Bagshawe 
thought  the  head  master's  position  was  shaken, 
and  hoped  that  a  zealous  Puritan  might,  with 


the  help  of  Dean  Owen,  supplant  a  Royalist 
and  a  Churchman. — We  have  also  received  a 
copy  of  the  excellent  Catalogue  of  the  Busby 
Exhibition. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  sent  us  two  more 
volumes  of  the  reprint  of  their  series  of  "Eng- 
lish Men  of  Letters."  The  first  contains.  Mr. 
Morison's  monographs  on  Cribboa  and  Macaula]/, 
and  Mr.  Nichol's  account  of  Carbjle.  The  second 
contains  Sidney,  by  Mr.  Symonds,  which  sadly 
needs  revision  ;  De  Quincey,  by  Prof.  Masson  ; 
and  Sheridan,  by  Mrs.  Oliphant,  which  should 
be  withdrawn. 

Dr.  Brewer's  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable 
(Cassell)  appears  in  a  much  enlarged  shape.  It 
is  a  useful  book  in  its  way,  but  not  one  to  be 
depended  on. 

The  first  almanacs  to  reach  us  are  those  of  the 
Stationers'  Company  :  The  British  Almxinac  and 
Companion,  Gilbert's  Clergy/man's  Almaiiac  and 
Whittaker's  Clergyman's  Diary,  and  the  Voo: 
Stellarum.  The  '  Companion  '  has  been  much 
improved. 

M.  Calmann  L^vy  publishes  a  well -illustrated 
edition  of  Deroulede's  Poesies  Militaires. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Intermediate  Text- 
Book  of  English  History,  Vol.  III.,  1603-1714, 
by  C.  S.  Fearenside  (Clive),  —  Latin  Vocar 
bularies,  compiled  by  E.  D.  Stone  (Rivington, 
Percival  &  Co.), — The  German  Declensions  mads 
Easy  for  Beginners,  by  W.  A.  Wheatley  (Syra- 
cuse, N.Y.,  Bardeen), — The  Law  of  Civilization 
and  Decay,  by  B.  Adams  (Sonnenschein), — Life's 
Prescription  in  Seven  Doses,  by  D.  M'Laren 
Morrison  (Arnold), — Three  Golden  Words,  by 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Smith  (S  S.U.),  —  T/te  Veil  of 
Liberty,  by  P^ronne  (A.  &,  C.  Black), — Bins. 
Beard  and  Puss  in  Boots,  illustrated  by 
R.  Heighway  (Dent),  —  My  Book  of  Perils 
(Arnold), — Martha's  Trial,  by  Mabel  Quiller- 
Couch  (S.S.U.),  —  Darton's  Leading  Strings 
(Wells  Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.),  —  Joel, 
a  Boy  of  Galilee,  by  Annie  F.  Johnston 
(Arnold), — Beating  the  Record,  by  G.  Stebbing 
(Shaw),— T/ie  Fur-Seed's  Tooth,  by  K.  Munroe 
(Arnold), — A  Song  to  David,  by  C.  Smart  (Stott), 
— Homeros,  der  Bliiule  von  Chios,  wid  seine 
Werke,  by  A.  F.  R.  Knotel,  Vol.  I.  (Leipzig, 
Grunow), — and  Geoffrey  Rudel,  by  F.  Dugua 
(Paris,  Levy).  Among  New  Editions  we  have 
A  Manual  of  Physics,  by  W.  Peddie  (Bailliere, 
Tindall  &  Cox),  —  Curiosities  of  Olden  Times,  by 
S.  Baring-Gould  (Edinburgh,  Grant), — A  Friend 
of  the  Queen,  from  the  French  of  P.  Gaulot, 
translated  by  Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey  (Heinemann), 
— Don,  by  the  Author  of  '  Laddie  '  (Chambers), 
— and  Around  the  World  in  Eighty  Days,  by 
Jules  Verne,  translated  by  G.  M.  Fowle  (Low). 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 
T/teologt/. 
Anderson's  (J.  C)  Old    Testamect   and    Monumental   Co- 
incidences, 12mo.  5/ net,  cl. 
Andrewes's  (Bishop)  Devotions,  ed.  by  Rev.  H.  Veale,  8/6  cL 
Atherton's  (Rev.  C.  J.)  Giving  up  Ourselves  to  Thy  Service, 

12rao.  2/  cl. 
Beecher's  (L.)  The  Preacher  and  his  Place,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  cl. 
Birkbeck's  (W.  J.)  Russia  and  the  English  Church  during 

the  last  Fifty  Years,  Vol.  1,  cr.  6vo.  7/«  cl. 
Brigg's  (J.  E.)  Hearty  Counsels  from  Pastor  to  People,  2/  cl. 
Clark's  (M.  S.)  Thoufjhts  of  Peace,  &c.,  or  the  Purpose  of 

God  regarding  Israel,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Davies"8  (T.)  Homiletic  Exix)sitions  of  St.  Paul's  Epistle  in 

thePhilippians  ;  Sermons,  Homiletical  Expositions,  and 

Leading  Thoughts  on  Texts  of  Scripture,  2nd  Seiiee, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  each,  cl. 
Kyton's  (R.)  The  Beatitudes,  cr.  Svo.  3,6  cl. 
Green's  (\V.  H.)  The  Higher  Criticism  of  the  Pentateuch,  5/ii 
Hermann's  (VV.)  The  Communion  of  the  Christian  witl> 

God,  Svo.  10.6  cl. 
Jeaffreson's  (H.  H.)  The  Church    of    the  Living  God,  an 

Essay,  cr.  Svo.  .i  6  cl. 
Jones's  (J.)  The  History  of  the  Baptists  in  Radnorshire.  3/6 
Miller's  (Rev.  J.  R.)  Family  Prayers  for  Thirteen  Weeks,  3/tJ 
Official  Report  of  Die  Church  Congress,  ISOo,  edited  by  Rev. 

C.  Dunkley,  bvo.  lo  r,  cl. 
Sohm's  (R.)  Outlines  of  Church  History,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  Sermons  on  our  Lord's  Miracles,  2  vols. 

Svo.  7/  each,  cl. 
Thom's  (J.  H.)  A  Spiritual  Faith,  Sermons,  cr.  Svo.  .V  cl. 
Weizsacker's  (C.  von)  The  A}>ostolic  Age  of  the  Christian. 

Church,  Vol.  2,  Svo.  10/6  cl. 


754 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30, '95 


Hanson's  (E.)  The  Builders  of  our  Law  during  the  Reign  of 
Queen  Victoria,  7,6  cl. 

fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Birch's  (W.  de  G.)  Catalogue  of  Seals  in  the  British  Museum, 

Vol.  4,  8vo.  3b/  cl. 
Crane's  (Walter)  Picture-Books,  Reissue  :  The  Fairy  Ship, 

King  Lucky  Boj''s  Party,  &c.,  Ito.  3  i5  net,  cl. 
Gibson's  (C.  D.)  Drawings,  oblong  4to.  15/  net,  cl. 
Hewitt's  (G.  C.)  Carton  Work,  a  Graduated  Course  of  Model- 
ling in  Paper  for  Standards  1,  2,  3,  imp.  Itjmo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Hornby's  (J.  J.)  Walks  round  about  Eton  and  Eton  Build- 
ings, 8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Longfellow's  (H.  W.)  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  illus.  by 
Brougbton  and  others,  cr.  8vo.  6/6  cl. ;    The  Song  of 
Hiawatha,  illus.  by  Remington,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net,  cl. 
McCormick's  (A.  D.)  An  Artist  in  the  Himalayas,  illus.  16/ 
Millais's  (J.  G.)  A  Breath  from  the  Veldt,  illus.  63/  net,  cl. 
Bound  the  Coast,  an  Illustrated  Album,  oblong,  10/6  cl. 
Salisbury :    G.   Herbert's    Church,    Bemerton ;     Byzantine 
Church,   Wilton;  Amesbury  ;  Stonehenge;  Plan  of  Old 
Sarum,  4to.  10/  net,  cl. 
Taunton's  (T.)  Famous  Horses,  with  Portraits,  &c.,  42/  net,  cl. 

Poetri/. 
Chapman's  (M.  B.)  Lyrics  of  Love  and  Nature,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Fane's  (V.)  Under  Cross  and  Crescent,  Poems,  10/6  net,  cl. 
Fowler's  (E.  T.)  Verses  Wise  and  Otherwise,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Keble's  (J.)  Christian  Year,  Introduction  by  W.  Lock,  3/6 
Leith's  (Mrs.  D.)  Original  Verses  and  Translations,  6/  cl. 
Lyrical  Poetry  from  the  Bible,  edited  by  E.  Rhys,  Vol.  2, 

18mo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Stevenson's  (R.  L.)  A  Child's  Garden  of  Verses,  illus.  5/  net. 
Tennyson's  (F.)  Poems  of  the  Day  and  Year,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net. 

Pkilosopht/. 
McLellan   (J.   A.)   and    Dewey's  (J.)  Ihe   Psychology   of 

Number,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Sully's  (J.)  Studies  of  Childhood,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Bowmaker's  (E  )  The  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,  2/6 
Seligman's  (E.  R.  A.)  Essays  in  Taxation,  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography, 
Ashton's  (J.)   Hyde  Park  from  Doomsday  Book  to  Date, 

illus.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Baylis's  (Rev.  M.  S.)  The  Churchman's  History  of  England, 

12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Bismarck's  Table  Talk,  edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 

by  C.  Lowe,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Blackie,  Prof.,  his  Saj'ings    and    Doings,  a    Biographical 

Sketch,  by  his  Nephew,  illustrated,  12rao.  3/6  cl. 
Clarke's  (C.   E.)   Constantinople,  the  City  of  the  Sultans, 

8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 
Gillman's  (A.  W.)  The  Gillmans  of  Highgate,  with  Letters 

from  S.  T.  Coleiidge,  &c.,  4to.  7/6  cl. 
Goodman's  (W.)  The  Keeleys,  on  the  Stage  and  at  Home, 

illustrated,  8vo.  14/  cl. 
Harrisse's  (H.)  John  Cabot,  the  Discoverer  of  North  Ame- 
rica, and  Sebastian  his  Son,  8vo.  30/  net,  cl. 
Mediaeval  Jewish  Chronicles  and  Chronological  Notes,  edited 

by  Ad.  Neubauer,  4to.  18/6  swd. 
Eeindorl's  (C.)  History  of  the  Gold  Coast,  8vo.  9/  net,  cl. 
Sayce's  (A.  H.)  The  Egypt  of  the  Hebrews  and  Herodotus, 

cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Talleyrand  de  Perigord,   Memoirs  of,   by  Author  of  '  The 

Revolutionary  Plutarch,'  2  vols.  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 
TroUope's  (F.)   Life  and  Literary  Work,  by  her  Daughter, 
2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  21/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Baines's  (F.  E.)  On  the  Track  of  the  Mail  Coach,  cr.  8vo.  7/6 
Gore's  (F.  St.  J.)  Lights  and  Shades  of  Hill  Life  in  the 
Afghan  and  Hindu  Highlands  of  the  Punjab,  a  Contrast, 
Maps  and  Illustrations,  imp.  16mo.  31/6  cl. 
Gray's  (J.  A.)  At  the  Court  of  the  Amir,  a  Narrative,  16/  cl. 
Harper's  (C.  G.)  The  Dover  Road,  Annals  of  an   Ancient 

Turnpike,  illustrated,  8vo.  16/  cl. 
Johnstone's  (Sir  J.)  My  Experiences  in  Manipur,  illus.  16/ 
Parsons's  (A.)  Notes  in  Japan,  illus.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Hall's  (T.  D.)  Translation  at  Sight,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Pitman's  (H.)  Greek  Conjunctions,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Taylor's  (I.)  Names  and  their  Histories,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Science. 
Clarke's  (A.  D.)  Mensuration  for  the  Use  of  Schools,  &c.,  3/ 
Edinburgh  Obstetrical  Society,  Transactions,  Vol.  20,  8/6  cl. 
Edwards's  (G.  C.)  Elements  of  Geometry,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Goldman  (C.  S.)  and  Kitchin's  (J.)  South  African  Mines, 
their  Position,  Results,  &c.,  3  vols.  imp.  8vo.  63/  net,  cl. 
Halford's  (F.  M.)  Making  a  Fishery,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Hiorns's  (A.  H.)  Principles  of  Metallurgy,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Jackson's  (B.)  Skiascopy  and  its  Practical  Application  to 

the  Study  of  Refraction,  8vo.  b/  cl. 
Muirhead's  (G.)  The  Birds  of  Berwickshire,  Vol.  2,  15/  net. 
Roberts's  (J.  B.)  Modern  Medicine  and  Hom(jL'opathy,  4/  cl. 
Eosenberg's    (F.)    First    Stage  Mechanics  for  Elementary 

Examinations,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Stephenson's  (S.)  Epidemic  Ophthalmia,  8vo.  9/  net,  cl. 

Gerural  Literature. 
"A.  L."  Teacher's  Time-Dook  of  Daily  Attendance,  4to.  3/cl. 
Alexander's  (W.  F.)  The  Court  Adjourns,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Andrews's  (W.)  The  Doctor  in  History  and  Literature,  &c., 

cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Balfour's  (M.  C.)  White  Sand,  the  Story  of  a  Dreamer,  6/  cl. 
Balzac's  (H.)  The  Quest  of  the  Absolute,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Booth  (A.  A.)  and  Grainger's  (M.  A.)  Diagram  for  calculat- 
ing the  Yield  in  RedeemabW  Stocks,  4to.  15/  cl. 
Carey's  (R.  N.)  Sir  Godfrey's  Granddaughter,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Chetwode's  (R.  D.)  The  Marble  City,  being  the  Strange  Ad- 
ventures of  Two  Boys,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Cid  Campeador,  Tiie,  a  Historical  Romance,  by  D.  Antonio 

de  Trueba  y  la  Quint^na,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Dale's  (O.)  A  Bit  of  Red  May,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Duty's  Call,  the  Story  of  a  Girl's  Work,  by  H.  N.  B.,  2/  swd. 
Frith's  (W.)  In  S(;arch  of  Quiet,  a  Country  Journal,  6/  cl. 
Gissing's  (A.)  The  SiKjrt  of  Stars,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  14/  cl. 
Qlaflden's  (W.)  Ruling  Ideas  of  the  Present  Age,  cr.  8vo.  4/ 
Grant's  (R.)  A  Bachelor's  Christmas,  and  other  Stories,  7/6 
Uriaith8(Q.)  Valdarthe  Oft-Born,  a  Saga  of  Seven  Ages, 

illustrated,  8vo.  6/ cl. 
Grove  (Mrs.  L.)  and  otliers'  Dancing,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 


Haggard's  (Lieut.-Col.  A.)  Under  Crescent  and  Star,  6/  cl. 
Hampton's  (Lady  L.)  Ride  in  the  Red  Hood,  a  Fairy  Tale, 

illustrated,  4to.  2/6  cl. 
Hardy's  (T.)  Trumpet  Major,  John  Loveday,   &c.,  Wessex 

Novels,  Vol.  9,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  Year-Book,  12mo.  3/  net,  cl. 
Housman's  (C.)  The  Were  Wolf,  illus.  royal  16mo.  3/  net,  cl. 
Kincaid's  Widow,  by  Author  of  '  Citoyenne  Jacqueline,'  6/ 
King's  (M.  E.)  Round  about  a  Brighton  Coach  Office,  illus- 
trated, cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Lang's  (A.)  My  Own  Fairy  Book,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Lee's  (V.)  Renaissance  Fancies  and  Studies,  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Lover's  (S.)  Rory  O'More,  with  Introduction  by  Mrs.  C. 

Hoey,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Macknight's  (C.)  Captain  Jack,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Matthews's  (M.  H.)  Dame  Prism,  a  Story  for  Girls,  3/6  cl. 
Moore's  (F.  F.)  Phyllis  of  Philistia,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Nichols's  (B.)  Words  and  Days,  a  Table  Book  of  Prose  and 

Verse,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Norwegian  Fairy  Tales,  trans,  by  A.  Heywood,  illus.  5/  cl. 
Pageant,  The,  ed.  by  C.  H.  Shannon  and  J.  W.  G.  White, 

imp.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Poe's  (E.  A.)  Works,  Vols.  3  and  4,  illus.  2/6  each,  net. 
Ridge's  (W.  P.)  A  Clever  Wife,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Ross's  (C.  M.)  Pinks  and  Cherries,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Russell's  (D.)  A  Man's  Privilege,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Sand's  (G.)  The  Devil's  Pool ;  The  Master  Mosaic,  translated 

by  Sedgwick,  12mo.  .3/  each,  net,  cl. 
Scott's  (Sir  W.)  The  Abbot,  Facsimile  Reprint  of  Favourite 

Edition,  Vols.  20  and  21, 12mo.  3/  net,  cl. 
Sienkiewicz's  (H.)  Pan  Michael,  a  Historical  Novel,  4/6  net. 
Sylva's  (Carmen)  Shadows  on  Love's  Dial,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Thomas's  (A.)  A  Lover  of  the  Day,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Van  Dyke's  (H.)  Little  Rivers,  a  Book  of  Essays  in  Profitable 

Idleness,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Walford's  (L.  B.)  Frederick,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 
Walton's  (W.  S.)  Ruth,  or  Under  the  Shadow  of  His  Wings, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Watson's  (H.   B.   M.)  Galloping  Dick,  Chapters    from  the 

Life  and  Fortunes  of  Rich  Ryder,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  net,  cl. 
Westall's  (W.)  Ralph  Norbreck's'Trust,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Wiggin's  (K.  D.)  The  Village  Watch  Tower,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bosse  (F.):    Prolegomena  zu  e.  Geschichte  des  Begriffes 

'  Nachfolge  Christi,'  2m. 
Collectanea  Friburgensia  :  Part  4,  Meister  Eckhart  u.  seine 

Jiinger,  hrsg.  v.  F.  Jostes,  6m. 
Schultze  (J.  L  ) :  Julius  Miiller  als  Ethiker  u.  die  Glaubens- 

frage  in  Bezug  auf  das  Apostolicum,  4m.  80. 
Stapfer  (B.)  :  Jesus-Christ  avant  son  Ministfire,  3fr. 

Fine  Art  and  Archteology. 
Adeline  (J.)  :  La  Legende  du  Violon  de  Faience,  lOfr. 
Bstignard  (A.) :  Jean  Gigoux,  16fr. 
Hultsch  (F.) :    Die  Blemente   der    agyptischen  Theilungs- 

rechnung.  Part  1,  8m. 
Knackfuss  (H.)  :  Kiinstler-Monographien,  Vol.  6,  2m. 
Larroumet  (G.) :  L'Art  et  I'Etat  en  France,  Sfr.  50. 
Sittl  (K.) :  Empirische  Studien  ub.  die  Laokoongruppe,  2m. 

Drama. 
Gondinet  (E.)  :  Theatre  Complet,  Vol.  5.  Sfr.  50. 
Weiss  (J.  J.) :  Les  Theatres  Parisiens,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography . 
Lecanuet :  Montalembert,  sa  Jeunesse  (1810-1836),  5fr. 
Lettres  de  Napoleon  a  Josephine,  Sfr.  50. 
Liebermann  (F.)  :  Die  Leges  Edwardi  Confessoris,  3m.  60. 
Niebuhr    (C.) :     Die    Chronologie    der   Geschichte    Israels, 

Aegyptens,  Babyloniens,  u.  Assyriens.  6m. 
Poyen  (H.   de) :    Les   Guerres  des  Antilles  de  1793  a  1815, 
7fr:  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Foureau  (F.)  :  Mission  chez  les  Touareg,  lOfr. 

Folk-lore. 
Boas  (F.) :  Indianische  Sagen  v.  der  nord-paciflschen  Kiiste, 
8m. 

Philology. 
Bacher  (W.)  :    Die  Anfange  der  hebriiischen  Grammatik, 

4m.  50. 
Berneker  (E.)  :  Die  preussische  Sprache,  8m. 
Blaydes  (F.  H.  M.) :  Adversaria  in  jEschylum,  8m. 
Fischer    (E.    L.) :     Grammatik    u.   Wortschatz    der    platt- 

deutschen  Mundart,  Sm.  60. 
Grober  (G.) :  Grundriss  der  romanischen  Philologie,  Vol.  2, 

Div.  3,  Part  1,2m. 
Zenker  (R.) :  Das  Epos  v.  Isembard  u.  Gormund,  5m.  50. 

Science. 
Lersch  (B.  M.) :  Geschichte  der  Volksseuchen,  11m. 

General  Literature. 
Bracol  (H.) :  Excusable,  3fr.  50. 
Schultz  (J.) :  Les  FianQailles  de  Gabrielle,  Sfr.  50. 
Tissot  (E  ) :  Le  Livre  des  Reines,  3fr.  50. 


INFRINGEMENT   OF   COPYRIGHT. 

York  Street,  Covent  Garden,  Nov.  25,  1895. 

We  have  lately  found  with  much  regret  that 
in  the  two  Guides  to  the  paintings  of  Florence 
and  Venice,  by  Karl  Karoly,  recently  pub- 
lished by  us,  the  author,  in  apparent  ignorance 
of  the  claims  of  copyright,  has  transferred  with 
little  alteration  considerable  portions  of  the 
descriptive  and  historical  matter  from  Kugler's 
well-known  'Handbook  of  Painting,'  of  which 
Mr.  Murray  is  the  publisher.  The  books  were, 
of  course,  withdrawn  from  circulation  as  soon 
as  our  attention  was  directed  to  the  matter. 

As  we  understand  from  Mr.  Murray  that 
similar  unjustifiable  plagiarisms  from  his  stand- 
ard works  on  art  and  his  carefully  edited  Hand- 
books for  travellers  are    constantly  occurring. 


we  shall  feel  obliged  if  you  will  kindly  give 
publicity  to  this  letter  in  your  columns  as  a  hint 
to  compilers  and  publishers  who  may  be  in 
danger  of  being  led  into  similar  transgressions. 

We  should  like  also  to  take  the  opportunity 
of  expressing  our  appreciation  of  the  courteous 
manner  in  which  Mr.  Murray  has  met  us  in  the 
matter.  George  Bell  &  Sons. 


'THE  SUICIDE'S  GRAVE.' 

8,  Gibson  Place,  St.  Andrews. 
I  AM  unable  to  recover  the  impression  that 
Lockhart's  hand  shows  in  Hogg's  'Justified 
Sinner'  or  'Suicide's  Grave.'  The  book  ap- 
peared anonymously  ;  Lockhart  is  mentioned, 
and  Hogg  is  described  among  his  paulies  at 
Thirlestane  Fair.  Of  course,  in  recording  my 
first  impression,  that  Lockhart  collaborated  or 
assisted,  I  meant  no  suggestion  against  the 
literary  honesty  of  the  Shepherd,  on  which  see 
the  remarks  as  to  literary  superclieries  attributed 
to  Lockhart  at  the  close  of  the  'Justified 
Sinner.'  As  far  as  internal  or  external  evidence 
goes,  I  am  now  quite  of  Mrs.  Garden's  opinion. 

Andrew  Lang, 


LORD   DE  TABLBY. 


In  the  death,  on  the  22nd  inst.,  of  Lord  de 
Tabley,  the  English  world  of  letters  has  lost  a 
true  poet  and  a  scholar  of  very  varied  accomplish- 
ments. His  friends  have  lost  much  more.  Since 
his  last  attack  of  influenza,  those  who  knew  him 
and  loved  him  had  been  much  concerned  about 
him.  The  pallor  of  his  complexion  had  greatly 
increased  ;  so  had  his  feebleness.  As  long  ago 
as  May  last,  when  I  called  upon  him  at  the 
Athenteum  Club  in  order  to  join  him  at  a 
luncheon  he  was  giving  at  the  Caf^  Royal,  I 
found  that  he  had  engaged  a  four-wheeled  cab 
to  take  us  over  those  few  yards.  The  expres- 
sion in  his  kind  and  wistful  blue-grey  eyes 
showed  that  he  had  noted  the  start  of  surprise 
I  gave  on  seeing  the  cab  waiting  for  us.  "  You 
know  my  love  of  a  growler,"  he  said  ;  "  this  is 
just  to  save  us  the  bother  of  getting  across  the 
Piccadilly  cataracts."  I  thought  to  myself,  "I 
wish  it  were  only  the  bother  of  crossing  the 
cataracts  which  accounts  for  the  growler." 

Another  sign  that  the  physical  part  of  him 
was  in  the  grip  of  the  demon  of  decay  was  that, 
instead  of  coming  to  the  Pines  to  luncheon,  as 
had  been  his  wont,  he  preferred  of  late  to  come 
to  afternoon  tea,  and  return  to  Elm  Park  before 
dinner.  And  on  the  occasion  when  he  last 
came  in  this  way  it  seemed  to  us  here  that  he 
had  aged  still  more  ;  yet  his  intellectual  forces 
had  lost  nothing  of  their  power.  And  as  a  com- 
panion he  was  as  winsome  as  ever.  That  fine 
quality  with  which  he  was  so  richly  endowed, 
the  quality  which  used  to  be  called  "urbanity," 
was  as  fresh  when  I  saw  him  last  as  when  I 
first  knew  him.  That  sweet  sagacity,  mellowed 
and  softened  by  a  peculiarly  quiet  humour, 
shone  from  his  face  at  intervals  as  he  talked 
of  the  pleasant  old  days  when  he  was  my  col- 
league on  the  Athenceum,  and  when  I  used  to 
call  upon  him  so  frequently  on  my  way  to 
Rossetti  in  Cheyne  Walk  to  chat  over  "the 
walnuts  and  the  wine  "  about  poetry. 

My  own  friendship  with  him  began  at  my  first 
meeting  him,  and  this  was  long  ago.  Being  at 
that  time  a  less-known  man  of  letters  than  I 
am  now,  supposing  that  to  be  possible,  I  was 
astonished  one  day  when  my  friend  Edmund 
Gosse  told  me  that  his  friend  Leicester  Warren 
had  expressed  a  wish  to  meet  me  on  account  of 
certain  things  of  mine  which  he  had  read  in  the 
Examiner  and  the  Athenamm.  I  accepted  with 
alacrity  Mr.  Gosse's  invitation  to  one  of  those 
charming  salons  of  his  on  the  banks  of  West- 
bournia's  Grand  Canal  which  have  become  historic. 
I  was  surprised  to  find  Warren,  who  was  then 
scarcely  above  forty,  looking  so  old,  not  to  say 
so  old-fashioned.  At  that  time  he  did  not  wear 
the  moustache  and  beard  which  afterwards  lent 
a   picturesqueuess   to    his  face.     There   was  a 


N°  3563,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


755 


kind  of  rural  appearance  about  him  which  had 
for  me  a  charm  of  its  own  ;  it  suited  so  well 
with  his  gentle  ways,  I  thought.  This  being  the 
impression  he  made  upon  me,  it  may  be  imagined 
how  delighted  I  was  shortly  afterwards  to  see 
him  come  to  the  door  of  Ivy  Lodge,  Putney, 
where  I  was  then  living  alone.  Nor  was  I  less 
surprised  than  delighted  to  see  him.  On 
realizing  at  Gosse's  salon  that  my  new  acquaint- 
ance was  a  botanist,  I  had  fraternized  with  him 
on  this  point,  and  had  described  to  him  an 
extremely  rare  and  lovely  little  tree  growing  in 
the  centre  of  my  garden,  which  some  unknown 
lover  of  trees  had  imported.  I  had  given  Warren 
a  kind  of  general  invitation  to  come  some 
day  and  see  it.  So  early  a  call  as  this  I  had  not 
hoped  to  get.  Perhaps  I  thought  so  reclusive 
a  man  as  he  even  then  appeared  would  never 
come  at  all. 

After  having  duly  admired  the  tree  he  turned 
to  the  Rossetti  crayons  on  the  walls  of  the 
rooms;  but  although  he  talked  much  about  'The 
Spirit  of  the  Rainbow  '  and  the  design  from  the 
same  beautiful  model  which  Mr.  William  Sharp 
has  christened  '  Forced  Music,'  the  loveliness  of 
which  attracted  hira  not  a  little,  I  perceived  that 
he  had  something  else  that  he  wanted  to  talk 
about,  and  allowed  him  to  lead  the  conversation 
up  to  it.  To  my  surprise  I  found  that,  so  far 
from  having  perceived  how  much  he  had  in- 
terested me,  he  had  imagined  that  my  attitude 
towards  him  was  constrained,  and  had  explained 
it  to  his  own  discomfort  after  the  following 
fashion:  "Watts  has  an  intimate  friend  of 
whose  poetry  I  am  a  deep  admirer — so  deep 
indeed  that  some  people,  and  not  without 
reason,  have  said  that  my  own  poetry  is  unduly 
influenced  by  it.  But  an  article  by  me  in  the 
Fortnightly  goes  out  of  its  way  to  dub  as  a  '  minor 
poet '  the  very  writer  to  whose  influence  I  have 
succumbed.  It  is  the  incongruity  between  my 
dubbing  my  idol  a  '  minor  poet '  and  my  real 
and  most  obvious  admiration  of  his  work  that 
makes  Watts,  in  spite  of  an  external  civility, 
feel  unfriendly  towards  me.  Yet  there  is  no 
real  incongruity,  for  it  was  the  editor,  G.  H. 
Lewes,  who,  after  my  proof  had  been  returned 
for  press,  interpolated  the  objectionable  words 
about  the  minor  poet." 

This  was  how  he  had  been  reasoning.  When 
I  laughed  and  told  him  to  recast  his  syllogism 
— told  him  that  I  had  never  seen  the  article  in 
question,  and  doubted  whether  my  friend  had — 
matters  became  very  bright  between  us.  He 
stayed  to  luncheon  ;  we  walked  on  the  Common  ; 
I  showed  him  our  Wimbledon  sun-dews  ;  in  a 
word,  I  felt  that  I  had  discovered  a  richer  gold 
mine  than  the  richest  in  the  world,  a  new  friend. 
Had  I  then  known  him  as  well  as  I  afterwards 
did,  I  should  have  been  aware  that  he  had  a  strong 
dash  of  the  sensitive,  not  to  say  the  morbid,  in 
his  nature.  He  had  a  habit  of  submitting  almost 
every  incident  of  his  life  to  such  an  analysis  as 
that  I  have  been  describing. 

On  another  occasion,  when  years  later  he  had 
a  difierence  with  a  friend,  I  reminded  him  of 
the  incident  recorded  above,  and  made  him 
laugh  by  saying,  "  My  dear  Warren,  you  are  so 
afraid  of  treading  on  people's  corns  that  you 
tread  upon  them." 

On  first  visiting  him,  as  on  many  a  subse- 
quent occasion,  I  was  struck  by  the  variety  of 
his  intellectual  interests,  and  the  thoroughness 
with  which  he  pursued  them  all.  I  have  lately 
said  in  print  what  I  fully  believe — that  he  was 
the  most  learned  of  English  poets,  if  learning 
means  something  more  than  mere  scholarship.  He 
was  a  skilled  numismatist,  and  in  1862  published, 
through  the  Numismatic  Society,  '  An  Essay  on 
Greek  Federal  Coinage,'  and  an  essay  '  On  some 
Coins  of  Lycia  under  Rhodian  Domination  and 
of  the  Lycian  League.'  He  even  took  an  interest 
in  book-plates,  and  actually,  in  1880,  published 
'A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Book-Plates.'  I 
should  not  have  been  at  all  surprised  to  learn 
that  he  was  also  writing  a  guide  for  the  col- 
lectors of  postage  stamps. 


At  this  time  he  had   published  a  good  deal 
of  verse  ;  for  instance,   '  Eclogues   and  Mono- 
dramas  '  in  1865  ;  '  Studies  in  Verse '  in  1866  ; 
'  Orestes  '  in  1867  ;  a  collection  of  poems  called 
'  Rehearsals  '  in  1873  ;  another  collection,  called 
'The    Searching    Net,'    in    1876.      From    this 
time,  during  many  years,  I  saw  him  frequently, 
although,  for  a  reason  which  it  is  not  necessary 
to  discuss  here,  he  became  seized  with  a  deep 
dislike  of    the   literary  world   and   its  doings, 
and  I  am  not  aware  that  he  saw  any  literary 
man  save  myself   and    the    late  W.  B.   Scott, 
the    bond    between    whom    and    himself    was 
"book-plates"!      Then    he     took   to   residing 
in  the  country.     As  a  poet   he   seemed   to  be 
quite    forgotten,    save  by  students    of  poetry, 
until  his  name  was  revived   by  means  of   Mr. 
Miles's  colossal  anthology  '  The  Poets  and  the 
Poetry  of  the  Nineteenth  Century. '    Mr.  Miles, 
it    seems,    was    a    great    admirer  of    Lord   de 
Tabley's    poetry,  and    managed    to    reach    the 
hermit    in    his    cell.      In    the    sixth    volume 
of     his     work     Mr.    Miles    gave    a     judicious 
selection    from   Lord   de   Tabley's   poems   and 
an    admirable    essay  upon    them.     The    selec- 
tion attracted  a  good    deal  of  attention.     On 
finding  that  the  public  would  listen  to  him,  I 
urged   him   to  bring  out  a  volume  of  selected 
pieces   from  all  his  works,  an  idea  which  for 
some  time  he  contested  with  his  usual  pessi- 
mistic vigour.     Having,  however,  set  my  heart 
upon  it,  I  spoke  upon  the  subject  to  Mr.  John 
Lane,   who  at  once  saw  his  way  to  bring   out 
such  a  volume  at  his  own  risk.     To  the  poet's 
astonishment  the  book  was  a  success,  and  it  at 
once  passed  into  a  second  edition.  In  the  spring 
of  this  year  he  was  emboldened  to  bring  out 
another  volume  of  new  poems,  and  his  name 
became  firmly  re-established  as  a  poet.     It  was 
after  the  success  of  the  first  book  that  he  con- 
sulted me  upon  a  question  which  was  then  upon 
his  mind  :    Should  he  devote  his  future  energies 
to  literature  or  to  making  himself  a  position  as 
a  speaker  in  the  Lords  ?     He  had  lately  had 
occasion  to  speak  both  in  the  country  and  in  the 
Lords  upon  some  local  matter  of  importance, 
and   his  success    had    in    some    slight    degree 
revived  an  old  aspiration   to  plunge   into  the 
world   of  politics.     He  was   a  Liberal,  and  in 
1868    he   had   contested — but  unsuccessfully — 
Mid- Cheshire.     This  was  on  the  first  election  for 
that    division   after   the  Reform  Act  of   1867. 
His  support    in  a  county  so    Conservative   as 
Cheshire  had  really  been  very  strong,  but  he 
never  made  another  eflbrt  to  get  into  Parlia- 
ment.    "You  know  my  way,"  he  used   to  say. 
"I  can   make     one    spring — perhaps   a  pretty 
good  spring — but  not  more  than  one." 

On  the  whole,  he  leaned  towards  the  idea  of 
going  into  politics.  The  way  in  which  he  put 
the  case  to  me  was  thoroughly  characteristic 
of  him  :  "Even  if  my  verse  were  strong  and 
vital,  which  I  fear  it  is  not,  there  is  almost  no 
chance  for  men  of  my  generation  receiving  more 
than  a  slight  attention  at  the  present  day. 
Things  have  altogether  changed  since  the 
sixties  and  seventies,  when  I  published  my  most 
important  work — at  a  time  when  the  prominent 
names  were  Tennyson,  Browning,  Matthew 
Arnold,  Rossetti,  Morris,  and  Swinburne.  The 
old  critical  oracles  are  now  dumb  ;  the  reviewers 
are  all  young  men  whose  knowledge  of  poetry 
does  not  go  back  so  far  as  the  sixties.  Those 
who  reviewed  the  selection  from  my  work  in 
Miles's  book  showed  themselves  to  be  entirely 
unconscious  of  the  name  of  Leicester  Warren, 
and  treated  the  poems  there  selected  as  being 
the  work  of  a  new  writer  ;  and  even  when  the 
poems  published  by  Lane  came  out,  no  one 
seemed  to  be  aware  that  they  were  by  a  writer 
who  was  very  much  to  the  fore  a  quarter  of  a 
century  ago.  That  book  has  had  a  flutter  of 
success,  but  in  how  large  a  degree  was  the 
success  owing  to  the  curiosity  excited  by  the 
book  of  a  man  of  my  generation  being  brought 
out  now,  and  by  the  publisher  of  the  men  of 
this  ?    With  all   my  sympathy   with  the  work 


of  the  younger  men  and  my  admiration  of  some 
of  it,  things,  I  say,  have  changed  since  those 
days." 

I  did  not  share  these  pessimistic  views. 
Moreover,  knowing  as  I  did  how  extremely 
sensitive  he  was,  I  knew  that  his  figuring  in 
Parliament  would  result  in  the  greatest  pain  to 
him,  and  if  I  gave  a  somewhat  exaggerated 
expression  with  regard  to  my  hopes  of  him  in 
the  literary  world,  it  was  a  kindly  feeling  to- 
wards himself  that  impelled  me  to  do  so.  He 
took  my  advice,  and  proceeded  to  gather  material 
for  another  volume. 

To  define  clearly  the  impression  left  upon  one 
by  intercourse  with  any  man  is    diflScult.     In 
De  Tabley's  case  it  is  almost  impossible.     His 
remarkable  modesty,  or  rather  diffidence,  was 
what,  perhaps,  struck  me  most.  It  was  a  genuine 
lack  of  faith  in  his  own  powers  ;  it  had  nothing 
whatever  to  do  with  "  mock-modesty."     I  had  a 
singular  instance  of  this  difiidence  in  the  autumn 
of  last  year.     Lord  de  Tabley,  who  was  staying 
at  Ryde,  having  learnt  that  I  was  staying  with  a 
friend  near  Niton  Bay,  wrote  to  me  there  saying 
that  he  somewhat  specially  wanted  to  see  me, 
and  proposed  our  lunching  together  at  an  hotel 
at  Ventnor.     I  was  delighted  to  accede  to  this, 
for,  like  all  who  fully  knew  Lord  de  Tabley,  I 
was   thoroughly  and  deeply   attached   to    hira. 
He  was  so  genuine  and  so  modest  and  so  genial 
— unsoured  by  the   great  and   various  sorrows 
of  which  he  used  sometimes  to  talk  to  me  by 
the  cosy  study  fire — nay,  sweetened  by  them,  as 
I  often   thought — so  grateful  for  the  smallest 
service  rendered  in  an  arena  where  ingratitude 
sometimes  seems  to  be  the  vis  motrix  of  life — 
a  truly  lovable  man,  if  ever    there  was  one. 
I  drove  over   to  Ventnor.     As    I    chanced    to 
reach  the  hotel  somewhat  before  the  appointed 
time,    and    he    had    not    arrived,    I  drove   on 
to  Bonchurch   along  the   Shanklin  road.      On 
my   way   back,    I    passed    a    four-wheel    cab  ; 
but    not    dreaming     that    his    love     of    the 
"growler"  reached   beyond    London,   I  never 
thought  of  him  in  connexion  with  it  until  I  saw 
the  well-known  face  with  its  sweet  thoughtful 
expression    looking    through    the  cab  window. 
On  this  occasion  it  looked  so  specially  thoughtful 
that  I  imagined  something  serious  had  occurred. 
At  the  hotel  I  found  that  he  had  secured  a  snug 
room  and  a  luxurious  luncheon.     An  ominous 
packet  of  writing-paper  peering  from  his  over- 
coat pocket  convinced  me  that  it  was  a  manu- 
script brought  for  me  to  read,  and  feeling  that 
I  should  prefer  to  get  it  over  before  luncheon, 
I  asked  him  to  show  it  to  me.     He  then  told 
me  its  history.     Having  sent  by  special  invita- 
tion  a   poem  to   the   Nineteenth   Century,    the 
editor  had  returned  it — returned  it  with  certain 
strictures  upon  portions  of  it.     This   incident 
he  had  at  once  subjected  to  the  usual  analysis, 
and  had  come  to   the   conclusion  that   certain 
outside  influences  of  an  invidious  kind  had  been 
brought  to  play  upon  the  editor. 

Time  was  when  I  should  have  shrunk  with 
terror  from  so  thankless  a  task  as  that  of  read- 
ing a  manuscript  with  such  a  frightful  history, 
but  it  is  astonishing  what  a  long  experience  in 
the  literary  world  will  do  for  a  man  in  per- 
plexities of  this  kind.  I  read  the  manuscript 
and  the  editor's  courteous  but  sagacious  com- 
ments, and  I  found  that  the  poet  had  undertaken 
a  subject  which  was  utterly  and  almost  incon- 
ceivably alien  to  his  genius.  As  I  read  I  felt  the 
wistful  gaze  fixed  upon  me  while  the  waiter  was 
moving  in  and  out  of  the  room,  preparing  the 
luncheon  table.  "Well,"  said  he,  as  I  laid  the 
manuscript  down,  "what  do  you  think?  do 
you  agree  with  the  editor?"  "Not  entirely," 
I  said.  "Not  entirely  I  "  he  exclaimed  ;  then 
turning  to  the  waiter,  he  said,  "You  can  leave 
the  soup,  and  I  will  ring  when  we  are  ready." 
"Not  entirely, "I  repeated.  "  Withall  theeditor's 
strictures  I  entirely  agree,  but  he  says  that  by 
working  upon  it  you  may  make  it  into  a  worthy 
poem  :  there  I  disagree  with  him.  I  consider  it 
absolutely  hopeless.  I  regret  now  that  we  did  not 


756 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^'SoSa,  Nov.  30,'95 


leave  the  matter  until  after  luncheon,  but  we 
will  not  let  it  spoil  our  appetites." 

I  am  afraid  it  did  spoil  our  appetites  neverthe- 
less, for  I  felt  that  I  had  been  compelled,  for  his 
own  sake,  to  give  him  pain.  He  was  much  de- 
pressed, declared  that  the  success  of  his  late  book 
was  entirely  factitious,  and  vowed  that  nothing 
should  ever  persuade  him  to  write  another  line 
of  verse,  and  that  he  would  now  devote  his 
attention  to  a  peer's  duties  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
I  was  so  disturbed  myself  at  thus  paining  so 
lovable  a  friend  that  next  day  I  wrote  to  him, 
trying  to  soften  what  I  had  said,  and  urged  him 
to  do  as  the  editor  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  had 
suggested,  write  another  poem  —  a  poem  upon 
some  classical  subject,  which  he  would  deal  with 
so  admirably.  The  result  of  it  all  was  that  he 
found  the  editor's  strictures  on  the  unlucky 
poem  to  be  absolutely  well  grounded,  and 
wrote  for  the  Nineteenth  Century  'Orpheus,' 
one  of  the  finest  of  his  later  poems. 

I  think  these  hurried  anecdotes  of  Lord  de 
Tabley  will  show  why  we  who  knew  him  were 
,so  attached  to  him.  Theodore  Watts. 


HEXRY  VAUGHAN,  SILURIST. 
Bank  Villa,  Belfast  Terrace,  N.C.  Road,  Dublin. 

By  inadvertence,  the  Athencum  of  12th  ult. 
was  belated  in  reaching  me,  but  besides  I  have 
delayed  noticing  Miss  Guiney's  inestimable 
appeal  to  "fit  audience  if  few"  to  place  a 
•worthy  memorial  stone  over  the  neglected  grave 
of  the  "sweet  singer"  Henry  Vaughan,  in  the 
liope  and  expectation  of  a  cordial  response. 
Eheu  !  eheu  !  that,  like  Mr.  C.  A.  Ward  in  his 
Coleridge  MSS.,  the  "  tameness  "  of  your  readers 
is  as  "  shocking  to  me  "  as  ever  the  beasts'  was 
to  Alexander  Selkirk.  Unfortunately  this  is  no 
new  experience  on  my  part.  When  I  completed 
my  edition  of  the  works  of  Henry  Vaughan 
in  the  "  Fuller  Worthies' Library  "  (4  vols.)  I 
wrote  a  number  of  letters  to  likely  persons  sug- 
gesting a  modest  monument,  either  at  Llan- 
saintflFraed  or  in  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  Save 
that  my  letters  brought  me  sympathetic 
answers  from  Lord  Tennyson,  Lord  Chief 
Justice  Coleridge,  Robert  Browning,  and  two 
or  three  others,  the  outcome  was  so  meagre 
that  I  had  reluctantly  to  abandon  my  project. 
Specifically,  the  rector  of  Vaughan's  church  and 
custodier  of  his  dust  showed  astonishing  ignor- 
ance and  unconcern,  if  I  might  not  say  hostility. 
Miss  Guiney  tells  us  that  he  now  "seems  to 
have  some  knowledge  of  him."  I  am  glad  to 
hear  of  it.  Successive  splashes  of  cold  water 
were  all  I  had  from  Wales  and  Welsh- 
men. I  shall  right  willingly  add  my  guinea  to 
Miss  Guiney's,  and  join  actively  any  committee 
that  may  be  formed  for  the  purpose  of  creating 
or  awaking  interest.  But  it  will  need  the 
Atheiuenm's  and  other  literary  journals'  advo- 
cacy. I  cannot  allow  myself  to  believe  that 
this  long  neglect  will  much  longer  continue. 
Alexander  B.  Grosart. 


THE   POSTHUMOUS  WRITINGS  OF 
MR.    R.   L.   STEVENSON. 

Illustrated  London  News  Office. 

With  reference  to  your  note  under  the  above 
heading  in  last  week's  issue,  I  should  like  to 
give  my  version  of  the  dispute  which  is  now 
going  on  between  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin  and  myself. 
Some  months  ago  Mr.  Charles  Baxter,  who  has 
always  represented  Mr.  Stevenson's  interests  in 
this  country  as  regards  the  sale  of  his  works, 
came  to  me  to  suggest  that  I  should  purchase  a 
short  story  by  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson.  He  explained  that  the  story  was 
unfinished,  but  that  it  should  be  submitted  to 
me.  He  also  stated  that,  in  the  opinion  of  many 
good  judges,  it  was  one  of  the  best  pieces  of 
work  Mr.  Stevenson  had  done.  Nothing  was 
said  about  it  being  an  early  work,  and,  whether 
early  or  late,  it  would  have  made  no  difference 
to  my  decision  ;  in  fact,  I  am  ready  to  affirm 
that  it  is  quite  equal  to  much  that  Mr.  Steven- 


son wrote  towards  the  end  of  his  life,  and  it  is 
certainly  superior  to  many  of  the  Vailima  letters 
which  Mr.  Colvin  has  thought  not  unworthy 
of  publication.  At  all  events,  I  would  set  the 
author's  own  opinion  of  its  quality  against  Mr. 
Colvin's  suggestion  to  you  that  it  is  merely  "  of 
sufficient  interest  to  be  worth  printing."  In 
1884  Mr.  Stevenson  wrote  to  Mr.  Henley  from 
Bournemouth  : — 

"'The  Great  North  Road,'  which  I  thought  to 
rattle  off  like  'Treasure  Island'  for  coin,  has  turned 
into  my  most  ambitious  design,  and  will  take  piles 
of  writing  and  thinking  ;  so  that  is  what  my  high- 
wayman has  turned  to  !  The  ways  of  Providence  are 
inscrutable.  Mr.  Archer  and  Jonathan  Holdavvay 
are  both  grand  premier  parts  of  unusual  difficulty  ; 
and  Nance  and  the  Sergeant— the  first,  very  delicate 
— the  second,  demanding  great  geniality.  I  quail 
before  the  gale,  but  so  help  me,  it  shall  be  done.  It 
is  highly  picturesque,  most  dramatic,  and  if  it  can 
be  made,  as  human  as  man.  Besides,  it  is  a  true 
story,  and  not,  like  '  Otto,'  one  half  story  and  one 
half  play." 

On  reading  the  story  and  finding  it  suffi- 
ciently self-contained  to  suflfer  very  little  from 
the  fact  that  it  was  unfinished,  I  purchased  it 
from  Mr.  Baxter  at  a  very  high  price.  It  was 
not  until  somewhat  later,  and  after  the  story 
was  in  type,  that  Mr.  Colvin  sent  me  with  a 
corrected  proof  a  short  note  upon  the  story, 
which  gave  the  general  fact  that  it  belonged, 
as  he  believed,  to  a  very  early  period.  This 
note,  he  courteously  states,  was  "garbled," 
which  means  that  I  omitted  his  vague  specu- 
lations as  to  the  origins  of  the  story. 

Meanwhile,  the  story  had  been  placed  in  the 
hands  of  one  of  our  gifted  artists,  Mr.  Caton 
Woodville,  and  he  had,  at  his  own  initiative, 
drawn  an  illustration  which  represented  Mr. 
Stevenson  on  his  death-bed,  with  a  kind  of 
allegorical  presentation  of  the  future  of  the 
characters  of  the  story  in  the  background,  as 
seen  in  a  vision.  This  illustration  Mr.  Colvin 
considers  in  bad  taste.  I  do  not  think  that, 
whether  the  story  was  written  many  years  ago 
or  only  the  other  day,  Mr.  Woodville's  allegory 
is  fairly  open  to  this  imputation.  It  may  be 
presumed  that  Mr.  Stevenson  would,  sooner  or 
later,  have  finished  this  very  excellent  piece  of 
literary  work,  had  not  death  interrupted  his 
labours. 

Meanwhile,  my  main  object  in  writing  is  to 
protest  very  strongly  against  Mr.  Colvin's  sug- 
gestion that  the  proprietors  of  the  Illustrated 
London  Neios  have  tried  to  put  something  before 
the  public  on  false  pretences.  My  attention  has 
only  just  been  called  by  Mr.  Colvin  to  the  fact  that 
we  have  advertised  this  story — 'On  the  Great 
North  Road' — as  Mr.  Stevenson's  last.  Until  my 
attention  was  thus  called  to  it  I  had  not  known 
this,  and  the  advertisement  has  been  altered.  In 
any  case  I  should  like  to  have  it  clearly  under- 
stood that  the  Christmas  number  of  the  Illus- 
trated London  Neivs  does  not  stand  or  fall  by 
its  literature,  even  if  that  literature  be  con- 
tributed by  so  distinguished  a  man  as  Mr. 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  I  do  not  suppose  that 
the  most  popular  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  books — 
those  that  appeal  to  the  schoolboy — ever  sold  to 
a  greater  extent  than  30,000  or  40,000,  whereas 
the  Christmas  number  of  the  Illustrated  London 
News  reaches  a  circulation  of  hundreds  of 
thousands — a  circulation  due,  of  course,  to  its 
illustrations.  The  suggestion,  therefore,  that 
we  have  any  object  in  going  before  the  public 
witli  false  representations  as  to  a  literary  con- 
tribution is  obviously  unfounded. 

Finally,  I  would  point  to  the  curious  circum- 
stance that  wlien  one  literary  executor  has  sold 
a  contribution  for  probably  as  large  a  sum  as  was 
ever  paid  for  the  same  length  of  prose  literary 
work,  a  fellow  executor  writes  to  the  press, 
dwelling  upon  tlie  inferiority  of  the  article  in 
question.  Clement  Shorter. 


UiteTatg  Gossip. 

An  important  feature  of  Cosmopolis,  th.e 
new  magazine  which  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin 
announces  will  commence  issue  on  the 
1st  of  January,  under  the  editorship  of 
M.  Fernand  Ortmans  (of  the  Temps),  is  that 
of  periodical  "chroniques"  of  literature, 
politics,  and  the  drama.  The  "  chroniques  " 
will  be  nine  in  number,  dealing  with  the 
literature,  politics,  and  drama  of  England, 
France,  and  Germany.  Each  chronicler 
will  write  in  his  own  language,  as  a 
specialist,  and  his  remarks  will  be  confined 
to  his  subject  in  so  far  as  it  affects  the 
country  which  he  represents.  On  the  Eng- 
lish side  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  promised 
to  contribute  the  literary,  Mr.  Henry  Nor- 
man the  political,  and  Mr.  A.  B.  Walkley 
the  dramatic  "  chronique."  On  the  French 
side  M.  Emile  Faguet  has  promised  to 
contribute  the  literary,  M.  F.  de  Pressense 
the  political,  and  M.  Jules  Lemaitre  the 
dramatic  "  chronique."  On  the  German 
side  Dr.  Anton  Bettelheim  is  to  supply  the 
literary,  Dr.  Paul  Nathan  the  political,  and 
Herr  Mauthner  the  dramatic  "chronique." 

The  British  Museum  has  acquired  an 
interesting  letter  of  J.  S.  Mill's  addressed 
to  Carlyle  when  his  '  History  of  the  French 
Revolution  '  was  published,  and  Mill  was  at 
work  on  his  '  Logic'  It  describes  his  life 
at  the  India  Office,  and  explains  how  he 
found  leisure  for  his  own  studies  when  the 
contents  of  one  Indian  mail  were  disposed 
of  and  another  had  not  arrived. 

The  late  Mr.  Matthew  Arnold's  lectures 
'  On  Translating  Homer '  are  to  be  repub- 
lished shortly  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 
in  the  form  already  adopted  for  their  popular 
edition. 

From  Australia  comes  the  news  of  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Charles  Meredith,  author  of 
'  Eesidence  in  New  South  Wales '  and  '  My 
Home  in  Tasmania.'  Mrs.  Meredith  was 
born  in  Birmingham  in  1812,  and  emigrated 
to  New  South  Wales  on  her  marriage. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Eusden  has  been  engaged  for 
some  months  past  in  the  preparation  of  a 
new  edition  of  his  '  History  of  New  Zealand,' 
which  is  now  through  the  press,  and  will 
shortly  be  published  by  Messrs.  Melville, 
Mullen  &  Slade  in  Melbourne  and  London. 
The  book,  which  will  fill  three  volumes 
crown  octavo,  has  been  revised  and  brought 
down  to  date,  several  new  features  have 
been  introduced,  and  a  glossary  and  statis- 
tical tables  have  been  added. 

The  historical  exhibition  at  the  South 
Place  Institute,  Finsbury,  of  objects  con- 
nected with  Thomas  Paine,  will  be  accom- 
panied by  a  catalogue  with  notes.  About 
five  hundred  objects  wiU  be  exhibited, 
among  them  first  editions  of  all  of 
Paine's  works,  and  nearly  aU  of  those  of 
his  chief  antagonists  and  of  his  adherents. 
There  have  been  lent  many  portraits 
(among  them  the  large  Jarvis  portrait  of 
Paine),  caricatures,  lampoons  on  pottery, 
copper  tokens,  and  manuscripts.  Among  the 
manuscripts  is  the  diary  of  John  HaU,  the 
engineer  who  assisted  Paine  with  his  iron 
bridge,  which  is  among  the  exhibits  sent 
from  America.  The  photographs  include 
Paine's  birthplace  and  residences,  among 
these  the  house  in  Upper  Marylebone 
I  Street  (No.  7),   recently  identified  by  the 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


757 


Vestry  Clerk  as  that  in  wliicli  Paine  resided 
when  the  information  for  the  '  Eights  of 
Man '  was  served  on  him.  His  writing  table 
will  also  be  shown.  The  exhibition  will  be 
open  on  Monday  and  Tuesday,  December 
2nd  and  3rd,  from  3  to  10  each  day.  Mr. 
Alfred  Morrison  contributes  the  French 
pamphlet  containing  Paine's  memorial 
to  Monroe,  and  also  Paine's  manuscript 
from  which  the  pamphlet  was  translated  by 
Villenave.  This  is  the  only  manuscript  of 
any  large  production  of  Paine  that  has  ever 
been  discovered. 

While  Mr.  Butler  is  translating  General 
Thiebault's  memoirs,  an  Enghsh  version  of 
those  of  General  Lejeune  is  announced  by 
Messrs.  Longman.  They  have  secured  a 
translator  of  considerable  experience,  if  not 
of  Mr.  Butler's  capacity. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  sudden  death  of 
Dr.  A.  Mercer  Adam,  of  Boston,  Lincoln- 
shire, while  on  a  visit  to  a  friend  in  London, 
in  his  sixty-seventh  year.  His  love  of 
literature  had  always  been  strongly  marked, 
and  when  he  lived  at  Dumfries,  in  the  early 
fifties,  his  contributions  to  Thomas  Alrd's 
Dumfries  Herald  were  numerous.  In  1857 
he  edited  '  The  Dumfries  Album,'  a  hand- 
some quarto  volume,  the  sale  of  which 
materially  helped  the  establishment  of  the 
Dumfries  and  Maxwellton  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute. Carl^'le  and  Aird  were  among  the 
contributors.  In  1870  Dr.  Adam  pub- 
lished '  Flowers  of  Fatherland  transplanted 
into  English  Soil,'  in  the  preparation  of 
which  he  had  been  joined  by  a  friend,  whose 
death  delayed  its  completion.  It  consists  of 
translations  from  Burger,  Schiller,  Koruer, 
Uhland,  and  Heine,  with  a  dozen  of 
•"Students'  and  Convivial  Songs." 

Mk.  C.  H.  Firth  has  in  the  press  the 
journal  of  Joachim  Hane,  a  German  officer 
in  the  English  service,  sent  by  Cromwell  on 
a  secret  mission  to  France  in  1653.  The 
manuscript  of  Hane's  narrative  is  in  the 
library  of  Worcester  College.  It  will  be 
pubhshed  by  Mr.  B.  H.  Black  well,  of 
Oxford. 

Caxox  Baexett  is  going  to  publish, 
through  Messrs.  Longman,  a  series  of  ad- 
dresses under  the  title  of  '  The  Service  of 
God.' 

A  KEw  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Besant,  en- 
titled '  The  Master  Craftsman,'  begins  in 
the  part  of  Chambers' s  Journal  published  at 
the  end  of  January.  The  arrangements 
for  the  new  volume  also  include  articles 
and  complete  short  stories  by  Mrs.  Oliphant, 
Mr.  E.  W.  Hornung,  Mr.  Crockett,  Mr. 
Christie  Murray,  L.  T.  Meade,  Mr.  Fran- 
cillon,  and  others.  In  the  January  part 
will  appear  an  article  entitled  '  A  Century 
oi  Burns  Biography,'  which  afEords  a 
survey  of  the  different  lives  of  Burns  that 
have  appeared  during  the  past  hundred 
years. 

Memorials  in  favour  of  granting  the 
degree  to  duly  qualified  women  students  at 
Oxford  have  been  signed  by  thirty-four  out 
of  the  thirty-six  head  mistresses  under  the 
Girls'  Public  Day  Schools  Company,  and  by 
eighteen  out  of  twenty-four  head  mistresses 
under  the  Church  Schools  Company.  The 
demand  appears  to  have  gained  fresh  sup- 
port amongst  resident  members  of  the  L"ni- 
versity,  the  number  of  memorialists  being 
now  about  one  hundred  and  thirty.     It  is 


still  thought  that  the  Committee  of  the 
Hebdomadal  Council  may  report  on  the 
subject  this  term. 

The  fund  which  is  being  raised  to  estab- 
lish a  travelling  studentship  for  women 
teachers,  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  Miss 
Buss,  now  exceeds  1,700/.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  amount  may  shortly  reach  2,000/. 

The  London  School  of  Economics,  opened 
last  month  under  the  auspices  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  has 
made  what  must  be  considered  a  successful 
start.  Two  hundred  students  are  receiving 
instruction  in  economics,  commercial  history 
and  geography,  commercial  and  industrial 
law,  taxation,  and  political  science.  They 
include  men  and  women  engaged  in  business, 
manual  crafts.  Government  and  municipal 
service,  teaching,  and  journalism. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  an  old 
contributor,  Prof.  Lumby,  of  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  man  of  singular  activity  and 
extraordinarily  varied  information,  whose 
range  was  great,  including  theology,  early 
English  literature,  and  English  history. 

Mr.  a.  Mackenzie,  having  written  his- 
tories of  his  own  clan  and  of  the  Mac- 
donalds,  Camerons,  Chisholms,  Macleods, 
and  Mathesons,  proposes  to  issue  in  January 
or  February  a  history  of  the  Erasers.  Two 
hundred  and  fifty  of  the  eight  hundred 
pages  it  is  to  occupy  will  be  devoted  to  the 
career  of  Simon,  Lord  Lovat. 

'  Huntingdonshire  and  the  Spanish 
Armada  '  is  the  grandiose  title  of  a  new 
work  by  Mr.  AV.  M.  Noble  to  be  published 
by  Mr.  EUiot  Stock.  It  gives  an  account 
of  the  preparations  made  in  the  county  of 
Huntingdon  to  resist  the  invasion  of  1588. 

The  opening  chapters  of  a  new  novel, 
entitled  'Joan  and  Mrs.  Carr,' by  "  Eita," 
will  be  commenced  in  the  January  number 
of  Belgravia. 

Messrs.  Longman"  have  in  preparation 
'  Kindergarten  Guide,'  by  Miss  Lois  Bates, 
author  of  '  Eecitations  for  Infants,  Kinder- 
garten Games,  Guessing  Games,'  &c.  There 
will  be  two  hundred  coloured  illustrations, 
and  in  addition  to  a  full  description  of  the 
kindergarten  gifts  and  occupations,  the 
book  will  show  how  ordinary  subjects  may 
be  taught  on  kindergarten  principles. 

Messrs.  Osgood,  McIlvainb  &  Co.  intend 
to  publish  Miss  MaryE.  Wilkins's  new  novel 
next  spring.  It  will  not  appear  in  a  serial 
in  the  first  instance.  The  one  -  volume 
'  Trilby '  has  now  reached  its  hundredth 
thousand,  and  the  sale  of  '  Jude  the  Obscure  ' 
is  in  advance  of  that  of  '  Tess  of  the  D'Urber- 
villes  '  at  the  same  period  after  publication  ; 
but  then  '  Tess '  was  brought  out  in  three 
volumes  at  a  guinea  and  a  half. 

The  Principal  of  St.  Mary's  College, 
St.  Andrews,  writes  to  us  that  it  is  not  a 
fact  that  the  L^niversitj'  has  "decided  to 
take  no  further  step  towards  the  incorpora- 
tion of  Dundee  University  College."  "  The 
situation,"  as  our  correspondent  says,  "is 
an  exceedingly  difficult  one";  but  our  para- 
graph last  week  was  based  on  a  definite 
statement,  of  local  origin,  on  which  we 
thought  we  might  rely. 

The  veteran  M.  l^arthc'lemy  St.  Hilaire 
is  dead.  He  was  the  last  survivor  of  the 
journalists  who  signed  the  protest  against 
the  ordinances  of  Charles  X.,  but  bis  con- 


nexion with  journalism  was  not  an  important 
part  of  his  life.  His  completion  not  long 
ago  of  the  thirtieth  volume  of  his  transla- 
tion of  Aristotle  marked  the  close  of  a  great 
effort  which  deserves  the  respect  of  all 
scholars,  if  only  because  of  the  author's 
single-minded  devotion  to  the  great  task 
he  undertook  so  long  ago  as  1832.  'The 
Politics'  appeared  in  1837,  'The  Organon  ' 
between  1839  and  1844,  the  '  De  Anima' 
in  1 847,  '  The  Ethics '  in  1 857,  '  The  Poetics  ' 
in  1858,  'The  Physics'  in  1862,  and  'The 
Ehetoric'  in  1870. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Summary  of  and  Index  to  the 
Minutes  of  Evidence  of  the  Secondary  Edu- 
cation Commission  (11(/.);  and  the  Annual 
Eeport  on  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  (2(^.). 

SCIENCE 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal. —J\'(7i'.  21.— Sir  J.  Evans,  Treasurer  and 
V.  P.,  in  the  chair. — Notice  was  given  of  the  ensuing 
anniversary  meeting  (November  30th),  and  auditors 
of  the  Treasurer's  accounts  were  elected. — Mr.  F. 
McClean  was  admitted  into  the  Society. — The  fol- 
lowing papers  were  read  :  '  On  the  Gases  obtained 
from  the  Mineral  Eliasite,'  'On  the  New  Gases 
obtained  from  Uraninite,'  sixth  note,  and  'On  the 
Variable  Stars  of  the  5  Cephei  Class,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Norman  Lockyer, — 'Microscopic  and  Systematic 
Study  of  Madreporarian  Types  of  Corals,'  by  Miss 
M.  M.  Ogilvie,— '  On  the  Calibration  of  the  Capillary 
Electrometer,'  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Burch,— 'An  Experi- 
mental Investigation  of  the  Laws  of  Attrition,'  by 
Mr.  F.  T.  Trouton,— and  'Experiments  on  Fluid 
Viscosity,' by  Mr.  A.  Mallock. 

Geographical.— iVoy.  25.— Mr.  C.  R.  Markham, 
President,  in  the  chair.— The  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  Fellows  :  Count  J.  de  Bylandt,  Right 
Hon.  J.  Chamberlain,  Right  Hon.  G.  J.  Goschen, 
Hon.  G.  Rollo,  Col.  H.  H.  Settle,  Major  W.  T. 
Fosbery,  Capt.  Bell,  Capt  J.  F.  Browne,  Capt.  P.  L. 
Cox,  Capt.  R.  G.  S.  Moriarty,  Capt.  D.  Radcliffe,  Capt. 
G.  von  Zweibergh,  Commander  G.  L.  Langborne, 
Lieut.  J.  Montague  Burn,  Lieut.  J.  H.  Davidson- 
Houston,  Lieut.  M.  Earle,  Lieut.  A.  S.  Hamilton, 
Lieut.  G.  B.  Macaula}',  Lieut.  Mauring,  Lieut.  F.  W. 
Vibert,  Right  Rev.  W.  M.  Richardson,  Rev.  S. 
Churchill,  Rev.  K.  H.  Gowen,  Rev.  W.  E.  McFar- 
lane.  Rev.  S.  Martin,  Rev.  T.  P.  Richards,  Messrs. 
G.  R.  Andrews,  F.  H.  Ashhurst,  E.  S.  Balch,  C.  L. 
Barrow,  S.  L.  Booth,  J.  F.  Briscoe,  E.  Broderip, 
H.  G.  Bryant,  H.  J.  Deacon,  M.  F.  A.  Fraser,  F. 
Gaskell,  A.  Gunn,  F.  S.  Guy,  F.  R.  Hart,  F.  M. 
Hodgson,  J.  Huddart,  C.  H.  Hutchison,  F.  R.  John- 
sou,  G.  J.  Lahovary,  A.  Lang,  A.  D.  McCormick, 
K.  H.  A.  de  Vere  Maclean,  E.  W.  G.  Masterman, 
P.  J.  Miles,  S.  P.  Mitchelson,  T.  F.  Morkham.  G.  S. 
Nicholson,  R.  Nicholson,  E.  L.  Plielps,  J.  Robinson, 
J.  Ros?,  E.  M.  Royds,  Max  Scholps,  G.  Simpson, 
R  P.  Thomas.  G.  P.  Torrens,  W.  \V.  Van  Ness,  T. 
Ward,  W.  A.  Whittle,  and  E.  Williams.- The  paper 
read  was  'The  Fajroe  Islands,'  by  Dr.    K.  Gross- 


SociETY  OF  Antiquaries.— -Vyr.  21.— Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  President,  in  the  chair.  —  The  Rev.  H.  D. 
Rawnsley  exhibited  a  stone  with  a  rudely  carved 
cross  thereon,  said  to  have  been  dug  up  in  1875  in 
Crosthwaite  churchyard,  Cumberland,  below  the 
usual  burying  depth,  and  supposed  to  be  the 
"bolster  stone"  of  a  Saxon  priest.  The  general 
consensus  of  opinion  was,  however,  against  its  being 
a  work  of  any  antiquity.— The  Rev.  W.  Greenwell 
exhibited,  by  permission  of  Mrs.  Hooppell,  a  late 
Celtic  sword  and  scabbard  found  iu  the  north  of 
England.— Mr.C.  H.  Read  read  a  paper  descriptive  of 
the  sword  and  scabbard, in  which  he  pointed  out  their 
special  characteristics  and  compared  them  with  other 
Northernexamples.— Mr.  J.  Parker  reported  the  dis- 
covery by  Mr.  A.  H.  Cocks  of  a  supposed  pile  dwelling 
at  Hedser,  on  the  margin  of  the  Thames.  Mr.  Cocks 
spoke  of  the  circunistances  of  the  discovery,  and 
exhibited  a  large  number  of  animal  bones  and  pieces 
of  late  Roman  pottery  found  during  the  excavations, 
which  have  so  far  been  of  a  very  limited  character, 
owing  to  the  site  of  the  dwelling  being  beneath  a 
large  orchard.— Miss  D.  Harris  communicated  a  paper 
on  the  Craft  Guilds  of  Coventry  and  their  influence 
on  tlie  trade  of  the  citv  during  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries,  as  illustrated  by  the  leet  book 
and  other  local  records. 


758 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3553,  Nov.  30/95 


British   Aech^ological   Association.— JV^or. 
20.— The  Eev.  J.  Cave-Browne  in  the  chair.— A  very 
interesting  paper  was  read  bv  Mr.  C.  R.  B.  Barrett 
on  the  chapel  of  Lede  or  Lead,  in  the  parish  of 
Ryther-cum-Ozendyke,   Yorkshire.     The  manor  of 
Lede  was  in  feudal  times  a  tenancy  of  the  honour 
of   Pontefract,  and  is  a  detached  portion  of   the 
parish  of  Ryther.    Lede  Chapel  stands  in  the  middle 
of  a  field  unsurrounded  by  any  wall.  It  is  very  small, 
its  total  length  being  only  18  ft.    Eude  oak  benches 
line  its  sides,  and  it  possesses  a  curious  font  of 
unusual  design,  apparently  of  older  date  than  the 
building  itself ;    there    is    also    an    old    and    very 
dilapidated  parish  chest.     The  chief  interest  of  the 
little  chapel  appears  to  be  centred  in  the  four,  or 
possibly  five,  body  stones  or  slabs,   each    having 
incised  armorial  bearings  on  a  shield,  the  arms  of  a 
long  forgotten  family  named  Tyas  or  Tiesei.    Four 
of  these  slabs  lie  together  in  a  row  at  the  eastern 
end  and  in  front  of  the  altar  of  the   little  chapel, 
but  the  altar  stone,  marked  with  the  five  crosses,  now 
lies  on  the  floor,  forming  a  portion  of  the  pavement. 
Mr.  Barrett  illustrated  his   paper  by  some  nicely 
executed  etchings  and  drawings  of  the  slabs  and  the 
armorial    bearings. — The  Rev.  V.  H.  Moyle  after- 
wards described    the  mural    paintings  he  has  re- 
cently discovered   on   the  walls   of   Ashampstead 
Church,   Pangbourne,  Berks,    and    illustrated    his 
remarks  by  means  of  a  large  number  of  photo- 
graphs.   The  whole  interior  of  the  church  appears 
to  have  been  decorated  with  paintings,  and  they 
date  from  different  periods,  being  painted  one  over 
the  other,  the  oldest  being  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury.   The  chief  subjects  are  the  Crucifixion,  the 
overshadowing  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  the  Visita- 
tion, the  Nativity,  and  the  angels'  message  to  the 
shepherds,  and  the  sunflower,  or  glory,  at  the  east 
end  of  the  nave.    These  interesting  paintings  were 
thickly  covered  with  coats  of  yellow  wash,  and  are 
now   gradually  being  revealed  after  very  careful 
and  patient  scraping,  which  Mr.  Moyle  himself  is 
doing  as  opportunities  allow.    The  discovery  was 
made  through  the  falling  of  a  portion  of  the  sham 
plaster  ceiling  in  Maj'  last,  owing  to  injury  done  to 
the  roofs  by  the  severe  weather  of  last  winter. 

Numismatic— iVW.  21.— Sir  J.  Evans,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Messrs.  E.  G.  Hodge  and  H.  J.  Selby 
were  elected  Members. — The  President  exhibited  a 
selection  of  Roman  Imperial  gold  coins  in  brilliant 
condition,  which  formed  part  of  the  splendid 
hoard  discovered  last  April  at  Bosco  Reale,  near 
Pompeii.  The  coins  in  this  find,  more  than  one 
thousand  in  number,  were  all  in  very  fine  preserva- 
tion, bearing  the  heads  of  the  Emperors  Nero, 
Galba,  Otho,  Vitellius,  and  Vespasian,  DC!  of  them 
being  of  Nero.— Mr.  A.  Prevost  exhibited  the  silver 
medal  struck  on  the  foundation,  in  182G,  of  Uni- 
versity College,  liOndon,  which  then  bore  the  title 
of  the  '■  University  of  London."  On  the  obverse  is 
Wilkins's  design  of  the  building,  and  on  the  reverse 
the  names  of  all  the  members  of  the  Council  of 
the  University  in  the  year  1826,  including  those  of 
Henry  Brougham,  George  Grote,  Joseph  Hume, 
James  Mill,  Lord  John  Russell,  &c.— The  Rev.  G.  F. 
Crowther  exhibited  a  specimen  in  pewter  of  the 
satirical  medal  struck  after  the  flight  of  James  II. 
and  Prince  James,  having  the  word  BON  and  not 
KON  in  the  legend.  This  medal  (which  is  described 
in  the  Athenauvi,  October  2Gth)  is  unpublished  in 
pewter. — Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  exhibited  an  unfinished 
engraver's  proof  of  a  crown  of  George  IV.  bearing 
a  head  differing  from  any  hitherto  published.  Mr. 
Lawrence  read  a  paper  on  overstruck  coins,  in  which 
he  pointed  out  the  value  of  the  evidence  afforded 
by  such  coins  for  fixing  the  chronological  sequence 
of  the  various  issues,  more  especially  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  early  English  series. 


appeared  to  be  congenital,  being  carried  completely 
into  the  apex.  This  raised  the  question  whether  these 
were  acquired  characters   and   hereditary,   having 
been  impressed  upon  the  offspring  born  after  the 
parent  shell  had   been    injured    and    renewed    by 
growth.— Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes  and  Mr.  B.  B.  Woodward 
offered  some  criticism  in  the  discussion  which  fol- 
lowed, and  deprecated  the  suggestion  of  anything 
like  "  mimicry,"  the  resemblances  in  question  being 
regarded  as  purely  accidental. — Mr.  T.  H.  Buffham 
exhibited  lantern  slides  of  a  red  marine  alga  Bonne- 
maisonia  liamiftra,  Hariot,    found  floating  in  the 
sea  at  Falmouth.    This  species,  recorded  previously 
only  from  Japan,  bears  thickened  branches  termi- 
nating in  a  hook  (hence  the  specific  name),  in  this 
respect   resembling  S.   californica  (Dickie),  Buff- 
ham,  which  was  also  shown.     Various  microscopic 
characters  of  each  were  described   and  compared 
with  those  of  B.  asparagoides,  Ag.     It  was  sug- 
gested that  if  B.  hamifera  had  been  introduced  from 
Japan  it  could  only  have  been  from  spores,  or  pos- 
sibly the  hamose   branches    might    develope    into 
plants,  since  the   Falmouth    specimens  were  quite 
fresh  and  must  have  been  living  near  the  place  of 
discovery. — Remarks   on  the  mode  of  distribution 
of  algae  were  made  hy  Mr.  G.  Murray  and  Mr.  B.  A. 
Batters.— Dr.  D.  Morris  read  a  paper  on    the    de- 
velopment of  a  single  seed  in  the  fruit  of  the  cocoa- 
nut    palm    {Cocos  nuc'ifera').     Alluding  to  the  oc- 
currence   of    palms    with     twin   and    trifid    stems 
arising  from  one    base,  it  was    shown    that  these 
were  due  (1)  to  several  seeds  in  one  fruit ;  (2)  to 
more    than    one  embryo  in  a  seed ;    or    (3)    to    a 
branching  of  the  primary  shoot.    In  cases  cited  by 
Rumphius,  Forbes,  and  others,  several  seeds  were 
found  in  one  fruit.    The  course  of  development  of 
the  single  cell  was  illustrated  by  means  of  lantern 
slides.     The  obliteration  of    the   two  cells   began 
about  the  second  or  third  week  after  the  spathe  was 
open.     By  the  end  of  the  seventh  week  they  were 
reduced  to  narrow  slits,  which  were  still  traceable 
in  the  mature  fruit.— On  behalf  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Ewart, 
Prof.  Harvey  Gibson  gave  an  abstract  of  a  paper  on 
assimilatory  inhibition,  the  causes  by  which  it  may 
be  induced,  and  their  influence  on  vitality.     It  was 
shown     that    most    agencies   operate    by    inhibit- 
ing   the    initial    stages    in   assimilation  ;    but  any 
cause  affecting  the  rapidity  of  removal  of  carbo- 
hydrates from  assimilatory  cells  will  also  affect  their 
power  of  assimilation,  the  commencement  of  which 
is  determined  mainly  by  the  development  of  the 
chlorophyll  pigment,  but  is  also  influenced  by  other 
indeterminate  factors,  probably  plasmatic  in  origin. 
The  paper  dealt  mainly  with  the  discussion  of  ex- 
periments with  a  large  number  of  plants,  and  criti- 
cism of  the  results  arrived  at  by  other  investigators. 
—An  interesting  discussion  followed,  in  which  Dr. 
Scott,  Prof.  R.  Green,  and  Prof.  Weiss  took  part. — 
On   behalf  of    Mr.  A.   C.  Seward,   Prof.  Reynolds 
Green  gave  the  substance  of  a  paper  'On  a  New 
Species  of  Pinites  from  the  Wealden  of  Sussex.' 

Chemical.— i\'<)y.  21.— Mr.  A.  G.  Vernon  Har- 
court.  President,  in  the  chair.— The  following  papers 
were  read :  '  The  Influence  of  Temperature  on  Re- 
fractive Power  and  on  Refraction  Equivalents  of 
Acetyl-Acetone  and  of  Ortho-  and  Para-  Toluidine,' 
by  Dr.  W.  H.  Perkin,— 'The  Evolution  of  Carbon 
Monoxide  by  Alkaline  Pyrogallol  Solution  during 
Evolution  of  Oxygen,'  and  '  The  Composition  of  the 
Limiting  Explosive  Mixtures  of  Various  Combustible 
Gases  with  Air,'  by  Prof.  Clowes, — '  Barium  Butyrate 
and  the  Estimation  of  Butyric  Acid,'  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Willcox, — 'On  some  Derivatives  of  Anthraquinone,' 
by  Drs.  Schunck and  Marchlewski,— and '  An  Efflores- 
cence of  Double  Ferrous  Aluminium  Sulphate  on 
Bricks  exposed  to  Sulphur  Dioxide,'  by  Mr.  D. 
Paterson. 


annual  subscriptions,  fifteen  times  the  amount  of 
the  annual  subscription  payable  by  such  member, 
and  for  any  member  who  shall  have  already  paid 
ten  or  more  annual  subscriptions,  ten  times  the 
amount  of  the  annual  subscription  payable  by  such 
member."— Dr.  G.  J.  Stoney  exhibited  a  print  of 
Profs.  Runge  and  Paschen's  photograph  of  the 
spectrum  of  the  gas  obtained  from  clevite,  together 
with  a  diagram  illustrating  the  manner  in  which 
these  observers  have  arranged  all  the  lines  obtained 
in  two  sets,  each  set  containing  three  series  of  lines. 
Dr.  Stoney  also  drew  attention  to  the  resemblance 
between  each  of  these  sets  of  three  series  of  lines 
and  the  similar  triple  series  obtained  in  the  case  of 
the  metals  of  Mendelejeff's  first  group.  —  Mr.  R. 
Appleyard  read  a  note  on  the  action  of  sulphur 
vapour  on  copper,  a  paper  '  On  a  Direct- Reading 
Platinum  Thermometer,'  and  '  A  Historical  Note  oq 
Resistance  and  its  Change  with  Temperature.' 

Henry  BRADSHAW.—iVi^r.  2().— Annual  Meeting. 
— The  Bishop  of  Salisbury  in  the  chair. — The  Report 
from  the  Council  showed  a  steady  annual  increase 
of  members,  sixteen  having  joined  during  the  past 
twelvemonth,  amongst  whom  was  Mr.  Gladstone. 
For  1895  two  volumes  had  been  distributed— the 
'  Martyrology  of  Gorman,'  edited  by  Mr.  Whitley 
Stokes,  and  the  second  and  last  part  of  the  '  Bangor 
Antiphoner,'  by  the  Rev.  F.  E.  Warren.  For  coming 
years  there  are  the  Missal  of  Robert  of  JumiSges, 
the  third  and  concluding  part  of  the  Westminster 
Missal,  the  Consuetudinary  of  Westminster  (edited 
by  SirE.  Maunde  Thompson),  the  Hereford  Breviary, 
the  Roman  Missal  of  1474,  the  Irish  '  Liber  Hym- 
norum,'  the  Coronation  Service  (in  facsimile)  of 
Charles  V.  of  France,  &c.— The  election  of  officers 
then  took  place.  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B., 
being  elected  Vice-President  in  the  room  of  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Blew,  deceased  ;  Dr.  J.  Wickham  Legg, 
Chairman  of  Council,  in  the  room  of  Canon  W. 
Cooke,  deceased  ;  and  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Wilson, 
Uon.  Secretary,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  Dr. 
Legg's  election.  Mr.  Leland  L.  Duncan  was  elected 
Honorary  Auditor  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Charles 
Browne,  deceased. 


Mox 


■WlD. 


LiNNEAN.— jVor.  21.— Mr.  J.  G.  Baker,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair.— The  Duke  of  Bedford,  Messrs.  B.  Arnold  and 
E.    B.    Fernan  were  elected  Fellows.     Mr.   B.    B. 
Woodward  was  admitted.— The  Rev.  G.  Henslow  ex- 
hibited a  MS.  commonplace  book  of  the  latter  end 
of  the  fourteenth  century.    The  entries,  in  Latin  and 
English,  were  found  to  consist  chiefly  of  medical 
recipes,  in  which  about  2(X)  plants  are  named  for 
their  uses,  and  some    methods  of    distilling  aqua 
cites  described.     In  addition   were  some  notes  on 
geometry  and  astronomy,  and  calculations  of  alti- 
tudes and    superficies.  —  Mr.    Baker    thought    the 
number  of  plants  named  at  the  date  referred  to  was 
a  matter  of  some  interest  to  botanists,  and  suggested 
publication  of  the  list  of  names  with  their  identifi- 
cation where  possible. — Mr.  Henslow  also  exhibited 
a  series  of  shells  of  Buccinum  undatuvi  and  Fusvs 
antiquus,  showing  the    variation    in    form   which 
occurs  in  the  reparation  of  injury  sustained  at  an 
early  stage  of  life,  the  subsequently  renewed  whorls 
assuming  shapes  resembling  those  of  other  species 
in   the  same  genus,  and    even  in  other  and   very 
different  genera.      Usually    the    uninjured    whorls 
could  be  detected  by  the  apex  being  of  the  normal 
character ;    but   in   some    cages   the   abnormality 


Historical.— iVt^i'.  21.— Sir  M.  E.  Grant  Duff, 
President,  in  the  chair.— The  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  Fellows :  Messrs.  M,  T.  Quinn,  F. 
Barry,  A.  Hughes,  A.  St.  J.  Story-Maskelyne,  G.  W. 
Speth,  W.  Godfrey,  and  H.  T.  Gardiner.— Papers 
were  read  by  Mr.  Hubert  Hall '  On  the  First  Parlia- 
ment Roll,'  and  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Palmer  '  On  the  Celtic 
Chroniclers  of  Britain.'— The  President  in  calling 
upon  the  reader  of  the  former  paper  stated  that  as 
the  interesting  occasion  of  the  six  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  holding  of  a  full  Parliament  in 
November,  12yo,  had  not  been  officially  recognized 
in  any  other  quarter,  it  was  proposed  that  several 
original  papers  on  the  subject  of  early  parlia- 
mentary history  should  form  part  of  the  literary 
programme  of  the  present  session.— Mr.  L.  Owen 
Pike  and  Mr.  J.  P.  Wallis  took  part  in  the  discussion. 

Physical.  —  Nw.  22.  —  Capt.  W.  de  W.  Abney, 
President,  in  the  chair.— The  following  resolution 
with  reference  to  the  Articles  of  Association  was 
passed  :  in  Article  ;i3  to  strike  out  the  words  "by 
the  payment  of  10^.  in  one  sum,"  and  in  place  of 
this  to  insert  the  words  "  The  composition  fee  shall 
be  for  every  member  who  shall  not  have  paid  ten 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Victoria  Institute,  4*.—'  Scientific  Research   and   the  Sacred 

Kecoril,' Canon  R.  B.  Girdlestone. 
London   Institution,    5— 'Robert    Louis    Stevenson,'   Mr.    E. 

Gosse. 
Royal  Institution.  5.— General  Monthly. 
Engineers,  7,  — '  Ventilation  and  Warming.'  Mr.  W  T.  Sugg. 
Aristotelian,  8.— 'Notes  on  the  Science  ol  Character,' Mr.  A.  P. 

Shand. 
Royal  Academy,  8.—'  Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W  Anderson. 
Society  of  Arts,  8.—' Mechanical  Road  Carriages,'  Lecture  I., 

Mr.  \V.  W.  Beaumont  (Cantor  Lecture). 
Biblical  Archa;ology,  8— 'A  Journey  east  of    the  Jordan  aniJ 

the  Dead  Sea,  1895,'  Mr.  G.  Hill. 
Civil  Engineers,  8.  -"rhe  Influence  of  Carbon  on  Iron,'  Mr.  J.  O. 
Arnold-,  'The  Dilatation,  Annealing,  and  Welding  of  Iron 
and  Steel,' Mr.  T.  Wrightson  ;  Ballot  for  Members. 
Zoological,  83.— '  Supplementary  Report  on  the  Crustaceans 
of  the  Group  Myodocopa  obtained  during  the  Challenger 
Expedition,  with  Notes  on  other  New  or  Imperfectly  Known 
Species,'  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady  ;  •  I'oints  in  the  Anatomy  of  Pipa 
omeiicana,'  Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  ;  '  On  the  Diaphragm  and  on 
the  Muscular  Anatomy  of  Xenopus,  with  Remarks  on  it» 
Affinities.'  Mr.  F.  E  Beddard ;  •  Colour  Variations  of  Goniuc- 
tena  variabilis  Statistically  Examined,'  Mr.  W.  Bateson. 
Archaeological  Institute,  4.—'  Flint  Implements  recently  ex- 
cavated by  Prof.  Petrie.'Mr  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell ;  '  Megalithic 
Discoveries  and  Explorations  in  the  Island  of  Malta  in  1892— 
1893,'  Mr.  0.  C.  Caruana. 

Entomological,    8.  —  '  Descriptions    of    New    South    African 

Coleoptera,'  M.  L.  Ptfringuey ;  '  New  and  Little  -  Known. 
Pala'arctic  Perlid*,'  Mr.  K  J    Morton. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8— 'Mural  Painting,  with  the  Aid  of  Metallic 

Oxides  and  Soluble  Silicates,' Mrs.  A.  Lea-Merritt  and  Prof. 
W.  C.  Roberts-Austen. 

—  British    Archaological    Association,   8.  — 'Purbeck    and    its 

Marble,' Rev.  J.  Cave-Browne. 
Thuks  Royal,  4J. 

—  London    Institution,  0.— 'Old    Musical    Instniments,'  Mr.  A. 

Dolmetsch. 
Koyal  Academy,  8  —'Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

—  Chemical,  8.—'  The  Constitution  of  Terpcnes, '  Prof .  Armstrong  ; 

■New  Derivatives  from  a-Dibromo  Camphor.'  Dr.  M  O. 
Forster;  'The  Chemistry  of  Dibromopropyl  'Ihiocarbimide 
and  the  Action  of  Bromine  and  Iodine  on  Allylthiourea,' 
Prof.  A.  E.  Dixon  ;  Election  of  Fellows 

Linnean,  8— 'New  Species  of  Bromus  in  Britain,'  Mr.  G.  C. 

Druce;  'Notes  on  New  or  Rare  Phasmidie  in  the  Collection 
of  the  British  Museum,'  Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby. 

—  Antiquaries,  8S— 'Impression  of  a  Seal  found  at  Berkhamp- 

stead,' Sir  J.Evans  ;  '  Carved  Narwhal  Tusk  belonging  to  the 
Cathedral  Church  of  Chester,'  the  Dean  of  Chester;  'The 
Senams  or  Megalithic  Temples  of  'I'arhuna,  rripoli,'  Mr.  H.  S. 
Cow  per. 

Philological.  8— 'The  MSS  ,  Metre,  and  Grammar  of  Chaucer's 
"■rroilus,"  with  special  reference  to  Prof.  Skeat's  Edition,* 
Prof.  McCormick. 

Geologists'  Association,  8  — '  Notes  on  Indian  Geology,  in- 
cluding a  Visit  to  Kashmir,'  Mr.  W.  K.  Hudlestou. 


FBI. 


Sicltnct  (Basils* 

The  decease  is  announced  of  Surgeon-Major 
Dobson,  F.R.S.,  who  contributed  the  'Medical 
Hints  to  Travellers  '  to  the  manual  issued  by 
the  Geographical  Society.  He  was  an  authority 
on  the  Chiroptera,  writing  a  monograph  on  the 
Asiatic  Chiroptera,  and  cataloguing  those  in  the 
British  Museum.  He  also  compiled  an  elaborate 
monograph  on  the  Insectivora.  —  Mr.  Traill 
Taylor,  editor  of  the  British  Journal  of  Photo- 
graphy, is  also  dead. 

The  planet  Mercury  will  be  in  superior  con- 
junction with  the  sun  on  the  20th  prox.,  and  will 


N"  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


759 


not  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye  in  any  part  of 
the  month.  Venus  is  still  a  morning  star,  but 
with  diminishing  brilliancy  and  increasing 
southern  declination  ;  she  rises  now  soon  after 
3  o'clock,  and  later  each  morning,  passing 
during  the  month  from  the  constellation  Virgo 
through  Libra  into  Scorpio.  Mars  is  some 
distance  to  the  east  of  Venus  and  rises  later, 
with  great  and  increasing  southern  declination  ; 
he  is  moving  eastwards  through  the  constellation 
Scorpio,  and  will  pass  within  five  degrees  north 
of  the  star  Antares  on  the  22nd  prox.  Jupiter 
is  a  beautiful  object  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  night,  rising  now  about  8  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  about 
6  o'clock  ;  he  is  moving  very  slowly  westwards 
in  the  constellation  Cancer.  Saturn  is  in  Libra, 
rising  now  about  5  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
earlier  as  December  advances  ;  on  the  22nd  he 
will  be  in  conjunction  with  Venus,  which  will 
pass  little  more  than  half  a  degree  to  the  north 
of  him. 

A  NEW  comet  {d,  1895)  was  discovered  by  Mr. 
W.  R.  Brooks,  of  the  Smith  Observatory, 
Geneva,  N.Y.,  on  the  morning  of  the  22nd  inst. 
It  was  in  the  constellation  Hydra,  its  approxi- 
mate place  being  R.A.  9^  52"^,  N.P.D.  107'  40'. 


FINE    ARTS 


Sindhad  the  Sailor  and  Ali  Baha  and  the 
Forttj  Thieves.  Illustrated  by  William 
Strang  and  J.  B.  Clark.  (Lawrence  & 
BuUen.) 

Of  the  two  names  attached  to  the  illustra- 
tions of  this  book,  that  of  Mr.  Strang  stands 
first,  and,  having  looked  through  the 
volume  without  observing  the  different 
initials — not  very  conspicuously  placed  on 
any  of  the  drawings — it  is,  we  find,  the 
•work  of  Mr.  Strang  which  has  claimed  our 
attention. 

His  work  is  that  of  a  man  possessing 
certain  strongly  marked  artistic  excellences  ; 
it  is  marked  no  less  strongly  by  curious 
defects,  and  the  character  of  the  whole  is 
consequently  so  individual  that  it  is  unlikely 
that  any  one  looks  at  his  designs  with  in- 
difference. They  are  pretty  certain  to  rouse 
strong  Hking  or  equally  strong  dislike. 
What  he  produces  is  often  ugly,  now  and 
then  imperfectly  rather  than  iU  drawn, 
but  it  is  always  honest — that  is,  he  goes 
straight  to  his  subject  and  does  not  try  not 
to  be  commonplace,  an  affectation  quite  as 
provoking  in  an  artist  as  the  overstrained 
attempt  to  please.  Mr.  Strang's  art  is  con- 
sequently, whether  you  like  it  or  not,  honest 
art — what  the  French  call  "sincere."  And 
in  a  day  when  there  is  so  much  aping  of 
fashions,  so  much  wearing  of  borrowed 
plumes,  so  much  imitation  of  stale  pretti- 
nesses,  we  may  well  be  grateful  to  a  pub- 
lisher who  has  the  courage  to  set  a  draughts- 
man to  work  who  does  not  sacrifice  at  these 
false  shrines.  Whether  children  whose  eyes 
have  been  accustomed  to  the  amiable  inani- 
ties which  illustrate  the  current  child's  book 
will  fancy  the  rough  abstracts  which  Mr. 
Strang  gives  them  we  cannot  pretend  to 
prophesy;  but  if  we  found  a  child  very 
much  entertained,  say,  by  Mr.  Strang's 
version  of  Sindbad's  struggles  with  the  old 
man  of  the  island,  or  with  the  scene  in  which 
the  same  hero  makes  his  costly  offering  to 
King  Mihraj,  we  should  feel  at  least  that 
the  child  was  taking  pleasure  in  work  which 
would  not  spoil  his  enjoyment  of  the  best 
that  further  experience  could  bring  him. 


For  those  older  people  who  may  be 
puzzled  by  the  blunt  and  summary  method 
in  which  black  and  white  are  used  in  these 
cuts,  it  may  be  well  to  say  that  it  is  a 
method  that  admits  of  doing  genuine  work 
of  a  rough,  but  not  necessarily  coarse  t3'pe 
in  a  fashion  not  too  costly  for  small  purses. 

We  come  now  to  the  wider  question  of 
Mr.  Strang's  own  relation  to  this  sort  of 
work.  What  are  the  special  defects  and 
what  are  the  special  excellences,  over  and 
above  those  which  have  already  been  men- 
tioned, and  by  the  consideration  of  which 
the  themes  which  he  undertakes  to  illus- 
trate should  be  determined  ?  To  us  he 
seems  to  have  not  only  honesty  of  purpose, 
but  real  powers  of  vision  and  invention  ; 
he  reads  character  acutely,  and  translates  it 
vigorously,  but  rarely,  very  rarely,  with 
anything  like  tenderness  ;  nor  has  he  much 
feeling  for  the  more  gracious  types  of  beauty 
or  for  delicacy  of  form.  This,  of  course,  does 
not  pretend  to  be  anything  like  a  complete 
or  final  judgment  on  Mr.  Strang.  He  is 
young,  and  the  acquisition  of  further  skill 
by  daily  practice  may  bring  him  those  wider 
powers  of  expi-ession  which  are,  perhaps, 
more  than  half  his  present  need,  for  the 
signs  of  awkwardness  and  constraint  which 
are  sometimes  visible  in  his  work  seem  to 
indicate  that  he  is  not  yet  master  of  aU  that 
he  desires  to  give  us.  The  present  volume, 
though  it  must  still  be  looked  upon  as  some- 
thing of  an  experiment,  is  a  decided  advance 
upon  the  '  Munchausen '  brought  out  by  the 
same  publishers  last  year.  Greater  skill 
is  here  shown  in  preserving  the  general 
balance  of  effect — no  easy  matter  in  work- 
ing after  this  fashion,  when  ponds  of  ink, 
unless  managed  to  a  nicety,  may  overflow 
their  borders  and  involve  their  surround- 
ings in  a  common  ruin. 


The  first  portion  of  the  collection  of  coins  and 
medals  of  the  late  Mr.  Montagu  was  dispersed 
last  week  at  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  & 
Hodge's,  the  857  lots  realizing  4,221L  8s.  The 
Eppillus  stater,  gold,  found  at  Wallingford, 
fetched  44i.  10s. ;  an  Epaticcus  stater,  gold, 
found  near  Guildford,  42L  10s.  ;  an  OfFa  penny, 
a  unique  and  partly  unpublished  variety,  with 
bust  of  the  king,  diademed  and  in  ornamental 
robe,  121.  5s. ;  a  probably  unique  penny  of 
the  same,  without  bust,  found  near  Kilkenny, 
15L  15s. ;  five  pennies  of  Cynethryth,  widow  of 
Offa,  realized,  two  of  them  27?.  10s.  each,  a  third 
27L,  and  the  others  18/.  10s.  and  13L  10s.  each; 
two  pennies  of  Beornwulf,  one  of  them 
found  at  Dorking,  realized  26L  each ;  a  Ceol- 
wulf  II.  penny,  from  the  Cuerdale  hoard,  bOl. ; 
an  Ecgberht  penny,  20^  10s. ;  apenny of  Cuthred, 
an  unpublished  variety,  201.  10s. ;  four  pennies 
of  Baldred  brought  SOL  10s.,  30?.,  2bl.  10s.,  and 
201.  10s.  respectively.  Among  the  pennies 
issued  by  or  under  the  Archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury, with  the  name  of  Offa,  King  of  Mercia, 
the  more  notable  was  a  specimen  with  the 
name  of  yEthelheard  on  obverse,  which  fetched 
36?.  10s. ;  two  of  the  Wulfred  pennies  realized 
15?.  10s.  and  15?.  respectively;  and  a  penny  of 
^thelred,  30?.  The  more  important  of  the  coins 
issued  by  the  kings  of  East  Anglia  were  a  sceat 
of  Beonna  (a.d.  700),  an  unpublished  variety, 
20?.  10s. ;  a  penny  of  ^Ethelweard,  (>?.  9s.  ;  and 
a  penny  of  the  St.  Martin  coinage,  struck  at 
Lincoln,  15/.  15s.  The  coinage  of  the  kings  of 
Northumbria  included  a  styca  found  in  1813  in 
the  churchyard  at  Heworth,  Durham,  20^  10s. 
A  unique  specimen  of  the  Halfdan  penny,  struck 
when   Halfdan  took  possession  of   London   in 


A.D.  872,  brought  60?.  ;  a  Sitric  penny,  15?.  ;  a 
penny  of  Ecgbeorht,  struck  at  Canterbury,  17?.; 
and  a  number  of  others,  without  bust  of  king, 
and  no  mint  name,  realized  from  15?.  5s.  to 
4?.  10s.  each ;  a  penny  of  ^thelbald,  26?. ;  an 
Exeter  penny  of  Alfred,  from  the  Cuerdale 
find,  17?. ;  two  London  pennies  of  yElfred, 
15?.  15s.  and  15?.  5s.  each ;  a  unique  penny  of 
the  same,  with  bust  of  king,  but  no  mint  name, 
and  interesting  from  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only 
coin  on  which^lfred  is  styled  "Rex  Anglorum," 
60?. ;  another  penny  of  his,  with  large  bust  of 
king  to  right,  diademed,  20?.  ;  and  three  other 
Alfred  pennies  from  the  Cuerdale  hoard  brought 
from  15?.  15s.  to  15?.  each.  A  penny  of  Ead- 
weard  the  Elder,  with  bust  of  king,  from  the 
Cuerdale  find,  brought  11?.  10s. ;  a  number  of 
pennies,  but  without  bust,  realized  from  16?.  5s. 
to  4?.  10s. ;  the  most  important  of  the  ^Ethelstan 
pennies  brought  15?.  5s.  ;  an  Eadwig  penny, 
coined  at  London,  14?.  ;  an  Eadgar  penny,  struck 
at  London,  fetched  11?.  10s.  ;  another,  struck  at 
Newport,  8?.  2s.  Qtd.  ;  and  Eadweard  II.  the 
Martyr  penny,  probably  struck  at  Canterbury, 
realized  12?. 


Mr.  Mendoza,  of  4a,  King  Street,  St.  James's, 
has  on  view  a  collection  of  drawings  by  the  late 
Mr.  E.  Hargitt.  Messrs.  Prideaux  &  Allen,  of 
No.  24  in  the  same  street,  exhibit  a  number  of 
drawings  of  English  landscapes  by  Mr.  G.  Lucas. 
Mr.  Dunthorne,  5,  Vigo  Street,  invites  inspec- 
tion of  lithographic  drawings  executed  accord- 
ing to  a  new  and,  as  alleged,  more  than  usually 
favourable,  autographic  and  convenient  appli- 
cation of  that  method  as  devised  by  Messrs. 
Goulding  Brothers.  These  examples  comprise 
studies  by  Sir  F.  Leigh  ton,  Mr.  A.  Gilbert,  and 
other  "eminent  hands." 

The  promoters  and  managers  of  the  Art 
Journal  (Virtue  &  Co.)  inform  us  that  their 
plans  for  the  volume  to  be  published  in  1896 
embrace  several  novelties  of  importance,  in- 
cluding the  issue  of  a  large  "presentation 
plate,"  the  work  of  Mr.  C.  O.  Murray,  etched 
from  one  of  Mr.  Alma  Tadema's  most  charac- 
teristic pictures,  and  intended  to  match  the  plate 
after  Sir  F.  Leighton's  '  Hit,'  which  last  year 
was  presented  to  the  Art  JournaVs  subscribers. 
A  new  feature  of  the  magazine  is  to  be  a  monthly 
page  of  humorous  designs,  the  first  being  that 
for  January  next  by  Mr.  Linley  Sambourne,  and 
entitled  'Our  Artistic  Community.'  Mr.  Claude 
Phillips  will  write  on  the  collection  of  Mr.  G. 
McCuUoch. 

The  private  view  of  Messrs.  Boussod,  Valadon 
&  Co.'s  exhibition  of  water-colour  drawings  by 
Mr.  A.  D.  Peppercorn  takes  place  to-day. 

Early  next  week  Messrs.  Agnew  &  Sons  will 
have  on  view  at  39b,  Old  Bond  Street,  a  few 
selected  masterpieces  of  the  English  School, 
some  of  which  have  scarcely  been  seen  before. 

A  FINE-ART  exhibition,  in  which  Messrs.  Cal- 
deron,  Fildes,  and  Gow  are  to  act  as  judges  and 
award  500?.  in  prizes,  will  be  held,  under  the 
auspices  of  Messrs.  C.  W.  Faulkner  &  Co.,  at 
the  galleries  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours.  Works  intended  for  competition 
must  be  delivered  at  these  galleries  on  the  23rd 
and  24th  of  January  next. 

Mr.  Alma  Tadema  has  just  finished  a  lovely 
little  picture  of  a  sunlit  landscape,  which,  alas  ! 
will  shortly  be  on  its  way  to  New  York.  It  is 
entitled  '  A  Coign  of  Vantage,'  the  summit  of  a 
lofty  marble  tower  overlooking  a  calm  sea,  be- 
tween picturesque  and  rocky  shores,  which  is 
half  veiled  in  vapours  which  reduce  the  opales- 
cence of  its  surface  and  almost  hide  the  horizon, 
but  hardly,  if  at  all,  obscure  the  sky,  its  soft 
and  steadfast  clouds,  or  its  firmament  like  a  pale 
turquoise.  At  the  outer  angle  of  the  tower, 
seen  foreshortened,  with  its  back  towards  us, 
and  raised  considerably  above  the  line  of  the 
parapet,  is  a  huge  bronze  statue  of  a  lioness, 


760 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N«  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


couchant  and  gazing  seaward.  Grouped  between 
us  and  this  dark  sculpture — so  that  their  light 
dresses  and  bright  carnations  contrast  strongly 
with  its  intense  darkness,  its  sombre  tones  with 
their  brilliance,  its  greenish  black  with  the  pale 
roses,  lavender,  and  warmer  white  of  their  attire 
— are  three  beautiful  damsels,  the  nearest  of 
whom,  leaning  on  the  parapet,  looks  downwards 
on  the  sea  flowing  at  the  tower's  foot,  where, 
far  below,  a  procession  of  war-galleys  is  sweeping 
past.  The  maiden's  intense  expression  seems  to 
indicate  that  she  hopes  to  detect  a  lover  among 
the  crew  of  the  nearest  vessel.  The  other  girls 
are  nearer  the  lioness  and  further  from  the 
parapet  than  their  companion.  They  seem  to 
be  observing  her  movements,  and  they  are  cer- 
tainly less  interested  in  the  ships.  The  perfect 
elegance  and  animation  of  the  damsels  make 
them  even  more  charming  than  Mr.  Tadema's 
maidens  expectant  of  their  lovers  usually  are. 

Caligula's  ship,  under  the  water  of  Lake 
Nemi,  turns  out  to  be  74  metres  long  and 
14  metres  wide  at  the  broadest  part.  The 
divers  are  in  sight  of  another  ship. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

PuBCELL  BiCEXTENARy  FESTIVAL.— Westminster  Abbey, 
Albert  Hall,  Queen's  Hall. 
St.  James's  Hall. — Popular  Concerts. 
Queen's  Hall.— Herr  Mottl's  Wagner  Concert. 

It  must  be  generally  admitted  that  the 
most  effective  of   the  Purcell  in  memoriam 
performances  last  week  was  that  in  West- 
minster Abbey  on  Thursday  afternoon.     It 
was  there  that  Henry  Purcell  occupied  the 
organ  loft  from  1680  to  1G95,  being  suc- 
ceeded   by   Dr.   Blow,   and  nothing  could 
be    more    appropriate    than    the    homage 
paid  to  the  master's  memory  on  this  occa- 
sion.    It  was  stated  that  the  profits  from 
the  sale  of  tickets  and  the  proceeds  of  the 
offertory  would  be  devoted  to  the  cost  of 
a  case  for  the  Abbey  organ,  the  design  of 
which   has    been    prepared   by   Mr.   J,   L. 
Pearson.     It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  that  the 
amount  realized  is  nearly  sufficient  to  cover 
the  cost  of  this  architectural  memorial.  The 
musical   arrangements,    carried    out  under 
the    supervision    of   Prof.    J.    P.    Bridge, 
deserve    commendation.       The   services    of 
members   of    the   choirs    of    Westminster ; 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  Bangor;  All  Saints', 
Norfolk     Square ;    Berkeley     Chapel ;     St. 
Luke's,  Uxbridge  Road ;  St.  Peter's,  Eaton 
Square;   and  Christ  Church,  Westminster, 
were  secured  in  addition  to  a  large  number 
of  male    and   female  amateur   executants. 
The   orchestra  consisted  solely  of  that  for 
which  Purcell  wrote,  that  is  to  say  strings, 
trumpets,  and  tympani,  and  it  is  astonishing 
that  the  volume  of  sound  was  really  impres- 
sive  in     the   immense    area.      Of   the    Te 
Deum  in  d  we  spoke  recently  in   connexion 
with    its    performance    at    the    Gloucester 
Festival.     The   first   anthem  was  "  0,   clap 
your  hands,"   written   for   Ascension  Day, 
and    familiar     in     all    cathedrals    in    this 
country.  The  next  was  the  splendid  "  Praise 
the    Lord,    0    my    soul,"    for    six     voices 
and     chorus,    a    truly    regal    example    of 
Purcell's    genius.     "  Eemomber  not.  Lord, 
our  offences,"  is  mournful  and  deeply  ex- 
pressive,   but    cannot     compare    with    the 
exquisitely  pathetic  "  Thouknowest,  Lord," 
written  for  the  funeral  of  (iueen   Mary  in 
Westminster  Abbey  on    March   ."Jth,    1695, 
and  now  often  sung  unaccompanied  at  an 
open  grave.     "  0,  sing  unto  the  Lord,"  and 


"  0,  give  thanks,"  are  still  in  the  repertory 
of  cathedral  and  collegiate  churches ;  but 
the  final  anthem,  "  Praise  the  Lord,  0 
Jerusalem,"  was  in  its  way  a  novelty.  It 
is  to  be  found  in  an  autograph  volume  of 
Pui'cell's  compositions  in  the  Queen's  library 
in  Buckingham  Palace.  No  other  copy  is 
known  to  exist,  and  it  had  never  been  printed 
imtil  recently  issued  by  Messrs.  NoveUo, 
Ewer  &  Co.  It  is  for  five  voices,  strings, 
and  organ,  and  the  transcription  was  made 
by  Mr.  H.  EUis  Wooldridge  for  the  edition 
of  services  and  anthems  to  be  issued  by  the 
Purcell  Society. 

We  have  next  to  speak  of  the  Eoyal 
Choral  Society's  performance  in  the  Albert 
Hall  on  the  same  evening.  No  composi- 
tions by  Purcell  himself  were  offered,  but 
the  principal  feature  of  the  programme  was 
Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  '  Invocation  to  Music,' 
which  both  by  the  composer  and  his  poet 
Mr.  Pobert  Bridges  is  intended  as  homage 
to  the  master.  Without  questioning  the 
beauty  and  virility  of  the  verse,  it  was 
generally  agreed,  when  the  work  was 
produced  at  Leeds  last  month,  that  as 
words  for  music  the  book  was,  perhaps, 
rather  obscure,  and  the  author  has  thought 
it  well  to  furnish  a  page  of  elucidation,  the 
first  paragraph  of  which  may  be  quoted : 
"  The  Ode  is  an  invitation  to  Music  to 
return  to  England  :  that  is  in  the  sense 
that  England  should  again  be  pre-eminent 
for  music  above  other  European  nations,  as 
she  once  was,  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
three  English  Graces  are  Liberty,  Poetry, 
and  Music."  The  performance,  under  the 
composer's  direction,  was  exceedingly  fine, 
with  the  assistance  of  Madame  Albani,  Mr. 
Ben  Davies,  and  Mr.  Andrew  Black  as 
the  soloists.  A  selection  from  '  The  Crea- 
tion' followed,  but  that  Haydn's  master- 
piece in  oratorio  should  be  so  often  muti- 
lated is  matter  for  surprise  and  regret. 

The  special  concert  got  up  by  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society  in  honour  of  Purcell  was 
appropriately  held  on  the  following  evening, 
as  it  was  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  and  all  the  more 
because  the  master  was  chiefly  represented 
by  his  last  and  finest  ode  in  honour  of  the 
patron  saint  of  music.  The  work  was  penned 
in  1692,  in  response  to  an  invitation  from  a 
somewhat  shortlived  association  called  the 
"  Musical  Society,"  and  was  first  performed 
in  the  hall  of  the  Stationers'  Company.     It 
made    a   favourable    impression,   and    was 
repeated  in  January  of  the  following  year. 
The  libretto  is  by  Nicholas  Brady,  known 
in  connexion  with  Tate  and  Brady's  metrical 
version  of  the  Psalms,  which  the  late  Bishop 
Wilberforce  once  described  as  a  "  drj'salter." 
The  ode  is  scored  for  strings,   two  flutes, 
bass  flute,   oboes,   trumpets,  and  drums,   a 
combination     uncommon     at     the     period. 
Purcell  himself  sang  one  of  the  airs,  " 'Tis 
Nature's   voice,"    and    in   the     Gentleman's 
Journal  we  read  that    it  was  given  "  with 
incredible  graces."     Singers  of  the  period 
were  accustomed  to  embellish  whatever  they 
rendered  according  to  their  own  tastes  ;  but 
Purcell  wrote  out  in  full  his  own  "  graces," 
and    they    were    given    by   Miss    Florence 
Power  with  fair  effect,  though  there  is  too 
much  reason  to  believe  that  florid  vocalization 
is  in  danger  of  becoming  a  lost  art.     Miss 
Marion  Blinkhorn,  Mr.  Arthur  Oswald,  and 
Mr.  Watkin  MiUs  rendered  efficient  service, 
and  there  was  a  moderately  effective  choir, 


composed  to  a  considerable  extent  of 
students  from  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Music. 
The  so-called  'Golden  Sonata,'  in  f,  for 
clavier  and  orchestra,  is  one  of  a  series  of 
ten  published  by  Mrs.  Purcell  in  1697. 
Objection  has  been  taken  to  its  manner  of 
performance,  with  the  whole  of  the  Philhar- 
monic strings  and  with  Miss  Adelina  de 
Lara  and  Miss  Sybil  Palliser  at  two  grand 
pianofortes,  both  artists  playing  in  unison. 
It  would  be  just  as  reasonable  to  utter 
words  of  complaint  against  the  Handel 
Festivals  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  The  '  Golden 
Sonata,'  though  scarcely  a  masterpiece  of 
the  first  rank,  should  be  presented,  if  at  all, 
in  a  manner  most  suited  to  the  tastes  and 
requirements  of  the  present  time.  The  fact 
that  the  composer  indicated  that  the  key- 
board part  might  be  played  either  on  the 
organ  or  harpsichord  showed  clearly  that 
he  only  wished  his  music  to  be  interpreted 
in  the  best  available  way.  Madame  Amy 
Sherwin  rendered  acceptable  service,  but 
she  should  not  have  accepted  an  encor'B 
for  *  Dido's  Lament,'  which  she  sang  ex- 
pressively, though  with  scarcely  correct 
enunciation  of  the  words. 

Last  Saturday's  Popular  Concert  com- 
menced with  Beethoven's  frequently  played 
Quartet  in  c.  Op.  59,  No.  3,  led  with  energy, 
if  not  with  very  much  power,  by  Seiior 
Arbos  ;  and  a  highly  finished  rendering  was 
secured  of  M.  Saint-Saiins's  effective,  ii 
not  very  original  Pianoforte  Trio  in  f, 
Op.  18,  of  which  MUe.  Kleeberg  and  MM. 
Ai'bos  and  Paul  Ludwig  were  the  exe- 
cutants. Bach's  'Italian'  Concerto  was- 
plaj'ed  with  all  crispness  and  technical 
accuracy  by  Mile.  Kleeberg ;  and  Madame 
Bertha  Moore,  whose  voice  is  gaining  in 
volume,  was  charming  in  an  old  Swedish 
song  called  *  A  Lament '  and  Goring 
Thomas's  lyric  '  A  Summer  Night.' 

The  very  cordial  welcome  with  which 
Signer  Piatti  was  greeted  on  his  reappear- 
ance on  Monday  evening  after  a  protracted 
illness  must  have  assured  him  of  the  higli 
esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  English 
amateurs.  The  programme  commenced 
with  Mendelssohn's  beautiful  Quartet  in 
E  minor.  Op.  44,  No.  2,  and  ended  with 
Brahms's  pleasing  and  concise  Sonata  in 
A  major.  Op.  100.  The  pianist  was  Mile. 
Kleeberg,  who  played  Beethoven's  Sonata  in 
B  flat.  Op.  22,  with  her  customary  fluency 
and  neatness.  Signer  Piatti's  solo,  the  exe- 
cution of  which  gave  ample  proof  that  the 
veteran  is  stiU  in  full  possession  of  his 
mastery  over  the  instrument  on  which  he 
has  had  scarcely  a  rival  for  more  than  a 
generation,  was  No.  3  of  a  set  of  six  sonatas 
for  violin  by  Haydn.  Signer  Piatti  has 
transcribed  the  solo  part  for  the  violoncello, 
and  has  built  up  a  pianoforte  part  from  the 
original  figured  bass.  Miss  Margarethe 
Petersen,  a  soprano  with  a  powerful  and 
well-trained  voice,  sang  Wagner's  lovely 
'  Triiume,'  Schubert's  '  Gretchen  am  Spinn- 
rad,'  and  Grieg's  '  Ein  Schwann  '  with  much 
expression. 

The  orchestral  performance  conducted  by 
Herr  Felix  Mottl  on  Tuesday  evening  was 
designated  a  "  grand  AVagnor  concert";  biit 
this  description  was  scarcely  accurate,  inas- 
much as  the  prograninio  included  Beet- 
hoven's 'Eroica' Symphony,  Gluck's  Overture 
to  '  Iphigonia  in  Aulis,'  and  a  suite  for 
strings,  arranged — and   very  tastefully  ar^ 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


761 


ranged,  it  must  be  confessed — from  a  Violin 
Sonata  in  e  minor  of  Bach,  by  Josef  Hell- 
mesberger.  Tlie  Wagner  excerpts  were  a 
large  portion  of  the  love  duet  from  tbe 
second  act  of  *  Tristan  und  Isolde,'  and  the 
prelude  and  closing  scene  from  the  same 
music-drama.  A  strikingly  successful  debut 
in  London  was  made  by  Frau  Ida  Doxat,  a  dra- 
matic soprano  from  Leipzig.  Her  sympathetic 
voice  is  well  under  control,  and  her  style  is 
sufficiently  expressive  to  warrant  the  asser- 
tion that  she  should  be  numbered  in  the 
ranks  of  competent  Wagnerian  artists.  Mr. 
E.  C.  Hedmondt  sang  pleasantly  as  Tristan, 
and  so  did  Miss  Esther  Palliser  as  Bran- 
gane.  


several  foreign  lands,  and  eventually  discovered 
what  is  believed  to  be  the  first  mention  of  the 
stringed  key-board instrument,afterwards  known 
in  its  varied  forms  as  the  spinet,  virginals, 
harpsichord,  &c.  Vanderstraeten  wrote  several 
other  books  showing  a  spirit  for  research  and  of 
permanent  usefulness. 


It  may  be  noted,  a  propos  of  the  Purcell  bi- 
centenary, that  a  reproduction  of  one  of  the 
principal  of  the  musician's  portraits  now  ex- 
hibited will  appear  as  a  frontispiece  to  the 
January  number  of  Middlesex  and  Hertfordshire 
Notes  and  Qneries.  The  same  magazine  will  also 
contain  a  short  account  of  Purcell  and  his  por- 
trait by  Mr.  A.  Hughes  Hughes,  of  the  British 
Museum. 

At  the  request  of  numerous  friends  and  ad- 
mirers Mr.  Arnold  Dohnetsch  will  give  a  Purcell 
concert  at  the  Portman  Rooms  on  the  evening 
of  December  20th,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Daniel  Mayer. 

The  Crystal  Palace  programme  last  Saturday 
did  not  contain  any  novelties,  and  may,  there- 
fore, be  dealt  with  briefly.  The  symphony  was 
Beethoven's  tuneful  work  in  f,  No.  8  ;  and 
the  overtures  to  '  Der  Freischiitz  '  and  '  Tann- 
hauser '  completed  the  list  of  purely  orches- 
tral items.  Madame  Carreno,  who  made  her 
first  appearance  at  Sydenham,  was  rather  too 
hard  in  tone  as  the  soloist  in  Grieg's  Piano- 
forte Concerto  in  a  minor  ;  but  her  execution 
was  marked  by  energy  and  fine  technique. 
The  expressive  vocal  reverie  of  Berlioz,  'La 
Captive,'  was  intelligently  rendered  by  Miss 
Agnes  Janson. 

Mr.  Sedley  Taylok,  who  may  be  safely  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  most  intelligent  and  well- 
read  Handelian  students  of  the  present  day,  has 
made  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum  in  Cambridge 
a  further  discovery  of  the  master's  indebted- 
ness to  other  composers.  Fragments  of  harpsi- 
chord pieces  by  Gottlieb  Muffat  are  found  to 
have  been  copied  by  Handel,  thereby  afibrding 
additional  evidence  that  at  the  period  a  com- 
poser's efforts  were  regarded  as  common  pro- 
perty, and  could  be  utilized  in  any  way  that 
might  be  desirable. 

A  NEW  organ  built  by  Messrs.  Henry  Willis  & 
Sons  for  Tonbridge  School  was  opened  on  Satur- 
day afternoon  last  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Brewer.  It  is 
a  three-manual  instrument,  and  has  1,012  pipes. 
The  programme  included  Handel's  Organ  Con- 
certo in  G  minor.  No.  1  of  the  first  set,  and 
excerpts  from  Guilmant,  Wagner,  and  other 
composers.  Assistance  was  given  effectively  by 
Miss  Hilda  Wilson,  Mr.  A.  W.  Payne,  and  Mr. 
W.  C.  Hann. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Edmond  Vander- 
straeten, at  Audenarde,  near  Brussels,  where 
he  was  born  on  December  3rd,  1826.  As  the 
author  of  the  valuable,  though  unfortunately 
uncompleted  work  '  La  Musique  aux  Pays-Bas  ' 
he  will  be  chiefly  remembered,  but  as  early  as 
1856  he  published  an  interesting  treatise  on 
'  Music  in  Audenarde  before  the  Nineteenth 
Century.'  Fe'tis  selected  Vanderstraeten  as  his 
private  secretary,  and  it  was  at  this  time  that 
he  prepared  his  monumental  work,  the  first 
volume  of  which  was  published  in  1867  and  the 
eighth  in  1888.  Flanders,  as  we  know,  enjoyed 
supremacy  in  music  during  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  and  the  deceased  musician's 
industry  was  such  that  he  searched  libraries  in 


Fei. 

6\T. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30.  Queen's  Hall, 

National  .Sunday  League  Symphony  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Senor  Sarasate's  Concert.  3.  St.  James's  Hall. 
Mr.  August  and  Miss   Hildegard  Stradal's   Piano   and    Voeal 

Recital.  3,  Steinway  Hall 
Popular  Concert.  8.  St.  James's  Hall. 
Mr.  G.  E.  Clark's  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall 
Miss  Winifred  Parker  and  Miss  Hose  Williams's  Concert,  8, 

Princes' Hall 
Herr  Keisenauer's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Messrs.  Essex  and  Cammeyer's  Recitals.  3  and  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
The  Ariel  Vocal  Quartette  Concert,  8.  Holborn  Town  Hall. 
Cardinal  Vaughan's  Address  and  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall 
Annual  Concert   on   behalf   ol    District   Railway  Benevolent 

Fund.  Albert  Hall 
Royal  Engineers'  Hand  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall 
Madame  Jiurmester-Petersen's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Steinway 

Hall. 
Messrs.  Essex  and  Cammeyer's  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  College  of  Music  Concert,  7  45 
St.  James's  Ballad  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Senor  Sarasate    and    Madame  Marx-Goldschmidt's  Yiolia  and 

Piano  Recital,  8,  Hampstead  Conservatoire. 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
s  Miss  Kate  Flinn's  Concert,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Miss  V,  Featherstone's  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Guildhall  School  of  Music  Concert,  '  Elijah,' 8,  Queen's  Hall. 
London  Symphony  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Bernhard  Carrodus  Quartet  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Harold  Cheverselle's  MatinCe.  3.  St  George's  Hall. 
British  Chamber  Music  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Ha,U. 
Popular  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall 
Mo/art  Society's  Concert.  3,  Morley  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
London  liallad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall 
Miss  Annie  Muirhead's  Concert  lor  Children,  3,  West  Theatre, 

Albert  Hall. 
Mr  Charles  Fry's  Recital.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Ladies'  Concert    Society  Chamber   Concert,  7.45,  Bloomsbury 

Hall. 
Pose  Office  Orphan  Home  Concert,  S.  St  James's  Hall. 
Polytechnic  Popular  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

St  James'.s.— '  The  Divided  Way,'  a  Play  in  Three  Acts. 
By  Henry  V.  Esmond. — '  The  Misogynist,'  a  One-Act  Play. 
By  G.  W.  Godfrey. 

For  the  celebrated  actress  Carlotta  Mar- 
chioni,  Silvio  Pellico  wrote,  while  stiU 
young,  a  tragedy  entitled  '  F  rancesca  da 
Eimini.'  This  wrung  from  his  friend  and 
master  Ugo  Foscolo  the  protest,  "  My  friend, 
this  is  a  complete  mistake.  Leave  Francesca 
in  her  circle  of  the  Inferno  and  tlirow  your  play 
into  the  fire.  Do  not  let  us  touch  the  dead  of 
Dante ;  they  will  frighten  the  living  of  to-day." 
Similar  counsel  might  with  advantage  have 
been  given  to  Mr.  Esmond,  whose  new  play, 
'  The  Divided  Way,'  is  simply  the  story  of 
Francesca  and  Paolo  transferred  into  an 
English  setting  and  shorn  of  its  lesson 
and  a  portion  of  its  termination.  Not  all 
the  genius  of  Shelley  or  of  Ford  can  com- 
mend to  the  public,  so  far  as  stage  pur- 
poses are  concerned,  incestuous  love  or 
passion,  and  where  these  fail  it  is  scarcely 
likely  that  Mr.  Esmond  will  succeed.  No 
reason  whatever  exists,  moreover,  for  as- 
signing this  complexion  to  the  story.  A 
man  goes  to  Mashonaland  and  is  reported 
dead,  and  liis  affianced  wife  makes  the  best 
bargain  she  can  for  herself  under  the  altered 
circumstances,  and  marries  another.  That 
other  is  his  half-brother.  AVhy?  AVhen 
the  adventurer  returns  and  the  old  love  and 
passion  resume  their  sway  in  both  breasts, 
marriage  in  itself  offers  a  sufficiently  serious 
obstacle  to  happiness.  When,  however,  the 
lover  of  the  woman  is  her  husband's  brother, 
her  daring  advances,  her  pursuit  and,  in  a 
sense,  persecution  of  the  hero,  deprive  her 
of  all  sympathy.  Knowing  her  physical 
poM'cr  over  his  senses,  she  offers  herself  to 
him  and  tells  him  he  shall  not  escape  her. 
When,  not  daring  to  face  tlie  risk  of  infamy, 
he  takes  to  flight,  she  follows  him,  and  at 
night  enters  his  room  and  again  offers 
herself  to  his  caress.     No  refuge  presents 


itself  to  the  hero  but  suicide,  and  this  in  a 
half-hearted  manner  he  meditates.  In  this  sad 
final  journey  she  will,  she  tells  him,  accompany 
him  and  see  what  relief  for  distressed  lovers 
the  next  world  supplies.  She  has  ultimately 
to  make  the  journey  alone.  Occupied  with  a 
reconciliation  to  his  brother,  who  has  been 
told  the  truth,  the  hero  forgets  all  about  his 
mistress,  who,  seeing  herself  deserted  alike 
by  husband  and  lover,  swallows  the  poison, 
and  wanders  forth  into  the  frosty  night 
companionless  to  die.  Poetic  justice  is  so 
far  administered  in  this  that  the  woman  is  the 
temptress,  the  criminal ;  masculine  chivalry 
has,  however,  held  that  when  passion  un- 
defiled  by  interest  is  a  woman's  motive  to 
action  she  is  not  to  be  too  harshly  judged. 
Dante  put  in  the  same  second  circle  with 
Francesca,  Semiramis  and  Cleopatra,  as 
well  as  Achilles  and  Tristram.  The  severity 
of  the  great  Florentine  poet  is,  however, 
known,  and  subsequent  writers  have  been 
more  tolerant  to  the  heroines,  historical  or 
mythical,  of  antiquity.  The  death  of  Lois 
Humeden  supplies  a  most  unsatisfactory 
issue  from  an  unsavoury  complication.  Mr. 
Alexander  and  Miss  Evelyn  Millard  gave 
the  love  scenes  in  excellent  style,  and  the 
piece  was  generally  well  played.  It  is, 
however,  forced  and  spasmodic  rather  than 
strong,  and  must  be  regarded  as  promise 
rather  than  performance. 

'  The  Misogynist,'  acted  on  the  same 
occasion,  is  bright,  pleasing,  old-fashioned, 
and  conventional.  A  cranky  and  morose 
old  man,  who,  after  a  defeat  in  love  expe- 
rienced in  early  life,  has  shut  his  doors  upon 
womankind,  has  disinherited  his  nephew  on 
account  of  his  having  married.  The  wife 
enters  the  house  and  plays  her  cards  so  well 
that  she  is  allowed  to  stay  to  luncheon.  The 
opportunity  thus  afforded  is  not  lost.  Partly 
by  her  personal  charm,  since  the  fragrance 
of  youth  and  feminity  exercises  a  natural 
influence  over  the  old  man,  partly  by  appeals 
to  sentiment,  and  partly  again  by  flattering 
his  senses,  ministering  to  his  creature  com- 
forts, and  laughing  at  his  prosy  stories,  she 
convinces  him  of  his  mistake  and  wins  him 
over  to  correct  views  as  to  the  place  of 
woman  in  the  household.  Mr.  Alexander 
revealed,  as  the  so-styled  misog5-nist,  a  new 
phase  of  his  ta  "iit.-,  ;;nd  Miss  Ellis  j.-ffreys 
assigned  the  character  of  the  heroine  all 
possible  delicacy  and  perfume. 


M.    ALEXAJN'DKE    DUJIAS. 


The  death  of  Alexandre  Dumas  deprives 
France  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  her  drama- 
tists. Two  of  the  most  important  of  dramatic 
gifts — invention  and  imagination — were  his  in 
small  measure,  if  they  were  not  altogether 
denied  him  ;  his  characters  were  drawn  entirely 
from  personal  observation,  and  the  movement 
of  his  plays  was  languid  when  it  was  not  tedious. 
For  these  shortcomings  amends  were  made  by 
the  exquisite  charm  of  his  style,  by  wit,  and  by 
brilliant  employment  of  paradox.  Dumas  is 
credited  with  being  the  inventor  of  the  problem 
play.  His  works  might,  perhaps,  be  better 
styled  dramatic  theses.  In  each  of  them  he  seeks 
to  maintain  some  theory  of  social  life  or  conduct. 
The  manners  and  customs  of  the  Ixipanar  had 
a  fascination  for  him,  and  the  question  of  the 
rehabilitation  of  the  courtesan  crops  up  ever  and 
again.  In  no  .sense  can  he  claim  to  rank  as  a 
creator.  The  character  with  which  his  name  is 
most  closely  associated  is,  as  Gautier  first  and 
Dumas  afterwards  have  been  at  the  pains  to  tell 
us,  a  transcript  from  actual  life.     Had  it  been 


762 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


otherwise  she  must  have  passed  as  a  pale  and 
colourless  imitation  of  Manon  Lescaut.  It 
might  almost  be  said  that  in  respect  of  character 
painting  Dumas's  inflexible  conscientiousness  of 
touch  militates  against  his  reputation.  Of  the 
characters  that  people  his  plays  there  are  scores 
whose  prototypes  may  be  met  in  the  scenes  re- 
produced with  photographic  fidelity.  Not  one 
of  them,  however,  stands  out.  They  are  as  like 
one  another  as  the  guests  in  a  ball-room.  Armand 
Duval  is  but  a  pitiful  Des  Grieux.  Where,  more- 
over, is  there  in  these  works  a  character  like — 
we  will  not  say  Tartufe  or  Figaro,  or  even 
Tartarin  de  Tarascon,  but  even  like  Noel  in 
'  La  Joie  fait  Peur '  ? 

It  is  as  a  literary  worker  that  Dumas  stands 
unequalled.  He  enjoyed  the  polemic  which 
each  of  his  works  produced,  and  the  prefaces 
he  contributed  to  the  collection  of  his  re- 
printed plays  are  more  brilliant  than  the  plays 
themselves.  Very  far  from  a  pleasant  man  can 
he  have  been  with  whom  to  collaborate.  How 
thin-skinned  he  was  is  shown  in  his  retirement 
from  the  Society  of  Dramatic  Authors,  of  which 
he  was  more  than  once  president,  and  by  the 
statements  he  himself  putforward  in  the  'Theatre 
des  Autres '  with  regard  to  his  relations  with 
those  with  whom  he  worked. 

His  life  was  uneventful,  and  the  particulars  of 
his  literary  production  are  accessible  in  familiar 
works  of  reference.  Born  in  Paris  on  the 
28th  of  July,  1824,  and  educated  at  the  College 
Bourbon,  he  was  thrown  at  an  early  age  into  a 
brilliant  world  of  dramatists,  actors,/ent7Ze^o?w's(es, 
and  the  like — into  the  motley  crowd,  indeed, 
that  swarms  in  and  around  the  theatre.  His 
early  efforts  in  poetry  and  fiction  were  abortive. 
After  a  youth  which  it  is  customary  in  France 
to  call  euphemistically  stormy,  he  began  to 
turn  to  account  his  experiences  of  a  life  as 
public  in  France  as  it  is  cryptic  in  more  northern 
countries.  In  '  La  Dame  aux  Cam^lias  '  he  first 
made  his  mark.  The  interdict  put  on  the 
dramatic  version  by  L^on  Faucher  did  much 
to  awaken  interest  in  the  author.  '  Le  Roman 
d'une  Femme,'  'Diane  de  Lys,'  and  other 
similar  works  followed,  and  augmented  his 
reputation.  After  the  success  of  '  Les  Iddes 
de  Madame  Aubray,'  'La  Princesse  Georges,' 
and  'Monsieur  Alphonse,'  the  Comedie  Fran- 
9aise,  using  its  special  and  arbitrary  rights, 
deprived  the  Gymnase  of  his  productions,  and 
began  in  1876  with  the  '  Demi-Monde '  a  series 
of  revivals.  '  La  Princesse  de  Bagdad '  ap- 
peared in  1881,  '  Denise  '  in  1885,  and  '  Fran- 
cillon  '  in  1887.  In  1875  Dumas  was  received 
into  the  Academy.  He  was  also  an  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour. 


To  CoHRESPoyDKKTS.— H.  M.  S.— W.  T.— S.  L.  C— A.  S. 
-J.  H.  N.— G.  W.  B.-H.  A.  W.— J.  S.— B.  W.  H.— A.  C. 

— received. 
So  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Erratum. — Miss  More's  address  should  have  been  given 
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Leicester  Road),  Ratbmines,  Dublin. 


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"  An  eminent  novelist,  whose  works  of  pure  imagination 
are  widely  known  and  welcomed  everywhere,  has  turned  his 
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jects known  to  historians  ;  books,  also,  in  which  we  find  the 
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devotion  to  the  memory  of  London.  He  has  told  the  story 
of  the  old  city  and  its  corporate  life  in  a  way  which  has  never 
been  surpassed— not  even  equalled.  The  past  of  the  mother 
of  municipal  life  he  has  made  to  live  and  breathe  in  these 
our  days  in  a  manner  which  reduces  all  other  records  of  Lon- 
don to  the  mere  dryasdust  category.  But  we  like  his  '  West- 
minster' even  better For  the  rest,  there  is  nothing  but 

admiration  to  be  expressed  as  well  for  the  plan  as  for  the 
execution  of  the  book." — Daily  Chronicle. 

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enabling  the  reader  to  realize  what  sort  of  place  the  West- 
minster of  history  was It  is  a  set  of  impressions,  the  value 

of  which  depends  on  their  picturesque  vigour ;  and  that  is 
assured  from  the  outset." — Scotsman. 

' '  The  reader  will  find  Sir  Walter  Besant's  volume  extremely 
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and  gracefuUj',  that  he  can  tell  a  story  with  the  art  of  the 
practised  writer,  and  that  he  has  the  instinct  of  effective 
selection." — limes. 
"A  fitting  companion  to  his  book  on   'London.'    It  is 

brilliantly    written    and    beautifully    illustrated As    he 

touches  no  subject  which  he  does  not  adorn  with  a  charm- 
ing style,  he  has  made  his  account  of  Westminster  as  readable 
as  the  most  fascinating  novel  he  has  ever  written." — London. 
"  A  charming  book,  which  catches  the  picturesque  inci- 
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to  live  again  on  the  printed  page.  As  a  popular  sketch,  at 
once  vivid,  artistic,  and  well  informed,  this  monograph  has 
unquestionable  claim." — Leeds  Mercury. 

"  Such  a  forecast  spells  an  interesting  book,  and  Sir  Walter 
Besant's  name  was  good  proof  that  the  story  would  not  spoil 

in  the  telling Sir  Walter  has  already  done  '  London  '  as  a 

whole,  and  his  'Westminster'  is  an  excellent  sequel— the 
first,  it  may  be  hojied,  of  a  series  of  these  local  pictures, 
which  the  author  of  'All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men' 
knows  so  well  how  to  make  both  lifelike  and  living.  This 
is  a  charming  and  informing  book  by  a  cultivated  and  eru- 
dite writer It  should  have  a  great  success." 

at.  Jiimes's  Gazette. 
"An  altogether  fascinating  book  is  Sir  Walter  Besant's 
'  Westminster.'    Paper,   print,  and  pictures  are  worthy  of  a 
text  in  which  erudition,  colour,  and  literary  charm  are  alike 
conspicuous." — Queen. 

"What  Sir  Walter  Besant  did  a  year  or  two  ago  for  the 
City  of  London  he  has  now  done  for  the  sister  city  ot  West- 
minster—woven its  long  and  chequered  history  into  a  pano- 
ramic narrative,  wherein  the  sympathetic  imagination  of  the 
novelist  is  used  skilfully  but  conscientiously  to  give  colour 
and  imagination  to  the  dry  details  of  archaeology." 

Literary  World. 

"A  worthy  companion  to  '  London.' In  this  handsome 

volume  is  to  be  found  all  the  wonted  brilliance  of  the  accom- 
plished writer  of  books,  and  all  the  minute  observation  of  the 
student  of  human  nature." — Black  and  White. 

Imperial  4to.  art  canvas,  gilt  top,  10s.  6c?. 

PHIL  MAY'S  SKETCH-BOOK. 

Containing  50  Full-Page  Drawings,  handsomely  printed. 

"  '  Phil  May's  Sketch-Book  '  contains  fifty  cartoons  whose 

art  cannot  fail  to  produce  inexhaustible  mirth Line  for 

line,  Mr.  May  secures  greater  effects  and  more  laughter  than 
any  other  draughtsman,  and  this  collection  is  of  his  best." 

Black  and  White. 

"  A  volume  of  fun,  gentle  satire,  and  abounding  humour, 

which will    be    preserved    alongside    of    John    Leech's 

'  Sketches.' Some  of  his  very  best  efforts  are  included  in 

the  collection." — .'^porting  L%fe. 

"To  ensure  a  cordial  welcome  for  this  '  Sketch-Book '  of 
Mr.  May's  it  suffices  to  say  that  it  contains  a  collection 
of  some  of  the  best  of  the  irresistible  cartoons  which  have 
already  delighted  us  all Their  cheery  humour  and  inno- 
cent satire  will  help  us  to  spend  many  a  pleasant  quarter  of 

an  hour We  should  commend  it  as  the  very  ideal  of  a 

Christmas  gift-book,  did  we  not  fear  that  few,  having  once 
got  it,  will  have  the  courage  to  p.Tt  with  it." 

Glasgmr  Herald. 

"  In  glancing  at  these  fifty  cartoons  the  reader  will  find 
abundant  indications   of  thi'   correctness  of  this  quaintly 

humorous  and  original  draughtsman's  methods In   the 

delineation  of  the  outward  form,  attire,  and  habits  of  'Arry 
and  his  'dona '  liis  pencil  is  unapproachable." — Daily  News. 

"  A  really  mirth-moving  collection  of  cartoons." 

Yorkshire  Post. 

"  Any  one  in  .search  of  a  laugh  had  better  provide  himself 
with  '  Phil  May's  Sketch-Bi)ok ' — a  veritable  magician  of  bis 

kind As  he  himself  says,  if  a  man  has  originality  it  is 

bound  to  find  its  way  out ;  and  the  originality  in  Mr.  Phil 
May  has  worked  itself  out  very  effectually." 

Nottingham  Guardian. 

"  In  '  Phil  May's  Sketch-Book  '  the  artist  gives  us  of  his 
best Mr.  May,  with  sure  instinct,  has  found  a  line  of  pic- 
torial humour  quite  original." — Leeds  Mercury. 


London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly,  W. 


764 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


FREDEKICK  WARNE  &  CO.'S 
NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  MRS.  BURNETT. 

HER    LONGEST    AND    MOST    NOTABLE    WORK 

SINCE  '  FAUNTLBROY." 

TWO     LITTLE     PILGRIMS' 

PROGRESS:     a    Story    of    the    City    Beautiful.      By 
FRANCES  HODGSON   BURNETT,  Author   of  'Little 
Lord  Fauntleroy,'  &c.    With  12  Original  Illustrations  by 
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In  '  Two  Little  Pilgrims'  Progress '  Mrs.  Burnett  is  at  her 
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little  orphan  boy  and  his  sister,  and  their  wonderful  adven- 
tures, are  told  in  the  author's  well-known  delightful  manner. 
"  The  story  is  told  with  all  that  infinite  charm  and  grace 
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Manchester  Courier, 

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its  readers." — Scotsman. 

LANCASHIRE    IDYLLS.     By  J. 

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SPORT  in  ASHANTI;  or,  Melinda 

the  Caboceer.  A  Tale  of  the  Gold  Coast  in  the  Days  of 
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The    OLD,   OLD    FAIRY    TALES. 

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present  for  boy  or  girl. 

A  NEW  VOLUME  OF  RECITATIONS, 

The   CENTURY   RECITER.     (Com- 

plete  Volume.)      3h4  paf:es.      Edited    by  H.    SAVILE 

CLARK  and  LEOPOLD  WAGNER.     Containing  neariy 

.300  Recitations.     In  square  crown  4to.  cloth  gilt,  3s.  %d. 

The  collection  of  pieces  gathered  together  in  this  volume 

with  most  excellent  judgment  embrace  the  finest  and  most 

effective  portions  of  the  literature  of  the  century  suitable  for 

recitation  or  public  reading. 


V  FREDERICK  WARNE  dh  CO.'S 
COMPLETE  CATALOGUE  of  Standard 
Works  in  Poetry  and  Fiction,  and  of  Worlcs 
suitabh  for  Piesents,  post  free  on  application. 

London  :    FREDERICK  WARNE  &  CO. 
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MESSRS.  HENRY'S 
CHRISTMAS    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

^*  Messrs.  HENRY  beg  to  announce  that  they  have  published  a  work  beautiful  alike  in  matter 
and  in  manner,  and  eminently  valuable  as  a  gift-book,  entitled 

THE   PAGEANT :   a  Winter  Book. 

Edited  by  CHARLES    HAZELWOOD    SHANNON  and   GLEESON    WHITE. 

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ART    CONTRIBUTIONS. 

1.  The  DOCTOR  :  a  Portrait  of  my  Brother.    An  Original  Lithograph  by  James  M'Neill  Whistler. 

2.  SYMPHONY  in  WHITE,  No.  III.    From  a  Picture  by  James  M'Neill  Whistler. 

3.  MONNA  ROSA.    A  Picture  by  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti. 

4.  MARY   MAGDALENE  at  the  HOUSE  of  SIMON  the  PHARISEE.     An  elaborate  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by 

Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti. 

5.  PERSEUS  and  MEDUSA.    A  Picture  by  Sir  Edward  Burne-Jonee. 

6.  The  SEA  NYMPH.    A  Picture  by  Sir  Edward  Burne-Jones. 

7.  ARIADNE.    A  Picture  by  G.  F.  Watts,  R.A.    Printed  in  Brown. 

8.  PAOLO  and  FRANCESCA.     A  Picture  by  G.  F.  Watts,  R.A. 

9.  SIR  ISUMBRA8  of  the  FORD.    A  Picture  by  Sir  John  Everett  Millais,  R.A. 

10.  LOVE.    An  Original  Drawing  by  Sir  John  Everett  Millais,  R.A.     Printed  in  Blue. 

11.  PALLAS  and  the  CENTAUR.    A  recently  discovered  Picture  by  Botticelli. 

12.  CEDIPUS.     An  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by  Charles  Ricketts. 

13.  PSYCHE  in  the  HOUSE.     An  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by  Charles  Ricketts. 

14.  SIDONIA  the  SORCERESS  and  OTTO  VON  BORK.    An  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by  Reginald  Savage, 

15.  The  ALBATROSS.    An  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by  Reginald  Savage. 

16.  ALGERNON  CHARLES  SWINBURNE.    An  Original  Drawing  by  Will  Rothenstein.    Printed  in  Red. 

17.  L'OISEAU  BLEU.    A  Water-Colour  Drawing  by  Charles  Conder. 

18.  DEATH  and  the  BATHER.    An  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawing  by  Laurence  Housman. 

19.  A  ROMANTIC  LANDSCAPE.    A  Water-Colour  Drawing  by  Charles  Hazelwood  Shannon. 

20.  The  WHITE  WATCH.    A  Drawing  by  Charies  Hazelwood  Shannon. 

A  Title- Page  designed  by  Selwyn  Image. 
An  End-Paper  by  Lucien  Pissarro. 
A  Binding  designed  by  Charles  Ricketts. 
In  the  Large-Paper  Edition  Mr.  CHARLES  BICKETTS'S  '  CEDIPUS'  will  be  specially  reproduced  in  Photogravure. 


LITERARY    CONTRIBUTIONS. 

A  ROUNDEL  of  RABELAIS.     By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne. 

MONNA  ROSA.    A  Poem  by  Paul  Verlaine. 

COSTELLO  the  PROUD,  OONA  MACDBRMOTT  and  the  BITTER  TONGUE.    A  Story  by  W.  B.  Yeats. 

The  OX.    A  Poem  by  John  Gray. 

A  HANDFUL  of  DUST.    An  Essay  by  Richard  Garnett. 

"  ET  S'lL  REVBNAIT."    A  Poem  by  Maurice  Maeterlinck. 

ON  the  SHALLOWS.     A  Story  by  W.  Delaplaine  Scull. 

The  DEATH  of  TINTAGILBS.    A  Plav  by  Maurice  Maeteriinck.    Translated  by  Alfred  Sutro. 

DAVID  GWYNNE— HERO  or  BOASTING  LIAR.    A  Poem  by  Theodore  Watts. 

The  WORK  of  CHARLES  RICKETTS.    An  Essay  by  Gleeson  White. 

A  DUET.    A  Poem  by  T.  Sturge  Moore. 

NIGGARD  TRUTH.    A  Story  by  John  Gray. 

BY  the  SEA.    A  Poem  by  Margaret  L.  Woods. 

The  STORY  of  a  NUN.    A  Media;val  Legend  from  the  Low  Dutch.    Translated  by  L.  Simons  and  L.  Housman, 

A  SONG.    By  W.  B.  Henley. 

WILHEM  MEINHOLD.    An  Essay  by  F.  York  Powell. 

FOUR  QUATRAINS.    By  Percy  Hemingway. 

INCURABLE.    A  Story  by  Lionel  Johnson. 

PALLAS  and  the  CENTAUR.    A  Poem  by  T.  Sturge  Moore. 

FLORENTINE  RAPPRESBNTAZIONI  and  their  PICTURES.    An  Essay  by  Alfred  Pollard. 

GROUPED  STUDIES.    By  Frederick  Wedmore. 

ALFRIC.    A  Story  by  W.  Delaplaine  Scull. 

EQUAL  LOVE.    A  Play  by  Michael  Field. 

BE  IT  COSINESS.    An  Article  by  Max  Beerbohm. 

SOHEIL.    An  Essay  by  Robert  Cunninghame  Graham. 

The  SOUTH  WIND.    A  Poem  by  Robert  Bridges. 


SIR   ANTHONY   VAN   DYCK.     His  Life  and  Work.     By  Jules  Guiffrey, 


Translated  from  the  French  by  WILLIAM  ALISON. 
net.     10  Copies  on  Japanese  Vellum,  121.  12s.  net. 


Folio,  buckram  extra.    Edition  :  250  Copies,  numbered,  il.  is. 


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London :    H.  HENRY  &  CO.,  Limited,  93,  SU  Martiu's-lane, 


N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


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768 


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N°  3553,  Nov.  30,  '95 


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The    University  Court    of    the    UNIVERSITY    of    GLASGOW   will 
shortly  proceed  to  appoint  an  ADDITIONAL  EXAMINER  in  MATHE- 
MATICS  and  NATURAL   PHILOSOPHY    for   Degrees   in  Arts   and 
Science. 

The  appointment  will  be  from  January  1  next  to  December  .11, 1898, 
at  an  annual  fee  of  80i. 

Candidates  should  lodge  twenty  copies  of  their  application  and  testi- 
monials with  the  undersigned  on  or  before  Saturday,  December  -1, 1895. 
ALAN  E    CLAPPERTON, 
Secretary  of  the  Glasgow  University  Court, 
91,  West  Regent-street,  Glasgow. 

PRIFYSGOL  CYMRU. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  WALES. 

GILCHRIST  TRAVELLING  STUDENTSHIP  FOR  TEACHERS. 

NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  in  June.  1896,  the  University 
Court  will  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  GILCHRIST  TRAVELLING 
STUDENT. 

The  Studentship  will  be  of  the  gross  value  of  SOi.,  and  will  be  open  to 
Giaduates  of  the  University,  or  until  June.  1900,  to  former  Students  of 
its  constituent  Colleges  being  Gi-aduates  of  Universities  in  the  United 
Kingdom  who  have  been  engaged  for  two  years  in  Teaching  in  Public 
Secondary  or  Elementary  Schools,  and  at  tha  time  of  election  hold 
appointments  in  Public  Schools  in  Wa'es. 

The  condition  of  holding  the  Studentship  is  the  investigation,  during 
not  less  than  three  months,  of  an  educational  problem  proposed  or 
approved  by  the  University,  and  the  candidate  will  be  elected  who.  in 
the  judgment  of  the  University,  is  most  highly  qualified  by  academic 
attainments  and  professional  standing  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  the 
endowment. 

The  following  problems  are  proposed,  but  candidates  will  be  at  liberty 
to  propose  others  :  — 

1  A  Study  of  Danish  Schools,  including  the  People's  High  Schools, 
with  special  reference  to  the  teaching  of  National  History  and  Litera- 
ture. 

2.  An  inquiry  into  the  working  of  .Schools  in  Germany,  organized  in 
accordance  with  the  Herbarrian  Theory. 

3.  An  inquiry  into  the  teaching  of  Art  in  the  Schools  of  France  and 
Germany. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to 

IVOR  JAMES,  Registrar  of  the  University. 
Town  Hall  Chambers,  Newport,  Mon  ,  December  3,  1895. 


TN FORMATION     respecting    WORKS     by    Mr. 

i     RUSKIN  and  others,  published  by  Mr.  ALLEN,  of  Orpinzton  and 
156,  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C,  will  be  found  on  p.  772  of  this  paper. 


BA    CAMB 
.XV.    RETAR\  or  ASSISTANT  in  a  good  LIBRARY 


Eistory,  Literature,  &>: 


PRACTICAL    READER   WANTED    in    a   large 
genf-ral  Printing  ORice  in  London  —Address,  stating  salarv,  to 
EEUEa,  at  Homcastle'8,  CI,  Cbeapside,  EC. 


PHOTOGRAPHY.— A  LADY  (Medalist),  expe- 
rienced,  some  connexion,  wishes  to  meet  with  another  Lady 
with  capital  who  would  be  willing  to  go  into  PARTNERSHIP.  Previous 
knowledge  of  Photography  not  absolutely  necessary.  References  ex- 
changed—Address P.,  22,  Chenies-street  Chambers.  W.C. 

OME   REVENUE.— A   Gentleman  who   had 


H 


/^.UIDE -BOOK     to     EUROPE. —EDITOR 

VJ  REQUIRED  immediately  to  Revise  and  bring  thoroughly  up  to 
<late  a  well-known  Guide —Address  Box  9132,  care  of  Advertising  Offices. 
10,  High  Holborn. 

LITERARY  AGENT  WANTED.— Must  possess 
good  knowledge  of  POPULAR  SERIAL  FICTION,  combined 
with  good  business  ability  and  experience —Address  A.  B..  82,  Dawson- 
street,  Manchester. 

ROYAL  SOCIETY.— The  post  of  ASSISTANT 
SECRETARY  will  SHORTLY  be  VACANT.  Candidates  must  be 
between  25  and  40  years  of  age  —Applications,  stating  age  andqualifica- 
tioos.  accompanied  by  copies  of  testimonials  foot  more  than  five  in 
•amber),  to  be  sent  to  the  SELaL-TAiiiE.s  or  the  Rot.il  Socictv.  Burling- 
tfta  House.  London,  on  or  before  December  31.  Salary  300(  per  annum, 
with  the  Apartments  in  Burlington  House  The  post  cannot  be  held  by 
a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

ATFORD      PUBLIC      LIBRARY. 

Aji  ASSISTANT  is  REQUIRED  at  the  above  Library.  Salary  253  a 
week.  A  list  of  the  duties  may  be  obtained  from  the  Librarian  — Appli- 
oatioos  and  copies  of  testimonials  must  he  received  on  or  before 
December  10.  JoHN  WOOLMAN,  Librarian  and  Secretary. 

EST     HARTLEPOOL  .  PUBLIC     LIBRARY. 


W 


invested  hU  capital  in  a  Manufacturing:  Company  as  provision 
for  old  age.  is  now.  in  consequence  of  recent  losses,  obliged  to  sacrifice 
part  of  his  holding,  which,  for  prompt  cash,  may  be  PUKCHASBD  to 
yield  an  income  of  probably  ^5  per  cent,  per  annum. — Address  Income, 
1-306,  Sell's  Advertising  Offices,  London. 

ISS    LOUISA    DREWRY   gives    LECTURES, 

READINGS,  and  LESSONS  in  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and 
LITER.VTURE  and  kindred  subjects.  She  will  be  glad  to  hear  from 
any  who  would  like  to  join  the  Home  Students'  Literary  Reading 
Society,  14.3,  King  Henry's-road,  London,  N.W. 

TYPE -WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'   M8S.   accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


PRIVATE  CLASSES  for  LADIES  in  the  WEST- 
END  —A  LADY  will  OPEN  CLASSES  EARLY  in  JANUARY, 
1896,  for  the  Study  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Languages,  Music,  Drawing, 
Painting,  Sketching,  and  the  usual  English  subjects,  in  which  she  will 
be  assisted  by  Graduates  and  Professors  of  note.— For  particulars 
address  PaiNcxpiL,  care  of  Mr  Edward  Stanford,  Cockspur-street, 
Charing  Cross,  or  Messrs.  Loxdale,  Jones  &  Co.,  Solicitors,  85,  Glou- 
cester-road, South  Kensington. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Staines.— The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
40  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  1896.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  Competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraph  Department.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  to  the  SscRETiav.  at  the  College. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advioe  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  tor 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad.— A  statement  of  requirement* 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  BsEvoa,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

RECITALS.— "A  highly  talented  Elocutionist." 
—Cambridge  Chronicle.  "  A  Prince  among  Elocutionists."— Jlopnrf. 
"Marvellous  powers  of  elocution."— E»?6y  Advertiser.  "In  the  front 
rank  of  living  elocutionists."— P«!<rftoro' £>pr«ss. -BiaNiSH  Bia-vjOiLE, 
Elocutionist.  Rochdale.  

9.  HiBT-sraEKT,  Bloomsbuet,  Lo>"Do«. 

MR,  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street.  Covent-garden.  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegaa 
Paul  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  bis  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— LiTEBABT  Pbopebtt. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  offering  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G  HERBEtlT  THRLNS,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W  C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  Is  published  moaCiuy, 
price  6d.,  by  Hoaics  Cox,  Bream 'a-buildings,  E.G. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr  A.  M  BoacHES,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


TYPE-WKITING.— 15.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement.  Examination  Questions  reproduced  equal  original 
Type-writing.  Specimens,  terms,  post  free.  — Fiutrr  DvaLisoM,  22, 
Wellington-street,  W.C. 

YPE-WRITING.— M8S.  of  all  Icinds  TYPE- 

WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.  Id.  per  folio.  Large 
quantities  by  arrangement.  Translations. — Ed.  Gaiavu,  Surrey 
Chambers.  172.  Strand,  W.C. 


W 


WANTED  experienced  ASSISTANT.  Salary  52(  per  annum  —Appli- 
cations, accompanied  with  not  more  than  three  testimonials,  to  be  sent 
$o  t^e  undersigned  before  the  16th  of  December. 

HIGSON  SI.MP.SON,  To'wn  Clerk. 

WANTED,     a     LIBRARIAN      at     the     FREE 
PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  ST.  JOHN-STREET,  CHESTER.    Salary 
120(  per  annum. 

Applications  in  Candidate's  own  handwriting,  stating  age  and 
Qualifications,  and  accompanied  with  Three  'I'estimonials,  to  be 
ailJressed  to  me  at  the  Town  Hall  not  later  than  the  18th  inst. 

The  Librarian  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  the 
duties  of  the  Office. 

Personal  application  not  to  be  made  to  the  Members  of  the  Free 
Library  Committee  or  the  Town  Council 

SAMUEL  SMITH,  Town  Clerk. 
Town  Hall,  Chester.  December  3. 1895. 


ART  EDUCATION.— The  Editor  and  Proprietor 
of  a  well-known  and  longcstablished  publication  has  a  VACANCY 
for  an  ARTICLED  PUPIL  of  good  education,  to  be  trained  a<  Illus 
trator  and  Art  Editor.  Premium  required.— Address  Editor  Ander 
aon'3  Advertising  Agency,  Cockspur-street,  London,  8.W. 


TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
views.  Literary  Articles.  &c  ,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Id.  per  folio.  Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies  — Address  Miss  E.  'TiuA.n, 
23,  Maitland  Park-villas.  Haverstock-hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  Confidential 
Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  Tripos).  9.  Strand, 
London,  sends  out  daily  a  trained  staS'of  English  and  Foreign  Secre- 
taries, expert  Stenographers,  Typists  (Remington  and  Hammond), 
skilled  in  the  use  of  Edison-Bell  Phonograph,  to  Medical  and  Scientific 
Men.  Publishers.  Members  of  Parliament,  and  others.  Correspondence 
indexed  by  special  method.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into 
and  from  all  Languages.  Speciality,  French,  German,  and  Medical 
Type  writing 

T>YPE-WRITERS  (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 
mendous  bargains  la  slightly  soiled  Reminj^ns,  Barlocks, 
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Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
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T^HE    UNIVERSITY    of     ST.    ANDREWS 
K^ranta  the 

DIPLOMA  and  TITLE  of  L.L.A.  to  WOMEN. 

The  centres  of  Examination  are  St  Andrews.  Aberdeen.  Bedford, 
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Hull,  InvemeiJi,  Leeds,  Leicester.  Liverpool.  London.  Lough Ijoroujih. 
Manchester,  Newcaatle-on-Tyne,  Oban,  Oxford,  Paris,  Scarborough,  and 
Truro 

For 
Uaiierstty,  St  Andrews, 


R     ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising    Agents, 
•        14.  COCKSPUR-STRBET,  CHARING  CROSS,  8.W., 
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C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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12  and  13.  Red  Lion-court,  Fleet-street,  E.O. 


E 


LIS         &        ELVKY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 

NEW  CATALOGUES  NOW  READY, 

CHOICE  P,OOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  No  81. 
RARE  PORTRAITS  and  PRINTS,  No  3 
29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 

JS.         E    A    S    T    E    S,        Bookseller, 
•  121.  Kuatchbullroad,  Camberwell,  S  E. 

Special  Business— finding  Books  wanted  (Ancient  or  Modem). 
Books  not  in  stock  obtained  as  soon  as  possible. 

/CHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

v_y  BOOKS,  including  a  fine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J  M  W. 
Turner.  R  A.— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Mezzotints,  after 
Constable— and  Works  by  Professor  Ruskin  CATALOGUE.  No  16, 
ready.  Post  free,  Sixpence —W«.  Waeu,  2,  Church-terrace,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey. 

Just  published,  post  free, 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  CATALOGUE  for  189.5,  con- 
taining a  large  Asserablaee   of    Books   on   County.   Local,  and 
Family  History  (many  with  additional  Engravings  inserted',  including 
aflne  Collei'tion  relating  to  Yorkshire  and  the  City  of  London— scarce 
Old  Engravings— Early  Slaps— Original  Wator-Colour  Drawings,  &C. 
WALTER  V    DANIELS. 
53,   Mortimer-Street.  Cavendish-square,  London.   W. 
Telegraphic  .^.ddrcss— "  lopography,  London. ' 

1?IRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens.  Thackeray.  Lever.  Ainsworth  .  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  P.  Cruikshank.  Phiz.  Rnwlandson.  Leech.  *c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  Beugbt.— 
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BOOKS.    Interesting,   Curious,   and    Scarce. — 
CATALOGUES  sent  free    to   any  addreM   on   application. —A. 
Miiraiit.,  3-1,  St  Andrew  sijuare,  E'Unburgh. 


770 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


Just  issued, 

CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS  at  greatly 
reduced  prices.    I.  PHILOSOPHY.    II.  KELIGION. 
DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho-square,  London. 


MESSRS.  KEGAN  PAUL,  TRENCH,  TRUBNER 
&  CO  Ltd.,  Paternoster  House.  Charing  Cross-road,  W.C  ,  will 
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TIONS post  free  on  application. 

Gratis  on  application, 

ryUE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  2, 

-L     Monthly  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 
H.  GREVEL  &  CO  ,  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
33.  King-Street,  Co  vent-garden,  W.C. 

ANCIENT  and  MODERN  BOOKS,  Angling, 
Alpine.  ShelleTana,  &c  ,  from  the  Libraries  of  P.  G.  Hamerton, 
G.  A.  Sala.  and  others.  NEW  CATALOGUE  just  ready.— J.  T.  Goldie, 
Swan  Arcade  liuildings.  Bradford. 

CATALOGUE  of  a  COLLECTION  of  valuable 
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on  application  to  M.i\»so.n,  Swan  &  Morgan,  Grey-street,  Newcastle-on- 
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SON,  Library  Department.  186,  Strand,  London,  are  prepared  to 
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pHEAP    BOOKS   for    CHRISTMAS    and   NEW 

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B 


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Just  published,  NEW  CATALOGUES,  containing  Lists  of  the  BEST 
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Discount  Booksellers.  143,  Oxford-street,  London,  W. ; 

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First  12  vols,  half  bound.  May  be  purchased  separately.— Address  S., 
care  of  Mr.  Price,  11,  Poplar-road,  Wrexham. 


F 


INELY  EXTRA  -  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKS 

FOR  SALE. 

All  in  the  choicest  state,  with  fine  and  rare  Portraits,  and  Bindings 
by  the  Best  Artists. 

1.  ANGELO'S  PICNIC,  1834.  with  60  Portraits  and  i  Autograph 
Letters,  levant  morocco  super-extra,  uncut.  71  7s. 

2.  ASHIONS  SOCIAL  E.NGLAND  UNDER  the  REGENCY,  2  vols  . 
1890.  with  100  Portraits  and  16  Coloured  Costume  Plates,  polished  calf 
extra,  gilt  tops,  uncut,  61. 

3  BIOGRAPHY  of  the  BRITISH  STAGE,  1824,  with  70  Portraits  ot 
Actors  and  Actresses  and  2  A. L.S.,  levant  morocco  super-extra,  uncut, 
U  ",«. 

4.  BYRON'S  ENGLISH  BARDS  and  SCOTCH  REVIEWERS,  1810, 
inlaid  to  4to  ,  with  79  Portraits  and  Plates,  half-morocco  extra,  gilt 
edges.  Wl  lOs. 

o.  CLAYTON'S  QUEENS  of  SONG,  2  vols.,  1863,  with  6  Portraits  and 
122  Extra  Portraits,  andSA.L.S.,  levant  morocco  super-extra  gilt  top, 
uncut.  15/  los. 

6  CROKER'S  WALK  from  LONDON  to  FILHAM.  1860,  with  48  Por- 
traits and  2  A.L.8  .  polished  calf  extra,  uncut,  31. 

7  DEFOES  AVEMURES  de  ROBINSON  CRUSOE,  Paris.  1837, 
2  vols  extended  to  3  by  the  insertion  of  200  Plates  by  Famous  English 
and  French  Artists,  half-morocco  extra,  uncut,  51  Sa. 

8.  DICKEl.'S'S  MASTER  HUMPHREY'S  CLOCK.  3  vole  ,  First  Edi- 
tion, 1840-1,  with  Sibson's  Set  of  72  Humorous  Plates,  polished  calf 
extra,  gilt  edges.  12/. 

3.  EBEB'S  SEVEN    YEARS   at  the  KINGS   THEATRE,   1828,  with 
6  Portraits  and  40  extra  Portraits  and  Coloured  Plates,  and  6  A  L  S    &c 
polished  calf  extra,  uncut,  4/.  4s  '        ' 

10.  FOX  (CAROLINE)  —MEMORIES  of  OLD  FRIENDS,  2  vols 
1882,  with  118  Portraits  and  2  A  L  S..  polished  calf  extra,  uncut  8/  S.'s      ' 

11  FRAMPTON  (MARY;,  JOURNAL  of,  1779  to  1816,  1  vol  extended 
to  2  vols,  by  the  insertion  of  130  Portraits  and  5  ALS.,  polished  calf 
extra,  uncut.  12;  12.< 

12.  HORNE'S  NEW  SPIKIT  of  the  AGE,  2  vols  ,  1814  First  Edition. 
with  8  Portraits  and  62  extra  Portraits,  6  A  L  S  ,  and  an  original  Play- 
Bill  of  Dickens's  '  Village  Coquettes,'  polished  calf  extra,  uncut  kl 

ri  HUNT'S  SAUNTER  THROUGH  the  WEST-END,  1861,  First 
Edition,  with  54  Portraits  and  a  Signature,  polished  calf  extra,  uncut, 
4/.  10.S 

14.  NEW  LONDON  JEST-BOOK,  1871,  with  80  Portraits,  polished 
calf  extra,  uncut.  41 

15.  KEAN  (EDMUND),  The  LIFE  of,  by  F  W  Hawkins,  2  vols.,  1860, 
with  82  Portraits.  Views,  and  Play-Bills,  polished  calf  extia  0/ 

16  LEECH  (JOHNj,  His  LIFE  and  WORK,  by  W  P  Frith,  K  A  ,  1891 
First  Edition.  2  vols,  extended  to  3  vols  by  the  insertion  of  .35  Portraits' 
182  Plates  (mostly  original  impressions),  and  4  AL.S.,  polished  levant 
morocco  super.extra.  uncut,  18i. 

1-  MORGAN  (lAl)Y)— PASSAGES  from  MY  AUTOBIOGRAPHY, 
IK."!,  with  CO  Portraits  and  .'i  A  L,S..  polished  call  extra,  uncut  41  4< 

18  NELSON —LETTERS  of  LORD  NELSON  to  LADY  HAMILTON 
18U  with  .'JS  Portraits,  calf  extra,  2/  lOs 

19  SHERIDAN  —MEMOIRS  of  the  LIFE  of  the  Right  Hon  RICHARD 
lilllNSLEY  SHERIDAN,  by  Thomas  Moore,  1825,  First  Edition  4to 
extended  to  2  vols  4to  by  the  insertion  of  160  Portraits,  12  coloured 
(ant-atures  by  Rowlandson,  Cruikshank,  &c.,  and  7  A.L  S  ,  polished 
levunt  morocco  super. extra,  uncut,  21/ 

:-)  WAI/TON'K  LIVES  of  DONNE.  WOTTON,  HOOKER.  HERBERT 
and  SANDERSON,  1825,  Major's  Edition,  12mo.  with  11  Portraits  and 
P!:ites  and  42  extra  Portraits,  polished  calf  extra,  gilt  edges,  3/.  3,s 

21  WELLINGTON,  LIFE  of,  by  J.  H.  Stocqueler,  2  vols.  1862  with 
90  Portraits  and  Plates,  polished  calf  extra,  uncut,  4/  4« 

22  WILSON  (HARRlE'TTEj,  MEMOIRS  of.  Duncombc's  Original 
E'lition,  i  vols,  in  1.  with  4  Portraits  and  20  Coloured  Plates,  polished 
call  (At ra.  gilt  edges  n  8,s 

_  2;    YAI  KB  (EDMUND).  His  RECOLLECTIONS  and  EXPERIENCES 
^  vols  ,  18'4   with  4  I'ortraits  and  i:;6  extra  Portraits,  and  .'il  Autogiaidi 
letters,  polished  levant  morocco  super  extra,  uncut,  18/.  18j. 
PAGET  &  CO.  25,  Westbar  Orccn,  SbefCeld. 


WANTED,    a    complete    bound    copy    of    the 
DICTIONARY   of  ARCHITECTURE.      State  lowest  terms  to 
C  J   H.,  Kirkstall  Lodge,  New  Park-road,  Clapham  Park,  S.W. 

OLD  BRADFORD.— Mr.  WM.  CUDWORTH,  of 
Bradford,  is  OPEN  TO  PURCHASE  Books,  Pamphlets,  Paintings, 
Drawings,  Old  Engravings,  Character  Sketches  and  Portraits,  Maps, 
Plans,  or  other  Evidences  of  Old  Bradford.— Address  Obicncr  Office, 
Bradford. 

pEORGE  DU  MAURIER,  Author  of  'Trilby.'— 

vJT  A  LETTER,  containing  about  800  words  and  three  humorous 
Pen-and-ink  Drawings,  written  by  George  Du  Maurier  while  in 
France,  during  the  "Trilby"  period,  to  the  late  Shirley  Brooks  when 
Editor  ot  I'linch,  is  FOR  SALE  by  tender.— Ofters  may  i>e  made  in 
writing  to  Cecil,  care  ot  A.  M.  Burghes,  Esq  ,  Literary  Agent,  1.  Pater- 
noster-row. 


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BOOKS. 


Carlyle's  (Thomas)  Complete  Works,  18  vols,  new  ..        ..£150 

Ditto.  Life,  by  Froude,  4  vols,  cloth,  new  (14;;.)     ..     0  10    6 

Ditto.    (Jane  Welsh),   Letters   and  Memorials,   by  Froude, 

3  vols.  8vo.,  new  (36s.) 0  15    0 

Grote's  History  of  Greece,  12  vols,  crown  8vo.  cloth  (60s.)        ..    116    0 

Tytler's  History  of  Scotland,  Best  Edition,  10  vols.  8vo 0  18    0 

Hood  ('Tom),  Complete  Works,  10  vols,  crown  8vo.  (60s.)  ..150 

Kerr's  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels,  17  vols  8vo.  cloth  . .  1  14  0 
Laing's  Ancient  Scottish  Seals,  with  Supplt ,  2  vols.  4to.  cloth. .  3  10  0 
Motley's  Dutch  Republic,  3  vols,  crown  8vo.  half  bound...  ..  0  10  6 
Kaye's  Sepoy  War,  Best  Edition,  3  vols  8vo.  half-calf  '. .  ..200 
New  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland,  15  vols.  8vo.  half-calf  . .  4  10  0 
Martin's  Life  of  Prince  Consort,  illustrated,  5  vols.  (4/.  10s.)  ..110 
Catalogues  gratis  on  application. 
James  Thin,  Bookseller,  55,  South  Bridge,  Edinburgh. 

BOOK-PLATES  DESIGNED  and  ENGRAVED 
in  best  style  on  Wood,  Copper,  or  Steel.  Specimens  sent  on 
application.  One  Shilling  each  Set,  viz.  (1)  Modern  Heraldic ;  (2) 
Mediaeval;  (3)  Non-Heraldic. 

THOMAS  MORING,  52,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C.    Established  1791. 
(A  Leaflet  on  BOOK-PLATES  sent  free. J 


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CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS  and  SCHOOL  PRIZES. 


A  LARGE  COLLECTION  OF  SUITABLE  BOOKS  IN  LEATHER 
BINDINGS  IS  KEPT  LN  STOCK  IN  THE  SHOW-ROOMS. 

A  PULL  and  REVISED  CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUE  sent  post  free  on 
application. 

A  SELECTION  OF  GOOD  EDITIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  GERMAN 

STANDARD  AUTHORS  IN  LEATHER  BINDINGS 

IS  ALSO  KEPT  IN  STOCK. 

A  POPULAR  CHRISTMAS  PRESENT  IS  A 
YEAR'S    SUBSCRIPTION    TO    THE   LIBRARY. 

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by  M.  RAINE  THOMPSON, 

Studio,  41,  George-street,  Portman  square,  W. 


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E. 


AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

are  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  stiitable  margins,  any  size  np  to 
Demy,  22  inches  by  17  inches.  This  process  is  noted  lor  its  excel- 
lence in 

COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS  ; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS ; 
COPIES  OF  PEN-AND-INK  SKETCHES  ; 
COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN  ; 
and  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  the  Paljeo- 
graphical,  Niunismatical,  Antiquarian,  and  other  Learned  Societies,  and 
by  the  Leading  Publishers. 

The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  lor  the  Decoration  ot  the  Home  with 
permanent  Photographs  from  the  most  celebrated  Paintings,  Sculptures, 
and  Drawings  ot  the  GREAT  MASTERS,  Ancient  and  Modem. 

The  AUTOTYPE FINE-AUT CATALOGUE  of  184 pages  (NewEdltion), 
with  Ulnstrated  Supplement,  conteiinlng  nearly  Seventy  Miniature 
Photographs  ot  notable  Autotypes.    Post  free.  Is. 

New  Pamphlet,  'Autotype  a  Decorative  and  Educational  Art,'  tree  on 
application. 


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OGRAVURE. 


The  AUTOTYPE  PROCESS  adapted  to  Photographic  Engraving  on 
Copper.  Copies  of  Paintings  by  Gainsboro,  Holman  Hunt,  Herbert 
Schmalz  ;  of  Portraits  by  Holl,  R.A. ;  Ouless,  R.A. ;  Pettie,  R.A. ; 
Prinsep,  A.R. A. ;  of  the  Fresco  in  Guy's  Hospital ;  '  Spring, '  by  Herbert 
Draper,  &c. ;  Autogravure  Reproductions  ol  I'hotographs  from  Art 
Objects  and  from  Nature,  can  be  seen  at  the  Autotype  Gallery. 
Estimates  and  particulars  on  application. 
The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  W  C, 


T[''HE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER-PAD. 

J-        (The  LEADENHALL  PRESS.  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-strect, 
London,  E.C.) 
Contains   hairless   paper,  over  which   the   pen   slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    Os  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 


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EDITORIAL  ROOMS,  with  use  of  a  Publishing 
Office,  TO  LET.    Rent  moderate. —Appiv  to  H.  W.  Periv,  Gold- 
smith's House,  6,  Wine  Office-court,  Fleet-street,  E.C. 

Postage  Stamps. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON  will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C, 
on  TUESDAY,  December  10.  and  Following  Day,  at  G  o'clock  precisely, 
RARE  BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE  STAMPS, 
part  the  Property  of  the  late  C,  CAMPBEU.,  Esq.  (by  order  ot  the 
Executrix),  and  from  other  Private  Sources. 

Catalogues  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Valuable  Violins. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  December  10,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  VIOLINS,  VIOLAS,  VIOLONCELLOS.  &c  , 
the  Properties  of  the  late  J.  T.  CARRODUS,  Esq..  G.  J.  STAINWORTH, 
Esq  ,  W  W.  BOREHAM,  Esq.,  Hon.  L.  PARSONS,  Hon.  Mrs.  FIELD- 
ING, and  other  Private  Properties,  including  choice  examples  of  the 
works  ot  Antonius  Stradiuarius,  Joseph  Guavnerius  del  Jesu,  J.  B. 
Vuillaume,  Grancino,  Gagliano,  W.  Forster,  Vincenzo  Panormo,  Rug- 
geri,  and  other  masters. 

Catalogues  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Portion  of  the  Library  of  W.  PENNANT,  Esq. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 

AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  -  square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  I'ORTION  ot  the  LIBRARY  of  W. 
PENNANT,  Esq  ,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Reichenbachia 
Orchids,  illustrated  and  described  by  F.  Sander,  coloured  plates — 
Lever's  Charles  O'Malley,  First  Edition,  original  cloth— Gallery  of 
Modern  Etchings— Hogarth's  Works- Bourke's  History  of  White's — 
Leicester  Architectural  Society,  4  vols —Original  Drawings  by  Owen 
Jones— Col.  Hamilton  Smith's  Original  Coloured  Drawings  of  Land  and 
Water  Birds,  in  11  vols —Native  Drawings  ot  Oriental  Birds— Wein- 
mann's  Beschryoingen  der  Bloemdragende  Gewassen.  coloured  plates, 
8  vols.— Pynes  Costume  of  Great  Britain,  coloured  plates— Dugdale's 
Monasticon  Anglicanum,  8  vols.— Royal  Gallery  of  British  Art,  4  vols. — 
Waring's  Masterpieces  ot  Art,  crimson  morocco  by  Hayday— Orleans 
Gallery,  2  vols,  crimson  morocco— Gruner's  Specimens  of  Ornamental 
Art,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  il  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Valuable  Booksfrom  the  Libraries  oftfie  late  A.  YOUNG,  Esq., 
of  Orlingbury  Park,  and  of  a  Gentleman,  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  16,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARIES  of  the 
late  A.  YOUNG,  Esq  ,  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  and  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  recently  deceased,  comprising  Hoare's  Wiltshii'e — 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire  —  Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey  —  Ormerod's 
Cheshire— Baker's  Northampton— Nash's  Worcester— Wright's  Rut- 
land—Lawes  of  Virginia,  1662— Stephens's  Philadelphia  Directory, 
1796 — Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes— Shakespeare.  Second  Folio,  with  MS. 
Notes  —  Spenser's  Complaints,  1591  — Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village, 
Haunch  of  Venison,  &c.  First  Editions— Holbein's  Portraits,  flue  copy 
— Preces  Privata?,  First  Edition,  1564— Liber  Precum  Publicarum,  1569 — 
Pamphlets  relating  to  the  Civil  War,  &c. ;  an  extensive  Collection  of  the 
Plays  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Behn,  Dryden,  Shadwell,  Shiiley, 
Steele,  Chapman,  &c.,  many  First  Editions,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 


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ESSRS.     PUTTICK     &    SIMPSON'S     NEXT 

SALE  of  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  will  take  place  on  the  20tb 


Valuable  Mezzotint  and  other  Engravings,  the  Property  of  the 
late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  HARKISON. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C  ,  on  TUESDAY,  December  10.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
valuable  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  well-known  COLLECTOR, 
and  of  the  late  Venerable  ARCHDEACON  HARRISON,  including  Mezzo- 
tints of  Portraits  and  Fancy  Subjects  after  J.  Hoppner,  G.  Morland,  Sir 
J.  Reynolds,  G.  Romney.  J.  R.  Smith,  and  others— a  complete  Set  ot  the 
Life-Size  Heads  by  T.  Frye— Line  Engravings  by  Sir  R.  Strange,  W. 
Woollett,  &c. ,  many  in  Proof  States,  and  mostly  in  unusually  fine 
condition  ;  also  the  celebrated  Series  of  Original  Drawings  by  B. 
Caldecott,  illustrating  Goldsmith's  The  Mad  Dog. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  Works  by  Modern  Authors,  the  Property  of  a 
Gentleman. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of  a  GENTLE- 
MAN, consisting  of  Works  by  Modern  Authors  and  Poets,  mostly  First 
Editions,  Large  Papers,  and  Limited  Issues,  including  Works  by  Austin 
Dobson,  Norman  Gale,  Andrew  Lang,  Swinburne.  Tennyson,  and 
others;  also  a  very  extensive  Collection  ot  Books  on  Folk-lore  and  the 
Popular  Superstitions  of  Various  Countries,  and  another  Property, 
consisting  of  Modern  Books  and  Novels. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had ;  it  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

The  Library  of  valuable  Illuminated  Manuscripts  and  printed 
Books  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  FRIDAY,  December  13,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  LIBRARY  ot  valuable  ILLUMINATED  MANUSCRIPTS  and 
PRINTED  BOOKS  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C  JACKSON.  MA  F.R.A.S., 
comprising  fine  Illuminated  Breviaries,  Books  ot  Hours,  Missals,  Pon- 
tificals, Offices,  &c.,  amongst  which  are  the  great  Antiphoner  ot  Sarum 
and  Norwich— a  fine  Pontifical,  decorated  in  the  highest  style  of  Renais- 
sance Art  for  Cardinal  Colonna— the  splendid  MS  Josephus  from  the 
Hamilton  Collection— a  Missal  illuminated  for  Cardinal  St  Sabine, 
Bishop  of  Augsburg— the  Missal  of  L.  M  Sforza— 11  Moro,  a  Fifteenth 
Century  Codex  of  Lucanus,  written  by  John  Franciscus  do  Mantua,  &c.— 
Rare  Books  with  elaborate  old  Bindings  and  Arms  of  former  Famous 
Owners— Early  Part  Music— English  and  Foreign  Editions  of  the  Bible, 
Common  I'rayer,  and  Psalms,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  bad  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 


Enqravings  and  Drawings  by  the  Old  Masters  of  the  late 
Rev.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  I.').  Wellington- 
street  Strand,  W.C  .  on  MONDAY,  December  IG.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
the  Collection  of  ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS  by  the  Old  Masters, 
otthc  late  Rev.  J  C  JACKSON.  MA.  F  H  A  s  ,  including  the  Works 
of  A.  Diircr,  W.  Hollar,  L.  van  Leydcn,  Ralniondi,  Rembrandt,  Schon- 
gauer,  Ostade,  Varley,  Wllkie,  Van  Dyck,  and  others. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  bo  bad. 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


771 


Pictures,  Drawings,  and  Miniatures  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C. 
JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellini?ton- 
street.  Strand,  W C,  on  TVESDAY,  December  17,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
PICTt'RES  by  Copley,  Etty,  C  Leslie,  Polemberjj,  Bonnington,  Le 
Jeune,  G.  Arnold,  J.  K  Pyoe,  and  others  ;  Drawings  in  Water  Colour  by 
Cotton,  Rowlandson,  Clint,  D.  Cox,  Girtin,  S.  Prout.  and  others  ;  and 
Miniatures  by  Pastorini,  Guerin,  Immens,  Thomson,  Hone,  Zincke,  and 
ethers,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev,  J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A.  F.KA.S. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Antiquities  and  Objects  of  Art  of  the  late  Sev. 
J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellinuton- 
gtreet.  Strand,  AV  C,  on  WEDNESDAY.  December  18,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, the  COLLECriON  of  ANFIQUITIES  and  OBJECTS  of  ART  of 
the  late  Rev  J.  C.  JACKSOX,  MA.  FK  A  S,  &c.,  comprising  Antique 
Marbles  and  Terra-Cotta  Figures  and  Vases— Italian  and  Oriental 
Bronzes  —  IntagUi  and  Camei  — Chatelaines  —  f)tuis — Fob-Seals.  &c,  ; 
Snuff  and  Tobacco  Boxes— Enamels— Carvings  in  Ivory  and  Wood- 
Arms,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

China,  Silver  Plate,  and  Decorative  Furniture  of  the  late 
Sev.  J.  C.  JACKSON.  M.A. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 


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will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  ■Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  19,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, ORIENTAL  and  EUROPEAN  CHINA,  including  examples  of 
Worcester,  Bow,  Vienna,  Chelsea.  Dresden,  Sivres,  Bristol,  Derby,  &c  ; 
Silver  Plate  and  Decorative  Furniture,  including  Cabinets,  Chairs, 
Tables,  Bookcases,  Commodes,  &c.,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C. 
JACKSON,  M.A.  F  K  A.8. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

MOXDAVNEXT. 

A  Valuable  Collection  of  British  Birds'  Eggs. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden.  on  MON- 
DAY NEXT,  December  9,  at  half- past  12  o'clock  precisely,  a  valuable 
COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  BIRDS'  EGGS,  including  many  Raiities. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

TUESDA  Y  NEXT. 

Valuable  Collection  of  British  Lepidoptera. 

MR.  J,  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY NEXT,  December  10,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  the  FIRST 
PORTION  of  the  valuable  and  extensive  COLLECTION  of  BRITISH 
LEPIDOPTERA  formed  by  the  late  W  H  TUGWELL,  of  Greenwich, 
during  the  last  fortv  years,  in  excellent  condition.  Also  a  Mahogany 
Cabinet— Books,  &c. 


FRIDAY  NEXT.— Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  FRIDAY 
NEXT,  December  1.1,  at  half  -  past  12  o'clock  precisely,  40C  LOTS 
.of  MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY,  comprising  Binnial  and  other 
Lanterns,  and  an  Assortment  of  Hand-painted  and  other  Slides— Micro- 
scopes, Telescopes,  and  other  Scientific  Instruments— Photographic  and 
Electrical  Apparatus,  &c. 
On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


FRWA  Y  NEXT. 
A    Part   Stock   of  a   Manufacturer,  comprising  Axminster, 
Brussels,  Wilton,  and  other  Carpets  in  the  roll  and  squares  ; 
also  a  large  Assortment  of  Hearthrugs;    also  Furnishing 
Drapery,  J)c. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  will  include  the  above  in 
his  SALE  bv  AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  .38,  King-street 
Covent-garden.  on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  December  1.3,  at  2  o'clock  precisely. 


MONDA  y,  December  16. 
Great  Sale  of  Curiosities  from  many  parts. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY. December  16,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  a  CONSIGNMENT 
of  CURIOSITIES  from  NEW  GUINEA,  including  a  Collection  of 
Native  Weapons,  Dresses,  Bowls,  Skulls,  War  Clubs,  &c.— Chinese  and 
Japanese  Curiosities,  China.  Antiquities,  &c. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  i  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  a  Portion  of  the  Library  of  a 
Gentleman,  deceased ;  and  other  Collections. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY' 
December  11,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS,  including  8.  Augustini  Opera,  14  vols  -Lives  of  the  Saints  and 
Legends  of  S  Ursula,  2  vols —The  Speaker's  Commentary,  11  vols — 
Migne.  Scriptnra>  sacra?  Cursus,  28  vols —Malory's  Morte  d'Arthur  by 
Sommer,  3  vols.  Large  Paper— Grimble's  Highlands,  Sport  and  Salmon 
Fishing.  2  vols  Large  Paper- Bowyer's  Waterloo  Campaign— Lang's 
Butterflies  of  Europe,  2  vols —Moore's  Lepidoptera  of  Ceylon  3  vols — 
Curtis's  Entomology.  18  vols  —Bewick's  Birds, 2  vols  — Y'arrells  Fishes 
3  vols.— Archxologia  Cantlana.  15  vols  — Surtees  Society,  29  vols  —Con- 
temporary Review,  50  vols  —  Fielding's  Works,  Edition  de  Luxe,  10  vols 
—Dickens's  Works,  30  vols  -Cambridge  Shakespeare,  40  vols  on  hand- 
made paper— Hone's  Works.  4  vols  —English  Rogue.  &c  ,  6  vols  Large 
Paper— Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,  2  vols.  Large  Paper— Modem  Poetry 
byJE.  Arnold,  Bullen,  Dobson,  D.  Lang,  Story,  Watson,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

DUBLIN. 
Sale  of  a  very  extensive  and  valuable  Collection  of  Oil  Paintings, 
Water-Colour  Driwings.  and  Old  Engravings  fineluding  that  of  the 
late  ROBERT  NEWLAND,  Esq  ,  M  D  ,  the  late  ROBERT  MURDOCH, 
Esq  ,  and  the  late  W.  IIUXTON,  Esq  ,  V  L.,  of  Ardee  House! 
CO.  Louth)— Fine  Statuary,  Marble  Groups  and  Figures  —  Early 
English  and  French  Furniture  — Old  China,  embracing  several  rare 
and  important  Pieces  the  product  of  the  most  esteemed  Manufac- 
tories in  England  and  the  Continent— Fine  Bronzes- Carvings  in 
Ivory  — Old  AVatcrford  and  Cork  Glass  — Bijouterie  — Miniatures- 
Chippendale  Mirrors— and  Girandoles,  &c. 

lyfESSRS.    BENNKTT    &    80N   will    SELL    by 

;^;-J-  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  C,  Upper  Ormond  Quav,  on  TUES- 
DAY, December  10.  and  Three  Follotring  Days,  the  foregoing  valuable 
r/,?£?fS'n,^^^*'j:'P"^*  Catalogues  of  which  can  be  had  onappUcation.- 
HENNETT  &  SON,  Auctioneers 


DUBLIN. 

Important  Sale  of  Violins  (the  Property  of  a  well-knoicn 

Collector  in  the  North  of  Ireland). 

MESSRS.  BENNETT  &  SON  respectfully  give 
notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  6, 
UPPER  ORMOND  QUAY,  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  11, 18  VIOLINS, 
each  Instrument  selected  for  some  special  quality,  either  of  workman- 
ship or  tone,  including  examples  by  Sebastian,  Klotz,  17:34,  B.  Rugerius, 
E.  Vassallo,  1711,  J.  B.  Zanoli  (2),  Nicholas  Amati,  T.  Ferry,  S.  Bila, 
Pierre  Silvestre,  Jacques  Boguay,  Geo.  Buckmann,  &c. 


DUBLIN. 

Valuable  Collection  of  Antique  Plate  and  Old  Sheffield 
Plated  Ware. 

MESSRS.   BENNETT  &   SON   respectfully  give 
notice  that  they  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  6, 
UPPER  ORMOND  QUAY,  on  SATURDAY,  December  14,  2,000  OUNCES 
of  ANTIQUE  PLATE ;  also  a  large  Collection  of  Sheffield  Plated  Ware. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

DUBLIN. 
SALE  of  High-Class  WINES,  removed  from  the  Co.  Wicklow,  the 
Property  of  a  NOBLEMAN,  and  from  a  Private  Cellar  in  Howth,  Co. 
Dublin.  Champagnes :  Ruinart,  Ayala,  Roederer,  Cliquot,  Perrier 
Jouet  of  18&i,  1887,  and  1889  Vintages— Clarets  :  Chateau  Lafltte,  Mar- 
gaux,  La  Rose,  D'Issan  of  1868, 1874, 1875 ;  Chateau  bottled  in  Magnums 
and  Bottles— tine  Old  East  India  Madeira— Tawney  Port— Hocks.  1865 
—Cabinet  Wines— Liqueurs,  &c. 

TO    BE    SOLD    by    AUCTION    at    6,    UPPER 

X     ORMOND  QUAY,    DUBLIN,  on  SATURDAY,  Decen^ber  14,  at 
2  o'clock. 

Catalogues  on  application— BENNETT  &  SON,  Auctioneers,  6,  Upper 
Ormond  Quay. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  ;— 

On  MONDAY,  December  9,  OBJECTS  of  ART, 

formerly  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs.  HALL,  of  17,  Lowndes-square. 

On   TUESDAY,    December   10,    ENGRAVINGS 

after  Sir  E.  Landseer,  the  Property  of  the   late  Mrs.   MACKENZIE 
(sister  of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R  A  ;. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  11,  FINE  WINES 

from  several  Private  Cellars,  and  CHOICE  CIGARS,  the  Property  of 
His  Highness  Prince  BORIS  SWIATOPOLK-CZETWERTINSKY. 

On  THURSDAY,  December    12,  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN.  OBJECTS  of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNI'lURE 
of  Col.  CHAKLES  FAIRBROTHER. 

On  FRIDAY,   December  13,  WATER-COLOUR 

DRAWINGS  of  the  late  B.  M.  OLIVER,  Esq  .  and  the  late  R.  BARNES, 
Esq 

On  SATURDAY,   December  14,  PICTURES  by 

Old  Masters,  the  Collection  of  Mrs  HON  Y WOOD,  deceased,  and  R.  F. 
ABU.VHAM,  Esq  ,  deceased,  and  others. 

On  MONDAY,  December  16,  PORCELAIN  and 

OBJECTS  Of  ART  from  various  Sources. 

On  TUESDAY,  December  17,  MODERN  PROOF 

ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  C.  D.  BURNETT,  Esq  ,  and 
others. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December   18,  a   COLLEC- 

TION  of  BOOKS  from  various  Private  Libraries. 


On  view  this  day  (Saturday) . 
CHURCHFIELD  HOUSE,  WEST  BROMWICH,  near 
BIRMINGHAM  (by  direction  of  JOSHUA  FELLOWS. 
Esq.,  J.P.,  who  is  leaving  the  neighbourhood) . — An  important 
Sale  of  a  Portion  of  the  superior  Household  Furniture,  Pic- 
tures, Japanese  Ivories,  Old  China,  Antique  Silver,  Coins, 
Enamels,  Bronzes,  Books,  SiC 

MESSRS.  THOMAS  &  BETTERIDGE  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  the  above  Residence,  on  MONDAY,  TUESDAY, 
and  WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  December  9,  10,  and  11,  commencing  each 
Morning  punctually  at  11  o'clock,  several  Items  of  very  excellent 
HOUSEHOLD  FURNITURE-Carved  AntiqueOak  Dower  Chest-Stags' 
Heads  and  Antlers,  Buffalo  and  Rams'  Horns;  Part  of  the  Gallery  of 
valuable  OIL  PAINTINGS  and  WATER-COLOUR  DRAWING^, 
including  a  grand  Work  by  E.  Verboeckhoven— Three  splendid  Ex- 
amples of  B  W  Leader,  A  R  A  —a  magnificent  Work.  Diet  Whitting- 
ton,  by  Newenham.  from  Mr.  Sharp's  Collection  at  Endwood  Court — 
"Oh  myl  how  pretty,"  by  fldouard  Frere— the  Old  Guard  Ship,  by 
Henry  Dawson— Three  fine  Works  by  Ernest  Crofts,  A  R  A.  —  Four 
ditto  by  David  Cox,  including  one  Haymaking,  a  perfect  Gem— Five 
ditto  by  James  Hardy,  jun  —Forgotten,  by  J.  8.  Noble— and  many  other 
charming  Pictures  and  Drawings  by  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  K.A.,  John  Lin- 
nell,  K  Hoftner,  Koelev  Halswelle,  Copley  Fielding.  R  A.,  John  Syer, 
F  H.  Henshaw,  G  B  O'Neill.  Clarkson  Stanfield,  R  .\  .  T.  Collier.  Mrs 
Anderson,  E.  J  Niemann,  H  Baker,  Elijah  Walton,  P.  de  Wint.  F.  W. 
Topham.  W  H  Ward.  James  Orrock,  J.  B  Pyne,  John  Varley,  W. 
Oliver,  J.  Pratt,  C.  T.  Burt,  William  Shayer,  Leopold  Rivers,  and  others  ; 
scarce  Trial  and  other  Proof  ENGRAVINGS  ;  a  few  Lots  of  well-bound 
BOOKS,  including  Sydney  Smith's  Works— The  Imperial  Dictionary, 
14  vols.— Carlyle's  Frederick  the  Great— 'The  Garden,  U  vols— Gems  of 
European  Art— Stafford  Gallery — a  very  valuable  Book  of  the  Auto- 
graphs of  the  Members  of  the  House  of  Lords  at  the  Death  of  William  IV. 
— The  Trial  of  <iueen  Caroline,  3  vols.,  containing  282  .\ut0gr3ph.  Signa- 
tures, and  Seals  of  George  IV  ,  William  I V  ,  the  Royal  Dukes  and  Peers, 
on  Orders  of  Admission  to  the  House  of  Lords  below  the  Bar  during  the 
Trial  in  1820,  and  a  number  of  interesting  Views  of  the  House  of  Lords 
(uni<(ue);  a  costly  Collection  of  rare  OLD  CHINA,  containing  many 
choice  Pieces  of  Crescent  and  Square  Marked  Worcester,  Including  a 
grand  Jug,  magnifl>  ently  painted  in  Pictures  of  the  Hunting  Supper. 
and  'Trophies  by  Humphrey  Chamberlain,  jun  ,  date  about  1812— 16  in. 
Savona  Dish,  by  Girolamo  Salomone,  about  16,50— and  many  other  im- 
portant Items  in  Spode.  Wedgwood,  St^vres,  Dresden,  Swansea,  Bristol, 
Staffordshire.  Crown  Derby,  Botticher,  and  Chelsea;  a  very  costly 
CABINET  of  CARVED  IVORIES,  over  One  Hundred  Pieces  in  Gro- 
tesque and  other  Groups  of  Men,  Mice,  Monkeys.  Birds,  Flowers,  Frogs, 
&c  ;  2(10  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper  COINS  and  MEDALS,  from  the  Eliza- 
bethan Period  to  Victoria,  amongst  which  will  be  found  a  Queen  Anne 
I'attern  Guinea,  and  very  fine  George  III.  Sovereign  and  Half-Sovereign 
— Commonwealth  and  Cromwell  Shilling— and  many  other  rare  Coins 
and  Medals;  interesting  and  valuable  ANTIQUE  SILVER.  Curios, 
Miniatures,  &c-.  In  Rat -tail.  Apostle,  and  other  Spoons— Caddies- 
Snuffboxes— Figures-Fans-Silver-Gilt  Bn\  with  Singing  Bird  — Tor- 
toiseshell  Snnffboxes.  with  artistically  painted  Lids  — and  the  (.old 
Locket  and  Brooch,  containing  Two  Paintings,  Dignity  and  Impudence, 
by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R  A.,  presented  by  him  to  his  Sister.  Jessie 
iJandseer.  1841— tinely  modelled  Japanese  and  other  BRONZES— Reclin- 
ing Figure  in  Statuary  Marble,  on  Granite  Slab— and  Miscellaneous 
Effects 

Special  attention  is  directed  to  this  important  Sale,  embracing  as  it 
dopg  many  (ietns  of  Art.  every  item  being  a  bond  fide  Property  of  Mr. 
FKLLOWS.  having  been  collected  by  him  with  great  care  and  judgment 
during  the  last  forty  years. 

Catalogues  at  the  Offices  of  the  AicrioNEraa,  23,  Waterloo  street, 
Birmingham. 


A.  &  C.  BLACK'S  LIST. 

Now  ready. 

The    PROPHETS    of  ISRAEL 

and  THEIR  PLACE  in  HISTORY.  By  the 
late  W.  ROBERTSON  SMITH,  M.A.  LL.D., 
Professor  of  Arabic  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. New  Edition,  with  Introduction  and 
Additional  Notes,  by  the  Rev.  T.  K.  CHEYNE, 
M.A.  D.  D.,  Oriel  Professor  of  the  Interpretation 
of  Holy  Scripture  at  Oxford,  Canon  of 
Rochester.     Post  8vo.  cloth,  price  10s.  %d. 

Now  ready. 

INTRODUCTION    to    the 

STUDY  of  FUNGI.  Their  Organography, 
Classification,  and  Distribution.  For  the  Use 
of  Collectors.  By  M.  C.  COOKE,  M.A.  LL.D. 
Demy  Svo.  cloth,  illustrated,  price  \is. 

JOHN  KNOX     a  Biography. 

By  P.  HUME  BROWN,  With  Plate  Frontis- 
pieces and  other  Illustrations.  In  2  vols,  demy 
8vo.  cloth,  price  24s. 

MIGUEL    DE     CERVANTES, 

HIS  LIFE  and  WORKS.  By  HENRY 
EDWARD  WATTS.  (Uniform  with  'Don 
Quixote.')  A  New  Edition,  Revised  and  En- 
larged, witha  Complete  Bibliography  and  Index. 
Square  crown  Svo,  art  canvas,  price  7s.  6<f. 

DYNAMICS.      By  P.  G.  Tait, 

M.A.,  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Crown  Svo.  cloth, 
price  Is.  Qd. 

MILK:  its  Nature  and  Com- 
position. By  C,  M.  AIKMAN,  M.A.  D.Sc. 
Crown  Svo,  cloth,  illustrated,  price  3s,  6d. 

PLEA  for  a  SIMPLER  LIFE. 

By  GEORGE    S,    KEITH,    M.D.    F.R.C.P.E. 

Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  2s.  6d.    \^Tkird  Edit. 

JULIAN  HOME:   a  Tale   of 

College  Life.  By  FREDERIC  W.  FARRAR, 
Dean  of  Canterbury.  Fourteenth  Edition. 
With  10  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Stanley 
Berkeley.    Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  6s, 

NOTES  on  the  DISTRICT  of 

MENTEITH.  By  R,  B.  CUNNINGHAME 
GRAHAM.  Fcap.  Svo.  paper  covers,  price  Is. ; 
cloth,  price  2s.  [Second  Edition. 

O'SHEA'S  GUIDE  to  SPAIN  and 

PORTUGAL.  Edited  by  JOHN  LOMAS. 
Tenth  Edition,  with  Maps  and  Plans.  Crown 
Svo.  cloth,  price  15s. 

BRIGHTON    AS    I    HAVE 

KNOWN  IT.  By  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS 
SALA.     Fcap.  Svo.  paper  covers,  price  Is. 

A  COMMONPLACE  ;GIRL.    By 

BLANCHE  ATKINSON.  Crown  Svo,  cloth, 
price  Qs. 

AN  ISLE  in  the  WATER.    By 

KATHARINE  TYNAN.  Crown  Svo.  cloth, 
price  3s.  Gd. 

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MENT.  The  Chronicle  of  a  Second  Marriage. 
By  T.  INGLIS.     Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  3s.  Qd. 

The  UNWRITTEN  LAW. 

BLANCHE  LOFTUS  TOTTENHAM, 

Svo.  cloth,  price  6s. 

The   VEIL   of  LIBERTY. 


Tale  of  the  Girondins.    By  PfiRONNE, 
Svo.  cloth,  price  6s. 

MORTON    VERLOST. 

MARGUERITE  BRYANT.     Crown  Svo. 

price  6s. 

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A,  k  C.  BLACK  Soho-square,  London. 


By 

Crown 

A 

Crown 

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cloth, 

By 

cloth, 


772 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


GEORGE     ALLEN'S     ANNOUNCEMENTS. 


SPENSER'S  '  FAERIE  QUEENE/ 

With  over  90  Full-Page  Illustrations,  besides  80  Canto 

Headings,  Initials,  and  60  Tailpieces,  by 

WALTER  CRANE. 

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No  odd  Parts  supplied  separately. 

The  Text  (which  has  been  collated  from  Four  Editions,  including  that 
of  1590)  is  Edited  by  THOMAS  J.  WISE. 

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N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


773 


SWAN   SONNENSCHEIN  &  CO. 


THE    PRIVATE    LIFE    OF    WARREN    HASTINGS, 

THE  FIRST  GOVERNOR-GENERAL  OF  INDIA. 

By  Sir  CHAELES  LAWSON,  EelJow  of  the  University  of  Madras. 

With  3  Photogravure  Portraits,  a  large  Photogravure  Plate  of  the  Trial  Scene  at  Westminster  Hall,  78  other  Illustrations 

(including  29  Sketches  by  the  Author),  and  7  Facsimiles.     8vo.  10s.  6(1. 


"  A  very  engaging  picture  of  the  personal  character  and 
surroundings  of  Warren  Hastings  at  different  times  of  his 
life,  gathered  from  authentic  sources,  compiled  with  much 
skill  and  patience,  and  copiously  illustrated  from  contem- 
porary portraits  and  caricatures,  as  well  as  by  representa- 
tions of  localities  associated  with  Warren  Hastings's  life  and 
family." — Times. 

"This  friendly  and  painstaking  representation  of  a  dis- 
tinguished Englishman  is  very  charming,  and  adds  another 
tribute  to  one  who  served  his  country  faithfully,  and  whose 
merits  were  not  less  accentuated  by  the  hatred  of  his 
enemies  than  by  the  admiration  of  his  friends." 

Daily  Telegraph. 

"  The  secret  of  the  charm  of  the  author's  contribution  to 
this  chapter  of  national  biography  lies  in  the  frankly  per- 
sonal nature  of  its  contents.  We  believe  that  the  personal 
details  and  the  illustrations  of  this  delightful  book  will  give 
most  people  a  more  vivid  idea  of  the  great  drama  and  its 
actors  than  even  the  periods  of  Macaulay." 

Saturday  Eeview. 

"  Not  a  few  of  the  details  which  the  author  has  compiled 
from  various  sources  are  of  extreme  interest,  and  the  value 
of  the  book  is  enhanced  by  numerous  portraits  and  facsimile 
letters,  by  reproductions  of  many  contemporary  cartoons  of 


Gillray  and  others,  and  by  a  copy  of  an  engraving  of  1789, 
representing  the  scene  of  the  famous  '  Tryal.' " — World. 

"The  name  of  Warren  Hastings  will  always  occupy  a 
foremost  place  in  the  annals  of  Indian  history,  and  those 
who  are  familiar  with  the  stirring  events  of  his  career  will 
owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  the  author  for  the  opportunity  he 
has  given  them  of  making  closer  acquaintance  with  the 
details  of  his  private  life.  The  book  is  an  engrossing  record 
of  a  life  full  of  interest  and  variety." — St.  James's  Budget. 

"  Throughout  the  illustrations  are  good,  and  some  of  them 
fine,  and  both  printer  and  binder  have  done  their  best  to 
render  attractive  the  minute  research  of  the  author." 

Westminster  Gazette. 

"There  remained  a  lighter  and  more  endearing  aspect  of 
Hastings's  career  that  had  not  been  specially  touched,  and 
it  has  fallen  to  the  author  of  this  pleasant  volume  to  portray 
it,  and  to  portray  it  with  great  felicity.  The  particular 
charm  of  the  volume  lies  in  the  profusion  of  illustrations  of 
all  kinds  with  which  it  is  equipped,  which  form  a  perfect 
thesaurus  of  illustrative  matter." — Bookseller. 

"  An  attractive  picture  of  the  personal  characteristics  and 
surroundings  of  Warren  Hastings.  The  author  appears  to 
have  taken  unusual  pains  with  his  task,  and  to  have  left  no 


stone  unturned  in  the  attempt  to  get  at  the  actual  facts  of 
the  case." — Leeds  Mercury. 

"  It  is  a  work  which  calls  for  thanks  and  commendation' 
rather  than  criticism.  The  chapters  dealing  with  Hastings's 
trial  and  later  life,  and  the  extracts  from  his  letters,  diary, 
and  poems  are  of  much  Interest.    It  is  worth  high  praise." 

Scotsman. 

"The  author  gives  us  most  ample  historical  information, 
admirably  illustrated,  and  the  biographical  sketches  ol 
Hastings's  contemporaries  are  valuable  contributions  to- 
literature.  He  has  been  untiring  in  his  attempts  to  illus- 
trate the  private  life  of  one  of  Britain's  most  illustrious  sons, 
and  all  who  have  Macaulay's  '  Bssny  on  Hastings 'on  their 
shelves  would  do  well  to  place  this  volume  beside  it  for 
purposes  cf  elucidation  and  reference." — Glasgow  Herald. 

"  The  patient  industry  with  which  the  author  baB 
gathered  together  a  mass  of  hitherto  unrevealed  informa- 
tion is  born  of  hero-worship,  and  every  admirer  of  Hastings,, 
which  is  the  same  thing  as  saying  every  patriotic  English- 
man, must  be  grateful  to  him  for  it.  Never,  too,  has  sucb 
a  wealth  of  pictorial  illustration  been  devoted  to  the 
subject.  Such  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  one  of  the 
greatest  of  his  race  is  to  be  welcomed  and  applauded." 

Times  of  India. 


MR.  C.  H.  HINTON'S  NEW  ROMANCE. 

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GREATER  VICTORIAN  POETS  (TENNYSON,  BROWN- 

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774 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N«3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


CHARLES    GRIFMN^^O^ 

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Sir  Dyce  Duckworth,  M.D.    25.?. 

Rheumatism. 

Arch.  Garrod,  M.D.    21s. 

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A.  E.  Sansom,  M.D.     28s. 
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3.  THE    BRAIN,    NERVOUS 

SYSTEM,  AND  LEGAL 

MEDICINE. 

The  Brain  and  Spinal  Cord. 

Victor  Hobsley,  F.R.S.     10s.  Qd. 

Central  Nervous  Organs. 

Drs.  Obersteiner  and  Hill.     25s, 

Peripheral  Neuritis. 

Drs.  Ross  and  Bury.     21s. 

Mental  Diseases. 

Bevan  Lewis,  M.R.C.S.     28s. 

Asylum  Management. 

Charles  Mercier,  F.R.C.P.     16s. 

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Prof.  DixoN  Mann,  M.D.    21s. 

Poisons :  Effects  and  Detection.  Third  Edition, 
A.  Wynter  Blyth,  F.C.S.,  Barrister  -  at- 
Law.     21s. 


Ruptures. 
J.  F. 


4.  SURGERY. 


25s. 


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Wm,  Thorburn,  F.R.C  S.     12s.  Qd. 
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Knowsley  Thornton,  F.R.C.S.    I 
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DOMESTIC  MEDICINE  and  HOUSE- 
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THOMSON,  M.D.,  J.  C.  STEELE,  M.D.  (late  of  Guy's 
Hospital),  and  GEO.  REID,  M.D.  D.P.H.,  Staffs. 
County  Council.  With  Appendix  on  the  Management 
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The    WIFE    and    MOTHER.      A 

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"  A  REALLY  EXCELLENT  BOOK The  subjcct  is  handled 

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INFANCY  and  INFANT-REARING: 

a  Guide  to  the  Care  of  Children  in  Early  Life.    By 
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tion and  Diseases  of  the  Chest.     With  Frontispiece  in 
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Lancet, 

AMBULANCE  (A  MANUAL  of).    By 

J.  SCOTT  RIDDELL,  CM.  M.B.  M.A.,  Assistant 
Surgeon,  Aberdeen  Royal  Infirmary ;  Examiner  to  the 
St.  John,  St.  Andrew's,  and  Aberdeen  Ambulance 
Associations.  SECOND  EDITION.  With  numerous 
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The  directions  are  short  and  clear,  and  testify  to  the  hand 
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SHIPMASTER'S  MEDICAL  GUIDE. 

By    WM.     JOHNSON     SMITH,     F.R.C.S.,    Principal 
Medical  Officer,  Seaman's  Hospital,  Greenwich.     With 
Coloured  Plates  and  numerous  Illustrations.    Handsome 
cloth,  G.«. 
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London:   CHARLES  GRIFFIN  &  CO.,  Limited,  Exeter-street,  Strand. 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


775 


THE    PRESS 

ON 

MESSRS-    HUTCHINSON    &    CO.'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


PHYLLIS     OF     PHILISTIA.     6s. 

By  r.  FRANKFORT  MOORE. 

[Third  Edition  at  press. 

The  Daili^  Chronicle  says  :— "  Phyllis  is  every  bit  as  charmiug  a  maiden  as  any  other  of 

Mr.  Moore's  attraciive  heroines.    Mr.   Moore's  Philistines their  conversation  is  always 

brilliant,  pointed,  and  polished,  and  his  creations  can  never  be  tiresome  or  unapt.  Of  good 
things  there  are  enough  aud  more  than  enough  to  keep  the  reader  amused  and  interested 
from  first  page  to  last.  Many  smart  things  have  been  said  of  late  concerning  the  institution 
of  marriage;  not  many  truer  than  Mr.  Ayrton's  last  remark,  '  Marriage  is  the  picturesque 
gateway  leading  to  a  commonplace  estate.'  "    (First  Review.) 

THE    CAVALIERS.     6s. 

By  Dr.  S.  R.  KEIGHTLEY. 

The  Aiherueum  says; — "There  need  be  no  hesitation  in  reading  '  The  Cavaliers.' Mr. 

Keightley  conveys  the  spirit  of  the  times  in  excellent  English  ;  a  writer  generally  admirable 
in  matter  and  style." 

The  World  says  : — "  A  strong  and  remarkable  story,  admirably  illustrated." 

The  Glasgow  Herald  says: — "Of  very  high  merit,  full  of  quick  and  stirring  interest, 
abounding  in  well-drawn  characters,  catching  successfully  the  atmosphere  of  a  bygone 
era,  and  striking  the  right  note  of  high  chivalric  sentiment.  Mr.  Keightley  will  have  to 
be  recognized  as  taking  a  high  place  among  our  historical  novelists." 

The  Gentlewoman  says : — "  Bright,  cleverly  written,  and  most  fascinating.  Melody 
Leigh  and  her  brother  Percival,  Mr.  Duncombe,  Colonel  Death,  Mary  Death,  not  to  mention 
Cromwell  and  the  King,  are  all  worthy  to  rank  beside  Mr.  Stanley  Weyman's  fascinating 
heroes  and  heroines." 

WHEN  GREEK  MEETS  GREEK.    6s. 

By  JOSEPH  HATTON.  [Third  Edition. 

The  Manchester  Courier  says  : — "  To  say  that  a  novel  is  by  Mr.  Joseph  Hatton  is  to  say 
that  it  will  be  found  most  interesting  and  well  worth  the  reading.  This  story  is  a  strong 
one,  and  the  reader's  interest  in  it  is  held  right  up  to  the  end.  The  story  proceeds  with 
much  animation,  and  Mr.  Hatton  may  be  congratulated  on  the  general  excellence  of  his 
work."    (First  Review.) 

The  Daily  Telegraph  says :— "  Mr.  Hatton's  new  novel  deals  with  the  stormy  times  of 
the  French  Hevolution.  The  book  is  full  of  incident  and  '  go,'  and  the  plot  is  unfolded  with 
the  practised  skill  which  we  look  for  from  the  author."    (Second  Review.) 

A  QUESTION  OF  FAITH.     3s.  6d. 


THE  ONE  WHO  LOOKED  ON.    3s.  6d. 


By  L.  DOUGALL. 


[Second  Edition  at  press. 


The  Scotsman  says  :— "  Miss  Dougall's  new  story,  'A  Question  of  Faith,'  should  enhance 
her  reputation.  It  is  written  with  great  charm  of  style  by  a  band  that  has  acquired  a 
mastery  of  the  materials  it  employs.  Much  thought  and  c'ear  insight  into  the  springs  of 
motive  and  character  have  gone  to  the  making  of  the  tale.  Apart  from  its  merits  as  a  story 
the  book  contaiiis  some  keen  probings  of  questions  in  ethics,  conduct,  and  religion,  and 
some  beautiful  sketches  of  moor-land  and  coombe  scenery."    (First  Review.) 

The  Glasgow  Herald  says: — "Miss  Dougall's  new  story,  as  might  have  been  expected, 
is  not  commonplace  as  regards  either  the  situations  or  the  style  in  which  they  are  treated, 
and  though  the  characters  are  few  in  number  each  is  a  finished  portrait.  The  workmanship 
is  of  such  a  high  order  that  the  story  makes  unusually  enjoyable  reading."  (Second  Review.) 

THE    VILLAGE    OF    YOUTH, 

And  other  Fairy  Tales. 

By  BESSIE  HATTOK 

With  30  Illustrations  by  W.  H.  Margetson.     3s.  6d. 

The  Globe  says  : — "  Miss  Bessie  Hatton  displays  the  possession  of  considerable  fancy  and 
some  imagination  also.  Her  narratives  are  freshly  conceived  and  marked  by  delicacy  of 
treatment.  They  will  please  children  of  all  ages.  The  illustrations  by  W.  H.  Margetson  are 
very  much  above  the  average,  and  type,  paper,  and  binding  are  of  the  best." 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  :— "  '  The  Village  of  Youth '  contains  some  beautiful  thoughts 
interwoven  with  charming  stories." 

The  Scotsman  says  :—"  Written  with  a  delicate  touch  and  with  a  tenderness  of  feeling 
that  will  readily  reach  the  hearts  of  unsophisticated  readers  and  set  them  dreaming  of  fairy- 
land. The  tales  are  appropriately  illustrated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Margetson,  and  make  an  excep- 
tionally attractive  gift-book. ' 

THE  SILVER  FAIRY  BOOK.    6s. 

Fairy  Tales  of  Other  Lands. 

The  Times  says  : — "  '  The  Silver  Fairy  Book  '  is  very  prettily  got  up,  and  has  eighty-four 
excellent  illustrations.  Indeed,  the  fifteen  tales  from  the  English,  French,  and  (3erman  are 
generally  so  good  and  bright  that  they  deserve  graceful  illustration." 

The  Manchester  Guardian  says:— "'The  Silver  Fairy  Book'  contains  a  number  of 
charming  stories.    The  reading  is  good,  but  the  illustrations  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Millar  are  better." 

The  Daily  Chronicle  sa.y&  : — "The  prettily  bound  and  prettily  illustrated  volume  'The 
Silver  Fairy  Book '  will  find  as  many  admirers  outside  as  inside  the  walls  of  the  nursery." 

The  Literary  World  says  : — "A  delightful  volum? ,  which  is  suitably  printed  and  bound 
and  exceedingly  well  illustrated." 


Bv  F.  F.  MONTRESOR. 


[Third  Edition. 


The  Times  says :—"  The  favourable  impression  created  by  'Into  the  Highways  and 
Hedges' will  be  distinctly  deepened  by  its  successor,  'The  One  Who  Looked  On.'  It  is  a 
charming  story.    The  characters  are  sketched  lightly  but  vividly,  with  a  touch  as  delicate  as 

it  is  sure." 

The  World  says :—"  The  author  of  'Into  the  Highways  and  Hedges'  does  more  than 
fulfil  the  promise  and  sustain  the  reputation  of  that  work  by  the  story  she  gives  us  in  '  The 
One  Who  Looked  On.'  This  is  a  tale  quite  unusual,  entirely  unlike  any  other,  full  of  a 
strange  power  and  realism,  and  touched  with  a  fine  humour." 

The  British  Weekly  (Leader)  says:—"  One  of  the  most  remarkable  and  powerful  of  the 
year's  contributions  ;  worthy  to  stand  with  Ian  Maclaren's." 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  :— "  '  Into  the  Highways  and  Hedges'  made  a  deep  impression 
on  all  who  read  it,  and  its  authoress  gives  us  a  worthy  successor  in  her  new  book.  The 
sweet  young  'looker  on'  tells  its  story  with  such  pathos,  humour,  and  insight,  that  the 
reader,  seeing  with  her  eyes,  laughs,  wonders,  and  saddens  with  her.  The  idea  of  the  book 
is  distinctly  original. ' 

THE  CALICO  PRINTER.    6s. 

By  CHARLOTTE  FENNELL. 

[Seco7id  Edition. 

The  Times  says  :— "  '  The  Calico  Printer'  is  decidedly  a  clever  novel." 

The  Standard  says  :— "The  story  is  well  written  and  clever,  and  the  book  is  worth  read- 
ing." 

The  Athenmim  says  :— "  There  is  plenty  of  natural  talent  in  '  The  Calico  Printer.'  The 
book  is  clever,  and  its  sketches  of  vulgar  North  Country  folk  in  a  manufacUuing  town  are 
genuinely  comic." 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says:— "Very  much  above  the  average;  realistic  and  sym- 
pathetic.   Very  clever  and  readable." 

WITH  65  ILLUSTEATIONS  BY  HARRY  FURNISS  AND 
DOROTHY  FURNISS. 

THE   WALLYPUG    OF    WHY. 

A  Fanciful  and  Humorous  Story. 
By  G.  E.  FARROW. 

In  crown  4to.  handsomely  bound  in  cloth  gilt,  and  gilt  edges,  5s. 

The  Graphic  says: — "The  book  is  heartily  amusing.  As  to  the  illustrations,  it  is 
enough  to  mention  Mr.  Furniss  as  responsible  for  the  full-page  pictures,  and  the  result  goes 
without  saying." 

The  Lady's  Pictorial  says  :— "  This  most  delightful  book  !  There  is  not  a  page  that  does 
not  sparkle  with  fun  and  fancy.  'Girlie'  is  as  bewitching  as  our  old  friend  'Alice  in 
Wonderland.' " 

The  St.  James's  Gazette  says  :— "  It  is  impossible  to  read  a  dozen  pages  of  '  The  Wallypug 
of  Why  '  without  being  reminded  of  '  Alice  in  Wonderland.'  Mr.  Farrow  may  take  this  as  a 
compliment.  To  have  caught  something  of  the  charm  of  Lewis  CarioU  and  to  be  sure  of  a 
welcome  for  his  book  from  all  child-readers  is  no  mean  achievement.  What  constitutes  an 
equal  charm  with  the  text  are  the  illustrations,  which  are  by  Mr.  Furniss  and  his  daughter 
Dorothy." 

THE  DOOMSWOMAN.    3s.  6d. 

By  GERTRUDE  ATHERTON. 

The  St.  James's  Gazette  says:— "In  subject  it  is  fresh  and  exciting,  even  to  the  j.i  led 
novel-reader.  A  capital  story  ;  it  is  well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  English  public.  '  The 
Doomsworaan '  is  a  new  type  in  fiction,  and  a  good  one." 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  :— "  The  book  is  a  series  of  gorgeous  pictures.  Amid  all  this 
splendour  and  excitement  skilfully  contrasted  with  the  wild  squalor  of  the  lower  life  moves 
the  passionate  drama  of  the  story.  The  subjugation  of  the  impetuous  Southerner  is  skilfully 
drawn,  and  the  interest  of  the  story  is  maintained  to  the  end." 

The  Literary  llorW  says:— "  The  character  of  Bstenega  is  quite  a  brilliant  piece  of 
drawing.  Chor.ita  is  one  of  the  most  original  and  delightful  heroines  I  have  come  across  for 
some  time.     '  The  Uoomswoman  '  is  certainly  one  of  the  cleverest  novels  of  the  season." 

The  Queen  says  ;— "  I  was  quite  aware  of  the  cleverness  of  Mrs.  Atherton,  but  I  had  no 
conception  that  she  could  write  a  book  such  as  '  Tbe  Doomsworaan.'  About  the  prettiest 
novel  I  have  read  this  season.  I  do  not  see  Low  the  most  hardened  reader  of  fiction  could 
help  enjoying  such  a  book." 

THE    SCRIPTURE    READER   OF 
ST.  MARK  S.    3s.  6d. 

By  K.  DOUGLAS  KING. 

The  Daily  Chronicle  says  :— "  Mr.  Douglas  King  has  written  a  novel  of  considerable  merit 
and  of  still  greater  promise.  Genuine  human  feeling  rings  in  its  pages.  The  author  has 
displayed  singular  ingenuity  in  his  plot,  and  has  treated  it  with  originality.  Here  you  have 
a  very  pretty  problem,  and  "for  its  consequences  and  the  sequel  the  book  must  te  read.  There 
is  pathos  here,  genuine  pathos." 

The  Athemi-um  says  :— "  It  contains  stuff  not  at  all  on  conventional  lines.  The  ordeal  as 
well  as  the  Scripture  Heiider  himself  is  vigorously  handled.  So  is  the  stranger  girl.  The 
selfish  yet  affectionate  Alexandra  is  a  child  of  nature  and  a  very  woman." 

The  Literary  World  says  :— "  There  is  boldness  both  in  the  conception  and  in  the  ixecu- 
tion.  The  theme  is  a  singular  one,  and  the  treatment  it  receives  at  the  author's  hands  is 
original  and  striking.  The  story,  told  as  it  is,  never  loses  its  human  interest.  It  shows  both 
originality  of  thought  and  literary  capacity." 


London:  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster-row. 


776 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


MR.    WM.    HEINEMANN'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


A      SUPERB      PRESENT. 


THE  ART  BOOK  OF  THE  SEASON, 


c 


o 


O    R    R    E    G    G    I 

HIS  LIFE,  HIS  FRIENDS,  AND  HIS  TIME. 

By  Dr.  CORRADO  RICCI. 

Translated    by    FLOKENCE    SIMMONDS. 

One  Volume,  imperial  8vo.  with  16  Photogravures,  21  Full-Page  Plates  in  Tint,  and 
190  other  Illustrations  in  the  Text,  price  21.  2s.  net. 

*^*  There  will  be  a  SPECIAL  EDITION  printed  on  Japanese  vellum,  limited 
to  75  Copies  for  England,  of  which  only  12  copies  remain,  with  Duplicates  of  the 
Photogravure  Plates  on  India  paper.  Price  on  application.  A  detailed  and  illus- 
trated Prospectus  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 


Among  the  great  masters  of  the  Renaissance,  Antomo  Allegri  da  Correggio 
is  one  of  those  whose  career  and  personality  have  been  placed  in  an  entirely  fresh 
light  by  the  results  of  recent  criticism  and  research.  The  biography  of  this  artist 
by  the  late  Dr.  Julius  Meyer,  of  Berlin,  was  a  work  of  merit  in  its  day,  but  has  been 
rendered  obsolete  by  the  labours  of  more  recent  inquirers  into  the  history  of  art  and 
culture  in  the  Emilian  province,  including  the  late  Giovanni  Morelli ;  and  above  all 
the  present  brilliant  and  indefatigable  Director  of  the  Grallery  at  Parma,  Dr.  Corrado 
iRicci.  By  inducing  Dr.  Ricci  to  undertake  an  elaborate  life  of  the  master,  in  which 
all  the  scattered  results  of  recent  research,  including  his  own,  shall  be  embodied  in 
a  continuous  narrative  and  illustrated  with  the  utmost  completeness,  the  publishers 
of  the  present  volume  hope  to  be  conferring  a  real  boon  upon  lovers  of  Renaissance 
Jlrt.  As  Director  of  the  Gallery  in  Parma,  the  city  in  which  Correggio  spent  the 
?nost  fruitful  years  of  his  life,  Dr.  Ricci  has  had  access  to  otherwise  inaccessible 
mateiial,  and  has  received  help  not  only  from  the  Italian  Government,  but  from  all 
Avho  wei'e  able  to  throw  new  light  on  the  work  of  this  great  artist.  Correggio  stands 
out  clearly  as  a  man  of  extraordinary  ability  and  accomplishments,  dwelling  in  an 
/environment  which  will  be  realized  with  surprise  by  those  who  have  believed  him  to 
!have  been  born  and  bred  in  uncultivated  and  rustic  surroundings.  Dr.  Ricci,  on  the 
contrary,  shows  Correggio  to  have  been  born  and  to  have  grown  up  in  the  very  centre 
of  Emilian  civilization,  living  at  the  courts  of  princes  and.  noblemen,  and  thrown  into 
constant  contact  with  his  intellectual  peers.  Influenced  alike  by  them  and  by  the 
remarkable  women  of  the  time,  such  as  Veronica  Gambara,  Isabella  d'Este,  and 
-others,  liis  life's  history  becomes  almost  a  record  of  that  most  splendid  period  of 
intellectual  and  artistic  activity  which  filled  the  towns  and  palaces  of  Northern  Italy 
\with  invaluable  artistic  treasures. 

The  historical  and  descriptive  notices  of  the  different  works  included  in  this 
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;his  work. 

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tions of  those  celebrated  frescoes  of  the  two  great  Cupolas  at  Parma,  known  hitherto 
to  the  world  at  large  only  in  untruthful  engravings. 


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REMBRANDT.    His  Life,  his  Work, 

and  his  Time,     By  l&MILE  MICHEL,  of  the  Institute 

of  France.     Translated  by   FLORENCE   SIMMONDS. 

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TURQENEV'S  NOVELS. 

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London:  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 


N°3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


777 


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N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


779 


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N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


783 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  7,  1S95. 


CONTENTS. 

Pater's  Miscellaxeous  Studies 

The  Kelief  of  Chitral      

The  Legend  of  Perseus     

Appexzell  

Mr.  Le  Galliense's  Poems  

NeT^v  Novels  (An  Unsought  Heritage ;  Prisoners  of 
Silence ;  Tlie  Masquerade  Mystery ;  Jacob  Nie- 
mand;  His  Last  Card  ;  For  Love  of  Prue;  On  the 
Threshold ;  The  Wooing  of  Doris ;  The  Fiery 
Furnace ;  The  House  of  the  Strange  Woman ; 
The  Quest  of  a  Heart;  White  Turrets;  Apres 
Fortune  Faite  ;  Marylka)  

Christmas  Books        

Bibliographical  Literature      

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books    ...      790- 

Algernon  Sydney's  Correspondence;  Mr.  Round 
AND  WiRRAL  Place  -  Names  ;  The  Koyal 
Historical  Society  ;  The  Thomas  Paine 
Exhibition  ;  '  Gathering  Clouds  '  ...      792—793 

Literart  Gossip        793 

SciENCK— Horticultural  Literature  ;  Mr.  Henry 
Sekbohm  ;  Astronomical  Notes  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings;  Gossip  794—796 

FOTK  Arts— Christmas  Books  ;  The  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  ;  The  Roman 
Fortress  of  Babylon  in  Egypt  ;  The  Portrait 
of  Keats's  Sister  ;  Gossip     796—799 

Music— The  Week  ;  Note  on  some  Points  of  the 
PuRCELL  Celebration ;  Gossip;  Performances 
Next  Week 800— SOI 

Drama-"  DucDAME  ";  Gossip       801 


P40E 

783 

781 
784 
7^5 
786 


787—789 
789 
789 
-791 


LITERATURE 


Miscellaneous  Studies  :  a  Series  of  Essays.   By 
Walter  Pater,     Prepared  for  the  Press 
by  C.  L.  ShadweU.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Mr.    Shad  well   continues  to  perform  the 
duties  of  literary  executor  to  Mr.  Walter 
Pater   with    a   solicitude   and    a    despatch 
which  entitle  him  to  a  warm  expression  of 
thanks  on  the  part  of  all  who  admire  that 
writer.      Such  duties  may  not  perhaps,  in 
this  case,  be  very  heavy ;  but  with  the  weU- 
known  objection   which    Mr.  Pater   enter- 
tained to  the  republication   of  any  of  his 
work  without  the  most  careful  revision,  they 
are  not  free  from  a  peculiar  difficulty  :  the 
difficulty,  namely,  of  deciding  whether  the 
reprinting  of  a  given  essay  as  it  stands  wiU 
do  its  author  an  injustice  greater  than  the 
loss  which  its  suppression  would  inflict  upon 
the  circle  of  his  readers.     It  is  a  question 
involving  some  nice  discriminations  and  a 
particularly  sensitive  quality  of  that  pietas 
which  is  so  desirable  in  any  one  in  Mr.  Shad- 
weU's  position.     His  readers  may  agree  with 
Lim  in  the  hope  that  students  of  Mr.  Pater's 
writings  wiU  be  glad  to  possess  such  of  them 
in  a  collected  form  as  have  hitherto  been 
accessible  only  in  the  scattered  volumes  of 
popular  reviews,  and  may  still  feel  that  they 
cannot  exactly  describe  their  attitude  towards 
all   of  those  writings  as   one   of  attentive 
study.     They  may  be  sensible  that  a  volume 
like  the  present,  which  has,  as  Mr.  Shadwell 
admits,    no  unifying  principle,    but   which 
offers   a  medley  of   artistic,    literary,    and 
architectural    criticism,    of     allegorical    or 
biographical  romance   and   first  efforts    in 
writing,   leaves  something  to  be  desired — 
something  which  they  have  always  associated 
with  Mr.  Pater's  volumes  hitherto,  and  do 
not     find    hero.      They    may    grant    that 
Mr.  Pater's   genius  was   so   unique   as   to 
make  it  a  matter  of    extreme  delicacy  for 
any  one  else  to  attempt  to  remedy  certain 
defects  which  he  himself,  had  he  reprinted 
these   articles,   would   never  have   allowed 
to  pass — for  instance,  a  sentence  on  p.  53 
in  the   essay  on  Eaphael,  or  even  an  in- 
trusive   comma    in    the    opening   lines   of 
the  essay  on  Prosper  Merimue — and  yet  not 
fail  to  'wish  that  so  competent  and  dutiful 


an  executor  had  undertaken  the  task  with 
the  great  caution  which  he  would  have 
exercised.  They  may  be  glad  to  have  a 
specimen  of  Mr.  Pater's  literary  attain- 
ments at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  as  they 
are  displayed  in  a  hitherto  unpublished  essay, 
read,  it  appears,  to  a  club  or  circle  formed  by 
his  early  friends  in  Oxford ;  and  still  hesi- 
tate to  believe  that  on  its  own  merits  it  is 
worth  republication  after  a  lapse  of  thirty 
years,  especially  when  it  is  bound  up  with 
essays  which  were  written,  one  of  them 
fifteen  years,  and  the  remainder  at  least  a 
quarter  of  a  century  later.  These  are  con- 
siderations illustrating  some  of  the  diffi- 
culties with  which  Mr.  Shadwell  has  had 
to  contend.  If  they  are  set  forth,  it  is  rather 
for  the  purpose  of  showing  their  nature 
than  of  approving  or  condemning  the  way 
in  which  they  have  been  solved  ;  and  as 
any  solution  of  them  is  a  matter  almost  as 
much  of  personal  idiosyncrasy  as  of  literary 
taste  or  judgment,  there  is  possibly  none 
that  would  meet  with  general  acceptance. 
Nevertheless,  when  all  is  said,  the  volume 
is  a  most  welcome  addition  to  the  series  of 
Mr.  Pater's  works  ;  and  Mr.  Shadwell  will 
do  well  if  he  now  proceeds  to  give  us  the 
fragment  of  a  romance  which  began  to 
appear  in  1888  under  the  title  of  '  Gaston  de 
Latour,'  with  any  further  chapters  that  may 
have  remained  unpublished,  A  fine  work, 
modelled  somewhat  upon  the  plan  of  '  Marius 
the  Epicurean,'  and  designed  to  portray  the 
sentiments  and  the  influence  of  Montaigne, 
it  is  much  too  good,  even  though  a  mere 
fragment,  to  be  left  as  disjecta  memlra  in 
the  pages  of  a  magazine. 

The  only  part  of  this  volume  which  has 
not  seen  the  light  before   is    the  juvenile 
essay  which  we  have  mentioned.     It  is  cer- 
tainly interesting  by  the  evidence  it  affords 
that   Mr.  Pater    had   early   conceived    the 
lines   on  which   his  work  was   to   be  done, 
and  had  also  to  a  slight  extent  developed 
some  of  the  essential  peculiarities  in  his  way 
of  doing  it.     There  is  a  story  told  of  his 
literary  aspirations  at  this  time  which  shows 
that  this  expression  of  the  nature  and  cha- 
racter of  his  work  was  no  fortuitous  or  con- 
ventional  contribution  to   the  proceedings 
of   a  transient  literary  society,  but  a  very 
genuine  outcome  of  settled  resolution.     He 
was  in  the  company  of  several  friends  who 
were  discussing  the  immediate  prospects  of 
English  poetry ;    and  while  some  of  them 
were  for  one  and  some  for  another  of  the 
conflicting  styles,  Pater  is  said  to  have  ex- 
claimed :   "As  for  me,  I  shaU  be  a  prosateurP 
In  '  Diaphaneite '  we  may  possibly  have  a 
deliberate  record  of  the  aim  and  purpose  of 
his  future  efforts  as  a  writer  of  prose,  and 
of  the  kind  of  reception  which,  as  he  might 
then  have  thought,  would  be   accorded  to 
them.     In  his  own  words,  it  is  "a  subtle 
blending  and  interpenetration  of  the  intel- 
lectual, moral,  and  spiritual  elements,"  "a 
phase  of  intellect,  of  culture,"  attaining  "  a 
perfect  simplicity  "  in  its  view  of  the  external 
world  that  he  hopes   to  possess.      Such  a 
simplicity  as  he  desires  would,  he  declares, 
be  the  outcome  "of  the  repose  of  perfect 
intellectual  culture."     Nor  can  this  state  of 
mind  be  achieved  by  any  struggle  of  will : 
it  is  a  happy  gift  of  nature,  or  perhaps  "  in 
the  order  of  grace,  not  of  nature,"  engendered 
"  less  by  wisdom  than  by  innocence."     It 
is  a  kind  of  taste,  with  "  a  magnificent  in- 


tellectual force  "  latent  within  it.  This  type 
of  intellectual  life  might,  said  the  writer, 
serve  as  "  a  basement  type,"  such  as  the 
exceptional  type  of  the  philosopher,  the 
saint,  the  artist,  never  could  form ;  and  he 
concludes  with  the  assertion  that  "a  majority 
of  such  would  be  the  regeneration  of  the 
world."  For  what  is  striking  and  perhaps 
original  in  the  essay  we  must  look,  it  is 
clear,  to  its  form  rather  than  its  matter,  and 
in  its  form  we  find  some  indications  of  that 
care  for  mere  expression,  at  times  over- 
strained and  almost  morbid ;  of  that  pic- 
turesque quality  of  epithets ;  of  that  allusive, 
inter jectional  style,  borrowing  illustration 
from  all  the  fine  arts  in  turn  ;  of  that  con- 
scious superiority  to  common  aims,  some- 
times apt  to  be  irritating,  which  marked 
the  writer's  later  development,  and  con- 
stituted the  virtues  as  well  as  the  correspond- 
ing defects  of  his  genius. 

These  virtues  and  defects  are  exhibited  in 
full  measure  by  the  other  essays  in  the 
volume ;  and  as  they  are  already  familiar 
to  most  of  Mr.  Pater's  readers,  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  say  very  much  of  them.  The  one  on 
Eaphael  is  a  remarkable  example  of  the 
power  of  seizing  a  man's  salient  character- 
istics, and  expressing  by  the  aid  of  pic- 
turesque and  pointed  adjectives  what  is 
special  and  unique  in  his  achievements. 
Here  we  have  a  sketch  of  Eaphael  as  a 
painter  and  as  a  man,  without  any  detailed 
criticism  of  his  works,  and,  indeed,  with  only 
such  reference  to  them  as  may  show  in  what 
main  lines  his  genius  moved.  In  the  es=ay 
on  Pascal,  also  an  interesting  discourse, 
there  is  a  passage  on  style,  which,  to  our 
thinking,  exactly  expresses  the  aim  which 
Mr.  Pater  endeavoured,  not  always  with 
success,  to  realize  : — 

"  The  essence  of  all  good  style,  whatever  its 
accidents  may  be,  is  expressiveness.  It  is 
mastered  in  proportion  to  the  justice,  the  nicety 
with  which  words  balance  or  match  their  mean- 
ing, and  their  writer  succeeds  in  saying  what  he 
v:ills,  grave  or  gay,  severe  or  florid,  simple  or 
complex.  Pascal  was  a  master  of  style,  because, 
as  his  sister  tells  us,  recording  his  earliest  years, 
he  had  a  wonderful  natural  facility  o  dire  ce 
qu'il  voidait  en  la  maniere  qu'il  voidait." 

The  '  Art  Notes  in  North  Italy,'  dealing 
chiefly  with  Moretto,    Gaudenzio    Ferrari, 
Borgognone,  and  Eomanino,  will  be   wel- 
come to  those  who  appreciate  these  painters 
and  admire  Mr.  Pater's  discriminating  judg- 
ment on  questions  of  detail ;  and  his  fine 
observations  on  the   cathedrals  at  Amiens 
and  Yezelay  are  in  a  happy  vein.     There 
are  not  a  few  readers  who  will  turn  with 
still  greater  interest  to  '  Apollo  in  Picardy,' 
'  The  Child  in  the  House,'  and  '  Emerald 
Uthwart,'  as  specimens  of  the  art  of  romantic 
narrative  which  Mr.  Pater  brought  to  such 
perfection  in  '  Marius,'  and  which  he  might 
have  further  exhibited  in  '  Gaston  de  Latour.' 
Certain  passages  in  these  narratives  show 
that  they  fall,  in  point  of  execution,  below 
the  larger  works  ;    and   perhaps   for  their 
size   they  are   a   little  too  highly  charged 
with  those  "  sugar'd  conceits  "  in  which  Mr. 
Pater  was  wont  to  indulge.     But  those  who 
are  predisposed  to  admiration  of  the  author's 
manner  will  easily  put  up   with  these  ex- 
travagances ;    and  those  who  are  not   wiU 
find  in  them  only  a  further  proof  that  the 
defects  of  his  virtues  were  as  noticeable  as 
the  virtues  themselves. 


784 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '^5 


The    TuJief   of    Chitral.      By    Capt.  ;G.    J. 
Yoiingliusband     and     Capt.     Frank     E. 
Younghusband,   CLE.     With   Map   and 
Illustrations,     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
The    recent   expedition    for    the   relief    of 
Chitral  must  rank  among  the  best  managed 
of  our  little  wars,  for  the  besieged  fort  was 
remote  from  our  military  bases, ',the  inter- 
Tening  country  was  of  an  extremely  difficult 
nature,  and  it  was,  moreover,  inhabited  by 
fanatical   tribes   well    skilled    in   mountain 
warfare,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  armed 
with  our  own  weapons.     Hence  the  success 
which    attended   the    British   advance   was 
creditable  alike  to  the  skill  and  enterprise 
of   the   leaders,  and  to  the  discipline   and 
devotion  of  the  men.     But  that  which  has 
afforded    even    more     satisfaction    to    the 
thoughtful,  specially  to  those  interested  in 
military  administration,  was   the   prompti- 
tude with  which  the  Government  of  India 
acted  when  they  learned  the  serious  state  of 
affairs,  and  the  rapidity,  we  might  almost 
say  ease,  with  which  the  1st  Division  of  the 
field  army  was  mobilized.     Eor  there  have 
of  late   been  many  changes,   and    a   much 
more  important  position  was  assigned  to  the 
forces  of  native  states   than  was  formerly 
possible ;    the   very   smoothness,   therefore, 
with  which  the  various  moves  were  effected, 
and   the   harmony  in  working  which  pre- 
vailed, were   the  best  testimony  that  the 
alterations  in  the  old  system  had  been  wisely 
conceived,  and  were,  on  the  whole,  entitled 
to  be  considered  reforms.    That  weak  points 
were  discovered  may  safely  be  assumed,  but 
we  are   equally   entitled  to   conclude   that 
suitable  remedies  will  be  applied,  and  that 
the  experience  gained  wiU  be  of  great  value. 
There  was  little  danger  that  the  doings 
of  the  various  forces  would  be    buried   in 
oblivion.      The  deeds  themselves  were  of  a 
nature  to  court  light  rather  than  darkness, 
there    having    apparently    been     little    or 
nothing  to  conceal,  whilst  newspaper  corre- 
spondents, with  the  pens  of  ready  writers, 
abounded,  amongst  whom  the  joint  authors 
of  the  present  volume  were  numbered.   They 
are   specially  qualified  for  the   task  they 
have  undertaken,  and  the  result  is  the  pre- 
sentation  of    a  history  of    the    campaign 
complete  in    every   essential   part,   related 
in  a  most  interesting  way  with  a  modesty 
which   is   very   attractive.      They   are  not, 
however,    the   first    in    the    field,  for  Mr. 
H.    C.    Thomson,    another    correspondent, 
whose  book  was  reviewed  in  the  Athenceum 
of  October  19th,  has  secured  that  position; 
but,  without  wishing  to  detract  from  the 
merits  of  his  excellent  work,  it  is  admissible 
to  say  that  he  did  not  possess  the  qualifica- 
tions which  confer  a  special  value  on  the 
work  of  the  brothers  Younghusband. 

The  stories  of  General  Low's  advance 
and  the  actions  at  the  Malakand  Pass  and 
Panjkora,  as  well  as  of  Col.  Kelly's  famous 
march,  are  excellently  told.  The  combined 
movements  which  ended  in  the  relief _of  the 
garrison  are  thus  summarized  : — 

"  In  the  space  of  exactly  one  month  from  the 
day  on  which  the  mobilisation  of  the  relief  force 
was  ordered,  the  main  object  of  the  campaign 
was  obtained,  the  whole  of  the  enemy's  numerous 
and  ubiquitous  forces  were  defeated  and  dis- 
persed, and  every  one  of  the  important  chiefs 

was  a  prisoner  in  our  hands The  result  may 

be  described  briefly  as  due  to  three  main  causes  : 
To  the  rapid  and  successful  mobilisation  of  the 


relief  force  ;  to  the  crushing  defeat  of  the  enemy 
in  Swat,  on  the  Panjkora,  and  in  the  Jandul 
valley ;  and  to  the  hardy  and  determined 
advance  of  Col.  Kelly's  small  column  from  the 
north.  Nor  must  we  forget  the  stout  resistance 
of  the  garrison,  placed  perforce  in  an  almost 
untenable  position,  against  overwhelming  odds, 
which  thoroughly  damped  the  ardour  of  the 
besiegers,  and  paved  the  way  for  the  effective 
result  obtained  by  the  approach  of  the  relief 
columns.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  game  of  war 
played  on  sound  principles,  and  with  a  fine 
all-round  combination  which  commanded  success. 
How  nice  this  calculation  had  to  be  will  be 
appreciated  by  the  military  student,  when  he 
considers  how  far  divergent  were  the  bases  from 
which  the  two  columns  had  to  start,  and  what 
immense  physical  difficulties  had  to  be  overcome 
by  each." 

A  week  after  Col.  Kelly's  arrival,  Capt. 
E.  Younghusband  with  a  friend  rode  ahead 
of  Sir  R.  Low's  advanced  parties,  and 
reached  Chitral.  He  found  the  garrison  in 
good  heart,  indeed,  "but  still  looking  pale 
and  worn,  thin,  and  with  the  set  anxious  look 
which  had  not  yet  left  their  faces."  They 
talked  first  of  Baird,  whose  character,  nerve, 
and  devotion  to  duty  had  excited  their  un- 
bounded admiration.  Next  to  this,  the  dis- 
cipline and  determination  of  the  Sikhs  had 
made  the  most  profound  impression  : — 

"There  were  but  a  hundred  of  them  in  a 
garrison  of  nearly  four  hundred,  but  the 
oflBcers  said  that  without  them  they  could  never 
have  held  out,  and  that  but  for  these  Sikhs  not 
one  of  them  would  have  been  there  now.  These 
Sikh  soldiers  only  grew  more  enthusiastic  as  the 
siege  became  closer  and  times  seemed  harder. 
With  calm  self-reliance  they  stood  proudly  at 
bay  like  a  rock  with  the  waves  beating  against 
it.  And  so  great  was  the  sense  of  discipline 
which  their  stern  old  native  officer  Gurmukh 
Singh  instilled  into  them,  that  when  during  an 
attack  the  sick  struggled  out  of  hospital  to  join 
in  the  fight  he  would  not  excuse  even  their  im- 
pulsive bravery,  but  told  them  that  a  soldier's 
first  duty  was  to  obey,  that  they  had  been 
ordered  to  hospital  and  there  they  must  stay. 
It  was  the  discipline  engrained  into  these  men 
that  saved  the  garrison." 

The  defenders  also  had  acquired  a  proper 
respect  for  the  enemy,  whose  tenacity  and 
skill  had  more  than  once  brought  the  be- 
sieged to  the  verge  of  disaster. 

Here  and  there  we  have  noticed  a  few 
misprints  and  slips  of  the  pen  which  should 
be  corrected  when  another  edition  appears  ; 
they  are,  however,  of  email  importance,  and 
the  interest  of  the  narrative  is  so  great  that 
the  reader  may  probably  never  notice  them. 
The  illustrations  deserve  praise,  and  the 
map,  if  not  altogether  satisfying,  serves  its 
purpose ;  but  there  is  no  index,  without 
which  a  work  of  this  kind  cannot  be  con- 
sidered to  be  complete. 


The  Legend  of  Perseus  :  a  Study  of  Tradition 
iti  Story,  Custom,  and  Belief.  By  Edwin 
Sidney  Hartland.  2  vols.  (Nutt.) 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  fashion  has  not 
grown  up  of  adopting  a  particular  legend 
or  custom  as  the  title  of  an  important 
treatise  on  legend  or  custom  in  general. 
Mr.  Frazer  began  it  in  his  '  Golden  Bough,' 
and  now  Mr.  Hartland  follows  in  the  book 
before  us.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
the  title  does  not  properly  explain  the  con- 
tents of  either  book,  and  in  Mr.  Hartland's 
case  he  has  adopted  so  happy  a  sub-title 
that  we  wonder  it  did  not  occur  to  him  that 
I  this  more  properly  describes  his  work. 


But  of  course  this  is  a  small  matter  com- 
pared with  what  the  book  itself  has  to  say  oii 
the  subject  of  which  it  treats.     Mr.  Hartland 
takes  the  legend  of  Perseus  preserved  in 
classical  writers,  and  picking  out  the  three 
leading    incidents — the  supernatural  birth, 
the  quest  of  the   Gorgon's  head,   and  th& 
rescue    of   Andromeda  —  he    searches    for 
parallels  in  the  traditions  and  customs  of 
the  peoples  of  the  world,  and  supplies  the 
anthropological  interpretation  of  their  mean- 
ing and  origin.     The  task  is  by  no  means 
inconsiderable,  and  Mr.  Hartland's  exhaus- 
tive method  of  research  does  not  leave  him 
a  chance  of  lightening  his  load  at  any  of 
the  stages.     If  folk-lore  were  always  to  be 
treated  with  the  same  learning,  the  same 
acute   and    accurate    reasoning,   the    same 
definiteness  of  purpose,  as  it  is  in  this  book, 
there  would  be  a  province  opening  up  for  it 
in  the  future  that  few  of  its  devotees  are  at 
present,  we  think,  conscious  of.     Mr.  Hart- 
land is  ;    but  then  even  he,  bold  as  he  is 
both  with  his  illustrations  and  his  deduc- 
tions,   does    not,    in    these    two    volumes 
at    all  events,    go    so   far    as    it    appears 
evident  he  would  like   to   go.     Is  this  the 
hesitancy  of  scientific  caution  ?  or  is  it  due 
to  a  tender  regard  for  susceptibilities   on 
subjects  which  still  profoundly  affect  human 
thought  and  action  ?      We  can  appreciate 
either  motive,  though  we  question  whether 
different  sections  of  Mr.  Hartland's  readers 
will  not  in  turn  claim  him  as  a  supporter  of 
their  respective  views,  simply  because  he 
does  not    formally   set  forth  the  position 
which  he  claims  for  his  researches  in  rela- 
tion to  the  higher  religions  of  the  world. 

Turning  to  the  subject  as  presented  by 
Mr.  Hartland,  we  have  nothing  but  cordial 
admiration  for  this  splendid  piece  of  work. 
Although  his  method  compels  him  to  accu- 
miilate  evidence  from  a  vast  number  of 
peoples  and  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  he 
is  never  tempted  to  step  aside  from  the 
immediate  object  of  his  study.  Though  he 
is  forced  to  deal  with  such  tempting  subjects- 
as  well  worship,  totemism,  funeral  rites,  and 
marriage  rites,  he  deals  with  just  so  much 
of  the  evidence  as  is  necessary  to  illustrate 
his  thesis,  and  the  reader  finds  himself 
almost  suddenly  brought  to  a  full  stop, 
because  it  is  there  that  Mr.  Hartland  finishes 
the  evidence  required.  All  this  indicates- 
workmanship  of  the  highest  order.  No- 
scholar  wiU  quarrel  with  Mr.  Hartland  for 
the  mass  of  evidence  he  adduces,  and  cer- 
tainly none  will  be  tempted  to  challenge 
the  use  to  which  it  is  put.  Necessarily  the 
evidence  is  cumulative.  It  is  no  use  citing 
just  one  or  two  examples  of  a  given  human 
thought,  because  it  may  reasonably  be 
questioned  whether  the  extension  of  the 
evidence  might  not  destroy  the  explanation 
afforded  of  it.  But  the  student  may  judge 
for  himself  whether  the  author  has  drawn^ 
his  conclusions  in  too  specious  a  form  ;  an  (J 
if  he  is  inclined  here  and  there  to  question 
the  interpretation  put  upon  any  given  custom 
or  belief,  the  questioning  does  not  turn 
away  the  general  current  of  the  argument, 
because  that  is  supported  not  by  one  or  two, 
but  by  dozens  of  examples. 

Only  once  does  Mr.  Hartland  appear  to 
halt  in  the  use  he  makes  of  his  vast  store- 
house of  information.  In  dealing  with  the 
evidence  for  mutilation  or  wounding  for  the 
dead,  he  brushes  aside  an  argument  used 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


785 


by  Dr.  Wilken.  by  the  pregnant  observation 
that  "if  they  shed  their  blood,  or  shear 
their  locks  also,  for  fathers  and  brothers, 
for  kindred  and  friends  all  round  —  nay, 
perhaps  for  another  husband  or  two — then 
one  would  imagine  that  even  savages  might 
anticipate  awkward  contingencies  yonder." 
Exactly  so.  And  Mr.  Hartland  meets  the 
difficulty  by  pointing  out  that  "  the  practice 
has  sprung  from  a  lower  plane  of  culture 
than  is  supposed  in  a  theory  of  self-dedica- 
tion and  future  reunion."  But  he  does  not, 
■we  think,  lay  sufficient  stress  upon  just  this 
aspect  of  the  evidence  he  uses  throughout 
the  book.  We  want  not  only  the  right  use 
of  savage  custom  and  belief  in  the  general 
classifications  of  folk-lore  and  anthropology, 
but  the  correct  appraising  of  the  value  of 
each  item  to  the  people  among  whom  it 
obtains.  Everything  is  now  taken  at  the 
w"'  power,  so  to  speak ;  but  whenever  it  can 
be  shown — as  Mr.  Hartland  himself  shows 
in  the  particular  case  before  us  —  that 
this  power  can  be  almost  exactly  valued, 
some  of  the  reckonings  of  the  customs  and 
beliefs  of  savage  man  may  be  found  to  be 
much  out  of  the  truth.  Mr.  Hartland, 
indeed,  recognizes  the  importance  of  valuing 
the  marriage  rites  of  the  Australian  abori- 
gines by  the  fact  "that  the  constitution  of 
society  among  these  people  is  in  a  process 
of  transformation  ";  but  we  do  not  detect  that 
he  adopts  the  same  principle  with  reference 
to  the  Dravidian  customs  of  India,  of  which 
he  treats  only  a  few  pages  before. 

Necessarily  in  a  study  of  this  kind  there 
are  certain  landmarks  in  the  history  of  man 
which  are  accepted  by  Mr.  Hartland  to 
indicate  the  stages  of  progress  or  the  level 
of  culture,  and  we  think  that  the  time  has 
come  when  a  reconsideration  of  this  branch 
of  anthropology  is  seriously  demanded.  Mr. 
Hartland  is  not  to  blame  for  his  acceptance 
of  the  term  witchcraft  to  indicate  a  certain 
class  of  rites  and  ceremonies  in  which  magic 
plays  an  important  part ;  for  assuming  that 
the  nomadic  stage  of  society  is  earlier  than 
the  clan  or  tribe ;  for  stating  that  the 
patriarchal  clan  is  a  stage  through  which 
all  the  higher  races  have  passed.  Indeed, 
we  do  not  quite  see  how,  in  the  sense  in 
which  he  is  dealing  with  the  subject  before 
him,  he  could  have  stated  things  more 
clearly  without  accepting  the  general  con- 
clusions now  obtaining  on  these  matters. 
Nevertheless  that  these  conclusions  are  not 
now  in  accord  with  the  present  knowledge 
of  man's  social  evolution  is  a  proposition 
which  would  be  agreed  to  by  many  scholars, 
and  Mr.  Hartland  himself  has  done  some- 
thing to  support  this  view  and  to  lead  to 
further  research.  Both  folk-lorists  and 
anthropologists  have  been  long  enough  at 
work  to  bring  the  term  witchcraft  into  its 
proper  and  more  limited  sphere,  instead  of 
leaving  it  to  do  duty  for  whole  groups  of 
savage  custom  which  have  nothing  to  do 
with  witchcraft.  They  have  had  time  to 
settle  whether  the  nomad  and  the  hunter 
preceded  or  followed  the  agricultui-ist ;  and 
they  could  readily,  with  Mr.  McLennan's 
searching  criticism  to  aid  them,  have  defined 
the  sphere  of  influence  of  the  patriarchal 
clan. 

In  taking  this  line  of  criticism  for  this 
important  book  wo  are  aware  that  we  have 
left  untouched  the  main  arguments  which 
Mr.  Hartland  advances,  but  we  do  not  think 


that  a  book  of  this  kind  could  be  more 
adequately  dealt  with  in  the  space  at  our 
command  than  by  drawing  attention  to  some 
of  the  many  problems  which  it  suggests  in 
the  vast  study  of  which  it  is  only  a  part. 
What  Mr.  Hartland  has  succeeded  in 
proving  up  to  the  hilt  is  not  in  need  of 
criticism  on  a  limited  scale — nay,  is  not 
capable  of  criticism  except  by  travelling 
over  the  same  ground,  and  laboriously 
testing  each  fragment  of  belief  and  custom 
which  is  used.  Deep  down  in  the  recesses 
of  human  thought  lies  a  fundamental  con- 
ception of  life,  and  it  is  this  which  Mr. 
Hartland  has  studied  so  ably.  The  life  of 
early  man  was  not,  according  to  the  con- 
ceptions of  early  man,  a  physical  fact  limited 
by  his  own  being.  It  extended  to  all  objects, 
animate  or  inanimate,  with  which  it  came 
into  social,  ceremonial,  or  ritual  contact ;  it 
extended  to  all  fellows  who  were  of  the  same 
tribal  or  clan  group ;  it  was  affected  by 
causes  which  affected  all  its  extensions  ;  and 
it  flowed,  as  it  were,  to  all  its  particles  with 
the  same  power  and  characteristics  as  in 
the  actual  physical  body  of  each  individual 
living  man.  It  is  a  little  difficult  to  grasp 
this  savage  conception  of  life  without  the 
aid  of  the  long  series  of  examples,  duly 
ranged  in  their  primary,  secondary,  and 
derivative  forms,  which  Mr.  Hartland  has 
so  laboriously  collected  and  described.  It 
is  perhaps  stiU  more  difficult  to  understand 
that  in  savage  thought  the  great  natural 
fact  of  fatherhood  was  imperfectly  recog- 
nized, but  the  remarkable  evidence  adduced 
for  the  first  time  proves,  as  it  seems  to  us, 
that  over  a  large  area  of  savage  life  pater- 
nity was  believed  to  be  possible  by  other 
than  natural  causes  —  indeed,  we  might 
almost  say,  by  all  other  except  natural 
causes.  It  is  almost  superfluous  to  point 
out  how  this  evidence  strengthens  the  con- 
clusions drawn  by  the  late  Mr.  McLennan 
as  to  the  probable  earliest  form  of  human 
society,  and  it  certainly  introduces  a  hitherto 
unnoted  element  in  the  history  of  human 
marriage  as  Mr.  Westermarck  has  written 
it  for  us. 

Possibly,  however,  these  arc  not  the  most 
important  questions  presented  by  Mr.  Hart- 
land's  research.  If  man's  intellect  has 
played  him  false  in  two  fundamental  facts 
of  biology — the  conception  of  his  own  indi- 
vidual life  and  the  conception  of  his  father- 
hood in  the  race — there  must  have  been 
some  compensating  forces  at  work,  and  it  is 
these  compensations  that  must  be  sought 
for  and  established  before  Mr.  Hartland's 
researches  can  be  properly  valued.  For  it 
is  not  that  these  conceptions  are  the  product 
of  one  age  and  the  rejected  of  the  next. 
That  they  began  very  low  down  in  the 
stages  of  culture ;  that  they  ascended  into 
the  higher  grades,  and  wore  the  basis  of 
such  a  widcspi-ead  system  of  social  relation- 
ship as  totomism  ;  that  they  were  the  founda- 
tion of  the  higher  tribal  state  such  as  the 
Semites  lived  under ;  that  they  entered  into, 
if  they  did  not  dominate,  the  Aryan  tribal 
system  ;  and  that  they  at  all  events  lingered 
on  in  the  traditions  and  sagas  of  the  most 
cultured  people,  as  in  the  typical  case  of 
Perseus,  are  among  the  problems  whicli 
Mr.  Hartland  has  undertaken  to  prove,  and, 
to  our  mind,  with  a  very  considerable  degree 
of  success. 

One  thing  is  very  clear.     Mr.  Hartland's 


book  has  carried  the  psychological  history 
of  man  far  and  away  in  advance  of  other 
branches  of  anthropology,  and  it  forces 
home  the  rather  humiliating  confession  that 
since  Dr.  Tylor,  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Mr. 
Huxley,  Mr.  McLennan,  and  a  few  others 
were  actively  prosecuting  anthropological 
research  very  little  advance  seems  to  have 
been  made  in  this  country  in  the  physical, 
industrial,  institutional,  and  other  depart- 
ments of  the  science.  It  is  to  be  hoped  we 
are  not  falling  back  in  these  matters. 
Popular  gatherings  at  the  British  Associa- 
tion do  not  count  for  advance  in  research, 
and  unless  that  advance  is  made  all  along 
the  line,  books  like  Mr.  Hartland's  will 
remain  waiting  for  others  to  range  along- 
side of  them,  and  waiting  in  such  a  case  is 
perilously  near  to  neglect. 


Appcnzell:  Pure  Democracy  and  Pastoral  Life 
in  Inner  Rhodcn :  a  Swiss  Study.  By 
Irving  B.  Kichman.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

In  contrast  with  Mr.  GrenfeU  Baker's 
general  sketch  of  Swiss  history  in  his 
'  Model  Republic,'  which  we  recently  reviewed, 
we  have  in  Mr.  Eichman's  '  Appenzell '  a 
detailed  and  almost  microscopic  account  of 
the  history  and  constitution  of  the  smallest 
country  unit  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  the 
half  canton  of  Appenzell — Inner  Ehoden. 
Beginning  with  the  earliest  historical  times, 
the  story  necessarily  involves  the  history  of 
the  whole  canton  down  to  the  division  in 
1579,  which  was  the  result  of  the  bitter 
feud  between  Protestant  and  Catholic,  and 
there  is  probably  no  better  ground  in 
Europe  on  which  to  study  the  growth  of 
the  purely  democratic  Alemannic  state. 
Twelve  small  but  independent  tribes  or 
clans  occupied  this  mountainous  and  pas- 
toral territory  for  centuries,  maintaining 
their  own  customs  and  laws,  and  little 
affected  by  the  fortunes  of  war  which  by 
turns  subjected  them  nominally  to  the  East 
Gothic  kingdom,  the  Merovingian  and 
Carlovingian  dynasties,  and  the  earlier 
Hapsburgs.  But  the  grasping  ambition 
of  the  neighbouring  Abbots  of  St.  Gall 
forced  them  into  common  action,  and 
produced  a  solemn  confederation  of  the 
twelve  in  137'J,  with  a  Landamman, 
Landsgemeinde,  and  Land  Rath,  which 
took  its  name  from  Appenzell,  where  they 
met.  At  this  time  the  Land  of  Appenzell  had 
no  connexion  with  any  of  the  Swiss  cantons. 
It  soon,  however,  formed  an  alliance  with 
Schwyz,  and  within  a  quarter  of  a  century 
had,  with  the  help  of  the  Schwyzers, 
achieved  two  groat  victories,  the  counter- 
parts of  Morgarten  and  Sempach  :  one  at 
Yogelinsegg  over  the  abbot  and  his  allied 
nobles  (110;3),  the  other  at  the  Stoss  over 
the  Archduke  Frederick  (llOi).  These 
exploits  secured  tlie  future  of  the  new  Bund, 
and  in  Mil  it  was  accepted  as  a  federal 
ally  by  the  cantons.  Admission  to  full 
membership  in  this  Swiss  Bund  followed  a 
century  later,  when  in  1513  Appenzell 
was  enrolled  as  the  thirteenth  state,  bring- 
ing the  Confederation  up  to  the  number  of 
which  it  consisted  from  the  beginning  of 
tlie  sixteenth  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century ;  for  the  subsequent  division  of 
Appouzcll  and  Unterwalden  into  half  cantons 
made  no  difference  theoretically  in  the 
number  of  states. 

9 


786 


THI:    AtH^N^trM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  T,  '9^5 


There  are  two  or  tliree  princij)al  points  of 
interest  in  the  work.  In  the  first  place  it 
raises  again  in  a  somewhat  different  form 
the  question  whether  the  Swiss  Lands- 
gem  einden  are  the  direct  lineal  descendants 
of  the  free  folks-assembly  of  the  German 
community  or  a  product  of  mediccval  feudal- 
ism :  the  issue  between  the  Mark  theory 
of  Freeman  and  others  and  the  Manor 
theory  of  Seebohm  and  Coulanges.  The 
point  cannot,  of  course,  arise  upon  the 
Landsgemeinde  of  Appenzell  itself,  which 
was  a  deliberate  creation  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  But  this  was  formed,  not  upon 
the  model  of  any  foreign  Swiss  canton,  but 
upon  that  of  the  twelve  clans  or  tribes,  or 
Ehoden,  of  which  it  was  a  federation.  There 
is  documentary  evidence  not  only  of  the 
existence  of  these  Rhodes,  but  of  their  pos- 
session and  management  of  communal  pro- 
perty as  far  back  as  1071;  and  there  is 
everything  to  show  that  there  was  no  break 
in  continuity  then.  Mr.  Richman  discusses 
the  evidence  with  great  impartiality  (pp.  119- 
129),  and  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  these 
Ehoden  and  their  assemblies  are  antecedent 
to  the  feudal  period,  and  represent  an  Ale- 
mannic  form  of  government  and  property 
which  persisted,  with  slight  modifications, 
through  that  period,  notwithstanding  the 
existence  of  a  nominal  overlord  or  count 
after  the  Frankish  conquest.  They  have 
survived  to  the  present  time,  with  the 
further  modifications  imposed  by  the 
necessities  of  federation  and  absorption 
into  the  Swiss  system,  and  more  modern 
theories  of  property. 

There  are  still  a  number  of  communal 
estates,  which  now  belong  partly  to  the 
canton,  partly  to  the  villages,  and  partly 
to  corporations.  The  account  of  the 
methods  of  their  management  and  of  the 
devolution  of  the  rights  in  them  at  the  pre- 
sent day  is  extremely  interesting. 

Another  feature  of  importance  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  canton  is  its  Landbuch,  or  code 
of  civil  law.  This  was  one  of  the  products 
of  the  original  federation,  and  was  pro- 
mulgated in  1409.  In  1585,  after  the 
division  of  the  canton,  it  was  revised  and 
confirmed  for  Appenzell — Inner  Ehoden  in 
a  form  not  very  different.  This  code  has 
had  a  curious  history.  It  was  long  lost, 
but  was  discovered  in  1867  by  the  then 
Landamman,  Mr.  Eusch,  and  was  published 
by  him  in  1869  with  notes  and  an  index. 
The  original  is  neatly  written  in  red  ink 
with  capitals  in  red  and  gold,  and  is  stated 
to  be  the  oldest  collection  of  cantonal  laws 
in  Switzerland.  It  dates,  too,  from  a  time 
when  Appenzell  had  no  connexion  with 
Switzerland  beyond  its  alliance  with  Schwyz. 

While  thus  boasting  the  oldest  code  of 
civil  law,  the  canton  can  claim  a  most 
astounding  singularity  in  another  matter. 
It  has  no  penal  code  or  criminal  laws,  and 
has  persistently  rejected  all  attempts  to 
enact  any  such  code  or  statutes,  the  latest 
failure  being  in  1877.  Crime  does  not  by 
any  means  go  unpunished ;  there  are 
criminal  courts,  both  district  and  cantonal, 
but  they  administer  a  traditional  law  which 
has  no  statutory  sanction.  The  penalty  of 
death  may  be  infiicted  by  the  sword  or 
gallows ;  but  the  usual  punishments  are 
imprisonment,  fines,  and  loss  of  political 
jmvileges.  There  are  certain  police  regula- 
tions   which     prescribe    fines    for    specific 


offences,  but  with  this  exception  the  defini- 
tion of  the  crime  and  the  imposition  of  the 
punishment  are  traditional  only,  and  the 
procedure  is  highly  inquisitorial. 

Apart  from  the  special  characteristics  to 
which  we  have  called  attention,  Mr.  Eich- 
man  gives  a  lively  account  of  the  general 
history,  which  is  marked  by  more  strife 
and  bloodshed  than  has  fallen  to  the  lot 
of  even  other  Swiss  cantons ;  a  particular 
account  of  the  persecution  and  judicial 
murder  of  a  well-known  Landamman  Suter 
towards  the  end  of  the  last  century  (which 
is  enough  to  make  every  Catholic  Appen- 
zeller  blush  for  shame) ;  and  genial  descrip- 
tions of  the  modern  life,  social,  political, 
and  domestic,  including  a  meeting  of  the 
Landsgemeinde  at  Appenzell  at  which  he 
was'present. 

Altogether  the  book  is  a  welcome  addition 
to  the  readable  literature  of  Switzerland. 


Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  an  Elegy,  and  other 
Poems.  By  Eichard  Le  Gallienne.  (Lane.) 
Edgar  Poe,  in  his  curious  essay  on  the 
genesis  of  '  The  Eaven,'  in  which  he  sets 
out  to  prove  that  he  has  written  the  world's 
ideal  lyric,  tells  his  readers  that,  beginning 
with  a  search  for  the  most  poetical  of  all  sub- 
jects, he  came  easily  to  the  conclusion  that  it 
must  be  a  lament  for  the  death  of  a  beloved 
and  beautiful  mistress.  Among  the  re- 
quisites of  the  ideal  lyric,  however,  he 
forgot  to  mention  one,  and  that  one  the 
most  important  of  all — sincerity,  real  or 
apparent,  of  utterance.  No  monody  on 
the  death  of  a  mistress,  or  of  any  one  else, 
can  be,  even  from  the  artistic  point  of  view, 
successful,  if  it  lacks  pathos ;  and  in  order 
for  a  poet  to  achieve  pathos  in  a  poem  of 
this  kind,  the  first  requisite  is  tlaat  his 
poem  should  be,  or  at  least  seem  to  be,  a 
real  lament  for  a  real  loss.  Whether  the 
better  period  for  producing  this  effect  is 
that  which  immediately  follows  the  loss,  or 
a  period  more  remote,  is  a  question  which 
could  only  be  answered  by  inciuiring  into 
the  temperament  of  the  poet  whose  song  is 
under  discussion.  While  one  poet  would 
find  it  quite  impossible,  until  the  lapse  of 
a  considerable  time  after  the  loss,  to  put 
his  grief  into  poetic  diction,  another  poet 
proceeds  to  do  so  at  once  as  a  necessary 
relief  to  his  sorrow  : — 

The  sad  mechanic  exercise, 

Like  dull  narcotics,  numbing  pain. 

In  either  case,  however,  the  mere  act  of 
embodying  passion  in  artistic  forms  must, 
one  would  suppose,  cool  it  more  or  less. 
If  it  is  true  that  every  man  has  within  him 
material  for  one  novel,  it  is  also  true  that 
every  man  who  has  deeply  suffered  has 
within  him  one  poem,  and  in  this  way  it  is 
also  true  that  poets  learn  in  suffering  what 
they  teach  in  song. 

What  gives  interest  to  the  little  volume 
before  us  is  the  manifest  sincerity  of  the 
writer's  utterance.  Although  the  poem 
which  gives  it  its  title  is  the  longest  in  the 
book,  tlie  entire  body  of  the  poems  com- 
prised in  it  is  dominated  by  one  idea,  the 
same  which  is  expressed  in  the  group  of 
verses  at  the  end  of  the  volume  called  '  Cor 
Cordium ' — the  sorrow  caused  by  the  loss 
of  the  young  and  beautiful  wife  hero 
described  : — 


She  loved  the  Autumn,  I  the  Spring, 
Sad  all  the  songs  she  loved  to  sing ; 
And  in  her  face  was  strangely  set 
Some  great  inherited  regret. 

Some  look  in  all  things  made  her  sigh, 
Yea !  sad  to  her  the  morning  sky  : 
"So  sad  !  so  sad  its  beauty  seems " — 
I  hear  her  say  it  still  in  dreams. 

But  when  the  day  grew  grey  and  old, 
And  rising  stars  shone  strange  and  cold, 
Then  only  in  her  face  I  saw 
A  mystic  glee,  a  joyous  awe. 

Spirit  of  Sadness,  in  the  spheres 
Is  there  an  end  of  mortal  tears  1 
Or  is  there  still  in  those  great  eyes 
That  look  of  lonely  hills  and  skies  / 

So  entirely  possessed  is  the  young  poet  by 
this  idea  that  the  best  lines  in  an  elegy 
on  Eobert  Louis  Stevenson  are  the  follow- 
ing about  the  poet's  own  wife  : — 

0  vanished  loveliness  of  flowers  and  faces, 

Treasure  of  hair,  and  great  immortal  eyes, 

Are  there  for  these  no  safe  and  secret  places  ? 

And  is  it  true  that  beauty  never  dies  ? 

Soldiers  and  saints,  haughty  and  lovely  names, 

Women  who  set  the  whole  wide  world  in  flames, 

Poets  who  sang  their  passion  to  the  skies, 

And  lovers  wild  and  wise  : 

Fought   they  and   prayed   for  some   poor   flitting 

gleam, 
Was  all  they  loved  and  worshipped  but  a  dream  1 
Is  Love  a  lie  and  fame  indeed  a  breath, 
And  is  there  no  sure  thing  in  life — but  death  / 
Or  may  it  be,  within  that  guarded  shore, 
He  meets  her  now  whom  1  shall  meet  no  more 
Till  kind  Death  fold  me  'neath  his  shadowy  wing  ? 

Another,  and  a  still  more  striking,  in- 
stance of  this  absorption  of  the  poet's  mind 
by  the  same  idea  is  furnished  by  the  poem 
called  '  Home.'  It  illustrates  forcibly  what 
has  been  before  said  in  these  columns — 
that  there  are  times  when  the  bereaved 
heart  grows  actually  vengeful  not  only 
against  fate,  but  against  the  life  and  enjoy- 
ment that  it  sees  around  it : — 

"  We're  going  home  I  "  I  heard  two  lovers  say, 
They  kissed  their  friends  and  bade  them  bright 

good-byes ; 
I  hid  the  deadly  hunger  in  my  eyes, 

And,  lest  I  might  have  killed  them,  turned  away. 

Ah,  love  !  we  two  once  gambolled  home  as  they, 
Home  from  the  town  with  suchfairmerchandise — 
Wine  and  great  grapes— the  happy  lover  buys  : 

A  little  cosy  feast  to  crown  the  day. 

Yes  !  we  had  once  a  heaven  we  called  a  home. 
Its  empty  rooms  still  haunt  me  like  thine  eyes, 
When  the  last  sunset  softly  faded  there  ; 

Each  day  I  tread  each  empty  haunted  room, 
And  now  and  then  a  little  baby  cries, 

Or  laughs  a  lonely  laughter  worse  to  bear. 

In  the  lines  on  the  funeral  of  Tennyson 
occur  one  or  two  admirable  phrases,  notably 

The  splendid  spirit  imperiously  shy. 

In  the  concluding  lines  of  this  poem  a 
very  vigorous  rebuke  is  administered  to 
those  squabbling  aspirants  to  the  Laureate- 
ship  who,  through  their  partisans  on  the 
press,  have  dimmed  the  glory  that  Words- 
worth and  Tennyson  had  won  for  the  office 
— indeed,  have  brought  the  office  back  into 
the  old  contempt  in  which  it  was  loft  by 
Pye:- 
Poor  little  !)ards,  so  shameless  in  your  care 

To  snatch  the  mighty  laurel  from  his  head, 
Have  you  no  fear,  dwarfs  in  the  giant's  chair, 

How  men  shall  laugh,  remembering  the  dead  ? 
Great  is  advertisement !  'tis  almost  fate. 

But,  little  mushroom-men,  of  puff-ball  fame, 
Ah,  do  you  dream  to  be  mistaken  great 

And  to  be  really  great  are  just  the  same  ? 

Ah,  fools  !  he  was  a  laureate  ere  one  leaf 

Of  the  great  crown  had  whispered  on  his  brows  ; 

Fame  shrilled  his  song.  Love  carolled  it,  and  Grief 
Blessed  it  with  tears  within  her  lonely  house. 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


787 


Fame  loved  him  well,  because  he  loved  not  Fame, 
But  Peace  and  Love,  all  other  things  before, 

A  man  was  he  ere  yet  he  was  a  name, 

His  song  was  much  because  his  love  was  more. 

In  '  Tree  Worship '  there  are  some  good 
lines,  but  this  poem,  like  the  '  Ode  to 
Spring,'  is  marred  by  makeshift  rhymes 
of  an  irritating  kind.  In  order  to  find  a 
rhyme  for  "  brink  "  Mr.  Lo  Gallienno  makes 
the  skylark's  "  fairy  anvil  clink."  In  order 
to  find  a  rhyme  for  "seek"  he  speaks  of 
the  lark's  "  gurgling  beak." 

There  are,  moreover,  not  a  few  faults  of 
taste  and  faults  of  execution.  Such  phrases, 
for  instance,  as  "  an  armful  of  girl," 

that  sunlit  liair 

A-ripple  o'er  her  witty  brain, 

and  a  few  others  that  it  is  not  worth  while 
to  point  out,  are  extremely  vexing  to  a 
sensitive  reader.  The  truth  is  that  in 
exercising  the  poetic  art  more  judgment 
and  more  good  sense  are  required  tlian  in 
any  other  mental  exercise. 

The  temptation  to  indulge  in  far-fetched 
conceits  in  the  effort  to  get  away  from  prosaic 
locutions  would  seem  to  have  been  almost 
irresistible  even  to  poets  who  worked  in  a  lan- 
guage where,  like  the  Greek,  the  natural  move- 
ment is  that  of  poetry.  The  verbal  conceits 
with  which  some  of  the  work  of  TRschylus 
is  marred  can  only  be  explained  on  this 
theory.  And  in  modern  languages,  espe- 
cially in  English  (where  the  substance  is  so 
rich  and,  owing  to  the  paucity  of  rhymes,  the 
rhyme  demands  are  so  strong),  the  exercise 
of  a  governing  judgment  in  poetic  art  is 
more  important  than  in  a  system  where  the 
poet  is  not  hampered  by  rhymes  at  all. 
There  are  not  many  poets  whose  ai-tistic 
instinct  is  so  strong  and  so  true  that  they 
can  at  once  challenge  the  suggestion  of 
every  rhyme-word  as  it  comes  up,  and, 
should  its  suggestion  prove  to  be  a  make- 
shift one,  discard  it. 

In  many  poets  there  is  an  instinct  for 
self-sophistry  which  impels  them  to  stifle 
the  voice  of  judgment,  and  to  persuade  their 
own  minds  that  the  makeshift  locution  is 
not  so  "  makeshift  "  after  all,  or,  at  least,  to 
persuade  the  judgment  that  the  makeshift 
work  "will  do."  There  are  others  whose 
instinct  makes  them  feel  that  nothing  in 
art  "will  do"  which  is  not  the  best  that 
can  be  done.  No  doubt  this  latter  instinct 
may  assert  itself  too  imperiously  —  may 
assume,  indeed,  a  morbid  activitj'.  Art  like 
Nature,  though  infinite  in  her  potentialities, 
must  always  fail  to  reach  her  ideal.  If 
Nature  had  not  felt,  and  deeply  felt,  that 
"the  best  is  the  enemy  of  the  good,"  she 
would  never  have  been  satisfied  with  so 
makeshift  a  work  as  man.  And  so  in  art. 
After  a  certain  point  of  excellence  has  been 
reached,  Art  too  must  be  content. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


An    UtisougJd   Ueritafje.      By  C.    G.  Furley 

Smith.  2  vols.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
'  AxUxsot'oiiT  Heritage'  is  less  actual  and 
modern  than  it  at  first  sight  appears.  The  be- 
ginning reveals  a  batch  of  "women  workers" 
living  in  would-be  manlj',  yet  not  altogether 
unwomanly  fasliion.  Tlie  dwellers  in  St. 
Ursula's  Mansions  consist  of  medical  and 
art  students,  journalists,  and  so  forth,  all 
most  anxious  to  remodel  the  world  and  show 
tlieir    independent   attitude  towards   man- 


kind. The  heroine,  who  is  on  a  "  daily," 
traffics  largely  with  Fleet  Stx-eet,  and  talks 
with  knowing  pride  (if  not  always  as  though 
quite  to  the  manner  born)  the  jargon  of 
"the  street."  "Copy,"  "pars,"  &c.,  bulk 
largely  on  her  horizon — so  largely  that  one 
conceives  a  suspicion  that  perhaps,  after 
all,  the  author  may  not  be  on  quite  such 
familiar  relations  with  the  whole  thing. 
Yet  every  now  and  again  there  are  clever, 
real-looking  touches.  The  Petigrue  house- 
hold is  often  amusingly  described,  espe- 
cially the  posing  member  of  it  —  Theo, 
whoso  "  little  talks  "  are  countenanced  by 
minor  poets,  artists,  and  such  small  fry. 
Theo,  however,  gradually  loses  touch  with 
the  situation,  and  becomes  too  boldly  melo- 
dramatic to  suit  the  earlier  part  of  her 
history  and  character.  The  heroine,  too, 
who  promised  not  badly,  becomes  rather 
tame  and  a  little  tiresome.  So  do  the  rest 
of  the  people,  and  by  the  end,  which  seems 
much  too  spun  out,  one  is  very  glad  to 
"  say  good-bj'e  to  everybody." 


Prisoners    of    Silence.       By    Mary    Angela 

Dickens.  (Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
Miss  DioKEXs  has  chosen  a  gloomy  subject 
for  her  new  story,  A  young  man  lives  in 
the  house  of  his  mother  in  the  character 
of  her  half-brother.  He  associates  with  his 
half-sister  as  though  he  were  her  uncle. 
He  visits  his  own  father,  professionally, 
without  knowing  that  there  is  any  relation 
between  them,  and,  when  that  father  dies, 
he  falls  in  love  with,  and  is  on  the  point  of 
marrying,  the  widow.  He  and  his  friends 
have  been  for  many  years  the  prisoners  of 
his  mother's  silence  ;  and  clearly  there  is  no 
cheerful  ending  for  such  a  situation.  The 
author  does  not  attempt  it.  She  has  a  lesson 
to  teach — a  lesson  taught  by  manj'  of  our 
more  serious  contemporary  writers  —  the 
inevitability  of  the  consequences  of  crime. 
Miss  Dickens  tells  it  well,  with  a  quiet 
intensity  of  force,  and  with  no  appeals  to 
turgid  and  false  sentiment.  The  mother 
referred  to  is  a  conscious  or  unconscious 
study  after  Mrs.  Clennam  in  '  Little  Dorrit.' 


The  Masquerade  Mijstery.    By  Fergus  Hume. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
"The  motto  of  'The  New  Literature,'" 
says  one  of  Mr.  Hume's  characters,  "should 
be  'Talk!  Talk!  Talk!'  for  it  consists  of 
nothing  else."  Mr.  Hume  himself  supplies 
abundance  of  talk,  but  it  is  all  about  action 
and  facts,  not  about  the  "infernal  egotisms  " 
of  the  speakers.  The  "masquerade  mys- 
tery" concerns  the  death  of  a  man  who  was 
murdered  after  a  fancy-dress  ball,  twenty- 
five  years  before  this  story  of  its  explanation 
opens.  The  actors  are  exhibited  for  our 
benefit  by  Mr.  Hume,  who,  whilst  appearing 
to  tell  us  all  his  secrets  prematurely,  and  to 
show  us  the  workings  of  everybody's  inmost 
soul,  contrives  to  mystify  us  to  the  very  end 
of  his  storj'.  His  method  is  not  wanting  in 
cleverness,  though  any  reader  with  a  natural 
dash  of  the  private  detective  in  his  mental 
equipment  will  put  his  finger  on  scores  of 
weak  places  in  this  complicated  business. 
But  such  a  critic  may  probably  forgive 
Mr.  Hume  for  his  impossible  situations  and 
gratuitous  deceptions,  if  only  fur  the  sake 
of  his  brisk  and  breathless  narrative. 


Jacoh  Niemand.    By  Robert  Sherard.  (Ward 

&.  Downey.) 
Whatever  may  be  the  demerits  of  Mr, 
Sherard's  novel,  it  has  at  least  the  advan- 
tage of  possessing  a  hero  of  an  entirely 
unhackneyed  character.  The  idea  of  Jacob 
Niemand's  atonement  is  cleverly  conceived, 
nor  is  the  execution  altogether  amiss. 
But  as  a  whole  the  story  fails  to  strike  homo. 
To  ensure  the  sympathy  of  his  readers, 
which  is  imperativel}'  needed  in  such  a  case, 
Mr.  Sherard  would  have  done  well  to 
abstain  from  such  heav3'-handed  insistence 
on  Jacol)'s  unprepossessing  exterior  and 
wolfish  table  manners.  The  elements  of 
romance  and  realism  are  ill  compounded, 
while  the  mechanism  of  the  plot  is  handled 
in  a  rather  clumsy  and  perfunctory  manner. 
Still  the  picture  of  a  cowed  nature  endea- 
vouring to  reassert  itself,  which  is  given  iu 
the  earlier  chapters  of  the  book,  is  decidedly 
interesting.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  Lake 
country,  but  Mr.  Sherard  makes  little  or  no 
attempt  to  introduce  any  local  colour  into 
his  dialogue  or  description. 


His  Last    Card.      By  Katliarine  Macquoid. 

(Ward  &  Downey.) 
A  sf'A:\ir  who  has  been  disowned  by  his 
family  on  account  of  his  gambling  pro- 
pensities is  rude  to  a  3'oung  lady  in  a  lane 
near  Heading,  and  when  he  subsequently 
calls  on  her  is  not  unnaturall}'  packed  off 
with  what  is  vulgarly  called  "a  flea  in  his 
ear."  He  soliloquizes  :  "Yes,  she  is  a  fine 
creature,  just  my  sort.  We  .shall  see,  my 
fair  Hester ;  I  have  not  said  my  last  word 
to  you  yet."  The  form  of  words  carries  us 
back  many  years.  This  was  how  people 
used  to  talk  in  novels  about  the  "sixties," 
We  have  travelled  ver}'  far  since  a  speech 
like  this  could  imjiart  a  thrill  to  the  most 
unsophisticated  reader  of  fiction.  Mr.  Van 
Sitt  is  allowed,  by  means  of  the  foolish  and 
most  improbable  reticence  of  Hester  towards 
the  husband  whom  she  soon  marries,  to  get 
that  unlucky  man  into  his  toils  ;  and  when 
the  husband  has  lost  his  money  at  cards 
Hester  refuses  to  pay  his  debts.  So  he 
retires  for  a  while,  and  the  villain  weaves 
his  toils  round  the  family  for  a  generation, 
retaining  his  passion  for  Hester,  it  would 
seem,  till  both  of  them  are  grandparents. 
There  never  seems  the  least  danger  of  her 
yielding  to  his  blandishments,  even  when 
she  believes  for  a  short  time  that  hor  husbanil 
is  dead.  Of  course  the  husband  turns  up 
all  right,  and  the  reconciliation  is  of  course 
instantaneous.  The  only  other  character 
of  importance  is  a  rather  impossible  little 
girl,  who  in  the  middle  of  baby  talk,  when 
it  is  suggested  that  she  is  a  saint,  says, 
"Mercifully  not,"  and  presently,  "That'll 
do  capitally." 

For  Lore  of  Prne.     By  Leslie  Keith,    (Innes 

&  Co.)  ■ 
The  worst  fault  to  be  found  in  this  other- 
wise pleasant  story  is  that  it  is  reallj'  over- 
stocked with  material.  There  are,  indeed, 
two  stories  running  side  by  side,  and  having 
practicall}'  a  quite  slight  connexion  with  one 
another.  Prue's  romance,  if  such  it  can  be 
called,  is,  of  course,  the  more  im^iortant, 
since  it  holds  the  title  rule ;  but  it  is  pro- 
bable that  readers  will  find  that  of  her 
cousin  Posa  Bower  at  least   as   attractive, 


788 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


nnd  possibl}'  Eosa  lierself  the  more  in- 
teresting character.  This  is  almost  a 
pity,  since  it  detracts  from  the  principal 
theme.  And  j'et  it  is  impossible  to  quarrel 
with  snoh  a  robust  and  sensible  -  minded 
j'oung  woman  as  the  secondary  heroine,  the 
scenes  of  whose  story  are  laid  principally 
upon  a  remote  Scotch  island,  the  atmo- 
sphere of  which  is  as  fresh  and  breezy  as 
the  girl  lierself.  True  Chillingworth,  the 
young  widow,  is  also  independent-minded  ; 
but  her  intelligence  is  scarcely  equal  to  her 
kindness  of  heart,  and  her  wish  to  pauperize 
her  less  fortunate  brethren  has  serious  con- 
sequences for  at  least  one  of  them.  Indeed, 
Frederick  Chillingworth,  who  starts  by 
accepting  her  benefits  from  the  basest 
motives,  becomes  an  object  of  pity  when  for 
love  of  Prue,  who  has  so  wantonly  misled 
his  erring  fancy,  he  is  obliged  to  take  back 
a  drunken  and  immoral  wife.  There  are  a 
great  number  of  minor  characters,  amongst 
whom  Rosa's  Scotch  aunt.  Miss  McMurtrie, 
is  worthy  of  mention.  As  a  whole,  the  story 
is  long-winded  and  occasionally  tedious  ;  but 
events  and  characters  are  kept  tolerably  dis- 
tinct, and  there  is  throughout  a  wholesome- 
ness  of  tone  which  goes  far  to  condone  its 
weaknesses. 

On   the    Threshold.     By   Isabella    0.   Ford. 
(Arnold.) 

Miss  Ford's  short  story  contains  some  not 
every  -  day  thoughts  presented  in  a  not 
common  manner.  Certain  of  the  ideas  are 
to  some  extent  in  the  air  we  breathe  ;  they 
are  indirectly  concerned  with  at  least  one  of 
our  mostdifflcult  social  problems.  The  author 
is  not,  however,  of  those  who  talk  much  of 
"  problems,"  nor  does  she  use  them  in  the 
fashion  at  present  in  vogue  with  novelists. 
Her  story  is  so  quiet  and  thoughtfully 
written  that  it  is  evident  that  it,  with  its 
characters  and  dialogue,  has  grown  round 
a  central  idea  to  her  profoundly  and 
really  interesting.  She  views  it  through 
the  medium  of  a  subjective  individuality 
that  is  yet  attuned  to  deep  compassion  for 
the  sorrows  of  humanity.  Her  sympathies, 
as  well  as  her  artistic  insight,  embrace  some 
phases  of  life  with  real  divination  ;  yet  her 
story  is  on  quite  simple  lines,  and  her  cha- 
racters are  few  and  somewhat  faint.  But 
they  produce  the  effect  aimed  at — they 
stand  out  enough  to  suggest  the  whirlpool 
of  London  life,  and  especially  the  turbid 
undercurrent  which  runs  beneath  the  broader 
and  more  visible  channels,  and  with  which 
few,  except  those  of  it,  are  really  acquainted. 
Here  the  threshold  means  more  than  the 
entrance  to  womanhood  of  two  charming 
girls — Kitty  and  Lucretia ;  it  moans  their 
growing  apprehension  of  the  unknown 
sorrows  and  degradation  of  existence,  espe- 
cially of  the  obscure  lives  of  wandering 
Londoners.  The  points  of  view  of  fiery 
youth  and  sober  middle  age  on  the  relations 
between  tlio  well-to-do  and  tlie  unfortunate 
are  vividly  suggested,  but  there  is  no  ser- 
monizing, nothing  of  the  preacher's  or 
crusader's  attitude  towards  social  wrongs. 
Yet  notliing  might  better  furnish  food  for 
reflection  than  the  tone  of  this  book.  '  On 
the  Threshold '  is,  for  tlie  most  part,  a  sad 
little  tale,  tenderly  told ;  but  it  is  not 
without  humorous  touches,  so  that  smile 
and  sigh  quickly  succeed  one  another. 


The     Wooing    of   Boris.       By    Mrs.    J.    K. 

Spender.  (Innes  &  Co.) 
In  her  portrait  of  Doris — with  her  keen 
temper  and  strong  vitality,  modern  but  not 
"new,"  warm-hearted  and  loyal,  and  brave 
enough  to  prefer  honour  to  love  —  the 
lamented  author  has  given  us  a  charming 
legacy.  Nor  in  the  boy  and  girl  relations 
between  Doris  and  Roger,  her  father's 
ward,  have  we  a  less  interesting  reminder 
of  powers  which  were  often  exercised  for 
our  advantage  and  delight.  The  camaraderie 
between  the  girl  and  the  rough  but  admiring 
schoolboy  would  have  developed  into  a  close 
union  between  the  grown  maiden  and  the 
more  adoring,  but  still  obstinate  young  man, 
had  not  the  discovery  of  Mr.  Brendon's 
frauds  set  Doris  firmly  against  matrimony. 
The  difference  of  opinion  with  respect  to 
Roger's  method  of  meeting  her  father's 
necessities  with  his  own  gains  at  Monte 
Carlo  leads  to  a  quarrel  quite  as  furious  as 
any  in  their  childish  days.  Then  to  fill  the 
breach,  when  the  life  of  the  unhappy  schemer 
Brendon  has  ended  in  merciful  obscurity, 
comes  into  the  life  of  Doris  the  chivalrous 
old  colonel,  who  is  the  most  lifelike  figure 
in  the  book,  drawn  with  an  appreciation 
of  true  nobility  which  we  have  not  before 
noticed  in  the  writer's  works.  He  scouts 
the  notion  of  her  father's  shame  affecting 
the  daughter's  value  in  her  own  or  others' 
eyes  : — 

"  '  My  dear,'  he  said,  '  I  am  too  old  to  listen 
to  such  jargon.  The  scientists  say  that  the 
public  misunderstand  all  this  about  heredity. 
A  doctor,  a  friend  of  mine,  was  telling  me  the 
other  day  how  a  young  fool  came  to  him,  and 
wanted  him  to  help  him  to  break  ofl:'  his  engage- 
ment with  the  girl  whom  he  had  promised  to 
love  and  protect,  because  he  had  heard  some- 
thing to  the  disadvantage  of  her  father.  1 
should  have  liked  to  give  that  young  fellow  a 
horsewhipping.  I  can  honour  a  man  who  has 
the  pluck  to  marry  the  girl  he  loves,  even  to 
the  extent  of  running  away  with  her.  But  this 
hideous  caricature  of  the  real  thing,  this  horrid 
cant  about  heredity  !  It  would  have  been  a 
thousand  times  better  for  that  young  humbug 
to  have  said  straight  out  that  he  was  tired  of  the 
girl  ;  but  to  go  to  his  doctor !  Faugh  !  What 
do  you  take  me  for  ? '  " 

His  generosity  in  the  matter  of  Roger, 
when  he  discovers  to  his  sorrow  that  he 
has  prevented  what  would  have  been  the 
natural  course  of  two  young  lives,  is  of  a 
piece  with  the  rest  of  his  character.  But 
he  does  not  long  live  to  face  his  disappoint- 
ment, and  after  due  time  Doris  bestows  her 
hand  upon  her  ancient  and  now  victorious 
enemy. 

The  Fiery  Furnace.  By  F.  Reginald  Statham. 

(Gibbings  &  Co.) 
'The  Fiery  Furnace'  is  a  powerful  novel, 
of  an  old-fashioned  type  so  far  as  the  cha- 
racters go  ;  the  vulgarians  are  like  those  of 
Dickens  as  well  as  like  those  of  real  life, 
and  the  heroine  is  cast  in  the  heroic  mould 
of  an  early  George  Sand.  But  the  plot  is 
modern  enough,  and  rather  of  the  new- 
woman-novel  order.  Given  the  violent  sup- 
positions involved  in  the  catastrophe  (if  this 
use  of  the  term  may  be  forgiven  us)  with 
which  tlie  book  opens  — namely,  the  insuffi- 
ciently explained  and  justified  seduction  of 
the  heroine — the  volume  is  excellently  carried 
to  its  close.  Most  of  the  plot  is  laid  in  tho 
Islo  of  Man,  and  we  fail  to  see  why  a  thin 


disguise  should  be  thrown  over  the  island 
and  the  port  of  Liverpool. 

The  Home  of  the  Strange  Woman.     By  F.  N. 

Connell. '  (Henry  &  Co.) 
There  are  good  things  in  Mr.  Connell's 
curious  tragi-comedy  of  modern  manners, 
but  the  impression  left  by  his  satire  as  a 
whole  is  blurred  and  inconclusive.  The 
central  figure  is  a  whollj^  detestable  egotist, 
somewhat  on  the  lines  of  Barnes  Newcome, 
and  the  writer  happily  hits  off  his  character 
and  the  tone  of  contemporary  journalism  in 
a  passage  describing  the  sequel  of  one  of 
his  speeches  in  Parliament : — 

"  The  Daily  Budget  spoke  of  him  in  a  leading 
article  as  '  emphatically  the  new  Disraeli. '  The 
same  paper  called  Mr.  Buskin  '  emphatically  the 
new  Garrick, '  and  Lord  Brighton  '  emphatically 
the  new  Wellington.'  But  Kingston  did  not 
know  that,  and  he  hugged  himself  in  a  frenzy 
of  conceit." 

In  this  acid  vein  Mr.  Connell  is  occasionally 
extremely  diverting,  but  his  construction  is 
not  on  a  level  with  his  criticism.  His  plot 
is  neither  agreeable  nor  convincing,  and 
there  is  not  one  of  the  dramatis  persoyia  who 
inspires  more  than  a  moderate  liking. 

The  Quest  of  a  Heart.     By  Caldwell  Stewart. 

(Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier.) 
'  The  Quest  of  a  Heart  '  aims  high  and 
falls  flat.  It  is  not  an  alluring  work.  The 
author,  through  the  medium  of  the  characters 
in  the  story,  has  a  great  deal  to  say  about 
sympathy — human  and  divine — immortality, 
and  little  matters  of  the  same  nature,  but 
nothing  that  seems  much  worth  saying. 
The  people  are  mostly  tiresome  and  wooden 
or  exasperatingly  sprightly ;  and  there  is 
not  a  ray  of  humoui*  to  redeem  the 
whole  thing  from  failure.  A  person  called 
Stella  is  supposed  to  know  a  great  deal 
about  very  lofty  subjects.  She  discourses 
to  her  friends  and  neighbours  on  many 
things,  lengthily  and  not  alwaj's  gramma- 
tically or  quite  lucidly.  Instead  of  getting 
bored  or  angry  they  encourage  her,  with  the 
result  that  at  afternoon  teas,  during  walks, 
or  in  peaceful  gardens,  her  conversation 
generally  takes  the  form  of  a  lecture.  A 
singularly  dreary  being  called  Ashleigh 
plays  into  her  hands  continually.  He  never 
goes  anywhere  nor  sees  any  one,  especially 
this  lady,  without  airing  all  his  hopes  and 
fears,  his  doubts  and  aspirations.  Not 
perfectly  sure  if  he  have  a  soul  or  no,  he 
is  always  bringing  it,  or  the  want  of  it, 
on  the  tapis,  or  asking  her  opinion  on  his 
"case."  The  other  people,  old  and  young, 
are,  in  their  way,  quite  as  tiresome.  That 
the  author  has  no  experience  in  writing  is 
painfully  apparent  on  every  page,  though 
it  is  not  apparently  painful  to  himself. 

White     Turrets.        By    Mrs.     Molesworth. 

(Chambers.) 
'  White  Turrets  '  is  a  sliglit  but  graceful 
story.  The  plot  is  not  new,  but  plots  are 
never  new.  Winifred  Maryon,  not  content 
with  her  homo  duties — which,  by  the  way, 
are  arduous,  and  by  no  means  to  bo  despised 
— seeks  a  "career."  It  is  easy  to  imagine 
tho  pitfalls  which  beset  the  path  of  an 
ignorant  and  very  determined  yoxmg  woman. 
We  must  confess  that  Winifred  is  let  off 
very  easily  :  the  family  ghost — Mrs.  Moles- 
worth  is  always  strong  in  ghosts — preserves 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE'MTHEN^UM 


789 


her  from  a  hideous  death  and  opens  her 
eyes,  and  she  lives  happy  ever  after. 

Apres  Fortune  Faite.   Par  Victor  Cherbuliez. 

(Hachette  &  Cie.) 
Of  all  the  remarkable  novels  of  M.  Cher- 
buliez, -which  are  more  popular  with  the 
public  than  his  still  more  able  political 
■works  given  to  the  world  in  his  other  name  of 
' '  Valbert, " '  Apres  Fortune  Faite '  most  resem- 
bles '  Jean  Teterol.'  It  is  the  history  of  the 
hunt  after  the  millions  of  an  "  oncle  d'Ame- 
rique  "  by  a  family  which  has  produced  but 
one  decent  member,  the  true  hero,  whose 
character  is  too  strong  for  life  in  common 
with  the  equally  strong  plutocrat.  There 
is  no  good  woman  drawn  in  the  book,  but 
one  is  lightly  sketched  in  a  few  pages,  whose 
love  is  evidently  to  be  the  hero's  reward 
long  after  this  story  is  done.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  part  at  Hyeres  and  in  part  at  Bormes 
and  the  Lavandou,  hard  by  ;  and  almost  all 
passes  in  the  narrow  span  that  lies,  in  the 
midst  of  the  coast  of  Provence,  between  the 
Hermitage  of  the  Birds  and  the  Mountains 
of  the  Moors.  There  is  a  good  deal  of 
polished  work  in  the  book,  such  as  the  sug- 
gestion that  the  faculty  of  isolation  is  the 
privilege  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race — and  of 
water-spiders. 

Marylka.       Par    Marguerite     Poradowska. 
(Hachette  &  Cie.) 

Those  who  want  a  French  novel  for  girls 
will  find  '  Marylka '  pleasant.  It  is  full  of 
excellent  descriptions,  and  suited  for  family 
reading  without  being  goody-goody  or 
namby-pamby.  The  scene  is  chiefly  laid  in 
PodoHa. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 


The  joint  work  of  Miss  Everett-Green  and 
MLss  H.  L.  Bedford,  His  Choke — and  Hers 
(S.P.C.K.),  Avhicli  calls  itself  "the  story  of  an 
episode,"  is  a  somewhat  lengthy  and  extremely 
emotional  account  of  an  unhappy  love  affair.  It 
takes  two  to  write  the  story,  and  we  hear  both 
sides  of  the  question.  Cyril  Benson,  an  enthu- 
siastic and  ritualistic  young  curate,  falls  in  love 
'vith  Sylvia  O'Connor,  a  beautiful  and  flippant 
"society  girl."  Sylvia  has  sense  enough  to  see 
that  she  would  not  make  a  good  wife  for  a  clergy- 
nan,  and  refuses  her  admirer  ;  he  dies  soon 
ifter  of  overwork,  and  she  is  in  despair,  but 
ye  leave  her  likely  to  be  consoled  by  a  cousin  : 
'there  is  always  a  cousin."  Miss  Everett- 
Green  is  not  at  her  best  in  'His  Choice — and 
Hers.' — In  Koscorla  Farm  (S.P.C.K.)  Mrs. 
H.  Clarke  has  written  a  fine  rousing  tale  of 
smugglers  and  miners,  and  a  fierce  vendetta  in 
the  wilds  of  Cornwall.  As  a  matter  of  course 
the  s(iuire's  son  falls  in  love  with  the  daughter 
of  his  deadly  enemy,  and  many  a  rough  game 
is  played  by  the  lonely  Cornisli  shore  before 
peace  ia  made  and  Pierce  of  Roscorla  begins 
his  new  life. — Tvinelle's  riiilip,  by  Mrs.  C.  V. 
Jamison  (Osgood  &  Mcllvaine),  is  a  fascinating 
tale  of  two  fascinating  children.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  New  Orleans,  and  when  we  first  meet 
the  children  Dea  makes  a  living  by  selling  little 
wax  figures  in  the  street,  antl  Philip  is  sijuatting 
with  his  gentle  quadroon  nurse  in  the  servants' 
quarter  of  the  great  Detrava  Place,  a  deserted 
mansion.  Philip  and  Dea  go  through  trials 
innumerable  ;  they  are  befriended  by  a  jovial 
ncgress,  "Grande  Seline,"  and  amused  by  her 
imp  of  a  son  Lilybcl.  At  length,  after  long 
years,  things  right  themselves,  and  Dea  reigns 
at  Detrava  Place  and  Philip  is  not  far  away. 
There  are  many  attractive  illustrations  in  this 
attractive  book. 


Miss  Maud  Carew's  Pat  (S.P.C.K.)  is  one  of 
the  best  of  the  misunderstood  children  who  have 
invaded  our  literature  of  late  years.  She  is  a 
girl,  and  her  name  is  really  Patricia,  but  her 
stern  old  aunt  is  the  only  person  who  dignifies 
the  child  by  that  stately  name.  Pat's  mother 
is  dead,  her  father  is  in  India,  and  the  poor 
little  girl  grows  to  think  that  every  man's  hand 
is  against  her.  It  takes  some  time  and  much 
sorrow  to  awaken  Pat  to  knowledge  of  the  truth, 
but  light  reaches  her  at  last,  her  father  comes 
back  to  her,  her  aunt  is  no  longer  stern,  and 
Pat  begins  to  be  happy.— Jini/i,  by  C.  E.  M. 
(S.P.C.K.),  is  a  sketch  of  village  life,  pleasant 
enough,  but  not  in  any  way  remarkable. 

It  is  refreshing  to  renew  our  acquaintance 
with  Miss  Mitford's  pretty  little  Country  Stories 
(Seeley  &  Co.),  which  were  published  when  the 
century  was  still  young  and  women  not  yet  new. 
They  take  us  back  to  the  period  when  Grisi  and 
Malibran sang ;  when  'Ion 'and 'Paracelsus 'were 
the  poems  of  the  year  ;  when  people  went  out  to 
dinner  in  the  early  hours  of  the  afternoon,  the 
men  arrayed  in  "brocade  brode' waistcoats  of 
resplendent  lustre,  and  rings,  studs,  brooches, 
and  chains,"  or  to  tea  at  eight,  with  as  much 
depth  of  purpose  as  we  feel  when  going  out  to 
dinner.  We  can  well  understand  the  popu- 
larity of  Miss  Mitford's  stories.  They  are  very 
well  written,  and  full  of  little  touches  which 
could  only  have  been  given  by  one  who  lived  in 
the  country  and  loved  it. 

Good  Night,  by  DoUie  Radford  (Nutt),  is  one 
of  the  daintiest  little  books  which  we  have  seen 
for  years.  The  verses  are  graceful  and  pretty, 
and  the  illustrations  excellent.  It  will  please 
both  young  and  old. 

Mediceval  Legends,  by  Mrs.  Leighton  (Nutt), 
is  decidedly  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  Even 
the  world  of  the  nursery  must  be  weary  of  the 
ever-increasing  flood  of  foolish  little  newly  in- 
vented fairy-tales  which  streams  forth  from  the 
printing  presses,  and  will  welcome  the  romances 
which  have  lived  so  many  centuries  that  they 
seem  to  be  almost  as  true  as  history  itself. 
'  Melusina  '  is  one  of  the  prettiest  and  most 
pathetic  of  them,  though,  like  many  another 
romance,  it  would  be  better  if  shorter.  We 
weary  a  little  of  the  size  of  Melusina's  family 
and  the  number  of  kingdoms  that  her  sons 
conquered  and  the  ease  with  which  they  did  it. 
'  Fleur  and  Blanchefleur  '  (in  Ellis's  '  Metrical 
Romances,'  '  Florice  and  Blancheflour  ')  will  also 
be  a  great  favourite.  As  Mrs.  Leighton  is  cater- 
ing for  children,  she  has  not  made  many  notes 
to  these  legends  ;  but  she  has  translated  them 
into  good  and  simple  English,  and  her  book 
ought  to  find  a  place  in  every  juvenile  library. 
It  will  be  read  with  avidity  as  a  book  which  is 
not  regarded  as  a  "  lesson-book "  in  disguise, 
and  yet  it  will  be  a  lesson-book  all  the  same, 
and  one  of  the  best  kind. 

It  is,  of  course,  almost  impossible  tu  take  up 
a  book  of  rhymes  like  National  Ehinms  of  the 
Nursery  (Wells  Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.)  without 
discovering  a  certain  number  whicli  seem  to  be 
not  quite  so  good  as  the  version  which  we  know 
ourselves,  but  this  collection  appears  to  be  won- 
derfully accurate  and  conqjlete.  It  may,  perhaps, 
be  objected  that  Mrs.  llowitt's  '  Spider  and  the 
Fly,'  though  an  admirable  si^ecimen  of  nursery 
literature,  is  scarcely  a  nursery  rhyme  pro[)er, 
and  the  same  remark  applies  to  certain  rhymes 
which  are  used  in  children's  games,  and  are  only 
conq)letcly  intelligiljle  when  so  used.  If  all  tliese 
were  given,  their  name  would  be  legion.  '  God 
bless  the  Master  of  this  House,'  too,  is  not  a 
nursery  rhyme,  but  a  Christmas  carol,  which 
five-and-twenty  years  ago,  to  our  own  know- 
ledge, used  to  be  sung  from  door  to  door  in  a 
Northern  town  by  a  woman  carrying  a  doll  half 
smothered  in  artificial  flowers  and  holly — which 
was  intended  to  represent  the  Infant  Christ. 
The  carol  nearly  always  produced  a  shilling,  so 
it  is  a  marvel  that  the  old  custom  has  been 
allowed  to  die  out.   '  Elsie  Marley  '  ia  a  pitman's 


song,  and  Elsie  was,  we  believe,  a  real  person. 
The  last  two  lines  of  the  last  verse  should  be 

She  lost  her  pocket  and  all  her  money 
Aback  o'  the  bush  1'  the  garden  honey. 

Some  of  the  rhymes  have  been  injured  by 
having  their  local  dialect  and  pronunciation 
carefully  corrected  to  suit  South-Country  taste. 
A  North-Countryman  will  scarcely  recognize  his 

Bobby  Shaftoe  's  young  and  fair, 
Combing  down  his  yellow  hair ; 
He's  my  own  for  ever  mair, 
Bonnie  Bobby  Shaftoe  I 
in 

Bobby  Shaftoe 's  fat  and  fair, 
Combing  down  his  yellow  hair ; 
He 's  my  love  for  ever  more. 
Pretty  i3obby  Shaftoe  1 

A  word  is  wanting  to  the  rhyme  on  p.  205, 
Sing  I  Sing  :  What  shall  I  sing  ? 
The  cat 's  run  away  with  the  pudding  [poke]  string. 

These  are  but  a  small  number  of  small  faults 
to  find  with  a  book  of  more  than  three  hundred 
pages.  It  ends  with  some  quaint  old  lines  much 
admired  by  Mr.  Ruskin  (which  he  calls  a  carol 
of  grace  before  meat),  and  begins  with  an  in- 
teresting preface  by  Mr.  Saintsbury. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   LITERATURE. 

Bibliographiana.  —  No.  1  :  Tlce  Lahoryonse 
Journey  and  Serche  of  John  Leijlande,  for  Eng- 
landes  Antiquitees,  geven  of  hym  as  a  Neice 
Years  Gijfte  to  Kinge  Henry  the  VIII.  in  the 
xxxvii.  Year e  of  his  Bey gne.  With  Dedaracyons 
Enlarged.  By  Johan  Bale.  Edited  by  W.  A. 
Copinger.  (Manchester,  privately  printed.) — 
The  apostolic  succession  of  Manchester  biblio- 
philes shows  no  sign  of  coming  to  an  end.  No 
provincial  town  in  England,  except,  of  course, 
Cambridge  or  Oxford,  can  boast  of  such 
masters  of  book-lore  as  the  capital  of  our  cotton 
industry.  The  names  of  Crossley  and  John 
Bailey,  of  Napier  and  Christie,  are  not  likely 
to  be  soon  forgotten  among  collectors,  and  Mr. 
Copinger  is  a  conspicuous  example  of  the  way  in 
which  literary  enthusiasm  tends  to  communicate 
itself  among  men  of  culture,  even  in  the  midst 
of  surroundings  which,  to  say  the  least,  are 
not  favourable  to  its  development.  This  little 
volume  is  one  of  those  rarities  which  a  man  may 
spend  half  a  lifetime  in  vainly  endeavouring  to 
procure,  for  there  is  no  English  writer  whose 
works  are  so  scarce  as  those  of  "Bilious  Bale." 
Of  the  ninety  volumes,  great  and  small,  which 
Bale  printed  in  his  lifetime  this  one  is,  perhaps, 
the  least  scurrilous  ;  indeed,  it  is  a  little  tractate 
which  does  him  some  credit,  and  has  a  certain 
pathetic  interest  attached  to  it.  It  is  a  tribute 
of  loyalty  to  his  friend  John  Leylande — as  he 
spells  the  name  —  and  a  translation  of  that 
erudite  and  indefatigable  antiquary's  '  Strena 
Henrico  Octavo  oblata,'  originally  put  forth  in 
Latin,  says  Mr.  Copinger,  in  154G.  Henry  YIII. 
died  in  1547,  and  soon  afterwards  Leland  appears 
to  have  begun  to  show  symptoms  of  a  softening 
of  the  brain  ;  he  lived  on  till  1552,  but  his  work 
was  done.  In  1549  Bale  translated  the  '  Strena  ' 
hito  English,  adding  a  commentary  of  his  own. 
Though  the  book  has  been  reprinted  more  than 
once,  and  though  a  copy  of  it  is  to  be  found  in  the 
British  Museum,  few  living  men  have  seen  it  in 
its  original  form.  Mr.  Copinger's  reproduction 
of  it  is  a  dainty  little  curio  such  as  bibliophiles 
love.  The  old  title-page  explains  the  subject 
of  the  work.  It  may  be  described  as  a  brief 
reminder  to  the  king  of  how  the  writer  had 
been  employed  during  the  thirteen  years  which 
he  had  spent  among  the  great  monastic  libraries 
of  England,  and  a  somewhat  timid  suggestion 
of  what  might  come  of  the  "search."  Bale 
a2Jpears  to  have  thought  that  the  time  had 
arrived  when  Leland's  hints  might  be  acted 
on.  Hence  his  comments  and  additions  to 
his  friend's  epistle  to  the  king.  What  adds 
greatly  to  the  intrinsic  value  of  this  bookling 
is  the  able  and  judicially- minded  intro- 
ductory note  of  the  learned  editor.  In  this 
soberly  written  and  tenqicrate  summary  of 
all  tlie  evidence  which  has  accumulated  upon  ua 
so  largely  during  the  last  twenty   years,    Mr. 


790 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N*3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


Copinger  delivers  his  judgment  upon  the  com- 
parative credibility  of  the  testimony  affecting 
the  whole  case  for  and  against  the  suppression 
of  the  monasteries.  Brief  as  the  note  is— it 
hardly  fills  thirty  pages— it  is  quite  long  enough 
to  show  that  the  writer  has  a  complete  mastery 
of  his  subject,  though  he  does  little  more  than 
indicate  clearly  on  which  side  he  would  charge 
a  jury  impanelled  to  adjudicate  upon  the  matter. 
He  does  not,  as  a  partisan  is  often  tempted  to 
do,  pronounce  that  a  great  and  abominable 
crime  was  committed,  but  he  leaves  us  with  the 
strong  impression  that  he  holds  a  great  wrong 
was  done,  and  especially  a  wrong  to  learning  and 
literature,  the  magnitude  of  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  estimate.  It  is  abundantly  clear  that 
the  old  slanders  are  being  discredited  among 
all  thoughtful  men.  They  are  repeated  with 
less  and  less  clamour  and  effrontery  every  year. 
It  is  a  comfort  to  reflect  that  though  a  lie  dies 
hard,  it  does  die  at  last  in  the  searching  sunlight 
•which  honest  research  brings  to  bear  upon  it. 
Mr.  Copinger  upon  his  title-page  seems  to  give 
us  hopes  of  seeing  more  of  such  precious  little 
volumes  as  this.  The  quality  of  his  work  is 
above  praise.  One  curious  little  oversight  the 
editor  will  be  glad  to  have  pointed  out.  Surely 
in  the  second  line  of  the  second  paragraph  on 
p.  XXV  the  not  is  redundant. 

Elb.ahethan    Translations  from    the    Italian : 
the  Titles  of  such  Works  now  first  collected,  and 
arramjed,  u-lth  Annotations.     By  Mary  Augusta 
Scott,  Ph.D.  (Baltimore,  the  Modern  Language 
Association  of  America.)  —  This    pamphlet    of 
forty- seven  pages  is  stated  to  be  a  reprint  from 
the    "Publications  of    the    Modern    Language 
Association  of  America,"  vol.  x.   No.   2.     The 
title  is,  perhaps,  a  little  misleading,  inasmuch 
as  the  Elizabethan  age  is  liberally  defined  by 
the  author  as   comprising   the   years    between 
1550    and  1660  ;    also   "  translations  from   the 
Italian  "  is  made  to  include  translations  from 
the  French,  and  other  languages,  of  tales  and 
romances  traceable  to  Italy.     The  influence  of 
Italy    on    English    literature,    directly    or    in- 
directly,  was   great  during   the    period    above 
defined,  and  has  been  the  theme  of  many  writers; 
in  the  opinion,  however,  of  Dr.  Mary  Scott  com- 
imratively  little  is  known   of   the  subject,  and 
that  which  is  known  has  not  been  systematically 
studied  ;  she  believes,  therefore,  that  the  contents 
of  her  note-books,  in  which  she  recorded   the 
knowledge  acquired  while  engaged  in  the  study  of 
the   Elizabethan  drama,  may  be  of  use  to  other 
students.     The  first  instalment  of  these  notes, 
under  the  heading  of  "  Romances, "  consists  of 
a  series  of  some  fifty-four  bibliographical  articles 
on  English  books  printed   during  the  period  ; 
two  other  instalments  have  been,  or  are  to  be, 
puljlishcd  under  the  headings  "Poetry,  Plays, 
and  Metrical  Romances,"  and  "Miscellaneous 
Books,  including  Histories,  the  popular  Collec- 
tions of  Apothegms  and  Proverbs  of  the   Time, 
Griimmars,   Dictionaries,   and  Scientific   Works 
of  various  kinds."      Whether   these  two  addi- 
tional papers  will  advance  the  systematic  study 
the  author  has  at  lieart  remains  to  be  seen  ;  we 
have  failed  to  discover  in  the  one  before  us  any 
addition  to  what  surely  must  be  common  know- 
ledge with  all  possessing  a  moderate  acquaint- 
ance with  Elizabethan  literature  ;  but  then  it 
must  be  said  that  the  author  makes  no  preten- 
sions to  completeness,  and  modestly  admits  that 
she  has  gone  but  a  short  way  into  what  is  a  very 
wide  field.     The  paper  may,  however,   perhaps 
serve  as  a  nucleus  round  which  to  gatlier  the 
results  of  further  researches,   but  will  need   a 
much  more  methodical  system  of  arrangement 
if  it  is  to  answer  any  useful  purpose  as  a  work 
of  reference.     As  the  subject  must  necessarily 
be  largely  bibliographical,  it  may  be  permissible 
to  remark  tliat  tlio  author  seems  to  be  curiously 
ignorant  of  the  nature  of  a  colophon.      In  two 
or   tliroc    i)]accs    in    her    introduction    we    had 
noticed  what  appeared  to   be  a  dubious  use  of 
the  term  ;  but  hor  description  of  the  first  edition 
of  vol.  i.  of  Painter's  '  Palace  of  Pleasure  '  leaves 


us  in  no  doubt  that  she  supposes  a  colophon  to 
be  the  imprint  on  a  title-page. 

A  Bibliographij  of  the  Japanese  Empire.  Being 
a  Classified  List  of  all  Books,  Essays,  and  Majis 
in  European  Languages  relating  to  Dai  Nihon 
published  from  1859  to  1893.  Compiled  by  Fr. 
von  Wenckstern.  With  a  Facsimile  Reprint  of 
L^on  Pages's  '  Bibliographie  Japonaise  depuis  le 
XV"^  Siecle  jusqu'a  1859.'  (Leyden,  Brill  ; 
London,  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) — The  author  of 
this  monumental  work  may  well  be  congratu- 
lated on  its  completion,  though  there  is  some 
reason  to  complain  of  the  way  in  which  the  Avell- 
known  bibliography  of  L^on  Pages  has  been 
reprinted,  or  rather  autographed.  The  latter  is 
a  chronological  arrangement  of  European  books 
relating  to  Japan  published  from  the  fifteenth 
century  to  the  year  1859.  The  former  portion 
of  the  work  constitutes  a  classified  presentation 
of  European  literature— more  strictly  of  litera- 
ture in  European  languages — relating  to  "Dai 
Nihon "  since  1859.  The  classification  is  not 
altogether  happy,  nor  is  it  always  very  satis- 
factorily carried  out ;  but  no  really  good  system 
of  classifying  books  has  yet  been  discovered. 
Under  each  heading  the  arrangement  is  by 
authors'  names,  not  by  title  of  book.  Many 
articles  in  magazines  and  transactions  are  in- 
cluded, which  must  have  enormously  added  to 
the  labour.  One  cannot,,  of  course,  pretend 
to  review  a  work  of  this  kind  ;  it  is  only  after 
prolonged  use  of  it  that  its  excellences  can  be 
fully  appreciated  or  errors  detected.  From  the 
latter  it  appears,  however,  to  be  singularly  free, 
so  far  as  a  careful  perusal  of  some  twenty  pages 
taken  at  random  justifies  the  statement.  One 
or  two  only  have  we  detected.  Mr.  (jubbins's 
dictionary  does  not  include  "all  newly  coined" 
Sinico-Japanese  words — we  wish  it  did.  The 
third  volume  of  Sir  E.  Satow's  'Kuaiwa  hen'  is 
not  in  Chinese,  but  partly  in  Chinese,  partly 
in  Japanese  syllabic  characters.  Takahashi 
Goro's  excellent  lexicon  is  not  mentioned. 
Russian  works  are  omitted,  and  the  reason 
assigned  for  their  omission  does  not  seem  suffi- 
cient. Very  many  more  people  read  Russian 
than  is  commonly  sui)2)osed. 

The  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Iloyal 
Geographical  iSocietij  (Murray)  is  worthy  of  the 
valuable  collection  to  which  it  forms  the  key. 
The  first  attempt  to  catalogue  the  Society's  books 
was  made  by  Dr.  Norton  Shaw  in  1852.  In  1865 
appeared  a  more  elaborate  catalogue,  which 
occupied  542  pages ;  and  supplements  have 
been  issued  since.  Dr.  Mill  has  filled  over 
800  pages  with  tlie  present  excellent  and  well- 
arranged  catalogue.  The  very  fact  of  its  pub- 
lication will  call  attention  both  to  the  strong 
and  the  weak  points  of  the  library.  We  may 
notice  some  of  the  defects.  Coray's  edition  of 
Strabo  is  not  in  the  library,  and  there  is  no 
edition  later  than  Kramer's.  De  Bry's  voyages 
are  apparently  not  to  be  found  at  Savile  Row. 
Of  recent  books  Mr.  Baker's  excellent  accounts 
of  his  travels  in  France  and  Mr.  Hamerton's  ad- 
mirable volume  '  Round  my  House '  are  absent. 
Mr.  Rose's  '  Untrodden  Spain  '  is  there,  but  not 
'  Among  the  Spanish  People.' 

Mr.  Weale  has  brought  out  the  first  section 
of  a  new  series  of  catalogues  of  the  Art  Library 
at  South  Kensington.  It  deals  with  Ceramics 
(Eyre  tt  Spottiswoode),  and  is  highly  useful. — 
From  the  Italian  Minister  of  Commerce  we  have 
received  in  two  parts  an  account  of  the  Bihlio- 
ti'cJie  dello  Htato,  ddle  Frocincie,  dei  Communi  ed  di 
altri  Enti  Morali  (Rome,  Tipografia  Nazionale). 
It  is  an  important  help  to  the  student. — Dr. 
Knuttel,  tlie  head  of  the  Royal  Library  at  the 
Hague,  is  compiling  a  Catalogvs  van  de  Fam- 
Jietlen  -  Ver::ameling  (the  Hague,  Algemeene 
Landsdrukkerij).  The  instalment  before  us, 
tlie  second  part  of  the  second  division, 
covers,  in  about  500  pages,  the  twenty  years 
1668-1688.  From  this  some  idea  of  tlic 
richness  of  tiie  collection  may  1)0  formed. — The 
Keejter  of  the  Library  of  the  University  of 
Leyden  sends  us  a  part  of  iho  Bihliograj'liischc 


Lijst  der  Werken  van  de  Leidsche  Hoogleeraren 
(Leyden,  Doesburgh),  which  is  being  published 
at  the  expense  of  that  renowned  seat  of  learn- 
ing. It  is  to  extend  from  the  foundation  of 
the  University  to  the  present  time.  The 
part  before  us  deals  Avith  the  writings  of 
the  theological  professors  from  1575  to 
1619.  Among  them  is  Vorstius,  of  whom 
our  James  I.  fell  foul.  An  appendix  sup- 
plies a  catalogue  of  the  contemporary  regents 
of  the  College  of  the  States.  Of  these  G.  J. 
Vossius  is  the  most  celebrated. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 


Post  Meridiana:  Afternoon  Essays  (Black- 
wood &  Sons),  shows  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  to 
be  a  most  agreeable  writer  of  light  essays. 
Among  other  things  a  complete  man  of  the 
world,  he  has  also  perused  a  good  many  books 
and  has  a  smattering  of  several  sciences.  He  can 
discourse  for  the  space  of  half  an  hour,  with 
urbanity  and  humour,  on  the  surface  of  any 
subject,  from  novels  to  salmon  flies,  from  the 
career  of  Roger  Bacon  to  the  philosophy  of 
ornament.  On  each  he  has  something  sensible 
and  frequently  something  amusing  to  say,  and 
he  always  says  it  in  an  admirably  fresh  and 
incisive  manner.  It  would  be  difficult  to  conceive 
a  more  pleasant  companion  than  his  book  over 
the  afternoon  tea  and  toast  at  the  club.  Of  course 
we  should  never  dream  of  calling  him  a  literary 
man ;  he  is  so  evidently  the  man  of  affairs 
occupying  his  leisure  with  letters,  as  he  would 
occupy  it  just  as  gladly  with  fishing  or  with 
wliist.  It  is  an  elegant  relaxation  from  the 
labours  of  a  landlord  or  a  politician,  and  cer- 
tainly not  anything  particularly  vital  to  his  soul. 
Herein,  of  course.  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  is  a 
survival.  There  were  days,  before  writers  and 
printers  began  to  think  so  much  of  themselves, 
when  his  attitude  w^as  a  very  common  and 
gentlemanly  one  to  adopt  towards  literature. 
It  is  curious,  but  there  is  only  one  dull  passage 
in  the  book,  and  that  is  where  Sir  Herbert  goes 
at  some  length  and  with  a  good  many  statistics 
into  the  projier  policy  for  landlords  to  pursue  in 
the  management  of  woodlands.  Probably  he 
thought  that  the  most  valuable  and  practical 
chapter  of  the  lot.  And  it  is  not  so  very  dull, 
after  all. 

We  have  had  occasion  lately  to  praise  greatly 
Mr.  Charles  Lowe's  '  Alexander  III.'  and  '  Wil- 
liam II.'  We  regret  that  we  cannot  speak  so 
well  of  his  Bismarck's  Table  Talk  (Grevel  &  Co.). 
The  style  is  hasty  and  confused,  and  the  anec- 
dotes are  neither  made  as  amusing  as  possible 
for  the  casual  reader,  nor  as  useful  as  possible 
to  the  searcher  for  historical  truth.  On  the 
one  hand,  many  of  the  stories  are  from  inferior 
versions,  and  have  been  better  told  elsewhere. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  all-important  date  of 
first  publication  is  not  stated,  and  this  destroys 
the  value  of  the  greater  part  of  the  stories, 
which  may  have  been  arranged  after  the  times 
to  which  they  relate.  There  is  some  extremely 
careless  "  bad  "  French  in  the  book,  and  a  few 
good  stories  which  are  new  to  us.  Bismarck 
calls  Count  Munster  "a  tall  lamppost,  with  no 
light."  When  the  motto  of  the  Hanover  Club 
at  Gcittingen,  to  which,  as  a  student,  he  had 
belonged,  "vestigia  nulla  retrorsum,"  was 
quoted  to  him  as  applicable  to  his  own  life, 
Bismarck  reflected,  "Yes,  no  steps  backward, 
but  many  a  good  zigzag." 

Messrs.  Kecjan  Paul  &  Co.  i)ublish  Sultati 
Mnrad  V.,  by  Djemaleddin  Bey,  a  sort  of 
romantic  account  in  dialogue  of  the  deposition 
of  the  late  Sultan  and  of  his  predecessor  :  of  the 
confinement  of  the  one  (still  living)  and  the 
suicide  of  the  other.  The  man  in  the  street 
might  ask  why,  if  all  tliat  is  told  is  true,  the 
present  Sultan  should  not  have  made  an  end  of 
his  elder  ))rothcr,  instead  of  keeping  him  in  a 
house  in  his  own  garden.  But  the  writer  is  well 
informed  upon  some  points,  as,  for  example,  the 


N°3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN>^UM 


791 


real  character  of  Midhat,  to  whom  a  false  re- 
putation as  a  reformer  was  given  during  his 
visit  to  London.  Djemaleddin  Bey  admits  that 
his  hero  Murad,  who  in  the  preface  is  vouched 
for  as  having  at  this  moment  a  mind  strengthened 
by  suffering,  used  to  drink  and  was  often  mad. 
The  probability,  we  much  fear,  is  that  he  is  not 
less  mad  now  than  he  was  when  he  was  shut  up 
— some  nineteen  years  ago. 

Messks.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  publish,  under 
the  title  The  China-Japan  War,  by  Vladimir, 
an  excellent  history  of  tlie  war  from  the  Japanese 
point  of  view.  It  is  profusely  illustrated,  and 
some  of  the  cuts  show  that  Japanese  artists 
have  got  over  their  former  difficulty  in  drawing 
horses. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  also  publish  two 
handbooks  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Emery— the  one  to 
Parish  Meetings,  and  the  other  to  Parish 
Councils.  Both  will  be  useful  to  those  who  buy 
them.  Both  contain  model  forms  of  standing 
orders — the  one  for  the  procedure  of  the  meet- 
ing and  its  committees,  and  the  other  for  that 
of  the  council. 

Lentheric's  books  on  the  Greek,  Roman, 
and  Moorish  antiquities  of  the  coast  of  Provence 
are  so  well  known  that  there  is  no  need  to  do 
more  than  note  the  appearance  of  an  excellent 
translation  of  the  latest  of  them  under  the  title 
of  The  Riviera,  Ancient  and  Modern,  with  maps 
and  plans,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Charles  West, 
Fellow  and  late  Senior  Censor  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians.  It  is  published  by  Mr. 
Fisher  Unwin. 

Messrs.  Macimillan  are  doing  a  wise  thing 
in  including  Green's  Historn  of  tlte  English  Peojyle 
in  their  "  Eversley  Series."  The  first  volume 
is  before  us,  and  it  is  a  pleasanter  book  to  handle 
than  any  former  edition.  The  Early  and  Nar- 
rative Poems  of  Matthew  Arnold  have  appeared 
in  the  same  series.  —  The  late  Mr.  Thomson's 
interesting  work  Thronyh  Masai  Land  has  been 
added  to  the  excellent  series  of  books  dealing 
with  travel  and  adventure  which  Messrs.  Samp- 
son Low  &  Co.  are  publishing.  The  volume  is 
illustrated. — A  new  edition  of  IMr.  Ilamerton's 
valuable  Life  of  Turner  has  been  issued  by 
Messrs.  Seeley. 

Messrs.  Downey  &  Co.  have  done  well  in 
including  Rory  O'Morc  in  "The  Irish  Novelists' 
Library."  The  memoir  of  Lover  by  Mrs. 
Cashcl  Hoey  is  good,  but  disfigured  by  a 
sneer  at  Miss  Edgeworth.  The  volume  is 
excellently  printed  by  Messrs.  Constable,  but 
the  type  chosen  is  a  little  too  small. — Messrs. 
Macmillan  have  added  Pride  and  Prejudice 
to  their  "Illustrated  Standard  Novels."  Mr. 
Dobson  contributes  a  pleasant  introduction. 
Mr.  Brock's  illustrations  are  exceedingly  clever, 
but  the  humour  of  them  is  rather  too  broad  to 
suit  Miss  Austen. 

The  second  issue  of  the  "  Northern  Seasonal  " 
— The  Evergreen  (Edinburgh,  Patrick  Geddes 
and  Colleagues  ;  London,  Fisher  Unwin)— con- 
firms the  impression  that  the  projectors  take 
themselves  too  seriously.  All  honour  be  theirs 
for  their  endeavour  to  revive  the  continental 
sympathies,  to  develope  the  newer  English 
sympathies,  of  their  ancient  and  sometime  cul- 
tured capital.  M.  Elisee  Reclus,  if  a  little 
vague,  has  breathed  a  general  aspiration  for 
solidarity  of  this  kind.  But  we  doubt  if  the 
millennium  will  be  perceptibly  hastened  by 
modest  anticipations  of  a  Celtic  renascence,  or 
distortions  of  an  artistic  sort  such  as  we  meet 
in  these  pages.  There  is  a  cryptic  meaning 
possibly  in  Mr.  Macgillivray's  '  Autumn  Wind,' 
but  the  faded  female  swej)t  along  in  the  gale  is 
sadly  out  of  drawing.  There  are,  doubtless, 
Dundee  oranges  of  which  marmalade  is  made, 
but  we  know  not  of  a  vintage  in  these  isles 
which  prompts  the  treaders  of  the  winepress  to 
"cast  their  sarks  ";  and  at  any  rate  the  naked 
lady  in  Mr.  Burns's  illustration  is  nutre  than 
seven  feet  high.  On  the  other  hand,  '  Find  the 
Lady '  should,  we  think,  be   the  title  of  Mr. 


Hornel's  '  Madame  Chrysanthfeme,'  which  seems 
to  be  meant  as  a  puzzle.  Yet  there  is  good 
work,  especially  in  the  head  and  tail  pieces,  in 
this  carefully  printed  volume.  For  the  letter- 
press, Mr.  Crockett's  verse  is  more  than  pass- 
able, and  Miss  Fiona  Maclood's  Gaelic  legend  of 
St.  Bride  is  appropriate  (though  why  she  spells 
hrait  "  bratj  "  is  a  mystery).  The  editoi-.  Sir 
Noel  Paton,  the  Abbe  Klein,  Miss  Mulholland, 
and  others  have  contributed,  with  more  or  less 
success,  to  an  agreeable,  not  to  say  j^recious 
compilation. 

The  approach  of  Christmas  brings  us  the 
tasteful  Diaries,  Almanacs,  and  Pocket-Boohs  of 
Messrs.  De  La  Rue,  which  are  a  pleasure  to 
look  at  and  to  handle.  They  are  marked  by 
admirable  workmanship  and  excellent  taste. — 
Messrs.  Marcus  Ward  &  Co.  also  have  sent 
their  Diaries,  Calendars,  and  Christmas  Cards, 
which  are  noteworthy  for  variety  of  design. 
The  cards  are  usually  excellent  in  colour.  Miss 
Nesbit  and  other  well-known  writers  contribute 
pleasant  verses.  Messrs.  Ward  have  further 
presented  us  with  some  capital  picture-books. 
— Messrs.  Faulkner  &  Co.  have  forwarded  a 
number  of  games  appropriate  to  the  season, 
and  well  suited  to  delight  the  hearts  of  children. 
With  the  games  have  reached  us  from  the 
same  firm  some  refined  and  elegant  Christmas 
cards. 

We  are  glad  to  receive  again  the  ingenious 
and  useful  Almanack  Hachette  (Hachette), 
which  is  quite  a  little  encyclopaedia  of  informa. 
tion  on  a  vast  variety  of  subjects. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Story  of  Wales, 
a  Reading  Book  for  Schools  (Arnold),  —  Latin 
Lessons  for  Beginners,  by  A.  R.  S.  Hallidie 
(Rivington),  —  Lectures  on  the  Principles  of 
Political  Obligation,  by  T.  H.  Green  (Long- 
mans),— Exercises  in  the  Preparation  of  Organic 
Compounds,  by  Prof.  E.  Fischer,  translated  by 
A.  Kling  (Glasgow,  Ilodge),— ^  Supplement  to 
a  Revised  Account  of  the  Experiments  made 
with  the  Bashforth  Chronograph,  by  F.  Bash- 
forth  (Cambridge,  University  Press), — Macliinc 
Construction  and  Drawing,  Subject  II.,  Advanced, 
by  H.  Adams  (Chapman  &  Hall), — The  Sj)lash 
of  a  Drop,  by  Prof.  A.  M.  Worthington 
(S.P.C.K.), — Social  Enigmas,  by  J.  Braith- 
waite  (Wells  Gardner), — Degeneration,  by  M. 
Nordau  (Heinemann),  ■ —  Curiosities  in  Cures 
(Cox), — The  Neiv  Chirology,  by  I.  Oxenford 
(Roxburghe  Press), — Suppressed  Chapters  and 
Other  Boohishness,  by  R.  Bridges  (Lane), — A 
Young  Slotraway,  by  Mrs.  G.  Corbett  (Nisbet), 
— In  the  Quarter,  by  R.  W.  Chambers  (Chatto 
&  Windus), — Flower  Legends  from  Many  Lands, 
by  L.  Deas  (Digby  &  Long), — Hugh  Melville's 
Quest,  by  F.  M.  Holmes  (Chambers),— T/(c  Last 
of  the  Vikings,  by  Capt.  C.  Young  (Bell), — 
Eric  the  Archer,  by  M.  H.  Hervey  (Arnold), — 
The  Kimfs  Recruits,  byS.  M.  S.  Clarke  (Nisbet), 
— The  Wizard  King,  by  D.  Ker  (Chambers), — 
Shal:espearc's  King  Henry  the  Fifth,  edited  by  S. 
Wood  (J.  Heywood), — The  Mermaid's  Quest,  by 
C.  J.  Whitby  (Baker), — Dainty  Poems  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  edited  by  Kate  A.  Wright 
(Simpkin),  —  The  Critical  Revieu\  edited  by 
Prof.  Salmond,  Vol.  IV.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 
Clark), — Occasional  and  Immemorial  Days,  by 
A.  K.  H.  Boyd,  D.D.  (Lor\gm?i\\n),— Fifteen- 
Minute  Sermons  for  the  People,  by  S.  H.  Fleming 
(Stock),  —  Thouglits  on  Religion,  by  the  late 
George  J.  Romanes,  edited  by  C.  Gore  (Long- 
mans), —  Old  Testament  History  for  Junior 
Classes,  by  the  Rev.  T.  H.  Stokoe,  D.D.,  Part  I. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press), — Notes  for  Addresses 
at  Mothers'  Meetings,  by  Mrs.  Haslehurst 
{^.V.C.K.),  —  Brillant  Mariage,  by  L.  Ferrol 
(Paris,  Perrin), — Le  Cr^puscule  du  Siede,  by  A. 
Mellerio  (Paris,  Lemerre), — and  Studier  ofrcr 
LiJnsystemets  Historia  i  England,  by  G.  F.  Steffen 
(Stockholm,  Kuersners  Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag). 


LIST    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

TTieologt/. 

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Tennyson,  A.,  Lord,    a  Study   of  his  Life  and  Work,   by 

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Harris's  (W.  B.)  Talilet,  the  Narrative  of  a  Journey  of  Ex- 
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and  Missions,  illus.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
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Horatii  Flacci  Carminum  Liber  1,  Introduction  and  Notes 

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792 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


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FOBBIGN. 

TTieology. 
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Part  4,  6m. 
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History  and.  Biography. 
Bielschowsky  (A.) :    Goethe,  sein  Leben  u.  seine  Werke, 

Vol.  1,  5m. 
Lafenestre  (G. )  :  La  Fontaine,  2fr. 

Politische  Correspondenz  Friedrich's  des  Grossen,  Vol.  22, 
15m. 

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Haupt,  Vol.  i;i,  26m.  50. 
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menta  VoUiminis  2,  36m. 
Fiigner  (F.) :  Lexicon  Livianum,  Part  7,  2m.  40. 
Stumme  (H.)  :  Grammatik  des  tunisiscberi  Arabisch,  9ra. 
Wacknernagel  (J.):  Altindische  Grammatik,  Vol.  1,  8m.  60. 
Wilmanns    (W.) :    Deutsche    Grammatik,   Div.   2,   Part   1, 
6m.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Guigou  (G.)  et  Vimar  (A.)  :  L'lllustre  Dompteur,  lOfr. 
Mael  (P.) :  Les  derniers  Hommes  Rouges,  8fr. 
Verne  (J.) :  L'lle  a  Hclice,  9fr. 


ALGERNON  SYDNEY'S  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Bedford,  November  28,  1895. 
Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  where  is 
now  to  )je  found  the  original  manu.script  of 
such  of  the  letters  between  Algernon  Sydney 
and  his  father  as  were  stated  by  Blencowe  in 
his  'Sydney  Pajjcrs,'  publi.shed  in  1825,  to  have 
been  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Lambard  of 
Sevenoaks'^  They  do  not  appear  to  be  now  in 
the  hands  of  his  descendant. 

Samuel  R.  Gardiner. 


lation  of  over  1,400.  This  is  the  weighty  autho- 
rity on  which  Mr.  Round  tries  to  establish  a 
quite  unhistorical  distinction  between  "town- 
ship" and  "village."  It  would  be  interesting 
to  learn,  too,  why  Mr.  Round  in  the  passage  I 
criticized  gave  Raby,  which  Bacon  does  not 
insert  in  his  index,  as  the  only  "  by  "  he  could 
find,  and  omitted  West  Kirk  by,  which, 
and  which  alone,  he  had  discovered  in  his 
authority.  Nor  is  it  easy  to  see  why  he 
stumbled  over  the  innocent  term  "villages," 
when  he  quoted  another  passage  from  the  '  Con- 
quest of  England '  where  Mr.  Green  speaks 
simply  of  the  presence  in  Wirral  of  names  in 
"  by,"  and  Bacon's  map  gives  the  whole  seven. 
With  all  deference  to  Mr.  Round,  I  cannot  agree 
that  he  has  "shown  how  naturally  I  came  to 
misunderstand  Mr.  Green." 

If  I  have  misrepresented  Mr.  Round  as  to 
what  he  says  about  the  omissions  in  Domesday, 
I  am  sorry,  but  I  must  point  out  that  he  spoke 
not  simply  of  "  words  dropped  or  a  virgate  or 
hide  omitted,"  but  of  "omissions  of  whole 
entries."  James  Tait. 


MR.   HOUND   AND   WIRRAL   PLACENAMliS. 

The  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

Mr.  Ruind  now  admits  tliat  the  Hcven  town- 
Rhii)s  in  Wirral  with  the  "by"  ending  justify 
Mr.  filreen,  and  dispose  of  his  own  contention 
that  the  Norse  "were  not  strong  enough  to 
chang'i  the  place-names  "  in  the  peninsula.  He 
seeks,  however,  to  cover  his  retreat  by  pleading 
that  he  was  misled  l)y  Mr.  Green's  speaking, 
not  of  "  townships  "  or  "  j)lace-names,"  but  of 
"villages."  In  the  index  of  "  Towns,  Villager, 
&c.,"  to  Bacon's  'County  Atlas,'  he  found,  he 
says,  only  one  in  "  by  "  under  Cheshire.  From 
which  he  infers  tliat  "all  the  '  bys '  but  this 
one  are  hamlets,  '  townships '  Mr.  Tait  calls 
them,"  as  if  I  were  responsible  for  giving  them 
that  name  I  Unfortunately  for  Mr.  Round, 
Bacon  uses  "village"  in  no  such  strict  sense 
as  he  supposes,  giving  Somorford,  for  instance, 
a  township  with  HO  inhabitants,  because  it  has  a 
modern  church,  but  omitting  Whitby  with  a  popu- 


THE  ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
The  ninth  volume  of  the  new  series  of  the 
Historical  Society's  Transactions  is  distinguished 
by   several   interesting   features.     In    the   first 
place,  every  paper  included  in  this  collection  is 
the  product  of  original  research,  in    the    true 
sense  of  a  much  abused  term  ;  that  is  to  say, 
the  authors  have  derived  their  materials  from 
records    or  other  MSS.    where    it   was   found 
possible    to    supplement   the   published  autho- 
rities with    advantage.     This  is  especially  im- 
portant in  the  case  of  economic  history,  with 
which  subject  the  larger  portion  of  the  volume 
is  concerned.     Apparently,  economic  history  is 
regarded,  and  very  properly  regarded,  by  the 
Society's  literary  directors  as  one  of  the  most 
practical  of  the  new  methods  of  historical  study  ; 
or    perhaps    it  was  the    turn  of  economics  to 
occujiy  the  prominent  position   that  has  been 
allotted  in  j^revious  volumes  to  constitutional 
and  diplomatic  history.     In  any  case,  we  have 
here     several     really     valuable      contributions 
to    the    social    history    of    England,    amongst 
which     '  The    Alien     Merchants     in    England 
in  the  Fifteenth  Century,'   by   Mr.  Giuseppi  ; 
the    '  Monetary      Movements '    abroad     which 
affected  English  finance  in  the  time  of  Gresham, 
by  Mr.  W.  A.  Shaw  ;  and  Mr.  Oman's  readable 
paper  on  the  'Tudors  and  the  Currency,'  may 
be   particularly  mentioned.      Miss    Alice    Law 
contributes  a  new  and  interesting  theory  as  to 
the  causes  of  the  rise  of  the  '  English  Nouveaux- 
Riches  in  the  Fourteenth  Century,'  on  the  ruins 
of  the  old  prosperity  of  the  Jews,  the  Templars, 
the  Lombards,  and  other  privileged  financiers 
or  proprietors.     Miss  Law's  theory  is,  in  fact, 
that  the  native  merchants  were  benefited  not  only 
by  the  distribution  of   wealth   which   followed 
the  abandonment  of  the  selfish  financial  policy 
of  the  Crown   at   the   close    of   the  thirteenth 
century,  ])ut  in  a  still  greater  degree  by  the  con- 
tracts and  concessions  which  they  obtained  from 
the  Crown  during  the  French  wars  of  the  reign 
of  Edward  HI. 

There  is  also  in  this  volume  a  new  and  im- 
portant theory  advanced  by  Prof.  Cunningham, 
and  supported  by  the  text  of  a  uni([ue  roll  of 
the  gild  brethren  of  the  town  of  Slirewsbury  in 
the  early  years  of  the  thirteenth  century.  This 
theory  vindicates  Dr.  tiross's  assertion,  in 
opi)osition  to  the  views  of  historians  of  the 
school  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  R.  Green,  that  the 
gild  merchant  was  by  no  means  an  exclusive 
aristocracy  in  violent  antagonism  to  the  rising 
crafts.  This  Shrewsbury  roll  of  the  reign  of 
John  (though  unfortunately  printed  here  in 
record  type)  is  a  document  which  is  deserving 
of  careful  study. 

TIk;  1 'resident's  scliolarly  discourse  on  tlu; 
credibility  of  Herodotus  as  an  historian  and 
Mr.  Frederic  Harrison's  memorable  address  on 


the    occasion   of   the  Gibbon   Commemoration 
are  included  in  this  volume. 

Mr.  Raymond  Beazley  writes  with  authority 
about  English  exploration  under  Elizabeth,  but 
the  feature  of  the  volume  is,  perhaps,  a  most 
curious  description  of  England  and  Scotland  in 
the  years  1584-5,  translated  for  the  Society  by 
Dr.  von  Biilow  from  the  original  MS.  journal 
of  a  distinguished  German  traveller,  who  seems 
to  have  been  gifted  with  remarkable  powers  of 
observation.  We  have  met  with  nothing  for 
some  time  in  the  shape  of  historical  travels  that 
is  quite  so  curious  as  this  circumstantial  rela- 
tion of  public  sights  and  court  pageants 
(flavoured  with  a  good  deal  of  court  scandal) 
of  the  "spacious  days  "  of  great  "  Eliza." 

It  would  seem  that  Lupoid  von  Wedel,  the 
author  of  this  remarkable  narrative,  was  a 
Pomeranian  nobleman  who  spent  some  twenty 
years  between  1573  and  1593  in  foreign  travel. 
His  visit  to  England  followed  a  tour  in  the 
Peninsula,  and  he  had  already  explored  Egypt 
and  the  Holy  Land  in  1578.  He  died  in  1615. 
Amongst  the  public  events  which  he  witnessed 
and  described  during  his  visit  to  this  island 
were  a  tournament  in  London,  the  opening  of 
Parliament,  a  royal  banquet  at  Greenwich,  the 
election  of  the  Lord  Mayor  and  the  inevitable 
"show."  The  value  of  the  journal  lies  in  the 
minute  descriptions  which  it  furnishes  of  manners 
and  customs,  as  well  as  of  such  things  as  dress, 
furniture,  carriages,  horses,  barges,  and  the 
like.  It  needs  scarcely  to  be  said  that  the 
traveller's  information  on  certain  subjects  is  far 
from  trustworthy,  and  that  he  confounds  persons 
and  places,  facts  and  legends,  with  delightful 
gravity.  But  it  is  at  least  worth  noting  that  he 
accepts  the  prevalent  libels  concerning  the  queen 
and  the  Earl  of  Leicester  without  the  least 
hesitation.  Such  scandal  could  not  shock  a 
subject  of  the  Duke  of  Pomerania.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  passages  describes  the  queen's 
entry  into  London  on  the  occasion  of  a  tourna- 
ment, and  this  will  serve  as  a  fair  specimen  of 
the  author's  style  : — 

"The  (jueen  sat  in  an  open  gilt  carriage  under  a 
canopy  of  red  velvet  embroidered  with  gold  and 
pearls.  In  the  front  and  back  parts  of  the  carriage 
were  fastened  three  plumes  of  various  colours  ;  four 
brown  horses  royally  attired  were  harnessed  to  the 
carriage';  the  coachman  was  clad  in  red  velvet,  with 
the  queen's  crest  and  the  rose,  silver  gilt,  in  front 
and  on  his  back.  She  sat  alone  by  herself  in  the 
carriage,  being  clad  in  a  white  robe,  and  addressed 
the  multitude,  saying,  'Gott  seve  mi  pippel,'  which 
isin  German 'Gott  behilte  Euch,  mein  Volck ';  the 
latter  answering,  'Gott  seve  her  grass,'  in  German 
'Gott  behiite  Euer  Genade.'  The  people  said  this 
very  often,  falling  on  their  knees.  The  queen,  while 
bitting  alone  in  the  ornamented  carriage,  looked 
like  goddesses  are  wont  to  be  painted." 

As  Dr.  von  Biilow,  a  German  archivist  of 
repute,  vouches  for  the  authenticity  of  the 
MS.,  his  testimony  should  reassure  those 
readers  who  may  have  remarked  a  strong  family 
likeness  between  these  German  narratives.  The 
English  place-names  appear  to  have  been  care- 
fully identified,  but  in  other  respects  this  journal 
needs  to  be  thoroughly  overhauled  by  an  Eliza- 
bethan specialist. 

Tiiis  excellent  volume  of  Transactions  con- 
cludes with  a  sketch  of  the  '  Progress  of  His- 
torical Research  '  in  the  last  session  of  the 
Society,  which,  if  somewhat. /in  dc  siccle  in  its 
historical  judgments,  will  attbrd  much  matter 
for  reflection  to  all  well-wishers  of  the  English 
historical  school. 


THE  THOMAS  PAINE  EXHIBITION. 
It  is  diflicult  not  to  philosophize  a  little 
over  a  desiccated  portion  of  Paine's  brain 
(No.  !)3)  which  has  found  its  way,  tlirough 
Cobbctt's  amanuensis,  to  the  hands  of  Mr.  Louis 
Breeze,  of  Stratford.  Paine  petitioned  for 
burial  among  the  Friends,  and  was  much 
moved  by  their  refusal  on  account  of  his 
Deism,  as  ho  feared  his  bones  would  be  dug 
up  and  treated  with  some  indignity.  Cobbett 
disinterred    and     brought    them    to    England 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


793 


with  the  intention  of  promoting  a  grand 
national  demonstration  in  honour  of  Paine  ; 
his  scheme  was  overwhelmed  with  ridicule,  and 
Paine's  remains  have  ever  since  been  in 
concealment  (three-quarters  of  a  century)  until 
Monday  last.  In  the  exhibition  at  South 
Place  Institute  two  pamphlets  (Nos.  240  and 
242)  are  respectively  a  sermon  on  'The  Evi- 
dence and  Attributes  of  Deity,'  and  a  sort  of 
tract  entitled  '  Atheism  Refuted.'  The  former 
is  Paine's  'Age  of  Reason,'  part  i.,  with  but 
few  alterations,  but  headed  with  a  text  and 
terminated  with  a  prayer.  The  other  is  Paine's 
discourse  to  the  Theophilanthropists  in  Paris. 
Paine's  name  not  appearing  on  either,  they  were 
circulated  by  pious  people  in  England  at  the 
very  time  when  booksellers  were  in  prison  for 
circulating  '  The  Age  of  Reason'  with  the  author's 
own  name  on  it.  One  of  the  tracts  is,  indeed, 
written  over  with  sharp  comments  by  some  free- 
thinker, unaware  that  he  is  criticizing  Paine. 

It  was  lately  rumoured  that  Romney's  por- 
trait of  Paine  had  been  found,  but  the  picture 
proved  to  be  unlike  Paine,  though  sold  at 
Messrs.  Christie's  with  his  name  on  the  frame. 
That  portrait,  pronounced  in  Romney's  bio- 
graphy to  be  the  artist's  pre-eminent  work, 
still  awaits  discovery.  It  was  painted  in 
June,  1792,  for  Mr.  Cooper,  of  Manchester, 
who  emigrated  to  America,  and  it  is  pos- 
sible that  it  may  be  hanging  unrecognized 
on  some  wall  in  the  Carolinas.  The  four  fine 
examples  of  Sharp's  large  engraving  of  Romney's 
work,  one  of  them  (No.  126)  with  Paine's  auto- 
graph presentation  to  Rickman  on  the  back, 
increase  the  regret  that  the  original  could  not  be 
exhibited.  The  large  portrait  in  oils  (No.  260) 
copied  by  C.  W.  Jarvis  from  the  portrait  painted 
by  his  father,  J.  W.  Jarvis,  in  whose  house 
Paine  resided  for  a  time  early  in  the  present 
century,  reproduces  so  nearly  the  attitude, 
dress,  and  arrangement  of  the  Romney  portrait 
that  it  is  difficult  not  to  suppose  that  the  elder 
Jarvis  must  have  been  familiar  with  the  portrait 
now  lost.  The  face  does,  indeed,  show  some 
difference,  the  Jarvis  picture  (exhibited  by  Mr. 
Conway)  being  somewhat  more  pleasing,  though 
the  countenance  in  the  Romney,  as  engraved  by 
Sharp,  conveys  a  greater  impression  of  power. 
A  death-mask  of  Paine  (No.  218),  also  made  by 
the  elder  Jarvis,  was  exhibited  by  the  side  of  a 
death-mask  of  Edmund  Burke  (No.  219),  and 
this  proximity  of  the  two  famous  antagonists 
constituted  a  striking  feature  of  the  exhibition. 

A  broadsheet  (No.  179),  exhibited  by  Mr.  S.  (i. 
Fenton,  "Thomas  Bull  to  his  Brother  John," 
contains  the  clause,  "Tom  Paine  having  been 
heard  to  declare  that  when  he  had  made  revo- 
lutions against  the  kings  upon  earth,  he  would 
try  his  hand  at  a  revolution  in  Heaven."  The 
broadsheet,  evidently  written  before  '  The  Age 
of  Reason,'  may  have  been  road  by  Carlyle, 
who  in  his  '  French  Revolution '  describes 
Paine  as  believing  "  that  he  can  and  will  free  all 
this  world,  perhaps  even  the  other." 

The  scope  of  the  exhibition  was  wide,  in- 
cluding Paine's  friends  in  America,  their  por- 
traits, and  facsimiles  of  their  letters,  some  of 
these  being  from  the  large  volumes  issued  by 
Mr.  B.  F.  Stevens  ;  and  excellent  portraits  of 
eminent  Nonconformists — such  as  Priestley, 
Price,  Wakefield,  Winchester,  Yidler,  Flower — 
who  sympathized  with  Paine's  '  Rights  of  Man,' 
though  several  of  them  replied  vigorously  to 
his  'Age  of  Reason.'  Thanks  to  the  loans  of 
Dr.  C.  J.  Grece,  Clio  Rickman,  Paine's  bio- 
grapher and  publisher,  was  well  represented, 
his  Common  -  Place  Book  containing  various 
entries  concerning  Paine.  Dr.  Dutton  Steele 
sent  from  Philadelphia  diaries  of  John  Hall, 
the  mechanical  engineer  who  assisted  Paine  in 
his  iron  bridge,  mentioning  among  other  things 
Paine's  conversations  with  Franklin,  and  liis 
services  to  Fitch  in  making  his  steamboat  ;  Mr. 
Perry  Coste  exhibited  a  portrait  of  his  grand- 
father, Sampson  Perry,  and  one  of  Major  Cart- 
wright  ;  and  the  political  coins  exhibited  by  Mr. 


A.  W.  Waters  and  Mr.  Edward  Snelling,  as 
well  as  the  political  pottery  of  Mr.  Henry 
Willett  and  Mr.  Fenton,  gave  a  lively  idea  of 
the  old-time  controversies.  William  Cobbett 
was  well  represented  of  course,  his  biographer, 
Mr.  Edward  Smith,  having  sent  interesting 
manuscripts,  portraits,  and  caricatures.  The 
chief  autographs  of  Paine  were  lent  by  Mr. 
Alfred  Morrison.  The  catalogue  gives  the 
localities  in  which  many  interesting  documents 
and  relics  are  stored,  and  is  worth  preserving. 


'GATHEHING  CLOUDS." 


Trinity  College,  Dublin,  Dec.  2,  1895. 

The  man  who  transfers  another's  work  into 
his  own  pages  without  acknowledgment  some- 
times fancies  that  he  can  escape  the  imputation 
of  dishonesty  by  garbling  what  he  steals  by 
some  slight  changes,  whether  for  better  or  for 
worse.  My  attention  has  been  drawn  to  the 
fact  that  a  translation  of  a  decree  of  Arcadius 
which  I  took  the  trouble  of  making,  and  inserted 
in  my  '  Later  Roman  Empire '  (vol.  i.  p.  85), 
appears  in  a  work  of  fiction  entitled  '  Gather- 
ing Clouds,'  by  Dean  Farrar,  which  has  been 
recently  published.  One  or  two  verbal  changes 
have  been  made,  and  some  omissions  ;  and  in 
this  process  some  errors  have  been  introduced 
(vol.  i.  p.  265).  In  two  independent  transla- 
tions of  any  document  fortuitous  coincidence 
of  phrase  sometimes  occurs  ;  but  such  coinci- 
dence is  hero  excluded  ;  for  all  the  striking 
sentences  are  verbally  identical,  and  the  only 
divergences  are  such  that  they  could  have  been 
deliberately  made  by  a  plagiarist  without  any 
reference  to  the  original  Latin.  If  Dean  Farrar 
denies  that  the  version  which  he  prints  is  a 
transcription  of  mine,  garbled  as  I  have  described, 
I  will  print  his  text  and  mine  side  by  side,  along 
with  the  original. 

Personally  I  am  indifferent.  But  it  seems 
right  to  notice  even  such  contemptible  cases  of 
pilfering  ;  for  if  they  are  ignored  when  they  do 
not  happen  to  hurt,  literary  dishonesty  is  thereby 
promoted. 

It  may  be  worth  observing  that  certain  errors 
into  which  I  fell  regarding  the  topography  of 
Constantinople  (and  which  I  retracted  in  a 
recent  number  of  the  Scottish  lierieio)  are  repro- 
duced in  Dean  Farrar 's  book.      J.  B.  Bury. 


Hittim  ffiossip. 

The  two  volumes  next  forthcoming  in  the 
Edinburgh  Edition  of  the  works  of  E.  L. 
Stevenson  will  both  contain  a  considerable 
amount  of  matter  hitherto  unpublished. 
The  December  volume,  containing  the 
poetical  works,  will  conclude  with  a  section 
called  "  Songs  of  Travel,  and  other  Verses," 
composed  chiefly  between  the  years  1888  and 
1894,  of  which  a  few  only  have  seen  the  light 
in  periodicals  and  newspapers ;  and  the 
January  volume,  under  the  general  head- 
ing "  Biography,"  will  contain,  in  addition 
to  the  memoir  of  Prof.  Fleeming  Jenkin, 
originally  published  by  Messrs.  Longman, 
the  unpublished  history  of  the  writer's  own 
family,  which  ends  with  the  great  achieve- 
ment of  his  grandfather's  life  in  the  building 
of  the  Bell  Rock  lighthouse. 

The  popularity  of  the  first  editions  of 
Stevenson's  works  is  on  the  increase.  The 
other  day  a  copy  of  '  An  Island  "N'oyage ' 
brought  1 0/.  1  OS.  at  Sotheby's,  and  '  New 
Arabian  Nights '  8/.  at  the  same  place. 
These  prices  are  four  or  five  times  the 
amounts  hitherto  paid.  To  be  sure,  tliey 
were  in  each  case  presentation  copies  from 
the  author  to  the  late  P.  G.  Hamerton,  and 
the  '  Island  Voyage '  contained  an  auto- 
graph loiter  of  the  author.     Still,  the  high 


amounts  are  noteworthy.  At  the  same  sale 
an  ordinary  copy  of  '  Travels  with  a  Donkey 
in  the  Cevennes,'  first  edition,  realized  as 
much  as  3/.  10s. 

Ix  addition  to  the  chronlques  detailed  in 
the  Athcncium  of  the  30th  ult.  special  con- 
tributions will  appear  in  tlie  first  number 
of  Cosmopolis  by  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  Mr. 
Edmund  Gosse,  Mr.  Hemy  Norman,  M. 
Paul  Bourget,  M.  Gooi-ges  Brandos,  !M, 
Anatole  France,  M.  ]<;doiiard  Rod,  M. 
Francisque  Sarcey,  Dr.  Theodor  Barth, 
Herr  Hermann  Hilferich,  Prof.  Theodor 
Mommsen,  Herr  Peter  Rosegger,  Prof. 
Erich  Schmidt,  and  Herr  Friedrich  Spiel- 
hagen.  The  first  instalment  of  Stevenson's 
'  Weir  of  Hermiston,'  will  lead  off  the 
number. 

The  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster  having  issued  an  injunction  to 
prevent  the  authorities  of  the  Liverpool 
Royal  Institution  from  spending  any  of  its 
funds  in  seeking  new  powers  to  transfer  the 
property  of  the  Institution  to  Liverpool 
University  College,  the  petition  to  the  Privy 
Council  for  a  supplementary  charter  has,  for 
the  moment,  fallen  to  the  ground,  and  can 
only  be  proceeded  with  in  the  event  of  other 
funds  being  provided  for  the  purpose. 

Messrs.  MacLehose  have  in  jDreparation 
a  criticism  by  Mr.  W.  Jacks  of  the  various 
translations  of  the  poems  and  songs  of 
Burns  that  have  appeared  in  different  lan- 
guages. He  has  made  a  collection  of  all 
the  volumes  that  he  could  find  containing 
translations  of  any  pieces  of  Burns.  These 
consist  of  eight  German,  five  Dutch  and 
Flemish,  three  French,  three  Gaelic,  several 
in  Welsh,  two  Latin,  and  one  each  in  Swiss 
German,  Danish  and  Norwegian,  Swedish, 
African  Dutch,  Frisian,  Bohemian,  Hun- 
garian, Russian,  and  Italian.  Besides 
criticizing  them,  Mr.  Jacks  has  printed  in 
full  the  translations  in  many  languages  of 
some  of  the  most  important  poems  and 
songs.  For  instance,  there  are  ten  fuU 
translations  of  the  '  Cottar's  Saturday 
Night,'  and  portions  of  those  in  Russian 
and  African  Dutch ;  seven  of  '  Tam  o' 
Shanter,'  eleven  of  '  Auld  Lang  Sj'ne,' 
eleven  of  '  John  Anderson,  my  Jo,'  (S:c. 
The  book  will  also  contain  portraits  of  some 
of  the  translators.  It  will  appear  in  the 
early  spring.  A  Burns  Exhibition  is  to 
open  at  Glasgow  in  July. 

A  CoRREsroxDEXT  writes  : — 

"  Two  literary  '  relics  '  of  very  different  t)'pes 
are  to  be  sold  to-day  (Saturday)  at  Dowell's 
auction-rooms,  George  Street,  Edinburgh.  The 
first  is  the  original  manuscript  of  John  Lamont's 
'Diary,'  1664  to  1671,  carefully  mounted  in  an 
oblong  folio  volume.  This  MS.  comprehends  a 
chronicle  of  the  remarkable  events  in  Scotland 
at  a  period  of  great  civil  commotion  ;  it  was 
first  published  by  Constable  in  1810,  under  the 
title  of  '  The  Chronicle  of  Fife,'  and  was  issued 
again  twenty  years  later  to  the  members  of  the 
Maitland  Club.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  MS. 
will  be  secured  by  one  of  the  Edinburgh  libraries. 
The  second  '  relic  '  is  of  a  different  type  ;  and  in 
these  degenerate  days,  with  the  scoffer  so  much 
abroad,  its  authenticity  is  likely  to  be  greatly 
questioned.  The  article  is  none  other  than 
Robinson  Crusoe's  musket,  '  a  fine  old  specimen 
with  hmg  barrel,  old  Hint  lock,  and  beautifully 
balanced.'  This  firelock  is  referred  to  in 
Sibbald's  'Fife,'  1803,  as  being  in  possession 
of  a  family  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Largo. 
The  auctioneer  states  o  propos  of  this  article, 


794 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


'James  Gilles,  aged  eighty,  in  1895,  informed 
General  Briggs  that  his  mother  was  a  grand- 
niece  of  Alexander  Selkirk's.  She  gave  the  gun 
to  the  late  Major  John  Lumsdaine,  of  Lathallan, 
about  the  beginning  of  the  century.'  Both 
these  articles  are  among  the  property  of  the 
late  Stamford  Robert  Lumsdaine,  of  Lathallan, 
now  being  sold." 

The  committee  of  tlie  Finsbury  Park  Free 
Public  Library  have  issued  an  appeal  for 
increased  support.  As  the  library  is  sup- 
ported by  subscription,  they  naturally  find 
it  difficult  to  keep  it  afloat  without  a  regular 
income  from  the  rates  to  meet  the  constantly 
occurring  expenses.  The  number  of  volumes 
in  the  library  was  2,154,  a  certain  pro- 
portion of  which  have  been  set  on  one  side 
as  the  nucleus  of  a  reference  department. 
The  number  of  borrowers'  tickets  granted 
during  the  eleven  months  from  October  to 
August  was  442  ;  of  these  50  were  relin- 
quished, 34  were  not  claimed,  9  borrowers 
left  the  district,  and  8  tickets  were  cancelled 
by  the  librarian  for  non-payment  of  fines. 
Applications  are  still  being  received  for 
borrowers'  tickets  in  considerable  numbers. 
Messrs.  Bentley,  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus, 
Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett,  Messrs.  Longman, 
Mr.  Murray,  and  Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons 
have  sent  presents  of  books,  and  Mr.  Murray 
a  money  donation  in  addition.  Miss  Braddon, 
Mr.  W.  Black,  and  Sir  W.  Besant  are 
among  the  authors  who  have  sent  books. 

Mr.  Chisiiolm,  editor  of  the  Scots  Laio 
Times,  is  going  to  bring  out  an  '  Encyclo- 
paedia of  the  Law  of  Scotland,'  covering 
the  whole  range  of  the  common  law 
and  statute  law  of  Scotland.  Among  the 
contributors  wiU  be  Prof.  iEneas  Mackay, 
Prof.  Eankine,  of  Edinburgh,  Prof.  Dove 
Wilson,  of  Aberdeen,  Prof.  H.  Goudy, 
of  Oxford,  Sheriff  E.  V.  Campbell,  Mr. 
J.  A.  Eeid,  Mr.  Campbell  Lorimer,  Mr. 
J.  Henderson  Begg,  Sir  Ludovic  Grant, 
Prof.  Mackintosh,  &c.  The  work  is  to 
consist  of  twelve  parts,  and  the  first 
is  to  be  ready  in  the  spring.  Messrs. 
W.  Green  &  Sons,  of  Edinburgh,  are  to  be 
the  publishers. 

ANOTHER  Secondary  Education  Commis- 
sion is  likely  to  be  appointed — this  time  in 
the  Isle  of  Man.  We  understand  that  Sir 
West  Eidgeway  has  accorded  his  support  to 
the  proposal,  and  that  one  of  his  last  acts 
before  quitting  the  island  will  bo  to  initiate 
the  process  necessary  to  secure  such  a  Com- 
mission. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Canon  Phillott, 
the  well-known  Herefordshire  antiquary. 

The  Baron  Heckeren,  whose  death  is 
reported  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  at  Sulz 
in  Alsace,  is  no  other  than  that  D' Antes  who 
killed  the  great  Eussian  poet  Poushkin  in 
the  duel  of  the  winter  of  1837.  It  is  curious 
that  the  Eussian  painter  A.  Naumow, 
whose  picture  '  Poushkin's  Duel '  was  pre- 
sented by  the  Grand  Duke  Michael  to  the 
Poushkin  Museum,  died  in  the  same  week. 
Naumow,  in  spite  of  his  wide  fame,  died 
extremely  poor  at  the  age  of  fifty-five. 

Hitherto  the  permission  to  lecture  could 
bo  withdrawn  from  the  Frivatdocenten  with 
the  consent  of  the  faculties  only ;  but  the  pre- 
sent Prussian  Minister  of  Education  intends, 
according  to  the  report  of  Berlin  papers,  to 
assume  henceforth  tlie  right  of  removing 
them   from    their    posts.     This  will   bo    a 


shrewd  blow  to  the  liberty  of  teaching  in 
Prussia. 

It  is  said  that  the  fiery  Herr  von 
Treitschke  has  been  appointed  editor  of 
the  Uistorische  Ztitschrift  in  succession  to 
the  late  Prof.  Sybel. 

The  Schiller- Archiv  at  Marbach  has  lately 
received  an  interesting  collection  of  letters 
and  manuscripts,  amounting  in  all  to  790 
numbers.  Among  the  former  are  included 
34  letters  by  the  poet  himself;  127  by  his 
wife,  Charlotte  von  Schiller ;  and  53  by 
some  of  his  most  distinguished  contem- 
poraries. Dr.  K.  Steiner,  of  Stuttgart,  is  the 
generous  donor  of  the  valuable  collection. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  likely  to 
be  of  interest  to  our  readers  this  week  is  a 
Science  and  Art  Department  paper  contain- 
ing an  Illustrated  Syllabus  of  the  Course 
of  Instruction  in  Drawing  in  Elementary 
Schools,  &c.  (5(f.). 

SCIENCE 


HORTICULTURAL   LITERATURE. 

In  a  Gloucestersliire  Onrdcn.  By  [the  Rev.] 
Henry  N.  Ellacombe.  (Arnold.) — Books  about 
gardening  in  its  less  technical  aspects  are  daily 
becoming  more  numerous.  Sometimes  the 
author  has  something  to  tell  ;  at  other  times  his 
pages  are  filled  with  sentiment  and  rhapsody, 
and  these  are  usually  merely  subjective  pheno- 
mena, and  do  not  excite  corresponding  sensations 
in  the  reader.  Canon  Ellacombe's  book  is 
different.  He  knows  Avhat  he  is  writing  about, 
and  he  knows  how  to  write.  He  tells  us  all 
about  his  garden  and  the  treasures  it  contains, 
but  his  book  is  no  mere  descriptive  catalogue. 
It  is  permeated  with  a  pleasant  literary  flavour, 
and  the  many  references  to  the  works  of  poets 
and  prose  writers  are  introduced  because  they 
are  apposite  and  suggestive,  not  because  they 
happen  to  be  registered  in  the  author's  common- 
place book.  A  series  of  miscellaneous  essays, 
reprinted  from  various  journals,  constitutes  the 
second  part  of  this  very  readable  and  satisfactory 
book. 

A  Garden  of  Pleasure.  By  E.  V.  B.  (Stock.) 
— In  October,  1883,  appeared  a  little  volume 
entitled  'Days  and  Hours  in  a  Garden.'  It 
contained  a  reprint  of  certain  articles  which  had 
appeared  at  intervals  in  one  of  the  gardening 
journals,  and  which  attracted  attention  from 
the  refined  taste  and  quaint  conceits  they  mani- 
fested. Now,  after  twelve  years,  comes  another 
volume  of  similar  character — so  similar  that 
those  who  peruse  the  one  need  scarcely  trouble 
themselves  to  read  the  other.  The  garden, 
saving  the  addition  of  a  few  notes  from  other 
localities,  is  the  same.  A  dozen  years  have 
wrought  changes  in  detail,  but  the  essence 
remains  unchanged.  Seasons  vary,  give  another 
turn  to  the  Horal  kaleidoscope,  and  suggest 
further  pleasant  fancies  to  the  author.  Long 
may  they  continue  to  do  so  !  Her  books  supply 
an  apt  reflex  of  the  pleasures  of  her  garden. 

Gardening  a  la  Mode  :  VecjetaUes. — Gardening 
a  la  Mode  :  Fruits.  By  Mrs.  De  Salis.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) — "Hippocrates  used  cabbage  very 
much  for  medicinal  purposes.  When  any  of  his 
patients  was  seized  with  colic,  he  always  pre- 
scribed a  dish  of  boiled  cabbage  with  salt. 
Erasistratus  considered  it  as  a  sovereign  remedy 
for  paralysis,  and  Pythagoras  wrote  books  on 
the  marvellous  virtues  of  the  cabbage."  All 
this  may  be  true — more  or  less — but  it  is  out  of 
place  in  little  books  like  the  present.  At  any 
rate,  it  illustrates  Mrs.  De  Salis's  method  of 
writing  gardening  books.  She  lays  her  pre- 
decessors under  contril)ution  fairly  and  legiti- 
mately enough,  and  adds  a  series  of  directions 
for    cooking     the    vegetables    whiqh    are    less 


familiar.  Mrs.  De  Salis  omits  the  so-called 
"crosnes  "  or  "Chinese  artichoke,"  the  easiest 
plant  to  grow  of  any  vegetable,  and  one  by  no 
means  to  be  despised.  The  two  little  books 
will  be  serviceable  to  novices,  but  it  may  be 
well  to  remind  them  that  a  very  few  only  of  the 
numerous  varieties  mentioned  by  the  author 
need  be  grown.  In  the  case  of  large  establish- 
ments and  multiple  exigencies  such  long  lists 
may  be  desiral)lo,  but  they  needlessly  perplex 
novices. 

The  Floirering  Plants  and  Ferns  of  New 
South  Wales,  vnth  Especial  Beference  to  their 
Economic.  Value.  By  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S., 
assisted  by  W.  S.  Camjibell.  Part  I.  (Sydney, 
Potter.) — This  is  a  work  intended  to  familiarize 
the  inhabitants  of  the  colony  with  the  principal 
flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  New  South  Wales, 
and  especially  with  those  which  have  economic 
importance.  The  coloured  plates  are  good  x'e- 
presentations  of  the  plants,  and  the  letterpress 
does  not  sacrifice  accuracy  to  fine  writing.  So 
far  as  can  be  told  from  one  part,  this  work  seems 
well  suited  to  fulfil  its  purpose. 


MR.    HENRY   SEEBOHM. 


The  enthusiastic  ornithologist  who  succumbed 
to  the  results  of  influenza  on  November  2Gth 
was  a  younger  brother  of  Mr.  Frederick  See- 
bohm,  of  Hitchin,  author  of  '  Lives  of  the 
Oxford  Reformers,'  'Village  Communities,'  &c. 
Born  at  Bradford  in  1832,  Henry  Seebohm  was 
fond  of  natural  history  from  his  youth,  and 
during  the  last  five-and-twenty  years  he  travelled 
widely  in  order  to  study  birds,  especially  during 
their  breeding  season.  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Norway  were  successively  visited  ;  and  in  1875 
he  joined  Mr.  J.  A.  Harvie-Brown  in  a  highly 
successful  trip  to  the  lower  valley  of  the  Pet- 
chora  in  North-Eastern  Russia.  In  1877  Mr. 
Seebohm  pushed  further  east,  and  accompanied 
the  well-known  Capt.  Wiggins  to  the  Yenesei. 
These  adventurous  journeys  are  vividly  de- 
scribed in  '  Siberia  in  Europe  '  and  '  Siberia  in 
Asia  '  (Murray),  which  are,  we  believe,  out  of 
print.  A  feature  of  the  first  of  these  works 
was  an  "aside  "  in  the  shape  of  a  crisp  account 
of  a  visit  to  Heligoland,  as  bearing  upon  the 
migration  of  birds.  The  scientific  results  of 
both  journeys  appeared  in  the  Ibis,  and  a  paper 
on  the  second  was  read  before  the  Roj'al 
Geographical  Society.  Henceforward  Mr.  See- 
bohm devoted  his  attention  specially — though 
not  exclusively — to  Northern  Asia  and  Japan  ; 
he  employed  collectors,  purchased  collections, 
and  from  time  to  time  made  munificent  dona- 
tions to  the  British  Museum  (Natural  History), 
besides  writing,  as  an  acknowledged  expert  on 
the  TurdidiB,  vol.  v.  of  its  'Catalogue.'  Among 
his  most  important  works  may  be  mentioned 
'  British  Birds,  with  Coloured  Illustrations  of 
their  Eggs,'  'The  Geographical  Distribution  of 
Plovers,  Sandpipers,  and  Snipes,'  and  'The  Birds 
of  the  Japanese  Empire';  he  also  pul)lished 
several  schemes  of  classification  and  mnny  other 
papers  on  ornithology.  For  some  years,  and 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had  been  one 
of  the  honorary  secretaries  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society  ;  he  was  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  and  Zoological  Societies,  as  well  as  a 
member  of  the  British  Ornithological  Union  and 
its  Club  ;  and  as  a  geographer  and  a  naturalist 
his  presence  will  be  much  missed.  Consistently 
with  his  liberality  in  life,  his  valuable  remain- 
ing collections  of  birds  are  bequeathed  to  the 
Natural  History  Museum. 


ASTRONOMICAL    NOTES. 

Prof.  E.  Lamp,  observing  Perrine's  comet 
(c,  1895)  at  Kiel  on  the  morning  of  the  19th 
ult.,  describes  it  as  tolerably  bright,  but  not 
visible  to  the  naked  eye,  round,  with  condensa- 
tion and  a  straight  tail. 

On  examining  some  spectrum  photographs 
taken  at  the  Arequipa  Station  of  the  Harvard 
College  Observatory,   Mrs.   Fleming  noticed  a 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


795 


peculiarity  in  that  of  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Carina,  the  spectrum  of  which  resembled  those 
of  Nova  Aurigae  and  Nova  Normre.  This  led  to 
a  comparison  of  all  the  photographs  which  had 
been  taken  of  the  region  in  question,  when  it 
was  found  that  the  star  first  appeared  on  April 
8th  last,  when  it  was  of  the  eighth  magnitude, 
and  it  was  registered  on  plates  until  July  1st, 
when  the  magnitude  had  diminished  to  the 
eleventh,  after  which  it  no  longer  appeared. 

Brooks's  comet  {d,  1895)  has  been  seen 
at  several  European  observatories,  and  is  de- 
scribed as  a  faint  nebulosity  without  any  appear- 
ance of  a  stellar  nucleus.  It  is  moving  towards 
the  north-west. 

M.  Schulhof  publishes  in  No.  3318  of  the 
Astronomische  NacJnichten  a  reinvestigation, 
from  later  observations,  of  the  orbit  of  the  comet 
(a,  1895)  which  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Swift  on 
August  20th.  He  is  led  to  the  remarkable 
result  that  it  is  probably  identical  with  Lexell's 
lost  comet  of  1770.  Mr.  Chandler  had  suggested 
the  identity  of  that  comet  with  Brooks's  of 
1889,  but  Dr.  Lane  Poor  subsequently  showed 
the  improbability  of  that  view,  and  now  we  have 
another  candidate  for  the  honour  of  being  the 
long-lost  wanderer.  The  period  of  Swift's 
comet  of  1895  is  about  7  "2  years,  but  at  the 
next  return  in  the  autumn  of  1902  the  comet 
will  be  unfavourably  placed  for  visibility,  though 
it  is  possible  that  it  may  be  seen  in  the  southern 
hemisphere  with  powerful  instruments.  Other- 
wise Si.  Schulhof  thinks  it  may  not  be  visible 
again  until  the  year  1931,  when  it  will  be  pos- 
sible to  decide  on  its  identity  with  Lexell's 
comet. 

We  have  received  the  number  of  the  Memorie 
delta  Societa  dcgli  Spettroscoinsti  Italiani  for 
August,  the  principal  paper  in  which  gives  Prof. 
Tacchini's  account  of  the  solar  spots,  faculfe, 
and  protuberances  observed  at  Rome  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August. 


SOCIETIES. 


EOYAL.— iWr.  28.— Lord  Kelvin,  President,  in  the 
chair. — Notice  of  the  ensuing  anniversary  meeting 
was  given,  nnd  the  list  of  officers  and  Council 
nominated  for  election  was  read.— The  following 
papers  were  read  :  '  The  Expansion  of  Argon  and 
of  Helium  as  compared  with  that  of  Air  and 
Hydrogen,'  by  Messrs.  J.  P.  Kuenen  and  W.  W. 
Randall, — '  On  the  Percentage  of  Argon  in  Respired 
Air,'  by  Mr.  A.  Kellas, — '  Examination  of  Gases  from 
Certain  Mineral  Waters,"  by  Mr.  A.  Kellas  and  Prof. 
Ramsay, — '  Mathematical  Contributionsto  the  Theory 
of  Evolution  :  III.  Regression,  Heredity,  and  Pan- 
mixia,' by  Prof.  K.  Pearson,— '  On  the  Granular 
Leucocytes,'  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Gulland,— and  'On  the 
Development  of  Lichenopora  vcrnicavia,  Fabr.,'  by 
Mr.  S.  F.  Harmer. 

Nov.  30. — Anniversary  Meeting.— Ijovd  Kelvin, 
President,  in  the  chair.— The  auditors  of  the  Trea- 
surer's accounts  presented  their  report. — The  Secre- 
tary read  the  list  of  Fellows  elected  and  deceased 
since  the  last  anniversary.— The  anniversary  address 
was  delivered  by  the  President,  and  the  same  was 
ordered  to  be  printed. — The  medals  were  presented 
as  follows  :  The  Copley  Medal  to  Prof.  Karl  Weier- 
strass,  Royal  Medals  to  Prof.  Ewing  and  Dr.  John 
Murray,  and  the  Davy  Medal  to  Prof.  W.  Ramsay. 
— The  officers  and  Council  were  elected  as  follows  : 
PrcHidcnt,  Sir  J.  Lister,  Bart. ;  Treasurer,  Sir  J. 
Evans;  Secretaries,  Prof.  M.  Foster  and  Lord  Ray- 
leigh  ;  Foreign  Seeretanj,  Dr.  B.  Fraukland  ;  Uther 
Members  of  the  CovneU,  Mr.  W.  Crookes,  Sir  J. 
Fayrei-,  Mr.  L.  Fletcher,  Dr.  W.  H.  Gaskell,  Dr.  W. 
Huggins,  Lord  Kelvin,  Prof.  A.  B.  W.  Kennedy, 
Prof.  H.  Lamb,  Prof.  E.  Ray  Lankester,  Prof.  C. 
Lapworth,  Major  P.  A.  MacMahon,  Prof.  J.  H. 
Poynting,  Prot.  A.  W.  Riicker,  Mr.  O.  Salvin,  Prof. 
H.  M.  Ward,  and  Admiral  W.  J.  L.  Wharton. 

Geological. —  A'<)r.  20. —  Dr.  H.  Woodward, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  IL  A.  Hall  was 
elected  a  Fellow.— The  following  communications 
were  read  :  '  Additional  Notes  on  the  'i'arns  of  Lake- 
land,' by  Mr.  J.  E.  Marr,— and  'Notes  on  the  Glacial 
Geology  of  Arctic  Euroi)e  and  its  Pslands  :  Part  I. 
Kolguev  Island.'  by  Col.  H.  W.  Feilden,  with  a 
'  Report  on  the  Erratic  Boulders  from  the  Kolguev 
Beds,'  by  Prof.  T.  G.  Bonney. 

Society  0 1'  Antiquaries.- Aor.  28.— Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  President,  iu  the  chair.— Sir  J.  C,  Robinson 
exhibited  a  remarkable  bronze  crucilix,  purchased 


in  Portugal,  which  he  thought  was  of  Irish  work- 
manship of  the  twelfth  century.— The  President 
said  he  could  not  see  any  trace  of  Irish  work  about 
it,  but  was  inclined  to  think  it  was  Scottish. — Mr. 
R.  Paul  read  apaper  on  the  Abbey  of  Dore,  in  Here- 
fordshire, giving  an  account  of  the  excavations 
and  discoveries  recently  made  there  (see  Athen. 
No.  3549).  The  monastery  was  founded  by  Robert 
of  Ewyas  Harold,  for  Cistercian  monks,  in  the  reign 
of  King  Stephen.  It  consisted  of  a  nave  of  nine 
bays,  aisles,  transepts,  and  a  presbytery,  which 
latter  underwent  considerable  enlargement,  aisles 
being  added  on  each  side,  and  an  eastern  procession 
path  behind  the  altar,  with  a  row  of  live  chapels 
opening  from  it.  The  transepts  and  presbytery 
were  restored  in  1(531  by  Lord  Scudamore,  but 
the  nave  was  allowed  to  go  to  ruin.  Two 
columns  of  the  nave  arcades  only  i-emain,  and 
one  arch.  The  excavations  have  revealed  the 
remaining  columns  of  the  nave  on  its  north  side, 
the  pulpitvm  wall  at  the  second  columns  west  of 
the  crossing,  five  feet  in  width,  with  projections  in 
front  of  the  columns,  remains  of  side  screen  walls 
in  the  nave,  and  fragments  of  a  shrine  or  tomb 
and  other  objects  of  interest,  all  elaborately  coloured 
and  gilt.  The  monastic  buildings  were  on  the  north 
side,  and  the  chapter  house  was  a  twelve-sided  one, 
built  on  the  east  side  of  the  earlier  one  (which  then 
became  a  vestibule)  at  about  the  same  period  as  the 
elongation  of  the  presbytery.  Of  the  other  buildings 
only  traces  of  the  cellariuvi  on  the  west  side  of  the 
cloister,  from  which  it  was  divided  by  a  "  lane  "  or 
court,  remain  above  ground.  The  whole  site,  how- 
ever, is  uneven,  and  further  digging  will  no  doubt 
reveal  the  planning  of  other  portions  of  the 
monastery. 

Zoological.— A'of.  19.— Sir  W.  H.  Flower,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.— The  Secretary  read  a  report  on 
the  additions  made  to  the  menagerie  from  June  to 
the  end  of  September. — A  letter  was  read  from  Mr. 
J.  H.  Gurney  respecting  a  kingfisher  {Alcedo  beavani) 
which  had  been  lately  ascertained  to  be  a  permanent 
resident  in  some  parts  of  Ceylon. — Mr.  Sclater  gave 
a  short  account  of  the  principal  animals  he  had 
noticed  in  the  Jardin  d'Acclimatation  and  Jardin 
des  Plantesat  Paris  during  a  recent  visit.  He  also 
exhibited  and  made  remarks  upon  the  skin  of  a 
zebra  from  Nyasaland  and  a  fine  pair  of  horns  of  a 
male  Livingstone  eland  (^Oreas  canna,  living  stone  i), 
which  Mr.  H.  H.  Johnston  had  presented  to  the 
Society.  The  animal  had  been  shot  in  1893  between 
Zomba  and  Lake  Chilwa.— Col.  L.  H.  Irby  exhibited 
and  made  remarks  on  two  British-killed  specimens 
of  the  greater  bullfinch  (Pgrrhula  major),  and  Mr. 
W.  T.  Blanford  on  skins  of  Capra  sibirica  and  of 
Oris  amnion,  killed  in  the  Altai  Mountains. — A  com- 
munication was  read  from  Mr.  S.  Vincent  on  the 
comparative  anatomy  and  histology  of  the  supra- 
renal capsules.  He  described  the  naked-eye  and 
microscopical  anatomy  of  the  supra-renal  bodies  in 
the  different  orders  of  fishes.  He  was  inclined  to 
the  view  that  supra-renal  bodies  are  present  in  all 
the  Elasmobranchii,  Holocephali,  Ganoidei,  and 
Teleostii,  and  probably  also  in  the  Dipnoi.  The 
supra-renal  bodies  of  fishes  were  in  their  essence 
'■  secreting  glands,"  as  the  mammalian  organ  was 
now  supposed  to  be.  There  was  no  relation  what- 
ever, in  Mr.  Vincent's  opinion,  between  the  supra- 
renals  and  the  lymphatic  head-kidney.  In  the  great 
majority,  at  any  rate,  of  teleosteans  they  were  both 
pr'^sent  in  a  well-developed  condition. — Mr.  G.  \V. 
Butler  read  a  paper  on  the  complete  or  partial 
suppression  of  the  right  lung  iu  the  Amphis- 
ba-nidie,  and  of  the  left  lung  in  snakes  and  snake- 
like lizards  and  amphibians.  He  gave  parti- 
culars as  to  the  relative  development  of  the 
right  and  left  lungs  in  a  large  number  of 
Amphisbajnid;e  and  other  snake-like  lizards  and 
snakes  and  limbless  amphibians,  which  appeared  to 
constitute  a  representative  series,  and  fouucl  that,  so 
far  as  the  species  on  his  lists  were  concerned,  it  was 
an  invariable  rule  that  in  the  Amphisb;rnid;c  the 
right  lung  was  the  smaller,  and  usually  rudimentary 
or  absent,  while  in  all  other  cases  of  inequality  it 
was  the  left  lung  which  was  the  smaller.  The 
rationale  of  lung-inequality  was  then  briefly  dis- 
cussed from  the  side  of  comparative  anatomy  and 
embryology. — Mr.  W.  Saville  Kent  read  some  obser- 
vatious  on  the  frilled  lizard  ( C/damgdosaurus  hingi) 
of  Western  Australia.  He  is  inclined  to  regard  it,  if 
not  as  a  surviving  representative  of  the  dinosaurian 
reptilia,  as,  at  any  rate,  a  most  interesting  ami 
anomalous  lacertilian  type  that  inherited  its  clia- 
racteri.stic  bipedal  method  of  progression  from  that 
extinct  group.  Mr,  Saville  Kent's  paper  was 
copiously  illustrated  by  photographs  taken  by  him 
from  life  of  Chlamydosaurus  iu  its  bipedal  running 
and  other  characteristic  attitudcc,  and  also  by  speci- 
mens which  liad  been  mounted  in  strict  accordance 
with  these  photographs. — Two  comniuuications  W(;ro 
read  from  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler,  on  a  small  collection  of 
butterfiies  made  by  Mr.  A,  Sharpc  at  Zomba,  and  on 
a  collection  of   Lepidoptcra  recently  collected  in 


Eastern  Central  Africa  by  Mr.  G.  F.  S.  Elliot.— A 
communication  was  read  from  Mr.  G.  S.  West  on 
the  buccal  glands  and  teeth  of  certain  poisonous 
snakes.  The  author  showed  that  in  the  opistho- 
glyphous  snakes  the  poison-gland  is  very  variable 
both  in  form  and  extent,  and  that  its  duct  opens 
into  a  cavity  formed  by  muscular  folds  surrounding 
the  grooved  tooth.  This  opening  is  always  towards 
the  outer  side  of  the  grooved  tooth,  and  situated 
either  at  its  base  or  but  a  short  distance  from  it,  and 
the  parts  were  shown  to  be  so  related  that  the 
loss  of  the  tooth  does  not  cause  any  injury 
to  the  duct.  The  reserve  teeth  were  shown  to 
be  in  no  way  connected  with  the  duct  until 
called  upon  to  replace  teeth  that  had  been  lost. 
The  epithelium  of  the  distal  portion  of  the  duct 
was  shown  to  be  of  a  secretory  nature,  the  cells 
being  mucus-secreting,  similar  to  those  forming  the 
lining  epithelium  of  the  mouth.  In  the  Hydro- 
phiin;o  the  poison-gland  was  shown  to  be  more  or 
less  free  from  the  superior  labial,  and  to  consist  of 
a  large  number  of  longitudinally  disposed  tubules 
converging  anteriorly  towards  a  central  poison-duct. 
There  wei'e  two  large  poison-fangs  situated  almost 
side  by  side  at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  maxilla. 
The  duct  when  approaching  the  region  of  the  teeth 
became  slightly  sinuous  and  suddenly  enlarged, 
enclosing  a  cavity  into  which  there  projected  two 
muscular  cushions,  one  in  front  of  the  base  of  each 
tooth,  and  it  was  through  the  vertical  slit  between 
these  that  the  poisonous  secretion  passed  from  the 
duct  to  the  grooves  of  the  poison-teeth.  Attention 
was  drawn  to  the  presence  in  Hydrus  of  very  large 
convoluted  blood-sinuses,  extending  on  both  sides 
of  the  maxilhe  and  mandibles,  and  filling  up  the 
interstices  between  the  teeth.  From  their  position 
and  development  these  appeared  to  be  organs  of 
respiration,  analogous  to  the  villous  processespresent 
iu  the  mouths  of  certain  Chelonia.— A  communica- 
tion was  read  from  Mr.  W.  H.  Ashmead  on  the 
parasitic  Hymenoptera  of  the  Island  of  Grenada, 
comprising  the  families  Cynipid;B,  Ichneumonidaj, 
Braconid;e,  and  Proctotrypida-.  This  paper  enu- 
merated as  occurring  in  Grenada  183  species  of  the 
families  named  in  the  title,  and  described  128  of 
them  as  new.  Of  those  previously  known  the 
majority  had  been  recently  described  by  Mr.  Ash- 
mead as  foimd  in  the  neighbouring  island  of  St. 
Vincent.  The  Cynipidfe  were  all  parasitic  forms, 
there  being  apparently  a  total  lack  of  any  gall- 
making  forms  of  the  family  iu  the  island. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. —  l>ec.  3. — 
Sir  B.  Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.— It  was  an- 
nounced that  14  Associate  Members  had  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  class  of  Members,  and  that  93  candi- 
dates had  been  admitted  as  Students.  —  The  first 
ballot  of  the  session  189o-(5  resulted  in  the  election 
of  5  Members,  of  lU(i  Associate  Jlembers,  and  8 
Associates. — Two  communications  dealing  with  the 
physical  properties  of  iron  and  steel  were  read  :  the 
first, '  On  the  Inttuence  of  Carbon  on  Iron,'  by  Mr. 
J.  O.  Arnold  ;  and  the  second, '  On  the  Dilatation, 
Annealing,  and  Welding  of  Iron  and  Steel,'  by  Mr. 
T.  Wrightson.     ______^__ 

Royal  Institution.— 2?ef.  2.— Sir  J.  Crichtou- 
Browne  in  the  chair. — The  following  were  elected 
Members  :  Mrs.  S.  H.  Phillips,  Messrs.  C.  H.  Berners, 
J.  M.  Bruce,  F.  Chambers,  A.  M.  Chance,  A.  E. 
Fletcher,  F.  Fox,  H.  Seymour,  K.  T.  Stewart,  G.  H. 
Strutt,  F.  Tendron,  W.  H,  Warner,  and  M.  Webb. 

Society  of  Arts.— i^ef.  2.— Sir  C.  Kennedy  in 
the  chair.— Mr.  W.  W.  Beaumont  delivered  the  first 
lecture  of  a  course  of  four  Cantor  Lectures  '  On 
Mechanical  Road  Carriages.' 

Bee.  4.— Mr.  W.  Holman  Hunt  in  the  chair.— A 
paper  '  On  Mural  Decoration  by  the  Aid  of  Metallic 
Oxides  and  Soluble  Silicate,'  by  Mrs.  Merritt  and 
Prof.  Roberts-Austen,  was  read,  and  was  followed 
by  a  discussion. — The  paper  was  illustrated  by 
paintings  by  Mrs.  Merritt,  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  and 
others,  in  which  the  medium  described  in  the 
paper  had  been  employed.  Photographic  views  of 
frescoes  and  other  paintings  executed  on  the  walls 
of  churches  were  also  shown  on  the  screen  by  the 
electric  light. ^^ 

Society  of  Biblical  Arcu^ology.— Z'tr.  3.— 
Mr.  P.  le  P.  Renouf,  President,  in  the  chair.— The 
following  were  elected  Member*  :  Mrs.  G.  Bennett, 
Messrs.  S.  Bergheim,  A.  C.  Bryant,  J.  Johnstone, 
J.  R.  May  field,  U.  J.  1.  Whitehouse,  A.  G.  Williams, 
and  C.  H.  G.  Williams.— The  following  paper  was 
read  :  'A  Journey  east  of  the  Jordan  and  the  Dead 
Sea,  189.V  by  Mr.  G.Hill. 

Aristotelian.— A'pf.  18. — Mr.  B.  Bosanquet,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— A  resolution  was  passed  ex- 
inessing  the  regret  of  the  Society  at  the  loss  by 
(loath  of  Mr.  VI.  II.  Rhodes,  an  old  member  and 
former  ofticer. — A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  E.  C. 
Benecke  on  '  What  is  meant  by  the  ".  priori  Ele- 
ment   in    Knowledge .' '     The    term    d    priori    is 


796 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


variously  defined.  According  to  Mr.  Bosanquet, 
to  be  d  priori  is  to  be  "inferred  from  knowledge 
other  than  itself,"  while  according  to  Kaut  it  is  to  be 
independent  of  any  kind  of  experience  whatever. 
The  question,  "  Is  there  an  d  priori  element  in 
knowledge,  and  if  so,  what  is  it  /  "  will  be  very  dif- 
ferent according  as  we  use  the  term  in  the  one 
sense  or  the  other.  The  paper  went  on  to  consider 
(1)  what  may  be  meant  by  the  term,  and  (2)  whether 
so  to  define  it  as  (with  Kaut)  to  exclude  from  it  all 
that  is  due  to  experience  of  any  kind  whatever 
gives  us  the  question  in  its  most  desirable  form.  In 
every  case  of  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  one  of 
the  conditions  is  the  knowledge  we  possessed  before 
the  acquisition  and  our  state  of  mind  with  regard 
to  it.  This  previous  state  of  the  mind  with  the  whole 
of  its  contents,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  matter  in 
hand,  may  be  called  the  prius,  in  distinction  to  the 
corresponding  state  after  the  acquisition,  the  ijoste- 
rius.  The  knowledge  acquired  may  be  named  prioric 
ov  pusteriorie,  according  as  the  one  condition  or  the 
other  is  distinguished.  The  latter  distinction  seems 
much  less  fundamental  than  that  between  a  priori 
and  a  posteriori,  particularly  if  we  hold  with  Kant 
that  necessity  is  the  exclusive  property  of  the 
a  priori.  And  if  we  consider  that  the  posterius  of 
one  inference  becomes  thejjriiis  of  the  uext,  so  that 
a  conclusion  may  be  prioric  though  drawn  from 
premises  obtained  posteriorically,  the  prioric  aud 
posterioric  seem  to  have  no  connexion  with  Kant's 
a  priori,  a  posteriori.  But  this  is  not  really  so ;  for 
alt  necessary  truth,  in  whatever  way  we  define 
necessity,  belongs  to  the  prioric,  and  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  Kant's  original  knowledge,  if  such  exist) 
all  the  prioric  is  "inferred  from  knowledge,  other 
than  itself,"  i.e.,  is  d prioriin  Mr.  Bosanquet's  sense 
of  the  term.  Taking  the  prioric  as  a  genus,  we  may 
form  the  following  species  and  sub-species,  viz.  : 
(1)  the  universal,  (2)  the  necessary  part  of  the 
prioric,  and  (3)  original  necessary  knowledge,  if  any 
such  exists.  We  may  call  that  «  priori  knowledge 
which  is  derived  from  any  of  these  classes.  Whether 
it  is  desirable  to  exclude  from  the  definition  all  that 
is  due  to  experience  of  any  kind  must  depend  on 
the  object  in  view.  For  most  questions  of  meta- 
physics and  psychology  Kant's  sense  is  the  most 
convenient,  while  for  those  on  the  genesis  and  con- 
ditions of  knowledge  or  on  the  processes  of  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge  or  their  validity  it  will  be 
better  to  understand  the  term  either  as  denoting  the 
whole  of  the  necessary  part  of  the  prioric  or  the 
whole  of  its  universal  part,  according  as  the  one  dis- 
tinction or  the  other  is  of  most  importance  for  the 
matter  in  hand. — The  paper  was  followed  by  a  dis- 
cussion. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
McN.     London  Institution,  5.— 'Sketclies  in  Parliament,'  Mr.  F.  C. 
Gould. 

—  Engineers,  7J.— Annual  General  Meeting. 

—  Society  ol  Aits,  8.—' Mechanical  Koad  Carriages,' Lecture  II, 

Mr.  W.  W.  ISeaumont  (Cantoi'  Lecture). 

—  Library  Association.  8.— 'The  Library  Assistants' Association,' 

Mr.  K.  A.  Peddle. 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  8.— "rhe  Working  of  the  Agricultural 

Holdings  Act,  1883,'  Mr.  F.  Punchard. 

—  Geographical,  8J.—' Exploration  In  the  Central  Alps  ofJapan,' 

llev.  W.  Weston. 
Tuiis.     Asiatic,  4.— 'The  Sword  of  Moses,  an  Ancient  Book  of  Magic,' 
Dr.  Gaster. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  8. 

—  Civil  Engineers,  8.-Uiscussion  on  the  Papers  'On  the  Physical 

Propel  ties  of  Iron  aud  steel.' 

—  Anthropological   Institute,    8}.  —  "Ihe    Game     of    Teetotum, 

Queensland,'  and  'Notes  on  Australian  Shields,  more  par- 
ticularly the  Urunmung,'  Mr.  K.  Elheridge,  jun. ;  'Stone 
Cooking-Holes  and  Grooves  for  Stone-Grinding  used  by  the 
Australian  Aborigines,'  "The  liurbung  of  the  Wiradjuri 
Tribet','  and  'The  Bora,  or  Initiation  Ceremonies  of  tlie 
Kaniilaroi,  Part  II.,'  Mr.  It.  H  Mathews. 

—  Koyal  Academy,  U.— Distribution  of  Piizes  to  the  Students. 
Wed.     Society  of  Arts,  8.— Adjourned  Discussion  on  '  Locomotive  Car- 
riages for  Common  Koads.' 

Thciis.  Koyal,  4J. 

—  London  Institution,  6  — '  'The  New  Far  East,'  Mr.  A.  Diosy. 

—  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— Annual  General  Meeting. 

—  Mathematical,  8.— 'Note  on  the  Convergcncy  of  Series,' Dr.  K. 

Bryant ;  '  Se.vdeciniic  Kesiduarity  ol  2,'  Lieut.-Col.  A  Cun- 
ningham; '  Symmetric  Functions  of  the  Hoots  of  Equations,' 
Prof.  W.  H.  Met/ler. 

—  Antiiiuaries,  8^.— '  On  a  Potter's  Kiln  lately  uncovered  at  Shoe- 

buryness,'  Mr.  C.  H.  Read  ;  '  Ona  Hitherto  Vnknown  Portrait 
of  Shakspeare,'  Mr.  L.  Cust. 
Ffti.       Physical,  5— 'A  Mechanical  Device  for  performing  the 'I'empera- 
lure  Corrections  of  Barometers,'  Dr.  Shield;  'On  the  Exist- 
ence of  Eaith-Air  Electrical  Currents,'  Prof.  Riicker. 


A  NUMBEK  of  the  former  students  of  Prof. 
Bonney'.s  geological  classes  at  Cambridge,  and 
in  University  College,  London,  have  united  in 
presenting  him  with  his  portrait.  The  pre- 
Hentation  will  take  place  on  the  afternoon  of 
Monday,  December  Kith,  in  the  Botanical 
Theatre  of  University  College,  Gower  (Street. 

Mi'WSKH.  C.  GkifJ'-in  &  Co.  have  devised  a 
"  Nautical  Scries,"  for  the  use  of  ofHcors  of  the 
merchant  navy  and  students  in  naval  architecture 
who  desire  a  scientific  insight  into  the  iirinciples 
of  their  profession,  and  the  following  volumes 
are  arranged  for,  aud  will  be  ia«ucd,  it  is  hoped, 


during  the  spring  of  1896  :  'The  British  Mer- 
cantile Marine  :  an  Historical  Sketch  of  its  Rise 
and  Development,'  with  chapters  on  "The 
Education  of  Officers,"  "  Duty  and  Discipline," 
&c.;  'The  Construction  and  Maintenance  of 
Vessels  built  of  Steel ';  '  Know  your  own  Ship  : 
a  Simple  Explanation  of  the  Stability,  Con- 
strution.  Tonnage,  and  Freeboard  of  Ships,'  by 
Mr.  T.  Walton ;  '  Latitude  and  Longitude  : 
How  to  find  Them,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Millar,  Secre- 
tary to  the  Institute  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders in  Scotland;  'Elementary  Seaman- 
ship,' by  Mr.  Wilson-Barker  ;  '  Ocean  Meteoro- 
logy,' by  Mr.  William  Allingham  ;  '  Navigation, 
Theoretical  and  Practical,'  by  Mr.  Wilson- 
Barker  and  Mr.  W.  Allingham  ;  '  Practical 
Mechanics, '  by  Mr.  T.  Mackenzie  ;  and  '  Prac- 
tical Algebra  and  Trigonometry  :  for  the  Young 
Sailor,'  &c.,  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Buck. 

Messrs.  George  Philip  &  Son  have  in  the 
press  a  work  on  '  British  Guiana  and  its  Re- 
sources,' by  Mr.  R.  Tennant,  author  of  '  Sardinia 
and  its  Resources.'  The  nuestion  of  the  dis- 
puted boundary  will  be  discussed. 

The  Swiss  papers  record  the  death  of  Prof. 
Ludwig  Rlitimeyer,  the  distinguished  naturalist. 
He  was  born  at  Biglen  in  the  Emmenthal  in  1825. 
After  studying  theology  in  Berne  he  turned  to 
medicine,  which  he  studied  in  Paris,  London, 
and  Ley  den.  His  interest  in  zoology  and  com- 
parative anatomy  set  him  upon  researches 
amongst  the  Swiss  Pfahlbauten,  and  in  1855 
he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Chair  of  Zoology  in  the 
University  of  Bale,  where  he  laboured  for  forty 
years.  A  list  of  his  published  works  would 
occupy  a  column  of  this  paper. 


FINE    ARTS 


CHRISTMAS    BOOKS. 

Two  handsome  volumes  are  before  us  :  Sir 
Frederic  Leighton,  Bart.,  P.R.A.,  an  Illus- 
trated Chronicle,  by  Ernest  Rhys,  with  pre- 
fatory essay  by  F.  G.  Stephens  (Bell  & 
Sons)  ;  and  Laurence  Alma  Tadema,  B.A., 
a  Sketclt  of  liis  Life  and  Work,  by  F.  G. 
Stephens  (Berlin  Photographic  Company).  The 
volume  on  the  President  of  the  Royal  Academy 
contains  numerous  reproductions  of  his  pictures, 
sketches,  drawings,  and  sculptures,  and  many  of 
these  plates  are  of  conspicuous  excellence.  The 
book,  which  is  well  "got-up,"is  a  satisfactory 
record  of  the  work,  so  far  as  it  extends,  of  one 
of  the  greatest  painters  of  the  day  ;  for  it  is  plea- 
sant to  learn  that,  in  spite  of  illness,  his  energies 
are  in  no  way  impaired,  and  consequently  it 
may  well  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Rhys's  "  Illustrated 
Chronicle  "  is  far  from  complete.  The  illustra- 
tions are  exceedingly  numerous.  They  include 
fifteen  large  photogravures  of  Sir  Frederic's 
pictures,  and  among  the  best  is  the  beauti- 
ful work  owned  by  Lord  Davey,  and  well 
known  as  'Golden  Hours.'  Other  good 
reproductions  are  those  of  Mr.  Alex.  Hen- 
derson's picture  at  Prince's  Gate,  '  Venus 
Disrobing,'  one  of  the  best  figure-subjects  the 
President  has  ever  done  ;  and  his  singular  con- 
ception of  the  subject  of  '  Dtijdalus  and  Icarus.' 
To  the  student  the  numerous  reproductions 
from  Sir  Frederic's  studies  and  sketches  will 
be  of  the  utmost  interest.  Mr.  Rhys's  comments 
do  not  always  coincide  with  the  reader's  views, 
as  where  he  says  that  Sir  Frederic's  pictures  are 
"above  all  decorations  in  the  real  sense  of  the 
word."  This  description  is  more  applicable  to 
a  few  only  of  his  canvases  and  to  his  frescoes. 
It  would  have  been  convenient  if  the  cataloguer 
had  appended  the  dimensions  of  the  pictures, 
and  had  noted  the  rare  instances  in  which  Sir 
Frederic  uses  panels  instead  of  canvas.  Mr. 
F.  G.  Stephens's  prefatory  essay  deals  fully 
with  the  artist's  methods,  points  out  his  best 
work,  and  gives  instances  of  his  most  successful 
representations  of  beauty,  in  wliich  last  category 
we  are  glad  to  see  Mr.  Stephens  gives  a  pro- 


minent place  to  the  above-mentioned  Venus. 
This  essay,  supplemented  by  Mr.  Rhys's  histo- 
rical sketch  of  the  painter's  work,  furnishes 
the  reader  with  the  best  record  we  know  of  Sir 
Frederic  Leighton's  achievements  ;  while  the 
number  and  excellence  of  the  illustrations  make 
the  book  attractive  to  those  who  regard  it 
merely  as  a  collection  of  pictures.  Sir  Frederic's 
intimate  friends  will  be  reassured  as  to  the  value 
of  Mr.  Rhys's  catalogue  when  they  learn  that 
Mr.  S.  Pepys  Cockerell  has  read  and  revised  it. 
— Even  more  sumptuous  and  hardly  less  in- 
teresting is  the  similar  work  issued  by  the 
Berlin  Photographic  Company  on  Mr.  Alma 
Tadema.  This  folio  volume,  printed  on  Japanese 
paper,  is  a  very  magnificent  production,  and  equal 
to  the  price  assigned  to  it,  namely,  twelve 
guineas.  The  selection  from  Mr.  Alma  i'adema's 
numerous  pictures  might  be  more  representa- 
tive, and  the  photogravures  are  sometimes  dis- 
proportionately small  compared  to  the  size  of 
the  paper  employed.  The  twenty-two  plates 
are,  however,  well  spread  over  the  whole  of  Mr. 
Alma  Tadema's  work,  as  is  patent  to  the  reader 
from  the  fact  that  in  most  of  the  plates  the 
well-known  signature  and  the  number  of  the 
"opus  "  are  distinctly  visible.  The  portraits  of 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Felix  Semon,of  Herr  Hans  Richter, 
of  Mr.  G.  Henschel,  and  of  M.  Paderewski  are 
all  well  reproduced  ;  and  the  best  of  the  composi- 
tions are  the  well-known  '  Reading  from  Homer  ' 
and  the  'Audience  at  Agrippa's.'  Nothing  can 
exceed  the  technical  skill  and  success  of  these 
photogravures.  To  this  volume  also  Mr.  F.  G. 
Stephens  prefixes  an  interesting  essay  on  Mr. 
Alma  Tadema's  life  and  work.  With  regard  to 
his  work  as  a  painter,  Mr.  Stephens  has  had 
access  to  Mr.  Tadema's  private  catalogue  of  his 
paintings  ;  and  for  the  rest  the  artist  states  that 
all  the  personal  details  in  the  memoir  were 
supplied  by  himself,  and  that  he  has  supervised 
them  "with  special  interest."  This  being  so, 
Mr.  Stephens's  essay  should  in  future  be  re- 
ferred to  as  authoritative.  In  both  the  volumes 
there  is  ample  evidence,  for  those  who  do  not 
know  the  fact  otherwise,  that  Sir  Frederic 
Leighton  and  Mr.  Alma  Tadema  live  and  work 
in  houses  of  the  utmost  beauty,  the  one  in 
Kensington  and  the  other  in  St.  John's  Wood  ; 
and  both  volumes  contain  good  illustrations  of 
the  interiors  of  these  artistic  dwelling-places. 
The  two  books  form  splendid  volumes  of  equal 
utility  and  value  as  Christmas  presents. 

It  was  a  capital  idea  of  Messrs.  Putnam's 
Sons  to  republish,  in  excellent  and  singularly 
clear  type,  Capt.  Marryat's  masterpiece,  Mr. 
Midshipman  Easy,  with  illustrations  by  Mr. 
Zogbaum.  Artistically  speaking,  Mr.  Zogbaum 
is  by  no  means  unequal  to  the  task,  which  was  not 
an  easy  one  to  perform  in  an  acceptable  manner ; 
but  as  an  expositor  of  the  story,  its  motives  and 
leading  purposes,  he  is  much  less  successful  than 
we  had  hoped,  nor  is  he  inspired  by  the  right  sort 
of  view.  The  satire  of  '  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy  ' 
is,  as  every  lover  of  novels  knows,  directed 
against  the  levelling  doctrines  of  "the  rights 
of  man  "  and  that  peculiar  sort  of  communism 
which  were  in  vogue  at  the  time  it  was  written. 
This  is  manifest  throughout  the  book,  and 
Marryat,  although  conveying  his  opinions  in  a 
lively  narrative  of  perils  by  land  and  sea,  dis- 
tinctly set  them  forth.  This  being  the  case,  the 
true  function  of  the  designer  of  the  cuts  surely 
was  to  illustrate  Marryat's  motives,  which  were 
moral  as  well  as  political,  and  intended  for  the 
good  of  the  State.  But  Mr.  Zogbaum  does  not 
seem  to  have  detected  the  drift  of  his  author. 
Had  it  been  otherwise,  he  would,  for  example, 
have  added  to  the  designs  illustrating  the 
incidents  of  the  narrative  a  figure  of  Mr. 
Easy  jK'ic,  whose  cra/.y  altruism  was  the  main- 
spring of  the  levelling  opinions  of  the  midship- 
man his  son — opinions  which  led  the  latter  to 
perform  some  of  those  extraordinary  pranks 
which  are  the  staple  of  the  book  ;  and  we 
should  have  had  an  expressive  illustra- 
tion   of    Mr.    Bonnycastle    the    achoolmastcr'a 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


797 


golden  dictum,  "My  dear  Middleton,  I  can  pro- 
duce more  effect  by  one  caning  than  twenty 
floggings."  It  is  a  dictum  which  concerns  the 
rights  of  man  (so  dear  to  the  Easys),  and  there- 
fore a  leading  element.  Of  course  we  have 
cuts  of  such  merely  dramatic  incidents  as  the 
midshipman  perched  upon  the  cross-trees  of  his 
ship  ;  and  that  marvellous  performance  the 
triangular  duel  has  occupied  Mr.  Zogbaum's 
pencil,  if  not  his  inventive  faculties  and  sense 
of  humour. 

The  Story  of  Zelinda  and  the  Monster.  Illus- 
trated by  the  Countess  of  Lovelace.  (Dent  & 
Co.) — Lady  Lovelace  has  taken  up  the  old 
Italian  versions  of  the  romance  we  recognize 
as  'Beauty  and  the  Beast,'  which  reached  us 
through  the  French,  and  was  degraded  by 
clumsy  adaptations  as  well  as  by  the  still  more 
clumsy  illustrators  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
The  Countess  has  combined  the  details  of  the 
older  versions  into  a  new  and  pleasing  one  of 
her  own,  assigning  to  "  Beauty"  that  name  of 
Zelinda  legendary  history  declared  to  be  the 
right  one  ;  and  she  has  made  the  Beast  into  the 
proper  young  prince  he  was,  and,  in  a  manner 
which  reminds  us  partly  of  Sir  F.  Leighton, 
partly  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Hughes,  has  invented  a 
series  of  clever  and  appropriate  designs  repre- 
senting incidents  in  the  amended  romance. 
Their  conception  and  execution,  as  they  are 
engraved  here,  are  excellent,  and  so  far  artistic 
as  to  be  creditable  to  the  lady  who  is  respon- 
sible for  them,  and  who  deserves  our  thanks. 

A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  by  W.  Shake- 
speare, illustrated  by  R.  Anning  Bell  (Dent 
&  Co.),  is  one  of  the  most  charming  and 
original  examples  of  the  kind  which  we  have 
seen,  numerous  as  such  works  have  been.  Mr. 
Bell,  with  a  true  sense  of  the  beautiful  and 
spirited  style  of  the  designs  to  the  '  Hyp- 
nerotomachia  Poliphili '  of  1499,  has  added  ele- 
gance and  elan  that  are  all  his  own,  and,  intro- 
ducing more  cultured  and  refined  types,  pro- 
duced a  great  number  of  groups,  more  elaborate 
composition,  headpieces,  tailpieces,  and  borders, 
the  freshness,  completeness,  and  aptitude  of 
which  it  would  be  hard  to  praise  too  much. 
Fairylike  vivacity  and  playfulness  mark  many  of 
the  "designs,  which  comprise  not  a  few  lovely 
girls,  and  babies  of  fairy-land  ;  nor  is  the  artist 
incompetent  where  the  grotesque  and  quaint- 
ness  are  required. 


THE   SOCIETY   OF     PAINTERS    IN   WATER   COLOURS. 
WINTER   EXHIBITION. 

As  this  is  not  really  a  collection  of 
sketches  and  studies  for  pictures,  we  no  longer 
care  to  describe  it  as  such,  and,  in  fact,  in 
this  respect  we  are  only  following  the  example 
of  the  Society  itself,  which,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, makes  no  difficulty  about  exhibiting 
nearly  four  hundred  works  which,  whatever 
their  other  merits  may  be,  are  complete.  The 
remaining  two  hundred  or  so  are  actually  tenta- 
tive ;  of  these  a  small  minority  are  studies 
showing  some  thought  and  skill,  and  destined 
to  subserve  larger  purposes  and  developments. 
Notwithstanding  Death's  doings  in  the  past 
twelve  months  and  the  abstention  of  an  un- 
usually large  number  of  members,  the  Society 
may  be  proud  of  its  exhibition.  The  technical 
accomphshraents  of  its  ablest  contributors  were 
never  seen  to  more  advantage.  Still,  the  re- 
tirement of  Mr.  Boyce,  Mr.  H.  Hunt,  and  Mr. 
Dobson  has  left  a  void  which  the  Society  ought 
to  make  a  point  of  filling. 

The  best  contributions  to  this  year's  gather- 
ing are  divisible  into  two  classes.  The  more 
important,  which  we  take  first,  includes  both 
figure  pictures  and  landscapes,  and  we  may 
begin  with  Mr.  Bulleid's  single  example  called 
A  Younq  Bacchante  (No.  2),  a  young  girl  seated 
under  the  branches  of  a  blossoming  almond 
tree  which  have  thrust  themselves  between  the 
columns  of  a  Greek  peristyle.  The  lining  of  pale 
yellow  marble  gives  that  pervading  hue  to  the 


picture  which  is  one  of  Mr.  Bulleid's  mannerisms. 
It  may  be  most  pleasing  and  artistic,  but  has 
been  repeated  a  little  too  often.  The  building 
seems  to  be  part  of  a  school  of  music,  in  which 
the  damsel  is  seated  alone  and  diligently  practis- 
ing her  lesson  on  the  double  pipes.  Her  figure 
has  the  grace,  finish,  and  freshness  that  form  an 
enjoyable  feature  of  this  careful  artist's  works, 
but,  as  usual,  it  lacks  animation,  character, 
and  variety.  Delicate,  too,  as  it  is,  the  picture 
before  us  is  rather  flat,  while  the  marble  is 
destitute  of  the  brilliancy  and  partial  trans- 
parency that  Mr.  Alma  Tadema  imparts  to  it. 
—The  lAicy  Ashton  (8)  of  Mr.  R.  W.  Macbeth 
is  a  capital  specimen  of  the  once  much  admired 
style  of  the  annuals  in  the  days  when  Leslie 
and  other  eminent  artists  painted  for  them,  and 
had  their  works  engraved  by  men  like  Edward 
Goodall  and  Charles  Heath.  It  is  a  delicious  idyl. 
There  is  more  of  a  subject,  and  something 
altogether  more  masculine,  about  The  Miller's 
Courtship  (14),  by  the  same  vigorous  painter,  a 
scene  on  the  steps  of  a  windmill,  in  which  the 
comely  maiden  is  obviously  courting  the  "  dusty 
miller."  Full  of  light  and  very  fresh,  this  is 
a  good  specimen  of  Mr.  Macbeth 's  best 
powers.  A  Norfolk  Ferry  (85)  is  even  more 
characteristic.  It  is  a  sunny  and  masculine 
piece  of  art.  His  Last  Copper  (315)  introduces 
one  of  those  strong-limbed  tramps  Mr.  Mac- 
beth knows  so  well  how  to  represent.  The 
look  of  the  stalwart  fellow  who  is  searching  his 
pocket  for  a  copper  wherewith  to  pay  a  bridge 
toll,  and  the  undoubting  patience  of  the  woman 
who,  standing  by  him,  a  baby  at  her  breast  the 
while,  utters  not  a  word  of  complaint,  though 
she  knows  what  toil  and  trudging  are  before 
her,  loaded  as  she  is,  should  no  coin  be  found, 
are  at  once  true  and  full  of  the  artist's  sardonic 
humour. 

Mr.  Herkomer  is  nearly  at  his  best  in  more 
than  one  of  his  contributions  to  this  gallery. 
No.  10  represents  a  fair  and  rather  pale,  but  not 
wan  lady  in  mourning  attire,  the  regretful 
expression  on  whose  features  suggests  that,  for 
the  moment,  she  is  plunged  in  a  daydream  of 
sorrowful  memories.     The  motto 

For  scarce  my  life  with  fancy  play'd 
Before  I  dream'd  that  pleas-ant  dream 

indicates  the  pathos  which  it  is  the  artist's  aim 
to  bring  out.  As  a  picture  it  is  a  little  thin,  if  not 
flat,  but  the  "  colour  "  of  the  lady's  sables  is  first 
rate.  For  A  Sttidy  (272)  we  care  less  than  for  the 
admirable  charcoal  study  (296)  of  the  Daphne 
which  was  here  last  year. — In  respect  to  pathos 
the  ''What  have  I  said'/"  (27)  of  Mr.  B. 
Bradley  (well  known  as  a  cattle  painter)  may 
be  ranked  with  the  best  work  here.  In  the 
puzzled  and  troubled  face  of  the  young  lady, 
whose  lover  has  just  quitted  her  in  a  pet,  sur- 
prise, doubt,  and  pain  are  visible,  and  her 
attitude  is  as  significant  as  her  looks.  Her 
figure  is  firmly  and  neatly  painted,  but  the 
background  is  thin  and  rather  poor.  —  The 
comely  and  pure-faced  girl  Avhom  Mr.  A. 
Hopkins  painted  in  "Buy  ray  Lace!''  (192) 
is  true  in  character  and  very  nicely  and  well 
studied. — A  Lady  of  High  Degree  (111),  by  Mr. 
T.  Lloyd,  a  matron  walking  in  a  flower-garden 
— brilliantly  and  carefully  painted — when  the 
sunlight  is  declining,  is  excellent  in  its  way. 
The  stately  figure  is  good  and  appropriate  to 
the  scene,  and  the  picture,  though  deficient  in 
gradation  and  breadth,  is  marked  by  an  unusual 
sense  of  style. — Summer  (200),  by  Mr.  Walter 
Crane,  also  evinces,  as  might  be  expected, 
a  genuine  sense  of  style.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  white-robed  damsel  lying  among  the  daisies 
of  an  unmown  meadow  is  boldly  and  skilfully 
rather  than  carefully  drawn,  and  she  is  a  little 
stiff  and,  so  to  say,  "'laid  out,"  without  being 
particularly  animated  or  unusually  graceful.  It 
would  seem,  in  fact,  that  a  simple  study  from 
nature  is  before  us,  the  title  for  which  is  due  to 
an  afterthought.  In  short,  there  is  no  design  ; 
otherwise  the  picture  shows  high  qualities. — Of 
Sir  E.  Bume-Jones's  contributions  A  Study  of 


a  Head  for  the  Virgin  (233)  is  the  noblest.  It 
is  most  remarkable  for  the  spiritual  look  and 
virginal  grace.  In  modelling  it  is  as  fine  and 
searching  as  a  choice  piece  of  ciivpie-cento  sculp- 
ture, while  the  drawing  proper  is  exquisitely 
refined.  The  studies  of  draperies,  Nos.  229  and 
235,  should  not  be  overlooked  by  men  of  taste  ; 
and  A  Portrait  (280)  of  a  lady  is  a  fine  work  in 
pencil,  which  proves  that  a  pencil  is  capable  of 
the  best  draughtsmanship. 

Near  the  last  specimen  hangs  No.  234,  A 
Study  of  a  life-size  head,  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Hughes, 
finely  drawn,  in  a  larger  style  than  Sir  E.  Burne- 
Jones's,  but  rather  deficient  in  vivacity  and 
beauty.  The  same  artist  sends  A  Lovers'  Quarrel 
(254),  which  will  not  altogether  satisfy  those 
who  remember  his  contributions  of  the  last  two 
years.  In  the  figures  there  is  too  much  of  the 
stage  ;  a  theatrical  feeling  mars  the  excellent 
and  sound  execution  of  the  design,  which  is  by 
no  means  so  spontaneous  as  it  might  be.  Nor 
do  we  feel  much  interest  in  A  Study  (276)  and 
A  Study  (284),  where  the  same  painter  gives 
proof  of  accomplishments  rather  than  a  sense 
of  beauty,  and  fails  to  make  his  efforts  par- 
ticularly attractive. 

The  remainder  of  our  first  group  are  land- 
scapes,   and    these    include    Mrs.  Allingham's 
bright  woodside  meadow  in  spring,  a  tenderly 
painted  work.      The  bluebells  are  in  splendid 
bloom,  and  show  well  against  a  dark  background 
of  pines.  She  calls  it  Tlie  Ciickoo  (30).  Her  Village 
Street,  Kent  (182),  is  a  sincere  piece  of  work  and 
most  pleasantly  painted,  but  her  Surrey  Cottage 
(316)  is  what  she  has  repeated  so  often  that,  good 
as  it  is,  we  have  had  enough  of  it. — Mostcharming, 
harmonious,  and  large  in  style  is  Mr.   A.  W. 
Hunt's    Warkworth  Sands  (48),  an   impressive 
view  of  a  vast  expanse  of  sands  and  rushy  and 
stony  meadows  under    a    rainy  sky.  —  College 
Street,    Winchester  (98),  is  one  of  Mr.  H.  Mar- 
shall's most  characteristic  drawings   of  a  class 
to  which  he  confines  himself  too  exclusively  for 
his  reputation.    It  is  a  bright  and  solidly  painted 
vista  of  red  houses,  and  very  well  drawn  indeed. 
—The  Fknm  (129)  of  Mr.  A.  E.  Emslie  deserves 
mention  ;    while    Mr.    A.    Goodwin's    Ticilight 
over   the    City  (119),  a   view   of  the  deep   blue 
river  extending  to  the  Towei',  and  fortunately 
excluding    the    Tower     Bridge,    is     fine     and 
dignified.     His  Afterglow  in   the  Indian  Ocean 
(70)  is  a    telling  representation   of   the  violet- 
coloured  sea,  which,  however,  does  not  harmonize 
I  juite  perfectly  with  the  otherwise  excellent  sky. 
The  Taj  Mahal  (147),  depicting  a  world  of  pearl 
and    ivory,  is   in  exquisite    keeping.     To  that 
frightful  structure,  the  iron  bridge  in  the  fore- 
ground, not  even  Mr.  Goodwin  could  impart  a 
charm,   nor,    indeed,    for    that    matter,    could 
Turner  himself.      Westminster  (IGi)  on  a  cloudy 
and  windy  morning  displays  the  resources  and 
skill  of  the  artist  as  a  painter  of  the  atmosphere 
and  firmament.     The  Shadoicy  Bicer  (186)  will 
be  liked  by  those  who  are  fond  of  poetic  land- 
scape.    Wells  (188)   is   as   broad   in   effect  and 
fine  in  colour  as  it  is  true  in  rendering  the  cha- 
racter of  the  atmosphere  at  the  time  selected. 
— Very  solid  and  finely  drawn,  good  and  rich  in 
colour,  is    Mr.   T.   M.   Rooke's   Ajyse  of  Rouen 
Cathedral  (152) ;    and  so  are  his  Carved   Wood 
Staircase  at    Chartres    (51),    his    Street    of  St. 
Honmin,  Rouen  (181),  and  several  other  draw- 
ings. 

We  come  now  to  the  second  class,  which  con- 
sists of  works  excellent  in  themselves,  but  not 
more  so  than  many  the  painters  have  previously 
contributed  to  this  gallery,  although  they  dc> 
not  deserve  to  be  called  mannered  or  trivial.  Let 
us  add  that  it  is  not  our  wont  to  say  that  all  is 
barren  simply  because  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  drawings  exhibited  by  the  "  Old  Society  " 
are  this  winter,  as  they  have  always  been,  both 
tame  and  hackneyed.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  our 
opinion  that  the  general  level  of  water-colour 
painting  in  this  country  was  never  higher  than 
it  is  now,  although  there  have  been  times- 
(as    when     William     Hunt    and    his    contenj- 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


poraries  flourished)  at  which  exceptional  works 
were  exhibited  in  this  gallery  which  those  now 
on  view  cannot  rival.  But  even  of  this  we  are  not 
quite  sure,  and,  leaving  the  decision  to  posterity, 
we  are  content  to  admire  whatever  is  worthy  of 
admiration. 

As  specimens  of  the  second  class  we  may  take 
first  Sea  Stiidii,  Dorset  (1),  a  piece  of  rich,  bright, 
and  pure   colour,    the   best    of    several   excel- 
lent contributions  by  Mr.  A.   Hopkins,  and  A 
Sl^etch  (5),  by  Mr.  E.  K.  Johnson,  a  woodland 
view  broadly  and  tenderly  executed  :   the  work 
of  an  artist  who  does  himself  injustice  in  sending 
seventeen  pictures. — Decidedly  pretty,  too,   is 
The  Isle  of  Wight  {13),  by  Mr.  W.  Field,  a  study  of 
cliffs  in  sunlight  ;    and  his  Thunder  all  Round 
(101)  exhibits  sympathy  with  nature.    The  same 
thing,  indeed,  may  be  said  of  his  other  contribu- 
tions.    They  are  at  once  pleasing  and   unpre- 
tentious.— Again,  Eighty  in  the  Shade  (19)  is  a 
fair    example     of    Mr.    Marks's    rather     hard 
manner,  as  well  as  of   his  drawing,  which    is 
scarcely  irreproachable.     The  Puritan  in  grey, 
well  known  in  Mr.  Marks's  bolder  efforts,  dozes 
at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  but,  despite  the  intention 
of  his  painter,  he  cannot  be  said  to  be  supported 
by  the  trunk.     The  tree  is  probably  an  after- 
thought introduced  to  give  a  sort  of  incident  to 
a  potboiler  of   -which  the  best  element  is  the 
carefully    studied     expression    of    the     man's 
face.     The  Miller's   Recreation  (60)  shows  the 
miller    fishing    in    his    own    mill    pool.      He 
is    a    capital   figure,    yet    the    drawing    is   not 
more    successful    than    many    similar   produc- 
tions of  Mr.   Marks's.     If  it  be  not  too  bold 
to  do  so,  it  would  be  kind  of   his   friends  to 
suggest  to  this  artist  that   he  should  keep  for 
his  own  aviary  most  of  those  sketches  of  birds 
which  he  draws  so  well,  c.  g.,  Strange  Plaumates 
(169),    Bulhj   (172),    and   Love    Birds   (175).— 
Mr.   S.   J.   Hodson's  Christchurch,  Hants  (24), 
is   tender,  broad,  and  true  ;   while  Mr.   S.   P. 
Jackson's  Westerly  Wind  (21)  is  a  capital  study 
of  the  sky  and  sea.     On  account  of  its  opal-like 
sky,    and,    for    Mr.    Jackson,    unusually    high 
keys  of  colour  and  tone,  we  are  partial  to  his 
Ebbing  Tide  (32).    His   Staiths,  Yorkshire  (92), 
an  impressive  view   of  a  gigantic  headland  in 
the  afterglow,  is,  like  many  of  his  coast  views, 
dignified  and  stately.     On  similar  grounds   we 
may  praise  his  Careiv  Castle  (338),  but  it  deserves 
more  elaboration,  and  should  have  been  treated  on 
a  larger  scale. — In  his  Wild  Roses  (34)  Mr.  A.  E. 
Emslie  has  introduced  pleasing  figures  and  some 
good,   opalescent  colour.     Tlie  Meadows  (311) 
shows  that  this  clever  sketcher  might  become  a 
good  painter  if  he  would.     But  fourteen  con- 
tributions to  one   exhibition    are    too    many, 
although  it  is  true  that  David  Cox  and  Copley 
Fielding   often   sent  greater  numbers  to   this 
gallery.      Mr.  Emslie,   however,  is  not    yet    a 
David   Cox. — Although  the  rocks  are   too  hot 
and  the  colour  of  the  waves  is  dirty,  Amongst  the 
Reefs  (42)  exhibits   Mr.  C.  N.  Hemy's  know- 
ledge  of    the  sea   in    motion  and   its    colour. 
Despite   its  suggestions  of   the  lamp,   it  is  an 
admirable    instance.  —  The    Orphan    (64)    and 
other  productions  of  Mr.  Birket  Foster  prove 
that  dexterity  and  all-round  skill  are  not  less 
at    his    command    than    before.     A    Highland 
Cottage  (330)  shows  him  at  his  best. — Mr.  E. 
Walker's  Autumn  Afternoon  (84)  is    charming 
in  its  softness,  but  unfortunate  in  its  manner- 
isms.— Mr.  G.  A.  Fripp's  At  Horsham  (102)  ;  his 
Cottages   in  Poole    IJarbonr   (107),    noteworthy 
for  pearly  colour  and   expansive    atmosphere  ; 
his  Monlsford  Ferry  (176),  which  is  fine,  though 
a  little  hard  ;  and  other  works  here,  are  examples 
of  his  well-known  abilities. — Mr.   L.  Smythe's 
large   picture  of  Burning  Weeds  (110)  evinces  a 
sort  of  power,  but   it  is  more  mannered  than 
researchful   and   fresh  ;    it    seems    spotty,  and 
exhibits  a  "  blotty  "  touch  ;  it  has  not  a  particle 
of  sentiment,  and  fails  in  its  efi"ort8  at  mastery. 
— The  remaining    pictures   we   consider  to  be 
worth  looking  at  are  Mr.  T.   Lloyd's  And   We 
hod  Tea  on  the  Bank  (134)— in  which  the  land- 


scape is  commendable,  especially  the  distance  allow  a  monument  of  such  import; 
—and  Mr.  2^.  Tayler's  My  Lady's  Garden  (261),  historv  to  be  Dulled  down  annar, 
which  is  neat,  bright,  and  pretty  in  feeling. 


THE  ROMAN  FORTRES.S  OF  BABYLON 
IN  EGYPT. 

Brasenose  College. 
I  HEAR  from  Egypt  this  morning,  fully  con- 
firming the  grievous  intelligence  which  you 
publish  concerning  the  further  destruction  of 
this  most  interesting  building.  I  can  add,  how- 
ever, that  at  length  the  authorities,  who  for  the 
last  four  or  five  years  have  looked  idly  on  at 
this  and  similar  acts  of  vandalism  at  Kasr  ash- 
Sham 'a,  are  now  bestirring  themselves,  and,  I 
believe,  are  making  the  unfortunate  Copt  who 
has  pulled  down  the  old  walls  realize  smartly 
what  he  has  been  doing.  I  say  "unfortunate," 
for  I  quite  agree  with  your  opinion  that  the 
blame  belongs  to  the  Government,  which  was 
indifferent,  rather  than  to  the  poor  Bey,  who 
was  merely  ignorant.  Seeing  what  things  can 
still  be  done  in  England,  and  how  recent  is  any 
systematic  attempt  to  preserve  our  own  ancient 
monuments,  it  is,  perhaps,  not  surprising  that 
such  a  work  of  destruction  is  possible  under 
English  rule  in  Egypt.  Yet  the  disappointment 
is  the  greater  because  there  actually  exists  in 
Cairo  a  Commission  for  the  Preservation  of  Arab 
Monuments  as  well  as  a  Director  of  the  Gizah 
Museum,  armed  with  almost  despotic  power  for 
the  care  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  remains. 
Between  the  two  the  Roman  fortress  has  almost 
literally  fallen  to  the  ground. 

Yet  there    was   every  reason   why   the    two 
authorities  should  have  united  in  protecting  what 
they  separately  sufl'ered  to  be  so  far  demolished. 
Though  there  are  no  relics  of  ancient  Egyptian 
art    within  the    walls  now,    nevertheless    this 
Roman  fortress  marks  the  most  important  part 
of  the  site  of  ancient  Misr — the  very  shrine  and 
centre  of  the  land  of  Egypt — and  is  associated 
with  many  curious  legends  of  times  long  ante- 
rior to  the  Romans.     Even  the  name  Babylon 
is  traced  by  a  well-accredited  tradition  to  the 
invasion  of  Egypt  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  which  is 
mentioned  by  Jeremiah  and  Ezekiel,  and  among 
native  writers  by  As-Suyuti,  by  Al-Matrizi,  by 
Eutychius,  by  Murtadi,  and  by  John  of  Nikifis  ; 
and  a  similar  story  of  the  foundation  of  a  Baby- 
lonian   fortress    here    is    told    by  Strabo,    by 
Diodorus  Siculus,  and  by  Josephus.     In  '  Coptic 
Churches,' vol.  i.  chap,  iv.,  there  is  some  discus- 
sion about  the  date  of  the  existing  building,  and 
the  remark  that  "  its  general  features  suit  better 
the  time  of  Trajan  "  has  since  been  confirmed 
by  a  very  explicit  passage  in  the  chronicle  of 
John  of  Nikiiis,  of  which  I  was  then  ignorant. 
This  writer,  after  alluding  to  Nebuchadnezzar's 
conquest  of  Egypt  and  foundation  of  Babylon, 
states  that  Trajan  first  sent  Marcius  Turbo  to 
Alexandria  to   suppress  a  revolt  of  the  Jews, 
and  then  came  himself    and   built  a   powerful 
fortress  with  an  impregnable  citadel  at  Babylon, 
reconstructing  the  old  Persian  fort  on  a  much 
larger  scale.     I  see  no  reason  whatever  to  doubt 
this  account,  and  the  author  definitely  associates 
the  work  with  the  excavation  of  the  well-known 
Amnis  Trajanus,  which  was  close  by. 

But  if  traditions  like  these  and  the  remark- 
able character  of  the  surviving  building  were 
not  enough  to  give  the  fortress  a  claim  on  the 
care  of  the  Department  of  Egyptology,  how  is  it 
conceivable  that  the  Commission  for  the  Pre- 
servation of  Arab  Monuments  should  have  over- 
looked a  monument  of  such  importance  ?  True, 
the  walls  were  not  built  by  Arab  hands  nor  in 
Arab  times  ;  but  I  venture  to  say  that  there  is 
no  building  in  Egypt  which  the  Moslems  ought 
more  to  venerate,  as  there  is  none  more  closely 
connected  with  the  fortune  of  the  Arab  con- 
querors of  the  country.  I  need  not  go  into  the 
well-known  .story  of  the  siege  and  capture  of  the 
fortress  by  'Amr  or  of  the  subsequent  and  not 
otherwise  possible  capture  of  Alexandria.  But 
it  is  really  amazing  that  a  body  specially  charged 
with  the  protection  of  Moslem  buildings  should 


ance  to  Moslem 
history  to  be  pulled  down  apparently  without  a 
word  of  disapproval,  till  disapproval  comes  too 
late. 

What  still  remains  may  still,  of  course,  be 
saved.  But  already  much  of  what  was  standing 
when  I  made  my  plan  fifteen  years  ago  is  gone 
irretrievably ;  and  the  destruction  has  taken 
place  at  the  most  perfect  and  most  interesting 
portion  of  the  fortress.  I  will  only  add  that 
any  one  may  see  what  the  Roman  gateway  was 
like  fifty-five  years  ago  in  an  excellent  sketch  in 
R.  Hay's  '  Illustrations  of  Cairo  '  (London,  1840, 
folio)  ;  and  fifteen  years  ago  the  gateway  was 
little  altered  except  for  the  rubbish  gathered  at 
its  foot.  Alfred  J.  Butler. 


THE   PORTRAIT   OF   KEATS  S   SISTER. 
46,  Marlborough  Hill,  St.  John's  Wood,  Nov.  28,  1895. 

Perhaps  the  words   "  original  portrait  from 
life  "  do  not  mean  the  same  in  Kentucky  as 
they    do    here.       The    number    of    McClure's 
Magazine  dealt  with  in  the  Athenaeum  (article 
'  Portraits    of    Keats    from    the    Life ')    con- 
tains a   print   described  as  "Fanny  Keats  de 
Llanos,  sister  of  John  Keats,  from  the  original 
portrait  from   life  by  her  son  Juan  Keats  de 
Llanos,  owned  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Speed."  Although 
the    misdescription     of    Senor    Juan     Llanos 
y  Keats  does  not  inspire  confidence,  the  likeness 
is  an  admirable  one,  done,  seemingly,  from  a 
good  replica  of  a  small  oil  painting  in  my  pos- 
session.    Like  most  good  replicas  it  just  misses 
by  a  delicate  shade  the  speaking  excellence  of 
the  original,  but  it  is  not  this  fact  alone  that 
leads  me  to  demur  to  the  statement  that  the 
picture  said  to  be  in  Mr.  J.  G.  Speed's  hands 
is  "the  original  portrait  from  life."     On  Octo- 
ber 19th,  1879,  Mrs.  Llanos  wrote  to  me  from 
Madrid  that  her  son  was  occupied  in  painting 
her  portrait  for  me,  and  that,  if  it  turned  out  to 
be  a  good  likeness,  she  would  forward  it  through 
the   Spanish  Embassy  in  London.     On   Octo- 
ber 6th,    1880,  my  correspondent  (afterwards 
my  valued  friend)  wrote  :  "  My  portrait  for  you 
is  now  finished  ;  it  is  small,  but  larger  than  a 
miniature.     I  will  send  it  when  you  return  to 
London.      Few  ladies  venture  to  have    their 
portraits  taken  at  my  age,  therefore  it  is  rather 
a  curiosity,  and  somewhat  of  a  ruin."  In  Decem- 
ber the  picture  reached  me — a  speaking  likeness 
of  a  lady  looking  much  less  than  seventy-seven, 
and  with  a   striking   resemblance   to   Severn's 
water-colour    drawing    of    Thomas    Keats   the 
younger.      But    Mrs.    Llanos    was    an    extra- 
ordinarily young  and  active  woman  for  her  age 
nearly  ten  years  later  than  the  time  when  that 
portrait  was   taken.     The    picture    is    in   oils, 
highly  finished,  on  an  upright  oblong  canvas, 
measuring  9^  in.  by  8in.;  but  the  artist  had  had 
it  set  in  a  Madrid  frame  with  an  oval  light.    On 
January  30th,  1884,  Mrs.  Llanos  wrote  to  me  of 
her  correspondence  with  her  niece,  Mrs.  Speed, 
and  mentioned  that  a  portrait  intended  for  that 
lady  had  not  been  seen  by  her,  having  in  fact 
been  dispatched  just  after  her  death.    Up  to  the 
end  of  the  following  March,  Mrs.  Llanos  was 
still  without  any  knowledge  of  the  fate  of  her 
gift  ;  and,  although  I  had  letters  from  her  many 
times  a  year  up  to  within  a  short  time  of  her 
death,  I  heard  no  more  of  the  picture  sent  to 
America   till    the  recent  arrival   of    McClure's 
Magazine. 

These  dates  and  details  seem  to  lead  clearly 
enough  to  the  inference  that  the  portrait  meant 
for  Mrs.  Speed  was  a  reproduction  or  replica  of 
the  original,  painted  for  me  in  1879-80,  with 
which  the  McClure  oval  block  is  identical  in  all 
material  details  down  to  the  bugle-trimming  on 
the  black  satin  bodice  and  the  shape  of  the 
lightings  on  the  hair.  The  subtle  variation  of 
minute  lines  in  the  face  has  slightly  softened 
the  expression  of  the  mouth  ;  but  the  result  is 
on  the  whole  less  characteristic  than  the  original 
H.  Buxton  Forman. 


N»  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


799 


The  most  important  addition  to  the  pictures 
of  the  English  School  in  the  National  Gallery, 
since  Madox  Brown's  '  Christ  washing  Peter's 
Feet '  was  hung  there,  is  Hogarth's  '  Gate  of 
Calais,'  which,  thanks  to  the  generosity  of  the 
Duke  of  Westminster,  is  now  No.  1464  in  Room 
XVII.  Hogarth  himself  gave  the  following 
account  of  the  circumstances  under  which  he 
painted  this  celebrated  work  : — 

"  After  the  '  March  to  Finchley,'  the  next  print 
that  I  engraved  was  the  '  Eoast  Beef  of  Old  Eng- 
land '  [this  is  the  title  given  to  the  print  from  the 
painting  in  question] ;  which  took  its  rise  from  a 
visit  I  paid  to  France  the  preceding  year.  The  first 
time  an  Englishman  goes  from  Dover  to  Calais,  he 
must  be  struck  with  the  different  face  of  things  at 
60  little  a  distance.  A  farcical  pomp  of  war,  pomp- 
ous parade  of  religion,  and  much  bustle  with  very 
little  business.  To  sum  up  all,  poverty,  slavery,  and 
innate  insolence,  covered  with  an  affectation  of  polite- 
ness, give  you  even  here  a  true  picture  of  the 
manners  of  the  whole  nation  ;  nor  are  the  priests 
less  opposite  to  those  of  Dover,  than  the  two  shores. 
The  friars  are  dirty,  sleek,  and  solemn ;  the  soldiery 
are  lean,  ragged,  and  tawdry  ;  and,  as  to  the  fish- 
women,  their  faces  are  absolute  leather.  As  I  was 
sauntering  about  and  observing  them  near  the  gate 
which  it  seems  was  built  by  the  English,  when  the 
place  was  in  our  possession,  I  remarked  some 
appearance  of  the  arms  of  England  on  the  front 
[of  the  gate].  By  this,  and  idle  curiosity,  I  was 
prompted  to  make  a  sketch  of  it,  which  being 
observed,  I  was  taken  into  custody  ;  but,  not 
attempting  to  cancel  any  of  my  sketches  or  memo- 
randums, which  were  found  to  be  merely  those  of 
a  painter  for  his  private  use,  without  any  relation 
to  fortification,  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  send 
me  back  to  Paris.  I  was  only  closely  confined  to  my 
own  lodgings,  till  the  wind  changed  for  England  ; 
where  I  no  sooner  arrived  than  I  set  about  the 
picture  ;  made  the  gate  my  background  ;  and,  in  one 
corner,  introduced  my  own  portrait  [this  portrait 
was  afterwards  copied  for  a  watch-paperj ;  which 
has  generally  been  thought  a  correct  likeness,  with 
the  soldier's  hand  upon  my  shoulder.  By  the  fat 
friar,  who  stops  the  lean  cook  that  is  sinking  under 
a  vast  sirloin  of  beef,  and  two  of  the  military  bear- 
ing off  a  great  kettle  of  soup  viaigre,  I  meant  to 
display  to  my  own  countrymen  the  striking  differ- 
ence between  the  food,  priests,  soldiers,  &c.,  of  two 
nations  so  contiguous  that  in  a  clear  day  one  coast 
may  be  seen  from  the  other.  The  melancholy  and 
miserable  Highlander,  browzing  on  his  scanty  fare, 
consisting  of  a  bit  of  bread  and  an  onion,  is  intended 
for  one  of  the  many  that  fled  from  his  country  during 
the  Eebellion  in  1744  \_sic  for  1745]." 

Pine,  the  engraver,  sat  to  Hogarth  for  the  fat 
friar,  a  courtesy  of  which  he  afterwards  re- 
pented, as  he  received  the  nickname  of  "  Friar 
Pine."  At  this  he  was  so  greatly  annoyed  that 
he  endeavoured  to  persuade  Hogarth  to  sub- 
stitute another  head  for  his  too  faithful  likeness. 
The  half-starved  French  sentinel  was  copied  at 
the  top  of  more  than  one  of  the  English  adver- 
tisements for  military  recruits,  where  it  was 
contrasted  with  a  representation  of  a  well-fed 
British  soldier.  In  the  design  itself  a  priest  is 
introduced,  going  with  his  acolytes  to  administer 
extreme  unction  to  a  sick  person.  The  meat 
borne  by  the  staggering  cook  is  supposed  to 
have  been  brought  to  Calais  by  the  Dover  packet 
which  carried  Hogarth.  The  rufHe  of  the  sentry's 
shirt  is  marked,  in  the  print,  if  not  so  clearly 
in  the  picture,  "Grand  Monarch  P,"  showing 
that  it  is  made  of  paper  ;  the  wearer's  stockings 
are  without  feet.  "The  little  deformed  soldier 
with  a  brutalized  face  is  supposed  to  be  an 
Irishman  of  the  lowest  type  and  a  mercenary  in 
the  French  service  ;  the  tall  Highlander  is,  of 
course,  another  ;  both  these  men  are  scarred, 
and  the  shot-holes  and  rags  in  their  dresses 
show  that  they  have  been  placed  "in  forefront 
of  the  wars."  The  picture,  painted  in  1748, 
was  bought  of  Hogarth  by  his  frequent  patron 
the  Earl  of  Charleraont,  and  in  17G1  exhibited 
"  at  the  Great  Room  in  Spring  Gardens,"  then 
occupied  by  the  Society  of  Artists  of  Great 
Britain,  together  with  '  Sigismunda  '  (which  the 
'  Calais  Gate  '  now  meets  again  in  the  National 
Gallery),  'The  Lady's  Last  Stake,'  'An 
Election  Entertainment '  (now  in  the  Soane 
Museum),  and  three  portraits,  all  by  Hogarth. 


Succeeding  Earls  of  Charlemont  exhibited 
'  Calais  Gate  '  at  the  British  Institution  in  1814 
and  1867  and  at  Leeds  in  1868.  In  1874,  at 
the  Charlemont  sale,  Mr.  Agnew  bought  this 
work  for  945L,  probably  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
Bolckow,  who  lent  it  as  No.  28  to  the 
Academy  in  1875.  With  the  Bolckow  pic- 
tures it  was  sold,  May  1st,  1891,  for  2,450 
guineas  to  the  Duke  of  Westminster.  The  print 
from  this  work,  which  is  entitled  '  O,  the  Roast 
Beef  of  Old  England,'  was  executed  by  Hogarth 
himself  and  C.  Mosley,  and,  as  the  publication 
line  has  it,  was  "  Publish 'd  according  to  Act  of 
Parliament,  March  6th,  1749";  and  it  was  thus 
announced  in  the  General  Advertiser,  March  8th, 
1749,  p.  4,  col.  2:  "This  Day  is  publish'd, 
Price  5s.  A  Print  Design'd  and  Engrav'd  by 
Mr.  Hogarth,  representing  a  Prodigy,  which 
lately  appear'd  before  the  Gate  of  Calais.  O 
the  Roast  Beef  of  Old  England ;  &c.  To  be  had 
at  the  Golden-Head  in  Leicester-Square,  and 
at  the  Print-Shops."  As  to  the  print  and  its 
states  see  the  British  Museum  '  Catalogue  of 
Satirical  Prints,'  No.  3050.  The  picture  was 
not  in  Mr.  Bolckow's  gallery  at  Middlesborough- 
on-Tees  when,  in  1877,  we  described  it  in  '  The 
Private  Collections  of  England,'  No.  VII. 

A  Correspondent  writes  : — 

"  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts,  E.A.,  has  generously  handed 
over  to  the  authorities  of  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  so  that  they  may  be  hung  in  time  for  the 
opening  next  spring,  the  greater  number  of  the 
portraits  of  English  celebrities  which  it  had  always 
been  his  intention  to  bequeath  to  the  same  institu- 
tion after  his  death.  This  very  notable  addition  to 
the  treasures  of  the  gallery  consists  of  eighteen  pic- 
tures, including  the  portraits  of  J.  S.  Mill,  Carlyle, 
Sir  John  Lawrence,  Lord  Tennyson,  and  others 
equally  famous." 

Messrs.  Hodge  &  Co.,  Glasgow,  announce  a 
limited  issue  of  '  A  Scots  Mediaeval  Architect, ' 
by  Mr.  Macgregor  Chalmers,  who  is  to  make  a 
bold  attempt  to  identify  in  his  hero  no  less  a 
personage  than  the  Sheriff  of  Ettrick,  "the 
Outlaw  Murray  of  the  Forest  frie." 

Mr.  J.  T.  Atkinson,  President  of  the  York- 
shire Law  Society,  writes  from  Churchyard, 
Selby  :— 

"  I  am  very  desirous  of  obtaining  prints  or  copies 
of  the  portraits  of  the  past  presidents  of  the  York- 
shire Law  Society  (to  hang  in  our  library),  especially 
the  first  president,  Mr.  George  Townend,  who  was 
a  solicitor  and  banker  in  York  in  1786.  Any  in- 
formation respecting  the  above,  and  where  prints  or 
copies  can  be  obtained,  will  be  gratefully  received." 

Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold 
on  the  30th  ult.  the  following  pictures  :  T. 
Blinks,  'Found,'  'Gone,'  'A  Check,'  'Finish  ' 
(a  set  of  four),  189L  Walter  Hunt,  'Full  Cry,' 
126L 

Mr.  Whistler's  much-talked- of  lithographs, 
which  are  expected  to  emulate  the  masterpieces 
with  which  Raffet  in  1625,  and  Le  Mud  and 
Charlet  a  little  later,  delighted  Paris,  will  be 
shown  to  the  public  on  and  after  Monday  next 
by  the  Fine-Art  Society,  To-day  (Saturday)  is 
appointed  for  the  private  view. 

The  French  journals  announce  the  death,  on 
the  1st  inst. — at  Fontainebleau,  where  he  had 
lived    during    many    years — of    the    venerable  ; 
painter    M.    Pierre   Charles   Comte,    who   was  I 
born  at  Lyons,  April  23rd,  1823,  and  became  a  I 
pupil  of  Robert-Fleury,  Delaroche,  and  Horace  I 
Vemet.     A  capital  designer  of  historical  anec-  \ 
dotes  and  an  accomplished  painter,  M.  Comte  ! 
is  best  known  by  his  highly  characteristic  and 
dramatic   '  Henri  III.  and  the  Due  de  Guise  '  I 
meeting  at  the  foot  of  the   grand   staircase  in 
the  Chateau  de  Blois,  1588,  shortly  before  the  i 
duke  was  assassinated.    This  work,  which  is  now  i 
in  the  Luxembourg,  was  at  the  Salon  of  1855,  and 
is  well  known  by  engravings  and  lithographs,   t 
Among  M.    Comte's   noteworthy  paintings  are 
'  The  Last  Throw  of  Dice,'  '  Coronation  of  Inez 
de  Castro,'  'Charles  IX.  visiting  Coligny,'  'The  j 
Arrest  of  the  Cardinal  de  Guise,'  '  Henri  III.  i 
visiting    his   Menagerie,'   'Alain  Chartier    and 
Margaret    of    Scotland,'  'Joan  of  Arc  at  the 


Coronation  of  Charles  VII.,'  'Charles  V.  and 
the  Duchesse  d'^tampes,'  'The  Recreation  of 
Louis  XL,'  'Eleanor  d'Este  making  her  Son, 
Henri  de  Guise,  swear  to  avenge  his  Father,' 
'  Charles  V.  at  Ghent  after  his  Abdication,' 
'  Gipsies  exhibiting  their  Dancing  Pigs  to 
Louis  XL,'  'Francis  I.  putting  Rings  on  Carp 
at  Fontainebleau,'  'A  Corps  de  Garde  under 
Louis  XIII.,' and  'Don  Quixote's  Niece.'  We 
believe  his  last  exhibited  picture  was  '  The 
Pigeons '  of  1885.  He  obtained  medals  of  the 
Third  Class  in  1852  and  1867  ;  and  of  the  Second 
Class  in  1853,  1855,  and  1857.  In  the  last- 
named  year  he  became  a  Knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour. 

We  are  glad  to  read  in  the  Art  Journal  for 
December  a  note  from  Mr.  E.  Gosse  to  the  effect 
that  Mr.  Gilbert's  statue  of  the  Queen,  the 
sculptor's  masterpiece,  which  was  presented  to 
the  city  of  Winchester  so  long  ago  as  1887,  has 
been  re-erected  on  a  suitable  site.  It  has  been 
for  some  years  ignominiously  hidden  under  a  tar- 
paulin and  in  a  corner.  When  first  erected  it 
was  fittingly  placed  in  a  conspicuous  situation 
at  Winchester,  but  shortly  after  this  not  only 
was  the  statue  befouled  in  various  ways,  but 
the  beautiful  emblematic  statuette  which  the 
royal  figure  held  in  its  hand  was  stolen.  Some 
time  later  the  work  was  put  in  a  corner  and 
covered  over.  From  this  situation  it  was  the 
good  fortune  of  the  ex-Mayor  of  Winchester  to 
rescue  it,  after  making  his  fellow  citizens  under- 
stand that  they  had  been  entrusted  with  a  noble 
work  of  art,  which,  to  say  nothing  of  the  claims 
of  Her  Majesty  on  their  respect,  deserved  the 
most  honourable  treatment.  Most  of  our 
readers  will  remember  that  a  model  of  this 
statue  was  exhibited,  as  No.  1940,  at  the 
Academy  in  1888. 

Dr.  Dorpfeld's  archjeological  excursions  in 
Greece  will  begin  next  year  (on  April  14th)  with 
his  tour  through  the  Peloponnesus.  On  this 
journey  the  party  will  also  visit  the  excavations 
of  Lycosura,  where  there  have  recently  been 
brought  to  light  some  most  interesting  buildings, 
constructed  with  large  polygonal  blocks,  and 
belonging,  it  would  seem,  to  the  megaron  of  the 
Despoina.  The  tour  of  the  islands,  which  will 
last  from  May  6th  to  14th,  will  also  include 
some  places  on  the  Greek  and  Asiatic  coasts, 
such  as  the  temple  of  Sunion,  Thermopylfe, 
and  Troy. 

At  Pantalica,  an  isolated  mountain  near 
Syracuse,  Dr.  Orsi  has  found  the  remains 
of  a  considerable  prehistoric  city  with  a  very 
extensive  necropolis.  The  tombs,  which  are 
cut  in  the  rock,  amount  to  nearly  five  thousand, 
being  distributed  in  several  groups  scattered 
over  a  space  of  ground  more  than  four  miles  in 
circumference.  As  is  shown  by  the  exploration 
of  several  hundred  of  them,  they  belong  to  the 
second  and  third  Siculan  period,  corresponding 
to  the  bronze  and  to  the  first  iron  ages.  They 
are  generally  not  very  rich  ;  but  from  those  of 
the  second  period  a  great  number  of  bronze 
knives  and  daggers  of  very  primitive  shape  were 
gathered,  as  also  a  small  gold  ring,  many  bronze 
jibuht  with  simple  bow,  and  several  earthen 
vessels.  In  the  place  occupied  by  the  city — 
which  is  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Erbessus — 
Dr.  Orsi  has  observed  a  very  primitive  mega- 
lithic  building,  the  only  one  of  this  kind  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island,  which  was  evidently 
the  palace  inhabited  by  the  anuy.  or  king  of  the 
place.  It  is  a  rectangle,  37  metres  long  and 
12  metres  wide,  and  is  divided  into  many 
rooms,  one  of  which  was  used  as  a  foundry,  as 
can  easily  be  judged  from  some  moulds  and 
fragments  of  bronze  found  on  the  spot.  Further 
explorations  of  this  important  city  and  necro- 
polis will  be  carried  on  next  j'ear  by  the 
director  of  the  Syracusan  Museum. 

The  excavations  of  the  French  School  at 
Delphi  have  been  suspended,  and  will  be  re- 
sumed in  the  beginning  of  next  spring.  With 
this  year's  campaign  the  exploration  of  the  most 


800 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


important  part  of  the  ancient  city  has  been 
finished,  the  toncnos  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo 
being  now  entirely  cleared.  The  most  notable 
among  the  remains  lately  discovered  are  those 
of  the^esc/(<.',  or  hall,  of  the  Cnidians,  the  interior 
walls  of  which,  as  we  know  from  Pausanias, 
were  adorned  with  paintings  of  Polygnotus,  re- 
presenting scenes  of  the  Trojan  war  and  of 
Hades.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  ruins  of 
this  building  are  so  scanty  that  little  more  than 
the  plan  can  be  recognized,  whilst  of  the  ancient 
paintings  nothing  has  come  down  to  us  except 
some  fragments  of  plaster  with  a  dark  blue 
background.  Next  year's  work  will  be  devoted 
to  the  exploration  of  the  stadium  and  the 
gymnasium. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 


the 


St.  James's  Hall. — London   Symphony  Concerts 
Popular  Concerts. 

Queen's  Hall.— Royal  Society  of  Musicians  ;  Stock  Ex- 
■change  Society's  Concert;  Royal  Amateur  Orchestral 
.Society's  Concert. 

Mr.  Hexschel  may  be  thanked  for  intro- 
ducing Beethoven's  '  Leonora '  Overture, 
No.  2,  at  his  Symphony  Concert  on  Thursday 
last  week.  It  is  rarely  played,  and  is  cer- 
tainly inferior  to  the  unsurpassable  No.  3, 
but  it  has  points  of  special  interest,  and  it 
merits  more  frequent  performance.  Miss 
Marie  Motto,  a  decidedly  promising  student 
from  the  Eoyal  College  of  Music,  gave  the 
Violin  Romance  in  g,  Op.  40,  with  all  due 
expression ;  and  Miss  Lilian  Tree  sang  the 
scena  "Ah!  Perfido,"  with  somewhat  over- 
emphasis, as  the  voice  of  the  youthful  vocalist 
is  not  at  present  particularly  powerful,  and 
.-should  be  carefully  tended.  A  conscientious 
performance  followed  of  the  '  Eroica  '  Sym- 
phony ;  and  the  entertainment  ended  with 
the  Vorspiel  and  Liebestod  from  'Tristan 
und  Isolde,'  in  which  Miss  Lilian  Tree 
might  have  been  asked  to  take  part,  as  the 
*^Drapa"  would  have  probably  suited  her. 

A  supremely  fine  performance  of  Schu- 
bert's Quartet  in  a  minor,  Op.  29,  was 
secured  at  the  Popular  Concert  last  Satur- 
day afternoon,  with  Messrs.  Johannes  Wolff, 
Eies,  Gibson,  and  Piatti  as  the  executants. 
Eubinstein's  early  Pianoforte  Trio  in  g, 
Op.  15,  is  brilliantly  written  as  to  the  key- 
board part,  but  it  lacks  homogeneity,  and  so 
leaves  a  somewhat  unsatisfactory  impression, 
in  spite  of  the  engaging  nature  of  the  prin- 
cipal themes.  Herr  Rosenthal  had,  of 
course,  an  agreeable  task  at  the  pianoforte, 
and  he  subsequently  showed  his  extra- 
ordinary and  easy  mastery  of  what  is  known 
as  "  virtuosity "  in  solo  items  by  Bach, 
Chopin,  and  Liszt.  Eriiulein  Margarethe- 
Petersen  sang  with  full,  excellent  expression 
aad  fine  voice  timbre  no  fewer  than  seven 
songs  by  Schumann,  Kjerulf,  and  Schytte. 

Monday' sjprogramme  opened  with  Haydn's 

bright  Quartet    in  a,    Op.   77,   No.    1,  led 

by    Mile.    Wiotrowetz,    who    subsequently 

joined  Miss  Agaes  Zimmermann  in  Brahms' s 

beautiful   and    reflective   Sonata  for  piano 

and    violin,    Op.    78.      Miss    Zimmermann 

rendered  in  a  manner  characterized  by  more 

warmth  of   expression  than  we   have   ever 

noticed  before  at  the  hands  of  this  earnest 

and  thoroughly   legitimate   artist   Weber's 

Sonata  in   o,   No.    1.      Signer    Piatti   was 

of  course  irreproachable    in    Max    Bruch's 

'Kol   Nidrei';  and   a  very   successful  first 

appearance    at    these    concerts   was   made 

by  Miss  Mary  Thomas,  who  displayed   an 


excellent  and  well-trained  contralto  voice  in 
songs  by  Brahms  and  Grounod. 

The  claims  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Musicians  on  all  interested  in  the  art  are 
much  too  strong  to  be  ignored,  but  it  is 
unquestionably  strange  that  the  annual  com- 
plimentary performances  offered  to  sub- 
scribers should  as  a  rule  be  so  feeble,  that 
is  to  say,  wanting  in  the  precision  and 
general  efficiency  which  are  expected  at  the 
present  time.  As  it  was  in  a  sense  a  charity 
concert,  we  need  not  minutely  criticize  the 
rendering  of  Sterndale  Bennett's  oratorio, 
'The  Woman  of  Samaria,'  on  Friday  evening 
last  week,  but  are  bound  to  confess  that  the 
orchestra  and  chorus  did  not  seem  fully  to 
understand  their  duties,  notwithstanding 
the  intelligent  direction  of  Mr.  W.  H. 
Cummings.  The  soloists,  Madame  Clara 
Samuell,  Miss  Hilda  Wilson,  Mr.  Arthur 
Oswald,  and  Mr.  Bantock  Pierpoint,  were 
far  more  satisfactory.  Purcell's  cantata 
"  Jehova,  quam  multi  sunt  hostes,"  a  setting 
of  the  3rd  Psalm  in  five-part  harmony,  fol- 
lowed, and  was  moderately  well  interpreted. 
The  work  is  printed  from  the  composer's 
autograph  in  the  British  Museum,  and  is 
No.  16  of  the  Bach  Choir  Magazine.  Mr. 
Fountain  Meen  deserves  unqualified  praise 
for  his  rendering  of  Handel's  Organ  Con- 
certo in  B  flat,  No.  2. 

The  new   orchestral  Suite  in  g,  by  Mr. 
Eichard  H.  Walthew,  which  was  first  per- 
formed at  the  concert  of  the  Stock  Exchange 
Orchestral  and  Choral  Society  on  Tuesday 
evening,  might  have  the  sub-title  of  "  re- 
miniscences ;^of  the  great  masters,"  for  the 
five  brief  movements  recall  the  writing  of 
several  composers.     But  the  work  is  not  to 
be  condemned  on  that  account,  for  nearly 
every  musical  genius  who  has  enriched  the 
world    has    commenced    by    unconsciously 
imitating  the  phraseology  of  his  immediate 
predecessors,   and  much  may  be   expected 
from  one  who  can  write  such  graceful  and 
piquant  movements  as  the  second  and  fourth 
in  the  suite.     It  was  very  well  rendered  by 
Mr.  George  Kitchin's  well-equipped  forces, 
who  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  body  of 
professional  players,  and  they  were  equally 
praiseworthy  in  Haydn's  Symphony  in  d, 
No.   10   of  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's  edition,  a 
work  very  rarely  performed,  but  one  of  the 
most   virile   and    thoroughly   characteristic 
that  the   old  master   ever   penned.      Mrs. 
Douglas    Scott    and    Miss    Emily   Shinner 
played  Spohr's  fine  Concertante  in  b  minor 
for  two  violins  with  all  needful  expression. 
Miss  Marian  McKenzie  gave  airs  by  Saint- 
Saens,  Carl  Bohm,  and  Chaminade ;  and  the 
male- voice  choir  some  glees  and  part-songs. 
The  Eoyal   Amateur   Orchestral   Society 
gave  its  first  ordinary  concert  for  the  present 
season  in  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Wednesday 
evening.     The  principal  items  in  the  pro- 
gramme were  Sterndale  Bennett's  overture 
'  The  Naiads,'  Mozart's  so-called  '  Jupiter ' 
Symphony,    and   a   selection  from   Verdi's 
comparatively  light   opera    '  L^^n    Ballo   in 
Maschora.'     To    these   a   fair  measure    of 
justice  was  done   by  Mr.   George  Mount's 
able  forces.     Herr  Fritz  Masbach  was  not 
wise  in  giving  a  pianoforte  transcription  of 
the  Feurzauber  music  from  '  Die  Walkiire.' 
Such  music  is  not  suitable  for  the  key-board. 
Signorina   Guiha   Eavogli  was,  of  course, 
unexceptionable   in   operatic  selections   by 
Donizetti  and  Bizet. 


NOTE   ON   SOME   POINTS   OF   THE   P0RCELL 
CELEBRATION. 

As  a  good  deal  of  criticism,  of  all  extremes 
and  means  of  temperature,  has  been  expended 
upon  the  question  of  the  performance  of  Pur- 
cell's so-called    '  Golden  '    Sonata  by  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society,  perhaps  I  may  be  permitted 
to  give  my  views  upon  it  also.    Having  recently 
edited  for  the  Purcell  Society  the  ten  sonatas 
in   four   parts,  of   which   the  above-mentioned 
work  is  the  ninth  (and  not  by  many  degrees  the 
finest),  I  have  naturally  been  able  to  form  some 
opinion    about    their    mode    of     performance. 
Speaking    generally,  while    I    think   that    the 
Philharmonic  authorities  were  mistaken  in  per- 
forming   the    thorough    bass    on    two    pianos, 
instead  of  the  organ  which  Purcell  himself  gave 
as  an   alternative   to    the   harpsichord  in   the 
printed  parts,  I  think  that  they  were  not  wrong 
in  assigning  the  string  parts   to  a  number  of 
instruments.     The  sonatas  are  distinctly  orches- 
tral in  character  ;  no  trace  of  solo  writing   for 
any    of   the    instruments    occurs.      The    word 
"organ"  suggests    that  they  occupy  the  same 
position  in  art  as  Corelli's    Sonate  da  Chiesa, 
the    ancestors    of    the    symphony.     (See    also 
Grove's   'Dictionary,'  vol.  i.  p.  402,  first  para- 
graph.    The  article  is  written  by  the  son  of  one 
of  the  most  learned  violinists  of  the  last  genera- 
tion, Ferdinand  David.)     There  is  absolutely  no 
proof  that  Corelli's   Church    Sonatas   were  in- 
tended exclusively  for  solo  instruments,  while 
the  use  of  the  organ  distinctly  suggests,  even 
from   the  point  of  view  of    balance,   that  the 
string  parts  were  played  by  all  the  violins  and 
basses    in    the    church    orchestra.     Moreover, 
tradition  is  in  favour  of  this  treatment  ;  for  in 
a  venerable  orchestral  society  in  Dublin  which 
existed  in  the  last  century,  and  lasted  during  the 
early  years  of  my  father's  life,  Corelli's  sonatas 
were  always  played  by  the  full  number  of  strings. 
This  was   a  century  ago,   half-way  to  Purcell's 
death.     The  point,  therefore,  where  the  Phil- 
harmonic in  my  opinion  erred,  was  in  assigning 
to  the  pianoforte  a  part  for  which  they  had  the 
instrument  specified  by  Purcell  ready  to  their 
hand ;  and  the  disturbing  element  was  the  tone 
of  the  pianoforte.     Experiment  by  the  present 
writer  has  proved  that  a  harpsichord  is  too  weak 
for   a  room  so  large  as  the  Queen's  Hall,  and 
sounds  more  like  a  scratch  than  a  musical  tone. 
As  remarks  have  also  been  made  upon  the 
addition  of  wind  (and  string)  parts  to  Purcell's 
'  Dido  and  ..'Eneas '  at  the  recent  performance 
by  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  it  may  be  well 
to  point  out  why  they  were  so  added.      It  is 
curious    that    those    who,    like    myself,    have 
incurred  censure  for  being  staunch  followers  of 
Spitta  in  upholding  the  performance  of  Bach  as 
he   is  written,   and  without   additional   instru- 
mentation (for  in  his  case  none  is  needed,  and 
"addition"  spells    "alteration"),  should   now 
be  censured  for  requiring  the  gaps  in  Purcell's 
work   to  be  filled  before  it  is   publicly  given. 
Those  who  object  to  the  course  which  was  taken 
can  scarcely  be  aware  (1)  that,  under  the  condi- 
tions they  in  the  name  of  Purcell  impose,  no 
less  than  nine  numbers  would  have  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  voice  and  bass  alone,  there  being 
no  figures  to  suggest  a  harpsichord  part  (which 
would  itself    therefore    become    an    additional 
accompaniment !) ;    (2)  that  Purcell  himself  is 
known   to   have   written   wind    parts    for    this 
work,  a   fact  which   Mr.   Cummings   stated   at 
the     meeting    of    the    Purcell    Society    which 
discussed   this  very  performance,  though   they 
were  not  forthcoming,  and  are,  I  suppose,  lost. 
To  give  '  Dido '  in  the  Lyceum  Theatre  with  a 
harpsichord  and  five  stringed  instruments  would 
have  been  to  court  derision,  and  to  misrepresent 
the  composer's  intentions.     For  an  exact  repro- 
duction of  the  original  performance,  a  room  of 
the  same  size  and  measurement  as  Mr.  Priest's 
schoolroom  would  have  been  necessary.      The 
choice,   therefore,   lay   between    supplying   the 
necessary  harmonies  on  the  wind  instruments 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


801 


in  as  unassuming  a  manner  as  possible,  or  allow- 
ing this  remarkable  precursor  of  Gluck  to  lie  on 
the  shelf  in  his  operatic  capacity.  As  to  the 
choice  of  '  Dido  '  itself,  it  may  no  doubt  be  held 
that  there  are  liner  isolated  scenes  and  numbers 
in  '  King  Arthur '  and  others  of  his  so-called 
operas.  But  '  Dido  '  was  the  sole  dramatic  work 
which  could  be  said  to  be  a  representative  opera 
with  continuous  music  :  the  others  are  plays 
with  more  or  less  incidental  music. 

These  great  musicians  of  the  past  were  not 
devoid  of  common  sense  or  knowledge  of  effect 
and  balance.  Handel  in  the  Vauxhall  Gardens 
enlisted  larger  forces  than  he  did  in  the  Fish- 
amble  Street  Music  Hall  in  Dublin.  No  one 
can  honestly  hold  that  Purcell's  ideas  of  pro- 
portion were  so  small  that  he  would  have 
approved  the  presentation  of  his  work  in  a 
large  space  under  the  same  conditions  as  in  a 
small  one  ;  and  we  may  safely  assume  that  so 
progressive,  rich,  and  poetical  a  master  would 
not  have  wished  his  works  to  be  paraded  as 
skeletons  without  flesh  or  blood.  Sincerity  and 
baldness  are  not  synonymous  terms. 

C. V.  Stanford. 


The  second  violin  recital  of  Miss  Irma  Sethe 
took  place  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Friday  after- 
noon last  week.  She  played  with  much  vigour, 
and  was  ably  assisted  by  Herr  Reisenauer. 
Another  concert  worthy  of  mention  which  was 
held  on  the  same  afternoon  was  that  of  tlie 
Royal  Artillery  Band  in  the  Queen's  Hall.  The 
programme  included  Beethoven's  '  Leonora ' 
Overture,  No.  3 ;  the  same  master's  c  minor 
Symphony ;  Mr.  Edward  German's  Overture 
to  'Richard  III.';  and  minor  pieces  by  other 
composers. 

The  Crystal  Palace  programme  last  Saturday 
afternoon  commenced  with  three  instrumental 
araovements  from  Berlioz's  'Faust,'  beautifully 
played,  of  course.  We  have  on  several  occasions 
noted  the  growing  ability  of  Miss  Ethel  Barns 
as  a  violinist,  and  can  warmly  congratulate  her 
on  the  effective  rendering  she  afforded  of  Max 
Bruch's  well-written,  if  not  particularly  original 
Concerto  in  d  minor,  No.  3.  Herr  Reisenauer, 
who  might  have  easily  selected  a  more  pleasing 
work  than  Liszt's  fantastical  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo in  A,  No.  2,  certainly  played  the  solo  part 
powerfully.  Tlie  vocalist  was  Miss  de  Boufliers, 
whose  efforts  were  not  very  warmly  admired  in 
selections  from  works  by  Haydn  and  Wagner. 

The  last  concert  of  the  present  year  arranged 
by  Senor  Sarasate  and  Madame  Berthe  Gold- 
schmidt  came  oft'  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Mon- 
day afternoon.  The  rendering  of  Beethoven's 
'  Kreutzer '  Sonata  was  highly  polished,  but 
rather  wanting  in  masculine  energy  ;  but 
Brahms's  Duet  Sonata  in  g,  Op.  78,  and 
various  solo  pieces  by  Raff,  Chopin,  Liszt, 
and  Seiior  Sarasate  himself  could  not  have 
been  more  artistically  interpreted. 

Herr  Reisenauer  gave  his  fourth  pianoforte 
recital  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon, 
and  played  Schubert's  Fantasia  in  c,  Op.  15, 
Beethoven's  Variations  in  c  minor,  and  various 
items  by  Handel,  Scarlatti,  Rameau,  Mozart, 
Weber,  Chopin,  and  Liszt,  with  much  brilliancy, 
but  with  exuberant  energy. 

The  Middlesbrough  Musical  Union,  one  of 
the  most  valuable  musical  associations  in  the 
north  of  England,  has  commenced  its  winter 
season  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Kilbum. 
The  first  concert,  which  took  place  a  few  days 
ago,  was  mainly  composed  of  Wagner's  music, 
and  the  analytical  notes  in  the  programme- 
book,  which  has  been  forwarded  to  us,  are 
worthy  of  much  praise.  The  second  concert,  in 
which  Herr  Joachim  and  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick 
will  take  part,  is  fixed  for  March  12th  nest 
year,  and  the  third  for  April  22nd. 

We  learn  with  much  pleasure  that,  after 
several  years'  absence  from  London,   the  Carl 


Rosa  Opera  Company  will  give  a  short  season 
at  Daly's  Theatre,  commencing  towards  the 
close  of  January.  Particulars  of  the  scheme 
will  be  awaited  with  interest. 

Sir  Joseph  Barnby  will  conduct  the  per- 
formances of  '  The  Messiah '  in  the  Free  Trade 
Hall,  Manchester,  on  December  19th  and  20th 
next. 

Prof.  Juxius  Tausch,  the  Konigliche  Musik- 
direktor,  died  at  Bonn  a  few  days  ago,  of  in- 
flammation of  the  lungs,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight. 
Prof.  Tausch  was  not  only  widely  known  as  a 
composer,  but  will  be  remembered  by  many  as 
the  frequent  conductor  of  the  Rhenish  Musical 
Festival. 


Sew. 
Mox, 


Fai. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Orchestral  Concert,  3  30.  Queen's  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League  Concert,  7.  ftueen's  Hall. 

Herr  Kosenthars  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 

Madame  A.lhani'3  Concert.  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Olive  Harcourt'3  Concert,  3  30.  Hampstaid  Coaservitoire. 

Royal  Oollese  of  Music  Concert,  7  45. 

Popular  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Mr,  William  Nicholl's  Concert,  8,  Quesn's  Hall 

Messrs  Hanu's  Chamber  Concert,  8,  Brixton  Hall. 

Mr.  David  Bispham'8  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Madame  Kisch-.Schorr's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 

Mr  E  P  Reynolds's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Queen's  Hali. 

Musical  Guild  Concert,  8,  Kensington  Town  Hall. 

Miss  M  E,  Wilson's  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Janet  Hay  s  Concert,  8.  Steinway  Hall. 

Miss  Josephine  Chatterton's  Concert,  Criterion  Tlieatro. 

Mrs.  Leith  Macgregor's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Queen's  Hall  Choir,  'Samson,'  8 

Westminster  Orchestral  Society's  Concert,  8,  Westminster  Town 
Hall. 

Miss  Nellie  Kuhler's   Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Hampstead  Con- 
servatoire. 

Mr.  Gompertz's  Quartet  Concert,  8  15,  Quean's  Hall. 
.  Mr  Julian  Pascal's  Concert,  3,  Steinway  Hall 

Royal  Choral  Society,  '  The  Golden  Legend,'  8,  Albert  Hall. 

Ogle  Street  School  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Amy  Hare's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall 

Miss  Erica  May  Kuhn-Stroh's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Steinway 
Hall. 

Royal  Artillery  Band  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Hampstead  Popular  Concert,  8,  Hampstead  Vestry  Hall. 

Popular  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 

Miss  Annie  Muirhead's  Concert   for  Children,  3,    Hampstead 
Vestry  Hall. 

Mr  Charles  Fry's  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Mozart  Society's  Concert.  3.  Morley  Hall. 

Polytechnic  Popular  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


University  College,  Liverpool,  Nov.  24,  l.?9o. 

Without  wishing  to  deny  the  plausibility  of 
Mr.  Beeching's  ingenious  explanation  of  Jaques' 
song,  I  should  like  to  point  out  that  he  perhaps 
under-estimates  (he  certainly  understates)  the 
strength  of  the  case  for  the  only  good  attempt 
before  his  own,  namely,  the  Romany  explana- 
tion. In  Romany  the  words  "  ducra  me  "  are 
not  only  said  to  mean,  they  do  mean,  "I  tell 
fortunes,"  and  the  change  of  r  to  d,  making  the 
perfect  ducdame,  is  a  change  warranted  by 
phonetic  laws  as  well  as  by  the  practice  of  the 
gypsies,  who  pronounce  relation  "delation  "  to 
this  day.  The  gypsies  of  the  East  are  still 
accustomed  to  "call  fools  into  a  circle"  by 
shouting  in  public  places  "I  tell  fortunes,  I 
tattoo,  I  circumcise." 

The  only  objection  that  I  have  ever  heard  to 
this  explanation  is  the  one  advanced  by  Mr. 
Beeching,  that  Shakspeare  is  not  likely  to  have 
put  into  Jaques'  mouth  words  drawn  from  an 
unintelligible  tongue.  But  even  now,  when  the 
Romany  tongue  in  England  is  suffering  its  last 
collapse,  every  one  who  has  spoken  once  or 
twice  with  the  gypsies  is  familiar  with  the  word 
"dukkering."  And  acknowledged  derivatives 
from  the  Romany  (such  cs  the  slang  word  pal) 
take  away  most  of  its  force  from  this  objection. 
John  Fletcher  thought  it  worth  while  to  embody 
in  his  work  ('Beggar's  Bush,'  II.  i.)  an  obscene 
jest,  entirely  pointless  save  to  those  who  know 
Romany.  May  not  Shakspeare  be  credited  with 
a  knowledge  of  the  Romany  word  best  known 
among  the  Gentiles  ?  The  word  certainly  cannot 
have  been  readily  intelligible,  or  Amiens  would 
have  understood  it.  Did  Amiens  know  no 
French  ? 

Of  the  two  explanations,  the  Romany  one, 
given  first  by  Mr.  Charles  Strachey  in  the 
Gypsy  Lore  Journal  (vol.  iii.  p.  96),  seems  to 
present  fewer  difficulties,  and  to  jump  better 
with  the  spirit  of  the  play.  Jaques  is  called  a 
libertine   once,  by   the  Duke,  but  throughout 


the  play  he  is  a  critic  of  those  amateur  gypsies 
who  profess  to  find  wisdom  in  a  life  "remote 
from  public  haunt."     The  lines. 

Who  doth  ambition  shun 
And  loves  to  lie  i'  the  sun,  &c., 

very  readily  suggest  the  gypsy  ideal  of  life  with- 
out the  forcing  process  that  is  necessary  to 
connect  douce  dame  with  the  ideas  contained  in 
Amiens'  song.  "Female  society,"  says  Mr. 
Beeching,  "  must  always  constitute  a  chief 
element  in  'wealth  and  ease.'"  The  statement 
would  lose  nothing  of  truth  had  he  substituted 
"poverty  and  discomfort,"  or  any  one  of  a 
hundred  other  pairs  of  abstract  nouns,  for 
"wealth  and  ease."  The  associative  train  that 
leads  him  from  the  singing  of  birds  to  the 
"  drawing  of  fools  into  a  circle  "  is  a  miracle  of 
gymnastic.  And  although  the  subsequent  allu- 
sion to  the  "  firstborn  of  Egypt  "  may,  perhaps, 
be  explained  on  any  hypothesis  (Mr.  Beeching 
does  not  explain  it),  it  comes  with  an  added 
neatness  if  the  modern  Egyptians  were  already 
in  Jaques'  mind.  Walter  Raleigh. 


Sramatic  Moulin* 

The  Cambridge  Greek  Play  Committee 
intend  to  perform  '  The  Wasps '  of  Aristo- 
phanes at  the  new  Theatre  Royal  in  November, 
1897. 

'  A  Dangerous  Ruffian,'  the  one-act  comedy 
of  Mr.  W.  D.  Howells,  produced  at  the  Avenue 
Theatre,  is  disappointing  in  many  respects.  It 
tells  a  story  familiar  not  only  in  outline,  but  in 
detail,  and  has  few  claims  on  consideration, 
either  literary  or  dramatic.  It  is,  moreover, 
indifferently  acted,  and  cannot  be  held  to 
strengthen  the  bill  of  which  it  now  forms  a  part. 
'  Mrs.  Ponderbury's  Past '  has  meanwhile  been 
written  up  and  otherwise  strengthened,  and  has 
gained  perceptibly  by  the  process.  It  is  in 
its  way  a  thoroughly  exhilarating  farce,  in 
which  Mr.  Hawtrey  and  Miss  Venne  are  seen 
to  advantage. 

On  Tuesday  evening  'Poor  Mr.  Potton,' 
which  never  showed  many  signs  of  enduring 
vitality,  was  withdrawn  from  the  Vaudeville, 
and  replaced  by  'The  New  Boy,'  with  Mr. 
Weedon  Grossraith  in  his  original  character. 

An  abrupt  termination  has  been  reached  at 
the  Shaftesbury  with  'The  Manxman.'  A  per- 
formance announced  for  last  Saturday  afternoon 
did  not  take  place,  and  the  money  was  re- 
turned to  the  applicants.  During  the  present 
week  the  house  has  remained  closed.  The 
next  novelty  will  be  a  new  play  by  Messrs. 
Victor  Widnell  and  Robert  S.  Hichens,  entitled 
'The  Wife  of  a  Genius.'  The  powers  that  war 
against  the  Shaftesbury  are  apparently  not 
easily  conquered  or  appeased. 

'  The  Swordsman's  Daughter  '  has  been 
withdrawn  from  the  Adelphi,  and  the  house 
is  now  closed,  to  reopen  on  the  21st  with  a 
military  drama. 

Among  the  pieces  shortly  to  be  withdrawn  is 
Mr.  Warren's  sentimental  comedy  of  'Nannie,' 
with  which  Miss  Farren  reopened  the  Ope'ra 
Comique.  It  is  to  be  replaced  by  a  farcical 
comedy. 

An  acting  edition  of  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,' as 
performed  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  with  well- 
executed  designs  by  Mr.  Hawes  Craven,  has 
been  printed,  and  forms  a  pleasing  record  of  the 
production. 

Mr.  Wilson  Barrett  has,  it  is  stated,  found 
at  last  a  theatre  at  which  to  produce  '  The  Sign 
of  the  Cross,'  which  is,  it  is  said,  to  be  given  at 
the  Lyric  about  January  4th. 

'  Her  Advoc.vte  '  has  been  withdrawn  from 
the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre,  at  which  house 
'Tommy  Atkins,'  a  military  drama  by  Messrs. 
Shirley  and  Landeck,  which  has  had  a  con- 
spicuous success  in  the  East-End,  is  to  be 
produced. 


802 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No 


3554,  Dec. 


7, '95 


'Mr.  versus  Mrs.'  is  the  title  of  an  "  inci- 
dent"  by  Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  and  "Mount- 
joy,"  produced  on  Wednesday  afternoon  at  the 
Royalty.  It  is  a  veritable  trifle,  showing  the 
cure  effected  by  a  former  lover  upon  a  brain- 
sick wife  with  dispositions  to  divorce.  A  spark- 
ling performance  by  Mr.  Bourchier  and  Miss 
Violet  Vanbrugh  commended  it  to  the  public. 

Miss  Esm^  Bering  er  will  shortly  follow  the 
example  of  Charlotte  Cushman  and  other 
actresses,  and  appear  as  Romeo.  Her  sister 
Vera  will  be  the  Juliet. 

'  The  Triumph  or  the  Philistines,' by  Mr. 
Henry  Arthur  Jones,  has  been  played  during  the 
week  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington. 

Upon  their  return  from  America,  whither 
they  are  just  proceeding  in  company  with  Mr. 
Hare,  Mr.  F.  Terry  and  Miss  Julia  Neilson  will 
appear  at  the  St.  James's  Theatre  in  a  new  play 
by  Mr.  Pinero.  Report  says,  with  some  show 
of  reason,  that  the  very  highest  anticipations  are 
formed  by  Mr.  Pinero  and  Mr.  Tree  concerning 
Miss  Neilson's  forthcoming  appearance  in  Ame- 
rica as  Mrs.  Ebbsmith. 

Mr.  Tree's  '  Hamlet  from  an  Actor's  Prompt 
Book,'  contributed  to  the  Fortnighthj  Beview, 
is  illuminatory  of  the  writer's  impersonation  of 
the  part.  That  intelligent  reasons  guided  Mr. 
Tree  in  what  was  novel,  sentimental,  or  fan- 
tastic in  new  readings  we  were  prepared  to 
admit.  We  now  learn  what  those  reasons  are, 
without  finding  our  sense  of  their  importance, 
significance,  or  expediency  much  changed.  To 
consider  in  detail  each  suggestion  that  Mr. 
Tree  makes  would  occupy  much  space.  Their 
ingenuity  seems  to  us  in  advance  of  their 
value.  One  piece  of  literary  criticism,  the 
substitution  of  "  faint  and  scant  of  breath  "  as 
applied  to  Hamlet  in  lieu  of  "fat  and  scant  of 
breath,"  we  leave  to  the  commentators. 


To  COBRESPONDENTS.— C.  B.— G.  A.   G.— J.  S.— B.  W.  H. 
— S.  L.  C— M.  C.  D.— G.  W.  B.-received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

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Illustrated  by  C.  E.  Brock  and  H.  C.  Jalland. 

8.  SPORT  in  VICTORIA.  The  Eakl  of  Hopetoun. 

Illustrated  by  George  Ashton. 

9.  SKILOBNING  in  NORWAY.         Mr.s.  Alec  Tweediic. 

Illustrated  by  Lancelot  Speed. 

10.  "  FIVE  MILES  from  ANYWHERE."        Hedley  Peek. 

Illustrated  by  0.  B.  Brock,  N.  J.  Gibb,  and  L.  Lindsell. 

11.  NOTES  by  "  RAPIER." 

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N°  3554,  Dec.  7, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


805 


MESSRS.  WILLIAM   BLACKWOOD   &  SONS' 

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806 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


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N"  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


807 


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THE     NATURAL     HISTORY     OF     PLANTS: 

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N°  3554,  Dec.  7,  '95 

OLIPHANT,ANDERSON&FERRIER'S 

LIST. 


DR.  WHYTE'S  NEW  BOOK. 

SECOND  EDITION.     Cloth  extra,  Zs.  6d. 

LANCELOT  ANDREWES  AND  HIS 
PRIVATE  DEVOTIONS. 

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Interpretation. 

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Free  St.  George's  Church,  Edinburgh. 


SUCCESSWARD  :  a  Young  Man's 


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OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS  ON  THE 
FIRST  EDITION. 

The  TIMES  says:— 

"  Miss  Blind  is  a  poet  who  has  already  written  much 
varied  and  powerful  verse.  She  once  more  displays  her 
lyrical  skill  and  graceful  fancy  in  these  '  Songs.'" 

The  ATHEN.EUM  says:- 

"  The  poetry  of  Miss  Blind  possesses  the  unusual  merit  of 
being  sincerely  felt,  of  being  the  almost  unconscious  out- 
come of  an  eager  poetic  nature.  Few  women  who  have 
attempted  the  art  of  verse  have  brought  with  them  to  the 
undertaking  so  wide  a  culture,  so  varied  an  experience,  so 
many  keen  interests,  or  have  had  so  rich  and  exceptional  a 

nature  to  express Here,  for  once,  is  verse  which  is  at  all 

events  alive.  It  has  the  genuine  poetic  impulse,  it  has  the 
genuine  note  of  personal  sincerity." 

The  DAILY  NEWS  says :- 

"  A  richly  endowed  poetic  nature  is  here  seen  at  its  very 
best.  It  marks  a  distinct  advance  on  all  her  past  work,  and 
it  is  so  good  that,  in  our  judgment,  it  places  her  quite  in  the 
front  rank  of  living  lyrical  poets." 

The  LITERARY  WORLD  says :- 

"  It  is  a  genuine  pleasure  to  turn  to  Miss  Mathilde  Blind's 
'  Birds  of  Passage.'  It  contains  much  to  charm,  and  will 
delight  lovers  of  poetry." 

The  SCOTSMAN  says:— 

"  The  songs  have  a  charm  of  their  own The  work,  as  a 

whole,  is  one  which  every  lover  of  poetry  will  read  with 
interest  and  enjoyment." 

WOMAN  says:— 

"  Miss  Blind  sings  in  many  modes — she  is  probably  more 
various  than  any  other  woman-poet  in  English  literature. 

A  book  that  contains  nothing  trivial,  nothing  shallow, 

nothing  that  is  not  poetry." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says:- 

"  These  poems  have  grace,  delicacy,  even  charm We 

can  recall  few  English  poems  which  render  the  curious, 
indeed  unique,  impression  f.4  the  Orient  as  it  is  rendered  in 
some  of  Miss  Blind's  verses." 

The  SPEAKER  says:— 

"  Miss  Blind's  poetical  talent  has  reached  a  fine  maturity 
in  her  new  poems.  She  has  a  breadth  and  variety  of  view 
uncommon  in  a  poetess,  and  a  wholesome  enjoyment  of  the 
goods  of  life." 

The  SATURDAY  REVIEW  says :- 

"  Weight  of  thought  and  fervour  are  the  characteristics  of 
Miss  Bhnd's  best  work Her  outlook  on  life  is  poetic." 

The  LEEDS  MERCURY  says :- 

"  Thoughts  clothed  in  beautiful  language  are  to  be  found 
in  every  page,  and  we  lay  down  the  book,  which  has  been  a 
real  pleasure  to  us,  in  the  hope  that  such  a  prolific  mind 
may  soon  bring  out  a  companion  worthy  of  this  volume, 
with  its  charming  pictures  of  Eastern  and  Western  life  and 
character." 

The  ACADEMY  says :- 

"  Miss  Blind  has  attained  a  high  and  definite  rank  among 

English  poets She  has  the  distinction  also  of  being  one 

of  the  very  few  women-poets,  whether  of  our  own  time  or  of 
any  other,  who  have  made  any  mark  in  English  literature. 

Her  work  in  verse  is  considerable  as  well  as  excellent. 

It  is  of  almost  all  kinds,  from  the  idyllic  to  the  dramatic, 
and  from  simple  narrative  to  the  elucidation  of  subtle  pro- 
blems of  life." 

London  :   CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  214,  Piccadilly. 


THE  AMAZING 

MARRIAGE, 

By  GEORGE    MEREDITH. 

2  vols.  12s, 

"  To  say  that  Mr.  Meredith  is  at  his  best  in  '  The  Amazing 
Marriage,'  is  to  say  that  he  has  given  us  a  masterpiece  in 
the  book  published  to-day.  It  is  written  in  his  earlier  and 
more  spontaneous  manner.  The  phrasing  that  had  of  late 
been  overcharged  in  its  elaboration  is  simpler,  and  has  all 

his  matchless  brilliancy  of  blended  humour  and  thought 

Through  these  animated  pages  move  a  crowd  of  characters, 
each  of  which,  however  sketchily  presented,  we  seem  to 
know  intimately.  The  book  will,  we  think,  rank  among  the 
best  of  Mr.  Meredith's ;  and  what  a  best  it  is  I  ' — Daily  News. 

THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE. 

"  We  have  said  enough  to  show  that  Mr.  Meredith's  plot 
is  excellently  conceived,  and,  so  far,  excellently  carried  out. 
But  for  this  and  for  presentation  to  all  the  various  cha- 
racters who  crowd  Mr.  Meredith's  brilliant  canvas  we  send 
our  readers  to  the  book  itseU,"— Standard. 

THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE. 

"'The  Amazing  Marriage'  is  chiefly  remarkable  among 
Mr.  Meredith's  works  for  the  originality  and  spirit  of  one 
character.  Neither  '  Diana  of  the  Crossways '  nor  '  Amint* ' 
stands  out  more  clearly  in  the  crowd  of  heroines  than 
Carinthia,  the  bride  in  that  extraordinary  matrimonial  con- 
tract which  turns  out,   on  the  whole,  such  a   depressing 

failure This  latest  example  of  Mr.  Meredith's  quality  is 

marked  by  observation,  wit,  and  variegated  fancy  enough  to 
deck  out  a  gross  of  novels  of  the  average  sort." 

Morning  Post. 

THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE. 

"  It  has  to  a  superb  degree  Mr.  Meredith's  two  great  quali- 
ties— movement  and  fulness  ;  movement  which  makes  other 
novels  seem  slow  in  comparison,   and  fulness  beside  which 

the  most  laboured  are  thin It  is  nearly  all  written  with 

immense  spirit ;  in  crucial  passages  the  style  is  extra- 
ordinarily brilliant  and  suggestive The  point  is  that  this 

story  is  full  of  living  subjects,  that  it  stirs  and  moves  you  ; 
it  is  written  with  an  immense  zest.  Apart  from  all  literary 
gifts,  here  is  that  vitality  and  fine  spirit  which  makes  a  big 
and  wholesome  book  out  of  all  sorts  of  life,  and  leaves  yoa 
with  the  feeling  that,  come  what  may,  it  is  an  amazing  in- 
teresting world." — Westminster  Gazette. 

THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE. 

"  Let  me  say  upon  this  page  that  the  pre-eminence  of  Mr. 
Meredith  to-day,  in  the  green  and  fruitful  autumn  of  his  life, 
seems  to  me  the  halest  and  hopefuUest  augury  for  that  golden 
future  of  English  letters  of  which  we  all  prate  so  much,  and 
yet  can  know  so  little.  For  he  never  shrinks  from  the 
austerities  of  life,  never  glosses  over  its  rough  places,  nor 
smiles  upon  its  sadnesses;  and  yet  he  treats  them  in  tb« 
spirit  of  a  man,  manfully  ;  in  the  spirit  of  an  artist,  artistic- 
ally. Xou  rise  from  his  book  refreshed  and  edified,  and  that 
because  he  is  a  man  and  an  artist.  He  is  a  great  and  helpful 
example  to  every  man  who  plies  the  pen,  however  humbly  ; 
an  example  that  makes  for  all  that  is  best,  most  vital,  and 
most  permanent  in  that  literature  for  whose  welfare  we  are 
all  struggling,  and  would,  if  we  only  could,  advance  and 
fortify." — Sun. 

THE  AMAZING  MARRIAGE. 

"  In  power  of  pregnant  phrase,  in  swift  appreciation  of 
the  essence  of  a  character  or  a  situation,  Mr.  Meredith  shows 
no  falling  off.  There  is  much  more  to  be  said,  but  no  room 
to  say  it.  Instead  we  must  content  ourselves  with  laying 
our  tribute  of  admiration  at  the  foot  of  a  man  who  has 
enriched  our  literature  by  yet  another  book  which,  what- 
ever its  faults  and  imperfections  may  be,  cannot  fail  to 
stimulate  the  mind  and  broaden  the  heart  of  all  who  read 
it."— Manchester  Guardian. 

"  The  book  is  first  and  above  all  things  interesting." 

Realm. 

"  The  book  is  full  of  wise  and  deep  and  brilliant  things." 

Scotsman. 

ARCHIBALD    CONSTABLE    &    CO. 
14,  Parliament-street,  Westminster. 


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812 


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N°  3554,  Dec.  7, '95        | 


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TORCH-BEARERS  of  HISTORY.     A  Connected    Series  of 

Historical  Sketches.  First  and  Second  Series  in  1  vol.  From  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Beginning  of  the  French  Revolution.  By  AMELIA  HUTCHISON  STIRLING.  M.A.. 
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IJORSELAND  TALES.     By  H.  H.  Boyesen,  Author  of  '  The 

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LEAVES  from  a  MIDDY'S  LOG.     By  Arthur  Lee  Knight, 

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hope.  There  may  be  some  words  in  these  pages  which  will  give  to  an  earnest  reader  fresh 
glimpses  of  Christ,  and  make  a  little  plainer  the  way  of  duty,  aud  the  possibilities  of 
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FOR  a  BUSY  DAY.     A  Booklet  by  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Miller, 

D.D.    Price  6<i.  net. 
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NEW  VOLUME  IN  THE 

TUCK-UP"   SONGS. 

100  Illustrations,  and  121  Short  Poems 
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THE   ATHEN^UM 

f otimal  Of  O^nfflieif)  antr  fovtim  2:iterature,  ^neure,  tibe  Jfine  art^^  Mn^it  an^  t&e  Urama. 


No.  3555. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    14,   1895. 


PBIOB 
THRBBPBNOB 

BBQISTBRBD  AS  A  HBWSPAPBB 


EOYAL  INSTITUTION   of  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
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Professor  JOHN  G  McKENDRICK,  M.D.  LL  D  F  R  S.,  Professor  of 
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to  a  Juvenile  Auditory)  on  'Sound,  Hearing,  and  Speech'  (ex- 
perimentally illustrated).  On  December  28  (SATURDAY),  December 
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under  16,  Half-a-Guinea. 

Professor  CHARLES  STEWART.  M.R.C.S.  F  L  S  ,  Fullerian  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology,  R.I.  ELEVEN  LECTURES  on  'The  External 
Covering  of  Plants  and  Animals:  its  Structure  and  Functions'  On 
TUESDAYS,  January  11,  21,  28  ,  February,  4,  11, 18,  25;  March  3,  10, 17, 
24.    One  Guinea  the  Course. 

PHILIP  H.  WICKSTEED,  Esq  .  MA.  FOUR  LECTURES  on 
•Dante.'  On  THURSDAYS,  January  16,  23,  30;  February  6.  Haifa- 
Guinea 

Professor  H.  MARSHALL  WARD,  D  Sc.  F.R  S  FL.S.  Professor  of 
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'Some  Aspects  of  Modern  Botany.'  On  THURSDAYS,  February  13, 
£0,  27.    Half-aGuinea 

The  Rev.  WILLIAM  BARRY.  D  D  FOUR  LECTURES  on  '  Masters 
of  Modern  Thought— Voltaire.  Itonsseau,  Goethe,  and  Spinoza.'  On 
THURSDAYS,  March  5,  12,  10,  26.    Half-a-Guinea. 

Dr.  A.  DONALDSON  SMITH,  F.R  G  S.  ONE  LECTURE,  'To  the 
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RENCE. Esq  .  I  C  S  C  IE  ONE  LECTURE  on  '  The  Valley  of  Kash- 
mir.' TWO  LECTURES  on  SATURDAYS,  January  18,  25.  Half-a- 
Gninea. 

Professor  C.  HUBERT  H.  PARRY,  Mus.  Doc.  MA.,  Professor  of 
Musical  History  and  Composition  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 
TSREE  LECTURES  on  'Realism  and  Idealism  in  Musical  Art'  (with 
Musical  lUustrations).  On  SATURDAYS,  February  1,  8,  15.  Half-a- 
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The  Right  Hon.  LORD  RAYLEIGH,  MA.  DCL  LL  D.  F  R  S. 
M.R.I.,  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy,  R.I.  SIX  LECTURES  on 
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The  FRIDAY  EVENING  MEETINGS  will  begin  on  JANUARY  17 
at  9  p  M..  when  the  Right  Hon  Lord  RAYLEIGH  will  give  a  Discourse 
on  '  More  about  Argon  '  Succeeding  Discourses  will  probably  be  given 
by  Professor  BURDON  SANDERSON,  Mr.  SIDNEY  LEE,  Dr  JOHN 
MURRAY.  Mr  J.  J.  ARMISTEAD.  Dr.  EDWARD  FRANKLAND, 
Mr.  A.  R  BINNIE,  Mr.  W  S  LILLY,  Professor  T.  R.  ERASER,  Pro- 
fessor DEWAR,  and  other  Gentlemen.  To  these  Meetings  Members 
and  their  Friends  only  are  admitted. 

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ROYAL       HISTORICAL       SOCIETY, 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
Patron— HER  MAJESTY  THE  QUEEN. 
President— The  Right  Hon.  Sir  M    E   GRANT-DUFF,  O  C  SI. 
THURSDAY,  December  19.  at  5  pm  .  the  foUoning  Paper  will  be 
read  :— '  Early  Christian  Travel  before  the  Crusades.'  by  C    RAYMOND 
BEAZLEY,  MA.  HUBERT  HALL,  Director  and  Hon.  Sec. 

Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  Jermyn-street,  S.W. 

THE       FOLK-LORE       SOCIETY, 


The  NEXT  EVENING  MEETING  of  the  Society  wUl  be  held  at  22, 
ALBK.MAKLE-STKEE'r,  on  TUESDAY,  December  17,  at  8  p  m.,  when 
the  following  Paphts  will  be  read,  viz  : — 

'Leorosv  Stnne'j  in  Fiii.'  by  Dr.  CORNEV. 

•Folk-lore  Firstfruits  from  I,e8bos .'  by  Mr   W.  H.  D.  ROUSE. 

A  Cramp-bone  and  several  Stone  Charms  from  Norfolk,  sent  by  Miss 
A.  G.  FULCHER,  will  be  exhibited. 

F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old-square,  Lincoln's  Inn. 


ROYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS   in  WATER 
COLOUTIS,  5.V,  Pall  Mall  East —WINTER  EXHIBITION   NOW 
OPEN  from  10  till  5.    Admission  Is  ,  Catalogue  IM. 

GEORGE  L.  REDGE,  Secretary. 


TO  HEAD  LIBRARIANS.— Camb.  B.A.  wishes 
to  become  SECRETARY  or  ASSISTANT  in  a  good  LIBRARY 
French.  German,  History,  Classics.  &c  Pay  not  essential.— Address 
B.  A.,  The  Rectory.  Lavenham,  Suffolk. 

CECRETARY-JODRNALIST    (LADY)    offers 

O    SERVICES  ,  also  use  of  good  West  Central  Office —Particulars 
(in  conttdencc)  to  Enteepkise,  Box  409,  Willings,  125,  Strand,  W.C. 

PRIVATE  SECRETARY  (LADY).  Rapid  Short- 
hand and  Typing  Four  Languages.  Six  years'  experience  with 
MP.  First-Class  University  Certificates  Highest  testimonials  and 
references —.V.  B  ,  Wade's  Library,  25,  High-street,  Kensington. 

AS  SECRETARY.  CONFIDENTIAL  CLERK, 
LITER.iKY  ASSISTANT,  or  in  similar  capacity  -Advertiser, 
who  has  been  Railway  Clerk  and  Station  Master  for  thirty-four  years, 
combines  literary  tasteo  with  business  ability— Address  T.  Blunt, 
O.N  R,  Stamford 


AN  OXFORD  HONOUR  MAN,  of  long  experi- 
ence in  Literary  Joiii-nalinm.  desires  REGULAR  EMPLOY- 
MRNT  as  EDITOR.  SUB,  or  ASSISTANT  EDITOR,  or  would  be  glad  to 
Head  for  a  Publisher  Could  Review  Scottish  History  or  Celtic  Litera- 
ture— J.  M.  C  ,  care  of  Messrs.  Francis  &  Co  .Athrnxum  Press,  Bream  s- 
l>uildings. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  SCHOOL 
of  SCIENCE  and  ART.  LONDONDERRY,  to  teach  Elementary 
Subjects.  Salary  commencing  70J.  Time  for  own  Study —Application, 
stating  qualifications,  &c  ,  ou  or  before  January  3,  1396,  to  J.  A. 
1\  iLLuMs,  Secretary. 


T  LANDUDNO    COUNTY    (DUAL)    SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School.  Duties  to  com- 
mence end  of  January  next. 

Salary  estimated  at  250?.  Age  not  to  exceed  40.  Applicants  must  be 
Graduates,  and  have  had  previous  experience  in  Teaching.  Curriculum 
mainly  of  modern  type. 

A  House,  with  accommodation  for  Boarders,  is  available.  Terms  and 
particulars  relating  thereto  can  be  obtained  from  Mr  John  Owen, 
Avallon,  Llandudno,  Clerk  to  the  Local  Governors 

Applications  and  testimonials  (10  printed  cooies  of  eachi  by 
January  4.  1896. 

Canvassing  strictly  prohibited. 

Candidates  applying  can  have  further  particulars 

J.  H.  BODVEL  ROBERTS, 
Clerk  to  County  Governing  Body. 

Carnarvon,  December,  1895. 

WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT.  1889. 

RECONSHIRE    COUNTY    SCHEME. 


B 


The  County  Governing  Body  are  prepared  to  appoint  a  HEAD 
MASTER  for  the  COUNTY  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL  (Dual)  at 
BUILTH,  at  a  Salary  of  150J.  per  annum,  with  a  Capitation  Payment  of 
11.  for  each  Scholar  in  the  School.  The  Scheme  provides  for  Fifty 
Boys  and  Thirty  Girls. 

The  Head  Master  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  Head  Master  will  have  the  appointment  of  his  Assistants  in  both 
Departments. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
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than  January  7.  1896.  and  applicants  are  requested  to  state  which  of  the 
subjects  (Technical  or  otherwise)  to  be  taught  in  the  School  they  can 
themselves  teach. 

Any  Candidate  who  personally  or  through  friends  in  any  way  can- 
vasses will  be  disqualified. 

Copies  of  the  Sctieme,  giving  full  particulars,  may  be  obtained  from 
the  undersigned,  price  6d. 

It  is  proposed  to  open  on  Monday,  February  3. 

G    GARNONS  WILLIAMS, 
Clerk  to  the  County  Governing  Body. 

TYPE -WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
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quickly  Typed.    Usual  terms. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS,  of  all  kinds  TYPE- 
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'T^YPE-WRITING.— Is.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 

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SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  Confidential 
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London,  sends  out  dally  a  trained  staff  of  English  and  Foreign  Secre- 
taries, expert  Stenographers,  Typists  (Remington  and  Hammond), 
skilled  in  the  use  of  Edison-Bell  Phonograph,  to  Medical  and  Scientific 
Men,  Publishers,  Members  of  Parliament,  and  others.  Correspondence 
indexed  by  special  method.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into 
and  from  all  Languages.  Speciality,  French,  German,  and  Medical 
Type  writing. 

T>YPE-WRITERS  (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 
mendous  bargains  in  slightly  soiled  Remingtons.  Barlockg, 
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PRIVATE  CLASSES  for  LADIES  in  the  WEST- 
END  — A  LADY  will  OPEN  CLASSES  EARLY  in  JANUARY, 
1896.  for  the  .study  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Languages,  Music,  Drawing. 
Painting,  Sketching,  and  the  usual  English  subjects,  in  which  she  wul 
be  assisted  by  Graduates  and  Professors  of  note. — For  particulars 
address  PaiNripAi.,  care  of  Mr  Edward  Stanford,  Coekspur-street, 
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cester-road, South  Kensington. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill.  Staines— The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  lor  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
40  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  1896.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  Competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraph  Department.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  to  the  Secretarv,  at  the  College. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS,— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
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Strand,  London,  W.C. 

ASSISTANT  SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Miss 
LOUISA  BROUGHcan  recommend  University  Graduates.  Trained 
and  Cenidcated  High  School  Teachers.  Foreign  Teachers.  Kindergarten 
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9,  Hart-steect,  Blooxsbcrt,  Londom. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street.  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul.  Trench,  Trubner  &  Co  .  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RKSUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
couiuder  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 


T^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY,  Established  1879. 
Proprietor,  Mr  A  M  BUKGHES,  1,  l"atemoster-row.  The 
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Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  f>n  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted  'Ihirty  years' practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Hook  Producing  Consultation 
Iree  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr  A.  M.  BuaciUEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


FRANCE The     ATHEN.®UM     can    be 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES  BEAULIEU-SUR-MKR,  BIAKRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOUB*, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rne  de  RiToU,  Paria. 

THE  ATHEN^UM  of  Mav  23,  1885  (No.  3004). 
One  Shilling  each  will  be  given  for  clean  copies  of  the  above, 
delivered  at  the  Office. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property, 
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inviting  MSS,  or  oflering  to  place  MSS.,  withoot  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G   HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal  street.  Lincoln  s  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  Is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Hobicb  Cjx,  Bream's-huildings,  EC. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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ol  Terms  on  application. 

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F 


dLsit&lotnts. 
OREIGN    BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU    &   CO.    87,    SOHO-SQUARE. 


S.         E    A    S    T    E    S,        Bookseller, 

•  121,  KnatchbuU-road,  Camberwell,  S.E. 

Special  Business— finding  Books  wanted  (Ancient  or  Modem). 
Books  not  in  stock  obtained  as  soon  as  possible. 


Gratis  on  application, 

I^HE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  3, 
Monthly  List  of  the  most  important  Publications  issued  by 
H   GREVEL  &  CO  ,  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
S3,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 


ANCIENT  and  MODERN  BOOKS,  Angling, 
Alpine,  Shelleyana.  &c  ,  from  the  Libraries  of  P.  G.  Hamerton, 
G.  A  Sala.  and  others.  NEW  CATALOGUE  just  ready— J.  T.  Goldie. 
Swan  Arcade  Buildings,  Bradford. 

pATALOGUK    of   a   COLLECTION  of   valuable 

\J  BOOKS,  includirg  many  Books  about  Books— Works  illustrated 
by  Hugh  Thomson— Lang— Facetl:p—aud  General  Literature  Post  free 
on  application  to  M.vvi3o.v,  Sh.i.v  &  Moa':-.vN,  Grey-street,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne. 


E 


IS         &        E      L 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 


V      E      Y, 


NEW  CATALOGUES  NOW  READY, 

CHOICE  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  No  81 
RARE  PORTRAITS  and  PRINTS,  No.  3. 
29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 

HFAWCETT.— CATALOGUE  of  ENGRAVINGS 
•  of  a  Selection  of  Historical  and  other  Portraits  of  Family  and 
County  Interest  on  Sale  by  H.  Fahlett,  14,  King-street,  Covent^ 
garden,  Ixmdon,  W.C. 

Ij^DUCATION.  —  CATALOGUE  of  Reports  of 
J  Royal  Commissions,  Select  Committees.  Blue-Books,  &c  .  pre- 
sented to  ParUament,  relating  to  Education.  Schools,  Universities,  &c  , 
from  the  beginning  of  the  (  entury  to  October,  lis95.  Post  free  — 
P.  S.  King  &  So.n,  IJ  and  14,  Kingstrc'et.  Westminster. 

/1H01CE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

Vy  BOOKS,  including  a  tine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J  M  W 
Turner.  R  A  — I'umers  Liber  Studiorum— Lucas's  Me//atints.  after 
Constable— and  Works  by  Prof  Ruskin.  CATALOGUE.  No  16.  ready. 
Post  free.  Sixpence  —Wm   W\rd,  2,  Church-terrace.  Richmond,  Surrey 


B 


OOKS      at      STORE      PRICES. 


Now  ready.  CATALOGUE  of  all  the  NEW  CHRISTMAS  and  NEW 
YEAR'S  BOOKS,  sent  post  free  on  application. 

The  latest  designs  in  Christmas  and  New  Year's  Cards 

HiBRisox  &  SoN.<.  59.  Pall  Mall.  S  W.,  Booksellers.  Bookbinders, 
Stationers.  Printers,  &c.,  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  and  H  R  H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  &c 


Now  ready, 

COMPLETE     CATALOGUE    of 

WILLIAMS  &  NORGATES  PUBLICATIONS. 


Messrs, 


WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE'S  SCIENTIFIC 
BOOK  CIRCULAR,  No,  62     A  Classilied  List  of  New  Books 
and  New  Purchases. 

Either  of  the  above  will  be  sent  gratis  and  post  free 

upon  application  to 

WILLIAMS      &      NORGATE, 

11,  Henrietta-street,  Covent-garden.  London ; 

20,  South  Frederick-street,  Edinburgh  ,  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxford, 


814 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


BOOKS  for  the  CHRISTMAS  SEASON.— Special 
NEW  LIST  jnst  readv.  containing  the  best  lUustrat-ed  Books 
ftutable  for  Presents,  and  allthe  Newest  Books  for  Children.— Post  free 
of  A.  &F.  DE.N.NT,  304.  Strand,  London.  W  C. 

CHOICE  BOOKS  in  FINE  BINDINGS,  suitable 
for  Christmas  Presents  :— 

SCOTT'S  NOVELS.  Centenary  Edition,  illustrated,  25  vols,  small  8to. 
enely  half  bound  in  calf  bv  Kivierc,  cheap,  5!  5s. 

Another  Set.  ha'lf  bound,  25  vols,  in  13,  very  cheap,  47s  6<f, 

ELIOT  (GEORGE),  COMPLETE  WOKKS,  21  vols,  neatly  bound  in 
half  polished  morocco,  panel  backs,  a  desirable  set,  bl.  10s. ;  or  in  buck- 
ram, gilt  tops,  40s. 

GREEN  S  HISTORY,  neatly  bound  in  hall  yellow  calf  extra,  50s. 
(pub.  48':  in  cloth). 

DICKENS'S  COMPLETE  'WORKS,  30  vols,  small  Svo.  original  cloth, 
gilt  tops,  only  3/  10s. 

THACKERAY'S  'WORKS,  13  vols,  half  polished  calf  by  Riviere, 
cheap,  4i.  10s. 

Any  of  above  can  be  sent  free  from  J.  T.  Goldie,  Athensum  Build- 
ings, Leeds,  on  receipt  of  remittance.    Satisfaction  guaranteed. 
CATALOGUES  free. 


THREEPENCE  in  the  SHILIJNG  DISCOUNT 
on  nearly  all  Books  in  General  Literature.  Orders  by  post 
receive  prompt  attention.  Catalogues  free.— Biikxrs  &  So>.-,  Leicester- 
square,  London,  W.C, 

CHEAP  BOOKS  for  CHRISTMAS  and  NEW 
YE.'VR'S  PRESENrS— THREEPENCE  DISCOUNT  in  the  SHIL- 
LING allowed  from  the  published  price  of  nearly  all  New  Books, 
Bibles,  Pra)er-Books,  and  Annual  Volumes.  Orders  by  post  executed 
by  return  CATALOGUES  of  New  Books  and  Remainders  gratis  and 
postage  free.— Gilbert  &  Field,  67,  Moorgate-street,  London,  EC. 

OOKS      at      DISCOUNT      PRICES. 


B 


Just  published,  NEW  CATALOGUES,  containing  Lists  of  the  BEST 
NEW  BOOKS  and  the  STANDARD  BOOKS  on  most  Subjects,  nearly 
all  offered  at  a  discount  of  25  per  cent.  A  copy  sent  post  free  on  appli- 
cation. Orders  for  Books  received  by  the  morning  post  are  executed 
the  same  day. 

TRUSLOVE  &  HANSON, 

Discount  Booksellers,  143,  Oxford-street,  London,  'W. ; 

and  6d,  Sloane-street,  London,  "W. 

ALL  OUT -OF -PRINT  BOOKS  speedily  pro- 
cured.  Acknowledged  the  most  expert  Bookfinder  extant.  Please 
state  wants  to  Baker's  Great  Bookshop,  Birmingham  -Books  Bought, 
Lent,  or  Exchanged. 

ENGRAVED  PORTRAIT  of  RICHARD  STERNE, 
Archbishop  of    York,  WANTED.— Applications   to   the    Chiei 
Librarian,  Mechanics'  Institution,  Nottingham. 

PURCELL  COMMEMORATIO  N.— 
PORTRAIT  of  HENRY  PURCELL,  after  Closterman,  engraved 
in  Mezzotint  by  Zobel.  from  the  Picture  in  the  Royal  Society  of 
Musicians,  recently  exhibited  at  the  British  Museum.  Proofs  on  India 
I'aper,  7s —H.  Fa«cett,  14,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  London,  W.C. 

GEORGE  DU  MAURIER,  Author  of  'Trilby'— 
A  LETTER,  containing  about  8(XI  words  and  three  humorous 
Fen-and-lnk  Drawings,  written  by  George  l>u  Maurier  while  in 
France,  during  the  "Trilby"  period,  to  the  late  Shirley  Brooks  when 
Editor  of  Punch,  is  FOR  6.\LE  by  tender— Offers  may  be  made  in 
writing  to  Cecil,  care  of  A.  M.  Burghes,  Esq  ,  Literary  Agent,  1,  Pater- 
noster-row. 

1^0  ORNITHOLOGISTS.— One  of  the  FINEST 
COLLECTIONS  of  BIRDS  in  existence  FOR  S.\LE  owing  to  the 
death  of  the  Collector.— For  full  partiisulars  write  J.  Stacey,  158,  Rams- 
den-road,  S.W. 

BOOK-PLATES  DESIGNED  and  ENGRAVED 
in  best  style  on  Wood,  Copper,  or  Steel.  Specimens  sent  on 
application.  One  Shilling  each  Set,  viz.  (1;  Modern  Heraldic;  (2; 
Mediseval;  (3>  Non-Heraldic. 

THOMAS  MORING,  52,  High  Holborn,  London,  W  C.    EstabUshed  1791. 
(A  Leaflet  on  BOOK-FLATES  sent  free.) 

PICTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 
effected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  cautious  treatment, 
by  M.  RAINE  THOMPSON, 
Studio,  41,  George-street,  Portman  square,  'W. 

REISSUE  OF 
AUTOTYPE      REPRODUCTIONS 

OF  FAMOUS  WORKS  IN  THE 

NATIONAL       GALLERY. 

The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY  have  pleasure  in  announcing  the  publi- 
cation of  a  new  Series  of  Autotype  Reproductions  of  some  of  the  chief 
Works  contained  in  this  Collection.  This  issue,  printed  in  rich  sepia 
pigments,  is  absolutely  permanent,  and,  owing  to  the  employment  of 
iBotfarOTiatic  methods,  the  tones  and  technical  qualities  of  the  Original 
Pajntingt  are  rendered  with  very  great  fidelity. 

Each  Print  is  sold  separately,  and  among  those  already  published  are 
Works  of 

TURNER  CONSTABLE 

ROSSETTI  HALS 

FRANCIA  BELLINI 

GAINSBOROUGH  GREUZE 

CROME  VELASQUEZ. 

AUTOTYPE  :  a  Decorative  and  Euucitional  Art.  See  New  Pamphlet 
(40  pages,  with  Illustrationsj,  free  by  post  to  any  address. 


The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY,  74,  New  Oxford-street,  AV  C. 

I-iHE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER-PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London,  E.C  ) 
Contains   hairless   paper,  over  which   the   pen   slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    5s  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

EDITORIAL  ROOMS,  with  use  of  a  Publishing 
Office,  TO  LET.    Rent  moderate.— Apply  to  H.  W.  Percy,  Gold- 
smith's House,  6,  Wine  Office-court,  Flce^8tre'et,  E.C. 

'T'UNBRIDGE  WKLLS.— FDRNISHED  APART- 

1.  MENTS,  with  cheerful  southern  outlook,  a  few  minutes'  walk 
Irom  the  Common.  Ye  Pantiles,  and  the  Railway  Stations  Moderate 
i^rms  for  the  winter  months. -J(.  O.,  18,  Clarcmont-road,  Tuuhridgc 


]y[UD 


I  E'S 


SELECT 


LIBRARY. 


CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS  and  SCHOOL  PRIZES. 


A  LARGE  COLLECTION  OF  SUITABLE  BOOKS  IN  LEATHER 
BINDINGS  IS  KEPT  IN  STOCK  IN  THE  SHOW-ROOMS. 

A  FU'LL  and  REVISED  CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUE  sent  post  free  on 
application. 

A  SELECTION  OF  GOOD  EDITIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  GERMAN 

STANDARD  AUTHORS  IN  LEATHER  BINDINGS 

IS  ALSO  KEPT  IN  STOCK. 

A  POPULAR  CHRISTMAS  PRESENT  IS  A 
YEAR'S    SUBSCRIPTION    TO   THE   LIBRARY. 

TEEMS  ON  APPLICATION. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON  ; 

241,  Brompton-road,  S.W.  ,  and  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  EC. 

And  at  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


Pictures,  Drawings,  and  Miniatures  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C. 
JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  "WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C. .  on  TUESDAY,  December  17,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
PICTURES  by  Copley,  Etty,  C.  Leslie,  Polemberg,  Bonnington,  Le 
Jeune,  G.  Arnold,  J.  B.  Pyne,  and  others  ;  Drawings  in  Water  Colour  by 
Cotton,  Rowlandson,  Clint,  D.  Cox,  Girtin,  S.  Prout.  and  others ;  and 
Miniatures  by  Fastorini,  Guerin,  Immens,  Thomson.  Hone,  Zincke,  and 
others,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  0.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A.  F.R  AS. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Antiquities  and  Objects  of  Art  of  the  late  Bev, 
J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
■wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  WEDNESDAY.  December  18,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, the  COLLECTION  of  ANTIQUITIES  and  OBJECTS  of  ART  of 
the  late  Rev.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  MA.  F.K.A  8  ,  &c.,  comprising  Antique 
Marbles  and  Terra-Cotta  Figures  and  Vases— Italian  and  Oriental 
Bronzes  — Intaglii  and  Camei  — Chatelaines  — fituis— Fob-Seals.  &c. ; 
Snufl  and  Tobacco  Boxes— Enamels— Carvings  in  Ivory  and  Wood — 
Arms,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


China,  Silver  Plate,  and  Decorative  Furniture  of  the  late 
Eev.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  W C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  19,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, ORIENTAL  and  EUROPEAN  CHINA,  including  examples  of 
Worcester,  Bow,  Vienna.  Chelsea,  Dresden,  Sevres,  Bristol,  Derby,  &c.  ; 
Silver  Plate  and  Decorative  Furniture,  including  Cabinets,  Cliairs, 
Tables,  Bookcases,  Commodes,  &c.,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C. 
JACKSON,  MA.  F.R  A.S. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Coins  and  Medals,  including  the  Collections  of  the  late  Rev, 
J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A.,  and  that  of  the  late  GEORGE 
WHITE,  Esq.,  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  SATURDAY,  December  21,  and  on  MONDAY, 
December  23,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ANGLO-SAXON,  ENGLISH,  and 
other  COINS  in  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper,  including  the  COLLECTION 
of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  MA.,  and  that  of  the  late  GEORGE 
WHITE,  Esq  ,  of  the  Bank  of  England,  comprising  rare  Styca  AR  of 
Eadberht — Saxon  Pennies— rare  postConquest  Mints  of  Devizes,  lam- 
worth,  Bridgnorth,  Hythe,  &c.— tine  Tower,  Exeter,  and  Shrewsbury 
Crowns  of  Charles  I.— brilliant  patterns  of  George  III,,  George  IV., 
'William  IV.,  Victoria— fine  hammered  Gold  Coins  of  Henry  VII.,  Eliza- 
beth, James  I.,  &c— a  few  Greek  and  Roman  Coins  and  English  and 
Foreign  Medals — Tokens  and  Coin  Cabinets. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post, 
on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Collection  of  Works  relat- 
ing to  Hertfordshire,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  J. 
GRIFFITH,  LL.D. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  l."),  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C.  on  MONDAY,  December  23,  and  Following  Dav, 
atl  o'clock  precisely,  COLLECTION  of  WORKS  relating  to  Hertford- 
shire, including  Chauncey's  Historical  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire, 
17U0— Clutterbuck's  History  of  Herts— Cussans's  History  of  Herts,  an 
extensive  Collection  of  Engravings  relating  to  the  County,  &c. ;  also 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire.  Dugdale's  Warwickshire,  from  the  Library 
of  the  late  Rev.  J.  GRIFFITH,  LL.D  ,  of  Sandridge,  Herts,  and  other 
Properties,  including  Sir  W  Stirling-Maxwell's  Works — Scope's  Art  of 
Deerstalking — Sir  W.  Scott's  Novels,  First  Editions— Burton's  Arabian 
Nights— Original  Pencil  Drawings  by  J  P.  Neale— and  Works  by 
Standard  Authors  in  most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


MONDA  Y  NEXT.— Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King-street.  Covent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY NEXT,  December  16.  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  BURMESE 
CARVING  from  the  EMPIRE  of  INDIA  EXHIBITION— Curiosities 
from  New  Guinea — Japanese  and  Chinese  (Curiosities— Old  China— 
Bronzes- Antiquities — Paintings,  Engiavings,  Etchings,  Jewellery,  &c. 
On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

Binnial  and  other  Lanterns  and  a  variety  of  Hand-painted  and 
other  Slides— Phstographic  Apparatus — Electricals — Micro- 
scopes— Olijectives  and  A/ji/cs — Books — Household  Furniture 
—  arul  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL    the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  ,')8.  King-street, Covcntgarden, 
on  I'KID.VY  NEX'T,  December  2u,  at  half  past  U'  o'clock  precisely 


Miscellaneous  Books ;  small  Law  Library ;  Mahogant/ 
Bookcases,  Sic 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  AV  C  ,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
December  18,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS,  including  Shaw's  Dresses,  2  vols  Large  Paper— Strntt's  Dress 
and  Habits  (the  Coloured  Patterns  to),  3  vols.- Green's  Worcester,  2  vols. 
—Glover's  Derby,  2  vols.- Bridges's  Hundred  of  Corby,  Ac— Illustra- 
tions to  Hutchins's  Dorset.  2  vols.  Large  Paper— Punch,  66  vols,  half- 
morocco,  and  other  Illustrated  Books  on  Art,  Topography,  Archa-ology, 
Ac— Calendar  of  State  Papers.  55  vols -Hunter's  Gazetteer  of  India, 
14  vols —Chambers's  EncyclopaDdia,  10  vols.- Autograph  Letters,  &c. 
Also  a  small  LAW  LIBRARY,  comprising  Law  Reports,  1865  to  1880 
and  1885  to  1895,  a  complete  Set  of  Beavan's  Reports,  36  vols.,  and  other 
Reports  in  Equity  and  Common  Law ;  useful  Practical  Works— neat 
Mahogany  Bookcases,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Booksfrom  the  Libraries  of  the  late  A.  YOUNG,  Esq., 
of  Orlingbury  Park,  and  of  a  Gentleman,  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  16,  and  'Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  pas* 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARIES  of  the 
late  A  YOUNG,  Esq  ,  of  Orlingbury  Park,  Northampton,  and  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  recently  deceased,  comprising  Hoare's  Wiltshli-e — 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire  —  Maiming  and  Bray's  Surrey  —  Ormerod's 
Cheshire— Baker's  Northampton— Nash's  Worcester— Wright's  Rut- 
land— Lawes  of  Virginia,  166i'— Stephens's  Philadelphia  Directory, 
1796— Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes— Shakespeare.  Second  Folio,  with  MS. 
Notes  —  Spenser's  Complaints,  1691  —  Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village, 
Haunch  of  Venison,  &c  ,  First  Editions— Holbein's  Portraits,  fine  copy 
— Preces  Privatie,  First  Edition,  1504- Liber  Precum  Publicarum,  1569 — 
Pamphlets  relating  to  the  Civil  War,  &c  ;  an  extensive  Collection  of  the 
Plays  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Behn,  Dryden,  Sbadwell,  Shirley, 
Steele,  Chapman,  &c.,  many  First  Editions,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

CELLAR  of  High-Class  WINES,  comprising  Sherries  shipped  by  Mac- 
kenzie, Duff  Gordon,  Misa,  Ribeiro  Hermanos— Ports  by  Cockburn, 
Dow,  &c— Champagnes  by  Perrier  Jouet,  A  Roederer,  Lafontaine, 
&c.— fine  Old  Madeira,  Chateau  Clarets,  Still  and  Sparkling  Hocks 
and  Moselles— and  about  10,000  Havana  Cigars. 

WILL    be   SOLD   by  AUCTION  by  MESSRS. 
PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON,  47,  Leicester-square,  on  THURSDAY, 
December  19,  at  2  o'clock  precisely. 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  King-street,  St.  James's-square. 
SUPERIOR  MODERN  FURNITURE— a  Louls  XV.  Drawing-Room 
Suite  in  rich  crimson  satin  damask— Inlaid  Buhl  Tables  and 
Cabinets— an  Upright  Grand  Pianoforte  by  Steinway,  New  York- 
Breech -Loading  Double  Guns  by  Reilley,  Boswell,  and  other 
Makers— 300  ounces  of  old  chased  Plate— superior  Plated  Articles — 
a  small  Cellar  of  Wines,  including  Ports,  Sherries,  Irroy,  Carte 
D'Or,  and  Pommery  and  Greno,  and  Wachter  Royal  Charter  '84,  Pol 
Roger  '87,  Perier  Jouet,  extra  superior  dry  Moet  and  Chandon,  and 
other  brands— Havana  Cigars— Pictures— Engravings— Old  Oriental, 
Dresden,  SOvres,  and  other  China. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  will  SELL  at 
their   Rooms,   as   above,    on   TUESDAY   and   WEDNESDAY 
NEXT,  December  17  and  18,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  day. 
May  be  viewed  the  day  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St,  James*- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : — 

On  MONDAY,  December  16,  PORCELAIN  and 

OBJECTS  of  ART  from  various  Sources. 

On  TUESDAY,  December  17,  MODERN  PROOF 

ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  C,  B.  BURNETT,  Esq.,  and 
others. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  18,  a  COLLEC- 

'TION  of  BOOKS  from  various  Private  Libraries. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  18,  OLD  FRENCH 

OBJECTS  of  VERTU,  Originally  from  Blenheim  Palace,  the  Property 
of  a  GENTLEMAN,  Silver,  Jewels,  &0. 

On  THURSDAY,  December  19,  a  COLLECTION 

of  CHINESE  and  JAPANESE  OBJECTS  of  ARP. 

On    FRIDAY,    December    20,    OLD    NANKIN 

PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  L.\DY  ;  a  SM  VT,L  COLLECTION  of 
PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  LADY ;  and  a  Collection  of  Japanese 
Helmets  and  Weapons. 

On  FRIDAY,  December  20,  COLLECTIONS  of 

W.4TER-C0L0UR  DRAWINGS  Irom  numerous  Private  Sources. 

On   SATURDAY,  December   21,  COLLECTION 

of  PICTURES  by  OLD  MASTERS,  of  G.  J.  SWANSTON,  Esq.,  de- 
ceased, and  from  numerous  Private  Sources. 


T'HE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 
DECEMBER,  1895. 

The  TRANSFORMATION  of  the  ARMY  under  the  DUKE  of  CAM- 
BRIDGE    By  Field-Marshal  Sir  Lintorn  Simmons,  G.C.B.  G.C.M.G. 

The  POLICY  of  "KILLING  HOME  RULE  by  KINDNESS."  By 
John  E.  Redmond,  MP. 

REOPENING  the  EDUCATION  SETTLEMENT  of  1870.  By  the  Hon. 
E.  Lyulph  Stanley, 

KASHMIR.    By  Sir  Lepel  Griffin,  K  C.S.I. 

DELACROIX  et  les  PEINTRES  de  I'fiCOLE  ANGLAISE.  By  Mens. 
Charles  Yriarte. 

UNTO  this  LAST.    By  Frederic  Harrison. 

The  SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.    By  Sir  W.  Martin  Conway. 

The  LITERARY  AGENT.    By  Sir  Walter  Besant. 

The  RELIGION  of  the  UNDERGRADUATE ;  a  Rejoinder.  By  the 
Rev.  Anthony  C.  Deane. 

The  EASTERN  QUESTION  : 

1.  By  Prof.  Geffcken. 

2.  By  Madame  Novikoff. 

3.  By  Rafliiddin  Ahmad. 

UNIVERSITY  SETTLEMENTS     By  the  Rev  Canon  Earnett. 

MEDICINE  and  SOCIETY.     By  Dr.  J.  Hurney  Yeo. 

MATTHEW  ARNOLD.    By  the  Right  Hon.  John  Morley. 

BISHOP  BUTLER  and   his  CENSORS.     (Concluded)     By  the  Right 

Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone. 
CANON  MACCOLL  on  ISLAM  :  a  Correspondence. 

London :  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.  Ltd. 


Seventh  Edition,  with  Additions,  price  Is-,  post  free, 

NOSE  and  THROAT  DISkaSES.  Bv  George 
MOORE,  M.I).  Revised  by  Dr.  LENNOX  MOORE.  Also 
ENLARGED  TONSILS  CURABLE  WnllOCT  CUTTING.  Same 
Authors     Price  1,«.  post  free. 

London  :  James  Epps  &  Co.  Limited,  170,  Piccadilly,  and  48,  Thrcad- 
ncedlc-strect. 


N°  3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


815 


Monthly,  price  Half-a-Crown, 

iHE      CONTEMPORARY      REVIEW. 


Contents  for  DECEMBER. 
Mr.  BALFOUR  SEEN  from  a  DISTANCE.    By  Norman  Hapgood. 
The  SECONDARE  EDUCATION  REPORT.    By  Professor  Massie. 
LORD  DUNRAVEN  and  the  CUP.    By  A,  T  Quiller-Couch. 
PROFESSOR  SAYCE  v.  the  ARCH^OLOGISTS.    By  Professor  A.  A. 

Be  van. 
The  NEW  SITUATION  in  the  FAR  EAST.    By  Demetrius  C.  Boulger. 
SACERDOTALISM.    By  Francis  Peek. 
MUNICIPAL  FIRE  INSURANCE.    By  Robert  Donald. 
TEACHERS.    By  Herbert  Spencer. 

BERTHELOT  and  his  FRIEND  RENAN,    By  Albert  D.  Vindam. 
MUSCAT.    By  J.  Theodore  Bent 
PHYSICS  and  SOCIOLOGY     By  W.  H.  Mallock. 

London :  Isbister  &  Co.,  Limited,  Covent-garden,  W.C. 

T         W.       ARROWSMITH'S       LIST. 


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816  THE    ATHEN^UM N«  3555,  Dec.  14,^95 

HENRY     SOTHERAN    &    CO.'S 

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ALSO  ILLUSTRATED  BY  MR.  MILLAIS. 

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DR.    COPINGER'S    GREAT   BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   WORK. 

SUPPLEMENT  to  HAIN'S  REPERTORIUM  BIBLIOGRAPHICUM.    In  2  Parts.    The  First  con- 

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graphical Particulars,  of  nearly  6,000  Volumes,  printed  in  the  Fifteenth  Century,  not  referred  to  by  Hain.    By  W.  A.  COPINGER,  LL.D.  F.S.A.  F.R.S.A.,  Barrister-at-Law, 
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THE  FINEST  ORNITHOLOGICAL  WORK  NOW  APPEARING. 

Just  published.  Part  V.  of  this  important  and  splendid  NEW  ORNITHOLOGICAL  WORK,  uniform  with  Mr.  GOULD'S  Works  in  folio.    The  Edition  limited  to  350  copies. 

MONOGRAPH  of  the  PARADISEID^,  or  BIRDS  of  PARADISE,  and  PTILONORHYNCHIDiE, 

or  BOWER  BIRDS.  By  R.  BOWDLER  SHARPE,  LL.D.  F.L.S.,  &c.,  of  the  Ornithological  Department,  British  Museum.  The  Work  will  be  published  in  Eight  Parts,  forming 
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A  MONOGRAPH  of  the  HIRUNDINIDiE,  or  FAMILY  of  SWALLOWS.     By  R.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  LL.D.  P.L.S., 

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MR.    GOULD'S    WORKS. 
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N'^  3555,  Dec.  14, '95 THE    ATHEN^UM 817 

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818 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


lESSRS.  AKCHIBALDmCOMTAB^^  &  CO.'S  NEW  LIST. 

THE      AMAZING      MARRIAGE. 

By  GEORGE  MEREDITH.     2  vols,  crown  8vo.  12s. 

"  To  say  that  Mr.  Meredith  is  at  bis  best  in  'The  Amazing  Marriage'  is  to  say  that  he  has  given  us  a  masterpiece  in  the  book  published  to-day." — Daily  News. 

"  It  has  to  a  superb  degree  Mr.  Meredith  'a  two  great  qualities — movement  and  fulness  ;  movement  which  makes  other  novels  seem  slow  in  comparison,  and  fulness  beside  which  the 
most  laboured  are  thin.  This  story  is  full  of  li  ving  people  and  living  subjects.  Apart  from  all  literary  gifts,  here  is  that  vitality  and  fine  spirit  which  makes  a  big  and  wholesome  book 
out  of  all  sorts  of  life,  and  leaves  you  with  the  feeling  that,  come  what  may,  it  is  an  amazingly  interesting  world." — Westminster  Gazette. 

"  We  have  said  enough  to  show  that  Mr.  Meredith's  plot  is  excellently  conceived,  and  so  far  excellently  carried  out.    There  is  no  necessity  to  follow  it  further But  for  this  and  for 

presentation  to  all  the  various  characters  who  crowd  Mr.  Meredith's  brilliant  canvas,  we  send  our  readers  to  the  book  itself." — standard. 

THE    KEY    OF    THE    PACIFIC:    the   Nicaragua   Canal. 

By  ARCHIBALD  R.  COLQUHOUN,  F.R.G.S.,  Gold  Medallist  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  Special  Correspondent  of  the  Times. 

Large  demy  8vo.  with  Maps  and  Illustrations,  21s.  net. 
"  Few  men  are  better  qualified  than  Mr.  Archibald  Colquhoun  to  deal  with  the  large  questions  of  maritime  commerce  and  international  relations  involved  in  the  long  contemplated 
project — the  Nicaragua  Canal.    Mr.  Colquhoun  devotes  a  series  of  most  instructive  chapters  to  the  exhaustive  consideration  of  the  numerous  and  important  questions — historical,  com- 
mercial, financial,  geographical,  mechanical,  and  international— which  are  connected  with  this  '  Key  of  the  Pacific'    A  repertory  at  once  copious  and  authoritative."— Ztmes. 

REGENERATION :  a  Reply  to  Max  Nordau.    Demy  8vo.  16s. 

FIRST      REVIEW. 
"  Its  chief  value  lies  in  its  destructive  criticism  of  Nordau's   systf  m,  and  the  skill  with  which  the  author  joins  issue  with  his  antagonist.    As  a  reply  to  Nordau,  '  Regeneration '  is 

not  only  marked  by  conspicuous  ability  and  a  learning  almost  as  wide  as  that  of  the  original  work ample  justice  is  done  to  all  that  is  good  in  '  Degeneration,'  and  no  unnecessary  zeal 

is  shown  in  hunting  up  the  author's  foolish  statements.  But,  writing  quietly,  soberly,  and  dispassionately,  the  anonymous  author  has  produced  a  reply  which  deserves  the  attention  of  all 
who  have  been  inclined  to  set  too  much  store  on  '  Degeneration,'  or  those  who  would  fain  find  a  way  out  of  the  pessimism  into  which  it  leads.  This  they  will  find  in  'Regeneration.'  It 
is  au  admirable  piece  of  work,  and  deserves  to  be  widely  read." — l<cot:man. 

THE  MARVELLOUS  ADVENTURES  OF  SIR  JOHN  MAUNDEVILE,  Kt. 

Being  his  Voyage  and  Travel  which  treateth  of  the  Way  to  Jerusalem,  and  of  the  Marvels  of  Ind,  with  other  Islands  and  Countries. 

Edited  and  profusely  illustrated  by  ARTHUR  LAYARD.     With  a  Preface  by  JOHN  CAMERON  GRANT. 
With  130  Illustrations,  large  crown  8vo.  gilt  top,  6s. 
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LONDON     CITY     CHURCHES. 

By  A.  E.  DANIELL.     With  numerous  Illustrations  by  Leonard  Martin,     Crown  8vo.  6s. 


The   WATERLOO    CAMPAIGN,  1815.    By  Capt.  William 

SIBORNB.  Fourth  Edition,  crown  8vo.  832  pp.,  13  Medallion  Portraits  of  Generals, 
15  Maps  and  Plans,  5s.  net. 

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it  is  now  issued  will  be  welcome  to  many." — Scotsman. 

"  Many  books  have  been  written  upon  this  fertile  theme,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  a  more 
faithful  aud  comprehensive  account  has  ever  been  given  to  the  world,  and  for  this  reason 
we  welcome  its  reappearance  iu  a  fourth  edition." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  It  is  charmingly  written,  is  graphic,  yet  precise,  and  abundantly  witnesses  to  the 
author's  most  strenuous  endeavour  to  do  justice  to  every  one  who  took  part  in  that  great 
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A  COUNTRY  MUSE.    By  Norman  Gale.    First  and  Second 

Series.    Crown  8vo.  5s.  each  vol. 
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SECOND  EDITION. 

The   ALPS  from  END  to  END.    By  Sir  William  Martin 

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gilt  top,  11.  Is.  net. 
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as  well  as  to  all  who  can,  will  be  taken  by  the  very  pleasant  volume  '  The  Alps  from  End  to 
End.'  "—Times. 

SECOND  EDITION. 

ICEBOUND  on  KOLGUEV:  a  Chapter  in  the  Exploration 

of  Arctic  Europe.  By  AUBYN  TREVOR-BATTiTE,  F.L.S.  F.Z  S.,  &c.  With  Illus- 
trations by  J.  T.  Neltleship  and  Charles  Whymper.  Large  demy  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top, 
i;.  Is.  net. 

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picture  of  pluck  and  endurance  that  do  honour  to  the  English  name.     Ought  to  be  secure  of 

a  welcome  from  a  very  large  number  of  readers The  story  is  told  in  a  delightfully  simple 

and  spontaneous  manner Mr.  Trevor-Battye's  simple  and  unaffected  narrative  enables  us 

to  learn  a  good  deal."— Times. 

GUSTAVE  FLAUBERT,  as  Seen  in  his  Works  and  Corre- 
spondence.   By  JOHN  CHARLES  TARVKR.    Demy  8vo.  14s. 
"  An  enthusiastic  but  also  critical  account  of  the  life  and  letters  of  Gustave  Flaubert." 

Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney,  in  the  Daily  Telegraph. 
"  A  capable  and   painstaking  study  of   the    man  and    literary  movement  he    repre- 
sents."— .'standard. 

The  MOGUL  EMPERORS  of  HINDUSTAN.    By  Edward 

S.  HOLDEN,  LL.D.    With  a  Chapter  by  Sir  W.  W.  HUNTER.     Illustrated,  large 
crown  8vo.  10s.  dd. 
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witliin  the  compass  of  a  single  volui.ie.and  illustrating  it  with  these  dainty  reproductions  of 
Hindu  pictori.il  art. — Glasgow  Herald. 

"  Dr.  Holden  has  devoted  much  pains  and  labour  and  much  scholarly  appreciation  of  bis 
materials  to  the  production  of  this  interesting  aud  attractive  volume." — Junes. 

DIVERS  DITTIES.     Chiefly  written  in  India.     By  Alec 

McMillan.    CrownSvo.  Ss. 

"  Mr.  McMillan  is  a  clever  writer,  with  a  keen  sense  of  the  humours  as  well  as  of  the 

worries  of  Indian  life '  Alun  Aheer'  is  a  spirited  adaptation  of  Scott's  '  AUen-a  Dale  '  to 

the  life  of  a  thief  in  Northern  India." — Times. 

"  It  is  rare  that  a  sheaf  of  poems  comes  in  our  way  that  can  give  us  such  genuine 

pleasure  as  this  book one  of  thct  most  brilliant  that  India  has  given  us,  and  an  emporium 

of  genuine  humour." — Literary  H'urld. 

"There  is  no  end  of  fun  for  an  old  Anglo-Indian  in  Mr.  McMillan's  book  of  '  Divers 

Ditties,'  and  one  does  not  need  to  have  been  HI  India  to  get  a  good  laugh  at  it Cleverly 

written  and  jolly  satires  on  Civil  Service  officials,  lawyers,  grass  widows,  and  other  charac- 
teristic types  of  Anglo-Indian  life The  verses  and  Ihe  few  prose  pieces  at  the  end  of  the 

book  are  full  of  po'inl."— Scotsman. 


CHILD-WORLD  BALLADS.    By  Mrs.  Piatt.    Cr.  8vo.  5s. 

"  Of  Mrs.  Piatt's  volume  of  poems  it  is  difficult  to  speak  with  moderation.  The  '  Child- 
World  Ballad '  which  opens  the  book,  and  which  is  called  '  Seven  Little  Indian  Stars  :  an 
Iroquois  Legend  of  the  Pleiades,'  is  one  of  the  loveliest  flowers  in  literature."— .(4caafe7nj/. 

The  GHOST'S  ENTRY,  and  other  Poems.    By  John  James 

PIATT.     Crown  8vo.  5s. 

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EDITED  BY  ALFRED  H.  MILES. 

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London:  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster-row. 


N"  3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


827 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  U,  1S95. 


CONTENTS. 

CoifSTAifTiNOPLE  OF  To-Day 

Dr.  Johnson  and  the  Fair  Sex 

A  POMANDKR  OF  VERSE  

A  Volume  of  Essays 

Mrs.  Dk  Morgan's  Beminiscences        

Nkw  Novels  ( The  Voice  of  the  Charmer;  Married  or 

Single?    The  British  Barbarians;  At  the  Sign  o£ 

the    Guillotine;     The    Horseman's    Word;    The 

Apotheosis    of    Mr.    Tyrawley ;    Overreached ;    A 

Comedy  of    Sentiment ;    A    Bid  for  Fortune ;   A 

Commonplace  Girl ;  The  Eomance  of  his  Picture  ; 

The  Shuttle  of  Fate  ;  Les  Fianfailles  de  Gabrielle ; 

Les  Brisants)  830- 

Cecristmas  Books        

OuB  Library  Tablk— List  of  New  Books  ...  833- 
'  Gathering  Clouds';    Mr.    G.    A.   Sala  ;  Wirral 

Place-names        83-1- 

Ltterary  Gossip        

Science— The  Key  of  the  Pacific  ;  Astronomical 

Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  836- 

Fnra    Arts  —  Wood-Martin    on    Pagan    Ireland; 

Christmas    Books  ;    Art    for    the    Nursery  ; 

The  Roman  Fortress  of  Babylon  in  Egypt; 

Sales  ;  Gossip       83S- 

Mcsic— The    Week  ;     Various    Concerts  ;    Greek 

Music  ;    Gossip  ;    Performances    Next    Week 

842- 
Drama— The  Week  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip       813- 


PiGE 

827 
827 
823 
829 
829 


-831 
832 
-834 

-835 
835 


LITERATURE 


Consiantinople,  By  F.  Marion  Crawford. 
Illustrated  by  Edward  L.  Weeks.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

Now  that  the  eyes  of  all  Europe  are  once 
more  turned  towards  "the  world's  great 
bone  of  contention,"  Mr.  Marion  Crawford's 
essay  is  happily  timed.  There  may  be  little 
or  nothing  that  is  new  in  it,  but  what  there 
is  is  true,  and  to  the  accuracy  of  a  practised 
observer  is  added  the  charm  of  literary 
expression.  Mr.  Crawford  evidently  knows 
his  Stamboul  in  and  out,  and  up  and  down. 
He  has  staj'ed  there  many  a  time,  and  to 
judge  by  the  precision  he  displays  in  all 
matters  of  Oriental  manners,  history,  and 
even,  as  a  rule,  in  Turkish  orthography 
(though  he  does  write  "ferajeh"  and  talk 
about  ladies'  han  dyed  with  henna),  he  has 
not  been  content  to  play  the  tourist  or  the 
dilettante,  but  has  made  a  serious  study  of 
the  city  and  its  inhabitants.  Every  one  who 
knows  Constantinople  must  concede  that 
never  have  its  characteristics,  whether  in 
scenery  or  humanity,  been  better  hit  off,  as 
it  were,  in  a  thumb-nail  sketch.  The  pic- 
tures of  street  life — notably  the  passing 
scene  on  that  ever- thronged  Gralata  bridge — 
are  as  true  to  the  strange  mixed  life  that 
hurries  by  as  the  admirable  drawings  with 
which  Mr.  "Weeks  has  enriched  the  tasteful 
little  volume.  The  descriptions  of  scenery, 
whether  at  the  Sweet  Waters  of  Europe  or 
by  night  on  the  Bosphorus,  are  exquisite  in 
their  fidelity  and  in  their  deHcate  nuances 
of  language.  And  everywhere  Mr.  Crawford 
brings  the  imagination  of  the  novelist  to 
the  illumination  of  historical  associations 
and  the  interpretation  of  a  chance  scene  or 
the  expression  of  a  face  in  the  crowd.  A 
faUen  tombstone  sets  in  motion  such  a  train 
of  thought  as  this,  which  wUl  give  some 
idea  of  the  author's  manner.  It  was  at  the 
fortress  of  the  Seven  Towers  : — 

*'The  last  time  I  was  there  I  was  wandering 
idly  through  the  outer  gate,  intending  as  usual 
to  peer  between  the  stones  of  the  so-called  Well 
of  Blood,  into  which  the  aforesaid  Armenian 
cobbler  declares  that  the  heads  of  a  number  of 
Janissaries  were  thrown  when  Mahmud  the 
Reformer  destroyed  the  corps.  The  well  is 
deep  and  black,  and  there  is  water  in  it,  and 


probably  no  bones  at  all  by  this  time.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  gate  I  stumbled  against  a  stone 
which  lay  in  the  way  under  the  arch.  It  was  a 
bit  of  the  head-stone  of  a  woman's  grave,  as  was 
clear  from  the  carved  sunflower,  for  men's  graves 
have  a  turban  or  fez,  according  to  the  epoch. 
Below  the  flower  a  part  of  the  inscription  was 
still  legible — the  dedication  to  God,  '  the  ever- 
abiding  One ' — and  below  that,  in  Turkish,  the 
words  :  '  I  have  come  to  the  garden  of  this 
world,  but  have  found  no  kindness.'  More  had 
followed,  but  the  stone  was  broken  ofi"  at  that 
place.  There  was  an  odd  pathos  and  pity  about 
it,  as  though  the  unhappy  woman,  whoever  she 
had  been,  buried  long  ago  outside  the  walls,  had 
come  back,  knocking  once  more  at  the  gate  of 
the  'garden  of  this  world,'  asking  for  a  little 
of  that  kindness  of  which  she  had  found  none 
in  this  life.  It  was  all  very  lonely  and  desolate, 
the  high  sun  beating  down  upon  the  withered 
shrubs  and  bushes  and  dusty  paths  of  the  garden 
which  had  once  flowered  in  the  court,  and  blazing 
more  fiercely  still  upon  the  deserted  hillock,  the 
ruined  mosque,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Well  of 
Blood  outside  the  open  gate  ;  and  there,  in  the 
shadow  of  the  arch  between,  the  ghost  of  the 
Turkish  woman  asking  for  kindness  and  finding 
none." 

Mr.  Crawford's  opinion  of  the  Turks  and 
the  Armenians  will  naturally  attract  some 
notice,  and  probably  some  criticism.  He  says 
nothing  of  the  Turkish  system  of  govern- 
ment, but  of  the  Osmanli  in  private  life  he 
is  a  staunch  defender  : — 

"And  here  at  the  very  outset  let  me  say  that 
after  many  visits  and  some  residence  in  the 
East  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  believe  in  the 
original  Turk — when  he  is  to  be  found.  Greeks, 
Armenians,  Persians,  and  Africans  have  given 
him  a  bad  name  by  calling  themselves  Turks 
and  sometimes  by  misgoverning  his  country, 
but  he  himself  is  a  fine  fellow  and  belongs  to 
the  superior  dominant  races  of  the  world.  He  is 
naturally  a  fair  man  with  blue  eyes  and  of  fresh 
complexion,  well  grown,  uncommonly  strong,  and 
very  enduring.  He  is  sober  ;  he  is  clean  ;  and 
he  is  honest  even  to  his  own  disadvantage,  being 
by  no  means  a  match  for  the  wily  Greeks  and 
Armenians  who  are  perpetually  fattening  on  his 
heart." 

The  American  traveller  finds  the  Turks 
"  profoundly  in  earnest  in  religious  matters," 
yet  "there  has  never  been  anything  like  a 
persecution  of  Christians  or  Jews  at  Con- 
stantinople." But  he  is  so  struck  with  their 
loyalty  to  their  creed  that  in  the  case  of  an 
attempt  to  abolish  the  Osmanli  empire  in 
Europe — an  event  of  which  Mr.  Crawford 
"  would  rather  not  think  " — he  believes  that 
' '  the  unf urhng  of  the  standard  of  the 
Prophet,  which  is  occasionally  hinted  at  as 
a  vague  possibility,  would  be  productive 
of  results  not  dreamed  of  in  the  philosophy 
of  Europe."  With  regard  to  the  Christian 
population  of  Constantinople  he  holds  no 
less  decided  opinions  : — 

"As  for  Galata,  it  is  the  fermenting  vat  of  the 
scum  of  the  earth.  It  is  doubtful  whether  in 
any  city  in  the  globe  such  an  iniquitous  popu- 
lation could  be  found  as  that  which  is  huddled 
together  by  the  water's  edge  from  Kassim  Pasha 
to  Tophane.  It  is  indeed  an  interesting  region 
to  the  student  of  criminal  physiognomy,  for  the 
lowest  types  of  what  must  necessarily  be  called 
the  civilized  criminal  classes  fill  the  filthy  streets, 
the  poisonous  lanes,  and  the  reeking  liquor- 
shops,  the  terror  of  the  Europeans  above,  and 
the  object  of  righteous  hatred  and  loathing  to 
the  Turks  on  the  other  side.  The  Greeks  and 
Armenians,  who  lead  a  sort  of  underground 
existence,  here  make  a  good  living,  and  by  no 
means  a  precarious  one,  by  a  great  variety  of 
evil  practices." 


Those  who  have  ventured  among  the  pur- 
Heus  of  Gralata  will  endorse  every  word  of 
this,  whatever  they  may  think  of  Mr.  Craw- 
ford's eulogy  of  the  Turks.  At  any  rate, 
these  opinions  of  an  intelligent  observer, 
who  belongs  to  a  nation  which  is  not  biassed 
by  a  traditional  foreign  policy  on  the 
Eastern  Question,  possess  a  considerable 
interest,  and  must  command  attention.  But 
it  is  rather  with  its  picturesque  descriptions 
that  the  present  work  will  charm  the 
reader,  and  make  him  long  to  do  as  Mr. 
Crawford  recommends : — 

"And  here  by  the  Sweet  Waters  of  Europe, 
in  the  pleasant  shade,  and  by  the  cool  flowing 
water,  I  will  leave  you  for  a  space  to  dream  out 
your  dream  of  romance  until  the  shadows  deepen 
to  purple,  and  the  silent  kaiks  drop  away  down 
the  stream  ;  or  if  you  feel  commercially  inclined, 
and  have  spent  your  day  in  the  bazaar,  to  lay 
deep  schemes  for  the  circumvention  of  Isaac,  or 
Moses,  or  my  dear  old  friend  Marchetto,  or  of 
Osman  Bey,  the  honest  Turk,  in  the  purchase 
of  the  ideal  Persian  carpet." 


Doctor  Johnson  and  the  Fair  Sex :  a  Study  of 
Contrasts.  By  W.  H.  Craig,  M.A.  With 
Portraits.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
It  has  sometimes  been  asked  why  none  of 
the  numerous  writers  on  Johnson  has  made 
a  more  special  study  of  his  relations  with 
the  fair  sex,  and  this  want  in  Johnsonian 
literature  is  now,  to  some  extent,  supplied 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Craig,  who  has  produced  an 
interesting  and  highly  suggestive  volume 
on  the  subject.  The  second  title  of  the  work 
is  "  A  Study  of  Contrasts,"  and  it  is  decidedly 
appropriate.  The  story  of  Johnson's  friend- 
ships and  flirtations  with  the  ladies  of  those 
days  presents,  in  more  ways  than  one,  some 
very  striking  contrasts. 

"  Johnson,"  Mr.  Craig  informs  us,  "  loved 
early  and  loved  often."     The  ladies  who, 
during  his  long  career,  were  distinguished 
by  the  friendship  or  affection  of  the  great 
moralist    were    certainly    numerous.      The 
reader    hears    in   this   volume   of    a   good 
many  of  them,  and  Mr.  Craig  has  omitted 
to   mention  others  whose   names  ought   to 
be  included  in  the  list.     He  says  nothing, 
for    instance,    of    Sophy   Streatfield,   who, 
though  she  did  not,  perhaps,  know  so  much 
Greek  as  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter,  had  edited 
several  volumes  of  the  ancient  classics,  and 
was  by  far  the  prettiest  of  the  Streatham 
set.  Fanny  Burney,  soon  after  making  John- 
son's acquaintance,   was   really   astonished 
when  Mrs.  Thrale  hinted  at  her  "  becoming  a 
rival  to  Miss  Streatfield  in  the  Doctor's  good 
graces."  Mr.  Craig  makes  no  allusion  either 
to  Mary  Wollstonecraft's  visit  to  Bolt  Court, 
where  she  made  herself  most  agreeable  to 
her  host,   and  was   asked    to  come  again. 
Another  of  the  Doctor's  visitors  not   men- 
tioned in  these  pages  was  an  extremely  dis- 
reputable  woman   called    Bet   Flint,    who 
brought  her  poetical  autobiography  to  John- 
son for  correction,  and  begged  him  to  write 
her   a   preface.     He    must    certainly  have 
looked  at  her  manuscript,  for   some    time 
afterwards  he  was  able  to  repeat  some  of  the 
lines,  although  he  wisely  refused  her  other 
request.     Mr.    Craig  should   have  told   his 
readers,  too,    something   of   Peg   Woffing- 
ton,  whom  Johnson  must  have  known  well 
during  the  time  she  was  living  with  Gar- 
rick.     It  was  at  one  of  his  visits  to  their 
house  that  Peg  Woffington  was  scolded  by 


828 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


Garrick  for  extravagance  in  making  the  tea 
too  strong.  "  It  is  blood  red,"  lie  said  ;  but 
this  "svas  in  the  early  days  of  Garrick's 
career,  when  he  was  still  poor. 

Some  of  these  intimacies  of  Johnson's 
raise  a  curious  question  as  to  his  notions  on 
the  subject  of  "  evil  communications."  Mrs. 
Woffington  was  beyond  doubt  a  very  charm- 
ing person,  but  was  it  becoming  for  a 
moralist  to  associate  with  a  woman  whose 
gallantries  were  so  many  and  so  notorious  ? 
Another  lady  who  loved  not  wisely,  but 
much  too  often,  was  Mrs.  Abington.  John- 
son, however,  delighted  in  her  society,  dined 
at  her  house,  and  in  his  old  age  "  hobbled 
out,"  as  he  called  it,  to  attend  her  benefit 
when  he  could  neither  hear  nor  see  what  was 
passing  on  the  stage.  She  had  begged  him 
to  come,  and  it  would  have  been  brutal,  he 
said,  to  refuse.  On  some  occasions — as,  for 
instance,  when  Boswell  tried  to  defend  Lady 
Di.  Beauclerk's  misbehaviour  —  Johnson 
could  be  very  severe  on  female  frailty. 
Yet  he  confessed  that  he  envied  Boswell 
his  acquaintance  with  Mrs.  Eudd,  and 
declared  that  he  should  like  to  visit  her 
himself.  Lady  Di.  Beauclerk  had,  we 
know,  yielded  to  temptation,  but  whatever 
were  her  faults,  she  was  an  angel  of  light 
in  comparison  with  Mrs.  Eudd,  who,  not  to 
mention  other  failings,  was  undoubtedly 
guilty  of  forgery,  and  probably  of  murder. 
Had  Johnson  a  dispensing  clause  in  favour 
of  actresses  and  notorious  women  ?  He 
often  expressed  great  admiration  for  Miss 
Eeynolds,  who,  he  declared,  was  almost 
purity  itself ;  but  what  was  his  opinion  of 
the  characters  of  "Nosegay  Pan"  and  Peg 
Woffington  ■?  Johnson  certainly  appears  to 
have  been  sometimes  inconsistent  in  his 
judgment,  although  there  is  no  doubt  that 
his  relations  with  the  fair  sex  were  blame- 
less. The  subject,  however,  cannot  be 
adequately  discussed  in  the  limits  of  a  news- 
paper article. 

Of  Johnson's  love  affairs,  using  the 
word  in  its  more  common  sense,  it  is 
needless  to  say  much.  We  know  of  a 
good  many  of  these  episodes,  and  there 
are  probably  others  which  are  not  re- 
corded. As  a  boy  at  school,  he  wrote 
verses  to  a  Miss  Olivia  Lloyd,  who,  by  a 
curious  mistake,  is  spoken  of  in  this  volume 
as  Miss  Floyd.  Another  of  his  flames  was 
Lucy  Porter,  the  daughter  of  his  future 
wife ;  but  Mr.  Craig  is  wrong  in  stating  that 
the  lines  "  on  the  nosegay  of  myrtle  "  were 
addressed  to  this  lady,  though  Johnson 
was  certainly  a  suitor  for  her  hand. 
There  was  a  very  early  love  affair  with  Miss 
Hector,  the  sister  of  his  schoolfellow  and 
afterwards  lifelong  friend.  Johnson  de- 
clared that  she  was  the  first  woman  with 
whom  he  was  in  love,  but  a  man's  memory 
is  in  these  cases  often  defective.  The  most 
serious  and  lasting  of  his  attachments  was 
to  Molly  Aston.  **  She  was,"  he  said, 
"  a  beauty  and  a  scholar  and  a  wit  and  a  Whig 

she    was    the    loveliest    creature     I    ever 

saw." 

When  asked  what  had  been  the  happiest 
period  of  his  life,  he  replied  : — 

"  The  year  in  which  I  spent  one  whole  even- 
ing with  Molly  Aston.  That,  indeed,  wasn't 
happiness,  it  was  rapture,  but  the  thoughts  of 
it  sweetened  the  whole  year." 
Miss  Aston  was  afterwards  married  to  a 
Capt.  Brodie  of  the  Eoyal  Navy,  but  nothing 


is  known  of  her  subsequent  career.  If  she 
survived  to  read  Boswell's  *  Life,'  she  must 
have  been  a  good  deal  flattered  at  Johnson's 
encomiums  of  her  genius  and  beauty.  Every 
man,  it  is  supposed,  has  at  one  time  or 
other  been  in  love  with  an  actress,  and 
Johnson  enjoyed  no  immunity  from  the 
common  lot.  The  object  of  his  admiration 
was  a  Mrs.  Emmet,  who  took  the  part  of 
Plora  in  Gibber's  version  of  '  Hob  in  the 
Well,'  but  he  probably  only  loved  her  at  a 
distance.  The  question  of  Johnson's  feel- 
ings for  Mrs.  Thrale  after  her  husband's 
death  is  discussed  in  this  volume  at  con- 
siderable length.  Mr.  Craig  evidently  thinks 
that  Johnson  wished  to  marry  her,  and  the 
tone  of  his  letters  just  then  was  unde- 
niably affectionate.  He  was,  however, 
more  than  thirty  years  older  than  the 
lady,  and  it  must  be  remembered  that 
for  many  years  they  had  lived  in  close 
friendship.  It  appears,  too,  suspicious  to 
Mr.  Craig  that  Johnson  about  this  time 
effected  great  improvements  in  his  dress,  and 
bought  a  pair  of  silver  buckles  for  his  shoes. 
We  fancy  that  this  unusual  attention  to  his 
personal  appearance  may  be  explained  by 
his  wish  to  support  his  dignity  as  Mr. 
Thrale' s  executor,  a  position  of  which  he 
was  inordinately  proud.  Mrs.  Thrale,  who 
was  a  good  authority  on  the  subject,  laughed 
at  the  idea  of  his  having  cherished  intentions 
of  marrying  her,  and  Boswell  for  once  agreed 
with  her.  We  believe,  however,  that  if 
Mrs.  Thrale  had  been  anxious  for  the 
match,  Johnson  would  have  had  no  dislike 
to  it. 

Of  marriage  in  the  abstract  Johnson 
highly  approved.  "Everyman,"  he  said, 
"  is  a  worse  man  in  proportion  as  he  is  unfit 
for  the  married  state."  He  even  approved 
of  a  man  contracting  a  second  marriage, 
and  considered  it  as  a  compliment  to  the 
first  wife.  He  acknowledged,  however,  that 
he  had  once  been  on  the  point  of  asking 
Mrs.  Johnson  not  to  marry  again.  She 
might  well  have  granted  his  request  with- 
out any  fear  of  being  tempted  to  break  her 
promise.  Johnson  ridiculed  the  idea  of  a 
man  being  unwilling  to  marry  a  pretty 
woman  lest  he  should  have  cause  for 
jealousy.  "  No,  sir,"  he  said,  "  I  would 
prefer  a  pretty  woman    unless    there    are 

objections  to  her A  pretty  woman,  if  she 

has  a  mind  to  be  wicked,  can  find  a  readier 
way  than  another ;  and  that  is  aU."  He 
had,  in  fact,  made  a  profound  study  of 
women  from  every  point  of  view.  And 
yet,  as  Mr.  Craig  observes,  Johnson  never 
took  women  quite  seriously,  and  would  not 
hear  of  their  assuming  an  equality  with 
men  either  in  mental  or  bodily  pursuits. 
He  looked  upon  them  as  delightful  com- 
panions, as  ministering  angels,  but  not 
quite  as  reasonable  beings,  as  he  showed 
on  the  well-known  occasion  when  two  ladies 
came  from  Staffordshire  to  consult  him 
about  Methodism.  There  were,  however, 
a  few  ladies  whose  intellectual  power  he 
acknowledged.  One  of  these  was,  of  course, 
Molly  Aston.  Another  was  Mrs.  Fitzherbert, 
and  he  declared  that  she  had  ' '  the  best 
understanding  he  ever  met  with  in  any 
human  being."  One  evening,  when  John- 
son and  Boswell  were  at  the  Pantheon, 
they  met  a  Mrs.  Bosville  of  Gunthwaite, 
with  whom  Johnson  had  some  conversation, 
and  of  whom  he  afterwards  remarked,  "  Sir, 


this  is  a  mighty  intelligent  lady."  Mr.  Craig" 
writes  that  he  would  like  to  know  more  oi 
this  "  intelligent  lady,"  and  we  can,  in 
some  measure,  satisfy  his  curiosity.  Mrs. 
Bosville,  who  lived  well  into  this  century^ 
was  not  only  intelligent,  but  also  extremely 
handsome,  as  a  full-length  portrait  of  her  at 
the  family  seat  still  bears  witness.  In  her  old 
age  she  became  exceedingly  eccentric.  She 
had  two  daughters,  to  the  younger  of  whom, 
Julia,  Boswell  was  at  this  time  inclined  to 
pay  his  addresses.  The  match  never  came 
off,  and  the  lady  was  afterwards  married, 
in  1780,  to  the  third  Viscount  Dudley  and 
Ward.  She  sat  to  Sir  Joshua,  and  the 
picture  is  well  known  from  the  engraving. 

Johnson  was  very  popular  in  ladies? 
society,  and  this  fact  has  sometimes  excited 
surprise.  Mr.  Craig  himself  seems  rather 
puzzled  as  to  the  secret  of  Johnson's  power 
of  attraction.  There  were,  in  fact,  many 
reasons  why  he  should  find  favour  with 
ladies.  His  manliness,  his  strength  and 
known  courage,  gave  them,  when  in  his 
company,  a  sense  of  protection  and 
security.  Women's  instinct,  too,  could 
easily  recognize  the  loyalty,  the  tender- 
ness and  devotion,  which  were  sometimes 
concealed  by  his  rugged  exterior.  His 
conversation  was  always  brilliant,  and  when 
he  was  not  excited  by  argument,  it  was 
pleasant  and  full  of  interest.  "I  love  to 
sit  by  Dr.  Johnson,"  said  Kitty  Clive,  "he 
always  entertains  me."  It  was  inexpressi- 
bly flattering  for  a  woman  to  be  addressed 
in  terms  of  deference  and  respect  by  a  man 
whose  powers  of  rhetoric  were  reported 
to  be  superior  to  those  of  Burke,  and 
whom  Fox  was  unwilling  to  engage  in 
controversy.  What  a  triumph  for  Fanny 
Burney  and  his  other  favourites  to  find 
themselves  talking  on  easy  and  familiar 
terms  to  this  formidable  champion  !  In 
general  society  his  success  was  equally 
marked,  and  this  was  doubtless  owing  in 
some  measure  to  his  great  reputation, 
"  Wraxall,"  writes  Mr.  Craig, 
' '  describes  how  at  the  most  fashionable  assem- 
blies he  has  seen,  upon  Dr.  Johnson  making  hia 
appearance,  all  the  ladies  present  cluster  round 
him  in  a  circle  four  or  five  deep,  and  how  he 
actually  beheld  the  beautiful  Duchess  of  Devon- 
shire —  Gainsborough's  Duchess  —  then  in  the 
first  bloom  of  youth,  '  hanging  on  the  sentences 
that  fell  from  Johnson's  lips,  and  contending 
for  the  nearest  place  to  his  chair.'  " 

It  was  among  women  of  a  very  different 
class  that  Johnson  revealed  the  still  nobler 
traits  of  his  character.  The  story  is  well 
known  of  his  returning  home  late  one  night 
and  finding  in  Fleet  Street  a  wretched 
woman  of  the  town  overcome  by  exhaustion 
and  disease.  She  had  been  turned  out  of 
her  lodgings  by  an  inhuman  landlord.  John- 
son carried  her  on  his  back  to  his  own  house, 
had  her  carefully  nursed  and  tended  tiU 
restored  to  health,  and  then  put  her  in  the 
way  of  earning  an  honest  livelihood. 


A    Pomander    of    Verse,       By    E.    Nesbit, 

(Lane.) 
One  can  weU  imagine  that  to  the  making 
of  this  pomander  there  went  the  due  pro- 
portions of  labdanum,  storax  liquid.  Calamus 
aromatmis,  balm,  fine  wax,  cloves,  mace, 
liquid  aloes,  nutmegs,  and  musk,  which  an 
old  recipe  recommends  in  the  preparation  of 
such  compounds.      For  there  is  a  finished 


N**  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


829 


daintiness,  a  natural  and  yet  cultivated 
perfume,  about  these  pages,  which  one  does 
not  usually,  or  often,  find  in  the  often 
fragrant  enough  work  of  women  writers. 
Most  women  who  write  verse  write  it  with 
a  certain  charm,  a  facile  and  agreeable 
charm,  which  comes  to  them  as  naturally  as 
a  certain  taste  in  dress  or  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  hair.  But  it  is  a  charm  of  no 
deeper  origin,  of  no  finer  significance,  than 
this  outward  and  elegant  tastefulness  in 
ornament  and  attire.  With  E.  Nesbit,  in 
this  new  book  of  hers,  which  seems  to 
mark  a  most  considerable  advance  on  her 
previous  work  in  verse,  there  is  found,  under 
this  dainty  lightness,  penetrating  it  like  a 
perfume,  a  real  poetic  seriousness.  Some 
of  the  poems  are  imitative  :  one  finds  not 
infrequent  traces  of  Browning  ( '  In  Sanc- 
tuary,' for  example),  of  Christina  Rossetti 
(as  '  The  Treasure  '),  and  other  vaguer  influ- 
ences. But  there  is  personal  feeling,  a  real 
emotion  finding  its  way  into  words  which 
are  often  exquisite,  into  rhythms  which  are 
sometimes  (as  in  'Through  the  Wood')  quite 
original.  The  finest  form  and  the  finest 
substance  do  not  invariably  go  together, 
and  among  the  pieces  which  seem  to  be  on 
the  whole  the  most  interesting  are  some  in 
which  the  frank,  forthright  feeling  has 
perhaps  scarcely  waited  for  the  choicest 
wording,  as  in  the  lines  called  *  Surrender ': 
The  wild  wind  wails  in  the  poplar  tree, 

I  sit  here  alone. 
0  heart  of  my  heart,  come  hither  to  me  I 
Come  to  me  straight  over  land  and  sea, 
My  soul — my  own  ! 

Not  now — the  clock's  slow  tick  I  hear, 
And  nothing  more. 
The  year  is  djdng,  the  leaves  are  sere, 
No  ghost  of  the  beautiful  young  crowned  year 
Knocks  at  my  door. 

But  one  of  these  nights,  a  wild,  late  night, 

I,  waiting  within, 
Shall  hear  your  hand  on  the  latch— and  spite 
Of  prudence  and  folly  and  wrong  and  right, 
I  shall  let  you  in. 

At  other  times  emotion  comes  to  us  more 
quietly,  and  with  a  certain  poetic  ingenuity, 
which  has  almost  the  point,  and  more  than 
the  charm,  of  the  epigram ;  for  instance,  in 
a  little  parable  called  '  The  Gift  of  the  Gods,' 
which  was  first  printed  in  the  Athenceum  two 
years  ago  under  a  different  title. 

There  are  also,  here  and  there,  delightful 
touches  of  a  very  human  kind  of  humour ; 
in  the  poem  called  '  The  Claim,'  for  instance. 
This  is  part  of  the  work  which  seems  a  little 
obviously  done  after  Browning,  but  it  is 
none  the  less  well  done,  and  in  substance, 
if  not  quite  in  manner,  personal.  Some  of 
the  more  trivially  humorous  pieces  might 
well  have  been  omitted  ;  they  do  but  slightly 
detract  from  the  sense  of  harmonious 
fragrance  which  we  receive  from  the  amber- 
gris, lavender,  rose,  rosemary,  myrrh,  musk, 
and  bergamot  of  this  delicate  '  Pomander 
of  Verse.' 


Impressions  and  Memories.  By  James  Ash- 
croft  Noble.  (Dent  &  Co.) 
Mr.  AsncROFT  Noble's  essays  are  remark- 
ably modest  and  unassuming  alike  in  method 
and  in  choice  of  subject.  He  deals  by  pre- 
ference with  the  retiring  rather  than  the 
salient  personalities  of  literature — with  Haw- 
thorne and  Christina  Eossetti  and  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  for  instance — personalities 
that  certainly  require  you  to  meet  them  half 


way,  and  would  by  no  means  think  of  going 
out  into  the  highways  and  byways  to  claim 
your  attention.  Nor  does  he  view  his  voca- 
tion of  critic  as  investing  him  with  any 
particularly  exalted  functions  of  judge  or 
prophet.  In  a  thoughtful  introductory  essay 
'  On  the  Justification  of  Impressions '  he 
expounds  his  theory  of  the  matter  : — 

' '  Above  all  things  criticism  is  persuasion — 
the  justification  of  impressions.  It  is  the  state- 
ment of  pleas  for  preferences,  differentiations, 
and  assignments  of  precedence,  with  a  view  to 
bringing  about  a  general  accordance  of  feel- 
ing, a  consensus  of  competent  and  cultivated 
opinion." 

This  is  much  truer  than  many  other  concep- 
tions of  criticism,  yet  we  do  not  think  it  to 
be  altogether  satisfactory,  because  of  the 
undue  stress  laid  upon  the  element  of  pre- 
ference and  precedence.  For,  after  all,  the 
best  criticism  is  analysis  rather  than  classi- 
fication, and  is  more  occupied  in  determin- 
ing what  its  subjects,  in  themselves  and 
essentially,  are,  than  in  assigning  them  their 
grades  in  any  imaginary  hierarchy.  But, 
though  we  cavil  at  the  minor  details  of  Mr. 
Ashcroft  Noble's  doctrine  of  criticism,  we 
are  none  the  less  sensitive  to  the  delicate 
merit  of  his  own  essays  in  the  art.  Subtle 
rather  than  robust  in  his  sympathies,  he 
is  at  his  best  in  treating  of  authors  or 
subjects  that  attract  him  by  some  quality 
of  spiritualism  or  even  mysticism.  Thus 
he  has  some  excellent  passages — suggested 
by  Mrs.  Watts  Hughes's  "voice  figures  " — 
on  '  Music  and  Form,'  in  which  he  takes  up 
the  train  of  thought  of  Browning's  '  Abt 
Vogler,'  and  hazards  the  speculation  that 

"the  imagination  does  not  find  it  impossible  to 
accept  the  belief  that  the  congregated  har- 
monies of  Handel  and  Beethoven  and  Wagner 
live  as  forms  of  splendour — as  lofty  mountain 
summits,  as  towered  and  templed  cities,  as  great 
expanses  of  luxurious  forest — in  the  vision  of 
clearer  eyes  than  ours." 

Very  patient,  too,  and  kindly  is  his  study 
of  the  little  -  known  but  winning  writer 
Annie  Keary. 

If,  however,  we  had  to  bring  a  general 
indictment  against  Mr.  Ashcroft  Noble's 
equipment  as  a  critic,  it  would  be  on  the 
ground  that  his  interests  appear  to  be  too  ex- 
clusively confined  to  contemporary  or  almost 
contemporary  literature.  He  rarely  mentions 
a  writer  earlier  than  the  beginning  of  the 
century,  practically  never  a  classic.  And  from 
this  proceeds  a  note  of  narrowness,  almost 
of  provincialism,  in  some  of  his  judgments. 
It  is  difficult  to  avoid  thinking  that  a  more 
habitual  conversance  with  the  great  master- 
pieces would  have  withheld  him  from  quoting 
certain  unnecessary  verses  by  Miss  Adelaide 
Anne  Procter  and  other  writers ;  and  it 
might  possibly  have  led  him  oven  to  moderate 
his  estimate  of  the  importance  of  Mr.  William 
Watson.  After  discussing  the  skylark  poems 
of  Wordsworth  and  Shelley,  to  add  that  Mr. 
Watson's  "supremely  beautiful  lyric"  on 
the  same  subject  is  "  the  latest,  the  tenderest, 
and,  as  some  of  us  think,  the  loveliest  flower 
in  this  small  but  precious  anthology" — this 
is  only  to  hold  up  himself,  as  well  as  the 
young  gentleman  whom  ho  would  applaud, 
to  ridicule.  Fortunately  Mr.  Watson's 
head  does  not  come  much  into  this  me- 
morial, but  we  observe  with  some  regret 
that  Mr.  Ashcroft  Noble  proposes  a  whole 
volume  in  the  future  upon  so  perilous  a 


theme.  Before  concluding,  we  would  call 
the  reader's  attention  to  '  In  Elleray  Wood ' 
and  two  or  three  other  essays,  which  seem 
to  us  to  be  even  more  happy  in  dealing  with 
life  and  with  landscape  than  are  their  fellows 
with  literature. 


Threescore    Years  ayid  Ten :   Reminiscences  of 
the  late  Sophia  Elizabeth  Be  Morgan.     To 
which  are  added  Letters  to  and  from  her 
Husband,  the  late  Augustus  Do  Morgan, 
and  Others.      Edited  by  her  Daughter, 
Mary  A.  De  Morgan.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 
Though  this  volume,  as  her  daughter  tells 
us,  was  only  finished  in  1887,  when  Mrs.  De 
Morgan  was  seventy-eight,  the  "  memories  " 
recorded  in  it  are  almost  entirely  of  friend- 
ships and  events  then  at  least  half  a  century 
old.     The  narrative  would  probably   have 
been  fuller  and  more  interesting  had  it  been 
written  at  an  earlier  date.     But  it  is  very 
pleasant  reading  as  it  is.     Before  her  mar- 
riage   in    1837    Miss    Sophia    Frend   was 
acquainted  with  many  notable  people,  her 
father's  associates,  and  if  she  tells  us  little 
that  is    new  about    Sir  Francis   Burdett, 
William  Allen  and  Eobert  Owen,  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld,  Mrs.  Fry  and  Lady  Byron,  Blake, 
Coleridge,  Lamb,  and  others,  nearly  all  she 
says  is  kindly  and  discriminating. 

Her  father,  AVilliam  Frend,  was  a  remark- 
able man  in  many  ways.  He  made  heavy 
sacrifices  in  order  to  become  a  clergyman, 
and  heavier  sacrifices  resulted  from  his 
quitting  the  Church,  after  four  years'  ministry 
in  it,  "in  obedience  to  the  dictates  of  con- 
science." For  publishing  pamphlets  con- 
demning hierarchies,  and  showing  a  leaning 
to  republicanism,  he  was  expelled  from  his 
college,  deprived  of  his  tutorship,  and  sub- 
jected to  legal  proceedings  which  extended 
over  several  years.  A  diligent  scholar  to 
the  end  of  his  days,  he  had  to  make  his 
living  as  an  actuary,  and  his  refined  tastes 
and  broad  sympathies  brought  him  into 
intimacy  with  nearly  every  one  of  note  in 
his  day. 

Friend  of  the  friendless,  friend  of  all  mankind, 
To  thy  wide  friendships  I  have  not  been  blind, 
But,  looking  at  them  nearly,  in  the  end 
I  love  thee  most  that  thou  art  Dyer's  Frend, 

was  Lamb's  punning  and  honest  tribute. 
To  George  Dyer,  Frend  appears  to  have 
rendered  numberless  services  through  a  long 
course  of  years,  and  when  the  one  man  died 
the  other  was  quite  ready  to  die  too.  "  Mr. 
Frend  is  dead.  Lay  me  beside  him,"  Dyer 
said  to  the  messenger  who  brought  the 
news  : — 

"He  then  went  into  an  adjoining  room, 
washed  his  hands,  returned,  and  quietly  sat 
down  in  his  armchair— as  it  was  thought,  to 
listen  to  a  kind  friend  (Miss  Matilda  Betham) 
who  came  to  read  to  him.  Before  beginning, 
she  looked  up  to  her  hearer,  but  the  loving- 
hearted  old  man  was  dead." 

Though  Lamb  wrote  verses  in  praise  of 
her  as  well  as  of  her  father,  Mrs.  De 
Morgan's  recollection  of  him  was  only  as 
"  a  small  man,  quaint  and  old-fashioned- 
looking,  and  usually  when  I  saw  liim 
indulging  in  what  is  now  called  '  chaff '  at 
the  expense  of  his  host ;  also,  on  the  occa- 
sion which  I  best  remember,  indulging  in  a 
bottle  of  London  stout."  Of  Coleridge  she 
says:  "I  have  heard  him  talking  to,  not 
with,  my  father  for  many  hours  when  I, 
being  a  child  only,  wished  ho  would  stop." 

9 


830 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3555,  Dec.  U,  '95 


For  some  time  the  Fronds  lived  at  Stoke 
Newington,  in  the  house  which  had  formerly 
been  tenanted  by  Daniel  Defoe  and  Dr. 
Watts.  There  they  saw  much  of  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld  and  her  circle,  including  William 
Allen  and  other  Quakers,  as  well  as  the 
leading  Unitarians,  a  common  field  for  good 
works  being  found  in  the  starting  of  edu- 
cational reforms,  and  much  of  the  practical 
philanthropy  that  has  taken  shape  within 
the  past  two  generations.  Miss  Frend's 
chief  companion  in  efforts  to  benefit  other 
people  and  most  intimate  friend  during  many 
years,  however,  was  Lady  Byron,  of  whom 
a  very  favourable  account  is  here  given. 
One  of  the  many  enterprises  in  which  they 
were  concerned  was  a  Children's  Friend 
Society,  which  picked  up  little  boys  and 
girls  from  the  gutters,  and,  after  training 
them  at  a  home  in  Chiswick,  sent  them  out 
as  apprentices  to  Canada  and  elsewhere. 
This  was  an  anticipation  of  the  work  since 
done  by  Miss  Eye,  Dr.  Barnardo,  and  others ; 
but  it  had  to  be  abandoned  in  consequence 
of  complaints  in  the  House  of  Commons 
to  the  effect  that  "English  children  were 
taken  away  from  their  parents  and  sold  for 
slaves  in  foreign  countries." 

There  are  in  the  last  chapter  a  few 
reminiscences  of  Carlyle  and  Lord  Shaftes- 
bury, as  Mrs.  De  Morgan  knew  them  in  her 
and  their  old  age,  and  she  dwells  much  on  the 
kindhness  of  "the  seer  of  Chelsea,"  whose 
neighbour  she  became  after  her  husband's 
death.  When,  one  day,  Carlyle's  hat  was 
struck  by  a  stick  or  stone  thrown  by  one  of 
a  crowd  of  boys  romping  near  his  house,  aU 
he  said  was,  "  There,  be  quiet,  can't  ye,  you 
ne'er-do-weels  ! "  On  another  occasion,  when 
Mrs.  De  Morgan  suggested  that  steps  should 
be  taken  to  put  a  stop  to  such  romping,  Car- 
lyle would  not  hear  of  it.  "Ah,  poor  little 
things,"  he  remarked,  "let  them  alone; 
they  '11  never  be  so  happy  again." 

After  her  marriage  Mrs.  De  Morgan  was 
absorbed  in  family  cares.  "  She  always 
maintained  that  a  mother  who  did  her  duty 
by  her  children  while  they  were  of  tender 
years  could  have  time  for  little  else."  But 
she  took  part  in  the  formation  of  Bedford 
College,  in  a  committee  which  led  the  way 
to  the  Workhouse  Visiting  Association,  and 
in  a  Playground  Society,  the  purpose  of 
which  was  expanded  in  the  Kyrle  Society. 
She  was  also  at  all  times  much  interested 
in  phrenology,  spiritualistic  "manifesta- 
tions," and  other  subjects  about  which  a 
good  deal  is  said  in  this  volume. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Tlie  Voice  of  the  Charmer.     By  L.  T.  Meade. 

3  vols.  (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
Somehow  *  The  Voice  of  the  Charmer '  seems 
unlike  one's  impression  of  its  author's  usual 
work.  Perhaps  it  is  of  stronger  fibre.  The 
interest  of  the  will  case  is  not  of  the  old- 
fashioned  kind  from  which  such  things  once 
seemed  inseparable.  In  some  ways  the 
story  is  a  strange  and  striking  one,  though 
the  play  of  emotion  and  character  is  not 
always  kept  well  in  hand.  The  hypnotic 
influence  the  charmer  exerts  over  his  un- 
fortunate wife  is  frequently  the  reverse  of 
convincing,  yet,  even  there,  there  are  possi- 
bilities. John  Ward  has  not  sufficient 
humanity  about  him — in  any  sense  of  the 
word — to    make    one    accept   him  and  his 


phenomenal  charm  as  realities.  Nearly  all 
the  characters  have  some  individuality. 
The  story  does  not  err  on  the  side  of  being 
too  commonplace,  whatever  its  other  faults 
may  be.  The  mental  breakdown  in  Patty, 
the  charmer's  wife,  perhaps  lacks  psycho- 
logical delicacy  of  treatment,  but  it  has 
force  and  painfulness.  That  the  way  of 
transgressors  must  needs  be  hard  is  the 
moral  enforced. 

Married  or  Single  ?  By  B.  M.  Croker.  3  vols. 

(Chatto  &  Windus.) 
In  length  '  Married  or  Single  ? '  is  the  old 
conventional  three  volumes.  To  have 
lessened  the  story  by  at  least  a  volume 
would  not  have  injured  it — rather  the 
reverse.  Several  chapters  are  more  than 
under  suspicion  of  padding.  The  best 
part  of  the  story  is  the  heroine  herself — an 
unusual  circumstance.  The  brave,  natural 
manner  in  which  she  takes  her  troubles 
and  plays  her  part  as  the  unselfish  wife 
and  mother,  in  the  early  part  of  her  wedded 
life,  is  pleasantly  told.  A  change  for  the 
worse  comes  over  the  spirit  of  pretty  Made- 
line's dream,  however,  under  the  influence 
of  prosperity,  which  she  at  first  courts  for 
the  sake  of  her  family  only,  but  afterwards 
for  her  own.  This  phase  of  her  character 
is  treated  with  some  consistency  and  under- 
standing of  human  nature  in  general,  and 
hers  in  particular.  Her  husband's  attitude 
towards  her  is  also,  to  some  extent,  com- 
prehensible when  she  continues  to  desert 
him  and  her  child  for  the  sake  of  her 
brilliant  surroundings.  The  child  dies,  but 
all  else  ends  well  at  length — rather  too 
much  at  length — and  the  young  husband 
and  wife  are  once  more  united,  better  and 
wiser  folk  for  their  various  ordeals. 


the  Hind  Head  clique !  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer  is  used  as  Mr.  Allen's  authority  and 
defence  for  plain  speaking. 


The  British  Barbarians,     By  Grant  Allen. 
(Lane.) 

The  doings  of  Herminia  are  not  yet  con- 
signed to  oblivion.  In  his  introduction  to 
'  The  British  Barbarians '  Mr.  Grant  Allen 
once  more  congratulates  "himself  and 
readers"  on  'The  Woman  Who  Did'  as 
the  first  deliberate  expression  of  his  real 
taste  and  opinions.  He  adds  that  in  future 
everything  he  may  have  to  say  of  a  like 
nature  wiU  be  termed  "hiU-top."  Who 
runs  may,  therefore,  read  or  not  read,  as 
seems  fit  to  him.  Being  "  hiU-top  "  in  spirit, 
*  The  British  Barbarians '  is  meant  to  con- 
vey to  what  Mr.  Allen  calls  "  a  perverse 
generation  "  the  truth  that  is  in  him — "the 
strong  meat  "  of  his  doctrine.  As  all  know, 
or  should  know,  Mr.  Allen  holds  a  brief 
against  the  well-tried,  but — being  human 
— not  perfect  institution  of  marriage.  His 
objections  (not  new  as  he  appears  to  think) 
need  not  be  again  rehearsed.  His  latest 
manifesto  is  intended  to  be  a  scathing  satire 
on  our  social  customs  and  religious  ob- 
servances, and  to  show  how  they  strike 
an  enlightened  stranger  projected  from  the 
twenty-fifth  century  into  suburban  viUadom. 
The  idea  is  not  very  smartly  worked,  and 
has  little  of  the  subtlety  necessary  to  make 
the  thing  go.  Now  and  again  there  are 
touches  bordering  on  the  amusing,  but  not 
often.  In  lieu  thereof  are  railings  against 
town  life,  its  manners  and  hopeless  de- 
generacy, with  an  invitation  to  readers  to 
join  not  the  'appy  band  at  'Ampstead,  but 


At  the  Sign  of  the   Guillotine.     By  Harold 

Spender.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
People  continue,  and  will  continue,  to 
make  tales  out  of  the  great  Eevolu- 
tion  of  '93.  These  things  come  indeed, 
but  not  always  to  stay.  At  least,  the 
hint  of  staying  power  in  them  is  not  the 
quality  the  reviewer  generally  finds  most 
conspicuous.  '  At  the  Sign  of  the  Guillo- 
tine '  is  not  to  be  mentioned  in  the  same 
breath  as  the  novels  of  Mr.  Weyman,  for 
instance,  yet  it  is  as  good  as  many  of  the 
historical  novels  one  meets  in  a  day's  read- 
ing. This  is  by  no  means  to  say  that  the 
present  author  achieves  all  his  endeavour. 
To  a  few  only  is  it  given  to  produce  any- 
thing like  a  vivid  and  haunting  picture  of 
those  stirring  times.  Mr.  Spender  attempts 
the  portraiture  of  well-known  personalities. 
By  so  doing  he  shows  his  courage,  and  at 
the  same  time  provokes  comparison  with 
successful  writers  who  have  been  in  the 
field  before  him,  and  also  with  the  originals 
of  the  models  chosen.  '  At  the  Sign  of  the 
Guillotine '  is  commendable  rather  as  a  suf- 
ficiently careful  reproduction  than  as  a 
briUiant  re-creation  of  a  bygone  epoch. 


Tlie  Horseman^  Word.    By  Neil  Roy.    (Mac- 

millan  &  Co.) 
Yet  another  novel  flavoured  with  the 
Scottish  tongue — this  time  the  vernacular 
of  the  north-eastern  coast.  The  language 
of  the  good  folk  at  the  Muirton — the  "  ill- 
less-guidless  "  John  Cowan,  as  he  modestly 
calls  himself,  really  the  kindest  and  best  of 
men  to  his  young  wife  and  sorely  afflicted 
daughter ;  the  Grieve  and  Tam  ;  the  men  in 
the  bothy ;  and  the  mysterious  Kelpy,  so 
ill  looked  on  by  his  fellows  for  his  mysterious 
gift  of  horse  taming  ("  the  horseman's 
word"),  his  unsocial  silence,  and  his  mesmeric 
powers — is  racy  of  the  soil,  but  far  less 
uncouth  than  the  western  and  southern 
dialects  with  which  recent  writers  have 
somewhat  taxed  our  patience ;  while  the 
narrative,  with  its  bold  descriptions  of  sea 
and  land,  the  iron-bound  coast,  and  the 
sandy  tracts  of  the  dunes,  hardly  more  hos- 
pitable at  certain  seasons  to  the  wayfarer, 
is  couched  in  trenchant  and  pellucid  English. 
The  story  of  "the  Kelpy,"  so  called  from 
the  first  night  of  storm  and  flood  when  he 
mysteriously  appears  at  the  farm  to  still  the 
panic  among  the  stabled  horses,  so  sug- 
gestive to  superstitious  minds  of  the  in- 
fluence of  the  horse- goblin  of  the  neigh- 
bouring loch;  his  consciousness  of  wrongs 
from  his  birth;  the  dream  of  greatness 
which  estranges  him  from  his  class ;  his 
revenge  on  those  who  fear  and  hate  him  by 
land  and  sea ;  his  love  for  the  dumb  girl 
who  alone  shows  human  interest  in  him, 
are  unique  in  the  curious  blending  of  in- 
fluences which  are  purely  local  in  their 
form,  though  the  passions  aroused  by  them 
are  as  common  as  humanity.  The  life  of 
ploughmen  in  a  bothy,  portrayed  with  much 
truth  of  detail,  though  the  system  is  dying 
out  even  in  the  remote  north  of  Scotland, 
has  a  sordid  and  dissolute  side  which  is 
quite  in  evidence.  Yet  there  is  life  and 
even  variety  there,  as  the  hinds  of  Muirton 


N°3555,  Dec.  14/95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


S31 


testify;  and  the  nature  of  the  fisher-folk, 
among  whom  "  the  Kelpy  "  is  more  widely 
and  more  unfavourably  known,  is  exem- 
plified with  equal  knowledge  of  its  traits. 
"Kelpy's"  stormy  voyage  from  Doone- 
mouth,  the  tragedy  of  Yankie  Dowie  and 
his  sons,  and  the  superstitious  fury  directed 
against  the  "  ill-fit  "  whose  tread  has  brought 
about  the  loss  of  the  lugger,  are  incidents 
as  striking  as  to  most  readers  they  will  be 
unfamiliar.  The  mystery  of  the  disputed 
succession  to  the  earldom,  involving  as  it 
does  the  strange  relationship  of  the  outcasts, 
Kelpy  and  his  mother,  to  the  gracious 
Lilias,  their  gentle  protector,  is  one  to 
which  the  Scottish  law-courts  have  probably 
shown  many  parallels. 


The  Apotheosis  of  Mr.  Tyraicley.     By  E.  L. 

Prescott.  (Bentley  &  Son.) 
Me.  Tyrawley,  who  at  our  first  introduc- 
tion to  him  wears  "  beautiful  clothes,"  has 
a  "  pure  Greek  profile,"  "  hyacinthine  waves 
of  hair,"  &c.,  is  distinctly  a  woman's  hero. 
At  this  stage  he  is  earning  a  precarious  and 
dishonest  liveUhood  by  cards  and  billiards, 
but  we  leave  him  expressing  sentiments 
worthy  of  a  Sunday-school  child,  and  with 
a  pronounced  tendency  to  consumption.  We 
are  constantly  reminded  that  he  has  "  out- 
lived all  illusions,"  which  is  as  well,  for  the 
reader  might  have  mistaken  him  for  a  young 
and  foolish,  not  to  say  enthusiastic  man. 
His  apotheosis  begins  with  a  plunge  into  the 
waves  to  rescue  a  youthful  and  precocious 
damsel,  who  henceforth  becomes  the  arbitress 
of  his  destiny.  The  history  of  Mr.  Tyrawley's 
climb  up  the  steep  ascent  of  respectability 
makes,  on  the  whole,  a  good  story.  There 
is  plenty  of  incident  and  plenty  of  spirit, 
and  that  part  of  it  which  is  passed  under 
the  auspices  of  Mr.  Jim  Eaylor  is  really 
well  done,  and  shows  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  coster  world.  The  sentimental  note 
is  throughout  a  little  too  prominent.  It 
appears  even  in  the  otherwise  excellent 
character  of  the  sturdy  Scotch  doctor,  while 
Tyrawley's  meeting  with  his  unknown  uncle 
reminds  us  rather  of  a  melodrama  at  the 
Adelphi.  Mr.  Paget  is,  of  course,  a  pre- 
posterous caricature  of  a  Pharisee,  but  he 
helps  to  provide  the  element  of  humour. 


Overreached.    By  Matthew  Valance.  (Digby, 

Long  &  Co.) 
To  those  readers  who  love  sensation  and  a 
villain  with  a  golden  beard  '  Overreached ' 
may  be  safely  recommended.  Charles  Key- 
Bett,  the  seducer  of  youth  and  the  accom- 
plice of  guile,  is  a  secret-society  agent,  and 
has  aU  the  other  attributes  of  a  theatrical 
villain,  his  violent  end  not  excepted.  All 
but  one !  Surely  scoundrels  of  this  class 
have  invariably  good  manners,  and  so  sadly 
are  manners  lacking  in  the  present  instance 
that  it  is  difficult  to  believe  Charles  Key- 
sett  can  have  had  the  power  to  fascinate 
young  girls  at  all.  Probably  the  golden 
beard  is  aU  potent.  It  would  be  hard  to 
imagine  a  more  disagreeable  collection  of 
people  than  are  assembled  in  this  story.  It 
is  a  relief  to  reflect  that  real  life  does  not 
produce  such  collective  atrocity  as  the  Hob- 
house  family.  Mile.  Massinet  herself  is  not 
a  person  to  engage  sympathy,  and  the 
reader  wiU  probably  have  more  to  spare 
for  the  commonplace  cousins,  who  pay  the 


price  of  her  follies,  but  are  not  otherwise  of 
much  account.  The  book  may  be  closed 
with  the  profound  hope  that  Dr.  Maitland 
will  not  regret  his  choice.  The  author  has 
clothed  his  or  her  story  with  a  style  as 
inflated  as  the  subject,  and  it  is  rendered 
the  more  irritating  by  a  bewildering  con- 
fusion in  narrative  between  the  first  and 
third  persons.  No  doubt,  however,  a  class 
of  readers  may  be  found  to  whom  it  will 
appeal,  bombast  and  all. 


A  Comedy  of  Sentiment.     By  Max  Nordau. 
(Heinemann.) 

The  points  of  view  and  methods  of  fiction 
and  science  are  necessarily  different,  and 
Herr  Nordau's  '  Comedy  of  Sentiment '  is  as 
unlike  his  pseudo-scientific  and  pseudo-philo- 
sophical treatises  as  it  can  be,  yet  there  are, 
in  places,  expressions  and  ideas  that  remind 
one  of  his  general  attitude  towards  human 
life  and  its  manifestations.  One  or  two 
formidas  of  what  may  be  called  a  zoological 
character  are  introduced  into  the  dialogue 
with  quaint  effect,  otherwise  there  are  no 
divagations  from  the  main  issues  of  a  story 
that  is  fresh  in  a  curious  way  of  its  own. 
The  author  has  as  firm  a  hold  as  need  be  on 
his  pair  of  masquerading  lovers.  They  are 
in  fibre  all  that  is  most  modern  and  actual, 
and  they  play  their  parts,  if  not  with  charm, 
at  least  cleverly  enough  to  persuade  even 
the  wideawake  reader  that  they  are  at 
times  really  in  earnest.  Herr  Nordau 
makes  no  secret  of  the  kind  of  affection 
that  holds  each  of  them.  Something  direct, 
almost  brutal,  in  his  presentation  of  them 
and  of  the  situation  is  as  apparent  as 
Paula's  very  plain  speech  on  certain  topics. 
Yet,  with  all  his  and  her  frankness,  the 
woman  remains,  in  a  way,  an  enigma. 
The  translation  is  now  and  again  wooden 
and  inept,  yet  it  is  sufficiently  clear.  The 
manners  and  dialogue  have  a  slightly 
unfamiliar  foreign  air,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, but  they  are  evidently  true  to  life. 
This  short  study  of  professional  life  in 
Berlin  may  be  unsympathetic  and  even  dis- 
agreeable, but  it  is  certainly  not  without 
interest  as  a  picture  of  temperaments  and 
their  environment. 


A   Bid  for  Fortune.     By    Guy    Boothby. 

(Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden.) 
Most  of,  if  not  all,  the  chapters  in  '  A 
Bid  for  Fortune '  close  on  some  exciting 
point  or  circumstance  in  the  approved 
fashion  of  serials.  Now  that  the  book  is 
published  in  volume  form,  this  trick  is 
very  conspicuous.  Incidents  and  episodes 
succeed  one  another,  all  more  or  less  charged 
with  doubt  and  mystery.  Some  of  the 
situations  are  exciting.  There  is  a  good 
deal  of  piled-up  horror — piled  up  for  its 
own  sake,  one  might  say,  rather  than  to 
aid  the  development  of  the  complicated  plot 
of  the  story.  The  weird  black  cat,  which 
has  so  long  stared  the  public  in  the  face 
from  street  hoardings,  is  less  necessary  as 
Dr.  Nikola's  familiar  and  evil  spirit  than 
it  ought  to  be.  The  hypnotic  influences  are 
not  very  aptly  managed.  Still,  in  spite  of 
insufficient  motive  for  much  of  what  occurs, 
the  author  has  evidently  had  a  good  try 
after  elements  of  mystery  and  excitement ; 
and  who  shall  say  he  fails  in  catching  some 
of  their  spirit  'i    The  illustrations,  taken  all 


round,  are  not  very  successful  in  helping 
the  thing  on.  Several  hands  and  heads 
have  been  engaged  in  the  business,  and 
have  worked  at  their  different  conceptions, 
often  of  the  same  individual.  This  serves 
to  confuse  the  situation  a  little,  and  cer- 
tainly robs  the  awful  Nikola  of  some  of 
the  dread  and  mystery  that  should  be  his. 
Those  by  Mr.  Crowther  show  more  dramatic 
feeling  and  careful  execution  than  the 
others. 


A  Commonplace  Girl.  By  Blanche  Atkin- 
son. (Black.) 
TnE  parochial  tone  of  '  A  Commonplace 
Girl '  makes  the  whole  book,  as  well  as 
the  girl,  "  ordinary."  It  is  full  of  good, 
but  quite  uninteresting  intentions,  and  is 
somewhat  flaccid  in  execution.  The  details 
and  general  touch  are  prosaic.  The  motto 
is  Browning's 

The  world  's  for  us  no  blot  or  blank. 
It  means  intensely  and  means  good. 
How  many  stories  have  lately  appropriated 
the  words  with  more  or  less — usually  less — 
significance  !  No  special  mention  of  this 
book  seems  really  needful,  for  it  makes  little 
or  no  impression  on  a  reader. 

The  Romance   of  his  Picture.      By    Sidney 

Pickering.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
In  '  The  Romance  of  his  Picture  '  the  author 
shows  that  he  knows  how  to  use  the  art  talk 
of  the  day  without  over-insistence,  slightly 
and  skilfuUy.  The  story  is  not  particu- 
larly well  constructed,  but  in  this  instance 
it  does  not  much  matter.  Like  an  Impres- 
sionist picture,  it  leaves  a  good  deal  to  the 
imagination  ;  the  figures  are  a  little  mysteri- 
ous and  uncertain,  subdued  to  the  quahty  of 
the  atmosphere  they  are  set  in.  The  Cornish 
painting  colony  is,  of  course,  a  suggestion 
of  Newlyn. 

The  Shtdtle  of  Fate.    By  Caroline  Masters. 

(Warne  &  Co.) 
Books  in  matter  and  manner  not  unlike 
'  The  Shuttle  of  Fate '  are  common  enough 
to  make  it  wear  a  somewhat  familiar  air. 
It  is  a  Lancashire  story,  not  much  better, 
perhaps,  and  certainly  not  worse,  than  many 
another  of  the  genus.  It  contains  the  usual 
supply  of  dialect,  of  strikes  and  rumours 
of  strikes.  There  are  a  stern,  self-righteous 
parent,  a  repentant  prodigal,  sundry  cottage 
interiors,  and  a  young  manager  who  even- 
tually softens  the  heart  of  the  millowner  to 
his  "  hands."  There  is  a  love  affair,  too, 
and  other  things  not  of  any  special  import- 
ance. It  is  a  story  suitable  for  presentation 
to  young  folk  at  the  Christmas  season, 
though,  for  the  matter  of  that,  it  need  not 
be  taboo  at  any  season  of  the  year. 

Les   Fiani^ailles   de    GahricUc.      Par  Jeanne 

Schultz.  (Paris,  Calmann  Lev)'.) 
We  notice  'Les  FiangaiUes  de  Gabriellc 
for  two  reasons — that  it  is  by  the  author  of 
'  La  Neuvaine  de  Colette,'  and  that  it  is  fit 
for  family  reading.  We  do  not  deal  with  it 
at  greater  length  because  it  is,  unlike  llio 
famous  '  Neuvaine  de  Colette,'  a  second- 
class  novel. 

Les  Brisants.   Par  Gabriel  Mourey.    (Paris, 

Ollendorff.) 
TiiK  breakers  are  those  of  the  rocks  in  front 
of  a  house  on  the  gulf  near  St.  Eaphael, 


832 


T^fit:    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


where  tlie  sirocco  pounds  the  sea  into  surf ; 
but  they  are  also  those  which  threaten  the 
lives  or  the  peace  of  the  three  characters 
of  this  powerful  though  old-fashioned  book. 
A  girl  loves  a  man  who  is,  in  fact,  her 
father,  though  she  does  not  know  it,  and 
comes  to  hate  the  mother  with  whom  she 
lives.  The  story  is  told  in  letters  from  the 
father  and  the  girl,  and,  after  the  latter' s 
death,  from  the  mother,  and  we  are  re- 
minded, not  unpleasantly,  of  George  Sand. 
The  people  are  not  very  real :  the  girl  espe- 
cially is  unlike  flesh  and  blood. 


CHRISTMAS  BOOKS. 


Mr.  Crockett's  contribution  to  Christmas 
literature,  Sweetheart  Travellers  (Wells  Gardner 
&  Co.),  is 

"  full  of  the  glint  of  spring  flowers  when  they  are 
out  and  the  sun  shines  slantways  upon  them  ;  full 
of  freshening  winds  and  withdrawing  clouds,  and 
above  all.  of  the  unbound  gladness  of  children's 
laughter. 

It  has  all  that  its  author  says  it  should  have, 
and  bright  observation  of  men  and  things  seen 
by  the  pair  of  loving  travellers,  the  father  and 
four-year-old  daughter  on  their  tricycle.  Two 
deductions,  perhaps  a  little  hypercritical,  occur 
to  the  reader  :  a  slight  suspicion  that  some  of 
the  sweet  relations  of  parent  and  child  are  too 
sacred  for  the  light  of  publicity  ;  and  the 
belief  that,  charmingly  as  it  deals  with  child- 
hood, it  is  a  book  that  child-lovers,  not  children, 
will  care  for.  For  children,  in  our  experience, 
care  less  for  the  ways  and  thoughts  of  other 
children  than  for  pure  romance  or  for  true 
stories  of  grown-up  people.  Yet  the  admirable 
illustrations  will  surely  catch  their  attention, 
and  the  young  Taffy  shouting  on  the  wall,  and 
the  mendacious  rustic  with  "Dim  Saesoneg " 
expressed  in  every  line  of  his  attitude,  will 
arouse  their  thirst  for  information.  "Sweet- 
heart "  herself  is  an  admirable  child  : — 

'"  Grim,'  says  she,  '  is  7iot  a  bad  dog.' '  But  he 

lets  you  drop  in  the  mud,  Sweetheart,'  you  urge 
pitifully  on  your  own  behalf.  '  I  know,'  she  says 
a  little  sadly,  '  but  then,  you  know,  his  head  means 
all  right.  After  all,  it  is  only  one  end  of  him  that 
sits  down.' " 

She  has  motherly  relations  with  her  dolls,  and 
views  of  her  own  on  love  and  matrimony. 
"Sweetheart  says — if  I  won't  play  kiss  in  the 
ring — she  '11  bang  me  over  the  head  with  my 
bat,"  says  a  recalcitrant  and  weeping  swain. 
"That  is  Mr.  Dignus,"  she  explains  of  a  por- 
trait. "He  comes  to  see  me,  but  he  has  to 
talk  to  father  about  his  American  copyrights." 
The  Welsh  sketches — notably  of  "  the  lost  land 
of  Lleyn  "  and  Aberdaron  —  are  not  the  least 
attractive  portions  of  a  book  which  everywhere 
bears  the  impression  of  a  poetic  gift  of  observa- 
tion. 

Mrs.  Marshall's  historical  tales  grow  better 
and  better.  In  By  the  North  Sea ;  or,  tlie  Pro- 
tector's Granddaughter  (.Jarrold  &  Sons),  she 
supplies  a  picture  of  life  in  the  days  of 
Charles  II.  The  stern  and  eccentric  Bridget 
Bendysh,  who  is  said  to  have  resembled  the 
great  Protector  more  closely  than  any  of  his 
children  or  grandchildren,  is  no  imaginary  per- 
sonage. She  was  in  her  day  a  very  prominent 
figure  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Great  Yarmouth. 
She  has  a  grievance,  which  takes  her  to  London, 
and  Mrs.  Marshall  shows  us  the  gay  and  reckless 
life  of  the  Court  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  quiet 
country  ways.  The  book  is  autobiographical 
in  form  :  Alljinia  Elli.s,  who  writes,  is  an 
imaginary  character,  and  would  be  the  heroine 
were  she  not  overshadowed  by  the  towering 
figure  of  Mistress  Bendysh.  The  illustrations 
are  attractive,  especially  the  quaint  and  tiny 
pictures  of  old  buildings  in  London  and  in  the 
free  East  Country. 

Mrs.  Hodgson  Burnett's  tale  of  Tv^o  Little 
Pilgrims'  Progress  {W&rne  &  Co.)  is  altogether 


fin  de  siecle.  The  modern  pilgrims,  Robin  and 
Meg,  hail  from  Illinois,  and  the  City  Beautiful 
which  they  succeed  in  reaching  is  the  great 
World's  Fair  of  Chicago.  The  White  City  which 
rose  and  fell  like  a  dream  was,  indeed,  a  City 
Beautiful  to  poor  little  Robin  and  Meg,  whose 
sorrows  (and  they  were  many)  came  to  an  end 
with  their  pilgrimage.  Mrs.  Burnett's  children, 
from  little  Lord  Fauntleroy  downwards,  have 
a  charm  of  their  own,  and  Robin  and  Meg  are 
attractive  little  mites.  The  illustrations  by  Mr. 
R.  W.  Macbeth  are  worthy  of  the  letterpress, 
and  this  is  not  faint  praise. 

"  There  was  once  a  Prince,"  says  Eddy  Rich- 
mond in  Miss  E.  Mann's  pretty  story  of  that 
name  (Henry  &  Co.).  He  was  thinking  of 
Prince  Henry  in  the  'Golden  Legend,' whose 
sad  plight  was  like  his  own,  and  he  was  speaking 
to  Lolly,  as  faithful  and  loving  a  maiden  as  the 
poet's  Elsie.  There  is  nothing  new  under  the 
sun,  and  Richmond's  romance  is  only  a  modern 
version  of  the  old  poem.  It  is  a  touching  little 
tale,  and  worthy  to  be  read. — Captain  Antifer 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.)  is  quite  one  of  the  most 
exciting  tales  of  the  great  French  romancer 
M.  Jules  Verne.  It  deals  with  buried  treasure 
and  baffled  treasure  -  seekers.  Capt.  Antifer, 
with  a  chosen  band  of  friends  and  enemies, 
sails  round  and  round  the  world,  looking  for 
Kamylk  Pasha's  millions.  The  dead  Pasha 
had  directed  his  heirs  to  go  to  a  certain  island 
in  the  Gulf  of  Oman  and  there  to  dig  up  their 
inheritance.  Antifer  and  his  companions,  after 
many  adventures,  reach  the  island,  dig  with 
fury,  and  unearth  a  box,  empty  but  for  a  docu- 
ment containing  the  longitude  of  a  second  island 
which  the  Pasha  orders  them  to  search.  This 
process  is  repeated,  how  many  times  and  with 
what  success  we  leave  our  readers  to  find  out 
from  M.  Jules  Verne's  own  pages.  — Another 
capital  book  of  adventure  is  Mr.  Frank  Cowper's 
tale  of  The  Hunting  of  the  Auk  (Sampson  Low 
&  Co.).  Roger  and  his  brothers  seek  their 
fortune  and  their  father  on  the  sea  and  in  the 
troubled  parts  of  South  America  ;  storms  and 
knaves  beset  them,  but  they  gain  their  deserts 
in  the  end. — The  Lord  of  Lowedale,  who  writes 
his  own  story  by  the  aid  of  Mr.  R.  D.  Chetwode 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  is  a  hero  of  the  age  of 
Elizabeth.  Bereft  of  his  heritage  in  his  youth, 
he  crosses  the  Channel  and  has  as  many  and  as 
great  adventures  as  any  gentleman  of  France. 
Court  intrigue  swallows  him  up,  and  after  many 
wanderings  he  finds  himself  in  Poland,  on  an 
errand  for  the  French  king  Charles  IX.  This 
Polish  journey  is  the  last  of  his  foreign  feats, 
for  luck  changes,  and  Cuthbert  Lowedale,  Lord 
of  Lowedale,  returns  to  his  native  land  and  to 
the  home  of  his  fathers,  where  he  ends  his  days 
in  peace. 

L.  T.  Meade's  Girls  Neiv  and  Old  (Chambers) 
is  the  chronicle  of  a  school,  told  in  the  writer's 
bright  and  attractive  style.  The  villain  of  the 
book  is  almost  too  villainous,  and  her  victim, 
we  regret  to  say,  is  conventional  enough  to  be 
caught  by  the  tide.  Still  in  spite  of  these  draw- 
backs '  Girls  New  and  Old  '  is  a  book  to  be  read. 
— The  Two  Altheas  of  Miss  E.  E.  Horsman 
(Jarrold  &  Sons)  and  Miss  A.  Giberne's  Life- 
Tangles  (Shaw  &  Co.)  are  both  home  chronicles, 
both  a  little  lengthy  and  not  a  little  sentimental. 
They  are,  of  course,  entirely  harmless,  being 
books  of  and  for  the  young  person,  but  we 
doubt  whether  they  will  ever  be  strikingly 
popular. 

The  BanhClerk'sSecret{We\\s  Gardner  &  Co.)  is 
extremely  innocent.  The  bank  clerk  is  a  worthy 
young  man  who  is  threatened  with  blindness. 
He  cannot  bear  to  tell  his  mother  of  his  trouble 
till  he  has  found  out  how  to  support  her  and 
himself  when  he  is  no  longer  fit  for  desk-work. 
As  a  matter  of  course  she  hears  the  bad  news 
from  an  outsider,  so  the  poor  lad  schemed  in 
vain.  There  are  three  other  stories  in  the 
volume,  one  of  them  in  verse,  all  of  the  same 
mild  nature.  It  is  a  pit)'  Mr.  Erskine  Clarke's 
prot^gds  do  not  acquire  some  knowledge  of  the 


world. — Gertrude's  Lover  (S.P.C.K.),  by  Miss 
Christabel  R.  Coleridge,  is  the  tale  of  a  humble 
young  journalist,  his  love  affairs,  and  his  other 
troubles. — Richard  Ke7inaivay's  Wife{S.P.C.K. ), 
by  Miss  Annette  Lyster,  deals  with  village  life, 
and  especially  with  poaching  and  its  attendant 
evils. — Lady  Home,  in  Our  Holidays  (Edin- 
burgh, Douglas),  writes  a  delightful  account  of 
a  summer  holiday  in  the  borderland  from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  child. — Miss  J.  Brockman's 
Poseacre;  or,  Teddie's  Inheritance  (Wells  Gardner 
&  Co.),  which  also  professes  to  be  written  by  a 
child,  lacks  the  air  of  reality  which  marks  '  Our 
Holidays  ';  it  is  rather  long,  and  it  deals  with 
an  impostor  and  his  intrigues,  which  are  the 
reverse  of  interesting. 

The  Snotv  Garden,  By  Elizabeth  Wordsworth. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) — Most  of  these  stories  are 
graceful  and  all  are  well  written.  The  writer 
has  the  keen  eye  for  nature  which  the  world  has 
learnt  to  expect  from  one  of  her  name.  Her 
stories  are  original,  too,  and  full  of  fancy. 
'  Who  is  Master  ? '  is  one  of  the  best,  and  will 
amuse  clever  children  very  much,  and,  what 
is  more,  children  of  a  larger  growth. 

The  Garden  behind  the  Moon.  By  Howard 
Pyle.  (Lawrence  &  BuUen.) — This  is  a  garden 
of  a  very  different  kind,  to  which  we  are  intro- 
duced by  a  much  less  skilled  author.  He  tells 
of  a  boy  who  walked  along  a  moonbeam  into  the 
moon  itself,  and  of  all  that  the  said  boy  saw 
when  there.  We  regret  to  say  that  we  have 
found  his  adventures  extremely  dull. 

The  Baroness  Orczy'a  three  compact  little 
volumes  Fairyland's  Beauty,  &c.  (Dean  &  Son), 
are  easy  to  hold,  pleasant  to  read,  and  contain 
stories  which  it  is  pretty  certain  will  please 
children.  There  is  not  much  to  like  in 
the  illustrations,  however.  One  fault  in  the 
writing  of  these  stories  may  be  pointed  out, 
and  that  is  that  the  relative  pronouns  are  some- 
times used  very  capriciously  and  with  no  obe- 
dience to  the  laws  of  grammar. 

Kataivampus,  by  his  Honour  Judge  E.  A. 
Parry  (Nutt),  is  an  amusing  little  book  written 
in  a  style  which  reminds  us  of  Lewis  Carroll's. 
It  is  full  of  comical  quips  and  cranks,  and  carries 
us  easily  and  pleasantly  along  to  the  end,  where 
we  find  that  four  unruly  little  children,  whose 
naughtiness  was  entirely  caused  by  "kata- 
wampus  " — a  malady  which  could  only  be  cured 
by  the  application  of  a  birch  rod,  which,  how- 
ever, could  not  be  obtained  until  a  birch  tree 
was  grown — were  healed  of  their  illness  and 
carefully  fitted  with  new  tempers  by  the  cave- 
man Krab.  The  narrative  is  pleasantly  diversi- 
fied by  verses,  and  appropriately  illustrated  by 
Mr.  Archie  Macgregor. 

A  Book  of  Nursery  Songs  and  Rhymes,  edited 
by  Mr.  Baring-Gould  (Methuen  &Co.),  contains 
most  of  the  nursery  rhymes  with  which  readers 
of  all  ages  are  pleasantly  familiar,  some  which 
are  new  to  us,  and  one  or  two  which  are 
properly  speaking  ballads.  If  there  be  a  fault 
to  find,  it  is  that  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  not 
much  regard  for  the  feelings  of  parents  who 
wish  their  children  to  make  the  acquaintance  of 
this  part  of  the  literature  of  their  country  in  an 
accurate  form ;  for  he  sometimes  omits  part  of  a 
rhyme,  and  on  the  other  hand,  if  he  finds  one 
which  seems  to  him  lacking  in  finish,  he  adds  a 
couple  of  verses  of  his  own.  He  rather  misses 
a  point,  too,  by  not  enriching  his  note  to 
'  Aiken  Drum  '  by  pointing  out  Sir  W.  Scott's 
familiarity  with  the — we  do  not  quite  like  to 
say  doggerel — and  making  his  own  readers  turn 
to  '  The  Antiquary  '  to  read  of  the  inscription 
"A.  D.  L.  L.,"  which  Monkbarns  interpreted 
"  Agricola  Dicavit  Libens  Lubens,"  and  Edio 
Ochiltree  proved  to  bo  "Aiken  Drum's  Lang 
Ladle."  Many  different  versions  of  these  rhymes 
or  ballads  are  in  existence.  There  was  a  good 
deal  of  discussion  in  our  own  columns  some 
months  ago  as  to  which  was  the  best  of  '  The 
Golden  Ball.'  Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  printed 
two  ;  the  one  under  the  name  of  '  The  Prickly 


N»  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


833 


Bush '  is  much  the  better.  Mr.  Baring-Gould 
does  not  seem  to  have  got  the  best  version  of 
'  Lucy  Locket. '     His  is 

Lucy  Locket  lost  her  pockett 

Kitty  Fisher  found  it ; 
But  never  a  penny  was  there  ia't 
Except  the  binding  round  it. 

In  the  version  which  an  old  man  of  ninety  used 
to  quote  to  us  in  our  youth  the  last  two  lines 
were 

Not  a  farthing  wae  it  worth 
But  the  binding  round  it. 

Also  in  the  second  verse  of  'The  Bonnie  Pit 
Laddie  '  we  think  that  the  line 

He  sits  In  his  cricket  and  hews  in  hie  jacket 
should  be 

He  sits  on  his  cracket  and  hews  in  his  jacket. 
So  we  have  always  heard  it ;  the  double  rhyme 
is  required,  and  a  cracket  is  the  pitman's  stool. 
'The  Task,'  here  given  as  *  Whittingham  Fair,' 
is,  we  think,  more  usually  called  '  Bellingham 
Fair.'  Its  refrain  "Parsley,  sage,  rosemary, 
and  thyme  "  must  have  excited  the  envy  of  all 
contributors  to  the  Germ.  The  illustrations 
are  good  and  effective,  but  we  do  not  like  the 
edges  of  the  pages,  which  are  rough  and  spiky. 

It  has  been  said  that  one  use  of  war  is  to 
teach  geography.  The  same  may  be  remarked  of 
Under  the  Lone  Star :  a  Story  of  the  Revolution 
in  Nicaragua,  by  Herbert  Hayens  (Nelson  & 
Sons),  describing  an  American  filibustering  ex- 
pedition in  an  important  part  of  the  world  too 
little  known.  It  is  written  from  the  point  of 
view  entertained  by  these  lawless  men,  not  from 
that  taken  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
which  they  invaded  ;  of  course  the  comrades  of 
the  author  are  described  as  heroes.  It  is  of 
especial  interest  just  now,  not  only  because 
similar  expeditions  are  projected  to  aid  the 
insurgents  in  Cuba,  but  on  account  of  the  re- 
newed attempts  to  open  communication  between 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  through  the 
territory  of  Nicaragua.— ffow  Jack  Mackenzie 
won  his  Epaulettes :  a  Story  of  the  Crimean  War, 
by  Dr.  Gordon  Stables  (Nelson  &  Sons),  is  yet 
another  tale  describing  many  of  the  scenes  of 
the  Crimean  campaign  in  a  popular  form,  and 
in  a  vivid  manner  well  calculated  to  excite  the 
enthusiasm  of  boys  and  the  sympathy  of  their 
friends. 

A  New  Zealand  Courtship,  and  other  Work-a- 
day  Stories,  by  Mr.  E.  Boyd  Bayley  (Religious 
Tract  Society),  are,  as  might  be  expected  from 
the  publishers,  of  a  highly  moral  tendency, 
and  would  lead  us  to  infer  that  the  standard 
of  conduct  is  higher  at  the  Antipodes  than  in 
the  mother  country.  All  five  stories  are  good 
enough,  but  the  '  Courtship '  is  not  the  most 
happy.— The  best  part  of  A  Thane  of  Wessex,  by 
Mr.  Charles  W.  Whistler  (Blackie  &  Son),  is  the 
illustrations.  The  story  is  not  calculated  to 
afford  information  or  instruction,  and  as  it  con- 
tains dreams  and  apparitions,  it  cannot  be 
looked  upon  as  historical.  The  style  is  rather 
peculiar,  and  the  author  is  evidently  unaware 
that  it  is  not  easy  to  tell  a  story  in  the  first 
person  singular.— T/ie  Secret  Cave,  by  Mrs. 
Emilie  Search  field  (Nelson  &  Sons),  is  a  simple 
story  pleasantly  related,  and  founded  on  events 
in  the  time  of  Monmouth's  rebellion. — His  First 
Kangaroo,  by  Mr.  Arthur  Ferres  (Blackie  & 
Son),  is  designed  for  boys.  Several  of  the  scenes 
illustrative  of  colonial  life  are  well  placed  before 
the  reader,  especially  that  describing  a  "  Cor- 
roboree." 

Of  the  various  annuals  on  our  table,  Atalanta, 
edited  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Symington  ('  Atalanta ' 
Office),  is  the  best.  The  illustrations  are  ex- 
cellent, and  the  letterpress  is  satisfactory.  The 
volume  opens  with  a  poem  of  Mr.  Blackmore's, 
and  closes  with  the  conclusion  of  a  tale  by  Mrs. 
Parr. —  Young  England  (Sunday  School  Union) 
contains  much  wholesome  reading. — We  cannot 
praise  the  illustrations  in  Gmms  (Cassell  &  Co.): 
they  are  usually  hideous.  Little  Folks  (same 
publishers)  is  an  excellent  periodical  for  little 
people  ;  and  so  is  Chatterbox  (Wells  Gardner 
&  Co.). 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Many  books  have  been  published  on  the 
subject  of  the  Victoria  Cross,  but  while  some 
are  meagre,  others  are  not  up  to  date,  and  there 
was  room  for  Britain's  Roll  of  Qlory ;  or,  the 
Victoria  Cross,  its  Heroes  and  their  Valour,  by 
D.  H.  Parry  (Cassell  &  Co.).  Its  contents  are 
well  arranged,  and  the  feats  by  which  the  dis- 
tinction was  gained  are  in  many  cases  described 
with  spirit.  That  care  has  been  taken  to  make 
the  book  both  complete  and  exact  is  plain,  but 
on  critical  examination  it  will  be  found  that  the 
author  has  not  been  always  successful.  Sir 
Gerald  Graham  won  the  Cross  by  his  self- 
devotion  on  the  18th  of  June,  1854,  especially 
shown  in  bringing  in  a  wounded  man  from  the 
front  of  the  Redan.  Mr.  Parry  however,  we 
believe,  is  wrong  in  attributing  to  him  "  a 
gallant  attempt  to  rescue  men  from  a  shaft  at 
the  docks  of  Sebastopol,  where  several  were 
injured  and  one  died  from  poisonous  gas." 
There  may  have  been  two  such  feats,  but  of 
one  similar  to  that  described  in  the  book 
the  late  Sir  Lothian  Nicholson  was  the  hero. 
In  relating  the  exploit  by  which  Sir  Collingwood 
Dickson  won  the  Cross  at  Sebastopol  on  the 
17th  of  October,  1854,  the  author  states  he  was 
a  lieutenant.  As  a  matter  of  fact  he  had  been 
a  lieutenant-colonel  since  the  preceding  June. 
In  describing  the  storming  of  Delhi  the  Kumaon 
battalion  is  mentioned  as  the  "  Qumaun  "  bat- 
talion. A  similar  error  in  the  spelling  of  Hin- 
dustani words  takes  place  at  p.  141,  where  a 
razai,  or  quilted  coverlet,  is  spelt  "  razzi."  At 
p.  179  the  name  of  Major  Percy  Smith  of  the 
Bays,  who  was  killed  at  Lucknow  in  1858,  is 
spelt  "  Piercy  Smith."  These  are,  however, 
trifling  errors. 

Sir  Michael  Connal  was  a  highly  successful 
produce  broker  who  worked  hard,  prospered 
greatly,  was  an  orthodox  Free  Churchman,  took 
a  genuine  interest  in  philanthropic  movements, 
was  Chairman  of  the  Glasgow  School  Board, 
and  altogether  was  a  good  specimen  of  a  Scottish 
merchant  of  a  serious  cast  of  mind  ;  but  why 
Messrs.  MacLehose  &  Sons  should  have  published 
an  octavo  volume  of  extracts  from  the  extremely 
commonplace  Diary  of  Sir  Michael  Connal  it  is 
diflicult  to  understand.  It  is  edited  by  Mr.  J.  C. 
Gibson,  who  thinks  it  "  reveals  a  character  of 
great  complexity. " 

It  is  difficult  to  think  the  enterprise  of  cut- 
ting out  Letters  from  Sir  Charles  Grandison 
(George  Allen),  which  Mr.  Saintsbury  has 
undertaken,  is  one  likely  to  attain  much  success. 
The  late  E.  S.  Dallas  edited  an  abridgment  of 
'  Clarissa, '  but  it  did  not  prove  popular.  The 
truth  is  these  large  still  books,  as  Fitzgerald 
called  them,  must  be  read  in  their  entirety. 
Much  of  their  charm  disappears  in  extracts. 
Mr.  Saintsbury  has  prefixed  a  feadable  intro- 
duction to  his  two  pretty  volumes,  and  Mr. 
Hammond's  illustrations  are  most  clever.  In 
fact,  editor,  draughtsman,  and  publisher  have 
all  done  their  best  ;  but  the  problem  is  not 
one  capable  of  solution. — A  handsome  reprint 
of  Walton's  Lives  has  reached  us  from  Messrs. 
Methuen,  and  so  has  a  tasteful  edition  of  The 
Christian  Year. 

Two  more  volumes  have  reached  us  of  the 
"Standard  Edition"  of  George  Eliot's  works. 
(Blackwood).  The  first  contains,  besides  Silas 
Marner,  The  Lifted  Veil  and  Brother  Jacob ;  the 
second  The  Legend  of  Jubal,  and  other  Poems. 
The  same  publishers  send  us  a  cheaper  edition 
of  the  Life  and,  Advejiturcs  of  JoJin  Gladicyn 
Jebb,  which  will  make  an  excellent  Christmas 
present. — Messrs.  AVard  &  Lock  have  incor- 
porated in  their  handsome  reprint  of  Henry 
Kingsley's  novels  The  Boy  in  Grey,  and  other 
Stories. — Messrs.  Macmillan  have  reissued  two 
of  Mr.  Marion  Crawford's  Italian  novels,  Pictro 
Ghisleri  and  Don  Orsino. — In  the  delightful  edi- 
tion of  Mr.  Hardy's  novels  which  Messrs. 
Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.   are  publishing  has 


appeared  that  delightful  tale  The  Trumpet 
Major. — Eug6nie  Grandet  has  been  added  by 
Messrs.  Dent  to  Miss  Marriage's  translation  of 
Balzac's  novels. — Messrs.  Bliss,  Sands  &  Foster 
have  done  well  to  reprint  The  Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Robinson  Crusoe,  with  reproductions  of 
Stothard's  designs. — There  has  already  been  in 
existence  for  some  years  a  '  Holmes  Birthday 
Book  ':  Messrs.  Gay  &  Bird  have  now  brought' 
out  an  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  Year-Book. 

Mr.  Frowde  has  followed  up  his  excellent'"' 
reprint  of  Scott's  poetry  by  publishing  in  a. 
similar  shape  The  Poetical  Works  of  William'- 
Wordsworth,  edited  by  Mr.  T.  Hutchinson,  who' 
is  well  known  as  a  minute  and  devoted  student? 
of  the  Lake  poets.  His  text  may,  therefore, 
be  taken  as  trustworthy  and  correct.  He  hasy 
we  think,  done  rightly  in  restoring  to  their 
original  places  the  opening  stanza  of  '  Dion  '  and 
the  second  of  'Louisa,'  which  were  omitted  in 
the  last  edition  issued  in  the  poet's  lifetime. 
Mr.  Hutchinson  has  prefixed  a  full  and  useful 
chronological  table  ;  and  in  every  respect  he 
has  performed  his  duties  in  a  satisfactory 
manner.  Editions  on  the  beautiful  India  paper 
of  the  Clarendon  Press  and  on  ordinary  paper 
have  been  sent  to  us  by  Mr.  Frowde,  and  also 
in  five  neat  pocket  volumes  in  a  case.  The 
same  publisher  has  shown  his  ingenuity  by 
bringing  out  thumb  editions  of  Tlie  Imitation 
of  Christ  and  The  Christian  Year.  The  type  in 
these  tiny  booklets  is  marvellously  clear  and 
readable. 

Whitaker's  Almanack  appears  for  the  first  time 
uncared  for  by  Joseph  Whitaker,  its  founder. 
The  volume  needs  no  praise  of  ours,  for  the 
public  has  long  ago  accepted  it  for  a  mentor. 
A  good  account  of  the  disputed  boundary  of 
British  Guiana  will  be  found  in  the  present- 
issue,  and  much  other  matter  of  current  interest.- 
— The  useful  Railway  Diary  of  Messrs.  McCor-- 
quodale  has  again  reached  us  ;  and  so  has' 
Lore's  Handbook  to  the  CJiarities  of  London^ 
edited  by  Mr.  Dumville  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.);- 
By  the  way,  we  can  find  in  the  latter  no  men'' 
tion  of  the  Trinity  Almshouses,  whose  threatened 
destruction  by  the  vandals  of  Trinity  House 
has  excited  general  indignation. 

Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  number 
of  Letts's  Diaries  and  Pocket-Books,  which  fully 
maintain  their  high  reputation  for  good  work- 
manship and  convenient  arrangement. — Messrs. 
John  Walker  &  Co.  have  forwarded  an  excellent  • 
Tablet  Diary,  and  also  some  of  their  tasteful  i 
Pocket  Diaries. 

We  have  on  our  table  Evolution  in  Art,  by ' 
A.  C.  Haddon  (Scott), — Outlines  of  Psychologij,  ■ 
by  O.  Kulpe,  translated  from  the  German  by' 
E.  B.  Titchener   (Sonnenschein), — The  Yellotc  ' 
Book,     Vol.    VII.     (Lane),— T/ie   Silver    Link,, 
Vol.    IV.    (S.S.V.),— Invalid    Feeding,    by    F.  . 
Stacpoole    (Scott), — The  Bishop's  Delusion,   by 
Alan  St.  Aubyn  (Ward  &  Downey),— ITie  Qiil- 
dren's  Shakespeare,  by  E.  Nesbit  (Raphael  Tuck), 
— TJie    Sin-Eater,  and   other   Tales,    by   Fiona 
Macleod    (Edinburgh,    Geddes),  —  Sword    and 
Song,  by  R.  Mounteney-Jephson  (Simpkin), — 
TJie  Earl's  Granddaughter,  by  Brenda  (Shaw), 
— Tlie    Cruise    of    the   Rover    Caravan,    by   G. 
Stables,  M.D.  (Nisbet), — The  Young  Ranchers; 
or.  Fighting  the  Sioux,  by  E.  E.  Ellis  (Cassell), 
— Ralph   Roxburgh's    Revenge,  by   E.   Everett- 
Green     (Melrose), —  Witch     Demonia,    by     R. 
Jacberns     (Sonnenschein),  —  History     of    the 
Catholic   Church,    by   the   Rev.    A.    H.    Hor© 
(Parker), — Christ  in  Type  and  Prophecy,  by  the 
Rev.   A.    J.  Maas,   S.J.,  Vol.  II.  (New  York, 
Beuziger), — Words  of  Cheer  for  Daily  Life,  by 
C.    H.    Spurgeon   (Passmore    &    Alabaster), — 
and  Poems,  by  Jennings  Carmichael  (Longmans). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Imagination  in 
Landscape  Painting,  by  P.  G.  Haraerton(Seeley), . 
— Found  Out,   by   Helen   Mathers  (Jarrold), — 
Napoleon  a^ul  the  Fair  Sex,  translated  from  the 
French  of  F.  Masson  (Heinemann), — and  Man 
Proposts,  by  Mrs.  Alfred  Phillips  (Jarrold) 


834 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


LIST    OF    NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology, 
Book  of  the  Secrets  of  Enoch,  trans  by  W.  R.  Morfill,  7/6  cl. 
Bowring's  (Sir  J.)  Matins  and  Vespers,  with  Hymns  and 

Poems,  12mo.  3'  net,  cl. 
Evans's  (late  W   H.)  Short  Sermons  for  the  Seasons,  8vo.  4/ 
Halsey's   J.)  The  Spirit  of  Truth,  and  other  Sermons,  5/  cl. 
Hymns  of  the  Early  Church,  in  Order  of  the  Christian  Year, 

by  Brownlie  and  McCrie,  18mo.  2/ti  net,  cl. 
Kenyon's  (F.  G.)  Our  Bible  and  the  Ancient  Manuscripts,  5/ 
Leroy-Beaulieu's  (A.)  Israel  among  the  Nations,  a  Study  of 

the  Jews  and  Antisemitism,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Smith's  (Rev.  J.)  The  Permanent  Message  of  the  Exodus, 

and  Studies  in  the  Life  of  Moses,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Spurgeon's  (T.)  Down  to  the  Sea,  Sermons,  3/6  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology, 

Archa^ologia  Oxoniensis,  1892-1895,  illus.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 

Crane's  (W.)  Eight  Illustrations  to  Shakespeare's  Tempest, 
3/6  net. 

Daniell's  (A.  E.)  London  City  Churclies,  illus  cr.  8vo  6/cl. 

Madonna  and  Child,  Six  Photo-Mezzo  Engravings  of  Pic- 
tures in  the  National  Gallery,  4to.  5/6  net,  bds. 

Masuccio,  The  Novellino  of,  translated  by  W.  G.  Waters, 
illustrated,  2  vols.  imp.  8vo.  63/  net,  cl. 

North's  (T.)  English  Bells  and  Bell-lore,  illus.  royal  8vo.  12/6 

Venetian  Art,  Thirty-six  Reproductions  of  Pictures  at  the 
Venetian  Exhibition,  63/  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Arrows  of  Song,  12mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Davidson's  (J.)  Fleet  Street  Eclogues,  2nd  Series,  4/6  net,  cl. 
Donne's  (J.)  Poems,  edited  by  E.  K.  Chambers,  with  Intro- 
duction by  G.  Saintsbury,  2  vols.  12mo.  10/  net,  cl. 
Hare  (J.).  Comedian.  1865-1895,  a  Biography,  by  T.  B.  Pem- 

berton,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Harrison's  (C.)  On  the  Common  Chords,  Verses,  4/6  net,  cl. 
Hewlett's  (M.)  A  Masque  of  Dead  Florentines,  4t<).  3/6  net. 
Horace,  Odes  (Books  3  and  4\  Epodes,  and  Carmen  Seculare, 

trans,  into  Etiglifch  Verse  by  Deazeley,  4io  6/  net,,  cl. 
Johnstone's  (C.  E.)  Ballads  of  Boy  and  Beak,  32mo.  21  net. 
Lyrical  Verse  from  Elizabeth  to  Victoria,  edited  by  O.  Craw- 

furd,  3/6  net,  cl. 

ffistory  and  Biography. 
Bcnedetti's  (C.)  Studies  in  Diplomacy,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Brooks's  (E.  S.)  Great  Men's  Bons,  cr.  8vo.  h/  cl. 
Godley's  (A.  D.)  Socrates  and  Athenian  Society  of  his  Day, 

cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Gribble's  (J.  D.  B.)  A  History  of  the  Deccan,  Vol.  1,  21/  cl. 
Morris's  (Rev.  R.  H.)  Chester,  3/  cl.    (Diocesan  Histories.) 
Pidgeon's  (D.)  Venice,  12rao.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Prelooker's  (J.)  Under  the  Czar  and  Queen  Victoria,  7/6  cl. 
Wilson's  (H.  W.)  Ironclads  in  Action,  a  Sketch  of  Naval 

Warfare,  1855-1895,  Maps,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo.  30/  cl. 
Geography  and  Travel, 
Balfour's  (A.  B.)  Twelve  Hundred  Miles  in  a  Waggon,  illus- 
trated, 8vo.  16/  cl 
Cornish's  (C.J.)  The  New  Forest  and  the  Isle  of  Wight, 

illustrated,  imp.  8vo.  7/6  net,  cl. 
Grindrod's  (Mrs  )  Siam,  a  Geographical  Summary,  5/  net,  cl. 
Hole's  (Very  Rev.  S   R.)  A  Little  Tour  in  America,  16/  cl. 
Munro's  (R.)  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Bosnia,  Herzegovina, 

and  Dalmatia.  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 
Sport    in    Ladakh,    Five    Letters    from    the    '  Field,'    by 

F.  E.  S.  A.,  illustrated,  4to.  5/  cl. 

Philology. 

Lindsay's  (W.  M.)  A  Short  Historical  Latin  Grammar,  6/  cl. 
Science. 

Abbot's  (A.  V.)  The  Electrical  Transmission  of  Energy, 
royal  8vo.  25/  net,  cl. 

Broadment's  (J.  F   H.)  Adherent  Pericardium,  3/6  cl. 

Butterfield'8(  W.  J.  A.)  Gas  Manufacture,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  9/cl. 

Friedberger  (Dr.)  and  Frcihner's  (Dr.)  Pathology  and  Thera- 
peutics of  the  Domestic  Animals,  2  vols.  50/  net,  cl. 

Harris  (V.  D.)  and  Beale's  (B.  C.)  The  Treatment  of  Pul- 
monary Consumption,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Incorporated  Association  of  Municipal  and  County 
Engineers,  Proceedings,  Vol  21,  8vo.  12/6  cl. 

kinealy's  (J.  H.)  An  Elementary  Text-Book  on  Steam 
Engines  and  Boilers,  illustrated,  8vo.  106  cl. 

Lilley  (A.  G.  V.)  and  Midgley's  (W.)  A  Book  of  Studies  in 
Plant  Form,  8vo.  4/  cl. 

Milner's  (V.)  Bournemouth  in  Lung  Troubles,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Taylor's  (T.)  Gauges  at  a  Glance,  obi.  12mo.  2/6  swd. 

General  Literature. 
Autographs  ami  Birthdays  of  Eminent  Persons,  compiled 

by  A.  M.  Ifiishton,  IBmo.  3/6  cl. 
Branch's  (L.  B.)  The  Kanta  Girls,  illustrated,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Culin's  (S)  Kdiian  Games,  with  Notesonthe  Corresponding 

Games  of  China  and  Japan,  imp  8vo.  31/6  net,  cl. 
Fleming's  (G.)  For  Plain  Women  Only,  12mo.  .3/6  net,  cl. 
Grant's  (R-)  The  Art  of  Living,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Hardwicke's   (H.)  The  Art  of  Living  Long  and  Happily, 

cr.  8vo.  4/  net,  cl. 
Knight's  (A.  L  )  A  Mid  of  the  Naval  Brigade,  illus.  2/6  cl. 
Lasker's  (E  )  Common  Sense  in  Chess,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  swd. 
Legends  from  River  and  Mountain,  by  Carmen  Sylva  and 

Alma  Stretf^U,  illustrated,  Hvo.  6/  cl. 
Phillips's  (M.  E.)  A  Handbook  of  German  Literature,  3/6  cl. 
Savage's  (J.  A.)  The  One  Great  Voyage  of  Life,  an  Allegory, 

cr.  8vo.  4/  cl 
■Scott's  (Sir  W.)  The  Antiquary,  Standard  Edition,  2/6  cl. 
Stables's  (G.)  Born  to  be  a  Sailor,  cr.  8vo.  .5/  cl. 
■Stephenson's  (M.)  Jason  of  Ihe  Golden  Fleece,  a  Cornish 

Idyl  of  To-day,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Tmber's  (J.)  In  my  Cily  Garden,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Vachell's  (H.  A.)  The  Romance  of  Judge  Ketchum,  6/  cl. 
Why  Gordon  Perished,  by  Author  of  'Too  Late  for  Gordon,' 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOBBION. 

Theology. 

'Grcgorius   Almlfarag   Bar-Hcbr:ru3 :    Scholien  ?.um    Kvan- 

geluim  Lukas.  hrsg  v.  N.  Steiuhart,  2m. 
bervets  (M.)  Wiederherstellung  des  Christcntums,  Vol.  3, 

im.  20. 
"Schmidt  (W.)  -.  Chrietliche  Dogmatik,  Part  1,  9m. 


Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Kraus  (P.  X.):  Geschichte  der  christlichen  Kunst,  Vol.  1, 

Part  1,  8m. 
Kiinstler-Monographien,  hrsg.  v.  H.  Knackfuss,  Vols.  7  u.  8, 

5m. 
Oettingen  (W.  v.)  :  Daniel  Chodowiecki,  15m. 
Spiegelberg  (W.)  :  Die  agyptische  Sammlung  des  Museum- 

Meermanno-Westreenianum  im  Haag,  6m. 
Drama. 
Febvre  (F.) :  Journal  d'un  Com^dien,  2  vols.  lOfr. 
Rabany  (C.)  :  Carlo  Goldoni,  lOfr. 

Philosophy. 
Nietzsche  (P.)  :  Werke,  Vols.  9  and  10,  16m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Angeli  (Col.  M.  E.  v.):  Brzherzog  Carl  v.  Oesterreich  ale 

Feldherr,  Vol.  1,  Part  1,  12m. 
Barral  (G.) :  L'Epopee  de  Waterloo,  6fr. 
Galli  (H.) :  La  Guerre  k  Madagascar,  12fr. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Bonnaffg  (E.) :  Voyages  et  Voyageurs  de  la  Renaissance,  5fr. 
Maury  (E  )  :  Aux  Portes  de  I'Orient,  3fr.  50. 
Montet  (E.) :  Bresil  et  Argentine,  3fr.  50. 
Morgan  (J.  de) :  Mission  Scientifique  en  Perse,  60fr. 

Philolo(/y 
Becker  (P.  A.) :  Die  altfranzosische  Wilhelmsage,  4m.  40. 
Delitzsch  (F.)  :  Assyrisches  Handworterbuch.  Part  3,  13m. 
Immisoh    (O.) :    Philologische  Studien  zu   Plato  :    Part  1, 

Axiochus,  3m. 
Josephi    (Flavii)   Opera  Omnia,  rec.  S.    A.  Naber,  Vol.  5, 

4m. 
Koldewey  (P.)  :  Die  klassische  Philologie  auf  der  Univer- 

sitat  Helmstedt,  6m. 
Lollis  (C.  de) :  Vita  e  Poesie  di  Sordello  di  Goito,  8m. 
Noreen  (A.)  :  Abriss  der  altnordischen  Grammatik,  Im.  50. 
Plauti   Comcedia;,  rec.   G.  Goetz  et  F.   Schoell,  Parts  5-7, 

4m.  50. 
Zenker  (R.) ;  Die  Gedichte  des  Folgeret  v.  Romans,  2m.  40. 

Science. 
Cantor  (M.) :  Vorlesungen  lib.  Geschichte  der  Mathematik, 

Vol.  3.  Part  2,  6m. 
Hueppe  (P.):    Naturwissenschaftliche  Einfiihrung  in   die 

IJakterioIogie,  6m. 
Pringsheim  (N.):  Gesammelte  Abhandlungen,  Vol.  2,  15m. 
Schwartze  (T.)  :  Grundgesetze  der  Molekularphysik,  4m. 
Stavenhagen  (A.) :  Einfiihrung  in  die  Bacteriologie,  4m. 


'GATHERING  CLOUDS.' 

December  12,  1895. 

I  REGRET  the  tone  of  Prof.  Bury's  letter.  In 
writing  'Gathering  Clouds'  I  studied  all  the 
authorities  I  could,  from  the  contemporary 
and  almost  contemporary  works  of  Libanius, 
Eunapius,  Zonaras,  St.  Chrysostom,  St.  Gre- 
gory of  Nazianzus,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  and 
others,  down  to  Prof.  Bury's  history  and  Dean 
Stephens's  admirable  life  of  St.  Chrysostom. 
Originally  I  made  many  references.  I  struck 
them  out  only  because,  in  an  avowed  tale,  I 
thought  that  they  would  be  regarded  as  pedantic 
and  needless. 

My  insertion  of  the  decree  of  Arcadius,  quoted 
by  Prof.  Buny,  was  the  merest  afterthought, 
not  necessary  to  my  story.  I  certainly  never 
imagined  for  one  moment  that  to  utilize  two  or 
three  paragraphs  of  the  translation  of  an  ancient 
document  by  so  good  a  scholar  as  Prof.  Bury, 
as  the  mere  side-illustration  of  a  story,  would 
be  regarded  as  "contemptible  pilfering."  Had 
I  thought  it  v/orth  while,  in  a  story,  to  print 
innumerable  references,  his  book  would  have 
held  an  honoured  place  among  my  authorities. 
F.  W.  Farrar. 


MR.  G.  A.  SALA. 

Through  the  exercise  of  great  industry  the 
late  Mr.  Sala  rose  from  a  humble  station  to  a 
high  place  among  the  minor  writers  of  our 
time.  He  was  very  popular  in  the  sense  that 
his  name  was  generally  familiar,  and  he  took 
delight  in  making  the  public  his  confidant,  and 
he  cannot  be  blamed  for  doing  successfully  what 
many  contemporaries,  whose  merits  are  not 
greater,  have  laboured  and  are  labouring  to  do 
without  surpassing  him.  He  had  the  honesty, 
which  few  journalists  possess,  to  avow  himself 
unworthy  to  be  styled  a  man  of  letters,  and 
when  called  upon  to  return  thanks  for  the  toast 
of  Literature  he  was  always  careful  to  make  it 
known  that  ho  was  merely  a  pressman.  His 
name  is  on  the  title-pages  of  fifty  works  of  fic- 
tion, travel,  and  criticism,  yet,  as  he  stated 
in  the  preface  to  his  'Life  and  Adventures,' 
published  last  year,  the  book  differed  from  his 
other  works  in  not  being  a  compilation  from 
the  Daily  Telegraph  or  the  magazines,  and  was 
"  literally  the  first  book  that  I  have  written 
'right  off.'" 


Bow  bells  seem  to  sound  through  all  Mr. 
Sala's  pages  ;  nevertheless,  he  was  not  a  cockney 
by  birth.  On  November  21st,  1828,  he  saw  the 
light  for  the  first  time  in  New  Street,  Man- 
chester Square.  During  many  years  of  his  boy- 
hood, however,  he  lived  in  semi-visual  darkness. 
Indeed,  at  the  age  of  six  he  became  quite 
blind,  and  he  was  made  the  subject  of  many 
experiments.  His  head  was  shaved  ;  his  ears 
were  pierced  ;  he  was  made  to  take  a  peculiar 
kind  of  snuff;  but  no  improvement  followed. 
Dr.  Cur^e,  a  Frenchman,  who  was  a  disciple  of 
Hahnemann,  treated  him  after  a  fashion  of  his 
own,  which  chiefly  consisted  in  dieting  him, 
the  result  being  the  subsidence  of  the  inflam- 
mation in  the  eyes  which  had  rendered  them 
useless,  and  the  recovery  of  sight  in  the  left 
one.  Thereafter  he  could  distinguish  light  from 
darkness  with  the  right  eye  ;  but  he  never  was 
able  to  read  with  it. 

Mr.  Sala  was  the  last  of  thirteen  children 
with  whom  his  parents  had  been  blessed  or 
burdened  ;  his  father  died  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
eight,  a  few  weeks  after  the  birth  of  his  youngest 
son.  It  was  with  great  satisfaction  that  Mr. 
Sala  recalled  the  fact  of  his  paternal  grand- 
father having  been  Claudio  Sebastiano  Sala,  a 
Roman  citizen  who  came  to  London  in  1776, 
and  was  associated  with  Sir  John  Gallini  in  the 
management  of  the  King's  Theatre,  which  was 
known  in  our  day,  before  its  demolition,  as  Her 
Majesty's.  Mr.  Sala's  mother  sang  in  public, 
and  taught  singing  and  the  piano  in  private. 
Among  her  son's  reminiscences  was  that  of  being 
taken  to  see  one  of  her  patrons,  Viscountess 
Keith,  the  daughter  of  Mrs.  Thrale,  whom 
Dr.  Johnson  often  took  on  his  knee  and  called 
"  Queenie."  Yet,  although  her  talents  enabled 
her  to  gain  a  fair  income,  his  mother  found 
it  very  hard  to  educate  the  five  children 
who  had  survived  out  of  thirteen.  When  Mr. 
Sala  was  a  sightless  little  boy,  a  sister  read  to 
him,  and  the  retentive  memory  with  which  he 
was  endowed  enabled  him  to  preserve  in  his 
mind  anything  he  cared  to  remember. 

He  was  sent  to  school  in  Paris  in  1839,  where 
he  remained  a  year,  the  dread  of  war  between 
France  and  England  in  1840  causing  his  mother 
to  remove  him.  He  was  next  sent  to  Bolton 
House,  Turnham  Green,  a  school  on  the 
Pestalozzian  system  kept  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Dyne. 
He  spent  twelve  months  there,  and  he  carried 
away,  as  he  did  from  his  school  in  Paris,  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  knowledge.  Strangely 
enough,  though  born  in  England,  Italian  and 
French  were  more  familiar  to  him  than  English 
in  his  early  years;  and  even  in  later  life  he  was 
accustomed  to  think  in  French  or  Italian,  and 
either  of  these  tongues  was  that  in  which  he 
used  to  dream. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  thrown  upon 
his  own  resources,  and  the  first  money  he 
earned  was  by  making  up  a  shopkeeper's 
books  and  copying  legal  documents.  Hie 
learned  drawing  at  Carl  Schiller's  studio  ;  he 
also  laboured  to  acquire  the  art  of  engraving, 
and,  while  the  railway  mania  raged  in  1845,  he 
added  to  his  income  by  drawing  and  illustrating 
prospectuses.  He  was  next  employed  in  writing 
librettos  and  painting  scenes  for  the  Princess's 
Theatre  at  a  salary  of  fifteen  shillings  weekly. 
Albert  Smith  afforded  him  the  opportunity  to 
distinguish  himself  as  a  comic  draughtsman, 
while  he  gained  a  large  addition  to  his  funds 
by  decorating  Gore  House,  before  Alexis 
Soyer  opened  it  as  a  "Symposium."  Next  he 
essayed  a  story,  which  he  sent  to  Household 
M'ords.  It  was  entitled  '  The  Key  of  the  Street,' 
and  pleased  Dickens  so  much  that  he  invited 
the  writer  to  become  a  regular  contributor,  which 
he  continued  to  be  for  many  years. 

The  great  event  in  Mr.  Sala's  life  was 
becoming  a  member  of  the  stafl'  of  the  Daily 
Tele(]raj)h  upon  that  journal  passing  into  the 
hands  of  the  family  which  now  conducts  it. 
Mr.  Joseph  Moses  Levy  found  a  valuable  helper 
in  Mr.  Sala,  and  one  whose  manner  of  writing 


N*^  8555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


835 


gave  intense  pleasure  to  the  class  of  which  the 
journal  was  intended  to  be  the  representative. 
The  leading  articles  from  Mr.  Sala's  pen  were 
quite  different  in  style  from  those  in  the  Times, 
and  the  choice  of  topics  dififered  as  greatly. 
Mr.  Sala  descanted  on  a  cab  accident  or  a  fire 
with  a  wealth  of  allusion  which  dazzled  his 
readers,  and  he  set  the  example  of  those  lead- 
ing articles  which  are  apparently  produced  to 
gain  for  the  writer  a  reputation  for  omniscience. 
Mr.  Sala  was  a  diligent  reader  ;  he  kept  a  com- 
monplace book  in  which  all  noteworthy  and 
curious  facts  were  noted  and  indexed,  and  his 
memory  served  him  to  pour  forth  at  a  moment's 
notice  a  mass  of  curious  information.  He  pos- 
sessed a  considerable  acquaintance  with  French 
and  Italian  literature,  and  the  ambition  to  be 
regarded  as  a  classical  scholar  on  account  of 
quotations  from  Roman  and  Greek  authors. 

One  of  our  weekly  contemporaries  made  it  a 
practice  during  many  years  to  ridicule  Mr.  Sala's 
mode  of  writing,  and  the  Times  never  noticed 
one  of  his  many  books  till  a  few  years  before 
his  death.  The  criticism  and  the  neglect  stung 
him  to  the  quick,  yet  he  gained  more  from  the 
criticism  than  he  knew  or  chose  to  acknowledge. 
His  name  was  kept  before  the  public  ;  his  books 
were  asked  for  out  of  curiosity  ;  and  when  it  was 
found  that  his  writings  were  readable,  it  was 
felt  that  he  had  been  treated  harshly,  and  he 
partly  gained  popularity  owing  to  having  been 
subjected  to  undue  depreciation.  He  probably 
made  more  money  by  his  books  than  either 
Matthew  Arnold  or  Freeman,  while  he  publicly 
boasted  that  his  employers  in  the  press  treated 
him  like  a  prince  and  paid  him  like  an  ambas- 
sador. 

He  was  the  editor  of  several  publications,  the 
first  being  Chat,  and  the  last  being  called  by 
his  name  and  established  with  his  money  ;  but 
none  save  Temple  Bar,  of  which  he  was  the 
first  editor,  has  lived  or  deserved  to  live  long. 
No  man  save  Dickens  in  modern  days  has 
been  at  once  a  great  writer  and  an  editor  of  the 
first  class,  and  even  Dickens's  success  in  con- 
ducting Household  Words  was  tempered  by  his 
failure  as  an  editor  of  the  Daily  News.  Mr. 
Sala  distinguished  himself  beyond  most  of  his 
contemporaries  and  rivals  as  a  special  corre- 
spondent. Few  of  those  who  competed  with 
him  had  his  power  of  speaking  the  languages 
of  civilized  Europe  and  America  with  fluency 
and  correctness.  Whether  in  Mexico  or  St. 
Petersburg,  Berlin  or  Rome,  Constantinople 
or  Cairo,  New  York  or  Melbourne,  he  could 
make  himself  understood;  and  if  the  narratives 
of  his  experiences  in  foreign  countries  or  British 
possessions  resembled  too  closely  a  leading 
article  written  and  printed  in  Fleet  Street,  the 
reason  was  that  wherever  he  sojourned  the  ideas, 
allusions,  and  mannerisms  were  the  natural  pro- 
vender and  outcome  of  his  mind.  He  had  read 
and  remembered  so  much  that  had  appeared  in 
print  of  every  place  which  he  visited  that  he 
gained  little  from  personal  observation,  except- 
ing the  acquaintance,  and  often  the  friendship, 
of  the  persons  whom  he  met,  and  whom  he  sur- 
prised with  his  multifarious  talk. 

Mr.  Sala's  earlier  years  were  spent  in  a 
struggle  for  bread.  His  later  ones  were 
somewhat  spoilt  by  enjoying  what  he  had 
won.  He  was  undervalued  at  a  time  when 
encouragement  was  most  precious,  and  he  was 
overpraised  when  he  might  have  benefited 
by  judicious  criticism.  At  banquets  in  the 
City  he  was  a  frequent  and  welcome  guest 
and  speaker.  He  knew  the  contents  of  many 
books  ;  but  he  had  never  grasped  the  signi- 
ficance of  literature  as  a  whole,  and  few 
men  of  such  general  information  would  have 
failed  more  completely  than  he  if  called 
upon  to  discuss  it  in  its  wider  aspects 
and  relations,  and  in  its  character  as  an  ex- 
pression of  the  minds  of  nations.  He  had 
taken  seriously,  as  his  public  entertainers  had 
done  also,  the  statement,  which  was  either 
ironical  or  jocular,  that  he  was  the  chief  among 


after-dinner  speakers.  He  had  a  strident  voice, 
incomparable  self-possession,  and  as  great  readi- 
ness in  stringing  sentences  together  when  on 
his  feet  as  when  seated  pen  in  hand,  and  his 
speech  was  a  facsimile  of  the  leading  article 
which  he  wrote  daily  ;  but  neither  speech  nor 
leader  has  survived  in  living  memory  to  testify 
to  his  being  a  writer  equal  to  Fonblanque  or 
a  speaker  who  was  a  match  for  Dickens. 

It  is  so  strange  as  to  be  almost  inexplicable 
why,  with  the  Italian  blood  in  his  veins  and  his 
French  training,  Mr.  Sala  was  so  little  of  an 
artist.  He  could  sketch  ;  but  his  writings  are 
devoid  of  form,  and  are  wanting  both  in  finish 
and  point.  Chiefly  for  this  reason,  his  place  is 
among  the  minor  writers  of  the  age,  although 
among  them  it  is  not  undistinguished.  His 
knowledge  of  his  own  limitations  must  be  placed 
to  his  credit,  and  his  critical  faculty  was  never 
displayed  with  greater  honesty  and  efi'ect 
than  when  he  wrote:  "My  style,  from  the 
English  point  of  view,  is,  and  always  has  been, 
incurably  vicious.  I  was  brilliantly  educated, 
but  half  my  education  was  imparted  at  a  French 
public  school  and  the  academy  which  I  have 
described  at  Turnham  Green,  and  the  remainder 
I  have  acquired  by  rigid  study." 

Mr.  Sala  had  a  large  circle  of  acquaintance 
and  many  attached  friends.  He  leaves  no 
family.  His  wife,  by  a  second  marriage,  sur- 
vives him.  The  last  published  work  from  his 
pen  was  about  Brighton,  where  he  died  last 
Saturday  morning,  and  which  he  loved  next  to 
Fleet  Street.  The  book  which  preceded  it  was 
'  The  Thorough  Good  Cook,'  and  was  the  result 
of  long  labour  and  experience.  He  was  taught 
cookery  by  his  mother.  He  excelled  in  it,  and 
it  may  be  that,  in  relying  upon  the  pen  for  a 
livelihood  and  fame,  he  made  the  not  uncommon 
error  of  mistaking  his  real  vocation. 


WIRRAL  PLACE-NAMES. 

I  AM  truly  sorry  that  Mr,  Tait  should  force 
me  to  withdraw  what  I  had  said  about  the 
"fairness"  of  his  remarks,  and  render  it  no 
longer  possible  to  believe  that  he  had  mis- 
represented me,  as  I  assumed,  "by  inadver- 
tence." If  it  were  merely  a  personal  dispute, 
I  need  not  have  troubled  you  further  in  the 
matter,  but  I  cannot  allow  the  views  expressed 
in  my  book  to  be  wilfully  misrepresented  for 
Mr.  Tait's  convenience. 

His  point  was  that  I  ought  not  to  have  relied 
on  the  list  of  Wirral  names  in  Domesday, 
because  on  p.  16  of  my  '  Feudal  England  '  I  lay 
"such  stress  on  actual  and  possible  omissions 
in  Domesday  Book."  As  I  explained  in  my 
letter  {Athenceiim,  November  23rd,  1895),  "I 
deal  there  with  clerical  errors,  by  which  words 
were  dropped,  or  even,  in  rare  cases,  a  virgate 
or  a  hide  omitted  :  I  certainly  say  nothing  of 
townships  being  omitted."  Mr.  Tait's  argu- 
ment, therefore,  falls  to  the  ground. 

He  now,  however,  persists  that  I  there  speak 
"not  simply  of  'words  dropped,  or  a  virgate 
or  hide  omitted,'  but  of  'omissions  of  whole 
entries.'  "  Why,  as  any  one  can  see  for  himself 
on  referring  to  the  passage  (pp.  16-17),  the 
"whole  entries"  are  those  in  which  holdings  of 
a  virgate  or  a  hide  are  altogether  omitted  !  The 
partial  omissions  are  those  in  which  a  portion  of 
the  entry  has  slipped  out. 

Mr.  Tait  is  utterly  unable  to  show  that  I  say 
anything  there  of  townships  being  omitted. 
And,  as  he  cannot  do  so,  his  argument  falls,  as 
I  have  said,  to  the  ground.         J.  H.  Round. 

*^*  We  cannot  insert  any  more  letters  on 
this  subject. 


Uitftarp  Gossip. 

Mr.  Gladstone  is  writing  a  series  of 
articles  for  the  North  American  Review  on 
'  The  Future  State,  and  the  Condition  of 
Man  in  It.'  The  first  part  will  appear  in 
the  January  number. 


The  new  volume  of  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,'  to  be  published  on 
the  23rd,  begins  with  a  memoir  of  Jonathan 
Pereira,  the  pharmacologist,  and  ends  with 
one  of  Richard  Pockrich,  the  inventor  of 
the  musical  glasses.  Mr.  W.  P.  Courtney 
writes  on  James  Perry,  editor  of  the  Morn- 
ing Chronicle;  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  on  Hugh 
Peters,  the  Independent  divine  ;  Mr.  Walter 
Armstrong  on  John  Pettie,  E.A.;  Lord  Ed- 
mond  Fitzmaurice  on  Sir  William  Petty ; 
Mr.  Eussell  Barker  on  William  Petty  (Lord 
Shelburne),  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne, 
and  on  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham  ; 
Mr.  William  Carr  on  Henry  Petty-Fitz- 
maurice,  third  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  ;  Mr. 
Joseph  Knight  on  Samuel  Phelps,  the  actor ; 
Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  on  Ambrose  Philips  and 
on  Mrs.  Piozzi ;  Mr.  G.  A.  Aitken  on  John 
Philips,  author  of  the  '  Splendid  Shilling  '; 
Mr.  J.  A.  Hamilton  on  Sir  Eobert  Philli- 
more,  Henry  Phillpotts,  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
and  Lord  Plunket ;  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  on 
Edward  and  John  Phillips,  Milton's  nephews; 
Prof.  Bonney  on  John  Phillips,  the  geo- 
logist; Col.  Vetch  on  General  Sir  Thomas 
Picton ;  Mr.  R.  B.  Prosser  on  Chris- 
topher Pinchbeck,  inventor  of  pinchbeck 
metal ;  Mr.  T.  F.  Henderson  on  John 
Pinkerton,  the  Scottish  antiquary ;  Mr. 
Thompson  Cooper  on  John  Pits,  the  Roman 
Catholic  biographer;  Mr.  C.  Alexander 
Harris  on  Thomas  Pitt  ("Diamond"  Pitt), 
Governor  of  Madras ;  the  Rev.  William 
Hunt  on  William  Pitt;  Mr.  Graham 
Wallas  on  Francis  Place,  Radical  reformer ; 
Mr.  G.  C.  Boase  on  J.  R.  Planche;  Mr. 
James  Tait  on  George  Plantagenet,  Duke 
of  Clarence  ;  Miss  Middleton  on  John  Play- 
ford,  the  music  publisher  ;  and  Mr.  Richard 
Bagwell  on  Oliver  Plunket,  Archbishop  of 
Armagh. 

Arrangements  are  in  progress  for  the 
publication  of  a  "Library  Edition"  of  Mr. 
George  Meredith's  novels.  It  is  hoped  the 
issue  of  it  may  begin  before  the  close  of 
next  summer. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire's  hesitation  as 
to  the  appointment  of  a  Statutory  Com- 
mission to  carry  out  the  proposed  reform 
of  the  London  University  is  caused,  as  he 
explained  to  the  recent  deputation,  by 
certain  more  or  less  hostile  amendments 
which  have  been  pressed  on  his  attention  as 
representing  the  views  of  a  strong  party  in 
Convocation.  These,  it  appears,  are  the 
amendments  suggested  in  the  report  of  a 
committee  of  Convocation  which  was  ap- 
pointed to  confer  with  the  Senate  on  May  4th 
of  last  year,  but  was  shortly  afterwards 
superseded.  The  five  gentlemen  who  are 
responsible  for  them  all  failed  to  bo  re- 
elected at  the  ensuing  election  of  the  annual 
committee.  The  principal  proposals  are 
flatly  opposed  to  the  plan  of  the  Gresham 
University  Commission,  viz.,  that  all  the 
examinations  for,  and  leading  to,  the  pass 
(Bachelor)  degrees  in  every  faculty  shall 
be  one  and  the  same  for  collegiate  and 
external  students,  and  shall  be  regulated  by 
a  single  board!  The  other  suggestions  aim 
at  transferring  power  on  the  Academic 
Council  from  the  teaching  element  to  the 
Senate  and  Convocation.  It  is  evident  that 
a  Statutory  Commission  alone  can  deal  with 
this  conflict  of  interests,  but  it  would  surely 
be  best,  with  a  view  to  a  final  settlement, 


sse 


THE    ATHEN^U 


N"  3555,  Deo.  14,  '95 


to  enlarge  the  scope  of  the  Commission  by 
empowering  it  to  establish  the  Teaching  Uni- 
versity, if  necessary,  on  an  independent  basis. 

The  last  two  volumes  of  Mr.  Aitken's 
edition  of  Defoe's  "  Romances  and  Narra- 
tives," which  Messrs.  Dent  are  about  to 
publish,  will  include  the  rare  and  valu- 
able '  Due  Preparations  for  the  Plague ' 
and  a  number  of  pamphlets  relating  to 
Capt.  Avery,  Jack  Sheppard,  Jonathan 
Wild,  and  other  pirates  and  robbers,  now 
reprinted  for  the  first  time. 

Me.  W.  R.  Gates,  best  known  by  his 
'Dictionary  of  General  Biography,'  which 
first  appeared  about  thirty  years  ago  and 
went  through  four  editions,  died  on  Mon- 
day last  at  the  age  of  seventy-four.  He 
did  much  literary  work  for  Messrs.  Long- 
man, translating  D'Aubigne  for  them,  and 
writing  a  history  of  England  down  to  John's 
reign. — The  death  is  also  announced  of  a 
well  -  known  Hebrew  scholar.  Dr.  John 
Sharpe,  formerly  Fellow  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  published  '  Notes  on 
Hosea,'  and  edited  *  The  Tree  of  Life.' 

Me.  Geoege  Clinch,  who  for  some  years 
past  has  been  connected  with  the  Library 
of  the  British  Museum,  has  been  appointed 
to  the  post  of  Clerk  and  Librarian  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

The  sum  subscribed  for  erecting  a 
memorial  of  the  late  Prof.  Robertson  Smith 
at  Aberdeen  having  proved  insufficient  to 
defray  the  cost  of  a  statue,  a  stained- glass 
window  is  to  be  placed  in  the  chapel  of 
King's  College. 

Mes,  Couetenay  Bodley,  who  made  her 
literary  debut  some  little  time  ago  in  the 
Contemporary/  Review  in  an  account  of  the 
locust  plagues  of  Algeria,  has  written  for 
the  New  Year  number  of  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine an  article  entitled  *  Chateau  Hunting  in 
Prance,'  which  will  relate  some  very  original 
experiences  in  country  houses  in  the  French 
provinces. 

M.  Andee  Lebon,  Minister  of  Commerce 
in  the  last  Eibot  Cabinet,  is  preparing  a 
short  history  of  France  from  1789  to  the 
present  time,  which  will  be  published  in 
London  about  Easter.  Like  his  useful 
little  handbook  *  France  as  It  Is,'  M. 
Lebon's  new  work,  though  written  originally 
in  French,  will  only  appear  in  its  English 
translation. 

The  library  of  Ernest  Renan,  which  is 
offered  for  sale  in  Paris,  was  especially  rich 
in  works  of  Oriental  and  Biblical  interest. 
The  number  of  such  works  exceeds  three 
thousand,  and  they  are  separately  enume- 
rated in  the  catalogue.  Renan  expressed 
a  hope  before  he  died  that  the  collection, 
which  he  had  been  at  some  pains  to  make 
complete  and  representative,  might  be  kept 
together ;  and  his  family  would  be  glad  if 
this  could  be  done.  The  arrangements  are 
in  the  hands  of  M.  Leroux,  28,  Rue  Bona- 
parte. In  the  absence  of  any  contract  for 
the  purchase  of  the  library  as  a  whole,  or 
of  the  part  mentioned  above,  it  will  be 
necessary  on  January  Ist  to  publish  the 
catalogue  wdth  a  view  to  sale  by  auction ; 
but  as  the  volumes  referred  to  are  of  cos- 
mopolitan origin,  and  practically  combine 
the  chief  literary  sources  of  Biblical  criti- 
cism, it  may  be  hoped  that  they  will  find 
a  rosting-place  in  some  public  or  private 
library. 


Me.  J.  E.  MxTDDooK  is  editing,  and  Messrs. 
Hutchinson  &  Co.  will  publish  in  the  spring, 
a  volume  of  '  Savage  Club  Papers.'  The 
contributors  will  be  men  of  letters  and 
artists  belonging  to  the  Savage  Club. 

De.  0.  VON  Heinemann,  the  learned 
Director  of  the  Wolffenbiittel  Library,  has 
discovered  a  poem  describing  the  political 
and  military  activity  of  Franz  von  Sickingen, 
and  touching  on  his  relation  to  the  religious 
movement  of  his  time.  The  poem,  which 
the  finder  has  published  in  the  Westdeutsche 
Zeitung,  was  written,  according  to  his  con- 
jecture, in  1524,  consequently  shortly  after 
the  death  of  the  famous  knight. 

The  Goethesammlung  at  Sesenheim, 
which  we  recently  mentioned,  has  just 
received  some  interesting  accessions,  includ- 
ing a  number  of  letters  of  Ottilie  von  Goethe, 
the  poet's  daughter-in-law,  who  nursed  him 
with  filial  devotion  in  his  old  age,  and 
of  the  litthateur  Christ.  Aug.  Vulpius,  his 
brother-in-law.  A  Stammbuchhlatt  by  the 
ill-fated  K.  W.  Jerusalem — the  prototype  of 
Werther — and  an  autograph  of  Charlotte 
Buff  have  also  been  added.  It  is  expected 
that  the  collection  will  be  open  to  public 
view  next  spring. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Prof.  Joseph 
de  Leva,  Rector  and  Professor  of  History 
in  the  University  of  Padua.  He  was  a 
voluminous  author  on  Italian  history,  on 
Giulio  della  Rovera,  Pope  Julius  III., 
Paiil  Paruta,  &c.  His  most  important  work 
is  a  history  of  '  Carlo  V.  in  oorrelazione  all' 
Italia.' 

The  death  is  also  announced,  in  his  eigh- 
tieth year,  of  M.  de  la  Villemarque,  whose 
'  Barzaz-Breiz '  was  received  with  such 
enthusiasm  in  the  forties,  and  afterwards 
involved  the  author  in  fierce  controversy 
with  the  archivist  of  Quimper  and  other 
Breton  antiquaries.  M.  de  Villemarque 
was  a  Catholic  and  a  Legitimist,  and  his 
opponents  were  of  other  schools  of  thought, 
which  perhaps  accounted  to  some  extent 
for  the  bitterness  of  the  controversy.  It 
can  hardly  be  denied  that  M.  de  la  Ville- 
marque did  not  edit  his  texts  with  the 
punctiliousness  that  a  modern  editor  would 
exhibit,  but  he  deserves  the  credit  of  being 
the  first  to  excite  public  interest  in  Breton 
ballads.  His  other  publication  of  note  was 
his  '  Barzud  braz  Jezuz.' 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  interest 
to  our  readers  this  week  is  an  Appendix  to 
the  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  National 
Education  for  1894,  Ireland  (1«.  M.). 


SCIENCE 


The  Key  of  the  Pacific :  the  Nicaragua    Canal. 

By   Archibald   Ross   Colquhoun.      With 

Numerous  Illustrations,  Plans  and  Maps. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 

This   is   certainly   the   age   of    great  ship 

canals,  witness  Suez,  Manchester,  the  Baltic, 

and  Corinth.    The  financial  success,  indeed, 

of  some  of  these  is  doubtful,  and  the  Panama 

fiasco  came  as  a  check  to  confidence  in  the 

movement.     Of  all  the  canal  schemes,  past 

and  present,  however,  none  perhaps  can  have 

such  groat  or  far-reaching  consequences  as 

that  which  shall  unite  the  Atlantic  and  the 

Pacific  J    the    volume    before   us    appears, 


therefore,  very  opportunely,  and  will  be  read 
with  the  more  interest  and  confidence  in 
that  the  author  is  a  well-known  geographer 
and  traveller,  possessed  of  the  requisite 
technical  knowledge  and  experience  of  kin- 
dred problems. 

The  general  scheme  of  a  canal  which 
should  utilize  the  great  lake  of  Nicaragua 
and  the  San  Juan  river,  which  flows  from 
it  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  always  had 
supporters ;  among  British  geographers  it 
was  persistently  advocated  by  Capt.  Bedford 
Pirn,  R.N. ;  and  Lesseps  himself  admitted 
that  if  it  was  necessary  to  make  the  inter- 
oceanic  canal  with  locks,  the  Nicaraguan 
route  was  the  best.  And  though,  according 
to  Mr.  Colquhoun,  there  were  other  serious 
flaws  in  the  scheme,  it  was  the  attempt  to 
make  the  Panama  Canal  without  locks,  at  sea 
level,  and  therefore  exposed  to  the  tropical 
floods  of  the  Chagres  river,  which  practically 
wrecked  the  scheme,  and  would  have  done 
so  even  if  to  the  twenty- eight  millions 
sterling  of  bond  fide  expenditure  had  been 
added  the  twenty-four  millions  which  "  dis- 
appeared into  that  bottomless  gulf — the 
pockets  of  the  vast  army  of  company 
promoters,  corrupt  journalists  and  politi- 
cians, swindling  engineers  and  contractors." 

The  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  and  of 
bricks,  and  of  cubic  feet  of  rock  which 
adorn  the  reports  of  the  great  engineers 
have  a  fascination  for  the  reader,  but  they 
do  not  exceed  in  simple  effect  the  "twenty 
thousand  tons  of  rock  a  day  for  several 
months  consecutively"  quarried  from  the 
bed  of  the  Manchester  Canal. 

Mr.  Colquhoun  gives  a  resumS  (sufficiently 
full,  but  not  so  well  arranged  as  it  might  be, 
and  accordingly  containing  repetitions)  of  all 
the  various  schemes  and  suggestions  for  a 
canal,  including  the  long-continued  search 
by  the  early  Spanish  discoverers  for  a 
natural  strait,  and  the  brilliant  proposal 
of  the  Scottish  genius  William  Paterson,  of 
Darien  fame,  to  seize  the  isthmus,  and  thus 
to  hold,  as  he  expressed  it,  "  the  keys  of  the 

Universe enabling    their    possessors    to 

give  laws  to  both  oceans,  and  to  become  the 
arbiters  of  the  commercial  world."  Later 
on,  a  keen  interest  in  the  subject  was  felt, 
naturally,  in  the  United  States.  But  Eng- 
land stiU  held  to  some  extent  the  key  of  the 
position,  through  her  Mosquito  Protectorate, 
with  its  capital  Greytown  at  the  mouth  of 
the  San  Juan  river.  This  was  abandoned  in 
1850,  under  the  Clay  ton  -  Bui  wer  treaty, 
which  stipulated  that  neither  Great  Britain 
nor  the  United  States  should  exercise  any 
control  over  the  future  canal.  How  far  that 
stipulation  is  consistent  with  the  concession 
of  a  canal  scheme  by  Nicaragua  to  a  private 
company  which  is  to  be  controlled,  and  the 
interest  on  its  capital  guaranteed,  by  the 
United  States,  while  the  materials  for  its 
construction  are  to  be  supplied  by  that 
country  alone,  is  for  diplomatists  to  decide. 

Mr.  Colquhoun's  description  of  the  survey 
made  on  behalf  of  the  company,  and  of  the 
works  recommended  to  be  undertaken  along 
the  entire  route,  is  adequately  illustrated  by 
plans  and  maps,  and,  though  naturally  to 
some  extent  technical,  is  clear  and  intel- 
ligible by  any  careful  reader.  It  might  at 
first  sight  be  supposed  that,  with  so  large  a 
proportion  of  the  route  lying  through  the 
lake  and  along  the  river  channel,  the  work 
would  be  comparatively  simple ;  but  this  is 


N°3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


837 


a  delusion  soon  dispelled  by  closer  study. 
The  principal  feature  of  the  scheme, 
perhaps,  is  the  great  Ochoa  dam,  to  be 
constructed  across  the  river  some  sixty- 
four  miles  below  its  outlet  from  the  lake, 
which  is  to  make  that  portion  of  the  river, 
which  includes  several  rapids,  navigable. 
For  this  end  the  level  of  the  river  is  to  be 
raised  about  fifty-six  feet,  and  the  gaps  in 
the  hill  ranges  which  bound  the  valley  must 
be  filled  up  to  prevent  the  escape  of  this 
vast  body  of  water.  But  on  the  crucial 
question,  viz.,  whether  the  proposed  dam 
will  sustain  the  tremendous  pressure, 
opinions  differ.  Mr.  Colquhoun  gives  a 
detailed  and  apparently  sympathetic  account 
of  the  plan  chosen,  which  is  remarkably  in- 
teresting, but  we  gather  that  he  is  far  from 
confident  as  to  its  success.  Nor  is  he  satisfied 
that  the  plans  for  the  necessary  harbour 
at  Greytown  are  feasible.  Yet  he  seems  to 
look  forward  to  the  completion  of  the  canal 
as  a  certainty,  his  estimate  of  the  cost  being, 
however,  greatly  in  excess  of  the  ofiicial 
estimate.  We  may  add  that  since  the 
appearance  of  his  book  the  report  of  a 
United  States  Government  commission  of 
inquiry  has  been  announced,  condemning 
the  whole  scheme,  particularly  in  respect  to 
the  two  points  above  referred  to,  and  also 
for  the  general  insufficiency  of  the  survey, 
which  Mr.  Colquhoun,  by  the  way,  speaks 
of  as  careful  and  elaborate.  Engineers 
doubtless  differ,  like  other  doctors.  Mean- 
while the  result  of  this  last  inquiry  is  to  put 
the  whole  question  again  in  abeyance. 

On  the  scheme  for  a  ship  railway,  which 
80  many  people  think  quixotic,  Mr.  Col- 
quhoun's  opinion  is  so  far  favourable  that  he 
believes  it  would  have  been  carried  through 
if  its  originator,  the  great  American  engineer 
Eads,  had  survived ;  and  he  mentions  that 
a  work  of  the  kind,  destined  to  transport 
ships  of  2,000  tons  between  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  is 
approaching  completion. 

More  important,  however,  than  the  success 
or  failure  of  any  particular  scheme  are  the 
great  political  and  commercial  problems 
dependent  on  the  creation  of  any  such  route. 
Several  of  these  are  discussed  by  the  author, 
who  expects,  in  the  event,  greater  changes 
than  even  those  created  by  the  Suez  Canal. 
The  advantages,  he  shows,  will  lie  almost 
entirely  with  the  New  World,  bringing 
New  Zealand  and  Australia,  Japan  and 
Northern  China,  nearer  to  the  United  States 
than  to  England.     This 

"will  give  an  immense  impulse  to  United  States 
manufactures,  especially  cotton  and  iron,  and 
will  greatly  stimulate  the  shipbuilding  industry 
and  the  development  of  the  naval  power  of  the 

United    States It   will    bind    together    the 

remote  sections  of  that  immense  country,  assimi- 
late its  diverse  interests,  go  far  towards  solving 
many  difficult  problems,  and  make  the  United 
States  still  more  united.  Finally,  I  believe  it 
will,  taken  in  connexion  with  the  vast  changes 
occurring  in  the  Far  East,  bring  about  the  most 
serious  rivalry  to  the  commercial  supremacy  of 
Great  Britain  which  she  has  yet  had  to  en- 
counter." 

Mr.  Colquhoun,  indeed,  speaks  of  the  pos- 
sible advantage  to  England,  in  war  time, 
of  an  alternative  sea  route  through  a 
neutralized  canal,  which  "should  be  a 
powerful  factor  for  the  preservation  of 
peace."  But  how  far  are  such  canals  likely 
to  be  neutralized  in  time  of  war  ?    On  the 


other  hand,  he  points  out  the  value,  in  war 
time,  to  the  United  States,  of  the  great 
lake,  as  a  harbour  and  recruiting  ground 
for  their  fleets,  inaccessible  to  an  enemy. 
The  value  of  the  position  seems  to  have 
struck  Nelson,  even  under  the  conditions  of 
his  time,  for  he  proposed  to  occupy  it  as 
"the  inland  Gibraltar  of  Spanish  America." 
Maury,  as  Mr.  Colquhoun  reminds  us, 
looked  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  as  the  centre 
of  the  world,  bounded  alike  on  its  north  and 
on  its  south  side  by  a  continent  of  endless 
resources,  and  having  on  the  east  and  west 
a  sea  route  leading  everywhere.  Mr.  Col- 
quhoun predicts  an  extensive  material  de- 
velopment— the  canal  once  made — of  all  the 
neighbouringregions,  with  their  great  natural 
resources,  mineral,  forest,  and  agricultural. 
It  seems  sanguine  to  expect  that  any  good 
thing  can  come  out  of  Central  America, 
and  although  our  author  considers  that  the 
people  are  usually  too  harshly  judged,  we 
find  nothing  in  his  chapter  on  Nicaraguan 
society  and  politics  to  lead  us  to  any  favour- 
able conclusion.  The  native  Indian  race 
indeed,  he  says,  is  remarkable  for  honesty 
and  endurance,  but  the  ruling  race  seems 
to  hold  its  own  by  a  high  development  of 
the  opposite  qualities. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 


One  of  the  two  small  planets  reported  to  have 
been  discovered  by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on 
July  23rd  turns  out  to  be  identical  with  No.  336, 
which  was  discovered  by  him  on  September  19th, 
1892,  and  afterwards  named  Lacadiera.  The 
whole  number  now  known  is  therefore  reduced 
to  408. 

Perrine's  comet  (c,  1895)  has  been  increasing 
in  apparent  brightness,  and  will  be  for  a  few 
days  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  But  it  is  in 
rapid  motion  towards  the  south,  and  is  now  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  constellation  Ophiuchus, 
passing  into  Scorpio.  According  to  the  orbit 
calculated  by  Dr.  E.  Lamp(^A-f.  Nach.  No.  3320), 
the  perihelion  passage  will  take  place  on  the 
18th  inst.  at  the  distance  from  the  sun  of  only 
0'19  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance,  or 
about  18,000,000  miles.  The  theoretical  bright- 
ness is  now  more  than  fifty  times  as  great  as  on 
the  date  of  discovery  ;  the  distance  from  the 
earth  is  about  75,000,000  miJes. 

The  orbit  of  Brooks's  comet  (d,  1895)  has  been 
computed  by  Dr.  H.  Kreutz,  who  finds  that  the 
perihelion  passage  took  place  nearly  two  months 
ago,  but  the  comet  continued  to  approach  the 
earth  until  the  4th  inst.,  since  which  its  bright- 
ness has  been  slowly  decreasing. 

Dr.  Backlund  has  recently  made  a  new  deter- 
mination of  the  mass  of  the  planet  Mercury 
from  the  motions  of  Encke's  comet,  with  the 
result  that  that  planet,  instead  of  being  denser 
than  the  earth,  as  has  been  hitherto  supposed, 
is  of  only  about  two-thirds  of  its  density.  If 
this  be  substantiated,  our  earth  occupies  the 
position  of  being  the  densest  known  body  in 
the  solar  system. 


SOCIETIES. 


EoYAL. — Dec.  5.— Sir  Joseph  Lister.  Bart.,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Prof.  T.  Purdie  and  Mr.  G.  H. 
Bryan  were  admitted  into  the  Society. — The  Pre- 
sident announced  that  he  had  appointed  as  Mcc- 
Presidents  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  W.  Crookes,  Dr. 
Hugging,  and  Prof.  Lankester.  —  The  following 
papers  were  read  :  '  Studies  in  the  Morphology  of 
Spore-producing  Members,  Part  II.  Ophioglos- 
sacere  :  Preliniiiiary  Statement  on  the  Sorus  of 
Dan;ca,'  by  Prof.  F.  O.  Bower, — '  On  the  Weight  of 
a  Cubic  Decimetre  of  Water  at  its  Maximum  Den- 
sity,' by  Prof.  MendeleefF, — 'The  Measurement  of 
High  Potential  Difference,'  by  Messrs.  H.  C.  Leake, 
K.  Leventhorpe,  and  C.  S.  Whitehead, — and  '  Varia- 
tions in  the  Electromotive  Force  of  Clark  Cells  with 


Temperature,'    by    Prof.    Ayrtou    aud    Mr.  W.  5. 
Cooper. 

Geogeaphical.— Z)t't'.  9.— Mr.  C.  R.  Markham, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  Fellows  :  Count  R.  Coudenhove,  Lieut. 
E.  C.  Pottiuger,  Rev.  F.  Besant,  Messrs.  E.  B.  S. 
Benest,  C.  H.  Hutt,  D.  Durell,  W.  S.  Main,  B.  Moir, 
A.  Sjogren,  J.  H.  Stanley,  and  F.  F.  Zehetmayr. — 
The  paper  read  was  '  Exploration  lathe  Central  Alps 
of  Japan/  by  the  Rev.  W.  Weston. 

Geological.— i)ec.  4.— Dr.  H.  Woodward,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair. —The  Rev.  H.  Canham,  the  Rev. 
E.  A.  Woodruffe- Peacock,  Messrs.  S.  C.  Barlow,  W. 
BoultoD,  W.  J.  P.  Burton,  A.  Greenwell,  K.  Gross- 
mann,  J.  H.  Hosking,  E.  A.  Martin,  T.  Murdoch, 
J.  Parkinson,  M.  Paterson,  W.  G.  Ridewood,  and 
R.  W.  B.  Roberts  were  elected  Fellows.— The  follow- 
ing communications  were  read  :  '  On  the  Alteratioa 
of  certain  Basic  Eruptive  Rocks  from  Brent  Tor, 
Devon,'  by  Mr.  F.  Rutley,— and  'The  MoUusca  of 
the  Chalk  Rock,  Part  I.,'  by  Mr.  H.  Woods. 

Society  op  Antiquaries.— i><?c.  5.— Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  President,  iu  the  chair.  —  The  Bishop  of 
Stepney  was  elected  a  member  of  Council,  vice  Mr. 
G.  Leveson-Gower,  V.P.,  deceased. — The  President 
exhibited  a  photograph  of  a  painting  lately  found 
at  Pompeii. — Sir  J.  Evans  exhibited  and  presented 
an  impression  of  a  seal  of  a  "  Fraternity  of  St. 
Clement,"  found  some  forty  years  ago  atBerkhamp- 
stead.— Dr.  B.  Freshfield  exhibited,  by  way  of  re- 
cord, a  number  of  fragments  of  Roman  pottery,  &c., 
found  at  Bank  Buildings,  in  the  City  of  London,  at 
a  depth  of  16ift.— The  Dean  of  Chester  exhibited 
a  fine  narwhal's  tusk,  or  ''  unicorn's  horn,"  lately 
given  for  the  staff  of  a  processional  cross  to  the 
cathedral  church  of  Chester,  carved  throughout  with 
the  Tree  of  Jesse,  &c.,  of  Flemish  work  of  the 
fifteenth  century. — Mr.  H.  S.  Cowper  read  a  paper 
on  the  remarkable  megalithic  temples  or  senams 
of  Tarhuna,  Tripoli,  which,  from  certain  emblems 
found  sculptured  on  the  stones,  he  believed  to  be 
connected  with  the  worship  of  Moloch  and  the 
Asherah. 

Royal  Society  op  Literature.  —  ^A'(>r.  27. — 
The  Lord  Chancellor,  President,  read  from  the 
chair  a  paper  '  On  Poetry.'  Having  first  shown 
that  a  scientific  definition  of  poetry  is  an  in> 
possibility,  the  author  proceeded  to  discuss  the 
differences  of  view  which  revealed  themselves 
in  mere  descriptions  of  poetry,  and  considered 
the  inquiry  as  to  whether  poetry  must  necessarily 
be  in  verse.  Wordsworth  had  declared  that  there 
cannot  be  any  essential  difference  between  the  lan- 
guage of  prose  and  metrical  composition,  a  view 
entertained  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  Aristotle^ 
Fenelon  was  approvingly  quoted  as  testifying  that 
the  Hebrew  prophets  surpassed  in  naivete,  vivacity, 
grandeur,  sublimity,  and  other  high  qualities  Homer 
and  all  other  profane  writers  of  antiquity.  The 
analysis  of  the  poetic  faculty,  if  that  were  possible, 
belongs  to  the  region  of  metaphysics  aud  to  what 
we  call  the  imagination,  a  faculty  which  Bishop 
Butler  describes  as  mischievous,  but  which  Prof. 
Tyndall  made  the  handmaid  of  science.  Pascal 
gives  a  description  of  its  operations  and  powers. 
Plato  in  the  '  Ion '  explained  the  source  of  poetry  to 
be  a  divine  influence,  which  passed  like  magnetism, 
by  means  of  the  poem,  from  the  poet  to  his  audi- 
ence, so  that  the  poet  does  not  attain  excellence  by 
following  the  rules  of  any  art,  but  by  yielding  him- 
self to  the  influence  of  a  spirit  not  his  own.  Simi- 
larly the  music  of  poetry  can  be  neglected  without 
loss  to  poetic  thought.  If  we  agree  that  prose  may 
be  poetry,  it  is  now  reduced  to  the  '"imitations" 
of  Aristotle,  the  thought?,  passions,  and  feelings  of 
human  life.  The  ceaseless  stream  of  modern  fictioD 
flowing  from  a  thousand  presses  is  all  poetry.  But  the 
taste  of  these  works  has  been  in  some  instances  as 
different  from  the  true  poetic  spirit  as  the  language 
has  been  from  the  purity  of  our  mother  tongue.  It 
would  require  the  genius  of  Dryden  or  Dante  to 
make  a  poem  out  of  the  materials  of  the  "  novel 
with  a  purpose,"  while  a  depraved  taste  has  intro- 
duced subjects  which  the  great  poets  have  scrupu?- 
lously  avoided.  This  leads  to  the  inquiry  as  to 
whether  the  office  of  the  poet  is  that  of  preacher 
and  prophet  or  mere  narrator  and  Eongst- r.  la 
early  times,  amid  the  confusion  of  an  imperfect 
moral  law,  the  instinct  of  genius  preserved  the 
poets'  art  from  being  the  haudmaiil  of  vice  ;  the 
good,  the  beautiful,  the  true,  were  still  the  goal  at 
which  they  aimed.  Goethe  in  modern  times  started 
the  theory  that  poetry  has  no  moral  design,  but 
the  heathen  world  could  recognize  the  moral 
tendency  of  some  poetry  as  contrasted  with  others^ 
This  is  well  seen  in  a  comparison  between  the 
'Antigone'  of  Sophocles  and  the  'Alcestis'  of 
Euripides,  and  in  the  attacks  on  the  latter  by 
Aristophanes.  The  author  concluded  by  a  denuncia- 
tion of  the  grosser  forms  of  the  so-called  realistio 
echooJ. 


838 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3555,  Dec.  U,  '95 


Arch^ological  Institute.  —  Z'fc'.  4. —  Judge 
Baylis  in  the  chair. —  Mr.  F.  C.  Spurrell  read  a 
paper  '  On  some  Flint  Implements  from  Egypt  and 
Denmark.'  He  referred  specially  to  those  found  by 
Prof.  F.  Petrie  at  Nagada,  opposite  Koptos,  Egypt, 
and  attributed  to  an  alien  race.  Having  described 
the  various  forms  of  implements  found  in  Egypt, 
the  method  of  manufacture,  and  their  probable  use, 
he  went  on  to  compare  them  with  those  found  in 
Denmark.  The  resemblance  in  details  of  chipping 
between  the  Egyptian  and  Danish  flints  was  curious, 
but  the  shapes  were  very  different,  and  the  author 
felt  it  unlikely  that  a  method  of  working  should 
kave  travelled  without  similar  shapes  of  the  imple- 
ments having  travelled  along  with  it.  Although 
the  date  assigned  by  Prof.  Petrie  and  others  to  the 
neolithic  flints  from  Denmark  and  those  from 
Egypt  is  the  same,  viz.  B.C.  3000,  the  author  never- 
theless considered  they  had  an  independent  origin. 
— Dr.  C.  C.  Caruana,  Director  of  Education,  contri- 
buted a  paper  on  some  megalithic  discoveries  and 
explorations  in  the  island  of  Malta  in  1892-1893. 
After  noting  their  early  discovery  and  their 
neglect  for  some  time,  and  that  he  had  called 
attention  to  them  in  a  report,  a  full  description 
was  given,  aided  by  a  well-drawn  ground  plan 
and  with  measurements.  Particular  reference 
was  on  this  occasion  made  to  the  great  stones  of 
Cordin,  attention  being  drawn  first  to  the  general 
plan,  namel}%a  double  row  of  chambers  side  by  side, 
but  without  any  communication,  then  to  their  egg- 
shape  form,  and  further  to  the  many  small  recesses 
around  them.  The  several  theories  regarding  their 
original  purpose  were  considered  and  some  refuted, 
the  writer  arguing  and  concluding  that  this  purpose 
was  a  religious  one.  Placed,  as  he  showed  they 
must  have  been,  close  to  a  great  population,  their 
position  was  good  for  such  a  use.  From  the  egg- 
shape  form  of  the  chambers,  implying  the  repro- 
ductive idea,  as  well  as  from  other  remains  dis- 
covered, the  cult  seemed  to  tend  towards  the 
phallic.  The  notion  that  the  island  was  once  in- 
habited by  giants,  and  that  these  stones  thus  had 
their  origin,  which  was  so  long  locally  believed,  was 
much  shaken  when  a  large  tooth,  once  supposed  to 
have  belonged  to  this  race,  was  in  these  latter  days 
declared  to  be  the  molar  of  an  extinct  species  of 
elephant.  Dr.  Caruana  has  found  many  burned 
bones  within  the  enclosures,  but  always  of  domestic 
animals,  and  with  nothing  to  point  to  any  sacrificial 
work.  Much  regret  was  expressed  that  these  re- 
mains should  have  been  greatly  injured  when  a 
search  was  made  within  them  for  Greek  vases. 


LiNNEAN.— D^-r.  5.— Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  President, 
in  the  chair.  —  Messrs.  B.  Arnold  and  K.  Vallentin 
were  admitted,  and  the  following  were  elected 
Fellows  :  Mr.  W.  M.  Christy,  Rev.  H.  P.  Fitzgerald, 
Mr.  A.  W.  Geffcken,  Rev.  E.  A.  Peacock,  Rev.  T.  R. 
Stebbing,  and  Mr.  W.  0.  Stentiford.— The  President 
called  attention  to  a  portrait  of  the  late  Prof. 
Babington,  of  Cambridge,  which  had  been  lately 
presented  by  his  widow  to  the  Society.  On  the 
motion  of  Dr.  Murie,  seconded  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Bennett, 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mrs.  Babington  was  unanimously 
accorded. — Prof,  Stewart  offered  some  remarks  on 
the  types  of  the  axes  of  certain  Gorgonace?e,  in 
which  he  referred  chiefly  to  the  alleged  import- 
ance cf  the  presence  of  spicules  in  the  axes, 
and  exhibited  the  following  species  in  illustration 
of  his  remarks ;  Paragorgia  arhorea,  Melitodes 
ochracea,  Suberogorgia  suberosa,  Corallium  rubrum, 
Caligorgia  verticUlata,  Verucella  guadalupensis, 
Isis  hippuru,  Plexaurella  crassa,  and  Ennicella 
verrucosa.  —  Some  criticism  was  offered  by  Dr. 
Murie,  chiefly  in  relation  to  the  structure  of 
Gorgonia  flatdlum  and  Gurgonia  setosa. — Mr.  M. 
Woodward  exhibited  and  made  remarks  on  a 
living  specimen  of  Ouramocba,  which  he  thought 
should  be  regarded  as  a  common  Amoeba 
attacked  by  a  parasitic  fungus. — Mr.  G.  C.  Druce 
communicated  a  paper  on  a  new  species  of 
Bromus  in  Britain,  which  was  said  to  differ  from 
others  of  the  genus  in  its  inflorescence,  having 
single  short,  stiff  pedicels  arising  alternately  right 
and  left  of  the  main  rachis,  each  bearing  at  its 
extremity  3-5  sessile,  or  in  some  cases  short  stalked 
spikelets,  giving  an  interrupted  and  compact  ap- 
pearance to  the  whole  inflorescence,  which  is 
made  up  of  two  rows  of  clustered  groups  of 
spikelets.  This  peculiar  feature  being  absent  in 
its    nearest    allies,    the     name    interrupius    was 

Eroposed  to  distinguish  it.  It  appeared  to  have 
een  recognized  by  Prof.  Hackel  as  Bromus 
mollis^  var.  interrvptns,  but  Mr.  Druce  considered 
that  it  was  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  entitled  to 
specific  rank.  He  had  found  it  growing  abundantly 
in  a  field  of  vetches  near  Upton,  Berkshire,  and 
specimens  had  been  examined  from  Headington, 
Oxford,  and  Dartford,  Kent. — In  a  discussion  which 
followed,  Dr.  O.  Stapf  reviewed  the  literature  of 
the  subject,  and  gave  reasons  for  regarding  the 
80-called  new  snecies  as  a  sport,  or  abnormal  growth 
of  Bromus  »^(o«(«.— Critical  remarks  were  made  also 


by  Mr.  H.  Groves  and  Mr.  A.  B.  Rendle,  who  were 
inclined  to  share  the  opinion  of  the  last  speaker. — 
A  paper  was  then  read  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby  on  some 
new  or  little-known  Phasmidie  in  the  collection  of 
the  British  Museum,  with  illustrative  specimens. 

Zoological.— l)fc.  3.— Sir  W.  H.  Flower,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report  on 
the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  October  and 
November,  calling  attention  to  the  acquisition  of  a 
specimen  of  the  wild  goat  of  the  island  of  Giura, 
in  the  .^gean  Sea  {Capra  dorcas).—M.r.  Tegetmeier 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  a  crab  with  a  supernumerary 
claw. — Communications  and  papers  were  read  :  from 
Dr.  G.  S.  Brady,  containing  a  supplementary  report 
on  the  crustaceans  of  the  group  Myodocopa  obtained 
during  the  Challenger  expedition,  to  which  were 
added  notes  on  other  new  or  imperfectly  known 
species  of  this  group, — by  Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard,  on 
some  points  in  the  anatomy  of  Pipa  americana  and 
on  the  diaphragm  and  the  muscular  anatomy  of 
Xenopus ;  the  author  added  remarks  on  the  affini- 
ties of  these  two  anomalous  batrachians,  which  he 
considered  to  have  been  correctly  placed  together 
in  the  system, — by  Mr.  W.  Bateson,  on  the  colour- 
variations  of  a  variable  beetle  of  the  family  Chry- 
somelidaj  (Gonioctena  variabilis)  statistically  ex- 
amined :  it  was  shown  that  the  individuals  are 
chiefly  either  red  spotted  with  black,  or  else  greenish 
grey  striped  with  black  ;  all  intermediates  occurred, 
but  were  less  common  than  the  type-varieties,  these 
facts  illustrating  the  phenomenon  of  organic  stability, 
— from  Mr.  R.  Lydekker,  containing  remarks  on 
the  affinities  of  the  so  -  called  extinct  giant  dor- 
mouse of  Malta,  the  author  stating  that  this  ex- 
tinct rodent  did  not  belong  to  the  MyoxidiB,  but 
rather  to  the  Sciuridse,  unless  it  were  necessary  to 
assign  it  to  a  family  apart ;  and  he  proposed  for 
its  reception  the  new  generic  term  Leithia, — from 
Mr.  W.  E.  J.  Bramley,  on  the  mode  of  capturing 
Loder's  gazelle  (^Gazella  loderi)  employed  by  the 
Arabs  of  the  Western  Desert  of  Egypt,— and  by  Mr. 
G.  A.  Boulenger,  on  a  new  snake  {Typlnps  nigri- 
cauda)  and  a  new  frog  {Chiroleptes  dahlii)  from 
Northern  Australia,  and  on  the  type-specimen  of 
Boulengeri7ia  stormsi,  an  elapoid  snake  from  Lake 
Tanganyika,  recently  described  by  M.  Dollo. 


Entomological. —Z><'c.  4. —  Prof.  R.  Meldola, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder,  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow 
to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Prof. 
Riley.  —  Lieut.  -  Col.  C.  T.  Bingham,  Capt.  C.  G. 
Nurse,  and  Mr.  E.  F.  Studd  were  elected  Fellows. — 
Mr.  R.  Adkin  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Mesogona 
acetosellcB  taken  at  Arlington,  Sussex,  in  October, 
1895.  It  was  stated  that  this  was  the  first  recorded 
capture  of  this  species  in  Britain.— Mr.  G.  T.  Porritt 
exhibited  an  example  of  Halesus  guttatipennis, 
taken  at  Lye,  Worcestershire,  in  November,  1889. 
It  was  believed  to  be  the  third  British  example.  Mr. 
Porritt  also  exhibited  a  series  of  Mania  typica, 
showing  a  curious  malformation  in  all  the  speci- 
mens. He  stated  that  about  one-third  of  a  large 
brood  had  emerged  in  exactly  the  same  form, 
having  the  wings  only  half  developed,  but  with 
the  markings  clearly  defined.  —  Mr.  Tutt  and  Mr. 
McLachlan  referred  to  similar  malformations  in 
Agrotis  tritici  and  Hadena  ehenopodii.  —  Mr. 
Goss  read  a  communication  from  Mr.  S.  Cromp- 
ton,  of  Salamanca,  Tenerife,  announcing  the 
capture  there  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hammerton  of  two 
specimens  of  Biadema  misippus,  a  species  of  butter- 
fly not  previously  recordecf  from  Tenerife.  Mr. 
Crompton  said  the  specimens  were  in  such  fine 
condition  that  the}'  must  have  been  introduced 
into  Tenerife  in  the  larval  or  pupal  state  and 
emerged  there. — Mr.  Hampson,  Prof.  Meldola,  and 
Mr.  Salvin  made  some  remarks  on  the  distribution 
of  the  species. — Mr.  Champion  read  a  paper  entitled 
'  On  the  Heteromerous  Coleoptera  of  St.  Vincent, 
Grenada,  and  the  Grenadines.' — Mr.  K.  J.  Morton 
communicated  a  paper  entitled  'New  or  Little- 
Known  Palaearctic  Perlidte.' 


Philological.— Z>^r.  6.— Mr.  H.  Bradley,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. — Prof.  McCormick,  of  St.  Andrews, 
read  a  paper  '  On  the  MSS.,  Metre,  and  Grammar  of 
Chaucer's  "  Troilus,"  with  Special  Reference  to  Prof. 
Skeat's  Edition.'  Prof.  McCormick  has  examined, 
and  collated  for  special  passages,  all  the  '  Troilus ' 
MSS.  ;  and  he  pointed  out  that  if  Prof.  Skeat  had 
done  so,  he  would  have  found  that  the  non-edited 
type  of  MS.,  which  he  did  not  properly  attend  to, 
was  in  many  cases  nearer  than  the  edited  type  to 
Chaucer's  originals,  Boccaccio  and  Boethius.  Thus 
Boccaccio  wrote,  "  Si  mi  stringe  il  disio,'  and 
Chaucer  englished  it,  "  Sin  that  desir  right  now  so 
strcyneth  me,"  whereas  the  edited  text  has  "  now  so 
bytc'thme."  Boethius  wrote,  "Dictaf]uvasodalibus," 
which  Chaucer  translated  in  his  '  Boece,'  "  cndyteth 
lawes  to  tre we  felawes,"  and  in  his '  Troilus,'  ^^endyteth 
lawe  of  company,"  whereas  the  edited  '  Troilus  '  has 


knetteth.  Changes  of  this  kind  Prof.  McCormick 
put  down  to  a  scribe  or  editor  and  not  to  Chaucer. 
At  any  rate,  a  modern  editor  of  the  poet  should  have 
noted  them,  which  Prof.  Skeat  has  not  done.  In- 
sufficient collation  had  also  made  Prof.  Skeat  put  a 
wrong  final  e  to  wol,  word,  &c.,  and  had  led  him  to 
print  many  nine-syllable  lines  which  other  MSS.  of 
the  earlier  type  rightly  made  ten.  Prof.  McCormick 
promised  fuller  treatment  of  the  questions  raised  in 
his  introduction  to  the  '  Three  More  Parallel-Texts 
of  Chaucer's  "  Troilus  "  '—the  John's,  Corpus,  and 
Harl.  1239— for  the  Chaucer  Society.— Prof.  Skeat 
contended  that  poets  often  weakened  their  first  ver- 
sions when  they  revised  them  ;  and  though  he  had 
not  compared  the  '  Troilus '  changes  with  the  Italian 
and  Latin,  he  believed  they  were  Chaucer's.  He 
also  defended  most  of  the  nine-syllable  lines  he  had 
left  in  his  text,  without  denying  that  further  colla- 
tion might  turn  some  of  them  into  the  normal  ten 
syllables. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINCJ  WEEK. 
MoN.     London    Institution,  5. —  'Early   Norman  Churches,'   Mr.    A. 
Mitchell. 

—  Institute  of  British  Architects,  8.—'  Graeco-Phoenician  Architec- 

ture in  Cyprus,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Origin  and 
Development  of  the  Ionic  Volute,'  Dr.  M.  Ohnefalsch- 
Kichter 

—  Aristotelian,  8.—'  Anselm's  Ontological  Proof  of  the  Existence 

oIGod,'  Mr.  C.  C  J.  Webb. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8 —Mechanical  RoadCarriages,'Lecture  III., 

Mr.  W.  W.  Beaumont  (Cantor  Lecture). 
Ties.     Statistical,  5—' A  National  System  of  Notification  and  Regis- 
tration of  Sickness,'  l>r,  A.  Newsholme. 

—  Folk-lore,  8.—' Leprosy  Stones,'  Dr.  Corney  ;  'Folk-lore  First- 

fruits  from  Lesbos.'  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse. 

—  Geological,  8.—'  The  Tertiary  Basalt-Plateaux  of  North-Westem 

Europe,'  Sir  A.  Geikie;  'The  British  Silurian  Species  of 
Acidaspis,'  Mr.  P.  Lake. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Jamaica  in  the  Past  and  Present,' Mr.  F. 

Cundall. 

—  Civil  Engineers,  8  —'The  Design  and  Testing  of  Centrifugal 

Fans,'  Messrs  H  Heenan  and  W.  Gilbert, 

—  Zoological,  8J.  — 'Classitication  of  the  Moths  of  the  Subfamilies 

Schocnobilnse  and  Crambina>  of  the  Family  Pyralidae,'  Mr. 
G.  F.  Hampson ;  '  On  Cocnolestis,  a  still-existing  Sui-vivor  of 
the  Epanorthidae  of  Ameghino,  and  the  Representative  of  a 
New  Family  of  Recent  Marsupials,'  Mr.  O.  Thomas;  'The 
Sensory  and  Ampullary  Canals  of  Chimoera,'  Mr.  W.  E.  Col- 
linge  ;  '  The  Fossil  Crinoid  Uintacrinus.'  Mr.  F.  A.  Bather. 
Wed,  Meteorological,  7i  — '  Notes  on  some  of  the  Differences  between 
Fogs,  as  related  to  the  Weather  Systems  which  accompany 
Them,'  Mr.  R  H  Scott :  '  Analysis  of  Greenwich  Barometrical 
Observations  from  1879  to  1890,  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Declinations  of  the  Sun  and  Moon,'  Major  H.  E.  Rawson ; 
'  Meteorological  Observations  taken  at  Mojanga,  Madagascar,' 
Mr.  S.  0.  Knott. 

—  Society  of    Arts,  8— 'Machines   for    composing   Letterpress 

Printing  Surfaces,'  Mr.  J.  Southward. 

—  Microscopical,  8 

Thiks  Historical,  5— 'Early  Christian  Travel  before  the  Crusaders, 
Mr.  C.  R.  Beazley. 

—  London  Institution.  6—' Present  Position  of  British  Protec- 

torates in  East  Africa,'  Mr.  D.  Mackenzie. 

—  Chemical,  8.- Discussion  on  the  'Constitution  of  Terpenes  and 

Camphor ';  '  Derivatives  of  Dimethylaniline,'  Miss  Evans. 

—  Linnean,  8  — '  Revision  of  the  Genus  Vanilla,'  Mr.  R.  A.  Kolfe  ; 

'  Cephalopoda  collected  during  the  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  In- 
vestigator,' Mr.  E.  S.  Goodrich. 


FINE    ABTS 

Pagan  Ireland,  an  Archceological  Sketch :  a 
Handbook  of  Irish  pre-  Christian  Antiquities. 
By  W.  G.  Wood-Martin,  M.E.I.A.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

In  this  exceedingly  useful  and  comprehen- 
sive handbook  to  the  relics  of  pre-Christian 
art  and  antiquity,  Col.  Wood-Martin  main- 
tains the  reputation  he  gained  as  an  Irish 
archaeologist  by  his  excellent  '  History  of 
Sligo  '  and  his  works  on  the  lake  dwellings 
and  rude  stone  monuments  of  Ireland.  It 
reaches  689  pages,  60  of  which  are  occupied 
by  a  bibliography  containing  666  entries. 
It  is  embellished  by  411  illustrations  and 
subdivided  into  14  chapters,  which  range 
over  the  whole  field  of  archaeological  dis- 
covery. As  the  introduction  of  Christianity 
may  be  attributed  to  a  time  shortly  after 
the  commencement  of  the  iron  age,  the 
author's  theme  comprises  the  palaeolithic, 
neolithic,  and  bronze  periods.  The  cave  of 
Ballynamintra,  near  Dungarvan,  contained 
implements  of  human  workmanship  in 
association  with  bones  of  the  Irish  elk,  and 
indeed  some  fragments  of  human  bones. 
The  author  suggests  that  these  contem- 
poraries of  elk  and  of  reindeer  approximated 
in  type  to  the  Esquimaux.  Transition  from 
the  palooolithic  to  the  early  neolithic  age  is 
observed  in  settlements  on  the  seashore 
of  the  north  of  Ireland  explored  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Knowles.  Implements  belonging  to 
both     types    were     found    by    the    same 


N''  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


839 


observer     in     the     river    valleys    (^Journal 
Anth.  I)isf.,  X.  150). 

Next,  perhaps,  in  historical  succession 
come  the  lake  dwellings,  knovm  to  the  Irish 
as  "crannogs."  These,  indeed,  may  have 
continued  to  a  comparatively  recent  period, 
and  some  are  alleged  to  have  been  used  up 
to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  but 
their  origin  doubtless  goes  back  to  prehis- 
toric antiquity.  They  appear  to  have  been 
usually  built  on  artificial  islands,  and  not, 
as  in  Switzerland  and  elsewhere,  reclaimed 
from  the  water  by  piles.  They  are  not, 
therefore,  in  strictness  the  same  as  the 
Pfahlhauten,  Col.  Wood-Martin  furnishes  an 
ingenious  restoration  of  what  a  lake  dwell- 
ing may  probably  have  been,  and  informs 
us  that  as  many  as  230  lacustrine  sites  of 
dwellings  have  been  traced  in  Ireland, 
though  probably  that  number  is  only  a 
tithe  of  those  that  formerly  existed.  The 
purpose  of  these  structures,  to  put  a  wall 
of  water  between  the  inhabitants  and  their 
unfriends,  is  obvious  enough. 

Another  stage  in  the  ancient  history  of 
Ireland  is  that  of  the  rude  stone  monument. 
Of  this  there  is  a  splendid  example  in  the 
Deer  Park  near  Sligo,  where  the  several 
chambers  present  a  strange  resemblance  to 
a  human  figure.  The  enclosing  mound 
appears  to  be  about  150  ft.  by  75  ft.  in 
dimension.  Other  important  megalithic 
remains  exist,  and  many  of  them  are 
marked  with  scribings  and  other  orna- 
mentations, the  origin  and  meaning  of 
which  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  trace. 
Several  of  the  rock  markings  assume  the 
shape  of  a  human  foot ;  others  present 
circular  and  conventional  designs. 

Holed  stones  occur  in  various  localities  in 
Ireland,  and  Col.  Wood  -  Martin  observes 
that  the  earliest  perforations  appear  to  be 
the  largest.  One  in  a  flagstone  at  Tober- 
navean  is  three  feet  by  two.  They  gradually 
dwindle  down  to  holes  that  will  admit  little 
more  than  a  finger.  He  suggests  that  a 
rite  requiring  the  passing  of  the  whole  body 
through  the  hole  gradually  degenerated  to 
the  passage  of  a  hand  only ;  and  that  the 
act  of  a  bride  passing  her  finger  through 
her  wedding  ring  may  be  a  survival  of  the 
ceremony  by  which  she  would  have  been 
required  to  crawl  through  the  hole  in  a 
sacred  stone.  In  the  graveyard  of  Kil- 
chouslan,  Kintyre,  was  a  holed  stone  to 
which  by  tradition  the  custom  attached  that 
an  eloping  couple  who  joined  hands  through 
it  were  beyond  pursuit  as  being  efiectuaUy 
married. 

The  use  of  mortar  to  cement  stones 
together  was  unknown  in  pre-Christian 
times.  The  ancient  cashels  were  never- 
theless strong  fortresses,  with  carefully 
arranged  low  entrances,  through  which  the 
inmates  could  creep,  but  which  would  place 
hostile  intruders  at  an  immense  disad- 
vantage. The  interior  surface  of  the  walls 
is  ingeniously  contrived  with  flights  of  steps 
which  strengthen  the  base  and  afford  access 
to  the  top.  Inside  are  beehive-shaped  huts, 
also  formed  of  uncemented  blocks  of  stone, 
but  each  row  converging  till  the  round  is 
formed.  The  want  of  cement  is  supplied  in 
some  cases  by  the  application  of  intense  heat 
to  the  outer  walls,  vitrifying  the  stone  and 
rendering  the  wall  a  mass  of  impenetrable 
rock. 

The  objects  found  in  excavations  belong-  j 


ing  to  pagan  times  are  described  under  the 
headings  fictilia  and  stone  urns  (chap,  viii.) ; 
flint,  stone,  bone,  and  wooden  implements, 
buUauns — that  is,  rough  bowls  or  hollows 
formed  in  unhewn  stones,  of  uncertain  origin 
and  use — and  whorls  (chap,  ix.) ;  bronze 
implements  and  weapons,  stone  moulds, 
bronze  fasteners,  caldrons,  shields,  lamps, 
musical  instruments  (chap,  x.);  gold,  articles 
made  of  which  are  found  in  large  quantities 
throughout  Ireland  (chap,  xi.) ;  and  objects 
of  personal  decoration  :  bone,  bronze,  glass, 
amber,  jet,  and  stone  ornaments  (chap.xii.). 
One  point  of  especial  interest  established 
by  the  evidence  which  Col.  Wood-Martin  has 
collected  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  is 
the  survival  to  our  own  times,  or  rather  the 
continuity  through  all  times,  of  many  customs, 
beliefs,  and  traditions  reaching  back  to 
the  earliest  ages.  The  observances  at  Irish 
wakes  and  burials,  the  arts  of  the  charm- 
mongers,  herb  or  fairy  doctors,  the  belief 
in  witches,  banshees,  and  fairies,  many  of 
the  superstitions  connected  with  holy  wells 
and  springs,  the  use  of  cursing-stones, 
healing- stones,  and  amulets  of  various  kinds, 
are  examples  of  these. 

It  may  seem  ungracious  to  point  to  minor 
defects  in  a  work  of  so  much  labour  and 
utility,  but  we  are  disposed  to  recommend 
the  author  in  preparing  a  second  edition  to 
consider  whether  it  would  not  be  better  to 
rearrange  the  work,  so  that  the  chapters 
of  narrative  may  be  brought  together  at  the 
beginning,  and  those  of  observation  and 
reflection  come  after.  At  present  their 
intermixture  is  somewhat  confusing.  Here 
and  there,  too,  in  his  anxiety  to  state  his 
case  fully,  Col.  Wood-Martin  has  drawn 
analogies  which  are  too  farfetched  really  to 
strengthen  it.  Though  he  writes  in  a  lively 
and  attractive  style,  a  sentence  now  and  then 
occurs  which,  for  want  of  care,  does  not 
express  his  meaning,  e.g.,  "One  of  these 
old  heathens  was  probably  as  completely 
enslaved  by  his  superstitions  as  is  an  Ame- 
rican Indian  by  his  medicine  man,  toJio,  in 
sickness  or  in  health,  in  peace  or  in  war, 
looks  for  guidance  and  counsel  to  an  arrant 
impostor"  (p.  139),  where  the  "who" 
evidently  refers  not  to  the  medicine  man, 
but  to  the  Indian. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 


The  Tavern  of  the  Three  Virtues,  translated 
from  the  French  of  Saint-Juirs,  illustrated  by 
Daniel  Vierge  (Fisher  Unwin),  is  a  handsome 
volume,  admirably  printed,  and  bound  in  an 
effective  and  original  manner.  The  anonymous 
translation  has  been  executed  smartly  as  well 
as  intelligently  and  sympathetically,  and  in  a 
manner  which  suggests  a  female  hand  at  work. 
It  preserves  the  spirit  as  well  as  the  spasmodic 
and  interjectionary  manner  of  that  school  of 
novelists  of  which  M.  Saint-Juirs  is  a  leading 
light ;  therefore  the  English  version  is  at  least 
quite  as  good  as  it  need  be,  or  the  original,  spark- 
ling and  melodramatic  as  it  is,  deserves.  The  de- 
signs of  Daniel  Vierge  are  in  the  same  style,  but 
not  nearly  so  fresh,  subtle,  and  good,  as  those  to 
'  Pablo  de  Segovie,'  the  English  version  of  which 
we  reviewed  on  November  26th,  1892,  and 
praised  as  highly  as  we  could.  The  difference 
is  but  too  sadly  accounted  for  by  the  severe 
paralytic  affliction  which  has  befallen  Vierge, 
a  malady  so  serious  that  one  must  needs  wonder 
that  this  remarkable  artist  still  retains  the 
genius  and  technique  displayed  in  the  book  before 
us.  It  appears  that  he  is  now  engaged  in  illustrat- 
ing '  Gil  Bias  '  (the  very  task  of  tasks  for  him 


while  his  powers  were  unimpaired),  and  that  he 
intends  to  essay  '  Don  Quixote.'  For  the  latter 
we  think  him  not  nearly  so  well  qualified  as  to 
deal  with  picaresque  stories,  such  as  '  Pablo  ' 
and  'Guzman  d'Alfarache.'  As  concerns  his 
treatment  of  M.  Saint  -  Juirs's  narrative,  it 
is  due  to  him  to  say  that  it  is  not  worthy  of 
his  powers  even  in  their  decline,  nor  will  he 
care  for  it  when  he  makes  that  complete  recovery 
which,  on  the  world's  as  well  as  on  the  artist's 
account,  is  to  be  hoped  for.  The  drawings,  no 
doubt,  evince  a  great  deal  of  that  wonderful 
finesse,  exquisite  feeling  for  character,  as  well 
as  much  of  the  humour  which  always  charmed 
us  in  his  work  ;  but  the  falling  off  is  much 
more  manifest  in  the  larger  cuts  than  in  the 
firm  and  brilliant  outlines  and  headpieces  and 
tailpieces  which  accompany  them,  and  retain  a 
great  deal  of  the  technical  charm  of  earlier 
efforts.  On  the  other  hand,  not  a  few  of  the 
drawings  embody  the  defects  of  Vierge's 
manner,  such  as  his  capricious  use  of  spots  of 
black — solid  blotches  which  have  no  right  to 
exist,  add  nothing  to  the  art  of  the  design,  have 
neither  meaning  nor  beauty,  and  do  but  serve  to 
degrade  the  subtle  and  delicate  outlines  they 
encumber  and  confuse,  without  adding  to  them 
the  least  chiaroscuro  or  sparkle  of  any  sort. 

The  Pageant  (Henry  &  Co.),  edited  by  Mr. 
C.  H.   Shannon  and  Mr.  J.  W.  G.  White,  is  a 
comely  volume  bound  in  tasteful  cloth,  copiously 
illustrated,  and  filled  with  prose  and  verse  by 
writers  some  of  whom  are  consecutive  in  their 
thoughts,   or  rather  their  fancies — for  thought 
does  not  prevail  in  '  The  Pageant ' — while  the 
majority  have  not    the    least  idea  of    literary 
coherence,  and  fail   altogether  when  formative 
skill  would  have  gone  a  long  way  to  redeem  their 
crudities  from  chaos.     In  nearly  two  hundred 
and  fifty  octavo  pages   more  than  half   of  the 
prose  is  bewildering  and  spasmodic  ;   some  of 
the  verse  is  wonderful,  beyond  the  conception  of 
ordinary  readers.  A  '  Tale  of  a  Nun, '  a  translation 
from  the  Dutch,  reminds  us — as,  indeed,  nearly 
the  whole  of  '  The  Pageant '  does — of  the  long 
defunct  Oxford  and  Camhridcie  Magazine  which 
first  brought  Mr.  William  Morris    before  the 
world  as  a  teller   of   quasi  -  mediaeval  tales   in 
verse  and  prose.     Mr.  York  Powell  supplies  an 
intelligent  and  sympathetic  essay  uponMeinhold. 
Among  the  verses  there  is  a  charming  poem  by 
M.  Paul  Verlaine  in  honour  of  one  of  Rossetti's 
versions  of  his  own  '  Monna  Rosa  ';  and  among 
the    prose   we    find    a    well-studied    story    of 
Methodistic   life    called    'Niggard  Truth,'  by 
Mr.  J.   Gray.     Among  the  illustrations,  some 
of  which  are  very  badly  reproduced,  the  most 
interesting  are  the  above-named  '  Monna  Rosa  '; 
a  so-called  '  Symphony  in  White,'  bad  as  a  com- 
position, but  beautiful  in  its  tonality,  by  Mr. 
Whistler ;   a  quaint   pseudo-Mantegnesque  de- 
sign of   '  CEdipus  and  the  Sphinx,' by  Mr.  C. 
Ricketts,    upon    whom    Mr.    J.   W.   G.   White 
showers   most  injudicious   praise  ;    a   fine    and 
passionate  early  design  of  Sir  J.  E.  Millais's  ;  a 
copy  of  the  recently  found  Botticelli  of  '  Pallas 
and  the  Centaur';  and  one  or  two  very  curious 
instances  of  the  strange  effects  upon  some  of  the 
weaker  vessels  of  the  republication,  two  years 
since,  of  'Poems  by  A.   Tennyson,'  with  the 
noble  designs  of  Rossetti,  Millais,  and  Holman 
Hunt. 

An  Idol's  Passion :  a  Tale  of  the  Orient,  written 
by  Irene  Osgood,  and  illustrated  by  R.  MacheU, 
is  a  large  portfolio  containing  seventeen  designs 
of  no  particular  merit  or  demerit.  Undoubtedly 
a  passionate  mood  of  design  and  not  a  little  of 
such  voluptuousness  as  the  climax  of  the  "  Tale 
of  the  Orient  "  implies  would  have  been  in  keep- 
ing with  the  letterpress,  to  the  level  of  which 
neither  Mr.  Machell's  inventive  powers  nor  his 
art  could  rise.  It  was,  perhaps,  not  wholly 
desirable  that  he  should  succeed  in  his  present 
task,  which  culminates  in  an  incident  similar 
to  the  catastrophe  of  the  loves  of  Jupiter  and 
Semele.  Although  it  is  only  too  voluptuous, 
the   "Tale  of  the  Orient"   possesses,    like  its 


810 


THE    ATHENE 


N»  3555,  Dec.  14,^95 


illustrations,  very  little  indeed  of  the  local  colour 
of  the  East.  Where  Miss  Irene  Osgood  got  all 
lier  details  and  incidents  from,  who  can  tell? 
Her  publishers  are  the  Transatlantic  Publishing 
■Company. 

Morses  and  Dogs,  by  0.  Eerelraan,  translated 
from  the  Dutch  by  Clara  Bell  (Cassell  &  Co.), 
is  a  large  quarto  containing  a  sympathetic  bio- 
graphy of  the  distinguished  animal  painter  Heer 
"Otto  Eerelman,  and  also  bright  photographic 
xeproductions  of  many  of  the  works,  which  will 
be  new  to  merely  English  readers.  So  good  a 
subject  as  this  artist  and  his  art  deserves 
more  than  an  "illustrated  book"  can  be  ex- 
j)ected  to  offer  to  its  readers. — The  English- 
speaking  World  (S.P.C.K.)  contains  a  large 
number  of  photographs  representing  buildings, 
and  of  rural  and  romantic  scenery  in  various 
parts  of  the  earth.  The  prints,  which  are 
decidedly  good  in  their  way  and  clear,  appear  to 
"be  made  in  the  United  States.  Although  with- 
out the  slightest  pretensions  to  be  artistic,  this 
is  an  interesting  volume. 

The  finished  taste  and  sprightly  fancy  of  Mr. 
Austin  Dobson  are  displayed  to  much  advantage 
in  the    pretty  volume  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  & 
Co.  have  sent  us,  entitled  The  Story  of  Bosina, 
and  other  Verses,  and  its  excellent  cuts  from  the 
deft  hands  of  Mr.  Hugh  Thomson.     The  new 
volume  will   range  with  '  A    Ballad   of    Beau 
Brocade,'  in  which  the  same  author  and  artist 
are   similarly   concerned.     The    present  verses 
are  reprinted  from  various  sources,  but  not  the 
'less    welcome    on    that    account,    and    replete 
Tvith  touches  of   the  wit  which   delighted    our 
great-grandfathers.     They  abound  in  sparkling 
epigrams  that  are  most  curiously  appropriate  to 
the  times  and  men  and  women  they  describe. 
Mr.  Thomson  was  never  more  himself  than  in 
designing  these  pleasing  and  lively  groups  of  girls 
and  their  lovers  and  what  not ;  he  never  drew 
Tuore  daintily  or  with  more  of  the  perfect  skill 
which  leaves  nothing  to  chance  in  the  lines  which 
impart  form  and  grace  to  nearly  all  he  has  done 
'for  this  book. — The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  by 
H.  W.  Longfellow  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  contains, 
besides  its  neat  typography  on  smooth  paper,  a 
considerable  number  of  nice  little  cuts,  which 
are  better  than  the  poem  has  often  received  by 
way  of    ornaments. — The    Song    of  Hiawatha. 
By    H.    W.    Longfellow.      Illustrated    by   F. 
Remington.     (Gay  &  Bird.) — Yet  another  edi- 
■tion  of  the  popular  romance  in  verse,  with  illus- 
trations which,  though  often  deficient  in  grace, 
are  always  nervous,  masculine,  and  sincere. — To 
the  reprint  of  Undine,  illustrated  by  Mr.  W.  E.  F. 
Britten  (Lawrence  &  Bullen),  Mr.  E.  Gosse  has 
added  a  neat  and  rather  cynical,  but  not  ill- 
natured  essay,  which  will  to  most  readers  present 
De  la  Motte  Fouqu^  in  a  quite  surprising  light, 
especially  if,  as  is  mostly  the  case,  they  know 
nothing  about  that  delightful  coxcomb.     There 
is  much  that  is  robust,  fresh,  and  sympathetic 
in  Mr.  Britten's  designs,  but  their  execution  is 
■crude  and  heavy-handed,  while  the  forms  of  the 
£gures    are    far   too   ponderous. — We   are   not 
<iuite  sure  that  it  was    desirable   to    illustrate 
L'Allegro  and  II  Penseroso  with  drawings  like 
those  by  Mr.  W.  Hyde,  which  Messrs.  Dent  & 
Co.  have  combined  in  a  nicely  printed  volume 
of  the  nicest  paper  with  the  blackest  ink  and 
very  choice  typography.     The  drawings  are  so 
essentially  prosaic  that  at  first  sight  of  them  we 
really  thought  they  were  due  to  "studies"  of 
that  peculiar  sort  in  which  photographers  take 
delight.     One  utterly  fails  to  grasp  the  idea  of 
a  photographer  getting,  for  instance,  the  Cherub 
Contemplation  within  the  range  of  a  camera  and 
dealing  with  him  secundem  artem ;  in  the  same 
way  it  is  hard  to  say  that  these  neatly  vignetted 
drawings,  smooth  and  nice  as  they  are,  really 
represent  impressions  derived  from  the  great 
poet.  The  best  of  them,  as  designs,  Ls  that  which 
really   suggests  the    "  archM  walks  of  twilight 
groves"  that  "Sylvan  loves,"  a  plate  which  pos- 
Besses  some  grandeur  of  the  robuster  sort.     It 
oeema  to  us  that  Mr.  Hyde  has  seen,  not  without 


profit,  Samuel  Palmer's  illustrations  of  the  twin 
poems. 

A   Dissertation  upon  Roast  Pig,    with  illus- 
trations designed  by  Mr.  C.  O,  Murray,  and  not 
too   happily   printed    in   colours,    comes  to    us 
from  Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.,  and  would 
be  more  welcome  if  the  cuts,  which  are  by  no 
means  destitute  of  spirit  and  movement,  were 
better  than    they  are.      Lamb's   part    in    the 
immortal  essay  is  done  justice  to,  but  the  cover 
had  better  have  been  without  the  portrait. — The 
notion,  which  has  occurred  to  Messrs.  A.  Con- 
stable   &   Co.,    of    reprinting    The   Marvellous 
Adventures  of  Sir  John  Maundevile,  Kt.,  and 
adding  illustrations  thereto,  was  excellent,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  that    Mr.  A.  Layard,  if  he 
would  do  himself  and  his  subject  justice,  would 
be  quite  capable  of  achieving  much  for  Sir  John, 
who  really  did  deserve  the  best  services  of  an 
original  and   extremely  resourceful  illustrator. 
One    who  is  possessed  of  a  sense  of  humour 
still  greater  than  Mr.  Layard's  would  be  pre- 
ferable, especially  if  he  would  give  himself  the 
trouble  to  draw  with  greater  grace,  spirit,  and 
care.      The  specimens  in  view  are  much  too 
rough,    heavily     handled,    and    crude.      That 
the    '  Marvellous    Adventures '    has    now,    for 
the  first  time,  a  decent  index  is  a  thing  to  be 
grateful  for. — Mr.  Phil  May,  whose  Sketch-Book 
(Chatto  &  Windus)  contains  fifty  cartoons,  is 
entitled  to  our  thanks  for  the  publication,  or  re- 
publication, we  are  not  sure  which  it  should  be, 
of  these  inimitable  satires  on  'Arry  and  his  un- 
lovely sweetheart  the  guffin  as    the  rollicking 
pair  appeared  at  Hampstead  on  a  Sunday.    One 
of  the   best  types  of  the  guffin  even  Mr.  May 
has  delineated  is  she  who,  on  plate  41,  showing 
her  ring  to  her  friend,  tells  the  latter,  "My 
chap  says  as  'e  thinks  it  is  a  'Ammersmith." 
The  seaside  boatman  (a  very  Maundevile   for 
adventures),  the  gardener,  the  fast  woman  and 
the  fast  man,  the  pretty  girl  out  for  a  holiday, 
the  professor  at  an  evening  party,  "at  homes," 
all    and  severally  profit   by  the   artist's   skill, 
which  is  so  excellent  that  it  is  easy  to  pardon 
some    sallies    in    his    letterpress    which     pass 
the  bounds  of   good  taste. — The  so-called  ex- 
travaganzas of    Phil  May's  Illustrated   Winter 
Annual  (The  Office,  Bouverie  House)  are  fre- 
quently humorous  as  well    as   pathetic,   while 
some  of  the  cuts,    which  are  extremely  clever 
and    often   "slangy,"  go    too    far.     The  most 
amusing   part   of   the   text   is   Mr.    G.    Allen's 
'Gods  I  have  Known,'  a  genial   and   satirical 
legend  about  the  young  gods  of  Oxford  in  the 
writer's  time. — '■''Hoick    For'ard  !  "  and  Ama- 
teur Photography  (Bell  Sc  Sons)  are  both  very 
cleverly     illustrated    by    Mr.    F.    Hall    in    a 
laughable   and    spirited    way.      The    latter    is 
the  better. — P.  Caldecott's  Collection  of  Pictures 
and  Songs  and  jR.  Caldecott's  Second  Collection 
of  Pictures  and   Songs  (Warne  &  Co.)  contain 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  illustrated  tales  and  verses 
which  made  the  reputation  of   the  humourist, 
whose  sense  of  fun  was  so  varied   and   great, 
his  skill  so  excellent.     Among  them  are  '  John 
Gilpin,'    'The    House  that  Jack   Built,'  'The 
Mad  Dog,'  'The  Milkmaid,'  and  "Hey  diddle 
diddle."     All  we  can  do  is  to   commend  them 
to  the  reader. 

Astonishingly  clever,  replete  with  wit  and 
humour,  sometimes  bitter,  and  not  seldom  sweet 
as  well  as  pathetic,  are  the  Draunngs,  by  Mr.  C.  D. 
Gibson,  which  we  have  received  from  Mr.  Lane 
(New  York,  Russell  &  Son).  Drawn  with  ink  in 
a  pen,  they  are  unusually  vigorous  and  accom- 
plished, and  full  of  details,  although  at  first 
sight  they  may  appear  to  be  rough,  harsh, 
blotted,  and  unfinished.  Their  subjects  are 
largely  taken  from  the  adventures  and  ways  of 
New  Yorkers  in  Paris  ;  and  they  otherwise 
illustrate  the  alleged  proneness  of  the  heiresses 
of  the  United  States  to  marry  Englishmen  of 
title,  plain-looking,  feeble,  and  much  older  than 
their  brides.  It  pleases  Mr.  Gibson  to  make 
his  Yankee  virgins  tall,  fair  of  face,  and 
i  graceful  as  statues,  while   many  of  his  Britons 


are  dolts  and  wonderfully  ugly.  See  '  The 
Hopewell-Bonds  Abroad.'  Some  of  his  designs 
are  full  of  passion,  and  he  possesses  an  extra- 
ordinary power  of  vitalizing  his  compositions 
and  filling  them  with  animated  and  original 
figures.  He  is  competent  to  draw  the  human 
figure  with  grace  and  skill.  Witness  the  pretty 
bather  making  "her  first  appearance  in  this 
costume,"  under  the  eyes  of  her  lover  ;  like- 
wise the  young  matron  who  had  married 
an  old  man  and  finds  her  punishment  in  the 
wizened  looks  and  mean  habits  of  her  son,  a 
little  boy  already  in  spectacles,  as  well  as  the 
numerous  figures  of  old  and  young  men.  The 
old  bachelor  who,  on  the  penultimate  page, 
entertains  the  ghosts  of  his  lost  mistresses  at 
supper  is  intensely  tragic  ;  Cupid  seated  in  the 
young  widow's  chair  and  elfishly  laughing,  while 
she,  bewildered  and  indignant,  resents  his  visit, 
is  exceptionally  subtle  and  sarcastic,  as  well  as 
an  excellent  design.  Courtship  and  its  disasters  ; 
marriage  and  its  woes  ;  the  humours,  piques, 
and  jealousies  of  the  Transatlantic  Vanity  Fair — 
these  are  the  themes  to  which  Mr.  Gibson  has 
devoted  his  pen. 


AKT   FOR   THE   NURSERY. 


Already  a  numerous  pile  of  trifles  suited  for 
children  lies  on  our  table,  some  of  them  pleas- 
ing and  graceful,  but  of  the  majority  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say  so  much.  Among  the  best  are  thecharm- 
ing  illustrations  by  Mr.  C.  Robinson  of  Steven- 
son's volume  A  Child's  Garden  of  Verses  (Lane). 
The  well-known  verses  it  is  superfluous  to  praise. 
Some  of  the  cuts  are  very  pretty  and  delicate. — 
From  the  same  publisher  we  have  The  Were- 
Wolf,  by  Miss  C.  Housman,  and  illustrated  by 
Mr.  L.  Housman,  a  readable  legend  vigorously 
told  and  enriched  with  very  clever  designs,  some 
of  which  would  bear  to  be  better  drawn  and 
more  highly  finished. — Mr.  Lane  is  republish- 
ing Mr.  Walter  Crane's  This  Little  Pig,  TJie 
Fairy  Ship,  and  King  Luckieboy,  the  same  which 
about  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  we  reviewed 
with  delight.  Although  the  reprints  are  not 
quite  so  fine  in  colour  as  the  originals,  they 
are  in  all  other  respects  as  worthy  to  be 
bought,  enjoyed,  and  cared  for. — Fireside  Stories, 
illustrated  by  A.  M.  Mitchell  ;  ^sop's  Fables, 
illustrated  by  C.  Robinson ;  and  Fairy  Gifts, 
illustrated  by  H.  G.  Fell,  are  pretty  booklets, 
with  nice  cuts,  and  published  by  Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co.  —  Tommy  at  the  Zoo  (Nelson  & 
Sons)  comprises  coloured  cuts,  more  quaint 
than  beautiful,  by  Mr.  J.  Shepherd.  —  Artists 
on  the  War  -  Path,  with  inscriptions  in  Ger- 
man, French,  and  English  (Grevel  &  Co.),  con- 
tains a  number  of  clever  and  varied  sketches, 
caricatures,  and  satires,  all  of  which  are  good  so 
far  as  they  go. — Very  neat  and  pretty  indeed 
are  the  little  cuts  by  Mrs.  A.  Gaskin  which  add 
spirit  and  grace  to  her  ABC  Alphabet  (E. 
Mathews).  —  Messrs,  Dean  &  Son  publish 
Blossoms  from  Old  Trees,  by  D.  Waterson, 
illustrated  by  M.  Waterson.  The  text  is 
the  better  part,  and  we  cannot  say  much  for 
the  plates. — The  Wallypug  of  Why,  by  Mr. 
G.  E.  Farrow,  comprises  illustrations,  most  of 
which  are  cleverly  drawn  and  brightly  designed, 
by  Mr.  H.  Furniss  and  "  D.  Furniss."  The 
letterpress  is  pleasing  and  lively  in  its  way. — 
Bide  in  the  Bed  Hood,  by  Lady  L.  Hampton,  has 
been  illustrated  by  Mr.  T.  N.  Lewis  (Day  & 
Son).  It  is  called  a  "fairy  tale  for  little  folks," 
and  does  not  seem  interesting,  although  it  may 
please  younger  critics.  Some  of  the  cuts  deserve 
praise,  but  not  much  of  it. — Twilight  Land,  by 
Mr.  H.  Pyle,  illustrated,  is  put  forth  by  Messrs. 
Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.  The  cuts  are  by  no 
means  bad,  and  we  have  been  able  to  read  a 
rather  large  part  of  the  text,  which  put  us  in 
mind  of  the  '  Arabian  Nights  '  at  a  distance. — 
Jacob  and  the  Baven,  and  other  Stories,  by  Miss 
F.  M.  Peard,  is  illustrated  by  Mr.  Heywood 
Sumner  (G.  Allen).  We  do  not  care  in  the  least 
for  the  cuts,  only  a  few  of  which  bear  looking 


N^SSSS.  Dec.  U, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


841 


at  twice. — Opposite  Neighbours,  and  other  Stories, 
by  Mrs.  Molesworth,  illustrated  by  Mr.  VV.  J. 
Morgan,  comes  from  the  S.P.C.K.,  and  nearly 
all  the  legends  which  it  contains  are  delight- 
ful. The  only  fault  of  this  collection  of  nice 
stories  is  their  extreme  shortness ;  but,  as 
they  bear  reading  over  and  over  again,  there 
is  compensation,  of  a  sort,  for  that  defect.  The 
cuts,  some  of  which  are  in  colours,  are  very 
simple,  good  in  taste,  fresh,  and  suited  to  the 
**  stories." 


THE   ROMAN   FORTRESS   OF   BAB"iT:iON   IN   EGYPT. 
Athenseum  Club,  Dec.  11,  1895. 

Whilst  entirely  agreeing  with  Mr.  Alfred  J. 
Butler  in  deploring  the  lamentable  injury  which 
tas  been  done  to  the  Roman  fortress  of  Babylon, 
I  think  he  is  over  hasty  in  censuring  the  Com- 
mission for  the  Preservation  of  Arab  Monu- 
ments for  neglecting  to  prevent  this  vandal  act. 
The  building,  as  Mr.  Butler  admits,  is  in  no 
sense  an  Arab  monument,  and  the  Commission 
has  absolutely  no  power  over  it.  If  mere  his- 
torical association  is  to  be  a  ground  for  inter- 
ference, the  Commission  might  possibly  be 
called  upon  to  remonstrate  with  builders' 
innovations  at  Palermo,  or  to  watch  over  the 
maintenance  of  the  Saracenic  watch  towers 
of  the  Riviera.  The  fortress  of  Babylon 
falls  more  properly  within  the  province  of  the 
Director  of  Archaeology  in  Egypt,  and  it  is 
M.  de  Morgan,  not  the  Arab  Commission,  who 
should  come  under  Mr.  Butler's  criticism.  But 
there  are  no  agents  of  perfidious  Albion  at 
Babylon,  and  consequently  no  French  political 
archaeologists  there  to  keepaneye  uponthem;  and 
the  matter  has,  therefore,  escaped  the  Director's 
attention.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  when 
I  was  in  Cairo  this  year,  I  was  informed  that 
the  fortress  belonged  to  Mr.  Butler's  friends  the 
Copts,  and  was  under  the  sole  authority  of 
the  Coptic  Commission.  Butrus  Ghalib  Pasha 
would  seem  to  be  the  person  who  might  have 
averted  the  injury  which  his  coreligionists  have 
ignorantly  committed. 

Stanley  Lane-Poole, 
Hon.    Member   of    the   Commission   for   the 

Preservation  of  the  Monuments  of  Arab 

Art. 


Messrs.  Christie,  Maj^son  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  5th  inst.  the  following  engravings  :  After 
J.  L.  E.  Meissonier,  La  Rixe,  etched  by 
Bracquemond,  94L  ;  The  Portrait  of  the 
Sergeant,  by  J.  Jacquet,  30?.;  Piquet,  by 
Boulard,  25'.  After  Sir  E.  Landseer  :  Night, 
and  Morning,  by  T.  Landseer,  36L;  The  Stag 
at  Bay,  by  T.  Landseer,  63L ;  Dignity  and  Im- 
pudence, by  T.  Landseer,  37?. ;  The  Monarch  of 
the  Glen,  by  T.  Landseer,  42?.;  Hunters  at 
Grass,  by  C.  G.  Lewis,  29?. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  7th  inst. 
the  following.  Pictures  :  T.  S.  Cooper,  Three 
Cows  and  Three  Sheep,  115?.  F.  H.  Henshaw, 
The  Forest  of  Arden,  162?.  Sir  E.  Landseer, 
A  Highland  Lassie,  105?.  Sculpture  :  A.  Ro- 
setti.  The  Slave,  44?.  A.  Bianchi,  Innocence, 
bust  of  a  young  girl,  25?.;  Wonderment,  a  life- 
size  figure  of  a  girl  holding  a  bird,  24?.  E. 
Junck,  Spring  of  Life,  a  marble  statuette  of  a 
girl  at  a  fountain,  .36?. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  10th  inst. 
the  following  engravings  :  After  Sir  E.  Land- 
seer, The  Stag  at  Bay,  by  T.  Landseer,  67?.; 
The  Monarch  of  the  Glen,  by  the  same,  52?. 


^in;-^rt  S0ss!0. 


\\'e  are  requested  to  state  that  in  future  the 
Society  of  Lady  Artists  will  exhibit  its  works 
in  the  galleries  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists. 
— Messrs.  Boussod,  Valadon  &  Co.  exhibit  from 
Monday  next  a  small  collection  of  paintings  by 
Mr.  W.  Padgett,  executed  chiefly  in  Holland 
and  Flanders,— Messrs.  Clifford  &  Co.  exhibit 


pictures  by  Mr.  P.  Sturdie,  entitled  "Four  Years 
in  Japan." 

Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.  have  undertaken 
the  publication,  soon  after  Christmas,  of  Mr. 
Henry  Wallis's  new  drawings  of  Greek  vases, 
notably  the  white  Athenian  lecythi,  in  a 
series  of  twelve  plates  in  colour,  copied  from 
typical  specimens,  together  with  about  twenty 
illustrations  in  the  descriptive  text.  The  whole 
will  form  a  handsome  oblong,  rather  larger  than 
imperial  quarto. 

The  Fine-Art  Society  has  appointed  to-day 
(Saturday)  for  a  private  view  of  water-colour 
drawings  of  Holland  and  the  south  of  England, 
by  Mr.  A.  W.  Weedon,  to  see  which  the  public 
will  be  admitted  on  Monday  next. 

The  death  on  the  6th  inst.,  and  in  the  seven- 
tieth year  of  his  age,  of  the  Rev.  Richard 
St.  John  Tyrwhitt,  is  announced  as  having 
occurred  at  Oxford.  For  many  years  he  had  been 
a  tutor  at  Christchurch.  An  amateur  in  art,  Mr. 
Tyrwhitt  not  only  painted  in  water  colours,  but 
wrote  and  published  a  considerable  number  of 
small  books  on  subjects  connected  with  design, 
besides  a  novel  or  two  and  some  poems.  He 
was  a  fervent  admirer  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  theories 
and  no  theories.  As  a  contributor  to  Dr.  Smith's 
'  Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities  '  his  ser- 
vices were  more  valuable  than  in  any  other  of 
his  many  capacities.  Personally,  he  was  among 
the  most  courteous  and  sympathetic  of  "out- 
siders "  in  art. 

'The  Coin  Collector,'  by  Mr.  W.  Carew 
Hazlitt,  is  about  to  appear  as  the  first  volume 
of  Mr.  George  Redway's  "Collector  Series." 
Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore  has  written  an  intro- 
duction to  the  volume  on  old  prints. 

The  Trustees  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery 
have  accepted  from  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti  a  pencil 
drawing,  head  and  shoulders,  of  the  painter 
Ford  Madox  Brown,  done  by  Dante  G.  Rossetti 
in  1852.  Brown,  it  will  be  remembered,  died 
in  October,  1893. 

To  our  notice  of  the  pictures  of  the  late  M. 
Comte  in  last  week's  Athenreumve  should  have 
added  that  his  '  Henri  III.  and  the  Due  de 
Guise  '  as  well  as  his  '  Lady  Jane  Grey  '  were 
at  the  International  Exhibition. 

Miss  M.  F.  S.  Hebvey  seems  to  have 
settled  the  vexed  question.  Who  are  the  per- 
sons represented  by  Holbein's  '  Two  Ambassa- 
dors '  ?  No  doubt  remains  that  the  men  were 
Messire  Jean  de  Dinteville,  Seigneur  de 
Polisy,  Bailly  de  Troyes,  and  Chevalier  de 
I'Ordre  du  Roi  (the  Order  of  St.  Michael), 
and  his  friend  George  de  Selve,  Bishop  of 
Lavaur.  The  former  was  French  Ambassador  to 
England  in  1533  and  1536  {oh.  1555).  It  was 
upon  him  that  Mr.  Colvin,  with  rare  perspi- 
cacity, some  years  ago  fixed  as  one  of  Holbein's 
sitters.  With  the  bishop,  then  a  very  young 
man,  he  sat  to  the  German  master,  who  was 
sojourning  in  this  country.  George  de  Selve 
died,  aged  thirty-four,  in  1542.  As  to  the  skull, 
which  Dr.  Woodward,  of  the  British  Museum, 
was  the  first  to  recognize  as  an  anamorphosis, 
we  have  no  doubt  that  it  was  not  a  part 
of  the  picture  in  its  original  state,  and  we  are 
by  no  means  sure  that  Holbein  had  anything 
to  do  with  it.  The  fact  that  while  the  lights 
and  shadows  of  the  group  and  all  its  accessories 
are  in  perfect  accord  with  nature  and  each  other, 
the  shadows  being  projected  uniformly  as  they 
should  be,  all  the  lights  and  shadows  belong- 
ing to  the  anamorphosis  are  placed  and  projected 
in  exactly  the  contrary  way  to  their  surround- 
ings, seems  to  us  conclusive  proof  that  the  skull 
must  have  been  foisted  into  the  picture  after 
the  death  of  one  (if  not  both)  of  the  persons 
represented.  It  is  not  needful  to  construct 
mares'  nests  to  account  for  the  anamorphosis 
and  its  contradictions.  Certain  discrepancies 
of  precisely  the  same  kind  in  other  pictures 
by  Holbein  rather  favour  the  notion  that, 
without  noticing  the  discrepancy  which  ensued, 


he  painted  the  skull  exactly  as  it  was  placed 
before  him,  in  a  light  contrary  to  that  in  which 
"  the  Ambassadors  "  sat  to  him.  But  we  are 
not  compelled  to  believe  that  the  master  painted 
the  anamorphosis  at  all. 

At  Monte  Pitti,  in  the  province  of  Pisa,  near 
some  remains  of  ancient  walls,  an  Etruscan 
necropolis  has  been  discovered,  the  tombs  of 
which  are  enclosed  in  circles  of  rude  stones. 
Among  the  remains  in  the  graves,  consisting 
chiefly  of  terra-cotta  vases,  there  has  been  found 
a  golden  bulla  with  two  figures  in  repousse, 
probably  representing  Paris  and  Helen. 

The  Museum  of  the  Hermitage,  already  proud 
of  the  famous  Kertch  vase,  is  receiving  monthly 
from  the  Crimea  magnificent  new  "finds." 
Excavations  on  the  south  of  Sebastopol,  not  far 
from  one  of  the  French  cemeteries,  have  revealed 
the  site  of  an  immense  Byzantine  city,  and 
along  with  Byzantine  objects  of  great  interest 
are  found  classical  Greek  and  Grseco-Scythian 
objects  of  much  beauty.  A  temporary  museum 
has  been  erected  at  Sebastopol,  from  which  the 
best  things  are  taken  for  the  Hermitage  once  a 
month. 

It  is  fortunate,  as  well  as  characteristic  of  the 
donor,  that  the  late  M.  Alexandre  Dumas  has 
bequeathed  to  the  Louvre  the  wonderful  por- 
trait of  himself  which  Meissonier  painted  about 
1876,  and  which  is  engraved  in  the  Gazette  des 
Beaux- Arts  for  1877. 

To  the  Chronique  des  Arts  for  the  30th  ult. 
M.  Eugene  MUntz  contributes  a  short  but  im- 
portant notice  of  'Raffael  und  Donatello,'  by 
M.  W.  Voege,  recently  published  at  Strasbourg, 
and  he  commends  to  the  attention  of  students 
of  "  le  pauvre  Raphael"  some  very  valuable 
evidence  in  confirmation  of  the  belief  that 
Raphael  assisted  Pinturicchio  in  executing 
those  frescoes  which  are  among  the  greatest 
ornaments  of  the  cathedral  of  Siena.  Generally 
speaking,  his  argument  turns  upon  the  charac- 
teristics of  drawings  and  studies  in  regard  to 
certain  pictures,  and  it  is  much  too  elaborate 
and  recondite  for  our  space.  Apart  from  this, 
however,  their  tendency  and  the  writer's  opinion 
on  another  subject  may  be  gathered  from  the 
passage  which  says  that,  owing  to  the  new 
evidence,  "ainsi  s'^croule  un  des  laborieux 
echafaudages  d'erreurs  ^lev^s  par  M.  Morelli,  et 
trop  facilement  accepte's  par  la  jeune  e'cole  "  of 
amateur  writers  on  Italian  art. 

The  antiquities,  mostly  of  silver,  and  found 
at  Bosco  Reale,  which  Baron  E.  de  Rothschild 
recently  gave  to  the  Louvr  •  (see  Atheti.  No. 
3537),  have  been  placed  for  public  view  in  the 
Salle  des  Bijoux  Antiques. 

Mr.  William  Mercer  -lends  us  his  translation 
of  a  letter  "from  my  old  friend  Alessandro 
Piceller,  written  subsequently  to  the  official 
report  ": — 

"Various  journals  have,  during  the  past  month, 
spoken  of  a  big  mass  of  timber  which  has  for 
centuries  lain  sunk  in  the  thick  mud  of  Lake 
Nemi ;  and  archseologists  disputed  among  them- 
selves seriously  to  determine  whether  it  was  a  raft 
intended  to  float  a  hanging  garden,  or  a  kiosk  built 
upon  palings  curved  to  resemble  the  form  of  a  ship  ; 
but  until  now  none  could  define  exactly  its  shape 
or  purpose.  At  last  the  diver  emploj'ed  to  ex- 
amine it  placed  on  the  surface  of  the  water 
thirty-seven  floats,  fastened  each  by  a  light  rope  to 
the  sunken  mass  at  equal  distances  of  5  metres 
from  each  other,  which,  when  drawn  tight,  indi- 
cated the  length  from  stem  to  stern.  At  the  prow 
end  projected  a  kind  of  prolonged  spur.  Certi- 
fying by  this  means  its  configuration  as  a  real 
ship,  the  next  step  was  to  learn  if  it  would  float 
easily.  Lying  athwart  the  shore,  with  its  stern 
80  metres  away  in  deep  water,  it  must  have 
been  a  ship  capable  of  sailing  and  drifting, 
and  not  a  fixture.  Some  argued  that,  as  it  was 
71  metres  long  by  14  mi^tres  broad,  such  a  craft 
could  not  swim  or  be  manoeuvred  on  so  small 
an  expanse  of  water ;  but  this  doubt  vanishes 
when  it  is  considered  that  Lake  Nemi  has  a  diameter 
at  its  broadest  of  2,7^  metres,  and  of  250  at  its 
narrowest,  therefore  it  might  as  well  be  held  that  a 
fly  is  unable  to  turn  in  a  basin  full  of  water.  More- 
over this  ship  of  Caligula  (at  first  thought  to  belong 


842 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3555,  Dec.  14,  '96 


to  Tiberius)  was  never  intended  for  great  velocity, 
but  simply  for  pleasure  trips  (as  its  luxurious  trap- 
pings suffice  to  show),  and  required  only  space  to 
sail  within   certain    restricted    limits.      The    most 
valuable   of    the  fragments  brought  to    land  are 
deposited  in  the  villa  of  Prince  Orsini  at  Genzano. 
They  consist  of  six  uprights  (testate  verticale)  and 
beams  {travl)  projecting  horizontally  from  the  ship, 
all    magnificently    worked    in    bronze,   some   cir- 
cular, others  rectangular,  representing  a  Medusa's 
head,  three   lions,  and   two  wolves,  in   such  good 
preservation    as    to    appear    of    modern     date  ; 
also   a  grating  (griglia)  of  brooze  which  was  pro- 
bably meant  to  give  light  to   the  lower  deck,   or 
to  furnish  support  to  transparent  slabs  of  alabaster. 
There  are   large  quantities  of    nails  and  plates  of 
bronze,  forming  very  probably  a  covering   to   the 
hull.  The  v\\>s  iossatura),\xi  four  sections  of  a  m^tre 
long,  are  of    the   same  metal.      Many    morsels   of 
mosaic  and  enamel  {smalto)  in  circles,  besides  discs, 
and  portions  of  porphyry  and  serpentine  embedded 
on  more  than  seven  hundred  square  pieces  of  terra 
cotta,  have  been  found,  which  decorated  the  floor 
and  sides  ;  round  castors  of  bronze,  used  doubtless 
to  facilitate  the  moving  of  the  couches  [triclini)  ; 
two  large  metal  bollards,  serving  evidently  to  secure 
the  hawsers  ;  lastly,  many  wine-jars  and    lanterns 
in  terra  cotta.     The    laborious  operations  of   the 
diver  ended,  he,  groping  under  water  northwards, 
clearly  perceived  the  existence  of  a  second  ship  at  a 
distance  of  half  a  mile  from  the  first,  and  enlarging 
his  scope  thought  that  he  could  distinguish  dimly 
a  third  vessel.     Can  it  be  that  in  the  time  of  the 
empire  this  lake  was  utilized  for  a  naval  school  of 
instruction  ?  Two  long  pine-beams  fastened  together 
with  iron  nails,  found  in  shallower  water  than  the 
imperial  ship,  prove  plainly  that  the  spot  had  been 
explored  ages  ago,  and  that  old  traditions  had  always 
regarded  it  as  an  historical  site.    Let  us  hope  that 
presently  the  divers  may  fish  up  from  the  bottom 
of  the  lake  some  inscription  or   other  which  may 
encourage  our    erudite  adventurers    to  probe   the 
noble  undertaking  to  its  depths. 

"  I  have  received  illustrations  of  the  bronze  heads, 
showing  perfect  qualities  of  best  period  in  sculp- 
ture." 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's  Hall.— London  Symphony  Concerts ;  The 
Popular  Concerts  ;  Herr  Rosenthal's  Pianoforte  Recital ;  Mr. 
David  Bispham's  Concert. 

Crystal  Palace.— Saturday  Concerts. 

Queen's  Hall  Choir.—'  Samson.' 

The  flowing  tide  of  concert-giving  has  not 
as  yet  shown  any  sign  of  an  ebb,  and  it  is 
impracticable  to  criticize  all  the  performances 
■which  have  come  under  notice  within  the  last 
few  days.  Dealing  with  the  most  significant, 
we  will  commence  with  Mr.  Henschel's  fourth 
London  Symphony  Concert  on  Thursday 
evening  last  week.  Continuing  his  Beet- 
hoven cycle,  the  conductor  gave  the  genial 
Symphony  in  b  fiat,  No.  4  ;  the  Pianoforte 
Concerto  in  g.  No.  4,  the  solo  part  in  which 
was  rendered  with  the  utmost  refinement  by 
Madame  Haas ;  the  Violin  Romance  in  f, 
Op.  50,  which  was  admirably  played  by 
Miss  Irma  Sethe  in  place  of  Miss  Erida 
Scotta ;  and  the  '  Leonora '  Overture,  No.  3. 
Except  for  perhaps  excessive  energy  in 
forte  passages,  especially  in  the  overture 
the  efforts  of  the  band  wer^  admirable. 
There  was  no  vocal  musjc^  and  the  pro- 
gramme concluded  with  t^e  Prelude  to  the 
third  act  of  Wagner's  'Die  Meistersinger ' 
and  the  Eakoczy  March  from  Berlioz's 
'  Eaust.' 

Mendelssohn's  early,  but  justly  favourite 
Quartet  in  e  flat,  Op.  12,  opened  the  pro- 
gramme of  last  Saturday's  Popular  Concert, 
and  was  beautifully  played,  with  Mile. 
Wietrowetz  as  leader  ;  and  the  scheme  was 
closed  with  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  o  for 
pianoforte  and  violin.  Op.  30,  No.  3.  Miss 
Adelina  de  Lara  was  the  pianist,  and  chose 
as  her  solos  two  dainty  little  pieces  by 
Paderewski  and  Stojowski,  to  which  she  im- 
parted the  needful  refinement.     On  the  next 


occasion  she  might  offer  something  of  greater 
importance.  Signor  Piatti  repeated  his 
clever  and  artistic  transcription  of  Haydn's 
Yiola  Sonata  in  c,  No.  3,  originally  written 
for  violin  with  figured  bass  accompaniment. 
Madame  Alice  Gomez  was  the  vocalist,  and 
was  decidedly  commendable  in  songs  by 
Franz  and  Goring  Thomas. 

On  Monday  the  concerted  items  were 
Schumann's  most  popular  Quartet  in  a 
minor,  Op.  41,  No.  1,  and  Schubert's  Piano- 
forte Trio  in  b  flat.  Op.  99,  a  melodious 
work,  which  is  apparently  more  popular 
than  the  far  finer  Quartet  in  e  flat.  Op.  100. 
Senor  Arbos  led  with  much  vigour,  and 
played  with  exemplary  energy  pieces, 
unaccompanied,  by  Bach.  The  vocalist, 
Fraulein  Boye,  displayed  a  pleasing 
and  well-trained  mezzo-soprano  voice  in 
Handel's  air  "Euribondo  spiro  il  vento" 
from  '  Partenope,'  and  in  Lieder  by  Schu- 
bert, Brahms,  and  Grieg.  The  pianist  was 
Herr  Eeisenauer,  who  played  with  much 
force  and  intelligence  one  original  piece  by 
Schubert  and  transcriptions  from  the  same 
composer  by  Liszt. 

Herr    Rosenthal,    whose   third    and   last 
pianoforte  recital  for  the  present  came  off  on 
Monday  afternoon,  again  afforded  abundant 
proof  that  for  him  the  word  "  difiiculty  "  has 
no   meaning.      He   accomplished  the  most 
astounding    feats    at    the    key-board   with 
apparently  no  exertion  whatever,   and  his 
style    was     more    marked     by    masculine 
vigour  than  feminine  sentiment,  particularly 
in  Chopin's  Sonata  in  b  minor,  Schubert's 
Fantasia  in   c.  Op.   15,  and  a  '  Ehapsodie 
Hongroise '  of  Liszt's.      But  he  rendered 
Davidoff's  'Am  Springbrunnen '  and  Hen- 
selt's  "  Si  oiseau  j'etais  "  with  all  necessary 
tenderness,  and  once  more  proved  himself 
one  of  the  most  gifted  executants  of  the  day. 
Mr.    David   Bispham,    one   of   the    most 
earnest  vocal  artists  of  his  time,  gave  the 
first  of  a  series  of  concerts  at  St.  James's 
Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon,  the  programme 
consisting  of  antiquarian  music,  chiefly  for 
harpsichord,  viols,  and  lutes,  in  the  perform- 
ance of  which  the  concert-giver  had  secured 
the  valuable  assistance  of  such  experts  as 
Mr.  Eviller  Maitland,  Mr.  Arnold  Dolmetsch, 
and  Miss  Dolmetsch.     To  criticize,  accord- 
ing to  our  modern  lights,  the  compositions  of 
the  epoch  selected  would  be  in  the  highest 
degree  unjust,  but  it  may  be  contended  that 
they  retain  as  much  charm  as  the  paintings 
of  an  earlier  age  for  those  who  can  recognize 
what  is  pure  and  noble  in  art,  apart  from 
mannerisms.      We    had     on    the    present 
occasion  pieces  by  some  anonymous  English 
composer,    circa    1600,   a  suite    by  Marin 
Marais,   three  of    Domenico's    harpsichord 
sonatas,   and   the   '  Deuxieme  Concert '  by 
Rameau,  besides  various  appropriate  songs 
by    antique  composers,   rendered    to    per- 
fection by  Mr.  Bispham  and  Mrs.  Hutchin- 
son. 

Fragments  of  works  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
Saturday  Concerts  cannot,  as  a  rule,  meet 
with  approval,  and  we  cannot  explain  why 
the  first  movement  of  Handel's  Organ  Con- 
certo in  F,  No.  4,  and  one  chorus,  "  Now 
praise,  my  soul,"  from  Bach's  church 
cantata  "  Gottlob  !  nun  geht  das  Jahr  zur 
Ende,"  composed  for  the  first  Sunday  after 
Christmas  Day,  1724,  should  have  been 
given  as  separate  pieces.  The  former,  how- 
ever, was  very  well  played  by  Mr.  Walter  W. 


Hedgcock,  and  the  fine  chorus  was  com- 
mendably  sung  by  the  choir.  More  im- 
portant duties  were  assigned  to  the  choral 
force  in  Brahms's  '  Schicksalslied '  and  Her- 
mann Goetz's  '  Nsenia,'  both  being  master- 
pieces of  their  respective  composers,  but  too 
deeply  imbued  with  the  pessimistic  spirit 
of  the  age  to  become  generally  popular, 
though  as  abstract  music  they  are  very 
beautiful,  and,  making  allowance  for  some 
feebleness  in  attack  on  the  part  of  the  chorus, 
they  were  effectively  rendered.  An  ideal 
performance  was  given  of  Schubert's 
'  Unfinished '  Symphony  in  b  minor, 
and  Madame  Roger-Miclos  proved  herself 
wholly  competent  to  interpret  Saint-Saens's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  g  minor.  No.  2,  a 
work  that  seems  to  have  made  its  mark  in 
spite  of  the  unsatisfactory  form  of  the  first 
movement.  The  concert  ended  with  three 
of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie's  cleverly 
written  pieces  founded  on  old  Scottish 
melodies,  and  having  the  title  '  From  the 
North.' 

The  Queen's  Hall  Choir  is  making  satis- 
factory progress.  In  Handel's  '  Samson,' 
on  Wednesday,  the  force  under  Mr.  Ran- 
degger  sang  the  choruses  with  spirit  and 
apparent  confidence.  Much  may  be  expected 
from  this  society  in  the  future.  Miss  Alice 
Esty  was,  in  the  main,  agreeable  in  the 
soprano  solos,  though  at  times  she  displayed 
a  tendency  to  sing  sharp.  Miss  Dews  as 
Micah,  Mr.  Ben  Davies  as  Samson,  Mr. 
W.  A.  Peterkin  as  Manoah,  and  Mr.  Watkin 
Mills  as  Harapha,  were  unexceptionable, 
showing  that  the  true  art  of  oratorio  singing 
stiU  survives  in  this  country.  The  recitatives 
were  accompanied  on  the  organ,  an  improve- 
ment on  the  hideous  scrape  of  a  violoncello 
and  bass,  but  not  in  accordance  with 
Handel's  procedure.  Prof.  Ebenezer  Front's 
additional  accompaniments,  always  tasteful, 
and  never  obtrusive,  were  judiciously  em- 
ployed.   

VARIOUS   CONCERTS. 

On  Thursday  evening  last  week  a  perform- 
ance of  '  Elijah  '  was  essayed  by  students  of  the 
Guildhall  School  of  Music,  under  the  direction 
of  Sir  Josei)h  Barnby,  at  the  Queen's  Hall. 
The  solo  parts  were  divided  between  a  large 
number  of  pupils,  some  of  whom  showed  pro- 
mise, while  others  were  scarcely  fitted  for  the 
duties  they  were  called  upon  to  perform.  The 
choruses  would  have  been  more  effective  had 
the  force  been  larger. 

The  Bernhard  Carrodus  "String  Quartette" 
gave  their  third  concert  in  the  small  Queen's 
Hall  on  the  same  evening,  when  excellent 
musicianship  was  evinced  in  quartets  by  Mozart, 
Mendelssohn  (the  unfinished  work,  Op.  81), 
and  Dvorak,  the  last  having  a  pianoforte  part, 
which  was  assigned  to  that  earnest  musician  Mr. 
Fountain  Meen.  The  other  instrumental  artists 
were  Messrs.  B.  M.  Carrodus,  R.  Carrodus, 
W.  Richardson,  J.  F.  Carrodus,  and  Mrs.  S. 
Passmore.  Madame  Bertha  Moore  was  in  the 
programme  as  the  vocalist. 

Gradually  the  symphonies  of  Tschaikowsky 
are  being  brought  into  notice  in  this  country, 
and  apparently  with  success.  No.  4,  in  f  minor, 
was  given  for  the  first  time  at  Manchester  on 
Thursday  last  week,  when  Herr  Rosenthal  also 
appeared  and  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  con- 
ducted. 

Mile.  Irma  Sethe  gave  her  third  and  last 
violin  recital  for  the  present  on  the  afternoon 
of  Friday  last  week  at  St.  James's  Hall,  and 
displayed  very  polished  technical  and  artistic 
capacity  in  various  solos,  and  in  conjunction  with 


N-^SSaS,  Dec.  14, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


843 


Herr  Reisenauer  and  Mr.  Paul  Ludwig  in  con- 
certed works,  including  Beethoven's  Pianoforte 
Trio  in  b  flat,  Op.  97,  and  a  rather  interesting 
Piano  and  Violin  Sonata  in  a  by  Ce'sar  Franck. 
Herr  Reisenauer's  solos  were,  of  course,  bril- 
liantly played. 

Madame  Albani's  popularity  was  fully  proved 
by  the  large  attendance  at  the  miscellaneous 
concert  she  gave  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Monday 
afternoon.  Entertainments  of  this  nature  do 
not  call  for  much  criticism,  but  it  may  be 
admitted  that  the  programme  on  this  occasion 
was  rather  above  the  average  of  its  class.  The 
^yrima  donna  was  in  good  voice,  and  was  admir- 
ably assisted  by  Miss  Clara  Butt  and  Messrs. 
Lloyd,  Wolfl",  Hollman,  Pugno,  and  Norman 
Salmond. 

The  excellent  orchestral  programme  given 
by  pupils  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  last 
Monday  evening,  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
Villiers  Stanford,  included  Brahms's  Symphony 
in,  F,  No.  3  ;  Vieuxtemps's  Violin  Concerto  in  a, 
fluently  plaj'ed  by  Mr.  Samuel  Grimson  ;  a  new- 
Pianoforte  Concerto  by  Mr.  William  Hurlstone 
(scholar) ;  and  Brahms's  '  Song  of  Destiny, ' 
admirably  interpreted  by  the  choir  and  or- 
chestra. 

Mr.  William  Nicholl  gave  an  interesting 
vocal  recital  on  the  same  evening  in  the  small 
Queen's  Hall.  It  was  entitled  "Songs  of  the 
North,"  the  programme  being  devoted  to 
Scottish  song.  In  his  notes  Mr.  Nicholl  truly 
observes  that  although  a  few  Scotch  ballads  are 
popular,  many  others  of  equal  merit  are  entirely 
ignored,  and  that  some  of  the  ditties  most  fre- 
quently sung  do  not  hail  from  the  further  side 
of  the  Tweed.  Several  of  the  genuine  examples 
introduced  on  the  present  occasion  were  beau- 
tiful and  pathetic.  The  concert-giver  received 
valuable  assistance  from  Mrs.  Helen  Trust,  and 
he  may  be  thanked  for  offering  so  interesting 
and  instructive  an  entertainment. 

The  second  pianoforte  recital  of  Madame 
Esperanza  Kisch-Schorr  took  place  on  Tuesday 
afternoon  at  the  Steinway  Hall,  her  programme 
containing  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  f  minor,  Op.  57, 
which  she  played  with  efli'ect,  being  less  nervous 
than  on  the  previous  occasion ;  Chopin's  Sonata  in 
B  flat  minor,  with  the  Funeral  March,  in  which 
she  adopted  the  same  justifiable  reading  as 
before  ;  and  various  items  by  Tschaikowsky, 
Rubinstein,  Chopin,  and  Brahms.  Herr  Alfred 
Gallrein  gave  some  violoncello  solos. 

The  Westminster  Orchestral  Society  gave  its 
first  concert  for  the  present  season  on  Wednes- 
day evening  in  the  'Town  Hall.  The  first  part 
of  the  programme  consisted  entirely  of  Mozart's 
music,  including  the  rarely  playedOverture  to 
'  Cosi  Fan  Tutti, '  and  the  Pianoforte  Concerto  in 
D  minor,  excellently  played  by  Miss  Dora  Bright, 
with  cadenzas  from  her  own  pen.  Vocal  pieces 
were  supplied  by  Miss  Lindsay  Currie  and  Mr. 
Arthur  Walenn.  The  principal  feature  of  the 
second  part  was  Beethoven's  'Eroica' Symphony, 
putting  Mr.  Stewart  Macpherson's  players  to 
a  severe  test,  through  which  they  passed  with 
creditable  results. 


GREEK   MUSIC. 


In  the  AtheiuPMm  of  August  17th,  1895,  I 
entered  a  protest  against  the  present  system  of 
transcribing  the  Greek  musical  notes.  And  in 
justification  of  what  I  said  then,  I  would  point 
to  a  passage  in  the  December  number  of  the 
Classical  lieviciv.  Mr.  Monro,  the  Provost  of 
Oriel,  publishes  an  article  on  the  new  hymn  to 
Apollo,  and  at  p.  468  he  writes  as  follows  :  — 

"The  first  section  (A)  is  noted  in  the  Lydian  key, 
and  employs  the  notes  A,  B  flat,  D,  E  flat,  E  natural,  F, 
G.  Of  these  d  is  the  Mest-,  and  we  have  accordingly 
to  recognize  (1)  the  tetrachord  meson,  A— D,  but  with 
the  Lichanos  c  omitted,  (2)  the  tetrachord  diezeug- 
menOn,  e— a,  with  Nete  omitted,  and  finally  (3)  the 
tetrachord  synommenOn,  D,  E  flat,  F,  G.  The  con- 
cluding sectiou  (G)  is  also  Lydian,  the  scale  being 
that  of  section  A,  with  the  addition  of  a  tone  below 
These  two  sections  are  purely  Diatonic,  and  seem 
to  represent  the  primary  key  of  the  composition." 


In  the  Lydian  key  the  Mese  is  <^,  with  -^, 
V,  N,  Z,  for  its  diatonic  tetrachord  synem- 
menon  ;  so  that  Mr.  Monro  is  putting  D  for  -e^, 
E  flat  for  V,  F  for  N,  and  g  for  Z.  As  he  men- 
tions the  omission  of  a  note  in  the  tetrachords 
meson  and  diezeugmenon,  but  makes  no  similar 
remark  about  the  tetrachord  synemmenon,  he 
implies  that  all  its  notes  were  used,  including  f 
or  N.  But  the  note  N  is  not  to  be  found  in  the 
hymn. 

What  has  happened  is  this  : — With  that 
wretched  system  of  transcription  the  f  has  to 
serve  for  jj  as  well  as  N.  In  transcribing  this 
hymn  M.  Theodore  Reinach  has  used  the  F  to 
represent  a  jj.  Mr.  Monro  has  taken  the  f  in 
the  transcript  to  mean  an  N  in  the  original  ; 
and  has  thus  got  this  erroneous  notion  of  the 
scale. 

The  Greek  notation  has  C,  ]j,  n,  N  ;  and  if 
these  notes  were  written  e,  e  sharp,  e  double 
sharp,  F,  we  should  at  least  avoid  the  confusion 
that  comes  of  writing  f  for  ]j  as  well  as  N. 

Cecil  Torr. 


Mr.  F.  W.  Bourdillon  has  written  a  musical 
romance  entitled  'Nephele,'  which  Mr.  George 
Red  way  will  shortly  publish. 

Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's  'Ivanhoe,'  according 
to  report,  met  with  a  complimentary  though  not 
an  enthusiastic  reception  on  its  long-deferred 
production  in  Berlin,  but  at  the  subsequent 
performances  there  were  crowded  audiences  and 
a  m.ore  cordial  expression  of  approval.  Con- 
sidering how  little  Germany  has  done  in  the  way 
of  operatic  composition  since  Wagner's  death, 
it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  '  Ivanhoe  '  did  not 
please,  in  spite  of  the  prejudice  of  the  German 
people  against  everything  that  is  English  in 
music. 

A  Beethoven  concert  will  be  given  in  South 
Place,  Finsbury,  to-morrow  evening  in  com- 
memoration of  the  125th  anniversary  of  the 
master's  birthday.  The  programme  will  include 
the  Quintet  in  c,  Op.  29,  the  Quartet  in  a, 
Op.  18,  No.  5,  the  Violin  Concerto  in  d,  with 
small  stringed  accompaniment  and  pianoforte, 
vocal  pieces,  and  pianoforte  solos,  the  artists 
announced  being  Miss  Pauline  Cramer  and 
Messrs.  Armbruster,  J.  Saunders,  A.  Evans, 
T.  Batty,  A.  J.  Clements,  and  C.  Hann. 


Wed. 
THuas. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orcheatral  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
National  Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
M,  Siloti'3  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Queen's  HaU. 
Popular  Concert,  S,  St.  James's  Hall 
Mr.  li.  L.  Belby's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Elsie  Cave's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  Orchestral  Concert,  3,  Queen's  HaU. 
Mr.  Allnutt  Boissier's Concert,  3,  No.  1,  Prince's  Gate, 
Miss  Zoe  Pyne's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
London  Symphony  Concert,  Beethoven's   Mass    in   d,  8,    St. 

James's  Hall. 
Signer  Benucci's  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Banqueting  HaU 
Herr  Reisenauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Master  Basil  Gauntlett's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Strolling  Players'  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mrs  1".  Ralph's  Concert,  8.  Queen  9  Hall 
British  Chamber  Music  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall 
Mr  Arnold  Dolmetsch's  Purcell  Concert,  8,  Portman  Rooms, 
'Referee  Children's  Dinner  Fund  Concert,  8  45,  National  Sporting 

Club.  King  Street.  Covent  Garden. 
Popular  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Ladies'  Concert  Society,  7  43,  Bloomsbury  HaU. 
Polytechnic  Popular  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Geay's  Itrs  Hall.— Performance  of  Shakspeare's  '  Comedy 
of  Errors  '  by  the  Elizabethan  Stage  Society. 

On  the  26th  and  again,  presumably,  on  the 
28th  of  December,  1594,  the  Lord  Chamber- 
lain's (Hunsdon's)  servants,  after  appearing 
before  the  Court  at  Greenwich  in  some  un- 
recorded play,  performed  at  Gray's  Inn  a 
comedy  taken  from  the  '  Mena^chmi '  of 
Plautus,  and  entitled  '  Errors.'  This  repre- 
sentation may  have  had  something  to  do 
with  the  changed  title  subsequently  adopted 
and  preserved.  According  to  the  *  Gesta 
Graiorum,'  the  performances   on  one — pre- 


sumably   the    earlier — of    these    occasions 
began    with     dancing   and  culminated    in 
some    disorder.     After    a  portion  of   those 
present  had  departed,  a  comedy  of  '  Errors ' 
was  played,  so  that  night  began  and  con- 
tinued to  the  end  in  nothing  but  confusion 
and  errors.     That  the  play  was  an  alteration 
of   an   earlier   work,    produced,  Mr.    Fleay 
supposes,  about  1590,  is  shown  by  passages 
in  the  printed  text,  and  notably  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  the  name  Dowsabel  for  that  of 
Nell   as  the  wife  of  Dromio  of    Ephesus, 
Act  lY.  sc.  i.  1.  111.  This  representation  the 
Elizabethan   Stage   Society,   more  happily 
inspired  than  it  has  always  shown  itself,  has 
reproduced  under  conditions  as  nearly  iden- 
tical with  those  pre-viously  existent  as  could 
easily  be  obtained.     An  exact  facsimile  of 
what  took  place  at  Christmas,  1594,  has  not 
been  sought,  but  the  main  features  of  that 
first   representation    may    be    supposed  to 
have   been    reproduced.      A    step    further 
might  with  advantage  have  been  taken  by 
the     management.       Those     who     played 
originally    Adriana,    Luciana,    Luce,    and 
Courtesan  were  unquestionably  boys.     No 
reason,  moral  or  artistic,  is  to  be  found  why 
they  should  not  remain  such.     That  youths 
can  still  play  women  is  abundantly  proved 
at    the    Westminster  play   and  elsewhere, 
and  though  the  idea  of  dressing  men   in 
female  gear  has  now  fallen  into  disrepute, 
its  use   on   a   single   and  special  occasion 
need  provoke  no  protest.     It  is,  of  course, 
easy,  for  one  desiring  to  yield  to  the  illusion, 
to  assume  that  the  female  exponents  are,  in 
fact,  boys.  We  have  then  a  court  and  guard 
assigned  Solinus,  copied  exactly  from  that 
which  waited  upon   Queen  Elizabeth  ;  the 
dress  of  Dromio  is,  we  are  told,  an  "  exact 
reproduction  of  the  dress  and  equipment  of 
the  serving  man  of  the  period,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  accompany  his  master  whenever 
he  left  the  house,  and  to  carry  his  sword." 
A  Dutch  costume  was  assigned  Antipholus, 
such  as   was  worn   by  many   Elizabethan 
citizens,     The  halberdiers  and  torch-bearers 
were  supposed  to  be  attached  to  Gray's  Inn, 
the  cognizance  of  which  they  bore  on  their 
sleeves.     Except  that  the  speakers  were  not 
always  audible,  and  that  the  interest  in  the 
presented   action,  save  in  those  taking  an 
active  part  in  it,  seemed  perfunctory,  the 
representation  was  fairly  good.    The  female 
characters  looked  well  in  quaint  and  pic- 
turesque costumes,  and  as  much  vitality  as 
it  is  capable  of  receiving  was  assigned  the 
preposterous  action.     No  attempt  at  a  stage 
was  made,  the  carved  screen   of  the  Inn 
with  its  two  doors  serving,  like  those  of  a 
Greek  theatre,  to  indicate   entrances  from 
the  residence  or  the  city.     Those  arri-ving 
from  the  coast  came  down  from  the  midst 
of   the  audience.     The   gallery   served   for 
the  sanctuary  in  which  Antonio  and  Dromio 
of  Syracuse  take   refuge,  and  also  for  the 
machine  out  of  which  the  den^ — in  this  case 
a  dea — spoke  the  words  that  brought  with 
them  the  termination.     The  whole  reflects 
credit  on  Mr.  Poel,  whose  management  was 
intelligent   and  successful,   and    who    was 
assisted  by  Mr.  Seymour  Lucas  with  regard 
to  dresses,  and  Cai)t.  Ilutton  in  respect  of 
warlike  equipment. 


Books  and  Playbooks.  By  Brander  Matthews. 
(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) — The  essays  on  lite- 
rature   and    the    drama    which    Mr.    Brander 


844 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^SSaS,  Dec.  14, '95 


Matthews  has  collected  are  excellent — praise- 
worthily,  irritatingly  excellent.  They  say  with 
absolute  conviction  what  it  is  just  and  proper 
should  be  said,  and  what  everybody  writing  on 
the  same  subjects,  whose  mind  is  not  warped, 
must  say.  Truths  that  go  near  being  banalites 
are  repeated  with  a  complacent  assurance  that 
the  world  will  be  the  better  for  their  repetition. 
We  acquit  Mr.  Matthews  of  any  lago-like  in- 
tention, but  our  assent  to  what  he  says  is  as 
puzzled  as  that  of  Othello,  who  answers  lago's 
"  Men  should  be  what  they  seem  "  with  "  Cer- 
tain, men  should  be  what  they  seem."  Take, 
for  instance,  in  the  essay  called  '  The  Dramati- 
zation of  Novels,'  Mr.  Matthews's  self-avowed 
aim:  "What  T  wished  to  point  out  [in  some 
preceding  observations]  was  that  a  panorama 
was  not  a  play  ;  that  to  make  a  play  out  of  a 
novel  properly  was  a  most  difficult  task  ;  and 
that  the  more  widely  popular  the  story,  the  less 
likely  was  the  resultant  piece  to  be  valuable 
because  of,"  &c.  We  have  not  given  the  whole 
of  Mr.  Matthews's  sentence,  considerations  of 
space  prohibiting,  but  we  have  not,  we  believe, 
in  the  slightest  degree  altered  or  perverted  his 
meaning.  Naturally  we  concede  the  truth 
of  this,  wondering  only  for  what  unsophisti- 
cated public  information  so  ingenuously  trust- 
worthy is  intended.  Again,  '  In  the  Whole  Duty 
of  Critics,'  where  we  hoped  to  find  genuine  en- 
lightenment or  counsel,  we  find  twelve  good 
rules  for  reviewers.  The  earliest  two  of  these 
are:  "1.  Form  an  honest  opinion  " ;  "2.  Express 
it  honestly."  Others  which  follow  are  less  de- 
lightfully simple,  but  nothing  is  said  which  any 
man  of  average  virtues  would  not  know  with- 
out reading  it  "so  set  down."  The  advice 
sounds  almost  like  that  of  the  poet,  substituting 
"  critic  "  for  "  girl  ":  "Be  good,  sweet  girl,  and 
let  who  will  be  clever."  We  could,  an  we  chose, 
go  on  with  instances  of  blameless,  but  not  very 
significant  statement  or  counsel.  Who  doubts 
that  "if  Shakspeare  had  lived  in  the  days  of 
^schylus  he  would  have  produced  Greek  plays 
of  the  most  sublime  simplicity  "f  This  state- 
ment, though  the  counsel  which  follows  to 
modern  dramatists  be  sage,  not  to  give  forced 
imitations  of  Shakspearean  methods,  is  some- 
what too  tame  to  be  reprinted.  Mr.  Matthews 
writes  well,  but  is  apt  to  fall  into  inelegances, 
not  to  say  inaccuracies,  such  as  "  Calling  on  him 

one  day M.  Sarcey  told  me "    Here  the 

phrase  should  be  "I  was  told  by  M.  Sarcey." 
Mr.  Matthews  sees  "  how  bravely  Cooper 
fought  for  our  intellectual  emancipation  from 
the  shackles  of  the  British  criticism  of  that  time, 
more  ignorant  then,  and  even  more  insular,  than 
it  is  now."  Well,  we  do  not  see,  perhaps  on 
account  of  our  insularity.  ' '  Insularity  "  is  a  word 
Mr.  Matthews  is  fond  of  applying  to  us.  It  does 
not  necessarily  involve  the  greatest  possible 
reproach.  We  have  every  wish  to  be  courteous 
to  Mr.  Matthews,  but  we  would  ask  him  whether 
ineptitude  in  narrow  room  is  much  worse  than 
ineptitude  widely  extended. 


'  Madame,'  an  "  absurdity  "  in  three  acts,  by 
Mr.  James  T.  Tanner,  brought  out  on  Saturday 
last  at  the  Op^ra  Comique,  deals  with  the 
adventures  of  the  wife  of  a  stockbroker,  who  is 
also  a  fashionable  Regent  Street  milliner.  An 
unreasonable  jealousy  on  the  part  of  her  hus- 
band, combined  with  an  assault  committed  by 
him  upon  a  dummy  dressed  in  her  attire,  puts 
an  imbecile  detective  on  tlie  track  of  a  supposed 
murder.  The  piece  is  rendered  with  briskness 
by  Mr.  Farren  Soutar,  Mr.  J.  G.  Taylor,  Mr. 
Eric  Lewis,  and  Miss  Emma  Gwynne,  and 
elicited  occasional  demonstrations  of  amusement. 
It  is  trivial,  however,  and  unlikely  to  woo  the 
West-End  playgoer  to  the  Strand. 

A  NEW  comedy  by  Mr.  Sydney  Grundy  will 
succeed  at  the  Comedy  Theatre  '  The  Benefit  of 
the  Doubt,'  the  last  nights  of  which,  somewhat 
to  the  surprise  of  the  public,  are  announced. 


Miss  Aka  Rehan,  who  has  recovered  from 
her  indisposition,  has  reappeared  at  Daly's 
Theatre,  New  York,  as  Lady  Teazle,  and  has 
since  then  commended  to  the  public  'The 
Transit  of  Venus,'  one  of  Mr.  Daly's  translations 
from  the  German,  in  which  she  is  likely  to  be 
seen  in  London. 

It  is  to  be  feared  that  the  accident  to  the 
Germanic,  involving  as  it  does  the  return  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  Hare  and  many  members 
of  the  Hare  company,  and  their  possible 
transhipment  to  another  vessel,  will  interfere 
with  the  great  American  programme  that  has 
been  mapped  out.  So  uncommon  are  disasters 
of  this  kind  that  an  American  tour  is  arranged 
with  no  more  allowance  for  obstacles  than  one 
in  England. 

'Kitty  Clive,  Actress,'  a  one-act  comedy 
by  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore,  which  now  constitutes 
the  opening  piece  at  the  Royalty,  is  more  suc- 
cessful than  are  most  pieces  dealing  with 
Garrick's  actresses.  As  may  be  supposed  from 
the  choice  of  a  subject,  the  plot  is  wholly  mirth- 
ful, and  has  no  underlying  vein  of  sentiment. 
In  an  inn-room  Kitty,  travelling  incognita,  is 
pestered  with  the  attentions  of  a  rustic  "barn- 
stormer," who,  ignorant  of  her  individuality, 
pooh-poohs  Garrick  and  his  company,  includ- 
ing herself,  and  brags  of  his  own  his- 
trionic powers.  Seizing  the  occasion,  Kitty 
takes  him  in  hand  and  holds  him  up  as  the 
most  egregious  of  asses.  There  is  merit  in 
the  idea  and  in  the  execution,  though  more 
perhaps  in  the  former  than  the  latter.  Still, 
the  piece  is  pleasant  to  hear  and  witness.  It 
was  agreeably  played  by  Miss  Irene  Vanbrugh 
and  Mr.  B.  Vibart,  but  would  have  been  better 
for  some  added  firmness  and  grip.  The  occa- 
sion that  witnessed  its  performance  saw  the  one 
hundredth  representation  of  'The  Chili  Widow,' 
the  dialogue  of  which  has  been  strengthened 
and  in  part  rewritten.  It  is  a  bright  and  taking 
piece,  in  which  Miss  "Violet  Vanbrugh  and  Mr. 
Bourchier  display  genuine  gifts  in  comedy.  The 
cast,  which  is  good,  now  includes  Mrs.  H. 
Leigh,  in  place  of  Miss  Sophie  Larkin,  and  Mr. 
G.  W.  Elliot,  in  place  of  Mr.  Welton  Dale. 
Coloured  designs  of  the  principal  scenes  and 
characters  were  given  to  the  audience. 

A  NEv^  melodrama  from  the  pens  of  Mr. 
G.  R.  Sims  and  Mr.  Arthur  Shirley  is  in  con- 
templation at  the  Princess's. 

'  The  Great  Philanthropist  '  is  the  title  of  a 
play  by  Wilton  Jones  and  Gertrude  Warden,  to 
be  produced  next  month  by  Mr.  Sydney  Alport  at 
an  afternoon  representation  at  the  Shaftesbury. 
We  learn  with  some  surprise  that  Miss  Olga 
Nethersole  took  occasion,  after  a  recent  per- 
formance in  Boston  of  'Denise,'  to  deliver  a 
species  of  funeral  oration  upon  Alexandre 
Dumas,  its  author.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this 
impertinence  will  not  serve  as  a  precedent, 

'When  Greek  meets  Greek,'  an  adaptation 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Hatton  of  his  latest  novel,  is  to 
be  brouglit  out  early  in  January  by  Messrs. 
Morell  and  Mouillot.  Mr.  Murray  Carson  will 
play  in  it  a  dual  role. 

An  adaptation  by  Mr.  Edward  Rose  of  '  The 
Prisoner  of  Zenda  '  of  Anthony  Hope,  which 
has  been  given  successfully  in  New  York,  will 
also  be  produced  early  in  the  new  year  at  the 
St.  James's.  The  principal  parts  will  be  taken 
by  Miss  Lily  Hanbury,  Miss  Millard,  Mr. 
Herbert  Waring,  and  Mr.  Alexander. 


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The  UNKNOWN  HORN  of  AFRICA, 

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A  NARRATIVE  of  FURTHER  Ex- 
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N^  3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


845 


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846 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No 


3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


EDWARD  STANFORD'S  LIST. 

» 

ATLASES  FOR  CHRISTMAS  PRESEXTS. 

Prospectus,  giving  Contents  of  each,  on  apj-licaiion. 
Dedicated  by  permission  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

STANFORD'S    LONDON    ATLAS   of 

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and  Political  Divisions  of  the  Various  Countries  of  the 
World.  100  Maps,  and  an  Alphabetical  List  of  Names, 
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STANFORD'S  FAMILY  ATLAS   of 

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Physical  and  Political  Divisions  of  the  Chief  Countries 
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Longitudes.  Imperial  folio,  half-morocco,  51.  5s.  Size, 
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THE     NOVELLINO 

OF 

MASUCCIO. 

NOW    FIRST    TRANSLATED    INTO    ENaLISH    BY 

W.  G.  WATERS. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  E.  R.  HUGHES,  R.W.S. 

Masuccio  is  commonly  rated  the  fourth  in  order  of  time  of  the  greater  Italian 
novelists,  bis  forerunners  being  Boccaccio,  Sacchetti,  and  Ser  Griovanni.  While  he 
lacks  the  elegance  of  style  of  the  aforesaid,  a  foremost,  if  not  the  first  place  must 
be  given  him  as  a  delineator  of  contemporary  life  and  manners.  The  imperfection 
of  his  Italian  style  may  arise  from  the  fact  that  he  wrote  with  a  purpose  in  a  popular 
strain  for  the  people  of  Naples,  setting  before  them  his  stories  in  the  lingua 
materna.  Of  all  the  Novellieri,  Masuccio  shows  the  greatest  originality  in  the 
themes  he  illustrates :  comparatively  few  of  the  fifty  novels  are  found  elsewhere. 

Judging  him  at  random  by  certain  of  his  stories,  one  would  hardly  set  him 
down  as  a  corrector  of  morals,  but  a  complete  perusal  of  his  book  will  show  that, 
in  spite  of  occasional  lapses  into  the  coarseness  of  expression  characteristic  of  his 
time,  he  is  at  heart  a  reformer.  He  selects  the  ofi"ences  of  priests  and  monks 
and  friars  and  of  womankind  in  general  as  the  objects  of  his  attack,  and  a  very 
black  and  terrible  picture  he  draws. 

'  The  Novellino '  was  first  published  in  Naples  in  1476.  Other  noteworthy 
editions  appeared  in  Milan  in  1483  and  in  Venice  in  1484  and  1492.  Several 
others  followed  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  book  was  one  of  the  first  to  be 
put  in  the  Index. 

No  complete  translation  of  Masuccio's  book  into  a  foreign  language  has  ever 
before  been  made.  There  is,  indeed,  an  unauthenticated  rumour  of  a  French  ren- 
dering of  the  entire  work,  but  only  nineteen  of  the  Novels  are  given  in  Grouleau's 
collection,  first  published  in  lo75.  Painter  prints  two  in  altered  and  abbreviated 
form  in  '  The  Palace  of  Pleasure,'  and  Roscoe  has  loosely  paraphrased  six  in  his 
*  Italian  Novelists.' 

Uniform  with  Masuccio  have  appeared: — 

KABELAIS.    Translated  by  Urquhart  and  Motteux.    Illustrated 

by  Louis  Chalon.     2  vols,  imperial  Svo.  3^.  3s.  net. 

BOCCACCIOS    DECAMERON.    Translated  by  John   Payne. 

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STRAPAROLAS    NIGHTS.    Translated  by  W.  G.  Waters. 

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MR.WM.HEiNEMANN'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

» 

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REMBRANDT : 

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Edited  and  Prefaced  by   FREDERICK   WEDMOEB. 
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DELIGHT.  From  the  Works  of  Coventry  Patmore. 
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a  comparison  with  Matthew  Arnold's.  We  shall  not  be  surprised  if 
he  comes  to  hold  a  higher  place  as  ciitic  than  as  poet.  He  has  real 
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previous  descriptions  of  modern  warfare  have  been  the  merest  abstrac- 
tions Here  we  have  a  waim,  living,  concrete  reality,  the  palpitating 
breathing  organism  of  fighting  Mr  Crane  writes  as  if  he  had  not  only 
seen  but  felt  each  incident  and  emotion  which  he  describes." 

MISS  HOLDSWORTHS  NEW  NOVEL. 

THE  YEARS  THAT  THE  LOCUST 

HATH    EATEN.      By    ANNIE    E.    HOLUSWORTH, 
Author  of  '  Joanna  Traill,  Spinster.'    Crown  Svo.  6s. 
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A  NOVEL  BY  A  NOVELIST. 

HERBERT  VANLENNERT.    By 

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Crown  Svo.  6s. 
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very  very  few  novels  of  our  time  that  bear  so  unmistakably  the  grip 
of  the  master  hand  as  ■  Herbert  Vanlennert.'" 

PERCY  WHITE'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

CORRUPTION.     By    Percy    Wliite, 

Author  of  '  Mr.  Baik-y  Martin.'     Crown  Svo.  6s. 
VALL  MALL  GAZETTE  —"A  drama  of  biting  intensity,  a  tragedy  of 
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1  irebuck  Is  thoroughly  master  of  his  subject 

THE  NEW  PIONEKK. 

THE    DEMAGOGUE   AND    LADY 

PHAYRE.     By  WILLIAM   J.  LOCKE,  Author  of  'At 
the  Gate  of  Samaria.'    Cloth,  3s.  net ;  paper,  2s.  6d.  net. 

London : 
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CONTENTS. 


A  TAME  DESPOT. 
The  TZAR  MUJIK. 
HESITATINa     on    the 

CR08SWAY. 
COUNT  DMITRY  TOLSTOI. 
A  MAN  with  a  SYSTEM. 
The  GREAT  FAMINE. 
The  JEWISH  QUESTION. 


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N"  3555,  Dec.  14,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


851 


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Y    E     3    T    A    L 

Y     I     N     0     L     1     A 

U     0     A     P, 


D 


INNBFOBD'S      MAGNESIA. 

The   best  remedy  for 

HBAKTBURN, 


ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH, 

HRADAC-HK  GOUT. 

and  INDIUKHTIUM, 
Asd  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 


Children,  and  Infantt. 

DIN  NE  FORDS        MAGNESIA, 


852 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3555,  Dec.  14, '95 


RICHARD    BENTLEY   &   SON'S    LIST. 


NEW     WORKS 

BY   DR.  GRAY. 

AT  the  COURT  of  the  AMIR.    By  John  Alfred 

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REMINISCENCES    of    MRS.    DE    MORGAN. 


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E.  LIVINGSTON  PRESCOTT.     In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 
"  A  cleverly  writtten  romance.     From  a  literary  point  of  view  the  studies 
presented  by  Tyrawley  and  the  Doctor  are  striking  in  their  fidelity  to  the  poor 
and  kindly,  if  rough  and  unconventional,  side  of  human  nature." — Scotsman. 

NOW  READY. 

The  DESIRE  of  the  MOTH.    By  Capel  Vane. 

In  2  vols,  crown  Svo. 

"  As  a  study  of  the  demoniac  in  human  nature  the  book  is  brilliant.  It  is 
impossible  to  read  it  without  admiration  for  its  strength  of  passion  and  power 
of  imagination,  and  its  intensity." — Scotsman. 

"  The  tone  of  the  novel  is  sound  and  true  throughout." — Daily  Telegrai)h. 

A   NEW   EDITION  NOW  READY. 

SIR   GODFREY'S    GRAND-DAUGHTERS.     By 

ROSA  N.  CAREY,  Author  of  '  Nellie's  Memories,'  &c.     In  1  vol.  crown 
Svo.  6s. 
"A  capital  story.      The  interest  steadily  grows,  and  by  the  time  one 
reaches  the  third  volume  the  story  has  become  enthralling.     The  book  is  well 
worth  reading,  and  will  increase  Miss  Carey's  already  high  reputation." 

Observer. 


ALL      LIBRARIES. 

NOW  READY. 

The    ROMANCE   of  JUDGE   KETCHUM.    By 

H.  ANNESLEY  VACHELL,  Author  of  '  The  Model  of  Christian  Gay.' 
In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  Qs. 

NOW  READY. 

A  CLEVER  WIFE.    By  W.  Pett  Ridge,  Author 

of  '  Telling  Stories,'  &;c.     In  1  vol.  crown  8vo.  Qs. 

"  The  story  is  bright,  and  its  uncommon  freshness  and  vivacity  make  it 
enjoyable  to  read." — -^'cotsman. 

NOW  READY. 

The  YELLOW  WAVE:  a  Romance  of  the  Asiatic 

Invasion  of  Australia.      By    KENNETH    MACKAY,    Author  of   'Out 
Back,'  &c.     In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  with  Illustrations,  6s. 

SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY. 

SCYLLA  or  CHARYBDIS  P    By  Rhoda  Brough- 

TON,  Author  of  '  Nancy,'  &c.     In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 

"A  fine  story,  finely  wrought,  of  deep  human  interest,  with  many  of 
those  slight  side-touches  of  observation  and  humour  of  the  kind  for  which 
we  look  in  a  story  by  Miss  Broughton." —  World. 


MRS.      HENRY      WOOD'S      NOVELS. 

The  following  are  now  issued  in  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  bound  in  green  cloth,  and  are  sold  separately,  price  2s. 
They  may  also  be  had  in  red  cloth,  gilt  lettered  on  back  and  side,  price  2s.  Qd. 

SALE    NEARLY    TWO    MILLION    COPIES. 


EAST  LYNNE. 

MRS.  HALLIBURTON'S  TROUBLES. 

VERNER'S  PRIDE. 

The  SHADOW  of  ASHLYDYAT. 


JOHNNY  LUDLOW. 
The  CHANNINGS. 
ROLAND  YORKE. 
MILDRED  AREELL. 


First  Series. 


LORD  OAKBURN'S  DAUGHTERS. 
ST.  MARTIN'S  EVE. 
TREVLYN  HOLD. 
GEORGE  CANTERBURY'S  WILL. 


To  be  followed  at  monthly  intervals  by  the  remaining  Novels  of  the  Series. 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Piihlishers  in  Ordinary  to  Ilcr  Majesty  the  Queen, 


Editorial  Commnnicatioas  should  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor"  — Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  '  Tha  Publisher" —at  the  Office,   Bream's-bulldiugs,  Chanccry-Iane,  E.C. 
Printed  by  Joaw  C.  Fraj»ci6,  Athenaum  Press,  Bream'a-buildin^a,  Chanoery-lane,  E.C;  and  Published  by  the  said  Joun  C,  FaiMcis  at  Bream's-buildinjs,  Chanoery-lane,  B.C. 
Agents  for  ScorLAMo,  Messrs   Bell  &  Bradlute  and  Mr  John  Menzies,  Edinburifb,— Saturday,  December  H,  1896. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


No.  3556. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    21,   1895. 


FBIOH 
THRBBPBNCB 

BBGISTBRBD  AS  A  HBWSPAFHB 


ROYAL    SOCIETV   of   PAINTERS   in  WATER 
COLOUHS,  Si,  Pall  Mall  East  —WINTER  EXHIBITION   NOW 
OPEN  from  10  till  5.    Admission  Is. ;  Catalogue  6d. 

GEORGE  L.  REDGE,  Secretary. 

LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  of  the  UNITED 
KINGDOM. 
President— The  Kt.  Hon   LORD  WINDSOR. 
PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATIONS. 
The  NEXT  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  on  JANUARY  14  and  15.  in 
LONDON  and  at  the  PROVINCIAL  CENTRES.     For  full  particalars 
■see  the  '  Library  Association  Year  Book  '  and  the  Library  for  December 
fSimpkin,  Marshall,   Is).    Intending  Candidates  must  send  in  their 
Names,  with  an  Entrance  Fee  of  IO5  ,  to  the  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Examina- 
tions Committee.  J.  W.  Knapmun,  Esq  ,  17,  Bloomsbury-square,  W  C  , 
en  or  before  December  31. 

J.  Y.  W.  MACALISTEK,  Hon  Sec.  of  the  Association. 

SECRETARY  or  READER.— LADY,  reliable  and 
methodical  (L X  A.  Honours),  desires  PERMANENT  or  INTER- 
MITTENT WORK  as  above.  Clear,  correct  diction  and  pronnnciation 
ta  Four  Modern  Lan$;uai;es  Good  knowledge  of  History.  Politics,  and 
Art.  Valuable  references  from  Public  Men.— L.  F.  C.  21,  Grojvenor- 
Toad,  South  Norwood. 

AN  ENGLISH  AUTHOR  is  desirous  of  recom- 
mending  a  LADY  who  is  a  competent  Typist,  also  Shorthand 
Writer,  as  SECRETARY  or  AMANUENSIS —Address  for  further 
particulars  E.  M.  E.,  care  of  Mr  McKenzie,  108,  High-street,  Bromley, 

EDUCATIONAL.— A  WIDOW  LADY,  residing 
with  her  Daughter  (aged  15;  in  EDGBASTON,  can  RECEIVE 
TWO  GIRLS  attending  the  Birmingham  Grammar  School.  Home 
comforts,  and  every  care  guaranteed —Address  Beati,  care  of  the 
Librarian.  Birmingham  Library,  Union-street,  Birmingham. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  SCHOOL 
of  SCIENCE  and  ART,  LONDONDERRY,  to  teach  Elementary 
Subjects.  Salary  commencing  70).  Time  for  own  Study  —Application, 
otating  qualifications,  &c  ,  on  or  before  January  3,  1896,  to  J.  A. 
W  iLLUMs,  Secretary. 

SUB-LIBRARIAN,  CRIPPLEGATE  INSTITUTE. 
-The  Governors  of  the  Cripplegate  Foundation  invite  applications 
for  the  post  of  SUB-LIBRARIAN,  at  a  salary  of  lOOJ.  per  annum.— 
Applications,  in  writing  only,  stating  age  and  qualihcations.  with  copies 
Of  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  Quext  House.  6,  Fore-street,  Cripple- 
gate.  EC,  by  Wednesday,  January  8,  1896.  before  noon.  Experience  in 
Cbe  free  access  system  necessary.  Age  not  to  exceed  30.  No  canvassing 
allowed. 

BAYLIS  Si  PEAKCE,  Clerks  to  the  Governors. 

T  LANDUDNO    COUNTY    (DUAL)    SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School.  Duties  to  com- 
mence end  of  January  next. 

Salary  estimated  at  250?.  Age  not  to  exceed  40.  Applicants  must  be 
Graduates,  and  have  had  previous  experience  in  Teaching.  Curriculum 
mainly  of  modern  type. 

A  House,  with  accommodation  for  Boarders,  is  available.  Terms  and 
particulars  relating  thereto  can  be  obtained  from  Mr.  John  Owen, 
A.vallon,  Llandudno,  Clerk  to  the  Local  Governors. 

Applications  and  testimonials  (10  printed  copies  of  each)  by 
January  4, 1896. 

Canvassing  strictly  prohibited. 

Candidates  applying  can  have  further  particulars 

J.  H.  BODVEL  ROBERTS. 
Clerk  to  County  Governing  Body. 

Carnarvon,  December,  1895. 

WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT.  1888. 

RECONSHIRE    COUNTY    SCHEME. 


B 


The  County  Governing  Body  are  prepared  to  appoint  a  HEAD 
MASTER  lor  the  COUNTY  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL  (Dual)  at 
BUILTH.  at  a  Salar.v  of  150(  per  annum,  with  a  Capitation  Payment  of 
II.  for  each  Scholar  in  the  School.  The  Scheme  provides  for  Rfty 
Boys  and  Thirty  Girls. 

The  Head  Master  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  Head  Master  will  have  the  appointment  of  his  Assistants  in  both 
Departments. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
thirty  copies  of  applications  and  thirty  copies  of  not  more  than  eight 
testimonials,  must  be  sent  in.  addressed  to  the  undersigned  not  later 
than  January  7. 1896.  and  applicants  are  requested  to  state  which  ot  the 
enbjects  'Technical  or  otherwise)  to  be  taught  in  the  School  they  can 
themselves  teach. 

Any  Candidate  who  personally  or  through  friends  in  any  way  can- 
vasses will  be  disqualined. 

Copies  of  the  Scheme,  giving  full  particulars,  may  be  obtained  from 
the  undersigned,  price  6d. 
It  is  proposed  to  open  on  Monday.  February  3. 

O.  GARNONS  WILLIAMS,  Clerk  to  the  County  Governing  Body. 


.St.  John's  Mount,  Brecon. 


TYPE-WRITING.— AUTHORS'    MSS.    COPIED 
with  the  utmost  care.  lOd.  per  1,000  words— Write  Epsilov   care 
•of  54.  New  Oxford-street,  W  C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Mrs.    CUFFE,    St.  John's, 
Coventry  (Certificated  Typist).— Authors'   MSS.    accurately   and 
quickly  Typed.     Usual  terms 


T>YPE-WRITERS  (SECOND-HAND).— Tre- 
mendous  bargains  In  slightly  soiled  Remin^ons,  Barlocks 
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with  option  to  purchase.  Use  of  Machines  taught  free.  Terms,  cash ;  or 
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Documents  Copied  with  accuracy  and  dispatch.  100  Circulars  Copied 
for  53.  Special  attention  to  country  orders.  Catalogue  free  — N. 
Tatlob,  Manager,  National  Type-writer  Exchange,  74,  Chancery-lane 
(Holbom  end).  London.    Telephone  No.  6690. 

MR.  W.  SERGEANT  LEE,  M.A.,  DRAMATIC 
and  HUMOROUS  RECITER,  is  OPEN  to  ENGAGEMENTS  at 
Literary  Institutes,  Concerts.  At  Homes.  Masonic  Banquets,  &c  Four- 
teenth Professional  Year  —5,  Beaufort-buildings,  W.C. 

MISS  LOUISA  DREWRY  gives  LECTURES, 
READINGS,  and  LESSONS  in  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and 
LITERATURE  and  kindred  subjects.  She  will  be  glad  to  hear  from 
any  who  would  like  to  join  the  Home  Students'  Literary  Reading 
Society,  143,  King  Henry's-road,  London.  N.W. 

PRIVATE  CLASSES  for  LADIES  in  the  WEST- 
END.— A  LADY  will  OPEN  CLASSES  EARLY  in  JANUARY, 
1896,  for  the  Study  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Languages,  Music,  Drawing, 
Painting.  Sketching,  and  the  usual  English  subjects,  in  which  she  will 
be  assisted  by  Graduates  and  Professors  of  note —For  particulars 
address  Principil,  care  of  Mr.  Edward  Stanford,  Cockspur-street, 
Charing  Cross;  or  Messrs.  Loxdale,  Jones  &  Co.,  Solicitors.  85,  Glou- 
cester-road, South  Kensington. 


TYPE-WRITING.— Is.  per  1,000.  Large  quantities 
by  arrangement  Examination  Uuestions  reproduced  equal  original 
Type-writing.  Specimens,  terms,  post  free.  — Faucit  Daeliso-n,  22 
Wellington-street.  W.C. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS,  of  all  kinds  TYPE- 
WRITTEN  and  prepared  for  publication.  Id.  per  folio.  Large 
/luantities  by  arrangement.  Translations.  —  Ed.  Obauim,  Surrey 
Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W  C, 

ECRETAHIAL    BUREAU,    Confidential 

Secretary,  Miss  PETHERBKIDOF,  (Nat  Rci.  Tripos).  9.  Strand, 
London,  sends  out  daily  a  trained  staH  of  Knxlish  and  Foreign  Secre- 
taries, expert  Stenngrapheis.  lypists  (Remington  and  Hammond), 
skilled  in  the  use  of  Kdi»nn-Hell  Phonograph,  to  -Mi  dical  and  Scientific 
Men.  Publishers,  .Members  of  Parliament,  and  others.  Correspondence 
indexed  by  special  method.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into 
and  from  all  Languages.  Speciality,  French,  German,  and  Uedic&l 
Type-writing. 


ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill.  Staines— The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe,  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
40  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  1896  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  Competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraph  Department. — For  par- 
ticulars apply  to  the  Secbftaky,  at  the  College 


ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS,— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
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all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  B..  J.  Bbxtor,  M.A.,  8,  Tan  caster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

9,  HAST-sraEBT,  Bloomsbcbt,  Londow. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street,  Covent-garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench.  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
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consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

THE  COMING  NEW  (PUBLISHING)  MAN.— 
Specialities  :  Purchase  at  Author's  Valuation  of  First  Attempts 
and  MSS.  declined  by  other  Publishing  Firms.  I  take  all  the  risk ;  I 
provide  all  the  Capital ;  I  boom  aU  your  Books ;  you  take  all  the  Profit. 
— Address  C.  Olnet  Hatch. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— LiTERABT  Propbbtt. 
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advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G.  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4,  Portugal-street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  Is  published  monthly, 
price 6if.,  by  Hobacs Cox,  Bream's-boUdings,  EC. 


THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879. 
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E 


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Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books. 

NEW  CATALOGUES  NOW  READY. 

CHOICE  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  No  81. 
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29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 

pHOICE   ENGRAVINGS,    DRAWINGS,   and 

V_y  BOOKS,  including  a  fine  Collection  of  Engravings  after  J.  M  W 
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TIONS post  free  on  application. 


l^^'IRST    EDITIONS    of     MODERN     AUTHORS, 

-L  including  Dickens.  Thackeray.  Lever.  Ainsworth  .  Books  Illus- 
trated by  G  and  R  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson.  Leech.  &c.  'I'ho 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Rooks  Beaght. — 
Walter  r.  Srr..v<.ta,  27  New  Oxford-street,  London.  W  C. 


FRANCE.— The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  ba 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES  BEACLIEU-SUR-MBR,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DKAUX,  BOULOONE-8UR-MER.  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON,  DDTf- 
KIRK,  HAVRE.  LILLB.  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MESTONB. 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHARL,  T0UK8, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIONANI  LIBRARY,  224.  Rue  de  RlToll.  Paria. 


Just  issued, 

CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS  at  greatly 
reduced  prices.    1.  PHILOSOPHY.    II.  RELIGION. 
DULAU  Sl  CO.  37.  Soho-square,  London. 


B 


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Now  ready.  CATALOGUE  of  all  the  NEW  CHRISTM.45  anil  NEW 
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Gratis  on  application, 

T"'HE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOKMARKET,  No.  3. 
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H   OREVEL  &  CO  .  Importers  of  Foreign  Books, 
33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  ■W.C. 


CHRISTMAS  CATALOGUE  of  interesting 
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curious  Art  Books,  Music,  ropographical.  &c.  Also  LIST  of  NEW 
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Just  out. 

DAVID  NUTT'S  CATALOGUE  of  SECOND- 
HAND BOOK.S.  No,  49.  Catalogue  of  an  important  Library 
brought  together  by  an  eminent  Folk-lorist.  containing  Works  on  Com 
parative  Religion— Mythology— Archacology-Legends-Popular  Poetry 
—Local  and  Popular  Traditions  — Fairy  Tales-Proverbs  —  Riddles— 
Chap-Books— Superstitions— Occult  Sciences— and  on  Celtic  History  and 
Folk-lore  (2,889  Lots  I. 

To  be  had  free  on  application  from 
David  Nvtt,  270-271,  Strand,  London,  W  C. 


CIECOND-HAND     BOOKS     for    CHRISTMAS 

V5  PRESENTS. 

Second-hand  Books  would  probably  be  much  more  often  employed  as 
gifts  if  it  were  felt  that  fresh  and  attractive  copies  could  easily  be 
found  No  5;9  of  SOTHBRANS  PRICE-CURRENT  of  LITER.\TURE 
just  published,  contains  a  collection  of  Books  which,  from  being  either 
fresh  in  their  original  cloth  or  in  good  bindings,  and  from  their  wide 
variety  (especially  in  History  and  Biography),  are  exceptionally  suit- 
able for  this  purpose. 

A  copy  will  be  sent  post  free  on  application  to— 

H   SoTHEaA.f  &  Co  ,  Booksellers,  140,  Strand,  W.C. ;  ot, 

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extraordinary  medallic  productions  of  this  century.  Limited  to 
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THE    late    LORD    TENNYSON.  —  Only    NINE 

1  Proof  Specimens  of  the  large  BRONZE  MEDAL  of  the  late  Lord 
Tennyson  remain  at  7..  B'f  each      Limited  to  250  Sptcimens. 

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These  Medals  are  of  the  finest  workmanship,  and  produced  under  the 
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To  be  obtained  only  of  the  Publisher, 

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19.  Down-street.  Piccadilly.  W. 

Under  the  Patronage  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  and  Royal  Fimily. 


854: 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


M 


U  D  I  E'S 


SELECT 


L  I  B  E  A  K  Y. 


CHBISTMAS  PRESENTS  and  SCHOOL  PRIZES. 


A  LARGE  COLLECTION  OF  SI'ITABLE  BOOKS  IN  LEATHER 
BINDINGS  IS  KEPT  IN  STOCK  IN  THE  SHOW-ROOMS. 

A  IT'LL  and  REVISED  CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUE  sent  post  Iree  on 
application. 

A  SELECTION  OF  GOOD  EDITIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  GERMAN 

STANDARD  AUTHORS  IN  LEATHER  BINDINGS 

IS  ALSO  KEPT  IN  STOCK. 

A  POPULAR  CHRISTMAS  PRESENT  IS  A 
TEAR'S    SUBSCRIPTION    TO   THE   LIBRARY. 

TERMS  ON  APPLICATION. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

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241,  Brompton-road,  S.W. ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria-street,  EC.  ; 

And  at  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

(ICTURE   REPARATION   or   CLEANING 

effected  with  every  regard  to  safe  and  caations  treatment, 

by  M.  RAINE  THOMPSON, 

Studio,  41,  George-street,  Portmansquare,  W. 


0 


E. 


AUTOTYPE  BOOK  ILLUSTRATIONS 

are  printed  direct  on  the  paper  with  suitable  margins,  any  size  np  to 
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lence in 

COPIES  OF  ANCIENT  MANUSCRIPTS; 
COPIES  OF  COINS,  SEALS,  MEDALLIONS; 
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COPIES  OF  ALL  SUBJECTS  OF  WHICH  A 
PHOTOGRAPH  CAN  BE  TAKEN  ; 
and  is  employed  by  the  Trustees  ol  the  British  Museum,  the  Palaeo- 
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The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  CATALOGUE  of  184  pages  (New  Edition), 
with  illustrated  Supplement,  containing  nearly  Serentj  Miniature 
Photographs  of  notable  Aatotypes.    Post  Iree,  Is. 

New  Pamphlet,  'Autotype  a  DecoratiYe  and  Educational  Art,'  free  on 
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The  AUTOTYPE  PROCESS  adapted  to  Photographic  Engraying  on 
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Prinsep,  A.R.A. ;  of  the  Fresco  in  Guy's  Hospital ;  '  Spring,'  by  Herbert 
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Contains   hairless   paper,  over  which   the    pen   slips  with   perfect 
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TUNBRIDGE  WELLS.— FURNISHED  APART- 
MENTS,  with  cheerful  southern  outlook,  a  few  minutes'  walk 
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terms  for  the  winter  months.— R.  G.,  18,  Claremont-road,  Tunbridee 
WeUs. 


MONDA  Y  NEXT.— Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King-street,  Co  vent-garden,  on  MON- 
DAY NEXT,  December  i.l,  at  half-past  U'  o'clock  precisely,  KINNIAL 
and  other  Lanterns  by  well-known  makers— a  great  variety  of  Slides, 
Sheets,  Jets,  &c  — Scientiflc  Instruments- and  Miscellaneous  Property, 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

Coins  and  Medals,  including  the  Collections  of  the  late  JRev. 
J.  C.  JACKSON,  M.A.,  and  that  of  the  late  GEORGE 
WHITE,  Esq.,  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AlCTION.  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street.  Strand.  W.C  ,  THIS  l>AY  (SATURDAY),  December  21,  and  on 
MONDAY,  December  23.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ANGLO -SAXON, 
ENGLISH,  and  other  COINS  in  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper,  including  the 
'JOLLECTION  o(  the  late  Ilev.  J.  C  .lACKKON,  MA  ,  and  that  of  the 
late  GEOllOE  WHITE,  Esq  ,  of  the  Hank  of  Ungland.  comprising  rare 
Styca  AK  of  Eadherht — Saxon  Pennies-rare  posl-ConqucHt  Mints  of 
Devizes,  'lamworth,  Hridgnorth,  Hjthe,  &c.— fine  lower,  Exeter,  anil 
Shrewsbury  Crowns  of  Charles  I  —brilliant  patterns  of  George  III  , 
George  IV,  William  IV.,  Victoria  — tine  hammered  Gold  t'liins  of 
Henry  VII..  Elizabeth.  James  I.,  &c  — a  few  Greek  and  Roman  Coins 
and  Jinglish  and  Foreign  Medals— Tokens  and  Coin  cabinets. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Hooks  and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Collection  of  Works  relaU 
ing  to  Hertfordshire,  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  J. 
GRIFFITH,  LL.D. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W  C.  on  MONDAY.  December  23,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  COLLECTION  of  WORKS  relating  to  Hertford- 
shire, including  Chauncey's  Historical  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire, 
1700— Clutterbuck's  History  of  Herts— Cussans's  History  of  Herts,  an 
extensive  Collection  of  Engravings  relating  to  the  County.  &c  ;  also 
Atkyns's  Gloucestershire.  Dugdale's  Warwickshire,  from  the  Library 
of  the  late  Kev.  J.  GRIFFITH,  LL.D  ,  of  Sandridge,  Herts,  and  other 
Properties,  including  Sir  W.  Stirling-.'VIaxweirs  Works— Scope's  Art  of 
Deer  Stalking— Sir  W,  Scott's  Novels,  First  Editions— Burton's  Arabian 
Nights— Original  Pencil  Drawings  by  J.  P.  Neale— and  Works  by 
Standard  Authors  in  most  Classes  of  Literature. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


I      ONGMAN'S         MAGAZINE, 

1  J  No.  159.    JANUARY ,  1896.    8vo.  price  6<i. 

OLD  MR.  TREDGOLD.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant.    Chaps.  29-32. 
GROSLEY'S  '  LONDRES.'    By  Austin  Dobson. 
The  GUIDES  at  CABUL,  1879.    By  Henry  Newbolt. 
MR  PATTIN'S  PENCHANT :  a  Silhouette  on  the  Ice.    By  C.  J.  Kirk  by 

Fenton. 
FUSBOS  the  AARDVARK.    By  R.  Trimen. 
The  ■  DONNA '  in  1895.    I.  By  Miss  Trench.    II.  By  the  Editor. 
FLOTSAM.    By  Henry  Seton  Merriman.    Chaps.  1-4. 
AT  the  SIGN  of  the  SHIP.    By  Andrew  Lang. 

London  ;  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


"VrOTES    and    QUERIES.      (EiaHTH    Sekies.) 

THIS  W£EK'S  NUMBER  contains— 
NOTES:— The  Yule  of  Saxon  Days— Bibliography  of  Christmas— Heart 
Burial— Changes  in  Country  Life— Wild  Calves — Dr.  Johnson— To- 
bacco—Hobby-Horse—'  Punch  '—Pedro  Sarmlento— English  Students 
at  Heidelberg— "  Led  Will." 

QUERIES  :— Old  Sepulchral  Slabs— Joseph  Weekes,  Juvenile  Comedian 
—Bishop  E.  Gibson— Col.  E.  Cooke— "Charivari  "—Death  of  Sir 
R  Abercromby- Major  Jeremy  Lock— Thomas  Moore's  Wife— E  F. 
Saville— Playing  Cards— Milton's  Sonnet  on  Shakspeare— Dr.  John- 
son and  Gwaenynog— Pedigree  of  Vaughan  of  Hergest- St.  Cen- 
hedlon— Dunbar  of  Boggis— Wathew=Isham. 

REPLIES  :— Elder-Tree  Superstition— Arms  of  the  See  of  Canterbury— 
"Bleeding  Bread  "— Newland  Oak  —  Highgate  —  Suffix  "-cock  " — 
Rev.  B  Ward— Effigies,  Living  and  Dead— "Cawbogue"—Tweedside 
Kettle— Lieut -Col.  de  Ruvign^s,  R.A— Church  Registers- Tenny- 
sonian  Parallel  —  Shower  of  Frogs  —  Robin  of  Ridsdale  —  Bat- 
Jacobite  Standard— Leitchtown  and  Gartur  Arms  — Discovery  of 
Evelyn's  'Memoirs'  — Peake  — Foxglove  — Burial-Plaee  of  Anne 
Boleyn— Parish  Councils  and  Records— Growing  Stones— "Man- 
Jack  "— C  Rogers,  F.R.S  —Muniment  Room  at  Fulham  Palace— John 
Vaux— Arms  on  Painting— "  To  hang  out  "—Wagell— Child  Com- 
missions-Double Staircases  in  Crypts. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Hutchinson's  '  Poetical  Works  of  Wordsworth  '— 
Higgens's  'Hebrew  Idolatry  and  Superstition '—Roberts's  'Book- 
Hunter  in  London  '—Watt's  '  Lane's  Lumber-Room '— '  Scots  Lore,' 
No.  7—'  The  Bookworm.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  id. ;  by  post,  Hd, 

Published  by  John  C.  Francis,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

BEGINS  A  NEW  VOLUME. 


THE  NEW  YEAR'S  (JANUARY)  NUMBER 

OF  THE 

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This  sumptuous  Magazine  contains  Litera- 
ture by  the  best  Writers,  and  is  Luxuriantly 
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Among  the  Attractive  Features  of  the  New  Vear's  Number 
are  Striking  Contributions  by — 
THE  MARCHIONESS  OF  GRANBY. 

A  Photogravure  Plate,  "  1896." 
J.  HOLT  SCHOOLING. 

Secrets  in  Cipher  (No.  1). 
THE  EARL  OF  DUNMORB. 

A  New  Eldorado, 

MRS.  H.  HAMILTON  KING. 

A  Pious  Deceiver. 
LADY  FAIRLIE-CUNINGHAMB. 

The  Egliuton  Tournament. 
GEORGES  DB  DUBOR. 

La  Bibliothdque  Nationale. 


The  Contributors  to  the  January  Number  include  the 
following: — 

WRITERS.  ARTISTS. 


The  EARL  of  DUNMORB. 
Mrs.  H.  HAMILrON  KING, 
LADY     FAIRLIE-CUNING- 

HAME. 
J.  HOLT  SCHOOLING. 
SARA  JEANNEi'TE  DUNCAN. 
VIOLET  DEFRIES. 
GEORGES  DE  DUBOR. 
E.  T.  PAPILLON. 
JAMES  BUCKLAND. 
KATE  JORDAN. 
G.  W.  FORREST. 
V    A.  STEEL. 
I    ZANGWILL. 


'Oe      MARCHIONESS 

GRANBY. 
GEORGE  ROLLER. 
J.  W.  WEST. 
C.  J.  DE  LACY. 
PAUL  DARE. 
8.  NATION. 
B.  MACKENNAL. 
ANTHONY  FOX. 
E.  F.  SKINNER. 
J.  MERRIN. 
A.  D.  MiCORMICK. 
J.  I'EDDER. 
MARK  ZANGWILL. 


Offices:  18,  Charing  Cross-road,  London,  W.C. 


q-HE    METAPHYSICAL    MAGAZINE.      Issued 

A     Monthly.  Devoted  to  Occult.  Philosophic,  and  Scientific  Research, 

Mental  Healing,  and  Psychic  Phenomena.     Conducted  by  LEANDER 

ED.MUND  WHIPPLE.    DECEMBER  Number  now  ready,  price  Is.  M. 
Coyitents. 

The  Ethics  of  Work.    Alexander  Wilder,  M.D.  FAS. 

Concentricity :  the  Law  of  Spiritual  Development.  J.  Eljzabetb 
Hotchkiss. 

Emblems  and  "  Being."    Prof.  C.  H.  A.  Bjerregaard. 

Evidences  of  Immortality.    J.  Emery  McLean. 

Life.    (Poem)    Ella  Wheeler  Wilson. 

Occult  Law.    Dr.  W  W.  Woolsey. 

Perpetual  Youth.    W.  J.  Colville. 

More  than  Minerva's.    A  Studio  Experience.    Lucy  Cleveland. 

Psychic  Experiences :  Psychometry  (A  Gelchell  Gale)— 'The  Nature  of 
Dreams — A  Phantom  Railroad  Accident — Notes,  &c. 

Department  of  Healing  Philosophy  :  Jesus  aa  a  Physician  (S.  P.  Wait, 
M.D.  LLB)— Cured  by  a  Bogus  Operation— What  the  Imagination 
can  do— "  Appendicitis  "-Nostrums  for  the  Million  — A  Ctirions 
Case— The  Mind  as  a  Mirror— Selected  Thoughts. 

The  World  of  Thought,  with  Editorial  Comment :— Prospectus  for  1896 
— A  Flourishing  Metaphysical  Club — True  Happiness — Christ  in  Art 
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Guessed— Is  Nerve-force  an  Agent  in  Coloration  ?— Book  Review* 
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N^SSSe,  Dec.  21,'95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


855 


MR.     MJLJ^R^^^^ 

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LETTERS  and  VERSES  of  ARTHUR  PENRHYN  STANLEY, 

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Irish  Times. — "  Miss  Balfour  has  given  us  a  most  interest- 
ing and  valuable  volume.  As  the  record  of  an  adventure  so 
far,  perhaps,  unparalleled,  it  will  be  read  with  profound 
interest,  and  the  volume,  we  are  sure,  will  be  universally 
received  as  one  of  the  best,  most  pleasing,  and  instructive  of 
the  season." 

The   STORY   of  TWO   SALONS. 

Madame  de  Beaumont  and  the  Suards.     By  EDITH 
SICHEL,  Author  of  '  Worthington  Junior.'    With  Por- 
traits of  Chateaubriand,  Joubert,  and  Madame  de  Beau- 
mont.   1  vol.  large  crown  Svo.  cloth,  10s.  6d, 
Glasgow    Herald, —  "To    the    ordinary    English    reader 
Madame  de  Beaumont  is  less  known  than  is  her  contem- 
porary Madame  Recamier,  and  therefore  one  welcomes  all 
the  more  warmly  this  fascinating  study  of  her  and  of  the 
'  little  household '  of  the  Suards." 

STUDIES  in  EARLY  VICTORIAN 

LITERATURE.     By  FREDERIC   HARRISON,  M.A., 
Author  of  '  The  Choice  of  Books,'  &c.    Demy  Svo.  cloth, 
10s.  6d. 
Saturday  Review,—"  Mr.  Harrison  has  given  us  a  welcome 

and  delightful  book.    An  important  and  even  memorable 

contribution  to  modern  critical  literature." 

MEMORIES    of   MASHONALAND. 

By  the  Bight  Rev.  Bishop  KNIGHT-BRUCE,  formerly 

Bishop  of  Mashonaland.    Svo.  10s.  6d, 
Pall  Mall  Gazette. — "  To  review  this  book  fully  is  impos- 
sible as  there  is  not  a  single  page  devoid  of  interest,  and  all 
those  who  take  an  interest  in  South  African  affairs  should 
not  fail  to  read  it." 

The  LAND  of  the  NILE  SPRINGS. 

By  Colonel   Sir    HENRY    COLVILE,    K.C.M.G.    C.B., 

recently  British  Commissioner  in  Uganda.    With  numer- 
ous Illustrations  and  2  Maps.    Demy  Svo.  16s. 
Daily  Graphic,—"  From  beginning  to  end  there  is  not  a 
dull  page  in  the  book." 

ROBERT   LOUIS  STEVENSON. 

By  WALTER  RALEIGH,  Professor  of  English  Litera- 
ture at  Liverpool  University  College,  Author  of  '  The 
English  Novel,'  &c.    Crown  Svo.  cloth,  2s.  6rf. 
Glasgow  Herald, — "This  very  pleasant  little  book  is  quite 
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literature  in  regard  to  the  late  Mr.  Stevenson." 

WAGNER'S  HEROES:  Tannhauser, 

Parsifal,   Hans    Sachs,   Lohengrin.     By    CONSTANCE 

MAUD.     Illustrated  by  H.  Granville  Fell.    Crown  Svo. 

cloth,  5s. 

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Miss   Maud  has  done  for  the  Shakespeare  of  music  what 

Charles  Lamb  once  did  for  the  real  Shakespeare." 

HOW   DICK    and   MOLLY  WENT 

ROUND  the  WORLD.     By  M.   CORNWALL   LEGH. 
Author  of  '  My  Dog  "  Plato."  '    With  numerous  Illus- 
trations, fcap.  4to.  cloth,  5s. 
World.—"  Perhaps  the  best  of  all  the  children's  books  of 
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London  :  EDWARD  ARNOLD,  37,  Bedford  street. 
New  York  :  70,  Fifth  Avenue. 


N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN-^UM 


859 


The    MARVELLOUS  ADVENTURES   of    Sir 

JOHN  MAUNDEVILE,  Kt.  Being  his  Voyage  and  Travel  which  treateth 
of  the  Way  to  Jerusalem,  and  of  the  Marvels  of  Ind,  with  other  Islands  and 
Countries.  Edited  and  profusely  illustrated  by  ARTHUR  LAYARD.  With 
a  Preface  by  JOHN  CAMERON  GRANT.  With  130  Illustrations,  large 
crown  8vo.  gilt  top,  6s. ;  also  buckram  paper  label,  6s. 

"  Since  its  first  appearance  as  a  printed  book,  about  four  centuries  ago,  this 
work  has  been  reissued  in  editions  innumerable,  but  we  doubt  if  any  one  of  them 
was  more  attractively  produced  than  the  lavishly  illustrated  and  handsomely- 
bound  edition  which  comes  to  us  from  Messrs.  Constable.  As  a  Christmas  gift- 
book  Mr.  Layard's  '  Maundevile '  will  be  sure  of  a  wide  popularity,  for  it  should 
delight  both  young  and  old.  The  illustrations  are  among  the  very  best  of  their 
kind  which  we  know,  and  the  artist  has  done  well  in  making  clothing,  arms, 
ornaments,  &c.,  true  to  the  life  of  the  century  in  which  the  author  wrote  his 
'  travellers'  tales.'     Mr.  Grant's  preface  is  admirable." — Publishers^  Circular. 

"  Mr.  Layard's  illustrations  are  in  a  delightfully  humorous  vein." — Daily  Neivs. 

"A  brilliant  and  substantial  volume.  The  drawings  are  full  of  fancy  and 
imagination." — Globe. 

LONDON    CITY   CHURCHES.    By   A.    E. 

DANIELL.     With  numerous  Illustrations  by  Leonard  Martin.    Crown  8vo.  Qs. 

The    WATERLOO    CAMPAIGN,    1815.     By 

Captain  WILLIAM  SIBORNE.  Fourth  Edition.  Crown  8vo.  832  pages, 
13  Medallion  Portraits  of  Generals,  15  Maps  and  Plans,  5s.  net. 

"  The  best  general  account  of  its  subject  that  has  been  written,  whether  for  a 
soldier  or  for  a  general  reader ;  and  its  appearance  in  the  handy  and  well-printed 
volume  in  which  it  is  now  issued  will  be  welcome  to  many." — Scotsman. 

The  PASTON  LETTERS  (1422-1509).    Edited 


by  JAMES  GAIRDNER,  of  the  Public  Record  Office, 
cloth  extra,  15s.  net. 


3  vols.  fcap.  8vo. 


"  One  of  the  monuments  of  English  historical  scholarship  that  needs  no 
commendation." — Manchester  Guardian. 

"  Unquestionably  the  standard  edition  of  these  curious  literary  relics  of  an  age 
so  long  ago  that  the  writers  speak  of  the  battles  between  the  contending  forces  of 
York  and  Lancaster  as  occurrences  of  the  moment." — Daily  News. 

SECOND  EDITION. 

The  ALPS   FROM   END   TO  END.    By  Sir 

WILLIAM  MARTIN  CONWAY.  With  100  Illustrations  by  A.  D.  McCor- 
mick.     Large  demy  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  ll.  Is.  net. 

"A  high  place  among  these  books  of  climbing,  which  appeal  to  many  who 
cannot  climb  as  well  as  to  all  who  can,  will  be  taken  by  the  very  pleasant  volume 
« The  Alps  from  End  to  End.'  "—Times. 

SECOND   EDITION. 

ICEBOUND  ON  KOLGUEV :  a  Chapter  in  the 

Exploration  of  Arctic  Europe.  By  AUBYN  TREVOR -BATTYE,  F.L.S. 
F.Z.S.,  &c.  With  Illustrations  by  J.  T.  Nettleship  and  Charles  Whymper. 
Large  demy  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  ll.  Is.  net. 

"His   book  will    take   and   keep  an  authoritative  position A  modest  and 

ungarnished  picture  of  pluck  and  endurance  that  do  honour  to  the  English  name. 

Ought  to  be  secure  of  a  welcome  from  a  very  large  number  of  readers The  story 

is  told  in  a  delightfully  simple  and   spontaneous  manner Mr.  Trevor-Battye's 

simple  and  unaffected  narrative  enables  us  to  leani  a  good  deal." — Times. 


MESSRS.  WM.  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS' 
NEW   BOOKS. 


SPORT  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

IN  HAUNTS  OF  WILD  GAME : 

A  Hunter-Naturalist's  Wanderings  from 
Kahlamba  to  Libombo. 

By  FREDERICK  VAUGHAN  KIRBY,  F.Z.S. 
(Maqaqamba),  With  Photogravure  Portrait,  numer- 
ous Illustrations  by  Charles  Whymper,  and  a  Map. 
1  vol.  large  demy  8vo.  592  pp.  25s. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF 

'MISS  MOLLY,' 

This  day,  at  all  Booksellers'. 

THEATRICAS,  AN  INTERLUDE; 

And  other  Sketches. 

By  the  Author  of  '  Miss  Molly,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  65. 


ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  14,  Parliament-street,  Westminster. 


MR.  W.  B.  HARRIS'S  NEW  BOOK. 

T  A  F  I  L  E  T. 

The  Narrative  of  a  Journey  of  Exploration  to  the 

Atlas  Mountains  and  the  Oases  of  the 

North- West  Sahara. 

By  WALTER  B.  HARRIS,  F.R.G.S.,  Author  of  '  A 
Journey  through  the  Yemen,'  &c.  With  Illustra- 
tions by  Maurice  Romberg,  from  Sketches  and 
Photographs  by  the  Author,  and  2  Maps.  Demy 
8vo.  12^. 


NEW  WORK  BY  COL.  HAGGARD. 

UNDER  CRESCENT  AND  STAR. 

By  Lieut. -Col,  ANDREW  HAGGARD,  D.S.O., 
Author  of  '  Dodo  and  I,'  '  Tempest  Torn,'  &c.  With 
a  Portrait  of  the  Author,     Crown  8vo,  6s, 


With  numerous  Illustrations. 

RAMBLES    and    STUDIES    in 

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA  and  DALMATIA. 
With  an  Account  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Congress  of  Archseologists  and  Anthropologists 
held  at  Sarajevo  in  1894.  By  ROBERT  MUN  RO, 
M.A.  M.D.  F.R.S.E.,  Author  of  'The  Lake  Dwell- 
ings of  Europe,'  &c.     Demy  8vo,  12«.  6d,  net. 


A  STRANGE  CAREER. 

LIFE  and  ADVENTURES  of  JOHN 

GLADWYN  JEBB.  By  his  WIDOW.  With 
an  Introduction  by  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD. 
Cheap  Edition.  Illustrated  by  John  Wallace.- 
Crown  8vo.  Bs.  6d. 


HANDSOME  PRESENTATION  SET. 

GEORGE    ELIOT'S   WORKS. 

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TWO   NEW   NOVELS. 
The  WRONG    MAN.     By  Dorothea 

GERARD  (Madame  Longard  de  Longgarde), 
Author  of  'Lady  Baby,'  'The  Rich  Miss  Rid- 
dell,'  &c. ;  Joint  Author  of  '  Reata,'  &c.  Crown 
8vo.  6s. 

The    LOST    STRADIVARIUS.      By 

J.  MEADE  FALKNER.     Crown  Svo.  Cs. 


WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


860 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3o56,  Dec.  21, '95 


RICHARD  BENTLEY&  SON'S  LIST. 


Now  ready,  price  One  Shilling. 
THE 

TEMPLE    BAR    MAGAZINE. 

Contents  for  JANUARl',  1806. 

1.  The  MADONXA  of  a  DAY.    Chaps.  19-22. 

2.  FIGHTING  THUKLOW  :  his  Foes  and  Friends. 

3.  The  CREW  of  the  "FLYING  DUTCHMAN." 

4.  WOEDSWOETH'S  '  PABSON  SYMPSON.' 

5.  TWO  POINTS  of  VIEW. 

6.  CATS  and  THEIR  AFFECTIONS.     Part  II. 

7.  The  TELEPHONE  ;  a  Domestic  Tragedy. 

8.  LIONS  in  the  TWENTIES. 

9.  A  DEEAM  of  HEERICK. 

10.  INTERVIEWED  by  a  COMUDI. 

11.  HAWOETH  THIETY-SBVEN  YEAES  AGO. 

12.  A  EIDE  WITH  "  STARLIGHT." 


NEW  WORKS. 


NOW  BEADY. 

AT  the  COURT  of  the  AMIR.    By 

JOHN    ALFEBD    GEAY.  M.B..   late  Surgeon  to  His 

Highness  the  Amir  of  Afghanistan.    With  Portrait  and 

other  Illustrations.     In  1  vol.  demy  6vo.  16s. 

"  Dr.  Gray  has  l)een  fortunate  in  his  opportunities,  but 

he  li  13  made  the  most  of  them,  and  has  written  a  book  on 

Afghanistan  which  must  for  a  long  time  be  a  standard  work 

on  the  subject."— GrapAtc. 


MEMORIES 


NOW  READY. 

of  FATHER  HEALY, 


Parish  Priest  of  Ballybrack  and  Little  Bray.     With  a 
Portrait  of  Father  Healy.    In  1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6s. 


NOW  READY. 

A  MEMOIR  of  FRANCES   TROL- 

LOPE.  By  her  Daughter-in-Law,  FEANCES  ELEANOE 
TROLLOPB.  With  Extracts  from  her  Diaries  and 
Letters,  and  with  2  Portraits.    In  2  vols,  crown  Svo.  21s. 

NOW  EBADY. 

The  KEELEYS :  On  the  Stage  and  at 

By  WALTER  GOODMAN.  With  Portraits  and 
In  I  vol.  demy  Svo.  14s. 


Home. 

other  Illustrations, 


NOW  EBADY. 


ON  the  TRACK  of  the  MAIL  COACH. 

By  F.  E.  BAINBS.  C.B.,  Author  of  '  Forty  Years  at  the 
Post  Office,'    In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  7s.  6rf. 

NEW  WORKS  OF  FICTION. 


NOW  EBADY. 

A  CLEVER  WIFE.    By  W.  Pett  Ridge, 

Author  of  '  Telling  Stories,'  &c.     In  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 
"  The  story  is  bright,  and  its  uncommon  freshness  and 
vivacity  make  it  enjoyable  to  read." — Scotsman. 


NOW  EBADY. 

The  APOTHEOSIS  of  MR. 


TYRAW- 


LEY.    By  B.    LIVINGSTON   PRESCOTT. 
crown  Svo.  6s. 


In  1  vol. 


"  On  the  whole  a  good  story.    There  is  plenty  of  incident 
and  i)'.enty  of  spirit.  — AtheTueum. 

NOW   EBADY. 

The     ROMANCE     of     JUDGE 

KETCHUM.     By  H.  ANNESLEY  VACHELL,  Author 
'  The  Model  of  Christian  Gay,'  &c.    In  1  vol.  crown 


of 

Svo.  Os. 


NOW  READY. 

The  YELLOW  WAVE :  a  Romance  of 

the  Asiatic  Invasion  of  Australia.  By  KENNETH 
MACKAY.  Author  of  '  Out  Back,'  &c.  In  1  vol.  crown 
Svo.  with  Illustrations,  6«. 

THE  LATEST  ADDITION  TO  BENTLEY'd 
FAVOUKITE  NOVELS. 

SIR     GODFREY'S      GRAND- 

DAUGHTERS.  By  EOSA  N.  CAREY,  Author  of 
'  Nellie's  Memories,'  &c.  A  New  Edition.   In  1  vol.  crown 

Svo.  6s, 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  k  SON, 

New  Burlington-street, 
rubUjIters  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


HURST  &   BLAOKETT'S 

PUBLICATIONS. 


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HEE  MAJESTY. 

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LODGE'S  PEERAGE  and 

BAEONETAGB  for  1896.    Corrected  by  the  NOBILITY. 


NEW  NOVEL  BY  MES.  NBAL. 

Now  ready  at  all  the  Libraries,  in  2  vols,  crown  Svo. 

FRIEND  or  RIVAL.     By  Elizabeth 

NEAL,  Author  of  '  Coming  of  Age,'  'My  Brother  Basil,' 
&c. 


NEW  NOVEL  BY  ALGERNON  GISSINQ. 

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The  SPORT  of  STARS.    By  Algernon 

GISSING,  Author  of  'A  Moorland  Idyl,'  'A  Village 
Hampden,'  «&c. 

NEW  NOVEL  BY  C.  G.  FUELEY  SMITH. 

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An  UNSOUGHT   HERITAGE.     By 

C.    G.    FUELEY    SMITH,    Author    of    'Quixote    the 
Weaver.' 

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and  sentiment,  and  thoroughly  enjoyable  from  the  first  page  to  the 
last  " — Scotsman. 

"The  whole  plot  is  most  adroitly  and  yet  most  naturally  worked  out, 
and  the  interest  which  it  excites  in  maintained  to  the  very  end." 

Glasgow  Herald. 

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back. "— i)M«d«  Advo'tiser. 


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Author  of  '  Apples  of  Sodom,'  &c. 
"A  thoroughly  readable  book.    The  tale  is  interesting  and  unasoal, 
and  is  admirably  told."— Black  and  White. 


NEW  NOVEL  BY  G.  M.  ROBINS. 

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TO    SET    HER   FREE.     By  G.  M. 

ROBINS  (Mrs.  Baillie  Reynolds),  Author  of  '  The  Ides 
of  March,' '  In  the  Balance,'  &c. 
"  The  excitement  is  sustained  throughout,  nor  is  our  surprise  alto- 
gether relieved  until  we  come  to  the  closing  pages"— Tunes. 

"An  excellent  story,  for  Mrs.  Reynolds  has  done  equally  well  with 
regard  to  her  plot  and  to  the  manner  in  which  she  has  worked  it  out." 

Athen<B^tm. 
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SIX-SHILLING  BOOKS. 

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EGERIA.    By  Lily  Thicknbsse. 

TO  RIGHT  the  WRONG.     By  Edna  Lyall, 

LADY  FOLLY.    By  Louis  Vinteas. 

KNIGHT-ERRANT.     By  Edna  Lyall. 

FIFTY  YEARS   of  MY   LIFE  in  the  WORLD  of 
SPORT.    By  Sir  JOHN  D.  ASTLBY,  Bart. 

DONOVAN.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

MY  LORD  and  MY  LADY.    By  Mrs.  Forrester. 

DR.    GLENNIE'S    DAUGHTER.      By    B.    L. 
FARJEON. 

WON  by  WAITING.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

TOO  LATE  REPENTED.     By  Mrs.  Forrester. 

'TWIXT    WILL    and   WILL    NOT.      By  Jessie 

L.  NICHOLSON. 

A  HARDY  NORSEMAN.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

IN  a  NEW  WORLD.     By  Mrs.  Hans  Blackwood, 

WE  TWO.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

SOPHY.    By  VIOLET  Fane. 

The  DEATH  SHIP.    By  Clark  Russell, 

IN  the  GOLDEN  DAYS.    By  Edna  Lyall. 

PLAIN    SPEAKING.      By  the  Author  of    'John 
Halifax." 


London  :  HURST  &  BLACKETT,  LIMITED, 

13,  Great  Marlborough-street. 


MR.  T.  FISHER   UNWIN'S 

SELECTED  LIST  OF 

BOOKS  FOR  PRESENTS. 

OLD  DUTCH  AND 

FLEMISH  MASTERS. 

The  Text  by  JOHN  C  VAN  DYKE,  and  the  Notes 
on  the  Pictures  by  TIMOTHY  COLE.  Imperial 
Svo.  cloth  elegant,  2/.  2s.  Also  a  Limited  Edition 
of  12  Copies,  each  numbered  and  signed,  l"l.  net 

SCOTSiUAX.—"  t^  volume  ot   much  merit 

The  result  is  very  successful." 

THE  TAVERN  OF  THE 

THREE  VIRTUES. 

From  the  French  of  St  Juirs.  Illustrated  with 
60  Drawings  by  Daniel  Vierge ;  together  with  a 
Critical  Essay  on  the  '  Art  of  Vierge '  by  EDMUND 
GOSSE.  Koyal  4to.  containing  4  Plates  on  Japan 
silk,  mounted,  handsomely  bound  in  heavy  gold- 
stamped  case  in  box.  2?.  2.5 

TIMES  —  •  It  is  a  delightful  volume,  both  from 
the    tetary  and  artistic  point  of  view  " 

AN  ARTIST  IN  THE  HIMALAYAS. 

By  A.  D.  Mccormick,  with  a  Photogravure 
Frontispiece,  and  over  100  Illustrations  frjm 
Original  Sketches  made  by  the  Author  on  the 
Journey.    Cloth  gilt.  16j. 

FROISSART. 

By  MARY  DARMESTETER  (A.  MARY  F. 
ROBINSON)  Translated  from  the  French  by 
E  FRANCES  POYNTER.  With  16  FuU-Page 
Illustrations     Cloth,  10s.  6d. 

SCOTSMAN— ••Will  be  read  with  an  equal 
interest  by  students  of  literature  and  by  students 
of  history," 

STUDIES  IN  THE  FRANCE  OF 

VOLTAIRE  AND  ROUSSEAU. 

By  FREDERIKA  MACDONALD,  Author  of  'The 
Iliad  of  the  East.'  &c.  Portraits  and  Facsimile 
Letters.    Demy  Svo.  cloth,  12s. 

THE  RIVIERA :  Ancient  and  Modern. 

By  CHARLES  LENTHERIC.  Translated  by  C. 
■WEST,  M  D.  FRCP.  Maps  and  Plans,  cloth, 
7s  6d. 

TIMES  —"A   scholarly   translation Should 

find  many  readers  among  the  more  intelligent 
visitors  to  the  Riviera." 


LIFE  IN  THE  TUILERIES 

UNDER  THE  SECOND  EMPIRE. 


WHITE  SAND. 

A  Novel.    By  CLOTHILDE  BALFOUR    Cloth, 

A  SOUTH  SEA  SIREN. 


THE  HIGHLAND  SISTER'S 

PROMISE. 

A  Story  of  the  Perthshire  Moors,  and  other 
Stories.  By  the  late  ROSA  MACKENZIE 
KETTLE.    Cloth,  6s. 

XX.  STORIES  BY  XX.  TELLERS. 

A.  W.  PINERO,  W.  S.  GILBERT,  F.  C  BUR- 
NAND,  F.  W  ROBIN.SON,  H  SUTHERLAND 
EDWARDS,  LEOPOLD  WAGNER,  BRACE- 
BRIDGE  HEMYNG,  BARRY  PAIN,  W.  MOY 
THOMAS,  HENRY  HERMAN,  MARGARET 
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London : 
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N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


861 


SATURBAT,  DECEMBER  21,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 


lAGE 
861 

862 
863 
864 
865 


Sir  John  Seelky  om  British  Policy 

Mr.  Coventry  Patmore's  Athorisms 

Macan  on  Herodotus  

The  Dover  Road        

The  Works  of  Poe     

Hew  Novels  (The  Shepherdess  of  Treva  ;  Below 
Bridge ;  Casa  Braccio ;  A  Lover  of  the  Day ; 
Anne  of  Argyle ;  Herbert  Vanlennert  ;  The  Years 
that  the  Locust  hath  Eaten  ;  A  Romance  of  Wast- 
dale;  A  Trial  and  its  Issue;  A  Modern  Crusader) 

866—867 

Christmas  Books       867 

Short  Stories 868 

OXTR  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      869—870 

Thb     "Englishman"     in    Tours;    A    Venetian's 

Commonplaces;  Mr.  Frothingham  ...      870—872 

LiTKRABY  Gossip         872 

SoiKNCK— Heligoland  as  an  Orkithological  Ob- 
servatory ;  Societies  ;  Mkktinqs  ;  Gossip      873—875 

FiHE  Arts- CoRREGQio ;  Christmas  Books;  New 
Petnts  ;    Minor   Exhibitions  ;    Sales  ;    Gossip 

875-878 

Mtrsio— The  Week;    Various    Concerts;    Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 879 

Deama— Gossip 879 


LITERATURE 


The  Growth  of  British  Policy  :  an  Historical 
i:ssay.  By  Sir  J.  R.  Seeley,  Litt.D., 
K.C.M.G.  2  vols.  (Cambridge,  Uni- 
versity Press.) 

All  the  features  -which  were  conspicuous 
in  Sir  John  Seeley 's  former  works — the 
critical  power,  the  capacity  for  assimilating 
a  mass  of  facts,  ingenuity  in  discovering 
analogies,  often  carried  to  an  extreme,  and 
facility  in  wide  generalization — are  present 
in  an  intensified  form  in  the  volumes  now 
before  us,  which  contain,  as  they  profess  to 
do,  an  historical  essay,  rather  than  a  his- 
tory proper  of  the  period  with  which  they 
deal.  That  period  extends  from  the  acces- 
sion of  Elizabeth  to  the  commencement  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  During  that  time, 
according  to  the  author,  the  foreign  policy 
of  this  country  was  in  a  condition  of  in- 
stability, swayed  now  by  national,  now  by 
dynastic  influences,  and  only  on  the  acces- 
sion of  William  III.  did  it  assume  the  shape 
it  has  ever  since  worn  under  the  influence 
of  commercial  development. 

This  posthumous  work,  as  a  literary 
production,  will  always  suffer  from  the 
fact  that  death  came  upon  its  author  before 
he  had  been  able  to  revise  it  thoroughly, 
to  excise  many  repetitions,  and  to  recast 
some  of  the  chapters.  Prof.  Prothero 
has  wisely  refrained  from  exercising  his 
editorial  rights  save  within  the  narrowest 
limits,  and  has  practically  published  the 
book  as  it  was  left  by  its  author;  but 
the  reader  will  be  hard  to  please  who 
will  not  forgive  a  few  inevitable  blemishes 
in  form  for  the  sake  of  the  wealth  of  new 
ideas  on  a  critical  period  in  our  history 
which  he  will  find  opened  out  to  him. 
Though  he  had  at  first  intended  to  com- 
mence his  survey  at  a  later  period,  Seeley 
f  oimd  himself  compelled  to  trace  our  career 
as  a  great  power  from  the  days  of  Eliza- 
beth. With  the  rise  of  the  house  of  Habs- 
burg  to  overwhelming  strength  began  the 
international  relations  of  modern  Europe,  and 
it  is  with  international  relations  alone  that 
he  professes  to  deal.  We  have  hitherto  been 
as  insular  in  the  way  we  have  regarded  o\xx  ! 
own  history  as  in  many  of  our  other  points 
of  view,  but  no  one  who  has  perused  these  ' 


volumes  wiU  fail  henceforth  to  regard  our 
growth  to  greatness  from  a  wider  and  more 
comprehensive  standpoint. 

More  than   half  of    the  first  volume  is 
devoted  to  the  Elizabethan  period,  when  the 
portentous  shadow  of  the  Spanish  monarchy 
overhung  Europe.  At  the  close  of  Elizabeth's 
reign  the  fear  of  the  Castillian  king  was  to 
some  extent  dissipated,  but  we  too  often  for- 
get that  the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  striking 
and  complete  though  it  was,  was  not  fatal  to 
Spain.  For  many  years  longer  she  continued 
to  be  the  greatest  power  in  the  world.    She 
still  ruled  Portugal  and  the  Portuguese  pos- 
sessions over  the  ocean  as  well  as  her  own. 
This    immensely    increased     her    strength 
by  protecting    her    from    attack  by  land. 
We  are  not  aware  of  any  work  in  English 
where  the  relations  with  France  and  Eng- 
land    of    this     stupendous    aggregate    of 
states,  moving  as  the  agent  of  the  Counter- 
Reformation,   are    so    clearly  brought    out 
as  here.  France,  when  the  death  of  Alen9on 
had  left  Henri   of    Navarre    heir    to    the 
crown,  was  menaced  by  Spain  as  fiercely  as 
England  was  through  her  internal  discords, 
which  Philip  fomented.     The  defeat  of  the 
Armada  did  not  crush  all   Philip's  plans, 
but  it  did  enable  Elizabeth  to  render  help 
to  Henri  IV.  and  to  the  Netherlands  in  their 
struggle  against  Parma .  Not  the  least  shrewd 
of    Seeley's  observations  is  that  in  which 
he  points  out  our  good  luck  in  having  Spain 
as  our  enemy  instead  of  France.     Had  the 
latter  been  the  chosen  agent  of  the  Catholic 
revival,  our  wars  would  have  been  still  con- 
fined to  the  narrow  seas,  whereas  in  Spain 
we  had  an  adversary  whose  vast  possessions 
in  the  New  World  tempted  our  seamen  to 
become  explorers  and,  it  must  be  acknow- 
ledged, pirates,  but  still  the  founders  of  a 
maritime  empire,  in  which  guise  alone  we 
take  rank  as  a  great  power. 

Seeley  loved  to  classify  everything — states, 
nations,  periods,  even  individuals — but  he 
owns  his  incapacity  to  classify  Elizabeth. 
She  certainly  stands  apart  in  her  own  time, 
when  all  foreign  policy  was  dynastic.  By 
abstaining  from  marriage  she  weaned  her 
subjects  from  the  idea  of  dynastic  policy 
and  set  her  foreign  relations  on  a  national 
basis ;  but  whether  or  not  she  consciously, 
with  a  view  of  benefiting  her  people, 
remained  unmarried  is  a  problem  the 
author,  perhaps,  does  not  feel  called  upon 
to  solve,  but  he  rightly  says  that  the  forty- 
four  years  of  her  reign  are  the  origin  of  the 
modern  life  and  greatness  of  England. 
"  This,"  he  fays,  "  is  Elizabeth's  work." 
Like  many  other  sweeping  general  state- 
ments, this  requires  considerable  modifica- 
tion before  it  can  be  accepted.  Her  strength 
lay  in  her  weakness — "  foreign  policy  was  a 
simple    matter   in   those   times   so  long  as 


there  were  no  marriages  to  make  "  (p.  281) 
but  through  not  marrying  she  always  ran 
the  risk  of  assassination,  and  of  thus  leav- 
ing her  kingdom  in  a  worse  plight  than 
it  was  before.  Her  good  fortune  and 
Walsingham's  police  system  enabled  her 
to  preside  over  the  birth  of  modern  Eng- 
land and  nurse  it  into  vigorous  life,  but  her 
policy  was  probably  less  profound  than 
lucky. 

After  the  death  of  Elizabeth  the  Stuarts 
distinctly  leaned  towards  the  dynastic  view 
of  foreign  policy.  They  saw  in  it  little 
but  a  family  question.     Some  of  the  most 


interesting  pages  of  this  book  are  those  in 
which  the  connexion  between  foreign  and 
home  politics  at  the  time  of  the  Great  Re- 
bellion is  dealt  with,  and  their  action  and 
reaction  upon  one  another  are  traced. 

Until  Sir  John  Seeley  and  Mr.  Gar- 
diner took  up  the  tale,  we  had  almost 
forgotten  that  England  was  an  object 
of  interest  to  continental  nations  at  the 
time ;  but  the  retirement  of  Charles  I. 
from  the  European  contest,  in  which  he 
saw  only  his  brother-in-law's  claim  to  the 
Palatinate,  and  ignored  England's  claim  to 
the  headship  of  the  Protestant  powers,  led  to 
the  triumph  of  Richelieu  and  the  foundation  of 
French  ascendency  in  Europe.  The  attempt 
to  reinstitute  a  dynastic  policy  in  England 
coincided  with  the  inauguration  of  an  anti- 
family  policy  by  Richelieu,  and  England 
suffered  accordingly. 

We  have  not  foxind  the  second  volume  of 
this  work  less  interesting  than  the  first,  but 
we  think  the  space  devoted  to  the  barren 
and  fruitless  policy  of  Charles  II.  hardly 
justified.  In  the  hundred  pages  which  deal 
with  Cromwell,  Sir  John  Seeley  success- 
fully (more  so  than  when  he  deals  with 
Elizabeth)  makes  out  his  case  for  regarding 
Cromwell  as  the  conscious  and  deliberate 
founder  of  the  commercial  policy  in  foreign 
politics;  CromweU  again  put  our  rela- 
tions with  foreign  states  on  the  basis  of 
national  and  not  dynastic  interest.  The 
author  asks.  What  would  Cromwell  have 
done  had  he  lived  another  ten  years 
to  carry  out  his  schemes  of  foreign 
policy?  All  who  remember  Seeley's  love 
for  similar  historical  problems,  which  must 
ever  remain  unsolved,  will  not  be  surprised 
to  find  many  of  them  suggested  throughout 
this  work,  and,  though  such  speculations 
may  appear  somewhat  unprofitable,  yet 
they  save  him  from  the  reproach  cast  at 
Guizot  by  Sainte-Beuve,  that  the  brilliant 
generahzer  ignores  all  the  possibilities  of 
history,  and  looks  only  at  the  policy  that 
bore  its  full  fruit. 

Many  pages  are  devoted  to  an  attempt  to 
prove  that  Charles  II.  was  the  author  of  a 
plan — diabolical,  ingenious,  and  comprehen- 
sive— for  severing  France  from  Holland,  and 
then  setting  up  Roman  Catholicism  in  Eng- 
land. We  are  told  that  he  is  one  of  "  the 
great  Machiavelians  of  history."  He  may 
have  been,  but  we  do  not  see  that  the 
prove  it  has  been  accumu- 
Though  there  is  no  doubt 
one  time  hoped  to  establish 
that  dream  he  soon  aban- 
desire  to  get  money  without 


evidence  to 
lated  here, 
that  he  at 
Catholicism, 
doned.     The 


a  disastrous  quarrel  with  his  people  was 
probably  the  guiding  motive  of  Charles's 
policy,  and  so  far  as  his  foi'eign  policy 
was  controlled  by  any  other  motive  than 
this  it  was  dynastic,  as  opposed  to  his 
predecessor's,  which  was  national ;  but  to 
speak  of  his  change  of  policy  in  1G69  as 
"  belonging  to  the  country  of  Mirabeau, 
Richelieu,  and  Napoleon  "  appears  to  savour 
of  that  extravagance  of  language  into  which 
persistent  generalization  and  a  love  of  finding 
analogies  between  the  most  unlikely  people 
are  apt  to  betray  even  profound  thinkers. 

The  Revolution  of  1688  killed  the  d3-nastic 
system  of  foreign  policy  in  this  country, 
and  we  are  told  that  "  it  was  the  French  con- 
cert, and  not  Popery,  that  caused  the  faU  of 
James  "  (p.  290).     This  seems  to  us  to  be 


862 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N-'SSSe,  Dec.  21, '95 


part  of  tlie  trutli,  and  not  the  whole.  Had 
James  continued  a  Papist  and  boldly  opposed 
France,  lie  might,  it  is  true,  have  retained  the 
throne,  or  had  he  frankly  accepted  Louis'shelp 
at  first  he  might  have  done  so  ;  but  he  pro- 
bably lost  it  as  much  through  the  one  mistake 
as  the  other.  William  III.  renewed  the 
national  system  of  foreign  policy,  which  after 
him  never  entirely  lapsed,  and  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707  on  a  basis  of  perfect  com- 
mercial equality  inaugurated  the  growth  of 
Britain  into  a  "  world- Venice  with  the  sea 
for  streets."  Sir  John  Seeley  characteristic- 
ally ends  with  a  problem :  "  If  we  had 
united  with  Ii'eland  on  a  similar  basis  of 
commercial  equality,  what  would  be  our 
position  to-day?"  To  attempt  an  answer 
would  be  to  pass  from  policy  to  politics,  but 
it  is  not  the  least  interesting  of  the  inquiries 
which  this  work  arouses. 

The  too  ingenious  paradoxes  that  he 
meets  with  from  time  to  time  in  this  book 
may  irritate  the  reader,  but  that  is  the 
drawback  wherever  epigram  and  antithesis 
are  freely  used,  as  they  were  in  all  Sir  John 
Seeley' s  best  work  ;  but  he  will  be  hard  to 
move  who  does  not  leave  this  brilliant  sketch 
with  a  wider  idea  of  our  progress  as  a  state 
and  a  juster  view  of  our  position  in  the 
comity  of  civilized  peoples. 

The  memoir  with  which  Prof.  Prothero 
opens  the  first  volume  errs  in  nothing,  save 
perhaps  in  its  brevity.  He  says,  truly 
enough,  that  Seeley's  lectures  were,  to  those 
who  heard  them  delivered,  little  less  than 
an  inspiration,  and  left  a  mark  which  time 
and  experience  only  deepened.  Even  when 
printed  they  have  not  altogether  lost  their 
effect.  'The  Expansion  of  England'  was 
received  with  an  enthusiasm  such  as  a 
work  of  that  class  has  rarely,  if  ever, 
met  with,  and  it  has  exercised  a  dis- 
tinct influence  on  the  politics  of  the  day. 
Though  the  view  of  persons  and  events  the 
writer  presented  was  frequently  one-sided, 
yet  it  was  a  side  that  other  historians  have 
neglected  too  much.  The  historical  student 
should  be,  as  Sir  John  Seeley's  successor 
has  reminded  us,  the  politician  with  his 
face  turned  backwards,  and  he  will  not  com- 
plain if  Seeley  made  too  much  of  one  aspect 
of  our  history,  which,  before  his  time,  had 
been  far  more  unreasonably  slighted. 


The    Rod,    the   Root,    and    the    Floiver.     By 

Coventry  Patmore.     (Bell  &  Sons.) 
It  is  now  more  than  fifty  years  since  Mr. 
Coventry  Patmore  gave  his  first  volume  to 
the  world,  and  for  the  greater  part  of  that 
time  he  has  been  known  to  the  few  and  the 
wise  as  the  happy  possessor  of  much  true 
poetic  insight,  and  a  master  of  some  of  the 
finer  and  rarer  arts  of   poetic  expression. 
He  '\%  endowed  with  a  very  nice  feeling  for 
beauty,  whether  of  thought  or  of  form ;  he 
is  perfectly  frank  and  fearless  in  his  delinea- 
tion of   spiritual  passion,  notwithstanding 
that  in  his  concern  with  the  passion  of  love 
— and  to  say  the  truth,  he  has  occupied  him- 
self with  scarcely  any  other  subject— he  has 
been  exposed  to  much  vulgar  misconception ; 
and  he  attains  something  of  that  exquisite 
distinction  and  that  felicity  of  stylo  which 
go  to  the  making  of  a  classic.     Nor  is  it 
very  long  since  Mrs.  Meynoll,  in  her  pro- 
face  to  the  '  Poetry  of  Pathos  and  Delight ' 
■which  she  drew  from  his  pages,  deservedly 


said  of  him  that  in  his  perfect  fusion  of 
thought  and  form  he  had  reached  "the 
integrity  of  fire";  though  the  plain  man 
will  be  disposed  to  add  that  it  is  a  fire 
which  does  not  always  glow  with  any  great 
strength,  and  often  illumines  but  obscurely. 
His  thoughts  are  manifestly  the  outcome  of 
the  mystic,  and,  in  the  noble  sense,  of  the 
erotic  temperaments  combined.  One  of  them 
informs  or  chastens  the  other,  and  they  pro- 
duce results  and  effects  which  are  certainly 
permissible  in  poetry,  but  wear  a  strange 
look  when  they  appear  in  prose. 

'  The  Eod,  the  Eoot,  and  the  Flower '  is 
a  series  of  aphorisms  and  maxims  in  which 
Mr.    Patmore    endeavours    to   present    his 
thoughts  in  this  humbler  medium.     They 
are  arranged,  it  is  true,  under  four  rubrics, 
"  Aurea  Dicta,"  "Knowledge  and  Science," 
"Homo,"  and  "Magna  Moralia";  but  as 
the  author  hiimorously  confesses  in  his  pre- 
face, they  show  no  other  trace  of  order  or 
system.    Of  maxims  and  aphorisms  in  prose 
it  might  be  expected — nay,  it  might  even  be 
demanded — that  they  should  convey  a  mean- 
ing at  once  definite,  positive,  and  precise, 
and  offer  no  truth  that  failed  to  admit  of 
sober  and  accurate  statement.     In  this  view 
of  the  function  of  prose  it  might  be  held 
that,  in  one  respect  at  least,  it  is  a  more 
difficult  art  than  poetry ;  for  in  poetry  a  writer 
may  indulge  to  the  fuK  in  what  is  vague, 
elusive,  or  problematical  in  thought  and  senti- 
ment, and  as  a  consequence  of  this  liberty 
may  practise  the  utmost  licence  of  language 
and  expression.   To  take  a  similar  liberty  in 
prose  is  to  exceed  the  proper  limits  of  that 
medium — to  pass,  it  may  be,  into  the  sphere 
of  rhetoric,  which  is  half  poetry,  or  to  pro- 
duce what  is  merely  bizarre  or  extravagant. 
There  is  a  saying  of  Goethe,  reported  by 
Eckermann,  to  the  effect  that  the  imagina- 
tion has  laws  of  its  own  which  are  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  intellect ;   that  while  it  is 
the  business  of  prose  to  make  everything 
intelligible,  in   poetry  much  is,  and  must 
always  remain,  problematical,  that  is,  un- 
intelligible ;  and  that  if  there  were  not  this 
primary  distinction  between    the  two,  the 
imagination  would  be  of  little  use.     While 
some  of  Mr.  Patmore's  aphorisms  are  prose 
in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word,  by  far  the 
greater  number  are  essentially  poetical,  not 
only  in  virtue  of  the  very  matter  of  which 
they  treat,  but  also  in  virtue  of  the  way  in 
which  he  views  it.     What  that  matter  is, 
and  the  kind  of  treatment  which  it  receives 
at  his  hands,  may  be  seen  at  a  glance  in 
the    last    article    of    the  "Aurea    Dicta"; 
where    he     tells     us     that    "  the    wildest 
hyperboles   of    Love   and   Poetry   are   the 
simplest  and  truest  expressions  of  the  only 
'  scientific    facts '   that    are  worthy  to    be 
called    science."      And    if    some    practical 
explanation  of  this  utterance  is  called  for, 
it  is  supplied  by  what  follows:  "When  a 
Lover  says  and  means  that    he    has  been 
'  made    immortal  by  a  kiss,'  he  states  an 
unexaggerated  truth."     Nor  is  the  aphorist 
content  with  this  declaration  ;   for  he  goes 
on  to  define  this  immortality,  or  the  capa- 
city for  it,   as   something  that   "has  been 
increased     and    partly     initiated    by    the 
experience,"  and  our  eternity  as  but  "  the 
sum,  simultaneity,  explanation,  and  trans- 
figuration  of   all   our   pure  experiences  in 
time."    Here,  as  elsewhere  throughout  this 
little  volume,  it  is  a  wonderful  medley  of 


religious    ecstasy,    poetical     extravagance, 
scientific  nomenclature,    and    metaphysical 
abstraction  that  is  submitted  to  us  in  the 
cold  blood  in  which  we  approach  a  collec- 
tion of  aphoristic  lore.     Had  it  been  pre- 
sented in    a   whoUy  poetical    form,   there 
would  be  little  to   be    said,  and    much  to 
admire  ;  for  there  is  much  that  will  pass  in 
that  form  that  cannot  be  accepted  out  of  it. 
If  we  do  not  like  poetry,  we  can  at  least 
refrain  from  arguing  about  its  ideas  ;  whUe 
in  the  form  of  prose  they  appear  to  chal- 
lenge dispute  and  contention  on  every  page. 
It  seems  here  and  there  as  though  Mr. 
Patmore  were  fully  conscious  of  the  obvious 
objection  that  may  be   taken  to  many  of 
these  aphorisms.  In  No.  147  of  the  "  Aurea 
Dicta"   he   admits  that   "the  highest  and 
deepest  thoughts  do  not   '  voluntary  move 
harmonious  numbers,'  but  run    rather    to 
grotesque  epigram  and  doggerel."     Surely 
this  is  true  of  such  an  utterance  as  ' '  God 
is    infinite ;    all    else    is   indefinite,   except 
woman,  who  alone  is  finite  "  ;  or  "The  Soul's 
shame  at  its  own  unworthiness  of  the  em- 
braces of  God  is  the  blush  upon  the  rose  of 
love."     Stated  in  plain  prose,  these  and  the 
like  are  sentiments   that  fail  to  charm  or 
even  to  amuse,  and  only  annoy  and  irritate. 
This  loss  of  temper  is  aU  the  more  certain 
and    justifiable,   the    deeper    the    reader's 
insight  into  Mr.  Patmore's  delicate  percep- 
tions of  spiritual  truth,  and  the  conviction 
which  he  produces  that,  when  he  will,  he 
can  clothe  a  spiritual  truth  in  words  that 
are  neither  grotesque  nor  extravagant,  pos- 
sibly as  well  as  any  other  living  writer.  But 
it  pleases  him  sometimes  to  luxuriate  in  full- 
flavoured  rhapsodies  and   mystifications  of 
thought  and  language  which  are  apparently 
quite  intentional ;  though  if  they  are  meant 
to  enlighten,  they  must,  with  the  great  mass 
of  men,  defeat  their  obj  ect.  He  tells  his  readers 
that  he  has  no  desire  to  pose  as  other  than  a 
mere  reporter ;  that  he  would  be  horrified 
if   a   charge   of   originality  were    brought 
against  him  by  any  one  competent  to  judge 
of  the  essential  matter  of   his  book ;    and 
that  his  desire  is  so  to  express  the  "  happy 
realities  of  life  "  that  thousands  who  lead 
a  beautiful  existence,  whether  in  or  outside 
the   Church,  may   be  assisted  in  the  only 
true  learning,  "  which  is  to  know  better  that 
which  they  already  know."     And  in  spite 
of  a  tendency  to  lapse  into  "  wild  hyper- 
boles,"    there    is    much    in    the  essential 
matter  of   his  book  which  worthily  fulfils 
this  purpose ;  there  are  many  of  these  aphor- 
isms which    are   not   far  from  perfection, 
either  in    thought   or   form.     "It    is   one 
thing    to   be  blind,  and  another  to  be  in 
darkness  ";  "  There  are  not  two  sides  to  any 
question  which  really  concerns  a  man,  but 
only  one";  "The  ardour   chills  us   which 
we  do  not  share,"  are,  for  instance,    good 
apergus,  and  well  expressed.     Some  of  the 
articles   are  too  long  to  merit  the  title  of 
aphorism,    and   are,  rather,  brief    essays ; 
and  it  is  perhaps  here  that  Mr.  Patmore 
is  at  his  best.     For  a  fine  example  of  the 
humour  which   is   often  the  nicest  appre- 
ciation of  truth,  the  reader  may  be  com- 
mended to  No.  14  of  the  "  Magna  Moralia," 
on  the  outward  behaviour  of  the  true  saint: 

"  The  Saint  has  no  '  fads ';  and  you  may  live 
in  the  same  house  with  him,  and  never  find  out 
that  he  is  not  a  sinner  like  yourself,  unless  you 
rely  on   negative  proofs,  or  obtrude  lax  ideas 


N^SSSe,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


863 


on  him,  and  so  provoke  him  to  silence.  He  may 
impress  you,  indeed,  by  his  harmlessness  and 
imperturbable  good  temper,  and  probably  by 
some  lack  of  appreciation  of  modern  humour, 
and  ignorance  of  some  things  which  men  are 
expected  to  know,  and  by  never  seeming  to 
have  much  use  for  his  time  when  it  can  be  of 
any  service  to  you  ;  but  on  the  whole  [he  will 
give  you  an  agreeable  impression  of  general 
inferiority  to  yourself." 

This  is  so  pre-eminently  the  right  tone 
to  adopt,  and  so  much  the  most  effective 
method  of  "digging  again  the  wells  which 
the  Philistines  have  filled  " — and  such  is 
Mr.  Patmore's  professed  endeavour — that 
he  would  have  done  well  to  indulge  his 
genius  a  little  further  in  this  direction,  and 
restrain  it  in  some  of  its  wilder  flights.  For  he 
is  alive  to  the  fact  that  if  his  readers  cannot 
share  all  his  ardour,  some  of  it  will  chill 
them ;  and  the  experience  is  apt  to  detract 
from  the  enthusiasm  which  they  might  other- 
wise feel  for  what  is  good,  and  even  excel- 
lent, in  this  volume. 


Herodotus,  IV.- VI.  With  Introduction,  &c., 
hy  E.  W.  Macan.  2  vols.  (Macmillan 
&Co.) 
It  is  but  a  short  time  since  it  was  our 
privilege  to  notice  in  these  columns  the 
admirable  essay  on  Herodotus  by  M. 
Amedee  Hauvette,  and  now  another  large 
and  serious  study  on  the  same  author  comes 
to  us  from  Oxford.  Though  Mr.  Macan 
has  chosen  for  his  subject  those  books  of 
Herodotus  which  came  least  under  M. 
Hauvette's  notice — the  subject  proposed  to 
the  latter  was  the  treatment  of  the  Medic  wars 
by  Herodotus — yet  a  comparison  between 
their  volumes  is  hardly  to  be  avoided.  Mr. 
Macan  confines  himself  to  a  great  extent  to 
outlying  subjects  :  the  geography  of  Scythia, 
the  history  of  Cyrene,  the  peculiarities  of 
Sparta.  These  subjects  were,  indeed,  woven 
by  the  great  master  into  the  embroidered 
tissue  of  his  history,  but  they  are  generally 
less  studied  than  the  rest,  and  are  to  some 
extent  drier  reading.  Unfortunately  the 
tendencies  of  modern  criticism  do  not 
diminish  but  increase  this  dryness.  M. 
Hauvette,  even  on  his  larger  subject,  was 
wonderfully  dry  for  a  Frenchman ;  Mr. 
Macan,  on  his  narrower  subject,  is  still 
more  wonderfully  dry  for  an  Irishman.  The 
cause  in  each  case  is  probably  the  same.  Both 
are  saturated  with  German  theories  and  dis- 
putes upon  the  credibility,  the  plan,  the  know- 
ledge of  Herodotus.  So  it  comes  about  that 
the  most  charming  and  amusing  of  Greek 
writers — to  whom  dulness  was  probably  a 
far  graver  fault  than  want  of  accuracy,  to 
whom  a  story  was  valuable  because  it  was 
good  perhaps  more  than  because  it  was 
true,  to  whom  the  Dalilah  of  fiction  was 
more  attractive  than  the  Una  of  truth — 
has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Philistines, 
who  have  shorn  him  of  his  beauty,  which 
was  his  strength,  have  put  out  his  eyes, 
and  condemned  him  to  slavish  labour, 
grinding  for  them  in  the  prison  house  of 
their  commentaries.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
lamentable  instances  of  the  leavening  power 
of  German  erudition  that  these  two  able 
men,  the  one  steeped  in  the  traditions  of 
French  prose,  the  other  in  those  of  Oxford, 
should  spend  their  time  in  expounding, 
discussing,  and  adjudicating  upon  German 
controversies. 


Even  so,  M.  Hauvette's  book  possesses 
many  advantages.  Apart  from  lus  wider 
subject,  he  has  had  the  good  sense  not  to  re- 
print the  text,  which  every  scholar  possesses, 
whereas  Mr.  Macan' s  book  is  weighted  with 
four  hundred  pages  of  Greek  and  com- 
mentary, of  which  the  important  matters 
regarding  text  and  interpretation  might 
have  been  compressed  into  fifty,  leaving 
him  larger  room  for  the  essays,  which  are 
the  real  substance  of  the  work.  This 
slavish  habit  of  reprinting  the  most 
familiar  texts  should  cause  a  rebellion. 
Why  should  we  pay  for  another  copy  of 
three  books  of  the  Greek  Herodotus,  which 
every  undergraduate  already  possesses  in 
a  Teubner  edition?  Mr.  Macan  has  not 
attempted  to  rehandle  the  text  or  cause 
a  revolution  in  the  readings.  His  critical 
suggestions  would  not  occupy  ten  pages. 
On  the  contrary,  what  he  has  omitted 
is  what  most  undergraduates  cannot  easily 
procure,  or  have  not  at  hand — we  mean  the 
notes  in  Suidas  or  Hesychius,  still  more 
the  recently  found  inscriptions  bearing  on 
the  text,  for  which  he  refers  us  to  the 
Bulletin  de  Correspondance  MelUnique,  the 
Mittheihmgen  of  the  German  Institute  at 
Athens,  and  other  such  scattered  if  not  inac- 
cessible sources.  Thus  we  were  obliged  to 
turn  to  Suidas  to  discover  how  ov  (fipovrls 
'iTTTroKXeiS'ij  could  be  called  an  anapastic  tag. 
What  Suidas  does  say  is  that  the  phrase 
is  a  parosmia  (proverb),  not  a  parccmiac,  as 
Mr.  Macan  seems  to  have  understood  it. 
The  metre,  when  it  occurred  in  Hermippus, 
was  probably  trochaic  tetrameter,  possibly 
iambic.  How  can  Mr.  Macan  expect  average 
readers  to  lay  down  his  book  and  travel  to 
some  college  library  where  they  may  find 
expensive  works  ? 

Regarding  the  style  of  the  book  there  is 
but  one  more  complaint  to  make,  and  that 
is  a  novel  one  to  urge  against  an  Oxford 
scholar.  The  late  Master  of  Balliol  had 
taught  men  there  how  English  essays  on 
the  great  Greek  masters  should  be  written, 
and  though  it  is  granted  to  very  few  to 
attain  unto  his  perfection,  his  strict  use  of 
the  English  language  should  have  guarded 
his  generation  against  licence  in  their 
vocabulary.  Coining  words,  or  using  them 
in  new  and  strange  senses,  is  only  excusable 
on  the  ground  of  necessity.  Does  Mr.  Macan 
acknowledge  this  ?  or  is  he  desirous  of 
adding  to  Dr.  Murray's  dictionary  of  the 
English  language  ?  Frovetiience,  which  is 
wanted,  may  pass,  though  it  were  better  to 
naturalize  the  French  provenance.  But  is 
contac/mination  worth  using,  or  luciferous,  or 
motivation,  or  prosetvright,  or  frappant,  or 
7iominated  (for  mentioned  by  name)  ?  Will 
our  readers  guess  what  he  means  by  a 
"genetic  system"  (ii.  136),  a  "  timeous  gain" 
(248),  or  a  "  demotic  map"?  Then  people 
who  are  by  no  means  purists  may  well 
object  to  colloquialisms  such  as  amjicay, 
which  constantly  opens  a  sentence,  and 
hocussed.  When  a  man  of  Mr.  Macau's 
mark  and  authority  at  Oxford  takes  these 
liberties,  what  will  his  pupils  do  ':' 

But  now  we  have  exhausted  our  com- 
plaints, which  have  occupied  the  reader  too 
long,  and  which  were  only  worth  making  on 
account  of  the  high  character  and  the  im- 
portance of  the  book  as  a  contribution  to 
the  understanding  of  early  Greek  history. 
It  is  a  work  of  real  research,  and  at  the  same 


time  states  all  the  newest  speculations  derived 
from  the  explorations  not  only  of  the  text  of 
the  author,  but  of  the  actual  sites  which  he 
describes.  Among  the  novelties  for  which 
he  might  have  rather  cited,  than  referred 
to,  his  authorities,  is  the  discovery  that  the 
great  tumulus  at  Marathon  is  after  all  not 
prehistoric  (as  Schliemann  seemed  to  have 
proved),  but  the  real  tomb  of  the  Mara- 
thonian  warriors.  Excellent  is  his  remark, 
which  we  have  not  seen  made  before,  that 
Aristophanes  in  his  comic  account  of  the 
causes  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  (in  the 
'  Acharnians ' )  is  parodying  the  opening 
of  Herodotus's  history,  thus  showing  that 
it  was  then  (425  b.c.)  known,  and  probably 
recently  produced,  at  Athens.  On  the  in- 
tricate questions  of  the  reality  of  Darius's 
Scythian  expedition,  the  chronology  of  the 
-^^ginetan  wars,  the  tactics  of  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  Mr.  Macan  has  written  with 
great  care,  learning,  and  judgment.  But 
in  general  what  finality  can  be  expected  in 
any  criticism  of  an  author  who  seems  to  mix 
truth  and  fiction  as  closely  together  as  he 
combines  Attic  forms  with  Ionic  in  his  com- 
posite dialect?  Since,  therefore,  we  shall 
never  be  able  to  tell  whether  the  Attic  forms 
in  the  text  were  in  each  case  his  own  choice, 
or  the  corruption  of  an  Attic  scribe,  we 
shall  never  extricate  the  naked  truth  from 
the  dress  in  which  he  has  clothed  it — nay, 
rather,  from  the  tattooing  which  he  may 
have  so  embroidered  into  the  surface  that 
it  now  forms  an  indelible  costume.  Never- 
theless, we  trust  that  no  modern  learning 
will  damage  the  popularity  of  so  great  an 
artist.  His  work  did  not,  as  some  German 
has  said,  pass  out  of  notice  and  become  for- 
gotten in  a  short  time.  Mr.  Macan  has  well 
shown  (Introd.,  p.  xcii)  that  the  very  attacks 
upon  him  prove  his  popularity,  and  he 
might  have  added  to  his  list  the  Plutarchean 
tract  on  the  mahgnity  of  the  historian. 

But  if  we  begin  to  dissect  him  into  two 
volumes,  or,  as  Mr.  Macan  does,  into  three  ; 
if  we  begin  to  search  out  changes  in  his 
religious  or  historical  feeling  in  order  to 
separate  various  parts  of  the  work  by  long 
intervals  in  their  composition ;  if  we  seek 
theories  to  account  for  the  introduction  of 
episodes  which  seem  to  us  irrelevant — the 
danger  is  that  we  shall  cease  to  read  him  as 
we  ought  to  read  the  Bible  of  early  Greek 
history,  and  lose  a  unique  picture  of  the 
past,  as  it  still  presented  itself  to  the  most 
sympathetic  of  inquirers  in  the  fifth  century 
B.C.,  when  Attic  subtleties  and  conceits  were 
beginning  to  turn  men  into  supercilious  and 
narrow  sceptics.  There  may  be  more  accu- 
rate historians,  there  may  be  more  finished 
artists  in  prose,  but  this  we  may  say  with 
confidence,  that  there  is  no  Greek  author 
save  Homer  in  whom  the  world  would 
have  lost  so  much  as  in  Herodotus,  had  his 
history  suffered  shipwreck  on  the  stream 
of  time. 

It  is  some  comfort  to  find  that  his  two 
most  recent  critics  have  recoiled  from  the 
scepticism  which  denies  him  almost  all 
historical  value,  and  that  there  is  a  grow- 
ing general  agreement  concerning  him  which 
may  save  us  in  future  from  bootless  contro- 
versies. Nevertheless  on  the  details  there 
is  yet  much  disagreement.  They  both,  for 
example,  discuss  with  great  care  the  plan  of 
the  battle  of  Marathon,  and  come  to  quite 
different  conclusions.     It  seems  to  us  that 


864 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3556,  Dec.  21/95 


the  decision  of  M.  Hauvette,  though  he  has 
had  the  advantage  of  an  intimate  study  of 
the  site,  is  further  from  the  truth  than  Mr. 
Macau's.  The  former  assumes  that  the  whole 
Athenian  army,  on  the  morning  of  the  battle, 
■wheeled  round  from  its  original  defensive 
position  facing  the  sea  (east)  to  a  position 
at  right  angles,  facing  nearly  north,  so 
as  to  meet  the  Persian  array  in  front. 
Surely  such  an  operation  in  the  face  of  the 
enemj-  was  of  the  greatest  danger,  whereas 
the  Persians  might  be  attacked  in  flank 
whenever  they  moved  towards  Athens. 

We  will  only  add  one  suggestion  to  solve 
Mr .  Macan'  s  difficulty  that  there  is  no  evidence 
of  the  Persians  being  taken  in  flank,  though 
he  rightly  assumes  that  they  were  preparing 
to  move  or  actually  moving  on  the  road 
towards  Athens,  and  that  this  determined 
Miltiades  to  attack  them.  The  Persians,  if 
they  indeed  began  their  march,  seeing  a 
small  army  of  Greeks  encamped  on  the  hills 
above  their  right,  must  have  told  off  a 
division — say  of  ten  or  fifteen  thousand 
men — to  hold  them  in  check,  on  the  right 
of  their  marching  line.  These  troops  then 
were  drawn  up  in  battle  array  facing  the 
Athenians,  while  the  rest  of  the  Persian 
army  was  preparing  to  march  along  the 
shore  behind  them.  But  this  division, 
except  in  its  centre,  proved  unable  to  resist 
the  shock  of  the  Athenians,  and  was  thrown 
back  upon  the  rest  of  the  army,  when 
some  confusion,  but  nothing  considerable, 
occurred.  For  the  Persians  abandoned  only 
their  intention  of  sending  troops  by  land, 
as  well  as  by  sea,  against  Athens.  Their 
advance  was  hardly  even  suspended.  The 
amount  of  their  losses  is,  of  course,  as  in 
every  such  case  in  Greek  history,  grossly 
-exaggerated.  The  moral  effect  of  this 
perhaps  insignificant  action  may,  however, 
be  well  compared  with  that  of  the  battle  of 
Yalmy,  which  was  a  mere  cannonade  where 
a  few  hundred  men  were  kiUed,  but  which 
nevertheless  changed  the  whole  face  of  a 
campaign. 

The  Dover  Road :  Annals  of  an  Ancient  Turn- 
pike. By  Charles  G.  Harper.  Illustrated 
by  the  Author,  and  from  Old  Prints  and 
Portraits.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) 
There  is  no  more  fascinating  subject  of  its 
kind  than  that  which  Mr.  Harper  handles 
in  this  new  volume  of  his.  The  Dover  road 
is  full  of  associations  of  the  highest  his- 
torical and  literary  interest,  from  the  time 
of  Julius  Ceesar  to  that  of  Prince  Albert, 
from  Chaucer  down  to  Dickens.  The  most 
conspicuous  Englishmen  of  all  the  centuries 
till  the  making  of  railways  have  one  day 
or  another  passed  along  it ;  and  so  also 
most  of  the  distinguished  foreigners  who 
iiave  visited  us.  To  the  mind's  eye  it  is 
crowded  with  one  long  train  of  persons  of 
all  ranks  and  races  and  periods.  Though 
Mr.  Harper's  book  is  far  from  quite  satis- 
factory or  quite  satisfying,  he  is  not  un- 
conscious of  the  magnitude  of  the  task 
ho  undertook  when  he  set  about  record- 
ing the  annals  of  this  ancient  turnpike. 
"The  writer,"  he  says  in  a  paragraph  that 
is  a  fair  specimen  of  his  stylo, 

"  who  has  the  teUing  of  that  story  is  weighted 
with  a  heavy  sense  of  responsibility,  and  though 
(like  a  village  boy  marching  fearfully  through  a 
midnight  churchyard)  he  whistles  to  keep  his 
courage  warm,  yet,  for  all  his  outward  show  of 


indifference,  he  keeps  an  awed  glance  upon  the 
shadows  that  beset  his  path,  and  is  prepared  to 
take  to  his  heels  at  any  moment." 

The  reader  can  cordially  assent  when  Mr. 
Harper  adds  : — 

"How  rich  then  the  road  in  material,  and 
how  embarrassing  the  accumulated  wealth  of 
twenty  centuries,  and  how  impossible,  too,  to 
do  it  the  barest  justice  in  this  one  volume  !  " 

If  it  is  "  impossible,"  to  use  Mr.  Harper's 
own  language,  "  to  do  it  the  barest  justice 
in  this  one  volume,"  his  readers  must  not 
complain  of  his  having  failed  to  do  so  ;  but 
they  may  venture  to  hint  that  a  writer  pro- 
perly equipped  might  have  done  much  more 
than  Mr.  Harper,  with  the  best  intentions, 
has  succeeded  in  achieving.  Evidently  Mr. 
Harper  has  taken  some  pains  to  furnish 
himself  with  information,  but  his  scholar- 
ship and  his  learning  are  hardly  to  be  com- 
mended ;  he  would,  it  may  be  presumed, 
scarcely  expect  any  such  commendation. 
With  his  composition,  too,  he  has  taken 
some  pains  ;  but  bis  English  is  often  slip- 
shod, and  he  is  often  wanting  in  good  taste. 
Nor,  pleasing  as  are  some  of  the  illustra- 
tions, do  their  merits  make  up  for  the  short- 
comings of  the  letterpress. 

To  take  a  few  instances :  what  does 
Mr.  Harper  mean  by  "  the  old  Horatian 
fallacy  '  Who  drives  fat  oxen  should  him- 
self be  fat'"?  Horace  never  said  any 
such  thing.  The  year  of  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Pilgrimage  is  not  generally  fixed 
at  1383.  To  say  that  Chaucer's  knight 
"had  fought  with  the  Germans  against 
Russia "  is  a  curious  way  of  referring 
to  the  Teutonic  Knights  and  their  war- 
fare. When  Mr.  Harper  calls  the  law 
Serjeant  specially  the  "fellow"  of  the 
Clerk  of  Oxenford,  and  adds  that  "  at  his 
[the  law  Serjeant's]  heels  comes  the  Frank- 
lin," he  shows  a  most  imperfect  knowledge 
of  the  famous  Prologue  ;  as  also  when  he 
makes  the  many  ways  remarkable  statement 
that  "a  shipman  from  Dartmouth  has  with 
him  a  bottle  of  Burgundy  stolen  from  his 
captain's  cabin,  from  which  he  thinks  it  no 
sin  to  drink  when  on  pious  pilgrimage." 
Offending  in  one  sentence  against  both  good 
taste  and  good  style,  he  writes  of  the  foreign 
Anarchist  who  blew  himself  up  in  Green- 
wich Park:  "When  the  park  keepers 
came  and  gleaned  little  pieces  of  him 
from  the  November  boughs,  the  inci- 
dent shaped  more  picturesquely  than  any 
other  happening  on  this  spot  I  can  think 
of."  We  should  be  sorry  to  believe  that 
any  considerable  number,  even  of  "general 
readers,"  can  like  this  sort  of  thing.  To 
speak  of  Jack  Straw's  camping  ground  as 
on  Hampstead  Heath  is  to  speak  in  ignor- 
ance of  easily  ascertained  facts.  Here  is 
some  curious  grammar:  "When  that  par- 
ticularly haughty  prelate  [Cardinal  Wolsey, 
to  wit]  learnt  that  the  insignia  of  his  promo- 
tion was  on  its  way  from  Rome,"  &c.  Mr. 
Harper  is  often  "down"  on  antiquaries; 
for  obviously  he  does  not  understand  what 
is  meant  by  antiquarian  research.  Thus, 
discussing  the  Danes'  Holes  near  Bexley 
Heath  and  Crayford  and  Dartford — if  his 
treatment  of  the  matter  can  be  termed  a 
discussion — he  concludes  in  this  wise  : — 

"  We  will  therefore  assume  that  the  legend- 
ary name  of  '  Danes'  Holes  '  shadows  forth  the 
purpose  of  these  shafts  a  great  deal  more  cor- 
rectly than    the    ingenious    theories    of  anti- 


quaries made  to  fit  personal  predilections  ;  the 
more  espeoially  as  legendary  history  is  gener- 
ally found  to  square  with  facts  much  more  fre- 
quently than  scientific  pundits  would  have  us 
believe." 

It  may  be  questioned  whether  Mr.  Harper 
is  not  very  much  out  of  his  place  when  he 
so  seats  himself  on  the  judicial  bench. 
Anyhow,  let  him  be  quite  free  from  any 
fear  of  being  himself  mistaken  for  "  a 
scientific  pundit."  His  historical  studies 
are,  perhaps,  scarcely  "up  to  date"  when 
he  confidently  asserts  that  "  the  real  names 
of"  Hengist  and  Horsa  "are  unknown." 
Also  his  Latinity,  if  nothing  else,  would 
seem  to  be  inadequate  when  he  talks  of  a 
via  strata,  and  goes  on  to  declare  that  in 
Hadrian's  time  the  Dover  road  "  became  a 
true  '  street '  made  in  the  thorough  manner 
described  by  Yitruvius,  and  paved  through- 
out with  stone  blocks ;  the  strata  from 
which  the  word  '  street '  is  derived."  It  is 
a  hard  saying  that  "  the  Cathedral  of  St. 
Andrew  at  Rochester  is  at  least  as  interest- 
ing as  that  of  Canterbury."  His  readers 
will  wonder  if  Mr.  Harper  really  compre- 
hends the  word  "cynicism"  when  he 
delivers  himself  of  the  aphorism  that 
"cynicism  always  goes  with  a  really  kind 
heart."  He  condemns  Dickens  peremp- 
torily for  his  want  of  a  sympathetic  spirit 
— of  a  mediaeval  or  Gothic  spirit — in  his 
Rochester  scenes  in  '  Edwin  Drood ';  what 
shall  be  said  of  the  attitude  and  tone  exhi- 
bited by  Dickens's  critic  in  such  passages 
as  this,  of  which  there  are  far  too  many  in 
this  volume  ? — 

"To  read  of  the  relics  shown  by  the  monks 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral  fills  one  with  amaze- 
ment both  at  the  impertinence  of  those  disgust- 
ing humbugs,  and  at  the  illimitable  credulity 
that  accepted  the  exhibition  as  genuine." 

This  casual  list  of  what  are  surely  serious 
defects  in  '  The  Dover  Road '  might  easily  be 
lengthened,  had  we  any  wish  to  lengthen  it, 
which,  indeed,  we  have  not.  And  very  pos- 
sibly the  public  to  which  Mr.  Harper  specially 
addresses  himself  wiU  not  find  this  list 
forbidding  or  fatal.  "  The  general  reader  " 
does  not  care  for  the  accuracy  that  the 
scholar  demands,  nor  is  he  always  estranged 
by  sins  against  good  taste.  A  reader  of 
this  stamp — and  there  is  a  large  circle  of 
such — will  find  Mr.  Harper's  book  both 
instructive  and  entertaining ;  for  un- 
doubtedly it  will  give  him  much  new  in- 
formation, whatever  errors  of  detail  there 
may  sometimes  be,  and  will  give  it  him 
in  a  fairly  vivacious,  if  not  always  a  culti- 
vated and  well-considered  manner.  Here 
is  a  passage  representing  Mr.  Harper  at 
his  best : — 

"Chalk  is  the  next  place  on  the  road,  and 
Chalk  is  quite  the  smallest  and  most  scattered 
of  villages,  beginning  at  the  summit  of  the  hill 
leading  out  of  Milton,  and  ending  at  Chalk 
Church,  which  stands  on  a  hillock  retired  behind 
a  clump  of  trees  nearly  a  mile  down  the  road, 
and  far  away  from  any  house.  All  the  way  the 
road  commands  long  reaches  of  the  Thames  and 
the  Essex  marshes,  and  on  summer  days  the 
singing  of  the  larks  high  in  air  above  the  open 
fields  can  be  heard.  Chalk  Church  is  a  very 
much  unrestored  building  of  flint  and  rubble, 
dating  from  the  thirteenth  century.  Its  south 
aisle  was  pulled  down  at  some  remote  period. 
There  still  remains,  and  in  very  good  preserva- 
tion too,  a  singularly  Early  English  carving 
over  the  western  door  representing  a  grinning 
countryman  holding  an  immense  flagon  in  hia 


N"  3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


865 


two  hands,  and  gazing  upward  towards  a  whim- 
sically-contorted figure  that  seems  to  be  nearly 
all  head  and  teeth.  Between  the  two  is  an 
empty  tabernacle  which  at  one  time  before  the 
■destruction  of  '  idolatrous  statues  '  would  have 
feeld  a  figure  of  the  Virgin.  The  two  remaining 
figures  probably  illustrate  the  celebration  of 
*  Church  ales,'  a  yearly  festival  formerly  common 
to  all  English  villages,  and  held  on  the  day 
aacred  to  the  particular  saint  to  whom  the  church 
was  dedicated." 


!I%e    WorTis  of  Edgar  Allan   Poe.     "With   a 

Memoir,  Critical  Introduction,  and  Notes 

by  E.  C.  Stedman  and  G.  E.  Woodberry. 

Vols.  I.-V.     (Lawrence  &  Bullen.) 
The  Works  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe.   Vols.  I.-IT. 

(London,    SMells  &   Co. ;    Philadelphia, 

J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 
The    Complete   Poems   of   Edgar  Allan   Poe, 

together  with  a  Selection  from  his  Stories. 

With  Illustrations    by   H.   C.   Edwards. 

(F.  A.  Stokes  Co.) 
"  Misery  is  manifold,"  said  Poe  in  one  of 
his  earliest  and  most  autobiographical  tales. 
His  own  story  exemplifies  the  dictum. 
From  birth  to  burial  his  career  was  a  series 
of  misfortunes  of  all  kinds,  and  he  had  to 
endure  ills  that  should  excite  the  sympathy 
of  the  most  antipathetic  of  biographers. 
Yet  Mr.  Woodberry,  who  compiles  the 
memoir  prefixed  to  the  new  ten-volume 
edition  of  Poe's  works,  is  out  of  touch  with 
his  subject ;  he  is  as  unmoved  as  the  Parcse. 
That  he  refrains  from  critical  comments  upon 
Poe's  career  and  works  may  not  be  unfortu- 
nate ;  but  that  he  should  not  only  repeat 
several  ancient,  but  also  supply  several  new 
unproved  scandals  about  him  is  a  pity. 

Although,  of  necessity,  walking  closely 
in  the  path  of  his  more  recent  pre- 
decessors, Mr.  Woodberry  must  be  credited 
with  having  made  lengthy  and  laborious 
research  in  the  history  of  Poe,  and  if 
he  have  discovered  little  that  is  both  new 
and  true,  that  is  scarcely  his  fault ;  at 
least,  he  deserves  commendation  for  the 
zeal  with  which  he  has  sifted  and  verified  or 
discarded,  according  to  his  lights,  the  asser- 
tions of  others.  Nevertheless,  he  is  chary  of 
citing  anything  that  redounds  to  the  credit 
of  his  illustrious  countryman,  and  dwells 
continuously  upon  his  intemperance  ;  and 
rakes  up  much  uncorroborated  rubbish  from 
ancient  dustheaps.  He  is  quite  certain  that 
he  knows  what  the  poet  felt,  thought,  or 
intended  at  various  periods  of  his  life,  but 
as  regards  his  actual  deeds  can  only  assert 
that  "  it  is  believed,"  or  "it  is  said,"  or  "it 
aeems,"  that  Poe  did  so-and-so.  This  latest 
memoir,  indeed,  contains  little  new  matter 
■of  worth,  the  most  interesting  being  some 
quotations  from  Poe's  correspondence  with 
Lowell.  Especially  may  we  refer  to  some 
self -revelations  the  poet  furnished  when 
asked  to  send  data  for  a  sketch.  Said  Poe : 
*'  I  am  excessively  slothful  and  wonderfully  in- 
■dustrious — by  fits.  There  are  epochs  when  any 
kind  of  mental  exercise  is  torture,  and  when 
nothing  yields  me  pleasure  but  solitary  com- 
munion with  the  'mountains  and  the  woods,' — 
the  '  altars  '  of  Byron.  I  have  thus  rambled  and 
dreamed  away  whole  months,  and  awake,  at 
last,  to  a  sort  of  mania  for  composition.  Then 
I  scribble  all  day,  and  read  all  night,  so  long  as 

the   disease  endures I   am  not  ambitious — 

unless  negatively.  I  now  and  then  feel  stirred 
•up  to  excel  a  foal,  merely  because  I  hate  to  let 
a  fool  imagine  tliat  he  may  excel  me.     Beyond 


this  I  feel  nothing  of  ambition.  I  really  per- 
ceive that  vanity  about  which  most  men  merely 
prate, — the  vanity  of  the  human  or  temporal 
life.  I  live  continually  in  a  revery  of  the 
future.  I  have  no  faith  in  human  perfectibility. 
I  think  that  human  exertion  will  have  no  appre- 
ciable eflfect  upon   humanity You  speak  of 

'an  estimate  of  my  life,'— and,  from  what  I 
have  already  said,  you  will  see  that  I  have  none 
to  give.  I  have  been  too  deeply  conscious  of 
the  mutability  and  evanescence  of  temporal 
things  to  give  any  continuous  effort  to  anything 
— to  be  consistent  in  anything.  My  life  has 
been  whim — impulse — passion — a  longing  for 
solitude — a  scorn  of  all  things  present  in  an 
earnest  desire  for  the  future.  I  am  profoundly 
excited  by  music,  and  by  some  poems — those 
of  Tennyson  especially — whom,  with  Keats, 
Shelley,  Coleridge  (occasionally),  and  a  few 
others  of  like  thought  and  expression,  I  regard 
as  the  sole  poets." 

One  new  item  respecting  the  poet  is  that 
when  only  fifteen  he  began  his  military 
career  as  lieutenant  of  a  Virginian  volunteer 
corps.  The  old  story,  repeated  by  Mr. 
Woodberry,  that  subsequently,  in  1827,  Poe 
enlisted  in  the  United  States  army  under  a 
false  name,  will  need  better  evidence  than 
that  adduced  to  convince  us  of  its  trust- 
worthiness. At  the  time  Poe  was  only 
eighteen,  and  probably  deemed  himself  two 
years  younger,  yet  the  Perry  Mr.  Wood- 
berry would  identify  him  with  gave  his 
age  as  twenty-two,  and,  according  to  the 
military  records,  differed  from  the  poet  in 
age,  height,  complexion,  and  feature.  It 
is  needless  to  examine  in  detail  the  state- 
ments and  misstatements  of  Mr.  Wood- 
berry's  new  memoir.  The  former,  when 
repeated  from  popular  biographies,  are 
known  already,  and  the  latter  may  be 
left  to  refute  themselves ;  but  in  leaving  a 
biography  which  has  been  compiled  from 
such  a  mass  of  heterogeneous  material  as 
this  one  has  been,  we  may  again  express 
our  regret  that  its  author  has  not  been 
able  to  find  a  kindly  word  for  his  famous 
countryman,  nor  has  been  able  to  suggest  a 
charitable  motive  for  any  of  his  actions. 

Mr.  Stedman's  introductory  essay  to  the 
tales  serves  as  an  antidote  to  the  bias  of 
the  memoir.  We  differ  from  several  of  the 
critical  conclusions  he  arrives  at,  but  rejoice 
to  recognize  in  him  a  man  able  to  apprehend 
and  appreciate  the  artistic  genius  of  Poe. 
This  critical  introduction  is  a  worthy  pre- 
lude to  the  tales,  the  key-note  to  which  is 
struck  thus  :  "The  reader  who  chanced  in 
youth  to  come  upon  one  of  Poe's  finer 
stories  is  not  likely  to  have  forgotten  its 
impression  on  his  jaded  sense  of  mystery 
and  beauty."  Mystery  and  beauty  are, 
indeed,  the  predominant  characteristics  of 
Poe's  best  work,  and  in  many  of  his  tales 
are  harmoniously  combined. 

In  his  warfare  against  didactic  poetry  Poe 
avowed  that  he  regarded  Keats — not  Shelley, 
as  Mr.  Stedman  thinks — as  "  the  sole  British 
poet  who  has  never  erred  in  his  themes," 
because  "  Beauty  is  always  his  aim."  As 
long  as  Poe  was  true  to  the  deity  he  had 
thus  dedicated  himself  to — the  Peau  for 
which,  as  Baudelaire  recognizes,  he  had 
"  un  amour  insatiable  " — Poe's  work  was  fit 
to  rank  with  the  best.  When  the  exigencies 
of  his  existence  compelled  him  to  waste  his 
skill  in  scarifying  nonentities  or  in  inditing 
tawdry  jocularities,  his  magic  wand  was 
broken  and  his  enchantments  evaporated. 
As  Mr.  Stedman  truly  says  : — 


"In  genuine  humour  Poe  seemed  utterly 
wanting.  He  had  also  little  of  the  mother  wit 
that  comes  in  flashes  and  at  once  ;  but  his  powers 
of  irony  and  satire  were  so  great  as  to  make  his 
frequent  lapses  into  invective  the  more  humiliata 

ing Poe  knew  this  as  well  as  any  one,  but 

a  measureless  self-esteem  would  not  acknow- 
ledge the  flaw  in  his  armour.  Hence,  efforts 
which  involved  the  delusion  that  humour  may 

come  by  works  and  not  by  inborn  gift Foe's 

consciousness  of  his  defect,  and  his  refusal  to 
believe  it  incurable,  are  manifest  in  trashy 
sketches  for  which  he  had  a  market." 

That  he  had  a  market  for  such  merchandise 

was  the  main  point.  Left  to  his  own  in- 
clinations, he  might  always  have  gifted  his 
readers  with  such  masterpieces  as  '  Ligeia,' 

'  The  Fall  of  the  House  of  Usher,'  or  '  The 
Descent  into  the  Maelstrom ';  and,  as  Mr. 
Stedman  points  out,  had  there  been  such  a 
"market"  then  as  nowadays  for  literary 
wares,  he  could  "  have  stayed  at  home  and 
out  of  temptation,  and  have  kept  his  product 
at  the  upper  standard.  This  was,  after 
all,  his  idea  of  happiness,  and  again  and 
again  he  tried  to  realize  it,  but  as  often  in 
vain." 

Addicted  as  Poe  was  to  mystery  and  to 
mystifying  his  audience,  for  himself  he 
attempted  to  demonstrate  there  was  no 
mystery.  He,  he  would  prove  to  us,  had 
gauged  the  universe,  and  could  assay 
its  value.  Calmly  and  scientifically,  if  we 
will  only  submit  to  the  glamour  of  his 
wizardry,  he  will  explain  the  inexplicable. 
Creation  is  a  riddle  which  he  can  expound. 
Death  and  eternity  are  but  problems  he 
will  solve  for  us — but  cryptograms  he  can 
unriddle  for  our  benefit.  Only  resign  our- 
selves to  his  guidance,  and,  though  he  lead 
us  through  the  Valley  of  the  Shadow,  it 
wiU  be  as  a  guide  who  knows  the  route, 
and  with  whom  we  cannot  go  astray. 

It  is  customary  to  compare  Poe  with  Haw- 
thorne, his  contemporary  and  his  compeer, 
with  whom,  however,  he  had  little  or  nothing 
in   common.     Mr.  Stedman   specifies   some 
of  the  latter' s  shorter   stories   as    rivalling 
those  of  Poe,  but  they  "  differ  from  them 
in    the   moral   purpose   of    their   allegory. 
There   is   no   such   purpose,"    as    he   truly 
states,  "overt  or  covert,  in  more  than  three 
or   four   of   Poe's,    but   an   artistic  passion 
vibrates  throughout  their  design."     It  was 
as  an  artist  only  that  Poe  wrought,  and  as 
artist  only  that  he  wished  to  be  judged ; 
and,  although  we  cannot  entirely  accept  the 
deductions    he    attempts    to    draw   in    his 
*  Philosophy  of   Composition,'  that  he   did 
work  not  only  with  a  set  motif,  but  upon  a 
prearranged  plan,  no  acute  student  of  his 
writings    can    doubt.     The    subtlety    with 
which  he  dissected  the  sentences  of  others 
showed  how  well  he  understood  their  con- 
struction.     Hawthorne    could     be    carried 
away  by  his  theme,  but  Poe  never  forgot 
his  role.     Although  both  affected  mystery, 
the  difference  in  their  methods  of  producing 
it  was  as  different  as  were  the  residts.    Haw- 
thorne's personages  are  always  essentially 
human,   whilst   Poe's    are    super    or    ultra 
human,  both  in  action  and  endowment.  Even 
in  his  highest  efforts  Poe's  dramatis  persona; 
are  but  puppets,  however  deftly  he  mani- 
pulated them.   Yet,  admitted  that  his  sphere 
is  a  limited  one,  in  it  Poe  reigns  supreme. 

A  beneficial  influence  upon  Poe's  reputa- 
tion, especially  in  the  United  States,  cannot 
fail  to  be  exercised  by  Mr.  Stedman  appre- 


866 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3556,  Dec.  21,'95 


ciative  and  masterful  essay.  A  revulsion  of 
feeling  will  be  created  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  have  hitherto  regarded  Poe  as 
some  monstrosity  of  nature.  Such  words 
as  these,  coming  from  a  man  of  Mr.  Sted- 
man's  eminence,  cannot  miss  their  aim. 
Poe,  he  declares, 

"  could  not  fail  to  have  opinions  that  were 
sincere,  whatsoever  his  conduct  of  life  and 
expression.  Absorbed  in  his  work,  the  best  of 
the  man  sometimes  came  out.  We  may  also 
admire  his  stand  for  the  dignity  of  his  pro- 
fession and  of  the  imaginative  gift.  It  is  to 
his  lasting  credit  that,  no  matter  from  what 
motive,  he  spoke  up  proudly  and  bravely  for 
the  quality  of  the  poet's  mind ;  that  he  believed 
the  greater  faculty  includes  the  less  and  that 
the  best  bard  is  the  wisest." 

Messrs.  Shiells  &  Co.'s  edition  furnishes 
neither  introduction,  nor  memoir,  nor  pre- 
fatory matter  of  any  kind. 

The  last  volume  on  our  list  is  a  Christ- 
mas book,  containing  clever  illustrations 
spoiled  by  the  process  employed. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


TJie  Shepherdess  of  Treva.  By  Paul  Gushing. 

3  vols.  (Ward  &  Downey.) 
In  spite  of  the  deep  tragedy  of  the  story  the 
fortunes  of  the  hapless  shepherdess  of  Treva 
are  so  far  chequered  with  glimpses  of  joy,  if 
not  of  happiness,  that  it  is  possible  to  follow 
them  without  absolute  depression.  A  more 
serious  drawback  is  the  demand  on  our 
credulity  made  by  Bitha  Treloare's  ignorance 
of  her  lover's  parentage.  Given  her  rusticity, 
and  the  fact  that  Eugene  Quartermass  has 
assumed  another  name  than  his  father's,  it 
seems  incredible  that  Bitha  should  in  her 
artless  importunity  for  marriage  be  per- 
petually met  by  reference  to  the  parental 
objections,  and  yet  never  discover  the  name 
or  dwelling-place  of  her  supposed  opponent. 
StiU  this  weak  link  in  the  plot,  inevitable 
for  the  purpose  of  the  marriage  to  Oscar 
Heriot  of  the  woman  who  so  narrowly 
escaped  being  the  victim  of  his  son,  is 
atoned  for  by  the  strength  of  the  cha- 
racterization. The  idyl  of  the  first  volume 
is  more  to  our  taste  than  the  subsequent 
tragedy ;  yet  credit  may  be  given  to  the 
author  for  the  manipulation  of  his  numerous 
puppets,  and  for  several  vivid  scenes  of 
London  life.  The  figure  of  "Vic,"  one  of 
the  inmates  of  the  house  at  St.  John's  Wood, 
who  is  the  means  of  Bitha's  enlightenment 
and  escape  from  the  Comus  rout  that  besets 
her,  is  one  that  adheres  to  the  memory;  and 
Dane  the  pictxxre-dealer,  Occam  ore  the  R.A., 
Lord  Stroud,  and  others,  stand  forth  among 
the  minor  characters.  Heriot  is  a  stately 
figure,  but  the  interest  in  this  readable 
story  is  centred,  as  it  should  be,  in  the 
heroine. 

Below  Bridge.  By  Richard  Dowling.   3  vols. 

(Ward  &  Downey.) 
Mr.  Dowling  has  so  far  departed  from  the 
fashion  of  the  moment  that  in  his  'long- 
shore story  he  does  not  dwell  upon  traits  of 
manners  among  bargees  and  costermongers 
(though  he  has  a  comic  wherryman  and  a 
watchmaker's  foreman  after  Dickens's  pat- 
tern), but  prefers  the  lower  middle  class  of 
small  tradesmen  and  commercial  travellers. 
One  peculiarity  of  the  people  in  the  story  is  the 
constant  appeal  made  to  the  looking-glass. 


The  fair  Edith  goes  to  it  to  ascertain  by 
her  appearance  whether  she  possesses  the 
true  matured  afiection  a  wife  should  bear 
to  her  "  man,"  as  husbands  are  always 
called  in  the  book ;  and  the  comic  Stebbings 
practises  cutting  his  throat  before  it  with  a 
flat  ruler.  The  plot,  so  far  as  there  is  one, 
depends  on  the  various  shifts  and  turns  of 
an  odious  Adonis  of  the  vulgar  kind,  who 
attempts  to  murder  his  wife  by  a  trap-door 
arrangement  which  drops  her  into  the 
Thames,  and  nearly  succeeds  in  marrying 
the  heroine.  John  Crane,  the  good  plain 
lover,  however,  turns  up  in  time,  after 
strange  experiences  in  Central  America, 
which  are  described  in  the  last  chapter 
through  the  agency  of  a  press  interviewer, 
a  notable  device  for  padding,  of  which  we 
fancy  the  author  is  the  earliest  patentee. 

Casa    Braccio.     By    F.    Marion    Crawford. 

2  vols.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Amid  the  mass  of  crudities,  sometimes 
clever  and  original,  oftener  dull  and  second- 
hand, which  make  up  most  of  the  literature 
of  fiction  in  these  days,  it  is  a  relief  to  come 
upon  the  work  of  a  craftsman.  Mr.  Craw- 
ford has  his  faults — indeed,  he  is  far  from 
a  perfect  narrator  of  stories  ;  'but  he  knows 
how  he  wants  to  impress  his  readers,  and 
how  to  set  about  it.  He  is  one  of  the  few 
writers  who  can  really  make  an  "  atmo- 
sphere." After  reading  one  of  his  stories 
one  goes  about  for  a  time  with  the  same 
sort  of  odd  feeling  of  being  somebody  else 
which  occasionally  results  from  a  very  vivid 
dream.  After  all,  this  is  only  a  roundabout 
way  of  saying  that  they  are  interesting — 
stories  in  which  the  reader  is  made  to  feel 
se  interfuisse.  It  is  a  test  of  quality  at  which 
some  may  smile  who  think  that  what  the 
story-teller  has  to  tell  is  of  less  importance 
than  the  words  in  which  he  tells  it,  but  it  is 
the  test  of  staying  power.  Which  is  the 
more  read  to-day,  Dumas  or  Plaubert  ?  Not 
that  Mr.  Crawford  is  a  careless  writer.  On 
the  contrary,  we  are  not  quite  certain  but 
that  he,  like  so  many  others,  "  fancies  him- 
self "  most  on  the  side  where  his  strength 
does  not  lie.  When  Angus  Dalrymple 
listens  to  the  singing  of  the  nun  whom  he 
has  resolved,  for  his  own  gratification,  to  con- 
demn to  a  lifetime  of  remorse  for  broken  vows, 
"  speU-bound  upon  a  wrack  [««f]  of  torture 
that  was  but  heart-breaking  delight,  his 
senses  torn  and  strained  to  the  utmost  of 
his  strong  endurance,  to  the  very  scream  of 
passion,  his  soul  crucified  upon  the  exquisite 
loveliness  of  his  sin,"  the  only  impression 
produced  upon  the  discriminating  reader  is 
that  of  jarring  violence.  The  thing  is  not 
even  good  of  its  kind  ;  and  yet  one  feels 
that  the  author  probably  looks  upon  this 
and  other  futile  vehemences  as  his  "  purple 
patches."  The  real  strength  of  the  book 
lies  in  a  certain  -^schylean  gloom.  It  cannot 
be  said  that  the  fault  of  Angus  Dah'ymple 
and  Maria  Braccio  led  any  more  inevitably, 
or  even  logically,  to  the  misconduct  of  their 
daughter  twenty  years  later,  or  to  the 
misery  caused  thereby,  than  did  the  tres- 
passes of  Tantalus  and  Pelops  to  the  murder 
of  Agamemnon  ;  and,  indeed,  the  ultimate 
vengeance  on  Dalrymple  is  taken  under  a 
misconception  by  a  man  to  whom  he  has  done 
no  great  wrong.  Yet  under  the  influence  of 
the  "  atmosphere  "  of  which  we  have  spoken, 
the  reader  is  inclined  to  accept  it  aU  as  part 


of  the  fitness  of  things.  At  the  same  time, 
a  little  more  attention  to  construction  would 
have  made  a  better  book.  A  good  example 
of  what  we  mean  is  the  scene  at  the  end  of 
the  first  volume,  where  Dalrymple  and  the 
pathetic  Hercules,  Paul  Griggs,  make  a 
deliberate  effort  to  drink  themselves  drunk 
in  a  Roman  trattoria.  The  process  is  ad- 
mirably described,  with  the  half  withdrawal 
of  the  veil  which  hides  Dalrymple's  life 
from  Griggs,  and  Griggs's  thought  from 
Dalrymple ;  but  the  note  of  impending- 
catastrophe  ought  not  to  have  been  so 
plainly  struck  if  the  catastrophe  itself  was 
to  be  deferred  for  another  two  years.  Por 
one  writing  about  Italian  scenes  and  people, 
Mr.  Crawford  sets  a  good  example  in  hie 
sparing  introduction  of  the  language ;  but 
he  indulges  freely  in  a  practice  almost 
equally  irritating  when  he  translates  his 
peasants'  talk  literally  into  English.  When 
shaU  we  be  through  this  fashion  ? 


A  Lover  of  the  Bay.  By  Annie  Thomas  (Mrs. 

Pender  Cudlip).  (Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
The  evident  signs  of  haste  in  Mrs.  Cudlip's 
story,  the  slips  of  punctuation  and  spelling, 
which  surely  a  moderately  competent  reader 
would  never  have  passed,  destroy  what 
amount  of  interest  there  is  in  the  common- 
place shabbiness  of  a  profligate  and  selfish 
vulgarian.  Sholto  Graham,  the  least  "  gal- 
lant" of  his  race,  scrapes  his  way  into 
intimacy  with  an  ingenuous  girl  by  a  false- 
hood imposed  upon  her  father,  the  simplest 
of  retired  seamen,  and,  having  broken  faith 
with  her,  marries  a  poor  elderly  soul  for  her 
money,  kills  his  wife  by  his  neglect,  and 
deserts  his  unfortunate  infant.  There  are 
two  decent  fellows  in  the  company:  Thorbum 
the  journalist,  and  Vereker,  who  appears  to 
make  two  several  exchanges  from  the  line 
to  the  Army  Service  Corps ;  and  a  dashing^ 
adventuress,  who  shows  some  goodness  of 
heart  amid  her  infatuation  for  the  handsome 
good-for-nothing  who  is  the  central  figure 
in  the  story.  Patrice,  who  has  had  such  a 
narrow  escape  from  his  clutches,  is  a  plea- 
sant little  lady,  but  it  is  impossible  to  be 
greatly  moved  by  her  experiences. 


Anne  of  Argyle.    By  George  Eyre  Todd. 

(Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Eyre  Todd  is  somewhat  audacious  in  his 
intromission  with  history.  The  Lady  Anne 
of  Argyle,  daughter  of  Archibald  the  Grim, 
was  indeed  destined  by  her  father  to  wed 
Charles  II.  during  the  doleful  period  of  his 
exploitation  by  the  Presbyterians,  and  the 
battle  of  Dunbar  no  doubt  put  an  end  to 
this  as  weU  as  other  schemes  of  that  sinister 
politician ;  but  it  is  a  remarkable  travesty 
of  facts  to  represent  the  lady,  who  died 
unmarried,  as  the  bride  of  the  hereditary 
enemy  of  her  house,  the  second  Marquis  of 
Montrose.  Mr.  Todd,  however,  makes  fairly 
good  use  of  his  hypothesis,  and  Montrose 
in  his  hands  is  a  chivalric  and  interesting^ 
figure.  The  militant  kirkmen,  like  Mr. 
James  Nevoy;  Neil  Guthrie,  the  Royalist 
partisan;  and  mine  host  of  the  Zion  Inn, 
are  credible  products  of  tlieir  day ;  while 
more  important  persons,  as  Charles  himself 
and  the  Marquis  and  Marchioness  of  Argyle, 
are  true  to  their  traditional  traits  of  cha- 
racter. But  the  comic  element  is  poorly 
represented    by    Aaron    Crookshanks,    the 


N^SSSe,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


867 


cringing  hanger-on  of  the  Kirk ;    and  the 
Lady  Anne  is  but  a  colourless  heroine. 


JEerlert     Vanlennert.       By    C.    F.     Keary. 

(Heinemann.) 
Mr.  Keary' s  new  novel  has  a  curiously 
old-fashioned  air ;  it  has  an  appearance  of 
solidity  and  conscientiousness,  and  a  delibe- 
rate and  well-rounded  style  of  narrative  not 
common  with  contemporary  novelists.  Thus 
the  book  is  long ;  the  conversations  are  given 
at  great  length,  sometimes  without  obvious 
bearing  on  the  story  ;  and  the  characters  are 
described  with  such  scrupulosity  of  detail 
that  no  doubt  can  be  left  about  them.  At 
the  same  time  the  book  is  never  dull ;  it  is 
one  of  those  comfortable  novels  which  the 
reader  may  put  down  almost  at  any  moment 
and  yet  be  ready  to  take  up  again  with  un- 
diminished curiosity.  The  hero,  although  no 
genius,  is  so  friendly  a  fellow  that  one  is 
quite  content  to  foUow  him  in  aU  the  vicis- 
situdes of  his  love  troubles,  or  to  journey 
with  him  to  the  Midlands,  to  Egypt,  or  to 
Afghanistan.  Herbert  is  one  of  those  ami- 
able and  weak-minded  men  who  are  rather 
the  pivots  on  which  events  turn  than  the 
creators  of  events  ;  it  is  not  so  much  that 
he  goes  through  life  as  that  life  carries  him 
along  with  it.  Thus  there  is  a  reason  for 
the  apparently  discursive  manner  in  which 
the  lives  and  adventures  of  aU  the  people 
who  influence  him  are  detailed,  and  for  the 
sudden  flights  from  Herbert  in  India  to  the 
death  of  Maynard  in  London  from  delirium 
tremens,  or  to  Bertram,  the  great  man  of 
the  book,  in  his  lonely  Temple  chambers. 
It  is  a  book  full  of  a  fine  and  deep  wisdom 
of  life,  whether  it  be  on  the  subject  of  Silvia, 
vain  and  frivolous,  but  yearning  for  better 
things  ;  of  Lady  More,  a  childless  mother 
of  young  men ;  of  Herbert,  conventional 
and  limited,  but  conscious,  too,  of  his  want 
of  purpose  ;  of  Hugo  Pemberton,  that  per- 
fect latter-day  prig  satirized  in  such  masterly 
fashion ;  or,  above  all,  of  Bertram,  the  sayer 
and  doer  of  many  wise  things  that  rejoice 
the  heart.  Kitty,  too,  is  altogether  charm- 
ing, and  more  than  charming :  she  is  a  fine 
woman.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether 
her  terrible  experiences  with  the  French 
and  English  blackguards  abroad  are  quite  in 
keeping  with  the  otherwise  subdued  tone  of 
the  book ;  they  are  of  such  a  kind  that  their 
romantic  necessity  should  be  quite  obvious, 
and  it  looks  almost  as  if  they  were  only 
brought  in  to  provide  a  temporary  dilemma 
at  the  end. 

The   Years  that   the  Locust  hath  Eaten.     By 

Annie  E.  Holdsworth.  (Heinemann.) 
Despite  the  utter  sadness  of  its  dominant 
note,  the  story  of  the  slow  martyrdom  of 
Priscilla  Momerie  is  as  well  worth  reading 
as  such  stories  are  in  this  not  too  exhilarat- 
ing world.  FuU  of  high  aspirations,  in  the 
prime  of  youth  and  health,  animated  by  an 
enthusiasm  for  the  masses  who,  in  eyes  like 
hers,  are  held  to  constitute  "  the  people," 
she  leaves  her  father's  rectory  (much  against 
his  will,  to  his  credit  be  it  said)  to  unite  her- 
self to  a  literary  personage  whose  snobbish 
nature  despises  the  village  grocery  wherein 
he  was  bred,  and  whose  projects  for  future 
fame  she  takes  at  his  own  valuation.  The  last 
injury  that  completes  PriscUla's  disillusion 
is  Dunstane's  heartless  reception  of  their  only 


child.  Its  tragic  death  leaves  her  cold  and 
broken-hearted ;  and  though  another  and  a 
truer  love  offers  itself,  she  nerves  herself  to 
reject  it,  and  dies,  the  tenement  of  clay  too 
fully  informed  with  a  spirit  that  has  broken 
itself  against  a  blank  wall  of  selfishness. 
The  ignoble  strain  that  underlies  the  veneer 
of  culture  in  the  man  who  cannot  even  guess 
the  torture  he  inflicts  upon  a  generous  soul 
is  terribly  traced.  Minor  characters,  such 
as  Maiden  and  Gertrude,  and  the  little 
spinster,  are  full  of  vitality;  and  the  local 
colour  of  Eegent's  Buildings  leaves  nothing 
to  be  desired. 

A   Romance   of   Wastdale.       By  A.   E.   W. 

Mason.  (Elkin  Mathews.) 
The  heroes  of  this  romance  are  a  couple  of 
mean  curs ;  the  heroine  is  an  enterprising 
young  woman  with  a  past.  She  is  engaged 
to  one  Gordon,  who  has  a  touching  confi- 
dence in  her  until  he  plays  the  part  of 
eavesdropper  in  a  lurid  midnight  scene 
between  her  and  the  villain.  After  this 
Gordon  parts  from  his  fiancee  with  perfect 
propriety,  and  proceeds  to  make  his  plans. 
The  result  is  a  nasty  murder,  contrived  with 
a  degree  of  low  meanness  in  its  cruelty 
which  it  would  be  difficult  to  surpass.  For- 
tunately the  performers  are  marionettes, 
who  talk  in  spasms  and  move  in  jerks,  so 
the  reader  is  able  to  retain  his  mental 
balance.  There  are  some  good  descriptions 
of  night  scenery  in  this  book,  but  its 
"romance"  is  of  the  violent  and  theatrical 
order,  which  carries  little  conviction  with  it. 


A  Trial  and  its  Issue.     By  Walter  Charles. 

(Fisher  Unwin.) 
A  LONG  and  meandering  sensational  story 
is  contained  within  this  shapely-looking 
volume,  smartly  bound  in  orange  paper. 
The  external  proportions  of  the  book  indeed 
are  considerably  more  artistic  than  those  of 
its  contents,  which  are  somewhat  rambling 
and  confused.  The  reader  will  probably 
feel  no  great  surprise  when  he  learns  that 
the  tale  is  supposed  to  emanate  from  the 
brain  of  a  fever-stricken  and  delirious  man. 
The  language  in  which  it  is  told — "  narrated ' ' 
would  be  a  more  appropriate  expression 
here — is  what  one  might  call  suburban, 
certainly  neither  distinguished  nor  literary. 


A    Modern    Crusader.      By    Sophie    F.   F. 

Yeitch.  (Black.) 
Regarded  as  a  temperance  tract  on  an  im- 
posing scale,  there  is  much  merit  in  Miss 
Veitch's  circumstantial  polemic.  Murder 
and  suicide,  depravity  and  revenge,  the  de- 
struction of  lovers'  hopes,  and  the  disap- 
pointment of  worldly  schemes  and  spiritual 
aspirations,  all  follow  in  the  train  of  whiskey. 
Mac-na-Bracha,  the  son  of  malt,  appears  in 
his  least  genial  aspect  as  the  father  of  evil. 
The  hero  of  this  remarkable  Scotch  story, 
the  minister  Arthur  Reid,  is  so  possessed 
with  the  sense  of  the  prevailing  mischief 
that  he  rejects  a  large  fortune  on  the 
ground  that  it  has  been  amassed  from  the 
gains  of  a  distillery.  There  is  little  of 
the  humour  we  have  lately  been  accustomed 
to  look  for  in  Northern  tales,  but  the  gentle 
Dr.  Crosbie,  a  minister  with  no  crusading 
tendencies,  and  his  worldly  wife,  present  a 
quaint  contrast  to  Arthur's  disinterested 
heroism. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

Stories  from  English  History  from  Richard  IT. 
to  Charles  I.  (Seeley),  the  second  series  of  a  sort 
of  historical  reading-book  for  children,  is  one  of 
the  very  numerous,  but  not  always  very  suc- 
cessful incursions  into  English  history  of  the 
Rev.  A.  J.  Church.  Its  merits  are  that  it  is 
written  in  the  flowing,  easy  style  of  a  practised 
literary  hand,  and  is,  therefore,  often  likely  to 
attract  young  readers,  that  it  is  nicely  got  up, 
moderate  in  size,  and  adorned  with  numerous 
illustrations,  some  of  which  are  successful 
enough.  Its  chief  demerit  is  the  looseness  of 
the  grip  its  author  has  on  his  subject.  He  tells 
his  familiar  anecdotes  pleasantly  enough  ;  but 
he  has  not  always  taken  the  trouble  to  use  his 
facts  precisely,  so  that  he  is  constantly  making 
little  blunders.  Thus  he  writes  "Earl"  of 
Hereford  when  it  should  be  Duke  ;  Bishop  of 
"Asaph"  instead  of  St.  Asaph.  He  tells  us 
that  the  famous  swcrd  with  five  crosses  used 
by  the  Maid  of  Orleans  was  laid  up  "in  the 
church  of  Chinon,"  when  it  was  really  found  at 
Ste.  Catherine  de  Fierbois.  He  has  implicit  faith 
in  the  numbers  currently  assigned  to  mediaeval 
armies,  believing  that  100,000  men  fought  at 
Towton.  He  thinks  that  Richard  III.'s  crown- 
wearing  ceremony  at  York  marks  that  he  was 
"  crowned  a  second  time  by  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  which  is  the  Northern  Province  ";  and  his 
English,  as  the  above  sentence  shows,  is  often 
slipshod  and  careless.  He  repeats  the  story 
that  Warbeck's  widow  was  buried  at  Swansea, 
when  she  was  really  buried  at  Fyfield,  near 
Abingdon.  He  says  that  Belgium  is  "  the  western 
part "  of  the  Netherlands,  that  Zutphen  is 
in  the  "province  of  Quelderland,"  and  that 
Raleigh  was  beheaded  in  "1516."  We  quote 
such  trivialities,  not  because  we  think  them  great 
enormities,  but  simply  that  we  may  indicate  the 
careless  way  in  which  the  book  has  been  com- 
piled. 

My  New  Home  (Macraillan  &  Co.)  is  one  of 
Mrs.  Molesworth's  charming  sketches  of  child 
life.  It  is  a  little  melancholy  in  tone,  but  Mrs. 
Molesworth  in  a  melancholy  mood  is  scarcely 
less  attractive  than  Mrs.  Molesworth  in  a  joyous 
mood.  Helena,  the  little  heroine,  is  unluckily 
somewhat  morbid  and  jealous  in  temperament ; 
it  is  not  therefore  difficult  to  foresee  that  she 
will  have  a  stormy  childhood :  the  child  is, 
however,  good  at  heart  and  learns  life's  lessons, 
and  the  "new  home"  becomes  a  real  home, 
and  not  a  place  of  torment.  There  are  several 
illustrations,  all  dainty  and  attractive.  We 
fancy  we  have  seen  '  My  New  Home '  before. 

There  are  some  good  stories  in  S)iotc  Bird  and 
the  Water  Tiger,  &c.,  by  Margaret  Compton 
(Lawrence  &  Bullen).  The  collection  being 
mainly  founded  on  "Government  reports  of 
Indian  life  and  the  folk-lore  contained  in  the 
standard  works  of  Schoolcraft,  Copway,  and 
Catlin,"  these  tales  are  very  different  from  the 
ordinary  nursery  fiction  provided  by  persons 
who  conceive  themselves  to  be  possessed  of 
imagination.  As  is  usual  in  American  Indian 
stories,  animals  live  in  confidential  inter- 
course with  men,  helping  them  when  well  dis- 
posed, or  waging  war  against  them,  if  the 
reverse,  with  strength  and  cunning.  We  feel 
ourselves,  however,  obliged  to  protest  against 
"center,"  "color,"  "mold"  (mould),  "pre- 
tense," &c.,  being  set  before  our  children  as 
English  forms  of  orthography.  We  scarcely 
expected  to  find  this  economy  of  "labor  "  in  a 
book  bearing  the  names  of  English  publishers. 

Miss  MaryHowarth,  whose  Stories  of  Xor tray 
in  the  Saga  Dags  (Gay  &  Bird)  are  illustrated 
by  Mr.  F.  H.  .fackson,  would  do  better  as  a 
writer  for  children  if  she  would  repress  the 
least  temptation  to  be  funny,  and  try  to 
cultivate  a  simpler  and  terser  style.  Such 
rigmarole  as  "he  was  a  shrill-voiced  Jotnn  [sic] 
whose  particular  power  to  be  troublesome  was 
to  be  discovered  in  his  invisibility,"  is  far  too 
common  ;  there  are  even  occasional  lapses  from 


868 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


grammar,  e.g.,  "when  thou  art  all  baptized," 
addressed  to  many  ;  while  the  too  modern  ring 
of  many  of  the  phrases  and  turns  of  expression 
here  employed  produces  a  jarring  effect  in  saga 
tales  like  these.  Nevertheless  Miss  Howarth 
has  certainly  some  notion  of  how  a  Miirchen 
should  be  told,  a  good  eye  for  local  colouring, 
and  some  skill  in  adapting  these  old-world 
legends  to  the  capacity  of  young  people,  although 
she  is  more  likely  to  succeed,  we  think,  with 
little  girls  than  with  little  boys. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

In  The  Stolen  Bacillus,  <£.c.  (Methuen  &  Co.), 
Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  shows  himself  to  be  more  in 
his  element  when  he  is  humorous  than  when 
he  is  harrowing.  '  The  Stolen  Bacillus '  is  a 
delightfully  funny  story,  though  even  better, 
perhaps,  is  '^Epyornis  Island,'  and  several  of 
the  others  run  these  very  close.  Mr.  Wells,  as 
is  common  with  your  modern  story-teller, 
shows  acquaintance  with  many  parts  of  the 
globe  and  with  men  of  very  various  kinds, 
which  gives  an  air  of  sociability  and  expansive- 
ness,  not  without  its  charm,  to  the  stories. 
There  is  singularly  little  attempt  at  character- 
drawing  in  this  book  ;  but  what  there  is,  as  in 
'  The  Wonderful  Visit,'  is  in  a  pleasantly  satirical 
vein  of  rather  obvious  types — witness  the  second 
story  and  the  agreeable  sketch  of  the  burglar  in 
'The  Hammerpond  Park  Burglary.' 

Mrs.  Hungerford  is  at  her  best  in  just  such 
lively  little  love  tales  as  form  the  staple  of 
Molhj  Darling,  and  other  Stories  (Fisher  Unwin), 
in  the  "Autonym  Library."  For  she  can 
generally  interest  her  readers  in  the  freshness 
and  espieglerie  of  young  and  lively  girls,  though 
her  men  are  apt  to  fall  short  of  the  merits  of 
their  partners.  In  the  present  case  most  of  the 
male  youth  have  at  any  rate  excellent  taste, 
and  there  is  no  jarring  note  in  the  simplicity  of 
their  love-making.  The  title  story  deals  with 
the  natural  resentment  <  f  a  young  Irish  lady  on 
the  discovery  that  a  cousin,  whom  she  has  never 
seen,  is  expected  to  meet  the  views  of  the  family 
by  marrying  her,  and  tells  how  a  chance  meeting 
happily  dispels  her  prejudices.  Other  stories 
turn  for  the  most  part  on  similar  freaks  of  good 
fortune.  'A  False  Conclusion,'  'A  Hasty  Judg- 
ment ' — such  titles  indicate  the  variations  of  the 
general  theme,  the  swift  misunderstandings  and 
delightful  reconciliations  of  youth. 

The  Desire  of  the  Eyes,  dc.  By  Grant  Allen. 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.)— If  anybody  wishes  to  be 
convinced  of  the  tawdry  conventionality  of  Mr. 
Grant  Allen's  art,  he  need  only  look  at  this 
paltry  stuff.  There  is  not  an  idea  in  one  of  these 
stories  which  is  not  hackneyed  commonplace,  and 
occasionally  an  airof  profundity  is  assumed  which 
makes  the  book  quite  intolerable.  Take  a  para- 
graph like  this  :  "Mr.  Ashby  wore  a  fur-lined 
coat,  with  sable  cuffs  and  collar.  Now  you 
know  the  man.  Fur  trimmings  to  a  masculine 
overcoat  stamp  a  type.  And  the  type  is  Mr. 
Ashby's."  Perhaps  the  worst  stories  are  the 
first  and  the  last,  as  they  contain  more  unreal 
sentimentality  than  the  others  ;  but  they  are  all 
poor. 

Mr.  Pearsall  Smith's  book  of  short  stories 
about  Oxford  life  and  Oxford  men.  The 
Youth  of  PariMssns,  dc.  (Macmillan  &  Co.), 
is  on  the  whole  a  welcome  success.  The 
writer  has  been  able  to  achieve  that  which, 
to  judge  from  the  number  of  failures,  must 
be  a  hard  task— to  give  a  picture  of  the 
average  Oxford  man  without  exaggeration. 
The  difficulty  of  representing  such  a  being  to 
the  outside  public  is  probably  due  to  the 
anomalous  position  of  the  young  man's  life 
there— of  practical  emancipation  from  discipline 
and  at  the  same  time  of  almost  entire  freedom 
from  responsibility ;  it  is  almost  the  only  period 
in  the  average  man's  life  when  he  can  follow 
his  own  bent  without  let  or  hindrance.  In  the 
first  of  these  sketches,  which  is  considerably 
the  best,  Mr.  Pearsall  Smith  shows  the  effect  of 


this  life  on  a  Dissenting  though  impressionable 
citizen  of  the  great  republic,  and  of  the  dis- 
astrous influence  which  the  romance  of  Oxford, 
combined  with  the  often  unmeaning  talk  of  dilet- 
tanti visionaries,  has  on  him.  Decidedly  subtle 
is  the  indication  of  the  different  results  pro- 
duced by  Oxford  on  the  Englishman  Foley  and 
on  the  shy  stranger.  Foley  sentimentalizes 
vaguely  and  drinks  in  the  beauty  and  history 
of  the  place  cursorily  while  he  is  up  there,  but 
it  affects  him  not  permanently  ;  he  goes  into 
business,  loses  himself  therein,  and  gets  to  think 
Oxford  irresponsibility  rather  a  mistake,  however 
charming.  Sutton  fights  against  the  spell  at 
first,  but  when  it  masters  him  it  is  as  a  perma- 
nent conqueror,  because  he  has  not  been  half 
brought  up  to  it  as  the  Englishman  has.  Of 
the  other  stories  '  The  Idyl '  is  charming — the 
characters  in  it,  even  those  barely  indicated, 
live  and  breathe,  and  the  idea  has  real  pathos 
not  overdrawn  ;  and  '  Buller  Intervening '  is 
an  amusing  quip.  But  some  of  the  stories 
are  excessively  poor.  '  A  Broken  Journey  '  is 
terribly  commonplace,  and  '  The  Optimist '  and 
'  The  Claim  of  the  Past '  seem  simply  pointless 
and  silly.  Mr.  Pearsall  Smith  has  a  style  which 
if  it  were  not  for  occasional  hints  of  a  too 
obvious  imitation  of  others  would  be  excellent ; 
but  it  always  flows  evenly.  Here  is  a  quotation 
which  shows  him  at  his  best : — 

"  It  was  the  vacation;  the  old  College  was  almost 
deserted,  and  sometimes  in  the  eveniog  he  would 
go  into  the  garden  there,  and,  sitting  under  one  of 
the  great  trees,  would  read,  or  idly  watch  the  fading 
of  the  twilight.  And  now  memories  of  the  old  days, 
and  sentiments  towards  a  place  which  he  had  once 
loved  with  a  certain  enthusiasm— though  half  for- 
getting it  afterwards,  amid  his  other  occupations — 
came  back  to  him  with  unexpected  vividness." 

Jn  Adventrirer  of  the  North,  by  Mr.  Gilbert 
Parker  (Methuen  &  Co.),  is  a  continuation 
of  'Pierre  and  his  People,'  and  is  a  collection 
of  short  stories  about  Canadian  life,  in  which 
Pierre  generally  figures  as  principal  actor  or  as 
narrator.  Mr.  Parker  here  adopts  very  largely 
the  device  rendered  popular  by  Mr.  Kipling  of 
introducing  the  story  by  a  succession  of  short 
mysterious  ejaculations  and  remarks  comprehen- 
sible to  those  only  who  know  what  is  to  follow, 
which  are  subsequently  elucidated  by  the  story ; 
but  whereas  Mr.  Kipling  never  overdoes  this  or 
mystifies  the  reader  unnecessarily,  Mr.  Parker 
has  got  into  a  habit  of  sometimes  in  this 
manner  making  the  first  two  or  three  pages  of 
his  tales  unintelligible.  As  used  too  often  in 
this  volume,  it  becomes  a  mere  trick,  which  no 
longer  succeeds  in  its  object  of  giving  local 
colour  and  an  air  of  reality  to  the  stories,  but 
is  simply  annoying.  But  there  are  some  good 
stories  here,  and  they  are  excellently  told  when 
they  are  once  got  under  weigh,  and  apart  from 
the  individual  stories  their  general  effect  is  to 
give  a  wonderfully  weird  and  striking  picture  of 
the  immensity  of  Canadian  scenery  and  of  the 
fascinating  horror  of  the  life  in  it  led  by  half- 
breeds,  H.B.C.  men,  Indians,  and  pariahs  of 
society.  In  the  main  it  is  a  fine,  free,  straight- 
forward life,  where  men  say  openly  to  one 
another  what  they  mean  and  shoot  one  another 
like  dogs  if  they  do  not  approve  of  it,  and  where 
nature  speaks  to  the  heart  of  man  in  a  way 
unknown  in  less  immense  regions.  Among  the 
best  stories  are  '  The  Crime  of  the  Ninety- 
nine'  and  'The  Gift  of  the  Simple  King,' 
wherein  "the  king  "dies  in  a  manner  remind- 
ing one  of  Porthos's  death,  whom,  indeed,  he 
resembles  in  stature  and  simple  loyalty  of 
nature. 

Mrs.  Barr's  short  tales  in  Tlie  Flower  of 
Gala  Water  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.)  are  a  good 
deal  disfigured  by  American  spelling.  The 
Laird  of  Levenshope  is  an  eccentric  in  many 
respects,  but  he  would  not  have  used  such  ortho- 
graphy in  his  letters  as  he  is  made  to  employ. 
The  best  part  of  Katharine  Janfarie,  perhaps,  is 
her  lilting  name,  which  reminds  one  of  the  ballad. 
Yet  she  is  a  bright  creature,  and  not  unworthy 
of  it.    The  rest  of  the  volume  calls  for  no  remark, 


unless  we  might  demur  to  the  existence  of  a 
Lord  Chancellor's  court  in  Scotland. 

In  Criminals  I  Have  Knotvn  (Chapman  &  Hall) 
Major  Arthur  Griffiths  tells  a  great  variety  of 
stories,  unequal  in  merit  and  interest,  but  mosfc 
of  them  lively  enough  in  their  way.  There  is 
no  guarantee  as  to  the  proportion  of  fact  and 
fiction  in  their  composition  ;  but  the  reader 
need  not  greatly  concern  himself  on  that  score. 
Most  of  the  causes  celebres  of  crime  have  already- 
done  service  in  printed  collections  ;  but  the  pre- 
sent volume  seems  to  be  mainly  or  wholly  new. 
There  is  suflicient  entertainment  in  the  book  to 
occupy  a  leisure  hour,  for  the  chronicles  are  not 
always  blood-curdling,  and  they  are  sometimes, 
very  amusing. 

The  scope  of  Mr.  W.  Carlton  Dawe's  sketches^ 
Yellow  and  White  (Lane),  is  accurately  enough, 
indicated  in  three  prefatory  stanzas,  of  which: 
it  may  suffice  to  quote  the  first  : — 

The  love  of  the  white  for  the  yellow, 

The  yellow  for  white  ; 
When  music  and  laughter  make  mellow 

The  long  Eastern  night; 
When,  rid  of  convention,  a  fellow 

Does  everything  right. 

The  little  book,  in  short,  is  a  sort  of  Oriental 
pendant  to  Mr.  Louis  Becke's  South  Sea  island 
studies  in  brown  and  white,  though  falling  short> 
somewhat  of  the  merciless  realism  of  *  By  Reef 
and  Palm.'     Still  there  is  no  lack  of  passion^ 
horror,  and  peril  in  Mr.  Dawe's  chapters.     The 
love  of  which  he  writes  is  certainly  not  a  liberal 
education  ;  the  white  man  is  a  mere  hunter,  to- 
whom    any   Oriental   woman,    married    or   un- 
married, is  fair  game  ;  and  the  profound  selfish- 
ness of  the  sport  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that 
the  woman  always  pays  the  penalty,  generally 
with  her  life.     The  tale  of  a  mutiny  of  coolies^, 
and  the  description  of  a  visit  to  a  gambling  hell 
at  Macao  and  its  consequences,  are  told  witli 
abundant  vigour.     But  it  is  not  a  volume  to  be 
recommended  to  those  who  cherish  a  patriotic 
belief  in  the  nobility  of  the  Englishman  abroad. 
The  lady  who  calls  herself  Raymond  Jacberns 
— and  there  can  surely  be  little  doubt  of  her  sex: 
— has  a  certain  graceful  facility.     There  is  little 
enough  material  in  An    Uncut  Diamond,   avic? 
other  Stories  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.).  The  majority 
of  the  tales,  or  rather  sketches,  are  concerned  with 
peasant  life  in  different  parts  of  Europe  ;  but  as. 
such  they  are  charming   pictures.      With  the 
exception  of  'Pyramus  and  Thisbe  up  to  Date' — 
which,  though  it  shows  more  humour,  is  a  not 
wholly  successful  diversion — there  is  a  sameness 
about  them  which  makes  selection  difficult.     A 
strong  note  of  melancholy  pervades  them,  ancJ 
the  sentiment,  as  in  'A  Spring  Episode'  and 
'Changed,'  is  occasionally  both   pointless  and 
strained.     The  English  working  class  does  not^ 
however,  easily  lend  itself  to  sentimental  hand- 
ling, and,  probably  for  this  reason,  the  author 
breathes  more  freely  amongst  the  Italian  pea- 
santry.      'A  Ruin'   is   a   really   spirited   little 
sketch,  and,  indeed,  they  are  all  remarkable  for 
a  vividness  of  local  colouring  which  makes  them 
very  readable.     This  latter  quality  is  at  least  aa 
noticeable  in  'Mists.'     Here,  however,  though 
the  scenes  are  principally  laid  in  familiar  places, 
we  have  also  excursions  into  fairyland,  and  are 
introduced  to  the  spirits  of  air  and  water.    These 
allegorical  sketches  all  point  an  excellent  moral'. 
Indeed,  if  they  did  so  less  uniformly  they  might 
perhaps  be  better  appreciated  by  the  juvenile 
class  of  readers  for  whom  they  are  probably  in- 
tended.   '  Seeroschen  '  and  '  Light  and  Shade ' — 
in  which  latter  we  learn  why  there  always  is,  or 
should  be,  sunshine  behind  a  shadow— are  both 
particularly  pretty.    In  them  all,  however,  there 
is  a  daintiness  of  touch  which  goes  far  to  redeem 
the  element  of  commonplace  inevitable  amongst 
so  many  fancies. 

There  is  nothing  specially  characteristic  of 
Devonshire  about  Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts's  Dotcn 
Dartmoor  Way  (Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.), 
except  that  the  people  say  "am"  for  is  and 
"awn"  for  oivn.  So  far  as  the  incidents  go, 
they  might  have  occurred  anywhere  else,,  though 


N*»3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


869 


it  may  be  hoped  that  they  are  not  of  frequent 
occurrence  anywhere.  Mr.  Phillpotts  appears 
in  these  tales  to  belong  to  the  school  of  story- 
tellers who  have  taken  for  their  models  certain 
French  writers  of  the  baser  sort,  and  who, 
being  unable  to  attain  to  the  dexterous  handling 
of  language  which  is  the  one  merit  of  those 
writers,  try  at  least  not  to  fall  too  far  short  of 
them  in  depicting  the  more  revolting  possibili- 
ties of  human  life.  A  brutal  fight  between  two 
sisters,  in  love  with  the  same  man  ;  a  father 
choking  to  death  while  his  little  boy,  not  under- 
standing, looks  on  and  laughs  at  his  convulsions 
— these  are  the  kind  of  themes  which  inspire  the 
muse  of  Mr.  Phillpotts.  Even  when  less  repul- 
sive than  this,  the  stories  mostly  deal  with 
crime  or  misery  of  some  kind.  Nor  is  it  much 
alleviation  that  they  are  set  as  it  were  in  a  mass 
of  overloaded  "word-painting,"  of  a  kind  that 
suggests  the  man  of  books  a  good  deal  more 
than  the  man  used  to  firsthand  observation  of 
nature.  Where,  for  instance,  did  Mr.  Phill- 
potts find  flints  on  Dartmoor  1  or  where  is  the 
"valley  lying  between  red  sandstone  cliffs  on 
the  shores  of  Devon  "  from  which  Dartmoor  can 
be  reached  in  a  morning's  stroll  ?  Is  Mr.  Phill- 
potts perhaps  thinking  in  both  cases  of  Haldon  ? 
And  when,  where,  or  in  what  circumstances  did 
he  ever  hear  a  cat  make  any  sound  that  could 
be  described  as  "  chattering  "  ? 

Chronicles  of  Martin  Hewitt,  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Morrison  (Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden),  will  suit  the 
taste  of  any  one  who  likes  detective  stories,  for 
they  are  well  devised  and  written,  in  the  style 
which  has  become  thoroughly  familiar  to  the 
reader  of  such  tales.  Hewitt  is  an  adept  in  the 
methods  of  Holmes  ;  his  art  is  the  application 
of  common  sense  applied  to  minute  details,  and 
trained  into  quickness  and  infallibility  by 
assiduous  practice.  The  framework  of  Mr. 
Morrison's  chronicles  is  perhaps  needlessly 
reminiscent  of  that  employed  by  some  of  the 
chroniclers  who  have  preceded  him  ;  the  fact 
that  the  inane  Watson  revives  in  the  inaner 
Brett  only  strengthens  the  likeness  between 
Sherlock  and  his  shadow  Martin.  These 
stories  are  clever  and  readable,  but  one  would 
have  preferred  a  new  departure  in  the  inge- 
nuities of  detection.  An  abundance  of  pictures 
adds  to  the  attractiveness  of  Mr.  Morrison's 
tales  of  mean  crimes. 

The  Momance  of  a  Picture,  aiid  other  Stories. 
By  Truda  Marsh.  (Berarose  &  Sons.)— These 
stories  are  in  some  respects  superior  to  many 
avowedly  written  for  girls,  yet  such  we  take  to 
be  more  or  less  the  motive  power  of  'The 
Romance  of  a  Picture '  and  its  fellows.  The 
writer  expresses  earnest  religious  feeling,  with- 
out the  twaddle  that  so  often  accompanies  it. 
Once  or  twice  there  is  even  something  like  a 
hint  of  humour,  and  there  is  purpose  instead  of 
vague  yearnings  after  ideal  high-mindedness. 
More  than  this  it  seems  unnecessary  to  say. 

The  Highland  Sister's  Promise,  a  small  volume 
of  stories  by  the  late  Miss  R.  INIackenzie  Kettle 
(Fisher  Unwin),  is  characteristic  of  her  gentle 
fluency,  her  appreciation  of  the  beauties  of 
nature,  and  her  wise  preference  for  the 
golden  mean  in  matters  of  practical  life ; 
but  all  three  tales  are  of  the  slightest  possible 
construction,  and  it  cannot  be  said  their  publi- 
cation will  enhance  the  fame  of  the  writer.  * '  The 
Highland  Sister  "  promises  her  brother  to  keep 
house  for  him,  a  task  which  she  performs  until 
he  leaves  her  to  marry  into  the  family  of  "  the 
laird,"  who  himself  consoles  Katie  for  her 
brother's  loss.  '  The  Dormers  of  Dormer 
Hollow  '  are  as  quiet — and  tame — as  their  title. 
'  Under  the  Laurels '  is  the  scene  of  reconcilia- 
tion between  a  young  widow  and  the  lover  who 
forgives  her  for  having  unromantically  preferred 
an  elderly  marquis  to  himself. 

PinJis  and  Cherries,  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Ross 
(Glasgow,  MacLehose  &  Sons),  is  a  quaint  little 
book  of  sketches  of  every-day  incidents  in  the  lives 
of  Norwegian  children.   There  is  a  certain  charm 


in  the  fresh  and  unpretentious  manner  in  which 
the  simple  homely  events  are  narrated,  but  if  the 
truth  be  told,  the  book  is  rather  thin  reading 
altogether.  It  requires  a  genius — which  Mr. 
Ross  is  not — to  make  a  doll's  tea-party  vastly 
interesting  or  a  game  of  hide  and  seek  extremely 
enthralling  ;  and  these  are  the  best  things  in 
the  book.  The  mild  romances  among  his  elders 
observed  by  the  narrator  are  not  worth  much. 

The  stories  collected  in  The  Lcadin'  Road  to 
Donegal,  and  other  Stories,  by  "  Mac  "  (Digby, 
Long  &  Co.),  are  but  twelve  in  number,  and 
are  probably  the  cream  of  "  Mac's"  repertoire. 
Any  one  who  admires  the  following  quotation 
from  the  dedication  may  read  them  without 
fear  of  disappointment.  They  are  what  such 
an  opening  leads  us  to  expect : — 

"Ten  years  ago,  in  our  Alma  Mater  (!).  it  being 
discovered  that  I  was  from  Donegal,  and  (conse- 
quently) a  story-teller,  you  may  remember  how,  as  a 
mouthpiece  of  a  solemn  court-martial  convened  on 
me  for  some  act  of  contumacy  towards  my  seniors, 
you  assumed  the  black  cap  and,  with  moistened  eye 
and  broken  voice,  condemned  me  to  relate  from 
Blanketland  a  story  each  night  for  the  space  of  one 
calendar  month  ;  and  you  may  remember  also — or, 

if  not,  I  remember— how I  nightly  began  my 

tale,  and  was  constrained  to  follow  the  varying  for- 
tunes of  my  hero  with  toilsome  persistency  till  the 
discordant  peals  of  seven  strong-toned  nasal  organs 

ringing  out  on  the  night informed  me  that  my 

tale  had  fulfilled  its  mission." 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE, 

M.   Jusserand's  five  English  Essays  from  a 
French  Pen  (Fisher  L'^^nwin)  deal  with  '  The  For- 
bidden Pastimes  of  a  Recluse,'  'A  Journey  to 
Scotland  in  1435,'  'Paul  Scarron,'  'A  Journey 
to  England  in  1663,'  and  'One  more  Document 
concerning  Voltaire's  Visit  to  England,'      The 
first  is  so  curious  that  one  would  like  to  have 
the  whole,  the  very  words,  of  the  '  Regula  sive 
Institutio  Inclusarum,'  addressed  to  his  sister 
the  anchoress  by  St.  Ethelred,  Abbot  of  Rie- 
vaulx  from  1146  to  1166.     What  a  poem  Robert 
Browning  could  have   based   upon   his  advice, 
that  she  must  not  encourage  old  women  to  sit 
in  front  of  her  window,  and  retail  her  the  latest 
gossip  ;  must  not  have  a  youthful  confessor,  or, 
as  is  so  common,  embroider  purses  and  girdles 
for  him  ;   must  not  adorn  her  cell  with  pictures 
and  tapestry  ;    must  not   be   over-bountiful   to 
beggars  I  It  was  Maitre  Regnault  Girard,  knight, 
Seigneur  de  Bazoges,  who  in  1434-6  was   dis- 
patched  from    La    Rochelle,   sore   against  his 
will  (for  he  was  not  a  good  sailor),  to  fetch  from 
Scotland    the    little     Princess     Margaret,    the 
betrothed  of  the  future  Louis  XI.     His  French 
narrative  gives  a  delightful  picture  of  his  peril- 
ous voyage  in  a  whaler  owned  by  himself  ;   of 
James  I.'s  and  Jane  Beaufort's  unwillingness  to 
part  with  their  firstborn  ;   of  the  mule  that  was 
sent  as  a  present,  and  received  with  great  joy, 
being  "considered  a  very  strange  animal,  for 
there  are  none  in  Scotland " ;    and  of  the  re- 
joicings subsequent  to  the  tardy  return,  when 
"master  Robert  the  Devil"  claimed   and   got 
30   sols    for   his   trouble    in   dancing    and   for 
having  ordained  the  said  dance,  and  '■^  item  for 
a  pair  of  hose  which  he  asserted  to  have  burst 
while  dancing."     The  'Journey  to  England,'  by 
the  ex-Protestant  translator  Samuel  Sorbieres, 
if  not  quite  so  interesting,  still  offers  a  good  deal 
that  is  noteworthy.     The  stone  rollers  for  the 
bowling-greens  were   a  novelty  to  the  French- 
man ;    so,    too,    was   the    custom    of    smoking 
tobacco  towards  the  end  of  dinner,  and  the  stage 
in   a  theatre  being  all  left  free  to  the  actors. 
Professional    swordplayers    gave    public    exhi- 
bitions which  terminated  with  the  first  blood 
drawn,    but     in    which    one    might    lose    half 
a    cheek — "en   ce    triste    divertissement    il    y 
a    quelque    chose    de     bien    farouche."      And 
Thomas  Hobbes  of  Malmesbury,  then  seventy- 
five  (not  seventy-eight),  every  week  played  "a 
game  of  tennis,   which   he  continues   until   he 
has  to  stop  out  of  sheer  exhaustion."     What  is 
stranger,  however,  than  anything  in  the  book 


itself  is  the  reception  it  met  with.  On  us  now 
it  leaves  quite  a  flattering  impression  ;  but  it 
gave  dire  offence  to  our  more  susceptible  fore- 
fathers, as  impugning  their  sense  of  the  dra- 
matic unities,  suggesting  that  "my  Lord  Hidde  "" 
lacked  distinction  of  character,  giving  a  gro- 
tesque description  of  the  verdure  of  Kent, 
insulting  the  universities  by  ridiculing  the 
mortar-board,  and  so  forth.  Not  only  did  it 
call  forth  several  acrimonious  rejoinders,  but 
Louis  XIV.,  anxious  at  the  time  to  cultivate 
good  relations  with  England,  ordained  its  sup- 
pression, and  banished  its  author  to  Brittany, 
The  article  on  the  London  edition  of  Voltaire's 
'  Henriade '  is  rather  a  light  makeweight,  and 
that  on  Scarron  might  have  been  left  as  the  intro- 
duction, for  which  it  was  originally  written,  to 
an  English  translation  of  the  'Roman  Comique.' 
But  for  M.  Jusserand's  volume  as  a  whole  we 
have  hearty  commendation. 

The    Old   Missionary,    by    Sir    William  W. 
Hunter,  K. C.S.I.  (Frowde),  is  a  revised  edition 
of  some  articles  which  appeared  a  few  years  ago 
in  the  pages  of  the  Contemporary  Review,  and 
the    world    will    be    grateful    to    Sir  William 
Hunter  for  reproducing    in   this  dainty  little 
volume  a  work  which  should  touch  the  hearts, 
take  the  fancy,  and    exercise  the  thoughts  of 
a  wide  circle  of  intelligent  readers.     Its  four 
chapters  represent  as  many  phases  in  the  life 
of    its    hero    "Trafalgar"   Douglas,    who    had 
fought  as  a  midshipman  under  Collingwood  in 
Nelson's    last    sea    fight,    and    had  afterwards- 
settled    down    as    a    hardworking    missionary 
among   the  highlanders    of    Northern  Bengal, 
Round  the  heroic  figure  of  the  old  scholar-mis- 
sionary— whose   word  is   law   to  thousands  of 
tribesmen,    Christian    and    non-Christian,  who 
leads  his  flock  heavenward  by  love  and  loving 
deeds  only — there  moves  a  pleasant  little  group, 
of  Anglo-Indians,  official  and  other,  from  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  to  the  assistant-magistrate, 
the  planter,  and  the  Catholic  priest.    Prominent 
among  the  native  figures    are    the  old  Hindu 
pundit  who  helped  the  missionary  in  compiling 
his  great  dictionary,  and  the  young  Brahman, 
convert  whose     overzeal     for    dogmas    caused 
for    a    time     a     dangerous     schism.       There^ 
is  pathos    in   the  old    scholar's    loving    inter- 
course with  his  motherless    little    girl,   in  the^ 
blindness  which  steals  upon  him  before  he  ha&^ 
finished  his  great  work  upon  the  hill  languages, 
in  the  unwonted  silence  of  the  chapel  bell  at 
the  daily  recurring  hour  of  evening  prayer,  in. 
the  child's  patient  watching  day  by  day  at  her 
sick  father's  bedside,  in  the  young  Brahman's- 
remorseful  questionings  and  final  reconciliation, 
with  his  dying  teacher.    The  general  reader  will 
thank    Sir  W.   Hunter   for  giving    him   lively 
pictures  of  station  and  country  life  in  Bengal,, 
unspoiled   by  any  eruption  of  strange-looking 
Indian  words  or  phrases.     There  is  no  lack  of 
local  colouring,  but  the  language  used  through- 
out is  plain  and  intelligible,  yet  steeped  in  the 
charm  of  a  graceful  style. 

We  confess  to  an  inability  to  distinguish  very 
clearly  between  the  work  of  Mr.  Silas  and  Mr, 
Joseph  Hocking.  One  or  other  of  them  seems 
to  publish  a  book  about  once  a  month,  and  dull 
stufl'  it  is  generally.  The  Heart  of  Man,  by 
Mr.  Silas  K.  Hocking  (Warne  &  Co.),  is  a  story- 
of  one  of  those  idiotic  people  (who  seem  to  occur 
only  in  fiction)  who  have  not  committed  a  murder, 
but  try  to  escape  as  if  they  had.  Of  course  he- 
is  caught  and  sentenced,  and  of  course  it  is  air 
right  in  the  end.  The  only  bit  of  this  book 
which  at  all  goads  the  jaded  interest  is  the 
account  of  the  hero's  suspense  in  Dartmoor  aa, 
to  the  probability  of  his  release.  The  illus- 
trations, as  in  all  Messrs.  Hocking's  books,  are. 
atrocious. 

It  is  difficult  to  assert  that  Ecce  Puella,  amt 
other  Prose  Imaginiinjs,  by  Mr.  William  Sharp 
(Elkin  Mathews),  are  particularly  interesting ; 
most  of  them  seem  to  be  little  more  than  a  stream- 
of  precious  words  about  nothing  in  particular- 


870 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


*  Ecce  Puella '  has  a  great  deal  of  vague  talk 
about  beauty  in  women  and  certain  beautiful 
women,  and  Mr.  Sharp  shows  that  he  has  read 
and  is  able  to  quote  from  a  good  many  delight- 
ful authors  ;  but,  with  all  the  solemnity  of  it,  he 
seems  to  have  very  little  to  say  that  has  not 
been  better  said  before.  The  'Fragments  from 
the  Lost  Journals  of  Piero  di  Cosimo '  owe 
much,  as  indeed  Mr.  Sharp  practically  acknow- 
ledges, to  the  life  by  Vasari  ;  however,  this  is 
certainly  the  most  worth  reading  of  the  prose 
imaginings  ;  it  has  something  to  say,  and  gives 
some  definite  idea  of  Piero  di  Cosimo. 

Messrs.  Methuen  &  Co.  publish,  in  the 
*' Social  Questions  of  To-day"  series,  Tlie 
Housing  of  the  Worling  Classes,  by  Dr.  Edward 
Bowmaker,  This  is  a  useful  volume,  but  the 
author,  who  looks  at  his  subject  largely  from 
the  sanitary  and  the  building  side  and  less  from 
the  legislative  point  of  view,  attaches  too  much 
importance  to  the  Act  of  1890,  which  was  mainly 
a  consolidating  measure,  and  has  not  made 
much  change  or  been  the  cause  of  rapid  im- 
provement. 

There  is  in  Stepniak's  Kmg  Stork  and  King 
Log :  a  Study  of  Modern  Russia,  2  vols.  (Downey 
&  Co.),  only  one  statement  which  will  be  new 
to  the  well  informed.    That,   in  the  number  of 
books  published,  Russia  stands  third  among  the 
nations,  and  before  the  United  Kingdom,  sur- 
prises us.     As  Stepniak  suggests,  the  Russian 
monthlies   are,  nationally  speaking,  the   most 
important  in  the  world,  and,  the  novel-reading 
classes  in  Russia  preferring  Gyp  and  Zola,  there 
is  but  little  fiction  published  in  Russia.     These 
two  facts  make  the  enormous  output  of  serious 
literature  the  more  remarkable,  if  the  facts  are 
as  stated,  and  Stepniak  is  a  careful  writer,  or 
we  should  have  doubted.    The  book  is  a  gloomy 
picture  of  the  autocracy  of  Alexander  III.  and 
Nicholas  II.,  with  chapter  and  verse  given  to 
the  largest  extent  which  is  compatible  with  the 
safety  of  those  still  within  the  clutches  of  the 
Russian  police.     Exiles  as  a  rule  are  not  to  be 
trusted  in  politics,  but  in  the  case  of  Russia  the 
system  of  government  is  such  that  no  one  except 
the  exile  can  afford  to  speak  the  truth.     The 
most  valuable  part  of  Stepniak's  volumes  is  that 
which  points  out  the  changes  in  the  Russian 
revolutionary    programme   in    our    time  ;    the 
change  is  to  some  extent,  however,  a  reversion, 
and  the  views  of  Stepniak's  friends  are  not  very 
dissimilar  from  those  of  his  great  predecessors  in 
exile,  Herzen  and  Ogaref.     Stepniak's  printers 
are  responsible  for  a  good  many  "literals,"  the 
same    Russian    names    being    sometimes  spelt 
correctly  in    one    passage    and  incorrectly    in 
another. 

Prof.  Butcher  has  republished  separately  his 
text  and  translation  of  The  Poetics  of  Aristotle 
(see  Athen.,  No.  3538). 

HazelVs  Annual  has  reached  its  eleventh  year 
of  publication,  and  has  established  its  position 
as  a  useful  work  of  reference  (Hazell,  Watson 
&  Viney).     We  have  tested  the  new  issue  by 
turning  up  many  articles,  and  have  almost  uni- 
formly found  them  satisfactory.     We  may,  how- 
ever, remark    that    the   column    devoted  with 
doubtful      wisdom      to     Australian      irrigation 
colonies   would    have    needed  serious  revision 
had  the  publication  of  the  annual  been  delayed 
for  a  few  days,  as  the  company  lauded  in  it  has 
gone  into  liquidation.    The  notice  of  M.  Pasteur 
is  absurdly  insufficient.     We  have  found  only 
one  misprint,  and  that  is  in  the  list  of  Spanish 
cruisers.      It    is   gratifying    to    see    that    the 
advertisement  that  used  to  disfigure  the  back  of 
the  cover  is  withdrawn. — That  admirable  reper- 
tory of    information    the  Almanach   de    Ootha 
(Gotha,   Perthes)   has  also   reached  us.      Four 
more  families  have  been  added  to  the  famous 
third  part.     The  information  regarding  British, 
French,  and  Dutch  colonies  has  been  augmented. 
A  portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Aosta  forms  the 
frontispiece,  and  there  are  also  likenesses  of  the 
Duke,  of  M.  Faure,  and  Prince  de  Hohenlohe. 


We  have  searched  in  vain  for  an  error  in  the 
Post  Office  London  Directory  (Kelly  &  Co.)  for 
1896.  It  remains  a  marvel  of  accuracy.  The 
only  drawback  is  its  bulk,  and  for  that  the  pub- 
lishers are  not  responsible,  and  it  is  difficult  to 
suggest  an  improvement. — Messrs.  Dean  &  Son 
have  sent  us  the  new  issue  of  Debrett's  Peerage, 
Baronetage,  Knightage,  and  Companionship.  It, 
too,  is  a  repertory  of  information  of  a  compli- 
cated character.  The  number  of  changes  to  be 
recorded  has  been  larger  than  usual.  Ten 
new  peerages  have  been  created,  and  four- 
teen baronetcies.  The  new  knights  number 
over  ninety.  —  Whittaker's  Windsor  Peerage 
(Whittaker  &  Co.),  which  is  now  edited  by  the 
editor  of  '  Dod's  Parliamentary  Companion,'  has 
improved  of  late  years,  and  is  a  clearly  arranged 
and  convenient  volume,  but  is  defaced  by  the  in- 
sertion of  a  hideous  advertisement  on  the  cover. 

In  Messrs.  Constable's reprintof  the  "  Author's 
Favourite  Edition  "  of  the  "  Waverley  Novels  " 
the  Abhct  has  appeared. 

We  have  so  often  praised  The  Banking 
Almanac  (Waterlow  &  Sons),  which  Mr.  Inglis 
Palgrave  edits,  that  it  is  superfluous  to  do  so 
again.  The  alphabetical  arrangement  has  been 
carried  further  in  this  year's  volume,  and  con- 
sequently reference  is  more  easy  than  before. 
In  his  introduction  Mr.  Palgrave  rightly  urges 
the  banks  to  assist  the  Mint  by  withdrawing 
worn  gold  coins. 

Messrs.  Collins,  Sons  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a 
number  of  excellent  Pocket-Books  and  Diaries  of 
a  serviceable  kind.  Their  Commercial  Diary  is 
particularly  good. — Messrs.  Straker  &  Sons  have 
sent  us  a  number  of  Pettit's  and  Blackwood's 
useful  and  well-arranged  Diaries  and  Pocket- 
Books. 

LIST    OP   NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theologt/. 
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Wade,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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Houssaye    (H.) :     Discours    de    Reception   a   I'Academie 

Franfaise,  Ifr. 
Vigier  (R.) :  Amour  de  Slave,  3fr.  50. 


THE  "ENGLISHMAN"  IN  TOURS. 
Those  of  our  readers  who  recollect  our  dis- 
covery that  the  author  of  the  '  Englishman  in 
Paris  '   (who  is  not  an  Englishman  at  all)  was 
bom    in  the  same  year  and  elected  to  a  cer- 
tain Parisian  club  the  same  day  as  Sir  Richard 
Wallace,  will  not    be    surprised    to  hear  that 
there  are  other  coincidences  in  his  life  not  lesa 
curious.     To  the  current  number  of  the  Fort- 
nightly  Bevieiv  Mr.    Albert  D.    Vandam  con- 
tributes a  paper  entitled  '  The  Beginnings  of  a 
Republic,'  of  which  the  most  striking  portion  is 
an  extract  from  his  diary  made  at  Tours  when 
it  was  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  National 
Defence  during  the  war.  "I  transcribe  verbatim 
et  literatim,"  he  says,    "  from  one  of   my  old 
note-books,"  and  the    transcription   is  a   mar- 
vellous  instance    of    the  aphorism  that  "Lea 
beaux  esprits  souvent  se  rencontrent, "  for  after 
a  quarter  of  a  century  it  appears  that  on  certain 
days   he    had    precisely   the   same    adventures 
and  made  the  same  observations  as  M.  Ludovic 
Hal^vy,  who  came  to  Tours  a  month  after  him — 
as  related  by  the  future  Academician  in  one  of 
the  sketches  collected  in  1872  under  the  title 
'  L'Invasion  :    Souvenirs   et  R^cits.'     On  Octo- 
ber 26th,  1870,  Mr.  Vandam  says,  he  arrived  at 
Tours,  where,  after  many  vain  efforts  to  find  a 


N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


871 


lodging,  he  "secured  the  attic  "  at  an  hotel,  M. 
Hal^vy  on  November  21st,  1870,  after  "tenta- 
tives  infructueuses, "  getting  a  room  "en  qua- 
trieme."  That  both  these  accomplished  observers 
noticed  that  the  restaurants  were  thronged  with 
inventors  of  warlike  engines,  and  that  the  name 
of  Gambetta  was  on  every  lip,  may  pass.  It  is, 
however,  startling  to  note  that  the  identical 
persons  who  dined  near  Mr.  Vandam  at  the 
Hotel  de  Bordeaux  on  October  26th  turned  up 
at  the  Hotel  du  Faisan  on  November  21st  when 
M.  Halevy  was  dining,  and  occupied  the  same 
places  relatively  to  his  as  they  had  to  that  of 
Mr.  Vandam  at  the  other  inn  a  month  earlier  : 


Fortnightly  Retnew, 
December,  1895. 

"  Oct.     26,   1870 1    was 

seated  next  to  a  good-looking 
elderly  gentleman  who  each 
time  the  name  of  Gambetta 

was  mentioned rose  to  a 

semi-upright  position. 

" Opposite    me    there 

was  an  army  chaplain  bearded 
like  the  pard,  with  a  Geneva 
band  around  bis  arm  and  the 
cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour 
on  his  breast." — P.  912. 


'  L'lnvasion,'  c.  vii.  "  Tours," 
21me  §d.  1892. 

"21     Nov.    1870 A    ma 

droite  un  vieux  Monsieur 
chaque  fois  i  qu'il  entend  le 
nom  de  Gambetta  fait  un 
petit  soubresaut  sursa  chaise. 

" En  face  de  nous  un 

aum6nier  militaire,  grande 
barbe  grise,  le  brassard  de 
Geneve  et  la  croix  de  la 
Legion  d'Honneur  sur  sa  sou- 
tane."—P.  128. 


' '  Oct.  27, 1870.  This  is  what 
I  read  outside  a  cafe  in  the 
Kue  Boyale  to  -  day  :  '  The 
sellers  of  the  odious  journals 
entitled  L'  Union,  clerical  jour- 
nal, La  Gazette  de  France, 
Legitimist  journal,  and  other 
reactionary  organs,  whether 
Bonapartist  or  Orleanist,  are 
forbidden  to  enter  this  estab- 
bshment.'"— P.  915. 


A  written  notice  exposed  outside  a  caf^  had 
survived  four  rainy  weeks  after  being  observed 
by  Mr.  Vandam,  though  M.  Halevy  does  not 
remark  that  it  was  weatherbeaten  : — 

"21    Nov.  1870 dans  la 

Rue  Royale:  sur  la  devan- 
ture  du  cafe  Philippe  cette 
affiche  manuscrite  en  lettres 
enormes  :  '  II  est  formelle- 
ment  interdit  aux  vendeurs 
de  journaux  odieux  intitules : 
I' Union,  journal  clerical,  la 
Gazette  de  France,  journal 
Ifigitimiste,  et  autres  organes 
reactionnaires,  bonapartistes, 
orleanistes,  de  penetrer  dans 
cet  etablissement.'  "—P.  128. 

It  is  odd  that  at  a  time  of  such  excitement 
people  should  have  had  leisure  to  learn  by  rote 
long  extracts  from  newspapers,  yet  this  is  what 
they  must  have  done,  for  in  a  cafe  in  November 
they  recited  to  M.  Halevy,  word  for  word,  false 
news  that  Mr.  Vandam  had  read  in  the  journals 
in  October  : — 

"21  Nov.  1870.  Au  cafe 
de  la  Ville  les  nouvelles  les 
plus  inattendues  et  les  plus 
folles.  '  Garibaldi  est  en 
Bavifere.  11  marche  sur 
Berlin.  II  aoblige  adeguerpir 
de  leurs  couvents  toutes  les 
religieuses  des  villes  de  Bour- 
gogne.  D'ailleurs  de  bonne 
volonte,  la  plupart  de  ces 
religieuses  sont  parties  comme 
cantiniCres  dans  I'armee 
garibaldienne.  La  flotte 
franfaise  a  force  I'entrSe  du 
Port  de  Jade,  detruit  la  flotte 
prussienne,  delivr6  15,000  pri- 
sonniers  f  ran  pais  internes  a 
Jade.  Ces  15,000  prisonniers 
ont  constitu^  immediatement 
une  petite  arm^e  qui  s'est 
mise  en  marche  sur  Berlin,  a 
travers  I'Allemagne  degarnie 
de  troupes.'  "—P.  129. 


"Oct.  27,  1870.  Here  is 
what  I  have  read  in  the 
Bepublican  sheets  :  '  Gari- 
baldi is  in  Bav£iria,  and  in 
full  march  on  Berlin.  He 
bas  compelled  the  nuns  to 
evacuate  the  convents  in  all 
the  towns  of  Burgundy 
through  which  he  has  passed. 
It  is  but  fair  to  say  that  those 
nuns  were  most  anxious  to  do 
BO :  the  majority  have  taken 
service  under  Garibaldi  as 
female  sutlers.  The  French 
fleet  has  forced  the  harbour  of 
Jahde, destroyed  the  Prussian 
fleet,  and  set  free  15,000 
French  prisoners  impounded 
there.  These  15,000  prisoners 
have  immediately  formed 
themselves  into  a  small  army, 
and  are  now  marching  on 
Berlin  across  the  north  of 
Germany,  in  which  there  are 
absolutely  no  troops.'"  — 
P.  915. 

If  Mr.  Vandam  had  been  an  accurate  student 
of  the  campaign  of  1870,  instead  of  adding  to 
M.  Halevy's  version  the  words  "through  which 
he  has  passed,"  he  would  have  wisely  omitted 
from  his  October  journal  all  reference  to  Gari- 
baldi in  Burgundy,  as  it  was  only  on  Novem- 
ber 6th  that  Garibaldi  received  his  secret  instruc- 
tions to  march  in  that  direction  from  Dole  in 
the  Jura. 

We  scarcely  think  that  even  the  "English- 
man in  Paris"  would  have  the  assurance  to 
palm  oflF  on  the  editor  of  the  Fortnightly,  as 
extracts  from  his  diary,  passages  translated 
straight  out  of  a  well-known  volume  by  a  cele- 
brated living  Academician,  which  all  the  world 
can  buy  for  2fr.  75,  and  an  explanation  would 
be  interesting. 


A  VENETIAN'S  COMMONPLACES. 

Amidst  the  wrack  stranded  on  the  outside 
shelf  of  a  bookshop  in  London,  I  lately  bought 
a    parchment-bound    anonymous  fifteenth  cen- 


tury MS.  folio.  It  has  over  six  hundred  well- 
written  pages — the  majority  of  them  crowded 
and  patched  with  marginal  additions.  The 
earlier  leaves  of  the  paper— a  first-class  product 
of  a  time  when  paper  was  paper — are  water- 
marked with  an  anchor,  the  rest  with  the  sem- 
blance of  a  crossbow.  A  cursory  examination 
showed  that  the  book  had  not  been  quite  accu- 
rately described  by  its  recent  Italian  owner  as 
a  dictionary  of  virtues  and  vices.  It  is,  in  fact, 
a  commonplace  book  arranged  alphabetically 
under  heads,  "Amor,"  "Beatus,"  "Conscia," 
&c.,  the  edges  of  the  paper  being  cut  in,  so  as 
to  show  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  from  the 
outside.  The  entries  consist  mainly  of  phrases 
and  passages  from  the  Latin  poets  and  philo- 
sophers. The  list  of  authors  cited  embraces 
practically  the  whole  classical  culture  of  the 
time.  Greek  literature,  slenderly  represented, 
appears  (except  for  a  sentence  or  two  in  the 
original)  wholly  in  translation — the  'Cornu- 
copia '  and  similar  bilingual  products  of  the 
early  press  being  considerably  drawn  upon. 
Aristotle  is  frequently,  and  Homer  occasion- 
ally, quoted  in  a  Latin  dress.  Of  the  Latin 
poets,  Horace  is,  perhaps,  most  frequently  in 
evidence,  and  Cicero,  Seneca,  and  Pliny 
amongst  the  writers  of  prose.  Sources  other 
than  classical  are  the  Vulgate,  the  civil  law, 
a  few  of  the  Fathers,  and  mediaeval  authors — 
the  last  but  sparingly.  A  small  but  select  body 
of  citations  from  contemporaries  indicates  that 
the  interests  of  the  humanist  compiler  were  not 
circumscribed  by  antique  literature.  Just  as 
he  copies  pregnant  verdicts  of  Sallust  and 
Cassiodorus,  so  he  draws  wise  saws  from  such 
authors  as  Lorenzo  Nalla  and  Christoforo 
Landino.  He  devotes  two  full  pages  to  a 
summary  of  specialities  in  Venetian  history. 
His  citations  are  almost  all  Latin.  Excep- 
tions —  little  over  a  score  altogether  —  are 
Italian,  mostly  from  Dante  and  Petrarch. 
Many  extracts  appear,  under  different  heads, 
twice  and  three  times  over — an  unconscious 
repetition  probably  due  to  the  long  period 
during  which  the  jottings  were  being  made. 
Marks  of  emphasis  take  sundry  shapes. 
Occasionally  the  importance  of  a  sentence  is 
shown  by  its  being  written  in  Roman  capitals. 
Very  often  a  marginal  drawing  of  a  hand  points 
a  long  slender  finger  to  the  accented  place. 
One  or  two  slight  sketches,  such  as  a  crown,  a 
judge's  head,  or  a  wreath,  demonstrate  some 
turn  for  art  not  otherwise  evinced  in  a  volume 
which,  in  an  age  just  culminating  in  master- 
pieces, makes  no  outstanding  reference  either 
to  painting  or  sculpture. 

Rightly  apprehended,  a  commonplace  book, 
although  entirely  of  quotations,  is  an  intel- 
lectual self-revelation  of  peculiar  interest.  It 
is,  in  spite  of  itself,  autobiographical — a  work- 
shop where  thought  is  seen  in  the  making,  even 
though  it  be  merely  in  assorting  the  thought  of 
other  people.  Through  the  five  thousand  or 
more  items  which  my  author  had  commonplaced 
shone  the  spirit  of  the  Renaissance.  A  deep 
devotion  to  learning  came  out  in  its  whole 
scheme.  The  title-page  itself  was  a  dedication 
to  letters.  "  What  is  there  to  live  for,"  it  asks, 
"were  it  not  for  them?"  A  like  enthusiasm 
was  elsewhere  disclosed  by  endless  quotations. 
And  early  in  my  examination  it  became 
apparent  that  the  MS.  contained  much  more 
than  quotation. 

There  were  little  jottings  on  the  margin  about 
places,  persons,  and  abstractions,  with  dates 
ranging  from  1471  to  1518,  giving  sign  that  the 
piecing  together  had  been  spread  over  the 
leisure  of  a  lifetime.  There  were  numerous 
allusions  to  great  events  of  Italian  history. 
There  were  bits  of  criticism  like  the  note 
"  O  stultiloquum "  after  a  quoted  sentiment 
which  mature  judgment  condemned.  There 
was,  to  illustrate  a  passage  from  Horace,  a 
notice  of  the  burning,  in  1498,  of  "  Hieronymus 
frater  predicator "  (whose  other  name  was 
Savonarola),  with    the    words    "ex    arabicione 


ingenti "  added  in  different  ink.  There  were 
many  political  notelets,  none  more  significant 
than  that  dated  1515,  which  adds  to  a  quoted 
laudation  of  Venetian  justice, 

Et  si  justitix  remanent  vestigia  terris 
Imperio  Venetum  ilia  videre  potes, 

the  comment — a  veritable  sigh  in  emphatic 
capitals — that  the  eulogium  once  was  true. 

There  is  always  a  challenge  in  the  anony- 
mous. Here  there  were  many  general,  and 
some  particular,  allusions  making  for  a  com- 
paratively simple  identification  of  the  unknown 
hand  that  penned  the  manuscript.  A  special 
and  somewhat  obtrusive  mark,  a  B  with  a 
flourish  through  it,  pointed  out  verses  and 
sentences  which  there  was  reason  to  suspect 
were  the  writer's  own.  Some  were  opposite 
pieces  with  corrections  apparently  made  in  com- 
position, as,  for  instance,  in  an  odd  couplet 
giving  the  flavour  of  to-day's  fresh  egg  the 
preference  over  the  promise  of  to-morrow's  hen  ! 
Once  or  twice  two  initials  appeared — the  letters 
"B.  B."  One  entry  was  titled  "Initium 
orationis  B.  B.,"  and  was  from  a  speech 
addressed  to  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  in  1487.  In 
another  the  writer  referred  to  himself  as  "mihi 
B.  B.  oratori. "  A  note  of  the  death  (seemingly 
by  assassination)  of  "  Ludovicus  Bembus  "  in 
1493  styled  him  "  compatruelis  meus."  The 
final  key  of  the  whole  matter  was  found  in  the 
following  : — 

Clarissimo  Bernardo  Bembo  equiti  ac  decemviro 

Joannes  Kosanus. 
Qui  Phoebo  sacrisque  favet  doctissimus  antris 
Suscipiat  Phcebum  qui  jacet  ante  fores. 

1505,  8  Decembris. 

There  was  no  longer  any  doubt.  My  pur- 
chase was  the  bulky  literary  notebook  of 
Bernardo  Bembo,  the  distinguished  Venetian 
Doctor  of  Laws,  magistrate,  and  ambassador, 
now  chiefly  remembered  for  his  public-spirited 
erection  of  the  monument  over  Dante's  grave 
at  Ravenna,  and  as  the  father  of  a  son  more 
illustrious  than  himself — the  cardinal  who,  in 
Mr.  Symonds's  phrase,  ruled  over  Italian  litera- 
ture like  a  dictator,  and  who  was  its  fullest 
representative  in  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

An  interesting  episode  recorded  is  that  a  poet 
"Franciscus  Buzacharinus,"  in  the  course  of  a 
visit  to  the  man  whose  identity  we  now  know, 
had  done  him  honour  in  the  form  then  common, 
of  attaching  elegiacs  to  a  doorpost.  ' '  Impelled 
by  what  power  I  know  not,"  says  my  author, 
"he  affixed  these  verses  to  the  library  door." 
They  appear  once  in  the  MS.  on  the  page 
headed  "  Prophetia,"  and  begin  : — 

Perpetuos  felix  Bernard  us  vivet  in  annos 
Progeniem  Bembam  qui  super  astra  feret. 

They  pleased  the  recipient  sufficiently  to  induce 
him  to  enter  them  twice  in  his  book.  That  not 
he,  but  his  son,  however,  was  to  be  the  glory 
of  the  Bemban  line,  thus  so  far  falsifying  the 
prophecy,  was  already  evident  during  the 
father's  life.  There  is  a  passing  reference  to  a 
son  Bartholomew,  born  in  Padua,  and,  if  I 
mistake  not,  to  two  other  sons,  Antonio  and 
Carlo,  and  to  a  daughter  unnamed.  But  the 
allusions  to  Pietro,  the  future  cardinal,  are  a 
thing  apart,  and  a  toucliing  evidence  of  paternal 
pride  and  affection.  This  finds  strong  expres- 
sion in  a  letter  or  poem  left  with  only  the 
salutation  complete,  thus  : — 

P.  fili  mi  Dulcedo  pariter  et  gloria. 

One  couplet  of  his  son's  writing  appears  to  have 
peculiarly  appealed  to  his  imagination,  for  he 
quotes  no  fewer  than  six  times  the  distich  on 
Pegasus  : — 

Danlala  cum  celeres  finxit  mihi  Grn^cla  plumas  : 
Esse  homines  vobis  dixit  in  astra  viam. 

Once  he  writes  it  in  capitals  ;  four  times  he 
cites  in  the  margin  " Petrus  meus"  as  the 
author;  once  he  titles  it  "Pegasus  Petri  mei." 
Wlien  Benvenuto  Cellini  made  Pietro 'smedallion 
jjortrait  long  afterwards  he  was  specially  asked 
by  his  dignified  subject  to  make  the  obverse  a 
Pegasus  wreathed.  Perhaps  in  the  light  of  the 
foregoing  it  is  not  too  much  to  suggest  that  to 


872 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


Bembo  there  was  more  in  the  Pegasus  than  the 
literary  image  or  its  significance  as  an  inherited 
lieraldic  bearing  —  something  which  entwined 
itself  with  the  memory  of  the  father  from  whose 
inspiration  it  is  impossible  to  doubt  he  inherited 
much  of  his  classical  and  literary  taste. 

Some  pathetic  allusions  to  old  age  appear, 
bearing  witness  to  a  resigned  recognition  that 
he  was  nearing  the  end.  "  Quem  das  finem 
Rex  magne  laborum,"  he  quotes  in  1514,  with  a 
side  reference  to  "  D[omini]  P[etri]  filii  nostri." 
But  he  continued  vigorous  for  a  while  longer, 
although  he  was  then  eighty  years  old.  His 
mother,  if  I  do  not  misapprehend  him,  attained 
iier  hundred  and  second  year  with  faculties  un- 
impaired. He,  when  he  was  eighty-two,  set  it 
carefully  down  that  on  February  2l3t,  1516,  he 
had,  at  the  special  request  of  Ser  Michael  Salo- 
mon, lent  him,  for  the  use  of  his  son  Ser  Nicolas, 
■^'libellum  nostrum  ellegantiarum  et  annota- 
tionum  raanu  nostra  exaratum  chartis  Capreolis 
Tit  80  utatur  ad  frugem  justitise  in  censoria  sua  : 
sed  meminerit  demum  restitutionis."  It  is 
gratifying  to  be  able  to  complete  the  episode  of 
this  borrowing  receipt  by  saying  that  the  return, 
so  carefully  stipulated  for,  was  made  during  the 
old  man's  day.  He  duly  received  his  book  of 
elegancies  again  on  June  10th,  1518,  as  his  own 
docket,  the  word  Recepi^  attests.  He  died  in 
the  following  year. 

So  much  space  given  to  the  personal  aspects 
of  the  book  leaves  insufficient  room  for  a  sum- 
mary of  the  many  historical  incidents  referred 
to,    and  allusions   which   only  a    specialist  in 
Venetian  annals  can  fully  comprehend.     A  few 
juay  be    given    at    a   venture.      The   exile  of 
^'Benedictus  Sperantius  "  in  1471,  and  the  dis- 
grace of  one  of  the  Benzoni  of  Crema  in  1505  ; 
sarcastic    and    witty    sayings    of    Cosimo    and 
Lorenzo  de'  Medici ;  the  varied  fates  of  Leonardo 
and  Antonio  Grimani,  Andrea  Gritte,  Leonardo 
Trissini,    and    many   others ;    the    venality  of 
'Rome;  the  worthlessness  of  rulers,  in  1493  ;  the 
enormity  of  selling  the  oflice   of  magistrate,  in 
1515 ;    the    comparative   values    of   monarchy, 
aristocracy,    and    democracy  as    illustrated   in 
France,    Bologna,    and    Florence :     these    are 
.samples  of  the  varied  themes  supplying  text  for 
commentary  or  commentary  for  text.  The  writer 
went  as  ambassador  to  Burgundy  in  1471,  and 
records  an  adventure  at  the  Court  of  Charles  the 
Bold,  where,  by  a  trick  played  on  him,  he  got  a 
fright  from  the  duke's  disarmed  lioness,  to  the 
^reat  laughter  of  the  courtiers  !    He  has  passing 
notices   of   his   presence   and   his   residence  at 
Ferrara,  Ravenna  (where,  amongst  other  occu- 
pations, he  copied  epitaphs),  Padua,  Trier  (where 
he  saw  in  1473  Charles  the  Bold  acknowledged  in 
the  Duchy  of  Gueldres),  Rome,  and  many  other 
places.     At  Padua  he  was  very  ill  ("egritudinis 
antracum  deterrimarum "),    and  in  bed  wrote 
a  prayer  of  thanksgiving  to   God  and  to  the 
'Virgin,  who,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the  hymn 
At  the  end  of  the  book,  ranked  above  all   the 
saints  in  his  devotions.  As  a  Venetian  he  shows 
particular  attention  to  St.  Mark  ;  but  that  seems 
rather  in  a  secular  than  a  religious  connexion. 
In   1508  he  denounces   the  conspiracy  of   four 
Icings   for   the   destruction   of    his   unofi'ending 
x5ountry — a  reference  to  the  League  of  Cambray, 
which    so   terribly   menaced    the    existence   of 
Venice.     Like  a  good  Genoa-hating  Venetian, 
he  cites   Dante's  censure,  and   supplements   it 
with    fifteenth    century  instances    of  Genoese 
iniquity.     As   regards   Dante,   it   is   suggestive 
"to  find  him  on  one  occasion  giving  alternative 
readings.       More   suggestive   still   is   an   entry 
under  the  head  "  Votum  "  as   follows:    "  Ber- 
nardus  B.  jureconsultus  :    equanimitatis  et  pa- 
tientise  Columnse  :   voto  posuit."     This  dedica- 
tion by  its  terms  might  well  have  been  a  first 
scroll,   afterwards  rejected,  for  the  monument 
of  Dante. 

The  most  startling  personal  episode  in  the 
record  is  a  memorandum,  written  on  March 
^6th,  1511,  that  on  that  day,  at  the  twentieth 
"hour,  when  he  was  sitting  in  the  Senate  trans- 


acting public  business,  at  the  right  hand  of 
the  Doge  Leonardo  Lauredano,  a  great  earth- 
quake shock  came,  of  which  he  gives  brief  and 
graphic  particulars.  His  son  has,  in  the  eleventh 
book  of  his  '  Historise  Venette,'  described  the 
event  with  much  circumstance,  but  without  that 
vivid  impressiveness  which  distinguishes  the 
father's  note  written  at  the  time,  under  the  in- 
fluence of  emotions  against  which  not  even  the 
steeled  heart  of  a  Venetian  diplomatist  was 
proof.  Geo.  Neilson. 


MR.   FROTHINGHAM. 

Mr.  Octavius  Brooks  Frothingham,  who 
died  on  November  27th  at  Boston,  was  more 
eminent  as  an  orator  than  as  a  man  of  letters, 
but  his  writings  have  a  peculiar,  and  some  of 
them   perhaps  a    permanent,  value.      He   was 
born  in  Boston,   November  26th,   1822.      His 
father  was  an  eminent  Unitarian  minister,  and 
his  mother  a  daughter  of  Peter  C.  Brooks,  the 
father  of  Mrs.  Charles  Francis  Adams  and  Mrs. 
Edward    Everett.      The  late  Bishop    Phillips 
Brooks   was    of  the  same  family.     Dr.  N.  L. 
Frothingham,    author    of    '  Deism    and    Chris- 
tianity '  (1845),    was   one   of  the   first   in   the 
United    States   to   pay  attention  to    German, 
and     translated    hymns    from    that    language, 
besides    writing    some    original    poems.      His 
son,  after  graduating  at  Harvard  in  1843,  and 
at  its  Divinity  College  in  1846,  studied  for  a 
time    in    Europe,    and    afterwards    settled    at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  as  a  Unitarian  minister. 
He  soon,  however,  adopted  rationalistic  views, 
and  in  1860  settled  in  New  York.     For  some 
years  he  was  art  critic  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 
His  health  broke  down  in  1879,  and  he  gave  up 
preaching  altogether.     His  most  valuable  works 
are  'Recollections  and  Impressions,'  'The  Re- 
ligion  of  Humanity,'    '  The   Child's    Book    of 
Religion,'  'The  Life  of  Theodore  Parker,'  and 
'  Transcendentalism  in  New  England. '    The  last- 
named  work  is  his  best,  and  is  a  substantial  con- 
tribution to  the  study  of  the  philosophical  and 
religious  tendencies  of  the  American  mind.     It 
contains  in  full  the  sermon  preached  by  Emerson 
in  explanation  of  his  determination  to  discon- 
tinue the   Communion  service    in  his  chapel, 
which  led  to  his  withdrawal  from  the  ministry 
altogether.    This  is  the  only  sermon  of  Emerson's 
everpublished.  Among  Mr.  Frothingham's  works 
of  more  local  interest  were  biographies  of  Gerritt 
Smith,    George    Ripley,    and    William    Henry 
Channing.      Mr.   Frothingham  was  one  of  the 
early  and  valiant  opponents  of  slavery.     He  was 
a  man  of  some  wealth,  of  attractive  character 
and   presence,    and    his    departure   from   New 
York  in  1879  excited  general  regret,  even  among 
those  who  did  not  share  his  religious  opinions. 


Uitfrarp  ffiossfp. 

The  family  of  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Augustus  Murray,  K.C.B.,  will  be  obliged 
to  any  persons  who  possess  letters  or  papers 
written  by  him  if  they  wiU  send  the  letters 
or  copies  to  the  Hon.  Lady  Murray,  care 
of  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  15,  Waterloo 
Place,  S.W.  If  original  letters  are  sent, 
they  will  be  carefully  preserved  and  re- 
turned to  the  senders  without  delay. 

Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  is  writing  an  article 
in  reply  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  criticisms  on 
him.  It  wiU  probably  appear  in  the  next 
number  of  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

Mr.  Gosse  will  contribute  to  the  January 
number  of  the  Contemporary  Review  a  bio- 
graphical and  critical  memoir  of  the  late 
Lord  De  Tabley.  The  deceased  peer  is 
said  to  have  left  a  volume  of  hitherto  un- 
published poems  almost  ready  for  the  press. 
The  eighth  Annual  Conference  of  the 
Teachers'  Guild  will  be  held  at  Merchant 


Taylors'  School  from  the  14th  to  the  18th 
of  January  next.  The  chief  subject  of  dis- 
cussion will  be  the  Eeport  of  the  Secondary 
Education  Commission.  The  selected  speakers 
include  five  members  of  that  Commission, 
one  of  whom,  Prof.  Jebb,  will  deliver  the 
presidential  address. 

Cambridge  has  invited  representatives  of 
the  chief  educational  authorities  and  insti- 
tutions in  England  to  meet  there  in  the 
ensuing  Long  Vacation,  to  confer  on  ques- 
tions arising  out  of  the  Eeport  of  the  Eoyal 
Commission  on  Secondary  Education. 

Miss  Betham-Edwards  writes  : — 
"Permit  me  to  protest  against  Mr.  Hare's 
treatment  of  his  contemporaries  in  the  volume 
on  'North-Western  France.'  Numerous  cita- 
tions are  made  from  a  work  which  he  chooses 
to  call  'Autumn  in  Western  France,'  at  the 
same  time  withholding  the  author's  name.  I 
have  never  published  anonymously,  and,  as  Mr. 
Hare  must  know  well,  since  he  so  frequently 
makes  use  of  my  book,  the  title  is  '  A  Year  in 
Western  France.'  It  was  published  by  Messrs. 
Longman  some  years  ago." 

'  JiTDE  THE  Obscure  '  is  to  be  included  in 
the  Tauchnitz  edition.  "We  may  add  that 
Baron  Tauchnitz,  on  his  own  initiative,  pro- 
poses to  pay  Mr.  Du  Maurier  a  further  sum 
beyond  that  which  originally  was  arranged 
for  the  continental  rights  of  '  Trilby.' 

One  of  those  tales  of  the  seen  and  the 
unseen  which  the  readers  of  Blackwood 
now  expect  from  Mrs.  Oliphant  at  this 
season  will  appear  in  the  January  number. 
The  scene  is  laid  at  St.  Andrews,  and  the 
title  of  the  story  is  '  The  Library  Window.' 
The  January  number  wiU  also  contain  '  Ee- 
collections  of  the  Carlyles,'  by  a  lady  whose 
acquaintance  with  both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Car- 
lyle,  beginning  in  a  romantic  fashion,  ripened 
into  warm  friendship  ;  and  contributions  by 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  Miss  Beatrice  Harra- 
den,  and  Alice  Mackay,  the  South  African 
poet. 

Some  valuable  books  from  the  libraries 
of  the  late  Mr.  A.  Young,  of  Orlingbury 
Park,  Northampton,  and  others,  were  sold 
this  week  by  Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson. 
Amongst  them  were :  Ames's  '  Typo- 
graphical Antiquities,'  4  vols.,  largest  paper, 
9/.  15«.  ;  William  Blake's  'A  Series  of 
Ballads,'  1802,  9/.  10s.;  'The  Lawes  of 
Virginia,'  1662,  25/.  10s. ;  Baker's  '  North- 
amptonshire,' 71. ;  Dickens's  '  Sunday  under 
Three  Heads,'  1836,  7/.;  Holbein's  'Por- 
traits of  the  Court  of  Henry  VIII.,'  uncut, 
12/.;  E.  Spenser,  'Complaints,'  1591,  11/.; 
Manning  and  Bray's  'Surrey,*  18/.  5s.; 
Nash's  'Worcestershire,'  10/.  10s.;  Orme- 
rod's  '  Chester,'  11/.  12s.  %d. ;  '  Purchas,  his 
Pilgrimes,'  5  vols.,  28/.  10s. ;  Pynson,  '  Liber 
Festivalis,'  n.d.,  14/.  10s. ;  Shakespeare, 
Second  Folio,  with  MS.  notes,  22/.  5s.  ; 
collection  of  pamphlets  of  the  sixteenth, 
seventeenth,  and  eighteenth  centuries,  46/.  ; 
a  long  series  of  old  quarto  plays,  chiefly 
seventeenth  century,  65/. 

Miss  Jennett  Humphreys  writes  : — 
"  Will  you  permit  me  to  correct  a  slight 
inaccuracy  occurring  in  your  obituary  notice 
of  George  Augustus  Sala  ?  The  name  of  the 
doctor  who  overcame  the  blindness  from  which 
Sala  suffered  in  boyhood  was  Curie,  not  Cur^e. 
I  will  add,  with  your  permission,  that  this 
gentleman— who  was,  of  course,  properly  qualified 
?n  medicine— lived  in  Hanover  Square,  and,  as 
the  first  homoeopathic  physician  established  in 


N°3556,  Dec.  21,'95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


873 


London,  enjoyed  an  extensive  practice  and  was 
highly  valued.  His  removal  from  Paris,  which 
was  about  1840,  and  which  was  after  he  had 
made  the  sacrificing  resolve  to  adopt  the  re- 
formed treatment,  took  place  (I  always  under- 
stood) at  the  urgent  request  of  the  notable 
City  merchant  William  Leaf,  of  Old  Change, 
who  pressed  it  in  order  that  Hahnemann's 
principles  might  be  introduced  into  England. 
Arrived  in  London,  Dr.  Curie,  to  help  to  make 
fche  new  system  known  to  others  besides  the  very 
wealthy,  received  patients  at  certain  hours  at 
moderate  fees.  My  parents  were  among  those 
who  availed  themselves  of  this,  and  it  is  in- 
teresting to  hear,  through  you,  of  a  contem- 
porary patient  who  had  as  much  cause  as  they 
had  to  feel  indebted  to  Dr,  Curie  for  his  atten- 
tion and  skill." 

The  Nottinghamshire  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge  of  Freemasons  has  decided  to  estab- 
lish a  Masonic  library  and  museum,  and 
Mr.  J.  Potter  Briscoe,  Public  Librarian  of 
Nottingham,  is  to  be  honorary  librarian  and 
curator. 

The  summer  meeting  of  University  Ex- 
tension students  at  Cambridge  will  be  held 
from  Thursday,  July  30th,  to  Monday, 
August  24th,  1896. 

Me.  William  Axdrews,  of  Hull,  is  edit- 
ing an  illustrated  volume,  under  the  title 
of  '  Curious  Church  Gleanings.'  Miss 
Florence  Peacock,  Mr.  Edward  Peacock, 
the  Eev.  Dr.  Cox,  the  Eev.  Dr.  Lambert, 
and  Mr.  W.  E.  A.  Axon  are  amongst  the 
contributors. 

Mb.  Craig  writes  : — 

"  In  your  review  of  my  book  '  Doctor  Johnson 
and  the  Fair  Sex '  the  reviewer  says  :  '  Mr. 
Craig  is  wrong  in  stating  that  the  lines  "  on  the 
nosegay  of  myrtle"  were  addressed  to  this  lady,' 
*.  e.  to  Miss  Lucy  Porter.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
I  made  this  statement  with  a  qualification  ;  but 
the  question  really  at  issue  is  whether,  as  a 
positive  statement,  it  would  be  incorrect. 
Boswell's  words  are  :  '  He  addressed  to  her 
^Miss  Porter]  the  following  verses,  on  her  pre- 
senting him  with  a  nosegay  of  myrtle.'  Mrs. 
Piozzi,  in  her  '  Anecdotes,'  asserts  that  Johnson 
wrote  this  effusion  '  not  in  his  own  person,  but 
for  a  friend  '  ;  but  Miss  Seward,  in  a  letter  to 
Boswell  on  this  subject,  declares  :  '  I  knoif  these 
verses  were  addressed  to  Lucy  Porter  when  he 
rjohnson]  was  enamoured  of  her  in  his  boyish 
days,  two  or  three  years  before  he  had  seen 
her  mother,  his  future  wife.  He  wrote  them  at 
my  grandfather's,  and  gave  them  to  Lucy  in 
the  presence  of  my  mother,  to  whom  he  showed 
them  on  the  instant. '  There  is  no  qualification 
here.  May  I  add,  in  explanation  of  certain 
omissions  to  which  your  reviewer  draws  atten- 
tion, that  my  book  being  intended  for  casual 
readers,  and  therefore  likely  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  'the  young  person,'  I  felt  bound 
to  suppress  what  it  might  be  undesirable  for 
her  to  see?  On  this  account,  and  for  reasons 
mentioned  by  your  reviewer,  I  elected  to  ignore 
such  frail  beauties  as  Bet  Flint,  Mrs.  Rudd, 
Peg  Woffington,  or  Lady  Di  Beauclerk.  More- 
over (at  p.  80),  I  have  expressly  stated  that  my 
list  of  Johnson's  female  friends  was  limited  to 
*  a  few  of  the  most  prominent.'  " 

The  lines  "  on  the  nosegay  of  myrtle  "  gave 
rise  to  a  good  deal  of  discussion  in  former 
days,  and  Boswell  had  a  very  angry  dis- 
cussion with  Miss  Seward  on  the  subject. 
The  question  of  the  authorship  of  the  verses, 
and  of  the  identity  of  the  lady  to  whom  they 
were  addressed,  was  finally  settled  by  Mr. 
Edmund  Hector  in  a  letter  which  he  wrote 
to  Boswell  in  January,  179 1.  "Without  going 
into  further  details,  we  may  mention  that  at 
the  time  the  verses  were  written,  1731,"  John- 


son," writes  Mr.  Hector,  "was  an  entire 
stranger  to  the  Porter  family."  Mr.  Hector's 
letter  is  reprinted  in  Croker's  '  Boswell,' 
1848,  p.  24. 

The  death  has  to  be  chronicled  of  Arch- 
deacon Browne,  who  was  at  one  time  Pro- 
fessor of  Classical  Literature  at  King's 
College,  London,  and  wrote  histories  of 
the  literatures  of  Greece  and  Eome. 

The  Zaw  Quarterly  Review  for  January 
will  contain  an  article  on  *  The  German 
Civil  Code,'  by  Mr,  E.  Schuster;  Mr.  T. 
Cyprian  "Williams  wiU  write  on  '  Conditions 
in  Restraint  of  Marriage ';  and  Mr.  E.  J, 
Kitts  upon  '  Creditor  and  Debtor  in  Lidia.' 
There  will  also  be  articles  on  '  Cyprus  Law 
and  its  Administration,'  by  Mr.  "W.  E. 
Grigsby ;  and  '  "Wyclif  on  English  and 
Eoman  Law,'  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Maitland. 

A  fortnight  ago  we  stated  that  the 
Prussian  Government  intended  to  curtail 
the  liberty  of  teaching  in  Prussia  by 
assuming  the  right  to  remove  from  their 
posts  any  of  the  Privatdocenten  it  chose. 
"We  are  glad  to  gather  now  from  the 
political  papers  that  a  protest  has  been 
published  against  this  illiberal  proposal 
by  upwards  of  fifty  university  professors. 

"We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  Mr. 
Antonio  Gallenga,  who  was  closely  con- 
nected with  the  Times  for  the  last  fifteen 
years  or  so  of  Delane's  editorship,  both  as  a 
leader-writer  and  a  special  correspondent. 
He  had  a  wonderful  command  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  ;  indeed,  his  linguistic  powers 
were  exceedingly  remarkable,  and  he  was 
one  of  the  few  Italians  of  his  day  who 
spoke  Spanish  with  fluency  and  correctness. 
Besides,  his  powers  of  work  were  extra- 
ordinary. In  his  days  of  struggle,  when, 
after  an  unprofitable  stay  in  America,  he 
came  to  England,  he  wrote,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Mariotti,  an  excellent  ItaKan 
grammar,  which  still  holds  its  place  as 
a  concise  sketch  of  the  main  facts  of  the 
language.  He  published  a  number  of 
books,  most  of  them  founded  on  magazine 
articles  or  his  contributions  to  the  Times ; 
and  after  he  retired  from  active  work,  he 
wrote  a  highly  entertaining  autobiography. 
He  was  a  typical  Piedmontese,  shrewd, 
tenacious,  economical,  and  uncompromising; 
and  although  the  son  of  an  old  officer  of 
Napoleon's,  he  was  an  extreme  Gallophobe. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  both  his  wives 
were  English. 

From  Paris  comes  the  news  of  the  decease 
of  M.  Emile  Montegut,  one  of  the  steadiest 
contributors  to  the  Revue  des  deux  Mondes, 
and  the  translator  of  Emerson  and  Macaulay. 

There  are  no  Parliamentary  Papers  of 
general  interest  this  week. 

SCIENCE 


Heligoland  as  an  Ornithological  Observatory : 
the  Result  of  Fifty  Years'  Experience.     By 
Heinrich  Giitke.     Translated  by  Eudolph 
Eosenstock,      M.A.Oxon.        (Edinburgh, 
Douglas.) 
For  nearly  half  a  century  after   the  con- 
clusion  of  the   great  Napoleonic  struggle, 
the    little   island   of   Heligoland — Britain's 
sole  possession  in  the  North  Sea — had  been 
almost  forgotten  except  in    official  circles, 


though   well-informed   people   were   aware 
that  it  had  once  belonged  to  Denmark,  had 
been  mentioned  by  Campbell  in  his  political 
poem    'The    Death -boat    of    Heligoland,' 
and  was  a  watering-place — with  a  flavour 
of  gambling — much  frequented  during  the 
summer  by  Germans.     These,  who  looked 
upon  an  island  off  the  mouths  of  the  "Weser 
and  the  Elbe    as  morally  their  property, 
complained  from    time   to  time  that   their 
reversionary  interests   therein   were   being 
injured    by  the    rabbits    which  had  been 
introduced  by  a  sporting  British  governor, 
and  that  this  was  substantially  untrue  was 
a  detail  of  no  importance.     "Well  on  in  the 
fifties,  however,  ornithologists  began  to  take 
an  interest  in  Heligoland,  chiefly  owing  to 
the  statements  made  by  a  young  Prussian 
artist,  Heinrich  Giitke  by  name,  who  had 
announced  that   this  islet,  with  its    light- 
house illuminating  a  radius  of  many  miles, 
was  annually  visited  by  vast   numbers  of 
migratory    birds,    and    amongst   these  by 
individuals     belonging     to     many    species 
hitherto    unknown    in    Europe.     At    first 
suspicion    was     rife,    and     some     German 
naturalists  of  high  standing  did  not  hesitate 
to  say  that  these   supposed  exotic  visitors 
had    really  been    obtained   from     abroad, 
although  a  little  reflection  would  have  shown 
them  that  many  of  these  species  were  then 
so  rare,  and  their  real  habitat  so  remote  or 
unknown,  that  no  one,   even  with   gold  in 
his  hand,  would  have  known  how  to  procure 
them.     In    1858,  however,   the  late   Prof. 
J.     H.     Blasius,     of     Brunswick,     visited 
Heligoland,   with  the    express   purpose   of 
learning   the   truth,    and   his    letter,  pub- 
lished    in     Naumannia     (a    translation    of 
which    appeared    in    the    This   for    1862), 
effectually  silenced  the  doubters.     Then  the 
natural  reaction  ensued,  and  since  that  time 
Heligoland  has  been   looked    upon  as  the 
Mecca  for  students  (especially  English) 'of 
bird-migration  ;  its  fame  as  an  ornithological 
observatory  has  gone  out  into  all  the  world, 
and  HerrGatke  is  its  prophet.     It  is  a  little 
triangular  rock  of  red  sandstone,  says  the 
late  Mr.  Seebohm  in  his  much  quoted  and 
paraphrased    account :    probably  not   more 
than  three  hundred  acres  in   extent,   with 
potato  fields  and   other  cultivated   ground 
on    the    top,    as   well  as   a    sprinkling    of 
"  throstle-bushes,"  expressly  set  for  thrushes 
and  other  migrants.      Every  Heligolander 
has   been  an  observer    of    birds,   and    has 
lived  by  and  for  birds,  since  he  was   able 
to  walk ;  as  a  boy  he  carried  a  catapult  or  a 
blowpipe,   as  a  man  he    used  the   gun   or 
worked  the  net,  and  the  lighthouse,  tempt- 
ing the  migrants    to  suicide,  did  the  rest. 
There  are  other  places  where  great  numbers 
of  birds  pass  and  even  alight :  Spurn  Point, 
in  Yorkshire,  is  one,  and  Tarlfa,  in  Spain, 
is  another  ;  but  nowhere  else  have  mig^rants, 
desirous  of  repose  and  food,  so  little  chance 
of    passing    unnoticed    as    in    Heligoland. 
And  it  is  of  no  one  season,  but  of  fifty  years' 
experience  in   this    wonderful  observatory, 
that  Herr  Giitke  tells  us  in  this  handsome 
volume  of  six  hundred  pages. 

The  work  was  originally  in  German,  and 
was  published  in  1892  ;  but  inasmuch  as  it 
deserved  the  widest  possible  circulation, 'Mr. 
J.  A.  Harvie-Brown,  the  life  and  soul  of  the 
Scottish  Migration  Eejiorts,  as  Mr.  John 
Cordeaux  is  of  those  of  England,  under- 
took the  editing  of  an  English  translation, 


874 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3556,  Dec.  21,  '95 


in  which  he  was  seconded  by  Mr.  W.  Eagle 
Clarke,  another  energetic  recorder.  Herr 
Gatke  was  delighted,  and  contributed  some 
valuable  corrections  which  every  student 
must  notice  ;  Prof.  Newton  and  Mr.  Cor- 
deaux  added  some  charming  illustrations 
from  the  author's  own  pen-and-ink  sketches ; 
and  the  result  is  a  book  for  which  every 
British  ornithologist  will  bless  the  col- 
laborators and  the  publisher. 

That  the  total  number  of  species  observed 
or  obtained  on  this  wonderful  islet  is 
reckoned  at  398  is  a  detail  for  the  scientific 
worker,  who  is  already  aware  of  the  main 
facts  :  namely,  that  such  and  such  rarities 
from  Asia,  North  America,  and,  more 
rarely,  from  Southern  Europe,  have  occurred 
on  Heligoland.  But  these  facts  are  merely 
the  dry  bones ;  the  flesh  is  in  Herr  Gatke's 
notes  on  each  species  and  in  his  experiences 
of  migration,  the  details  of  which  have 
never  been  published  before  in  English. 
The  work  is  divided  into  three  main  sec- 
tions— the  migration  of  birds,  the  changes 
in  the  colour  of  the  plumage  of  birds  with- 
out moulting,  and  the  account  of  the  birds 
observed  in  Heligoland,  the  first  of  these 
consisting  of  nine  important  chapters  !  We 
may  pass  over  the  second  and  third  sections 
as  being  suited  to  the  specialist ;  but  how  is 
justice  to  be  rendered,  within  reasonable 
limits,  to  the  first  section  ?  "We  wiU  en- 
deavour to  set  forth  the  salient  features. 
Up  to  May  the  visitors  are  chiefly  migrants 
northwards,  but  towards  the  end  of  that 
month  and  in  June  rare  individuals  of 
south-eastern  species  present  themselves, 
while  later  in  June,  and  in  July,  the  reflex 
migration  takes  place,  consisting  of  young 
starlings  by  hundreds  of  thousands,  and  of 
other  birds  in  smaller  quantities.  This 
return  passage  continues  until,  in  Septem- 
ber and  October,  many  visitors  from  the  far 
east  make  their  appearance,  but  the  great 
hordes  moving  westward  or  south-westward 
consist  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  hooded 
crows,  sometimes  tiny  golden-crested  wrens 
swarming  round  the  lighthouse  "  like  so 
many  snowflakes"  (in  1882),  skylarks  in 
such  numbers  that  15,000  were  taken  in 
a  single  day,  and  other  birds  in  only 
smaller  numbers.  Afterwards  the  migra- 
tion depends,  as  elsewhere,  upon  the 
■weather,  and  need  not  occupy  us  further. 
The  main  point  is  that  all  Herr  Gatke's 
observations  confirm  Naumann's  assertion, 
made  years  and  years  ago,  that  the  main 
direction  of  the  autumnal  flight  is  from 
east  to  west,  as  far,  at  least,  as  Heligoland 
and  Germany.  Afterwards  some — or  even 
many — of  the  migrants  may  possibly  turn 
southwards.  According  to  the  author's 
estimate,  the  altitude  at  which  many  birds 
fly  during  their  passage  is  prodigious, 
ranging  from  10,000  to  15,000  feet;  and, 
startling  as  these  figures  may  appear,  they 
are  confirmed  by  the  experiences  of  Prejeval- 
sky,  who  observed,  when  at  an  elevation  of 
10,600  feet  in  the  mountains  of  Central  Asia, 
flocks  of  cranes  passing  so  high  above  his 
standpoint  that  they  could  hardly  be  recog- 
nized. Herr  Gatke's  contention  appears  to 
be  that,  the  main  journey  being  performed 
at  a  height  where  the  resistance  of  the  air 
is  diminished,  a  tremendous  velocity  is 
attained,  even  the  little  blue  -  throated 
warbler  passing  from  Northern  Africa  to 
Heligoland  at  the  rate  of  1 80  geographical 


mUes  an  hour.  "  Non  ragionam  di  lor, 
ma  guarda  e  passa."  "Homing-pigeons 
have  been  timed  accurately  as  doing  from 
1,100  to  1,400  yards  a  minute  for  long 
distances,"  according  to  Mr.  Tegetmeier, 
the  highest  authority  we  know  ;  but  that  is 
well  under  sixty  miles  an  hour.  As  regards 
the  order  of  autumnal  migration,  it  has 
been  assumed  by  Palmen,  Weissmann,  and 
others  that  the  old  and  experienced  birds 
lead  the  way ;  but  this  is  directly  denied  by 
Herr  Gatke,  who  points  out  that  in  numbers 
of  species  the  earliest  migrants  are  un- 
doubtedly the  young.  What,  then,  guides 
them?  We  have  been  told  that  to  say 
"instinct"  is  an  unscientific  evasion  of 
the  difficulty ;  but  what  is  instinct — in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  words — but  an  inherited, 
though  unconscious  experience  ? 

We  know  little  or  nothing  about  the 
causes  of  the  migratory  movement  of  the 
young  westward  and  southward — an  annual 
movement  which  begins  long  before  cold  or 
want  of  food  can  have  exercised  pressure,  and 
these  inexperienced  birds  start  without  any 
guides.  It  is  also  a  remarkable  fact  that 
certain  nocturnal  Lepidoptera  undertake 
but  one  migration  in  the  course  of  their 
lives  and  die  after  it  is  accomplished,  with- 
out producing  offspring  to  which  they  might 
impart,  by  hereditary  transmission  or  tradi- 
tion, any  of  their  migratory  experiences. 

One  of  the  strong  points  of  Herr  Gatke's 
book  is  his  insistence  on  the  small  amount 
of  influence  exercised  upon  the  numbers  of 
most  species  of  birds  by  the  action  of  man 
as  compared  with  the  unnoticed  but  persistent 
inroads  of  winged  vermin.  Foremost  among 
these  he  places  the  hooded  crow,  and  after 
mature  experience  he  speaks  as  follows  : — 

' '  Now,  although  the  destruction  of  song- 
birds and  other  small  species,  as  it  appears  to 
be  carried  on  in  Italy,  ought  to  be  resisted  by 
all  possible  means,  nevertheless  all  that  is  offered 
for  sale  in  the  way  of  birds  and  eggs  in  one 
migration  period  would  hardly  equal  the  quantity 
of  eggs  and  nestlings  destroyed  by  the  hooded 
crows  during  one  summer  day." 

When  treating  of  the  skylark  he  renews 
the  indictment  against  the  crows,  pointing 
out  that  the  much  discussed  diminution  of 
small  birds  over  cultivated  or  populous 
areas  is  caused  not  by  destruction,  but  by 
crowding-out ;  whereas  the  crows  are  doing 
a  thousandfold  more  mischief  than  aU  the 
birdcatchers  together  over  the  great  un- 
inhabited space  between  the  Neva  and 
Kamtschatka.  Respecting  the  jay,  which, 
though  less  numerous,  is  also  most  destruc- 
tive to  the  eggs  and  young  of  small  birds, 
he  mentions  an  interesting  fact,  illustrative 
of  the  necessity  for  an  extension  of  observa- 
tions over  a  long  term  of  years.  About 
half  a  century  ago  a  great  passage  of  jaj's 
was  noticed  on  Heligoland ;  then  the  bird 
became  a  rare  or  very  irregular  visitor ;  and 
in  October,  1882,  a  stream  estimated  at 
hundreds  of  thousands,  and  even  millions, 
passed  over  (not  confined  to  Heligoland), 
"  and  since  that  year  only  one  solitary 
example  has  been  seen." 

It  would  be  easy  to  go  on,  for  we  have 
not  got  half  through  the  passages  marked 
in  this  fascinating  book.  When  we  con- 
sider the  enormous  mass  of  facts  marshalled 
before  us,  we  can  only  throw  up  our  hands 
and  exclaim  with  Dominie  Sampson, 
"Prodigious!" 


SOCIETIES. 
EOTAL.— ZJec.  12.— Sir  J.  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair.— Prof.  Gaudry,  Prof.  Kohlrausch,  Mr.  S.  P. 
Langley,  Prof.  Lie,  and  Prof.  Metschnikoff  were 
elected  Foreign  Members.— The  foUowiag  papers 
were  read  :  '  On  the  Determination  of  the  Index  of 
Refraction  of  Sulphur  for  the  Electric  Ray,'  by 
Prof.  J.  C.  Bose,— 'On  a  Complete  Skeleton  of 
an  Anomodont  Reptile,  Aristodesmus  rutimeyeri 
(Weidersheim),  from  the  Bunter  Sandstone  of 
Reicheu,  near  Basel,'  by  Prof.  Seeley,— '  Octonions,' 
by  Mr.  A.  McAulay, — '  On  the  Formation  and  Struc- 
ture of  Dental  Enamel,'  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Williams,— and 
'  The  Healing  of  Incisions  in  Vegetable  Tissues,' 
by  Dr.  S.  G.  Sbattock. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.— Z>ee.  12.— Sir  A.  W. 
Franks,  President,  in  the  chair.- The  President 
announced  that  he  had  appointed  the  Bishop  of 
Stepney  to  be  a  Vice-President  of  the  Society.  The 
President  also  said  he  had  great  pleasure  in  an- 
nouncing that  it  had  that  day  been  decided  by  the 
Court  of  Common  Council  of  the  City  of  London 
to  commence  to  print  the  City's  records  in  extenso, 
with  full  indexes,  &c.,  beginning  with  the  ancient 
series  of  letter-books.— It  was  thereupon  moved  by 
Sir  J.  Evans,  seconded  by  the  Director,  and  carried 
unanimously  :  "  That  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  hears  with  great  satisfaction  that  the  Cor- 
poration of  London  has  in  contemplation  so  im- 
portant and  necessary  a  work  upon  the  records  of 
the  City,  and  begs  to  express  its  thanks  for  their 
liberality  in  undertaking  it,  and  the  hope  that  it  may 
be  brought  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion." — Sir  J.  C. 
Robinson  exhibited  three  silver  Scottish  brooches 
of  early  type.  —  Mr.  W.  Brassington  exhibited  a 
carved  panel  from  a  seventeenth  century  settle, 
bearing  the  figures  of  two  serpents,  with  a  central 
device  in  form  of  a  tulip  with  the  initials  w'A.  These 
are  popularly  supposed  to  be  those  of  William  and 
Ann  Shakspeare,  but  the  panel  is  of  later  date,  and 
is  not  known  to  have  any  real  association  with  the 
poet  or  his  wife. — Mr.  C.  H,  Read  read  a  paper  on 
the  discovery  of  a  small  pottery  kiln  at  Shoebury- 
ness,  a  model  of  which  was  exhibited,  and  the  date 
of  which  he  thought  might  belong  to  the  late 
Celtic  period.  It  was  certainly  ruder  than  and 
different  from  the  usual  Roman  types  of  kilns. — 
Mr.  L.  Cust,  Director  of  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  exhibited  a  portrait  of  Shakspeare  which 
through  the  generosity  of  Mrs.  C.  Flower  has 
recently  been  acquired  and  presented  to  the  Shak- 
speare Memorial  at  Stratford  -  on  -  Avon.  The 
picture  corresponds  almost  exactly  to  the  well- 
known  engraving  by  Martin  Droeshout  prefixed  to 
the  First  Folio  edition  of  1623.  It  bears  the  name  of 
"  Wil™  Shakespeare  "  in  cursive  letters  and  the  date 
1009.  It  is  apparently  a  portrait  of  the  date,  and  its 
identity  as  a  portrait  of  Shakspeare  cannot  be 
denied.  As  examination  and  criticism  had  at  pre- 
sent failed  to  prove  it  to  be  other  than  a  genuine 
portrait  of  Shakspeare,  Mr.  Cust  was  inclined  to 
believe  that  it  might  prove  to  be  a  contemporary 
likeness  of  Shakspeare,  and  if  so  the  only  one  in 
existence.  It  had  no  pedigree,  which  was,  perhaps, 
in  its  favour.  Mr.  Cust  also  read  some  notes  on  the 
family  of  Droeshout,  chiefly  compiled  from  the 
registers  of  the  Dutch  Church,  Austin  Friars,  and 
showed  that  there  were  in  the  Droeshout  family 
two  painters  and  three  engravers,  and  that  they 
were  connected  with  the  painters  Lucas  d'Heere 
and  Daniel  My  tens.— In  illustration  of  Mr.  Cust's 
paper  there  were  exhibited  (1)  the  Chandos  por- 
trait, Ijy  the  Trustees  of  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery  ;  also  (2)  two  other  portraits,  by  the 
Baroness  Burdett  Coutts  ;  and  (3)  a  fourth  portrait, 
by  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Vertue.  Lord  Ronald 
Gower  also  exhibited  an  excellent  photograph  of 
the  death  mask,  and  Messrs.  Brucciani  two  casts  of 
the  bust  on  the  poet's  monument  at  Stratford.  A 
number  of  facsimiles  of  engravings  were  also  lent 
by  Mr.  Quaritch. 

British  Archaeological  Association.— 2?tt?. 
4.— Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  V.P ,  in  the  chair.— The  Rev. 
J.  Cave-Browne  read  a  paper  entitled  'The  Isle  of 
Purbeck  and  its  Marble,'  in  which  he  traced  the  his- 
tory of  the  isle  and  the  origin  of  the  name  to  Saxon 
times.  It  was  a  royal  warren  according  to  Lambarde. 
A  vivid  description  of  the  general  aspect  of  the 
locality  at  the  present  day  was  given,  and  the  method 
of  quarrying  the  stone,  and  more  especially  the 
famous  marble,  so  highly  esteemed  for  its  beauty 
during  the  Middle  Ages,  was  clearly  explained. 
The  author  drew  attention  to  the  discovery  about 
two  years  ago  of  an  unsuspected  layer  of  the  beauti- 
ful marble,  similar  in  every  respect  to  that  used 
largely  in  our  cathedrals  and  churches  throughout 
the  country  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies. An  interesting  description  of  the  local 
customs  of  the  workers  in  the  quarries,  of  their 
guild,  and  of  the  ancient  charter  once  possessed  by 
them,  dating  from  the  days  of  the  early  Edwards, 


N°3556,  Dec.  21,'95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


875 


but  destroyed  in  a  fire  at  Corfe  Castle,  was  given. 
A  reputed  copy  of  this  charter,  however,  exists  ; 
also  articles  of  agreement  dated  1551,  under  which 
the  "marblers"  still  monopolize  the  right  of  work- 
ing any  quarr}'.  Some  beautiful  specimens  of  the 
new  marble  illustrated  the  paper.— In  the  discussion 
which  ensued,  Dr.  Brushfield  pointed  out  that  the 
marble  was  known  to  and  used  by  the  Romans  at 
Chester  ;  he  also  very  lucidly  described  the  geo- 
logical formation,— Some  Roman  tesseraj,  found  at 
a  depth  of  17  ft.  below  the  surface  in  Bishopsgate 
Street  during  some  recent  excavations,  were  exhi- 
bited.— Mr.  R.  Quick,  the  curator  of  the  Horniman 
Museum,  afterwards  read  a  short  paper  descriptive 
of  au  ancient  Celtic  bell  and  other  bells  from 
various  parts  of  the  world,  which  he  produced  for 
exhibition.  The  Celtic  bell  was  discovered  in  the 
year  1888  in  an  old  farmhouse  at  Bosbury,  four 
miles  from  Ledbury,  in  Herefordshire.  The  bell 
measures  10^  in.  in  height  without  the  handle,  and 
is  7  in.  long  and  2h  in.  wide  ;  the  handle  is  3h  in. 
high  ;  altogether  the  bell  weighs  5tb  6  oz.  It  is 
made  of  one  piece  of  iron,  l/16th  of  an  inch  thick, 
folded  on  itself  in  the  middle,  forming  in  plan  a 
right-angled  figure,  widening  towards  the  bottom 
or  mouth,  the  edges  turning  inwards  and  overlapping 
each  other.  The  bell  appears  to  have  been  dipped 
into  melted  bronze.  It  no  doubt  was  used  by  the 
Celtic  Church,  and  is  probably  of  the  sixth  century. 
— The  Chairman,  Mr.  Patrick,  and  Mr.  Barrett  took 
part  in  the  discussion  which  ensued. 


Statistical— Z?fc.  17.— Mr.  C.  S.  Loch,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair. — A  paper  was  read  by  Dr.  A.  Newsholme 
*0a  a  National  System  of  Notification  and  Regis- 
tration of  Sickness.' 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— Z>^c?.  17.— 
8ir  B.  Baker,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  paper 
read  was  '  Oh  the  Design  and  Testing  of  Centrifugal 
Fans,'  by  Messrs.  H.  Heenan  and  W.  Gilbert. 


Society  of  Arts.— Z)cr.  16.— Mr.  W.  W.  Beau- 
mont delivered  the  third  and  concluding  lecture  of 
his  course  of  Cantor  Lectures  '  On  Mechanical  Road 
Carriages.' 

Dec.  17. — Mr.  C.  W.  Eves  in  the  chair. — A  paper 
*  On  Jamaica  in  the  Past  and  Present '  was  read 
before  the  Foreign  and  Colonial  Section  by  Mr.  F. 
Cundall.  The  paper  was  fully  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs and  paintings,  and  was  followed  by  a  dis- 
cussion, in  which  Sir  F.  Young,  Dr.  Pringle,  and 
others  took  part. 

Dec.  18.— Mr.  W.  C.  K.  Clowes  in  the  chair.— A 
paper  '  On  Machines  for  preparing  Letterpress 
Printing  Surfaces'  was  read  by  Mr.  J.  Southward. 

Mathematical.  — Z>ft'.  12. —  Major  MacMahon, 
President,  in  the  chair.— The  following  were  elected 
Members  :  Messrs.  C.  E.  Cullis,  A.  Munro,  L.  Craw- 
ford, and  S.  S.  Hough.— Prof.  M.  J.  M.  Hill  gave  a 
'  Sketch  of  a  Note  on  the  Convergency  of  Series,' 
by  Dr.  R.  Bryant.— Lieut.-Col.  Cunningham  com- 
municated a  paper  '  On  the  Criterion  of  2  as  a  16"= 
Residue.'— A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Messrs. 
C.  E.  Bickmore  and  A.  B.  Kempe  and  the  President 
took  part.— Dr.  Hobson  read  a  '  Short  Note  on  the 
Distribution  of  Electricity  induced  on  an  Infinite 
Disc  with  a  Circular  Hole  in  It,'  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Mac- 
donald.— A  paper  by  Dr.  R.  Lachlan, '  On  the  Double 
Foci  of  a  Bicircular  Quartic,  and  the  Nodal  Focal 
Curves  of  a  Cyclide,'  was  taken  as  read. 


Physical.— Z)f^.  13.— Special  General  3Ieeting. 
— ^^Prof.  Reinold,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  resolution 
with  reference  to  the  change  in  the  amount  of  the 
life  composition  fee,  passed  at  the  special  general 
meeting  held  on  November  22nd  last,  was  confirmed. 
— The  ordinary  meeting  was  then  held.— Dr.  J. 
Shield  read  a  paper  '  On  a  Mechanical  Device  for 
performing  the  Temperature  Corrections  of  Baro- 
meters.'—A  paper  by  Prof.  Riicker,  '  On  the  Exist- 
ence of  Vertical  Earth-Air  Electric  Currents  in  the 
United  Kingdom,'  was,  in  the  absence  of  the  author, 
read  by  Mr.  Kay. 

Bibliographical.— I>e^.  l&.— Annual  Meeting. 
— Dr.  Copinger  in  the  chair.— The  Annual  Report 
of  the  Council  and  the  balance  sheet  were  pre- 
sented and  adopted.  The  Report,  after  alluding 
to  the  publications  of  the  year,  and  to  the  mono- 
graphs by  Dr.  K.  Haebler  on  the  '  Early  Printers  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,'  and  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Plomer  on 
'  Robert  Wyer,'  which  are  in  hand  for  1896,  recom- 
mended that  the  three  hundred  members  to  which 
the  Society  restricted  itself  in  May,  1891,  should 
in  future  be  drawn  exclusively  from  the  British 
Empire  and  the  United  States  of  America,  and  that 
the  Council  should  be  empowered  to  elect  any 
foreign  libraries  and  bibliographers  whose  adhesion 
would  be  of  advantage  to  the  Society  as  additional 
members.  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Faber,  a  resolu- 
tion to  this  effect  was  carried,  and  a  discussion  then 
followed  on  the  best  way  in  which  the  Society's 


library  could  be  made  available  for  the  use  of 
members. — Dr.  R.  Garnett,  Keeper  of  the  Printed 
Books  at  the  British  Museum,  was  elected  President 
for  the  ensuing  year  ;  Mr.  F.  Jenkinson,  a  Vice-Pre- 
sident;  Mr.  Ernest  Clarke,  an  additional  member  of 
Council  ;  Mr.  Almack,  an  Auditor  ;  the  other  officers 
and  members  of  Council  being  re-elected.  —  The 
Treasurer's  accounts  show  that  the  Society  is  in  a 
flourishing  condition,  a  substantial  balance  remain- 
ing in  hand  after  446^.  has  been  spent  on  its  publi- 
cations, and  an  additional  1(»0/.  invested. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUINO  WEEK. 
London  Institution.  4  — '  Three  Great  Chemists  and  their  Work 

—Priestley,    Lavoisier,    Humphry    Davy,'    Prof.    V.    Lewes. 

(Juvenile  Lecture  ) 
Royal  Institution,    3.— 'Sound.    Hearing,    and  Speech,'  Prof. 

J.  G.  McKendricli.    (Juvenile  Lecture.) 


Mrs.  G.  J.  Romanes  has  completed  the 
memoir  of  her  late  husband,  which  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Longman  next  January  or 
February.  The  memoir  will  consist  chiefly  of 
letters,  including  a  large  number  from  Mr. 
Darwin. 

Lord  Lilford,  the  President  of  the  British 
Ornithologists'  Union  and  of  the  Northampton- 
shire Natural  History  Society,  is  going  to  pub- 
lish two  volumes  of  'Notes  on  the  Birds  of 
Northamptonshire  and  Neighbourhood.'  They 
will  be  illustrated  by  Messrs.  A.  Thorburn  and 
G.  E.  Lodge.  Mr.  Osbert  Salvin  has  seen  this 
work  through  the  press. 

Mr.  a.  W.  Rogers,  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, has  been  appointed  Assistant  Geologist 
on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Cape  Colony. 

Perrine's  comet  (c,  1895)  is  now  moving  in  a 
north-easterly  direction  through  the  constella- 
tion Sagittarius,  and  will  soon  be  visible  in  the 
evening  after  sunset,  though  its  brightness  has 
been  rapidly  diminishing  since  the  perihelion 
passage  on  the  18th  inst.  Its  distance  from  the 
earth  is  now  (according  to  Prof.  E.  Lamp's 
calculations)  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  sun, 
and  increasing. 

FINE    ARTS 


Antonio  Allegri  da   Correggio :   his  Life,  his 
Friends,  and  his  Time.    By  C.  Eicci.   From 
the  Italian  by  F.  Simmonds.     Illustrated, 
(Heinemann.) 
SiGNOR   Eicci  performed  a  service   to  the 
literature  of  art,  which,  it  may  be  said,  was 
almost  due  from  the  Director  of  the  Gallery 
at  Parma,  when  he  wrote  the  monograph  on 
Correggio  which  Miss  Simmonds  has  now 
rendered  into  English.     Of  course  his  posi- 
tion secured   him    exceptional   advantages 
for    writing   such    a    book ;    but,   aU    the 
same,  he  is   to   be    congratidated    on   his 
achievement,  for  it  has  been  long  a  cause 
of  regret  and  surprise   that   nothing  like 
a    good    and   sympathetic   biography  had 
been  written  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  names 
in  the  history  of  painting — one  of  the  very 
few  who  have   originated  a  new  phase  of 
design  and  created  fresh  technical  methods. 
Vasari,    indeed,  was  a  real  enthusiast  for 
Correggio,    and,    despite    its    shortcomings 
and  its  errors,  his  account  remains  to  this 
day  the  foundation  of  aU  we  know  about  the 
man,  and  forms  an  admirable  criticism  of  his 
works  from  the  point  of  view  of  an  artist  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  who  was  likewise  a 
writer,  deeply  imbued  with  the  influence  of 
Michael  Angelo.     For    nearly  a   hundred 
years  few  men  of  letters  even  attempted  to 
collect  the  records  Time  was  fast  effacing 
which  had  not  come   within   the  reach  of 
Vasari's  informants ;  still  less  did  anybody 
try  to  sift  the  heterogeneous  mass  of  facts 
and  fancies  those  informants  had  collected. 


Baldinucci,  whose  excellent  work  came  to  an 
end  before  the  last  decade  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  concerned  himself  but  slightly  with 
Correggio' 8  biography,  although  he  admired 
his  painting.  Mengs,  who,  like  Vasari,  had 
the  great  advantage  of  being  an  artist  as  well 
as  a  thoroughly  qualified  art  critic,  wrote  in 
conformity  with  the  ideas  of  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  evidently  thought 
more  of  the  works  than  of  the  man.  Of 
the  influences  of  his  age  and  country  upon 
Correggio,  or  indeed  upon  any  one  else  in 
whom  he  took  an  interest,  it  could  not  be 
expected  that  Mengs  would  take  note.  That 
was  hardly  possible  in  the  then  state  of 
historical  criticism. 

Between  the  death  of  Correggio  and  the 
completion  of  Yasari's  great  book  more 
than  a  generation  had  passed  away,  yet  the 
masterpieces  of  the  artist  retained  all,  or 
nearly  aU,  their  brilliancy.  Indeed,  almost 
up  to  Baldinucci's  time  their  charm  remained 
unimpaired,  for  the  age  of  the  restorer  had 
not  come.  Accordingly  artists  never  faltered 
in  their  enthusiasm  for  Correggio.  Perhaps 
his  warmest  admirer  was  Eeynolds,  as  is 
manifest  to  those  who  study  Sir  Joshua's 
pictures  and  read  his  private  memoranda. 
It  is  true  that  in  his  '  Discourses,'  which 
are  supposed  to  contain  his  ultimate 
verdicts,  he  said  a  great  deal  about  Michael 
Angelo  and  not  much  about  Correggio. 
This,  however,  may  be  explained  by  that 
other  fact  which  many  readers  forget — that 
the  President  was  addressing  the  Students 
of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  to  whom  it  might 
be  wise  to  commend  Michael  Angelo  before 
aU  other  designers,  both  painters  and 
sculptors. 

However  that  may  be,   for  more    than 
two     hundred     and     fifty     years      artists 
rather    than     men    of    letters    maintained 
the  reputation  of  Correggio.     The  tribute 
painters  paid  to  him  was   indeed  a  great 
one.     It  is  more  than  probable  that  even 
Rembrandt,  who  was  a  sort  of  Dutch  Cor- 
reggio, owed  something  to  him.  His  frescoes 
and  oil  pictures  were  copied  and  recopied, 
and  his  early  pictures  were  purchased  for 
royal  and  private   collections ;    yet  it  was 
not    till    Eeynolds's    career    was    drawing 
to  its  close — when  Tiraboschi,  about  1786, 
examined  and  published  many  documents, 
both  public  and  private,  of  which  Vasari 
had     no    knowledge — that    anything    like 
a     biography    of     our    master,    such     as 
modern  notions   call  for,   came   into  exist- 
ence.    Tiraboschi,   in  fact,   laid  the  foun- 
dations    of    the    modern    biographies    of 
Correggio ;  and  although  Signer  Eicci  refers 
candidly  to   the  services   of  Tiraboschi   in 
the  '  Biblioteca '  and  his  '  Notizie  Modenese,' 
he      does     somewhat     less     than     justice 
to     the     diligent,     sjTnpathetic,    and     yet 
critical  biographer  of  a  hundred  years  ago. 
Pungileoni,  in  his  'Memorie'  in  1817,  was 
the  next  who  took  up  the  theme,  neither  the 
feeble  engravings  of  Vanni,  the  more  am- 
bitious prints  of  Giovannini,  the  Venetian 
plates   of    Manfrinio,   nor   the   outlines   of 
Landon  having  done   much  to  increase  the 
fame  of  Correggio.     Paolo  Toschi  did  more 
for  him  by  his  engravings  of  his  works  in 
Parma  than  anybody  else,  and  only  occa- 
sionally were  his   pictures  in  other  places 
treated  by   more   accomplished   engravers. 
He  was  first  made  known  in   England    in 
1630    by  the    importation    by   Charles   I. 


876 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'^SSSe,  Dec.  21,'95 


of  part  of  tlae  Mantua  Gallery,  which 
contained  that  "rare  piece"  of  "a 
standing  naked  Yenus,  Mercury  sitting 
teaching  Cupid  his  lesson,  intire  figures, 
almost  so  big  as  the  life,  in  a  gilded  carved 
frame,"  a  masterpiece  which,  after  many 
travels  and  many  changes  of  owners,  has  come 
back  to  England,  and  is  now  in  the  National 
Gallery.  At  Whitehall  in  Charles  I.'s  time 
there  were  no  fewer  than  eleven  paintings 
— some  of  them  of  the  highest  merit — by 
or  attributed  to  Correggio  ;  but  we  have 
traced  none  of  his  works  to  this  country 
before  '  Mercury  teaching  Cupid  to  Eead ' 
arrived,  nor  elsewhere  in  England  have  we 
heard  of  any  of  them  except  in  the  royal 
collection. 

To  account  for  this  comparative  neglect  of 
a  painter  of  stupendous  powers,  we  must 
remember  that  the  mood  not  less  than  the 
methods  of  Correggio  were  to  a  considerable 
extent  distinct  (and  all  the  more  original  on 
that  account)  from  the  better-known  art  of 
the  great  Venetians  and  Romans.  Besides,  his 
most  important  productions  are  frescoes  irre- 
movable from  the  walls  they  adorn,  and 
Parma  was  somewhat  out  of  the  route  followed 
by  young  gentlemen  performing  the  Grand 
Tour.  His  oil  pictures  are  relatively  few, 
and  public  galleries  contained  few  of  these 
till  Pungileoni  had  published  his  book. 
To  PungUeoni  succeeded  Julius  Meyer,  who, 
in  the  '  Allgemeines  Kiinstler  -  Lexicon,' 
1870,  wrote  an  article  on  Correggio,  repub- 
lished later  by  itself  in  a  somewhat  enlarged 
form,  which  remains,  despite  some  defects 
and  the  limits  which  at  that  time  circum- 
stances set  to  research,  a  creditable — indeed, 
a  rather  surprising — performance.  Curiously 
enough,  Signor  Ricci,  or  his  translator,  does 
not  seem  to  be  aware  that  in  1876  Messrs. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  published  a  translation  of 
the  German  critic's  excellent  essay. 

Meyer  was  not  the  first  to  recognize  the 
influence  of  Mantegna  upon  Correggio ; 
indeed,  he  himself  tells  us  that  Scannelli 
referred  to  it  so  long  ago  as  1657,  in  his 
'Microcosmo  della  Pittvra,'  and  a  certain 
grandiosity  which  is  constantly  present  in 
Mantegna's  work  and  frequently  in  that 
of  the  younger  master  is  evidence  of  it, 
although  Correggio  owed  only  to  himself 
the  rarest  of  his  powers,  the  art  of  depicting 
the  perfection  of  sensuous  beauty  without 
making  it  sensual.  Thus  much  we  may 
admit,  with  Scannelli,  Meyer,  and  Signor 
Picci  ;  but  when  Signor  Ricci  and  the 
amateur  writers  of  the  so  -  called  new 
school,  who  make  it  their  business  to  detect 
influences  everywhere,  ascribe  much  more 
to  Ferrarese  influence  upon  Correggio  than 
is  apparent  to  us,  we  demur.  As  Meyer  did, 
we  see  many  traces  of  Da  Vinci  and  his 
immediate  followers  in  the  art  of  Cor- 
reggio ;  but  his  love  of  style  and  spacious 
sense  of  scale  can  hardly  be  referred 
to  any  Ferrarese  artist,  while  Del  Sarto 
had  done  much  to  familiarize  the  world 
with  the  charms  of  low  tones,  a  broad  and 
massive  effect,  and,  above  all,  with  that 
nfumato  which  is  the  crowning  quality  of 
all  the  finer  productions  of  Correggio. 

Before  we  part  from  Meyer  we  shoxild 
add  that  we  are  not  wholly  in  accord 
with  Signor  Ricci' s  opinion  of  him  or 
of  his  work,  nor  is  it  possible  for  us  to 
join  in  much  of  the  criticism  Signor  Ricci 
bestows  upon  his  labours,  a  criticism  which 


seems  ungracefully,  not  to  say  ungratefully 
severe.  On  the  other  hand,  Signor  Ricci's 
estimate  of  the  rhetoric  and  sentimentalities 
of  the  later  writers  on  Correggio  and  his 
art  is  indubitably  true :  only  one  feels  it 
would  have  been  better  if  these  censures 
had  not  come  from  a  writer  whose  book 
is  by  no  means  devoid  of  ornate  and 
flowery  phrases  and  descriptions — a  work, 
too,  which  opens  with  a  highly  elaborate 
account  of  the  landscape  about  Correggio's 
native  town,  and  in  which,  for  the  sake  of 
a  somewhat  crude  contrast,  we  read  a  great 
deal  too  much,  and  more  than  the  truth, 
about  "the  dark  mists  of  medieevalism," 
which  were  "rolled  away"  by  the  spread 
of  the  Renaissance.  In  fact,  Signor  Ricci's 
picture  of  Italian  town  life  before  the  days 
of  Correggio  is  "  splashed  in  "  in  the  manner 
of  Browning's  "  great  Caldara  Polidore." 
Fine  writing  of  the  same  sort — some  of  it, 
no  doubt,  good  of  its  kind — is  to  be  found 
in  every  chapter  of  the  book,  and  ought  to 
have  made  Signor  Ricci  patient  of  Meyer's 
discursiveness  and  emotional  style. 

The  whole  of  the  section  devoted  to  what 
our  author  calls  the  "revival  of  culture"  is 
open  to  objection.  From  the  moralist's 
point  of  view  it  might  be  needful  to  demur 
to  remarks  which  imply  a  preference  for 
the  peculiar  ways  of  such  worthies  as  Sigis- 
mondo  Malatesta  and  Isotta  da  Rimini  and 
their  artistic  achievements,  of  Pier  Maria 
Rossi,  Caterina  Sforza,  and  certain  of  the 
Medici,  which  resulted  in  the  erection  and 
decoration  of  numerous "  erotic  monuments," 
as  Miss  Simmonds  calls  them.  Exception 
may  also  fairly  be  taken  to  the  praise  of 
the  Italian  Renaissance  which  is  conveyed 
in  the  following  words  : — 

"  Such  alternations  of  passion  and  endeavour, 
of  strife  and  peace,  of  love  and  hate,  of  hard 
fighting  and  of  pious  exercises,  were  peculiarly 
favourable  to  the  development  of  art,  which  has 
invariably  reached  its  highest  development  in 
times  of  great  moral  agitation.'' 

But  surely  art  was  developing  the  wrong 
way  when  it  became  the  hireling  of  Sigis- 
mondo  and  Isotta,  of  Caterina  Sforza,  of 
Cesare  Borgia,  and  such  a  Pope  as  Leo  X. 
The  fact  is  that  Titian's  hundred  years, 
1477-1576,  which  included  more  than 
twice  the  lifetime  of  Correggio  (1494- 
1534),  included  at  once  the  culmina- 
tion and  the  swift  decline  of  art.  That 
development  of  the  Renaissance  which  is  con- 
temporary with  the  career  of  Correggio  was 
not  by  any  means  what  our  author  is  at  so 
much  pains  to  make  us  believe.  On  this 
ground  at  least,  apart  from  any  other  con- 
siderations, we  think  he  had  better  have 
left  out  of  account  the  renaissance  of  art 
in  Italy,  or  rather  that  particular  phase  of 
it  which  he  associates  too  closely  with  his 
hero.  In  doing  what  he  has  done  he  has 
no  doubt  obeyed  his  views  of  literary  art, 
using  the  exuberant  voluptuousness  and 
downright  wickedness  of  Correggio's  age 
as  a  sort  of  foil  to  the  figure  he  has  essa3'ed 
to  paint  of  a  modest,  reticent,  studious,  and 
self-respecting  artist,  by  no  means  so  poor 
as  to  be  compelled  to  work  against  his 
taste.  Vasari  says  he  was  good  and 
gentle,  given  to  saving  for  the  benefit  of 
his  daughters  and  Pomponio  his  son. 
Serious,  if  not  decidedly  melancholy,  Cor- 
reggio undoubtedly  was,  bxit  by  no  means 
vainglorious.     We  do  not  see  anything  of 


vanity  in  the  exclamation  he  is  alleged  to 
have  uttered  on  looking  at  a  masterpiece 
of  Raphael.     "I,  too,  am  a  painter!"  has 
meanings  which  are  not  boastful.     There- 
fore   Signor  Ricci   need  not  have  been  at 
the    pains   to    demolish,   as   he    does,   the 
venerable  legend  which  ascribes  the  speech 
to    Correggio.     In   this   connexion    let    us 
say  that  our  author  is  given  to  destroying 
pretty  fables  which   are   not  worth  upset- 
ting.    Yet,    on   the   other  hand,  we   must 
needs  be  grateful  to  him  for  clearing  up  a 
great  deal   of  confusion  due  to  misunder- 
stood as  well  as  to  inaccurate  records  and 
traditions.      He    completely    abolishes    all 
expectation   of    ever  finding    an   authentic 
portrait   of   Correggio   among  the  pictures 
said  to  represent  him,  despite  Vasari's  express 
declaration  that,  within  no  long  time  of  the 
painter's  death,  he  had  sought  in  vain  for 
such  a  likeness.    In  our  time  there  is  barely 
one  to  which  a  vestige  of  authority  attaches. 
Our  author  does  but  justice    to  Vasari's 
account,    and   wisely   defends  him   against 
Meyer,  "  Lermolieff,"  andD'Azara.    Signor 
Ricci    also    convinces     us     that     Correggio 
did  not  go  to  Rome  or  Milan  (and,  indeed, 
we  already  had  Vasari's  authority  for  dis- 
believing the  story  of  his  making  a  visit  to 
the  Papal  capital),  and,  consequently,  that 
he  owed  less  to  Michael  Angelo  than  certaia 
elements  common  to  both  their  styles  have 
led  many  critics  to  assume.     On  the  other- 
hand,  he  admits,  as  all  who  have  studied 
the     subject    critically    must    admit,     that 
Correggio's  influence  upon  the  weaker  mea 
who  followed   him   was,  to   say  the  least 
of  it,  injurious,  and  the  same  may  as  truly 
be  said  of  Michael  Angelo  himself.     Signor 
Ricci  besides  shares  our  own  doubt  whether 
the   '  Ecce    Homo!'    now   No.    15   in    the 
National  Gallery,  is  by  Correggio,  to  whom 
it  has   been   for    some    time   ascribed ;  he 
deals   acutely,  if  not  always  convincingly,, 
with    many   well-known  Correggios ;    and,, 
like   ourselves,    he    accepts  as    thoroughly 
genuine    '  Christ   in   the    Garden  of   Geth- 
semane '  at  Apsley  House,  which  embodies 
a  peculiarly  Correggio-like  chiaroscuro  and 
coloration,    while    that    in     the    National 
GaUery  is   a   copy.     It  may  be  a  replica,, 
though  technical  considerations  are  rather 
against   the   idea.      While  we   agree  with 
Liibke  and  others  that  the  popular  '  Read- 
ing Magdalen'   of   Dresden  is  not  a  Cor- 
reggio,   we,    like   Signor   Ricci,    refuse    to 
accept  the  opinion  of  the  late  Signor  MoreUi,, 
who  said  this  picture  might  be  by  Van  der 
Werff,    and   who   was,  after    his    fashion, 
absolutely  certain  that  it  was  by  a  Fleming 
of  the  seventeenth  century.     The  Flemings 
of  his  imagination,    a    curiously  numerous 
company,   had  a  good  deal  to    answer  for 
according    to    the    learned    Senator,    who, 
although  he  had  the  whole  world  to  choose 
from,  including  the  score  or  so  of  copyists 
employed  by  Teniers  in  the  Grand  Duke's 
gallery,    never   pitched    upon    any   one   of 
them   as  the   author   of    the    pictures    he 
boldly  ascribed  to    anonymous  painters  of 
extraordinary    skill    and     feeling.       How- 
ever,   our    author   finally    disposes    of    the 
Senator's  notion  that  Van  der  Worfi  was 
the  painter — a  notion  of  which  he  was  ex- 
ceedingly proud. 

A  good  deal  of  excellent  and  frequently 
convincing  criticism  is  expended  upon 
Meyer's  chronology  of  those  Correggios  of 


N°35o6,  Dec.  21, '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


877 


which  the  genuineness  is  not  contested. 
Upon  this  chronology  much  depends,  of 
course  ;  without  it  no  one  can  form 
an  adequate  notion  of  the  master's  art, 
which,  copious  and  splendid  as  it  was,  did 
not  cover  more  than  twenty- three  years, 
that  is,  supposing  his  career  opened  in 
or  about  1511,  as  Signor  Eicci  suggests, 
while  he  gives  the  painter's  birth-year  as 
1494,  and  not  1493,  as  many  writers  main- 
tain, although  a  remark  by  Yasari  indicates 
that  the  later  date  is  the  correct  one. 

The  argumentative,  though  somewhat 
discursive  stj'le  of  the  book  does  not  make 
it  the  less  readable,  but  a  tendency  to  what, 
for  want  of  a  better  term,  we  must  call  gush 
is,  as  we  have  said,  frequently  observable  in 
its  pages.  The  translation  is  li\roly  and  a 
close  reproduction  of  the  author's  manner, 
while  in  the  application  of  technical  terms 
— those  pitfalls  too  often  fatal  to  English 
lady  translators — we  have  generally  found 
it  correct.  The  numerous  cuts  and  plates 
which  literally  adorn  this  volume  are 
almost  without  exception  first  rate,  good 
versions  of  the  designs  of  the  master,  and 
more  than  commonly  faithful  to  his  chiar- 
oscuro. The  cuts  from  the  lunettes  in  the 
Camera  di  San  Paolo  at  Parma  and  the 
illustrations  printed  with  the  text  are 
superior  to  the  larger  plates ;  indeed, 
some  of  them  are  extremely  charming. 
Altogether  the  volume  is  an  excellent  addi- 
tion to  that  library  of  biographies  of  artists 
which  every  season  is  increasing.  It  is 
inferior  to  none  of  them,  and  far  superior 
to  most  of  them. 


CHRISTaiAS   BOOKS. 


Of  the  morality,  not  to  say  the  delicacy,  of 
T/ie  Novellino  of  Masuccio,  now  first  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Waters,  admirably 
illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Hughes,  and  published 
in  two  beautifully  printed  volumes  by  Messrs. 
Lawrence  &  BuUen,   the  less  said  the  better. 
In  fact,  it   is  impossible    to    predicate    either 
quality  of   this  collection  of  libidinous    tales. 
They  do  not  exist,  that  is  all.     Not  expecting 
to  find  them,  we  are  bound  to  say  that,  while 
young  people  ought  never  even  to  think  of  the 
*  Novellino,'  students  of  manners  may  be  amused 
to  their  hearts'  content,  and  on   that  account 
forgive  at  least  the  extravagant  and  daring  im- 
probabilities of  Masuccio's  stories,  or  of  m.any 
of  them.     That  Masuccio  hated  the  monks  of 
his  time  (c.  1450)  and  place,  which  was  Naples 
under  the  strong  rule  of  Alfonso,  and  even  more 
profoundly  abhorred  the    friars,   goes  without 
saying.     Such   was    the   motive    of   Boccaccio, 
whose   '  Decamerone  '   Masuccio,  with    inferior 
grace    and    less  reserve,    confessedly    imitated 
while    he    was    writing,    or    rather,    it    is    fair 
to    think,   collecting    and    editing    his  stories 
with   the    addition    of    a    good    deal    of    local 
colour  and  brilliant  incident.     He,  unlike  Boc- 
caccio, indulged  in  few  tragedies,  and  hardly  any- 
thing like  what  Italians  called  hvffo.  His  assumed 
and  zealously  performed  function  was  the  casti- 
gation  of  profligate  clerics  and  unchaste  women  ; 
in  these  respects  he  had  a  real  dramatic  gift, 
which  he  used  sometimes  with  what  the  intro- 
duction before  us  rightly  calls  frightful  vehe- 
mence.    There  is  a  grim  passage  in  Boswell's 
*  Johnson  '  which  refers  to  a  question  asked  of 
a  courtesan  what  she  thought  she  was  made  for. 
Most  of  Masuccio's  women,  who  did  not  seek 
to   please  themselves    in   love-making    of    the 
Neapolitan   sort,  seem   to   have    been    of    the 
opinion  of  the  English  girl.  That  the  '  Novellino ' 
should    have    been    dedicated    to    "  the   Most 
Illustrious    Ippolita    of    Aragon,    Duchess    of 
Calabria,"  daughter  of  Francesco  Sforza,  and  a 


pupil  in  Greek  of  Constantine  Lascaris,  who 
died  in  1484,  need  not  be  wondered  at  by 
students  of  Italian  manners  in  the  fifteenth 
century.  Not  daring  to  go  further  than  these 
qualified  remarks  suggest,  let  us  turn  to  Mr. 
Hughes's  illustrations.  These  works,  which 
resemble,  and  are  quite  equal  to,  those 
which  the  same  artist  made  for  the  trans- 
lation of  Straparola  recently  published  by 
Messrs.  Lawrence  &  BuUen,  are  admirable, 
especially  that  which  refers  to  novel  ii.,  the 
plate  facing  p.  192,  vol.  i.,  and  that  facing 
p.  246,  vol.  ii.  All  of  these  are  drawn  with 
extraordinary  care,  delicacy,  and  skill,  and  are 
original  and  highly  finished  designs. 

Old  Dutch  and  Fleynish  Masters.  Engraved 
by  T.  Cole,  with  Notes  by  J.  C.  Van  Dyke. 
(Fisher  Unwin.)— Mr.  Timothy  Cole,  an  ac- 
complished and  most  sympathetic  engraver, 
whose  fine  works  reproducing  paintings  of  the 
Italian  School  we  not  long  since  admired 
greatly,  has  collected  a  number  of  his  cuts 
made  for  the  Century  Mar^azine  and  drawn 
in  the  Low  Countries  and  Paris  —  brilliant 
versions  of  famous  Dutch  and  Flemish  pic- 
tures— and  republished  them  in  this  comely 
and  useful  volume,  the  printing  of  which  was 
done  in  New  York,  and  is  not,  so  far  as  we 
have  discovered,  disfigured  by  the  usual  vagaries 
of  certain  spellers  in  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Van  Dyke  writes  in  a  clear  and  pleasing  manner, 
such  as  cannot  fail  to  satisfy  the  general  reader 
who  does  not  want  to  lose  himself  in  the 
mazes  of  the  higher  criticism,  nor  care  to  be 
instructed  over  much.  The  logic  of  his  remarks 
is  not  always  apparent  to  us.  Letting  this 
pass,  we  may  praise  the  cuts  before  us  after 
Rembrandt's  '  Portrait  of  a  Woman '  (Hend- 
rickje  Stofi'els)  in  the  Louvre  ;  F.  Hals's 
'Jester,'  at  Amsterdam;  Terburg's  'Lute 
Player,'  at  Cassel  ;  Van  der  Heist's  'Paul 
Potter,'  at  the  Hague,  a  really  choice  and 
sound  piece  of  draughtsmanship  ;  Maes's 
'Spinstress,'  at  Amsterdam,  a  brilliant  ex- 
ample ;  two  prints  after  Van  Dyck  in  the 
Louvre  ;  and  '  The  Thicket,'  after  Ruysdael,  in 
the  same  gallery.  All  the  prints,  however,  are 
not  so  good  as  these. 

The  preface  which  Sir  W,  B.  Perceval,  the 
Agent  General,  contributes  is  the  best  part  of 
Pictorial  New  Zealand  (Cassell  &  Co.),  and  will 
induce  readers  to  study  the  remainder  of  it :  — 

"Each  scene  has  a  charm  peculiar  to  itself,  and 
in  its  own  way  is  all-satisfying  to  the  eye  of  the 
admirer.  An  English  landscape,  an  Italian  bay,  a 
Norwegian  fiord,  Alpine  peaks,  a  forest,  lake,  or 
river  scene — who  will  dare  to  say  which  of  these  is 

Nature's  finest  work  ? These  have  been  bestowed 

with  lavish  hand.  Snow-clad  mountains,  landscapes, 
rivers,  lakes,  sounds,  forests,  and  coast  lines  are 
all  so  strikingly  magnificent  and  beautiful  as  to 
place  New  Zealand  among  the  first  of  beautiful 
countries.  The  silent  grandeur  of  the  Norwegian 
fiords,  the  peaceful  Cumberland  lake,  the  joyous 
English  landscape,  the  awe-inspiring  Alpine  peaks, 
the  rugged  western  coasts  of  Ireland  and  Scotland, 
are  all  reproduced  in  New  Zealand  with  especial 
magnificence  and  detail,  as  if  Nature's  artist  had 
made  selections  from  his  chefs-cVceurre  and  grouped 
them  together  in  one  favoured  spot." 

As  an  Agent-General  is  pretty  well  forced  to  do. 
Sir  Westby  dilates  upon  the  material  progress 
of  the  colony.     The  reader 

"  must  never  forget  that  all  he  sees  has  been  accom- 
plished during  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria,  and 
that  before  then  New  Zealand  was  only  known  to 
a  few  whalers  and  missionaries.  The  twenty  million 
sheep  supplying  fresh  mutton  for  the  English  dinner 
table  ;  the  two  hundred  butter  factories,  built  on 
the  most  modern  and  scientific  plan,  from  which 
butter  and  cheese  of  finest  quality  are  distributed  in 
Europe  ;  the  ten  million  acres  of  land  under  culti- 
vation ;  the  large  area  of  magnificent  forests, 
immense  coalfields,  minerals  of  every  kind  ;  a  pro- 
sperous, energetic,  and  happy  people  supplying  their 
own  wants,  and  exporting  surplus  products  to  the 
value  of  10,000,000/.  per  annum  — all  this,  and  a 
great  deal  more,  will  convince  him  that  New 
Zealand  affords  a  most  striking  example  of  success- 
ful colonization,  and  that  her  immense  and  varied 
resources,  which  are  only  now  beginning  to  be 
developed,  must  infallibly  make   her— and  this  in 


the  lives  of  many  of  the  readers  of  this  work— the 
most  prosperous  and  powerful  colony  of  our 
Empire." 

In  the  remainder  of  the  volume,  the  product  of 
several  pens,  delightful  accounts  are  given 
of  the  scenery  and  climate  of  the  "Britain 
of  the  South,"  of  its  wonderful  geysers,  and  of 
the  now  submerged  "terraces."  Little  allusion 
is  made  to  material  growth,  except  here  and 
there,  where  a  "meat-freezing  establishment" 
or  a  sugar-boiling  factory  interferes  with  the 
landscape.    The  illustrations  are  of  much  merit. 

CJiarterhouse,  1611-1895  (Bliss,  Sands  & 
Foster),  contains  a  certain  number  of  historical 
and  descriptive  notes  of  no  great  value  by  Mr. 
G.  E.  Smythe,  and  many  rough  cuts  of  parts  of 
the  schools  at  Godalming  and  London  by  Mr. 
C.  R.  B.  Barrett.  The  subjects  are  worthy  of 
a  better  book,  although  Mr.  Barrett  does  not 
lack  sympathy  with  his  old  school,  and  Mr. 
Smythe  meant  to  do  well.  —  Bluebeard  from 
Perrault  (Lawrence  &  Bullen)  is  a  really  neat 
and  picturesque  little  volume,  containing  the 
old  legend  according  to  Planche's  translation 
and  some  very  elegant,  masculine,  and  spirited 
designs  and  borders  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Southall, 
engraved  on  wood  and  nicely  printed. 

Studies  in  Both  Arts,  beinq  Ten  Subjects  draim 
and  described  by  John  Busl<in  (G.  Allen),  con- 
tains bright  and  exact  photographic  repro- 
ductions from  choice  drawings,  architectural 
and  picturesque  as  well  as  geological,  by  the 
"Oxford  Graduate,"  made  in  the  days  of  his 
glory,  as  well  as  an  equal  number  of  excerpts 
from  his  writings,  gems  of  literary  art,  selected 
on  account  of  their  connexion  with  the  drawings 
and  their  subjects,  beauty,  and  associations.  In 
all  respects  the  book  is  worthy  of  its  author  and 
the  occasion  which  gave  birth  to  it. 

B.  Caldecott's  Paititing  -  Book  (S.P.C.K.) 
comprises  good  reproductions,  in  colours  and 
"plain,"  of  some  animated  designs  by  the 
popular  artist  whom  we  all  lament.  The 
"  plain "  prints,  or  outlines,  are  intended 
to  be  coloured  by  hand  after  those  which 
are  printed  in  colours.  This  is  likely  to 
amuse  little  folks. — Nursery  Soiigs  and  Bhymes 
of  England,  pictured  in  Black  and  White,  by 
W.  Smith  (Nutt),  contains  a  number  of  very 
cleverly  drawn  and  humorous  designs  by  Miss 
Smith,  who  is  a  good  judge  of  what  '  Little 
Bo-peep,'  'Ding  Dong  Bell,'  and  '  Humpty- 
Dumpty  '  require  from  an  artist  of  spirit. — 
Nature  Poems  by  H.  W.  Longfellow  (Ward 
&  Co.)  has  some  pretty  landscapes  and 
flowers,  vignettes  and  tailpieces  of  various 
sorts,  by  M.  P.  de  Longpre'. — The  Sea-King's 
Daughter,  and  other  Poems,  by  A.  Mark 
(Birmingham,  Napier  «fc  Co.),  is  illustrated 
with  thick  outlines  drawn  to  imitate  the  primi- 
tive manner  of  wood-engraving,  a  practice 
not  to  be  commended,  but  doubtless  in  the 
eyes  of  Mr.  B.  Sleigh,  who  produced  them, 
quite  the  right  thing,  because  if  neither  refined 
nor  beautiful,  they  are  sufficiently  quaint  and 
infantile.  Apart  from  this,  these  designs  are 
by  no  means  without  merit  ;  the  naked  figures 
are,  so  far  as  they  go,  neatly  and  skilfully 
drawn.  But  there  are  touches  of  puerility  in 
most  of  the  blocks,  although  the  inspiration  of 
Sir  E.  B.  Jones,  and  his  peculiar  mannerisms, 
are  manifest  in  all  of  them. 

The  Kanter  Girls.  By  M.  L.  B.  Branch. 
(Downey  &  Co.) — With  a  good  deal  of  "  sweet- 
ness long  drawn  out,"  and  somewhat  laborious 
gush.  Miss  (or  Mrs,)  Branch  has,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  this  goody  tale,  associated  herself  with 
Miss  H.  M.  Armstrong,  who  is  a  clever  person, 
with  a  natural  capacity  for  designing  upon 
wood  groups  of  youthful  figures  and  nice 
vignettes.  Her  ability  is  such  that  it  is  a  pity 
her  technical  education  has  not  been  completed. 
The  Kanter  girls,  whose  "  local  colour  "  suggests 
that  they  are  natives  of  the  United  States, 
became  possessed  of  a  ring  which  enabled  them 
to  become  invisible  at  wUl.     Except  that  these 


878 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3556,  Dec.  21, '95 


damsels  are  a  little  too  good,  there  can  be  no 
possible  objection  to  their  adventures  as  their 
historian  is  pleased  to  relate  them,  and  it  is 
probable  that  juvenile  readers  may  care  to  read 
at  least  once  the  record  of  them. 


NEW   PRINTS. 


We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Obach  &  Co. , 
the  agents  in  this  matter  for  MM.  Arnold  & 
Tripp,  of  Paris,  a  remarque  proof  on  vellum  of 
M.  L.  Le  Couteux's  etching  (most  delicate, 
broad,  and  sympathetic  in  execution) after Corot's 
'  Dance  of  the  Nymphs,  Evening.'  The  original 
is  a  work  which,  in  the  finest  spirit  of  poetic 
landscape,  represents  four  tall  and  graceful 
nymphs  gleefully  dancing  just  where  the  light 
of  the  declining  day  and  the  advancing  shadows 
of  the  evening  meet.  The  picture  is  one  of  the 
most  famous  and  beautiful  of  Corot's.  In  none 
of  his  works  is  there  anything  surpassing  the  treat- 
ment of  the  opalescent  sky  and  its  still  radiant 
clouds,  only  the  upper  levels  of  which  have  as 
yet  yielded  their  brilliance  to  the  silvery  hues 
of  twilight.  Nor  did  he  produce  a  finer  or  more 
graceful  and  expressive  group  of  trees  than 
those  which  form  a  dark  mass  on  our  left.  The 
figures  of  the  dancers,  too,  are  among  the  best 
of  his  producing.  Of  M.  Le  Couteux's  print  it 
would  be  diflicult  to  say  more  than  that  it  is 
worthy  of  the  picture  which  it  so  justly  repro- 
duces. The  plate  measures  20|  in.  by  16^  in. ; 
the  remarque  is  the  pipes  of  Pan  and  a  branch 
of  Apollo's  laurel. 

We  have  likewise  received  from  Messrs. 
Obach  an  artist's  proof  from  a  plate  (19  in. 
by  15  in.)  etched  by  Prof.  C.  L.  Dake,  of 
Amsterdam,  an  original  portrait,  in  nearly 
three-quarters  view  to  our  right,  of  Richard 
Wagner.  It  is  an  excellent  likeness  of  the  com- 
poser when  somewhat  past  the  middle  of  his 
life,  and  it  is  etched  in  a  broad  and  efiective 
manner,  and  drawn  and  modelled  with  quite 
unusual  spirit  and  force. 

Mr.  Leffevre  is  even  more  than  usually  for- 
tunate in  publishing  the  masculine  and  finely 
engraved  life-size  heads  of  dogs  respectively 
called  '  Ready  '  and  'Patient,'  and  reproducing 
vigorous  originals  by  Mile.  R.  Bonheur.  Mr. 
J.  B.  Pratt,  who  has  been  often  successful  in 
engraving  works  by  this  artist,  was  never  more 
happy  than  in  these  prints,  of  which  we  have 
received  artist's  proofs.  '  Patient,'  the  portrait 
of  a  pointer  in  full  face,  is  first  rate  in  all 
respects.  To  Mr.  Lefevre  we  are  further 
indebted  for  an  impression  of  a  mezzotint 
plate  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Hester,  representing  '  A 
Governess '  as  painted  by  Mr.  J.  Haynes 
Williams.  The  original  picture  is  now  in  the 
gallery  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil 
Colours,  and,  though  by  no  means  his  best 
work,  thoroughly  characteristic  of  the  taste 
and  style  of  the  painter,  as  well  as  of  his 
mannerisms.  The  engraving  is  excellent  in  its 
way,  and  suitable  to  the  careful  and  intelligent 
execution  of  the  rather  sentimental  and  not  very 
vigorous  original.  It  will  be  thoroughly  welcome 
to  all  Mr.  Williams's  admirers. 


MINOR   EXHIBITIONS. 


Messrs.  Agnew  &  Sons  have  collected  at 
their  gallery  in  Bond  Street  "  Twenty  Master- 
pieces of  the  English  School,"  and  they  will 
hand  over  the  proceeds  of  the  exhibition  to  the 
Artists'  General  Benevolent  Institution,  which 
is  among  the  most  valuable  societies  of  the  kind, 
and  especially  well  and  generously  administered. 
The  masterjiieces  ought  to  command  the  atten- 
tion of  amateurs,  and  will  reward  any  one 
who  studies  them  appreciatively.  There  is 
a  fine  and  characteristic  Wood  Scene,  by  J. 
Crome  ;  also  the  famous  group  of  portraits  of 
the  Countess  of  Sussex  and  Lady  B.  Yelverton, 
by  Gainsborough,  which  was  at  the  Academy  in 
1771  and  1871,  the  British  Institution  in  18G2, 
and  No.  35  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1885,  as 
well  as  the  still  more  famous  Market  Cart,  which 


was  at  the  Art  Treasures  in  1857,  the  New 
Gallery  in  1889,  and  the  Academy  in  1890. 
Hoppner's  portrait  of  the  Jessamy  Bride  will 
please  all  lovers  of  Goldsmith.  Of  Reynoldses 
there  are  Lady  Ormonde  and  Child  or  Mother 
and  Child,  which  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  West- 
minster, and  was  at  the  Academy  in  1871  and 
1891,  and  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1884  (this 
picture  formerly  belonged  to  Col.  Ellis)  ;  Lady 
Caroline  Price,  which  is  new  to  us ;  A  Boy 
Reading  (R.A.  1777  ?)  ;  and  Frances,  Wife  of 
Lord  Sondes,  1764,  which  was  at  the  Academy 
in  1879.  Turner's  Helveotsluys  (1),  The  City  of 
Utrecht  going  to  Sea  (R.A.  1832),  and  The  Nore 
seem  to  have  received  a  good  deal  of  careful 
attention.  G.  Vincent's  St.  Mary's,  Beverley, 
is  a  capital  example  of  a  good  painter. 

At  Messrs.  Obach 's,  Cockspur  Street,  a  number 
of  efiiective  and  masculine  drawings  in  charcoal 
by  M.  F.  Mura  are  well  worthy  of  attention,  if 
it  were  only  that  they  show  what  can  be  done 
with  charcoal,  a  delightful  material,  and,  under 
proper  conditions,  an  imperishable  one. 

Mr.  Peppercorn's  water-colour  drawings  at 
the  Fine  -  Art  Society's  Galleries  are  cleverly 
executed.  He  is  seen  to  most  advantage  as  a 
painter  of  still  water,  pools,  and  lakes  ;  for  in- 
stance. Afternoon,  Bosham,  which  charms  us 
by  its  water-surfaces  and  their  well-studied 
reflections.  Among  the  best  of  his  drawings 
are  Port  Mellon,  Evening,  a  simple  and 
veracious  example  ;  Bosham,  Morning ;  Early 
Morning  Glow;  Bosham  Quay;  East  Side,  Bosham 
Harbour ;  and  Near  Dartmouth. — In  the  same 
galleries  are  exhibited  Mr.  Whistler's  "Litho- 
graphs," which,  being  his,  are  of  course  able  and 
spirited,  very  unequal  in  value,  merit,  and  com- 
pleteness. They  display  more  of  those  qualities 
of  art  which  belong  to  a  delicate,  researchful, 
and,  above  all,  an  extremely  facile  touch  with  a 
firm  pencil,  than  anything  which  is  peculiarly, 
or  even  properly,  lithographic,  as  that  method 
of  drawing  was  practised  by  past  masters.  Most 
of  them  lack  the  velvety,  deep-toned,  and  varied 
"  colour  "  of  the  best  lithographers,  while  they, 
on  the  other  hand,  remind  us  of  innumer- 
able etchings  with  which  Mr.  Whistler  has 
favoured  a  world  which  is  by  no  means  over- 
willing  to  accept  the  artist  at  the  price  he 
puts  upon  himself.  In  fact,  we  see  no  reason 
why  Mr.  Whistler  should  have  preferred  litho- 
graphy as  a  means  for  doing  what  he  has  often 
done  as  well  by  etching,  or  even  better. 
Lithography  possesses  many  great  merits 
and  more  facilities,  but,  except  in  a  few 
instances,  Mr.  Whistler  has  not  got  hold  of 
them.  The  Smith  at  the  Place  du  Dragon  is  the 
most  lithographic,  velvety,  varied,  and  deep 
in  tone  of  these  series.  There  is  a  good  deal  of 
spirit  and  skilful  drawing  in  several  of  the  nude 
or  semi-nude  female  figures  before  us.  Among 
these  we  recommend  to  draughtsmen  and  stu- 
dents of  the  figure  The  Novel,  The  Dancing 
Girl,  Tlie  Blanchisseuse,  and  also  Lindsay  Bow, 
Chelsea ;  Maunder' s  Fish  Shop ;  Old  Battersea 
Bridge,  which  reminds  us  of  the  sketcher's 
admirable  etching  of  the  same  subject ;  The 
Canal,  VitrS,  which  is  extremely  crisp  and  deftly 
touched  ;  Little  Draped  Figure,  which  is  very 
frank  and  firm  indeed  ;  and  Limehouse,  which 
almost  equals  a  fine  etching,  and  is  notable  for 
not  being,  as  common  etchings  are,  crude,  liney, 
opaque,  and  very  black.  Brilliant  as  a  dashing 
Chalon  is  La  jolie  New  Yorkaise,  and  there  is 
much  that  is  capital  in  the  Draped  Model  Seated. 


Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold 
on  the  14th  inst.  the  following  pictures,  from 
various  collections  :  Sir  N.  Dance,  Lady  Cooper, 
wife  of  Sir  Grey  Cooper,  Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia, 
3251. ;  Frederick  Cooper,  second  son  of  Sir  Grey 
Cooper,  as  a  child,  2201.  Hanneman,  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria,  216L  J.  Opie,  Contempla- 
tion, 1411.  A.  Stannard,  A  Rocky  Coast  Scene, 
effect  of  storm,  105J.  Jacob  Jordaens,  Interior 
of  a  Larder,  with  a  milkmaid  in  red  dress  pour- 


ing out  milk,  2831.  Casteels,  A  Garden  Scene, 
with  a  peacock,  &c.,  at  a  fountain,  llOZ. 
Anonymous,  William,  Prince  of  Orange,  as  a 
child,  with  a  greyhound,  1571. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  17th  inst. 
the  following  engravings  :  D.  Lucas,  Large- 
paper  Copy  of  the  first  set  of  '  English  Land- 
scape,' with  Salisbury  Cathedral  instead  of 
Barges  on  the  Stour,  501. ;  another  copy,  46i. 
The  Lock,  after  J.  Constable,  by  D.  Lucas,  57Z. 
Piquet,  after  Meissonier,  by  A.  Boulard,  26Z. 
'1807,'  after  Meissonier,  by  J.  Jacquet,  44L 
Interior  of  Burgos  Cathedral,  by  A.  H.  Haig, 
28Z.  After  Sir  E.  Landseer,  Night  and  Morn- 
ing, by  T.  Landseer,  321. ;  Hunters  at  Grass, 
by  C.  G.  Lewis,  43L ;  The  Stag  at  Bay,  by  T. 
Landseer,  601.;  The  Monarch  of  the  Glen,  by 
the  same,  53L 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold 
the  following  prints  on  the  10th  inst.  from  the 
collection  of  the  late  Archdeacon  Harrison. 
The  Duchess  of  Devonshire,  after  Gainsborough, 
by  Barney,  46i.  4s.  The  Hoppner  Children 
and  The  Douglas  Children,  a  pair  after  Hoppner, 
by  J.  Ward,  2501.  Charlotte,  Countess  of 
Cholmondeley,  and  the  Hon.  Henry  Chol- 
mondeley,  after  Hoppner,  by  C.  Turner,  90L  6s. 
The  Duchess  of  Bedford,  after  Hoppner,  by 
S.  W.  Reynolds,  531.  Domestic  Happiness  and 
The  Coquette,  in  colours,  after  Morland,  761.  The 
Marlborough  Family,  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
by  Turner,  351.  14s.  The  Graces  sacrificing  to 
Hymen,  after  Sir  Joshua,  731.  10s.  Mrs. 
Stables  and  her  Two  Daughters,  after  Romney, 
by  J.  R.  Smith,  951.  lis.  Mrs.  North,  after 
Romney,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  64L  John  Dunning 
and  Party  and  The  Baring  Family,  after  Sir 
Joshua,  by  Ward,  40L  Mary,  Duchess  of 
Ancaster,  after  Sir  Joshua,  by  Dixon,  44L 
Garrick  between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,  by 
Fisher,  45L  Mrs.  Hale  as  I'Allegro,  by  Watson, 
371.  16s.  Selling  Rabbits  and  The  Citizen's 
Retreat,  after  J.  Ward,  by  W.  Ward,  in  colours, 
271.  The  Series  of  Frye's  Heads,  851.  Calde- 
cott,  Six  Drawings  from  the  series  of  eight 
illustrating  Goldsmith's  'The  Mad  Dog,'  110?. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  Monday  and 
Tuesday  the  collection  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  C. 
Jackson.  The  most  important  lot  was  a 
Romney,  a  portrait  of  a  young  lady  in  a  large 
hat,  240L  The  two  days'  sale  realized  a  total 
of  nearly  1,100L 


The  Council  of  the  Royal  Archaeological 
Institute  have  decided  to  hold  the  annual 
meeting  of  1896  at  Canterbury.  An  excursion 
will  also  be  made  to  Calais,  under  the  direction 
of  Viscount  Dillon,  President  of  the  Institute. 

We  regret  to  hear  from  a  trustworthy  source 
that,  despite  assurances  to  the  contrary,  there 
is  every  likelihood  of  the  old  Rolls  Chapel  being 
demolished  within  the  next  few  weeks,  unless 
prompt  action  be  taken  to  prevent  further  inter- 
ference with  this  interesting  building.  Already 
the  doors  and  windows  have  been  taken  out  and 
the  lead  stripped  ofl"  the  roof  ;  and  although  the 
ancient  monuments  have  been  for  the  present 
boarded  up,  including  the  famous  terra-cotta 
one  of  Dr.  Young  by  Torregiano,  we  hear  of 
the  workmen  casting  down  timber  through  a 
hole  in  the  roof  on  to  the  pavement  below. 
There  is,  we  believe,  absolutely  no  reason 
structurally  why  the  building  should  not  be 
preserved  intact,  even  if  it  be  converted  into  a 
museum  ;  but  inasmuch  as  it  is  slightly  out  of 
line  with  the  proposed  new  wing  to  connect  the 
old  and  new  Record  Office  buildings,  it  must, 
it  seems,  come  down.  The  south  wall  retains 
interesting  remains  of  its  buttresses  and  four- 
teenth century  windows,  which  are  all  capable 
of  repair,  but  it  will  be  quite  impossible,  and 
indeed  inadvisable,  to  save  them  if  the  wall 
must  be  rebuilt  on  a  new  line. 

It  is  of  interest  to  all  who  care  for  West- 
minster Abbey  to  know  that  at  last  active  steps 


N^  3556,  Dec.  21,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


879 


are  being  taken  for  the  removal  of  the  houses  in 
Abingdon  Street,  beside  the  Chapter  House. 
Apart  from  the  alleged  danger  of  fire,  in  which, 
of  course,  no  one  seriously  believes,  their  de- 
molition is  important,  because  an  extensive 
view  of  the  north  side  of  the  church  as  well 
as  of  the  Chapter  House  will  be  obtained  for 
the  first  time  during  several  centuries.  How 
long  it  will  remain  open  depends  upon  what  is  to 
be  done  with  the  site  of  the  houses,  i.e.,  whether 
or  not  a  sort  of  Campo  Santo  is  to  be  built  there, 
and,  again,  how  large  and  high  may  be  any  new 
building  that  shall  be  erected.  That  the  site  will 
remain  vacant  is  not  to  be  hoped  for. 

Mr.  Herkomer  has  been  elected  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours. 
The  Society  earnestly  desires  that,  so  long  as  he 
can  be  induced  to  continue  in  that  honourable 
post,  Sir  John  Gilbert  shall  remain  President  ; 
accordingly  there  is  no  present  thought  of 
electing  a  new  president.  Mr.  Hodson  has  been 
elected  Secretary,  vice  Mr.  Ridge,  who  takes 
the  post  of  Curator.  The  Society  has  thus  again 
appointed  one  of  its  own  members  to  succeed 
Fripp  and  J.  J.  Jenkins,  who  for  a  great  many 
years  were  alternately  and  successively  its 
secretaries. 

At  Messene  the  excavations  of  the  Greek 
Archaeological  Society  have  brought  to  light  a 
great  part  of  the  agora,  the  ruins  of  a  notable 
building  with  propyla^a  and  porticoes,  and  an 
ancient  fountain,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
Arsinoe  referred  to  by  Pausanias.  Several  in- 
scriptions have  also  been  found,  some  of  which 
are  of  peculiar  importance  for  the  history  of 
Messenia  in  Greek  and  Roman  times. 

The  great  sepulchral  mound  of  the  warriors 
of  Marathon,  which  was  explored  some  years 
ago,  will  be  now  restored  to  its  original  form. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's  Hall.— London  Ssrmphony  Concerta. 

Tuesday  -was  the  125th  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  the  greatest  of  all  composers, 
Ludwig  van  Beethoven,  and  as  there  is  a 
kind  of  mania  at  present  for  celebrating 
anniversaries  of  every  sort,  the  public  are 
treated  to  a  surfeit  of  Beethoven's  music. 
Mr.  Henschel  is  taking  an  active  part  in  the 
work,  and  on  Tuesday  evening  he  presented 
at  an  extra  concert  the  colossal  '  Missa 
Solemnis,'  which  had  not  been  given  in 
London  for  some  years.  "From  the  heart 
it  has  come,  and  to  the  heart  it  shall  go," 
was  Beethoven's  utterance  when  he  had 
completed  the  Mass  ;  but  as  regards  the 
latter  portion  of  the  sentence  he  was  in 
error  for  a  time.  Yery  few  could  com- 
prehend the  music,  and  the  voices  are 
80  cruelly  treated,  especially  the  sopranos, 
that  the  temporary  shelving  of  the  Mass 
aSords  no  cause  for  wonderment.  But 
the  standard  of  choral  singing  in  this 
country  has  singularly  improved  of  late 
years,  and  Beethoven's  latest  utterances  are 
now  generally  understood,  which  they  were 
certainly  not  a  generation  ago.  The  work 
was,  on  the  whole,  most  creditably  rendered. 
Mr.  Henschel  had  evidently  well  rehearsed 
tis  choristers,  and  they  sang  with  a  measure 
of  ease  and  confidence  which,  considering 
the  arduous  character  of  the  music,  was 
surprising.  Seldom  has  a  London  chorus 
acquitted  itself  to  greater  advantage.  Miss 
Fillunger,  Miss  Agnes  Janson,  Mr.  Hirwen 
Jones,  and  Mr.  Ffrangcon  Davies  were  in 
all  respects  satisfactory  in  the  not  too 
grateful  solo  parts,    and  the  performance 


must  be  accounted  a  success.  "  C.  A.  B." 
concludes  his  preface  to  the  Mass  in  the 
programme  book  as  follows  : — 

"  Those  who  have  studied  the  work,  and  have 
had  the  privilege  of  being  present  at  an  adequate 
performance  of  it,  will  bear  me  out,  I  feel  sure, 
in  the  assertion,  that  whether  it  be  regarded  in 
the  light  of  its  fitness  to  accompany  the  Church's 
most  solemn  act  of  Worship,  or  simply  as  an 
art-work,  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  one  of  an 
elevating  character,  and  therefore  eminently 
conducive  to  the  glory  of  God." 

Truer  words  concerning  a  sublime  musical 
composition  were  never  spoken. 


VARIOUS   CONCERTS. 


The  performance  by  the  Royal  Choral  Society 
of  '  The  Golden  Legend '  at  the  Albert  Hall  on 
Thursday  last  week  was  quite  equal  to  the 
average  in  merit,  which  is  saying  much. 
Madame  Albani,  Miss  Clara  Butt,  and  Mr. 
Lloyd  Chandos  were  the  principal  vocalists. 

The  programme  of  the  Royal  Artillery  Band 
concert  in  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Friday  afternoon 
last  week  included  Beethoven's  Symphony  in  c. 
No.  1,  the  overtures  to  '  Der  Freischiitz '  and 
'  Hansel  and  Gretel, '  and  other  items  by  Delibes, 
Massenet,  and  Moszkowski.  Cavaliere  Zavertal's 
orchestra  was  in  excellent  condition. 

At  the  Crystal  Palace  last  Saturday  there  was 
a  Beethoven  programme,  the  purely  orchestral 
features,  which  were,  of  course,  beautifully  in- 
terpreted, being  the  '  Eroica  '  Symphony,  the 
overtures  '  Prometheus  '  and  '  Leonora  '  No.  3, 
and  the  slow  movement  from  the  Symphony 
in  c.  No.  1.  M.  Siloti  gave  a  generally  com- 
mendable performance  of  the  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo in  E  flat,  No.  5,  and  Miss  Fillunger  was 
wholly  acceptable  in  the  scena  "  Ah  !  Perfido," 
and  in  the  '  Mailied  '  and  "  Mit  einem  gemalten 
Band." 

Beethoven  was  represented  at  last  Saturday's 
Popular  Concert  by  the  Quintet  in  c.  Op.  29, 
finely  played  by  Messrs.  Arbos,  Ries,  Gibson, 
Hobday,  and  Piatti  ;  and  the  seldom-played 
Sonata  in  d,  for  pianoforte  and  violoncello, 
Op.  102,  No.  2,  not  one  of  the  master's  most 
inspired  works.  The  pianist  was  Herr  Reise- 
nauer,  who  gave  at  the  end  of  the  programme 
Schumann's  '  Carnaval,'  his  rendering  of  which 
was  certainly  very  brilliant,  but  not  sufliciently 
thoughtful  or  reflective  for  the  music  of  this 
master.  Madame  Kate  Lee  left  a  favourable 
impression  as  the  vocalist. 

On  Monday  the  scheme  consisted  mainly  of 
Beethoven's  music,  including  the  Quartet  in  F, 
Op.  59,  No.  1;  the  '  VValdstein '  Sonata  in  c. 
Op.  53 ;  and  the  Pianoforte  Trio  in  g.  Op.  1, 
No.  2.  Herr  Reisenauer  gave  a  vigorous 
rendering  of  the  sonata,  and  eschewed  the 
glissando  scales  in  the  coda  of  the  last  move- 
ment. Mr.  Plunket  Greene  introduced  three 
German  Minnelieder  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  an  old  Scotch  ballad,  'The  Twa  Sisters 
o'  Binnorie,'  which,  of  course,  he  sang  with 
much  expression,  though  he  seemed  a  trifle 
hoarse. 

Miss  Zoe  Pyne's  concert  in  the  small  Queen's 
Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon  served  to  show  that 
the  young  lady  is  a  capable  violinist.  She 
played  Tartini's  Sonata  in  g  minor,  the  beauti- 
ful adagio  from  Max  Bruch's  Concerto  in 
G  minor,  and  one  of  Brahms's '  Hungarian  Dances ' 
with  considerable  skill,  besides  taking  part  in  a 
Pianoforte  Trio  in  d  minor  by  the  Russian  com- 
poser M.  Arensky.  This  work  shows  cleverness, 
if  not  much  inspiration  ;  but  the  themes  are 
more  attractive  than  their  development.  M. 
Siloti  played  some  pianoforte  solos  with  con- 
siderable power,  and  effective  aid  was  given  by 
Miss  Agnes  Wilson,  Miss  Florence  Hemming, 
and  Mr.  Henry  Bird. 

The  large  Queen's  Hall  was  well  filled  on 
Tuesday  afternoon,  when  the  usual  ante-Christ- 
mas orchestral  concert  of  the  Royal  Academy 


of  Music  was  given.  The  programme  opened 
with  two  sketches  for  orchestra  by  Miss  Llewla 
Davies  (Macfarren  Scholar),  very  pleasing  little 
pieces  much  above  the  average  of  students' 
work.  Much  promise  was  also  evinced  by  Miss 
Graenhill  (Thalberg  Scholar)  in  Beethoven's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  g,  No.  4,  with  some- 
what too  elaborate  cadenzas  by  Rubinstein  ;  and 
by  Mr.  Aldo  Antonietti  in  Max  Bruch's  Violin 
Concerto  in  g  minor,  Op.  26.  The  programme 
was  much  too  long,  and  we  cannot  speak  of  what 
was  done  by  the  other  aspirants  ;  but  the  Royal 
Academy  is  obviously  performing  good  work 
under  the  direction  of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie. 

Miss  Elsie  Cave,  a  young  pianist,  pupil  of  Mr. 
Arthur  O'Leary,  gave  an  agreeable  concert  in 
the  small  Queen's  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening. 
She  evinced  the  possession  of  good  technique  in 
various  pieces  by  high  -  class  composers,  and 
received  able  assistance  from  M.  Jacques  Jacob, 
an  excellent  violinist,  and  Mr.  G.  E.  Holmes, 
an  intelligent  vocalist. 

Herr  Reisenauer  gave  his  fifth  and  last  piano- 
forte recital  this  year  in  St.  James's  Hall  on 
Wednesday  afternoon,  when  he  repeated  Beet- 
hoven's '  Waldstein  '  Sonata,  and  introduced 
four  small  pieces  from  his  own  pen,  taken  from 
a  suite  "in  the  old  style, "  cleverly  and  piquantly 
written.  Brilliant  execution  was  also  displayed 
in  items  by  Schumann,  Schubert,  Bach,  Handel, 
Chopin,  and  Liszt. 


Sir  Charles  Halle  has  left  behind  him  an 
autobiography  extending  to  1866,  which  is  to  be 
published.  It  furnishes  interesting  accounts  of 
his  life  in  Paris,  when  he  was  in  constant  inter- 
course with  Wagner,  Berlioz,  Musset,  and 
others. 

The  full  scheme  of  the  Norwich  Festival,  to 
take  place  next  October,  is,  of  course,  not  yet  to 
hand,  but  it  is  understood  that  it  will  include 
a  revival  of  Mr.  Randegger's  '  Fridolin  '  and  a 
new  cantata,  based  on  the  legend  of  Hero  and 
Leander,  by  Signor  Mancinelli. 

Herr  Mark  Hambourg  will  give  two  piano- 
forte recitals,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Daniel 
Mayer,  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  after- 
noons, January  28th  and  February  4th  next. 

A  VERY  interesting  feature  of  the  next  summer 
season  will  be  a  series  of  seven  historical  piano- 
forte recitals,  to  be  given  in  May  and  June, 
tracing  the  development  of  this  form  of  art 
from  Bach  to  the  latest  composers. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  have  arranged  with 
Mr.  William  Boosey  to  give  a  series  of  recitals 
and  readings  at  Messrs.  Chappell  &  Co.'s 
Ballad  Concerts  at  St.  James's  Hall.  They  will 
make  their  first  appearance  on  January  8th, 
the  first  evening  concert  of  the  new  year,  and 
will  also  appear  on  January  15th,  the  first 
morning  concert. 

A  lecture  on  Schubert  will  be  delivered  at 
the  Queen's  Hall  on  Sunday  week,  the  29th  inst., 
in  the  afternoon,  by  Mr.  Morressy,  and  musically 
illustrated,  and  the  usual  evening  concert  will 
include  the  master's  magnificent,  but  too  rarely 
heard  String  Quintet  in  c.  Op.  163. 


Sr; 


PERFOHM.VNCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert.  3  3").  Queen's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert.  8.  St  Ja 


I  Hall 
(iuecn  s  Hall  Choir.  'The  Messiah. M 

—  iMiscellaneous  Concert.  7.  dueen  s  Hall 
Thi  as   Miscellaneous  Concert.  2  93.  (iueens  Hall 

—  Miscellaneous  Concert.  7  30,  Queen's  Hall 


DRAMA 

The  '  Adelphi '  is  not  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting of  Terence's  plays,  but  it  presents  less 
difficulty  to  the  actors  than  the  rest  of  them. 


880 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3556,  Dec.  21,  '95 


The  performances  at  Westminster  on  Monday 
and  Wednesday  were  creditable  to  the  boys 
concerned.  They  all  spoke  their  lines  clearly. 
Mr.  Mayne,  as  the  stern  parent,  was  rather 
more  successful  than  Mr.  Airy  as  the  indulgent 
uncle,  but  he  forgot  to  show  any  signs  of  weari- 
ness when  he  returned  from  the  wild- goose 
chase  on  which  Sannio  had  dispatched  him,  and 
his  gait  was  at  variance  with  his  words.  Mr. 
Reynolds  showed  to  advantage  in  the  com- 
paratively simple  part  of  Sannio.  Dr.  Ruther- 
ford's prologue  was  a  graceful  tribute  to  Busby, 
"  dilectus  quod  mulcaret  strenue."  The  epi- 
logue was  full  of  allusions  to  Busby  and  Trilby, 
and  was  greeted  with  much  laughter. 

'The  New  Don  Quixote,'  a  play  written  by 
Mr.  Buchanan  in  conjunction  with  another 
dramatist,  and  destined  for  the  Royalty 
Theatre,  has  been  refused  by  the  Examiner  of 
Plays. 

'  Michael  and  his  Lost  Angel  '  is  the  title 
of  the  play  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  which 
is  to  follow  '  Romeo  and  Juliet '  at  the  Lyceum. 
Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  will,  of  course,  be  the 
lost  angel.  Arrangements  have  been  made  by 
which  the  piece  will  be  produced  on  the  same 
night — probably  about  January  8th — in  London 
and  New  York. 

This  evening  witnesses  the  production  at  the 
Adelphi  of  the  new  military  drama  of  Messrs. 
Seymour  Hicks  and  George  Edwardes,  the 
title  of  which  is  *  One  of  the  Best.' 

'  Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer  ! '  was  withdrawn  from 
Drury  Lane  on  Saturday  last,  and  revived  on 
Thursday  at  the  Olympic. 

'  The  Rivals  '  will  shortly  be  withdrawn  from 
the  regular  bill  at  the  Court  Theatre,  though 
afternoon  performances  will  still  be  given  on 
certain  days.  An  altered  version  of  '  All 
Abroad,'  the  musical  farce  of  Messrs.  Owen 
Hall,  James  T.  Tanner,  and  W.  H.  Risque, 
with  music  by  Mr.  Frederick  Rosse,  produced 
at  the  Criterion  in  August  last,  will  be  the  next 
novelty. 

'A  Woman's  Reason,'  by  Messrs.  C.  H. 
Brookfield  and  F.  C.  Philips,  is  to  be  the  next 
novelty  at  the  Shaftesbury.  With  a  view  to  its 
production  Messrs.  Waller  and  Morell  have  en- 
gaged Mrs.  Tree  and  Mr.  Coghlan. 

The  St.  James's  Theatre,  which  has  had  an 
experience  (unwonted  during  late  years)  of  col- 
lapse, has  been  closed  during  the  past  week, 
and  will  remain  so  until  the  production  of  Mr. 
Rose's  version  of  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda.'  Mr. 
Alexander  will  play  in  the  prologue  Prince 
Rudolf,  the  Red  Elphberg,  and  in  the  play 
Rudolf  v..  King  of  Ruritania,  and  Rudolf 
Pk,assendyll,  his  young  English  double.  In  addi- 
tion to  engagements  already  made,  those  of 
Miss  Olga  Brandon,  Mr.  W.  H.  Vernon,  Mr. 
Loraine,  and  Mr.  G.  P.  Hawtrey  are  an- 
nounced. 

A  miscellaneous  entertainment  was  given 
on  the  afternoon  of  Monday  at  the  Haymarket 
Theatre.  This  included  scenes  from  '  The 
Strange  Adventures  of  Miss  Brown,'  '  Vanity 
Fair,'  and  '  Trilby,'  with  songs,  dances,  sketches 
or  imitations,  and  recitations,  by  Miss  Letty 
Lind,  Miss  Fanny  Brough,  Mr.  George  Giddens, 
Miss  Lena  Ashwell,  and  other  artists. 


To  Correspondents.— A.   W.   J.— R.   P.  K.— W.  Bro. 
A.  K.— M.  H.  L  —  rtceived. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
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For  Twelve  Months.. 
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For  all  Countries  within  the  Postal  Union. 

For  Twelve  Months 18    0 

For  Six  Months       , g    o 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 
NEW   BOOKS. 

NOW  READY  AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 

IRONCLADS  IN  ACTION. 

A  Sketch  of  Naval  Warfare  from  1855  to  1895,  with  some 
Account  of  the  Development  of  the  Battleship  in  England. 

By  H.  W.  WILSON. 

With  an  Introduction  by  Capt.  A.  T.  MAHAN,  U.S.N. 

With  numerous    Illustrations,   Maps,    Plans,    and    Tables. 

2  vols,  demy  8vo.  cloth  extra,  30s. 


FAMOUS  HORSES:   with  Portraits, 

Pedigrees,  Principal  Performances,  Descriptions  of  Races, 
and  various  interesting  items,  extending  over  a  period  of 
nearly  Two  Centuries.  By  THBO.  TAUNTON.  With 
nearly  200  Portraits  of  Famous  Racehorses.  1  handsome 
volume,  crown  4to.  cloth  extra.  Two  Guineas,  net. 
"  All  who  are  interested  in  turf  matters  will  be  pleased 
with  Mr.  Taunton's  book." — Daily  News. 

"  Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  breeder  and  horse-lover 
in  England." — Sporting  Life. 

CONSTANTINOPLE.       By    EDwm    A. 

GROSVENOR,  formerly  Professor  of  History  at  Robert 
College,  Constantinople,  and  Member  of  the  Society  of 
Mediaeval  Researches,  Constantinople.     With  an  Intro- 
duction by  General  LEW  WALLACE,  Author  of  '  Ben- 
Hur.'    With  200  Illustrations.    2  vols,  square  demy  8vo. 
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"  Just  now,  when  all  eyes  are  turned  towards  Constanti- 
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the  city  is  likely  to  be,  there  is  a  welcome  appearance  of  two 
sumptuous  and  finely  illustrated  volumes  on  its  history  and 
traditions,  its  architecture  and  its  society,  and  much  else 
that  is  characteristic  of  its  manifold  and  strangely  contrasted 
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A   SECOND    SERIES   of  FLEET   STREET   ECLOGUES.      By  John  Davidson. 

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POEMS  :  Dramatic  and  Lyrical.    By  Lord  De  Tablet.     Illustrations  and  Cover  Design  by 

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The  BODLEY  HEAD,  Vigo-street,  Loiulon,  W. 


< 


I 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


883 


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STEPHEN,  Bart.,  K.C  S.I.,  a  Jud(je  of  the  High 
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Shakspeare  Commentaries.   By  Dr. 

O.  G.  GERVINVS,  Professor  at  Heidelberg. 
I'ranslated,  under  the  Author's  superintendence, 
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FURNIVALL.    Fifth  Edition.    8vo.  14s. 

MRS.  E.  B.  BROWNING'S 
POETICAL  WORKS. 

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'I'his  Edition  is  uniform  with  the  ScTCnteen- Volume 
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Portrait  of  Elizabeth  Barrett  Moulton-Barrett  at  the 
Age  of  Nine— Coxhoe  Hall,  County  of  Durham— Por- 
trait of  Elizabeth  Barrett  Moulton-Barrett  in  Early 
Youth— Portrait  of  Mrs.  Browning.  Home,  February, 
18.59— Hope  End,  Herefordshire— Sitting-room  in  Casa 
Guidi,  Florence— 'May's  Love,'  Facsimile  of  Mrs. 
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1861— The  Tomb  of  Mrs,  Browning  in  the  Cemetery  at 
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A  Selection  from  the  Poetry  ofi 


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THE   ATHEN^UM 

fotintal  Of  enfflisJl;  mxH  fovtim  literature,  ^nenre,  tf;e  jTine  ^irtsfi,  Mn^it  antr  tl)t  I9rams. 


No.  3557. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    28,   1895. 


PBICB 

THRBBPBNCB 

HBGISTBRBD  AS  A  HBWSFAFBB 


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GEOKGE  L    HEDGE,  Secretary. 


R 


CHRISTMAS  LECTURES. 

OYAL   INSTITUTION   of   GREAT   BRITAIN, 

Albemarle-street,  Piccadilly,  W. 
Professor  JOHN  GRAY  McKENDRICK,  M.D.  LL  D.  F  R  S.,  will 
THIS  DAY  (S.^^TURDAYi,  December  28.  at  3  o'clock,  beRin  a  Course 
of  SIX  LECTURES  (adapted  to  a  Juvenile  Auditory)  on  '  Sound,  Hear- 
ing, and  Speech  '  (experimentally  illustrated).  Subscription  (for  Non- 
Members)  to  this  Course.  One  Guinea  (Children  under  Sixteen,  Half-a- 
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AN  ENGLISH  AUTHOR  is  desirous  of  recom- 
mending  a  LADY  who  is  a  competent  Typist,  also  Shorthand 
Writer,  as  SECRETARY  or  AMANUENSIS —Address  for  further 
particulars  E.  M.  E.,  care  of  Mr  McKen/ie,  108,  High-street,  Bromley, 
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PUTNEY  SCHOOL  of  ART.  —  WANTED,  an 
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T  LAND UD NO    COUNTY    (DUAL)    SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School.  Duties  to  com- 
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Applications  and  testimonials  (40  printed  copies  of  each)  by 
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J.  H    BODYEL  ROBERTS. 
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Carnarvon,  December,  1895. 


u 


NIVERSITY       of      LONDON. 


The   REGI.STRARSHIP    of   this    University    will    shortly    become 
VACANT  by  the  retirement  of  the  present  Registrar. 

Candidates  for  the  appointment  are  requested  to  send  in  their  appli- 
cations not  later  than  January  25.  1896. 

The  salary  of  the  Office  commences  at  800/.,  and  rises  by  annual 
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The  newlv  appointed  Registrar  will  be  expected  to  enter  apon  his 
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Information  as  to  the  duties  of  the  Office,  and  all  further  particulars, 
may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  undersigned. 

ARTHUR  MILMAN,  MA.  LL.D.,  Registrar. 

L'niTerslty  of  London,  Burlington-gardens,  W., 
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N"  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


889 


SATURDAY.  DECEMBER  28,  1895. 


CONTENTS. 

Letters  op  Dean  Stanley 

Greek  Tribax  Society        

More  Books  ox  the  Watekloo  Campaign    

The  Journals  and  LtTiERS  of  Lady  Kastlakk    ... 

A  Memoir  of  Wolfe 

The  Papal  Registers  relating  to  Great  Britain 
AND  Ireland  

New  Novels  (Phyllis  of  Philistia;  The  Days  of  Auld 
Langsyne  ;  A  Deadly  Foe  ;  You  Never  Know  Your 
Luck  ;  Matthew  Furth  ;  Mistress  Dorothy  Marvin  ; 
Old  Maids  and  Young ;  Alain  le  Baleinier)  ...      893 

Patristic  Literature         

Books  about  China 

School  Books     

Stories  of  Adventure        

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      900 

An  Author's  Complaint;  A  Letter  of  Adam 
Smith;  Thk  Authorship  of  a  Spurious 
Chaucer  Poem  ;  The  Head  Masters'  Confkk- 
enck  of  1895  902 

Literabt  Gossip        

Science  —  Zoological    Literature  ;    Anthropolo- 
gical Notes  ;  Astronomical  Notes  ;  Societies 
Meetings      901- 

Fine  Arts  —  Annals  of  Westminster  Abbey; 
Library  Table ;  Annuals;  Catalogues;  New 
Prints;  Gossip     906 

Music— Library  Table  ;  Gossip  ;  Performances 
Next  Week  909 

Drama  —  Euripides  the  Rationalist  ;  Library 
Table;  The  Week  ;  "Ducdame";  Gossip        910 


P4GB 

889 
890 
891 
893 
893 

891 


-897 
897 
89S 
899 
900 

-902 


-903 
903 


:— 906 

909 

910 

—912 


LITERATURE 


Letters  and  Verses  of  Arthur  Penrhyn  Stanley, 

B.D.,   letiveen  the   Years  1829  and  1881. 

Edited  by  Eg  wlandE.  Prothero.  (Murray.) 
Dean  Stanley's  biographer  has  tried  rather 
a  dangerous  experiment  in  publishing  a  sort 
of  supplement  to  the  '  Life  and  Letters.'  It 
inevitably  covers  much  the  same  ground  as 
the  earlier  work,  and  one  can  have  too  much 
even  of  Dean  Stanley.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, the  correspondence,  if  judged  on  its 
own  merits,  seems  quite  worth  giving  to  the 
world.  It  is  also  the  case  that  whereas  the 
biography  dealt,  for  the  most  part,  with  Dean 
Stanley  the  theologian,  the  present  collec- 
tion throws  fresh  and  interesting  light  on 
that  far  more  fascinating  being  Dean  Stan- 
ley the  man.  Even  the  verses,  though  they 
possess  little  real  merit  as  poetry,  are  not 
without  value  as  illustrative  of  a  singularly 
alert  and  cultivated  mind.  Mr.  Prothero's 
boldness  is,  therefore,  justified  in  its  results, 
more  especially  as  he  has  been  careful  to 
furnish  each  letter  with  a  terse  and  lucid 
introduction.  The  volume  should  be  quite 
intelligible  to  those  who  do  not  know  the 
'  Life.'  If  it  induces  them  to  take  up  that 
interesting  book,  weU,  so  much  the  better. 

Stanley's  reverence  for  Dr.  Arnold  finds 
expression  once  more  in  a  letter  to  his  sister 
dated  October,  1832  : — 

"I  am  also  rather  melancholy  this  week,  as 
some  of  the  boys  who  are  going  are  those  whom 
I  have  known  the  best  and  longest  in  the  school, 
and  some  who  will  be  a  great  loss  to  the  school 
generally.  I  should  think  Dr.  Arnold  would 
feel  it  a  great  deal,  as  this  is  the  first  set  which 
have  gone  out  wholly  from  him,  and  some  of 
them  he  is  very  fond  of — almost  so  as  to  con- 
sider them  as  friends.  The  other  day  he  thanked 
the  form  for  the  way  they  had  done  their  work, 
especially  this  half  year,  and  said,  with  tears  in 
his  eyes  almost,  that  the  time  he  passed  in  the 
library  with  us  was  a  delight  and  amusement  to 
him.  T  am  glad  he  thinks  so  ;  it  is  more  than  I 
should  think.  There  has  been  something  so 
affectionate  in  his  last  sermons,  that  I  can  see 
that  they  are  meant  very  much  for  those  who 
are  going,  especially  for  one  whom  he  is  anxious 
about.  Whatever  happens  in  the  week  to 
diminish  my  respect  for  him,  it  always  comes 
back  on  the  Sunday  Avhen  I  hear  him  preach- 


Arrived  at  Balliol,  he  affected  a  magnificent 
superiority  to  Oakeley's  scholarship,  and, 
apparently,  not  without  reason  : — 

"At  twelve  went  to  my  first  lecture  to 
Oakeley — in  Livy.  We  construed  in  the  old 
way,  word  for  word,  in  turn,  with  one  or  two 
unimportant  remarks  from  him.  I  certainly  was 
rather  astounded  when  he  said  at  the  beginning 
'  that  there  were  reasons  for  supposing  that  the 
first  part  of  Livy  was  not  quite  authentic,  and 
the  best  dissertation  on  it  was  in  Hooke  ! '  I 
don't  know  whether  he  has  heard  that  there  is 
such  a  book  as  Niebuhr,  but  it  would  seem  not ; 
and,  if  so,  it  is  rather  disgraceful,  I  think.  How- 
ever, he  is  not  a  good  tutor,  and  so  not  a  good 
specimen  of  Oxford.  Moberly's  lecture  I  shall 
be  very  glad  to  hear." 

The  following  expression  of  his  religious 
views  was  elicited  by  the  suggestion  of 
Henry  Halford  Vaughan  that  he  should 
stand  for  a  Eellowship  at  Oriel.  He  felt 
that  his  prospects  at  Balliol  were  doubtful, 
because  of  his  openly  expressed  sympathy 
with  Arnold,  though  his  defeat  would  have 
the  advantage,  we  read  with  a  smile,  of 
bringing  the  whole  question  to  an  issue  "  be- 
fore the  University  and  the  country"  : — 

"Your  letter  about  my  turning  Newmanist 
came  strangely  in  accordance  with  my  own 
state  of  mind  about  it  now.  Not  that  I  am 
turned  or  turning  Newmanist,  but  that  I  do 
feel  that  the  crisis  in  my  opinions  is  coming 
on,  and  that  the  difficulties  I  find  in  my  present 
views  are  greater  than  I  thought  they  were,  and 
that  here  I  am  in  the  presence  of  a  magnificent 
and  consistent  system  shooting  up  on  every 
side,  whilst  all  that  I  see  against  it  is  weak  and 
grovelling.  At  the  same  time  my  impression 
that  the  voice  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  is  strongly 
against  it  remains  very  deep,  and  I  feel  that  to 
become  a  Newmanist  would  be  a  shock  to  ray 
whole  existence,  that  it  would  subvert  every 
relation  of  life  in  which  I  have  stood  or  hoped  to 
stand  hereafter.  I  dread  to  think  of  it  even  as 
a  possibility,  and  I  dread  also  the  possibility  of 
a  long  and  dreary  halting  between  two  opinions, 
which  will  mar  the  pleasure  of  every  opinion  I 
hold  for  an  indefinite  period.  W^ith  this  feeling 
you  may  be  sure  I  shall  not  join  it  without  a 
desperate  fight,  within  and  without,  that  I  will 
leave  no  stone  unturned  which  may  enable  me 
to  keep  in  that  line  of  life  to  which  I  had 
thought  God  had  called  me,  and  from  which  a 
conversion  to  Newmanism  would  lead  me  away 
into  a  path  utterly  unknown  to  me.  I  know  of 
no  system  to  which  I  can  hold  except  Arnold's  ; 
and,  if  that  breaks  down  under  me,  I  know  not 
where  I  can  look.  But,  whatever  happens,  I 
trust  that  God  will  help  me  to  make  up  my 
mind  for  the  best ;  and  pray  do  not  you  do 
anything  hastily  because  I  do  it." 

Much  of  this  volume  is  occupied  with 
descriptions  of  foreign  travel,  but  Stanley 
was  happier,  on  the  whole,  in  dealing  with 
persons  than  with  places.  Here  are  his 
first  impressions  of  Prague  : — 

"Undoubtedly  the  great  and  characteristic 
feature,  and  one  not  nearly  enough  dwelt  upon, 
is  the  bridge  over  the  Moldau,  which  divides  the 
mass  of  the  town  from  the  Hradschin  (i.  e.  the 
citadel,  palace,  cathedral — in  short,  the  Kremlin 
of  Prague).  You  suddenly  emerge  from  the 
streets  of  the  town  out  of  the  huge  buildings 
of  the  university  (the  university  of  John  Huss, 
and  the  oldest  of  all  the  German  universities, 
now  so  famous),  and  of  the  seminary  of  the 
Jesuits,  and  you  como  in  front  of  this  magni- 
ficent bridge,  incomparably  the  finest  I  ever  saw, 
stretching  over  the  Moldau,  arch  after  arch, 
statue  after  statue,  till  it  ends  at  the  foot  of  the 
Hrad.schin,  which  rises  immediately  above  it 
one  mass  of  palaces  and  churches,  with  the 
cathedral  towering  out  of  them.  The  entrance 
of  the  bridge  is  guarded  by  a  watch  tower,  at 


the  gate  of  which  took  place  one  of  the  most 
striking  and  significant  scenes  I  ever  heard  of. 
It  was  here  that,  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  the 
Swedish  army  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  was  on 
the  point  of  taking  the  city  by  surprise,  when, 
a  Jesuit  rushed  out  of  the  adjoining  cottage,  let 
down  the  portcullis,  and,  like  a  second  Codes, 
defended  the  gate  v/ith  three  students  till 
assistance  came,  and  thereby  secured  the  cause 
of  the  counter-reformation  in  Prague,  in  Ger- 
many, peihajjs  in  Europe.  The  whole  scene 
bursts  upon  one  with  such  vividness  that  I  can 
hardly  help  dreaming  of  it  all  night,  and  in  the 
mocking  sculptures  of  Luther  and  his  wife  under 
the  gateway,  and  the  long  line  of  statues  on  the 
bridge  erected,  since  the  war,  to  Roman  Catholic 
saints,  you  see  the  visible  triumph  of  the  Jesuits' 
cause." 

And  many  years  later  he  thus  outlines  his. 
visit  to  Cana  of  Galilee  :  — 

"  It  was  all  new  to  me.  For  the  first  time  I' 
made  a  thorough  ace^uaintance  with  the  hills  of 
Galilee — so  far  exceeding  in  beauty  those  of" 
Judiiea — a  continuous  "park,  lawns,  glades,  occa-. 
sional  cornfields  of  the  richest  green,  here  and^ 
there  a  gipsy  encampment.  Our  solidary  guide» 
our  only  protector,  was  a  curious  satire  on  the 
band  of  fifty  spearmen,  who,  with  their  red 
pennants  flying,  add  so  much  to  the  picturcsque- 
ness  of  the  royal  cavalcade.  Even  he  failed  at 
last  ;  for,  although  he  had  been  chosen  for  tha 
express  purpose  of  taking  us  to  the  places  I,^ 
wanted  to  see,  he  kne?/  hardly  a  step  of  the- 
road.  But  when  on  emerging  from  the  hills  we- 
descended  on  the  plain  of  Seffiirieh,  I  knew 
from  the  map  exactly  the  point  to  make  for, 
and  so,  disregarding  his  entreaties,  started  off 
across  the  ])lain  with  Waters,  leaving  the  poor 
guide  transtixed  with  bewilderment.  '  Behind 
that  point,'  I  said  to  Waters,  '  we  shall  come  to 
a  ruined  village,  which  is  Cana.'  On  we  went  ; 
we  turned  the  point  ;  for  a  moment  I  thought, 
I  was  wrong,  but  in  the  next  the  ruins  appeared. 
It  is  a  village  absolutely  deserted,  on  the  side  of, 
a  hill  overlooking  a  vast  expanse  of  plain.  I 
carried  off  from  it  a  beautiful  hyacinth,  a  branch 
of  a  fig  tree  ('When  thou  wast  under  the  fig 
tree,'  in  Cana  of  Galilee,  'I  saw  thee'),  and 
two  reeds  or  canes,  probably  the  seed  wafted 
from  a  neighbouring  marsh,  and  I  have  little 
doubt  the  origin  of  the  name — the  same  in 
Hebrew." 

Yivid  though  these  passages  are,  Stanley^ 
in  our  opinion,  was  better  employed  ia 
chronicling  conversations,  or  hitting  off  a. 
man's  appearance  in  a  sentence  or  two. 
Excellent  is  the  sketch  of  the  cardinals  in< 
the  Sistine  Chapel : — 

"The  name  of  each  was  whispered  by  some 
one  among  the  spectators.  There  was  the  little 
Barberini,  a  lively  little  old  man  ;  Antonelli, 
chief  secretary  of  state,  in  full  vigour  of  age, 
very  striking,  strong,  clear,  yet  not  malevolent 
features,  seated  himself  in  a  moment,  and  * 
talked  incessantly  till  the  service  began  ;  then  - 
came  old  Prince  Altieri,  oldest  of  the  Cardinals  ; 
and,  though  not  the  oldest,  yet  the  most  infirm, 
tottering  in,  the  companion  of  Gregory,  our 
own  Gregory,  old  grey-headed  Lambreschini. 
The  rest  were  ordinary  enough  ;  some  readi 
their  books,  others  took  snuff,  others  talked. . 
Any  one  who  has  seen  the  heads  of  Houses 
drop  into  Adam  de  Brom's  chapel  before  the 
University  sermon  has  a  very  fair  notion  of  the 
aspect  of  the  conclave.  There  is  just  the  same 
mixture  of  a  few  very  able  with  many  very 
weak  faces  ;  the  same  look  of  ecclesiastics,  yet 
not  ecclesiastics  ;  the  same  appearance  of  an 
ancient  institution  outliving  itself,  yet  deter- 
mined not  to  die.  All  this,  carried  to  the 
highest  pitch,  is  the  meeting  of  the  Cardinals 
in  the  Sistine  Chapel." 

Stanley,   in  fact,  would  have   made  his 
fortune    as    a    descriptive    joui'nalist,    as 


890 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


witness    his    animated    reminiscences    of   a 
Scottish  Free  Church  service: — 

"  On  the  Sunday  we  went  to  the  Free  church 
of  the  parish  ;  but  the  crowds  which  had  flocked 
to  liear  him  [Dr.  Candlish],  to  the  number  of 
700  or  800,  could  not  be  contained  within 
the  building,  and  so  the  day,  though 
threatening,  being  fine,  the  whole  congrega- 
tion sate  down  on  the  green  grassy  slope, 
which  descended  from  the  chapel  to  the 
mountain  stream  at  the  bottom  of  the  valley, 
and  there  in  the  open  air,  quite  as  one  can 
imagine  in  former  times,  went  up  the  sound  of 
their  many  voices  in  the  psalms,  and  there  for 
three  hours  and  a  half  they  remained,  without 
the  slightest  appearance  of  weariness  or  discom- 
fort or  restlessness.  The  only  thing  which 
interfered  with  the  picturesqueness  of  the 
scene  was  what  they  call  the  '  Tent,'  in  which 
the  preacher  stood,  a  wooden  box  exactly  like 
Punch,  the  resemblance  being  kept  up  in  the 
most  ridiculous  manner  by  the  alternate  appear- 
ance in  tlie  aperture  of  the  precentor,  or  clerk, 
as  well  as  of  the  minister.  As  in  most  country 
parishes  in  Scotland,  they  had  the  extraordinary 
practice  of  having  two  services,  two  sermons 
ti:c.  in  one.  Both  sermons  grated  on  my  ears  ; 
they  were  powerful  in  expression,  and  power- 
fully screamed  ;  but,  with  the  exception  of  one 
really  beautiful  and  original  passage,  in  which 
he  very  happily  brought  in  a  thought  which  he 
had  expressed  in  our  walk  the  day  before,  it 
was  unpleasant  to  me  as  exhibiting  so  very  little 
resemblance  to  the  natural  man.  However,  the 
scene  was  very  striking. " 

The  volume  does  not  contain  many 
liumorous  anecdotes,  though  the  meeting 
with  Dean  Buckland  is  pleasing  in  its  way, 
and  we  also  get  a  welcome  addition  to  the 
noble  collection  of  Whewell  stories.  If  it 
cannot  be  placed  quite  in  the  first  class,  it 
stands  nearly  at  the  top  of  the  second  : — 

"Perhaps  the  most  useful  member  of  the 
party  was  the  Master.  I  never  saw  him  to  such 
advantage.  He  talked  on  every  subject,  radiant 
•with  delight  at  everytliing,  his  knowledge  truly 
suri)rising,  addressing  himself  to  everybody, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  whole  visit,  when  I  said 
that  I  hoped  he  had  enjoyed  himself,  he 
answered  with  much  feeling,  '  Yes,  indeed  T 
have.  I  look  back  on  these  two  days  as  the 
happiest  that  during  these  last  few  years  have 
fallen  to  mj'  lot.'  The  only  contretemps  of  the 
visit  occurred  to  him,  and  he  took  it  so  good- 
humouredly  that  it  did  not  matter.  The  doctor, 
a  very  rough  man,  but  to  whom  I  knew  that 
the  sight  of  those  two  giants  of  science 
[Whewell  and  Herschel]  would  be  like  a 
glimpse  of  heaven,  caught  Whewell  at  the  end 
of  the  evening,  and  very  abruptly  asked  him, 
'  What  is  your  opinion  as  to  the  best  slope 
of  the  sails  of  windmills  ? '  Surprised  to  find 
tliat  Whewell  had  not  made  up  his  mind — 
'  Oh  !  I  thought  you  had  written  a  book  upon 
it.  I  thought  you  had  written  a  book  ujjon 
everything.'  I  believe  it  was  mere  simplicity  ; 
b>it  the  bystanders  tell  me  that  it  had  the  most 
ludicrous  effect." 

Many  other  passages  might  be  quoted, 
especially  a  well  -  considered  defence  of 
Laniartiue's  conduct  during  the  Revolution 
of  1848.  Some  of  Stanley's  letters  to  the 
Queen,  during  his  visit  to  Russia  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh's  mar- 
riage, arc  also  admirable  reading,  despite 
the  inevitable  formality  of  the  third  person 
singular.  But  two  extracts  illustrative  of 
his  friendship  with  Jowott  may  be  selected 
as  of  peculiar  interest  at  present.  The  first 
is  taken  from  a  letter  written  in  1819  after 
Stanley  had  decided  on  declining  the  deanery 
of  Carlisle  : — 

"There  is  one  thing  which  I  have  often 
thought  of  saying  to  you,  and  which  the  closing 


sentences  of  your  letter  partly  invite  me  to  say 
now — now  especially  when  I  have  burnt  my 
ships  behind  me,  and  must  look  forward  to 
Oxford  and  to  theology  as  my  final  home  and 
resources.  You  know  that  I  believe  myself  to 
have  learned  more  from  you  than  from  any  one 
else  since  Arnold's  removal  ;  and  therefore  I 
hope  you  will  not  misunderstand  me  when  I  say 
that  I  sometimes  feel  so  much  oppressed  and 
depressed  in  talking  to  you  about  these  things 
that  I  seem  to  have  lost  all  will  of  my  own. 
Some  means  must  be  taken  for  avoiding  this. 
Perhaps  the  long  interval  and  separation  from 
all  such  topics  will  of  themselves  produce  all  the 
independence  which  is  requisite.  Nor  do  I  wish 
for  the  slightest  change  in  our  relations  on  the 
subject.  I  only  mention  it  that  you  may  under- 
stand why  it  has  been  that  of  late  years  I  have 
not  been  able  to  sustain  in  your  presence  the 
same  buoyancy  of  interest  that  I  used  to  feel  in 
discussing  these  matters,  and  also  that  I  may 
not  be  for  ever  having  to  explain  and  apologise 
for  following  my  own  devices,  not  as  the  best 
in  themselves,  but  as  the  best  for  me." 

Jowett  in  return  was  prodigal  of  affec- 
tionate advice,  notably  when  the  agitation 
began  against  the  erection  of  a  monument 
to  the  Prince  Imperial  in  Westminster  :  — 

' '  It  always  seemed  to  me  that  the  last  ten 
years  of  life  are  the  most  important  of  all  (and 
for  myself  I  build  my  hopes  entirely  on  what 
I  can  do  in  them).  I  sometimes  fear  that  you 
are  allowing  yourself  to  be  crushed  by  personal 
misfortunes — some  very  real,  like  the  loss  of 
dear  Lady  Augusta  which  I  shall  never  cease  to 
lament,  but  others  partly  fanciful,  like  this 
matter  of  the  Prince  Imperial,  which  really  does 
not  affect  you  in  any  important  manner.  Will 
you  not  shake  this  off  and  fix  your  mind  ex- 
clusively on  high  things  ?  I  really  believe  that 
this  '  expulsive  power '  is  necessary  for  your 
happiness.  I  am  certain  that  your  talents  are 
as  good  as  ever  and  your  experience  far  greater. 
I  am  not  flattering  you  when  I  say  that  you  are 
the  most  distinguished  clergyman  in  the  Church 
of  England,  and  could  do  more  than  any  one 
towards  the  great  work  of  placing  religion  on  a 
rational  basis.  If  you  can  accomplish  this  task 
you  may  efl"ect  more  good  and  have  a  much  more 
enduring  fame  than  any  Bishop  or  Archbishop 
of  the  English  Church." 

The  last  sentence  must  seem,  to  many 
minds,  extravagant — almost  absurd.  Still 
friendship  has  its  privileges,  and  the  corre- 
spondence between  these  two  leaders  of  the 
Broad  Church  party  forms  by  no  means  the 
least  attractive  part  of  a  distinctly  attractive 
whole. 


Greek  Tribal  Society.     By  Hugh  Seebohm. 

(Macmillan  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  well-thought-out  and  ingenious 
essay  by  the  son  of  a  father  who  is  a  high 
authority  in  the  subject.  Mr,  Hugh  See- 
bohm has  set  himself  to  discover  how  far 
Greek  society  accords  with  those  general 
features  of  tribal  society  which  are  to  be 
found  in  widely  scattered  members  of  the 
Aryan  race — nay,  even  among  the  leading 
Semitic  peoples.  He  finds  plenty  of  curious 
evidence  in  the  legal  arguments  of  Isajus 
and  of  Demosthenes,  but  is  surprised  at  the 
fact  that  the  Homeric  poems  exhibit  hardly 
any  of  what  we  may  call  the  primitive  featui-es 
of  the  race — worship  of  ancestors,  periodical 
offerings  to  the  dead,  the  family  dominating 
all  individual  control  of  property.  The 
various  excuses  he  finds  for  this  omission  in 
our  Homer  appear  so  unsatisfactory  that 
he  even  conjectures  these  Aryan  features  to 
have  been  obscured  for  a  time,  and  only 
to   have    revived  in  later   historical  days. 


He  thinks  that  human  ancestors  were  not 
worth  worshipping,  when  a  generation  or 
two  further  back  there  was  a  divine  ancestor 
to  be  worshipped  as  an  Olympian  god.  He 
seems  thus  to  have  rather  raised  than  solved 
a  most  interesting  problem.  It  might  have 
occurred  to  him  that  such  tombs  as  the  so- 
called  Treasury  of  Atreus,  with  its  dromos, 
its  portal,  and  its  great  chamber,  can  hardly 
have  been  intended  for  any  other  purpose 
than  to  offer  periodical  honours  to  the  dead. 
This  is  surely  good  evidence  that  the  belief 
existed  before  the  Homeric  era.  Its  non- 
occurrence in  the  poems  probably  arose 
from  the  deliberate  policy  of  the  Delphic 
and  other  priesthoods,  who  were  creating 
the  Olympian  pantheon,  and  its  worship  in 
temples  which  they  served.  This  newer 
religion  would  lose  much  of  its  support,  and 
also  of  its  emoluments,  if  private  individuals 
acted  at  home  as  priests,  and  offered  to 
their  own  ancestors.  The  remark  of  Hero- 
dotus that  Homer  and  Hesiod  taught  the 
Greeks  the  gods  and  their  names  and  offices 
probably  points  to  this  very  controversy,  in 
which  Apollo,  Athene,  Artemis,  &c.,  took 
the  place  of  older  and  more  isolated  wor- 
ships among  tribes  or  families.  Very 
likely  the  epic  poems  were  the  main  weapon 
which  secured  the  victory  of  the  Olympian 
deities. 

As  regards  the  author's  second  difficulty, 
that  little  of  that  tribal  custom  which  under- 
lies Attic  private  life  appears  in  the  epic 
poems,  a  somewhat  similar  answer  may  be 
given.  In  the  first  place,  however,  these 
poems  deal  with  foreign  adventures  of  war 
and  travel,  when  there  is  little  opportunity 
for  portraying  home  life  or  home  affairs. 
But,  secondly,  we  may  take  it  that  the 
Homeric  poets,  though  describing  —  not 
without  many  deliberate  archaisms — a  by- 
gone society,  were  themselves  acquainted 
with  the  Greek  ttoAis,  which  was  in  many 
respects  the  opponent  and  the  destroyer 
of  tribal  society.  As  long  as  people  lived 
KU}/j.r]86v,  in  village  life,  the  dominion  of 
family  or  tribal  ties  was  complete.  But  no 
sooner  was  such  a  society  settled  into  a  city 
(oiKi^etv  is  the  usual  technical  term)  than 
the  laws  made  by  the  majority,  and  the 
magistrates  entrusted  with  enforcing  them, 
assumed  control  over  the  older  and  ruder 
tribal  customs.  At  the  time,  then,  when  the 
TToAis  was  a  new  development,  such  antique 
customs  must  have  been  regarded  as  rather 
vulgar,  and  inconsistent  with  higher  civili- 
zation. The  Homeric  heroes  were  painted 
as  very  civilized  men,  with  very  Hellenic 
virtues,  in  a  primitive  setting.  To  repre- 
sent Agamemnon  or  Achilles  as  unfit  to  live 
in  a  TToAis,  and  to  settle  things  by  discussion 
instead  of  tradition,  would  have  been  to 
degrade  him  in  the  poet's  eyes.  This  is  the 
additional  suggestion  we  should  make,  nor 
is  it  inconsistent  with  those  tentatively  put 
forward  by  the  author. 

We  shall  only  notice  in  conclusion  that 
he  takes  (p.  117)  the  account  of  the  purchase 
of  Egypt  by  Joseph  too  literally.  Surely 
the  author  of  that  story  desires  to  show  the 
cleverness  of  the  Jew  prime  minister  in 
establishing  a  new  condition  of  land  tenure, 
which  really  arose  from  the  Crown  having 
destroyed  the  old  nobility,  and  sequestrated 
their  lands  and  privileges  for  its  own 
aggrandizement.  This  is  all  well  shown  in 
Erman's  '  Egypt.'     Wo  sincerely  hope  Mr. 


N»  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


891 


Hugh  Seebohm  may  follow  up  his  interest- 
ing essay  with  further  researches  in  the  same 
fruitful  field. 


THE   WATERLOO    CAiirAIGX. 

Cavalry  in  the  Waterloo  Cainpaign.  By  General 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  V.C.     (Sampson  Low 

&Co.) 
Waterloo :  a  N'arrative  and  a  Criticism.     By 

E.  L.  S.  Horsburgh.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
With  the  introduction  of  long-range  rifles 
a  school  of  theorists  arose  in  England  who 
maintained  the  doctrine  that  cavalry  could 
no  longer  be  employed  to  advantage  on  the 
field  of  battle.  Some  even  went  so  far  as  to 
advocate  the  substitution  of  mounted  in- 
fantry for  heavy  troopers.  The  achievements 
of  the  German  cavalry  in  1870-1  dealt  a 
severe  blow  to  this  heresy.  The  Germans, 
it  must  be  admitted,  were  always  orthodox, 
and,  under  the  influence  of  their  example, 
cavalry  proper  has  regained  most,  if  not  all, 
of  its  previous  prestige.  Sir  Evelyn  Wood, 
who  during  several  years  of  his  early  military 
career  served  in  the  mounted  branch  of  the 
service,  is  a  warm  supporter  of  the  German 
view  of  the  subject.  He  points  out  that  the 
conditions  under  which  men  handle  the  rifle 
in  battle  are  much  more  unfavourable  to  its 
efficient  use  than  those  under  which  they 
shoot  on  the  range.  He  also  urges  that 
"though  weapons  are  improved  yearly  the 
human  heart  remains  the  same." 

There  is  therefore  good  reason  why  Sir 
Evelyn  Wood  should  write  a  critical  account 
of  the  part  played  by  cavalry  in  Napoleon's 
last  campaign.  On  the  other  hand,  another 
work  on  Waterloo  by  a  civilian  who  does 
not  pretend  to  possess  any  fresh  materials 
may  seem  a  literary  superfluity,  but  Mr. 
Horsburgh  supplies  the  following  explana- 
tion : — 

"  The  works  of  Cliarras,  Clausewitz,  Siborne, 
Chesney,  Ropes,  and  many  others,  are  well 
known  to  all  students  of  military  history,  but 
owing  either  to  their  length  or  to  their  severe 
and  technical  style,  they  are  but  little  read  by 
the  general  public.  The  present  volume,  based 
upon  a  close  study  extending  over  many  years 
of  all  the  available  authorities,  claims,  within  a 
reasonable  compass,  to  present  the  conclusions 
of  experts  upon  controversial  points,  to  suggest 
solutions  to  problems  about  which  experts  are 
in  conflict,  and  to  give  a  concise  and  faithful 
narrative  of  events." 

Mr.  Horsburgh' s  book  may  be  considered 
as  a  summing  up  of  the  various  points  at 
issue,  supplemented  by  only  so  much  of 
narrative  as  serves  to  make  that  summing 
up  intelligible.  Mr.  Horsburgh,  it  is  plea- 
sant to  find,  shows  little  national  vanity, 
prejudice,  or  prepossession,  and  deals  with 
his  subject  in  a  judicial  spirit. 

Both  Sir  Evelyn  and  Mr.  Horsburgh  rightly 
deny  the  statement  of  those  who,  like  Lord 
Wolseley,  declare  thatNapoleon's  army  in  the 
Waterloo  campaign  was  the  finest  that  he 
ever  commanded.     The  former  remarks  : — 

"About  50  per  centum  of  the  Line  were 
recruits,  and  of  the  Imperial  Guard,  18,500 
strong,  between  4,000  and  5,000  were  untrained 
men." 

The  decline  in  the  efficiency  of  the  famous 
French  infantry  is  shown  by  the  formations 
employed.  Not  only  had  the  older  soldiers 
been  replaced  in  large  numbers  by  recruits, 
but  the  increase  in  the  army  caused  the 
promotion  of  many  officers  so  unfit  for  their 


posts  that  the  generals  were  obliged  to 
exercise  a  close  supervision  over  them.  In 
consequence  deep  formations  were  adopted. 
These  produced  a  great  moral  effect  on  the 
badly  trained  Belgians,  but  against  steady 
troops  Hke  the  bulk  of  Wellington's  British 
infantry  were  essentially  vicious,  for  they 
at  the  same  time  presented  a  vulnerable 
target  and  reduced  the  volume  of  fire.  It  is 
strange  that  Soult,  who  had  suffered  heavily 
at  Albuera  from  his  use  of  deep  formations, 
should  not  have  exerted  his  influence  as  Chief 
of  the  Staff  to  prevent  the  employment  of 
them  in  1815.  At  all  events,  if  Napoleon's 
army  was  so  efficient,  why  were  these  for- 
mations adopted '? 

The  French  cavalry,  it  is  also  evident, 
cannot  have  been  efficient.  They  had  suffered 
heavily  during  1812-14.  The  Bourbons 
had  reduced  the  number  of  cavalry  regi- 
ments from  ninety-nine  to  sixty-one,  and 
when  Napoleon  arrived  from  Elba  these  con- 
sisted of  only  three  weak  squadrons  each. 
By  obtaining  horses  from  the  mounted  gen- 
darmerie and  by  forced  purchases  he  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  together  20,000  cavalry 
for  the  Waterloo  campaign  after  providing 
for  the  army  corps  guarding  the  other 
frontiers.  His  chief  cavalry  generals  were 
men  of  high  reputation  and  experience, 
especially  Kellerman ;  but  they  certainly 
failed  in  reconnoitring  duties.  We  have  on 
previous  occasions  pointed  out  that  the 
British  portion  of  Wellington's  army  and 
the  German  Legion  had,  for  the  most  part, 
seen  much  previous  service,  notwithstanding 
the  assertions  that  have  been  made  to  the 
contrary.  The  other  portion  of  his  forces 
was,  however,  especially  the  majority  of  the 
cavalry,  wanting  in  discipline  and  fighting 
qualities.  Some  of  his  troops  also  had 
served  under  Napoleon,  and  were  either  still 
attached  to  him  or  full  of  dread  of  his  skill. 

The  first  cavalry  achievement  of  the  cam- 
paign was  the  capture  of  a  barricade  on  the 
French  side  of  the  Charleroi  bridge  by  the 
younger  Soult's  cavalry  division ;  the  next 
the  successful  attack  made  on  Prussian 
squares  in  the  afternoon  of  the  15th  by 
General  Letort  with  four  squadrons  of  the 
Emperor's  escort : — 

"Letort  and  the  Escort  charged  home:  a 
battalion  formed  in  square,  was  broken,  losing 
half  its  numbers,  and  another  was  severely 
punished,  but  the  rest  escaped  through  the 
wood  with  a  loss  of  about  two  battalions. 
This  success  was  won  however  at  the  cost  of 
Letort 's  life,  for  he  fell  mortally  wounded." 

At  Ligny  there  was  not  much  cavalry 
fighting  till  the  end  of  the  day.  The  French 
handled  their  horsemen  skilfully,  but  Ger- 
man military  critics  are  severe  on  their  own 
cavalry ;  whilst  no  British  cavalry  took  part 
in  the  fighting  at  Quatre  Bras,  and  the 
Brunswick  and  Dutch-Belgian  cavalry  did 
not,  as  a  rule,  distinguish  themselves. 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood  justly  blames  the  com- 
manders of  the  French  cavalry  at  Quatre 
Bras  for  not  having  pushed  forward  patrols 
to  ascertain  what  was  in  the  rear  of  the  Bois 
de  Bossu  and  on  the  reverse  slope  of  the 
rising  ground  along  which  runs  the  Nivelles- 
Namur  road  ;  but  the  conduct  of  the  French 
horsemen  in  action  was  brilliant  till  nearly 
the  close  of  the  fight.  A  little  after  6  p.m. 
Kellerman  attacked  at  the  head  of  Guiton's 
Cuirassiers,  crossed  the  brook  in  the  valley, 
and  deploying,  advanced  rapidly  in  line  of 


columns.      Seeing  that  the  G9th  Eegimont, 
hitherto   concealed   by  their  position  in   a 
hollow  and  the  high  crops,  were  in  line,  he 
wheeled  the  leading  squadron  of   the  8th 
Cuirassiers   by   sections   to   the   right,  and 
falling  on  the  luckless  infantry  rolled  it  up, 
and  in  less  than   two  minutes  upwards  of 
one-fourth  of  the  69th  were  lying  dead  or 
dying,  while  one  colour  was  captured.    This 
success  of   Kellerman's,    it   is  well  known, 
was  due  to  the  folly  of  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who   countermanded  the  order  which  Hal- 
kett  had  sent  to  form  the  69th  in  square. 
Whilst   the    8th  Cuirassiers   were   sabring 
the  69th,  the  other  regiment  of  the  brigade, 
the  11th  Cuirassiers,  charged  simultaneously 
two  faces  of  the  square  formed  by  the  30th, 
but  were  beaten  off.     Kellerman,  rallying 
them,  led  them  against  a  regiment  which 
Sir   Evelyn   contents   himself   with   calling 
"  Halkett's  right  battalion."    That  battalion 
had  suffered  heavily  at  close  range  from  the 
French  artillery  in  the  Bois  de  Bossu,  and 
having  lost  its  senior  officers   had  become 
unsteady.     When  advancing  in  line  it  per- 
ceived Kellerman  about  to  charge,  and  at 
the  sight  dispersed,  and  sought  refuge  in 
the  wood.    This  is  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  state- 
ment.    The  regiment  in  cj^uestion  was  the 
33rd ;   and  Mr.  F.  H.  Pattison,  who  served 
at  Quatre  Bras  as  a  lieutenant  in  that  corps, 
said   that   the    regiment,    having    suffered 
heavily  from  the  French  artillery  at  short 
range,  was  deployed  from  square 

"  in  an  angular  position At  this  time  the  33rd 

moved  towards  them  [some  Brunswick  infantry]  ; 
but  upon  getting  near  the  wood,  a  report  being 
spread  that  the  cavalry  were  in  the  rear,  the 
regiment  entered  it  and  dispersed." 

Sir  Colin  Halkett  stated  : — 

"The  only  part  that  really  did  retreat  was 
one  regiment  (the  33rd),  and  which  I  was  not 

at  all  satisfied  with The  33rd  I  rode  to  the 

moment  I  could  absent  myself  from  the  front, 
and  I  recollect  I  had  some  difficulty  in  getting 
them  to  the  order  they  ought  to  have  remained 
in,  and  I  took  one  of  their  colours  and  advanced 
to  the  front  with  it,  which  I  think  had  the 
desired  effect,  and  soon  got  them  into  the  order 
they  ought  never  to  have  lost." 

About  the  same  time  another  gallant 
Frenchman,  Col.  Galbois,  whohadalreadydis- 
tinguished  himself  by  the  daring  with  which 
he  had  led  his  regiment,  the  6th  Lancers, 
against  the  42nd,  charged  and  broke  a 
Hanoverian  square.  Surrounded,  however, 
by  other  regiments,  the  Lancers  were  forced 
to  fall  back  with  heavy  loss,  but  not  without 
carrying  with  them  their  wounded  colonel. 
Kellerman,  having  routed  two  British  bat- 
talions, attempted  to  advance  up  the  Brussels 
road.  Musketry  and  grape  created  great 
havoc  in  his  ranks.  Still  his  men  persevered, 
when  suddenly  Kellerman's  horse  fell  dead 
beneath  him.  On  this  the  Cuirassiers  were 
seized  with  a  sudden  panic  and  fled,  carrying 
with  them  the  two  supporting  brigades : — 

"Two  miles  from  the  field  the  flying  mass 
came  on  2,500  cavalry,  and  these  men,  although 
dismounted,  were  drawn  into  the  stampede. 
The  crowd  of  fugitives  did  not  indeed  stop  until 
it  got  past  the  hospitals  on  the  South  side  of 
Frasnes,  and  up  to  where  the  cavalry  of  the 
Guard  stood." 

Among  the  observations  of  the  author 
occurs  the  following  pregnant  passage  : — 

"  The  want  of  confidence  in  squadron  leaders, 
obtained  only  by  long  association,  is  plainly 
shown  from  the  panic  with  which   the  cavalry 


892 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


were  stricken  after  Kellernian  fell.  We  learn 
also  another  lesson  from  this  afternoon's  work, 
for  although  the  6th  Lancers,  led  by  Col.  Gal- 
bois,  probably  owing  to  his  personal  influence 
and  great  courage,  achieved  a  startling  success 
over  the  Hanoverian  battalion  near  the  Namur 
Road,  yet  the  lessened  vigour  generally  of  the 
second  attack  is  one  more  proof  of  the  adage 
that  cavalry  should  not  be  asked  to  undertake 
desperate  attacks  twice  during  the  same  day. 
It  is  right  I  should  mention  that  the  Hanoverian 
battalions  had  only  been  recently  raised,  though 
they  had  been  trained  for  two  months  under 
British  officers." 

At  "Waterloo  Ney  led  the  cavalry  as  well 
as  the  infantry  attacks  on  the  allied  right 
centre ;  he  had  formerly  served  in  the 
cavahy, 

^'but,  either  because  he  knew  the  men  and 
horses  were  not  sufficiently  trained  to  be  em- 
ployed in  line  formations,  or  because  he  per- 
sonally preferred  to  use  masses  similar  to  those 
in  which  he  sent  forward  the  infantry,  through- 
out the  battle  he  sent  his  cavalry  forward  in 
successive  lines  of  columns.  Thus  every  horse 
and  rider  struck  down  in  the  crowded  rank 
entailed  the  fall  of  many  others. " 

The  French  cavalry  on  the  18th  of  June 
Tvere  led  by  officers  who  showed  the  most 
devoted  gallantry,  and  the  men  themselves 
displayed  no  want  of  courage  ;  yet  generally 
their  charges  were  singularly  unsuccessful. 
They,  it  is  true,  inflicted  great  loss  on  the 
scattered  remains  of  the  Union  and  House- 
hold brigades  when  returning  after  their  suc- 
cessful charge.  They  also  fell  on  the  flank 
of  and  rolled  up  the  5th  and  8th  battalions 
of  the  German  Legion  when,  owing  to  the 
I)erversity  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  those 
battalions  deployed.  We  are  told  that  in 
the  first  charge  of  the  Household  Brigade 
the  1st  Life  Guards  and  the  Cuirassiers  met 
like  two  walls.  In  charging  our  squares  the 
French  cavalry  did  not  as  formed  bodies 
charge  home,  although  individual  troopers 
made  their  way  into  the  squares  : — 

"The  French  privates  were  courageous 
enough,  but  not  sufficiently  trained  to  follow 
their  leaders  closely,  and  were  thus  incapable 
of  making  vigorous  concerted  attacks.  Lord 
Uxbridge  says  that  they  charged  without  any 

vigour  or  dash I  attribute  the  failure  of  the 

attempt  to  break  our  soldiers'  ranks,  to  want  of 
training  :  to  the  French  officers  being  strangers 
to  the  men  :  and  to  the  courage  and  discipline 
of  our  Infantry." 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood  adds  that  the  French  horse 
never  charged  our  infantry  in  formed  bodies, 
and  always  attacked  in  column.  The  later 
attacks  were  generally  made  at  the  walk. 

Nothing  could  exceed  the  dash  and 
courage  of  our  own  cavalry.  They  were 
not,  however,  formed  into  divisions,  and, 
to  our  thinking,  were  not  handled  by  Lord 
Uxbridge  so  as  to  secure  concerted  action. 
They  were  not  always  under  control,  and 
were  apt  in  the  excitement  of  success  to 
ignore  the  directions  of  their  officers.  In 
scarcely  any  cases  were  there  supports,  not 
to  speak  of  reserves,  and  most  of  the 
cavalry  generals  devoted  their  attention  to 
leading  instead  of  controlling  their  men. 
Even  Lord  Uxbridge  acted  as  a  brigade 
commander,  and  in  one  instance  as  a 
squadron  leader,  instead  of  playing  the  part 
of  a  commander  of  the  cavalry  as  a  whole. 
Sir  Hussoy  Vivian  at  the  close  of  the  day 
"went  so  far  as  to  halt  his  second  line  (the 
18th)  till  he  could  charge  with  the  first  line 
(the   lOth)  and  return  to  lead   the   18th.     He 


only  failed  to  lead  the  3rd  Regiment  owing  to 
the  darkness  preventing  further  attacks  being 
executed." 

We  may  also  notice  that  there  was  no  close 
union  between  the  horse  artillery  and  the 
cavalry. 

The  lessons  to  be  learnt  from  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood  are  that  cavahy  cannot  be  extem- 
porized, and  that  regiments  to  be  efficient 
need  long  acquaintance  between  officers  and 
men ;  that  the  bravest  cavalry  require  sup- 
ports and  reserves ;  and  finally,  that,  let 
regiments  be  ever  so  good  individually,  they 
lose  much  power  if  not  trained  to  act  in 
large  masses. 

Mr.  Horsburgh  believes  in  the  story  of 
Wellington's  night  ride  to  Wavre  on  the 
17th  in  order  to  confer  with  Blucher.  It 
may  be  admitted  that  there  is  a  certain 
amount  of  evidence  in  support  of  it ; 
nevertheless,  it  bears  within  it  the  strongest 
suggestion  of  improbability.  Blucher's 
quarters  were  fourteen  miles  from  Waterloo  ; 
the  night  was  dark  and  rainy;  the  Duke 
is  represented  as  having  no  guide  over  the 
unknown  road,  and  for  his  only  attend- 
ant an  orderly  dragoon.  He  could  hardly 
have  started  before  9  p.m.  at  the  earliest, 
for  he  had  not  dismounted  till  8  p.m. 
and  had  since  dined  ;  he  could  not  have 
gone  at  a  greater  pace  than  four  miles 
an  hour,  or  have  spent  less  than  half  an 
hour  in  conference  with  Blucher.  This 
would  bring  us  down  to  4.30  a.m.,  and  at 
that  time  of  the  year  the  sun  rises  at 
3.30  A.M.  Is  it  conceivable  that  one  so 
masterful  as  the  Duke  should  have  con- 
descended to  send  Lord  Fitzroy  Somerset 
oS  on  an  errand  for  fear  of  his  opposi- 
tion? It  is  still  more  inconceivable  that, 
with  the  piquets  only  a  few  hundreds  of 
yards  apart,  the  Duke  should  have  absented 
himself  for  so  many  hours  without  mention- 
ing that  he  was  going  to  Blucher  and 
leaving  the  command  in  the  hands  of  the 
next  senior  officer.  An  attack  might  have 
been  made  by  the  French  at  dawn,  more 
than  an  hour  before  the  time  when  he  could 
have  returned.  Further,  it  is  improbable 
that  he  should  have  gone  without  an  aide-de- 
camp ;  and  it  is  strange  that  his  departure  and 
return  should  have  been  noticed  by  no  one, 
considering  that  in  addition  to  a  sentry 
there  is  always  a  crowd  of  orderlies,  servants, 
and  staff  officers  round  headquarters.  The 
evidence  in  support  of  the  truth  of  this  story 
may  be  strong,  but  the  improbabilities  are 
still  stronger. 

The  Duke  has  been  strongly  condemned  for 
having  posted  at  Hal  several  thousand  men 
who  were  much  needed  during  the  battle.  In  a 
memorandum  published  in  1842  he  defended 
this  measure  on  the  ground  that  "  they 
were  there  to  repel  Napoleon's  project  of 
falling  upon  the  English  rear."  That 
Napoleon  ever  intended  such  a  manoeuvi-e 
is  more  than  doubtful,  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Wellington  feared  that  Napoleon 
would  make  the  attempt.  The  author  sug- 
gests that  the  Duke  had  another  motive, 
viz.,  a  wish  to  protect  his  line  of  retreat,  for 
the  Duke  subsequently  stated  that  had  he 
been  compelled  to  faU  back  he  would  have 
retired  by  Hal,  and  not  by  the  Forest  of 
Soignies.  Under  the  circumstances  we 
conceive  that  the  Duke  was  justified  in 
placing  a  large  force  to  protect  his  pos- 
sible   line    of    retreat     to    his     base     at 


Ostend,  which  Hal  covered.  To  our  think- 
ing, however,  he  was  not  justified  in 
leaving  a  large  force  inactive  all  day. 
By  five  in  the  morning  at  latest  he  must 
have  recognized  the  probability  that  he  had 
Napoleon's  entire  army  in  his  front.  An 
aide-de-camp  could  have  carried  a  letter  to 
Colville  directing  him  to  send  out  patrols, 
and,  if  he  saw  no  symptoms  of  an  advance 
by  the  French  on  Hal,  to  march  at  once  on 
the  main  British  position.  Colville  would 
have  received  that  letter  at  6  a.m.,  and 
allowing  three  hours  for  reconnaissance, 
during  which  time  he  could  have  formed 
up  his  troops  in  column  of  route,  he  could 
have  begun  his  march  at  9  a. jr.  Hal  is 
ten  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  British 
position,  and  by  1  p.m.  at  latest  Colville's 
leading  regiments  would  have  reached  the 
Duke's  extreme  right.  Even  had  the  Duke 
delayed  till  the  battle  had  commenced  before 
sending  for  Colville,  the  latter  would  still 
have  joined  him  about  5  p.m.,  when  the 
crisis  of  the  battle  was  beginning. 

These  are  two  points  about  which  there 
has  been  much  controversy.  Mr.  Hors- 
burgh touches  on  and  criticizes  several 
other  matters,  and  treats  them  with 
acumen,  but  there  is  no  possibility  of 
discussing  them  in  this  article.  The 
absence  of  an  index  is  to  be  regretted, 
and  we  are  bound  to  mention  that  the 
author  has  been  guilty  of  great  careless- 
ness in  proof  -  reading.  The  result  is 
several  errors  of  detail  which  may  well 
puzzle  the  civilian  reader.  For  example, 
at  p.  291  Mr.  Horsburgh  says,  "  Duplat, 
with  four  brigades  of  infantry,  was 
attached  to  Clinton's  division."  Of 
course,  battalions  should  have  been  sub- 
stituted for  "brigades."  Again,  at  p.  184 
the  95th  Eifles — now  the  Eifle  Brigade — 
are  mentioned  as  the  "59th  Eifles."  In 
describing  (pp.  93-4)  the  composition  of 
Picton's  division  the  following  passage 
occurs  : — 

"Picton's  division  was  largely  made  up  of 
Highland  regiments,  the  3rd  battalion  of  the 
Royal  Scots,  the  28th  Highland  regiment,  and 
the  1st  battalion  of  the  95th  regiment,  com- 
posing Kempt's  brigade,  forming  the  English 
left,  while  Pack's  brigade,  composed  of  the 
44th,  79th,  and  92nd  Highland  regiments,  con- 
stituted the  right." 

As  a  matter  of  fact  Picton's  division  was  in 
the  left  centre  of  the  position,  and  was  com- 
posed as  follows :  Kempt's  brigade,  28th 
and  32nd  Eegiments,  the  79th  Highlanders, 
and  the  1st  Battalion  95th  Eifles.  It  may 
be  mentioned  that  there  never  has  been  a 
28th  Highlanders.  Pack's  brigade  con- 
sisted of  the  Eoyal  Scots,  the  42nd  and  92nd 
Highlanders,  and  t^e  44th  Eegiment. 
Thus  not  only  is  the  composition  of  the 
two  brigades  incorrect,  but  out  of  eight 
regiments  only  three,  or  less  than  half, 
were  Highlanders.  Finally,  on  p.  95  men- 
tion is  made  of  "the  3rd  battalion  of  the 
Guards,"  which  has  no  meaning  ;  it  should 
have  been  3rd  Battalion  1st  Guards.  Still, 
notwithstanding  the  above  and  a  few  other 
errors,  Mr.  Horsburgh's  volume  is  a  wel- 
come addition  to  Waterloo  literature. 


N"  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


893 


Journals  and  Correspondence  of  Lady  Eastlalce. 

Edited  by  her  Nephew,  Charles  Eastlake 

Smith.  2  vols.  (Murray.) 
This  unnecessary  book  in  two  large  volumes 
is,  says  the  editor  in  his  preface, 
"  the  history  of  the  mind  and  heart  of  a  woman 
devoted  to  Literature  and  Art,  to  whom  the 
maxim  'Vita  sine  litteris  mors'  (assuming  h'iferce 
to  include  art)  is  peculiarly  applicable.  In- 
formally, it  divides  itself  into  three  parts  :  the 
first  compiled  mainly  from  the  voluminous 
journals  which  Lady  Eastlake  kept  with  regu- 
larity for  the  seven  years  preceding  her  mar- 
riage ;  the  second  consisting  of  extracts  from 
the  letters  written  during  sixteen  j'ears  (1849- 
1865)  to  her  mother  and  sister  ;  the  last,  put 
together  from  the  letters  which  she  wrote,  over 
a  period  of  twenty-seven  years  (from  her  hus- 
band's to  her  own  death),  to  her  firm  friend  Sir 
Henry  Layard.  These  journals  and  letters  (the 
latter  are  over  5,000  in  number)  were  not  written 
with  a  view  to  publication  —  perhaps,  for  this 
reason,  they  are  all  the  more  interesting  and 
valuable." 

Now  it  seems  to  us  that  records  of  this 
kind  are  only  valuable  or  even  excusable 
on  one  of  two  grounds  :  either  the  intrinsic 
value  of  the  contents,  taken  on  their  own 
merits,  or  the  exceptional  interest  attaching 
to  the  person  of  whom  they  are  a  record. 
Lady  Eastlake,  so  far  as  she  is  remembered 
at  all  outside  the  circle  of  her  personal 
friends,  is  remembered  as  the  author  of 
'  Letters  from  the  Baltic  '  and  the  writer  of 
various  contributions  to  the  Quarterly  Review. 
The  best  known  of  the  articles  was  published 
in  December,  1848  :  it  was  the  article  which 
was  supposed  to  prove,  "  by  evidence  incon- 
trovertible," that  'Jane  Eyre'  was  written 
by  a  man.  A  later  review,  which  probably 
deserves  attention,  appeared  in  1887;  it 
is  thus  described  by  the  editor  of  these 
memoirs : — 

"The  translation  of  'Coleridge's  Life'  was 
published  in  March,  1887,  and  was  followed  by 
an  able  article  from  her  hand  in  the  Quarterly 
Review  on  the  book." 

The  work,  which  was  thus  reviewed  by  its 
translator,  was  '  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 
and  the  English  Eomantic  School,'  by  Prof. 
Brandl.  Of  the  merits  of  the  book  itself 
and  of  the  translation  we  need  say 
nothing  here,  as  they  were  very  elaborately 
and  decisively  dealt  with  in  the  Athenceum 
of  June  18th,  1887,  in  an  article  which,  it 
is  now  permissible  to  say,  was  written  by 
the  late  Mr.  Dykes  Campbell,  whose  mar- 
vellous knowledge  of  Coleridge  and  admir- 
able faculty  in  the  minute  exposure  of  in- 
competence were,  perhaps,  never  more 
effectively  displayed. 

With  such  titles,  then,  to  fame.  Lady 
Eastlake  may  be  said  to  depend  somewhat 
exclusively  on  the  intrinsic  value  of  her 
writing  in  these  letters  and  journals  so 
liberally  exposed  to  the  public  gaze.  Let 
us  quote  a  few  significant  specimens  of  the 
quality  of  her  judgments,  impressions,  and 
literary  accomplishments. 

Of  Wordsworth  she  writes  (in  1846) : — 

"He  is  a  puzzle  to  me:  commonplace  in 
thought  and  barren  in  word,  yet  with  some  he 
is  more  popular  than  any  other  poet.  At  all 
events  the  taste  for  him  is  a  good  sign  of  the 
day,  for  he  has  nothing  to  catch  the  senses  ; 
dry,  hard  reason  and  sound  principle,  expressed 
in  the  most  unattractive  manner,  are  all  I  can 
find  in  him." 

Two  years  later  '  Vanity  Fair '  appears, 
and  the  comment  in  her  journal  is  : — 


"Read   'Vanity  Fair.'      Things  are  written 

now  to  be  read  once  and  no  more  :    they  are 

read  as  often  as  they  deserve." 

In  1891  she  writes  of  Tolstoy  :  — 

"There   is   a   difference   between   dirty   and 

clean  dirt — his  is  indefensibly  dirty  :  but  I  soon 

had  enough." 

Rossetti's  pictures,  which  she  sees  in  1882, 
are  ^^  horrors,  without  a  single  merit."  Her 
view  of  Goethe  in  1842 — that  he  "had  no 
conscience,  and  chose  the  lowest  ideal  of 
human  nature,  and  his  trashy,  uninterest- 
ing, vulgar  stuff  is  the  natural  result" — 
is  unchanged  in  1877,  when  she  read  the 
'  Wahlverwandtschaf  ten  '  "patiently,  and 
came  to  the  conviction  that  I  never  read 
such  unmitigated  trash."  After  this  one 
hears,  hardly  with  surprise,  that  Dumas  plre 
is  "perfect  in  style,  most  delightful  reading 
— every  word  the  right  one"  ;  that  the  last 
scene  of  '  Othello '  would  be  better  omitted — 
"  my  instincts  of  art  so  rebelled"  ;  and  that 
"I  have  rummaged   up  a  copy  of  Moliere  [this 

is  in  1879],  and  oh  !   how  charming  he  is  ! 

But  I  never  heard  of  sonnets  by  Moliere,  and 
these  are  Shakespeare's  most  exquisite  legacies." 

Such  are  some  of  Lady  Eastlake's  more 
precise  judgments  in  matters  of  literature 
and  art.  Turning  to  her  more  general  im- 
pressions of  pictures  and  places,  we  may 
quote,  as  characteristic  of  her  hazy  manner 
of  recording  these,  the  following  comment 
on  the  Memlincs  at  Bruges  : — 

"They  are  among  the  masterpieces  of  the 
world,  and  can  never  be  forgotten  when  once 
seen  by  those  who  have  any  knowledge  of  art." 

Travelling  in  Venetia,  she  "stays  a  few 
hours  "  at  Vicenza,  and  this  is  her  comment : 

"It  is  much  over-praised  in  its  Palladian 
buildings  (Palladio  was  a  native  of  it),  which  are 
uninteresting  after  the  real  Lombard  house  and 
palace  architecture." 

After  this  Verona  is  dismissed  with  two 
sentences  —  appreciative  certainly,  though 
not  illuminating  ;  and  Mantua — that  para- 
dise of  meadows,  old  walls,  and  trailing 
water — is  summarized  thus  : — 

"The  next  day  we  were  at  Mantua,  which  is 
a  large  old  city  fixed  in  a  swamp,  and  one  of  the 
most  unhealthy  in  Italy,  the  inhabitants  being 
devoured  by  fever  and  mosquitoes." 

In  the  way  of  still  more  general  state- 
ment, in  which  one  would  expect  to  find 
whatever  literary  faculty  the  writer  may 
have  possessed,  let  us  quote  a  solemn  and 
deliberate  passage  from  one  of  the  early 
journals  : — 

"Art  is  like  instinct,  incommunicable:  one 
age  may  bequeath  statues  and  pictures  to 
another,  but  it  cannot  bequeath  knowledge. 
Science  can  be  bequeathed  ;  one  fact  after 
another  is  laid  up.  Faraday  may  take  up  where 
Davy  left  oft",  for  science  lies  without  the  man, 
but  art  is  partly  within,  partly  without.  Art  is 
destined  to  bud,  blossom,  and  decay,  leaving 
fruits  from  which  much  may  be  gathered  and 
seed  sown  afresh,  but  not  the  line  of  Raphael 
or  Rubens  be  perpetuated." 

There  is  more ;  but  let  us  pause,  though 
Lady  Eastlake  does  not,  and  turn  the  page, 
to  chance,  perhaps,  on  platitudes  of  another 
order,  not  less  confidently  and  pedantically 
enunciated : — 

"How  easily  may  sorrows  be  borne  in  which 
there  is  no  sin  !  How  wrongly  do  we  look  on 
the  death  of  the  virtuous  wife  or  the  innocent 
babe  ;  how  infatuated  are  we  to  consider  that 
an  evil,  which  shuts  out  the  possibility  of  evil  I 
How  absorbed  are  we  in  trifles,  attentive  to 


that  which  profiteth  not ;  how  case  upon  case 
of  law  and  physic  has  been  registered  and 
recorded,  till  experience  has  permitted  of  con- 
clusions !  But  who  has  registered  the  results 
of  early  carelessness  ?  Who  has  collected  the 
fruits  of  early-taught  piety  'i  " 

Of  the  personal  comments  with  which 
these  pages  are  strewn,  this  may  be  taken 
as  a  specimen  : — 

"  Yesterday  we  dined  at  the  Pollocks',  where 
we  had  a  very  pleasant  evening  ;  I  sat  between 
Mr.  Pollock  and  Mr.  Ruskin— the  latter  im- 
proving on  acquaintance." 

Sometimes  we  are  reduced  to  mere  lists 
of  dinner-parties,  after  this  fashion  :  — 

"  Among  our  guests  were  the  Dowager  Lady 
Morley,  who  brought  with  her  a  pretty  Miss 
Gordon,  Lady  Howard  Douglas,  Lady  Frances 
Hope,  Lady  Ruthven,  the  Horners,  Procters, 
Lady  Chantrey,  Macaulays,  Pollocks,  Clives, 
Reeves,  Murrays,  Griincr.s,  Mr.  Munro,  Bab- 
bage,  Landseer,  Boxall,  Hardwicks,  Mrs.  Jame- 
son, Mrs.  Leycester  Adolphus,  and  young 
Stockhauseu." 

No  doubt  such  enumerations  were  inter- 
esting enough  to  the  correspondent.  Lady 
Eastlake's  mother,  to  whom  tliey  were 
addressed,  but  wha,t  possible  interest  can 
they  have  now  for  any  section  of  the 
reading  public  ?  Indeed,  what  interest 
is  there  to  be  found  in  the  vast  stretches  of 
second-hand  guide-book  information  about 
foreign  cities,  of  second-rate  original  com- 
ment on  pictures,  and  books,  and  people, 
which  fill  these  handsome,  interminable, 
empty  pages  ?  Now  and  again  a  shrewd 
remark  startles  the  reader  by  its  very  rarity, 
as  in  this  picture  of  Carlyle  :  — 

"He  is  a  kind  of  Burns  in  appearance — the 
head  of  a  thinker,  the  eye  of  a  lover,  and  the 
mouth  of  a  peasant  "; 

or  this  of  Turner  : — 

"A  queer  little  being,  very  knowing  about 
all  the  castles  he  has  drawn — a  cynical  kind  of 
body,  who  seems  to  love  his  art  for  no  other 
reason  than  because  it  is  his  own." 

But,  as  Lady  Eastlake  herself  truly 
observes, 

"to  keep  down  the  redundancy  of  mere  word, 
and  keep  up  the  succession  of  real  thought,  is 
a  task  beyond  the  usual  strength  of  women." 

It  was  a  task  very  much  beyond  her  own 
strength,  and  these  two  volumes  do  but 
bear  tedious  witness  to  the  fact. 


JTolfe.      By   A.    G.    Bradley.      (Macmillan 

&  Co.) 
None  of  the  "English  Men  of  Action'* 
deserves  commemoration  and  study  more 
than  James  AVolfe.  Much  in  his  career 
and  character  reminds  the  reader  of  Nelson, 
and  of  both  it  may  be  said  that  their  un- 
timely deaths  excited  the  deeper  regret  on 
account  of  the  hopes  entertained  of  what  they 
might  have  performed  had  their  lives  been 
prolonged.  Wolfe's  turn  for  soldiering  was 
partly  due  to  a  natural  desire  to  follow  in 
his  father's  footsteps,  yet  he  displayed  a 
genius  for  the  art  of  war  of  which  his 
father  had  given  no  inkling  during  his  long 
service  at  home  and  in  the  field.  His 
brother  was  an  ofliccr  also  ;  but  he  did  not 
display  any  higlier  qualities  than  those  of 
the  ordinary  officer  of  the  period,  while 
Wolfe  exhibited  from  the  outset  till  the  end 
a  talent  which  entitles  liim  to  a  first  place 
among  military  commanders. 


894 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


He  was  born  in  1727;  on  April  27tli,  1742, 
he  was  an  ensign  in  the  12th  Foot,  which 
took  part  in  a  review  by  George  II.  of  the 
army  formed  for  service  in  Flanders.  This 
was  not  his  first  commission.  A  few  months 
previously  he  had  been  made  an  officer  in 
the  regiment  of  marines  commanded  by 
his  father.  He  was  adjutant  of  his  regi- 
ment at  Dettingen,  and,  having  had  a  horse 
shot  under  him  in  the  struggle,  he  was 
forced  to  do  dutj'  on  foot  for  a  time.  When 
a  youth  of  seventeen,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
captaincy  in  the  4th  Foot.  He  was  dis- 
patched from  Flanders  to  Scotland,  and 
witnessed  the  rout  at  Falkirk  The  story 
runs  that  after  CuUoden  Wolfe  refused  to 
obey  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  order  to 
dispatch  in  cold  blood  a  wounded  High- 
lander, and  the  story  is  one  which  ought 
to  be  authentic. 

AVolfe  saw  fighting  again  under  the  duke 
when  he  was    defeated   by   the   French  at 
Lauffeld,  and  had  to  take  refuge,  with  his 
exhausted  forces,  within  the  walls  of  Maes- 
tricht.    Here  Wolfe  was  wounded,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  publicly  thanked  by  the  duke 
for  his  services.     These  were  soon  after  re- 
warded by  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  major 
in  the  20th  Regiment,  which  was  quartered 
at  Stirling.    Owing  to  the  lieutenant-colonel 
being  appointed  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
the  command  of  the  regiment  devolved  upon 
Wolfe,  who  showed  himself  determined  to 
bring  it  into  a  high  state  of  efficiency,  ordering 
the  captains  to  make  special  reports  about 
their  men  and  to  give  personal  attention  to 
the  men's  state  and  appearance,  and  warn- 
ing  the   officers    against    placing    implicit 
trust  in  the  reports  of  their  sergeants.    From 
this  it  maybe  inferred  what  his  own  practice 
was  when  in  command  of  a  company.     All 
this  is  highly  creditable  to  a  young  man  of 
twenty-two.    Still  more  remarkable  and  not 
less   creditable  is  the  fact  that,  when  the 
regiment    was    ordered    to    Glasgow,    the 
youthful  major  employed  tutors  to  instruct 
him  in  Latin  and  mathematics  during  his 
hours  of  leisure !     He  felt  and  wrote  that 
"the  barren  battalion  conversation  rather 
blunts  the  faculties  than  improves."     Need- 
less to  say,  a  desire  for  self-improvement  is 
one  of  the  signs  which  distinguish  from  the 
commonplace  officer  the  soldier  who  is  des- 
tined to  receive,  or  at  the  least  to  deserve, 
I^romotion.     But  Wolfe  had  other  qualities 
which  denote  the  man  who  is  superior  to  his 
fellows.     A  part  of  his  duty  when  in  Scot- 
land was  to  conciliate  the  Highlanders  as 
well  as  to  keep  them  in  subjection,  and  he 
succeeded  so  well  in  gaining  the  affections 
of  the  people  at  Inverness  while  quartered 
there  that  they  were  sorry  when  his  regi- 
ment departed.    He  complained,  indeed,  that 
lie  had  greater  difficulty  in  dealing  with  those 
who  professed  attachment  to  the  Government 
than  with  those  who  were  avowedly  opposed 
to  it,  and  this  may   have  been  due  to  his 
openly  expressed  desire  to  be  on  good  terms 
with   men   of   both   parties.      His  conduct 
must  have  given  satisfaction  in  the  highest 
quarters   because   in    1750    ho   was   again 
promoted,  and,  at   the   very   early   age   of 
twenty  -  tliree,    ho    became    a    lieutenant  - 
colonel. 

Pitt  required  officers  who  could  not  only 
do  their  duty,  but  could  bo  relied  upon 
to  retrieve  the  blunders  of  incompetent 
commanders  in  North  America,  and  among 


others  he  made  choice  of  Wolfe.     In  later 
years  his  great  son  made  choice  of  Nelson 
in  an  emergency  as  pressing  and  with  a  pre- 
science as  well  justified  of  the  event.    AVolfe 
was  sent  as  brigadier-general  under  Amherst 
in  the  force  dispatched   to   capture   Louis- 
bourg,   "  the  Gibraltar  of  America."     This 
fortress  had  been  previously  taken  by  a  force 
from  New  England  under  Peperall— accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Bradley,  but  really  Pepperell — and 
Warren  in  1745.     Mr.  Bradley  unduly  dis- 
parages  their   exploit  by  writing  that  the 
garrison  had  then  "been  caught  napping." 
The  truth  is  that  the  skill  and  capabilities  of 
the  besiegers  were  undervalued,  and  their 
pertinacity,   combined   with   a   daring   dis- 
regard of  the  rules  which  technical  soldiers 
would  have  probably  followed,  compelled  the 
surrender  of  the  garrison.     The  story  of  the 
siege  is  told  in  the  work  by  Mr.  Bourinot, 
which  we  noticed  on  May  27th,  1893.    Pep- 
perell was  made  a  baronet  and  colonel  in  the 
army,  and  Warren  rear-admiral  of  the  Blue. 
The  taking  of  Louisbourg  by  New  England 
militia   had   an   unexpected   sequel.       Col. 
Gridley,  who  had  commanded  the  batteries 
there,  afterwards  planned  the  entrenchments 
which  enabled  the  defenders  of  Breed's  HiU, 
commonly  confounded  with  Bunker  Hill,  to 
withstand   the   onslaught   of    the   regulars 
under  Gage,  and  to  inflict  a  disproportionate 
loss  upon  them  before  evacuating  the  works. 
AVolfe's  reward  for  his  exertions  at  the 
second  capture  of  Louisbourg  was,  first,  the 
colonelcy  of  the  67th  Eegiment,  and  second, 
the  command  of  the  force  sent  to  capture 
Quebec.     The  story  of  his  success  has  been 
often  told,  yet  Parkman  is  the  only  one  who 
has  told  it  in  the  style  of  a  master.     Mr. 
Bradley  gives  a  clear   statement,  rendered 
quite  intelligible  to  the  least  informed  and 
least  technical  reader  by  a  map.  Still,  no  one 
can  realize  the  nature  of  the  feat  performed 
by  Wolfe  and  his  brave  followers  in  ascend- 
ing an   almost  perpendicular  cliff    to    the 
plains  of  Abraham  without  a  personal  in- 
spection of  the  ground. 

Mr.  Bradley  does  justice  to  Wolfe,  and 
his  narrative  deserves  praise  for  condensa- 
tion. Here  and  there  a  word  or  a  phrase 
jars  upon  the  reader.  At  p.  79  "Towns- 
head"  should  be  Townshend.  It  is  a  mistake 
to  use  "  byword"  as  a  term  of  j)raise  ;  it  is 
North  American  slang  to  write,  as  Mr. 
Bradley  does  at  p.  100,  "the  Canadian 
farmer  barely  raised  enough  for  the  support 
of  the  country";  while  it  is  a  slip  on  the 
succeeding  page  to  write  of  the  stormy 
"ocean"  of  Lake  Superior.  To  write  that 
the  path  up  the  cliff  "  was  negotiable  "  is  to 
write  sporting  slang.  "  Once  more  on  the 
war-path"  is  vile  journalese.  "  John  Robert- 
son" at  p.  188  ought  to  be  John  Robison. 
We  give,  by  way  of  conclusion,  a  short 
phrase  by  Wolfe  which  proves  his  power  of 
prophecy.  After  the  capture  of  the  fortress, 
Wolfe  wrote  to  his  mother  :  "  North  Ame- 
rica will  some  time  hence  be  a  vast  empire, 
the  seat  of  power  and  learning." 


Calendar  of  Entries  in  the  Papal  Registers 
relating  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — 
Papal  Letters.  Vol.  II.  A.D.  1305-131^2. 
Edited  by  W.  H.  Bliss,  B.C.L.  (Eyre  & 
Spottiswoodo.) 
The  first  volume  of  Mr.  Bliss's  calendar  of 
the   Papal  letters  carried  us  down  to  the 


death  of  Pope  Benedict  XI.  With  his 
second  volume  we  enter  upon  a  new  era. 
We  cannot  but  regret  that  the  stringent 
regulations  imposed  upon  the  editors  of 
these  calendars  should  have  put  it  out  of 
their  power  to  preface  their  work  with  an 
introductory  sketch  of  the  history  of  the 
times  with  which  their  volumes  are  con- 
cerned. Condemned  to  a  silence  which  must 
be  somewhat  oppressive,  they  are,  as  matters 
now  stand,  compelled  to  present  the  pubKc 
with  a  mere  collection  of  dry  details,  such  as 
few  but  specialists  will  have  the  courage  to 
attack  or  the  patience  to  wade  through.  It 
remains  to  students  to  arrive  at  the  results 
of  their  labours  by  an  amount  of  real  hard 
work  which  is  sometimes  wearisome,  and 
not  always  so  profitable  as  it  might  be 
made. 

A  very  brief  summary  will  suffice  for  our 
readers.  Benedict  Cajetan  of  Anagni  was 
elected  to  the  Papacy  on  December  24th, 
1294,  and  assumed  the  name  of  Boni- 
face VIII.  No  Pope  who  ever  wore  the 
tiara  had  a  more  single  eye  than  he  to  the 
aggrandizement  of  the  Papacy ;  none  pur- 
sued his  ends  more  unswervingly — we  might 
say  more  unscrupulously — and  none  contrived 
to  earn  more  suspicion,  hatred,  and  fear, 
especially  in  France  and  England.  Gossip 
or  calumny  has  represented  him  as  in- 
famous for  crimes  which  it  is  better  for 
ourselves  if  we  can  disbelieve  ;  but  of  his 
ability,  energy,  obstinacy,  and  courage 
there  can  be  no  doubt.  If  he  had  found 
himself  face  to  face  with  an  antagonist  less 
formidable  than  Philip  the  Fair,  the  course 
of  events  in  European  history  must  needs 
have  been  other  than  it  was ;  but  as  the 
poet  says :  — 

The  world  is  cold  to  all  that  might  have  been. 
As  it  was,  Boniface  during  his  pontificate 
drew  the  bow  too  tight.  A  little  more  and 
it  would  have  snapped  in  his  hands.  Philip 
saw  clearly  enough  that  if  the  monstrous 
claims  of  the  Papacy  to  temporal  and  eccle- 
siastical supremacy  were  not  resisted,  not  a 
man  in  his  kingdom,  himself  included, 
would  be  able  to  call  his  soul  or  body  or 
lands  or  possessions  his  own.  Boniface 
never  ceased  to  play  his  own  hand  with  an 
almost  ferocious  determination.  On  the 
whole,  he  may  be  said  to  have  gained 
something  and  to  have  lost  little.  He 
died  on  October  11th,  1303;  and  eleven 
days  later  he  was  succeeded  by  Bene- 
dict XL,  of  whose  pontificate,  lasting  as  it 
did  little  more  than  eight  months,  there  is 
not  much  to  say.  Who  was  fit  to  succeed  ? 
The  times  were  critical.  The  cardinals 
could  not  agree.  There  was  an  inter- 
regnum of  eleven  months — from  July  7th, 
1304,  till  June  5th,  1305.  Philip  spared 
no  pains  to  secure  the  election  of  a  Galilean 
candidate.  French  diplomacy  for  once 
proved  quite  too  much  for  Italian  craft 
and  astuteness,  and  Bertrand  de  Got, 
Bishop  of  Bordeaux,  was  elected  Pope,  and 
took  the  name  of  Clement  V.— a  name  to  bo 
remembered  by  Anglicans,  if  by  no  others, 
who  should  wish  to  understand  European 
politics  of  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth 
century. 

It  is  with  the  pontificate  of  Clement  V. 
that  this  second  volume  of  the  Regesta 
begins ;  it  ends  with  the  death  of  Benedict 
XII.  in  1342.  We  have  here  all  the  Papal 
letters  sent  to  England  during  thirty-seven 


N''  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


895 


years,  wliich  cover  the  last    two  years  of 
Edward  I.,  the  whole  reign  of  Edward  II., 
and      sixteen      years      of      Edward      III. 
Clement  V.  was  a  high-born   Frenchman  ; 
he  refused  to  leave   his  own  country.     It 
seems  he  hated  Italy ;  in  France  he  deter- 
mined to  live  and  die.     With  him  accord- 
ingly began   the  Babylonish   captivity,  as 
the  Roman  ecclesiastics  call  it  in  the  bitter- 
ness of  their  hearts — meaning  thereby  the 
seventy  years'   residence   of  the  Popes   at 
Avignon.     It  was  a  period  of  humiliation, 
and   it   was   gall   and    wormwood    for   the 
Ultramontanes.     For  England,  too,   it  was 
a  grievous    period,  for  Avignon  was  dan- 
gerously near  to  Britain,  and  most  danger- 
ously near    to    our  possessions  in  France. 
But  the  papacy  of  Clement  V.  was  a  time 
of   downright   pillage   for    the   clergy   and 
Church  of  England  such  as  never  had  been 
known    before.     The   days    of  Henry  III. 
were  bad  enough  in  this  respect,  but  they 
were   days   of   merely   gentle    pressure   as 
compared  with  these.     Not  till  now  has  it 
been  possible  for  us  to  have  any  conception 
of  the  wholesale  robbery  that  went  on.     At 
least  four-fifths  of    the   122  pages  of  this 
volume  which  are  concerned  with  Clement 
Y.  are  filled  with  letters    from   the  Pope 
awarding  preferments  to  men  and  boys  of 
whom  we  know  nothing,  or  know  a  great 
deal  too  much.     There  was  apparently  no 
limit  to  the  authorized  pluralities,  no  shame 
in  the  distribution  of  benefices  to  the  most 
unworthy,   no  pretence    of    enforcing  resi- 
dence.    The   patronage    of    all   the   richer 
preferments    was,    in    point   of    fact,    con- 
fiscated by  the  Pope.     Almost  the  very  first 
letter  in  this  volume  is  a  dispensation  for 
Matthew,    late    Cardinal   Bishop    of   Porto 
and  St.  Pufina,  to  hold  one  more  benefice 
in  addition  to  those  he  already  held — these 
being   three    rectories,    prebendal  stalls   in 
Southwell    and    Burton,    canonries    in   St. 
Paul's  and  WeUs,  and  the  wardenship  of 
St.  Julian's  Hospital  at  St.  Albans — eight 
in  all.     In  April,  1309,  Richard  of  Abing- 
don   receives  a  dispensation  allowing  him 
to    retain    the  rectories    of    St.   Sampson, 
Cricklade,  in  the  diocese  of  Gloucester,  and 
of   Wyvelingham   in   the   diocese    of   Ely, 
together  with  prebendal  stalls  in  the  cathe- 
dral churches    of    Salisbury,   Wells,  Lich- 
field, and  Dublin  ;  while  three  months  later 
a  small  budget  of  letters  is  addressed  to  a 
certain  Amaneus  de  Astarico,  in  his  eleventh 
year  (he  being  then  treasurer  of  the  church 
of  WeUs  and  canon  of  Saintes  in  Aquitaine), 
allowing    him    to   retain   these   and   other 
preferments,  and  assuring  him  that  when 
fourteen   years   old    he    shall    receive    two 
others.     In   July,    1310,    Odo    Colonna    is 
provided  with   the   precentorship  of   Lich- 
field, though  he  alread}'  held  canonries  at 
Noyon  and  St.  Omer,  and  two  rectories  in 
the  dioceses  of  Ely  and  Worcester.     A  little 
later   Vitalis   de   Testa,    a   relative   of   the 
Papal    Nuncio,    is    found    to    be    holding 
simultaneously  three  rectories,  two  canonries, 
and  the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's  ;  eventually  he 
finishes   up  with   being   made   a   cardinal. 
These  were  the  odious  outrages  to  decency 
which  shocked  all  right-thinking  men,  and 
rankled     in     the   minds   of   the   people — a 
very  long-suffering  people.     They  could  not 
go  on  for  ever.     Sooner  or  later  the  legisla- 
tion of  Edward  III.  must  have  come,  as  it 
did,  and  the  statutes   of   Praemunire   and 


Provisors  applied  the  semblance  of  a  remedy 
at  last.  After  Clement  V.  died  in  April,  1314, 
the  Papal  throne  remained  vacant  for  more 
than  two  years,  What  a  sense  of  thankful- 
ness and  relief  must  have  come  upon  Eng- 
lishmen of  all  ranks  as  month  after  month 
passed  on !  But  it  was  only  a  respite—  a 
breathing  time.  With  the  accession  of 
John  XXII.  the  old  practice  began  again, 
though  hardly  so  vexatiously  as  before. 

But  the  papacy  of  Clement  V.  is  infamous 
not  only  for  the  enormous  abuse  of  patronage 
in  England  :  it  was  marked  by  the  dreadful 
wickedness  associated  with  the  suppression 
of  the  Knights  Templars  in  France  and  by 
the  spoliation  of  their  property  in  England. 
Less  light  than  might  have  been  expected 
is  thrown  on  this  business  by  the  documents 
in  this  volume.  In  England  the  suppression 
of  the  order  was  not  accompanied  by  the  same 
unspeakable  atrocities  which  prevailed  in 
France,  and  Englishmen  have  to  turn  to  the 
annals  of  France  and  Spain  if  they  want 
examples  of  infernal  cruelty.  It  was  Philip 
the  Fair  who  determined  to  get  the  wealth 
of  the  Templars  into  his  hands.  It  was 
he  who  in  1307  set  on  foot  the  "process" 
against  them.  Clement  began  by  protesting, 
then  weakly  yielded,  then  at  the  end  of  the 
year  wrote  to  Edward  II.  urging  the  king 
to  seize  the  possessions  of  the  order.  To 
begin  with,  it  was  proposed  to  hand  over 
the  endowments  to  the  Hospitallers,  but 
there  were  delays.  Then  the  Pope  advises 
or  orders  that  the  possessions  should  be 
transferred  to  the  bishops  or  to  the  Inquisitors. 
Not  till  May,  1312,  was  the  Bull  issued 
which  is  printed  in  the  *  Fcedera,'  and  which 
made  the  Hospitallers  the  chief  gainers  by 
the  wholesale  robbery.  Meanwhile  it  is 
plain  enough  that  in  England  there  was  a 
general  scramble  for  the  plunder.  Clement 
awards  credit  to  the  king  for  having  sur- 
rendered his  share,  though  he  had  given 
a  great  deal  of  it  away  on  the  right  hand 
and  on  the  left ;  but,  exactly  as  happened 
two  centuries  later,  the  nobles  and  the 
capitalists  held  fast  to  their  prey.  What 
happened  in  France  to  the  wretched  few 
who  survived  the  tortures  and  the  butchery 
concerns  us  not,  but  it  is  pleasant  to  find 
that  in  England  the  despoiled  Templars 
received  allowances  in  the  shape  of  pensions, 
and  that  these  were  on  so  bountiful  a  scale 
that  in  1318  (December  1st)  John  XXII. 
writes  a  kind  of  protest  or  warning  against 
the  unfortunate  men  being  treated  too  liber- 
ally and  being  able  to  live  delicately  and 
even  save  money. 

The  part  which  the  Popes  John  XXII. 
and  Benedict  XII.  played  in  our  English 
politics  from  time  to  time  is  well  illustrated 
in  the  letters  of  this  volume.  Of  course 
the  war  with  Scotland  occupies  a  good  deal 
of  the  Papal  attention.  It  is  amusing  to 
note  the  change  of  tone  which  comes  over 
the  letters  of  Pope  John  to  Robert  Bruce 
in  the  course  of  a  correspondence  which 
begins  in  1317  and  only  ends  with  the 
Scotch  king's  death  in  1331  ;  amusing,  too, 
to  find  that  Robert  sent  back  the  Pope's 
letters  which  were  addressed  to  him  as 
"self-styled  King  of  Scotland,"  and  held 
no  further  communication  with  his  august 
correspondent  till  he  had  received  full  re- 
cognition of  his  title  as  king.  Inasmuch  as 
the  present  volume  carries  the  work  down  no 
further  than  1342,  the  reader  must  look  to  the 


next  instalment  for  any  further  elucidation 
of  the  Papal  diplomacy  as  between  Edward 
III.  and  Philip  VI.,  when  the  great  French 
war  was  raging. 

There  is  but  little  in  the  volume  that 
throws  any  light  upon  our  social  history, 
and  almost  nothing  to  tell  about  domestic 
life,  commerce,  or  the  steady  growth  of  the 
English  towns,  which  from  other  sources 
we  know  were  beginning  to  wax  stronger 
and  wealthier  year  by  year.  The  univer- 
sities were  silently  becoming  a  power  to 
reckon  with.  The  mendicant  orders  were 
everywhere  active.  Pilgrimages  to  the 
Holy  Land,  to  St.  James  at  Compostella, 
and  to  other  places  were  frequent,  and  wo 
hear  more  than  once  of  certain  Italian 
"  heretics  and  unbelievers  "  who  were  rob- 
bing churches  and  maltreating  the  clergy, 
and  whom,  it  was  necessary  to  suppress. 
Of  course  the  expense  of  suppressing  these 
schismatics  must  in  part  be  borne  by 
England  and  her  clergy.  It  always  comes 
to  that  in  these  letters. 

The   rage   for   athletics,    of   which  some 
modern     writers     complain,     is     found     to 
have  been  almost  as  great  in  the  England 
of   the   fourteenth  century  as   it   is  in  the 
nineteenth.     The  case  of  William  de  Spald- 
ing, canon  of  the  Gilbertine  monastery  at 
Shouldham  in  Norfolk,  must  have  been  one 
of  many,  the  remarkable  feature  here  being 
that  the  poor  man's  conscience  was  troubled 
and  he  could  find  no  peace  till  he  had  taken 
his  case  to  the  Pope  for  absolution.     Canon 
William — a  real   canon  and  a  residentiar)' 
too — was    playing    football    hotly,    we    are 
not    told     where.       A    "scrimmage"    en- 
sued,   and    another  William — a  lay  friend 
of  the  canon's,   we  are   told — charged  the 
canon   just    as    he    kicked    the    ball,    not 
without  exceeding  vigour,  when,  alas !  the 
layman  came  full   tilt   against  a   sheathed 
knife  which  the  canon  carried  in  his  belt, 
and  wounded   himself   fataUy.      The   poor 
canon    was     deeply    grieved;     would     the 
Pope     absolve     him?      "Take    comfort!" 
quoth  his  Holiness;  "  there  is  no  blame  to 
thee."     Nevertheless  it  goes  without  saying 
that  reverend  canons  could   not  expect   to 
receive  letters  from    the    Pope  without,  at 
any  rate,  paying  the  postage  from  Avignon. 
As  to   the  way  in  which  Mr.  Bliss  has 
done   his   work,  we    have    only   to  repeat, 
almost   in   the    same   words,  what  we  said 
in  our  review  of  the  first  volume.     It  is  to 
be  presumed  that  a  great  part  of  this  volume 
was  already  passing  through  the  press  when 
its  predecessor  was  issued.     We  have  the 
same  fault  to  find  with  the  index,  with  the 
inconvenient  way  of  giving  the  Roman  dates 
of  the   letters,   and  with  a  not  unfrequent 
carelessness  in  writing  the  names  of  places 
and   persons.     But  the   editor   has  done  a 
work  which,  on  the  whole,    reflects   credit 
upon  his  patience  and  sagacity. 


NEW  NOVELS. 
Phijllis  of  Philistia.   By  F.  Frankfort  Moore. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Aykton,  M.P.  (the  name  is  purely 
fictitious),  had  a  charming  daughter  and  a 
gift  of  epigram.  For  the  benefit  of  the 
former  he  exercised  his  wit  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  marriage,  which  he  variously  defined 
as  "all  your  eggs  in  one  basket,"  "the 
most  honourable  preliminary  to  an  effective 


896 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


widowhood,"  "the  picturesque  gateway  to 
a  commonplace  estate."  Unaffected  by 
sarcasm,  the  most  charming  of  the  daughters 
of  Gath  is  first  attracted  by  the  popular 
preacher  George  Holland,  for  whose  sake 
the  flower  of  his  congregation  for  a  time 
affects  sad  colours,  thereby  stimulating 
Phyllis  to  a  desire  of  conquest.  But  her 
feelings  of  propriety  (her  friend  Ella  Linton 
can  shrewdly  tell  her  that  doctrinal  matters 
do  not  appreciably  influence  affairs  of  the 
heart)  are  outraged  when  the  ambitious 
divine  poses  as  a  heretic,  and  makes  an 
onslaught  on  the  moral  character  of  the 
patriarchs  of  old.  He  is  grieved  to  find 
that  Phyllis  has  no  sympathy  with  his  bid 
for  notoriety,  while  his  long-suffering  bishop 
is  much  stirred  by  his  estimate  of  Euth. 

"  The  bisliop  knew  something  of  men,  and  he 
knew  something  of  the  Church,  he  even  knew 
something  of  the  Bible  ;  and  when  he  came  to 
the  chapter  in  '  Revised  Versions '  that  dealt 
with  the  episode  of  Ruth  and  Boaz,  he  flung 
the  book  into  a  corner  of  his  bedroom  exclaim- 
ing, '  Puppy  ! '  And  then  there  came  before 
his  eyes  a  vision  of  a  field  of  yellow  corn  ripe 
for  the  harvest.  The  golden  sunlight  gleamed 
•upon  the  golden  grain  through  which  the  half- 
naked  brown-skinned  men  walked  with  their 
sickles.  The  half-naked  brown-skinned  women 
followed  the  binders,  gleaning  the  ears,  and 
among  the  women  was  the  one  who  had  said, 
'Entreat  me  not  to  leave  thee.'  He  had  read 
that  old  pastoral  when  he  was  a  child  at  the 
knee  of  his  mother.  It  was  surely  the  loveliest 
pastoral  of  the  East,  and  its  charm  would  be  in 
no  wise  impaired  because  a  man  who  failed  to 
appreciate  the  beauty  of  its  simplicity  had 
almost  called  Ruth  by  the  worst  name  that  can 
be  applied  to  a  woman.  The  bishop  did  not 
mind  what  George  Holland  called  Abraham  or 
Isaac  or  Jacob  or   Samson,   but  Ruth — to  say 

that  Ruth The  bishop  said,  'Puppy!'  once 

again.  (He  had  trained  himself  only  to  think 
the  adjectives  which  laymen  find  appropriate  to 
use  in  such  a  case  as  was  under  his  considera- 
tion.) But  he  made  up  his  mind  to  take  no 
action  whatever  against  the  Reverend  George 
Holland  on  account  of  the  book." 

"  Great  heavens  !  has  the  man  got  no  notion 
of  the  perspective  of  history  ? "  is  Mr. 
Ayrton's  characteristic  comment.  At  greater 
length  the  bishoji  dismisses  the  deputation 
of  aggrieved  parishioners  with  truly  admir- 
able reasons,  and  in  his  final  interview  with 
the  heretic  confutes  him  with  the  phrase, 
"  The  Church  is  not  neurotic."  But  in  the 
mean  time  HoUand  has  lost  Phyllis,  within 
whose  range  of  vision  has  appeared  a  hero 
of  romance,  before  whom  phrase-mongers 
and  preachers  are  alike  ineffectual.  Herbert 
Courtland,  the  famous  explorer  of  New 
Guinea,  causes  her  some  misgivings  when 
the  Nonconformist  conscience  has  animated 
a  report  that  slavery  and  dynamite  have 
been  methods  of  his  research.  Phyllis  is 
soon  reassured  by  the  traveller,  and  the 
intervention  of  her  father  in  his  behalf  when 
a  question  is  asked  in  the  House  of  Commons 
is  the  occasion  of  an  amusing  scene,  which 
is  none  the  less  like  life  for  being  extremely 
farcical.  Besides  the  bright  dialogue  and 
wealth  of  epigram  we  generally  expect 
from  Mr.  Moore,  there  is  a  vein  of  tragedy 
in  Courtland's  relations  to  Ella  Linton. 
Courtland  and  his  friend's  wife  are  on  the 
verge  of  a  catastrophe  in  more  than  one 
powerful  scene.  That  in  which  Ella  so 
clearly  foresees  a  lamentable  future,  and 
yet  will  face  it,  showing  the  greater  un- 
selfishness of  the  woman's  passion,  ia  finely 


imagined ;  and  not  less  so  is  that  in  which 
the  news  of  her  husband's  death  recalls 
the  wifely  love  which  henceforth  makes  the 
illicit  passion  impossible.  The  innocent 
scheming  of  Phyllis  (to  save  her  friend  from 
a  scandalous  fate  and  her  hero  from  conduct 
unworthy  of  him  is  its  whole  purpose  in  her 
girlish  consciousness),  which  leads  to  the 
innocent  rapture  of  love  returned,  is  con- 
sistent with  the  rest  of  her  conventional 
but  charming  womanhood.  This  is  a  viva- 
cious story,  not  beneath  the  standard  of 
merit  to  which  we  are  accustomed  in  the 
writer. 


The     Bays    of  Avid    Langsyne.       By  Ian 
Maclaren.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

Although,  broadly  speaking,  Mr.  Watson 
may  be  described  as  an  understudy  of  Mr. 
J.  M.  Barrie,  he  has  also  his  differentiating 
accidents.  Drumtochty,  for  one  thing,  is  a 
Perthshire  village,  which  to  some  extent 
modifies  the  dialect.  His  rustics  are  agricul- 
turists, not  weavers,  and  so  far  have  a  note 
of  their  own.  The  present  instalment  of  the 
annals  of  the  parish  is  in  no  respect  in- 
ferior in  point  of  pathos  or  humour  to  its 
predecessors.  The  revelation  of  the  motive 
of  our  old  friend  Drumsheugh's  penurious- 
ness,  the  lifelong  self-sacrifice  for  the 
comfort  of  the  woman  whom  he  loved,  and 
who  never  knew  the  secret  till  the  end,  is 
intensely  touching ;  and  the  concession  he 
is  so  hardly  brought  to  make,  of  revealing 
so  much  of  the  mystery  as  may  clear  his 
memory  in  the  mind  of  his  oldest  friend,  is 
also  full  of  character.  The  incident  of  the 
supercilious  factor  from  the  South  attempt- 
ing to  evict  Burnbrae  for  adhering  to  the 
Free  Kirk  is  well  handled,  both  in  its 
manifestation  of  the  loyalty  of  his  neigh- 
bours, and  the  excellent  interview  he  has 
with  his  appreciative  landlord.  The  remi- 
niscences of  courting  days  exchanged 
between  the  same  old  farmer  and  his  wife 
will  bear  quotation  : — 

"The  old  school-house  was  not  visible  from 
the  road,  but  on  sight  of  the  path  that  turned 
upwards  to  its  wood  Jean  looked  at  Burnbrae 
with  the  inextinguishable  roguery  of  a  woman  in 
her  eyes,  and  he  understood. 

"'Ay,  ye  were  a  hempie  o'  a  lassie,  Jean, 
making  faces  at  me  as  often  as  a'  lookit  at  ye, 
an'  crying,  "Douce  John  Baxter,"  till  a'  wes 
near  the  greetin'  on  the  wy  hame.' 

"  '  But  a'  likit  ye  a'  the  time  better  than  ony 
laddie  in  the  schule  ;  a'  think  a'  loved  ye  frae 
the  beginnin',  John.' 

"  '  Wes  't  love  gared  ye  dad  ma  ears  wi'  yir 
bukes  at  the  corner,  and  shute  me  in  amang  the 
whins?  but  ye  'II  hae  forgotten  that,  wumman.' 

"  '  Fient  a  bit  o'  me  ;  it  wes  the  day  ye  took 
Meg  Mitchell's  pairt,  when  we  fell  oot  ower 
oor  places  in  the  class.  A'  didna  mind  her 
bein'  abune  me,  but  a'  cudna  thole  ye  turnin' 
against  me.' 

"  '  Hoo  lang  is  that  ago,  Jean  ?  ' 

"  '  Sax-and-fifty  year  ago  laist  summer.'" 

The  story  of  Jamie  and  the  lay  preacher 
confers  much  honour  on  the  village.  The 
stranger  had  secured  the  Pree  Kirk  for  a 
religious  meeting : — 

"  '  Now,  my  dear  friends,'  said  the  good  man, 
a  half-pay  Indian  colonel,  with  a  suspicion  of 
sunstroke,  'all  who  wish  to  go  to  heaven  stand 
up,'  and  Drumtochty  rose  in  a  solid  mass,  except 
Lachlan  Campbell,  who  considered  the  preacher 
ignorant  of  the  very  elements  of  doctrine,  and 
.Jamie,  who  was  making  a  study  of  Milton  [the 
farmer]  with  great  enjoyment. 


"Much  cheered  by  this  earnest  spirit,  the 
colonel  then  asked  any  Drumtochty  man  (or 
woman)  who  wished  to  go  elsewhere  to  declare 
himself  after  the  same  fashion. 

"No  one  moved  for  the  space  of  thirty 
seconds,  and  the  preacher  was  about  to  fall  back 
on  general  exhortation,  when  Jamie  rose  in  his 
place  and  stood  with  great  composure. 

"  '  You  surely  did  not  understand  what  I  said, 
my  aged  friend.' 

"  Jamie  indicated  that  he  had  thoroughly 
grasped  the  colonel's  meaning. 

' '  '  Do  you  really  mean  that  you  are  ready  to 
go where  I  mentioned?' 

"  '  A  'm  no'  anxious  for  sic  a  road,'  said  Jamie, 
blandly,  '  but  a'  cudna  bear  tae  see  ye  stannin' 
alane,  and  you  a  stranger  in  the  pairish,'  and 
Drumtochty,  which  had  been  taken  unawares 
and  was  already  repenting  a  weak  concession, 
went  home  satisfied." 

Altogether  readers  who  are  to  the  manner 
born,  and  some  others  who  have  a  sense  of 
fun  and  some  knowledge  of  old  English,  will 
find  this  volume  enjoyable. 


A  Deadly  Foe :  a  Romance  of  the  Northern 
Seas.  By  Adeline  Sergeant.  (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.) 
Miss  Sekgeant,  as  we  have  had  frequently 
occasion  to  remark,  is  most  industrious. 
Of  late,  novels  have  been  issuing  from 
her  pen  not  singly,  but  in  battalions.  If, 
however,  they  were  all  of  the  quality  of 
'  A  Deadly  Foe,'  there  would  be  no  cause 
for  wonder  at  her  fertility.  Judged  by  the 
standard  of  her  own  best  work,  such  a 
production  is  perfunctory  in  the  extreme. 
The  notion  of  bringing  Arctic  explora- 
tion into  a  novel  would  be  excellent  if  only 
the  writer  had  bestowed  some  slight  pains 
in  mastering  the  veriest  rudiments  of  the 
subject.  But  the  vagueness  and  inaccuracy 
of  Miss  Sergeant's  descriptive  passages  are 
only  equalled  by  the  grotesque  absurdity  of 
her  narrative.  The  crowning  point  is  reached 
when  the  hero,  after  being  treacherously 
deserted  by  his  rival,  the  only  other  sur- 
vivor of  the  expedition,  is  rescued  by  his 
missing  father-in-law,  who  had  disappeared 
many  years  before,  and  made  his  way  alone 
in  an  open  boat  to  the  North  Pole.  The 
feeble,  fatuous  heroine,  who  "found a  strange 
satisfaction  in  making  her  mourning  very 
deep,"  excels  in  tearful  helplessness  any  of 
Miss  Sergeant's  previous  creations,  just  as 
the  villain  of  the  plot  exceeds  in  monstrosity 
any  of  his  numerous  predecessors.  In  short, 
it  is  difficult  to  look  at  this  preposterous 
story  in  any  other  light  than  that  of  a 
travesty  by  the  author  of  the  worst  features 
of  her  melodramatic  method. 


You   Never   Know     Your   Luck.      By  Theo. 

Irving.  (Remington  &  Co.) 
The  method  adopted  by  the  author  of  *  You 
Never  Know  Your  Luck '  is  very  simple. 
He  takes  half-a-dozen  men  and  women,  and, 
having  paired  them  off  as  uncomfortably  as 
possible,  proceeds  to  rearrange  them  by  the 
aid  of  death  and  divorce.  A  disproportionate 
amount  of  space  is  devoted  to  the  courtship 
of  a  beautiful  but  penniless  girl  of  good 
famil}'  by  an  extraordinarily'  offensive  mil- 
lionaire, but  it  is  impossible  to  feel  much 
sympathy  with  a  victim  who  goes  open- 
eyed  to  the  sacrifice.  The  book  is  in  great 
measure  a  protest  against  the  marriage  laws ; 
but  tlie  author  hedges  by  admitting  that  in 
many  cases  the  system  works  well  enough. 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


897 


For  the  rest,  it  is  written  in  fluent  style, 
though  without  any  special  distinction  of 
manner,  and  with  a  conspicuous  absence  of 
any  humorous  relief.  The  blunders  and  vul- 
garities of  Mr.  Buffle  are  not  less  fatiguing 
than  the  sentimental  passages  between  the 
heroine  and  her  elderly  major. 

Mattheio  Furth.  By  Ida  Lemon.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
Humour  and  pathos,  both  wholesome  and 
sincere,  are  most  happily  blended  in  Miss 
Lemon's  admirable  story  of  East-End  life. 
It  is  equally  removed  from  the  apotheosized 
-costerdom  of  Mr.  Albert  Chevalier  and 
the  unmitigated  realism  of  Mr.  Arthur 
Morrison,  and  yet  bears  the  unmistakable 
impress  of  first  -  hand  knowledge  of  the 
localities  and  types  described.  The  very 
callings  of  the  principal  personages  argue  a 
familiarity  with  the  life  of  the  labouring 
classes  which  no  mere  fashionable  sluramer 
could  have  picked  up.  One  character  in 
particular.  Brassy  Jimmy,  the  professional 
mendicant,  is  a  perfect  treasure,  and  the 
descriptions  of  his  endless  resources  and 
magnificent  mendacity  furnish  perhaps  the 
most  entertaining  reading  in  a  book  which 
is  by  turns  tender  and  gay,  touching  and 
^otesque.  The  dialogue  throughout  is 
exceedingly  bright  and  human,  and  the 
debates  of  Messrs.  Crapp,  Cockle,  and 
Peckitt  remind  one  agreeably  of  the 
"Golden  Dustman  and  Mr.  Wegg. 

Mistress  Dorothy  Marvin.     By  J.  C.  Snaith. 

(Innes  «&  Co.) 
Mk.  Snaith  furnishes  another  example  of 
the  novelist  who  is  content  to  serve  up  old 
materials  instead  of  collecting  for  himself. 
Of  course   the   substratum  for  a  story  of 
the  seventeenth   century  must  be  collected 
by  a  different  process  from  that  which  is 
open  to  the  narrator  of  present-day  events  ; 
iie    who    takes    them    for  his  theme  must 
always   see  through   the    eyes    of    others. 
But  at  least  he  can  and  ought  to  steep  him- 
self in  the  history  and  literature  of  the  time 
till  he  has  acquired  the  art  of  making  his 
reader  feel  that  he   has   made   their  eyes 
his   own,    and   their   manner  of   speech  as 
well.     Mr.  Snaith  seems  to  have  done  very 
little   in  this  way.     His  story  professes  to 
be  **  excerpta  from  the  memoirs  "  of  a  certain 
Sir  Edward  Armstrong  about  1688,  "  edited 
into  modern  English."     The  only  instances 
of  modern  English  that  we  have  detected 
are  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  young  lady  of 
the  period,  who  talks  about  a  horse  being 
*'  as  fit  as  a  fiddle,"  and  exclaims  "  Bosh  !  " 
as  naturally  as  her  most  emancipated  de- 
scendant might  do.     One  almost  expects  to 
see  her  renounce  the  horse  and  pistols  with 
which  she  is  so  much  at  home  for  bicycle  and 
golf  clubs  before  the  story  comes  to  a  close. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  narrative  is  told  in  a 
queer  sort  of  English,  based,  one  would  say, 
■on  dim  reminiscences  of  *  Eobinson  Crusoe,' 
refreshed  by  a   perusal  of   Stevenson   and 
Stevenson's    imitators.     Let    us   hasten    to 
say  that  in  no  other  feature  does  it  recall 
the   brilliant   writer   whom   we   have    lost, 
for  it  is,  in  spite  of  an  occasional  vigorous 
episode,  rambling  and  verbose  beyond  de- 
scription.     Mr.  Snaith  has,  however,  read 
other  novels,  or  it  may  safely  be  said  that 
Ned  Armstrong  would  not  have  been  de- 
livered from  prison  by  means  of  a  purloined  I 


document,  stating,  under  the  hand  of 
James  II.,  that  "it  is  by  Our  order  and 
express  desire  that  the  bearer  hath  done 
what  he  hath  done."  But  if  our  memory 
serves,  the  Three  Musketeers  managed  their 
affair  more  neatly. 


Old  Maids  and   Young.     By  Elsa    d'Esterre 

Keeling.     (CasseU  &  Co.) 
This  ill- digested  book  would  be  consider- 
ably   improved    by    simplification    of    the 
interest    and  the    abridgment    of   some  of 
the  conversation.     The   best    part   is    that 
relating  to  the  two  old  maids   Onora  and 
Mariabella,    whose     simple-minded     bene- 
ficence and  homeliness  are  exaggerated,  it 
is  true,  but  not    so  excessively  that  their 
appearance  of  reality  is  entirely  sacrificed. 
If  the  author  had    been    content  to  be  a 
little  more  reticent — to   leave  out,  for  ex- 
ample, some  of  that  long  account  of  their 
customers'   requirements  in  the  book- shop, 
which  overdoes  the  effect  intended  and  so 
misses    it — there  would  have    been    more 
verisimilitude  in  their    portraits.     The  cat 
story  told  about  them  may  be  pardoned  for 
its    irrelevancy  on   account  of    its   charm. 
But    in    the   beginning    of    the   book   the 
children    talk     far    too    much   of    a   baby 
language,   which   is  not  convincing  and  is 
particularly  irritating,  and  all  through  there 
is  too  little  left  to  the  reader's  imagination 
in  the  matter  of  conversation.    Among  other 
things,   some  of  the  idiosyncrasies  of  dic- 
tion  of  Cambridge    female   students  could 
cheerfully  be  spared.     Moreover,  there  are 
in     the     book     far    too    many    characters 
whose  mutual  acquaintance  does  not  suffi- 
ciently link  their  interests  together  for  the 
purposes  of  one  story.     If  we  mistake  not, 
the  author  has  done  better  work.     It  is  a 
pity  she  should  put  forward  such  ill-con 
sidered  matter  as  this. 


Alain  le  Baleinier.  Par  Madame  de  Nanteuil. 

(Hachette  &  Cie.) 
Madame  de  Nanteuil's  Christmas  novel 
for  young  people  is  exactly  like  many  of 
her  previous  volumes,  which  we  have  in- 
variably found  ourselves  able  to  praise.  It 
treats,  like  them,  pleasantly  of  France  and 
England  and  the  sea.  It  is,  like  them, 
beautifully  illustrated,  suitable  to  the  young 
of  both  sexes,  not  unreadable  by  the  old, 
and  filled  with  a  sweet  philosophy  which 
does  not  exclude  a  pretty  accurate  know- 
ledge of  life. 

PATRISTIC    LITERATURE. 

Texts  and  Stndies:  Contributions  to  Bibliccd  and 
Patristic  Literature.  Edited  by  J.  Armitage 
Robinson,  B.D.— Vol.  III.  No.  1.  The  Eules 
of  Tyconivs.  By  F.  C.  Burkitt,  M.A.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.)  —  Mr.  Burkitt  is 
to  be  congratulated  on  this  his  first  book. 
It  is  work  thoroughly  done,  and  shows  great 
critical  power,  much  research,  and  the  faculty 
of  clear  exposition.  It  exhibits  for  the  first 
time  the  text  of  Tyconius  as  constituted  by  a 
proper  examination  of  manuscripts;  it  discusses 
the  writings  of  Tyconius,  and  the  date,  literary 
history,  MSS.,  and  editions  of  his  'Book  of 
Rules,'  and  throws  much  light  on  the  Latin 
version  of  the  Bible  used  by  him.  Perhaps  Mr. 
Burkitt 's  idea  of  the  value  of  the  book  is  some- 
what exaggerated.  He  says  :  "  It  is  the  first  book 
in  western  Christendom  which  attempts  to  treat 
of  the  meaning  and  Inspiration  of  the  Bible  as 
a  whole,  and  which  tries  to  find  a  method  of 


interpretation  more  thorough  and  scientific  than 
the  almost  haphazard  selection  of  proof  texts." 
We  have  not  been  able  to  discover  any  trace  of 
scientific  method,  though  there  is  some  kind  of 
method  in  it.  The  book,  as  might  be  expected, 
is  carefully  printed,  such  slips  as  "Corpus 
Inscriptionum  Latinorum "  being  few.  Mr. 
Burkitt  has  suggested  several  good  emendations, 
and  he  has  admitted  one  by  the  late  Prof.  W. 
Robertson  Smith,  which  is  exceedingly  in- 
genious, but  looks  more  specious  than  correct. 

A  Select  Library  of  Nicene  and  Post-Nicene 
Fathers.  —  Vol.    VII.    IS.    Cyril   of  Jerusalem : 
Catechetical   Lectiires.      IS.    Gregory  of  Nazian- 
zum:    Select   Orations  and    Letters.      (Oxford, 
Parker   &  Co.) — There   is   a   marked    contrast 
between  the  two  portions  of  this  volume.     The 
introduction  to  the   '  Catechetical  Lectures '  of 
St.  Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  written  by  Dr.  Gifibrd, 
shows  a  thorough  mastery  of  all  the  sources, 
states  clearly  the  difficult  problems  that  arise, 
gives  the  reasons  for  the  conclusions  which  he 
has  reached,  and  omits  no  subject  which  ought 
to  be  discussed  in  an  introduction.     The  trans- 
lation is  that  published  in  the  "Library  of  the 
Fathers  of  the  Holy  Catholic  Church,"  revised 
with  great  care,  and  furnished  with  admirable 
notes,  which  throw  light  both  on  the  text  and 
substance  of  the  work.      The   second   portion, 
which  consists  of  select  orations  and  letters  of 
St.    Gregory   Nazianzen,   is   the   work   of   Mr. 
Browne  and  Mr.  Swallow  ;  but  there  is  no  in- 
dication  how  the   two    have   collaborated,  and 
whether  one  is  responsible  for  one  part,  and 
the   other   for   the    other.      The    prolegomena 
contain  a  life  of  St.  Gregory,  written  in  rather 
a  popular  style,  for  there  is  no  investigation  of  the 
value  of  the  authorities,  and  often  no  statement 
of  the  reasons  for  the  assertions  which  are  made. 
Thus  it  is  said  that  St.  Gregory  died  in  391  a.d., 
but  the  authorities  all  seem  to  indicate  389  or 
390.     The  authorities  are  not  quoted,  and  no 
reason  is  alleged  for  this  new  opinion.   Through- 
out the  life  occur  statements  of  a  questionable 
character.   Thus  it  is  said,  "  From  his  [Origen's] 
exegetical  writings    they   compiled   a   book   of 
extracts,  which  they  published  in  twenty-seven 
books,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  'Philo- 
calia, '  1.  e. ,  what  in  modern  language  is  called  a 
Christology. "     The  slightest  glance  at  the  con- 
tents of  the  '  Philocalia  '  would  have  convinced 
the  writer  of  the  life  that  it  is  not  a  Christology, 
and  he  would  have  been  more  correct  if  he  had 
said   twenty-seven   cha])ters.      The   life   is   fol- 
lowed by  two  chapters  (or  divisions  as  they  are 
called)  on  the   writings  and  literature.      They 
are  totally  inadequate.     The  translation  of  the 
selected  works  is  badly  done,  and  the  notes  are 
few  and   unsatisfactory.      It    is   impossible   to 
turn    to    any   part   of   the  translation  without 
coming  upon  blunders.      Here  is  a  specimen. 
In   the  oration  on    St.  Athanasius   a   sentence 
occurs  which  the  Latin  translator  has  rendered 
accurately,  and  which,  in  literal  English,  would 
be  as  follows  :   "And  if  it  is  a  great  thing  for 
those  who  preceded  him  that  they  should   be 
a  model  of  excellence  to  him,  not  less  is  it  for 
the  reputation  of  our  man  that  he  should  have 
become  a  model  for  those  that  come  after  him." 
Critics  may  doubt  whether  the  reading  of  the 
text    KaAw    should    remain  or   be    altered  into 
KaXoi' :  but  that  is  the  only  doubtful  point  in 
the  sentence,  and  it  is  of  no  consequence,  so  far 
as   the  sense  is  concerned.      This  is  how  the 
sentence  is  translated  by  Messrs.  Browne  and 
Swallow  :   "And  if  it  is  a  great  thing  for  those 
who  have   received   an  example,    so  to   use    it 
as  to  attach    themselves  to  virtue,   he    has   no 
inferior  title  to  fame,  who  for  our   advantage 
has  set  an  example   to  those  who  come  after 
him." 

A  Select  Library  of  Nicene  and  Post-Nicene 
Fathers  of  the  Christian  Church.  —  Second 
Series.  Vol.  XI.  S\dpitius  Sererus,  Vincent  of 
Lerins,  John  Cassian.  (Oxford,  Parker  &  Co.) 
—The  general  title-page  of  this  work  intimates 
that  vols,  i.-vii.  have  been  under  the  editorial 


898 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


supervision  of  Henry   Wace,    D.D.,and  Philip 
Schaff,     D.D.,    LL.D.     But    the   volume   now 
issued  is  the  eleventh,  and  there  is  no  indica- 
tion under  whose  supervision    this  volume    is 
issued,  or  who  is  to  take  charge  of  the  volumes 
that  are  still  to  be    published.      The    present 
volume    shows   the    need   of   some   controlling 
hand.      There    are    mistakes    throughout    the 
book  which  have  escaped  the  eyes  of  the  trans- 
lators, but  which  in  all  probability  would  have 
attracted  the  attention  of  a  general  editor.     The 
defect  of  the  present  method  or  want  of  method 
appears  particularly  in  the  different  plans  which 
have  been    followed    in   preparing   the    prole- 
gomena.    There  are  three  authors  whose  works 
have   been  translated.      Principal    Gibson  has 
rendered     John    Cassian,    and    in    his     prole- 
gomena   he  discusses  ably  and  accurately  the 
facts  of  the  life  of  Cassian  and  the  history  of 
Cassian's  writings,  MSS.,  and  editions.      It  is 
a    thoroughly    scholarly    production,    and    the 
bibliographical  notices   are  fuller  than  can  be 
found  anywhere  else.      In  his  translation  also 
he    takes    note    of    various    readings.       Prof. 
Roberts  has  translated  the  works  of  Sulpicius 
Severus,  but  his  prolegomena  consist  of  a  short 
popular  account  of  the  father's  life  and  writings. 
There  are  no  discussions  of  disputed  points  in 
the  life,  no  account  of  the  MS.   authority  on 
which  the  texts  of  the  various  writings  depend, 
and  apparently  no  use  made  of  recent  tractates 
on  the  historical  character  or  text  of  Sulpicius, 
such  as  those  of  Bernays,  Pratje,  and  Fiirtner. 
But  the  translator  has  mentioned  the  editions 
which  he  has  used  and  noticed  various  readings. 
The  third  work  contained  in  the  volume  is  the 
'  Commonitory '  of    Vincent   of   Lerins,    trans- 
lated by  the  Rev.   C,   A.    Heurtley.      A  short 
introduction  is  prefixed,   which   relates  a   few 
facts  in  regard  to  the  life  of  Vincentius,   and 
gives  an  abstract  of  the  arguments  of  his  book. 
But  no  mention  is  made  of  manuscripts,  edi- 
tions,  or  dissertations  ;   and    almost  no  notice 
is  taken  of  various  readings  in  the  notes,     All 
have  done  the  work  of  translation  well.  The  ver- 
sions of  Prof.  Roberts  and  Principal  Gibson  are 
accurate,  and  exhibit  as  close  an  approximation 
to  the  original  as  the  English  language  would 
admit  of.     Canon  Heurtley  is  not  so  precise. 
Some  of   his   renderings   are   somewhat   loose. 
Thus  he  translates  quasi  consentire  se  jactiiat, 
"affecting    to     agree";     salvi    esse    potuenint, 
"were    safe";    and   uiiiversis    rmindi    ecdesiis, 
"the    Universal    Church."      Principal    Gibson 
also   translates  ecclesins    "the    Church."      The 
instances  of  this  kind  are  numerous,  but  they 
are  only  slight  and  trivial  deviations  from  the 
exact  sense.  The  translations  can  be  commended 
for  their  general  accuracy  and  the  faithfulness 
and  clearness  with  which    they  represent   the 
originals.   Principal  Gibson  has  omitted  several 
portions  of  Cassian's  works  relating  to  chastity, 
and  in  one  passage  has  intermingled  the  Latin 
with  his  English  in  a  curious  manner. 

Anecdota  Maredsolana  sen  Monumeiita  Eccle- 
siasticce.  A^diqiiitatis  ex  MSS.   Codicibns   nttnc 
prhnum   edita.  —  Vol,     III.     Pars   I.      Sancti 
Hieroiiymi    Preshyteri,    qui    deperditi    hactenus 
putahautnr  Commentarioli  in  Psalmos.     Edidit, 
Commentario    Critico   instruxit,    D.  Germanus 
Morin.      (Oxford,    Parker   &   Co.)— The    third 
volume  of  D.  Morin's  "  Anecdota  Maredsolana  " 
is  not  so  interesting  as  the  second.     The  history 
of  the  book  which  D.   Morin  now  pul)lishes  for 
the  first  time  is  curious.     Among  the  sj)urious 
worksattributed  to  St.  .Jerome  isa '  Breviarium  in 
Psalmos.'  All  critics  allow  that  this  is  a  medley 
from  various  sources.      Vallarsi  suggested  that 
many   of    the   extracts   were    made    from    the 
genuine  writings  of  St.  Jerome.     This  idea  im- 
pressed itself  on  the  mind  of  D.  Morin,  and  he 
tried  to  extricate  tlie  genuine  from  the  spurious. 
But  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that   the  thing 
could  not  be  done,  "when  lo  !    by  the  Divine 
aid  (adesti  ut  puto   adjiivante   Nitrnitie),    as    I 
think,    some    codices    came   into    my    hands." 
These  contained  short  notes   on    the    Psalms 


which  were  imbedded  in  the  '  Breviarium,'  and 
D.  Morin  believes  that  they  are  all  the  productions 
of  St,  Jerome,  unmixed  and  free  from  lacerations. 
The  title  which  the  work  bears  in  D.  Morin's 
best  manuscript  is  ' '  hiero^iimi  excerpta  de 
psalterio."  This  might  be  expected  to  imply 
that  the  fragmentary  notes  were  derived  from  a 
larger  work,  but  St.  Jerome  in  his  own  catalogue 
of  his  works  makes  no  mention  of  a  larger  work 
on  the  Psalms — only  of  treatises  on  the  Psalms 
from  the  tenth  to  the  seventeenth — and  he 
notices  elsewhere  explanations  of  special  Psalms. 
D.  Morin  finds  refuge  in  a  passage  in  St.  Jerome's 
prologue  to  his  translation  of  Origen's  '  Homilies 
on  Jeremiah  and  Ezekiel,'  where  it  is  said, 
' '  First  his  work  excerpta,  which  are  called  in 
Greek  scholia."  But  this  does  not  prove  that 
excerpta  mean  scholia,  but  only  that  they  were 
scholia,  and  the  reading  seems  doubtful,  for  some 
editions  of  St.  Jerome  have  excepta,  which  might 
mean  "  notes  taken  down  "  by  some  writer,  pro- 
bably a  shorthand  writer.  And  at  any  rate  more 
passages  should  have  been  adduced  to  prove  that 
excerpta  and  scholia  are  synonymous  words. 
D.  Morin  has  not  sufhciently  discussed  the 
genuineness  of  the  document  which  he  has 
published  ;  he  rather  assumes  this.  But  his 
book  is  learned.  It  contains  numerous  refer- 
ences to  the  other  works  of  the  saint,  and  the 
text  is  edited  with  great  care.  It  is  a  valuable 
addition  to  patristic  literature. 


BOOKS   ABOUT   CHINA. 

Fred.  C.  Roberts  of  Tientsin;    or.  For  Christ 
and  Ghina.     By   Mrs,    Bryson,     (Allenson.) — 
In  this  volume  a  plain  story  is  well  told,  and 
though  there  is  an  occasional  inconsequence  of 
facts,  the  record  states  clearly  and  briefly  the 
main  events  of  Dr.  Roberts's  career.      From  his 
earliest  youth  Roberts   had  desired  to  become 
a   missionary   abroad,    and    as   the    time   drew 
near  for  him  to  make  his  choice  he  was  irre- 
sistibly  attracted    towards   the    wide    field    of 
China.     After  having  taken  his  doctor's  degree 
at  Edinburgh,  he  sailed  for  China  in  the  autumn 
of  1887.     He  reached  Tientsin  without  adven- 
ture,  and  there  learned  that  his  ultimate  goal 
was  Mongolia,  where  it  would  become  his  duty 
to  assist  Mr.  Gilmour  in   the  dreary  work  of 
ministering  to  the  spiritual  and  bodily  wants  of 
the   wandering    Mongolians.      It  was    thought 
advisable,  however,  that  he  should  take  up  his 
temporary  abode   at  Tientsin,  for    the    double 
purpose    of   learning   the  language   and  of   ac- 
quainting himself  with  the  details  of  the  life  of 
a  medical  missionary  in  China,     In  furtherance 
of  these  aims  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Mac- 
kenzie in  the  management  of  the  local  mission- 
ary hospital.     One  piece  of  good  fortune  had 
befallen  Dr.  Mackenzie,  in  which  Dr.  Roberts 
was  not  destined  to  share.     It  so  chanced  that 
he  had  been  called  in  to  prescribe  for  the  wife 
of  the  great  Viceroy  Li    Hungchang,  who  was 
seriously  ill.      Under   his   wise   treatment   the 
lady  recovered,  and  Li  Hungchang  as  a  token 
of  his  gratitude  undertook  to  send  a  monthly 
cheque  for  part  support  of  the  hospital.  Having 
completed  his  course  of  preparation.  Dr.  Roberts 
went  northwards  to  Mongolia,    and    had    just 
settled  down  to  his  work  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.   Gilmour    when    the    news    of    Dr.    Mac- 
kenzie's death  reached  him,  accompanied  by  an 
order  from  the  directors   of  the  London   Mis- 
sionary Society  that  he  should  at  once  proceed 
to  Tientsin  and  take  up  the  work  of  the  hospital 
at  that  place.      On   arriving   at   this   scene  of 
his  labours  he  was  called  upon  to  experience, 
as  so  many  have  experienced  before  him,  the 
uncertainty  of  Chinese  promises.  On  the  death 
of  Dr.  Mackenzie,  Li  Hungchang  had  at  once 
withdrawn  his  monthly  subscription,  and  even 
went  so  far  as  to  claim  the  hospital  buildings, 
the  medical  instruments,  and  a  capital  sum  of 
money  which  had  accrued  from  his  surplus  sub- 
scription.    One  marked  peculiarity  of  Li  Hung- 
chang has  always  been  his  distrust  of  foreigners, 


and  finding,  on  the  death   of   Dr.  Mackenzie, 
that  he  could  not  gain  complete  control  of  the 
hospital,  he  determined  to  build  a  new  one  and 
to  appoint  his  own  officials  for  the  work.     The 
competition  which    Dr,    Roberts  had   to  face, 
therefore,  was  severe.  But  notwithstanding  this, 
his  skill  and  attention  so  completely  gained  the 
confidence  of  the  people  that  the  annual  number 
of  patients  showed  a   steady  increase.      In  a 
letter  to  his  father  he  mentions  that  in  188D 
"over  18,000  visits  were  paid,  i.e.,  3,000  more 
than  last  year,  and  900    more  cases  treated." 
The  Chinese  are  commonly  said  to  be  wanting 
in  gratitude,   but   Dr,    Roberts  in   his  letters 
relates  numberless  instances  in  which  men  who 
had  been  cured  of  the  ills  to  which  flesh  is  heir 
had  evinced  their  appreciation  of  the  services 
rendered  to  them  by  commemorative  acts  and 
gifts.     Certainly  there  were  few  men  who  were 
better  entitled   to   such   recognition   than  Dr. 
Roberts.     With  unflagging  zeal  he  devoted  his 
life  to  the  service  of  the  natives  of  Tientsin. 
Through  several  severe  epidemics  of  cholera  he 
worked  hard  and  successfully,  and,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  ruined  his  own  health  in  his  efforts  tO' 
preserve  the  health  of  others.    During  the  early 
part  of  1894   his  constitution  showed  signs  of 
having    suffered    from    overwork,    and    it   was 
proposed  that  he  should  return  to  England  for 
a  rest  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.     But  this 
was  not  to  be.     A  sharp  attack  of  fever  over- 
took  him  in  the  midst  of  the    hot  weather. 
From  the  first  it  was  recognized  that  the  illness 
was  likely  to  be  fatal,  and  in  a  few  days  the 
end  came.     To  all  interested   in   the  work  of 
medical  missions  this  book  can  be  confidently 
recommended.     It  is  full  of  interesting  matter, 
and  throws  many  a  side-light  on  the  strange 
features  of  Chinese  life. 


In  a  Mide  Litter  to  the  Tomb  of  Confucius, 
By  Alexander  Armstrong,  F.R.G.S,  (Nisbet,) 
— This  work  is  of  very  inferior  importance  ta 
the  above.  It  describes  a  route  which  has  been 
frequently  traversed,  and  supplies  nothing  new 
beyond  the  personal  adventures  by  the  way. 
The  style  in  which  it  is  written  is  not  pre- 
possessing. There  is  in  it  an  imitation  of  some 
of  Mark  Twain's  mannerisms  without  his  wit. 
A  certain  mule  is  always  described  as  "that"" 
mule,  and  its  idiosyncrasies  are  detailed  at  full 
length.  The  litter  in  which  the  author  made 
his  journey  is  peculiar  to  that  part  of  China, 
and  is  borne  by  two  mules.  The  frontispiece 
to  the  work  gives  a  very  good  illustration  of  it. 
But  though  the  means  of  locomotion  vary  in 
China,  the  discomforts  of  the  inns  and,  in  the 
north,  the  infamous  condition  of  the  roads 
are  always  the  same.  The  inn  at  Wangyvian, 
a  town  visited  by  the  author,  was  typical  of  all 
the  rest,  and  is  thus  described  : — 

"  Our  room  opens  from  the  common  hall  ;  but  it 
has  no  door.  With  characteristic  readiness  and 
slipshodness  the  servants  bring  two  leaves  of  a 
door  and  pop  them  into  the  sockets.  By-and-by, 
however,  when  I  try  to  shut  it,  I  find  it  impos- 
sible— it  was  never  meant  for  this  doorway.  No 
chairs,  no  table,  not  a  stool  was  in  the  room.  The 
only  article  of  furniture  was  a  narrow  rickety  bed- 
stead with  a  few  stalks  of  the  tall  millet  stretched! 
across.  An  earthen  floor  ;  black,  black  walls  ;  the 
place  where  the  window  frame  used  to  be,  stuffed 
with  straw  ;  rafters  festooned  with  the  sooty 
cobwebs  of  ages— there  you  have  a  true  picture  of 
my  bedroom,  dressing-room,  dining-room,  and  recep- 
tion room  (all  in  one),  not  in  black  and  white,  but 
in  black  only.  With  not  a  little  fuss  a  table  fourteen 
inches  high  was  brought  in.  Oh,  it  was  dirty  and 
greasy— the  Chinese  do  not  use  table-cloths.  I  was 
hungry,  however,  and  the  table  after  all  was  toa 
insignificant  a  thing  to  come  in  between  a  hungry 
man  and  his  supper." 

The  district  through  which  he  passed  was  moun- 
tainous, and  some  portions  of  the  road  were 
almost  as  difficult  as  the  celebrated  pathway 
between  Bhamo  and  Yunnan  Fu.  "The  very 
steepest  part,"  the  author  writes, 
"  did  not  extend  more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty 
yards.  On  that  short  distance  I  counted  eighty-four 
men,  five  mules,  seven  donkeys,  and  fourteen 
barrows.    Not  more  than  half  the  number  of  muleft 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


899 


and  donkeys  were  standing.  The  loads  were  scat- 
tered about,  the  men  were  hauling  and  yelling  at 
the  fallen  animals,  and  straining  themselves  over 
the  groaning  barrows." 

The  tomb  of  the  sage,  which  was  the  object  of 
the  author's  pilgrimage,  is  not  a  monument  of 
beauty.  "  A  mound,  say  twelve  feet  high,  pro- 
tects the  honoured  dust  of  Confucius."  But 
though  the  tomb  itself  is  commonplace,  the 
approach  to  it  is  striking  : — 

*'  As  we  get  nearer  to  the  honoured  grave,  we  pass 
along  two  lines  of  animals  cut  in  stone.  Lions  and 
tigers  are  here ;  nameless  animals,  half  dog,  half 
frog,  are  at  our  side  ;  and  beasts  are  here  the  like  of 
which  have  never  lived  on  earth,  in  sky,  or  sea. 
The  sphinx,  or  something  similar,  is  represented. 
Just  at  the  entrance  to  the  last  enclosure  stand  the 
statues  of  two  wise  men  of  the  past,  one  on  each 
gide  of  the  road.    Twice  as  large  as  life,  they  poise 

on  lofty  pedestals,  looking  solemn  as  a  funeral 

through  a  finely  decorated  pavilion,  and  soon  we 
stand  beside  the  grave." 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


It  is  not  long  since  we  drew  attention  to  the 
extreme  difficulty,  if  not  impossibility,  of  writing 
anything  like  an  adequate  co-ordinated  history 
of  the  region  which,  for  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century,  has  been  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Un- 
deterred by  the  obstacles  which  we  then  pointed 
out,  the  veteran  Miss  Elizabeth  M.  Sewell  in 
her  Outline  History  of  Italy  (Longmans)  has 
attempted  the  task.  We  honestly  wish  that  we 
could  say  she  has  succeeded  ;  but  we  cannot  see 
that — except,  perhaps,  as  regards  the  present 
century,  to  which  a  most  disproportionate 
space,  about  two-fifths  of  the  entire  volume,  has 
been  devoted — this  book  is  likely  even  to  super- 
sede Mr.  Hunt's  little  history,  published  twenty 
years  ago.  But  the  present  century  is  fairly 
plain  sailing.  What  is  wanted,  in  such  a 
manual  as  Miss  Soulsby,  the  able  head  mistress 
of  the  Oxford  High  School,  demands  in  the 
preface  which  she  contributes,  is  some  clear 
guide — if  such  be  obtainable — through  the  maze 
of  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Renaissance.  For 
this  the  very  first  and  most  essential  require- 
ment is  a  clear  view  of  the  arrangement  of 
Europe  when  the  Middle  Ages  were  beginning  : 
a  view  which  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  possessed 
by  a  writer  who  talks  of  an  eighth-century 
Pope  going  to  "France,"  appealing  to  "  France," 
or  who  supposes  that  "Italy  "  had  "  a  separate 
existence  "  in  any  true  sense  under  Berenger  and 
tis  successoi's.  Does  she  even  know  that 
Berenger  himself  was  Roman  emperor  before  he 
died?  while  his  so-called  kingdom  of  Italy  com- 
prised very  little  beyond  Lombardy.  There  is 
nothing  in  the  text  to  indicate  that  his  position 
difi"ered  in  the  least  from  that  of  Humbert  I. 
But  even  if  Mr.  Bryce  was  too  abstruse  an 
author  to  be  studied,  the  ordinary  facts  (which, 
though  not  the  whole  of  history,  are  an  import- 
ant ingredient  in  it)  should  have  been  correctly 
given.  Thus  the  Pope  who  crowned  Charle- 
magne was  not  called  Leo  ;  Eccelino  did  not 
proclaim  himself  "the  head  of  the  Ghibelline 
party  against  Frederick  II.  ";  nor  did  Manfred 
"carry  war  into  Lombardy  and  Tuscany  in 
opposition  to  the  Ghibelline  or  Emperor's 
party."  One  wonders  what  Miss  Sewell 's  notion 
cf  Ghibellines  can  be.  Dante  was  not  "exiled 
with  600  citizens  of  the  Ghibelline  party  before 
his  marriage."  He  had  been  married  for  some 
years,  and  there  were  certainly  not  600  Ghibel- 
lines in  Florence.  Coming  down  to  more  recent 
times,  we  find  that  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy 
**  was  to  make  himself  famous  as  the  opponent 
of  the  English  Duke  of  Marlborough."  This 
is  no  doubt  outside  of  Italian  history,  but 
even  so,  statements  should  be  verified.  The 
page  before  that  on  which  this  occurs  affords  a 
wonderful  example  of  confusion.  Why,  the 
pupil  will  ask,  should  the  Duke  of  Savoy  inter- 
fere in  the  Valtelline  ?  What  was  "  the  Austrian 
Royal  family  "  early  in  the  seventeenth  century? 
How  came  Lombardy  to  be  subject  to  a  small 
province  far  away  on  the  Danube  ?    We  can 


understand  that  if  "Austria"  proposed  to  invade 
the  Valtelline  to-day,  the  Duke  of  Savoy  (if  he 
keeps  the  title)  might  grumble  ;  but  Miss 
Sewell  is  surely  rather  "previous"  in  the  way 
she  puts  it.  She  is  not  happy  with  the  Alpine 
lands,  and,  indeed,  their  history  is  complicated. 
Still,  to  say  that  in  1809  Tyrol  "was  reunited 
to  the  kingdom  of  Italy "  involves  nearly  as 
many  incorrect  or  misleading  statements  as  there 
are  words  in  the  sentence.  A  curious  practice 
of  Miss  Sewell's  is  to  mention  events,  and 
suppress  the  names  by  which  they  are  known. 
She  has  done  this  in  the  cases  of  the  League  of 
Cambrayandthe  battle  of  Castelfidardo— perhaps 
elsewhere.  Of  course  this  seriously  affects  the 
value  of  the  book  for  the  purpose  of  preparing 
for  examinations,  and  makes  the  compilation 
of  an  index  difficult.  Perhaps  this  is  why  there 
is  no  index. 

The  first  volumes  of  a  new  series,  "Library 
of  Foreign  Classics,"  edited  with  prefaces  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Sonley  Johnstone — The  Comedies 
of  Moliere,  I.;  The  Maxims  of  La  Bochefoucanld 
— have  been  sent  to  us  by  Messrs.  Remington. 
They  are  cheap,  they  are  neatly  got  up,  they 
are  complete  and  unexpurgated,  and — best  of 
all— they  have  no  notes.  They  are  evidently 
meant  to  make  some  of  the  best  French  classics 
easily  accessible  to  English  readers,  without  any 
attempt  to  force  extraneous  and  undesired 
information,  whether  grammatical,  philological, 
or  otherwise,  upon  them.  Each  volume  has  a 
preface,  both  critical  and  biographical,  and  the 
chief  events  of  the  author's  life  are  also  given  at 
the  beginning  of  the  book  in  tabular  form.  The 
idea  is  so  good  that  it  is  matter  for  regret  that 
the  English  of  the  prefaces  should  have  such  a 
distinctly  un-English  flavour.  Here  and  there 
words  are  quite  incorrectly  used;  e.g.,  "to 
live  with  harmony  "  (instead  of  in),  "  to  console 
herself  on  her  admiration "  (instead  of  fur), 
"  The  age  of  sanguine  faith  and  brave  idealism 
had  been  passed  over"  (instead  of  u-as  past), 
"Man  is  posed  as  a  creature"  (instead  of  is 
represented).  And  surely  this  sentence  is  not 
English  :  "  It  is  his  virtue  that  he  cuts  his  por- 
traits in  a  few  supreme  lines."  Similar  awkward 
phrases  occur  throughout  both  prefaces.  This 
is  the  more  to  be  regretted  since  the  matter  is 
well  arranged,  .and  the  criticism  often  suggestive. 
May  we  hope  that  in  the  forthcoming  volumes 
such  blemishes  will  be  avoided  1 

L'lle  Deserte,  Episode  de  ^EnFamille.'  Edited 
by  C.  L.  Naftel.  (Hachette  &  Cie.)— 'En 
Famille '  is  not  quite  such  fascinating  reading 
as  the  author's  "crowned  "  work  '  Sans  Famille,' 
and  we  doubt  whether  '  L'Tle  Deserte  '  will  carry 
our  pupils  quite  as  happily  over  the  difficulties 
of  their  task  as  '  Capi  et  sa  Troupe '  and  the 
other  extracts  from  Hector  Malot's  most  popular 
work.  It  may  be  that  we  miss  the  canine 
interest,  but  we  are  just  a  little  bored  by 
Perrine's  adventures  in  the  island,  and  think 
things  might  have  been  a  little  livelier  had  she 
contrived  to  keep  the  amiable  donkey  Palikare 
with  her.  Still  the  book  is  very  good  reading, 
especially  for  girls,  and  should  prove  a  useful 
fourth-form  reading-book.  The  notes  are  full 
— too  full  in  fact.  We  are  sure  the  girls  who 
read  it  will  not  want  to  know  the  history  of 
puits  and  echarpe;  while  a  dissertation  on  all  the 
idiomatic  uses  of  vouloir,  when  they  want  to  get 
the  right  one  and  have  done  with  it,  will  only 
move  their  wrath. 

*Se«  Stories  for  French  Composition.  Collected 
and  annotated  by  Leon  Delbos,  M.A.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — This  volume  is  published  in  the 
"Britannia  Series,"  and  as  the  students  who 
use  it  are  told  to  provide  themselves  with  some 
special  vocabulary  of  sea  terms,  such  as  that 
"used  on  board  H.M.S.  Britannia,"  we  infer 
that  it  is  specially  meant  for  boys  on  training- 
ships.  The  book  bears  too  special  a  character 
for  ordinary  pupils,  who  should  use  more  varied 
passages  for  the  sake  of  style  and  vocabulary. 
The  hints  on  French  composition  in  the 
appendix  are  good   and  clear,   but  a  glossary 


of  naval  terms  should  be  introduced  into  the 
volume,  if  it  is  to  be  of  the  slightest  use  to 
others  than  specialists. 

Schiller's  Neffe  als  Oiikel.  Edited  by  Louis 
Dyer,  M.A.  (Macmillan&  Co.) — This  is  another 
case  where  a  slight  text  is  overweighted  by  the 
learning  of  the  introduction  and  notes.  '  Der 
Neffe  als  Onkel '  is  a  fairly  amusing  comedy 
adapted  by  Schiller,  but  it  is  slight,  and  if 
read  in  school  at  all  should  be  read  quickly  in 
order  to  keep  up  the  interest  of  the  action.  The 
introduction  deals  with  such  matters  as  the 
theatre  of  Weimar,  the  differences  between 
Schiller's  play  and  the  French  one  from  which 
it  was  adapted,  &c.  For  whom  is  this  meant  ? 
Surely  not  for  the  pupil.  If  he  is  to  read  and 
study  all  this,  then  peruse  forty-four  pages  of 
notes,  and  finally  work  the  imitative  exercises, 
it  is  just  possible  the  text  may  escape  his  notice 
altogether. 

Manual  of  English -French -German  Idioms, 
Phrases,  and  Proverbs.  By  A.  von  Mayer, 
Ph.D.  (Hachette  &  Cie.) — This  book  professes 
to  give  certain  idiomatic  expressions  in  three 
languages,  and  is  apparently  meant  to  serve  as  a 
book  of  reference  ;  but  the  puzzle  "  to  find  the 
idiom "  is  rather  suggestive  of  the  pictures 
which  invite  us  "to  find  the  cat  "  or  "  the  old 
grandmother."  Suppose  we  wish  to  translate 
into  French  or  German  the  expression  "to  put 
on  a  knowing  look,"  we  must  seek  it  under 
the  heading  "Shamming";  if  we  cannot  guess 
that  the  author  has  thus  classified  it,  we  can 
never  find  the  idiom.  Again,  "to  go  to  the 
dogs"  must  be  sought  under  "Reprobate," 
"by  Jingo"  under  "Exclamation."  To  class 
"What  is  the  matter  with  you?"  under  the 
heading  "Temper"  seems  distinctly  unkind. 
"  We  had  a  noble  treat  "  and  "  to  put  one  to  a 
non-plus  "  are  not  English  ;  while  "  Servants  are 
very  troublesome  people"  may  state  animportant 
fact,  but  is  scarcely  an  idiom  in  any  of  the  three 
languages.  Much  conscientious  work  has  been 
put  into  the  book,  but  we  fear  the  compiler  has 
done  his  best  to  make  it  of  little  use. 

Mr.  Verity's  school  editions  of  Milton  have 
won    him    a    well  -  deserved    reputation ;    but, 
judging   by   the   high   standard  which    he   has 
thus    set    himself,    we    cannot    help    thinking 
his    treatment    of    the     Sonnets,    which    have 
now   appeared    in    the    "Pitt    Press    Series," 
somewhat  perfunctory.     The  admirable  sketch 
of    Milton's   life    has,    of    course,    done    duty 
before.     It  is  supplemented  by  three  and  a  half 
pages  proper  to  the  '  Sonnets,'  which  hardly  pro- 
videan  adequate  introduction  to  them,  either  from 
the  technical  or  the  literary  point  of  view.     For 
instance,  Mr.  Verity  does  not  trouble  to  explain, 
either  here  or  in  the  notes,  that  two  or  three  of 
the  sonnets  are  less  poetry  than  rhymed  pas- 
sages  from    the    polemical   treatises  ;   and   the 
student  is  practically  left  face  to  face  with  these 
on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  Mark  Pattison's 
dictum,  to   which  Mr.  Verity  subscribes,  that 
"it  is  the  glory  of   the  Miltonic   sonnet  that 
being  based  upon  what  is  common  and  simple 
it  attains  to  the  high  and  noble."     He  will  be 
puzzled   to   apply  this   to  the   first   sonnet  on 
'  Tetrachordon.'     The  notes  contain  further  sins 
b<jth    of   omission    and    commission.      Carew's 
'  C(flum    Britannicum '   is   attributed  to    Cart- 
wright.    No  sufficient  explanation  is  given  of  the 
epithet  "dishonest"  as  applied  to  the  victory 
at  Chaironea  ;  and  none  at  all  of  the  "  talent 
which  is    death    to  hide "   in    the    sonnet   on 
Milton's  blindness.     Yet  in  a  recent  important 
leaving   examination   fully   half    out   of    seven 
hundred  candidates  paraj)hrased   this  as   "the 
gift   of   sight."     When   all    is   said    and   done, 
however,     a     little     revision    would     soon    fit 
the     'Sonnets'    to    take    their   place    in    the 
one-volume    edition     of     Mr.    Verity's    excel- 
lent '  Cambridge  Milton  '  which  we    trust  the 
Pitt  Press  will  give  us. 

Marmion.  Edited  by  G.  Townsend  Warner 
M.A.  (Arnold.)— '  Marmion  '  is  an  excellent 
book  for  schoolboys  :    the   pageantry  and   the 


900 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


fighting  are  dear  to  their  hearts  ;  the  confusion 
of  the  plot  and  the  woodenness  of  the  characters 
are  not  likely  to  disturb  them.  Mr.  Warner 
has  furnished  a  careful  introduction,  the  only 
fault  of  which  is  a  slight  tendency  to  exaggerate 
the  merits  of  Scott's  epic  style.  The  notes  are 
admirably  terse,  and  contain  little  that  is  not 
really  essential  to  the  proper  understanding  of 
the  poem.  Mr.  Warner  is,  however,  so  far 
under  the  intluence  of  an  almost  extinct  school 
of  annotation  as  not  to  be  able  to  refrain  from 
occasional  fragments  of  superfluous  philology. 
For  instance,  though  it  is  desirable  enough  to 
know  that  "gramercy"  is  a  corruption  of  the 
French  grand  merci,  it  cannot  help  any  one, 
much  less  a  schoolboy,  to  be  told  that  the  Ice- 
landic equivalent  for  "  gibe"  is  gcip.  A  set  of 
questions  on  the  poem  is  appended,  which  will 
prove  useful  to  solitary  students. 

Short  German  Plays  for  Beading  and  Acting. 
Edited  by  E.  S.  Buchheim.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) — This  is  a  nice  little  volume  consisting 
of  short  and  easy  plays  :  '  Eigennsinn  '  and 
'  Jagderfolge  '  by  Benedix,  '  Post  Festuni '  by 
E.  Wichert,  and  two  other  dramas.  '  Post 
Festum '  is  amusing,  and  if  it  and  one  or 
two  of  the  rest  were  learnt  by  heart  and  acted 
by  the  young  people  for  whom  the  book  is 
intended,  they  would  have  really  made  a  con- 
siderable start  in  the  learning  of  German.  Miss 
Buchheim  adds  some  useful  notes,  and  a  voca- 
bulary which  might  have  been  dispensed  with. 

Le  Misanthrope.  Par  J.  B.  P.  Moliere.  With 
Introduction  and  Notes  by  E.  G.  W.  Braun- 
holtz.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.)— There 
seems  no  reason  why  the  Pitt  Press  should 
add  another  to  the  many  existing  editions  of 
the  'Misanthrope  ';  but  if  there  must  needs  be 
one  more.  Dr.  Braunholtz's  may  prove  as  accept- 
able as  any.  The  fault  of  it  is  an  over- 
abundance of  commentary.  If  a  boy  needs  a 
note  to  help  him  to  understand  what  "tout 
de  bon "  means,  he  ought  not  to  be  reading 
Moliere  ;  yet  Dr.  Braunholtz  devotes  two  notes 
to  the  phrase. 


STOKIES   or    ADVENTURE. 

A  Son  of  the  Plains,  by  Mr.  Arthur  Paterson 
(Macmillan  &  Co.),  is  in  many  respects  not  very 
unlike  other  Mexican  stories  of  peril  and  adven- 
ture. It  may  be  recommended  to  the  boy  of 
this  country  rather  than  to  others.  The  stirring 
episodes  and  hairbreadth  escapes  of  the  Wild 
West  of  bygone  days  are  all  there.  Encounters 
with  Indians,  road  agents,  and  cowboys,  with 
a  strain  of  love-making  running  through  the 
sterner  element,  are  the  stuff  of  the  story.  All 
ends  well  in  love  and  in  warfare  for  the  prin- 
cipals, though  notable  deaths  of  other  people 
are  recorded.  Nat,  "the  young  Comanche," 
whose  early  training  has  been  amongst  Indians, 
and  his  friend  and  ally  Jeff  by  doughty  deeds 
their  ladies  please.  Nat,  in  particular,  is  the 
great  rescuer  of  beauty  in  distress  on  many 
occasions,  and  in  circumstances  of  what  may 
seem  to  home-keeping  folk,  perhaps  to  others, 
somewhat  exaggerated  danger.  This  invincible 
being,  a  wiry  lad  of  twenty-two,  is  the  hero  and 
the  son  of  the  plains. 

The  Doomsicoman :  a  liomance  of  Old  Cali- 
/ornm,  by  Gertrude  Atherton(Hutchinson<fr  Co.), 
is  a  story  of  Spanish  vendetta,  of  a  vague  and 
restless  ambition  in  the  hero  matclied  with  a 
volcanic  passion  in  the  heroine.  The  meeting 
of  these  two  raises  the  temperature  of  their  blood 
to  fever  heat,  and  the  story  is  told  with  a  fervent 
and  somewhat  disturbing  intensity.  But  it  is 
told  witli  a  knowledge  of  the  scenes,  the  sur- 
roundings, the  human  motives  which  it  describes ; 
and  if  tlie  reader  will  not  scoff  at  its  intensities, 
but  will  take  the  tone  and  colour  of  the  medium 
in  which  Gertrude  Atherton  works,  he  will  find 
in  it  (^uite  enough  of  interest  and  attraction  to 
reward  him. 

The  interesting  and  well-told  stories  of  sport 
in    Russia    and  of    the  moujik's  village    life, 


written  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Whishaw,  and  published  by 
Messrs.  Longman,  under  the  title  of  The  Romance 
of  the  Woods,  should  attract  many  readers.  For 
the  fare  provided  is  various ;  dreamland  is 
visited,  and  there  the  discovery  is  made  that 
our  preconceived  notions  of  the  future  state  are 
entirely  erroneous,  at  any  rate  as  regards  the 
respectable  middle  class  of  mundane  sinners. 
Without  disclosing  secrets,  it  may  be  said  that 
their  fate  is  less  terrible  than  that  often  antici- 
pated ;  and  in  the  present  instance  the  spirit 
spent  an  agreeable  day  among  the  black  game 
and  willow  grouse  in  the  moors  of  Erinofka. 
Other  adventures  after  fish  and  fowl  are  told  ; 
and  there  is  a  chapter  on  the  relations  of  the 
human  v.ith  the  ursine  race,  by  one  of  the  latter, 
which  shows  that  the  bear  may  have  his  triumphs 
as  well  as  the  hunter.  Then  the  reader  may 
learn  much  that  is  quaint  concerning  the  moujik, 
whose  faults  we  know,  but  whose  merits — 
"strong  religious  feeling,  unquestioning  obedience 
towards  those  in  authority  over  him,  filial  love  and 
reverence  towards  his  father,  the  Tsar,  devotion  to 
his  country,  the  most  pious  veneration  for  the 
memory  of  his  fathers  ;  patience,  docility,  courage, 
strangely  developed  humour,  hospitality,  and  a  host 
of  virtues  and  lovable  qualities  which  only  those 
who  know  him  intimately  are  able  to  detect  and 
appreciate,"— 

are  apt  to  be  overlooked.  The  tinge  of  sadness 
which  is  perceptible  in  the  stories  is  true  to 
nature,  whilst  Oriental  acquiescence  in  fate  is 
shown  in  the  speech  of  the  village  Starost,  when 
the  steps  for  bringing  a  criminal  herdsman  to 
justice  were  being  debated  : — 

"' Brothers,' he  said.  'God  is  in  heaven,  and  the 
Tsar  is  far  away  ;  also  Russia  is  very  large  and  the 
pastvch  [herdsman]  is  very  small.  How  should  we 
set  about  to  find  one  little  herdsman  /'  Clearly  the 
thing  was  ridiculous." 

27(6  Unim-ittcn  Laii;  by  Blanche  Loftus  Tot- 
tenham (Black),  is  a  tale  of  tragic  love  and  Land 
League  doings  in  wild  Connaught.  Only  the 
peasant  class  and  interests  connected  with  it  are 
introduced.  The  political  position  and  aspects 
are  rather  suggested  than  insisted  on.  Miss 
Tottenham  does  not  write  in  a  highflown  way 
at  all,  yet  Irish  feeling  and  racial  idiosyncrasies 
are  somehow  more  sympathetically  presented 
than  in  books  of  a  more  "burning"  character. 
The  hero  and  heroine  are  very  naturally  and 
simply  drawn  ;  so  are  their  poorer  friends  and 
neighbours,  the  parish  priest,  and  others.  The 
informer  is  set  in  a  most  unpleasant,  but  not 
exaggerated  light.  Miss  Tottenham's  is  not  a 
very  arresting  or  original  manner ;  but  the 
material  of  her  story  is  human  as  well  as  Irish 
to  the  backbone. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 


A  DEDICATION,  by  permission,  to  Mr.  Spenser 
Wilkinson,  and  an  introduction  from  the  pen  of 
Capt.  Mahan,  give  a  distinguishing  note  to  the 
appearance  of  Ironclads  in  Action:  a  Sketch  of 
Naval  Warfare  from  1855  to  1895,  by  H.  W. 
Wilson,  in  two  volumes,  with  maps,  plans,  and 
illustrations,  published  by  Messrs.  Sampson 
Low  &  Co.  Mr.  Wilson  is,  we  believe,  a  lands- 
man, as  Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson  is  a  civilian. 
But  the  studies  in  the  art  of  war  of  Mr.  Wil- 
kinson, and  his  careful  thought  upon  the 
political  problems  connected  with  the  command 
of  the  sea,  and  the  position  of  Capt.  Mahan 
won  by  his  recent  writings,  are  such  that  they 
are  able  to  give  an  imprimatur  of  high  value. 
The  Athenaxim,  as  a  literary  journal,  can 
hardly  be  expected  to  discuss  the  technical 
problems  which  are  raised  by  the  volumes 
before  us.  Suffice  it  to  say  they  are  well 
written  ;  they  are  thoroughly  clear ;  they  do 
not  contain  obvious  error,  although  there  is, 
in  the  parts  which  are  in  the  nature  of  com- 
pilation, perhaps  here  and  there  some  slight 
evidence  of  the  author  not  being  everywhere 
in  harmony  with  himself.  This  is  inevitable 
in  the  consideration  of  matters  so  difficult — 
upon   which   experience  is  so  incomplete — as 


the  evolutions  of  ironclad  fleets,  consisting  of 
ships  of  wholly  different  character  and  behaviour 
and  armed  in  very  various  fashion.  The  full 
account  of  the  behaviour  of  the  French  fleet  at 
sea  during  the  Franco-German  War  is  fresher 
to  us  than  many  other  portions  of  the  book,  and 
has  a  good  deal  of  more  than  technical  interest. 
The  author's  comparison  of  the  present  strength 
of  England  as  contrasted  with  that  of  France  and 
Russia  is  unfavourable  to  us  ;  in  fact,  it  is  the 
most  unfavourable  that  we  have  yet  seen.  One 
little  slip,  hardly  worth  mentioning,  is  that  (by 
hasty  translation  from  the  French)  the  West 
Indies  are  called  the  Antilles,  a  term  which 
we  think  is  not  intelligible  to  the  ordinary 
British  reader. 

An  interesting  volume  published  by  Messrs. 
Blackwood  &  Sons  is  Rambles  and  Sttidies  in 
Bosnia  -  Herzegovina  and  Dalmatia,  by  Dr. 
Robert  Munro,  Secretary  of  the  Society  oi 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  The  volume  is  pro- 
fusely illustrated  with  cuts  of  the  objects  of 
archaeological  interest  which  have  been  dis- 
covered by  the  Austrians  in  their  new  dominion  ; 
and  we  should  have  noticed  it  under  the  head 
of  fine  art  and  archseology,  had  it  not  been  that 
it  is  also  a  pleasant  book  of  travel.  The  newest 
matter  in  the  work  concerns  the  remains,  by  no 
means  destitute  of  art  interest,  of  that  curious 
band  of  ^heretics  the  Bogomils,  Considering 
that  these  persons,  an  account  of  whose  doc- 
trine is  here  given,  are  generally  called  "Devil 
W^orshippers,"  it  is  a  little  startling  to  find  the 
author  telling  us  of  their  close  "  relationship  to 
Protestantism,"  and  speaking  of  them  as  pre- 
cursors of  the  Reformation.  The  author  seems, 
perhaps,  hardly  aware  of  the  attraction  which 
the  Satanic  heresy  has  always  had  for  the  Slav 
mind.  Every  year  there  spring  up  in  Southern 
Russia  new  sects  (based,  like  all  Slavonic  sects, 
on  an  ignorant  study  of  Bible  passages  in  bad 
translations)  which  hold  doctrines  very  similar 
to  those  of  the  Bogomils. 

Mk.  Fisher  Unwin  publishes,  in  a  volume 
entitled  Russian  Politics,  by  Mr.  Herbert 
Thompson,  a  somewhat  curious  book.  It  is  a 
solid  and  rather  heavy  account  of  political 
Russia,  apparently  written  by  one  who,  but  for 
recent  study  of  books,  has  not  much  knowledge 
of  his  subject.  There  are  few,  if  any,  mistakes 
in  the  volume,  but  when  one  knows  modern 
Russia  well,  and  reads  carefully  Mr.  Thompson's 
book,  one  finds  a  total  absence  of  many  allusions 
which  would  be  almost  certain  to  have  crept  into 
the  pages  if  the  author  had  known  much  of  his 
topic  beyond  what  he  has  found  in  very  well- 
known  books.  We  think  that  we  must  treat  the 
volume  rather  as  a  translation  or  adaptation  of 
large  parts  of  other  books  than  as  an  original 
work.  The  author  very  fairly  states  in  his  preface 
the  enormous  extent  of  his  indebtedness  to  M.  A. 
Leroy-Beaulieu  ;  and  he  also  quotes  at  great 
length,  with  acknowledgment,  from  Stepniak 
and  many  other  writers.  He  mentions  Herzen. 
a  great  deal,  but  does  not  appear  to  us  to  be  a 
master  of  the  career  and  writings  of  that  great 
precursor  of  the  modern  writers  upon  Russia. 
We  must,  therefore,  class  this  volume  as  an 
excellent  second-hand  book,  but  not  as  an. 
original  source  of  truth  undefiled.  There  is  a 
great  deal  in  the  volume  which  might  be  ques- 
tioned, but  it  is,  perhaps,  hardly  worth  pur- 
suing the  topics  which  it  suggests.  Mr, 
Thompson  classes,  without  doubt,  the  Magyars 
as  Finns.  Of  course,  their  tongue  is  Finnish, 
but  that  does  not  carry  the  matter  far,  and 
there  is  a  great  deal  more  reason  for  thinking 
the  democratic  mass  of  the  Magyar  people  pure 
Turks  than  for  treating  them  as  Finns.  The 
word  which  appears  as  "  Ingrian  "  on  one  of 
the  maps  is,  we  think,  intended  for  Ugrian. 
The  Russian  ethnologists,  and  some  of  the 
Danes  and  Germans,  class  all  the  peoples  with 
Finnish  tongues  as  Ugrio-Finnish.  The  Eng- 
lish word  is  ogre.  Another  point  in  Mr. 
Thompson's  ethnology  which  might  be  con- 
tested is  a  statement  in  a  note  about  the  Tartars 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


901 


of  Astrachan.  The  country  round  Astrachan 
is,  as  his  map  correctly  shows,  inhabited  by 
Kalmuck  migrants.  The  city  is  almost  entirely 
inhabited  by  migrants.  Great  Russian  or 
Persian,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hotel 
waiters — who  here,  as  everywhere  in  Russia,  are 
Tartars,  but  imported  Tartars — there  are  no 
Tartars  at  Astrachan  or  in  the  neighbourhood, 
save  the  Turkmen  who  come  up  every  year 
with  horses  to  sell,  and  form  camps  among  the 
Kalmucks  upon  the  steppe. 

We  have  pleasant  memories  of  Mr.  Alfred 
Austin's  '  The  Garden  that  I  Love,'  to  which  In 
Veronica's  Garden  (Macmillan  &  Co.)  is  a  sequel. 
Garden  gossip,  when  it  is  not  too  technical,  is  one 
of  the  most  charming  kinds  of  gossip,  and  Mr. 
Austin  had  the  art  to  vary  the  account  of  his 
horticultural  experiments  with  just  enough  of  a 
humaner  interest.  The  desultory  philosophizing 
and  poetizing  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  garden, 
the  suggestion  of  a  love  story — or  was  it  tMO 
love  stories  ? — under  the  ancient  oak  and  among 
the  Madonna  lilies,  were  the  touch  of  onion  in 
the  bowl  that  gives  freshness  and  piquancy  to 
the  salad.  But  sequels  are  invariably  dangerous 
things,  and  frankly  we  do  not  think  that  the 
present  volume  quite  reaches  the  level  of  its 
predecessor.  The  gardener  is,  perhaps,  getting 
a  little  tired  of  his  hobby  ;  there  is  hardly 
enough  about  the  north  corner  and  the  flower 
beds  ;  rather  too  much  about  Veronica's  house- 
wifery and  the  alternate  flippancies  and  senti- 
mentalities of  the  delightful  but  irritating 
Lamia.  One  doubts  whether  the  theme  was 
quite  sufficient  to  bear  out  a  second  instalment. 
Yet  for  all  this  there  is  much  to  please  in  the 
book  :  a  delicate  and  graceful  humour,  no  less 
than  awhole-hearted  enthusiasm  for  the  witchery 
of  summer  and  of  spring.  And  the  frequent 
verses  which  Mr.  Austin  puts  into  the  mouth  of 
the  poet  surely  show  him  at  his  best.  His 
inspiration  does  not,  perhaps,  cover  a  very  wide 
range,  but  in  these  moods  it  is  genuine  and 
sweet,  when  he  sings  of  birds  and  flowers,  and 
hymns  the  secret  of  May  : — 

Spring  came  out  of  the  woodland  chase, 
With  her  violet  eyes  and  her  primrose  face, 
With  an  iris  scarf  for  her  sole  apparel, 
And  a  voice  as  blithe  as  a  blackbird's  carol. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  this  pretty  lilting  in 
Veronica's  garden,  woven  more  or  less  relevantly 
into  the  prose,  but  at  any  rate  always  in  keeping 
with  the  spirit  of  it.  Beyond  his  set  poems, 
Mr.  Austin  is  fond  of  rippling  over  into  little 
unpremeditated  snatches,  such  as  the  following, 
addressed  to  the  primroses  : — 

Nothing  ever  makes  you  less 
Gracious  to  ungraciousness. 
March  may  bluster  up  and  down, 
Pettish  April  sulk  and  frown  ; 
Closer  to  their  skirts  you  cling, 
Coaxing  Winter  to  be  Spring. 

The  value  of  the  volume  is  enhanced  by  the 
remarkably  beautiful  illustrations. 

The  purpose  of  Mr.  W.  St.  Chad  Bosca wen's 
new  book.  The  Bible  and  the  Monuments  (Eyre 
&  Spottiswoode),  is  not  evident,  although  the 
author  devotes  his  preface  to  explain  it.  Scholars 
will  not  learn  much  from  it,  and  the  general 
reader  will  find  little  or  nothing  in  it  which  was 
not  to  be  found  already  in  the  many  books  of  a 
like  kind,  and  more  especially  in  Prof.  A.  H. 
Sayce's  '  Higher  Criticism  and  the  Verdict  of 
the  Monuments.'  As  far  as  we  can  understand 
Mr.  Boscawen's  English,  the  book  is  intended 
to  establish  not  only  the  "  historical  accuracy"  of 
the  Bible  "  in  the  face  of  monumental  evidence," 
but  also  the  faithfulness  of  its  traditions.  With 
this  aim  he  supplies  a  full  account  of  the  Baby- 
lonian traditions  of  the  Creation  and  Deluge,  but 
what  conclusion  is  to  be  drawn  he  does  not  state. 
In  fact,  our  author  leaves  his  readers  to  form  an 
opinion  (which  will  distress  some  of  them)  how 
far  "the  comparison  has  tended  to  establish  the 
authenticity  and  faithfulness  of  the  Hebrew 
records."  It  is,  however,  suggested  that  theground- 
work  of  Hebrew  tradition  was  carried  from  Chaldea 


lish  the  fact  of  Sargon's  conquest  of  Jerusalem, 
or  explain  Daniel's  account  of  Belshazzar,  they 
are  a  valuable  argument  for  the  historical  accu- 
racy of  the  Bible  ;  but  how  a  study  of  Baby- 
lonian mythology  is   to   combat   the    spirit   of 
scepticism  (p.  7)  we  fail  to  see.    The  ill-digested 
mass   of    matter,   much    of    which  is   certainly 
interesting,  conveys  the   impression  of  having 
been  written  out  of  the  fulness  of  the  heart  (for 
no  one  will  charge  Mr.   Boscawen  with  ignor- 
ance of  his  subject),  without  reference  to  autho- 
rities, and  with  every  kind  of  slip  and  blemish 
due  to  haste  or  carelessness.     If  they  may  judge 
from    his  carelessness   in   English   composition 
and  Hebrew  grammar,  readers  will  be  inclined 
to   mistrust   Mr.    Boscawen's    statements    with 
regard   to   the   inscriptions.     For  instance,    in 
the  first  chapter,  most  of  which  is  unnecessary 
for  the  general  reader,  in  a  list  of  words  which 
are   "to    be    found    in    an    ordinary    Hebrew 
lexicon,"   occur    danmi    and   basu.     Evidently 
Hebrew  lexicons  need  revision.     Among  trans- 
literations of  Hebrew  words  we  find  res  (head), 
ain    (eye),    lason    (tongue),    samaim    (heaven), 
melek  (angel).  The  camel  is  derived  from  cjamahi, 
as  being  "  the  benefactor  "  of  the  nomad  1    The 
Hebrew  liliih  on  p.  49  is  compared  with  lillatc, 
twilight;    and    on   p.   151    with    litatum    {i.e., 
lilatum),  ghost,    vampire.      The    Accadian    for 
goat  is  given  as  si-ak-ha,  and  there  is  no  mention 
that  it  is  to  be  read  sikka;  and  dimer  is  said  to 
be  the  Accadian  of  dingir,  god,  whereas  it  is  the 
Sumerian.     The  reader  will  often  be  at  a  loss 
to  know  whether  the  words  quoted  are  Assyrian 
or  Accadian,  and  the  same  confusion  or  lack  of 
precision  is   noticeable  in  the    chronology  and 
the  arguments  for  it. 

Mr.  Heinemann  publishes  a  translation  of 
several  of  Count  Benedetti's  articles,  under  the 
title  Studies  in  Diplomacy.  The  volume,  written 
by  the  well-known  Ambassador  of  the  French 
Empire  at  Berlin,  contains  his  old  story  '  My 
Mission  to  Ems,'  which  appeared  in  1873, 
and  some  more  recent  essays  on  Prince  Bismarck 
and  the  German  Emperor,  and  the  Triple 
Alliance  and  the  armed  peace.  There  is  nothing, 
of  course,  new  to  the  historical  student,  to  whom 
all  these  essays  are  familiar,  and  they  will  not 
now  have  any  great  interest  for  the  general 
public.  The  later  ones  are  largely  based  on 
Prince  Bismarck's  recent  confidences  to  inter- 
viewers ;  but  Count  Benedetti  either  does  not 
know  of,  or  shuts  his  eyes  to,  recent  evidence 
from  other  quarters  as  to  the  facts  of  which  he 
writes.  His  good  faith  is  certain  to  this  extent, 
that  he  never  writes  a  line  that  he  does  not 
think  true,  and  that  is  not  true  so  far  as  it  goes. 
But  he  does  not  give  the  other  side.  He  is 
concerned  with  defending  his  own  foresight, 
which  was  great ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  his 
country.  He  is,  however,  too  exclusively  con- 
cerned with  these  preoccupations  to  give  his 
readers  historical  truth. 

A  LITTLE  volume  under  the  title  Natural 
Taxation,  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons,  and  written  by  Mr.  Thomas  Shearman, 
may  be  of  some  value  in  America  on  account  of 
local  discussions  there,  but  is  of  no  utility  to 
inquirers  into  the  basis  of  taxation  in  this 
country.  It  is,  we  think,  wrong-headed,  but 
perhaps  that  is  because  we  cannot  bring  our- 
selves to  look  at  the  subject  from  the  author's 
point  of  view. 

Mon  Journal,  a  large  Christmas  volume  in 
French,  intended  for  children  from  eight  to 
twelve  years  old,  and  very  fit  for  them,  is  pub- 
lished by  MM.  Hachette  &  Cie.  The  illus- 
trations are  full  of  a  frank  humour  that  is 
extraordinarily  different  from  the  class  of  illus- 
tration which  is  beginning  to  be  thought  suit- 
able to  children  in  this  country,  but  for  which 
children  entertain,  we  are  convinced,  a  profound 
dislike  and  contempt,  although  their  elders 
appreciate  the  new  plan  of  illustration.  The 
volume    before    us     is,  in    this    respect,    old- 


by  Abraham.     If  cuneiform  inscriptions  estab-  '  fashioned.     The  daubs  are  not  only  funny,  but 


they  are  full  of  artistic  merit  in  their  way,  being 
in  some  cases  daubs  of  genius. 

Dog  Stories  from  the  ^Spectator'  (Fisher  Unwin) 
is  a  selection  made  by  Mr.  St.  Loe  Strachey  from 
the  marvellous  anecdotes  of  dogs  which  have 
long  formed  an  attractive  feature  of  the  columns 
of  our  able  contemporary.  The  book  is  sure  of 
a  warm  welcome. — The  Gillmans  of  Highgate,  by 
Mr.  A.  W.  Gillman  (Stock),  is  an  interesting 
little  monograph  upon  the  kind  friends  who  for 
eighteen  years  afforded  Coleridge  a  refuge  from 
the  troubles  of  this  world.  It  is  an  instalment 
of  a  larger  work. 

The  handsome  Peerages  of  Burke  (Harrison 
&  Sons)  and  Lodge  (Hurst  it  Blackett)  are  again 
on  our  table.  The  editors  of  Burke,  as  in  duty 
bound,  deplore  the  death  of  Count  Taaffe,  whose 
Irish  peerage  of  course  figures  in  their  pages. 
Both  volumes  have  undergone  more  additions 
than  usual. — The  Catholic  Director)/  (Bums  & 
Oates)  is  an  old- established  work  of  reference, 
of  which  the  issue  for  189()  is  before  us. — The 
Baptist  Handbook  (Veale,  Chifferiel  &  Co.)  is  a 
still  older  publication,  well  suited  to  the  needs 
of  the  denomination  it  represents. 

In  their  pleasant  "  Eversley  Series  "  Messrs, 
Macmillan  have  issued  The  Lyric  and  Elegiac 
Poems  of  Matthew  Arnold,  and  the  second 
volume  of  J.  R.  Green's  History  of  the  Englisli 
People;  in  their  "  Pocket  Edition  "  of  Charles 
Kingsley's  works.  Yeast  and  The  Water  Babies  ; 
and  in  the  "People's  Edition"  of  Tennyson, 
Locksley  Hall  and  other  Poems,  A  Dream,  oj 
Fair  Women  and  other  Poems,  Will  Water- 
proof  and  other  Poems,  and  the  first  hsli 
of  The  Princess. — The  Spa)Hsh  Gypsy  closes 
Messrs.  Blackwood's  admirable  "Standard 
Edition  "  of  George  Eliot's  works. — Kenihcorth 
is  the  latest  instalment  of  Messrs.  Constable's 
issue  of  the  "Author's  Favourite  Edition"  of 
the  Waverley  Novels. 

Messrs.  Mudie  have  sent  us  a  neat  and  con- 
venient "Book  Carrier,"  which  is  intended  to 
facilitate  transport  of  books  by  hand  and  their 
protection  from  the  weather  during  transit.  One 
of  the  specimens  before  us  will  hold  four  volumes, 
another  three,  and  another  two.  They  are  neat 
and  convenient  holders,  and  no  doubt  will  prove 
useful  to  many  people. 

We  have  on  our  table  Tales  from  the  Note- 
Book  of  a  Sportsman,  by  I.  S.  Turgenev,  trans- 
lated from  the  Russian  by  E.  Richter,  Series  I. 
(Lamley), — With  H.M.  9th  Lancers  during  the 
Indian    Mutiny:    the   Letters  of  Brevet  -  Major 
0.  H.  S.  G.  Anson,  edited  by  his  Son  (W.  H. 
Allen), — (hiide  to  the  Establishment  and  Equip- 
ment of  Art  Classes  and  Schools  of  Art,  by  R.  G. 
Hatton    (Chapman   &    Hall), — Moffatt's  Pupil 
Teachers'  Course,  edited  by  T.  Page  :  Geography 
and  History,  Division  II.  (Moffatt  &  Paige), — 
A  Short  Study   of    Ethics,    by    C.    F.   D'Arcy 
(Macmillan), — Criminal  Sociology,  by  E.   Ferri 
(Fisher  Unwin),  —  The   Village   of    Youth,    by 
Bessie    Hatton    (Hutchinson),  —  Tuv     Maiden 
Atmts,     by     Mary    H.     Debenham    (National 
Society), — TJie  Daum  of  Day,  Volume  for  1895 
(S.P.C.K.), — The  Vagabond:  an  Autobiography, 
by  Peregrinus  (Mackie), — Tlie  Cid  CampeadoVy 
by  D.  Antonio  de  Trueba  y  La  Quintana,  trans- 
lated  from  the  Spanish  by  H.  J.  Gill  (Long- 
mans),— Egyptian  Talcs,  edited  by  W.   M.  F, 
Petrie,  First  Series  (Methuen), — The  Artist  of 
Crooked  Alley,  by  A.  Curtis  (National  Society), — 
Joseph  the  Dreamer,  byR.  Bird  (Longmans), — A 
Sextet  of  Sitigers,  or  So)igs  of  Six,  by  G.  Barlow 
and  others  (Roxburghe  Press),  —  Child's-]rorld 
Ballads,  Second  Series,  by  S.  Piatt  (Constable), — 
The  Clue  of  the  Maze,  by  C.  H.  Spurgeon  (Pass- 
more    &   Alabaster), — A   Spiritual  Faith,  Ser- 
mons, by  John  H.  Thom,  with  a  Memorial  Pre- 
face by  J.  Martineau   (Longmans), — Words  of 
Warning  for  Daily  Life,  by  C.   H.    Spurgeon 
(Passmore  &  Alabaster), — Das  clussische  Heiden- 
tlinm.  U7id  die  christliche  Peligion,  by  Dr.  Franz 
H.  R.  von  Arneth,  2  vols.  (Vienna,  Konegen), 
—  W  Kraju  Tysiaca  Jezior,  by  S.  Belza  (War- 


fl02 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«3557,  Dec.  28, '95 


saw,  Wolff), — -Drts  Beimisstsein  der  Transcendenz 
Oder  der  Wirklichkeit,  by  Dr.  E.  Koch  (Halle- 
a.-S.,  Niemeyer), — Instantnne's  d'Allemagne,  by 
R.  Melinette  (Paris,  Ollendorff),  —  Chercheur 
d'lde'al,  by  J.  Mairet  (Paris,  Ollendorff),— and 
Sexe  Faible,  by  A.  de  Bovet  (Paris,  Chamuel). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  The  Metallurgtj 
of  Gold,  by  M.  Eissler  (Lockwood),— T/ie  Alps 
from  End  to  End,  by  Sir  William  M.  Conway 
(Constable), — Random  liecollections  of  Wood- 
land, Fen,  and  Hill,  by  J.  W.  Tutt  (Gill),— 
The  Elements  of  Plainsong,  edited  by  H.  B. 
Briggs  (Quaritch),  —  German  Conversation- 
Grammar,  by  E.  Otto,  revised  by  F.  Lange 
CNutt),— Life  of  the  Earl  of  Derby,  by  T.  E. 
Kebbel  (W.  H.  Allen), — Her  Loving  Slave,  by 
H.  Nisbet  (Digby  &  Long), — Gretchen,  by  Rita 
(Ward  &  Downey),— and  '^  Clear  Bound!"  by 
E.  A.  Gordon  (Low). 

LIS!    OF   NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Faithful  Dead  (The) :  Shall  We  Fray  for  Them  ?  by  a  Lay 

Churchman,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Eeichel's  (O.  J.)  Complete  Manual  of  Canon  Law,  Vol.  1, 

8vo.  12/  net. 
Southwell's   (R.)   A  Fovrefovld  Meditation  of    the    Foure 

Last  Things,  Preface  by  C.  Edmonds,  royal  16mo.  5/net. 
Fine  Art. 
Crockett's  (S.  R.)  Sweetheart  Travellers,  illustrated  by  G. 

Browne,  Edition  de  Luxe,  4to.  31/6  cl. 
Gould's  (P.  C.  C.)  Who  killed  Cock  Robin  ?  and  other  Stories 

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AN   AUTHOR'S    COMPLAINT. 
Forest  Hall,  Hale  En<l,  E^aex,  Dec.  14,  1895. 
I  HAVE  lately  read  of  the  booksellers'  griev- 
ance that  publishers  do  not  give  sufliciently  good 


terms  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  of  a  meeting  of 
publishers  which  resolved  that  it  was  useless  to 
meet  the  booksellers  on  this  question,  for  the 
reason,  I  suppose,  that  the  booksellers  are 
already  giving  away  25  per  cent,  of  their  profits 
by  way  of  discount,  and  would  probably  give 
more  should  they  receive  easier  terms.  Is  it 
possible  that  the  booksellers,  or  some  of  them, 
intend  to  take  the  law  into  their  own  hands  ? 
My  novel,  '  The  Scripture  Reader  of  St.  Mark's,' 
was  recently  issued  through  Messrs.  Hutchinson 
&  Co.,  who  determined  to  fix  the  price  at  3s.  6d. 
and,  at  the  same  time,  to  give  exceptional  value 
as  regards  paper,  print,  and  binding  ;  assuming, 
doubtless,  that  increased  sales  would  recom- 
pense them  for  the  additional  outlay  on  pro- 
duction. But  what  has  happened  ?  I  find  that 
quite  a  number  of  booksellers — enough,  indeed, 
to  make  it  impossible  to  treat  the  matter  as  one 
of  isolated  mistake — have  taken  advantage  of 
the  fact  that  my  novel  equals  in  its  outward 
appearance  a  6s.  book  to  fix  that  as  the  price  in 
displaying  it  in  their  windows,  and  to  retail  it  at 
4s.  6d.  or  more,  notwithstanding  they  paid  for 
their  copies  on  the  3s.  Gd.  price,  and  that  my 
publishers  have  continually  mentioned  the  actual 
price  in  their  lists  and  advertisements.  I  need 
hardly  say  that  while  my  book,  in  its  style  of 
production,  may  be  thought  cheap  at  3s.  6(^,, 
and  perhaps  on  that  account  alone  induce  pur- 
chasers, its  circulation  must  be  considerably 
impeded  by  being  burdened  with  the  higher 
price. 

I  should  not  venture  to  write  this  letter  had 
I  not  made  careful  inquiries  and  myself  paid  a 
number  of  visits  to  shops  in  different  parts  of 
London  ;  but  the  result  of  these  having  led  me 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  action  of  the  book- 
sellers to  which  I  have  alluded  is  becoming  a 
practice,  I  think  it  as  well  to  call  the  attention 
of  your  readers  to  it,  that  other  authors  may  at 
least  keep  a  look  out.  It  would  certainly  be 
interesting  to  know  whether  any  of  them  are 
having  an  experience  similar  to  my  own. 

K.  Douglas  King. 


A  LETTER  OF  ADAM  SMITH. 

I  HAVE  received,  through  the  great  kindness 
of  M.  Grave,  Town  Archivist  of  Mantes,  and 
correspondent  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion in  France,  a  copy  of  the  following  inter- 
esting unpublished  letter  of  Adam  Smith  to  the 
Duke  of  La  Rochefoucauld,  which  is  preserved 
in  the  public  library  of  that  town.  This  letter 
settles  the  question  of  the  supposed  corre- 
spondence between  Smith  and  Turgot,  for  which 
search  has  repeatedly  been  made  ;  Smith,  it 
appears,  never  received  a  letter  from  Turgot  all 
his  days.  It  gives  us,  too,  a  better  and  more 
distinct  view  than  we  have  had  before  of  the 
nature  of  the  two  new  books  on  which  Smith 
was  engaged  in  the  last  part  of  his  life,  and 
which  he  caused  to  be  destroyed  immediately 
before  his  death. 

The  promise  which  Smith  speaks  in  the  letter 
of  having  given  to  the  Duke  was  the  promise 
to  amend  an  injustice  which  he  came  to  feel  he 
had  done  to  the  Duke's  famous  ancestor,  the 
author  of  the  'Maxims,'  by  associating  him 
in  the  same  condemnation  with  Mandeville,  and 
these  amends  he  made  by  deleting  La  Roche- 
foucauld's name  from  the  passage  altogether  in 
the  new  edition  of  the  'Theory,'  which,  how- 
ever, instead  of  appearing,  as  Smith  expected, 
in  the  early  part  of  1786,  did  not  appear — owing 
no  doubt  to  the  author's  poor  health — till 
1790. 

The  strong  opinion  Smith  expresses  against 
those  very  useful  institutions  the  Chambers  of 
Commerce  is  also  interesting  as  an  evidence  of 
the  continuance  of  that  intense  distrust  of  the 
merchant  and  manufacturer  class  which  was 
characteristic  of  him.  John  Rae. 

My  Loud  Duke,— I  should  certainly  have  been 
very  l)ai)py  to  have  communicated  to  your  Grace 
any  letters  which  the  ever  to  be  regretted  Mr. 
Turgot  had  done  me  the  honour  to  write  to  me  ; 


and  by  that  means,  to  have  the  distinguished  honour 
of  being  recorded  as  one  of  his  correspondents. 
But  tho'  I  had  the  happiness  of  his  acquaintance, 
and,  I  flattered  myself,  even  of  his  friendship  and 
esteem,  I  never  had  that  of  his  correspondence.  He 
was  so  good  as  to  send  me  a  copy  of  the  Proces 
Verbal  of  what  passed  at  the  bed  of  justice  upon 
the  registration  of  his  six  edicts  which  did  so  much 
honour  to  their  Authour,  and,  had  they  been  exe- 
cuted without  alteration,  would  have  proved  so 
beneficial  to  his  countrj-.  But  the  Present  (which 
I  preserve  as  I  [_sic'\  most  valuable  monument  of  a 
person  whom  I  remember  with  so  much  veneration) 
was  not  accompanied  with  any  Letter. 

I  expect  all  the  bad  consequences  from  the 
chambers  of  Commerce  and  manufactures  estab- 
lishing in  different  parts  of  this  Country,  which 
your  Grace  seems  to  foresee.  In  a  Country  where 
Clamour  always  intimidates  and  faction  often  op- 
presses the  Government,  the  regulations  of  Com- 
merce are  commonly  dictated  by  those  who  are 
most  interested  to  deceive  and  impose  upon  the 
Public. 

I  have  not  forgot  what  I  promised  to  your  Grace 
in  an  edition  of  the  '  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,' 
which  I  hope  to  execute  before  the  end  of  the 
ensuing  winter.  I  have  likewise  two  other  great 
works  upon  the  anvil  ;  the  one  is  a  sort  of  Philo- 
sophical History  of  all  the  different  branches  of 
Literature,  of  Philosophy,  Poetry  and  Eloquence  ; 
the  other  is  a  sort  of  theory  and  History  of  Law  and 
Government.  The  materials  of  both  are  in  a  great 
measure  collected,  and  some  Part  of  both  is  put 
into  tollerable  [«/<?]  good  order.  But  the  indolence 
of  old  age,  tho'  I  struggle  violently  against  it,  I  feel 
coming  fast  upon  me,  and  whether  I  shall  ever  be 
able  to  finish  either  is  extremelj'  uncertain. 

May  I  beg  to  be  remembered  in  the  most  respect- 
ful manner  to  the  Dutchess  [^sic^  D'Anville  and  to 
the  Dutchess  [sic']  Chabot  and  that  your  Grace 
will  do  me  the  honour  to  believe  me  to  be,  with  the 
highest  regard, 

My  Lord  Duke, 

Your  Grace's  most  obliged,  most  obedient 

and  most  faithful  humble  servant 

Adam  Smith. 

Edinburgh,  1  NoV,  1785. 


THE  AUTHORSHIP   OP  A   SPURIOUS  CHAUCER 
POEM. 

Oxford,  Dec.  18,  1895. 

The  little  poem  printed  under  the  title 
'  Prosperity '  in  the  late  Dr.  Morris's  edition 
of  Chaucer's  works,  at  p.  296  of  vol.  vi.,  and 
taken  from  Bodley  MS.  Arch.  Seld.  B.  24,  is, 
in  that  MS.,  ascribed  to  Chaucer  with  the  usual 
formula,  "Quod  Chaucere. "  Critics  have  long 
been  agreed,  however,  that  the  poem  was  not 
written  by  Chaucer.  Prof.  Skeat  thinks  that  it 
might  be  the  work  of  James  I.,  as  the  MS. 
contains  the  only  text  known  of  the  '  Kingis 
Quair '  (see  'Works  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer,' 
Oxford,  1894,  vol.  i.  p.  48). 

But  the  verses  are  no  more  James  I.  's  than 
they  are  Chaucer's.  They  were  written  by 
John  Walton  as  part  of  the  prologue  (vv.  83-90) 
to  his  translation  of  'Boethius  de  Consolatione, ' 
a  popular  book  in  the  fifteenth  century  if  we 
can  judge  from  the  number  of  MSS.  of  the 
translation  that  have  come  down  to  us  :  I  know 
of  fourteen,  besides  the  printed  edition  made  at 
Tavistock  in  1525.  That  this  particular  passage, 
too,  was  held  in  some  esteem  by  contemporaries 
is  shown  by  the  nota  per  exemphim  opposite  it 
in  some  of  the  MSS.  I  give  the  verses  as  they 
appear  in  MS.  Balliol  316  A.  :— 

For  ryght  as  pouerte*  causeth  sobernesse 

And  feblesset  enforceth  continence, 

Ryght  so  prosperite  and  sykernesse 

The  moder  is  of  vice  &  negligence. 

And  power  also  causeth  insolence. 

And  often  honour  chaungeth  gode  thewes ; 

Ther  is  no  more  perillous  pestilence 

Then  hie  estates  gyiien  vn  to  shrewes. 

The  Bodley  MS.  (Arch.  Seld.  B.  24)  in 
which  they  are  found  ascribed  to  Chaucer  is 
not  "dated  1472,"  as  given  by  Prof.  Skeat, 
vol.  ii.  p.  Ixxiv,  but  must  have  been  written 
after  the  year  1488.  The  entry  from  which 
the  date  1472  is  derived  reads:  "Natiuitas 
principis  nostri,  Jacobi  quarti,  anno  dommi 
]yjmo  jjjjo  Ixxij",  xvij  die  rnensxs  martij,  vide- 
licet In  festo  sancti  patrtcij  confessorts.  In 
monasterio  sancte  crucis  prope  Edinburgh." 
—Arch.  Seld.  B.  24,  fol.  120. 

*  Pouert  is  the  better  reading,  and  is  found  in  most  MSS. 
t  Febillnease,  Balliol  316  B. 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


903 


What  we  have  here  is  not  a  colophon,  but 
merely  a  record  of  the  date  of  the  birth  of 
James  IV.,  at  Holyrood,  March  17th,  1472 
(O.S.),  an  anniversary  of  which,  in  all  proba- 
bility, found  the  Scottish  scribe  at  fol.  120  in  his 
work.  But  as  he  speaks  of  his  sovereign  as 
"  princeps  noster  Jacobus  quartus,"  he  must 
have  written  the  entry  at  a  time  when  James  IV. 
was  acknowledged  king.  If  any  weight  is  to 
attach  to  the  use  of  "princeps  "  instead  of  rex, 
the  inference  is  that  the  writing  dates  from  the 
period  of  the  rebellion  against  James  III.  The 
prince  was  with  the  rebels  from  February  2nd, 
1488,  until  the  battle  on  June  11th  (see 
'  Accounts  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scot- 
land,' i.  p.  Ixvii,  note  2).  On  June  12th,  even 
before  the  death  of  James  III.  was  known, 
James  IV.  seems  to  have  been  exercising  royal 
functions  (see  'Registrum  Mag.  Sig.  Reg. 
Scot.,  1424-1513,'  No.  1731).  It  is  quite 
probable  that  already  before  this  time  the 
prince  was  popularly  known  as  "James  IV.," 
and  could  have  been  designated  by  a  scribe  as 
"princeps  noster  Jacobus  quartus."  This  would 
place  our  MS.  between  February  and  June, 
1488. 

I  might  add  that  this  entry  in  the  Selden  MS. 
furnishes  direct  evidence  as  to  the  time  and 
place  of  the  birth  of  James  IV.,  the  date  of 
which  has  been  variously  stated  (see  '  Accounts 
of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland,'  i. 
p.  xlv,  note  1).  Mark  Liddell. 


THE  HEAD   MASTERS'   CONFERENCE  OF  1895. 

The  Head  Masters'  Conference  met  at  Eton 
on  December  20th  under  singularly  pleasant 
circumstances.  The  fine  weather,  the  noble 
equipments  of  the  college,  and  the  splendid 
hospitality  of  Dr.  Warre  and  his  colleagues 
combined  to  make  the  gathering  memorable  in 
the  minds  of  those  who  had  the  good  fortune 
to  be  present.  The  debates,  too — or  rather  the 
speeches,  for  the  time  does  not  allow  of  debate — 
were  somewhat  above  the  usual  level  in  interest 
and  importance.  The  Report  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Secondary  Education  provided  the 
staple  of  discussion  ;  and  it  was  made  abun- 
dantly clear  that,  whoever  else  may  find  fault 
with  the  Report,  the  head  masters  of  the  great 
public  schools  are  pleased  with  it,  and  are  eager, 
even  indecently  eager,  to  see  it  carried  into 
effect  by  legislation.  But  there  is  some 
suspicion  here  of  a  little  conspiracy.  Certainly 
Mr.  Welldon  based  his  approval  of  the  Report 
on  the  ground  that  it  embodied  most  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  Head  Masters'  Confer- 
ence of  October,  1894.  But  it  is  known  that 
the  Committee  of  the  Conference,  before  they 
made  their  recommendations,  had  received  some 
hints  of  what  the  Commission  intended  to  do, 
and  that  they  resolutely  excluded  any  amend- 
ments "  in  principle  "  to  their  first  draft.  The 
matter  is  not  of  much  importance,  except 
in  so  far  as  it  shows  that  the  decisions 
of  the  Conference  are  not  entirely  guided 
by  right  reason  >r  even  by  public  spirit. 
On  the  present  occasion  an  attempt  to 
snatch  a  unanimous  approval  of  the  Report  was 
frustrated  by  Dr.  Gow,  who  made  a  vigorous 
onslaught  upon  it.  His  main  point  was  that 
the  Commission,  which  was  almost  entirely 
academic,  had  produced  in  effect  a  Local  Govern- 
ment Act,  and  had  entirely  ignored  the  intel- 
lectual disorganization  of  schools— a  subject  with 
which  it  was  most  competent  to  deal  and  in 
which  lies  the  real  grievance  of  the  public. 
This  is  probably  a  good  criticism,  for  there  is 
no  evidence  that  the  local  bureaux,  which  the 
Commission  recommends,  will  be  able  to  form 
a  reasonable  theory  of  education.  Certainly  the 
so-called  "  higher-grade  "  schools,  which  are  of 
recent  origin  and  have  always  been  under  the 
School  Boards,  show  already  a  ridiculous  variety 
of  programmes.  Mr.  Welldon's  motion,  how- 
ever, to  the  effect  that  the  Conference  welcomed 
the  Report  of  the  Commission  as  being  in  the 


main  satisfactory,  was  carried  by   a  very  large 
majority.      With  some  inconsistency  the  Con- 
ference next    agreed,  on    the    motion    of    Mr. 
Philpotts,  that   the   Committee   should  collect 
the  opinions  of  the  members  on  the  details  of 
the  Report.     The  remainder  of  Friday's  sitting 
was  devoted  to  private  business,  with  one  good 
result,   namely,  that  the  breach    between    the 
Conference  and  the  Incorporated  Association  of 
Head  Masters  was  finally  closed.     On  Saturday 
the  first  motion  was  one,  proposed  by  Dr.  Gow, 
for  appointing  a  scholastic  board  of  studies,  to 
make  recommendations  in  regard  to  the  teach- 
ing of  special  subjects,  and  to  suggest  curricula 
of  different  types.      The  motion,  as  originally 
worded,    proposed   the    issue    of  "codes    pre- 
scribing curricula";  but   this  alarming  expres- 
sion   was    changed  for   "  schemes    of    study," 
and  in  its  amended  form  the  proposal  found  a 
good  many  friends.     It  was  defeated,  however, 
by  the  solid  vote  of  the  Committee,  who  evi- 
dently regarded  it  as  inconsistent  with  their  own 
plan  of  pushing  the  Commission's  Report.     Yet 
Dr.  Fearon    immediately  afterwards    proposed 
to  create  what  is  practically  a  board  of  studies 
for  preparatory  schools,  and  used,  in  support  of 
his  motion,  some  of  the  very  arguments  that 
Dr.  Gow  had  used  the  previous  day  in  contend- 
ing   that    the    intellectual    disorganization    of 
schools     formed     the     real     grievance.       Dr. 
Fearon's     motion     was     carried.       The    Com- 
mittee   were  instructed    to    complain    of    the 
dates    of    the  examinations  for  the    army  and 
for   university  scholarships.     A  few    members 
remained    to    support    Mr.   Matthews   in   pro- 
posing that  modern  languages  should  be  taught 
more  colloquially,  and  after  the  usual  vote  of 
thanks  to  Dr.  Warre,  the  Conference  adjourned 
for  one  year  only,  instead  of  two.     The  next 
meeting  will  be  at  Rugby  in  1896. 


Uitcrarg  €5ossfp. 

The  educational  policy  of  the  Government, 
there  is  some  reason  to  believe,  is  likely 
to  be  limited  during  the  session  of  1896  to 
arriving  at  a  basis  of  agreement  on  the  sub- 
ject of  primary  education,  the  relief  of  the 
voluntary  schools,  and  the  claims  of  the 
elementary  teachers  in  England  and  Ire- 
land. Secondary  education  would  be  affected 
indirectly  by  the  contemplated  measures, 
which  prevent  any  further  extension  of  the 
irregular  course  of  establishing  higher- grade 
schools  out  of  the  money  provided  for  ele- 
mentary instruction. 

The  section  "  Development-Diffluency  " 
of  the  '  New  English  Dictionary,'  which 
has  been  prepared  by  Dr.  Murray,  contains 
1,145  words,  146  combinations  explained 
under  these,  and  138  subordinate  entries, 
1,429  in  all.  The  obvious  combinations, 
recorded  and  illustrated  by  quotations,  with- 
out individual  definition,  number  143  more. 
Of  the  1,145  words,  868  are  current  and 
native  or  fully  naturalized,  199  (17*4  per 
cent.)  are  marked  (f)  as  obsolete,  and  78 
(6-8  per  cent.)  as  (||)  alien  or  not  fully 
naturalized.  Among  the  articles  of  special 
historical  interest  are  devil  (occupying,  with 
its  various  senses,  phrases,  and  derivatives, 
17^  columns);  also  the  verb  die;  the  sub- 
stantive die  with  its  plural  dice,  and  the 
derivatives  of  both ;  besides  dial,  diamond 
(cf.  adamant),  diaper,  diet  (two  words), 
dictionary,  dicker  (a  word  of  the  skin  trade 
from  the  days  of  Tacitus  to  those  of  modern 
traders  with  the  redskins),  dew,  dey  (two 
words),  and  de-witt  (an  earlier  parallel  to 
hurke,  lynch,  and  boycott).  There  are  also  the 
Oriental  words  in  dh-,  including  some  such 
as  dhoiv  and  dhurrie,  which  have  no  claim  to 


be  80  spelt,  except  that  it  makes  them  look 
more  outlandish.  The  forthcoming  section 
also  analyzes  for  the  first  time  correctly 
Chaucer's  phrase  "  a  twenty  devil  way  "  and 
its  equivalents. 

Mr.  Samuel  Butler  writes  from  15, 
Clifford's  Inn,  E.C.  :— 

"I  have  been  unable  to  find  who  are  the 
legal  representatives  of  Dr.  Maltby,  formerly 
Bishop  of  Durham  ;  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Smart 
Hughes,  formerly  Christian  Advocate  for  the 
University  of  Cambridge  ;  and  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Drury,  of  Harrow.  I  desire  permission  to 
publish  parts  of  the  correspondence  between  the 
persons  above  named  and  Dr.  Butler  (formerly 
of  Shrewsbury,  and  afterwards  Bishop  of  Lich- 
field) in  my  life  of  Dr.  Butler  now  going  through 
the  press.  I  should  be  grateful  to  any  one  who 
will  help  me  to  find  their  representatives  that 
I  may  lay  what  I  propose  publishing  before 
them." 

Mr.  Eound  is  contributing  to  the  January 
Genealogist  a  study  on  '  Faramus  of 
Boulogne,'  illustrating  the  close  relation 
between  England  and  the  Boulonnais  in 
the  twelfth  century.  He  is  also  about  to 
approach,  on  somewhat  novel  lines,  the 
settlement  of  the  Saxons  in  England. 

The  opening  meeting  of  the  new  session 
of  the  Jewish  Historical  Society  of  England 
will  be  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  Maccabaoans, 
St.  James's  Hall  Restaurant,  Piccadilly,  on 
Saturday  next.  The  president,  Mr.  Lucien 
Wolf,  will  deliver  an  introductory  address. 

Mr.  p.  a.  Sillard  writes  : — 

"  Your  reviewer,  in  noticing  'Hazell's  Annual' 
for  1896,  apparently  did  not  observe  the  very 
curious  blunder  at  p.  400,  where,  in  the 
article  on  literature,  the  writer  refers  to  Mr. 
Lilly's  '  Four  English  Humourists '  as  '  Four 
English  Humanists.'  It  is  all  the  more  remark- 
able from  the  writer  adding  that  '  why  it  is  so 
called  does  not  appear.'  " 

All  the  same  the  printing  of  the  '  Annual ' 
is  more  than  commonly  accurate. 

The  convening  of  a  Conference  by  the 
University  of  Cambridge  (see  Athen.  No. 
3556),  to  meet  in  the  Long  Vacation  for  the 
purpose  of  discussing  the  Report  of  the 
Eoyal  Commission,  was,  it  is  said,  agreed 
to  on  the  understanding  that  the  Govern- 
ment would  not  attempt  to  legislate  on  any 
of  the  main  recommendations  of  the  Report 
before  1 897  ;  but  the  partial  check  which  ifc 
is  intended  (if  our  information  is  correct)  to 
place  upon  the  expenditure  of  the  School 
Boards  is  conceived  in  the  interests  of 
organization  as  much  as  in  those  of  economy. 
It  is  thought  right  to  discriminate  between 
the  necessary  cost  of  primary  education  and 
the  cost  which  may  hereafter  be  considered 
necessary  in  respect  of  secondary  education. 

Sir  Michael  Hicks  Beach  has  fixed  the 
10th  of  January  for  hearing  and  replying 
to  the  deputation  from  the  University  of 
"Wales  in  regard  to  the  continuation  and 
increase  of  the  Government  grant. 

A  veteran  publisher  has  died  this  Christ- 
mastide  in  the  person  of  Mr.  William  Tegg, 
who  had  attained  his  eightieth  year.  He 
expired  quite  suddenly  on  Monday.  He 
was  a  most  interesting  old  man,  and  to  the 
last  looked  much  yoimger  than  he  really 
was.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Tegg, 
the  well-known  book  auctioneer  and  pub- 
lisher, and  succeeded  to  his  father's  business 
in  1845.  Under  the  pseudonym  of  "Peter 
Parley"  he  wrote  a  large  number  of  books 


904: 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


for  the  young,  of  which,  he  was  also  the 
publisher.  Of  these  the  '  Talks  about 
Animals '  ran  through  twelve  editions. 
■Otherwise  his  business  consisted  largely  of 
reprints  of  standard  books,  such  as  Paley's 
works,  Butler's  '  Analogy,'  &c.  He  retired 
from  business  many  years  ago,  but  retained 
^n  active  interest  in  literature  to  the  close 
of  his  life. 

Ax  account  of  the  so-called  devil-worship 
in  France,  now  prominently  before  the 
public  by  reason  of  certain  lawsuits,  is 
being  written  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Waite,  the 
translator  of  the  works  of  Eliphas  Levi, 
and  wiU  be  published  shortly  by  Mr.  George 
Eedway. 

A  Correspondent  writes  : — 

"The  scandal  about  the  burials  books  in 
Swanscombe  parish  is  interesting  to  literary 
students  as  an  example  of  the  amount  of  error 
possible  in  such  records.  Through  unreason- 
able delay  in  writing  them  out,  the  entries  seem 
to  have  got  mixed  and  confused,  so  that  there 
are  at  least  twenty-five  errors  of  date  and  forty- 
seven  of  name  within  comparatively  a  short 
period.  One  man  was  entered  as  being  buried 
a  year  before  he  died,  others  were  entered  at 
various  dates  after  the  correct  one.  Sometimes 
over  a  hundred  were  recorded  at  once.  If  such 
chaos  can  occur  in  the  nineteenth  century,  one 
is  tempted  to  calculate  the  amount  of  faith  that 
biographical  students  may  safely  allow  to  such 
important  data.  This  clearly  is  not  a  party 
question,  as  some  foolish  people  are  trying  to 
make  it,  but  a  moral,  social,  and  literary  one. 
Other  aspects  of  the  case  can  be  considered  else- 
where ;  but  I,  in  the  interests  of  literary 
students,  for  whom  such  records  form  an  in- 
I'aluable  reference  library,  must  enter  a  protest 
against  such  a  state  of  things  being  even  pos- 
sible." 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  decease  of 
Dr.  W.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  after  an  illness  that 
lasted  several  weeks.  He  was  sixty-five 
years  of  age.  He  was  the  author  of  a  large 
number  of  biographies,  including  those  of 
Bishop  Doyle,  LordCloncurry,  Lady  Morgan, 
Archbishop  Whately,  Lord  E.  Fitzgerald, 
Charles  Lever,  Father  Tom  Burke,  and 
Daniel  O'Connell.  He  also  wrote  '  Ireland 
hefore  the  Union,'  which  ran  through  several 
editions,  and  '  Secret  Service  under  Pitt.' 
Only  a  week  or  two  ago  he  published 
anonymously  a  memoir  of  Father  Heal}'. 

The  next  volume  of  the  "Book-Lovers' 
Library"  will  be  'Book-Verse :  an  Anthology 
of  Poems  of  Books  and  Bookmen,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  Eecent  Years,'  edited 
by  Mr.  W.  Roberts.  This  volume  will  be  a 
companion  to  '  Book-Song,'  published  in 
the  same  series,  which  contained  the  work 
of  living  authors  only. 

Mr.  Ebsworth  has  discovered  another 
copy  of  the  '  Two  Inseparable  Brothers,'  of 
which  he  gave  an  imperfect  version  in 
Part  XXIII.  of  the  '  Eoxburghe  Ballads.' 
It  enables  him  to  correct  several  mistakes 
in  the  text  and  to  supply  the  missing 
stanza.  Particulars  regarding  this  find  will 
be  supplied  in  the  preface  to  Part  XXIV. 

The  decease  is  announced  of  M.  Henrik 
Jooger,  one  of  the  most  esteemed  of  Nor- 
wegian men  of  letters,  who  on  several  occa- 
sions wrote  the  annual  survey  of  Norwegian 
literature  in  this  journal. 

Stepniak,  whose  real  name  was  Krav- 
chinsky,  was  killed  by  a  passing  train  on 
Monday  forenoon.  His  latest  work,  '  King 
Stork  and  King  Log :  a  Study  of  Modern 


Russia,'  was  reviewed  in  our  last  number. 
As  is  often  the  case  with  authors  whose 
minds  are  occupied  with  one  particular 
subject,  his  first  publication,  '  Underground 
Russia,'  which  had  previously  appeared  in 
Italian,  was  the  one  which  made  most  im- 
pression on  the  pubKc. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  list  of  Bounties,  other  than  those 
on  Shipping,  paid  by  Foreign  States  {-id.). 

SCIENCE 


ZOOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

Darwin  and  after  Darwin. — I,  The  Darwinian 
Theory.  II.  Post  -  Darinnian  Questions.  By 
G.  J.  Romanes.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — In  the 
first  of  these  volumes  the  late  Mr.  Romanes 
supplies  an  account  of  the  theories  of  Mr.  Darwin. 
As  this  volume  has  been  before  the  world  for 
the  last  three  years  it  will  suffice  to  say 
that  Mr.  Romanes  was  in  the  confidence 
of  Mr.  Darwin,  and  that  he  was  able  to 
furnish  a  truthful  and  adequate  account  of  the 
services  which  our  greatest  naturalist  had  ren- 
dered to  natural  history.  One  criticism  alone 
there  is  need  to  make  :  the  views  of  embryos, 
which  emanated  from  Prof.  Haeckel,  and  which 
havebeen  matter  of  someamusementtocompetent 
erabryologists,  should  not  have  been  blindly 
reproduced.  The  second  volume,  and  unfor- 
tunately we  have  to  say  the  last  volume,  of  Mr. 
Romanes  has  only  recently  appeared.  Prof.  0. 
Lloyd  Morgan  has  edited  the  work,  which  was 
left  incomf)lete  by  its  author  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  In  this  volume  the  questions  of  heredity 
and  utility  are  discussed  with  no  less  detail  than 
that  to  which  the  readers  of  Mr.  Romanes  are 
accustomed.  In  the  course  of  its  perusal  we 
again  and  again  had  suggested  to  us  reflections 
which,  as  we  came  to  the  close  of  the  book,  we 
found  put  by  Mr.  Romanes  better  than  we 
think  we  could  put  them  ourselves.  After 
pointing  out  the  various  senses  in  which 
naturalists  have  used  the  word  "species,"  Mr. 
Romanes  says  : — 

"  The  only  conceivable  explanation  is,  that  these 
naturalists  have  not  yet  wholly  divested  themselves 
of  the  special  creation  theory.  Although  professing 
to  have  discarded  the  belief  that  '  species '  are 
'definite  entities  '  diifering  in  kind  from  *  varieties' 
on  the  one  hand,  and  from  'genera'  on  the  other, 
these  writers  are  still  imbued  with  a  vague  survival 
of  that  belief.  They  well  know  it  to  belong  to  the 
very  essence  of  their  new  theory  that  species  are 
but  'pronounced  varieties,'  or.  should  we  prefer  it, 
•incipient  genera';  but  still  they  cannot  altogether 
escape  the  pre-Darwinian  conception  of  species  as 
organic  units,  whose  single  mode  of  origin  need  not 
extend  to  other  taxonomic  groups,  and  whose  cha- 
racters therefore  present  some  exceptional  sig- 
nificance to  the  scientific  naturalist.  So  to  speak, 
such  divinity  doth  still  hedge  a  species  that  even 
in  the  very  act  of  declaring  it  but  an  idol  of  their 
own  creation  these  naturalists  bow  before  their 
fetish  as  something  that  is  unique— differing  alike 
in  its  origin  and  in  its  characters  from  the  varieties 
beneath  and  the  genera  above Mr.  Wallace  ex- 
pressly defines  a  species  with  reference  to  its  single 
and  necessary  mode  of  origin,  although  he  must  be 
well  aware  that  there  is  no  better  or  more  frequent 
proof  of  it  in  the  case  of  species  than  there  is  in 
that  of  somewhat  less  pronounced  types  on  the  one 
hand  (fixed  varieties)  or  of  more  pronounced  types 
on  the  other  (genera,  families,  &c.)." 

We  are  sure  that  had  Mr.  Romanes  spent  less 
time  with  the  philosophers  and  more  with  the 
systematic  zoologists,  he  would  have  written 
even  more  strongly  and  more  forcibly  than  he 
did.  It  is  perfectly  true  of  the  greater  number 
of  zoologists — and  the  same  is  doubtless  true  of 
botanists — that  they  have  a  veneer  of  the  doc- 
trine of  evolution,  but  that  tliey  have  never 
grasped  the  great  truth  that  Mr.  Darwin's  work 
on  the  origin  of  species  sounded  the  death  knell 
of  species  as  such.  In  a  paper  communicated  to 
the  Zoological  Society  in  1880,  Prof.  Huxley 
wrote  these  pregnant  and  important  words  : — 


"As  for  species,  no  one  zoologist  has  ever  yet 
agreed  with  the  estimate  of  another  as  to  what 
should  be  considered  species  and  what  local  varieties 
among  wolves  and  foxes,  and  as  there  is  no  criterion 
by  which  the  question  can  be  tested,  it  is  probable 
that  such  agreement  never  will  be  attained.  The 
suggestion  that  it  may  be  as  well  to  give  up  the 
attempt  to  define  species  and  to  content  oneself 
with  regarding  the  varieties  of  pelage  and  stature 
which  accompany  a  definable  type  of  skeletal  and 
dental  character  in  the  geographical  district  in 
which  the  latter  is  indigenous,  may  be  regarded  as 
revolutionary,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
sooner  or  later  we  shall  have  to  adopt  it." 

We  find  no  evidence  in  Mr.  Romanes's  essay 
that  these  words  had  ever  been  read  by  him,  but 
we  are  so  fully  convinced  of  the  value  of  the 
suggestion  which  Prof.  Huxley  made  that  we 
are  content  to  put  this  work  aside  with  the 
remark  that  had  Mr.  Romanes  devoted  his  un- 
doubted abilities  to  carrying  Prof.  Huxley's 
suggestion  further,  he  would  have  rendered  a 
greater  service  to  science  than  by  a  discussion 
which  is,  in  our  eyes,  sterile  and  unedifying. 
There  is  more  than  one  group  of  the  animal 
kingdom  which  would  lend  itself  readily,  if  not 
easily,  to  experiments  on  a  truly  Darwinian 
method  of  enumerating  objects  of  natural  his- 
tory ;  we  would  suggest  to  some  revolutionist 
to  try,  for  example,  his  hand  on  the  corals. 

Popular  History  of  Animals  for  Young  People. 
By  H.  Scherren.  (Cassell  &  Co.)— This  is  by 
no  means  an  unsatisfactory  book  for  the  pur- 
pose for  which  the  author  intends  it.  It  is 
written  in  a  plain,  simple,  and  unpretentious 
manner,  and,  on  the  whole,  it  may  perhaps  be 
said  that  the  text  is  better  than  the  plates,  for 
we  fear  that  it  is  a  book  which  has  been  written 
to  plates  already  possessed  by  the  publishers. 
Like  most  works  on  the  natural  history  of 
animals,  it  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the 
Vertebrata,  no  fewer  than  314  out  of  368  pages 
being  devoted  to  groups  to  which  the  amateur 
is  incorrectly  supposed  to  confine  his  attention. 
We  do  not  know  whether  or  no  Mr.  Scherren 
has  collected  "acorn  worms,"  as  he  calls  them, 
but  if  he  has  he  was  certainly  unfortunate  in 
his  excursions  in  not  finding  Balanoglossi  more 
than  six  inches  long.  Fully  extended  they  may 
be  at  least  double  as  long  as  that.  The  author's 
information  with  regard  to  the  freshwater 
Medusae  found  in  a  lake  in  Persia  is  either  more 
complete  than  that  of  most  zoologists,  or  he  is 
making  a  statement  with  regard  to  the  distribu- 
tion of  these  forms  which  still  requires  confirma- 
tion. While  it  is  pleasant  to  see  intelli- 
gently conceived  popular  names  applied  to 
groups  of  animals,  it  may  be  a  question  whether 
"  limy  "  sponges  is  an  improvement  on  the  more 
ordinary  form  of  "calcareous  "  sponges. 

Fishes  Living  and  Fossil.  By  B.  Dean.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.)— If  it  were  not  that  Mr.  Dean 
does  say  a  good  deal  about  fossil  fishes,  we  should 
have  doubted  whether  a  handbook  to  ichthyology 
was  needed  at  the  present  time.  Those  who 
have  made  frequent  use  of  Dr.  Glinther's  '  Study 
of  Fishes  '  know  that  it  is  a  work  which  improves 
with  acquaintance.  At  the  same  time  it  has  to 
be  allowed  that  in  the  last  fifteen  years  there 
has  been  a  considerable  movement  in  ichthyo- 
logy, and  one  who  is  not  a  specialist  in  fishes 
would,  on  taking  up  Mr.  Dean's  book,  be  some- 
what perplexed  by  the  number  of  strange  terms 
which  would  meet  his  eye.  However,  the 
intense  specialization  which  prevails  in  zoology 
at  the  present  day  can  lead  to  no  other  result 
than  this,  that  a  well-educated  zoologist  who 
becomes  a  student  of  one  group  is  in  a  few 
years  quite  left  behind  by  the  student  of 
other  groups.  Books,  therefore,  like  those  of 
Mr.  Dean  are  necessary  for  zoologists  at  large. 
Whether  the  so-called  general  reader  should 
depose  his  '  Study  of  Fishes '  in  favour  of  the 
work  in  hand  is  a  very  different  question.  The 
distinctive  note  of  this  book,  the  statement  of 
the  characters  of  fossil  fishes  side  by  side  with 
those  of  recent  forms,  attaches  to  it  more  import- 
ance than  one  would  at  first  sight  be  inclined  to 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


905 


assign  to  it.  Discoveries  such  as  those  by  Tra- 
quair  of  the  Devonian  cyclostome  Paloeospon- 
dylus  afford,  if  evidence  is  still  needed,  ample 
evidence  of  the  advantage  (to  the  student  of 
recent  forms)  of  acquaintance  also  with  those 
that  have  long  since  been  extinct ;  and  as  the 
book  is  well  printed,  admirably  illustrated,  and 
«rrs  rather  on  the  side  of  brevity  than  of 
loquacity,  it  may  be  commended  to  those  who 
want  to  have  all  the  very  latest  information 
with  regard  to  fishes. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL   NOTES. 

The  Jonrnal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute 
for  the  current  quarter  contains  articles  of  varied 
interest.  Prehistoric  archteology  is  represented 
by  three  papers  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Lewis  Abbott  : 
on  the  kitchen  middens  at  Hastings,  a  remark- 
able barrow  at  Sevenoaks,  and  some  specialized 
and  diminutive  forms  of  flint  implements  from 
both  those  places,  illustrated  by  four  plates. 
Physical  anthropology  is  represented  by  a  paper 
by  Prof.  Kollmann,  of  Bale,  on  pigmies  in 
Europe.  In  comparative  sociology  are  a  curious 
and  interesting  paper  by  Prof.  Maxime  Kova- 
levsky,  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the  lex  barbarorum 
of  the  Daghestan;  and  a  modern  Greek  morality 
on  the  miser's  doom,  contributed  by  Mr.  J,  L. 
Myres,  performed  in  the  open  air,  as  shown  by 
four  plates  illustrating  the  gestures  of  the 
actors.  Aboriginal  art  is  exemplified  by  a  paper 
by  Mr.  R.  H.  Mathews  on  the  rock-paiutings 
and  carvings  of  the  Australians,  with  three 
plates.  In  ethnography  are  a  paper  by  Mr. 
T.  B.  Pohath  Kehelpannala  on  the  ceremonies 
observed  by  the  Kandyans  in  paddy  cultivation, 
an  abstract  of  the  census  of  the  Central  Pro- 
vinces of  India,  and  an  account  of  the  Negritos 
of  the  Philippine  Islands.  Comparative  religion 
is  represented  by  Miss  A.  \V.  Buckland's  paper 
on  four  as  a  sacred  number.  The  useful 
notices  by  the  secretary  of  new  books  are  con- 
tinued. 

Folk-lore  for  December  contains,  in  addition 
to  many  valuable  articles  bearing  on  its  special 
subject,  an  analysis  of  the  evidence  in  the  case 
of  "  witch-burning "  at  Clonmel,  which  the 
Council  of  the  Folk-lore  Society  directed  to  be 
printed,  so  as  to  preserve  the  relevant  facts  in  a 
form  accessible  to  scientific  students,  with  some 
additional  information  derived  from  inquiry  on 
the  spot  by  Mr.  Leland  L.  Duncan. 

The  Proceedinga  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
contain  the  following  anthropological  papers  : 
by  Mr.  Edward  Cimder,  jun.,  an  account  of 
the  exploration  of  Lyneham  Barrow,  Oxon, 
which  Dr.  Garson  and  Sir  A.  Wollaston  Franks 
declared  to  be  much  older  than  any  Celtic  occu- 
pation of  Britain,  suggesting  that  it  should  be 
further  examined  with  the  view  of  discovering 
the  primary  interment  ;  by  Mr.  John  Ward,  an 
account  of  some  barrows  recently  opened  in  the 
vicinity  of  Buxton,  Derbyshire  ;  and  by  Dr. 
T.  Gann,  notes  on  his  exploration  of  two 
mounds  in  British  Honduras,  where  he  is  now 
resident.  Mr.  C.  H.  Read's  paper  on  further 
explorations  on  High  Down,  Sussex,  with  Prof. 
Victor  Horsley's  note  on  the  skeleton  found 
there,  is  reserved  for  Archieoloijia. 

The  forms  of  schedule  prepared  by  the  Ethno- 
graphic Survey  Committee  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation, with  Mr.  E.  S.  Hartland  s  explanatory 
notes,  have  been  circulated  among  the  members 
of  the  societies  constituting  the  Congress  of 
Archaeological  Societies  in  union  with  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  The  Report  of  a  Sub- 
committee of  the  Congress  on  a  photograpliic 
survey  of  England  and  Wales  has  also  been  cir- 
culated in  like  manner. 

The  fifty-fourth  volume  of  ArcJueologia  con- 
tains a  description  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Read  of  nine 
Mexican  objects  coated  with  mosaic  work,  in  the 
Christy  Collection  at  the  British  Museum, 
appended  to  a  description  of  another  similar 
object,  a  headpiece  or  helmet  in  the  private 
possession  of  Sir  A.  W.  Franks,     The  mosaic  of 


this  latter  is  composed  of  slices  of  turquoise, 
malachite,  pearl  shell,  and  pink  shell.  Mr. 
Rudler  adds  a  note  on  the  situation  of  the 
ancient  workings  for  turquoise  in  Mexico.  The 
most  striking  of  the  objects  of  this  kind  in  the 
Christy  Collection  are  a  human  skull,  the  whole 
front  of  which  is  encrusted  with  mosaic  work  ; 
the  handle  of  a  sacrificial  knife,  representing  a 
crouching  human  figure ;  and  a  breast  ornament 
in  the  form  of  a  two-headed  snake,  which  has 
only  recently  been  acquired. 

The  grants  made  by  the  British  Association 
in  furtherance  of  anthropological  research  are 
1001.  for  the  continuance  of  the  investigation 
into  the  north-western  tribes  of  Canada  ;  401. 
towards  the  ethnographical  survey  ;  301.  for  the 
further  exploration  of  the  lake  village  at  Glaston- 
bury ;  and  101.  for  the  publication  of  Dr. 
Warner's  researches  into  the  mental  and 
physical  condition  of  children  in  elementary 
schools.  Sir  John  Evans  is  authorized  to  apply 
the  unexpended  balance  of  last  year's  grant 
towards  the  exploration  of  a  kitchen  midden  at 
Hastings  ;  and  in  the  Geological  Section  he  is 
awarded  a  grant  of  251.  for  the  most  interesting 
purpose  of  exploring  the  palajolithic  deposits 
at  Hoxne,  the  site  of  the  famous  discovery  of 
flint  weapons  by  Mr.  Frere  in  1797. 

The  Ethnologisches  Notizblatf,  issued  by  the 
direction  of  the  Royal  Ethnological  Museum  of 
Berlin,  of  which  Dr.  A.  Bastian  is  the  chief, 
contains  numerous  articles  that  will  be  of  in- 
terest to  English  students.  Dr.  von  Luschan 
describes  the  ornaments  of  the  state  canoe  re- 
ferred to  by  Sir  Walter  Buller,  in  which  the 
Araua  people  conveyed  Sir  George  Grey  as 
Governor  of  New  Zealand  across  the  Roto- 
mahana  lake  in  1857.  Dr.  Griinwedel  describes 
some  ancient  Buddhist  carvings  from  Upper 
Burmah.  Dr.  F.  W.  K.  Miiller  commences 
an  account  of  Siamese  books  and  manuscripts 
recently  acquired  by  the  museum.  Dr.  \V. 
Seler  contributes  an  article  on  Guatemalan 
antiquities,  and  Prof.  W.  Grube  a  list  of  the 
names  of  Chinese  divinities  from  Amoy.  Dr. 
Weule's  communication  relates  to  objects  from 
Africa.  Dr.  Bastian  himself  contributes  several 
articles,  among  them  a  review  of  Mr.  Basil  H. 
Thomson's  paper  on  the  ancestor  gods  of  the 
Fijians,  which  appeared  in  the  May  number  of 
the  Jonrnal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute. 
The  reviews  of  books  are  exceedingly  full  and 
valuable. 

The  Internationales  Archiv  fiir  Ethnographie 
continues  at  its  high  level  of  excellence  in 
description  and  illustration.  The  principal 
papers  in  part  ii.  for  the  present  year  are  by 
Dr.  von  Luschan  on  the  ethnography  of  Matty 
Island  and  by  Dr.  O.  Schellong  on  Melanesian 
drawings.  Two  of  those  in  part  iv. — one  by 
Baron  van  Hoevell,  resident  of  Amboyna,  and 
the  otherbyDr.  Schmeltz — relate  toNewGuinea. 
Parts  iii.  and  iv.  contain  a  learned  article  by 
Dr.  B.  Langkavel,  of  Hamburg,  on  the  dog  in 
connexion  with  primitive  peoples. 

ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Dr.  John 
Russell  Hind,  who  had  been  for  many  years 
Superintendent  of  the  'Nautical  Almanac,'  a 
post  which  he  resigned  about  three  years  ago. 
Born  at  Nottingham  in  1822,  his  first  appoint- 
ment was  that  of  an  a.ssistant  in  the  Magnetical 
and  Meteorological  Department  of  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  after  which  he  became 
astronomer  at  the  late  Mr.  Bishop's  Observatory 
in  Regent's  Park,  where  he  discovered  two  small 
planets  (Iris  and  Flora)  in  1847  and  eight  others 
subsequently,  besides  several  variable  and  new 
stars,  making  also  a  large  number  of  cometary 
observations  and  calculating  their  orbits.  His 
principal  works  are  on  the  solar  system,  the 
comets,  and  an  astronomical  vocabulary  ;  but 
in  addition  to  these,  his  papers  on  astronomical 
subjects  in  scientific  and  other  periodicals  are 
very  numerous  and  of  great  value,  especially 
in   their   bearing  upon   points   in  astronomical 


history.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  1844,  and  its  President 
in  1880.  The  Regent's  Park  Observatory  was 
removed  to  Twickenham,  and  afterwards  dis- 
continued, but  Dr.  Hind  resided  there  until  his 
death  on  Monday  last  in  the  seventy-fourth  year 
of  his  age.  It  may  be  desirable  to  mention  that 
he  was  not  the  author  of  a  book  on  the  '  Elements 
of  Algebra  '  which  is  attributed  to  him  in  many 
articles,  but  which  was  really  the  work  of  the 
Rev.  J.  Hind,  who  has  been  dead  many  years. 

M.  Charlois  discovered  another  small  planet 
at  Nice  on  the  9th  inst.  This  will  probably  raise 
the  number  found  this  year  to  eleven,  and  the 
whole  number  known  to  409. 

Astronomers  are  already  making  arrangements 
and  preparations  for  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun, 
which  will  pass  from  the  extreme  north  of 
Europe  through  Siberia  to  Japan  on  the  9th 
of  August  next,  and  special  facilities  are  being 
offered  by  steamers  to  take  observers  to  Norway 
on  the  occasion.  Several  English  and  American 
astronomers  are  intending,  we  hear,  to  proceed 
to  Japan,  on  the  north  island  of  which  the  dura- 
tion of  the  obscuration  will  be  somewhat  longer 
than  in  Norway,  and  amount  to  nearly  three 
minutes.  No  part  of  the  eclipse,  we  may  remark, 
will  be  visible  in  England  ;  but  the  end  of  it 
may  be  so  over  the  greater  part  of  Scotland  (in- 
cluding Edinburgh)  immediately  after  sunrise. 

The  year  which  begins  next  week  will,  by  the 
Gregorian  calendar,  be  the  last  leap  year  for 
eight  years.  The  sun  will  be  nearest  the  earth 
on  the  evening  of  the  1st  of  January.  The 
planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest  eastern 
elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  morning  of  the 
24th,  and  will  be  visible  in  the  evening  after 
sunset  during  the  second  half  of  the  month, 
situated  in  the  constellation  Capricornus.  Venus 
continues  to  be  visible  in  the  morning,  passing 
during  the  month  from  Scorpio  into  Sagittarius  ; 
on  the  morning  of  the  11th  she  will  be  in  con- 
junction with  the  moon,  then  very  near  the 
bright  star  Antares,  and  about  7^  degrees  to  the 
north  of  them.  Mars  is  a  morning  star  and  in- 
creasing in  brightness  ;  he  will  be  in  conjunction 
with  the  small  waning  moon  on  the  12th,  and 
soon  afterwards  move  into  Sagittarius,  not  far 
to  the  east  of  Venus.  Jupiter  will  be  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  sun  on  the  24th,  and  conspicuous 
all  night  in  the  constellation  Cancer.  Saturn 
is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Libra,  rising  about 
3  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  the  beginning  of 
January,  and  about  1  o'clock  at  the  end  of  it ;  he 
will  be  near  the  moon  on  the  10th. 

Prof.  Deichmiiller  calls  attention  (Ast.  Nach. 
No.  3022)  to  the  similarity  between  the  elements 
of  the  orbit  of  Brooks's  comet  (r/,  1895)  and  that 
of  1652,  which  was  calculated  by  Halley  from 
the  observations  of  Hevelius. 


SOCIETIES. 


Zoological.— Z)i'r.  17.— Sir  W.  H.  Flower,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.— Dr.  D.  Smith  made  remarks  on 
some  of  the  animals  observed  by  him  during  his 
recent  journey  to  Lakes  Rudolph  and  Stephanie, 
especially  the  zebras  and  antelopes. — Mr.  Sclater 
exhibited  and  made  remarks  on  the  head  of  an 
antelopoobtaiiied  in  Kaviroiido,  British  East  Africa, 
by  Mr.  E.  Gedge.  This  aiit<do[)('  had  been  hitherto 
usually  identified  wiih  the  "  kob "  of  Western 
Africa,  but  appeared  to  btdong  to  a  distinct  species, 
to  which  the  name  Cubua  thomasi  had  been  given 
by  Herr  Neumann. — Mr.  G.  F.  Hampson  read  a 
paper  on  the  classification  of  two  subfamilies 
of  the  moths  of  the  family  Pyralida;,  the 
Scha'nobiin;e  and  Crambin;e  :  in  the  former  sub- 
family twenty-five  genera  were  classified,  in  the 
latter  thirty.  Both  subfamilies  were  stated  to  be 
parallel  developments  with  the  Hydrocampinaj 
from  the  primitive  stock  of  tlie  Pyralida',  repre- 
sented most  nearly  among  living  forms  by  the  more 
Rfiieralized  Pyraustina'  and  the  Scopariin;e.  The 
Scha-nobiina;  were  traced  from  Acentropus,  which 
was  taken  as  the  mostancient  form,  through  Cirrho- 
christn,  Scirpophaga,  kc,  to  Rimila,  Brihaspa,  and 
their  allies,  and,  on  the  otlier  hand,  through  Obtusi- 
palpis,  allied  to  Girrhochrista,  through  Cacograi)hi3 
to  Gonothyris,  and  along  other  branches  to  Banepa, 
Acropentias,  and  Niphopyralis.  The  Crambina;  were 
traced  from  the  New  Zealand  Gadira,  regarded  aa 


906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


the  most  generalized  form,  in  two  main  divisions  : 
the  first  with  vein  6  of  the  hind  wing  arising  sepa- 
rately from  7,  of    which    Prionopteryx  and  Talis 
and  Ancylolomia  were  representatives  of  the  two 
branches  ;  the  second  with  vein  6  arising  from  the 
same  point  with  7,  which  was  traced  as  one  branch 
to  Eschata,  Chalcoela,  &c.,  and  as  another  branch 
through   Chilo  and  Platytes  to  Crambus  and  the 
forms  derived   from    it.  —  A    communication    was 
read  from  Mr.  O.  Thomas  on    C;enolestes,  a  still 
existing  survivor  of  the  Epanorthidre  of  Ameghino, 
and  the  representative  of  a  new  family  of  recent 
marsupials.     The   specimen  upon  which    the  new 
genus  and  species  {Canolestes  obscurvs)  was  based 
had    been   received   from    Bogota.     The   mammal 
described   by  Tomes    in   1860  as  Hyracodon  full- 
ginosns  from  Ecuador  was  a  second  species  of  the 
same  genus,  but  the  name  Hyracodon  had  been  pre- 
occupied, so  that  Ctenolestes  was  proposed  in  its  place. 
— Mr.  W.  E.  Collinge  read  a  paper  on  the  sensory  and 
ampuUary  canals  of  Chimiera,  and  the  innervation 
of  the  same.     After  describing  the    elasmobranch 
character  of  the  sensory  canals,  the  author  pointed 
out  that,    in  addition  to  the  ampullary  canals  de- 
scribed  by  Leydig,  there    were    two   other  forms 
which  were  now  described  for  the  first  time.    The 
sensory  canals  were  purely  dermal,  their  only  pro- 
tection being  a  series  of  split  cartilaginous  hoops. 
The  canals,  both  sensory  and  ampullary,  were  mainly 
innervated  by  the  trigeminal  group  of  nerves.    As 
in  the  Dipnoi,  there  was  a  commissure  between  the 
vagus  and  facial  (possibly  trigeminal)  which  joins 
the  vagus  lateralis  posterior  to  the  vagus-ganglion, 
as  in  Ceratodus.     Other  dipnoid   characters   were 
referred  to.    The  glossopharyngeal  nerve  was  found 
to  pass  from  the  skull  by  a  separate  foramen,  quite 
distinct  from  the  vagus,  and  not  as   has  been  de- 
scribed by  Gegenbaur.  —  Mr.  F.  A.  Bather  read  a 
paper  on  the  fossil  crinoid  Uintacrinus.    The  paper 
attempted  a  complete  morphological  description  of 
Uintacrimis  soeialis,  based  on  specimens  from  the 
upper  cretaceous  beds  of  Western  Kansas,  now  in 
the  British  Museum.    The  deficiencies  of  previous 
accounts  were  made  good, and  their  errors  corrected; 
this  was  specially  the  case  with  regard  to  the  inter- 
brachials,  interpinnulars,  brachials,    pinnules,    and 
joints.     The  comparison  with  other  crinoids  thus 
rendered  possible   showed  that  Uintacrinus    could 
not  be  related  either  to  the  Camerata  or  to  the  Ich- 
thyocrinidte.    It  must,  therefore,  be  related  either 
to  the  palaeozoic  Inadunata   or  to  their  microzoic 
descendants  the  Canaliculata.    Among  these  a  pro- 
cess of   comparison  and    elimination    left    behind 
only  the  ascending  evolutionary  line  that  contained 
Encrinus,  Dadocrinus,  Pentacrinus,  and  Apiocrinus. 
A   simple  inspection  enabled  one  to  fix  on  Dado- 
crinus as  the  one  among  all  known  genera  that  was 
most  nearly  related  to  the  ancestor  of  Uintacrinus. 
— A  communication  was  read  from  Mr.  W,  Bateson 
in  correction  of  a  passage  in  a  paper  on  colour- 
variation  in  flat  fishes  recently  read    before    the 
Society,— and  one  from  Dr.  C.  B.  von  Wattenwyl  on 
the  Orthoptera  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.    It  com- 
bined the  result  of  the  examination  of  Mr.  Perkins's 
first  collections  with  what  was  previously  known  on 
this  subject,   a  total  of  twenty-nine  species  being 
thus  obtained.    A  new  genus  and  six  new  species 
were  described  in  the  present  paper. 

Meteorological.  —  Z>e(7.  18. —  Mr.  R.  Inwards, 
President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  R.  H.  Scott  read  a 
paper '  On  some  of  the  Differences  between  Fogs, 
as  related  to  the  Weather  Systems  which  Accom- 
pany Them,'  in  which  he  showed  that  there  are  at 
least  two  distinct  classes  of  phenomena  described 
under  the  generic  name  of  ''fog."  In  the  case  of 
anticyclonic  fogs  no  rainfall  takes  place,  the  tem- 
perature is  low  in  the  morning,  and  there  is  a  con- 
siderable rise  of  temperature  during  the  day  ;  while 
in  the  case  of  cyclonic  fogs  rainfall  does  take  place, 
and  the  temperature  is  high  in  the  morning,  fre- 
quently approaching  or  even  equalling  the  maximum 
for  the  day.  Mr.  Scott  also  investigated  several 
well-marked  fogs  in  London,  and  found  that  there 
was  no  direct  relation  traceable  between  the  tem- 
perature accompanying  them  and  the  death  rate. — 
Major  H.  E.  Rawson  described  the  results  of  his 
analysis  of  the  Greenwich  barometrical  observations 
from  1879  to  1890,  with  special  reference  to  the 
declination  of  the  sun  and  moon. — A  paper  by  Mr. 
S.  C.  Knott  was  read,  giving  the  results  of  his 
meteorological  observations  taken  at  Mojanga, 
Madagascar.  — Mr.  Scott  also  exhibited  some  speci- 
mens of  the  illustrations  in  the  '  International  Cloud 
Atlas,'  which  is  preparing  for  publication. 


rejoinder  thereto.     Anselm   had  argued  that  that 
quo  majvs  cogitari  nequit  could  not  be,  as  it  ad- 
mittedly was,  in  intellectu  without  being  also  in  re. 
Gaunilo  had  denied  the  validity  of  the  inference, 
and  instanced  a  perfect  island  as  something  which 
might  be    thought,  and  yet  not  be,  real.    Anselm 
replied  that  his  argument  referred  solely  to  that 
quo  majus  cogitari  nequit,  and  was  inapplicable  to 
any  other  subject  ;  only  in  the  case  of  a  conception 
involving  eternal  reality  is  there  a  contradiction  in 
thinking  it  to  be  unreal.    The  histor}'  of  the  argu- 
ment after  Anselm   was  then  traced  through   the 
period  of  the  Schoolmen,  few  of  whom  accepted  it, 
the  most  celebrated    of  all,  St.  Thomas    Aquinas, 
rejecting   it  decidedly,  so    that   he  was    generally 
thought  (like  Kant  at  a  later  date)  to  have  disposed 
of  it  for  ever.    The  revival   of  the    argument  by 
Descartes  was  then  considered,  and  it  was  shown 
that  in  the  form  which  he  gave  to  it  is  revealed, 
more  clearly  than  before,  at  once  its  true  character 
as  the  supreme  expression  of  thought's  confidence 
in  itself,  and  its  inadequacy,  taken  alone,  to  bring  us 
to  tbe    intellectual  vision   of    the   Christian  God. 
The  history  was  then  pursued  to  the  period  between 
Descartes    and    Kant,   attention    being    especially 
drawn  to  Leibnitz's  correction  of  the  argument,  by 
which  there  is  supplied  an  express  reference  to  the 
necessity  of  granting  the  "  possibility,"  or  absence 
of   internal    contradiction    in    the    notion,  before 
arguing  from  the  notion  to  the  reality  of  its  object ; 
this  correction— which    had    been    anticipated  by 
several  medieval  critics— being  incorporated  in  the 
argument  as  it  appears  in  Wolff,  from  whose  school 
Kant  proceeded.    The  Kantian  attack  on  the  argu- 
ment was  then  dwelt  upon,  and  it  was  shown  that 
while  the  popularity  of  this  attack  was  to  a  great 
extent  due  to  the  example  of  the  hundred  dollars, 
its  true   importance   lay  elsewhere,  namely,  in  the 
critical  question  raised  about  the  relation  of  thought 
to  reality.    Kant,  it  was  pointed  out,  fully  recog- 
nized the  importance  of  the  ontological  argument 
by  bringing  the  whole  force  of  his  assault  to  bear 
upon  it,   as  being  the  very  heart  of  the  Rational 
theology,  and    presupposed    by    both    the    other 
"  proofs  of  the  existence  of  God  "—the  teleological 
and  the  cosmological.     It  was  shown  that  in  the 
idealistic  development  of  the  Kantian  philosophy, 
with  the  cashiering  of  the  '"Thing-in-itself,"  and 
the  restoration  to  thought  of  its  confidence  in  itself, 
there  necessarily  went  a  rehabilitation  of  the  onto- 
logical argument.    As  so  rehabilitated,  however,  it 
seemed  to  be  stripped  of  its  religious  character,  and 
to  lead  only  to  an  Absolute,  which  is  by  no  means 
the  God  of  religion.     It  was,  however,  suggested 
that  unless  the  Supremely  Intelligible  or  Noumenon 
of  Plato  was  to  pass  over  into  the  Supremely  Unintel- 
ligible or  Noumenon  of  Kant,  and  idealism  thus  to 
commit  suicide,  the  Absolute  must  receive,  as  from 
Anselm  in  the  '  Monologium,'  an  ethical  interpreta- 
tion; the  Greatest  must  also  be  the  Best. — The  paper 
was  followed  by  a  discussion. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 


MON. 


London  Institution,  4.—'  Three  Great  Chemists  and  their  Work 
—Priestley.  Lavoisier,  Humphry  Davy,'  Prof.  V.  Lewes. 
(Juvenile  Lecture  ) 

—  Institute  of  Actuaries.  7 —'Some  Methods  of  grouping  Policies 

for  the  Purpose  of  Valuation.'  Mr.  F.  Schooling. 
Ties.    Royal    Institution,   3— 'Sound.    Hearing,    and    Speech,'    Prof. 

J.  G.  McKendrick.    (Juvenile  Lecture.) 
Wed.     Society    of    Arts,    8—' Earthquakes,    Earth     Movements,   and 

Volcanoes,'  Prof  J.  Milne     (Juvenile  Lecture.) 
Tuvbs.  Royal    Institution,  3.-'Sound,    Hearing,  and    t^peech,'    Prof. 

J.  G.  McKendrick.     (Juvenile  Lecture.) 

—  London  Institution,  4  — '  'rhree  Great  Chemists  and  their  Work 

—  Priestley,     Lavoisier,   Humphry  Davy,'  Prof.   V.   Lewes. 

(Juvenile  Lecture  ) 
Geologists'  Association.  8— 'The  Lake-Basins  of  Lake-Land,' 

Mr  J.  E.  Marr 
Royal  Institution,    3  — '  Sound,    Hearing,   and    Speech,'  Prof. 

J.  G  McKendrick.    (Juvenile  Lecture  ) 


Fri. 
Sat. 


FINE    ARTS 


Aristotelian.— />^c.  16.— Mr.  S.  H.  Hodgson, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Miss  L.  T.  Prideaux  was  elected 
a  Member.— A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  C.  C.  J.  Webb 
'On  Anselm's  Ontological  Argument  for  the  Exist- 
ence of  Gofl.'  A  summary  was  first  given  of  the 
argument  as  stated  by  Anselm  in  his  '  Proslogion,' 
of  the  contemporary  criticism  upon  it  contained  in 
Gaunilo's  '  Liber  pro  Ingipiente,'  and  of  Anselm's 


Annals    of   Westminster  Ahhey.     By   E.    T. 

Bradley  (Mrs.  A.  Murray  Smith).     With 

a  Preface  by  the  Dean  of  Westminster, 

and  a  Chapter  on  the  Abbey  Buildings 

by  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  F.S.A.     (Cassell 

&Co.) 

In  a  handsome  folio  of  four  hundred  pages, 

divided    into    forty  -  four     chapters,    Mrs. 

Murray  Smith   has   produced    an  excellent 

history   of   Westminster   Abbey.      As    the 

Dean   of   Westminster,    in    his    brief    but 

brightly  written   preface,     aptly   describes 

the  result  of  his  daughter's  labours,  it  is 

"an  attempt  to  embody,  in  a   continuous 

and    compendious    form,    a    chronological 

record  of  the  history  of  the  Abbey,  whether 

under    the    guardianship    of    abbots    and 


monks    or  of  deans   and  canons,  from  the 
days  of  the  last  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings 
to  the  present  year  of  the  long  and  benefi- 
cent reign  of  Queen  Victoria."     We  do  not, 
therefore,  expect  a  technical  or  even  popular 
description    of  what  is,   perhaps,  the  most 
beautiful  church  in  this  country,  or  details 
of  its  numerous  points  of  interest ;   but  its 
architectural  history  has  not  been  lost  sight 
of,  and  is  as  fully  told  as  is  consistent  with 
the  avowed  scope  of  the  book.     The  open- 
ing chapters   tell   of   the   early    traditions 
concerning   the  site  of  the  Abbey  and  the 
first  foundation  there,    of  its   refoundation 
by  Edward  the  Confessor  in  1050,  and  of 
its  history  and  condition  under  the  Norman 
kings.     Then   follow  the  accounts   of   the 
rebuilding  of  the   Confessor's  part   of   the 
church  by  Henry  III.,  of  the  translation  of 
St.  Edward's  body  into  the  new  shrine,  and 
of  the  reconstruction  of  the  chapter  house 
and    other    monastic    buildings.      Further 
chapters  carry  on  the  history  of  the  Abbey 
through  the   fourteenth  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies,   and  on  to  its  suppression  in   1540. 
Throughout   all  this  the  biography  of  the 
abbots,  the  internal  affairs  of  the  monastery, 
and  the  various  historical  events  connected 
with  it  are  pleasantly  chronicled,  and  lively 
accounts    are    interspersed    of    coronations 
and   other  pageants,  and  of   the  frequent 
funerals    of    kings,    queens,    and    princes, 
and    other    noble    folk    that    took    place 
within   the    Abbey   church.      The   chapter 
treating      of     the      suppression     of      the 
monastery  and  of   the  replacement  of   the 
abbot    and    convent   by   a  bishop   with   a 
secular  chapter   is   the   only   disappointing 
one  in  the  book,  the  few  lines  devoted  to 
the  extinction  of  the  Benedictines  and  the 
spoliation   of    the    church   being   most   in- 
adequate  for    events   of   such   far-reaching 
importance.  The  six  chapters  that  deal  with 
the  establishment  of  the    collegiate  church 
and  its   re  -  establishment    after   the  brief 
restoration  of  the  monastery  by  Mary,  and 
with  the  historical  incidents  connected  with 
the   place    throughout    the    long   reign   of 
Elizabeth,    are   full    of   interesting  matter. 
However,   in   passing,    two    curious    errors 
may  be  noticed  :   one,  the  notion  that   the 
English    Church   was    "  Eoman   Catholic" 
before  the  Reformation;    the  other,  which 
occurs  twice  in    the  book,  on  p.   159    and 
again  on  p.  259,  the  reference  to  the  prin- 
cipal altar  in  Henry  Vll.'s  Chapel  as  the 
"  royal  tomb  "   set  up   in   memory  of  Ed- 
ward YL 

The  annals  of  the  Abbey  from  the  death 
of  Elizabeth  to  the  fall  of  the  monarchy  are 
quite  as  interesting  as  those  referred  to  in 
the  preceding  chapters,  and  many  curious 
stories  are  interwoven  with  the  constantly 
recurring  accounts  of  royal  and  other 
burials  in  the  church.  In  connexion 
with  Dean  Williams,  who  was  also 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  his  disputes  with 
the  chapter,  the  tale  is  told  how,  on  his 
restoration  in  1640,  ho  interrupted  Heylin 
when  preaching  before  him  on  one  occasion 
by  shouting,  "No  more  of  that  point, 
Peter,"  and  banging  "his  pastoral  stafi " 
on  the  pavement  by  way  of  emphasis.  We 
should  like  to  know  if  Williams  really  so 
used  a  crosier  in  1040  and  not  a  walking- 
staff.  The  incident  we  have  (quoted  is  illus- 
trated by  a  picture  of  Williams  brandish- 
ing a  crosier  in  the  face  of  the  preacher. 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


907 


The  account  of  the  Abbey  during 
the  Commonwealth  and  temporary  ascend- 
ency of  the  Puritan  party  is  of  much 
interest,  especially  as  regards  the  way  in 
which  the  pomp  and  ceremony  of  State 
funerals  were  maintained.  It  is  curious  to 
note  that  on  the  death  of  Archbishop  Usher 
in  1656  the  Church  of  England  burial  ser- 
vice was  permitted  to  be  used  at  his 
funeral. 

In  connexion  with  the  coronation  of 
Charles  II.,  the  erroneous  statement  is 
hazarded  in  a  foot-note  that  "the  crown 
made  for  the  occasion  is  the  one  now  in 
use."  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  framework 
of  it  is  in  private  hands,  and  the  jewels  were 
transferred  to  the  new  crown  made  for 
George  IV. 

Of  the  later  chapters  in  the  history  of 
the  Abbey  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  speak. 
The  interesting  character  of  the  book  and 
the  admirable  taste  in  which  it  is  written 
throughout  are  fully  maintained  to  the  end. 
It  is  pleasant  to  see  that  attention  is  pro- 
perly drawn  in  these  later  chapters  to  the 
shocking  mutilation  and  loss  that  so  many 
parts  of  the  church  have  experienced 
through  the  introduction  of  huge  and  utterly 
incongruous  monuments,  as  well  as  the 
great  and  cumulative  injury  it  has  sustained 
through  the  carelessness  of  workmen  when 
erecting  and  displacing  the  monstrous  and 
dangerous  piles  of  timber  staging  that  have 
hitherto  been  deemed  a  necessary  part  of 
the  arrangements  at  coronations.  It  was 
mainly  on  account  of  the  exertions  of  Dean 
Bradley  that  the  church  sustained  only  a 
few  trifling  scratches  when  it  was  similarly 
encumbered  on  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee 
of  Her  Majesty. 

Mr.  Micklethwaite's  chapter  on  the  Abbey 
buildings  is  not  the  least  interesting  in  the 
book,  and  those  who  wish  to  get  a  good  idea 
of  the  uses  and  arrangements  of  a  great 
Benedictine  monaster^'  cannot  do  better  than 
study  it  carefully.  No  one  is  more  com- 
petent than  the  writer  to  explain  the  growth 
of  and  changes  in  such  a  group  of  buildings, 
and  in  the  case  of  Westminster  Abbey  he 
has  done  it  so  clearly  as  to  be  understood 
by  all.  Mr.  Micklethwaite's  notes  are  illus- 
trated by  three  excellent  plans. 

Mrs.  Murray  Smith's  portion  of  the  book 
is  interspersed  with  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
two  illustrations,  and  an  etching  by  Mr. 
Francis  S.  "Walker  (who  is  wrongly  de- 
scribed on  the  title-page  as  a  Fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries)  serves  as  a 
frontispiece.  The  illustrations,  which  are 
by  several  artists,  are  of  two  classes.  One 
consists  of  head  and  tail  pieces  to  the 
various  chapters,  representing  different 
architectural  and  other  details  in  the 
Abbey  church  and  buildings.  These  are 
good  in  themselves,  but  are  not  always 
rightly  described.  IJecumbent  efBgies,  for 
instance,  are  always  spoken  of  as  "tombs"; 
while  on  p.  18  the  arms  of  Henry  III.  are 
ascribed  to  Henry  YIIL,  and  on  p.  153  the 
recesses  for  the  towels  beside  the  refectory 
door  are  wrongly  called  the  "  washing 
place,"  which,  as  Mr.  Micklethwaite's  plan 
shows,  was  in  another  part  of  the  cloister. 
The  other  and  more  numerous  class  con- 
sists of  imaginary  representations  of  his- 
torical incidents  described  in  the  text. 
Most  of  these  are  cleverly  designed  and 
well    drawn,   but    from  an    archaeological 


point  of  view  some  of  them  are  decidedly 
amusing.  Two  of  the  artists,  whose  pictures 
often  come  next  to  each  other  in  the  same 
period,  evidently  hold  different  ideas  about  the 
correct  shape  of  a  mitre :  one  depicting  it  as  a 
crushed  cap,  the  other  with  the  more  usual 
peaks.     Whatever  may  be  said  as    to  the 
use  of  the  cap-like  mitre  in  early  Norman 
times,  it  most  certainly  was  not  worn,  as  in 
the  picture  on  p.  52,  so  late  as  1269,  nor 
did  English  archbishops  then  wear  beards. 
Another  entertaining  feature  is  the  way  in 
which   the    abbot    is   shown  as  constantly 
walking  about  with  his  mitre  and  crosier,  or 
otherwise  using  them,  out  of  service  times. 
Perhaps,    however,    the    artists    desire    to 
indicate,    in   mediaeval   fashion,    "  This    is 
an    abbot."     A   similar    lack  of    accurate 
knowledge   appears   on  p.   141,  where   the 
archbishop  is  shown  in  a  cope,  though  the 
celebrant   at  High  Mass,   and   on   p.    220, 
where    the    dean    is    shown    wearing    his 
square  cap  while   administering    the    holy 
Communion   to    Raleigh.     The   artists   are 
also  at  a  disadvantage  when    introducing 
heraldry    into    their    pictures.      Thus,    on 
p.   72,  the  youths  who  scramble  on  to  the 
altar  to  be  knighted,  in   1306,  wear  tight 
j  upons  of  a  later  date  with  quartered  arms  ; 
and  on  p.  101,  in  the  funeral  of  Henry  V., 
many  of  the  banners  and  shields  bear  im- 
possible armorial  bearings,  in  which  bends 
sinister  figure  prominently,   and  the  royal 
arms  appear  as  England  quartering  France 
Ancient.      Again,  on   p.  124,  Elizabeth   of 
York  is  carried  on  a  litter  by  men  wear- 
ing   armorial    j  upons    with    the    arms    of 
Edward  III.  ;  while  on  p.  321  the  Knights 
of  the  Bath  appear  in  procession  with  the 
star   of    the    Garter   on    their   cloaks !     A 
curious  anachronism  is  presented  on  p.  44, 
where  Henry  III.    is   shown   kneeling   (in 
1249)  at  the  shrine  of  St.  Edward,  which 
was  not  built  until  1269  or  1279  (see  pp.  55 
and   167).     Three  other  pictures  are   most 
comical.      One  (on  p.  89)  represents  Abbot 
Litlington  about  to  arm  himself  in  a  huge 
tilting  helm  with  crest  and  mantling,  and 
so  proceed  to  the  seacoast  in  defence  of  his 
country.      Another    (p.    120)    depicts    the 
coronation  procession  of  Eichard  III.  with 
Garter  King-of-Arms  in  armour  and  bear- 
ing a  sword,  between  the  Mayor  of  London, 
who   carries    a   long   wand   instead   of   his 
crystal  and  gold  sceptre,  and  a  gentleman 
usher,  who  staggers  under  the  weight  of  a 
huge  seventeenth  century  mace.     The  text 
correctly  describes  the  order  and  manner  of 
the  procession.     The   third  picture   (p.  64) 
represents   a   monk   being   flogged   in   the 
chapter  house.     The  culprit  is  shown  stand- 
ing, apparently  tied   to  the  central   pillar, 
while  his   brethren  sit  round  as  interested 
spectators,  and  the  reporters  sit  at  a  table 
to  record  the  proceedings  !    Lastly,  we  have 
a  picture  (on  p.  213)  of  James  I.  sitting  at 
dinner  with  his  hat  on,  and  talking  to  two 
bishops   who    stand   behind   with   caps   on 
their  heads,  while  the   famous  cup  of  the 
Barber   Surgeons'   Company  garnishes  the 
royal  table. 

Many  of  these  mistakes  in  an  otherwise 
excellent  series  of  drawings  are,  perhaps,  of 
no  great  moment,  but  they  are  mistakes 
notwithstanding,  and  should  not  have  been 
allowed  to  mar  a  really  good  book.  We 
are  glad  to  see  that  the  work  concludes  with 
a  very  full  index. 


Visitations  of  Clmrches  heloicging  to  St.  PauVs 
Cathedral  in  1307  and  in  lJf5S.      Edited  from 
Original  Manuscripts  by  W.  Sparrow  Simpson. 
(Camden  Society.) — Few  persons  will  be  found 
who  will  do  more  than  just  skim  over  the  pages 
of  the  two  visitations  comprised  in  this  volume. 
Nevertheless,   its  publication  is    fully   justified 
by  the  remark  of  the  editor  in  his  preface  that 
"  inventories  of  church  goods  of  so  early  a  date 
as  the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century  are  rare 
and  valuable."     As  he  points  out  in  his  valuable 
introduction,  the  first  visitatiou  with  the  inven- 
tories here  described  renders  it  easy  for  us  to 
draw  up  with  considerable  fulness  a  list  of  the 
furniture  and  ornaments  of  a  village  church  at 
the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century.     The  most 
curious  thing  in  the  whole  visitation  is  that  at 
one  church  the  font  was  found  to  be  of  wood. 
Probably  this  is  the  earliest    document  which 
refers  to  the  use  of  so  strange  a  material  for  a 
font.     The  visitation  of  1458  seems  to  have  been 
of  a  much  more  important  kind.     Not  only  do 
the   Commissioners  take  count  of  the  chattels 
of  the  church,  but  undertake  the  settlement  of 
matrimonial  causes  ;  of  punishment  for  adultery 
and  fornication,   instances    of    which    seem   to 
abound  ;  and  of  absolving  penitents  from  excom- 
munication.    It  lasted  double  the  time   which 
had    been    occupied    by   the   earlier    visitation 
of    the    thirteenth    century,    and,    as    regards 
separate   items,  it   goes   much   more  into  par- 
ticulars. Thus  it  describes  the  Missals  and  other 
office  books,   in  most  cases  giving   the    catch- 
word of  the  commencement  of  the  second  leaf 
in  this  fashion:   "Sunt  ibidem  unum   Missale 
secundo  fo.  deinde,  aliud  missale  ij"^^  fo.  nem," 
&c.     In   this   visitation  we   miss   the   mention 
among  the  books  of  the  Troparium  or  Troperium 
which  figures  in  nearly  all  the  accounts  of  the 
books  in  the  earlier  visitation.     Thus  we  have 
at  Navestock,   "Item  vnura  Graduale    bonum 
cum  tropario,"  and  at  Westlee,  "Item  j  Graduale 
debile  continens  partem  troparii,"  which  serve 
to  illustrate    the    late  Mr.   Henry  Bradshaw's 
description  of  a  Troper  as  being  "by  rights  the 
complement  of  the  Graduale."     Mr.  Frere,  in 
his    able     introduction     to    '  The    Winchester 
Troper,'  which  we  recently  noticed,  declares  that 
the  Troper  is  still  a  common  feature  in  inven- 
tories both  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  even 
the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth.     It  was  some- 
times a  separate  volume,  and  sometimes  annexed 
to  some  other  service-book.     So  little  is  gener- 
ally known   about  Tropers  that  we  venture  to 
repeat  what  we  said  about  them  in  reviewing 
Mr.  Frere's  work,  that  a  Troper  is  so  called  from 
its    contents,  which    are  denominated   Tropes  ; 
and    if    a    definition    of    the    word    "Trope" 
is    required,    it    may   be   given    in   the    words 
of  Martin  Gerbert :   "  Tiopus,    in  re  liturgica, 
est  versiculus  quidam  aut   etiam  plures  ante, 
inter   vel    post   alios   ecclesiasticos   cantus   ap- 
positi";  or  if  Gauthier's  more  pithy  definition 
is  required  take  this:    "Quest  qu'un  Trope? 
'C'est  rinterpolation  d'un  texte  liturgique.' " 
Other  examples  of  the  separation  of  the  Troper 
from  the  Gradual   and  its  being  a  volume  in 
itself  occur  at  Barlinge,  where  we  find,  "  Item  j 
troparium  per  se   bonum,"  &c.,  and  at  Tilling- 
ham,  where  the  entry  is   "  Item  ij   troparia  "; 
whilst  at   Heybridge,   which    appears  to   have 
been  an  exceptionally  well  -  furnished   church, 
occurs  the    following:    "Item    duo    Gradualia 
et  Troperium  contentum  in  uno  volumine.   Item 
Troperium  per  se."     At  Waletone  they  appear 
to  have  been  in  the  habit  of  binding  together 
several  oflices,   and   here  accordingly  we  find, 
"Item  duo  Gradualia  notata  cum  processiona- 
libus  in  parte  troparii.    Item  j  troparium.   Item 
j  Missale  honestum  l>ene  notatum  cum  tropario 
et  kalendario. "     In  fact,  every  church  is  pro- 
vided  with    one    or   more   Tropers,    either    in 
separate    volumes    or    bound    up    with    other 
ofBces.     The   last   eight   pages    of    Dr.    Simp- 
son's    work     have     little     in     common    with 
the    rest    of     the    volume,    being     taken     up 
with     a     description     of      "Inventories      of 


908 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


Church  Goods  taken  6  Edward  VI.,"  instead 
of  the  parishes  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
pages.  The  difference  may  be  simply  described 
thus,  that  the  motive  and  purpose  in  the  one 
case  was  thoroughly  conservative  and  in  the 
other  spoliation  and  sacrilege.  The  gleanings, 
indeed,  were  but  scanty,  yet  in  many  of  the 
churches  even  in  the  sixth  year  of  the  king's 
reign  there  remained  a  vestment  or  two,  and 
in  nearly  all  there  were  copes,  mixed  up  with 
some  silver  chalices  and  other  valuables.  Thus 
at  Kansworth  the  first  entry  of  the  inventory 
is  "  Inprimis  ij  challysses  of  silluer  po^  xvj 
onces,"  with  a  significant  side-note,  "The  lese 
cliallise  to  the  church  ";  and  at  Heybridge  "a 
cope  is  appoynted  for  deuyne  s^vice."  In  the 
inventories  taken  of  Chiswick  and  St.  Pancras 
there  are  respectively  twelve  and  fifteen  vest- 
ments of  various  colours  still  remaining ;  but  it 
must  not  be  forgotten  that  these  were  taken 
not  in  the  sixth,  but  in  the  third  year  of  the 
reign.  In  the  subsequent  visitation  no  doubt 
these  were  all  pillaged  when  the  church  service 
was  reduced  to  a  minimum,  no  longer  requiring 
such  accessories.  At  St.  Pancras  the  Commis- 
sioners left  untouched  the  "  byble  of  the  great 
volume"  and  "a  paraphrases  of  Erasmus."  It 
is  only  necessary  to  add  that  the  volume  is 
thoroughly  well  edited  and  has  two  excellent 
indices,  one  of  names  of  persons  and  places  and 
the  other  of  matters. 


ANNUALS. 

Vanity  Fair  Album.  Vol.  XXVII.  (The 
Oflice.) — Vanity  Fair  for  1895  contains  a  com- 
pany more  "motley"  than  usual  :  the  King  of 
Denmark  and  Mr.  Phil  May,  the  Master  of  Balliol 
and  the  Prince  Royal  of  Siam,  the  Light  Blue 
stroke  ("an  oar  that  always  pulls  his  weight  ") 
and  M.  Felix  Faure.  The  volume  is,  therefore, 
exceptionally  interesting,  if  not  more  valuable 
than  most  of  its  forerunners  have  been.  The 
biographical  notes  attached  to  the  portraits  of 
worthies  large  and  small  are  not  more  crisp 
and  genially  cynical  than  it  has  been  "Jehu 
Junior's  "  wont  to  make  them,  nor  are  they 
fuller  of  slips  of  memory  as  to  facts  and 
opinions.  The  spirit,  finish,  verisimilitude, 
and  humour  of  the  portraits  are  worthy  of 
praise,  the  best  of  them  being,  as  hitherto, 
by  "Spy,"  who  has  fairly  excelled  himself  in 
depicting  Mr.  C.  M.  Pitman  in  his  "sweater," 
Mr.  A.  F.  Calvert  (who,  by  the  way,  is  not 
"  great  grandson  of  John  Calvert  the  artist,"  as 
is  said  of  him  in  seven  words  that  contain  two 
errors),  and  Mr.  Barnato.  In  this  volume  it  is 
right  to  say  that  there  are  no  downright  carica- 
tures, fewer  coarse  portraits  than  ever  before, 
and  a  much  larger  proportion  of  studies  by  Mr. 
Leslie  Ward.  We  could  hardly  commend  it 
more  warmly  than  by  saying  this. 

The  Art  Jourmil,  1805  (Virtue  &  Co.),  owes 
much  of  its  attractions  to  the  contributions  of 
M.  J.   Bernac,  Mrs.  Ady,  Mr.  II.  Davey,  Mr. 
L.  F.  Day,  Lady  Dilke,  Mr.  F.  Eaton,  the  late 
Mr.  Hodgson,  M.  Montbard,  Mr.  R.  M.  Steven- 
son, and  Mr.  D.  C.  Thomson.     Despite  a  cer- 
tain lack  of  homogeneity,  continuity,  and  fitness 
in  these  papers  and  the  incompetence  of  some 
of  the  other  contributors,  the  volume  is  highly 
acceptable,  and  replete  with  new   matter   and 
fresh  thoughts  ably   expressed.      Some  of  the 
cuts  are  excellent,  most  of  all  those  which  repro- 
duce sculptures.      But  we  could  have  dispensed 
with  cuts  like  that  called  '  A  Frugal  Meal,'  and 
with  the  plate  after  '  The  Garden  of  the  Hespe- 
rides,'  after  Sir  F.  Leigh  ton.   Mr.  Orrock  is  tem- 
perate and  critical  in  what  he  says  of  William 
Hunt,  but  he  is  less  wise  and  not  temperate  in 
writing  about  Constable,  to  whom  he  still  attri- 
butes (as,  of  course,  he  was  quite  at  liberty  to 
do)  a  certain  landscape  which  is  engraved  here 
as  'The  Palette-Knife  Impressionist  Picture,'  a 
title  upon  which  we  congratulate  its  inventor  as 
at  once  suitable  and  original.     If  '  La  Danseuse 
assise,'  by  M.  Degas,  does  really  exhibit  "  the 


highest  perfection  of  modelling,"  as  M.  J. 
Bernac  boldly  says  of  it  (p.  159),  our  educa- 
tion has  been  imperfect  and  our  taste  is  feeble. 
What  is  the  use  of  such  a  libel  upon  the  Gare 
St.  Lazare  as  that  on  p.  232  1  But  we  can  praise 
the  cuts  after  W.  Hunt  (pp.  12-16),  that  from 
Layer  Marney  Church  (p.  17),  that  after  Man- 
tegna  on  p.  88,  and  those  after  Mr.  D.  Sadler 
on  pp.  196  and  197.  There  is  room  fur  im- 
provement in  a  great  many  of  the  other  cuts  as 
well  as  in  some  of  the  larger  plates. 

In  the  Art  Annual  for  1895  (Virtue  &  Co.) 
Mr.  D.  C.  Thomson  has  printed  a  careful  and 
sympathetic  account  of  '  The  Life  and  W^ork  of 
L.  Fildes,  R. A.,'  and  illustrated  it  copiously 
with  cuts  from  the  jaictures  and  studies  of 
that  accomplished  painter.  The  biographical 
part,  which,  of  course,  is  authorized  by  Mr. 
Fildes,  is  fresh  and  interesting,  if  not  ex- 
haustive. It  is  but  too  brief,  although  many 
details  occur  in  other  sections  of  the  text.  The 
best  cuts  are  those  on  pp.  8  and  9,  transcripts 
which  are  at  once  delicate,  crisp,  and  clear. 
There  is  a  good  page-cut  from  '  An  Italian 
Flower  Girl,'  by  the  R.A.,  and  a  fairly  good 
reprint  of  Mr.  C.  Cousen's  '  The  Sweet  River ' 
follows  p.  24.  The  fx'ontispiece,  etched  by  M.  L. 
Salles  after  'The  Doctor,'  is,  though  heavy  to 
excess,  strong  and  true,  so  far  as  it  goes. 

Among  the  novelties  for  which  the   readers 
of  The  Magazine  of  Art,  1895,  are  indebted  to 
Messrs.  Cassell   &  Co.,  are  the  numerous  cuts 
from  pictures  added  to  the  National  Gallery, 
as    well    as     portraits    of    deceased    worthies. 
The   reviews    of    books,   too — of    which   there 
are     many,     but     all      too      short  —  comprise 
cuts     borrowed     from     the     works     criticized. 
The    more    ambitious    illustrations    consist    of 
etchings  and  photogravures.   Messrs.  G.  Redon, 
M.  H.  Spielmann,  W.  Telbin,  and  W.  J.  Lawrence 
write  on  theatres,  their  appointments  and  ap- 
purtenances, especially  their  scenery,  a  subject 
which  deserves  a  big    book  to  itself.     A  great 
deal  more  is  due  to  De  Loutherbourg  in  this 
connexion  than  Mr.  Lawrence  has  been  able  to 
relate  in  the   few  pages  which  were  at  his  com- 
mand ;  and  the  portrait  of  De  Loutherbourg  is  not 
so  good  as  it  might  be.     Not  much  can  be  said 
for  Miss  Yonge's  scanty  and  superficial  remarks 
on  church  fonts.     On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Spiel- 
mann is  at  his  best  in   '  Diners  at  the  Punch 
Dinner  Table';  Mr.  W.  Armstrong  never  wrote 
so  well  as  upon   'Mr.   Alfred   East,'   or   more 
justly;  Mr.  Gosse's  subject,  'The  Place  of  Sculp- 
ture in  Daily  Life,'  is  worth  more  attention  than 
he  bestows  on  a  theme  so  large  and  various  ; 
and  Mr.   A.  Dobson,   although    he  writes  ably 
and  carefully  upon  Allan  Ramsay  as  '  A  Rival 
of  Reynolds,'  has,  we  think,  let  his  subject  run 
away  with  his  judgment,  and  we  are  sure  North- 
cote  erred  in  thinking  that  Ramsay's  "ability 
fell  short  of  his  conceptions."     The  fact  is  his 
ability  or  technical  skill  was  very  respectable, 
and  served  him  well  when  he  got  a  good  model 
to  paint ;  but  as  to  conceptions,  they  were  but 
accidents  in  the  career  of  a  dull  man.     Mr.  C. 
Phillips  criticizes  the  winter  exhibitions  care- 
fully and  with  spirit  ;  Mr.  J.  Grego  is  very  com- 
petent to  write  on  William  Hogarth,  so  likewise 
is   Mr.  A.  Cole  to  discourse  upon  lace,  Mr.  E. 
Bile  on  La  Verna,  and  Mr.  Spielmann  on  Henry 
Moore.   Mr.  L.  Cust's  papers  on  the  New  Gallery 
and  'Portraits  of  Turner 'are  studious  and  accom- 
plished.    On  the  whole,  this  is  a  capital  volume 
of  the  magazine. 

The  Studio  (The  Office,  Henrietta  Street, 
W.C. )  is,  at  eightpence  a  month,  one  of  the 
cheapest  of  illustrated  magazines  published 
in  this  country  that  concern  themselves  with 
art.  It  contains  more  cuts  than  most  of  its 
rivals,  and,  beyond  a  (juestion,  it  is  tho  most 
eccentric.  Rather  to  the  surprise  of  critics,  it 
has  not  shared  the  common  fate  of  its  bizarre 
tribe,  but  flourished  sufficiently  to  put  a 
fourth  volume  before  the  world.  It  proves 
much  better  than  its  forerunners  :  its  contents 


are  more  varied  ;  its  spirit  is  not  so  narrow,  nor 
quite  so  self-sufficient ;  its  illustrations,  while 
still  largely  of  the  Impressionist  school,  are 
yet  lively,  grotesque,  (}uaint,  and,  though  fre- 
quently ugly  to  the  last  degree,  are  never  un- 
interesting, and,  what  is  quite  as  important, 
they  are  seldom  devoid  of  art  of  a  certain 
dashing  and  eflective  kind,  which  amuses  the 
critic  even  while  it  annoys  him.  Of  course,  the 
Studio  indulges  in  high  laudations  of  artists 
whose  distinction  lies  in  their  courage  and 
eccentricity.  Most  of  them  are  apostles  of  that 
Japanese  craze  which  is  beginning  to  go  out  of 
vogue.  These  new  lights,  while  they  admire 
Mr.  Whistler,  appear  to  consider  him,  although 
he  is  really  responsible  for  the  existence  of 
many  of  their  number,  as  somewhat  behind  the 
age,  and  by  no  means  whimsical  enough.  Mr. 
W.  H.  Bradley,  of  Chicago,  may  be  taken  as 
their  Raphael,  Mr.  Beardsley  as  their  Leonardo, 
and  Mr.  Stott  as  their  Claude.  It  is  right, 
however,  to  add  that  in  the  Stiidio  the  English 
and  insular  reader  will  win  introductions  to  a 
knowledgeof  some  capital  artists  and  real  geniuses 
of  the  Continent  and  the  United  States. 

Gazette  des  Beaux-Arts,  1895.     (Paris,  8,  Rue 
Favart.) — With  its  402"^  Livraison    our   distin- 
guished contemporary  closes  its  thirty-seventh 
annual  volume,  and  it  is  intended  to  signalize 
the  year  that  is  upon   us   by  typographical  as 
well    as    literary    and    artistic    improvements, 
which,  nevertheless,  hardly  seem  called  for  in 
view  of  the  present  excellence  of  the  work,  and 
may  be  difficult  to  maintain.  The  leading  essays 
published  in  1895  are  more  than  worthy  of  the 
Gazette's    reputation,     while    the     illustrations 
which    accompany    them,    although     they    are 
not     equal    to     those     Gaillard,     Rajon,     and 
others  contributed  to  former  volumes,  are  the 
best   the   art   literature   of   the  Continent    can 
boast  of.     M.  Gau jean's  'The  Donateur,' after 
Memlinc,  and  his  '  Nature,'  after  Lawrence,  are 
worthy  of  the  most  costly  publications,  whether 
serials   or   other,    this    age   knows   of.     Helio- 
gravure   and    its  allied    processes   have   been, 
as   in    other   current   cases,    pressed    into    th© 
service   of   the    Gazette,    and    so   far    as    bril- 
liance   and   serviceableness    are    concerned   no 
one   need  complain.     As  to  art,   the  result  is^ 
alas  !  all  the   other  way.    The   leading  writers 
of  the  year  include  M.  E.  Michel,  who  sup- 
plies a  sympathetic    account  of   the    Memlinc 
which    the    Louvre    obtained    as    a   gift   from 
Madame   Andre',    whose    late   husband   bought 
it      from     the     Secr^tan     Collection.     M.     0. 
Yriarte   gives  a   characteristically   learned   and 
bright    account     of     '  Lsabelle    d'Este    et     les 
Artistes  de  son  Temps.'      The  articles  of    M. 
Homolle  on  Delphi ;  of  M.  Maulde  de  la  Claviere 
on  portraits  of  Franqois  I.  ;  of  M.  de  Nolhac  on 
the  decorations  of  Versailles,  a  mass  of  curious 
and  recondite  matter  concerning  art  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century ;  of  M.  Bonnaffe'  on  the  'Faiences 
de  St.  Porchaire,'  a  capital  piece  of  reasoning 
and  research,  continuing  former  essays  on  the 
same  subject ;  of  M.  O.  Merson  on  C.  Le  Brun  at 
Vaux-le-Vicomte,  as  well  as  various  notices  by 
him  and  M.   A.   Gayet  on  the  'Trt^sor  de  Dah- 
chour';  of  M.  He'ron  de  Villefosse  on  the  'Tr^sor 
de  Bosco-Reale  ' ;  of  M.  J.  Buisson  on  'Tiepolo' 
(a  highly  critical   and  appreciative  paper  on  a 
great  master  who  was  born  a  century  too  late)  ; 
of  M.  A.  Pigeon  on  the  '  Vitrail  '  at  Beauvais  ;  of 
M.  de  Champeaux,  the  concluding  and  nineteenth 
paper  on  decorative  art  in  old  Paris,  and  con- 
tributions    from     MM.    Marguillier,     Dimier, 
Molinier,  and  E.  de  Goncourt,  form  the  staple 
of  an  important  volume. 


CATALOCJUES, 

A  Guide  to  the  Paintings  of  Venice,  by  K. 
Karoly,  illustrated  (Bell  &  Sons),  is  a  handy 
and  intelligent  account  of  all  the  j)ictures  in 
Venice,  accompanied  by  critical  opinions  culled 
from  authorities,  some  of  them  both  wise  and 
competent,  while  a  few  are  unfortunately  rgno- 


N°3557,  Dec.  28, '95 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


909 


rant  of  what  they  wrote  about.  Compact  de- 
scriptions are  supplied  of  the  most  important 
examples,  the  brevity  of  which  does  not  prevent 
them  from  being  accurate  and  sufficient,  and  the 
collections  are  dealt  with  severally.  In  each  section 
the  painter's  works  are  grouped,  not  in  the  order 
of  the  official  numbers,  but  in  the  order  of  their 
importance.  The  proper  names  are  spelt  in 
the  accepted  English  forms,  not  pedantically  as 
Titiano  or  Yecelli,  and  Giorgione,  not  Barbarelli. 
Occasionally  we  meet  with  a  slip  that  is  to 
be  regretted.  Thus  we  are  told  (p.  xiv)  that 
"  none  of  the  most  famous  of  the  Venetian 
masters  was  born  in  Venice."  Nevertheless, 
it  is  certain  that  Tintoretto  was  born  there. 
The  cuts  are  capital  memoranda,  and  it  is  a 
pity  there  are  not  more  of  them. 

Notes :  Critical  and  Biograj)hical.  By  R.  B. 
Gruelle.— Collection  of  W.  T.  Walters.  (Phila- 
delphia, Bowles.) — This  is  an  elaborate  catalogue 
raisonne  of  one  of  the  most  important  Trans- 
atlantic collections  of  works  of  art  in  private 
hands.  Mr.  Gruelle's  sympathies  with  the 
themes  (not  the  technical  subjects,  which  he 
seems  to  know  nothing  of,  and  not  to  care  much 
for)  of  the  examples  are  warm.  He  appreciates 
the  more  obvious  points  in  the  sentiment  of 
Millet,  Rousseau,  Corot,  Daubigny,  and  Dela- 
croix ;  to  Decamps  he  awards  no  mean  measure 
of  praise  ;  and  he  does  his  best  on  behalf  of 
Gallait  and  Scheffer.  Mr.  Walters's  collection 
contains  capital  examples,  or  original  replicas  of 
leading  pictures,  of  the  modern  French  school, 
of  which  it  mainly  consists,  and  of  Turner,  Sir  J. 
Millais,  and  Messrs.  Riviere  and  Alma  Tadema. 
Mr.  Walters  is  the  fortunate  owner  of  '  A  Roman 
Emperor '  (otherwise  called '  Claudius '), '  Sappho, ' 
and  another  work  by  the  last  master.  It  is  a 
pity  the  critic  did  not  do  his  work  thoroughly, 
and  record  their  j)roi"enaiice,dimensions,materials, 
and  the  names  of  the  engravers  who  have  spread 
their  reputation  throughout  the  world.  So  little 
attention  has  Mr.  Gruelle  bestowed  on  this 
important  branch  of  his  duties  that  it  is  not 
inentioned  that  Mr.  Alma  Tadema's  '  Claudius  ' 
was  engraved  by  no  less  able  an  artist  than  Raj  on. 
Even  the  dates  of  the  artists'  births  are  not 
given.  It  is  probable  that  had  Mr.  Gruelle  been 
well  informed  in  this  respect,  his  letterpress 
would  have  been  free  of  a  few  errors  of  chrono- 
logy.   ^ 

NEW   PRINTS. 

A  VERY  charming  and  delicately  coloured  fac- 
simile of  a  drawing  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Symonds 
representing  '  Miranda  '  has  been  sent  to  us  by 
Messrs.  Boussod,  Valadon  &  Co.  Miranda  is 
listening  to  a  murmuring  shell,  and  her  expres- 
sion is  very  true  and  tender  ;  the  coloration  is 
tasteful  and  pretty.  The  reproduction  is  won- 
derfully successful  and  complete.  The  same 
firm  send  twelve  examples  of  their  "  Estampes 
Miniatures,"  being  reproductions  in  black  and 
white  from  good  figure-pictures  and  landscapes 
by  various  artists,  among  which  the  best  seem 
to  us  to  be  the  landscapes  *  Soire'e  d'Ete,'  after 
M.  Wahlberg,  the  vista  of  a  calm  river  between 
woods;  '  Le  Matin,' after  M.  Bernier,  a  wood- 
land view  over  a  lake  ;  '  Les  Premiers  Jours 
de  Printemps, '  by  M.  Isenbart  ;  Boulanger's 
able  and  animated  'Un  Repas  chez  Lucullus,' 
with  the  dancing-girl  in  front;  'LeGynec^e,' 
with  children  sailing  a  toy  boat  in  an  implu- 
vium  ;  and  'La  Boutique  du  Barbier  Licinius.' 
These  miniatures  are  capital  reproductions  so 
far  as  they  go,  and  they  are  intended  as  Christ- 
mas gifts  at  a  small  price  each.  About  five 
hundred  have  already  been  published  in  this 
series,  so  that  intending  givers  have  many  to 
choose  from. 

Messrs.  Obach  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  plate 
executed  in  heliogravure  after  the  drawing 
of  Prof.  Knackfuss,  of  Cassel,  which  was 
made  according  to  the  actual  design  of 
the  present  German  Emperor,  who  greatly 
approved  of  this  carrying  out  of  his  own  con- 


ception.    It  is  published  in  Berlin,  Paris,  and 
London,  and   its   English  title   is   '  Nations  of 
Europe  !  Join  in  the  Defence  of  your  Home  ! ' 
The  Emperor  is  supposed  to  have  countenanced, 
if  he  has  not  directed,  the  publication  of  this 
appeal  to  Europe  against  what  he  thinks  must  be 
as  much   dreaded  as  a  new  invasion  of  Attila's 
hordes.    Upon  a  lofty  rocky  platform,  and  under 
an  intensely  irradiated  cross,  is  placed  a  gigantic 
Archangel    Michael,    the    special    guardian    of 
Christianity,    attired     in    a     somewhat    mixed 
manner,    his   legs   in   cuisses   of    the   fifteenth 
century,  his  torso  after  the  fashion  of  antique 
Rome,    while   his   right   hand   grasps   a   sword 
of  fire.     With  his  outstretched   left  hand  the 
Archangel  points  to  where,  in  the  lower  land, 
and  beyond  what  must  be  meant  for  the  Dar- 
danelles, enormous  hordes  of  men  are  advancing 
to  the  coast  of  Asia  ;  behind  them  the  furious 
flames  of  a  burning  city  are  seen,  while,  as  if 
borne  westwards  on  their  smoke,  there  is  repre- 
sented the  huge,  gross,  and  impassive  figure  of 
an  Oriental  idol,  meant  really  for  the  figure  of 
Buddha,  seated,  and  half  lost  in  terrible  flames 
of  its  own.     A  most  diabolical  dragon,  ultra- 
Chinese   or    Japanese,    is   visible    amid    light- 
nings and    the  city's  smoke.     This   demon  of 
heathendom    glares  at  the  Archangel  and   his 
companions  on  the  platform.     The  latter  con- 
sist of  stalwart  virgins  all   in  arms  and  petti- 
coated,  who,  while  they  gaze  at  the  conflagration 
and  the  Oriental  devilry,  are  eagerly  listening  to 
the    guardian's    appeal.      They    symbolize    the 
great  powers  of  Europe,  and  are  quite  as  hand- 
some as  the  artist  could  make  them.     In  front 
of  the  group  Germanj',  the  eagle  on  her  helmet, 
"das  blanke  Schwert  in  der  Rechten,"  as  the 
accompanying  text  has  it,  seems  quite  willing  to 
attack    the  demon  and  the  dragon.     Close    to 
Germany    is    Russia,   with    her    hand    on    the 
shoulder  of  the  foremost  virgin  ;  at  the  side  of 
the  latter  is  France,  spear  in  hand,  and  wear- 
ing a  Roman  cuirass  and  the  Cap  of  Liberty. 
Austria,  the  two-headed  eagle  embroidered  on 
her   breast,  is   urging   the   too-tardy  Britannia 
to  come  forward,   which  she,   as  becomes  her 
meek   and    diffident   aspect,    hesitates    to    do. 
Three  anonymous  figures — the  arm  only  of  one 
of    them   being   visible    behind    Britannia,    we 
suppose   Italy —complete    the   design,    against 
which,   as  a  work  of  art,   there  is,   of   course, 
not  much  to  be  said,  nor  is  there  much  to  be 
said  in  praise  of  it. 


consequences  of  influenza.  Mr.  Bucknall  was 
best  known  in  England  as  the  translator  of 
several  works  by  Viollet-le-Duc,  all  of  which 
we  reviewed  as  they  were  published. 

Mr.  Stephens  writes  to  us  in  regard  to  our 
notice  of  the  volume  on  '  L.  Alma  Tadema, 
R.A.,  a  Sketch  of  his  Life  and  Work,'  which 
was  reviewed  in  the  Athenceum  on  the  7th  inst., 
p.  796,  and  says  that  he  is  simply  the  editor 
of  that  work,  and  responsible  only  for  the 
opinions  and  criticisms  in  the  essay  which 
precedes  Mr.  E.  Rhys's  biography  of  Sir  F. 
Leighton,  which  is  reviewed  on  the  same  page. 

Adsiirers  of  the  noble  art  of  the  late  Auguste 
Cain  will  be  glad  to  know  that  his  fine  group  in 
bronze  called  '  Aigle  et  Vautour  '  will  shortly 
be  installed  in  the  Square  Montholon,  Paris. 


MUSIC 


The  exhibition  of  Spanish  art  which  has  been 
formed  at  the  New  Gallery  will  be  opened  to 
the  public  on  Monday  next;  the  private  view  is 
appointed  for  to-day  (Saturday). 

Mr.  Watts,  whose  eighty-second  year  will  be 
completed  in  February  next,  is  spending  the 
winter  in  the  country.  He  is  still  in  excellent 
health,  and  works  with  characteristic  assiduity. 

Messrs.  T.  Agnew  &  Sons  wish  us  to  say 
that  we  erred  last  week  in  stating  that  Rey- 
nolds's '  Lady  Ormonde  and  Child,'  now  in  the 
firm's  gallery  in  Old  Bond  Street,  is  at  present 
the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  and 
formerly  belonged  to  Col.  Ellis.  It  is  now, 
it  seems.  Sir  W.  Agnew's  private  property,  and 
was  bought,  about  eleven  years  since,  of  the 
Duke  of  Westminster,  who,  it  is  thought,  ac- 
quired it  from  Lord  Taunton.  It  is  believed 
never  to  have  belonged  to  Col.  Ellis. 

M.  TissoT  is  coining  over  from  Paris  on 
January  5th  to  superintend  the  arrangements 
for  the  bringing  to  Bond  Street  of  his  372 
scenes  from  the  life  of  our  Lord  for  exhibition 
in  May. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Benjamin 
Bucknall,  an  architect  of  skill  and  repute,  who 
during  recent  years  had  chiefly  practised  in 
Algiers,  where,  owing  to  the  state  of  his  health, 
he  was  compelled  to  reside.  Tliis  event  occurred 
at  Algiers  on  the  IGth  ult.,  and  was  due  to  after 


Tlie  Pianoforte  Sonata:    its  Origin  and  De- 
velopment.   By  J.  S.  Shedlock.    (Methuen  &Co.) 
— Tliis  work  should  be  in  the  possession  of  every 
musician  and  amateur,  for  it  not  only  embodies 
a  concise  and  lucid  history  of  the  origin  of  one 
of  the  most  important  forms  of  musical  com- 
position, but,  by  reason  of  the  painstaking  re- 
search and  accuracy  of  the  author's  statements, 
it  is  a  very  valuable  work  for  reference.  Although 
Mr,  Shedlock  takes   the  Sonata    in   b    flat   by 
Kuhnau,  published  in  1C95,  as  the  starting-point 
of  a  pianoforte  sonata,  he  gives  a  comprehensive 
sketch  of,  so  to  speak,  previous  germs,  and  the 
term   "sonata"  was  apparently  first  employed 
specially  to  distinguish  works  designed  for  per- 
formance on  instruments.   "It  is  important,"  Mr. 
Shedlock  rightly  says,  "to  distinguish  between 
sonata  and  sonata  form.    The  first  movement  of  a 
modern  sonata  is  usually  "  in  what  is  known  as 
symphonic  form,  though  there  are  many  excep- 
tions, such  as  Beethoven's  Op.  26.  The  gradually 
growing  importance  of  what  is  technically  known 
as  the  second  subject  is  traced  in  an  interesting 
manner.    After  Haydn's  sonatas,  in  which  "one 
cannot  always  speak  of  a  second  subject,"  the 
development    of    the  second   half  of   the    first 
movement  shows,  as  it  were,  a  struggle  between 
two  ideals.  One  was  kinship — that  is,  to  present 
the  secondary  matter  in  strong  relationship  to 
the  opening — and  the  other  was  the  endeavour 
to  gain  variety  and  contrast.     In  Beethoven  we 
find  the  two  happily  combined.     A  very  attrac- 
tive portion  of  the  book  is  the  description  of 
the  "  Bible  Sonatas"  of  Johann  Kuhnau,  illus- 
trating, or  at  any  rate  suggesting,  Biblical  inci- 
dents, and  remarkable  examples  of  early  "  pro- 
gramme music."    It  would  seem  that  Handel  was 
well  acquainted  with  these  sonatas.     There  is 
much  more  that  is  interesting  and  instructive  in 
the  volume,  but  sufficient  has  been  said  to  indi- 
cate that  a  perusal  of  its  contents  will  in  the 
highest  degree  prove  serviceable  to  musicians. 


The  last  Saturday  Popular  Concert  before 
Christmas  had  tlie  advantage  of  a  most  attrac- 
tive programme,  though  it  can  scarcely  be 
described  as  an  unqualified  artistic  success. 
Certainly  Mendelssohn's  Quintet  in  u  flat, 
Op.  87 — whicli,  some  may  remember,  was  the 
first  work  that  was  played  at  the  Monday 
Popular  Concerts  on  February  14th,  1859 — was 
finely  interpi-eted  by  Messrs.  Arbos,  Ries, 
Gibson,  Hobday,  and  Piatti  ;  but  the  ensemble 
was  not  good  in  Beethoven's  '  Kreutzer  '  Sonata, 
which  was  played  by  Herr  Reisenauer  and  Seilor 
Arbos,  the  pianist  overpowering  the  violinist. 
But  for  this  Herr  Reisenauer  should  not  be 
wholly  blamed.  The  violin  remains  practically 
what  it  was  nearly  two  centuries  ago,  but  the 
favourite  key- board  instrument  of  the  present 
time  was  not  then  invented,  and  Herr  Rei.senauer 
played  upon  Messrs.  Steinway  &  Sons'  "  new 
scale   orchestral   grand  pianoforte,"   hence   the 


910 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


N°3557,  Dtc.  28/95 


want  of  balance.  However,  the  pianist  delighted 
his  audience  with  a  powerful  rendering  of  Schu- 
bert's frequently  played  '  Wanderer  '  Fantasia 
in  c,  Op.  15  ;  and  Miss  Boye  was  altogether 
commendable  in  vocal  items  by  Gluck,  Schubert, 
and  Schumann. 

Monday's  concert  attracted  a  large  audience, 
though  it  was  only  two  days  before  Christmas. 
The  concerted  works  were  Beethoven's  Quartet 
in  c  minor,  Op.  18,  No.  4,  and  M.  Saint-Saens's 
clever  and  effective  Sonata  in  c  minor  for  piano- 
forte and  violoncello,  in  which,  as  usual,  the 
French  composer  shows  the  influence  upon  him 
of  German  masters.  Herr  Rosenthal  is  to  be 
credited  with  a  singularly  fine  performance  of 
Beethoven's  Sonata  in  f  minor.  Op.  57.  The 
ease  with  which  he  executes  the  most  difficult 
passages  and  his  entire  freedom  from  affectation 
are  strong  points  in  his  favour.  Miss  Thudichum 
sang  some  French  songs  with  considerable  charm 
of  style. 

The  eleventh  annual  Conference  of  the  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Musicians  will  be  held  next 
week  in  Edinburgh,  commencing  on  Tuesday. 
Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie,  Prof.  F.  Niecks,  and 
Prof.  Ebenezer  Prout  will  take  the  chair  at  the 
several  meetings,  and  the  social  as  well  as  the 
musical  arrangements  promise  well.  Mr.  E. 
Chadfield  remains  the  General  Secretary  of  the 
Society. 

It  is  now  practically  settled  that  a  series  of 
afternoon  performances  by  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera 
Company  will  begin  at  Daly's  Theatre  on 
January  20th,  the  date  we  have  already  men- 
tioned. Until,  however,  any  official  announcement 
is  issued,  it  would  be  rash  to  say  what  is  likely 
to  be  done,  though  the  company  in  any  case 
should  be  warmly  welcomed  on  its  return  to 
London  after  several  years'  absence. 

The  concert  given  by  the  Strolling  Players' 
Amateur  Orchestral  Society  on  Thursday  even- 
ing last  week  at  the  Queen's  Hall  was  scarcely 
up  to  the  average  of  Mr.  Norfolk  Megone's 
forces.  At  any  rate,  Schumann's  Symphony 
in  B  flat.  No.  1,  was  rather  coarsely  played, 
but  the  Overture  to  '  Hansel  und  Gretel '  and 
a  selection  from  '  Aida  '  went  better  ;  but  the 
Strolling  Players  must  look  to  their  laurels. 

Mr.  Adolph  Brodsky  was  announced  to 
conduct  the  Manchester  Orchestral  Concert  in 
the  Free  Trade  Hall  on  Thursday  this  week, 
the  pianist  in  the  programme  being  Herr 
Reisenauer — who  was  announced  to  play  the 
solo  part  in  Liszt's  eccentric  Concerto  in  a, 
No.  2 — and  Miss  Lilian  Tree  the  vocalist. 

It  has  been  a  custom  for  many  years  in  some 
provincial  towns  to  perform  '  The  Messiah  '  on 
Christmas  Day,  and  now  it  would  seem  that 
concerts  are  coming  into  vogue  in  London  on 
this  most  jovial  day  of  the  year.  At  any  rate, 
there  were  two  which  came  under  our  notice  on 
Wednesday,  both  at  the  Queen's  Hall.  In  the 
afternoon  the  choir  gave  a  performance  of 
Handel's  sacred  oratorio  under  Mr.  Randegger, 
with  Madame  Duma,  Madame  Belle  Cole,  Mr. 
Iver  McKay,  and  Mr.  Norman  Salmond  as  the 
soloists.  The  evening  programme  consisted  to 
a  large  extent  of  sacred  songs,  interpreted  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sims  Reeves,  Miss  Marian 
McKenzie,  Mr.  Herbert  G  rover,  and  Mr. 
Andrew  Black,  together  with  organ  solos  by 
Mr.  S.  Hoyte,  and  performances  by  the  Concert 
Trombone  Quartette  and  the  London  Military 
Band. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Boxing  Day  there  was 
another  miscellaneous  concert,  among  the  artists 
announced  being  Miss  Macintyre,  Madame 
Belle  Cole,  Messrs.  Lloyd,  G rover,  Santley,  and 
Hoyte,  and  the  Meister  Glee  Singers. 

Gounod  was  not  only  a  composer,  but  a 
journalist,  especially  during  his  sojourn  in 
England.  A  book  is  about  to  be  issued  con- 
taining some  of  the  master's  contributions  to 
English  and  French  papers,  together  with  other 


essays  which  will  in  all  probability  prove  highly 
interesting. 

By  an  inadvertence  we  said  that  the  Schu- 
bert lecture  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Morressy  to-morrow 
(Sunday)  afternoon  and  the  concert  in  the 
evening  would  take  place  in  the  Queen's  Hall. 
It  should  have  been  the  South  Place  Institute, 
as  a  reference  to  our  musical  calendar  this  week 
will  show. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert.  3  30  Queens  Hall. 
Sdiubeit  Lecture  and  Concert,  3  45,  .South  riaee  Institnte. 
I'opular  Conceit.  7,  South  IMace  Institute. 
Queen  s  Hall  Choir,  Mendelssohn's  '  Walpurgis  Night,'  &c.,  7. 
Koyal  Choral  Society,  '  The  Messiah,'  8,  Albert  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


Etiripides    the  Rationalist :    a    Study    in    the 

History  of  Art  and  Jieliyion.     By  A.  W. 

Verrall,  Litt.D.     (Cambridge,  University 

Press.) 
Dr.  Verrall' s  latest  volume  is  another 
contribution  to  the  series  of  extraordinary 
propositions  with  -^hich  he  has  periodically, 
for  some  years  nc^v,  startled  the  repose  of 
classical  scholars.  Most  of  us,  after  wHat 
we  consider  adequate  stud}',  settle  down  to 
the  enjoyment  of  our  predilections  and  pre- 
judices ;  but  Dr.  Verrall  seems  able  in 
mature  age  to  return  to  any  author  with 
the  candid  and  unbiassed  mind  of  boyhood. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  he  makes  so  many  dis- 
coveries and  publishes  them.  It  is  true 
that  he  convinces  nobody,  or  only  Mr.  M.  A. 
Bayfield ;  but  it  would  not  be  true  to  say 
that  "nobody  marks"  him,  for,  indeed,  he 
has  a  notable  power  of  commanding  an 
audience.  AVith  a  feminine  eagerness  and 
volubility  of  disputation  he  combines  so 
much  urbanity  of  style  that,  partly  charmed 
and  partly  bewildered,  we  yield  for  a 
moment  to  arguments  that  a  little  reflection 
and  inquiry  soon  show  to  be  impossible. 
Thus  have  we  seen  at  a  charitable  bazaar 
an  eilterprising  lady  persuade  a  great  stout 
man  to  buy  an  embroidered  case  for  his 
nightshirt  and  another  for  his  pockethand- 
kerchiefs. 

For  some  time  past — ever  since  1890, 
when  he  edited  the  '  Ion ' — Dr.  Verrall  has 
given  his  attention  to  Euripides.  He  was 
at  a  loss  to  account  for  the  fact  that  a  poet 
so  popular,  at  least  among  readers,  in  his 
own  day  has  fallen  into  comparative  con- 
tempt with  us  moderns.  Mr.  Swinburne, 
who  should  be  a  good  judge,  has  de- 
liberately, in  his  trenchant  style,  called 
Euripides  a  "botcher";  but  Dr.  Verrall 
thinks  that  Mr.  Swinburne  and  the  many 
critics  who  agree  with  him  cannot  have  read 
their  author  in  the  right  way.  Now  Suidas, 
who  was  doubtless  quoting  some  ancient 
and  well-informed  biographer,  says  in  effect 
that  Euripides  was  a  pupil  of  Anaxagoras, 
and  that  he  took  to  dramatic  writing  for 
the  purpose  of  propagating  in  safety  his 
master's  doctrines.  Here,  then,  is  the  clue 
to  the  right  understanding  of  the  poet.  He 
was  an  atheist  in  disguise,  and  when,  for 
the  plot  of  a  tragedy,  he  borrowed  a  tale 
from  the  mythology,  he  took  care  to  present 
it  in  such  a  way  that  the  miraculous  and, 
so  to  say,  theological  elements  of  it  should 
be  plainly  discredited,  and  sometimes  even 
flouted.  If  it  be  asked  how  this  atheistical 
design,  which  has  escaped  all  modern  critics 
till  now,  was  discernible  to  the  ancients,  the 
answer    is    that    in    Athens   (a   small  and 


gossiping  society)  everybody  knew  what 
Euripides's  opinions  were,  and  that  people 
went  to  see  a  play  of  his,  expecting  to  find 
in  it  a  more  or  less  clear  expression  of  those 
opinions.  If,  again,  it  be  asked  how  a 
people  who,  if  not  devout,  were  certainly 
superstitious,  allowed  a  poet  at  a  high 
religious  celebration  to  scoff  at  the  popular 
religion,  the  answer  is  that  the  Athenians 
were,  to  a  degree  almost  inconceivable  now, 
fond  of  esprit  and  irony,  and  that  their  in- 
tellectual pleasure  in  the  poet's  skill  salved 
the  wound  to  their  consciences.  It  follows 
that  Euripides,  now  that  we  are  in  possession 
of  his  secret,  will  no  longer  appear  "  a 
botcher,"  but  rather  a  consummate  artist, 
perhaps  the  most  consummate  in  all  litera- 
ture. This  is  a  fair  precis  of  Dr.  Verrall' s 
case.  To  give  the  whole  of  it  in  words 
of  his  own  would  occupy  too  much  space, 
but  the  following  quotation  (from  pp.  77,  78) 
will  show  that  we  have  done  it  substantial 
justice : — 

"The  purpose  of  the  'Alcestis'as  a  whole, 
and  that  which  alone  connects  into  a  whole  its 
otherwise  inharmonious  and  repugnant  elements, 
is  neither  to  solemnize  the  legend,  as  would  have 
been  the  purpose  of  ^Eschylus,  nor  to  embellish 
it,  as  might  have  been  the  purpose  of  Sophocles, 
but  to  critici~e  it,  to  expose  it  as  fundamentally 
untrue  and  immoral,  before  an  audience  who 
were  well  acquainted  with  the  general  opinions 
of  the  author,  well  aware  that  from  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case  innuendo  was  the  only  way 
in  which  those  opinions  could  be  dramatically 
expressed,  well  accustomed  to  apprehend  them 
in  this  form,  and  predisposed  by  mental  and 
moral  temper  not  merely  to  be  content  with 
such  an  expression,  but  to  regard  it  as  the  best 
possible  condition  for  intellectual  art  and  in- 
tellectual pleasure." 

This  is  taken  from  a  very  minute  study  of 
the  'Alcestis,'  which  forms  just  half  the 
book.  The  rest  is  mainly  devoted  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  '  Ion '  and  the  '  Iphigenia  in 
Tauris,'  leading  to  similar  conclusions. 

It  will  be  observed  that  Dr.  Verrall's 
theory  is  founded  on  certain  well-known 
facts.  That  Euripides  was  much  read  in 
his  own  day  and  for  hundreds  of  years 
afterwards  ;  that  he  was  deeply  imbued  with 
the  doctrines  of  the  so-called  "physicists,'* 
and  that  he  had  some  special  spite  at 
Apollo  ;  that  the  Athenians  liad  an  extra- 
ordinary acquaintance  with  the  private  life 
and  opinion  of  their  fellow  citizens  ;  that  they 
must  have  been  extremely  quick  at  taking 
a  hint  or  filling  up  an  aposiopesis — all 
these  are  very  familiar  propositions.  And 
if  Euripides,  like  Voltaire,  had  written  in 
the  first  instance  for  a  reading  public,  he 
might,  perhaps,  have  adopted  the  course 
which  Dr.  Verrall  attributes  to  him.  But 
we  are  asked  to  believe  that  Euripides, 
when  intending  to  compete  with  Sophocles 
for  the  tragic  prize,  proceeded,  with  his 
tongue  in  his  cheek,  to  dramatize  a  weU- 
known  tale  in  such  a  vray  as  to  suggest  that 
it  was  a  lie  ;  that  year  after  year  the 
archon,  though  aware  of  his  design,  accepted 
his  plays  for  the  festival,  and  caused  them 
to  be  produced  and  paid  for  at  the  public 
expense  ;  and  that,  at  the  final  performance, 
those  foreigners  and  rustics  who  knew  no 
bettor  were  boo-hooing  in  a  passion  of 
pity  and  terror,  while  the  men  about  town 
were  chuckling  at  the  cleverness  of  the 
double  meaning.  Crcdat  Jiidcciis.  As  a 
literary  tour  deforce,  the  thing  was,  perhaps, 


N"  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


911 


possible,  but  it  would  not  have  been  per- 
mitted,   any  more  than  the  legends  of  the 
saints  as  told  by  Bayle  or  Voltaire  would 
have  been  permitted  to  be  read  in  churches. 
Nor  does  Aristophanes,  in  all  his  attacks  on 
Euripides,   ever   suggest  that  he    was    de- 
liberately trying  to  undermine  the  popular 
beliefs.     It   is    true   that    in   the    '  Frogs ' 
(1.    893)     Euripides,    instead    of    invoking 
Demeter     or     any     recognized     deity,    as 
^schylus  does,  prays  to  aWijfy,  e[j.ov  /Soa-Kijfxa, 
Kal  yAwrrr^s  (rrpofjiiy^  Kal  ^vvc<ti,  k.t.X.  And, 
again,  in    *  Thesmophoriazusa^ '   (1.  450,    a 
passage  which  Dr.  Yerrall  mistranslates  in 
his  own  favour)  a  poor  woman,  a  maker  of 
garlands,  complains  that  Euripides,  by  his 
poetry,  has  persuaded  the  men  that  the  gods 
do  not  exist,  so  that  she  does  not  sell  half 
so  many  garlands  as  she  used  to  do.     But 
these  are  mere  casual  quips,  warranted  by 
many  well-knosvn    passages    of    Euripides. 
The  sins  imputed  to  him  in  the  '  Frogs '  (apart 
from  mere  literary  tricks)  are  only  an  excessive 
fondness  for  realism  (1.  959,  oiKaa  Tr/iay/xar' 
€tcraywv,  ofs  XP'^I^^^\  ofs  ^vvecr[xev)  and  a  vile 
habit  of  sophistical  disputation  (see  especially 
the  summarj'  by  the  chorus,  11.  1482-1499). 
Lucian,  too,  in  a  jiassage  ('  Jupiter  Trag.,' 
§  41)  on    which    Dr.    Yerrall    lays    much 
stress,     but    the    wrong    stress,    expressly 
says    that     Euripides,    though    he     intro- 
duced  gods   and    goddesses   in    his   plays, 
did   not   conceal   his   personal  disbelief    in 
them,    and    quotes    illustrations,    such    as 
Zei'S,  ocrrts   o    Zeis'  ov  yap   oi8a  ttAt^i'   Aoyo) 
kXvwv.      Lastly,    Aristotle  ('  Rhetoric,'    iii. 
15)    tells    an    anecdote   (which    again    Dr. 
Yerrall  quite  misunderstands)  which  suffi- 
ciently shows  that  Euripides,  in  his  plays  as 
a  whole,  gave  little  offence  to  the  orthodox. 
In  the  trial  of  an  di'Tt(3o(rt?,  or  exchange  of 
property,  the  poet's  opponent  said  that  he 
was  do-€/3-/^s,   i.e.,  not  to  be  believed  on  his 
oath,  for  he  had  written  7;  yAwo-o-'  ofj-wpox^ 
rj    8c    (f)pr]v    drwjioTo^.      Euripides    replied 
that    it    was    not    fair    to     bring    before 
the  law  courts  a  matter  which  belonged  to 
the   jurisdiction    of    the  Dionysiac  judges, 
before  whom   he  had   answered,  or  would 
answer,  for  anything  in  his  writings.  There 
is,    in   fact,  no   evidence   that   any   of   the 
ancients    perceived  this    subtle  and  covert 
propaganda   of   atheism    that   Dr.    Yerrall 
attributes  to  Euripides. 

Nor  is  Dr.  Yerrall  more  successful  when 
he  looks  in  the  i)lays  themselves  for  hints 
of  a  deep  design.  The  '  Alcestis  '  is  a  play 
well  known  to  English  readers  from 
Browning's  version  of  it  in  '  Balauslion's 
Adventure.'  It  will  be  remembered  that 
Browning  treats  it  as  a  glorification  of 
Heracles,  whereas  most  critics  believe  that 
the  moral  of  it  is  to  exalt  the  virtue  of 
hospitality.  Dr.  Yerrall  has  no  difficulty 
in  showing  that  Browning,  in  order  to  give 
due  prominence  to  Heracles,  takes  great 
liberties  with  his  text,  and  that  the  hos- 
pitality of  Admetus  was  rather  surprising 
to  the  chorus,  and  downright  unpleasing 
to  Heracles,  when  he  learned  the  circum- 
stances of  it.  Here  is  Dr.  Yerrall's  ex- 
planation of  the  drama,  with  his  own 
italics  : — 

"The    'resurrection    of   Alcestis'   i.s    repre- 
sented by  Euripides  as  it  could  be  only  by  a 
man  icho  did  not  believe  that  it  v:as  a  resurrec- 
tion, and  wished  to  convey  this  to  others." 
We  are  to  suppose  that  Alcestis  did  not  die 


on  the    appointed   day,   but  was  worried, 
by  dread  and  by  the  importunities  of  her 
friends,    into    a    swoon.       Admetus,    who 
feared  the  just  indignation  of  the  Pherjeans, 
got  rid  of  her  body  privately,  and  with  most 
indecent  haste.     Just  when  this  disgraceful 
funeral  is  about  to  start,  Heracles  arrives, 
and  is  admitted  by  Admetus,  partly  because 
he   dares   not  avow  his   own  shame,    and 
partly  because  he  does  not  wish  Heracles 
to  go  elsewhere  and  publish  the  facts  among 
the    people.      Afterwards,    when    Heracles 
rushes   forth    to   the   tomb,  determined   to 
wrestle  with  Death,  he    finds  Alcestis  re- 
covered  from  her   swoon,  and   brings  her 
back  again  with  a  little  playful  mystifica- 
tion.    Such  is  the  double  entente  of  which 
Dr.  Yerrall  has  discovered  plain  indications. 
It  will  be  seen  that    his  case  depends  on 
the  allegation  that  the  funeral  was  private 
and    indecently  hasty.     The   facts   are  far 
from    supporting    this.     The    funeral   was 
attended  by  the  whole    household,  except 
the  slave  who  gives  Heracles    his  dinner, 
and  also  by  the  chorus  of  Phereean  elders, 
who  must  be  taken  to  represent  the  whole 
township    of  Pherae.     Again,  between  the 
death  and  the  funeral  there  occur  a  choral 
ode  and  the  episode  of  Heracles' s  arrival 
and  admittance.     It  may  be  contended  that 
these    interruptions    would    indicate,    in   a 
Greek  play,   any   desirable    lapse  of   time, 
but  Dr.  Yerrall,  strangely  enough,  stickles 
here  for  the  unities,  and  insists  that  the  drama 
is  confined  to  one  day.    Even  so,  the  charge 
of  indecent  haste  breaks  down,  for  it  appears 
thatAlcestis,  as  Dr.  Yerrall  himself  shows,  was 
only  placed  on  a  pyre  within  the  tomb,  and 
there  was  no  intention  of  burning  the  body 
just  yet.     On  the  contrary,  the  express  in- 
junction that  Alcestis  was  not  to  speak  for 
two  days  after  her  restoration  implies  that 
the   funeral   was   no   more    than   a   public 
Trpo^ecri?  of  the  corpse.      Similarly,  in  the 
'Ion,'   according  to   Dr.  Yerrall,    Euripides 
meant  to  convey  that  Ion  was  really  the  son 
of  the  Pythian  priestess,  and  that  he  was 
palmed  off  by  her  on  Creusa.     This  theory 
depends  ultimately  on  the  identity  of  Creusa's 
bracelet  with  the  necklace  supposed  to  be 
found   in  Ion's    cradle.      But  the  necklace 
consisted  of  two  golden  snakes  (see  11.  25 

and  1427,  ZpaKovn.  /xapfjiaipovTe  7ray)(^pv(TM 
yevvi),  while  the  bracelet  consisted  of  a 
chain,  or  chains,  to  which  a  little  gold  box 
was  attached  (see  11.  1000-1007).  It  is 
with  trifles  of  this  kind,  most  inaccurately 
treated,  that  Dr.  Yerrall  hastens  to  confound 
the  critical  opinions  of  many  generations  of 
scholars.  In  his  discussion  of  the  '  Iphi- 
genia  in  Tauris '  there  is  another  flood  of 
argument  on  minute  points,  designed  to 
show  that  Athena  is  a  mere  puppet  and 
Apollo  an  impostor.  It  is  likely  enough 
that  here  and  in  the '  Ion'  some  disrespect  was 
intended  to  Apollo,  or  at  least  to  the  Delphic 
oracle,  for  such  disrespect  is  openly  avowed 
in  the  '  Electra.'  But  it  is  casual  and  is  not 
the  motive  of  the  plaj's,  nor,  if  it  were  the 
motive,  would  anybody  except  Dr.  Yerrall 
think  the  better  of  Euripides  as  a  dramatist. 


which  occupies  the  first  two  volumes,  is  a  desir- 
able possession  ;  but  many  persons  will  regret 
that  it  cannot  be  had  without  the  sixteen  addi- 
tional tales  by  another  hand.  However,  if  we 
admitted  that  Mr.  Morris's  "continuation"  was 
needed,  we  should  be  disposed  to  say  that,  con- 
sidering the  difficulties  of  the  task,  he  has 
attained  a  respectable  degree  of  success.  The 
brother  and  sister  showed  sound  judgment  in 
their  selection  (though  perhaps  the  attempt  to 
adapt  the  story  of  '  Measure  for  Measure '  to 
children's  reading  was  a  mistake),  and  the  plays 
which  they  omitted  are,  with  few  exceptions, 
those  which  afford  the  least  suitable  material  for 
presentation  in  narrative  form.  Even  if  Mr. 
Morris  had  possessed  the  genius  of  his  pre- 
decessors it  would  hardly  have  been  possible 
for  him  to  rival  their  work.  He  has,  on  the 
whole,  managed,  with  occasional  lapses  into  an 
inappropriate  tone,  to  produce  a  very  fair  imi- 
tation of  the  manner  of  the  original  tales.  If 
there  are  any  persons  who  feel  the  want  of  a 
complete  prose  Shakspeare,  these  volumes  may 
be  recommended  as  the  best  thing  of  the  kind 
that  they  are  likely  ever  to  get. 


THE  WEEK. 


By 


Tales  from  Shaksjyeare.  By  Charles  and  Mary 
Lamb.  With  a  Continuation  by  Harrison  S. 
Morris.  4  vols.  (Dent  &  Co.) — This  book 
strongly  reminds  us  of  the  saying  that  the  half 
is  more  than  the  whole.  The  pretty  reprint  of 
the  twenty  tales  by  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb, 


Adelphi. — '  One  of  the  Best,'  Drama  in  Four  Acts 
Seymour  Hicks  and  George  Edwardes. 

Duke  of  York's. — '  Tommy  Atkins,'  Drama  in  Four  Acts. 
By  Arthur  Shirley  and  Ben.  Landeck. 

It  is  a  stroke  of  good  fortune  for  the 
management  respectively  of  the  Adelphi 
Theatre  and  the  Duke  of  York's  that  the 
piece  produced  at  each  has  obtained,  ia 
addition  to  its  other  claims,  a  merit  of  ap- 
propriateness on  which  neither  manager 
nor  author  is  entitled  to  count.  Both  are 
military  dramas,  depending  to  a  certain 
extent  upon  the  pomp  and  parade  of  troops. 
Now  that  "  wars  and  rumours  of  wars  "  are 
in  the  air,  the  jingo  dialogue  with  which 
such  pieces  are  ordinarily  charged  acquires 
a  significance  and  a  species  of  popular 
acceptance  which,  though  charged  with  a 
certain  amount  of  sub  -  ironical  intention, 
none  the  less  influences  favourably  the 
prospects  of  the  play.  '  One  of  the  Best ' 
is  an  ill-built  and  worse-named  play,  the 
motive  of  which  is  found  in  the  French 
military  scandal  known  as  the  Dreyfus 
trial.  The  worst  blot  on  the  piece  (and 
a  very  serious  blot  it  is)  is  that  the 
real  culprit,  one  of  the  most  despicable  on 
the  stage  —  thief,  perjurer,  and  almost  a 
patricide — is  in  the  end  recommended  to  the 
sympathies  of  the  public.  Those  who  write 
for  popular  audiences  seek  naturally  to 
satisfy  popular  cravings.  It  is  probable, 
moreover,  that  an  actress  accustomed  to 
portray  the  heroines  of  melodrama  may 
have  disliked  to  remain  at  the  close  under 
public  ban.  Whencesoever  derived,  the 
idea  is  all  but  fatally  wrong,  and  the  woman 
should  have  been  sent  out  into  the  wilder- 
ness to  a  life  for  which  she  was  eminently 
qualified.  The  acting,  from  the  Adelphi 
standpoint,  was  good,  and  Mr.  Terriss,  Mr. 
Abingdon,  Mr.  Nicholls,  Miss  Featherston, 
and  Miss  Millward  gave  the  whole  a  con- 
ventionally powerful  interpretation. 

Even  more  conventional  is  '  Tommy 
Atkins,'  which,  after  running  for  some 
weeks  at  the  Pavilion  Theatre,  has  been 
transferred  to  tlie  Duke  of  York's.  In  the 
opening  it  is  a  commonplace  story  of  seduc- 
tion, desertion,  bigamy,  and  murder,  to 
which  a  scene  of  fighting  in  Egypt  and 
rescue  of  British  troops  when  in  the  ex- 
tremity of  peril  is  pinned.  The  connexion 
between  the  two  parts  is  furnished  in  the 


912 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


fact  that  a  clergymaB,  weary  of  the  narrow- 
ness and  heartlessness  of  his  flock,  whom  he 
has  vainly  tried  to  indoctrinate  with  charity, 
gives  up  the  service  of  the  Church  for  that 
of  the  Queen.  Its  chief  effect  is  a  scene  in 
which  soldiers,  fighting  and  dying  back  to 
back,  hear  the  sounds  of  the  song  of 
'  Tommy  Atkins '  with  its  promise  of 
rescue.  Besides  being  crude,  trivial,  and 
familiar,  however,  the  scenes  in  general 
run  dangerously  near  dulness.  Mr.  Cart- 
wright  now  takes  the  part  of  the  militant 
clergyman,  originally  played  by  Mr.  Murray 
Carson. 


"ducdame." 

Mount  Vernon  Green,  Edge  Hill. 

The  worst  of  Mr.  Beeching's  conjectural 
reading  is  that  it  creates  some  fresh  difficulties 
and  leaves  the  old  ones  unsolved.  The  three 
cruces  of  this  passage — (1)  the  word  ducdame,  (2) 
Jaques's  explanation  of  it,  and  (3)  his  reference 
to  the  "firstborn  of  Egypt"  —  were  at  least 
explicable  upon  the  hypothesis  that  ducdame  is 
Romany.  But  "douce  dame"  is  not  Greek, 
even  of  the  spurious  sort  attributed  to  tinkers 
(cf.  with  "pedlar's  Greek,"  &c.,  the  Gaelic 
phrase  "  laidionn  nan  ceard  "  for  Shelta),  nor, 
except  by  what  I  can  only  call  a  curious  asso- 
ciation of  ideas,  could  it  be  described  as  tending 
to  call  fools  into  a  circle  ;  while  Amiens's  ignor- 
ance of  its  meaning  is  intelligible  only  on  Mr. 
Beeching's  assumption  that  Shakspeare  here 
has  nodded  into  an  inconsistency. 

As  to  dulierdom  me,  though  it  may,  indeed, 
"  be  said  to  mean  'I  tell  fortunes,'  "  it  actually 
means  "I  told  fortunes,"  and  some  of  those 
who  accept  the  Romany  hypothesis  of  Mr. 
Strachey  as  the  most  satisfactory  yet  propounded 
may,  perhaps,  agree  with  me  in  thinking  that 
the  form  here  used  is  not  dukerdom.  me,  "  I  fore- 
told," but  dukdd  me  or  dtikrd  me,  "  I  foretell." 
The  phonetic  change  of  r  to  d,  familiar  to 
Orientalists,  has  been  noted  in  Romany  by 
Miklosich,  Pott,  Grierson,  and  others  ;  and  on 
gypsy  lips  the  two  sounds  are  so  indistinguish- 
able that  it  is  often  quite  impossible  to  decide 
whether  a  gypsy  has  said  durikapen  or  dtuU- 
kapen,  cJmri  or  chudi. 

Mr.  Beeching  doubts  whether  an  unintelli- 
gible call  would  draw  fools  into  a  circle.  I  can 
only  say  that  I  have  seen  a  crowd  of  shysters 
respond  readily  to  the  gypsy  invitation  "  Ai 
dordi  !  dik  akai  !  "  of  the  cocoa-nut  proprietor, 
and  known  a  street  preacher  collect  his  audience 
by  a  reiterated  "Whosoever!  whosoever! 
whosoever  !  "  And  what  is  the  intelligible 
promise  of  a  big  drum  at  a  fair  ? 

John  Sampson. 


'  NiOBE  :  All  Smiles,'  the  one  conspicuous 
success  the  Strand  has  been  able  to  boast  during 
recent  years,  has  undergone  some  alteration  in 
cast,  and  been  provided  with  new  scenery  and 
decorations.  Mr.  Wilfred  Clarke,  who  now 
returns  to  the  theatre,  resumes  the  part  of 
Cornelius  Griffin.  He  also  plays  in  the  opening 
piece,  'A  Happy  Pair,'  supported  by  Miss 
Angela  Mayo.  The  chief  attraction  in  '  Niobe  ' 
remains  the  performance  of  the  heroine  by  Miss 
Lamb  ;  Mr.  H.  Paulton  is,  however,  at  his  best 
as  the  perplexed  and  irresolute  Peter  Amos. 

The  houses  which  have  been  closed  during 
the  first  half  of  the  week  include  Drury  Lane,  the 
Avenue,  the  Court,  the  Criterion,  the  Garrick, 
the  Royalty,  the  Shaftesbury,  and  Terry's.  The 
Comedy,  open  on  Monday  and  Tuesday,  was 
closed  the  three  following  nights,  to  reopen  this 
evening  with  'The  Late  Mr.  Castello,'  anew 
comedy  by  Mr.  Grundy.  The  Shaftesbury, 
shut  for  four  nights,  reopened  on  Friday  with 
'  A  Woman's  Reason.'  The  Lyceum,  so  far  as 
regards  the  evening  bill,  has  been  closed  during 


the  week,  and  will  remain  so  until  the  produc- 
tion of  '  Michael  and  his  Lost  Angel.' 

According  to  present  arrangements,  the  post- 
Christmas  novelties  will  consist  of  'All  Abroad  ' 
in  a  revised  version  on  January  2nd  at  the 
Court,  '  The  Sign  of  the  Cross  '  at  the  Lyric  on 
the  4th,  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda  '  on  the  7th  at 
the  St.  James's,  and  '  Michael  and  his  Lost 
Angel '  on  the  8th  at  the  Lyceum. 

We  are  requested  by  Miss  Alma  Tadema  to 
contradict  a  rumour  now  current  that  Madame 
Eleonora  Duse  is  writing  a  book.  There  is  no 
truth  in  a  report  which  causes  her  annoyance. 

Miss  Dorothy  Leighton  is  issuing  to  the 
subscribers  to  the  Independent  Theatre  a  short 
pamphlet,  which  is  at  once  a  vindication  of  that 
institution  and  a  statement  concerning  its  pre- 
sent condition  and  prospects.  After  dealing 
with  the  results  already  obtained  by  the  society 
and  its  influence  upon  the  actual  drama.  Miss 
Leighton  expresses  her  conviction  that  in  the 
future  as  in  the  past  advance  must  be  made  for 
the  sake  of  dramatic  art  rather  than  with  the 
hope  of  profit.  No  attempt  is  made  to  super- 
sede existing  theatres,  and  London  managers 
might  with  advantage  support  the  movement, 
as  enabling  them  without  personal  risk  to  feel 
the  pulse  of  the  public  as  to  new  departures  in 
art.  Among  contemplated  productions  Ibsen's 
'  Little  Eyolf '  appears  to  be  the  most  important. 
In  this  Miss  Janet  Achurch  will  undertake  "  the 
appallingly  difficult  part  of  Rita."  Miss  Leigh- 
ton's  brochure  is  worthy  of  study.  It  is  the 
period  especially  consecrated  to  good  wishes, 
and  we  wish  the  Independent  Theatre,  of  which 
Mr.  Charles  Charrington  is  honorary  director, 
and  Mr.  Grein  honorary  president,  all  pro- 
sperity in  its  new  efforts. 

Miss  Geokgiana  Paltncefort,  whose  death 
is  announced,  acted  in  1862  under  the  Shepherd 
and  Anderson  management  of  the  Surrey.  At 
this  house  she  remained  some  years.  She 
was  the  original  Queen  Mary  in  Tom  Taylor's 
'  'Twixt  Axe  and  Crown '  at  the  Queen's, 
January  22nd,  1870,  and  subsequently  at  the 
Lyceum  was  the  first  Catherine  in  'The  Bells.' 
At  the  same  theatre  she  "created"  the  parts 
of  Lady  Eleanor  Davys  in  Wills's  'Charles  I.' 
and  the  Countess  de  Miraflore  in  Mr.  Hamilton 
Aide's  'Philip.'  Her  Gertrude  in  'Hamlet' 
was  a  singularly  fine  performance.  She  was 
also  seen  at  the  Lyceum  as  Hecate,  Marion  de 
rOrme  in  'Richelieu,'  and  other  characters. 

We  have  received  the  following  :  — 

"  In  your  issue  of  the  14  th  inst.  you  mention  the 
forthcoming  production  of  a  drama  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Hatton— in  January  next — under  the  direction  of 
Messrs.  Morell  and  Mouillot,  with  Mr.  Murray 
Carson  in  the  dual  role  of  a  Deputy  of  the  Conven- 
tion and  a  Royalist  Hussar.  The  drama  is  a  story 
of  the  first  French  Eevolution.  In  details  of  the 
novel,  'When  Greek  meets  Greek,'  upon  which 
the  drama  referred  to  purports  to  be  founded, 
'  coincidence '  would  appear  to  have  been  so 
singularly  active,  in  so  far  as  the  drama  and 
the  novel  of  '  The  Friend  of  the  People '  are 
concerned,  that  we  feel  it  necessary,  for  the 
purpose  of  protecting  our  rights,  to  call  attention 
to  the  fact  that  our  play,  'The  Friend  of  the  People,' 
was  produced  for  copyright  purposes  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre  on  February  17th,  1893,  and  that  the 
novel  was  published  by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  in  volume 
form  in  August,  1891 ;  that  our  leading  characters 
(a  dual  role)  are  a  Deputy  of  the  Convention  and  a 
Koyalist  Hussar  ;  that,  furthermore,  incidents  in  the 
plot  coincide  markedly  with  detail  in  'The  Friend 
of  the  People.' 

"  MAKY  C.  PiOWSELL— H.  a.  Saintsbury." 


To  Correspondents.— W.    G.  W.— A.    M.   M.— M.   E.- 
received. 


Erratum.— Ante,  p.    871,    col.    2,   line  37,   for  "Lorenzo 
NaWa,"  read  Lorenzo  Valla. 


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I 


N°  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


9ia 


CLARE NDON^PRESS   LIST. 

THE     OXFORD     ENGLISH     DICTIONARY. 

New  Part  ready  January  1st,  at  all  Booksellers'  (DEVELOPMENT— DIFFLUENCY),  4to.  2«.  6(1. 

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*^*  The  Delegates  of  the  Clarendon  Press  propose  to  continue  the  experiment,  urged  on  them  from  many  quarters,  of  publishing  more  frequent  instal- 
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THE    ATHEN-ffiUM 


N'^  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


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BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   THE 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    BENJAMIN    DISRAELI, 
EARL  OF  BEACONSFIELD,  1820  to  1892. 

NOTES  and  QUERIES  for  April  29th,  May  13th, 
27th,  JUNE  10th,  24th,  and  JULY  8th,  1893,  contains  a  BIBLIO- 
GRAPHY of  the  EARL  of  BEACONSFIELD.  This  includes  KEYS  to 
'VIVIAN  aREY,"C0NING8BY,'  'LOTHAIB,' and 'ENDYMION.' 

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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contams— 
NOTES  ;—Shakspeare's   Ancestry— Holbein's    ■  Ambassadors '—Casano- 
Tiana— P.  B.  Shelley  and  the  Sidneys— Old  Political  Poem— Almanac 
Curiosities —  Cockades  —  Wesleyan   Manuscripts — Motto   on   the 
Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada. 

QUERIES :— References  in  Macaulay  and  Dryden— Master  of  Revels 
for  Scotland— First  Baron  Sandys  — Sir  T  Sewell—"  Lungs  of 
London  "  —  "  Similitive  "  —  Armorial  —  "  Dulness"  ;  "  Dullness  "— 
Philip  d'Auvergne  — "The  Beautiful  Mrs  Kousby  "—Source  of 
Quotation— Claxton,  of  Nottinghamshire— T  Carlyle— Sir  J.  Stuart 
—Lanarkshire— 'Peter  Boats'— Staple— St  Gastayne— Song  Wanted 
—Witches'  Stone,  Saumarez— Roll  of  BattleJAbbey—Perris—Warham 
—Weathercocks— Ker  Family— Convent  of  Chaillot— Crests— Perina 
—"  Malebolge  "—Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Emaciated  Figures— Sound  of  v  and  its  Symbol— Flat-irons 
— Punch,  the  Beverage— ' Ten  'Ihousand  a  Year' — Chiftinch — Por- 
trait— Jeremy  Sharp— Jesse  Windows— Spring  Gardens— "Abif  " — 
A'irginian  Creeper— Origin  of  Motto— Stanhope— "  Men  of  Kent"— 
"Mending  or  Ending" — Norman  'I'ympana  in  England— Waterloo 
Campaign— Lines  by  Blayds— "Tattoo  "—"'I'oto  caplo"— "Rcla  de  St. 
Maur"— Halsey  Family— Leonard  Slopes  —  Rose-gall  —  Shower  of 
Wheat— R  Semple,  Allan  Ramsay,  and  Burns— Wakefield  Railway 
— Cupples— Old  Picture  — Great  Bed  of  Ware— Accent  on  "  Re- 
sponse "—Arms  on  Painting  — Patriot— Alnwick  Printing— Mount 
Nod— Titles  of  Scottish  Judges  — Portrait  of  Warren  Hastings— 
"  Electrocute  "—Authors  Wanted. 

NO'l'ES  on  BOOKS  :— Granville's  '  History  of  the  Granville  Family  '— 
Munro's  'Rambles  and  Studies  in  Bosnia-Herzegovina  and  Dal- 
matia ' — Fisher's  '  Flamborough. ' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contams— 
NOTES:— The  Yule  of  Saxon  Days— Bibliography  of  Christmas— Heart 
Burial- Clianges  in  Country  Life — Wild  Calves— Dr.  Johnson— To- 
bacco — Hobby-Horse— '  Punch  '—Pedro  Sarmiento — English  Students 
at  Heidelberg—"  Led  WUl." 

QUERIES  :— Old  Sepulchral  Slabs— Joseph  Weekes,  Juvenile  Comedian 
—Bishop  E.  Gibson— Col.  E.  Cooke— "Charivari  "—Death  of  Sir 
R.  Abercromby— Major  Jeremy  Lock— Thomas  Moore's  Wife— E.  F. 
Saville— Playing  Cards— Milton's  Sonnet  on  Shakspeare- Dr.  John- 
son and  Gwaenynog — Pedigree  of  Vaughan  of  Hergest— St.  Cen- 
hedlon — Dunbar  of  Boggis — Wathew^Isliam. 

REPLIES  :— Elder-Tree  Superstition— Arms  of  the  See  of  Canterbury— 
"Bleeding  Bread  "— Newland  Oak —  Highgate  — Suffix  "-cock"— 
Rev.  B.  Ward— Effigies,  Living  and  Dead— "  Cawbogue  "— Tweedside 
Kettle— Lieut. -Col.  de  Ruvignt^s.  R  A.— Church  Registers — Tenny- 
sonian  Parallel  —  Shower  of  Frogs  —  Robin  of  Ridsdale  — Bat — 
Jacobite  Standard— Leitchtown  and  Gartur  Arms  —  Discovery  of 
Evelyn's  'Memoirs '  —  Peake  — Foxglove  — Burial-Place  of  Anne 
Boleyn— Parish  Councils  and  Records  —  Growing  Stones — "Man- 
Jack" — C  Rogers,  F.R.S. — Muniment  Room  atFulham  Palace — John 
Vaux— Arms  on  Painting — "To  hang  out" — "Wagell — Child  Com- 
missions—Double Staircases  in  Crypts. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Hutchinson's  '  Poetical  Works  of  Wordsworth  '— 
Higgens's  'Hebrew  Idolatry  and  Superstition '—Roberts's  'Book- 
Hunter  in  London  '—Watt's  'Lane's  Lumber-Boom'—'  Scots  Lore,' 
No.  7—'  'Ihe  Bookworm.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


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ROWLANDS'  ODONTO,  or  Pearl  Dentifrice, 
whitens  the  teeth,  prevents  and  arrests  decay,  strengthens  the 
gums,  and  gives  a  pleasing  fragrance  to  the  breath  ;  it  contains 
no  mineral  acid  or  gritty  substances,  and  is  especially  adapted 
for  the  teeth  of  young  children,  being  very  pleasant  to  use. 

ROWLANDS'  ODONTO  is  the  best  Tooth  Powder. 
All  Dentists  w  ill  allow  that  neither  washes  nor  paste  can  possibly 
be  as  efficacious  for  polishing  the  teeth  and  keeping  them  sound 
and  white  as  a  pure  and  non-gritty  tooth-powder :  such  Bow- 
lands'  Odonto  has  always  proved  itself. 
Avoid  spurious  imitations,  and  buy  only  ROWLANDS'  ODONTO. 
Sold  everywhere. 


Price  id,  each  ;  by  post,  i^d.  each. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
Bream's  -  buildings,   Chancery-  lane,   E.G. 


W    M.  &  GEO.  LAW. 

COFFEE- 
SUGAR— 

TEA. 

104,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 

A  USEFUL  NEW  YEAR  PRESENT 
IS  A  BOX   OF 

Y"    E     S    T    A    L 

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DI  N  N  B  F  O  R  D'S      MAGNESIA. 
The  best  remedy  tor 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HBARTBUKN, 

HEADACH£,  QOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 
Children,  and  Infanu. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


No.  I.  now  ready, 

COSMOPOLIS :  a  New  International  Monthly  Review. 

320  pages,  price  2s.  Gd.     Annual  Subscription,  33s. ;  Half-Yearly,  16s.  M.  post  free. 
The  Contents  for  JANUARY  are :— 

DAS  ORAKEL :  EINE  ERINNEBUNG.    Ernst  Von  Wildenbrnch. 
DAS    MADCHEN    VON    OBEKKIRCH  :    EIN  DBAMATISHER  ENT- 

WURF  GOS  THES.    Erich  Schmidt. 
Wavra  Ft l.     Friedrich  Spielhagen. 

ZUR  CENTENARFEIER  DER  LITHOGRAPHIE :  DIE  KUNST  RAF- 
FETS.    Hermann  Helferich. 

Chronicles. 
LITERATURE.    Andrew  Lang,  fimile  Faguet,  Anton  Bettelheim. 
THE  DRAMA.    A.  B  Walkley,  Jules  Lemaitre,  Otto  Neumann-Hofer. 
FOREIGN  AFFAIRS.    Henry  Norman,  F.  de  Pressens^,  "Ignotus  " 

T.  Fisher  Unwin,  Paternoster-square,  E.G. 


WEIR  OF  HERMISTON.    Robert  Louis  Stevenson. 
THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1870.     Sir  Charles  Dilke. 
THE  FIGURE  IN  THE  CARPET.    Henry  James 
MR.  HARDY'S  NEW  NOVEL.    Edmund  Gosse. 
L'AGE  DE  L'AMOUB     Paul  Bourget 
LE  CHANTEUR  DE  KYME     Anatole  France. 
LE  MOUVEMENT  DES  ID£ES  EN  FRANCE,    fidouard  Rod. 
OTHELLO     Georges  Brandos. 
ALEXANDRE  DUMAS  FILS     Francisque  Sacey. 

DIE    GESCHIUTE    DER   TODESSTRAFE    IM    ROMISCHEN   STAAT 
Theodor  Mommsen. 

London : 


LEA      &      PEBRINS' 

Observe  that  the  Signature 

LEA    d    P  E  B  B  I  N  S 

is  now  printed  in  Blue  Ink  diagonally 
across  the  OUTSIDE  WRAPPER 

Sold  Wholesale  by  the  Proprietors,  Worcester ;  of  every  Bottle  of  the 

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and  Export  Oilmen  generally.  ° 

RETAIL      EVERYWHERE.        I  ^iiUUJll. 


N'^SSSr,  Dec.  28/95 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


915 


THE    SUCCESSES    OF    MDCCCXCV. 


ART. 
C0RRE6GI0 :  his  Life,  his  Friends,  and  his  Time. 

By  Dr.  CORRADO  RICCI. 

Translated  by  FLOEENCB  SIMMONDS. 

1  vol.  imperial  8vo.  with  16  Photogravures,  21  Full-Page  Plates  in  Tint,  and 
190  other  Illustrations  in  the  Text,  21.  2s.  net. 

•»*  Also  a  SPECIAL  EDITION,  printed  on  Japanese  vellum,  limited  to  75  Copies  for 
England,  of  which  only  12  remain,  with  Duplicates  of  the  Photogravure  Plates  on  India 
Paper.  Price  on  application.  A  detailed  and  illustrated  Prospectus  will  be  forwarded  on 
application. 

The  Times. — "  By  issuing  this  book  Mr.  Wm.  Heinemann  has  done  much  to  take  away 
the  reproach  of  English  publishers,  who  have  been  justly  charged  with  falling  behind  their 
foreign  rivals  in  the  matter  of  illustrated  books  upon  art.  This  elaborate  and  beautifully 
illustrated  volume  is  not  a  mere  reproduction  or  new  version  of  anything  that  has  appeared 
elsewhere  ;  it  was  written  to  appear  as  it  has  now  appeared  in  Miss  Simmonds  s  excellent 

English  translation The  l)e8t  book  that  has  ever  been  written  upon  Correggio It  puts 

the  study  of  Correggio  once  for  all  upon  a  sound  footing." 

BELLES    LETTRES. 
ANIMA        POETiE. 

From  the  Unpublished  Note  Books  of  SAMUEL  TAYLOR  COLERIDGE. 

Edited  by  ERNEST  HARTLEY  COLERIDGE. 

Crown  8vo.  gilt  top,  7s.  6d. 

The  Gtiardian. — "There  is  gratification  for  almost  every  taste  in  this  little  volume, 
which  should  find  a  place  by  the  side  of  the  '  Table  Talk '  in  the  libraries  of  all  who  have 
profited  by  the  writings  of  this  true  poet  and  most  inspiring  and  suggestive  teacher." 

THE  POETRY  OF  PATHOS  AND   DELIGHT: 

From  the  Works  of  COVENTRY  PATMORB. 

Passages  Selected  by  ALICE  MEYNELL. 

Fcap.  8vo.  with  Photogravure  Portrait  from  the  Painting  by  J.  S.  Sargent,  A.R.A. 

Fcap.  8vo.  5s. 

The  Saturday  JReview. — "  If  we  must  have  a  laureate,  there  is  no  one  better  fitted  for  the 
post  than  Mr.  Patmore." 

SOCIOLOGY. 
DEGENERATION. 

By  MAX  NORDAU. 

1  vol.  demy  8vo.  \ls.  net.      Ninth  Edition. 

The  Saturday  Beview. — "  We  read  the  600  pages  without  finding  one  dull,  sometimes  in 
reluctant  agreement,  sometimes  with  amused  content,  sometimes  with  angry  indignation. 
There  is,  and  always  will  be,  a  foolish  claque  applauding  each  new  eccentricity,  unable  to 
distinguish,  among  the  sensations  of  the  hour,  the  inspirations  of  genius.  For  these  Max 
Nordau  may  serve  as  an  excellent  tonic,  and  so  be  justified  of  the  reputation  this  English 
rendering  will  certainly  bring  him." 

CONVENTIONAL  LIES  OF   OUR   CIVILIZATION. 

By  MAX  NORDAU,  Author  of  '  Degeneration." 

The  Authorized  English  Translation.    Demy  8vo.  17s.  net.     Second  Edition. 

The  Times  (First  Notice). — "  Dr.  Nordau's  volume  is  undoubtedly  one  which  Rousseau 
might  have  written  if  he  had  lived  a  century  later." 

TRAVEL  AND  ADVENTURE. 
THE     CHITRAL     CAMPAIGN. 

A  Narrative   of  Events  in  Chitral,  Swat,  and  Bajour. 

By  H.  C.  THOMSON. 

With  over  50  Illustrations  reproduced  from  Photographs,  and  important  Diagrams  and  Map. 

Second  Edition.    Inlvol.demy8vo.14s.net. 

ThCfSt.  James's  Gazette.—"  The  book  is  full  of  fascinating  interest,  as  much  for  the  vivid 

light  it  throws  upon  Chitral  as  for  its  record  of  a  brilliant  campaign." 

ACTUAL  AFRICA;  or, the  Coming  Continent. 

A  Tour  of  Exploration. 

By  FRANK  VINCENT,  Author  of  '  The  Land  of  the  White  Elephant,'  &c. 

With  Map  and  over  100  New  Illustrations.    Demy  8vo.  24s, 

Mr.  H.  M.  Stanley  writes  :— "  It  is  really  a  wonderful  book.     It  is  not  only  a  book  of 

reference  upon  almost  any  subject  connected  with  Africa,  but  most  aimirably  illustrated. 

The  pictures  are  a  credit  to  your  skill." 

THE   LAND   OF    THE   MUSKEG. 

By  H.  SOMERS  SOMERSET. 
Second  Edition.      In  1  vol.  demy  8vo.  with  Maps  and  over  100  Illustrations,  380  pp.  14s.  net. 
The  Times.— "Mr.  Somerset  may  be  credited  not  only  with  having  made  an  interesting 
journey  of  adventure,  but  with  having  written  a  capital  account  of  it." 


BIOGRAPHY  AND   HISTORY. 
THE   LETTERS  OF  SAMUEL   TAYLOR   COLERIDGE, 

Edited  by  ERNEST  HARTLEY  COLERIDGE. 

With  16  Portraits  and  Illustrations.     In  2  vols,  demy  8vo.  32s. 

The  Morning  Posi.— "The  poet's  figure  is  one  replete  with  human  interest,  and  the 

present  collection  of  letters  affords  opportunity  for  its  thorough  study.    Dip  into  then> 

where  we  may,  we  are  sure  to  alight  on  some  pleasant  sketches,  some  original  criticisms. 

The  work  is  sure  to  be  widely  popular." 

STUDIES     IN     DIPLOMACY. 

By  COUNT  BENEDETTI. 
With  Portrait.    Demy  8vo.  10s.  6d. 

The  7"tmes.— "An  important  and  authentic  contribution  to  the  history  of  a  great  crisis 
in  the  affairs  of  Europe." 

FICTION. 

I.  ZANQWILL. 

THE  MASTER.    Second  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  with 

Portrait,  6s. 


The  Daily  Chronicle.—"  Quite  the  best  novel  of  the  year." 


TERMINATIONS. 


HENRY  JAMBS. 

Second  Edition. 


Crown  8vo.  6s. 


The  Daily  CAronicZf.—"  Admirable,  winning We  may  even  apply  to  it  that  ill-useJ 

epithet  beautiful A  lovely  and  quite  unspoiled  piece  of  imaginative  work." 

ROBERT  HICHBNS. 

AN  IMAGINATIVE  MAN.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

The  World. — "  A  novel  of  extraordinary  force  and  fascination." 


H.  G.  WELLS. 

MACHINE.    Crown 


Svo.  cloth,  2s.   6d. 


THE    TIME 

paper.  Is.  6d. 

The  Saturday  Revietv. — "A  book  of  remarkable  power  and  imagination,  and  a  writer  oJ 
distinct  and  individual  talent." 

PERCY  WHITE. 


CORRUPTION.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 


Ihe  Pall  Mall  Gazette. — "A  drama  of  biting  intensity,  a  tragedy  of  inflexible  purpose 
and  relentless  result." 

WILLIAM  EDWARDS  TIREBUCK. 

MISS  GRACE  OF  ALL  SOULS'.  Second  Edition.  Crown 

8vo.  6s. 
The    Times. — "Since  Mrs.  Gaskell  wrote  her  'Mary  Barton'  we  have  seen  no  more 
interesting  novel  on  the  condition  of  the  working  classes.     Mr.  lirebuck  is  thoroughly 
master  of  his  subject." 

C.  F.  KBARY. 

HERBERT  VANLENNERT.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  Mr.  Keary  is  as  honest  in  his  presentation  of  life  as  Mr. 
Gissing,  but  he  is  more  pointed  and  wittier  ;  he  is  less  witty  than  Mr.  George  Meredith,  but 

he  is  more  responsible We  say  it  deliberately  that  there  are  very,  very  few  novels  of  our 

time  that  bear  so  unmistakably  the  grip  of  the  master-hand  as  '  Herbert  Vanlennert.'  " 

THE  MOST  SUCCESSFUL  SERIES  OF  1895  WAS 

THE    PIONEER    SERIES. 

IN     WHICH     FIVE     VOLUMES    WERE     PUBLISHED. 

Cloth,  3s.  net ;  paper,  2s.  6rf.  net. 

A  STREET  IN  SUBURBIA.    By  Edwin  W.  Pugh. 

The  Sketch. — "  By  humour  and  pathos  of  a  healthy  kind,  and  not  a  little  literary  skill, 
Mr.  Pugh  has  given  some  very  vivid  pictures  of  poor  London  life." 

THE  NEW  MOON.      By   C.  E.  Raimond,  Author  of 

'  George  Mandeville's  Husband.' 
The  Daily  Chronicle.— "  K  story  that  moves  us  ;  and  we  must  own  to  having  read  the 
last  pages  with  breathless  interest  and  emotion." 

MILLY'S  STORY  (The  New  Moon). 

CRACKANTHORPE. 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette. — "  A  very  clever  account  of  a  nervous,  invalided  woman,  disposed 
by  early  education  to  be  credulous,  but  possessed  of  a  certain  fine  instinct  with  which  wiser 
and  duller  people  do  not  credit  her.     It  is  very  readable." 

MRS.  MUSGRAVE 

MARSH. 

Vanity  Fair. — "  The  interest  is  absorbing  from  the  first  chapter,  in  which  the  keynote  i& 
artfully  struck,  to  the  logical  climax." 

THE  RED  BADGE  OF  COURAGE.    By  Stephen  Crane. 

The  St.  James's  Gazette. — "This  is  not  merely  a  remarkable  book;  it  is  a  revelation. 
One  feels  that — with,  perhaps,  one  or  two  exceptions— all  previous  descriptions  of  modern 
warfare  have  been  the  merest  abstractions.  Mr.  Crane  writes  as  if  he  had  not  only  seen,  but- 
felt,  each  incident  and  emotion  which  he  describes." 


By  Mrs.  Montague 


AND  HER  HUSBAND.   By  Richard 


120,000  copies  of  Mr.  HALL  CAINE'S  Novel 

HE  MANXMA 

HAVE  NOW  BEEN  SOLD.      In  One  Volume,  Six  Shillings. 
London:    WAL  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C. 


N 


916 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


1 


N«  3557,  Dec.  28,  '95 


lESSRS.  AECHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &   CO.'S   LIST. 


THE    GREAT    NOVEL    OF    THE    YEAR. 


THE     AMAZING     MARRIAGE. 


By  GEORGE    MEREDITH. 


2  vols,  crown  8vo   12s. 

"This  book  is  uudoabtedly  a  masterpiece  by  a  master  band.  Mr.  Meredith  is  easily  first  of  our  English  authors,  and  among  the  highest  of  all  time  his 
rank  is  high.  He  stands,  towei^g  above  his  contemporaries,  distinguished  by  an  especial  power  of  delicate,  intricate  analysis ;  of  a  passionate  energy  of 
imagination;  of  a  ityle  that  grips  and  holds  the  mind;  of  a  subtle  sense  of  humour;  of  a  lightly  poising  mockery ;  and  of  a  romantic,  rare  refinement  of 
attitude  towards  tlie  world." — Fall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  To  say  that  Mr.  Meredith  is  at  his  best  in  '  The  Amazing  Marriage '  is  to  say  that  he  has  gfven  us  a  masterpiece  in  the  book  published  to-day." 

Daily  Nen-s. 

"  It  has  to  a  superb  degree  Mr.  Meredith's  two  great  qualities — movement  and  fulness;  movement  which  makes  other  novels  seem  slow  in  comparison, 
and  fulness  beside  which  the  most  laboured  are  thin.  This  story  is  full  of  living  people  and  living  subjects.  Apart  from  all  literary  gifts,  here  is  that  vitality 
and  fine  spirit  which  makes  a  big  and  wholesome  book  out  of  all  sorts  of  life,  and  leaves  you  with  the  feeling  that,  come  what  may,  it  is  an  amazingly  interestino- 
world," — Westminster  Gazett". 

"We  have  said  enough  to  show  that  Mr.  Meredith's  plot  is  excellently  conceived,  and  so  far  excellently  carried  out.     There  is  no  necessity  to  follow  it 

further But  for  this  and  for  presentation  to  all  the  various  characters  who  crowd  Mr.  Meredith's  brilliant  canvas,  we  send  our  readers  to  the  book  itself." 

Standard. 

THE 

MARVELLOUS  ADVENTURES  OF  SIR  JOHN  MAUNDEVILE,  Kt. 

Being  his  Voyage  and  Travel  which  treateth  of  the  Way  to  Jerusalem,  and  of  the  Marvels  of  Ind,  with  other  Islands  and  Countries. 
Edited  and  profusely  illustrated  by  ARTHUR  LAYARD.     With  a  Preface  by  JOHN  CAMERON  GRANT. 

With  130  Illustrations,  large  crown  8vo.  gilt  top,  6s. ;  also  buckram,  uncut  edges,  6i. 
Also  a  few  copies  on  Hand-made  Paper,  royal  8vo.  printed  in  red  and  black,  with  the  FuU-Page  Plates,  on  Japanese  veUum.  '^ .  ' 


LONDON      CITY     CHURCHES. 

By   A.     E.     DANIELL. 

With  nu-nerou3  Illustrations  by  Leonard  Mirtin.    Imperial  li5mo.  6»'. 

THE    KEY    OF    THE~PACIFIC :    the  Nicaragua  Canal. 

By  ARCHIBALD  R.  COLQUHOUN,  F.R.G.S,,  Gold  Medallist  of  the. Royal  Geographical  Society,  Special  Correspondent  to  the  Times. 

Large  demy  8vo.  with  Maps  and  Illustrations,  2\s.  net. 
"  Few  men  are  better  qualified  than  Mr.  Archibald  Colquhoun  to  deal  with  the  large  questions  of  maritime  commerce  and  international  relations  involved  in  the  long  contemplated 
project — the  Nicaragua  Canal.    Mr.  Colquhoun  devotes  a  series  of  most  instructive  chapters  to  the  exhaustive  consideration  of  the  numerous  and  important  questions — historical,  com- 
mercial, financial,  geographical,  mechanical,  and  international — which  are  connected  with  this  '  Key  of  the  Pacific.'    A  repertory  at  once  copious  and  authoritative." — Times. 

REGENERATION:   a  Reply  to  Max  Nordau. 

Demy  Svo.  16s. 
FIRST      REVIEW. 

"  Its  chief  value  lies  in  its  destructive  criticism  of  Nordau's  systf  m,  and  the  skill  vith  which  the  author  joins  issue  with  his  antagonist.    As  a  reply  to  Nordau, 'Regeneration' is 

not  only  marked  by  conspicuous  ability  and  a  learning  almost  as  wide  as  that  of  the  original  work ample  justice  is  done  to  all  that  is  good  in  '  Degeneration,'  and  no  unnecessary  zeal 

is  shown  in  hunting  up  the  author's  foolish  statements.  But,  writing  quietly,  soberly,  and  dispassionately,  the  anonymous  author  has  produced  a  reply  which  deserves  the  attention  of  all 
who  have  been  inclined  to  set  too  much  store  on  '  Degeneration,'  or  those  who  would  fain  find  a  way  out  of  the  pessimism  into  which  it  leads.  This  ihey  will  find  in  'Regeneration.'  It 
is  an  admirable  piece  of  work,  and  deserves  to  be  widely  read." — Scotsman. 


The   WATERLOO    CAMPAIGN,    1815.      By   Captain 

WILLIAM  SIBOliNE.     Fourth  Edition.     Crown  Svo.  832  pp.  13  Medallion  Portraits 
of  Generals,  15  Maps  and  Plans,  5s.  net. 
"  The  best  general  account  of  its  subject  that  has  been  written,  whether  for  a  soldier  or 
tor  a  general  reader;  and  its  appearance  in  the  handy  and  well-printed  volume  in  whicli  it  is 
eow  issued  will  be  welcome  to  many." — Scotsman. 

"It  is  charmingly  wiitten,  is  graphic,  yet  precise,  and  abundantly  witnesses  to  the 
author's  most  strenuous  endeavour  to  do  justice  to  every  one  who  took  part  in  that  great 
conflict." — Birminjhim  Post, 

SECOND  EDITION. 

The  ALPS  from  END  to  END.    By  Sir  William  Martin 

CONWAY.    With  103  Illustrations  by  A.  D.  McCorniick.    Large  demy  Svo.  cloth,  gilt 

top,  1/.  Is.  net. 
"A  high  place  amoi.g  these  books  of  climbing,  which  appeal  to  many  who  cannot  climb, 
as  well  as  to  all  who  can,  will  be  taken  by  the  very  pleasant  volume  'The  Alps  from  End  to 
End.'" — Times. 

GUSTAVE    FTaAUBERT,   as   Seen   in   his   Works   and 

Correspondence.    By  JOHN  CHARLES  TARVER.     Demy  Svo.  lis. 
"An  enthusiastic  but  also  critical  account  of  the  life  and  letters  of  Gustave  Flaubert." 

Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney,  in  the  Daily  Telegraph. 
"  A  capable  and  painstaking  study  of  the  man  and  literary  movement  he  represents." 

Standard , 


SECOND  EDITION. 

ICEBOUND  on  KOLGUEV :  a  Chapter  in  the  Exploration 

of  Arctic  Europe.  By  AUBYN  TREVOR-BATTYE,  F.L.S.  F.Z  S.,  &c.  With  Illus- 
trations by  J.  T.  Nettleship  and  Charles  Whymper.  Large  demy  Svo.  cloth,  gilt  top, 
1^  Is.  net. 

"  His  book  will  take  and  keep  an  authoritative  position A  modest  and  ungarnished 

picture  of  pluck  and  endurance  that  do  honour  to  the  English  name.    Ought  to  be  secure  of 

a  welcome  from  a  very  large  number  of  readers The  story  is  told  in  a  delightfully  simple 

and  spontaneous  manner Mr.  Trevor-Battye's  simple  and  unaffected  narrative  enables  us 

to  learn  a  good  deal." — Times. 

CONSTABLE'S  REPRINT 

OF  THE  AUTHOR'S  FAVOURITE  EDITION  OF 

THE     WAVERLEY.  NOVELS. 

WITH  ALL  THE  ORIGINAL  PLATES  AND  VIGNETTES  (RE-ENGRAVED). 

Fcap.  Svo.  cloth,  paper  label  title.  Is.  6J.  net  per  vol. ;  also  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  2s.  net  per  vol.; 
and  half-leather,  gilt,  2s.  ijd.  net  per  vol. 
"  The  excellence  of  the  print  and  the  convenient  size  of  the  volumes,  and  the  association 
of  this  edition  with  Sir  Walter  Scott  himself,  should  coml>ine,  with  so  moderate  a  price,  to 
secure  for  this  reprint  a  pop\ilarity  as  great  as  that  which  the  original  edition  long  and  justly 
enjoyed." — Times. 


ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  14,  Parliament-street,  Westminster. 


Editorial  Communications  stiould  be  addressed  to   "Tlie   Editor"  — Advertisements  and  Business   Letters  to  "The   Publisher"  — at  the  Office,   Bream's-buildlnKS,  Ctianccry-lane,  E.C. 
Printed  by  John  C.  rB»>ci8,  Athenaeum  Press,  Hream's-buildinRS,  Chancery-Iano,  B.C.;  and  Published  by  the  said  Joijn  C.  Fbvncis  at  Bream's-bulldjngs,  Chancery  lane,  E.C. 
Agents  tor  Scotland,  Messrs,  Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr,  John  Mcnzies,  EdlnburKh.— Saturday ,  December  "8,  1896. 


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WNHINGLIST    NOV  15  194: 


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